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Reentry tad apertcara Cia Arak ow \esaoencas whee ee h Sais ia LGD — SAN Phe Fi uit tote - AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WASHINGTON, D. C. VOLUME XxXI - AUG. to DEC. 1915, Inclusive. Page Adams, Bristow, article by ...........-. 866; 935; 987; 1059; 1120 AllenspeAew A article DY 1-h. seo ceeee nen nee 1033 ShioesOuns, Je IRE eianlO bs eaeroecoceour’scoSc no ades ce 990; 1043 Page Conventions—See The Directors Meeting: Pennsylvania Meeting, A; At the Panama-Pacific Exposition: Di- rectors Meet in New England; Forestry at the Ex- position. Curnrentpleiterattinesareeeceetee tee eee 886; 946; 1009; 1132 “Cypress Knees,” Suggestions for Using—Howard F. Weiss.* 1041 Daniel Boone’s “Bar” Tree—Wilbur R. Mattoon........... 1105 Deadsieaves.s Usevthe) saeco oss cetee ele eee te eee 1109 Depariwreror the Binds—A. A. Alleneseeceess |... eee 977 Directors) Meetam New.s>neland seeeee se |. eens 988 East and the West As the East Hopes to See them, Forest Relations Between the—Address by Dr. H. S. Drinker.) jatee in eens alec ea hence, 30a gee Ee ere 1054 Haste NationallHorestsyinthes.-ase see... - ae ae een .. 1003 Editoriale scsem asticce secnes ceeename ; 941; 1003; 1068; 1124 Eniangedp Magazine he.0. sere. ee nee eet ere 876 Evergreens, The Ornamental—Warren H. Miller.......... 916 Exhibit, The Forest Service—Don Carlos Ellis............ 1110 Exhibit, The Philippine Forestry—Arthur T. Fischer....... 997 Exposition Atuthesbanamasbacific.... seen ser 913 E-Xposition me AOresthyyatetherincsy. .c-ete ee eee eee 980 Expositions Korestrys at) thea. 4.7.00 caer etre see 1065 Finance, A New Factor in Forest—W. T. Christine........ 1001 Fire Fighting Exhibit at the Exposition................<.. 852 Mires: pAwiatomtombetect Horest....-. cee eee emer tere 914 Forest, A Trip on the Apache National—A. P. W......:... 1056 Forest Conservation, The Problem of—W. B. Greeley...... 928 Forest Finance, A New Factor in—W. T. Christine........ 1001 Honest HinessAwiatorsto: Detect. ..o: seen eneer nano eee 914 Horestigltands Jiapantss < ccercr- eee eee ee ee Cee eee 915 Forest Notes: (Department of Magazine) 880; 943; 1070;.. 1129 Forest: Problems; ‘Getting Closer tola5..-6: sees. sse eee 1003 Forest Relations Between the East and the West As the East Hopes to See them—Address by Dr. H. S. ID) dtel .csoe cosas ane eee 909 Wasted, ‘One Third of our Lumber... .¢..o.2..0. eee 876 Waterfowl, Conserving the—A. A. Allen..............0006 1047 Waterpower Problem” “Looking Squarely at the—Book by Henry J. Pierce reviewed by Dr. H. Drinkerserace 1125 Waterpowers, National Conservation ane H. Chapman. 981 Weeks: Law Conference, The. .icsis$.c2 ccs. < oe ee « L004 West, Danger Season Um EHC Sy). 5 S.geord. doa) oso: scene a gee ee Bessa West Virginia’s State Forester. .......c0cscccececcdesescun 1002 White Ash—Identification and Characteristics—By S. S, Wet willet sic arctan eet a, 4 ee ee eee 1081 White: Pine Threatened... 0.446040 sacaa swe oon coe ee 1122 Whittier’s Pine Tree—Agnes L. Scott...........c0ec0ceee 1058 Winter Birds, Attracting the—A. A. Allen................. 1102 Wood is Secured, How Cigar-Box—C. H. Pearson........ 1098 Wood Preserving Department (Department of Magazine )— Edited by E. A. Sterling........ 878; 937; 999; 1061: 1123 Wood Pulp in Argentina...... 968 Wood Specimens, ‘Collecting 844 Woodlot Values Worth Investigating 938 Woods, Yale Forestry Class in the—James L. Goodwin..... 872 Yale Forestry Class in the Woods—J: imes L,. Cava oer S72 Yellow Poplar Tree, The Uli pO te acca uieetem cae 833 Yosemite Park Improvements ........ ee ee, Sterling, E. A., article by.....:.......:. 853; 878; 999: 1061: 1123 Weiss, Howard! Fs articles By ion sic, casiwciasreun caves oeatee. 1041 Widmer, Maré; article: bby. iaetemu-tsries cos snes abeweone a. 847 Vol. 21 AUGUST, 1915 No. 260 THE TULIP OR YELLOW POPLAR The «American Forestry -Association DR. HENRY STU JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania THEODORE L. BRISTOL, Connecticut Iex-President Connecticut Forestry Association ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York MRS. EMMONS CROCKER, Massachusetts DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto HO WALTER L. FISHER, Chicago, III. Ex-Secretary of the Interior Washington, D. C. OFFICERS FOR 10915 President RGIS DRINKER, President, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Vice-Presidents HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia Chief of the Forest Service EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington HON. DAVID HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina United States Representative HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Ambassador to Italy HON. GEO. PARDEE, California Ex-Governor of California Treasurer GIFFORD PINCHOT, Pennsylvania FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan i Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania HON. WM. H. TAFT, Connecticut -President United States JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon ae Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission HON. JOHN WEEKS, Massachusetts United States Senator DR. ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Washington, D.C. President, Carnegie Institution. JOHN E. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D. C. Executive Secretary 5. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Ex-Governor of New Hampshire WM. B. GREELEY, District of Columbia Assistant U. S. Forester W. R. BROWN, New Hampshire Pres., New Hamp. Forestry Commission HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School Directors DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University ALFRED GASKILL State Forester, New Jersey JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia Editor, Army and Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress Declaration of Principles and Policy~ of Gdiec American Forestry Association IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- ment or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the produc- tion of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricultural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars’ worth of produc oe employ 7 35,000 peopl ; pay 3367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water: pre- vent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions: that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investizations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake aa ntific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York J. E. RHODES, Illinois Secretary Southern Pine Association ERNEST A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Forest and Timber Engineer JOHN L. WEAVER, District of Columbia Real Estate Broker J. B. WHITE, Missouri Ex-President, National Conservation Congress It Will Support These Policies Federal Administration and Man- agement of national forests; adequate appropriations for their care and man- agement; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire protec- tion. State Activity by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; encouragement of forest planting by communal and private owners, non- political departmentally independent forest organization, with liberal appro- priations for these purposes. Forest Fire Protection by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, in- dividually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production will fail. Forest Planting by Federal and State governments and long-lived corpora- tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regeneration. Forest Taxation Reforms removing un- just burdens from owners of growing timber. Closer Utilization in logging and man- ufacturing without loss to owners; aid to lumbermen in achieving this. Cutting of Mature Timber where and as the domestic market demands it, ex- cept on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, or on behalf of any public interest. Equal Protection to the lumber in- dustry and to public interests in legis- lation affecting private timberland operations, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. Classification by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. DANA Joun E. Ruopes Ernest A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING August, 1915. Vol. 21 CONTENTS No. 260 —_ EE ———————————E——EEE—Eee—ee Cover Picture—Tulip or Yellow Poplar Tree. Ornamental and Shade Trees—Fall Planting—By J. J. Levison. 861 With four illustrations. The Tulip or Yellow Poplar Tree—Identification 833 With two illustrations. The Directors’ Meeting Ree ae Ate 865 Commercial Uses of Tulip or Yellow Poplar x 834 Children’s Department—Forestry and What it Means—By With eight illustrations. Bristow Adams Rea é 866 Characteristics and Seeding of the Tulip Tree—By 5. B. Elliott. 840 A Pennsylvania Meeting ; 867 With five illustrations. : A ; Coal Company Practices Forestry—By A. C. Neumiller 868 Collecting Wood Specimens........ wis 844 With six illustrations. American Forestry Association Day ee . 844 North Carolina’s Action. . . : j L 871 The Bird Department—Birds and the Forests—By Arthur A. Danger Season in the West : 871 IAG 0 ac Gt Ob ea tage rsa enc Be tees) Yale Forestry Class in the Woods—By James L. Goodwin 872 How Switzerland Cultivates Her Forests—By Marie Widmer.. 847 With five illustrations. With five illest at ms. Editorial a. et ee ee, 876 Een she BD ee eG --» 851 Wood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling. . 878 Fire Fighting Exhibit at the Exposition... 852 Forest Reserves Purchased. . .. ee 879 California Tree Novelties—By E. A. Sterling—Part II . 853 Forest Notes. ..... vei: 880 With ten illustrations. Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson , 883 Education in Wood Uses......... Retna Al . 860 Current Literature ; ; . 886 mo APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 1410 H Street, Washington, D. C. | | | | | | ( an Annual Member ($1) l I hereby signify my desire to become | a Subscribing Member ($3) | ; | a Contributing Member ($10) j a Life Member ($100) i | | i i i a Patron ($1,000) of the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 4 g Sustaining Member ($25) andlencloseipu sae sssee eee ee for dues. | Very truly yours, IN ai @ see ec er Pai Os Addressee se. eee ee American Forestry Magazine 1s sent to all except Annual ($1) Members a Em ee AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single p y D3 ¢ tr} I I I 5 g copies, twenty-five cents Copyright 1915, by the American Forestry Association se oe Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 CHICAGO: 175 0 MeCormick Bldg SEATTLE: Stability and Value Are found in the really commercial forests of the West—the principal raw material supply of the third greatest industry of America. These forests have with- stood, unharmed, the storms of centuries. In- vestments in them, rightly made, resist the assaults of business depressions beeause their value 1s fundamental. Equilibrium is maintained — or quickly restored regardless of the disturbances that upset industry disturbances that are riveting the attention of lumbermen to such vital problems as close utili- zation, efficient production and distribution, and broad, co-opera- tive effort. Stumpage is stable and its value Is more certain than ever before. Readjustment of the industry is al hand. This is the time to prepare. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. Timber Land Factors Since 1880 1009 White Bldy PORTLAND: 1810 N. W. Bank Bldg. AUG | ° 1915 American Forestry VOL. XXI AUGUST, 1915 No. 8 The Tulip or Yellow Poplar Tree A General Description for Identification HE tulip tree, also erroneously called tulip poplar and yellow poplar, is a large, handsome tree, native of the Eastern United States from north- ern Florida to Massachusetts and the Great Lakes west- ward beyond the Mississippi. It grows to a height of 80 feet in the open and in a forest to a height of 120 feet, with a tall, straight, un- branched trunk. Its branches are comparatively few and The lower ones frequently branch at right angles Its bark large. from the trunk and then turn abruptly upward. is dark, mottled with gray spots, smooth with shallow lines. Its leaves are markedly different from all others, and ence recognized will never be confused with any other. Various Names Whitewood, Tulip Poplar, Hickory Poplar, Popple, Tulip tree, Yellow Poplar, White Poplar, Blue Cucumber tree, Old Wife’s Shirt tree, Saddle-wood. Poplar, Canoe-wood, It appears as though half of the leaf were cut away by cutting the apex off, leaving the remaining portion notched. At each side also is a sharp lobe. This makes an angular leaf having four points and where the apex should be there is an indentation. The leaves are pale green or yellowish green, nearly alike on both sides and when fully developed they have a tremulous motion. In early autumn they turn bright yellow. The name of the tree is suggested by its conspicuous flowers that come soon after the leaves. They are tulip shaped, greenish yellow, with darker yellow and deep orange on the tip of the petals. As they are borne on stout stems they stand erect above the foliage and are When in full bloom these trees are showy and attractive. ‘The The fruit is a cone conspicuous against the pale green background. flowers are complete and perfect. containing thin narrow scales attached to a common axis. Fach scale has a seed attached to a thin membraneous wing. They begin to ripen in October and one by one as they ripen they blow out, leaving the outside or lower scales appearing like an empty pod. By early winter the seeds are all gone, but the empty scales remain erect on the tree all winter, giving an easy means of winter identi- fication. The tulip is one of our handsomest shade trees, being symmetrical when young and maintaining its symmetry TULIP OR YELLOW POPLAR LEAI The leaf is quite different from all others and when once recognized is never confused with iy othe It is ingular, has four points, a sharp lobe on each side, and where the apex should be there is a sharp indentatior well. A mature tree is imposing from its size and ap- parent strength of | The foliage is of pleasing color and form. It thrives best on rich, deep soils. Although successful for street planting as a young tree on deep soil succeed so well on in suburban conditions, it does not narrow streets, or where surrounded by much asphalt and concrete. Under these conditions it is apt to drop many leaves all through the season. LIBRAR } NEW YOR BOTANICA GAKUES 834 Though comparatively free from serious insect pests, it is subject to the tulip tree spot gall. These are brown spots covering the leaves in midsummer, causing the leaves to have an unhealthy appearance. The tulip is the sole survivor of a group of plants plentiful in past ages. It is, however, closely related to BARK OF THE TULIP OR YELLOW POPLAR the Magnolias which it resembles in many of its charac- teristics. It has the same fleshy roots that make it hard to transplant. These roots are easily bruised and dry quickly when out of the ground. Therefore, they re- quire special care in handling. They can only be suc- AMERICAN FORESTRY cessfully transplanted in spring, and earliness is an im- portant factor. Success is much more likely in sizes under 6 feet. Because of their rapidity of growth, little is gained by attempting larger sizes. If in transplanting the top should die and the root should put out a vigorous shoot, it is usually better to make a new top from that shoot than to plant a new tree. In transplanting extra pains should be taken to per- form each operation carefully. In digging the tree all As the Then too extra care is needed to keep the roots from drying out. They should be kept continually covered with wet burlap and should be packed in wet moss or chaff when shipped. the roots should be secured without bruising. roots are large and fleshy, this takes extra care. In taking to the planting place the roots should be kept thoroughly protected. ‘The hole should be made considerably larger than the spread of the roots and 2 feet deep. This hole should then be filled with good top soil thoroughly mixed with well rotted manure and ground bone. If the hole has a capacity of 2 or 3 cubic If planted on a street the hole should under no circumstances be smaller than this. yards the tree will be given an excellent start. When the hole is prepared, the tree should be set an inch or two deeper than it stood in the nursery. The roots should be spread out in their natural After being well covered they should be thoroughly tramped and a little loose soil spread over the surface. position and be separated with layers of soil. The wood is soft, fine grained, with light yellow heart- wood and white sap-wood. It is light in weight, easily worked, readily bent and does not split easily. It is called poplar and tulip poplar in the East and whitewood in the West, though whitewood is a name also given to basswood. Other names are Lynn, or saddle tree, hick- ory-poplar, saddle-leaf, canoe-wood. It is used for furniture, cabinet making, interior fin- ishing, boat building, wooden ware and small articles of household use. Where a wood is wanted that will not impart taste or odor to food it is second choice, bass- wood being first. Commercial Uses of Tulip or Yellow Poplar UR lumbermen, as well as many others interested in the tulip tree, have not been content to call our tree by its correct name, but quite generally No doubt they have given it this name because its individual leaves, have bestowed upon it that of yellow poplar. like those of the true poplars, flutter in a gentle breeze— its leaf stem, being triangular, causes it to vibrate in the wind, as does the tlat one of the poplars—and because the color of the heartwood, in most cases, is somewhat yel- low, hence the prefix “yellow” was attached, making it yellow poplar, to distinguish it from the wood of the genuine poplars which is white. Then, again, because its bark, when the tree is small and thrifty, closely resembles that of a young and vigor- ous hickory and the wood in young trees is harder than in mature ones, it is called hickory poplar by some. Where the heartwood is white, as is the case in some localities—arising, probably, from soil or climatic con- ditions—it has been called whitewood; and, further, for the reason that the Indians made their long and large canoes from the straight, but slightly tapering stem, which was soft, easily worked, and light, others have given it the name of canoe-wood. A’ few other names have been given it, but among them all only tulip tres iS appropriate, and that is eminently so because of the COMMERCIAL USES OF TULIP OR YELLOW POPLAR A] hy WH COE Mies OUTLINE OF LEAF, BUD AND FLOWER OF POPLAR TREE TULIP The flowers are tulip-shaped, greenish-yellow, with darker yellow and deep orange They grow on stout stems that stand erect above the on the tip of the petals. foliage and are complete and perfect. close resemblance of its flowers in form to that of the tulip of our flower gardens; and, besides that, tulip tree is the scientific or botanical name also. But the lumbermen of the country have fixed upon yellow poplar and there is no more prospect of its name being changed by them than there is in their calling liquidambar by its correct name instead of designating it red gum, when it is no more a gum than is the tulip tree a poplar. In this portion of the article on tulip it will be referred to as the yellow poplar—the lumberman’s name for it. Aside from the great sugar pine, or redwood, of the Pacific slope, there is no tree from which the lumber- man can secure such broad boards and planks of clear stuff that have so great an economic value for so many purposes, and which is so close to the wood of the white pine in character and general utility, as he can get out of the mature yellow poplar, and for many purposes it is fully equal to the pine. strong, or so easily worked, nor is it as durable when exposed to the weather, but it shrinks little when season- It is true it is not so soft or so ing, does not warp, “stays in its place,” as the workman says, does not split when a nail is driven near the end, takes glue and stain well, and actually presents a better surface for paint than pine, for it has no pitch to stain cr disfigure the paint, and, because of a slight roughness of the surface, paint does not scale or peel off. In fact it is one of the best paint-holding woods in commercial OR YELLOW 835 use. It has no odor or offensive smell to injure any article that may be enclosed in a receptacle made from it. But the big trees have their drawback. ‘The wood in these is brittle and unless great care is taken in felling them—and such care does not always insure success—such trees will break when striking the ground. Of course the chop- per will select, if possible, some less valuable tree to fall his big yellow poplar against, thus con- verting the poorer one into a sort of buffer, but it is generally done to the more or less damage of the innocent tree selected, and both may be more Great care should be taken in felling large trees that they do not strike stumps or less injured. or logs, for if they do they are almost certain to break, and, frequently, in more than one place. The quantity of yellow poplar in the forests it, and the quantity still remaining, are not known. before the first settlers disturbed Ex- perienced lumbermen who buy and sell stumpage figure that for unculled woods a yellow poplar stand of 1,000 feet to the acre is a good average. Assuming that to have been the average before lumbermen and settlers disturbed it, and assum- ing further that the region of good poplar coy- ered 300,000 square miles, the total stumpage Compared with that, the remaining amount is small. north of the Ohio River, and States north of was about 190 billion feet. The region irts Press PULIP OR YELLOW By courtesy the Manual AREA O1] POPLAR h it grows. Most of the trees cut and made few years have been from West Virginia, , these States furnishing more than half of Showing the States in whi into lumber during the | Tennessee and Kentuc the total cut. West Virginia, have little. The bulk of it is in West Vir- ginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. They furnished over one-half of the total cut in 1913, and Virginia alone nearly If it be jn proportion to the quantity growing there, a basis is one-fourth. assumed that the cut in a State is found on which to estimate, approximately, the country’s An estimate of Kentucky’s yellow poplar The cut total stumpage. stumpage in 1908 placed it at 1,849,950,000 feet. 836 By courtesy The Manual Arts Press YELLOW POPLAR BOARDS Tangential or bastard cut section Radial or quarter sawed section of yellow poplar, showing an- of yellow poplar, showing pith nual growth rings aS wavy rays (streaks and flecks running lines, referred to commercially across board). Dark portion is as grain. heartwood and light’ portion sapwood in that State in 1907 was 205,671,000 feet, or about 11 per cent of the stand. In that year the whole country’s cut of yellow poplar was 862,849,000 feet. If the same ratio of cut to stumpage applies, as in Kentucky, the yel- low poplar stand in the United States at the close of 190% was a little less than eight billion feet. What white pine has been in the softwood lumber in- dustry, yellow poplar has been among the hardwoods. While it was plentiful it was used to the exclusion of many others. During the time when both white pine and yellow poplar were plentiful they came into direct com- petition, and the pine crowded poplar out of some lines. But the former rose in price first, and poplar recovered its lost ground and held it until cheaper woods took its place as a common lumber. In regions where yellow poplar grew it was early put to such uses as the first settlers could find for it. They made canoes of it almost exclusively, and the dugout played an important part in frontier development. Trav- elers utilized it upon long and short jour- Properties of Wood neys. It was the pio- Light. soft, weak neer’s ferryboat. As brittle, very closé a means of extending ee sar te settlements and facili- not tating communication, se uy light it was a close second 1 r brow: | auwood. neat: to the pack-horse. It went out of use gradu- ally as roads were AMERICAN FORESTRY made and bridges built, but to this day the canoe 1s oc- casionally seen on the rivers where it has done service since white men settled the country, and where it was the Indian’s water-craft long before. Its trunk was long, sound and shapely; the wood light and Yellow poplar was peculiarly fitted for canoes. easily worked. It was strong enough to stand the hard knocks of rocky rivers; sufficiently durable to give from The cost A safe load was from 600 to 1,000 pounds, but records exist of ten to thirty years’ service, barring accidents. in labor of making a canoe was from $2 to Sd. canoes large enough to carry twenty men. The early settlers used yellow poplar for troughs of various kinds and sizes. In that portion of its range where maple sugar was made, its wood was hewed into By courtesy The Manual Arts Press MAGNIFIED CROSS-SECTION OF YELLOW POPLAR This shows the annual rings, the fine dark lines marking the limit of the annual growth There is no change in structure by warping or shrinking in wood which has been properly dried troughs of 4 to 6 gallons capacity, to catch the sap that dripped from the maples. ‘Trough makers preferred trees 12 to 18 inches in diameter for the purpose, but they made large troughs, sometimes of 15. barrels capacity, in which to store the maple sap after it was hauled to the to be boiled. other farm troughs, including those for watering stock, camp Poplar served for storing meat, grain, soap, and other domestic products, and for feeding troughs. and The Same wood served for mangers Commercial Range Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, trays, dishes and bowls Mississippi Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and was fitted for that use, because the wood Georgia, Indiana Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana Maryland, is odorless, tasteless stain or food brought in contact and will not spoil articles of with it. COMMERCIAL USES OF TULIP OR YELLOW POPLAR YELLOW Here is shown a particularly fine specimen of rotary cut is to be yellow Builders of log houses and barns used some yellow poplar, but it was not considered better than many other timbers for that purpose. Its straight trunk was attract- ive, but oak was usually most convenient and was oftener taken. Nor was poplar a favorite fence rail material, though sometimes used. It was too brittle, and in splitting was apt to break across the grain. Oak and chestnut were better. It was due to that fact that many noble poplars remained on the borders of farmlands until the days of sawmills. ‘The wood was never extensively used as fuel. lf in small pieces, it burns too quickly; if in large billets, there is little blaze after the surface becomes charred. It has held its place for nearly three centuries as the favorite wood for tobacco hogsheads. Before the days of railroads and steamboats, and to some extent, after, tobacco trade and transportation were peculiar. The commodity was bulky, and its carriage from the plan tation to the wharf or market was a serious problem. The necessities of the case developed the hogshead as the receptacle for storing and vehicle of transportation. It was rolled to market between two shafts, fixed by pivots horse harnessed The “rolling house,” wheelbarrow. 2 5 Te ee 1.50 With a map and 33 illustrations TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume—=per Part. «cocci sa hen re Sane ee nv ee ele ee ee 5.00 An economic study of the FAGOTS OF CEDAR (Poems and ballads)—By Ivan Swift..............--------- 1.00 forest and timber situation HE, WOODS=Douslas Malloch? 2+ 25. 23.040. 2 1.2 oe ee ee 1.15 in China. Valuable toevery RESAWED. FABLES—Douglas Malloch... | 2.2.2.5. 252) .eo eee 1.15 ee ee eee THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot.............202eeeeeeees: 1.1 P ary: LUMBER AND ITS USES—R!S. Kellore-...-:...0--. 1-2.) eee eee 1.15 Published in England and THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow...... Dis supplied fo _seaders of NORTH AMERICAN ‘TREES —N. L. Britton:......2.-)s0-4-s25e ees eee 7.30 zine postage ad eee KEY TO THE TREES—Gollins and! Preston’ | <2. 122. sec + <6 eee eee 1.50 ; . THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling............-..-.---- 1.70 $2.60 AMERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson.............-22--2-+e0-e20e+ 6.00 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuel J. Record: ij. 15 cic cece op re te es oe ee 1-25; LES Va PLANE SURVEVING—John G. Tiacy.....2. 01 0..<.. /ssbe ues eee 3.00 AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves. ........----------+e2-s022-+ss 4.00 ASSOCIATION THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY—B. E. Fernow............---2-+-0+eee-ee: 1.61 “SAE FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Pilibert Roth... ---.-.52-.+s4: 0) ease eee eeeeeee 1.10 Washington, D. C. PRACTICAL: FORESTRY¥—=A. S. Fuller.-..... 29 eee 1.50 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green...........------- 1.50 SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS—Alfred Gaut..........------ 1.75 FAMILIAR TREES—G ‘S. Boulger.......-.......) 0 eee 1.50 MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)—Charles Sprague ‘Sargent: 20-4 2c ha ase ee ees oe ee RS. ee eee 6.00 € AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough.................-- oils ate oe Mee eee 5.00 Handbook of Trees HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, Py Romer Bo Houce EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough........:----+-- 6.00 : GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland.......... 1.75 $6 00 PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— e Charles Henry Snows: 9: os..f020s0 206 6 2c fe ok de oe ee ee eee 3.50 NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken.......--.- 2.00 Atboala whichewilltenablenvantto HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe.........--.---- 4.00 : pop aie iy TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks coho teeta 1.50 identity trees without a TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— knowledge of botany _E. Pa Ef tt) A A Levee ; Reon es 1.50 TREES—H. Marshall Ward... My: ot Re 1 ee OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir..............--.....--sicc eee 1.91 , : THE LONGLEAF PINE IN VIRGIN FOREST—G. Frederick Schwarz.....----- 75 j LOGGING=Ralph C: Bryant... ..- <2: $iee- 1+. 20.2.2 ee os ee 3.50 American W oods THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE U NITED ST ATES—S. B. Elliott 2.50 ~ ae on FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Ral i 3.50 By Romeyn B. Houcn THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WC }ODLANDS—Henr 1.5 ae: SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—Wil 3.00 $5.00 THE TREE GUIDE—By Julia Ellen Rogers............ 1.00 A Volume FOREST PHYSIOGR APHY —By an 5.00 MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOC \DSMEN—Au stin Cary chem c ope eee FARM FORESTRY—Alfred Akerman : See 37 f THE THEC RY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization AMERICAN 2A Rh Reskans 2.10 FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ELEMENTS ( SF PC SRESTRY Pe. F. nand N.C. Br 2.20 Washington. DG MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF wor )D—Samuel J. Re r 1.75 Be ae STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Lev 1.75 TREE PRUNING—A. Des Car 65 THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER— H Ww 3.00 1.50 ot BILT MC RE TEXT BOOKS THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN—By Bernard Brereton it any books on MORE FOREST BILTMORE, N. . tf AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS In the National Forest Region | Colorado School of Forestry A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE forestry leading to the degree of Forest Engineer covers a period of two years and is open to students who have completed two years of college work, including a suf- ficient amount of Botany, Geology and Sur- veying. Graduate students may enter as candi- dates for the degree of Master of Forestry. Tier course in theoretical and applied Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Reserve, 6,000 acres of pine and spruce tim- berland on the borders of the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University Syracuse, N. Y. Undergraduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science; Post-graduate course to Master of Forestry. One year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. August Forest Camp on Raquette Lake open to any man interested in For- estry. The State Forest Experi- ment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer unusual opportunities for research work. For particulars address HUGH P. BAKER, D. Oec., Dean nn eB Be BE BE a a me a DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY The 955 Pennsylvania State College estry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Thorough and practical training for government, state, municipal and private forestry. Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to specialize along particular lines are admitted to the ‘graduate forest schools’ as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the successful com- pletion of one year’s work. A PROFESSSIONAL course in For- For further information address Department of Forestry PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE State College, Pa. | Georgia State Forest School UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Grier four-year undergrad- uate course in theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree: Bachelor of Science in Forestry §| Wide range of specilization offered— i | | | | | | I | | | | I | | | | | | | | | | | | Logging Engineering | i Commercial Administration ] : Forest Management ~ | City Forestry | | Dendropathology | ze State Forestry H | Research | | | | | | | | I | | | | | | | | | | i | | | {| Provision for four months’ field work—two following each of Freshman and Sophomore years—on McHatton Forest, a large forest estate in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Numerous excursions in Dendrology and Logging. Provision for practical work in special- ization during Junior-Senior vacation. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL Georgia State College of Agriculture ATHENS, GEORGIA 2 a 1 Yale University Forest School — NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. — — . ALE University Forest School is a graduate de- Y partment of Yale University. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any otherin the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of uni- versities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology, and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp near Milford, Pennsylvania. — os: For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN, CONN. he —v—— em HL BBL HARVARD UNIVERSITY {COMMENT ANTHNUTE ATINNE TMN ACTON MT HNIC SCHOOL OF FORESTRY EMM MMMM ANITA AMAT ATCT ATT TN (eee specialized gradu- ate training leading to the degree of Master of Forestry in the following fields :—Silvicul- ture and Management, Wood Technology, Forest Entomol- ogy, Dendrology, and (in co- operation with the Graduate School of Business Adminis- tration) the Lumber Business For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Chairman Cambridge Massachusetts Ne me me mm BBB | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | l | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ! | | | | AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 82,100,000 Feet of National Forest Timber For Sale Amount and Kinds.—82,100,000 feet B. M., more or less, of green and dead lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce and Alpine fir tie timber. Location.—Within the Wasatch National Forest, Utah, in Townships 1 and 2 North, Ranges 11, 12 and 13 East, Salt Lake Meridian, on the watersheds of the East and West Forks of Blacks Fork. Stumpage Prices.—Lowest rates considered, 10 cents each for ties and ¥% cent per linear foot for mine timbers. Deposit.—With bid $4,000, to apply on purchase price if bid is accepted, or refunded if rejected. Ten per cent may be retained as forfeit if the contract and bond are not executed within the required time. Final Date for Bids.—Sealed bids will be received by the District Forester, Ogden, Utah, up to and including November 1, 1915. History of Forestry This Magnificent Volumee on Horticulture A Regular $2.50 Book Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Herbaceous Perennials By Kirkegaard, formerly director Royal Botanical Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark. Its 410 pages are brimful of valuable data. Has sixty beautiful full page sepia photo- graphs; chapters on pruning, insect pests, etc., also an exhaustive planting list. We have picked up a limited quantity which we can let our readers have for Only $1.50 Recently published it has. been purchased at the regular price of $2.50 for use in the classrooms of more than a score of State Universities. We can offer our readers a few hundred at this drastic reduction of $1.00 per copy. AMERICAN FORESTRY, Washington, D. C. Enclosed please find $1.50 for which send me book described above, prepaid. Name Address City t ° ee | Timber Cruising Booklets BILTMORE TIMBER TABLES Including solution of problems in forest finance. SOUTHERN TIMBER TABLES How to estimate Southern Pine, Southern White Cedar, and Southern Appalachian Timber—Spruce pulpwood, Hemlock bark, Chestnut oak bark, Chestnut tannic acid wood. By B. E. FERNOW Dean of Forestry University of Toronto Postpaid, 25 cents each Howard R. Krinbill, Forest Enginecr, Newburn, N. C. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. 3efore bids are submitted full information concerning the char- acter of the timber, conditions of sale, deposits, and the submission of bids should be obtained from the District Forester, Ogden, Utah. DH 1 A book every student of Forestry should buy and without which no forest library is complete. 506 pages, 8vo Price, $2.50, postpaid Address American Forestry Association Washington, D.C. 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The Manhattan Press Clipping Bureau ARTHUR CASSOT, Proprietor Established 1888 6 East 4ist Street, NEW YORK Send for Our Desk Calendar —) —— Se SSIES EL|P ss |) ee ee ) E] Ye LOW PINE “The Wood of a Thousand Uses”’ KNOWS NO SUPERIOR AMONG WOODS No wood has the general utility~ of this greatest of all constructional material SOFT SHORT LEAF Makes beautiful finish, flooring, ceiling, siding, etc., or for general construction when only moderate strength is needed but beauty and workability are desirable. TOUGH LONG LEAF Makes excellent timbers and dimension where great strength and durability are needed, also heart flooring and highly grained finish, as well as the other various products. (WE GUARANTEE OUR LONG LEAF.) If you want to know more about it A CARD ADDRESSED TO US WILL BRING RESULTS OURVOW N MIDES CUT 257 5,000,000 FEET ANNUALLY Missouri Lumber and Land Exchange Company 1111 LONG BUILDING KANSAS CITY, MO. ——S S) (oe) | In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY | | | ea TECERDS-65° Ask your dealer to play the latest ( \olumbia double-disc records for you. There is a new Columbia record list of all the latest music, in- cluding the newest, popular dance hits, issued the 20th of every month. [here are hundreds at 65 cents—the standard Columbia price. The big Columbia record catalog contains more than 4,000 records in every class of music, vocal and instrumental. (he Columbia Grafonola at $85, as illustrated, is a striking example of Columbia supremacy. ‘This instrument embodies the newest distinctive Columbia feature—the individual record ejector. With ordinary record racks, $75 It you have believed the difference in talking machines was m iinly one of appearance—/ear this Grafonola. A beautiful, simple, convenient instru- ment with superb tone qualities. Other Grafonolas from $17.50 to $500 Columbia Graphophone Company Box S 663 Woolworth Bldg., New York Columbia Grafonola, with ( individual record ejector, $85. American Forestry ‘ol. 21 OCTOBER, 1915 No. 26: r "y e a % id y wt oo lleigg ali * in os & pt jp a a 5 Me Oe ‘ / , , oy i ; —— { 4 et ee f a Ee 2 Si ss ; are sseey) ogo $? Seales Sell) Ma «che x gs Pes ss Se PP a OTE RRS TRIED AS RTS RY SRI SRI IIS ARES sie ORO RAEI SE OTIIE Nhe ; THE CHESTNUT The cAmerican Forestry -Association Washington, D. C. OFFICERS FOR 1015 President DR. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER, President, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania THEODORE L. BRISTOL, Connecticut Ex-President Connecticut Forestry Association ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York MRS. EMMONS CROCKER, Massachusetts DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto HON. WALTER L. FISHER, Chicago, IIl. Ex-Secretary of the Interior E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Ex-Governor of New Hampshire WM. B. GREELEY, District of Columbia Assistant U Forester W. R. BROWN, New Hampshire Pres., New Hamp. Forestry Commission HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School Declaration of Principles and Policy of (ec American Forestry Association Vice-Presidents HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia Chief of the Forest Service EVERITT G. GRIG , Washington HON. DAVID HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina United States Representative HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Ambassador to Italy HON. GEO. PARDEE, California Ex-Governor of California Treasurer GIFFORD PINCHOT, Pennsylvania FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania HON. WM. H. TAFT, Connecticut Ex-President United States JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon eee Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission HON. JOHN WEEKS, Massachusetts United States Senator DR. ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Washington, D. C. President, Carnegie Institution. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D. C. Executive Secretary Directors DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University ALFRED GASKILL State For » New Jersey JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia Editor, Army and Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. ITIS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- ment or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the produc- tion of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricultural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion 190% dollars’ worth of products; employ 000 people; pay $367 ,000,000 in wages; cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; pre- vent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limitec by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be Federal and State forestry upon national and State forest reserves for t financial loss; that IT WILL DEVOTE influence and its public thought and knowledge along these practical educational expected to practice forestry at a governments should undertake scientific 1e benefit of the public. facilities to the development of ines, - RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York J. E. RHODES, Illinois Secretary Southern Pine Association ERNEST A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Forest and Timber Engineer JOHN L. WEAVER, District of Columbia Real Estate Broker J. B- WHITE, Missouri Ex-President, National Conservation Congress It Will Support These Policies Federal Administration and Man- agement of national forests; adequate appropriations for their care and man- agement; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire protec- tion. State Activity by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; encouragement of forest planting by communal and private owners; non- political departmentally independent forest organization, with liberal appro- priations for these purposes. Forest Fire Protection by Federal, State and fire protective agen and its encouragement and extension, in- dividually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production will fail. Forest Planting by Federal and State governments and long-lived corpora- tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regeneration. Forest Taxation Reforms removing un- just burdens from owners of growing timber. Closer Utilization in logging and man- ufacturing without loss to owners; aid to lumbermen in achieving this. Cutting of Mature Timber where and as the domestic market demands it, ex- cept on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, or on behalf of any public interest. Equal Protection to the lumber in- dustry and to public interests in legis- lation affecting private timberland operations, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. Classification by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. DANA Joun E. Ruopes ERNEsT A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING October, 1915. Vol. 21 CONTENTS No. 262 Cover Picture—The Chestnut Tree. Directors Meet in New England.................... oos4 sist) The American Chestnut Tree—Identification and Character- Two Notable Oaks—By J. R. Simmons... 990 istics—By Samuel@B Detwiler serene eiedse(ee-ee fe Oil With one illustration. With six illustrations. States Get $850,000 From National Forests. ... . 990. : DT, Te C Sth evelve ilustetions, Baro NE 760 California’s/ Tree Collection: -75..0:....4505 56 ssen soa 99t Chestnut in the Future.................. i oe .. 967 Ornamental and Shade Trees—How to Plant a Shade Tree and aratchtone ullistrationk How to Care for It the First Few Years—By J. J. Levison.. 992 With seven illustrations. Alaska’s Rire WWOSSES) cos ac sistas disco cre tevesicteleitus cele suernds 968 The Philippine F Exhibit_—B p T. Fisct 007 Principles of Landscape Forestry—Art of Manaeine Plea: asure O raeeness le = By BenSGS No ESS z Woods—By Wilhelm Miller................. Rp fsa ey e969. Sai eee With ten illustrations. Wood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling........ 999 mnewarrest Trees sinners ecto esiate ores Asie es el ord enaiaitor tara alerts 976 A New Factor in Forest Finance—By W. T. Christine........ 1001 The Bird Department—By A. A. Allen, Ph. D................ 977 With three photographs. With four illustrations. Beaver Dams Last 150 Years................ aye thee ee OCZ Forestry at the Exposition...................4.... 980 West Virginia’s State Forester... . sri 1002 National Conservation and Water Powers—By Herat: With one photograph. Chapman. . SOIC ase Caine Opera hse rp taReee, sak 981 Editorial. . eee sh 1003 M Bae eventlists on 4 : x Getting Closes %» Forest Problems : : fe -. 1003 ary gues wocesU =ine)ln we: RNS oi eee Fi habe ae ea : 2 The Weeks Law Conference....... Pat mye eae er LOOE Children’s Department—How Trees Travel—By Bristow Adams 987 B felfoeither Nou sNl With two illustrations. ouquets for the New Magazine.................. , SE LOOG A Forester’s Chief Task—By Alfred Gaskill................. 989 The Canadian Department By Ellwood Wilson......, 1007 With one photograph. ~ Current Literature..... Recto a ret OOF | APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP | | Dates eee a eee | THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION | 1410 H Street, Washington, D. C. ! : ‘an Annual Member ($1) I hereby signify my desire to become | a Subscribing Member ($3) [en roman ae ae ea ee eae Contributing Member ($10 ; of the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, } 3 Sustaining Member (825) andtenclose/ $2 2=- 5-255 s-=—5-- for dues. | a Life Member ($100) i ( a Patron ($1,000) i Very truly yours, i IN air Revove seen ae er oe Se ae gh es es ee ee ©) SRA Gl i eS Se eeeetnere et mec eee nv er a eee ee | | American Forestry Magazine 1s sent to all except Annual ($1) Members | | AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents Copyright 1915, by the American Forestry Association Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 THE DAY OF NO TIMBER Is farther away now than the ultra-conservationists ten years ago said it was when they spread an alarm of exhausted supply. TuE theory of exhaustion has been dismissed. Wood is still abundant. It is still and always will be the warm, friendly material that makes four walls a cosy cottage or a magnificent mansion. Our regard for it is inherent. Our children will con- tinue to use it because its adaptability, beauty of finish and sound absorbing qualities give it a home-making charm that no other material possesses. AND the uses of wood are multiplying phenomenally. We are just now coming to know its real values and save them. Practical by-product utilities that represent more than 60 per cent of the usable value of trees are now known, in addition to lumber which utilizes only one-third. Others will be found. With added use there is added worth. LuMBER need not go higher in cost to consumer to make profitable for all time the ownership of timber. Forest protection, new uses, close utilization, efficient management and economical distribution will constantly add to the value of stumpage and eclipse the “overhead.” Stump- age—the raw material—-will take the gain. TIMBER investments rest upon fundamental requirements of the human race. Rightly selected they are sound, stable and safe for conservative men. Thirty-five years of continuous investigation has given us knowledge that has value for you. Ask us to tell you more about timber as a place for your funds. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. TIMBER LAND FACTORS SINCE 1880 CHICAGO PORTLAND SEATTLE 1750 Mc Cormick Building 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 1009 White Building OCT 1» (9ts American Forestry VOL. XXI OCTOBER, 1915 No. 262 The American Chestnut Tree By SamueL B. DETWILER Identification and Characteristics UR native chestnut tree is one of our best known and best loved trees because of its beauty and utility. te southern Michigan and south to northern Virginia, It grows from southeastern Maine west southern Indiana and along the Appalachian Mountains The bright foliage, attractively-shaped leaves, toothsome nuts to northern Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. and stately form give distinction and character to this highly valuable commercial tree of our forests. The finest chestnut trees in the world are found in the southern Appala- chian Mountains, espe- cially in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. A tree with 17 a diameter of feet has been recorded from Francis Cove, North Carolina. Com- monly, the mature trees are 3 to 5 feet in di- ameter 60 to 90 feet in height, but there are numerous feet or more in diameter, 100 to 120 feet high. In Pennsylvania, New York the New England States chest- and specimens 7 and nut trees have mostly grown from stump sprouts, and are there- fore comparatively small. When growing in the forest, a chestnut tree will bear only a mod- erate amount of shade, and the crowding of 5, 5m chestnut leaves. In the Fall the leaves assume soft shades of yellow and red, but soon lose their brilliancy. Karly in July the chestnut tree becomes one of the most the striking features of landscape. Long after other trees have bloomed, it suddenly blazes into a wealth of odorous, cream-colored blossoms. ‘These are the clus tered catkins of the pollen-producing flowers. ‘The flow- ers that produce the nuts are separate from the others and much less noticeable, because they consist of small scaly blossoms. These two spikes with a few green, kinds of blooms do not usually appear at the same time AMERICAN FORESTRY on one tree. The wind carries the pollen from tree to tree and thus effects cross-pollenation. of the nut- producing flowers are fertilized and grow into prickly only Two or three, or sometimes one, burs. At first the young burs are very small, but by the middle of August they are full-sized. The sharp spines which make the bur a sort of vegetable porcupine are Nature’s protection against injury to the sweet nuts until! The Indians called the chestnut tree “O-heh-yah-tah’—"‘the prickly bur.” they are fully ripe. The first heavy frost of Autumn causes the bur to separate into four parts, disclosing two to four shining nuts resting in a bed of soft brown velvet. Chestnut trees do not grow well if the soil around their roots is disturbed, as is shown, in regions where blight is not prevalent, by the dead tops of many trees in closely grazed pastures and on the road sides. They are easily injured by fire and have many insect enemies. Various species of borers injure the bark, the wood is very apt to be perforated by small worm holes, the foliage is frequently injured or destroyed by leaf rollers and leaf-eating insects, and the nuts are often infested with the chestnut weevil. The most serious enemy of the chestnut tree and one that apparently means its ultimate extinctioninthis country is the chestnut bark disease or ‘‘chest- nut blight.” All species of chestnut and the chin- quapin are susceptible in varying degrees to the bark disease. The chest- nut bark disease was brought to this country from China or Japan, and the Chinese and Japa- nese chestnuts are highly resistant. The chinqua- pin is slightly resistant, but the American and European species of chestnut have thus far shown no power to with- stand the disease. Although compara- tively little has been heard about the chest- nut blight in the past two or three years, there it no evidence that it is progressing more slowly or that it is less virulent than formerly. The bark disease is generally prev- alent from Maryland to Connecticut, as far west CHESTNUT TREE LEAT ws P lhe leaves are six to eight inches long as the mountains, and and about two inches wide, wedge scattered infections oc shaped at the base and tapering to a : point The margins are coarsely cur as f ir west as east toothed and the veins are prominent and regular THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT TREE ern Ohio and eastern West Virginia, and in southern Virginia and North Carolina. The chestnut tree is noted for rapidity of growth and The rate of growth An average growth in diameter is about one inch in three Under normal conditions the chestnut tree lives and for its ability to sprout freely. varies with the conditions under which it grows. years. to a great age. It grows on a great variety of soils, but does best on porous soils of moderate depth and _ fer- tility. It is well suited with rocky hillsides and gravelly CHESTNUT TREE IN WINTER Trees may be identified in winter when they have lost their leaves by the general contour of the branches and by the bark. The student will do well to study them so thoroughly that it becomes easy to identify them at any time of the year. or even sandy soils, but it is seldom found on limestone soils. The chestnut produces great numbers of vigorous sprouts from the stumps of young and middle-aged trees. These sprouts grow more rapidly than seedlings during the first thirty years of their life, and in the past, because of this valuable characteristic, the chestnut has been one of the most profitable trees in the farmer’s woodlot. It is easily grown from seed but natural seedling growth is usually not abundant because the nuts are so highly prized for food by squirrels, mice and other animals, as well as human beings. In view of the relentless destruc- 959 Photo by Edith R. Mosher, U. S. Forest Service. CHESTNUT TREE IN BLOOM Long after other trees have bloomed, the chestnut, early in July, sud- denly blazes into a wealth of cream-colored blossoms and becomes one of the most striking features of the landscape. These blossoms are the clustered catkins of the pollen producing flowers odorous, tion of the chestnut by the bark disease and its many other enemies, the planting of this species is not advisable. The wood of the chestnut is of a brownish color, light in weight, coarse grained, fairly soft, of medium strength, easily worked, and the grain has a pleasing pattern. It is durable in contact with the soil, on account of the high tannic content, which ranges from five or six per cent in young trees to ten to fourteen per cent in very old trees. The wood has a great variety of uses. The nuts of our native chestnut are superior to the Ituropean and Japanese species, and to a less extent, to the Chinese. Chestnuts are an important article of food in Italy and some other foreign countries. ‘They are Courtesy of Manual Arts Press AREA OF CHESTNUT GROWTH This map shows the general range of the chestnut, which is cenfined to the States east of the Mississippi 960 made into flour from which bread is made. ‘They are also served for food in a variety of other forms and pos- sess a high nutritive value. There are a number of varieties of cultivated chestnuts mostly derived from the European chestnut. Until the advent of the blight, chestnut orchards for the produc- tion of nut crops offered a source of revenue from waste land. Chestnut orchard trees must be grafted, as varie- ties do not come true from seed. AMERICAN FORESTRY The chinquapin is the chestnut’s nearest relative, na- tive to this country, that assumes tree form. It is usually a shrub and the leaves and burs cause it to resemble a chestnut in miniature. The nuts are small and shaped like an acorn, but are very sweet and delicately flavored. It is possible that a variety of chestnut immune to the bark disease may be bred by crossing the Japanese or China species with the chinquapin, creating a variety superior to any which now exists. Commercial Uses of Chestnut By P. L. Burtrrick OST people if asked to name the leading hard- wood tree of the United States would prob- ably say, “oak.” But that is really no answer for oak is not the name of a single kind of tree, but of many. There are about sixty species of oak in the United States, many of which are of economic impor- tance and help to make up the total cut of that wood Manual Arts Press. Courtesy ENLARGED CROSS-SECTION OF CHESTNUT WOOD Line of demarcation between two annual rings of growth distinctly shown That portion with small pores and constituting lower one- fourth of picture is summer wood of one annual ring, while the upper three-fourths of picture with large pores is the spring wood of the next succeeding annual ring which in 1910 was three billion feet. The next highest name is maple which has a total cut of one billion feet, but maple, like oak, is a generic name and covers many different trees. Yellow poplar, better known as the tulip tree to most people, has a cut of about seven hundred mil- lion. Red gum and chestnut follow with about six hun- dred million each. If we include the vast amount of chestnut which is cut for shingles, telephone and _ tele- graph poles, railroad ties, piles, fence posts, mine props and cordwood for the manufacture of tannic acid and paper pulp, none of which are included in the six hundred million feet of lumber, it 1s probably safe to say that chestnut has the largest cut of any single species of hard- wood in America, for no such enormous amount of ma- terial not sawed into lumber is cut from any of the other hardwoods mentioned. Aside from the amount of its cut, it is certainly fair to consider chestnut as one of the leading hardwoods of America. It also has other distinctions, one being a universal name, something of which few trees can boast. A chest- nut tree is always a chestnut tree no matter where it grows. Contrast this with such a tree as the longleaf pine, surely a distinctive enough tree for a distinctive name, yet it has twenty-seven recognized ones. Even our old standby, the white pine, is occasionally found masquer- ading as the Weymouth pine. Chestnut has even given its name to other trees. We have a chestnut oak and a horse chestnut. ‘The first was named because of the re- semblance of its leaves to its namesake, the second be- cause its fruits resemble to a degree those of the true chestnut. It is most numerous and important in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, where in the State of North Carolina it forms 27 per cent of the total stand, and is the most numerous tree in the forest, occasionally forming almost pure stands, although generally growing in mix- ture with other hardwoods such as oaks and tulip pop- Conditions are much the same in eastern Tennes- In these States most of the stand is composed of virgin timber, but outside of the lars. see and southwestern Virginia. Appalachians, most of the chestnut is second growth and is apt to be composed of sprouts from old stumps, often several generations having grown up and been cut from the original seedling stump. Here as elsewhere chest- nut is apt to have, for its companions, various of the oaks. No reliable estimate has ever been made of the total stand of chestnut in the United States. It is doubtful if it exceeds 30,000,000,000 feet and is probably nearer 20,000,000,000. The bulk of the supply, as might be ex- pected, is in the Southern Appalachians. North Carolina alone has a stand of 3,375,000,000 feet. Kentucky is esti- mated to have between 3 and 4 billion feet. It it doubt- COMMERCIAL USES OF CHESTNUT ful if any of the other States in the Southern Appa- lachian have stands exceeding 4,000,000,000 feet, and no State outside that region with the possible exception of Pennsylvania would come anywhere near that amount. It is difficult to say how the amount of chestnut com- pares with that of other hardwoods. It is certainly less abundant than all the oaks grouped together, but may surpass any of them alone. There is without doubt much more of it than of yellow poplar, or any of the higher priced hardwoods such as cherry and walnut. Beyond that it would be unwise to venture, since the other im- portant hardwoods do not generally occur in the same region as chestnut and we have therefore no standard of comparison. CHARACTER AND USES OF THE WOOD The heartwood of chestnut is light brown in color, while its sapwood is yellowish or whitish. Chestnut be- longs in the same plant family as the oaks, yet its wood Courtesy Penna. Chestnut Blight Commission. CHESTNUT FOR RAILROAD CROSS-TIES Chestnut stands fifth in the list of woods used for railroad ties. These ties are usually gotten out of woodlots by farmers and small dealers and sold to the nearest railroad. can be easily distinguished from them by the apparent absence of medullary rays, which are those markings that give such a pleasing appearance to quartered oak. ‘These rays are of course present in chestnut but are very in- conspicuous. Chestnut is neither a very strong nor a very hard wood, not nearly so strong or hard as oak, but it is very even grained and durable. It will outlast almost all the oaks and most other hardwoods, its dur- ability being due to the high percentage of tannin which it contains. It is light in weight and easily worked and does not warp readily. A cubic foot of absolutely dry chestnut wood weighs 28.07 pounds. The same amount of white oak weighs 46.35 pounds, of red oak 40.76 pounds, of white pine 24.02 pounds, of longleaf pine 43.60 pounds, of yellow poplar 26.36 pounds, of bass- wood 28.20 pounds, red spruce 28.57 pounds. This places chestnut in the class of light weight woods, and since railroad freight rates on lumber are based on weight rather than board measure, this gives it an advantage in marketing over many of its heavier competitors. A table 961 of shipping weights gives dry chestnut as weighing 2800 pounds per 1,000 board feet. Tulip poplar and the tulepo are given the same; basswood and butternut, the latter an unimportant wood, are given as 2,500. All other hardwoods are higher. This lightness, freedom from warping, durability and reasonable strength, and the high percentage of valu- able chemical substances which it contains, together with its great abundance have given chestnut a greater variety of uses than almost any other American hardwood. It CHESTNUT BOARDS Both of these are tangential or bastard cut and show the attractive grain often found in the wood. touches almost every phase of our existence. It serves as a shade and ornamental tree on our parks and estates. Its wood is used in the building and decoration of our We sit down in chairs made of chestnut and transact our busi- houses and the manufacture of our furniture. ness at desks, ostensibly of oak, but generally of chest- nut veneered with oak, we receive messages from the We sit in a railroad train and read newspapers into whose compo- distance over wires strung on chestnut poles. sition chestnut pulp has gone, while our train travels over rails supported on chestnut ties and over trestles built of chestnut piles, along a track whose right-of-way is fenced by wire supported on chestnut posts. On the AMERICAN FORESTRY be used and many Revolutionary and early nineteenth century houses were built of hewn oak and chestnut frames, oak floors, and chestnut sidings and shin- Later the opening up of the virgin pineries of northern gles. New York, Pennsylvania and the Lake States flooded the country with white pine and to be so largely used for building, par- ticularly in the cities, but coun- local woods ceased try houses and barns are even yet frequently framed of local rardwood timbers, and one does not have to go back many years to find built of nand-hewn chestnut beams put barns heavy ogether with wooden pins. Courtesy Penna. Chestnut Blight Commission. A CHESTNUT SHINGLE MILL While seventh on the list of woods used for shingles, chestnut is the leading hardwood used for that Shingles made from it are very durable and weather to purpose, its nearest competitor being oak. an attractive shade. same train travel goods shipped in boxes and_ barrels Even the leather for our shoes is tanned in an extract made from chest- nut wood. made of chestnut boards and staves. In the Fall we munch hot roasted chestnuts and many housewives feel that they are a necessary part of dressings of various kinds. At last when the tree can serve us no longer in any other way it forms the basic wood onto which oak and other woods are veneered to make our coffins. ITS EARLY HISTORY These shingles sell locally for from $2.50 to $3.75 a thousand Building of such construction will outlast the modern framed nuildings built of lighter mate- rials and put together with nails. In the Appalachian Mountains, even as far north as Pennsylvania, to this day log cabins are built of chestnut logs, sometimes in the round, some- times hewn square. The earliest use of chestnut still remains one of its important ones, for chestnut has been a fencing wood since Colonial times. Few woods split lengthwise easier and straighter than chestnut, or are lighter or more durable. Fence rails made of it will last a life time. The early settlers built their fences of chestnut rails, The early settlers encountered chestnut pretty well up and down the eastern coast of the United States, and scarce, if we are to believe our when food was school histories, they were glad to make use of its succulent nuts as a serious part of their diet. even as did the Indians. Sur- rounded as they were by an un- surpassed wealth of timber, far 1 their in excess of immediate needs, the earliest colonists were able to pick and choose, taking only the best and finest for their homes, using the rest for fenc- ing and fuel, or burning it to rid the fields of its presence. In early New England white pine was the chief building material. Courtesy Penna. ( Later when the local pine was exhausted it was necessary to york to cedar, fall back upon native hardwoods. a purpose value Oak and chestnut then began to chestnut is the leading wood for poles in the total amount used annually advent of the telephone and telegraph created a demand for chestnut was realized and east of the hestnut Blight Commission CHESTNUT FOR TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH P( ILES When the poles it did not take long before the Mississippi it outranks all other woods for this COMMERCIAL USES OF CHESTNUT piling them in the familiar snake or zigzag fashion. ‘This form of fence, often called the Virginia rail fence, re- quires no posts. All that is needed to build one is an ax, plenty of rail timber, and the ability to work. ‘The early settlers had all three. Later in the north a form of fence came into use in which the rails were mortised into the posts set in the ground. The advent of barbed and woven wire has banished both forms of rail fence in all save the most remote districts. But it has not inter- fered with the supremacy of chestnut as a fencing wood, for wire must be stretched upon posts. ‘There are woods which make better fence posts than chestnut—red cedar, black locust and osage orange, for instance—but none of them are so widely distributed or universally abundant as chestnut, and thousands of chestnut posts are set an- nually. Some are sawed, some used in the round, some split out roughly, and some carefully turned to an even taper or an ornamental form. Posts of larger size are frequently used for the foundation of shore cottages and other buildings which are built without cellars. ‘They are not as lasting as cedar, but are easier to obtain in large dimensions, and sufficiently durable. The advent of the telegraph and telephone created a demand for large poles. At first, apparently, many woods were used indiscriminately, but for a long time the value of chestnut for this use as well as for trolley and elec- tric light poles has been fully realized. Taking the coun- try as a whole, cedar is the chief pole wood, but east of the Mississippi, where chestnut is available in large quantities, it outranks all other woods used for the pur- pose, and even taking the United States as a whole, 20 per cent of the poles used are chestnut. ‘The reason for its popularity are: its convenient form, tall, straight and slender; its durability; its lightness and its abun- inches in circum- dance. A 50-foot chestnut pole, 25 ference at the top, if seasoned, would weigh about 1,000 Photo by P. L. Buttrick CHESTNUT FENCE POSTS Chestnut, because of its abundance and lasting qualities when in con- tact with the soil, is one of our leading fencing woods. The advent of barbed wire has decreased the use of rails, but the demand for posts continues. Posts are used in the round, split out, sawed or turned to fancy patterns. 963 pounds. A white oak pole of the same dimensions would weigh about 1,700 pounds and would be but little if any more lasting, but would cost much more. Along the sea coast there is considerable demand for piles for docks, trestles, cribwork and the like. Chestnut trees of the proper dimensions, but not straight enough for poles, can often be used in this way. When white oak and locust began to become too val- uable to be used indiscriminately as a tie wood, the rail- roads of the east adopted chestnut as one of their lead- HEWING OUT CHESTNUT RAILROAD TIES Chestnut is one of the leading tie woods of the United States It is very durable, but because of its softness it wears out under heavy Chestnut sprouts from the North make better ties South trattic before it rots. than the slower growing seedlings of the ing woods for this purpose. It was almost as durable as the other woods and much more abundant, but as traffic began to increase and heavier rails and train equip- ment began to be used it became evident that chestnut, because of its softness, would not stand up to heavy traffic conditions on main lines, and as the use of ties treated with chemical preservatives increased it was found impossible satisfactorily to treat chestnut. For these reasons it has now been largely relegated to use on light traffic branch lines and trolley roads. Nevertheless, it still remains the leading tie-producing wood of New England and the Eastern States. The second growth chestnut of the North is apt to be harder and heavier than 964 that from the slower growing virgin trees of the South and consequently makes better ties. The early settlers soon learned that chestnut did not make very desirable firewood, and their descendants have not forgotten the fact. Dry chestnut burns easily and quickly, but it snaps and crackles, throwing out sparks profusely. This makes it undesirable for the fireplace. Yet it is one of the best of hardwoods for kindling, since it splits easily and ignites quickly. Old chestnut rails, posts, etc., frequently find an end to their usefulness as kindling wood. Sometimes chestnut is used in rural dis- Photo by P. L. Buttrick. CHESTNUT CORDWOOD USED AS A SOURCE OF TANNIC ACID Chestnut does not make good firewood, but it is rich in tannic acid and in the South the farmers cut and haul it to the railroads for ship- ment to the plants where the acid is extracted tricts, where the gas range is not, as “summer wood.” The fact that it ignites and burns quickly renders it de- sirable when a light, quick fire is wanted. CHESTNUT WOOD AS A SOURCE OF TANNIC ACID Chestnut cordwood, however, has other uses than its rather precarious one of domestic fuel. It is occasionally used in brick ovens, and for annealing brass, but by far the largest use is as a source of tannic acid, for chestnut wood is rich in that substance. Its tannin content aver- ages more than 8 per cent, occasionally running as high as 12 per cent. Hemlock and chestnut oak barks, for- merly the chief source of the substance, run somewhat higher, but their wood does not contain enough tannin the tannic acid produced in the United States is now ex- to pay for its extraction. Over two-thirds of all tracted from chestnut wood and bark. It is used in the manufacture of leather and the dyeing of silk. In the first case, the acid combines with the albumens of the raw hides to form leather, and in the second, the various coloring matters which all vegetable Although from the various woods and barks are all tannins contain act as a dye on the silk fabrics. the tannins alike chemically, they differ in their action upon the hides AMERICAN FORESTRY because of the various other organic substances and col- oring matters which they always contain. ‘The tannin derived from chestnut oak bark is said to give the best results, both in body and color, for sole leathers. Hem- lock does not impart such a good color and is used for the less expensive leathers. Chestnut is largely used in mixture with oak tannin for the preparation of leathers of medium grade. The industry of extracting tannic acid from chestnut wood is largely confined to the South. Chestnut grown north of southern Pennsylvania does not contain a high enough percentage of tannin to make its extraction profit- able. The industry centers in southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina and eastern ‘Tennessee, where some twenty plants, with a combined product of perhaps The proc- ess is very simple. The cordwood is ground up into small 1,000 barrels of extract per day, are at work. chips, placed in tanks and leached out by hot water. ‘The product is then evaporated to dryness or the required degree of concentration. Although cordwood is gener- 2s ™~ ma, a Photo by INTERIOR OF A North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. TANNIC ACID EXTRACTING PLANT Chips of the chestnut wood are placed in the tanks, the tops of which are shown here Hot water is then added which leaches out the acid. The foam is caused by the boiling of the solution Tannic acid is used in the manufacture of leather. Wood from dead timber is more in demand than from live, and ally used, sawmill waste is sometimes employed. some of the plants in North Carolina run almost entirely on wood cut from the numerous dead trees standing along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. About 100,000 long cords of chestnut wood per annum are used in this industry in North Carolina alone, while Tennessee uses about half that amount, and the total production is re- ported to be about 250,000 standard cords per annum. A few paper pulp plants in the South use chestnut in the manufacture of their product. The plant which uses probably the largest amount of this wood for the purpose has or had a contract to supply the Government with the paper for its postal cards. The tannic acid is first extracted from the wood in the manner described above and chips are then reduced to pulp by the soda process. The chief objection to chestnut seems to be its COMMERCIAL USES OF CHESTNUT color. than that made from lighter colored woods, which fact The pulp must be bleached to a greater extent increases the cost of production, but in view of the great abundance of the wood and its cheapness it 1s not prob- able that this objection will greatly weigh against its use. All the uses to which chestnut is put that we have so far mentioned may be called rough uses. It does not necessarily require a sawmill to manufacture railroad ties, telephone poles, fence posts and cordwood. ‘They are largely gotten out of the 965 show is of chestnut elsewhere. This is particularly true of bureaus. There are two reasons for the popularity of chestnut in the furniture industry. First, it is abundant, light, holds its shape well, does not warp, is not affected by This Second, its open, moisture, and can be obtained in wide widths. makes it desirable for use by itself. porous structure, combined with freedom from knots, pitch or blemishes, and the frequent presence of numer- woods and sold by farmers and small dealers. There is hardly a New England or Middle States farmer who does not cut ties, poles, and posts from his wood- lot in the winter when regular farm work In parts of the South, farmers regularly depend for a part of their in- is slack. come from the revenue derived from selling chestnut cordwood to the tannic acid and pulp plants of the other tree which contributes so section. There is no many rough products to our modern life, nor in such amounts. Yet the amount of it sawed into lumber entitles it to fifth, practically to fourth, place among all hardwoods or groups of hardwoods cut in this country. Courtesy Penna. Chestnut CHESTNUT LUMBER Chestnut lumber is used for Chestnut is used for house casing, etc., in plastered house construction, both inter- other places where there For interior work it is used both for trim, casing, etc., in plastered ior and exterior. houses and for ceiling and siding in buildings where plaster is not used. tractively in the natural wood, but is too soft for flooring Its local uses for dimension materials has already been touched upon. ing and construction it is much more in demand for house furnishing than house building. It takes paint well and finishes at- or for other places where there is excessive wear. Yet in spite of its many uses for build- It is, in fact, one of our leading furniture woods, quite probably surpassing anv one of the oaks in volume used, yet, with the exception of panels in wooden bedsteads, kitchen furniture and the less expensive chairs, bureaus and tables, we see little furniture finished in chestnut. Its great use comes as a core stock for veneers, for most of our furniture, even the better grades, is veneered. ‘Tables, desks, bureaus, cabinets and the like are often made of chestnut and covered with thin veneers of oak, maple, cherry, walnut or expensive tropical woods such as mahogany or rose- wood. The essential wood of pianos is frequently chest- nut, onto which other woods are veneered. Sometimes furniture made of more desirable woods where it will It takes paint well and finishes attractively in the Blight Commission. CHESTNUT USED AS INTERIOR TRIM construction, both in the interior and exterior. It is desirable for trim, houses, and for ceiling and siding in houses where plaster is not used natural wood, but is too soft for flooring or for 1s excessive wear. ous small holes, called pin holes, or shot holes, caused by a boring insect, known as the chestnut timber worm, enable the glue which binds the core to veneer to take a good grip, in addition to the other qualities mentioned A special grade of chestnut called “sound wormy” is used Chestnut also before, makes it the leading wood for veneer cores. for this purpose and is in much demand. has a special advantage when used with oak in that its similar color and superficial resemblance in plain section enable it to be finished on sides and ends of tables, desks, etc., whose tops are veneered with oak. Coffins are hardly to be classed as furniture, yet they are made of much the same woods, and the process of manufacture is quite similar to that of many more cheer- ful articles. The coffin manufacturers probably use more chestnut than any other wood. It is used solid in coffins and coffin boxes of the less expensive grades, and as a backing for veneered coffins of higher price. A glance over previous sheets reveals the fact that we Most have failed to mention chestnut as a shingle wood. of our shingles are of soft wood; western red cedar, northern white cedar, cypress, yellow pine, hemlock and 966 AMERICAN white pine are the leaders. Chestnut is seventh on the list, but it is the leading hardwood, its nearest com- In 1909 91,766,000 chestnut shingles were manufactured, which was three times that of all No other hardwood was important petitor being oak. the oaks combined. enough for mention. The above figure presumably does not include the large number of hand-made chestnut Chestnut shingles are very durable and weather to an attractive shingles made in the Southern Appalachians. shade. Their chief disadvantage seems to be that the the nails with which they are layed. tannin in wood leaches out and in time rusts the It is also hard to get Courtesy Penna. Chestnut Blight Commission MORTISED CHESTNUT FENCE POSTS A great deal of the blight-killed chestnut of Pennsylvan'a and adjoining States is being used for this purpose much chestnut shingle stock free from the worm holes previously mentioned, and these cause them to leak. [i seems as though it ought to be possible to work up a mar- ket for chestnut shingles to be used as side shingles on cottages and suburban residences. Their attractive gra) color when weathered is as pleasing as white cedar, and the supply is unlimited. The use of galvanized nails should overcome one difficulty, and leakage through the worm holes would not be important if shingles wer laid of locally for from $2.50 to $3.75 per thousand. on sides instead roofs. Chestnut shingles sell GRADES AND PRICES Chestnut lumber is divided into two groups according to whether or not it contains worm holes, since they are While these worm holes lower the grade, the wood itself is liable to be found in wood of almost any quality FORESTRY otherwise unaffected, so that the wormy material is itself divided into the same grades as the non-wormy. A list of the grades and the wholesale prices per thousand feet board measure for lumber produced at representative of 1913 (when lumber at this writing) is as southern mills for the first half prices were more normal than follows: Firsts and seconds 4/4. 25.s245.seeemere $43.40 No. 1 common’ 4/450 .2 20 gnnaktc tetas 29.40 No. 2 common and sound wormy 4/4.... 13.20 Nios 3) CommionwA/A ia wie necessary—perhaps 2 or 3 about 30 square feet for 2-inch trees, in order that the growing roots may have a sufficient amount of loose rich soil. If the soil from the pit is not good, it should be re- placed with rich loam or forest humus free from sticks and stones. The tree should be planted to the same depth at which it stood in its original site, or perhaps an inch or two deeper if set in light porous soil; the root collar indicates the right depth. Fill in the center of the hole with earth to the height at which the tree is to stand; then place the tree on this slight elevation and spread out the roots in a natural manner. While an as- sistant is covering the roots with the first thin layer of soil, the tree may be moved up and down within the space of an inch, in order to firm it in place and to bring the soil into close contact with the roots; then as the hole is gradually filled, the soil is pressed down carefully but firmly to prevent drying out, the last shovel full being thrown loosely over the surface. A heavy man with large feet makes a good planter. Water is useless excepting in dry loose ground. “Before planting, any broken and bruised roots should be removed with a sharp knife, the face of the cut being made on the under side of the root. The loss of roots must be balanced by pruning of the top in which crooked branches are removed and spindling twigs shortened. A straight and vigorous leader uncut gives the tree a long conical crown; if cut, a short compact crown. The bean- pole style of planting without any top is not advisable excepting in special cases where the root structure has sustained much injury; since rapidity of growth depends on leaf surface, topping is a serious set-back, but good sprouters like willows and poplars will survive such mutilation, and these short-lived trees are recommended for planting where rapidity of growth and shade is the chief consideration. “A thin mulch of leaves, or litter mixed with fertilizer will keep the ground cool and free from weeds which would transpire the moisture needed by the young tree. A stake driven into the ground and fastened to the tree by a twine inclosed in a piece of rubber tubing prevents The market affords various kinds of tree- guards against injury by maples, horse-chestnuts and others subject to sun-scald wind-throw. animals. Young beeches, are protected by neighboring shade or by lattice south of the trees. Planting may be done at any time, but from April 1 to May 10 is the most favorable season in Rhode Island. “The choice of species is a large topic outside the scope of this essay, but it may be said that adaptability is es- sential. Sidewalks require clean, hardy, symmetrical, long-lived species of moderate size like Red Maple, Nor- way Maple, Hackberry, and Ironwood. Wide avenues admit the more majestic trees, like the Oaks, Basswood, Tulip, Chestnut, Rock Maple and Liquidambar. Uni- formity of spacing and species is effective in a street. 993 On lawns, variety of species lends accent to diversity of topography, and charm through the countless tints of bud, leaf, and flower in springtime, and the fine array of brilliant foliage in autumn. For dense shade, use Beech and Maple; for thin shade, Ash.” SPECIFICATIONS FOR SHADE TREE PLANTING The Brooklyn Park Department, in permitting citt- zens to plant a shade tree, sets up the following speci- fications: / “1. The tree to be at least 244 inches in diameter, one foot from ground. 2. To be straight, to have a compact fibrous root sys- tem and a well-balanced head. 3. The trunk of the tree to be free from branches to a height of at least 7 feet from the ground and the first branch to be not over 9 feet from the ground. 4. The tree to be free from disease and injurious insect pests. 5. The tree hole to be not less than 3 feet square and 5 feet deep. 6. One to three cubic yards of good mould to be placed in each tree hole, according to the conditions governing the location. %. The tree to be planted at the same depth that it stood before transplanting. 8. Wherever possible, trees should be planted not less Thirty feet is preferable. 9. The tree to be watered and surface soil raked or than 25 feet apart. cultivated at least once a week in dry weather, and other- wise to be properly cared for by the owner of the premises, at his own expense and to the satisfaction of the Department of Parks. 10. The work of planting to be done under the direc- tion and to the satisfaction of the Department of Parks, or its proper representatives, and subject to the rules, regulations and ordinances of the Department of Parks. 11. A tree guard of approved pattern, or wire guard of small mesh, to be placed around the tree by the owner of the premises. 12. The most desirable trees for general street planting are the Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) and Oriental Sycamore (Platanus orientalis). For suburban sections there are other equally suitable trees, and for informa- tion on these consult this Department. The Poplars, Silver Maple (Acer sacharinum, Linn.) and Sycamore Maple (Acer Pseudo-platanus) are not desirable for street planting.” THE CARE OF SHADE TREES Mr. Carl Bannwart, of the Newark Shade Tree Com- mission, admirably presents the main points in the “Care of Trees” in the following way: “Every boy and girl has his or her good points. So has So has a tree. re and those of a boy are much the same. The horse must have vim, be bright, be well-proportioned, clean-limbed. The boy must have vim, must be bright, must have a a horse. The good points of a horse good set of muscles. The good horse has a pleasing color and a glossy coat and must hold his head high. 994 So with the boy; he must be well-groomed, must stand erect; and moreover, must see things when he looks at them. The good horse must walk, gallop, trot, or stand as the master directs. So the boy must learn to walk, run, caper or be still as the case requires. “And the tree has as many good points, although they are different. Examine your tree for points every month and see what percentage it will have out of a possible one hundred. Here are some of the signs which show whether the tree has a college diploma, is cultivated, is familiar with the higher branches. Each question, if answered unequivocally, ‘Yes,’ gives your tree 8'/, per cent toward the one hundred. in the order of their importance; and are numbered to correspond with the pictured ‘Points.’ These questions are put 1. Is the opening around your tree of standard size ?* (What is actual size?) i od 2. Istheground + Ei bBoicaas j GMT in this opening Poin re well-loosened — ta admit air and water? 3; Lf themtree is surrounded by grass, is the sod around the trunk ¢ t. Does the tree get a good proportion of the rain which open falls on the sidewalk, or does it run over the curb into the gutter? 5. Is the tree with a tree-guard? must be six feet high and Tree must be protected from protected Guard not too tight. chafing by guard. > 6. Is the tree free from borers? Borers can be detected by sawdust coming out of holes in the trunk. Watch for the borers from April to November. y. Are the trunk and the branches cleared of all cocoons, egg-masses, larvae, caterpillars, beetles, scale? *Standard size is: 4 feet square for a tree of 6 inches (or less) diameter; for every 1 inch increase of such (6-inch) diameter, an increase of 1 square foot in area ot opening. AMERICAN FORESTRY 8. (a) Is the head free from all deadwood, has it been pruned by an expert, and how do you know he is an expert? Find out how a tree should be pruned. Are all the cuts painted? (b) Does the tree stand perpendicular and is its present place intended to be its permanent home? 9. Have the scars from horse bites or other injuries been cleaned out and painted to prevent harboring in- sects and to stop decay? If there are large cavities these should be filled with cement. 10. Does the tree remain green and in full leaf to the middle of October ? 11. Have you put as much nourishment into the soil as the tree needs for the year? Give it a treat; dig in wood ashes, ground bone or well-rotted manure. 12. Are any wires interfering with your tree either by swaying or by electric current? Are there any gas leaks? “Here are the twelve points of a good street tree. ‘The total percentage if below par reflects on the man, not on the tree. The tree always does its best. Man forgets that he has taken it out of the God-made forest where it could and did care for itself, and has placed it in a man- made city where it is dependent on man’s care for thrifty growth.” WHY THE POPLAR, SILVER MAPLE, AND AILANTHUS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR GENERAL PLANTING. There is a very popular but erroneous current that the poplar is the best tree for planting. The reason for idea this wide-spread idea can be found in quality of growth | which the poplar her possesses, and which the average evidently considers of su- the quick citizen permost — impor- tance in choosing his tree. The ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES fact, however, is that even this fast growth itself soon becomes a most serious objection against the poplar, be- cause the tree grows so rapidly that it soon becomes top- heavy, and the wood being soft and brash, breaks of its own weight. The main roots of the poplar grow very large and upset the pavement of the sidewalk, while the finer rootlets in their search for water extend themselves to the nearest water or sewer pipes, penetrating the ce- mented joints of these, and in course of time develop sufficiently to clog up the passages. The conventional outline of its form and its system of branching as well as the stiffness of its foliage does not LOMBARDY POPLAR This tree has a special landscape value which no other tree and under special conditions it can be used to better advantage other trees. possesses than even recommend the poplar as a beautiful tree. Its leaves begin to drop earlier than those of most of our other shade trees and the flowers of the male trees during their period of falling cause much discomfort to pedes- trians. It is a tree that requires constant trimming, pos- sesses a very short life and is frequently destroyed by scale insects and borers. The city government in Albany, N. Y., in 1871, not only forbade the planting of the poplar, but also compelled its removal from the streets at the time this ordinance was passed. In Washington, D. C., in Brooklyn, N. Y., and in most other cities where the care of the city trees is charged 995 to some special authority, the poplar is not tolerated. The species which is most commonly planted and to which these remarks apply more directly is known as the fre- Carolina poplar. But there are three other kinds quently used—the Silver, Lombardy and Balsam poplars. | } } pol and most of the defects enumerated above are equally applicable to all. A CAROLINA POPLAR Many believe that because of i quick growth the poplar is desirable for street planting. It is not, r, as its roots, whicl w ye, are likely to do much dama to e pavements, while the finer roots, in their search for water, extend themselves to the nearest water or sewer pipes, penetrating the cemented joints of these and sometimes PIL J clogging up the pipes There are occasions, however, under special conditions, where the poplar may be used to better advantage than any other tree. The Lombardy poplar, for instance, has a special landscape value that no other tree can pro- duce. The Silver poplar is \ ery desirable for seaside planting and the Carolina poplar is so well adapted to 996 AMERICAN factory districts and poor atmospheric and soil conditions that it is often better to have that tree than none at all. The Silver maple is very pretty in its mode of branch- ing and grows rapidly, but in most respects is as unde- sirable as the poplar and more subject to dead wood and injurious insects. The ailanthus like the poplar has the advantage of being able to grow where few other trees will grow. Moreover it is well formed and straight. The serious objection, however, is the brittle character of its wood which causes frequent accidents, especially in wind storm. It is short-lived and has a tendency to become hollow when it reaches a diameter of about 2 feet or over. For special use under special growing conditions all these trees may prove of great value but for general planting in large numbers on city streets their disadvan- tages should be considered with the utmost regard. ADVICE FOR OCTOBER 1. Prune all dead branches before the leaves fall. 2. Mark for removal, all trees hopelessly infested with insect pests that are liable to become serious enemies in a locality. Such pests as the hickory bark beetle in the hickories, and the bronze birch borer in the birches are examples. 3. Collect and burn the egg masses of the Tussock moth and destroy the eggs and cocoons of other insect infestations. 4. Spray for scale insects; but before doing this, de- termine the character of the insect and receive specific instructions from your local State entomologist or from the United States Department of Agriculture. Do not spray sugar maples with oils. 5. Treat cavities before freezing weather sets in. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ©. Should Lombardy poplar trees be trimmed around the lower part of the tree or should the growth which starts from the ground, that is the branches, be allowed tu grow, for, seemingly, by doing so they withhold from the upper part of the tree the strength needed. ios F. O.; Center Harbor, N. H. A. Lombardy poplars are only beautiful and natural when the branches are allowed to grow thickly from the very bottom to the very top. The little branches should never be trimmed around the lower part so as to bare the stem. When a Lombardy poplar begins to thin out or erow old, the best thing to do is to cut off a great por- tion of the top, varying with the size of the tree, and cut- ting back all the little branchlets along the whole surface of the tree. I do not mean to cut any of these off en- tirely, but just to remove a part of them, half or more, according to the condition of the tree. After cutting the FORESTRY form of the tree should be uniform. The harder and the oftener the Lombardy poplar is cut, the faster and the thicker it will grow. You can cut the tree at any time from now on until the buds begin to open in the spring. September or October, however, are the best months for doing this work. Q. Have you, or do you know of a successful trans- planting of large oaks? What are the chances of suc- cess in moving oaks 2 inches in diameter as compared with elms, maples and like fibrous rooted species? [ have a problem with a virgin live oak (Quercus agri- folia) and shall appreciate any information you may give me, N. C. T., Oakland, Cal. A. Oaks from 2 inches to 4 can be readily transplanted with little difficulty and with fair chances of success. ‘Trees of larger diameter, up to 14 inches, have been trans- planted with more or less degree of success; but in each case the work has been done with special lifting appa- ratus and by men who more or less specialize in this sort of work. I would suggest your writing to Messrs. Isaac Hicks and Sons, Westbury, L. largest tree movers in this section of the country and who will undoubtedly send you their catalogue and other I., who are about the information along these lines. QO. When will it be advisable to plant the following trees, in a situation in the southern part of Cayuga County, N. Y.: thorn, Swiss Mountain pine, Rhododendron, Fringe tree, English Thorn, American holly, haw- Korean pine, Giant Arbor Vitae, Linden, and one each of the following: White pine, pitch pine, table mountain pine, Austrian pine, Scotch pine, nut pine, fox-tail pine, lace-back pine and needle pine. M. C. C., Venice Center, N. Y. A. Plant in the spring of 1916. of April. About the beginning You can plant in September, but spring 1s preferable on general principles. ©. I am sending you specimen from a Dogwood that I have in my yard. This blight seems to be affecting the whole tree. Can you advise a remedy? A. The premature turning of the dogwood leaf and its dry condition shows that the tree is suffering from too much exposure or too little water. Dogwood naturally grows best in deep woods where the moisture from their leaves does not evaporate as readily as in exposed places, and where their roots can find plenty of moisture. There is no evidence of disease. Would suggest cutting back the tree lightly this fall—not cutting out any branches entirely but just cutting back from the ends. respond to this treatment well. Also cover the tree with a mulch of leaf mold late in the fall, Dogwoods ihesehilippimnes horestiry, i xdaioit By ARTHUR HE Philippine Forestry Exhibit at the Panama- Pacific Exposition in San Francisco is the largest exhibit of its kind there, occupying 10,000 square feet of space and displaying some 450 different species of wood in panels and samples. The widths, covering 260 feet of wall space and representing 13 woods; and manu- main features are 10-foot panels of varying | species ot factures of difter- ent woods, such as floors and interior finish furnitures, for which there is an export market and which can be in furnished com- mercial quantities. All the materials inside of the allot- ted space used in the installation of the exhibits and booth construction are of Philippine woods or forest products and have fa- comment. created much vorable About of the area of the one-third Philippine Islands, that is, 40,000 square miles, is THE MINOR FOREST = -ered ae | SOR In this section there are on exhibit in many SONS with vir- rattan, all products of the Philippine forest gin forest, with a stand conservatively estimated at 200 billion board feet, of which 142 billion belong to the Dipterocarp family of which the lauans are in the majority. Ninety-nine per cent of all this timber belongs to the Government and is the of Forestry. under administrative control the Bureau of The entire administrative and investigative work of the Bureau of Forestry is shown. It is very interesting to note the progress along investigative lines made dur- LOO ing the American occupation; in 1900 only about species were known and the botanical and wood collec- tions made by the Bureau employes number about 26,000 up to 1915, out of which the number now identi- fied is 4,200 woody plants and 2,200 tree species, of which about 1,000 are timber trees. On an area of 120,000 s which are well worth careful inspection T. FISCHER. square miles the Philippines have four or five times as many species as the entire United States. A woodman from temperate regions is usually very much bewildered and often discouraged when he first realizes the very great number of forms with which he has to deal in the Philippine forest. He cannot work long in the forests before he discovers that the bulk of the up stand is made of tively few species. With number compara- the of occurring in the rhe great forms Philippines is that of very natural the problems silviculture and management are correspondingly in- the the creased over in regions, problems temperate and it is just this fact that forester’s the much makes a work in tro pics So inter- is yala Le investigative of of centered at School Banos, more esting. In the Bu- work the reau Forestry Was the Forest at PRODUCTS SECTION Los La- forms gum copal, resins, gutta percha and guna, on the lower slopes of Mt. Ma- quiling, about 25,000 acres of which are forested and This only a splendid laboratory for the students of the For- included in the Government reserve. makes not est School but also a splendid area for research and in- vestigation. Extensive studies of growth and reproduc- tion were started, measurement of the rate of growth of hundreds of trees in the forest and of many more in To date 317 species have been handled in the nurseries and 83 species 1e nurseries and plantations were taken. set out in permanent plantations. A number of these yj vecies offer promise as successful plantation crops. As a result of the scientific work done by the Bureau 1 and those who have cooperated with it the following things have been accomplished 1. Mapping showing the location of the principal forest areas of the Islands. 997 998 2. Recognition of the fact that the principal forest wealth of the Islands is in the woods that occur in quan- tity and not in a few rare cabinet woods. 3. Detailed study and classification of the important timber trees. AMERICAN FORESTRY areas varying in extent up to 20,000 acres are not un- common. Its leaves have great use locally for thatch- ing but the sap is of importance to the commercial world, it having the distinction of being the cheapest raw ma- terial known in the world for the production of sugar, alcohol and vinegar. Rattan is a product of many species of climbing palms found in the tropical regions of the old world. The large range of sizes makes the product adapt- able for many uses. ‘The Islands pro- duce about 15 or more species and there is no finer rattan in the world than in the Philippine Islands. Its uses in fur- niture, baskets, car seats, etc., are too well known for further comment. One complete section is given to the display of this product showing the various kinds, and its varied uses are shown by artisans at work. ‘This is the largest ex- hibit of its kind on the grounds. Gum Copal, or Manila Gum, is shown in commercial packages as exported to Singapore and Europe and classified as to grades and kinds. It 1s the most com- ylete as well as the largest exhibit of FURNITURE AND KIOSK AT PHILIPPINE EXHIBI1 I yee BO The floor is of Philippine hardwood and the entire exhibit is made of the forest products of varnish sums and resins in the entire the islands, with the exception of the shell frieze work, which is made capiz shell Vs ; eres Par exposition. Other gums and resins are t. Classification of the commercial woods. 5. Determination of the durability of a number of woods by systematic tests extending over a period of years. 6. Determination of the strength of he generally used woods by mechani- cal tests. 7. Discovery of a successful crop for irewood and reforestation purposes. 8. Scientific study of the Dipterocarp forests. One of the exhibits along the adminis- trative lines is the system of communal the of into effect. Each municipality forests which Bureau Forestry las put laving Government forest land in its Vicinity can upon application have an 260 line comme Chere are area set aside for a communal forest, the size of the tract depending on the num ber of inhabitants and the stand of timber. The Philippine Forestry Exhibit does not confine its display to woods alone but many products are shown which are classified as minor forest products in the Philippine Islands; they cover a wide range of products not cultivated but growing wild, the principal ones being Nipa, Rattan, Gum Copal, or Manila Gum, Man- grove barks for tanning, Gutta Percha, Dye-woods, Wood and egetable Oils, Bamboo for paper pulp, etc Nipa palm on the tidal flats along the seacoast; THE TEN-FOOT PANELS ON THE WALLS feet of these panels, each 10 feet long, and they represent the various rcial timbers cut from the magnificent forests of the Philippines also shown, including the famous Manila Elemi, a source of certain drugs and perfumes which is only produced in the Philippine Islands and exported to Europe. Lum- bang Oil, which is on display, is practically identical with the Tung Oil of China and could be developed to a big scale in the Philippines. The United States imported more than $2,000,000 worth of this oil from China last year, Gutta Percha and Rubber, while not as large a display as the Gum Copal, are nevertheless comprehensive enough WOOD PRESERVING DEPARTMENT to give the visiting public and the American manufacturer in particular a good idea of the grades and qualities of these products as produced in the Islands. bark, from which the tanning extract, known in the com- Mangrove mercial world as cutch, is produced, can also be seen; 800 square miles of mangrove swamps are available for tan bark extraction and make an attractive source of supply for tanning extracts. A small, rather inconspicuous exhibit of Boho Bamboo is shown, the source of one of the finest and best paper pulps in the world. Thousands of acres of this bamboo are available for use. ‘This bamboo, after being cut, sprouts and is ready for cutting every three years. The fiber and quality of this material can be seen and ex- amined in the wall covering known as ‘“Sauale’? which is woven with splints of Boho Bamboo. Many more products can be seen which will interest the American business men. These facts about the Philippines may be of interest: Number of islands, over 3,000. Total area, 120,000 square miles, about the size of the State of New Mexico. 999 Population, between 8,000,000 and 10,000,000 people. Area now cultivated estimated at 6,000,000 acres. Area suitable for cultivation estimated at 30 to 35 million acres. Virgin Forest area estimated at 25 to 30 million acres. Second growth area estimated at 15 to 20 million acres. EXHIBIT TAKES GRAND PRIZE Just as this number goes to press a report from San Francisco to AMERICAN Forestry says: ‘The Philip- pine Bureau of Forestry exhibit at the Panama-Pacific exposition has captured the grand prize for the best for- estry exhibit in the entire exposition. This is the highest honor within the power of the exposition officials to award. Moreover, the exposition officials consider the exhibit of such unusual excellence that in addition they have awarded to the Bureau of Forestry two other grand prizes, three medals of honor, four gold medals, six sil- one It is expected that the exhibit will get still a few more awards.” ver medals, seven bronze medals, and honorable mention, Wood Preserving Department By EF. A. STERLING The Modern Application of ]Vood Preserving Methods—larious Treatments and the Use of Treated IW oods HESTNUT, which is the wood featured in this month’s issue of AMERICAN Forestry, does not figure to any extent in wood preserving practice. Ii is a timber which is naturally durable, and has long been used for fence posts and other purposes where re- sistence to decay is an essential quality. Strangely enough, chestnut is one of the most difficult woods to treat by any known preservative method, so it is for- tunate that it possesses the inherent power to resist decay. Although the wood is of open nature and the pores in the spring wood are distinct to the naked eye, it is al- most impossible to force preservative liquids of any kind for any distance into the wood. This is for the reason that there are cross walls in the pores which are not easily broken down, and which effectively prevent the move- ment of introduced liquids even under high pressure. While a few chestnut cross-ties are treated at some of the Eastern plants, this species constitutes only a small percentage of even the miscellaneous timbers which are given preservative treatment. HESE general statements in regard to the pre- servative treatment of chestnut apply mainly to the large plants which use a pressure process. In the very extensive use of chestnut for telegraph and telephone poles there has been some use made of creo- sote and carbolineum oils treatment at the ground line. In a few cases an open tank treatment of the base of the pole for about 6 feet has also been given. for brush Although chestnut is naturally durable, the thin sapwood It is with the aim of checking or preventing this superficial decay that the brush treatment of chestnut poles at the ground line has been practiced. decays quite rapidly in contact with the ground. If properly done with a high boiling creosote or coal tar derivative, which will not show too great loss by evaporation, the brush treat- ing of chestnut poles at the ground line is fully justified. By preventing the decay in the sapwood the development of fungus growth, which would ultimately extend into the heartwood, is eliminated. N INTERESTING order was received recently by a Chicago firm for shipment to South Africa. It consisted of a cargo of creosoted oak ties for use in building a new railroad. For many years it has parts of South Africa on account of the ravages of the white ants. It been necessary to use metal ties in now seems to be conclusively demonstrated that creosote treatment is an effective protection against these insects. Even with this fact established an order for creosoted ties would hardly be expected in America, and the ex- planation is that the war has closed the Baltic ports and Europe is now unable to supply creosoted timbers in the African market. Within the past year several cargoes of creosoted Douglas fir ties have been shipped from Pacific Coast points for use in India, and since the aver- age life of a well-creosoted tie properly protected from mechanical wear is about 30 years, it is a natural expec- 1000 AMERICAN tation that a further export market for creosoted Ameri- can timbers will be found. HE Santa Fe Railroad is conducting extensive experiments to determine the best methods of eliminating the loosening of spikes in cross ties, and the mechanical wear under the rail or tie plate. Since methods have been perfected which prevent the decay of ties, the next problem is to keep them from wearing out. This is usually done by using large tie plates, and in the more advanced practice holding the tie plate to the tie with lag screws, and using a screw spike as a rail fastener, which is independent of the tie plate. Even with this equipment, ties which are soft in character, as loblolly pine, wear out long before they decay, or fail to give the necessary holding power to the spikes. To overcome this, if possible, the Santa Fe, through the activities of George IX. Rex, Manager of ‘l'reating Plants, is experimenting with what is known as hardwood “dowels.” These dowels are extensively used in Europe, but are entirely new in the maintenance of way departments of American railroads. ‘They are simply a large wooden plug, bored through the center for the rail spike, and with a wood thread cut on the outside. In the case of old ties from in the spike is loosened the old spike hole is bored out to the proper size, and the hardwood dowel inserted. dowels and fastened down, preferably with screw spikes. The rail or plate is then laid on top of the The result is that a softwood tie becomes essentially a hardwood in respect to wearing qualities. In fact, the result is even better than with hardwood ties, such as oak, because the vertical ends of the grain on the hard- wood dowels carry the load, and as is well known through the principle applied in putting creosoted pav- ing blocks on end, the grain of wood in this position is very resistant to wear on breakage. As carried out by the Santa Fe, this can be applied both to old creosoted ties which are taken out and dowels inserted in the old spike holes, and to newly treated ties which are prepared with FORESTRY dowels at the time of treatment. This is an extremely important matter, not only from the standpoint of economy in cross tie maintenance, but also in the con- servation of timber resources, because it permits the use under heavy traffic of softwood ties, which otherwise could not be used except under very light traffic. By this practice the forest resources of the south can be more generally utilized. N THE promotion of creosoted wood block for city pavements and factory flooring, the question of cost is an important consideration. Although it is gen- erally recognized that wood block is superior to any other form of pavement other materials are frequently used because of their lower first cost. In the effort to correct this condition a new idea in wood block treating practice has been developed independently by two well-known engineers, G. B. Shipley of Pittsburgh, and J. B. Card of Chicago. ‘The essential feature of the new plan is that the blocks are treated in vertical instead of horizontal evlinders. ‘The vertical cylinders are open at the top, and are filled direct with blocks which are carried by con- veyor from the wood block machines. By simply dump- ing in the blocks without the use of cages, as in the case of horizontal cylinders, a greater volume of wood per cubic unit of cylinder displacement can be treated, with the further great advantage that mechanical handling After treatment the blocks are either dropped direct by gravity to cars through a door in the bottom of the cylinder or pushed out through the top by a piston which operates These vertical plants figures entirely throughout the whole process. iL from the bottom of the cylinder. are very cheap compared with the usual horizontal type, and can be easily erected in connection with saw mill plants or wherever facilities for block treatment are necessary. It is estimated that the saving in the cost of treatment will run from 20 to 25 per cent, which largely removed the handicap of higher cost, which the wood block people have been trying to overcome. The Fool and Our Forest Dollars By E. T. ALLEN Good-by to the fool with the empty gun; Forgotten his bid for fame. Though he kills his friend, it only counts one, And that, nowadays, is tame. The fool who playfully rocks the boat Is on the front page no more. Ile may rank high with the fools afloat But his glory is gone ashore. There’s the fool with women, the fool with wine, And the fool who games with strangers, And the joy-ride fool (he does well in his line By combining these ancient dangers). But they're all still down in the primer class, Mere novices taking a flyer, Compared with the prize-taking criminal ass, The fool in the woods with fire. A few hearts break for the deeds they've done In their pitiful amateur way, But fire slays dozens where they slay one \nd scourges a state ina day. For the ruined home and the smokeless stack And the worker unemployed Know a hundred years shall never bring back The things that his match destroyed. A NEW FACTOR IN FOREST FINANCE A NEW FACTOR IN FOREST FINANCE By W. T. Curistine. EVER before in the history of the lumber in- dustry of America has the question of finance commanded so great a share of the attention of operators. Conditions have called for continuing increases in plant and timber investments. The unit of value of timber, the price per thousand feet, is steadily advancing. Log- ging equipment and logging railroads cost more today than formerly. ‘The outcome has created an imperative demand for more working capital. When this need first became manifest it was met by the issuance of bonds secured by a mortgage on the timber and mill property of the operator. In many cases the results of the bond issues have not been satisfactory, due to restrictions in operations arising from the conditions imposed by the bond house. ‘This fault may be attributed to the fact that the banker did not understand the necessities of the lumber business, nor its Opportunities for profit. Forest finance is a much deeper and broader question than the people of America have realized. Forestry is practical under present conditions when it is profitable ; and then only. Present day forest finance is extremely practical in character. Money is loaned to owners of timber and mill properties who are worthy of financial aid. Some of these loans are straight mortgages; others are evidenced by bond issues, which likewise are mortgages. One of the largest transactions of this character placed upon the market this year was the bond issue created and sold by the recently organized James D, Lacey Timber This was a loan of $3,000,000 Company, of Chicago. secured by the property of the Brown Corporation, of Portland, Maine. ‘The Brown Corporation constitutes one of the component companies of the Berlin Mills Com- 1001 pany and the Burgess Sulphite Fibre Company, of Berlin, New Hampshire. ‘These companies represent an organi- zation founded in 1852 and purchased by William W. Brown in 1868, since which date they have been in con- tinuous and profitable operation. ‘The three companies today represent an investment of about $30,000,000, with annual sales averaging $12,500,000. ‘They use their timber economically. If true conserva- tion is the wise and close use of timber, then these com- panies stand well in the fore rank of the conservationists, with a record of 90 per cent of tree utilization, against the ordinary sawmill record of 35 per cent to 40 per cent. This bond issue was put on the market and sold at a time when the banking houses of America were disin- clined to consider new securities of any kind. The accom- plishment was due to the standing of the company offer ing the bonds and to the further fact that the interests of both maker a1 It is the ability of the James D. Lacey Timber Company to protect d buyer were fully protected. both the bond maker and the buyer that places it in the van of lumber financiers. James D. Lacey ‘Timber Company is a development of James D. Lacey & Co., a firm which for thirty-five years has been an active force in the purchase, sale, cruising, valuing and development of the timber of North America. ‘Yhe members of this firm also have been active in estab- lishing and operating sawmill and logging enterprises. They understand the needs of the operator, can approx1- mate the credit to which he is entitled and appreciate the latitude that should be given him to make his business profitable. ‘The new organization will have at its com- mand all the wealth of data assembled by James D. Lacey & Co. cate this information as the firm’s records cover every It would be virtually impossible to dupli- tumber producing locality in the United States, eastern and western Canada, Mexico, and portions of South America, When work of this important character is undertaken JAMES D Wood Vice-President OFFICERS OF James D. Lacey, President AND LACEY COMPANY Beal, Treasurer Victor Thrane Vice-Pre and sident 1002 by men of experience and proven business acumen a distinctly progressive step is taken. ‘The personal know!- edge and influence of the members of the new company, their understanding of the timber and lumber industries, the very high regard in which “Lacey” reports and recommendations are held, renders it possible for the company to perform a genuine service for their clients. The officers of the company are: President, James D. Lacey; vice-president and treasurer, Wood Beal; vice- McCurdy. The directors include the officers named and Frank D. Stout and Lamont Rowlands, of Chicago, and Charles S. Keith, of Kansas City, Mo. equal prominence are available for service president, Victor Thrane; secretary, J. W. Other stockholders of on the board. The knowledge, experience and ability of the officers and directors of the company, fortified and supported by the reliable and detailed information in their possession, has made possible the success already obtained. ‘The advent of this company should serve to place lumber and timber finance on a much more secure basis. The facts briefly recited here will make a strong appeal to every forester and to all interested in the subject, for practical forestry means profitable forestry and entails setisfactory methods of finance. BEAVER DAMS LAST 150 YEARS OW long will a beaver dam last? At least a hundred and fifty years is the conclusion of the New York Conservation Commission, as the re sult of an examination of trees growing upon a very old dam in the vicinity of Eighth Lake in the Fulton Chain. Scrub white cedars on this dam were cut down, in order to count their annual growth rings, by W. C. Talmage, of Camp Waubun, Seventh Lake, whose study of beavers during the last thirty years has taken him over many ot the wild portions of the United States and Canada. A section of one, just received by the Commission, is nine ) inches in diameter and shows 125 annual rings. Others as large as sixteen inches have rotted in the center until they are mere shells, whose age can only be guessed at. On the supposition that the trees could not have taken the had humus from dead leaves, or silt washed on by the stream, root upon dam until it become covered with it is believed by the Commission that the dam dates back before the power of the lroquois \dirondacks of apparently certainly until 1765, Confederacy was broken, and when_ the were still their beaver hunting country inexhaustible supply. Then every stream held evidence of their skill, and the pelts that they supplied even passed for currency at Fort Orange and New York In their old haunts along the Fulton Chain they are coming into their own again, until they have become one of the prime attractions of the region. WEST VIRGINIA’S STATE FORESTER Y RECENT action of the legislature of West Virginia the position of State Forester was reated, under the Department of the Forest, Game Fish Warden, and H. J. Kaestner, 4227 Lan- caste} West Philadelphia, was appointed. AMERICAN FORESTRY Mr. Kaestner received his early education in the pub- lic schools of Philadelphia, graduating from the Central His For- High School, Course of Commerce, in 1910. H. J. KAESTNER The young Philadelphian, a graduate of the Pennsylvania State College Forestry Department, who has been appointed State Forester of West Virginia estry work was pursued at the Pennsylvania State Col- lege, from which institution he received his degree in 1914. Mr. Kaestner, both as a student and since graduating, has traveled extensively through the forested regions of the United States. Cascade National Forest in Oregon, while extensive trips through New England, the Lake States and the Southern He has seen active service on the States were made by him in pursuance of his studies while at college. Headquarters of the Forestry Department are main- tained at Belington, W. Va. conducted under the direction of J. A. Viquesney, State This department has been Forest, Game and Fish Warden and it is now assuming the important position in the growth of that State which it so justly deserves. West Virginia, ranking eleventh the 1 natural resources and the held open to M>-. in lumber production, realizes importance of its IKaestner is a large one Editorial N-SIONAL SL PORESESSIN: THE Ve AST ITH the exhaustion of the remainder of the present appropriation under the Weeks Law, the work of acquiring forest lands by the National Government in the East will be halted until such time as Congress provides means for its continu- ance. Up to the present time, some 1,250,000 acres have been acquired in the Appalachians and White Mountains. Since the fundamental purpose of these reservations is to protect the headwaters of navigable streams, prevent erosion and regulate flow for navigation and power, it is obvious that these objects will never be satisfactorily obtained until a substantial per cent of the mountainous non-agricultural lands within which these streams have their source are brought under proper management. The nation has put its shoulder to the wheel at the request and with the sanction of the states concerned, and has selected by thorough examination the areas, seventeen in number, within which it has concentrated its purchases. But in most of these forests the amount of land actually acquired is merely a nucleus for the final goal—a few thousand acres scattered throughout a much larger area, practically all of which must be eventually held in Government ownership if fires are to be con- trolled and forest cover restored. Perfect title is demanded before these lands will be accepted by the Government. Many times this condition cannot be fulfilled and friendly condemnation is the only possible solution. ‘The process of appraisal, survey to establish boundaries, examination of title and acceptance of final purchase price by the Purchasing Board and the owner involves delays which greatly hamper the work of acquisition. This work requires expert services and during its progress a force of capable land examiners, surveyors and others has been secured and trained. Active measures of administration and fire protection have been inaugurated on the chosen areas, in some instances with the sanction of the owners, while pur- chases were pending and before the Government owned a foot of land. The personality of the local supervisors is already making itself felt among the mountaineers and backwoods farmers in an educational campaign against forest fires. To sum up the situation, everyone, settler, lumberman, town dweller, in the regions affected knows that the work of the Government has only just begun and that to be effective it must be pushed to completion. Those who have suffered inconvenience at the normal delay in pur- chasing lands have become skeptical of the possibility of doing business with the Government at all. Fire protec- tion on areas not yet owned is being tolerated for the time, but this condition cannot last. ‘There must be a show-down. If Congress repudiates this great undertaking now, by neglecting to make the necessary appropriations for its continuance, the effect will be much the same as if appro- priations for the Panama Canal had been discontinued when the enterprise was half completed. The scaffolding has been erected and the foundations laid. We must proceed with the superstructure. The nation which is forced to economize by suspend- ing operations on important public works midway of completion is exhibiting financial folly unworthy of a great and prosperous people. Let us proceed without such interruptions along the lines so thoroughly and carefully thought out, to a rehabilitation of our Eastern mountain forests and our Atlantic Coast waterways. GETPING CLOSER TO PORES® PROBLEMS OR the first time since its inception the American Forestry Association will, on October 20, hold a meeting on the Pacific Coast, and the day will be known at the Panama-Pacific Exposition as Ameri- can Forestry Association Day. This meeting is designed to bring the officials in closer touch with the western conservationists, foresters and lumbermen and to make them better acquainted with the work which the Asso- ciation is doing all over the country. The members on the Pacific Coast are awaiting the event with keen antici- pation and hundreds are expected to attend. It is the desire of the officials of the association to keep in close touch with the forest problems in every section of the United States. The annual meeting in New York City last January gave a clear insight into the conditions in New York State. The meeting at Boston in January next will be appropriate because it is expected that the question of providing a further appropriation for the operation of the Weeks Law will then be pending. The meeting in San Francisco will be at a time when the fire season in the great Pacific slope forests is practically over and when the reports on the progress of fire protective work will be available. As fire protection is the greatest forest problem on the Pacific Coast it will be possible at the coming meetings in San Francisco for the officials and members of the 1003 1004 AMERICAN association to listen to the reports and participate in the discussions regarding the work of the various fire pro- tective organizations during the season as weil as the efforts in the same direction so weil made by the United State Forest Service and the State organizations. During the next year it is the purpose of the Associa- tion to get in closer touch with the lumbermen’s prob- lems, the greatest of which, as affecting conservation of the forests, is the present need of leaving in the woods to rot, or to burn, some 30 per cent of the annual cut of timber. ‘This 30 per cent, if it was possible to sell it at the price of the lowest grade lumber, would be worth some two hundred million dollars annually. If some FORESTRY market can be found for this great quantity of wood now wasted, if some means of utilization can be developed which would convert it into a merchantable product, then there would be accomplished a saving of practically one third of the annual cut of timber, a saving which would add one third to the present life of our forests. There are other problems commercial, national, state, municipal and individual which also may be solved in time, and the best means of studying these is to discuss them with people who are trying to solve them, to co- operate with them, and to give them the aid of the big national association, and that is what the officials of the American Forestry Association expect to do. The Weeks Law Conference N THURSDAY, September 23, the American Forestry Association and several co-operating organizations held a conference with Secretary of Agriculture Houston at his office in Washington to present to him reasons why a further appropriation should be secured to carry on the work started five years ago under the provisions of the Weeks Law, and sug- gested that he urge the importance of such an appropria- tion upon the President and Congress and recommend it in his annual report to Congress. Secretary Houston discussed the operation of the law and the proposals to continue the appropriation for the work with members of the delegation from various sec- tions and assured them of his interest in the matter and his very careful consideration of their suggestions. The presentation to the Secretary of the arguments in favor of the proposition was made by Dr. Henry Sturgis Drinker, president of Lehigh University and president of the American Forestry Association, and was as follows: September 23, To tue Hon. Davin F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Sir: The movement for an Appalachian National For- est Reserve originated in the South in 1899 on account of the damage done to the mountain slopes by unwise timber cutting and tillage and by forest fires. Congress was memorialized in the matter in 1900 and many bills have been introduced. (For a summary of the bills and reports between 1900 and 1907 see Senate Report 459, 60th Congress, 1st Session.) The White Mountain project was taken up in 1901 and the two movements combined in 1903. Twice bills passed the Senate only to fail of consideration in the House. In 1907 an appro- priation of $25,000 was made for an investigation and report by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary’s report, submitted in December, 1907 (Senate Document 91, 1st Session, 60th Congress), recommended the pur- chase of large areas of lands in the Southern Appala- chians and in the White Mountains. Finally in 1911 (see circular on the purchase of land under the Weeks Law), the necessary legislation was secured and an 1915. appropriation of eleven million dollars was made for the purchase of land, of which only approximately only $8,000,000 actually became available. This legislation was secured only after the most earnest efforts of the American Forestry Association and of other organizations represented at this conference. Many hearings were held by congressional committees which were attended by large numbers of representative citizens from the North and the South. The published reports of the hearings and reports of congressional committees show how broadly and thoroughly the question was con- sidered. Many phases of the problem were discussed in publications of the Forest Service and Geological Sur- vey. Action was taken by Congress only after all the bearings of the proposed legislation had been fully con- sidered, and with the full knowledge that if the plan succeeded further appropriations would have to be made to carry the work to completion. It is now reported by the United States Forester that of the $8,000,000 that actually became available under the Weeks Law, all except some $500,000 has been spent. There have been acquired or approved for purchase 1,285,000 acres at an average price of $5.25 per acre. Including cost of appraisals, surveys and title investiga- tion work, the cost has been $5.83 per acre. Purchases have been limited at first, as we believe wisely, to the Southern Appalachian and the White Mountain regions. Considering only these regions, the program first pro- posed by the Secretary of Agriculture in 1907 (Senate Do-:ument 91, Ist Session, 61st Congress, and laid down by the National Forest Reservation Commission in its last annual report (Senate Document 661, 3rd Session, 61st Congress), is now far from complete in these regions. In some areas (already designated for pur- chase) no acquisitions have so far been made, and some localities ought to be included in purchase areas that are not now included. The Weeks Law is not limited to particular states or regions. It is, as it should be, a broadly national bill. Lands ought to be acquired to some extent outside the Appalachian region, as, for instance, in Arkansas and other western states to round out and complete the present National Forests for the purpose of protecting the watersheds of navigable streams. An excellent beginning has been made on a great con- struction program that the Federal Government must carry to completion if the interests of the nation are not to suffer. The organizations represented here have long THE WEEKS LAW CONFERENCE been fully convinced of the wisdom and necessity of this program. Some of them labored for years for its inau- guration. They have watched with deep interest and gratification the results secured under the Weeks Law, and their representatives are here now to assure the Sec- retary of Agriculture of their continued interest and to urge that the program be carried forward without inter- ruption and on a scale commensurate with its impor- tance. A further object of the conference is to con- sider ways and means of working effectively towards that end. As the officer of the Government most largely respon- sible under the law for carrying forward this program, we desire to suggest to the Secretary of Agriculture that if it meets with his approval he urge upon the President and Congress the importance of this program and a con- tinuation of the appropriation of funds necessary to carry it on. Our hope is that the Secretary may discuss the matter in his annual report and recommend a con- tinuation of appropriations, as recommended. by the National Forest Reservation Commission in its annual report, at the rate of $2,000,000 a year for an additional period of five years and also that he will include in his estimates to Congress for the fiscal year 1917 an item of $2,000,000 as a first installment of this appropriation. The program of purchases should go on without inter- ruption for the following principal reasons: 1. Congress has begun the policy. It did so only after long consideration and discussion and after obtaining convincing proof of its necessity. Under the authority obtained, and the appropriations, a good start has been made. An effective procedure has been worked out. A force of experts has been trained. The machine which has been created for the work and which under the law is somewhat complicated is in motion. 2. It would be a great loss to have the program inter- rupted. The force which it took two or three years at the start to get together and train would be lost so that when the work is taken up again a new force would have to be gotten together and trained. Touch would be lost with the land owners, and with it that intimate informa- tion as to titles, surveys and values which is now making the work go forward effectively. 3. The wisdom of the Secretary of Agriculture has been shown in limiting at the start purchases to certain specific areas of great importance. But the purchases are not complete in any of these areas and undoubtedly cannot be made so with the appropriation already made. If the purchases should stop now the Government would be put to too high a cost for protecting and administering its lands on account of intervening private lands. Fur- thermore, the work would not have gone far enough to accomplish the purpose which the legislation was in- tended to accomplish. 4. This program is of too great importance to be car- ried on intermittently. It is of the utmost national im- portance that the mountain watersheds be protected so that the streams may be capable of the highest develop- ment; so that the soils shall not be washed from the mountain sides nor the property of persons or com- munities ruined or damaged by floods which could in part be restrained; so that the river valley soils may not be destroyed as a result of the floods and débris from the mountains. 5. Finally, the continuation of this program is urged as a matter of economy. It is believed that it will cost 1005 less to carry it on than not to do so. Carried on it will mean an expenditure of $2,000,000 per year, with some three or four hundred thousand acres of mountain timber lands passing each year into the hands of the Govern- ment to be developed for timber production and to be utilized in many useful ways by the public. In this case at any time in the future the property will be worth more than the cost. If the program is not carried on the result will be the certain deterioration of these lands by fire and by unwise timber-cutting and tillage, the loss of at least a portion of the soils and likewise a loss in the naviga- bility, power possibilities, and purity of the streams, increasing damage by floods to cities, communities, and persons along the rivers, and also to river valley soils. And after all this loss has been sustained (and it will certainly amount to more than the cost of these lands), the necessity will still exist for the Federal Government to handle the situation, and the cost of doing so then will be greater than it is now. Members of the delegation at a meeting after the con- ference appointed as a committee to direct the activities of the co-operating organizations toward securing the desired appropriation the following: Dr. Henry Sturgis S. Drinker, president of the American Forestry Associa- tion; Percival Sheldon Ridsdale, secretary of the Amer- ican Forestry Association, and Philip W. Ayres, forester of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, and gave the committee power to appoint others to assist in the work. The organizations represented and the delegates attend- ing were: The American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C., Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president, and president of Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and P. S. Ridsdale, executive secretary, of Washington. Massachusetts Forestry Association, Boston, Mass., Har- ris A. Reynolds, secretary, and Allen Chamberlain, of Boston. Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, Boston, Mass., Philip W. Ayres, forester. North Carolina Forestry Association, Chapel Hill, N. C., Hugh MacRae, Wilmington, N. C. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, Harvey N. Shepard, of Boston. Appalachian Park Association, Asheville, N. C., George S. Powell, secretary. Knoxville Board of Commerce, Knoxville, Tenn., W. M. Goodman, Knoxville. New Hampshire State Board of Trade, Concord, N. H., Geo. B. Leighton, Dublin, of the State Forestry Com- mission. Western New England Chamber of Commerce, Spring- field, Mass., Frank M. West, of Springfield, Mass. Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Philadelphia, Pa., Herbert Welsh, Philadelphia. Connecticut Valley Waterways, Association, Springfield, Mass., Ashton EF. Hemphill, Holyoke, Mass. Southern Commercial Congress, Washington, D. C., Dr. Clarence J. Owens, managing director, Washington, 1D), (Cr New Haven Chamber of Commerce, by Charles E. Jolin, New Haven, Conn. Mass., Hon. 1006 AMERICAN FORESTRY Bouquets for the New Magazine The change in style and size of AMERI- can Forestry has been welcomed by words of hearty commendation by members of the American Forestry Association. They have expressed their admiration of the colored cover, the better illustrations and the whole very marked improvement in words which leave us no doubt as to the wisdom of making the change. Some of the comments follow: “Let me heartily congratulate you on the continued and steady advance of our magazine in beauty and interest.” R. H. S. DRINKER, President of Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. “T have just received and looked over the August issue of AMERICAN ForeEsTRY, and I am really surprised at and very favorably impressed by the change. I think it will attract much attention and increase the prestige of the magazine and of the Association. I am gratified to see the large amount of advertising and hope it will be sustained.” Cuester W. LyMan, International ti Company, New York City. “T congratulate you upon the new form of the magazine. The interesting part is to look back about three years and trace the evolution and improvement. You have unquestionably done wonders in creating an attractive magazine, and I am convinced that if more people saw it and more readers knew about it they would take it for its own sake alone, regardless of any senti- ment, propaganda or charitable feeling to- wards the Association.” A. STERLING, Manager, Trade Extension Dept., Na- tional Lumber Manufacturers’ Associa- tion, Chicago, Ill. “Congratulations on the good taste of the new clothes worn by AMERICAN For- EsTRY. ‘Clothes: bespeak the man,’ and the quality, character, as well as the appear- ance of the magazine have never before spoken so well as now. I now feel that constructive American forestry is ably rep- resented and well dressed.” CuHarLEs LATHROP Pack, Lakewood, N. J. “T wish to compliment you on the August number of AMERICAN Forrstry—the maga- zine is surely greatly improved.” Pror. R. B. MILier, Dept. of Forestry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B. “T congratulate you on the favorable im- pression which the magazine in its new form has made. I continue to think that the preservation of forests is one of the chief features of wise national conserva- tion.” Dr. CuHaries W. Ettor, Cambridge, Mass. “Congratulations on the new form and increased size of your valuable publication, May it be a means of carrying on more and more effectively the good work you are doing.” Grorce H. RuopEs, Secretary, California Forest Protective Assn., San Francisco, California. “While I have this opportunity, allow me to congratulate you on the attractive appearance of the August number. It seems to me that this new size should allow ot even better illustrating than ever before, and should contribute to the popularity of the magazine.” J. Gorpon DorraNnce, Baliimore, Md. “It is with pleasure that I compliment you upon the new size of the magazine, which permits of greater picture space di- rectly by the reading matter, thus nolding the reader’s attention more closely. The article on Yellow Poplar is splendid.” H. ). KArsTNER, State Forester, Belington, W. Va. “T liked the appearance af the last issue of AMERICAN Forestry very much. The new shape strikes me much moré favorably than I had anticipated.” S. T. Dana, Washington, D. C. ‘ “T think the August number of AMERI- CAN Forestry is a remarkable improve- ment, even upon the greatly improved issues that have gone before. The colored cover makes a striking impression and I predict for the Association a rapid increase in membership as a result.” M. B. BurBacE, Germantown, Pa. “Allow me to congratulate you on the large size and attractive appearance of your August edition. As we are all more or less picture lovers, that feature brought more intimately to one’s notice I think will be a continued advantage.” W. R. Brown, Berlin, N. H. “Allow me to present my sincere compli- ments upon the August issue of AMERICAN ForEsTRY,—upon its very artistic appear- ance and its very solid, fine substance—a combination rarely met.” Marcaret L. STREETER, Washington, D. C. “AMERICAN Forestry, the magazine of the American Forestry Association, comes out in a brand new dress. The design of the front cover is attractive, being a photo- graph in colors of the tulip or yellow pop- lar tree, whose characteristics and commer- cial uses receive special attention in this number.” LumBer Wor. Review, Chicago, Illinois. “AMERICAN Forestry has made its ap- pearance in a new, enlarged form, begin- ning with the issue for August. The cover is in colors and is ornamented with a pho- tograph of a magnificent tulip tree, other- wise known as “the yellow poplar, with beautiful reproductions of the flowers as panels, the latter being evidently engraved Fi ‘om an artist’s sketch. The magazine has been increased in dimensions, the page now measuring 9x12 inches, as compared with the former size of 634x10 inches. AMERI- cAN Forestry is the organ of the American Forestry Association and is a most credit- able publication.” “PAPER,” New York City. “My congratulations on the enlarged magazine. I dare to believe that it will fll the place long hoped for it in this new form.” Puinip W. Ayres, Forester, Society for the Protection ‘of N. H. Forests, Boston, Mass. “The appearance of the August issue of AMERICAN FORESTRY certainly entitles you to the congratulation of your friends and of its friends. When it reached me [ opened it in surprise. It was almost stun- ning. J\eep on this way, everlastingly, and especially along that educational trail at which you hint, for nothing more helpful or hopeful for forestry can be thought of.” Rr. J. T. Rorurock, West Chester, Pa. “Please permit me to remark that the magazine is muca more attractive and that in my humble opinion its new form should do a great deal toward increasing its popu- larity, more especially among people who are not directly or intimately concerned with the science of forestry.” T. H. Stmpson, Washington, D. C. “The AmeERICAN Forestry for August, in my opinion, is the most beautiful magazine that has yet graced a newsstand, while the leading article about Yellow Poplar, is ex- ceptionally complete, interesting and val- uable, ranging as it does from botanical characteristics to the details of timber utilization. A magazine of this character, if it can be given general distribution, will unquestionably be of great value to the lumber industry, and of much interest to the general public.” R. S. KEttoce, Secretary, National Lumber Manufac- turers’ Assn., Chicago, Illinois. “Your August issue of AMERICAN For- ESTRY just received. We think that you have made a wise move in enlarging the size of your publication and want to con- gratulate you on its general appearance.” C. D. ANDERSON, Chicago, IIl. “T like the August issue in every way and think it is bound to fill a much larger field of usefulness. The new form gives it better opportunities for display and makes the pictures an extremely attractive feature. It ought to result in much more interest in, and success for, the organiza- tion, = 2. ©All an’ all, a thinks tesa corker and you are to be congratulated.” Bristow ADAMS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. “The appearance of the August number of AmErIcAN Forestry is certainly very at- tractive and shows a marked improvement.” Austin F. Hawes, State Forester, Burlington, Vt. “IT congratulate you on the fine appear- ance of the August number. It surely is a beauty. and I “think that you are doing marvelous work in spreading real interest in trees. and we are all the more pleased with this hecause we recognize that this work is an important part of nature study.” Epwarp F. BIGcELow, Editor. The Guide to Nature, Sound Beach, Connecticut. “The new magazine is much more at- tractive, and I believe is a great improve- ment over the old one in every way. It ought to impress people and to aid in se- curing new members. I congratulate you on it.” Pror. H. H. CHAPMAN, Yale Forest School, New Haven, Con- necticut. A Valuable Study During the months of July and August the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University studied the forest growth and local wood market conditions in Broome County, New York. This work was done in the towns of Maine, Union and Vestal by Harold M. Day, a graduate student in the College of Forestry. Mr. Day estimated the amount of cordwood in each woodlot and mapped all areas down to 10 acres in extent on carefully prepared maps. At the same time Mr. Day made a comprehensive study of the portable milling industry in this section. This data will be written up in form of a report and with this information at hand in bulletin form the marketing of forest products will be a much simpler matter tian it is today. A 750,000 Acre Elimination The President, on recommendation of Secretary Lane, recently eliminated about 750,000 acres of land from the Cleveland National Forest, California. The unwith- drawn lands will be subject to settlement only under the homestead laws beginning 9 a .m., November 2, until and including November 29, 1915, after which they will be subject to be taken up under the laws applicable thereto. The lands, which are rolling in character and covered mainly with chaparral, lie along the boundaries of the National Forest in Riverside and San Diego Counties in southern California, within the Los Angeles land district, and about 333,000 acres thereof are public lands and subject to entry. The Longleaf Pine Picture Acknowledgment is made to The South- ern Lumberman, of Nashville, Tenn., for the privilege of using the photograph of the longleaf yellow pine stand from which the handsome colored picture on the cover of the September AMERICAN Forts- TRY was made. This photograph was se- lected for coloring from a large number, being considered one of the finest photo- graphs of a yellow pine stand in existence. Wins a Diploma The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse prepared last year a smali exhibit showing forest conditions and forest work in the State of New York for the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco. The college has just received word that it has been awarded a diploma for the educational value of its exhibits. The diploma will come to the college through the Bureau of Education at Washington as its exhibits were judged as a part of the general educational ex- hibits at the Exposition. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 1007 Canadian Department By ELtiwoop WiLson Secretary, Canadian Society of Forest Engineers Probably the most important move along forestry lines in Canada during the past month has been the decision of the Govy- ernment of the Province of New Bruns- wick to appoint a Provincial Forester and to commence a forest survey and estimate of the resources of that Province. This Province has hitherto been behind the times in this most important particular and the change in policy will be warmly welcomed hy all friends of conservation. There are about eight million acres of forest lands held by the Government and lumbering is one of the most important industries of the Province. Although immense quantities of timber have been destroyed by fire, there is still enough, if properly cared for, to give the lumber industry a firm foundation for all time. There is practically no accurate knowl- edge of areas burnt, of barren land or of merchantable timber, and the last Legis- lature voted the sum of $50,000 to be spent this year in getting at the facts. Lately the Premier, the Hon. Mr. Clarke, and the Provincial Treasurer, Dr. Landry, have made a trip to Quebec and Ontario, collect- ing information which would be valuable in inaugurating the new policy and in looking around for the right man for Forester. Classification of its lands will enable the Government to open up lands for settle- ment intelligently and will prevent many of the disastrous mistakes made in this matter by other Provinces. Later some scheme of reforestation will be considered. The only work now being done along that line in New Brunswick is that of the Pejep- scot Paper Co. at Salmon River. The Chief Forester of Quebec has pre- pared a very comprehensive scheme for the exploration of lands and their classifica- tion, and forms for reports have been elab- orated with much detail. Several of the Canadian railways have equipped tank cars for fighting forest fires along their rights-of-way. The Canadian Pacific has two such cars at Brownsville, Me., the Grand Trunk has one in the Al- gonquin National Park and the National Transcontinental one between Edmundston, N. B., and Quebec. This latter road is con- siciering equipping two more of these cars for use between Quebec City and the On- tario boundary, and it is hoped will be de- cided on. These have a capacity of about ten thousand gallons and will throw a stream of water five hundred feet from the track. During the past month, Messrs. Clyde Leavitt, G. C. Piche, Robson Black, Henry Sergius, and Ellwood Wilson made two very interesting trips. The first of these was to the Quebec Government plantation at Lachute, on the sand dunes, and its nur- sery and experimental station at Berthier- ville. About fifty years ago the careless handling of sandy lands by farmers allowed the sands to begin to drift and in a few years such a large area was covered and rendered unfit for cultivation. Spasmodic efforts were made by the farmers to pre- vent the spread of the sands by planting trees and sowing different kinds of grass, but as there was no co-operation and no comprehensive scheme the effort was abor- tive. A few years ago the Quebec Govern- ment recognized the danger and bought up about 350 acres of these lands at one dollar per acre, giving the vendors the right to buy back the lands at the end of fifteen years at $10 per acre, but with no right to cut the timber. The neighborhood is exceptionally favorable for tree growth of all kinds, as, although the soil is pure sand, the water table is high and there seems to be abundant moisture. Four years ago the plantations were commenced, several sorts of trees being used, white and Norway spruce, larch, white and Scotch pine, and green ash. About 1,500 trees per acre were planted, the work being done by the stu- dents from the Government Forest School. Sixty per cent of these trees have survived and some show surprising growth; one spruce showed a leader thirty-one inches long. After this first planting it was de- cided to establish beach grass before plant- ing trees, and this was done by plowing furrows and laying in them heads of this grass. The grass is taking a good hold and trees will be planted between the rows and will in time kill out the grass. These lands will soon be covered with a very valuable crop of timber and will encourage the planting of other areas of a similar char- acter which exist in the Province. At the Experiment Station at Berthier- ville a mixed stand of white pine and maple was examined. This stand has been care- fully thinned and the reproduction of white pine is really remarkable, the young trees springing up almost like a carpet. The seed and transplant beds of all the different sorts of trees which can be grown in this region are doing very well and the demand for trees is rapidly growing. The other trip was made into the woods to look over some experiments in brush disposal made by the Laurentide Company some two years ago. Tops of trees left after logging were lopped and left in as close contact as possible with the ground, and it was found that such brush was moister and had more progress toward decay than where the tops had not been lopped. This advantage was, however, 1008 overbalanced by the fact that the brush covered more ground and so hindered re- production. It is doubtful if top-lopping pays either from the standpoint of fire pro- tection or that of reproduction, and it seems as if piling and burning was the ouly solution of the problem. On the 24th of August, Mr. F. Laliberté, manager of the firm of Laliberté & Mar- quis, died in Quebec after an operation for appendicitis. Mr. Laliberté was a graduate of the Laval Forest School and worked from 1912 to 1913 with the Quebec Forest Service, which he left to organize the abcve firm, which carried on the business of forest engineering and also handled timber, recently shipping poplar to Soutn Africa. He was only 28 years of age and showed much promise. Mr. Henri Roy, graduate of the Laval Forest School and for some years in charge of the Quebec Government Nursery at Berthierville and now Forest Agent, has been elected an active member of the Cana- dian Society of Forest Engineers. Mr. E. S. Holloway, Acting Chief Engineer of the Canada and Gulf Terminal Railway and Member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, has been elected an associate member. Mr. R. L. Campbell has resigned the editorship of the Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada to become the Secretary of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. A farmer at Lac Ignace, Quebec, was arrested for setting fire to his clearing without a permit and fined ten dollars and costs, amounting to $100.00 in all. This is the second conviction for such an offense before a magistrate and shows that the justices of the peace have awakened to the necessity of enforcing the forest fire laws. Eight or ten other arrests have been made, and it will not be long before the farmers realize the necessity of care. Agents of the Government and of the For- est Protective Associations are traveling through the country trying to educate the people and enlighten them as to their re- sponsibilities, and arrests are only made of flagrant cases. According to the annual report of the Deminion Forestry Director, the herd of fifty reindeer purchased by the Government from Dr. Grenfell has now been reduced to four animals, all females, and it is pro- posed to try and cross these with the na- tive caribou. The great difficulty has been with the bulldog flies in the summer. These attack the deer and irritate them to such an extent that they break out of their corral and scatter into the bush. The herds of wood bison, on the other hand, seem to be increasing and now number probably five hundred head. They are well protected and should increase rapidly. AMERICAN FORESTRY In the Forest Reserves in Saskatchewan the Government has required brush piling and burning on all timber sales, and while there was a little opposition at first, this was soon overcome and now it is a regular procedure. Mr. Gutches, lately in charge of this work, gives the following figures of costs: With wages at 25 cents per hour the average cost per acre was $1.00, average cost per cord five cents, average cost per thousand feet board measure ten cents. On another operation, where 16,178 ties were made but the lopping was not done til! after all the ties had been removed, the cost for lopping and burning was one cent per tie or 31 cents per thousand feet. This cost would have been much less had the lopping and burning been done at the time of cutting. Brush burning should cer- tainly be made a routine part of every log- ging operation. The first number of the first forestry jcurnal published in Spain has just ap- peared, under the title of Espana Forestal. It is edited by Sr. Don R. Cordoniu and published monthly at fifteen pesatas the year. Sr. Cordoniu is a member of the Spanish Forestry Association, The Royal Spanish Society of the Friends of the Tree, and has been for many years in charge of the control of torrents and re- ferestation of the mountains and planting to control sand dunes. He is also a noted Esperantist. British Columbia Notes Maps showing the range of each com- mercial timber species in the Province have been completed. Necessary informa- tion for these maps was obtained from reconnaissance parties, cruisers and other members of the field force. While minor corrections will undoubtedly have to be made from time to time as a result of fu- ture and more detailed observations, it is thought that the general range of the vari- ous species has been fixed with a fair de- gree of accuracy. The Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands, in a recent interview expressed great sat- isfaction at the result of three months’ work in connection with the markets cam- paign, in the course of which seven cargoes, representing over twenty million feet of lumber, have been sold to the British Gov- ernment. This will have been the means of circulating a sum in the neighborhood of a quarter of a million dollars, the bulk of which is made up of wages, supplies and transportation and has caused much activity in the lumber industry. The pulp mills at Powell River have re- cently increased their output to the maxi- mum capacity, and two hundred extra men have been taken on in consequence. With the prospect of an early resumption of work at Ocean Falls, the pulp output will he further increased, and as soon as addi- tional tonnage can be secured activity in the pulp industry should be still more pro- nounced. A chart has been prepared in the Vic- toria office for use at headquarters, show- ing the daily maximum and minimum tem- peratures reported by each weather record- ing station, by means of horizontal curves, and the rainfall by perpendicular propor- tional lines. The Dominion Meteorological Service furnishes daily reports for this purpose in addition to giving special fore- casts whenever the fire hazard becomes serious. Such a chart is of the utmost value in enabling close touch to be kept with the fire situation throughout the Prov- ince and is a useful addition to the weekly telegraphic advices sent in by the District foresters. Rangers M. V. Allen and F. B. Edwards, of the Canadian Mounted Rifles, are at Shorncliffe. The end of the first week in August found the fire situation very hopeful. There had been no losses to speak of in green timber and the fire-fighting expenditure compared favorably with last year. The rainfall throughout the season has been abcve the normal and some rain may be looked for during August, which is the critical month of the year. In some dis- tricts the absence of hazards enabled much improvement work to be undertaken by tle forest wardens. Storms and slash fires caused serious damage to the 65-mile tele- phone line connecting the logging camps or the islands between the mainland and Vancouver Island and necessitated heavy repairs. The submarine cables on this line liave given entirely satisfactory service and ‘he line fulfils a most useful purpose. Nu- merous outbreaks of fire during the second week in August gave considerable trouble in the Vancouver district, which takes in much of the coast, and much damage was caused to property. The fires were due to lighting in many cases and many were ascribed to campers. One life was lost and much property destroyed. V. K. Wood, clerk, who left Victoria with the 48th Batt., is at Shorncliffe. Forest Assistant O. J. Sangar, of the Lillooet Division, has volunteered for ac- tive service and hopes to leave for England with his battalion. Forest Assistant E. G. MacDougall has left for England with one of the Eastern Canadian regiments, preferring to go in the ranks rather than wait for a commis- s10n. H. R. MacMillan, Special Trade Com- missioner, after visiting the United King- dom, France and Italy, is on his way to South Africa. Interesting accounts of trench fighting in Belgium came from Ranger Turnbull, of the Princess Patricia’s Light Infantry. No word has been received from Ranger Brewer, Forest Assistant Pickup, Draughts- man Stone, Scaler Milroy and other of the B. C. Forest Service now at the front. James Eddie, clerk, has been wounded and is in the hospital, with the prospect of remaining there for several weeks, suffer- ing from a compound fracture. Assistant Forester H. K. Robinson, who helds a commission in the 5th Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery, is leaving for the front in charge of a detachment pro- vided by that regiment for active service. Forest Assistant F. McVickar, of the Royal Canadian Dragoons, who has been in the trenches for several months, is now in England recovering from sickness. Current Literature MONTHLY LIST FOR SEPTEMBER, 1915. (Books and periodical articles indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) FORESTRY AS A WHOLE Bibliographies Arnold Arboretum. Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, v. 1. 782 p. Cambridge, Mass., 1914. (Publication no. 6.) Proceedings and reports of associations, state forest officers, etc. Canada—Dept. of the interior—Forestry branch. Report of the director of forestry for the year 1914. 133 p. il. Ottawa, 1915. India—Bengal—Forest dept. Annual pro- gress report on forest administration, 1913-14. 56p. Calcutta, 1914. Nebraska—State forestation commission. Biennial report, ist, 1913-14. 8 p. Lincoln, Nebr., 1914. Royal Scottish arboricultural society. Trans- actions, v. 29, pt. 2. 124 p. pl. Edin- burgh, 1915. Biographies of Foresters Iowa park and forestry association. Major John F. Lacey: memorial volume. 454 p. pl. Ames, Ia., 1915. Forest Aesthetics Street and park trees Newark, N. J.—Shade tree commission. Eleventh annual report, 1914. 61p. il. Newark, 1915. CURRENT LITERATURE Forest Education North Dakota Ninth annual catalog, announcements for 1915-16. state school of forestry. 1914-15, with 48 p. pl. Bottineau, N. D., 1915. Silvics Ecology Morozoy, G. F. Lyes kak rastitel’noe soobshchestvo (The forest as a plant community). 44p. il. S.-Peterburgh, 1913. Sukachev, V. N. Vedenie v uchenie o rastitel’iuikh soobshchestvak (Introduc- tion to the study of plant associations). 127 p. il. Petrograd, 1915. Silviculture Planting Haughs, David. Instructions for propagat- ing forest, shade and ornamental trees. 11 p. Honolulu, 1915. -(Hawaii—Board of commissioners of agriculture and forestry—Division of forestry. Circular no. 2.) Pruning Atwood, W. M.and others. Pruning. 72p. il. Corvallis, Ore., 1915. (Oregon— Agricultural experiment station. Bul- letin 130.) Forest Protection Insects Collins, C. W. Dispersion of gipsy-moth larvae by the wind. 23 p. pl., maps. Wash., D. C., 1915. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 273.) Miller, John M. Cone beetles; injury to sugar pine and western yellow pine. 12 pe pl Wash., D! Capioisa (Us: Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 243.) Diseases Giddings, N. J., and Berg, A. cedar rust in West Virginia. Morgantown, W. Va., 1915. Agricultural experiment station. cular 15.) Stewart, V.B. Some important leaf diseases of nursery stock. 60 p. il. Ithaca, N. Y., 1915. (Cornell university— Agricultural experiment station. Bul- letin 358.) Studhalter, R. A., and Ruggles, A. G. In- sects as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus. 33 p. pl. Harrisburg, Pa., 1915. (Pennsylvania—Dept. of forestry. Bulletin 12.) Apple rust or 16yp: “al: (W. Va.— Cir- Forest Legislation Kalbfus, Joseph, ed. Digest of the game, fish and forestry of Pennsylvania, 1915. 342 p. Harrisburg, Pa., 1915. Forest Utilization Wood-using industries Lewis, R. G., and Boyce, W.G. H. Forest products of Canada, 1914: poles and cross-ties. 15 p. il. Ottawa, 1915. (Canada—Dept. of the interior—Fores- try branch. Bulletin 55.) 1009 Grade One Creosote Oil Cuts wood preserving bills in half — For preserving telephone poles, telegraph poles, cross arms, railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, under- ground sills, sleepers, bridge timbers, planking, ice houses, wood tanks, shing- les, poultry houses, silos, boat timbers or any exposed woodwork. Especially adapted for brush and open tank treatment of structural timbers of all kinds. Booklet on request. Barrett Manufacturing Co. New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Detroit Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Salt Lake City Seattle Lewis, R. G., and Boyce, W. G. H. Forest products of Canada, 1914: pulpwood. 18 p. pl.,map. Ottawa, 1915. (Canada— Dept. of the interior—Forestry branch. Bulletin 54.) New Jersey—Forest park reservation com- mission. Wood using industries of New Jersey, by Albert H. Pierson. 63 p. Trenton, N. J., 1914. Wood Preservation Humphrey, C. J., and Fleming, Ruth M. The toxicity to fungi of various oils and salts, particularly those used in wood preservation. 38 p. pl. Wash., D. C., 1915. (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 227.) Auxiliary Subjects Agriculture Pearson, R. A. Agricultural organizations in European countries. 186 p. pl. Albany, N. Y., 1914. (New York— Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 66.) Irrigation Robertson, Ralph D., and Nelson, J. W. Irrigation and soil conditions in the Sierra Nevada foothills, Cal. 56 p. il. Berkeley, Cal., 1915. (California—Agri- cultural experiment station. Bulletin 253.) Grazing Darlington, H. T. A study of grazing con- ditions in the Wenaha national forest. 18 p. pl.,map. Pullman, Wash., 1915. (Washington—Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 122.) 1010 Description and travel Campbell, M. R. Guidebook of the western United States, part A: The northern Pacific route. 212 p. il. pl., maps. Wash., D. C., 1915. (U. S.—Geological survey. Bulletin 611.) Diller, J. S., and others. Guidebook of the western United States, part D: The Shasta route, and coast line. 142 p. il., pl.. maps. Wash., D. C., 1915. (U. S$.—Geological survey. Bulletin 614.) United States—Dept. of commerce—Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce. British India, with notes on Ceylon, Afghanistan, and Tibet, by H. D. Baker. 638 p. il, pl., map. Wash., D. C., 1915. (Special consular report no. 72.) National parks and monuments Canada—Dept. of the interior—Dominion parks branch. Report of the commis- sioner of Dominion parks for the year ending March 31, 1914. 127 p. il. Ottawa, 1915. United States—Dept. of the interior. Report on Sullys Hill park, Casa Grande ruin, Muir woods, Petrified forest, and other national monuments, including list of bird reserves, 1914. 50p. maps, plans. Wash., D. C., 1915. Manufactures Disston, Henry, and sons. The saw in history. 63p. il. Phila., 1915. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Botanical gazette, July, 1915.—The origin and relationships of the Araucarians, by L. L. Burlingame, p. 1-26; The effect of illuminating gas on root systems, by E. M. Harvey and R. C. Rose, p. 27-44; Notes on North American willows, by C.R. Ball, p. 45-54; Sanio’s laws for the variation in size of coniferous tracheids, by I. W. Bailey and H. B. Shepard, p. 66-71; Charles Edwin Bessey, by J. M. Coulter, p. 72, 73. California’s magazine, July, 1915.—The national parks of California, by M. Daniels, p. 97-106; Lumbering in Cali- fornia, by G. X. Wendling, p. 107-10 California state forestry work, by G. M. Homans, p. 111-13; The national forests of California, by C. DuBois, p. 115-22. Country gentleman, Sept. 4, 1915.—White pine on waste lands, by O. B. Carson, p. 1383, 1384. Fire prevention news, Aug., 1915,—Employ- ment of wood in building construction, by J. P. Whiskeman, p. 1-4. In the open, Aug., 1915.—Sugar maple, by G. H. Wirt, p. 50-3. Journal of heredity, Sept., 1915.—Photo- graphs of large trees; sycamore in Indiana is biggest recorded in prize contest of 407-23; Value of the ontest; photographs received by Ameri- association, p. can genetic association throw light on many interesting problems, by W. H. Lamb, p. 424-8. National 1 , Aug., 1915.—Sinecures in the For ervice, by F. B. Lord, p. Pee iar Re o UJ AMERICAN FORESTRY Make Your Old Trees Bear Why let the old trees go to rack and ruin. Make them produce. Make them pay renewed inter- I My, a— est on your past investment. Regenerate those old orchards and make the old trees bear. GU BOND By blasting and breaking up the subsoil around the trees, a new water reservoir is created, new plant food is made available and the old trees will be made to produce as well as before. will help you. Red Cross Dynamite To learn how progressive orchardists and farmers are using dynamite for cultivating fruit trees, regenerating barren soil, ditching, draining, stumping, removing rocks and boulders and scores of other things, write for our well-written and illustrated booklet F-350. Du Pont Powder Company Established 1802 Wilmington, Del. -clamation record, Sept., 1915.—Tree plant- ing in the Rio Grande project, p. 418; Marketing of farm timber, p. 418. view of reviews, Sept., 1915.—Public grazing lands; the range homestead, by D. B. Heard, p. 303-1. Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news letter, Aug. 25, 1915.—Foresters confer; discuss white pine blister rust, p. 4, 5. S.—Weather bureau. Monthly weather review, Sept., 1915.—A calendar of the leafing, flowering, and seeding of the common trees of the eastern United States, by G. N. Lamb, p. 1-19; Pheno- logical dates and meteorological data Thos. Mikesell between 1873 and 1912 at Wauseon, Ohio, by J. W. Smith, p. 21-93. Trade journals and consular reports recorded by American lumberman, Aug. 14, 1915.—Rot in stored lumber, by C. J. Humphrey, p. 32, 33; Scientific kiln drying of lumber explained, by E. F. Tindolph, p. 33; How they log in East India, p. 43; Methods of marking and piling ties, p. 52. American lumberman, Aug. 21, 1915.— Favors rates based on weight loading, by A. F. Peterson, p. 27; Use of forests in- creasing, by H. A. Smith, p. 42. American lumberman, Aug. 28, 1915.—Wood the one economical material for con- tainers, by F. C. Gifford, p. 1, 43; Osage orange is given high rank as lumber, p. 29; Recommends regulation of selling price by law, by G. X. Wendling, p. 32. American lumberman, Sept. 4, 1915.— Wooden pipes meet test of time, p. 28; Discusses California timberland tax situation, p. 30, 31; Improvement in Forest service humidity regulated dry kiln, by H. D. Tiemann, p. 31; Effect of war on export trade in forest products, p. 41; Market for creosoted wood blocks expanding, by C. E. Patten, p. 48; Government care of forests is effective; forest fires are lessening annually, p. 49. Canada lumberman, Sept. 1, 1915.—Wood pulp a base for explosives, p. 26; The commercial importance of oak, by A. H. D. Ross, p. 28-30; The market for pit props in England, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 31. Engineering news, June 10, 1915.—Topo- graphic surveys for logging operations, by E. A. Marshall, p. 1112-15. Journal of industrial and engineering chemis- try, Aug., 1915.—Preliminary experi- ments on the effect of temperature con- trol on the yield of products in the destructive distillation of hardwoods, by R. C. Palmer, p. 663-9. Hardwood record, Aug. 10, 1915.—Tanning and dyeing materials, p. 26d. Hardwood record, Aug. 25, 1915.—Two important trees of tropical America, p. 29. Hardwood record, Sept. 10, 1915.—Indiana’s wood using industries, by J. C. Nellis, p. 15-18. Lumber trade journal, Aug. 15, 1915.—Wood exports 1914-1915, p. 36-42; How to apply density rules to yellow pine timber, by O. T. Swan, p. 37-41. Lumber world review, Aug. 25, 1915.—Trade- marking lumber and its relation to the association, by A. W. Cooper, p. 20-2; What is the matter with the lumber industry, by C. H. Parker, p. 24-7. Lumber world review, Sept. 10, 1915.—What is the matter with the lumber industry, by B.A. Johnson, p. 23, 24; Wood preser- vation and the lumber industry, by E. A. Sterling, p. 27, 28. Mississippi valley lumberman, Aug. 27, 1915. —Wood freight containers, p. 39. New York lumber trade journal, Aug. 15, 1915.—National wholesale lumber dealers’ association in the matter of classification of lumber and forest products, p. 20, 21. Packages, Aug., 1915.—English box market, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 27. Paper, Sept. 1, 1915.—Evolution of the pulp and paper industry, by T. J. Keenan, p. 15, 16. CURRENT LITERATURE MC WC) ADVISORY BOARD Representing Organizations Affiliated with the American Forestry Association National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. R. L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y. JOHN M. WOODS, Boston, Mass. Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Association C. A. SMITH, Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls, Wis. F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn. North Carolina Forestry Association E. B. WRIGHT, Boardman, N. C. ALSTON GRIMES, Grimesland, N. C. J. C. SMOOT, North Wilkesboro, N. C. National Association of Box Manufacturers B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass. S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn. ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn. Carriage Builders’ Natiomal Association H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del. D. T. WILSON, New York C. A. LANCASTER, South Bend, Ind. Boston Paper Trade Association N. M. JONES, Lincoln, Maine JOHN E. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass. ARTHUR L. HOBSON, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Ass’n ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. FRED'K S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. New Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass. EVERETT E. AMEY, Portland, Me. F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, New Hampshire Massachusetts Forestry Association NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass. FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass. HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass. Lumbermen’s Exchange J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. Camp Fire Club of America WARREN H. MILLER, New York O. H. VAN NORDEN, New York FREDERICK K. VREELAND, New York Empire State Forest Products Association FERRIS J. MEIGS, New York City RUFUS L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y. W.L.SYKES, Buffalo, N. Y. California Forest Protective Association MILES STANDISH, San Francisco, Cal. GEO. X. WENDLING, San Francisco, Cal. GEO. H. RHODES, San Francisco, Cal. Minnesota Forestry Association W. T. COX, St. Paul, Minn. PROF. D. LANGE, St. Paul, Minn. MRS. CARRIE BACKUS, St. Paul, Minn. American Wood Preservers’ Association J. H. WATERMAN, Galesburg, III. H. S. LOUD, New York City F. J. ANGIER, Baltimore, Md. Southern Pine Association J. B. WHITE, Kansas City, Mo. J. E. RHODES, New Orleans, La. E. A. STERLING, Philadelphia, Pa. Reducing the Cost of Upkeep— THE INSTALLATION of L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriters is invariably followed by the discovery that the bills for ribbons are much less than before. A large corporation recently found that its ribbon expense was cut in two. This is not anaccident. It is the result of the mechanical construction that makes the L. C. Smith & Bros. cheapest to maintain. The ball bearings give light touch and elimi- Ball Bearing; Long Wearing nate pounding impact. The ribbon is actu- ated by the carriage, not the typebar. The ribbon mechanism is automatic, so that the ribbon reverses at the instant the end is reached and without added strain. Low ribbon cost, low cost of maintenance and the highest efficiency—these are guaran- teed to L. C. Smith & Bros. users. DEMONSTRATION FOR THE ASKING L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER CO., Home Office and Factory, SYRACUSE, N.Y. Branches in All Principal Cities 14th and H Streets, N. W., Washington, D.C. 1012 Paper, Sept. 8, 1915.—Wrinkles in sulphite pulp work, by L. Wimmer, p. 17, 18, 32. Paper mill and wood pulp news, July 31, 1915.—Forests of Russia, p. 18. Paper mill and wood pulp news, Aug. 7, 1915.—The forest products laboratory an aid to the paper industry, by S. D. Wells, op ale alle Pioneer western lumberman, Sept. 1, 1915.— San Francisco meeting of the Federal trade commission, p. 6-15. Power, Aug. 3, 1915.—State control of water powers, by L. Lundgren, p. 157, 8 Pulp and paper magazine of Canada, Aug. 15, 1915.—The French paper-making school of Grenoble, by L. Barbillion, p. 431, 2. St. Louis lumberman, Aug. 15, 1915.—Great importance of lumber classification in- quiry, by A. F. Marsh, p. 10, 11; Strad- dling the wood-lot fence, p. 47; The yellow pine trade in 1912, 1913 and 1914, Pio2s St. Louis lumberman, Sept. 1, 1915.—Mahog- any industry of British Honduras, by W. D. Hornaday, p. 12; What isthe matter with the lumber business, by G. X. Wendling, p. 53,4; Creosoted wood blocks for floors, p. 59, 60. Savannah naval stores review, Sept. 4, 1915. —Production of pitch, tar and turps in Russia, by H. D. Baker, p. 13, 18. Timber trades journal, July 31, 1915.— and national Artificial moulded decorations from sawdust, p. XVI. Timber trades journal, Aug. 28, 1915.— floating on the Spey, p. 332. Timberman, Aug., 1915.—Federal trade com- mission hearings on depression in lumber 27-34; Fire wind forecasts, by C. S. Chapman, p. 37; Wood block Schwager, p. 38, 9; H. Jayne, p. industry, p. pavement, by L. Kiln drying lumber, by 40, 1. U.S. daily consular report, Aug. 16, 1915.— Lumber industry on Vancouver Island, by R. M. Newcomb, p. 829. U. S. daily consular report, Aug. 18, 1915.— Newfoundland again exporting timber, p. 861; woods in Chinese market, p. 862. U. S. daily consular report, Aug. 19, 1915.— Sawmilling and wood-working machinery in Russia, by H. D. Baker, p. 870-2 Large timber order in British Columbia, by R. M. Newcomb, p. 876. U. S. daily consular report, Aug. 27, 1915.— attention to reforestation, Philippine Japan ae by H. C. Huggins, p. 17. U.S. daily cae report, Sept. 1, 1915. Manufacture of wood pulp and paper in New Zealand, by A. A. Winslow, p. 1090. U.S. daily consular report, Sept. 2, 1915.— Oregon pine for Japanese ship building, p. 1110. S. daily t. 8, 1915.— Philippine hardwoods in China, by G. E. Anderson, p. 1188; Canada faces a sugar, by F. 5. 8. consular report, Sep maple Johnson, p. 1209. hortage of AMERICAN FORESTRY a By ay ay rr ' ~ ( Tf ah! a ~ ey o c~ ey COMPANIONS both human and _ otherwise for those delightful rambles through Woods and Fields should be chosen carefully. Here are a few suggestions. Write us for infor- mation regarding our other Nature Books. OUR TREES HOW TO KNOW THEM Photographs from Nature By ARTHUR I. EMERSON With a guide to their recognition at any season of the year and notes on their characteristics, distribution, and culture By CLARENCE M. WEED, D.Sc. Teacher of Nature-Study in the Massachusetts State Normal Schocl at Lowell One hundred and forty illustrations. LL nature-lovers will hail this book with delight. Its pur- pose is to afford an op- portunity for a morein- telligent acquaintance with American trees, native and naturalized. The pictures upon the plates have in all cases been photographed di- rect from nature, and have been brought to- gether in such a way that the non-botanical reader can recognize at a glance either the whole THE FLOWER FINDER By George Lincoln Walton, M.D. 590 Illus. Limp Leather. $2.00 net. extra. Cleveland Plain Dealer :—“ What’s that flower over there in the field? You’ll find out in ‘ The Flower Finder.’ Gives many color charts and sketches; grouped so that you can easily find what you are looking bound in leather that per- mits it to be slipped in the pocket.” Postage for; is Postage extra SEEING NATURE FIRST By Clarence M. Weed About 100 Illustrations. 8vo. Decorated Cloth, $2.00 net, Postage extra. Mr. Weed is an ardent nature lover, and in this delightful book describes the beauty and mystery of nature in a way that will appeal to every one who desires to add to his or her knowledge of Nature. THE STUDY OF NATURE By Samuel C. Schmucker With four full-page color plates and fifty-four line drawings by Katherine E, Schmucker, 12mo. 315 pages. Cloth, $1.25 net Size of book, 714” x 10”. Cloth, $3.00 net. tree or the leaves, flowers, fruits, or winter twigs, and thus be able to identify with ease and certainty any un- known tree to which his attention may be called. In the discussion of the text especial attention has been given to the distinguishing character of the various species, as well as to the more interesting phases of the yearly cycle of each, and thespecial values of each for ornamenta! planting. UNDER THE OPEN SKY By Samuel C. Schmucker With colored frontispiece, 83 full-page illustrations and marginal decorations by Katherine EF. Schmucker. Small quarto. 308 pages. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50 net. In a slip case. “The author, like that great observer of nature, John Burroughs, goes out into the open and sees things that the casual person passes by quite unnoticed, and then brings them to- gether in this book to show us how much we have overlooked in our strolls in fields, woods, and elsewhere. —Brooklyn Daily Eagle. THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER By GIFFORD PINCHOT. 8illus. Hartford Times:—“ sake. It wasa hobby with him from early days, to be a figure in politics he was a woodsman. tractive account of what forestry is PUBLISHERS 12mo. Cloth $1.00 net. Postage extra. Mr. Pinchot is a man who loves forestry for its own and long before he began A singularly clear and at- and what a forester must know.” J.B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHILADELPHIA, since 1792 LONDON since 1872 16 John Street, Adelphi East Washington Square MONTREAL since 1897 201 Unity Building SEZ WS & & & wey wy VRVVLELLLLLLLLLLLLLS FHBSASSSSSESSSSSSSESCK 6 _ ie CURRENT LITERATURE 1013 Veneers, Sept., 1915.—Preparation and use of wood:stains, by A. A. Kelly, p. 11, 12; Judging gum logs for figure, by J. C SHOOTING Taylor, p. 15. West Coast lumberman, Sept. 1, 1915.— Exchange of federal and state lands, by C. V. Savidge, p. 34. Wood preserving, July-Sept., 1915.—The Port Reading creosoting plant, p. 37-40; A fungus bed test of wood preservatives, by C. M. Chapman, p. 41, 2; Non- pressure treatment of timber, p. 47, 8; Prolonging the life of poles, by W. F. Goltra, p. 49, 50; The California red- ~ Provide just the fun the farmer needs. Be _ sociable. wood forests, by D. Allerton, p. 52; Invite the neighbors to a trapsh als De ’ pshoot FS Systematic disposal of waste products, in the meadow. Find out who is the pee — /MBERNELSS, Sara ue by G. D. Stark, p. 37, 8. best shot. Meet once a week in Fee .MAGAZIN pare eiournals : winter—once a month in summer, : i ewes) : : and soon all will be good shots. ; ‘ 7 Canadian forestry journal, Aug., 1915.— 8 eet OUR “SPECIALTY ' ie, Putting useless land to work in Quebec, GU POND Mee teemiss SHE BETTER GRADEY FINISH ae \ p. 147-50; Are European methods right DESIGNS & ENGRAVINGS. for Canada’s forests, by R. O. Sweezy, p. Wea INSONE OR (MORE COLORS Ae ae 154, 5; Restoring South Africa's forests, HAND TRAP he rae ss, ae Ses oe Kis p. 156-9. throws clay targets 4o to 75 yards UP oad ae en Ate Hate Tones* ,,. Line Ptates “COMBINATION LINE @ ay ema * ano HALF TONES , COLoR sieges at Muay Coors | Oe BY, Bey 2 Sma + just like flying ducks or quail. Great practice for hunters. Fun for everybody. Let the women try. They ought to know how. The Hand Trap costs only $4.00 at your dealers, or sent prepaid by us. Write for free Hand Trap Booklet No.S532, also ‘‘The Sport Alluring” (men) and “Diana of the Traps” (women). DU PONT POWDER CO. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, May, 1915.—Die ertragsregelung im hoch- wald auf waldbaulicher grundlage, by Rebel, p. 221-31; Lohrindenverwertung und beschaffung von gerbmitteln wah- rend des krieges, by Esslinger, p. 206-21. Indian forester, July, 1915.—On some forest matters, by E. M. Hodgson, p. 215-18; Trees that weep, by D. Hooper, p. 242-4, "* DuLLo-Tones AS ' oe Ty aS, SOR cee th 1889—. Bic ANO CHESTNUT STREETS J » Orrosire OLSE:INDErENDENCE Mage : bed i North woods, Aug., 1915.—Aerial forest Established 1802 Wilmington, Del. af ure Aye Ds ah 4 SET ae | casei SE patrol, by W. T. Cox, p. 3-5; Economic value of birds, by F. L. Washburn, p. 25-1. Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, July-Aug., 1915.—Aus der forstkassen- Ex ert rechnung eines plenterbetriebes, by W. Ammon, p. 123-35; Wann ist entfernung von naturverjtingung und ersatz durch Forest Engineering e pearzune seven teatiee, bye pkiscket, Service is expert service in the application of scientific p. 135-9; Ein fertiler hexenbesen auf larche, by P. Jeecerdy p. 139-45. qF Gy perience to forests and their products. It is Is Demanded TIMBER ESTIMATES by Modern essential to modern FinEPROTECTIONPLANS Peeinese and operation, and equally important to the Maps.LoccincReports Methods EMPIRESTATEFORESTERS —— “ The Field Covers FAMES W. SEWALL Technical Advice and Timber Estimates . . Practical Service Topographic and Boundary Surveys, Plant- ing, Logging Maps, Portable Mill Operations and economic engineering knowledge and ex- timberland ownership distributor and consumer of wood. Rebaical Troining Thoroughness. Experience in acquiring, estimating and mapping timber; in CENTRE STREET OLD TOWN, MAINE making valuations; in management; in selling either the stumpage or manufactured product; Mo a. B.A: Sterling in selecting grades or kinds to meet your ser- D. E. LAUDERBURN Commercial Trust Bldg. Forest Engineer PHILADELPHIA, PA. FOREST ENGINEER vice requirements; and in preservative treat- ment to prevent decay. 6030 Metropolitan Building, New York City 1014 POS aes ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters WANTED—Employment in Forestry Service or with private lumbering firm. Preferably with the Engineer force. Degree of A.B., Hamilton, N. 4 Several years’ experience in field and office. Address Box 10, care AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. PRIVATE ESTATE MANAGER—Position wanted by a man of extensive practical experience in, and thorough scientific knowledge of, ALL departments of private estate management, including forestry. Has just completed the reforestation of an estate for which nearly half a million trees have been used. A perma- nent position desired upon an estate where the best possible results and economical management will be appreciated. Address Box 25, care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER—Graduate Yale Forest School, wishes position in New England or Middle Atlantic States. Good executive ability and commercial training. Four years’ experience in United States Forest Service; first class record in timber cruising, surveying, nursery and general administrative work. Address Box 26, care AMERICAN ForestrY, Washington, D. C. PRACTICAL WOODSMAN AND FOREST EN- GINEER with thorough experience this country and Europe will take charge of forested estate or game preserve. An expert in managing and improving woodlands, and can show results. Highest references as to character, training, and ability. Address Woods Superintendent, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. WANTED=—A live, hustling man to represent us in Tree Surgery and Forestry work. Must be familiar with shade trees. A college education not essential but must be able to meet and talk with men. New England men preferred, but will consider others. Address Box 3, Care AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D.C A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with lumber company, also possess- ing thorough business training, will consider offer of good forestry position. Address Box 9, care of AMERI- CAN FORESTRY. POSITION WANTED—Engineer with twelve years’ experience in Engineering and Forestry. Expert jand surveyor, timber estimator, timberland ReeRe location. Experienced in woods operation and good manager of men. Permanent position desired with Timber Company, Railroad Company or Private Estate. At present employed. Address Box 4, care AMERICAN FORESTRY. POSITION WANTED—Am graduate of Biltmore Forest School, with good record in survey, estimate and estate management and want position where I will have a chance to learn more. Have done practical work outside of school and am considered good at timber. Willing to go anywhere and be generally useful. Hard worker, don’t mind long hours. Age, 26. Give me interview or let me send references. Address Box 11, care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER wants position with Consulting For- estry firm, or with lumber company or private estate. Training from Michigan Agricultural College and Yale Forest School; four years’ experience with U. S. Forest Service and two winters with lumber companies. Acquainted thoroughly with Montana, Idaho and California timber as cruiser. References on request. Address Box 17, care AMERICAN FORESTRY. ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address Box 18, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. MAN with practical experience in lumbering, timber estimating, mapping and compass work. Have had ar of college training and would like position where there is an opportunity to acquire further knowl- edge of forestry. Address Box 7, care of AMERICAN STRY. PRACTICAL FORESTER wants situation on private estate. Has practical experience of sowing, laying, planting out, pruning, thinning, firebelts, ditching, rotation planting, mixed planting and thorough kr edge of fencing and tree felling. Has had seven year's experience on best managed forestry area in Scotland FORESTRY. Address ‘Raith,’"’ care AMERICAN Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- estry and lumbering operations in this country and Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Service, and also in state and private nursery work, would like position with forest engineering firm or lumber com- pany. Best of references. Address Box 19, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. WANTED—Position as City Forester or Park Superintendent. Willing to consider position as an assistant. University training; experience in forestry, nursery and landscape work. Twenty-seven years old and married. Best of references. Address Box 20, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Timber estimating by postgraduate forester with experience in Eastern Canada and Lake States. References. Address Box 21, care of AMERI- CAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. SCALER—With actual experience desires position with any lumber company in the United States or Canada. Competent surveyor and mapper, accus- tomed toroughingit. Present employer best reference. Address ‘'Scaler,”’ care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. WANTED—Position by graduate forester. Ex- perience in Southern Pineries; five years technical training. Prefers South but willing to go anywhere. Address Box 22, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. PORTS Nee 30,000 selected WHITE and CHESTNUT OAK trees, 15,000 selected ASH trees, on 5,000 acres in the State of Virginia, estimated to cut more than 30,000,000 FEET. Balance of timber on this land can be bought cheap. Price of the selected trees, $2.50 each. This is the greatest bargain we have ever heard of. 6-11. GEORGE J. PHILP, Oil City, Pa. Let us present you with this guide to good literature if you want to acquire the right kind of books. With your growing book collection don't fail to secure a Globe-Wernicke Bookcase, which can grow section by section as your library increases. Ask for Catalog CINCINNATI, OHIO Bird-Lore A Bi-Monthly Magazine Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN 600 pages, 12 colored plates 200 photographs Price one dollar T will tell you how to study birds, how to form and conduct bird clubs, how to make nesting- boxes, feeding stands and_ bird- baths. You may consult its Ad- visory Council, take part in its bird censuses, and, in short, become one of the great fraternity which finds in birds ‘‘the most eloquent expression of nature’s beauty, joy and free- dom.” We shall be glad to mail you a specimen copy on request. D. Appleton & Company 29 West 32d Street New York City AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS REILLS IMPROVED CREOSOTE OE Is a high-grade, pure coal tar distillate creosote oil. A non- volatile, heavy, stable and perma- nent preservative, free from every adulterant, for preservation of Mine Timber Piles Silos Shingles Poultry Houses The Reilly Improved Creosote Oil added to the inferior commercial grades acts as a stabilizer and in- creases their efficiency and per- manence in exact proportion to the quantity of REILLY IM- PROVED CREOSOTE OIL that is used. Our booklet is interesting and au- thentic. Sent on request. Bridge Timbers Cross Arms Railroad Ties Telephone Poles Fence Posts Republic Creosoting Company Indianapolis, Indiana Plants: Indianapolis Mobile Minneapolis HYGHEST OU, A\WAIMA Z) y y] Fae UALITY LOWEST PRICES “QUICK. SERVICE S Submit your Engraving propositions to us for “ynsusggestions and prices ie uit want to SAVE you TIME and MONEY TIONAL ENG. © Ine TE DESIGNERS-ENGRAVERS 506 l4rme, STREET NW » Wasuinaton. D.C e-, WRbTE 42 CALL LEPHONE AMERICAN TIMBER CRUISING BOOKLETS BILTMORE TIMBER TABLES Including solution of problems in forest finance. SOUTHERN TIMBER TABLES How to estimate Southern Pine, Southern White Cedar, and Southern Appala- chian Timber—Spruce pulpwood, Hemlock bark, Chestnut oak bark, Chestnut tannic acid wood. Postpaid, 25 cents each HOWARD R. KRINBILL Forest Engineer Newburn, N. C. HAMILTON BILTMORE TEXT BOOKS The text books of the Biltmore Forest School, written by Dr. C. A. Schenck, continue for sale at Biltmore. For particulars address BILTMORE FOREST BOOKS Bittmore, N. C. tf “THE BEST MADE” < D = 22Dp Gee | | HIGH GRADE PRINTING PAPERS Ditt & Cotutns Co., Papermakers PHILADELPHIA Correspondence Solicited FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Hamilton Alutch “The Watch of Railroad Accuracy”’ T is policy to buy a good watch. The owner of a Hamilton is practically insured against needing a new watch, or against having a watch that is always in need of repairs. When you buy a Hamilton, you buy the accurate, durable watch that will tell you true time year after year. PRICES OF HAMILTONS: The_ lowest-priced Hamilton is a movement alone for $12.25 ($13.00 in Canada). The highest-priced Hamilton is our Masterpiece at $150.00 in 18 k. heavy gold case. Other Hamiltons at $15.00, $25.00, $28.00, $40.00, $55.00, $80.00, $110.00, etc. All have Hamilton Accuracy, Beauty, and Durability. Write for the Hamilton Watch Book “The Timekeeper” It’s an interesting book on watches. It pictures and intimately describes the various Hamilton models for men and women. HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY Dept. 39 Lancaster, Pennsylvania 1015 = ee Se ea eee eae With fourteen illustrations. Bee ee - : Maple Sugar Making—With two illustrations. . 1031 Whittier’s Pine Tree— By Agnes L. Scott 1058 With one illustration. Annual Meeting in Boston... ite 1032 The Reforestation Movement in China—By W. F. Sherfesee. . 1033 With eleven illustrations. Children’s Department—The Sprout Growth cf Trees—By Bristow Adams oe! 1059 With three illustrations. Land Speculators Block Settlement 1040 ; Suggestions for Using ‘‘Cypress Knees’’—By Howard F. Weiss. 1041 Wood Preserving Department—By E A. Sterling 1061 With eleven illustrations. Ornamental and Shade Trees—Common-sense Labels on Park The First Town Forest 1042 Trees—By J. J. Levison : 1062 i i —By 2. Si ons 3 : , c 9 rowing Bing et we soat Yates saitee MSs Arborists Will Meet in Newark in January 1065 Love of Shade Trees—By Mrs. Emmons Crocker 1046 Forestry at the Exposition 1065 © With one portrait. : ae ees - The Situat M —By H. H. Chez at The Bird Department—By A. A. Allen, Ph.D 1047 Oe en a eas nee ae Kill-Dee—Poem, by H. L. Johnson....... 1049 Editorial... : 1068 Logging Rasak and Lagan—By T. R. Helms 1050 Forest Notes 1070 With five illustrations. a dh 5 * Gcant White Pine. ..-.....-. 1053 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson : 1071 With one illustration. Current Literature atts 1072 APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 1410 H Street, Washington, D. C. ( an Annual Member ($1) I hereby signify my desire to become | a Subscribing Member ($3) J) a Contributing Member ($10) of the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, } a Sustaining Member ($25) a Life Member ($100) d lOSCLG Sane ee = eee for dues. and enclose $ or due! | a Patron ($1,000) Very truly yours, PO) Address este ae ce Ue eee ee American Forestry Magazine 1s sent to all except Annual ($1) Members a i 8 i a ts ns nt i | | | | | | | | | | | | | | i i l | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents Copyright 1915 by the American Forestry Association Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 THE DAY OF NO TIMBER Is farther away now than the ultra-conservationists ten years ago said it was when they spread an alarm of exhausted supply. TuE theory of exhaustion has been dismissed. Wood is still abundant. It is still and always will be the warm, friendly material that makes four walls a cosy cottage or a magnificent mansion. Our regard for it is inherent. Our children will con- tinue to use it because its adaptability, beauty of finish and sound absorbing qualities give it a home-making charm that no other material possesses. AND the uses of wood are multiplying phenomenally. We are just now coming to know its real values and save them. Practical by-product utilities that represent more than 60 per cent of the usable value of trees are now known, in addition to lumber which utilizes only one-third. Others will be found. With added use there is added worth. LuMBER need not go higher in cost to consumer to make profitable for all time the ownership of timber. Forest protection, new uses, close utilization, efficient management and economical distribution will constantly add to the value of stumpage and eclipse the “overhead.” Stump- age—the raw material—will take the gain. TIMBER investments rest upon fundamental requirements of the human race. Rightly selected they are sound, stable and safe for conservative men. Thirty-five years of continuous investigation has given us knowledge that has value for you. Ask us to tell you more about timber as a place for your funds. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. TIMBER LAND FACTORS SINCE 1880 CHICAGO PORTLAND SEATTLE 1750 Mc Cormick Building 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 1009 White Building American Forestry VOL. XXI NOVEMBER, 1915 No. 263 The Sugar Maple Identification and IBZ So 18h, 1D) F TREES had human characteristics, the sugar maple would be the banker of the forest community be- cause of dignified, well-dressed tree, conscientious, hard-working and dependable. and has the air of be- longing to “one of our families,’ but it inspires affection well as admiration. The family has about seventy mem- best as maple bers in the world, but sugar maple is by far the most valuable. It is widely distributed through eastern North America, from New- foundland to Manito- ba, and south to Flor- While sugar maple is the most familiar also ida and Texas. name, it is well known = as rock maple, hard maple and sugar tree. ‘The black maple is an im- found greater portant variety throughout the of This form is not easily portion its range. distinguished from the true sugar maple. In the south there are two other varieties known as white-bark maple and Florida maple. In the Rocky Mountain region, a near relative, the large-tooth maple, is found. The finest and most abundant growth of the sugar maple is From “ its store of wealth. It loves the quiet life of the country, Silva of Né It is a conservative, America,” by Sar rth Characteristics ETWILER ishers. gent; Houghton Miffin Co., Pub THE LEAVES, SEEDS AND FLOWERS OF THE SUGAR MAPLE 1. A branch with male flowers, natural size 2. A branch with female flowers, natural size 38. A male flower, enlarged 4. Vertical section of a male flower, enlarged. enlarged natural embryo 5. A female flower, enlarged. 7. A fruiting branch, natural size 9. Vertical section of a 10. An embryo, greatly magnified 6. Vertical section of a female flower, size 8. Vertical section of a fruit, seed, enlarged, showing undeveloped 11. A winter branchlet, natural size found in the New England States, New York north- ern and western Pennsylvania and westward throughout the region of the Great Lakes to Minnesota. In the southern Appalachians it grows well where climatic conditions are similar to those further north. Sugar maples grow- ing in the open have a short trunk and a com- pact, well-shaped oval or oblong head. In the forest, its maximum size 1s about 5 feet in diameter and 120 feet in height. The usual forest maple is 2 to 3 feet in diameter, 70 to 90 feet high, clear of limbs to within 20 or 30 feet of the top, where it forms a small, rounded The bark is usually ash gray, but may be a dark brown. On young tir eles) stihie smooth but crown. bark is older trees it has deep fur- in rows and is divided in- to broad plates or large, flakes. The bark has a_ peculiar shaggy hard, flinty appearance. The leaves and buds stand opposite each other on the twigs. The leaves are shaped somewhat like the hu- man hand, the edges being divided into five The deep notches between points or lobes. the points are broadly rounded and an easy means of tell- serve as 1019 1020 AMERICAN BARK OF THE SUGAR MAPLE The bark is usually ashen gray, but may be a dark brown. On young trees it is smooth, but on older ones it has deep furrows and is divided into broad plates or large, shaggy flakes ing the sugar maple from the red and silver maples, in which the leaf notches are sharply cut and angular. ‘The leaves are 3 to 5 inches long and of a slightly greater breadth; they are thin in texture, colored deep green on the upper surface and paler green underneath. The entire leaf margin is coarsely toothed. The tree is as beautiful in winter as in summer. ‘The branches trace a pleasing pattern against the sky. The twigs are slender, smooth and of a beautiful light brown The buds are sharp-pointed, conical, and about nA The scales are small, dark brown color. one-quarter inch long. or purplish in color, and overlap on the bud to form an attractive design. Unlike red and silver maples, which bloom early in the spring before the leaves come out, the sugar maple flowers appear with the leaves in April or May. ‘The flowers that produce the pollen are in sepa- rate clusters from those which produce the fruit. times a tree bears only one kind of flower, but usually They are small, greenish- Some- both appear on the same tree. yellow and are borne in clusters on thread-like stems about 214 inches long. The fruit of the sugar maple is winged, two being joined together to form the familiar maple key. Usually only one fruit of the key is perfect and will grow; if this is carefully opened, the baby tree may be plainly seen. ‘lhe clusters of keys are usually found at the tips of the twigs and often remain on the tree over winter. In this respect, sugar maple differs from the red and silver maples, whose fruits usually appear on the sides FORESTRY of the branches, ripen early in the summer and _ fall quickly. ‘The wings on the fruit serve as an aeroplane to carry the seeds to a considerable distance from the The heavy end falls first, and, if the keys split apart, the shape of the wing causes the fruit to revolve rapidly and work its way through the grass and débris to the moist ground where it can germinate. The wood of the sugar maple is hard, heavy, fine- grained and strong. parent tree. It has a satiny surface which takes a high polish. The sap wood is white or cream color and the heart is various shades of light brown. The sugar maple is one of our most valuable broad-leaved timber trees. The wood is easily split and is one of our best fuel woods, it is also one of the principal wooss dis- tiled for producing wood alcohol and acetic acid. The wood is not naturally durable in contact with soil, but when it is creosoted, it makes excellent railroad ties and fence posts. When burned, its ashes yield large quantities of potash which are leached for soap making and other uses. ‘The ashes are also valued highly for fertilizing purposes, especially for lawns and orchards. Curly maple is caused by a twisted grain which gives a beautiful pattern to the wood. Bird's-eye maple is due to the growth of great numbers of buds in the thick bark, or, im some cases, it may be caused by the holes drilled by woodpeckers in quest of the sweet sap. At any rate, the wood has unusual markings, and, like curly maple, it is much in demand for furniture and cabinet making, logs bringing about $90 per thousand feet, board measure. Acer, the scientific name of the maple family, means hard or sharp. It was applied because the wood of some kinds of maples is extremely hard and was greatly es- teemed by the ancients for making pikes and lances. The Romans prized maple wood very highly, and tables inlaid with curious portions of it in some instances brought their weight in gold. Virgil celebrates the maple as the throne on which Evander seated Aeneas. THE SUGAR MAPLE Shaped somewhat like a human hand, the leaf is readily identified. LEAF OF The edges are divided into five points or lobes. The leaves are three to five inches long, thin in texture and colored deep green on the upper sur- face and pale green beneath. THE SUGAR MAPLE 1021 FOREST FORM OF The maximum size of the forest trees is about five feet to three feet in diameter and seventy to a small rounded crown ninety feet high, “On sods of turf he sat the soldiers round ; A maple throne, raised high above the ground, Received the Trojan chief; and, o’er the bed, A lion’s shaggy hide for ornament they spread.” The sugar maple flourishes on moderately deep, well- drained, fertile loam soils. It will grow on stiff clay soils 1f not too wet, and on stony hillsides if not too dry; it shows strong preference for limestone soils. It thrives in cool, moist situations; in fact, sugar maple requires a cool climate and an abundant rainfall for its best devel- Under the best opment. It has a shallow root system. conditions it grows only moderately fast. In the forest it grows slowly, but at a fairly even rate; an inch in diam- eter in 12 to 16 years is probably average growth under forest conditions. In the Lake region, beech and yellow birch are commonly found associated with the sugar maple. Among other trees that often grow with it are red spruce, paper birch, red maple, white pine and hemlock. The exceptionally dense foliage of the sugar maple en- ables it to endure heavy shading by other trees. Some seed is borne every year, but every three to five years large quantities of seed are produced. For this reason young growth is abundant, and the ability of the seed- in diameter and one being clear SUGAR MAPLE hundred and twenty feet high. The usual forest maple is from two of limbs to within twenty or thirty feet of the top, where it forms lings to grow vigorously in considerable shade insures plenty of young maples ready to take advantage of any opening in the forest. Sometimes trees develop from the sprouts that come up from maple stumps on cut-over lands. If it is desired to grow sugar maple trees, the seed should be planted in the fall in well-prepared seed beds. The seeds may also be sown in spots cleared of grass and shrubbery where the trees are desired to stand per- manently. Sugar maple is an excellent shade tree for planting along country roads and village streets. In large towns, it is affected by smoke, dust, illuminating gas and other troubles. It is sometimes defoliated by the forest tent caterpillar, and the maple borer occasionally makes great holes in its trunk. Under favorable conditions the tree may live to reach an age of three or four hundred years. shade, and the mosaic formed by the artistic arrangement of leaves on the The sugar maple casts a very dense branches is a joy to the observant student of nature. Its broad dome forms a pleasing picture in summer or winter, but the lover of the woods finds one of his greatest pleas- ures in its brilliant autumn foliage. At first the change of color is gradual; later the tints become more and more AMERICAN FORESTRY The glowing shades scarlet gorgeous. of yellow, and green turn the forest landscape into a wondrous sea of color. The ap- propriate name, for in a cool orange, “sugar tree’ is an climate this tree stores great quantities of sugar in its sap. The colder the season the larger the amount of sugar it yields. In’ March, the ascending, the trees are tapped when sap 1s and the sap is collected and evaporated into maple syrup and sugar. Unless excessive, tapping does not injure the tree and can be continued indefinitely. Sugar “bushes” or orchards are profit- able when well cared for. Three or four gallons of sap are usu- ally required to make one pound of sugar. Two or three p yunds SUGAR MAPLES AS STREET TREES or sugar per tree 1s an aver- This variety of maple is popular as a shade tree It thrives best in villages or along country age yield. Large, solitary trees roads, as in large towns it is affected by smoke, dust and gas It is subject to attack by ° : : the forest tent caterpillar and the maple borer occasionally makes great holes in its trunk often yield much more than this Commercial Uses of Sugar Maple By Hu OMPARATIVELY little maple lumber is used in rough form. It is essentially a factory wood, and as such it has a place in nearly every in- dustry of this country which employs wood as raw mate- rial. ‘The reported sawmill production of maple lumber for the United States in 1912 was 1,020,864,000 feet, and the factory use for one year is reported at 922,337,274 feet, which is 90 per cent of the cut of the mills. Maple appears in fifty of the fifty-fhve industries into which the uses of wood in the United States are gen- No other wood has a record so nearly Oak, and birch approach maple, but fall a little short. It As might be expected, Michigan, which produces more maple erally divided. approaching universal use. red gum, basswood appears in a few industries where they are not found. lumber than any other state, is likewise the largest user of this wood in its factories. MANUFACTURING Maple is pre-eminently a manufacturer’s wood. Little rough lumber reaches the final user, but it passes through machines or is shaped by tools until it has been fitted for the Nearly every industry that has a place for any sort of wood, exacting service required of wood. 5 most draws supplies from maple. It fills positions where the highest order of material is required, and it meets de- MAXWELL mand if low-class and cheap stock suffices. It is an asso- ciate of aristocrats and a companion of plebians. Forty- nine wood-using industries report it as raw material for further manufacture in various parts of the United States. The largest consumes more than 300,000,000 feet a year; the smallest less than 25,000. The ten indus- tries which lead in the use of maple are: planing mill products, furniture, boxes and crates, boat and shoe findings, agricultural implements, musical instruments, handles, woodenware, vehicles, fixtures. These use a total of about 833,000,000 feet yearly, while the use of maple by thirty-nine other industries aggregates 59,- 124,587 feet a year, and forty states report it. ‘This is in addition to what is consumed for cooperage, wood dis- tillation and fuel, and in the aggregate these amounts are very large. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS The largest demand for maple comes from the in- dustry which turns cut planing mill products. These cover a considerable range of articles, among which are flooring, ceiling, wainscoting, stairwork, molding, doors, rm lhe largest single item is flooring, so far as the use of maple No and many other articles of interior house finish. is concerned wood surpasses it for that purpose, COMMERCIAL in point of long service and the ease with which it can be kept in repair. ‘Though its natural color is very light, it readily receives stains and almost every shade de- sired can be developed, but most users prefer the natural color, which may be given an oil finish. The excessive hardness of maple adds greatly to its value as flooring. Tests conducted under exactly simi- lar conditions have shown that a maple floor may outlast After the woo has been well seasoned, it shrinks and swells but little one of marble, under very heavy wear. under atmospheric changes and this increases its value A maple floor remains smooth and The absence of alter- as floor material. its joints are tight and sanitary. nate hard and soft streaks causes uniform wear, and as Maple flooring has a market which not only reaches every part of the United States, but extends to many foreign coun- long as such a floor remains, it is attractive. tries. is specified by architects for hotels, apartments and large It is bought by the builders of small cottages and business blocks. Stair builders find this USES OF SUGAR MAPLE 1023 stock so nearly the same in appearance that the closest scrutiny is required to discover the slightest difference. Veneers of high class are used only as surface finish where they are exposed to view. They are glued upon cores or backing of other and cheaper woods. A beauti- ful wainseot panel in which bird’s-eye stock only is vis- ible, may really have the thinnest covering of maple, while the hidden parts consist of pine, chestnut or some other wood which possesses the requisite glue-holding qualities. The manufacture of maple doors has become a large business, and they consume some of the choicest output factories. The workman here of sawmills and veneer finds his opportunity to display his best skill. Maple doors are often real works of art, though they may con- tain no figured wood. ‘The very plainness of maple is sometimes accentuated as its principal recommendation. Doors are usually veneered; at least, those of highest grade are. The process does not differ from that em- The best doors are parts ployed in making wainscot panels. built up of many wood one of the best to be [ Y had, and the demand for i is extensive. It serves noi only as stair treads where the wearing is most severe, but it is frequently worked into every part of stair work, and is specially suit- ed for rails and balusters. Maple shows to excel- lent advantage in wains- coting where panels: are employed. ‘The bird’s-ey2 and curly stocks are seen at their best in that kind. It is not unusual to employ rotary-cut ven- work of eer in building such panels. This veneer differs from that which is sawed round and round the log thin sliced or by being peeled as a broad, ribbon. By this method the bird’s- eye effect is brought out in the best possible manner, and many sheets of veneer almost exactly the same in figure are obtained. Such are bundled and a_ pur- chaser may buy enough of certain figure to finish an entire room, or even sey- eral rooms. The sheets of veneer little than writing paper, and a are thicker single figured log may pro- which are held together by Sa 1 The lat- glue and dowels. ter are small wooden pins, varying in size according to the use intended. They take the place of nails and screws, and are so. skill- fully inserted that they are wholly invisible in the fin- ished door. Several dozen may be concealed within the joinings of a single door. Dowels are often maple, but other woods are used. FURNITURE The second largest de- mand for maple lumber comes from furniture fac- The making of chairs is often an industry distinct from furniture, tories. classed as kinds of because the two commodi- the product of separate factor- ies and of different meth- other ties are frequently ods; but no useful purpose is surved in the present in- stance by separating them. No wood is more popu- lar than maple where light- colored furniture is wanted. Not natural wood’s light, only is the color very but when enameling is de- duce two or three thousand square feet of bird’s-eye SUGAR MAPLE TRE The formation of the branches may best be studied in winter, and the student should be able to identify it as readily then as in the summer sired, maple ranks among 2S IN WINTER the highest woods procur- 1024 AMERICAN able. Its surface takes the smoothest, finest polish, and enamel adheres to it perfectly. ‘This is true also when goldleaf finish is designed, in work of very high grade. Most maple furniture, however, is finished in the wood’s natural color. Curly, wavy, smoked, cloudy and bird’s- eye effects are brought out to fine advantage. Maple dark- ens and the tones grow richer with age, though the actual outlines of the figures may lose something of their distinctness. Those who consider chair making separate from furni- ture manufacture, accord maple a high place. ‘The ma- jority of chairs made in separate factories or mills are of common patterns and medium prices. ‘They are pri- marily for use, while the high-priced chairs that come from furniture factories are often designed primarily for ornament. One of the first requisites of a common chair is that it shall be strong. Only handles and vehicles call for stronger woods than chairs, and the difference is only slight. Maple ranks ican woods, and for ing position among among the very strongest of Amer- that reason it occupies a command- chair stock materials. This stoc' is usually worked out by small, portable mills, equipped with special machinery. ‘They move from site to site, frequently cleaning up the slashings left by hardwood Courtesy the Manual Arts Press. OF SUGAR MAPLE Showing one complete annual ring, included between the two dark lines, and parts of two other annual rings. The small openings are pores or vessels Faint lines running at right angles to annual rings are pith rays. MAGNIFIED CROSS-SECTION sawmills; because chair mills utilize logs and_ bolts, crooked and short lengths, which the sawmill is obliged to leave in the woods. In the northern hardwoods, and wherever maple grows, the chair mill finds it a valuable pick-up after the sawmill has cut the large, smooth logs, and moved on. ‘The dimension stock, for rounds, spindles and braces, which the chair mill roughs out, FORESTRY is shipped to central factories to be finished and assem- bled, and to be turned out as completed chairs. BOXES AND CRATES The making of shipping boxes and crates constitutes the third largest demand by manufacturers upon the maple supply. The wood possesses two qualities which are not considered favorably by box makers—hardness and weight—but in spite of these, it is consumed in enor- Courtesy the Manual Arts Press. AREA OF SUGAR MAPLE GROWTH mous quantities by box factories. Hardness is a disad- vantage from the nailers’ viewpoint, while the purchaser of commodities shipped in boxes has reason to object to excessive weight on which freight must be paid at the But these draw- backs are more than compensated for by the good points It is so strong and stiff that the same rate as on the merchandise within. of maple box lumber. lumber may be cut thin, thereby making a given quantity co farther. It is a clean wood, which is a point insisted on by many purchasers of boxes that carry articles of food. ‘The wood contains no stains or odors to contami- nate the contents. it thin, a smaller amount of material is needed for a box of given size than might be required if a lighter, weaker Though it is heavy, yet by cutting wood were chosen, consequently, the cost may be less. ‘The bulle of maple box lumber comes from the culls and low grades of maple sawmills; and the largest use is found in regions near where the maple output of lum- More than one-half of all the maple box lumber used in the United States is reported by box ber is largest. makers in Michigan and Illinois, and the latter State draws the principal supply of that wood from Michigan. It is probable that fully one-half of all the maple box lumber consumed in the United States grows in Michi- gan. The industry affords a market for much low-grade maple lumber which might not otherwise find buyers. It holds true of this wood, as of all others, that high grades sell readily, while the low grades are often hard to dis- pose of. A reason commonly assigned for that condi- tion is that the low grades cannot pay freight charges necessary to reach distant markets. COMMERCIAL USES OF SUGAR MAPLE BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS Maple leads all other woods of the United States in the industry which produces boot and shoe findings. Lasts are the most important article of this industry, so far as such are supplied by wood ; but some maple is con- sumed in the production of shoe pegs and shanks, though In the manufacture of these, maple has no rival worthy of men- tion. It is so much superior to them all that it stands alone. A very hard, close-grained wood is demanded, and paper birch is ahead of maple in all except lasts. the most exacting processes of seasoning are necessary to fit it for the place it must fill. Last blocks, which are the rough billets, are partly shaped without the use of the lathe. Choice, straight- grained trunks are first cross-cut into bolts which are usually long enough for three lasts. ‘The bolts are split into billets of proper size, and these are carefully air- seasoned from one to three years. Because of the slow- ness of the drying, few checks or cracks open in the wood. If such do open, the rigid inspection rejects them, for the smallest crack degrades or spoils a last. After air-seasoning has been sufficient, the billets are subjected to kiln heat for a considerable time. They are then cut into lengths proper for one last each, and are passed through a lathe which produces the rough form only. The actual turning of the last is a careful and delicate operation. An automatic lathe does it. The keen knives, each revolving at very high speed, dig into and chip away the wood, scooping out depressions here, and leaving elevations there, until a last, which must be the exact The knives are guided by cams which slowly feel out the precise form of a pattern affixed to the lathe as a guide. Every change in style of shoes calls for new lasts and the old, shape of the inside of a shoe, is produced. though they may still be perfectly serviceable from a mechanical standpoint, go to the scrap pile, victims of changing fashions in footwear. For that reason, shoe last factories must always keep ample supplies of rough last blocks on hand; but they must not manufacture much ahead of the orders on file. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS The manufacturers of agricultural implements require the enormous quantity of 321,000,000 feet of Some other species are in more demand various woods annually. than maple, but it is near the head of the list and furnishes 15 per cent of the total. In almost every case it is se- lected on account of its strength, hardness and stiffness. It is pre-eminently a frame material when machines are of considerable size; but it has a place also as pitmans, guides, levers, braces and axles. Its largest use is found iu threshers, reapers, fertilizer spreaders, grain drills, and similar When maple is employed as slides in appara- wind-stackers, land rollers, fanning mills machines. tus with rapid oscillating motions, the wood wears to the smoothness of polished steel and friction is reduced to a minimum. Maple is much used for hoppers, chutes, drawers and boxes which are essential parts of certain classes of agricultural implements; but when so used it possesses 1025 no advantage over yellow poplar and cottonwood, since great strength is not demanded. MUSICAL, INSTRUMENTS Few persons who have not looked into statistics of the uses of woods in the country’s industries would place maple as the leading one in the manufacture of musical instruments in the United States, yet such it is. A large number of woods, both foreign and domestic, have places in that industry. It calls for materials of the highest class. ‘The annual demand exceeds 260,000,000 feet, and 18 per cent of it is maple. It may be used for practically every part of a piano that can be made of wood, except the sounding board, which is always spruce; but maple’s most important place 1:1 piano making is in the actions. It is so peculiarly fitted for the requirements of that mechanism that it monopo- Courtesy the Manual Arts Press. SUGAR MAPLE BOARDS Radial or quartersawed section, showing pith rays, which appear in cut as light flecks or streaks. Tangential or bastard cut, the most common method of sawing. lizes it in many factories. Again it is maple’s hardness, stiffness and strength that lead to the preference shown it; but its fitness for piano actions is due likewise to what is known as “standing qualities.” That term means, when applied to a wood, that it will hold its form in climatic changes, neither warping, shrinking nor swell- ing. Maple is not surpassed in that quality, at least not among commercial American woods. Some of the choicest figured maple finds its use as piano cases, and as the boxes or cases of phonographs and the bodies of costly harps; while the very finest of all, though in small quantities, is found in the sides of violins. ‘The artist who exercises his skill in the making 1026 AMERICAN FORESTRY SUGAR rims made of MAPLI maple MUCIHI Bicycle and sulky wheel Ninety sugal of this instrument considers the stick of curly or smoky maple, which reaches his hands as raw material, the fittest medium for the display of his genius and for the inter- pretation of his ideas. WOODEN WARE The term woodenware is very broad, and its boundaries are vaguely defined. It includes most everything made of wood which does not specifically belong somewhere else. It is commonly understood to include wooden sup- plies and apparatus used by beekeepers, poultry raisers and dairymen, and also nearly all sorts of wooden novel- ties. More than 38,000,000 feet of maple reaches its final use yearly as woodenware in the United States. It is impracticable to name even by classes, the articles which owe their existence to this remarkable wood; but one of the smallest, and at the same time the most ephemeral, is doubtless the most important. This is the picnic platter. It is a thin, wooden plate with which nearly every one is familiar. Its uses are many, but all are temporary. It is expected to serve only once, and for that once the grocer may sell butter in it, the butcher may wrap sausage in it, the baker’s pie is carried in it to the customer, the picnicker may serve his forest-cooked dinner on it by some mountain stream. It is then thrown aside, and a new one takes its place next day There are no statistics showing the number of such plate manufactured, but they are numbered by mil lion nd maple furnishes a large part of the materia! USED FOR WHEEL per cent of the and only four in larger amounts than maple. RIMS wood used for this purpose is of this species. Beech and birch supply nearly all the rest. Maple logs of the finest quality pass through machines and come out ready for the user. The first step in the process is to peel the log in long, broad ribbons of veneer, by the same method as the veneer is cut that goes to the furi- ture maker. ‘The veneer is steamed, cut in discs and pressed in shape; and the work is done. Maple contributes largely to kitchen and pantry ware, like vegetable cutters, stompers, pastry boards, rolling pins and carved trays and dishes. It is a choice wood for such wares because of its sanitary qualities. It is easily kept clean. The surface remains smooth because ii is so hard that it will not readly dent or bruise MISCELLANEOUS The principal places filled by maple in vehicle making are as axles for heavy wagons, runners and frames for sleds and sleighs and frames for bodies ot buggies, Car- riages and automobiles. As an axle wood it is stronger than oak and compares favorably with hickory; but if subjected to pressure beyond its ability to sustain, or is lable to if caught by a sudden jolt or jar, it snap much more suddenly than oak or hickory. It is more brittle than they, and if it breaks, it breaks suddenly and without warning in the way of preliminary bending. Forty-nine woods are reported in the vehicle industry, They are hickory, oak, vellow poplar and ash. fixtures for The employment of maple in’ making USES COMMERCIAL OF SUGAR MAPLE 1027 stores and of fices follows the same gen- eral lines as in furniture interior house finish; that is, either frames surface and as or as finish, usually as ven- Figured eer. stock is in de- The fix- mand. class of tures in which most maple is is paper birch. Manufactur- ers of refrig- erators and kitchen — cabi- nets in which ice or other cooling appli- ances are em- ployed, GiOnns— sume more than 6,000,000 feet of maple yearly for frames, inside lining, doors, shelves and ex- employed in - terior finish. cludes count- Nearly an ters for banks, SOME OTHER USES OF SUGAR MAPLE equal amount rec ¢ Products cut from beech and maple for paint brushes and cheap shaving brushes. Photo oo0es : < ; Sh 0 ne 5 and from the Fred B. Pierce Company, Keene, Cheshire County, New Hampshire. 5! XS annually libraries; cab- into the con- inets for stores and ticket offices and standing desks, stationary seats and partitions for offices and banks. Rostrums for schools, halls and lodge rooms are often built largely of this wood. Laundry appliances constitute an important demand. The drying rack for clothes is an important article, and the frame in which curtains are stretched Maple’s strength is responsible for the employment of is another. the wood in laundry machinery, and mangles, by which clothes are smoothed, are made of it because of its hard- ness and its smooth finish. Most clothespins are of beech, yet large numbers are maple. Textile mills where three-piece spools are in use depend The ends are often maple, but the central barrel is more often to a considerable extent on maple for these articles. basswood or yellow poplar. The small, one-piece spool struction of cars where it serves in numerous capacities. Stock with fine figure, generally veneer, appears as exte- rior finish for coaches, but most of the maple that goes to car shops is utilized as frames and other hidden parts It would scarcely be supposed that 5,000,000 feet of maple are consumed yearly by makers of trunks, yet statistics show that such is the case. Some of it appears as slats placed on the outside of the trunk to strengthen it; some forms trays and compartments within; and votary-cut veneer is made into three-ply sheets and bent in the necessary shape to form the body or box of the covered with leather or which is then canvas, Maple is only one of several woods so used, and trunk, metal. in quantity is exceeded by basswood, yellow pine, white pine, hemlock and elm, while eighteen woods are reported in smaller amounts by trunk makers. READY TO BE In the manufacture of bobbins for use and birch the raw in textile mills woods which turn readily material required for this purpose TURNED INTO BOBBINS are desired Sugar maple contributes about equally with beecl 1028 Factories which produce sporting and athletic goods consume nearly 5,000,000 feet of maple annually in arti- cles of many classes. Bowling alleys and the accompany- ing apparatus account for most of it. The bowling pins made of maple are considered superior to those of anv other American wood. Its hardness and elasticity cause it to be preferred to any other. The pins withstand ex- cessive battering. The same qualities lead to its use as croquet balls and mallets. Two woods only, hickory and ash, are in more demand than maple by handle makers. The chief call for hickory comes from the manufacturers of slender handles where excessive toughness and resiliency are wanted; ash leads other woods for farm tool handles, as rakes, hoes and pitchforks; and maple supplies many of the remaining handles, among the numerous kinds being handles for brooms, brushes, mops, small hand tools and what are called grips, or the small turned pieces of wood serving Many as hand holds on pails, tubs, boxes and packages. Photo by Maple Flooring Manufacturers’ Assn SUGAR MAPLE FOR FLOORING It is particularly serviceable for this purpose, the wood being tough, heavy, strong and hard, taking a high polish and wearing evenly pail handles are enameled to give them the appearance of black ebony, and maple is one of the best woods for that treatment. This parts of professional and scientific instruments, and wood has been found well suited for various nearly four and a half million feet are so used yearly With the exception of southern red cedar, maple leads all other species in that industry, though thirty-four are reported. Nearly four million feet of maple go yearly to toy factories in this country. The separate articles are ver) numerous, but most of the maple is worked into wagons and sleds for children, and into toy tools for the play- cround. Excelsior mills convert 3,000,000 feet of maple yearly into the finely-cut ribbons of wood, and the finished article is of great value as packing material for merchandise It takes the place of straw for that purpose, and is bet ter because it has a firmer body and is more elastic. Ex celsior is employed in considerable quantities in uphol tery, but is not equal to cotton, hair and Spanish moss AMERICAN FORESTRY USED FOR BRUSHES Sugar maple supplies a large part of the raw material required in the manufacture of high-grade brushes of various kinds. The chopping blocks on which butchers cut meat were once made of sycamore almost exclusively, but maple The chopping blocks are built up of sections bolted together, but the old-time syca- has now taken first place. more was in a single piece. Maple is a leading wood also for skewers, which are the small pins or pegs with which the butcher trusses up a roast. The skewer maker se- lects a wood that is not inclined to sliver or splinter, and maple meets that requirement. A number of industries consume maple in relatively small amounts, that is, less than 2,000,000 feet a year. \mong such are the following: Brush backs require a wood firm enough to retain the tristles, corn or fiber, and the yearly use of maple totals 1,912,000 feet. this industry, beech and birch alone exceed maple in Of the thirty-four woods contributing to auantity. SUGAR MAPLE FOR CUTTING BLOCKS For cutting blocks, including those used in cigar factories, butcher shops, etc., sugar maple is employed in equal quantities with sycamore. For merly a solid block of wocd was used for small cutting blocks, like those shown in the picture, while a two-foot section of a tree answered the same purpose in the butcher shop. At the present time both kinds of blocks are built up of a number of smaller pieces, glued and bolted together COMMERCIAL USES OF SUGAR WELL PILED MICHIGAN MAPLE LUMBER Much of the mill man’s success depends on the way his lumber is stacked in the yard. It should season flat and straight. It will then ‘ S pass through the machines with the minimum of waste The makers of pumps and wooden pipe for conducting water or other liquids require 1,706,000 feet of maple annually. Elevator makers report 1,652,000 feet. It is worked into guides and floors. Nearly one and a half million feet go into saddles and harness, chiefly as hames and as trees or frames for saddles. The pins or dowels which serve to fasten together the different parts of doors, furniture, interior finish and fixtures call for 1 Toothpicks account for 1,200,000 feet, but paper birch Dy Bp 1) 1,000 feet of maple a year. greatly exceeds maple as toothpick material. The log is first reduced to veneer of proper thickness and is then sliced into picks. The consumption of more than a million feet of maple a year is reported by manufacturers of electrical machin- ery and apparatus. Whip handles, canes and umbrella handles call for more than a million feet. A like quantity finds its wey to boat yards as mate- rial for construction of vessels of all sizes. Most of it is used as trim. The making of mine machinery and other appliances and equipment draws liberally upon maple. Approximately 870,000 feet a year go to factories which make shade and map rollers, and most of it is MAPLE 29 10 converted into the small plugs to which are fastened the springs that by uncoiling raise the shades. Most of the rollers are white pine. Considerably more than three-quarters of a million feet of maple a year is manufactured into faucets and bungs for barrels and kegs. Nearly an equal quantity is consumed in making the numerous articles and apparatus classed as playground equipment. Other uses are for printing material, brooms and carpet sweepers, weighing apparatus, plumbers’ woodwork, sewing machines, picture frames, silos and tanks, artificial limbs (crutches), gates and fencing, pat- terns and foundry flasks, caskets and coffins, advertising signs, clocks, cigar boxes. In the State of New York 130 separate uses of maple are reported by factories, 164 in Hlinois, 168 in Michi- gan and 336 in Pennsylvania. SLACK COOPERAGE Cooperage or stave ware is divided in two classes, called slack and tight. The latter term is applied to barrels intended to hold liquids, while stave containers HANDLES OF SUGAR MAPLE Mop and broom handles are made usually from three varieties of wood, and one of these is sugar maple. 1030 for fruit, flour, cement, lime and almost innumerable other dry or partly dry commodities are known as_ slack cooperage. Maple is not used in tight coop- erage, but in the other kind it ranks fifth in quantity among Those de- manded in larger amounts are American woods. red gum, pine, beech and elm. The output of maple staves per year, according to latest obtain- able figures, exceeds 133,000,000. The average value of maple $5.42. Staves of all sizes and qualities staves per thousand is are included in the average. Heading and hoops constitute part of the stave industry. Maple supplies 13,633,000. sets of heading a year, at an aver- of $41.50 per thou- Two-thirds of all age value sand _ sets. AMERICAN FORESTRY DRYING MAPLE LUMBER BY END-STACKING rhe virtue of this method of stacking lumber lies in the better air circulation which it affords. The popular notion that the water drains lengthwise out of boards so stacked is erroneous. passes out by drainage LOADING LOGS ON GONDOLAS he flying machine” is getting in its best iple rar imong the heaviest woods, the logs are handled ere P broom handles work her i ere Little, if any, maple heading comes from Michigan, and Pennsylvania follows. The yearly contribution by maple to the coun- try’s hoop supply amounts to 731,000 valued at $3.76 per thousand. Most of the maple hoops are made in Elm is the leading hoop wood and the output of this species exceeds maple’s forty fold. Maine. VENEERS AND DISTILLATION Maple ranks third as a producer of veneer, with a yearly output of 35,444,000 feet, log scale. The species above it are red gum, with 129,930,000 feet, and yellow pine, with 48,145,000 feet. Cottonwood and yellow pop- lar, respectively, are next below. The average cost at the mill of maple veneer is $15.45 per thousand feet, log scale. The leading states in maple veneer production are Michigan, 15,350,000 feet a year; New York, 7,658,000; Indiana, 3,051,000; Vermont, 2,682,000; 2,336,000, and Pennsylvania, 1,093,000. Practically all of the maple veneer made in the United States is con- Wisconsin, sumed by the industries described in preceding para- graphs. Maple is, without question, the leading wood in hard- wood distillation in this country; but precise figures to show this cannot be quoted, because beech, birch and maple are listed without distinction. ‘The three consti- tute 94 per cent of all hardwoods going to distillation plants. The wood is distilled by being passed through kilns or retorts, where sufficient heat is present to break down the structure of the wood. The chief commercial products are charcoal, wood alcohol and gray acetate. Michigan leads with a yearly consumption of 457,362 cords of wood, which costs on an average of $3.03 a cord. Pennsylvania follows with 368,126 cords at an average cost of $3.68, and New York ranks third with total 139,041 cords, costing $3.62. The value of the g product is placed at $7,641,690 a year. Photo by the Field Museum, Chicago. This rural scene lies near Pickens, Randolph County, W. Va., at an altitude of 2,700 feet. AN OLD-FASHIONED SUGAR CAMP The stand of maple is pure. Buckets in place of the old-time sugar troughs are used to catch the sap which drips from the trees. Maple Sugar Making HE, great importance of maple lumber and the other products manufactured from the wood should not throw too far into the background the industry which produces maple sugar and syrup. The northern states yield most, but such sugar is made in commercial quantities as far south as Georgia. In 1860 New York was the leading maple sugar state. Ten years later Vermont attained first place and held it for thirty years, and then lost it to Ohio. The general government and various state governments have con- cerned themselves in detecting and discouraging the adulteration of maple syrup and sugar. ‘The temptation to doctor the product with impurities seems exceptionally strong. It is so easily done, and the fraud is so difficult for the ordinary consumer to detect that it has been found necessary that the strong arm of the law inter- pose its authority to protect the public. All maples yield sugar, but the common hard maple and the variety known as black maple are usually con- sidered best. The manufacture of maple sugar in this country has gone on since prehistoric times. The In- dians understood the process very well, but their methods were crude. They caught the sap in bark buckets or in gourd shells; boiled it in bark troughs by dropping in hot stones, and they stored the sugar for future use in bark boxes. article of commerce on the frontiers a hundred years ago. Chicago was a maple sugar center before it had any business with grain and meat or with lumber. Early traders at Chicago reported as a common article the “barks of sugar” brought in by Indians to be traded for whiskey. Further to the northwest, where hard maple was scarce, the Indians made sugar from boxelder. Sugar carried in such retainers was an The sugar-making carried on by early white settlers was nearly as crude and unsanitary as that of the In- dians, and in some rural communities there is still room for improvement; but where the industry is on a large scale, up-to-date methods prevail. The business pays. In Vermont the claim is made that a sugar grove brings larger returns than the same ground would bring if devoted to agriculture. In the past, most of the sugar has come from trees planted in nature’s way, and at haphazard; but the tendency now is to plant trees, or at least to thin and properly space those which nature plants, so that they will not be unduly crowded, nor yet so far apart that they do not wholly occupy the ground. The flow of the sap from which sugar is made takes place during the first warm days of spring. An erro- neous idea prevails that the sap is rising from the ground to the tree’s crown, and that the flow is due to that fact. 1031 exists for dation No that belief. There is more tree in winter the sap in tne It accu- and rema When the wood pres- amount to square y I cu e | o e te Ss i oe tg & T +i : S S e \V eens W evel 4 AMERICAN FORESTRY air within, thereby creating pressure by the expansion of sufficient to force That process was formerly re- the air the sap out. ed to by settlers on the some other cause de- manded sugar in winter and none was available that made from cept maple trees with which snowy forests abounded. The College York Forestry New State of at Syracuse is maintaining in Forest Station at Syracuse an experimen- tal nursery where over one million trees are produced The College in- this forest nursery and of the work Station. oO f vites inspection experimental being carried on in the It will be gla JQ d to give in- time Cc that are best suited to di ils, methods of i rores i f > . * ner x t > ‘ there wull € u T 1€ ARC care of trees nting, etc. It is u me has planted these they will not pleasure of watching the development of of little trees. the purpose b A at IQ } ganizations it ll comprise some of is expected that are $3.00 each. ber should arrange for same at once. Reservations should be requested from of the Massachusetts Forestr Boston, or P. S. Joy Street, Ridsdale, secretary American Association, Washi Korestr i TeStry The Reforestation Movement in China By W. F. SHERFESEE Director of Forestry, Philippine Islands HINA has long been held up as the horrible example of forest neglect. Her treeless hillsides have proved the text for many a lecture, and her floods have served to illustrate many a warning. ‘The casual traveler, by river boat or railroad, in describing his impressions, has seldom failed to refer to the treeless- ness of the areas through which his route lay; and the technical forester and the conservation propagandist have joined the tourist in deprecating the negligence in the past which has deprived the present-day Chinese of one of the most essential elements of industrial civilization. In most cases such accounts have not been exaggerations, for although there are said still to be found large areas of forest in more or less good condition, particularly in Manchuria, it is undoubtedly true that throughout most portions of the country the treeless mountains rise naked from the treeless plains. That such a situation as this has had and continues to have a disastrous effect upon the industrial productive- ness of the country, as well as upon the comfort and well-being of its inhabitants cannot be doubted. Mr. Gifford Pinchot writes that— NOTABLES AT TREE PLANTING ON PURPLE MOUNTAIN, NEAR NANKING, CHINA A gathering to attend the ceremonial tree planting to mark the inauguration of the Forest School in the University ng, March 15, 1915. The principal figures shown are (1) His Excellency, Chang Chien, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, (2) States Consul Wil- liams of Nanking, (3) The Daodai, or Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Kiangsu, (4) Mr. Wang, the May Chief Magistrate of Nanking, (5) Mr. Chiu Chi Heng, the President of the Nanking Branch of the Chinese Colonization A iation, AS ay 4 Bowen of the University of Nanking. In the midst of the crowd are Mr. Ngan Han, in charge of the Forest Office at P. C. King, Forester of the Province of Anhwei 1033 1034 AMERICAN FORESTRY PURPLE MOUNTAIN NEAR NANKING, CHINA General view of the lower slopes of Purple Mountain showing the house erected for tools, superintendent in charge of the work The tree plantations are visible in the distance is the Yang-tze-Kiang “Of the two basic materials of our civilization, wood and iron, the forest supplies one. ‘The dominant place of the forest in our national economy is well illustrated by the fact that no article whatsoever, whether of use or ornament, whether it be for food, shelter, clothing, con- venience, protection, or decoration, can be produced and delivered to the user, as industry 1s now organized, with- out the help of the forest in supplying wood. An examination of the history of any article, including the production of the raw material, and its manufacture, transportation and distribution, will at make this point clear.” once These remarks, while made with particular reference to America, apply with equal force to China. Most por- tions of the new republic lie well north in the temperate zone, where fuel for warmth is a vital necessity during a large part of the year. Existing industries require large quantities of fuel and of lumber and no one will hesitate freely to admit that with a cheap and abundant supply of these so essential commodities, the standard of living among all classes, their comfort, health and productive- ness would all show a prompt and striking rise. But under existing conditions most of the needed forest prod- ucts must be imported and the resulting drain on the least The chief harm comes from the handicap to industrial devel- financial resources of the country is among the harmful effects of a most unfortunate situation. opment, from the depressed standard of living, and from the low productiveness per capita. Iven if means for shown by serve as living quarters for the The river seeds, etc., and to light dots in the middle distance towards the left. cheap and rapid transportation were available, importa- tion of lumber from abroad could never form a satisfac- The great mass of the population is poor and can ill-afford the tory substitute for a domestic timber supply. added cost of transportation—even granting that it were low—and the profits of the many dealers through whom the imported wood must pass. Since trees have vanished, brush and wild = shrub growth of all kinds have eagerly been consumed, until the very roots of the plants are dug from the ground to serve as a scanty supply of fuel for cooking and for warmth. The dead grass and the stubble from the fields are raked clean to eke out the desperately needed but lamentably inadequate supply. And then comes fire dur- ing the late autumn to add its share to an already almost hopeless situation. Naturally under such conditions floods are by no means rare, for the essential part played by forests in the protection of stream flow by conserving a large por- tion of the rainfall and giving it out later during the dry season is too well known and recognized to need exposi- tion here. In this connection, also, the fixation of wind-driven sands and loose earth is too important to be overlooked. To bring about such a result there is in most places no agency so effective and so profitable as the establishment of forest growth. THE REFORESTATION The magnitude of the task in China, the appalling amount of work which should be done, need not prevent a beginning being made, if only on a small scale, for while flood prevention and to a lesser extent the fixation of wind-blown earth require for best success that opera- tions should be undertaken and carried through on a large scale, the most pressing need of all—that of raising a cheap and abundant supply of fuel and timber—can be taken up on any scale, large or small, according to the available means. Through the energy, perseverance and skill of Prof. Joseph Bailie, cordially and actively supported by influ- ential Chinese and by the University of Nanking, an admirable beginning has already been made on the slopes of Purple Mountain, just outside the walls of Nanking, and a School of Forestry has been opened at Nanking. There is every reason to expect that a high degree of success will continue to attend these efforts and that they will, as they should, serve as an object lesson and as an encouragement for the inauguration and wide extension of similar projects. At the invitation of the University of Nanking, and through the courtesy of the Governor-General of the Philippines, the writer has recently been given an oppor- MOVEMENT IN CHINA 1035 tunity to visit the newly established Forest School in the University of Nanking and to study the reforestation work on Purple Mountain. Also, through the courtesy of Governor Han of Anhwei Province, facilities were afforded a party, of which the writer had the good for- tune to be a member, to make careful studies of many of the hills and mountains in the provinces to determine the feasibility of forest planting, and if conditions should prove favorable, to recommend the general lines on which such work could be undertaken with best chances for full success. To the writer at least the most astonishing fact revealed by these investigations is the great extent of excellent land lying waste on hill and mountain, In many places the population is overcrowded and desperately poor, yet in the immediate vicinity, rising perhaps from the very outskirts of the overcrowded towns and villages, are for forest fertile but unused hills, excellently suited growth. In fact, a considerable portion of these huge waste areas is covered with soil too good for forest growth—not that forest would not grow excellently in such situations, but that as the soil and configuration are suited for fruit growing or even for the intensive culti- vation of agricultural crops, it should be put to these PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN COMMEMORATION OI PHI ESTABLISHMENT OF THI NANKING BRANCH OI THE CHINESE COLONIZATION ASSOCIATION First Row (Seated) Reading from Left to Right—1. Su Si-tai, President of Nanking Chamber of Com Wu Chia-hsiu, President of Nitrate Mines 3) Dr Macklin, University of Nanking $4. Hsu Ch’ien, Commissioner of Industry 5. Han K in, Civil Governor of Kiangsu. 6. Ch’ui Lai-chih, formerly Vice-President of Kiangsu Provincial Assembly, Pre é Nanking Branc Colonization Asso- ciation 7. Wei Chia-hua, President of Charitable Associations of Kiangsu, Auditor of Accounts of Colonization Associatior 8. Chin Ting, Associated Director of Hsia Kuan Chamber of Commerce Second Row (Standing)—1. Chang Kuan-ch’i, Acting President of Agricultural Association of MKiangsu 2. Chang Han-ru, Vice-President of Chamber of Commerce of Nanking 3. T’ao Pao-tsing, formerly Representative to National embly Kor Ch? Investigator at Civil Governor’s Office 5. Lou Yuin-ch’ing, Secretary to Commissioner Industry 6. Joseph Ba University of Nanking 7. Chung Hung shen, formerly Judge in Chekian Province 8S. Liu Wei-li, Secretary in Civil Governor’s Office, formerly District Magistrate of Kiangning 9. Mr. Magee, Foreign Treasurer of Colonization Association 10. P’u Ch’i, Second Secretary in Civil Governor’s Off Third Row (Standing)—1. Chen Tu-hsiu, Secretary in Civil Governor's Office 2. T’ang Ch’ing-shen, Proctor of Law Sx 1 Chung Fu- ching, President ot Law School of Kiangsu $. Kan Hung, Vice-President of Chamber of Commerce 5. Wang siang, Treasurer of office for Road Building, Treasurer of Colonization Association Chang Tsen-pi, Chief Auditor Office of R 1 Building, Secretary Of Colonization Association 7. Huang Kuei. Director of Agricultural Station of Colonization Associatior S. Hsia Ren-hsiu, Secretary of Internal Affairs, Office of Civil Governor 1036 AMERICAN FORESTRY natural forests are left undisturbed to show what could be expected if nothing more were done than to protect the natu- ral growth from fire and cutting. But the presence of any forest growth what- ever under such circumstances is a very strong proof that little or no risk is involved in undertaking artificial refor- estation. Among the tree growth found naturally in Anhwei Province are pine, oak, chestnut, elm, maple, hackberry, willow, ailanthus, cypress, of which the Chinese name is Peh-Mu Shu; Cunning- hamia lanceolata or Sha-shu; Liquid- ambar or Feng; pistache, or Lien Shu; the Wing Nut; Dalbergia hupeana or Tian Shu and many others. That forest planting, on a large scale or small, on these idle lands found so PLANTING THE FIRST TREE ON PURPLE MOUNTAIN The figures in the foreground, from left to right, are His Excellency, Chang Chien, Minister Nanking Peking; a National Review Mr of Agriculture and Commerce: United States Consul Williams, of serving as the Representative of the United States Minister in poised in mid-air, Mr. Sheldonridge, of Shanghai, Editor of the Bailie is seen standing in the center of the photograph abundantly throughout China, would be highly profitable cannot be doubted. The (stooping), #: soil and climate are excellently suited Labor is abundant, very and with gs] to the purpose. more profitable uses. As is to be ex- pected, however, by far the larger por- tions of these hills and mountains are suited to forestry alone—their poor, shal- low soil, their slope, or their rock-strewn surface rendering them unfit for more intensive use. Some of these idle lands are held under private ownership, but title to the greater portion is held by the government. Every consideration urges that these put to the various uses to which they are so well adapted—that they should be made to produce the forest or agricultural crops waste lands be for which there is such pressing need. Land suitable for agriculture should be Of that possible put under intensive cultivation. which remains as much as should be devoted to fruit growing—and the remainder, the largest portion of all, to the production of fuel, timber and other products of the forest. Fruit trees found grow- ing wild on hillsides prove that success will attend such operations if they are conducted with reasonable | skill and care. Found growing naturally were species of wild pear, persimmon, peach and cherry and young bushes of the soft jujube. And if additional assurance of success should still be desired, it is to be found in the fruit orch- ard occasionally encountered—established and cared for by private owners of land on the lower slopes of the hills, and yielding most satisfactory returns. Also throughout practically all of the areas we visited we found that in spite of the scarcity of seeds, in spite of the eager activity of fuel-gatherers, the rudiments of forest growth are still present; and when given a chance that they develop into forests of fair density and form. It is seldom or that small areas of such never even A FEATURE OF THE REFORESTATION WORK Transporting humus from a nearby lake-bottom to enrich the soil in the nurseries and in the plantations on Purple Mountain. I I cheap and can be made highly efficient by proper in- struction. As there is a greedy demand for forest products in the immediate neighborhood, market con- ditions and transportation present no difficulties. Nor is it necessary to postpone the returns until the trees have reached sufficient size to produce saw logs. A very much shorter rotation may be adopted, due to the heavy demand for fuel and for small round timber of all kinds and dimensions. All necessary conditions, so far as we were able to anticipate, are present, nor is there any diffi- culty which cannot be overcome by the exercise of ordi- skill situations in which reforestation has been successfully nary and foresight. In comparison with most carried out in the United States, the conditions in China are extremely favorable. It is unlikely that the Chinese government, either now or at any time within the near future, will feel in a posi- tion itself to carry on extensive work in reforestation THE REFORESTATION MOVEMENT IN CHINA CHINESE PUPILS FROM THE FORESTRY SCHOOL AT NANKING, CHINA Pupils, with their teacher, ready for a practical lesson in transplanting seedlings of forest trees. The stone figure in the background is a large monolith (marking the grave of a general) borne on the back of an erermous stone turtle. Even if funds were available, the personnel is lacking for succor to sufferers from famine, it has now definitely jus- such work to be undertaken and carried out on a large scale. It is to the private owner or planter, therefore, that we must look for the reforestation so badly needed throughout the country. Thus the first steps should be to encourage the own- ers of private land now lying waste to plant with profitable trees of fruit or forest species ; to get the idle public land into private ownership or under private use; and by seed distribu- tions, by the establishing of tree nurs- eries to supply the young stock, or by actual demonstrations made or instruc- tion given on the ground, to assist the private individual to secure the great- est returns from his time and labor. Especially at first, experiments should play but small part. tant that the initial efforts should suc- one of the It is most impor- ceed and surest ways to accomplish such a purpose is to use a tree species found growing naturally in the vicinity and under the actual conditions which the young, new forest will have to meet. Later on, when the practicability of the work has been abundantly demonstrated, exotic species can be included with probable profit and without much risk. It is along these lines that Prof. Bailie has conducted his notable work on Purple Mountain. Undertaken orig- inally as a means for giving needed PROF. JOSEPH BAILIE tified its own existence, and it has proved the soundness of his plans and the skill and common sense which underlay his energy and enthusiasm. It has put to profitable use large areas which had hitherto lain idle. It has given temporary employ- ment to thousands, and many families now gain a comfortable and permanent livelihood on land which would other- wise have remained indefinitely unpro- ductive. It has resulted in the estab- lishment of a comprehensive course in forestry in the University of Nanking; and probably most important of all, it is serving and will serve as an inspira- tion and encouragement for the inaugu- ratior of other, and possibly larger, projects elsewhere throughout the new republic. As_ stated the reforestation work on Purple Mountain had its be- above, ginnings in a recent famine which ren- dered countless Chinese homeless and destitute. Thousands flocked to the city of Nanking and naturally looked to the University and to the mission- aries for assistance and relief. At first, money and food were supplied by di- rect distribution, but Prof. Bailie con- ceived the better idea of employing the destitute in some useful work which, while meeting their immediate necessi- ties, would also provide at least some of them with a permanent and suitable 1038 AMERICAN FORESTRY went out of existence. The fertile lands lying both in the north and in the west were then laid waste, to say nothing of the already barren regions where culti- vation and improvement were never thought of. With natural resources thus undeveloped, our people have been led from idleness to poverty, which is mainly responsible for China’s weakness—a con- dition truly deplorable! “Tt is for this reason that we have started the Colonization Association with a view to relieve the poor through the cultivation of the waste plains and val- leys. Under the guidance of Joseph sailie, an English professor specializing in agriculture, the colonists shall be taught farming along modern lines. The details of our scheme are contained in our regulations. All the executive offi- cers of our Association are elected from HOME OF A CHINESE COLONIST This family has been established in the stand of pine, a few trees of which are to be seen in the picture. The house is built of stones, reeds and grass and is typical of the residences of this class of Chinese. among the Chinese Committee. Four thousand mow (700 English acres) of land have been secured on Purple Moun- tain, outside of Nanking, for the pur- livelihood. the task of building roads to and around Purple Mountain and of putting the waste land on its slopes and foothills AM. The intro- They were, therefore, given into a productive condition. duction of agricultural crops on the rich land at the base of the mountain was the first object, but it was soon found that as such areas were naturally lim- ited, reforestation must be depended upon for the utilization of the great It was body of land on the upper slopes. also realized that in order to make the plans permanent and adequate, Chinese sympathy and cooperation must be ob- tained. The formation of the “Coloniz- ation Association of the Republic of China” was the first natural outgrowth. Readers of AmeERtcaAN Forestry will doubtless find much of interest in the following petition sent to Governor Gen- eral Cheng of Kiangsu Province by His Excellency, Chang Chien (at that time Minister of Agri- culture and Commerce and still chairman of the Coloniza- tion Association), and others: “Your Excellency: “We (Chang Chien, Ma Liang, Chiu Chiheng, Ku Chi, and Chang Tzu-lin), representing the Board of ‘Trustees of the Colonization Association of the Republic of China, respectfully present this petition, requesting your exami- nation and permission for registration. “The Chinese nation was built up on farming. As early as the medieval times, the “well” system of land di- vision had been organized on a sound basis conforming to the principles of modern socialism. Unfortunately, with the wars and the feudal states and the tyrannical rule of the Chin Dynasty, this system degenerated and _ finally CHINESE FORESTRY STUDENTS Che type of bright enthusiastic young men who are being trained to be the future foresters of China. They are making rapid progress in their studies pose of experimentation, which, if successful, will lead to further extension. “We therefore enclose our Regulations for your exam- ination, with the request that proper registration be per- mitted to us, that order be given to the local officials to issue proclamations, and that the Boards of Agriculture and Finance be notified to that effect, so that all province- may know what we aim to accomplish. “This is our Petition.” The Governor General replied as follows: “To Chang Chien and other ‘Trustees of the Coloniza- tion Association of the Kepublic of China: “Your petition has had my attention. It is true that the Chinese nation was built up on farming. ‘The “Well” System, so well organized during the Medieval Ages, found some traces in the two Hans when they made efforts to encourage agriculture. It was not until after THE REFORESTATION MOVEMENT the Tsin and the Wei Dynasties that this ancient prin- ciple was entirely forgotten. Since then, things went from bad to worse; and today the economic tide of our people has almost reached its lowest ebb. “To have such large tracts of land lying waste and barren in a country known to the world to be the richest in natural resources, is certainly deplorable! You gentle- men have done well by organizing the Colonization Asso- ciation. You are laying the foundations for national development and paving the way for Chinese colonization. I can not peruse your petition without appreciating your good ideas and well-laid plans. “Tt is also gratifying to note that Mr. Bailie, out of TEMPLE USED A former Buddist temple (in the interior) now devoted to school pur- poses by the Chinese Colonization Association. The large arch in the foreground is the formal gate with which all temples are customarily provided. AS A SCHOOL his love to humanity, has offered his valuable services for the relief of the poor. He will greatly profit our farmers by teaching them modern methods of agricul- ture. “T hereby permit your Association to be registered: I order the local officials to issue proper proclamations ; and, further, I send despatches to the Boards of Agricul- ture and Finance so that your purpose may be known to all the provinces. “This is my reply.” The Forest School made its first Spring of 1915 with the enrollment of seventeen students, from the famine beginnings in the all of whom hold scholarships: three relief fund, five from the from the Governor of Shantung and six who had for- Governor of Anhwei, five merly attended the German Forest School in Tsingtau, IN CHINA 1039 outbreak of hostilities with Japan. For each student the i380 Chinese dollars per year, tion, lodging and meals. which was discontinued at the University receives for which it provides tui- Their clothing and incidental expenses are supplied by the students themselves. The scholarship also provides a yearly cash allowance to each student of $30 for the purchase ef books and other This allowance is increased by $10 a year during each year of Thus $700 aol- will meet the student’s needs during needed incidentals. the course. lars local currency his four years’ residence at the school. The average age of the students is probably about 22. a strong, sturdy, intelligent set of students who institution. Chey are would do credit to any It has not yet been possible to start technical instruction in forestry, as the students are not sufficiently familiar with English to re- irth of published Chinese. that is, until the fall of 1916, most of their time and energy are being devoted to an intensive study of English which will ceive instruction in that language and there is a dez textbooks and reference books on forestry Accordingly, for at least 18 months, enable them to take advantage of forest literature pub- lished abroad. The most encouraging the central government, are planning to inaugurate similar feature of the entire work is sagerness with which the provinces, and even the MOUNTAIN ROAD-MAKING ON PURPLE Here coolies take the place of draft animals. Note men who vising the work carrying umbrellas. are super- Han of Anhwei Province has easily shown himself the most progressive in this ~ > projects elsewhere. Governor respect. In a speech which he recently made occurred the following statement : “China has long been an agricultural nation. Nanking and its neighborhood were left barren and deserted by the recent wars. Such wrongs fill men’s hearts with shame. It is very fortunate Mr. Bailie has taken every possible means to encourage agriculture and forestry. But the Purple Mountain is but a limited area, and un- less this work be extended to other villages and magis- tracies, the plan lacks perfection. I have personally visited Mr. Bailie’s Experiment Station, and my heart 1040 AMERICAN was filled with veneration for his works. I hope that the people of Kiangsu will follow his example. I, being confined to my official duties, hope that, in the future, when released from my post, I may learn the method of agriculture and forestry under Mr. Bailie.” In the service of Anhwei Province under Governor Han is Forester P. C. King, a recent Chinese graduate ef Cornell, whose efforts are now being directed towards the wide extension of forestry in his province. While the leaders of the reforestation movement in China will undoubtedly meet with many difficulties and discourage- ments which are inseparable from pioneer work of all kinds, there is every reason to believe that the work has made a sound and permanent beginning and that future decades will show a very different and much happier state of affairs from that which the present generation has inherited from its ancestors. Nore.—Much of the credit for founding the Nanking Forest School belongs to Major Geo. P. Ahern, former director of Forestry in the Philippine Islands. In 1910 Major’ Ahern visited China and was impressed by the vast areas of country entirely bare of any tree growth. FORESTRY A little later he wrote to Hon. Amos P. Wilder, American Consul General at Shanghai, as follows: “While in China last fall I was impressed with the need of a Forest Service of that country. It is one of the cry- If Chinese students, trained American methods, later on found a Chinese Forest Service it will mean that the development of their for- ing needs of China today. It will mean another link in the chain of friendship that now binds America and China.” ests will be along modern lines. By conferences and correspondence Major Ahern then erranged for the entrance and maintenance of Chinese students in the Philippine School of Forestry and a num- ber of Chinese have since been under training there. Last Fall Major Ahern suggested to the authorities of the Nanking University a plan for establishing a school of forestry at Nanking, the plan was approved and he was asked to participate, but illness prevented his accept- ance. ‘The school was opened last March under promis- ing auspices.—Tue Eprror. Land Speculators URING the last decade, the Forest Service has classified as agricultural and opened to public entry more than 15,500 individual scattered tracts of lands in the national forests, comprising more than 1,700,000 acres, says an article by the Chief For- ester, published in the Year Book of the Department of Agriculture, just issued. Within the last two years, in addition, several large blocks have been eliminated aggre- gating more than 2,500,000 acres, while nearly 2,000,000 acres more are now under consideration for elimination. All the remaining agricultural land in the national for- ests is confined chiefly in isolated tracts scattered here and there; to restricted areas requiring irrigation, where water cannot be obtained; and to certan river bottoms and benches which are not covered with very heavy and valuable timber. A constant pressure is being brought to bear on the Government by private individuals who want to acquire possession of these heavily timbered agricultural lands, value as In spite of the fact that some of these lands have soil suitable for agricul- single quarter-sections of which often have a high as $20,000 for the timber alone. ture, to throw them open as homesteads would not result in farm development. This has been proven over and over again where lands of this kind, acquired under the Homestead Law, are today held not by homesteaders but by lumber companies, who promptly purchased them from the settlers as soon as title passed from the Gov- ernment—a_ speculative process which effectively pre- vents men of small means from acquiring land and establishing homes. The Government is withholding from agricultural entry all such heavily timbered land until after the tim- ber is cut off. As soon as this is done, the land will be Block Settlement opened to entry and settlers will be able to acquire it directly from the Government without cost, instead of having to pay from $40 to $60 an acre to land specu- For example, on the Kaniksu National Forest in Idaho and Washington, the Government’s timber sales have been made to include much of the remaining timbered agricultural land. Within eight years fully 10,000 acres will be made available for settlement. Per- manent homes will be established by the settlers, and there will be available for the use of communities ap- proximately $225,000 for roads and schools, their legal share of the proceeds from the timber sales. Private ownership of heavily timbered agricultural land blocks lators. farming development, says the article; Government own- ership insures such development under conditions that give opportunities to the small settler whose only capital is his strength and courageous perseverance. One of the most serious agricultural problems of the northwest today is the development of the logged-ofi lands in private ownership. In Oregon and Washington alone more than three million acres of such logged-off lands are lying idle, although much of this area has fine agricultural soil and a climate that insures abundant crops and the development of thriving communities. Yet in this same region hundreds of settlers are seeking to find places in the national forests, usually remote from transportation, high in the mountains, where the climate is harsh and the soil relatively poor, simply because the good lands at lower levels outside the forests are held by the speculators at prohibitive The true solu- tion of the problem of agriculture in such sections is to develop the rich logged-off private lands that lie outside the forests, and not to throw open the non-agricultura! lands within the forests. prices. These growths are sent up by the roots of the cypress tree and they are generally hollow and vary from a few inches to several feet in height. It is generally believed that their function is to furnish air to the roots of the tree because they die when the water in which many of the trees grow is drained off. Suggestions for Using ‘“‘Cypress Knees”’ THE QUEER GROWTHS KNOWN AS “CYPRESS KNEES” By Howarp F. WEIss Director of Forest Service Laboratory at Madison, Wis. HOSE familiar with cypress timber and the con- ditions under which it grows are also familiar | . z { with the queer growths known as “cypress knees.” Cypress grows best in marshy ground or even in quite deep water in the southern portions of the United States. When the trees stand in soft ground which is covered with water a large part of the year, the roots send up peculiar growths known as “knees.” They are sharp, cone-shaped and generally hollow. They vary from a few inches to several feet in height and under ordinary conditions extend above the water. It is generally believed that the function of these knees is to furnish air to the roots of the tree, because when the water is drained away they die. They also furnish a firmer anchorage for the roots in the soft earth. The illustration at the top of the page shows a typical scene in one of the cypress stands. This indicates the large number of these knees which might be collected at a relatively small cost during lumbering operations if 1042 AMERICAN CYPRESS KNEE USED AS A FLOWER JARDENIERE they could be utilized. At present they are occasionally used locally for rustic furniture such as lawn tables and benches, but no extensive use has been made of them. An accompanying photograph shows how cypress knees have been utilized for flower jardinieres at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Many other similar uses might be made of them and a number of such uses are indicated in the other illustration. The principal difhculty experienced in making such articles is in properly drying the knees. ‘They generally check badly, but with a demand for them well estab- lished, some satisfactory method of treatment and sea- soning might certainly be perfected. THE FIRST TOWN FOREST ITCHBURG, Mass., claims to be the first mun nicipality in the country to have officially set aside under a State law an area which is not connected in any way with its parks or water supply system for the express purpose of growing trees for The action of the city government was taken in the Public Domain Act of 19183—by which cities and towns profit. accordance with the Town Forest Law—known as vithin the Commonwealth may own, control and operate forests. Tor this purpose, four tracts aggregating 105 acres in extent have been set apart to be known and used 31,16 and 8 this These tracts contain 50, \bout as a Town Forest. acres, respectively. one-fourth of land is FORESTRY now covered with white pine ranging in age from 20 to 60 years. ‘The remainder is cut-over land, now partly covered with sprout growth so common in Massachusetts. The city forester, Mr. Page S. Bunker, will prepare working plans for this area and the planting of the cut- over land to white pine will begin next spring. Mr. Bunker was connected for many years with the United States Forest Service and is ably fitted to develop an efficient forest for the city. He has been in his present position but a few months. This action by the city government was inspired and the Fitchburg Branch of the Massachusetts Forestry Association. A chiefly by the Park Commission, petition was presented by the chairman of the Park Commission, Dr. D. S. Woodworth, asking that this land be utilized as a Town Forest. It was supported at the hearing by the president of the Branch Association, Hon. Frank O. Hardy, an ex-mayor. Fitchburg was the first municipality in the State to organize a local branch of the State Association and the sentiment for conservation is very strong. While this is a very feeble beginning toward the es- tablishment of an efficient Town Forest, it is tremen- dously significant in view of the fact that it is the be- ginning of one of the greatest movements for conserva- tion ever started in this country. ‘Town Forests are bound to increase in number and area very rapidly since the public is becoming alive to their wonderful possi- bilities and practical advantages. There are nine States that already have laws permitting towns and cities to create and manage their own forests. A great many cities and towns throughout the country are practicing scientific forestry to a greater or less de- gree on lands owned by the municipality, but in every case so far as we know, this work has been done in connection with the public parks or for the purpose of protecting the water supply. In other words, the matter of timber production has always been a_ secondary consideration. Through the interest which has been created in Town Forests in Massachusetts, by the Massachusetts Forestry Association, it 1s believed that many such forests will be started in Massachusetts. The Association has offered to plant fifty acres to white pine, in the Town Forest of the city or town which makes the best showing in the establishment of such a forest this year. This prize, which consists of 60,000 three-year-old white pine trans- plants, is well worth striving for and is creating a keen competition, Ten entries must have been made before the prize will be awarded. To enter the contest, at least one hun- dred acres must be, officially, set aside as a town forest under the new town forest law and fifty acres of this area must either be planted to trees or already contain forest growth of commercial species. If the contest succeeds, there will be over 1,000 acres of ‘Town Forest in the State, and a half or more of it will be covered with timber-producing trees. It is a small beginning of a very big and important movement. Growing Pine at a Profit By J. R. Assistant State Fore PINE seed, planted and grown under average con- ditions, will produce, in fifty years, a tree one foot or more in diameter. Waste land in the state of Massachusetts, if reforested this year with four-year-old pine transplants, would yield $376,000,000 worth of lum- 1965. care, the interest on the investment and the taxes for the ber in Deductng from the cost of planting and fifty years, would leave a net profit of $140,000,000. This 1,000,000 of waste land, and that the cost of planting would be $12 calculation assumes that there are acres per acre, that the land is registered under the new forest taxation law—a law similar to those now in force in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut and Vermont— and that lumber will be worth as much fifty years hence as it is today. Fifty years is a long time to wait for returns on an investment; especially so when the expected results of SIMMONS ster of Massachusetts the planter are based upon a theory or upon the experi- ence of a state or national government. One of the greatest hindrances to the work of private forest build- no ms has been the lack of any record of individual suc- The fifty-year period was referred to merely because the cess. It is not, however, necessary to wait so long. maximum profit is gained in that time. Forest stands now in existence demonstrate that up to fifty years the trees grow faster than the interest on the investment. ‘The turning point comes with the retarded growth of the pine. Looking back a period of years it is found that there was as much interest in forest planting in the Eastern states between 1820 and 1880 as there is today, with the result that large plantations were made by private indi- viduals and some few by corporations. Seedlings were usually dug up from fields surrounding old seed pines FORTY-ONE-YEAR-OLD WHITE PINE PLANTATION This picture was taken after the stand had been properly thinned according to the most approved forestry methods and is a_ striking illustration of what might be accomplished with much of the non-agricultural land in Massachusetts if it were planted with white pine and protected from fire, insects and disease The stand is near South Lancaster, Mass., and is owned by Mr. Harold Parker. 1043 FIFTY-YEAR-OLD WHITE Massachusetts planted this year of planting and care, interest on investment and taxes, yield a net The author estimates that waste land in and planted, either at random or in rows, and spaced at distances varying from four to fifteen feet. At the end of that period there were in Massachusetts alone forest plantations to the extent of 10,000 acres. Interest then began to decline, owing to the immense supply of lumber brought in from the region of the Great Lakes at a low rate of transportation, and also to the inadequate methods of combating forest fires. These conditions tended to gradually dampen the enthusiasm of the forest planter. —_- WHITE PINE PLANTATION AT AMERICAN FORESTRY S Seek en ran meee - Bi | PINE with PLANTATION four-year-old pine seedlings would, in pront of $140,000,000. 1965, after deducting cost Some of the plantations still remain. Despite the fact that they have received little or no treatment and, with one or two exceptions, have not been thinned, they have reached maturity, and stand as a rcord for the present generation of what the results of reforestation will be. During the winter of 1914 the writer made and inves- tigation of these old stands in connection with his in the State Department of Forestry. work Something as to the history of the plantations was learned from the owners, and then they were measured, either as entire REHOBOTH, MASSACHUSETTS—ENTERIOR VIEW I atior fifty-five years old Pasture trees were used, being planted about eight to ten fect. Careful measurement showed that there s tract about 43,500 board feet to the acre The larity of the growth is due to the great care originally exercised in lining GROWING tracts, or by the selection of sample plots, and the results in each case were reduced to terms of board measure. Among the plantations measured is one fifty-five years old at Rehoboth, Mass., owned by Mrs. Clara I. Hub- bard. It was planted by a Mr. Christopher Carpenter, and pasture trees were used, and spaced about eight to ten feet. So regular was the growth found to be, and so much care was originally exercised in lining up the rows, that a slightly different method than that of sample plots was employed in measuring. ‘Two rows of trees through the tract were taken for heights and diameters, and the contents in each case multiplied by the total num- ber of rows. A sample plot was selected as a check on this work and gave about the same average result. Sixty- six rows, covering about seven acres, were found to contain 304,590 board feet, or about 43,500 board feet to the acre. At South Lancaster, Mass., two plantations were measured. The first, that of Mr. Harold Parker, had been investigated by the Government nearly ten years ago and four sample plots laid out and the trees num- bered. A record of this data was loaned by the Depart- ment of Forestry at Washington, and with the help of this the amount of tree growth for the decade was deter- mined. It was found that the stand was making a current annual gain of about 1,000 board feet to the acre. The other plantation at South Lancaster is mentioned because, in this case, a thinning was made in 1908, being practically the only stand on which work of this kind was carried out. Fourteen thousand feet of box boards and 40 cords of wood were removed. The dead branches, so persistent on white pine, were knocked off from the trunks of the trees in order to improve the appearance of the grove. sections. The sixty-year-old growth measured 43,620 board feet, and the forty-one-year-old 26,000 board feet to the acre. The planting was originally done in two A summary of all the measurements made shows that plantations 30 to 40 years old would yield, if cut, 21,910 board feet; plantations 40 to 50 years old, 32,726 board feet, and plantations 50 to 60 years old, 41,186 board feet to the acre. These results compare very favorably with native stands of white pine, measurements for which have been carefully made for several years under State Forester F. W. Rane, both in the field and at the mill. Assistant Forester H. O. Cook in 1914 compiled a table of rotations for native pine for assistance to wood-lot cwners in applying the new forest taxation law. The gross returns are represented by the stumpage value obtained from a yield table made by measuring sample plots in well-stocked stands in all parts of the state. On comparison, the amounts given in this yield table are in substantial agreement with the average shown by the plantations. The stumpage rates chosen run from $6 to $10, which are the rates of the present day, no allowance being made for the future increase in lumber prices. By PINE At Ar PROPEL INTERIOR VIEW OF PLANTATION Showing the regularity of planting and growth in trees which are now fifty-five years old. It is estimated that the net profit of this white pine if cut now would be at the rate of $140.25 an acre. substituting, therefore, the plantations for the native stands, the profit or loss on the investment may be de- termined from the time when the trees are old enough to yield lumber to the time when they enter the period of old age. The cost of the land is assumed to be the first expense, and is placed at $5 per acre. The second is the cost of planting, which is placed at $12 per acre and includes both the raising of the seedlings at the nursery and the final planting of them upon the land selected for forest. ‘The tax rate is placed at $20 per thousand. The land pays taxes from the beginning, but the timber, if classified under the new law, not until it is cut, when it pays a product tax of 6 per cent. All of these expenses are carried at 5 per cent compound interest to the end of the rotation. At thirty-five years the interest on the land value would be $22.56, the cost of planting plus interest would be $66.18, taxes and interest would be $7.85, tax paid if trees were cut $8.18, representing an investment of Cut at that age, the lumber yield per acre would be 17,000 board feet, valued at $136, of which $39.41 would be net profit. $23.35 or an investment plus interest of $96.59. By the same process, the net profit at the age of forty years would be $62.42, at the age of forty-five years $80.59, at the age of fifty years, $140.25. The maximum yield comes at fifty years. The trees would continue to grow after that time, so that the total yield in board feet at sixty-five years would be 46,200 board feet per acre, as against 37,600 board feet at fifty years; but compound interest would grow still faster at that age, and the net profit would be less in sixty-five years than in fifty years. AMERICAN FORESTRY In the light of these measurements, can it be said that forest building and forest improvements are interests adapted only to the rich? At present prices on lumber, a pine plantation is a 6 or 7 per cent investment in Massachusetts, but an increase in stumpage values of whatever per cent will make a corresponding increase in the returns. Young men who plant forests today can begin to look for profits at once if they plant for specu- lative purposes, as the land commands a higher price in the real estate market after a growth of trees is estab- lished upon it than before it is planted, and profit from the sale of lumber begins at the end of thirty years, when the stumpage value will have caught up with the cost. taxes and interest. Shade Trees By Mrs. Emmons CrocKER SIDE from the grateful shade on a hot summer day, few persons ap- preciate the value of trees on city streets. ‘They do not realize to what an extent trees cool the atmosphere in hot weather—and, still more importan:, how they purify the air by absorbing the gases exhaled by man and animal and giving out large quantities of oxygen which ani- mal life requires. avish is the praise due the American lorestry Association for the work it has done in dealing with the great question of forestry—in helping to preserve the integrity of the national forests and us- ing its influence to acquire new tracts important to the welfare of the people; in encouraging the organization of state forestry associations to look after the interests of the commonwealths. Now it has taken up the more intimate question of city trees because, although in some states this phase is well in hand through state organizations that have in turn founded city and town societies for the care and planting of trees in the streets, there are others that are in dire need of its assistance. It cannot receive too hearty support in this new undertaking. | hope that all who are invited will consider it a privilege—an act of patriot- ism—to become members of the Ameri- MRS. EMMONS CROCKER Ex-Chairman of Conservation, General Federation Women's Clubs and President of the American lorestry Associ yn can Forestry Association and thereby aid in sustaining the great service it 1s ren- dering the nation. The Birdy Deparment By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University CONSERVING THE WATERFOWL OR over a month now, sportsmen throughout most of the country have been enjoying the hunt- The frosts in the north and the falling temperature have driven them southward in ing of waterfowl. ever-increasing numbers and, on favorable days, countless flocks have filled the air on their way to better feeding grounds in the south. lured by calls of their fellows or by decoys sporting about Many have stopped in passing, in attractive ponds and marshes, and many have ap- peared on the tables of successful gunners as the most tempting item on the menu. For the ducks and geese are far from extinct. In spite of the fact that their present numbers represent but a small fraction of the innumerable hordes that formerly swept over the country twice a year, they still visit us in numbers sufficient to be of value in the nation’s food supply and to make the They have withstood the persecution of unrestricted shooting hunting of them a legitimate and successful sport. better than any other game and, with the laws that are now in force and the resting spots that have been granted them, they are likely to hold their own unless some un- thinking legislature should see fit to change the statutes. Fifty years ago the ducks received no protection at all. The supply was thought inexhaustible and they were hunted from the time they appeared in the fall until they left again in the spring, and in states where they nested they were shot by unprincipled gunners even during the breeding season. As they became more and more wary, various devices were contrived to make the killing of ce them easier. “Big guns” with a range far greater than that of ordinary guns were fastened in the bows of skiffs and in some places cannon, loaded with several pounds of shot, were trained upon the waters and the ducks baited within range by scattering grain. Even at night there. was no respite, for searchlights were thrown upon their roosting beds and murderous volleys poured upon them. This was not sport, but it supplied the tremendous demand for them in the market. When this slaughter, the fact that most of the United States breed- you consider, in addition to barbarous ing grounds in northern Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota were rapidly becoming wheat fields and gar- dens, it is not surprising that the decrease in their num- bers soon became appalling, and that the various states began to pass laws restricting the shooting, laws that have culminated in the passage of the Weeks-\cLean Bill, which gives the Federal Government jurisdiction over all migratory birds, including the waterfowl. HE passage of this bill was one of the greatest steps which the game conservation movement has ever taken and already, though it has been in force but two years, reports from all parts of the country tell of an unprecedented increase in the numbers of our migratory birds. Enemies of conservation, never- theless, have attempted to interfere with its usefulness by cutting the appropriation for enforcing it and have even attacked its constitutionality. During the past month, in fact, a test case has been brought before the Supreme Court of the United States to determine this point once and for all. If for any reason it should be found to be unconstitutional, let us earnestly hope that the difficulty can soon be rectified so that the protection which the present law affords will not be removed and so that we may continue to reap the benefits which we are already deriving from it. One of the chief reasons for the great increase in the numbers of migratory birds following the enforcement of this law has undoubtedly been the clause prohibiting all spring shooting, so that birds that would ordinarily be killed in many states on their way to their breeding grounds now return in the fall with their young, causing, in some places, nearly 100 per cent increase. The stopping of all night shooting is another very desirable feature of the law, for it gives the birds a chance to feed undisturbed after sunset and before dawn. If it could have included also a measure pro- hibiting the sale of game anywhere in the United States, the future of the waterfowl would have been assured. This, however, seems to be a state right and up to this time only seventeen states have availed themselves of the privilege of thus conserving our game for the common good of all. As Dr. Hornaday has observed, “The de- struction of game birds by sportsmen is trifling in com- parison with the slaughter by commerce,” and this is obviously true when we consider the facts that a single market-hunter in the South has been known to kill nearly 4.500 ducks in a single winter and that each year over 150,000 waterfowl were formerly sold in the New York markets. In this connection there is a clause in the game laws of most states limiting the number of ducks that may be killed in a day by each hunter. The number, however, is in all cases far too generous for the best interests of conservation. Those of New York, for example, noted for their saneness, allow each hunter to kill twenty-five season, if possible. This limit every day of the was designated in the days of the market-hunter and for 1047 1048 AMERICAN some reason has never been changed. Now the sale of game is prohibited and what family can dispose of 350 pounds of duck meat, the result of a week’s shooting? Most sportsmen would be content to kill but eight or ten ina day, but so long as the limit is retained at twenty-five human nature is such that every hunter shoots the limit whenever possible, either to show his skill or to keep up with the “other fellow,” and certainly it is conducive to the surreptitious selling of game among a large class of hunters. N ADDITION to the restrictions of hunting made by the Federal law, aside, through its provisions, protected migration routes along the three great rivers of the United States, the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi, where the Government has likewise set no shooting is allowed, so that some birds as least will find safe passage te and from their breeding grounds and serve as a per- manent breeding stock for supplying other parts of the country. But even more effective than these protected routes for the preservation of our waterfowl are the bird reserva- tions, both private and national, which have been estab- lished. ‘There exist in the United States and its territorial possessions nearly sixty Federal bird reserva- now tions, where no shooting whatsoever is allowed, and many private preserves where shooting is greatly re- the two in North Dakota and the one at the mouth of the Yukon in Alaska, for example, are in the breeding grounds of the waterfowl, while stricted. Some of the Federal reservations, others, such Breton Island, Louisiana, are favorite spots for spending the as winter. These little oases are doing much toward preserving and increasing our ducks, geese and swans and other migra- tory game. The way in which the ducks and geese recognize this protection and respond to it is very convincing of the for within the protected areas the birds become almost as tame as domestic poultry, while outside of it the extremely practicability of this form of conservation, same birds are wary. Even in other parts of the country, where there are no reservations, after the hunting sea- son is over, the ducks respond very quickly to any pro- tection shown them and will soon learn to come and be fed. Take, which a score of years ago thronged the Chesapeake and for example, the far-famed canvasbacks made it famous as a hunting resort but which today have almost deserted the region and have become extremely On the are hunted only wild. lakes of central New York, where they until the fifteenth of becoming much more numerous and after the January, they are hunting season, when they are often fed to keep them from starv- ing, they lose their fear and flock along the shores for The bluebills, in the shot at for bearing from the corn thrown out for them. that of bullets, before they leave in the spring will almost feed same region, birds have been over three months, many them scars ineffective from one’s hand. FORESTRY HE future of the waterfowl is much more pleas- ant to contemplate than that of any other game. If the Federal law can remain and be properly enforced and receive the approving sentiment of all the people; if all the markets can be closed to the sale of game, and if the ‘bag limits” can be appreciably reduced, there is no question but that future generations will enjoy just as good hunting, if not better, than we of today. For even though the breeding grounds of the waterfowl in the United States are being more and more restricted by improved agriculture, there will always remain the vast areas along Hudson Bay and from there westward to the Great Slave Lake, into which agriculture will never penetrate, but which, with its lakes and marshes, is admirably suited to the needs of the water- fowl. This vast extent of territory will send each fall its great flocks of ducks and geese to the United States and the protected migration routes, the reservations, and the limited open seasons will cut down the numbers killed. In this way the breeding stock will remain unimpaired and the great army of hunters, each year receiving rein- forcements, will still be able to find legitimate, health- giving sport about our lakes and marshes, and our gov- ernment will be conserving its great one of national assets. THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES T WOULD not be right to discuss the conservation of our wild life without mentioning the Audubon Move- ment, which has done more than anything else to bring about our present statutes and the establishment of bird and game reservations. The name Audubon So- ciety was first used by Dr. editor of Forest and Stream, in 1886 and under this title began an organization for the protection of birds. George Bird Grinnel, The National Association of Audubon Societies was organized in 1905 with Mr. William Dutcher as president and Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson as secretary and financial agent, and the activities of the association under their direction have so increased that, as Mr. Ernest Ingersoll has written— “The National Association of Audubon Societies is today a strong, far-reaching institution. Its platform is wide. While engaging actively in preserving wild life, it recognizes fully the claims of the sportsman, and has no fight with the man who legally kills game- -birds and game-animals. In summer it guards, by means of paid wardens, virtually every important colony of sea-birds on our Atlantic and Gulf coasts, as well as on many lakes of the interior. It owns or leases many islands where ducks and sea-birds breed, and these places are wonderful bird-sanctuaries. It originated the system of Federal bird reservations, and cooperates financially with the Government in protecting them. It publishes and distributes annually over 6,000,000 pages of bird- protective literature, and the home office, where twenty clerks are engaged, has become a general clearing house for all kinds of information in reference to the study and conservation of wild birds and animals. The association is particularly active in legislative work, and has been responsible for the enactment of many laws for the establishment of state game commissions; for shortening seasons for shooting wildfowl and upland game-birds; KILL-DEE for prohibiting the sale of game; for destroying the traffic in birds’ feathers; and in the capture of native birds for sale as cage-birds. It makes expenditures every year for the protection of big game, for feeding game- birds and song-birds in winter, and in prosecuting vio- lators of the law.” BIRD LIFE IN NOVEMBER OVEMBER is the month of sparrows. The white-throated, white-crowned, fox and _ tree sparrows and the red polls and snow buntings have come down from the north and joined our resident species. Fields, hedge rows, lake shores and the borders of woods, overgrown with weeds, furnish abundant food, and the thick winter plumages of the birds are ample pro- tection against the cold. The frosts have killed most of the insects or driven them into hibernation, so that only a few of the insect- eating birds remain. These are the hardy woodpeckers, chickadees and kinglets that seek out the larvae where they are hiding for the winter or live: upon the eggs 1049 fastened to the bark and branches, and they will stay with us all winter. Some of the blackbirds and grackles that have been feeding upon insects all summer have changed their fare with the coming of winter to a diet of seeds, and many of them are still with us. A few of the fruit-eating robins and bluebirds may still be around, and the fish- eating kingfisher and an occasional heron may likewise be seen. Practically all of the shore birds have left the northern states but the winter ducks like the old squaws, canvasbacks, golden-eyes, and mergansers, are just be- ginning to arrive in numbers. Now is the time to begin putting out food for the birds. Fasten pieces of suet to the branches and trunks of trees and scatter chicken feed beneath the shrubbery in an effort to retain as many about the grounds as possible. In the December issue various forms of feed- ing devices and methods of attracting and taming the winter birds will be discussed, but November is the time to begin attracting the birds if you would have a large number around all winter. Kill-dee ( Plover) By H. L. Jounson Wandering lost-one, ever at home From Hudson’s shore to Gila’s strand, Whither I will, there shall I roam. Shot like a bolt from the Master’s hand, I love the mountains, I love the sea, Hark to my cry, kill-dee! kill-dee! Strong and brave, clean and true, Sharp-angled wing, tendons like steel, Fighting the storm or piercing the blue. Mine the Supreme-gift, to live and to feel. I love the marsh, abide with me, Hark to my cry, kill-dee! kill-dee! Lost in the storm, weary and spent, I pause for a breath in the city’s glare, Or drop for a while in the woodsman’s tent, Living like him, great toil, humble fare. God’s great outdoors for him and me, Hark to my cry, kill-dee! kill-dee! Eternal wanderer, never at rest, Wanderlust ever, faithful to nature, Optimist always, somewhere to nest, Braving the present, no fear of the future, I love all men, mate, I love thee, Hark to my cry, kill-dee! kill-dee! Gift of the Infinite, proof of God’s love, Lover of men and trusting them fully, Lose not your faith in the power above, Take then my message, trusting it wholly, I bring you friendship, slay not me, Hark to my cry, kill-dee! kill-dee! Logging Rasak and Lagan By T. R. EAVING Singapore, one of the coastwise steamers ot the Koninglijke Paketvaart, which calls at Singa- pore every two weeks, proceeds up the Straits of where she takes on the mail brought by European steamers, for the west coast of Sumatra. Malacca, and stops at Penang, The steamers of the Paketvaart, being of light draught, enter the harbor of Penang by the South Channel, just as the German cruiser Emden did, when she destroyed a Russian and a French warship early in the war. All steamers of heavy draught enter the harbor by the North Channel and leave the same way. Leaving Penang, the steamer goes west to Sabang, an important coaling station on the Island, Palo Way, which is situated off the extreme northern end of the Island of Sumatra. The harbor of Sabang is very much up to date; it has a good wharf and very modern coal sheds, and traveling electric cranes for unloading coal from vessels into the sheds, or vice versa. From Sabang the steamer goes to Oleh Leh, which 1s the port of Kota Radja, the capital of Acheen, which lies about four miles inland. After leaving Oleh leh and calling at Meulaboh and ‘Tampat Toeon, the steamer HeELMs strikes out west for the Island of Si Maloe, before reach- ing which the captain of the steamer is apt to remark that it rains all the time on Si Maloe, and that this great and heavy growth of tim- ber with which the island is covered. It appears that the people on the other side of the earth aiso connect forests and rainfall, on which subject so much has been written in this country. rainfall is caused by the dense After leaving Oleh Leh and viewing the shores of Su- matra and outlying small islands, there are to be seen numerous rocky, barren little islands. In the dry season the extreme northwest coast of Sumatra looks in most places barren and uninviting, but when after a seven days’ trip from Singapore, the steamer arrives at the Island of Si Maloe, everything is green, no bare, barren land is to be seen, every little coral bank or island, no mat- It is one of the greenest spots on the face of the earth. It is not subject to wet and dry seasons in the sense that some ter how small, is covered with vegetation. other tropical or semi-tropical parts of the earth’s surface On the main Island of Si Maloe are three good land-locked bays, are, but has a heavy rainfall most of the time. RASAK LOGS Si Maloe, called by trees is that nearly Maloe is said to be Dutch 1 matu greenest the all the the on the island of peculiarity of the Rasah valuable and in demand mes o 1050 land Sinaloer, ace which rotted in Indian Ocean. portion 1S Sumatra in the from the sound northern coast of but the wood cut is off the the center, spot on earth LOGGING which are good harbors. At the northern end is Sibigo, in the central part is Telok Dalam, and on the southern The three places, and bring supplies and take out timber. The The themselves end is Sinabang. Paketvaart steamers call at all island is part of the State of Acheen. \chinese conquered the island and established there, RASAK AND LAGAN 1051 island are Rasak and Lagan. Rasak is a very hard and very heavy timber, and is considered next to Teak in firmness and lasting qualities. The trees grow large and tall ; limb. it is common to see them 100 feet up without a Next to the shore all around the island younger Rasak trees are comparatively sound, but in the interior most of the old, and a large percentage of the younger trees are defective in the heart. The large trees invariably are hollow. ‘The reason assigned for this is, that on the shores the trees have light and air, but in the interior the air is excluded by the dense growth of the tropical vegetation, which aiso prevents the penetration of sun- light, and consequently the moisture caused by the heavy rainfalls causes the trees to become defective. The Lagan timber is a softer timber, which also grows to large size, but is not as lasting as Rasak, when exposed to weather. It also checks very badly when it seasons, and the checks start from the heart to the outside. A stick of timber with the heart in, is virtually quartered at times after it has seasoned; but sawed into boards or dimensions that do not contain any heart, it makes fine lumber for interior work, and some species greatly re- semble Mahogany. Unlike the Rasak, which starts to decay from the inside, but outside of the inner defects is absolutely sound and firm, the Lagan starts to rot and decay from the outside when its time comes, and the rot penetrates the whole tree. ‘The topography of the island is very rough and uneven; the surface is largely irregular hills and knobs of every conceivable shape, and between these knobs and hills is swamp. The island is shaken by earthquakes at the interval of approximately twelve days ; OEY KON SEN AND HIS WIFE Mr. Sen is the Chinese manager of the timber company’s store at 51na- bang, and is a capable and progressive man His wite is half Chinese Her is that of the native Javanese of the costume and half Malay better class. but large numbers of the original inhabitants are still found on the island. In a convention between Great Bri- tain and Holland, acknowledged Holland’s sovereignty over Acheen, and Holland but the Achinese offered strong resistance. concluded in 1872, Great Britain sovereignty } After a bloody immediately asserted its and uncompromising war, which lasted from 1572 until 1909, the Achinese were subdued, or rather exterminated, and the country is now being repopulated with Malays and Javanese. ‘The Nederlandsch-Indische Government is spending large sums 9f money to build up the country again, and to develop the natural resources and e1icourage trade and commerce. The Nederlandsch-Indische Government owns and con- trols the mineral and timber resources of all its territory, and with the conquest of Acheen the timber of the Island of Si Maloe came under Government control. ‘The Govy- ernment gave concessions to two different companies, one at the northern end and one at the southern end, to ex- ploit the timber of the island, under Government regula- tions. The two principal commercial timbers of the Two Javanese womer costume Note the cut and the I which are as close together as they can be sewed on Karina twelve in all, while Batti: 1052 that is, about every twelve days there is a quake of more or less intensity. The Rasak and Lagan timbers grow only on the high ground, and in the swamps grows an impenetrable mass of useless timber and vines. Rattan is very plentiful and large quantities are exported. The natives have been cutting the smaller and sound Rasak trees around the bays for a long time, have hewed them square, and shipped them to markets, but the problem of getting big timber of the interior cut, is difficult. One of the com- panies has started to build a railroad, and has purchased regular Pacific Coast logging equipment of the heaviest type. This handles the logs all right, but the building of the railroad presents great difficulties and costs an exor- bitant, almost prohibitive, price. They cannot follow a valley, because there is none, and they cannot follow a ridge, because there is none, and all they can do, is to bridge from one hill to another. Fills are almost out of the question, because the nature of the soil is such, that the heavy tropical rains wash the dirt away almost as To reduce the large logs to mer- fast as it is put there. BUTT END OF RASAK TIMBER Loaded on a car in the yards of the company on the Island of Si Maloe, Dutch East Indies. This company has the concession for cutting this timber granted by the Nederlandsch-Indische Government which controls the timber and mineral resources of the country chantable size, that is, to cut all the sound parts of the logs from around the defective center, the company has put in one of the largest type Pacific Coast band mills. The company has also evolved a plan of seasoning the timber in fresh water, thereby increasing its lasting qual- ities, to keep it from springing, when it is sawed later into smaller dimensions. An extensive system of basins has been built and fresh When the timber leaves the water flows through them. mull, it is loaded by an overhead traveling electric crane of ten-ton capacity on railroad cars and taken to the basins. Alongside the basins are the railroad tracks, and the tracks of the traveling electric driven derricks of ten-ton capacity and a reach of forty-five feet, to handle \fter the timber has been in the basins six months or longer, it the timber from cars into the basin and vice versa. is taken to the dry sheds, where it is also handled by elec- AMERICAN FORESTRY YOUNG JAVANESE WOMAN This young lady is a representative of the type of Javanese in the Dutch East Indies. The writer of this article says the Javanese are closely watched by the Nederlandsch-Indische Government oftheials in the fear that they may learn more than is desired about the military defenses of the islands tric driven overhead travcling cranes, and stacked up for drying. On account of so much rain and damp weather no timber or lumber is stacked outside as is done in this It might also be noticed, that nobody on the fire. No possible as everything is always country. island seems to be afraid of forest fires are green, and the tree- tops and limbs from the trees that are cut down, are kept so wet and soggy by the constant rains, that they could not burn. The houses and buildings are also so damp and moist, that it would be hard to set them on fire. On account of so much rain, the ground, although it has the appearance of rich soil, seems to be sour, and no vegetables grow. The only grass that grows is a coarse variety, with no nutritive value. A horse or a cow would starve on it, and consequently no horses, mules or cows are kept on (Water Buffalo) with tremendous horns, and goats and wild hogs are plentiful. While Si flowery island. the island; but there are “kerbow” Maloe is a very green island, it is not a It is rare to: see a flower or a blooming tree; although in tropical countries as a rule, plants and The account trees bloom in profusion. wet climate, with lit- tle sunshine, seems to for the absence of flowers. The mechanics employed in the construction LOGGING RASAK AND LAGAN work, such as carpenters, blacksmiths and machinists, are Chinese, but all the operating work is done by labor im- perted from Java. Malays do the clerical work, do all surveying and make maps, and also make all drawings for mechanical work. ‘The employes of the company are all housed and quartered on the concession of the company and the different houses and buildings of the company present quite a town of itself, in which the company must maintain streets, sewers, water, etc., at its own expense, and is subject to all sanitary rules and ordi- nances that the Governor of the island may prescribe. The town of Sinabang proper is controlled by the Gov- ernment and maintained by it. The town has fine wide streets lined with shade trees, it has electric light, tele- phone service, police and fire departments, a customs house, post and telegraph cable station, and a barracks for native soldiers. Sinabang is also the seat of Government of the island and usually the Governor is the only white man residing in Sinabang proper, all other Government officials are either half-castes or natives. The religion of the inhabitants of the island is Mohammedan. ‘There is not a single Christian church or preacher on the island of Si Maloe. Traveling on one of the coastwise steamers of the Paketvaart the stranger will notice that the Malay lan- guage is the official language on board ship as well as all over Nederlandsch-Indie. It will also be noticed that the first and second-class accommodations are located on the bow and stern of the ship, while the middle section of the ship is reserved for deck passengers and cargo; which ar- rangement is the reverse from American and European steamships, where the first-class passenger accommoda- tions are located amidship. On the boats are also private kitchens, both for Chinese and natives, where those who do not consider “clean” the food they receive from the ship, can cook their own food in their own manner. After listening, on American and European steamers, the class that carry cargo as well as passengers, to the rattle and noise of the steam wenches, when cargo is discharged or taken on, it is quite a novelty to find some of the coast steamers of the Paketvaart equipped with electric hoist- ing apparatus, which works absolutely noiselessly. As mentioned before, the Government of Nederland- sch-Indie owns all forests and employs a staff of Govern- ment foresters for the management of the forests of the country. The Government grants concessions to private companies for the exploitation of certain tracts, but in 1914 the Government cancelled all concessions for cutting Teak in Java, to take effect January 1, 1916, and on that date the Government itself intends to assume all the oper- ations of exploiting the Teak timber in Java on its own account. In other words, the Government intends to go into the timber business, as far as Teak is concerned, and derive all the profits itself. Government ownership and control of forests seems to take a strong hold in the Far East. Siam remarked, when he investigated the merits of The representative of a timber company in 1053 Pacific Coast donkey engines for dragging logs out, that they worked very well, but they would not suit his busi- ness. In the first place he could cut only those trees that were marked out by the foresters, and further, he could not cut other trees for fuel, and he would not dare to injure any trees when he removed the logs that he had cut, and which he would be very apt to do if he dragged the logs through the woods by means of a donkey engine. GIANT PINE AT UNUSUAL ALTITUDE T AN altitude of 10,000 feet in the temperate zone it is generally assumed that there is little timber, In Cali- fornia, however, are found many things not supposed The photograph, taken by Geologist G. K. at least nothing that is worthy the name. to be so. Gilbert, of the United States Geological Survey, shows an enormous pine tree growing at this elevation, a tree which in point of size and vigor would be a credit to any altitude and latitude. The tree is a specimen of moun- tain pine—Pinus monticola—which is nearly 6 feet in diameter at the base. It was photographed by Mrs. Gilbert on the south slope of Mount Hoffman, in the Yosemite National Park. ANOTHER OF CALIFORNIA’S SURPRISES A giant pine, growing 10,000 feet above the sea. The gentleman stand- ing beside the tree is 6 feet 2 2 inches tall. Forest Relations between the East and the West as the East Hopes to See Them ApprEss OF HENry Sturcis Drinker, LL.D., President of Lehigh University and President of the American Forestry Association, on American Forestry Asso- ciation Day at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, October 20, 1915. UMBERMEN AND FORESTERS OF THE GREAT WEST: We who have come from the East to join you in this conference greatly and deeply appreciate your welcome because we see in it that the American Forestry Association has been taken into fellowship by practical men of the West who know well how forestry organizations can lack in practical utility and therefore not be worth consideration on busy occasions. The compliment is accentuated when the president of the American Forestry Association is asked to preside on a day like this devoted to fundamental in- dustrial conditions. It shows recognition on your part that forestry, on its practical useful side, means forest industry, and that we have mutual recognition of this truth. We of the East do recognize it, and we wish to work with you to make the whole country recognize it, and I am glad that you have given us this chance to learn your views as to what is needed so that we can do our best in this joint national work. The American Forestry Association is an organization clder and perhaps more influential than you of the Pa- cific Coast fully realize. It led the early forestry move- ment in the country as “The American Forestry Con- gress,” organized in 1883, later reorganized in 1890 as “The American Forestry Association.” It has about 9,000 members. Its magazine has a very large circula- tion compared with that oi the ordinary industrial pub- lication. Far more than in most educational or industrial organizations, it includes both the people inside the j0vement—such as lumbermen, foresters and public off- cials—and the outside public which needs education and guidance. Commonly, I think, organized effort represents one class seeking to correct or restrict the other, with the confidence of but one. We, more luckily, embrace both, but this also gives us the greater and more difficult responsibility of representing the interests of both. It is not always easy to do this with justice and it 1s still harder to satisfy both that we are doing so. There was a time in America when to the lay mind forestry meant forest preservation only, and I think you will concede that it meant the same to lumbermen. There was little meeting on common ground. It was in those days that the American Forestry Association was born, We There was need of forest and for a time it was governed by such an attitude. can hardly criticise it for this. preservation and there were few to enlist except those whose understanding did not extend beyond the duty of 1054 state and government to prevent useless destruction. They knew no way except to denounce and command. Nor did forest industry join them to show a better way. They were sincere but ignorant. Let us be fair, how- ever, and admit that although ignorant they were sin- cere. And this view is still, of course, to some extent eld by uninformed emotional people, who know and think little of forest industry, and view the question only from an aesthetic standpoint, the desire to preserve trees for their beauty or poetic association. However, as the study of forest conditions progressed, a change took place. Outside of those pioneers, whose viewpoint and activity left a strong imprint on the public mind, grew up an element which was perhaps less altru- istic, less public-spirited in its detachment, but also less fanatical, if we may use so strong a word, not in a critical sense, for the out-and-out reformer must be somewhat of a fanatic to keep up his courage and to be heard. But the new forestry was more practical. It appealed to justice more than to prejudice, to common sense more than to responsibility to posterity. It recog- nized the use of forests more than sentiment and that their use lies in service rather than in being an end in themselves. At the same time lumbermen, in trying to preserve and foster their industry, came to see the necessity of pro- tection and conservative methods. Unconsciously at first, both elements arrived by independent thinking at about the same conclusion—that practical forestry is forestry tc the extent that pays, or at least is financially per- missible under prevailing social conditions. Lumber pro- ducers called it intelligent timber management, the others interested called it forestry. And soon these naturally sympathetic elements made each other’s acquaintance, and began to work together, with names and differences forgotten. That was the birth of real American forestry, the kind that will be as nearly successful as success is attainable. The Western Forestry and Conservation As- sociation stands before the country as one of the first and foremost exponents of this sane modern view. Its alliance of private, State and federal interests in those things that can be done together for mutual and public good has set an example to the United States and Can- ada that is being widely followed. The American For- estry Association cannot work along exactly the same lines, for it mainly represents forest education and moulds opinion, and you represent a membership owning and FOREST RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST managing large forest resources, but it follows the same general principles. It has not been an easy struggle to reach this broad siandpoint. An organization which contains all elements, East and West, contains many viewpoints to reconcile. We are not immune from factional dissensions when such controversial matters as states’ right, national control, water-power, and the development of Alaska align our people into different camps who would wish to commit the Association unreservedly to their factional views and are far from satisfied with neutrality. And you must remember that in many Eastern States there is nowhere nearly the accord between lumbermen and foresters that your organization has brought about on this coast. The old misunderstanding still clogs progress. The old and narrow conception of forestry is not dead, and its ex- ponents have honor and following, and, on the other hand, there are members who are not disposed to be lib- eral to their purely nature-loving brethren and who can look on forestry only from a narrow standpoint. ‘The American Forestry Association has, however, insisted for several years, and I hope will permanently do so, that the Association as an institution shall stand with- out timidity for those sane practical improvements in forest conditions that producer and consumer can and must work for to mutual advantage. It recognizes that forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions, and that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss. It urges forest taxation reform, removing unwise burdens of taxation from owners of growing timber. It believes in closer utilization, in logging and manufacturing without loss to owners, and in aid to lum- bermen to achieve this. It demands equal protection to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. T’o these ends the Association devotes its publications, its committees, and its other means of influence. But it also realizes that to do so intelligently and effectively it must be competently advised. This is why its officials and directors include not only State and federal officials and men from forest schools and laboratories and leaders in finance and business, such as C. F. Quincy, of New York, and also such men as Col. E. G. Griggs, of Ta- coma; Capt. J. B. White, of Kansas City; Joseph N. Teal, of Portland; Col. W. R. Brown, of New Hamp- shire; Charles Lathrop Pack, of New Jersey; J. E. Rhodes, of the Southern Pine Association; EK. A. Ster- ling, of the National Lumber Manufacturers, and FE. T. Allen, of your organization. And in its advisory board are representatives from the Northern Pine Manufac- turers, the National Box Manufacturers, the National similar Wholesale Lumber Dealers and half a dozen trade organizations. This leads me, after perhaps too long a preamble, back tc my title—the relations between Eastern and Western erganizations as we hope to see them. By no means is 1055 the American Forestry Association to be considered Eastern. It is not so in spirit. Only accident, which you should remedy, makes it so in proportionate mem- bership. But to the extent that you consider it so because cf this membership, let us classify it with Eastern organi- zations who can extend assistance to the West through closer relations. As I see it, forestry and forest industry alike and to- gether are in the travail pains of a new birth in public economy. ‘The titles of talks to be made here today, at a forestry meeting, are more significant than anything I can say. Everywhere we see the same urgent need being emphasized—the need first for analysis of a recognized weakness, second for giving this analysis wide publicity, and third for help in applying some new and radical remedy. If this is true, we must work together. Whether it be in Congress, in individual States, in the public mind, or in the minds of lumbermen and foresters, every move which affects this situation affects forest welfare both Fast and West. Successful solution of the problem will be hard enough to reach at best. It is beyond hope if the public mind and the legislative mind is confused by counter-claims and accusations purporting to represent consumer against producer, forestry against lumbering, government against industry, State against individual, and East against West. West and East united will be potent in influence and in power for good and by thor- ough mutual understanding and cooperation we can do much to forward our common interests. I have not time to catalogue all specific illustrations, but a few will show what I mean. ‘Take questions of national legislation. I believe it the duty of forestry or- ganizations to teach the fundamentals of forest eco- nomics, to urge a national forest policy which shall make the most of all forest resources, public or private, both as a source of supply to the consumer and as employment for industry. This involves the disposal of public timber, national and State, in competition with private timber; it involves the terms under which the industry may or- ganize to accomplish economical distribution and disposal of product, and, it doubtless involves complicated ques- How can you and we use our respective influence in these matters tions of domestic and over-sea transportation. patriotically, wisely, and to the best effect without closer cooperation than we have today? Or take State legislation. The influence of State legis- lation is not confined to the borders of the State enacting it. Eastern State legislation is liable to affect either your business in that State, or it may afford a precedent for legislation in your own State, or in some way have a reflective influence on interests in your State. ‘This is equally true of strictly forestry legislation and of indus- trial legislationvunder which forest products are manu- factured or sold. Or take the expenditure of public moneys, whether by States or by the nation. Appropriations for the protec- tive work of the Forest Service in the West, or for State protection or the purchase of cut-over lands, are matters 1056 AMERICAN of public interest in which no State escapes the example or influence of others. I need only mention the Weeks law, familiar to all of you interested in forest protec- tion. Originating with the purchase of National For- ests in the Atlantic States, it provides funds for needed State and Federal cooperation everywhere. This work is of great importance, and this legislation as valuable to you in the West as it is to us in the East, calls for sup- port and extension, and it should have your influence and support with your representatives in Congress this winter. Tax reform is another matter in which uniformity of effort to a certain extent, yet with recognition of differ- ing conditions, demands both active and concerted atten- tion. It is one in which distance little affects the benefit or danger of precedent. Neither section should ignore the other in its activities. The education of the public in wood and its uses is another exceedingly broad subject. Just as the West has much to gain from the permanent establishment of wood as a desirable material for Eastern consumers, so has the East to gain from public knowledge that the West can keep up the supply indefinitely, and that lumber will not become so scarce or expensive in the near future that the study of substitutes is imperative. Eastern forestry or- ganizations can do more to spread these facts where FORESTRY they should be spread than you can, but to do so effec- tively they need your support and your information. In the great conventions and congresses throughout the country, and in smaller ones too, where public senti- inent is influenced, there is great need that the forestry viewpoint be presented always intelligently and con- certedly for our common good, and nowhere is there more conflict of influence due to lack of knowledge by each section of the problems affecting other sections. Great and successful as you are in your work out here, and high as is the standing it has given you from ocean to ocean, I cannot believe you are quite beyond the need of our help. It has been and will be freely yours. The maga- zine of the American Forestry Association is glad to tell the story of what you have and what you want. Our councils and our voice welcome your suggestions. And We have proved our sincerity by My plea is for closer relations between us. we need your help. sending our representatives to make this long journey merely to be here and to hear your problems discussed, and to exchange views with you. We are amply repaid and shall be still more so if from this meeting shall come a more intimate and systematic mutual support in the work we are doing together for the welfare of American forest industry. A Trip on the Apache National Forest By A. ASTUS has gone,” cried the Supervisor, as we were trying to get an early start on a pack trip. “Picanniny,” the other mule, was having the grain loaded on him preparatory to finishing with a dia- mond hitch when Rastus lifted the turnstile and out into the garden! ‘Mid much cussing,—the tramping down of my pet mint bed (used in making juleps), he was roped. Off we started to make 30 miles that day, “Sandy,” P. W. the Airedale, and “Jock,” the collie, barking and cavort- ing at every step. With us was a tenderfoot,—an office man. He bumped along,—his constant questions being, “How far did you say it was?” ‘‘How many miles have we gone?” I wonder if you know about the timber on the Apache National Forest. First juniper and cedar groves start- ing at an altitude of 7,000 feet, fragrant, the sun oozing out the odors and filling the air with perfume. A little jm THE BURROS ON THE ROAD—LOADED THE BURROS The Deputy Supervisor’s wife and the pack train A portal near Fish Creek on the Apache Rastus and Pickaninny in the foreground which carries “chuck” to the fire guards at National Forest lookout points. acres which covers 1,276,400 loaded with the packs for the fire guards. A TRIP ON THE APACHE NATIONAL FOREST ON THE WAY TO THE SUMMIT loaded with supplies crossing the White Mountains, The pack train Apache National Forest. later, also higher,—for we were then getting about 8,000 feet above sea level,—yellow pine and their babies, the “black jacks,’ straight, commanding, and the leaves rustling in the cool June breeze. Our ponies stopped to refresh themselves from a cool mountain stream as they neared the mountain foothills. We then came to a won- derful open meadow. To our left the snow-clad “Baldy,” to our right and in front of us interesting knolls. On one, the ever-vigilant fire guard. We signalled to him in passing. After crossing the mountain meadow, we started to climb the real mountain, “Baldy,” entering groves of cork bark fire, blue spruce and aspen nodding to us from an old burn. Ascending to an altitude of 11,476 feet, we came, in a tiny open park, upon Uncle Sam’s ever-welcome sign that he is on guard, the flag, floating from a pole attached to the lookout cabin. It is bachelor headquarters, but no woman could have her house cleaner. A tiny stove, shelves for “chuck’’ and dishes, aspen poles for a bed- stead and spruce boughs for a mattress. Here the guard spends two months from June 1 to August 1. We left our horses and climbed through snow drifts 6 feet deep to the summit where we found the guard scanning the country for any possible smoke. A pro- tractor is on top to give readings of any fire and its loca- tion into the supervisor’s office by phone. “What was that?” “Ts that smoke?” A quick survey through the glasses, a squint through the needle of the protractor, located the fire at 1.30. Rushing to the telephone, the guard called up other look- out points to ascertain cross readings. ‘Then he tele- phoned in to the office. He ascended the summit to keep the office posted. (The lookout guard reports fires, the patrolman goes to them.) We rushed to our horses,—went down in twenty min- utes what it had taken us over an hour to climb, “Rastus” ready to kick at anyone and anything for making him hurry. We reached the fire, a distance of 10 miles. Found campers had left their noon fire without extin- guishing it. Saddles, beds, “chuck,” everything gone. The patrolman had been notified, so with combined ef- forts it was put out after twenty acres had burned. The 1057 OPPOSITE BLUE RIDGE RANGER STATION One of the big bluffs on the Apache National Forest in Arizona. supervisor on looking up, noticed a sign that had evi- dently escaped the notice of the campers: “EXTINGUISH YouR MatcH, CIGARETTES AND Pirk ASHES. Heie Prevent Forest Fires.” The campers shared our chuck and beds. It was neces- sary to enter a trespass case against them according to law. I doubt if they leave a fire again with even warm coals. In the meantime, I had almost forgotten our friend, the tenderfoot. He was grumbling, peevish and wanted to return. ‘The ride was too much for him, he had seen enough, ridden too much. So, the next day, “Rastus” in the lead, we started for home, the landscape offering rare pictures to be taken, but our friend was headed, as “Rastus,” for home and a sure-enough bed. PAT KNOLL FIRE LOOKOUT TOWER 1058 AMERICAN WHITTIER’S PINE TREE By Acnes L. Scorr HE famous pine tree, which stands in the wood- glade on the Sturtevant farm, near Sunset Hill, Center Harbor, New Hampshire, bears the name bestowed by the poet Whittier, who dedicated it under its shadows as the “Wood Giant,” 1886, but which now is called ‘““Whittier’s Pine Tree.” Among the scattered groups of pines, Whittier’s tree stands compact like a silent patriarch, with a splendor all its own, Its chief character is its magnificent strength, enormous trunk and powerful boughs that give it the appearance of a giant. The Sturtevant farm is where Whittier passed many Every morning before breakfast the happy summers. From a Sketch by C. Scott White. WHITTIER’S PINE TREE This pine, standing at Center Harbor, N. H., was a great favorite of the famous poet who dedicated it as “The Wood Giant,’ in 1886 poet would walk through the paths leading to the center of the woodland, and in the shade of his loved tree, watch Here he saw to the east the Cardi- to the west, the Ossipie range; and here he saw the beautiful the glorious sunrise. gan Mountains; to the north, the Sandwich range; road view of Squam Lake with its green wooded islands. It was in the twilight hours that the saintly poet oved to stand under the shelter of his favorite tree and watch the mountains bathed in sunset glory. Here he surrendered himself to the mountain mystery, and 1is soul received the calm and strength from the glorious ues of the sun-dropped splendor as the twilight deep- ened around him. As surely as he loved the mountains, he loved the wild flowers, the singing birds and flowing brooks. Ox the wild flowers the golden rods were his favorite, and these he gathered in his walks by the roadsides and in helds. FORESTRY It was in the large, roomy house on the Sturtevant farm, that the Quaker poet entertained the neighbors and children. A delightful companion even to mere surface acquaintances, and naturally sympathetic to all sorts of people. He always greeted everyone, never waiting to be introduced, with the accustomed greeting: “How does thee do?” Those who have been entertained by the poet at the farm will never forget his cheerful manner, and large geniality, and his frank, straight gaze of penetrating eyes —eyes black as night which shone with that big ele- mental humanity. One noted the poet’s seriousness and his love for goodness and truth. Everybody in New England has felt the kindly words of the sage in all he wrote, but the friends who have come in close contact with him amid the scenery of the Northern mountains can feel and understand the man best, and throughout all his poenis is that serene enthusiasm for the mountains. PROCEEDINGS—-OPENING OF THE FORESTRY BUILD- ING AT CORNELL T HAS just come to the knowledge of the Department of Forestry that certain persons whose names ap- peared on the mailing list failed to receive copies of the pamphlet containing the Proceedings at the Opening 5 5 5 In this pam- yhlet are also given the addresses delivered at the open I g e of the Forestry Building on May 15, 1914. meeting of the Society of American Foresters on the following day. Anyone who desires a copy of this pamphlet may obtain it by addressing Professor Ralph S. Hosmer, De- partment of Forestry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. PROFESSIONAL PAPERS AVAILABLE MERICAN FORESTRY has been informed by the Director of the United States Geological Survey that there is available, for free selected distribu- tion, a supply of five different professional papers on forestry. AMERICAN Forestry will be pleased to fur- nish forestry professors, forestry students, or any one especially interested with the following illustrated vol- umes, free of any charge: Professional Paper No. 22: “Forest Conditions in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona,” by J. B. Leiberg, T. F. Rixon, and Arthur Dodwell, with an Introduction by F. G. Plummer. 1904. 95 pp., 7 pls. Professional Paper No. 23: “Forest Conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona,” prepared by F. G. Plummer from notes by T. F. Rixon and Arthur Dod- well. 1904. Professional Paper No. 29: “Forest Conditions in the Absaroka Division of the Yel- 62 pp. 7 pls. lowstone Forest Reserve, Montana, and the Livingston and Big ‘Timber Quadrangles,” by J. B. Leiberg. 1904. Professional Paper No. 30. “Forest Con- ditions in the Little Pelt Montana, and the Little Belt Mountains Quadrangle,” by J. B. Leiberg. 1904. Professionai Paper No. 33: “Forest Conditions in the Lincoln Forest Reserve, New Mexico,” by F. G. Plummer and M. G. 1904. 148 pp., 2 pls. Mountains Forest Reserve, 75 pp., 2 pls. 1? pp., 12 pls. Gowsell. Children’s Department Devoted to imparting information about trees, woods and forests to boys and girls so that they may grow to know how necessary trees are to the health, wealth and future of their country. By Bristow ADAMS rp SPROUL GROWLEROE EREES EF HAVE seen through seed from the old ones, and how how new trees are started tree growth may be extended from one place to another by means of these seeds. Seeds, however, are not the only source of new growth, because many trees are able to send out shoots, and sprouts or thus get started anew. By means of this power to sprout from the roots, some trees are able to renew themselves after the parent tree is cut down; and the forester takes advan- tage of this power or ability, in renewing the woods. The capacity to sprout is not shared by all woods, and as a general statement it may be said that the cone-bear- YOUNG PINE SEEDLINGS These are smaller, more delicate and tender than Even the slightest forest fire means their young grass complete destruction ing trees, such as pines, spruces, firs, and the like can not and do not sprout from the stump; so that when the) are cut down they are gone for good, and can be renewed only through seed. Since seedlings of cone-bearing trees are so tender, being smaller and more delicate in their structure than young grass, the importance of keeping forest fires out of pine woods can be readily seen. Even the smallest of fires just barely burning in the pine needles will set back new forest growth for a great num ber of years, possibly ten or more, because most conifer bear seeds in abundance only at intervals of several years, and even when such seeds are borne, conditions are not always right for their springing to life. But more will be said of forest fires and of their effects in a late article. Some of the pines have been known to sprout from the root after the tops have been apparently killed by fires, and though this is not general it has been noted as occuring over the so-called pine barrens of southern New Jersey, where forest fires have been permitted to run through year after year until now the growth is Northern white cedar sometimes reproduces itself, in the swamps scattered, and of little value. arborvitae or in which it grows, by the process known as layering. Branches on the ground become overgrown with moss, and soil forms about them. These covered branches then send down roots and a new tree may be formed at the tip of the layered branch, with its own root system Then the branch between the parent trunk and_ the point of layering may decay and the new tree take up its independent life. HE most notable example of the sprouting of conifers is undoubtedly that of the California a redwood, one of the largest and tallest trees in the world. It sprouts readily from the stump, and there is evidence, even in trees which are full grown and many thick sprouts around a parent tree, which either through ac- times as as a man’s body, that they started as cident or decay lost its place in the forest and gave way oye ‘ . ity = ~ Sin ee 3 | Fee4 a it : 7 fs re | 9 , 2 Pra sete, } A STAND OF YOUNG NATURALLY UNDER PINE TREES WHICH HAS SPRUNG UP SEED TREES, WHICH HAVE BEE? LEFT An example of how the Gerr foresters take care of their timber and mate sure of a new growt o take the place of that which is beer used 1059 1060 to a perfect circle of younger trees around the spot on which it stood. It would be possible for foresters to renew a redwood forest through the sprout growth, and there are now on the hills in the neighbor- hood of Redwood City, California, fair sized growths of red- which wood trees have come up since the lumbermen cut off fifty or Usu- however, for- the timber sixty years ago. ally, esters depend upon standing trees to fur- nish seed for the new growth of cone-bear- ing trees; when there are no trees to fur- nish such seed they plant the seed in beds and raise the seed- lings to be planted out where the trees are to A CIRCLE OF stand in the forest. In Germany, forest- ers have done much teward raising new forests by leav- ing the older trees to furnish seeds, and under these trees, when fires are kept out, the little new ones will come up as thick as they can stand together. Almost all of the broadleaf or cluding most of those which lose their leaves in the fall, hardwood trees, in- will sprout from the stump or the roots when they are cut down. Some of them will sprout more readily than others. Hickory is one that is always likely to sprout, and sprout-growth or sidered better than that from the older trees which de- second-growth hickory is con- velop from seed, because the sprouts grow very rapidly on account of the stored-up life in the roots of the old tree; and the more rapid the growth which a hickory tree makes, the more likely is the wood to be tough, strong and elastic. Chestnut trees also sprout readily, and the strong, straight sprouts furnish better material for tele- than the older and graph and telephone poles more branchy first growth trees. Basswood or linden is an- other tree which sprouts readily. Where there is a forest of useful broadleaf trees, which can be depended on to grow from sprouts, there is little need for seed trees, and such forests can be managed on what is known as a coppice or sprout growth plan. This plan is carried out in Europe, where there is a demand for small faggots for fuel wood and for the making of charcoal. In England, for example, there REDWOOD TREES ach one of them is many times thicker than a man’s body. They have evidently come up around the stump of a much larger parent tree AMERICAN FORESTRY are many such tracts, or copses, given over to the production of this kind of wood. ASKET mak- ers depend on this sprouting capacity for the wil- low reeds from which hampers and_ baskets are made. Each year the willow trees are cut back, either at or near the surface of the ground, or else at the top of a short trunk, and the new straight sprouts, when_ peeled and bleached, furnish the material for all sorts of basket work. Bas- kets, by the way, fur- nish one of the oldest forms of known to man, and carriers are still among the best of such forms for lightness, strength and cheapness. The willows, some of the poplars, and other quick-growing, moisture-loving trees will grow from detached pieces. New sand bars, in rivers along which willows grow as the Mississippi, soon become covered with willow trees, which have started from branches that have floated down stream and have stranded on the bar, becoming partly bedded in the moist sand; or even while they are in the water they begin to sprout and soon send roots down into the sand and leaves and branches up into the air. Growers of basket willows take advantage of this property and new willow plantations are set out each year from cuttings or short willow sticks set in the ground and kept moist. Sometimes this ability of the willows to sprout causes A farmer, not far from the Luray Caves in Virginia, wanted to bring the waters of a unexpected results. spring up on the mountainside down into his dooryard Ile ran a line of pipes underground from the spring to the back porch of his house and there set up a log which he had hollowed out to a point about three feet from the ground, where he bored a hole and inserted a hollow wooden spout or plug. ‘The water ran from the spring and came out through the spout a good deal like the spout of a pump only it ran constantly, and there was no need for a pump handle. This pump-stock had not been in use very long before green branches reached out from the top of the stump, and in a comparatively WOOD PRESERVING DEPARTMENT few years the clear living water was flowing steadily out from a living tree. It continued to grow, and in fact, grew so thriftily that the persons who own the place have been compelled to put in a new and longer spout be- cause the tree, increasing its girth, threatened to grow around and over the original spout. These various ways which the trees have of renew- ing their growth show that they are not entirely de- pendent upon seed. ‘They also show that the trained 1061 forested must know the habits and history of each of the trees with which he has to deal. Of course, this is only a part of the forester’s knowledge, because he not only has to know how to make trees grow in the best way, but he has to know what kinds of trees are the most useful for various purposes to which wood is put. It can be seen, therefore, that to be a successful forester one needs to know pretty nearly everything that can be known about trees and their uses. Wood Preserving Department By E. A. STERLING The Modern Application of Wood Preserving Methods—lVarious Treatments and the Use of Treated |!Voods EN years ago maple was practically unknown as a railroad cross-tie, being included in the list of woods that decayed too quickly for this pur- pose. Today it figures quite largely under the head of “miscellaneous hardwoods,’ while in some regions it constitutes a percentage of the ties treated. Clear hard maple is too valuable for flooring and other purposes to be used for ties, considerable so for treatment the tops and smaller trees are utilized. Maple takes creosote treatment fairly well, being in much the same class as beech and red oak. It does not treat as uniformly as some of the other woods, but absorbs creosote sufficiently well to become Like most other woods which do not take full penetration, it is best to bore and adz the ties before treatment. fully protected against decay. NEW give economy through saving of creosote, and equal protection has been developed and applied by the Columbia Creosoting Company of Portland, Oregon. It consists of painting the ends of ties, poles and other tim- bers with a cheap preparation which prevents excessive endwise penetration. idea which promises to greater It is well known that the tendency of all woods is to absorb the preservative most freely and to the greatest depth in the direction of the grain. Doug- las fir and other refractory woods will often show a pene- tration of a foot or more with the grain and perhaps This endwise penetration is often more and deeper than only half an inch or an inch transversely with it. needed, and out of all proportion to the protection on the other faces. A waste of oil is the result, and it is to prevent this that a coat of paint is first applied to the ends. he oil will go through the paint for a sufficient distance to give the needed protection against decay. Ties for the railroads of India have been treated in this way, and the process deserves investigation in connec- tion with eastern woods. NOTHER unique treatment has been developed by this same company. It aims to secure more uni- form penetration across the grain by punching a series of small holes to the depth desired. A machine has been designed which punches ties at the rate of 75 linear feet a minute, the holes being one inch apart across the grain and in staggered rows 8 inches apart with the grain. The depth of the holes is about one inch, and one-eighth inch in diameter. The strength is not re- duced since the fibers are pressed apart and not cut; yet the oil is given a chance to distribute itself uniformly from the holes to an extent which would be impossible without them. ‘The same process can be applied to poles, making the treatment deeper at the ground line where most needed. NUMBER of well-known wood preserving ex- perts, including Geo. E. Rex, Dr. Herman von Schuenck, O. M. P. Goss, Goeffry Winslow and F. D. Beal, will meet at the St. Helens Creosoting Company plant at St. Helens, Ore., the first week of November. A very important series of tests are to be conducted, as final demonstration of a more economical and effective method of creosoting Douglas fir which has been de- veloped. The wood paving block campaign continues to be waged with marked success by the lumber associations, both independently and in cooperation with the creosot- ing interests. During the current year contracts have been awarded for yellow pine creosoted blocks in the south amounting to over 300,000 yards. In the Chicago territory fully 1,000,000, and in the east upwards of 750,- 000 square yards have been brought out. On the Pacific Coast the paving interests competing with wood block have long monopolized the field. A better understanding, however, is now developing, and the people are learning that well treated and properly laid Douglas fir blocks will give the best possible street paving or factory flooring. HE railroads continue to use and develop the wood preserving knowledge and practice. The com- mittee on wood preservation of the American Railway Engineering Association is to hold a meeting the early part of November to discuss the further elaboration and standardization of treating practice and preservative specifications. Ornamental and Shade Trees Al Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association Epirep By J. elrboriculturist Brooklyn Park Department, Author of le LEVISON, B.A., M.F. “Studies of Trees,” and Lecturer on Ornamental and Shade Trees, Vale University Forest School COMMON SENSE LABELS“ON PARK “ERBES HE ignorance of many people regarding the trees in their own back yard has long been a subject versed in of regret to the favored few well arboriculture. While it is well known that this ignorance may be overcome by a visit to botanical gardens or pre- serves, where experts are expected to have information on such subjects posted at conspicuous places, it has not always been the custom to make public parks do duty as a school of instruction. Popular interest in trees, however, has of late greatly increased and park officials have in consequence begun to take notice of various means of meeting this interest. A knowledge of the common tree species of the locality was recognized to be one of the fundamentals to begin with. That knowledge had to be given in the easiest and simplest way because many citizens find it too much lf they could be enlightened unconsciously, as it were, when trouble to go to a botanical garden to find out. they go to or from their day’s work, they would have no objection. On the contrary, they would be inclined to welcome any acquirement of knowledge that did not entail loss of time and money at an era when the high cost of living makes the quest of dollars rank higher than that of knowledge, of youth and of happiness. Years ago requests began to come to the Brooklyn Park Department’s office regarding the labeling of trees in the public parks. We then endeavored to comply with the evident public demand for instruction of the “he At that ment manufactured some labels by stamping lead plates who runs may read” variety. ime the depart- and attached them to park trees with generous impar- tiality in an attempt to cover all extra species as well as native ones with useful as well as ornamental informa- tion. In many parks this system of labeling the extra species burdened the busy public with too many names and details, requiring for the average pedestrian the use of a pocket dictionary and not assisting him one whit in the knowledge of that one particular tree which adorned his own back yard \Ve therefore had to devise a new label which would not immediately become lost, strayed or stolen because of their lead valuation, and a quantity of real, practical knowledge posted in the parks for general dissemination, ‘The system which has now been adopted by the depart- ment differs from that of the botanical gardens, in that it confines itself to 100 of the most common trees—the 100 which everyone ought to know. 1062 This label is a simple, enameled label, brief in context, thoroughly legible and without the special information usually put on labels informing the beholder of the tree’s family, locality and other details. The nomenclature used is the latest and dates on best authorities. Only the common and botanical names of the tree appear upon the labels. O FLOWERING DOGWOOD CORNUS FLORIDA © Following our custom of dwelling upon the special characteristics by which almost every tree may be recog- nized at all seasons of the year, rather than by less per- manent features, the trees were labeled in winter time and identification based upon these permanent charac- teristics and not upon leaves. Park authorities always find that the public takes a real interest in the matter. ‘The people readily respond to their efforts to give information in this manner and there is seldom a time when a stroll through such labeled parks will not result in seeing quite a number of people pause, read the labels and then look closely at the characteristics of the tree. It is a very good thing, for the simple reason that knowledge and recognition of trees by their detail characteristics and the ability to tell them apart stimu- lates a broader interest in nature and everything that is beautiful. An interest of this sort in the young may prove the root of higher civic pride and may lead to greater civic development. Our common trees are so constantly about us that knowledge of a few inevitably broadens out to a more extensive knowledge of many so that soon, instead of looking upon trees as meaningless objects, they become individuals, each with a definite character of its own, and much pleasure is derived without the expenditure of extra time for these observations. ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES O THOSE who are accustomed to distinguishing trees by their permanent characters, it is just as easy to tell trees apart in winter as in summer. There is the hackberry, for instance. It can be told from others by the peculiar warts upon its bark. ‘The various maples are recognized by their buds—the Norway maple with its large, reddish-brown bud; the sycamore maple having a bud the same size and form as the Norway, but green in color; the sugar maple with its extremely pointed bud; the ash-leaf maple having a green stem; the red maple with a light gray bark like that of the beech, while the silver maple can be readily told by its curved tips; and all the maples can be told from other trees except the branches opposite each other. horsechestnut and ash by having their The horsechestnut and buckeye can easily be told apart and even if you consider some of the less common trees, you can generally find some peculiarity which will stand out above all others. The blue beech has a fluted trunk that gives the impres- sion of well-developed muscles. The pines can easily be distinguished by the number of leaves to each individual cluster—the white pine, five leaves; the pitch pine, three leaves, and the Scotch and Austrian, two, but the former has its needles very short and twisted while the latter are long and coarse. So it is through the whole list, and the various details make a most interesting study for the observant pedestrian at any and all seasons of the year. Before the new enamel labels were adopted the port- able lead labels disappeared almost as rapidly as they were put on the trees, but the enameled ones are guaran- teed to stay, as they have no financial value to those who would try to sell them. For very young trees that could not bear the weight of the label, a wire arch stuck into the ground at its base is used to bear the label. The larger trees wear their labels directly on their trunk. Among the evergreens that we labeled are the pines, larches, spruces, hemlocks and cypress, while the broadleaf class includes many varieties of the maple, oak, buckeye, ash, beech, birch, willow, sycamore, poplar, linden, elm, mag- nolia, hickory, cherry, mulberry, locust, walnut, butter- nut, Kentucky coffee tree, sassafras, gum, tulip tree, Osage orange and dogwood. Many parks all over the country are now labeling their trees and every park department is having its own system of labeling as well as its own form of label. Some of these labels are unique and very original. Some are Our enamel labels in AMERICAN For- Estry would be glad to hear from its readers and park superintendents on this subject and learn what others costly and some very reasonable. Brooklyn cost fourteen cents apiece. are doing in this important form of education. ADVICE FOR NOVEMBER UT around the base of the trees to be moved this winter and fill trench with straw or leai This will enable the removal of the tree with a frozen ball. mold. 2. Prune and spray same as last month. 3. Collect all fallen leaves from the lawns and, instead of burning them, heap them in a pile, mix in some manure 1063 and turn the compost over three or four times a year. This will form an excellent mulch for your trees and shrubbery beds. 4. In specially exposed places, protect rhododendrons and other tender evergreen specimen plants with ever- green boughs. Do not resort to this unnecessarily. TAKING THE CROOK OUT OF A TREE DITOR American Forestry: “Being engaged in forestry work, | was recently asked my opinion of a method of getting the crook out of a young The tree in question was purchased for an oriental plane and has been planted in front of a and growing tree. property as a shade tree. ‘The tree has a crook in the stem about six feet from the ground in the shape of a modified S, that 1s, the crook does not, of course, make such sharp curves; however, they can be plainly seen and the owner was advised by a nurseryman’s agent to slit the bark for about six inches lengthwise of the stem and on the outside of the curves and on both of the curves; this proceeding, it was stated, would cause the stem to straighten out in a few seasons. As above mentioned, I was asked my opinion of this treatment and my advice was and | had never heard of employing any such method to straighten a tree. Further, that | personally did not approve of wounding the bark of a tree for any such purpose or, for that matter, for any purpose, as to do so would only be inviting fungus attack and diseases of other kinds which might eventually kill the tree. How- ever, | put it up to the owner of the tree to decide what he should do and told him that while I had never heard of using such a method, that did not say that such a method would not be effective; 1 could not make any statement as to its efficacy as I was not in a position to say one way or another, but I did advise him, should he decide to try any such treatment, to be sure and steril- ize any wound he might make on the tree by giving same a coat of good paint, coal tar, or some one of the other recognized agents for this purpose. “T would be pleased to have your opinion on this sub- ject, through the Shade and Ornamental Tree depart- ment of AmeErrIcAN Forestry, as | may have a similar proposition put to me at some future time, and should the owner of the tree above mentioned follow either course of advice he has had, especially the former, which I do not approve of, I am situated so that I could watch devel- opments and perhaps learn something of value along this line, and I also believe that any information you may be able to give on this subject through the magazine would prove interesting to a number of other readers. H. D. Liprrncort.” THE REMEDY HOMAS B. MEEHAN, an expert nurseryman, was asked by AMERICAN Forestry to answer Mr Lippincott’s question and he did so as follows: “Tf you slit the bark of a tree, the new growth will bulge out along the line of the slit, healing the wound in one season, but this new growth extends out. beyond tree. the normal growth of the Supposing then you 1064 have a curve in the trunk of a tree somewhat like a modified S, as stated by Mr. Lippincott,—you would make two or more slits in the bark—about one-half inch apart lengthwise of the trunk,—the number of the slits depending upon the calliper of the tree, and on the inside of the curve,—not the outside as stated by Mr. Lippincott, the idea being to fill up with new growth the hollows in the curve of the tree. “Tf you were to slit the bark on the outside of the curve the additional growth would accentuate the curve in the trunk and it would be worse than it is now. “While this will produce the desired effect in appar- ently straightening the trunk, | would not advise it. “Tt is true that in time you would apparently straighten the trunk,—it would have to be done year after year for several years,—but would likewise get a very gnarled and knotty appearance which would probably be as ob- jectionable as the curves now existing. You have no doubt seen trees grafted two or more feet above the ground, where the scion has grown faster than the stock— that is just the appearance this tree would have. “My advice would be to leave it alone. In time as the regular year’s growth of the tree is made and the trunk thickens these curves will gradually fill out under the natural conditions of growth, or at any rate will not be as conspicuous as they are while the tree is small. “Tf the bark of the tree is slit in the manner described —it is not necessary to sterilize or paint the wound—new bark will commence to grow immediately and fill the wound. “T have seen old apple and pear trees,—hide-bound old stock,—which have had the bark slit from top to bottom, on all sides of the trees, and there is no question in my mind but what in such cases it is beneficial. Tuomas B. MEEHAN.” QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ©. Would you kindly send me your special instruc- tions for “heading off.” L. W., New York City. A. “Heading in” is a term used to designate the pro- cess of cutting off large portions of branches, more or less uniformly, on all parts of the crown. ‘The crown is thus very much stunted and lessened in size. The shock to the tree is a severe one and should therefore only be used in case of dying trees and trees that are going back rapidly. Some species will not stand this sort of treat- ment. Species like the sugar maple will not stand severe cutting at all, while trees like the silver maple, sycamore, linden and elm will respond very nicely to the treatment. Species like poplar and willow will be improved by head- ing them in every few years no matter whether they are in good growing condition or not. In cutting off the large branches from trees on the lawn or in the neighborhood of valuable shrubbery, great care must be taken to lower the branches to the ground by means of rope in order not to injure the plants below. The cuts must be made ona slant, the wounds covered with coal tar and wher- AMERICAN FORESTRY ever possible a large number of suckers must be left on the remaining branch. QO. We are developing a piece of property at Summit, N. J., lying on the end of the Second Watchung Moun- tain. Am about to begin planting shade trees on the streets already constructed and would like your advice as to the best tree or trees to choose. I wish a tree that is hardy, that will grow more rapidly than the average and make a good showing quickly, and one that will not require a good deal of attention after once planted. Oaks, beeches and maples are found very largely in the natural woods of the locality. I have also given some thought to the pink flowering horse chestnut. Would greatly appreciate your advice in the matter. The soil is red clay on top of trap rock, with a thin top soil over all. H. B. S., New York City. A. Plant to Oriental sycamore (Platanus orientalis), as the tree par excellence for your purpose. It grows rapidly, is absolutely hardy, needs little attention and is quite free from insects and disease. It is well adapted to the location of Summit, N. J., where you desire to plant. The pink flowering horse chestnut, while a very beautiful tree, does not compare with the Oriental syca- more in any of the above qualities. If you would like to purchase a very valuable book on street and shade tree planting, I can recommend most highly “Studies of Trees” by J. J. Levison, the price of which is $1.75. ©. I have tried to find some illustrated catalogue of tools needed and used in tree surgery, as I wish to buy a few to use on my place, but cannot find them, nor do I see them advertised in the AMERICAN Forestry Maga- zine. Shall greatly appreciate information with the ad- dress of some manufacturer from whom I might pro- cure the necessary tools. G. J. B., Flat Rock, N. C. A. Practically all the tools necessary in tree surgery can usually be obtained from almost any well-equipped hardware store. The only precautions regarding the gouges (beyond good steel) are that the sharpening bevel be on the outside or convex side of the curved cut- ting edge, and that the handles be of the type which drive into a socket. If longer handles are desired, they may have to be made to order on a turning lathe or by hand, as I do not know of any one who keeps them The chisel is nothing more or less As a matter regularly in stock. than a gouge with a straight cutting edge. of fact it is rarely necessary to use one as the best saw for this work is one with the so-called clearing teeth, that is every second or third tooth is a deep one which serves to clear out the sawdust. In green wood of course the teeth have to be strongly set so as to make a com- paratively wide cut, at least twice the thickness of the saw blade itself. Q. Pictures of the European Linden, the Sweet Gum, the Dogwood and the American Beech in the last issue of FORESTRY AT THE EXPOSITION AMERICAN Forestry have attracted my attention and therefore I desire to ask where I can obtain some of the seeds or transplants of the varieties and whether or not you would recommend them for such an arid locality as Western Nevada. : A. J. P., Carson, Nev. A. Would suggest your writing to any of the forestry, seed or nursery companies advertising in this magazine for seeds or transplants. As to the availability of the species you mention for such an arid locality as western Nevada, I would not encourage the consideration of the Sweet gum or the American beech, though you might be successful with the European linden, which does well in North and South Dakota where the rainfall is meager. If the ground is irrigated this, of course, would have a decided bearing on your planting, but the safest thing is to stick to the cotton-wood, the hackberry or box-elder, and the linden, as they will give you the best results. The flowering Dogwood, while very beautiful, really needs protection and considerable moisture and I would have grave doubts of any success with it in Nevada except in most unusual surroundings. DISCUSSION INVITED The Editor invites and would appreciate discussion, through these columns, of the following questions, raised by Mr. R. Brooke Maxwell, City Forester, Baltimore: “It would be interesting to have members of our academy and readers of your department of AMERICAN Forestry to discuss two tree troubles which I have in mind. The first is a trouble common with our lindens, including the European (Tilia microphylla) and its va- rieties, Dasystyla euchlora and Argentea, and the Ameri- can linden (Tilia Americana). The trouble is with the leaves and for several years I have noticed that about the Ist to the 15th of August these trees, a large majority of them, lose their foliage and put on a second crop of leaves. The trouble occurs not only on the footways, but also in our parks where the conditions of growth are ideal. I am inclined to think you are going to call the trouble a physiological one due to excessive evaporation and too little water, but this can hardly be the case this year for we have had a season of unusually heavy rains and the condition remains unchanged. Would you call it the linden leaf spot (Gleosporium tiliae)? ‘The infec- tion seems to be of too general a nature and too disas- trous in its results to call it this. “The second trouble is with the leaves of sugar maple. This is the same old trouble that tree men have been 1065 calling ‘physiological,’ caused by too little moisture and excessive evaporation. ‘The trouble occurs on both foot- ways and in our parks. If it is due to unbalanced mois- ture conditions why should a single tree in a large planta- tion be affected and the others remain untouched? I have heard it called by some a sugar maple blight. Accurately speaking, I do not believe there is any such disease. Might it not be the leaf spot which is common to the Norway maple (Gleosporium apocryptum) ?” ARBORISTS WILL MEET IN NEWARK IN JANUARY HE first annual meeting of the American Academy | of Arborists, formed about a year ago with the aim of advancing arboriculture and landscape forestry and maintaining the highest professional stand- ard among its members, will be held in Newark on Janu- ary 8 next, in appreciation of the work done by the Newark Shade Tree Commission for the progress of arboriculture. The sessions will cpen at 10 a. m. with a business meeting. Addresses will be given as follows at the after- noon session, which will open at 2 o'clock: “The Min- istry of Trees,’ Carl Bannwart, secretary Newark Shade Tree Commission ; “The Tree Faker,’ Hermann Merkel, chief forester New York Zoological Park and presi- dent of Academy of Arborists; “Fungus Problems of Interest to Arborists,’” R. B. Maxwell, city engineer and second vice-president of Academy of Arboriculture ; “Arboriculture as a Profession,” J. J. Levison, arbori- culturist of Brooklyn Park Department and secretary of Academy of Arboriculture. New and important prob- lems in arboriculture then will be discussed by the mem- bers. In the afternoon the session will be open to the public. About 1905, some foresters began to specialize in the care of street and ornamental trees. Since that time many cities and towns have taken the matter up and are now employing men to look after the trees on their streets, parks and public grounds. Most of these men work under the name of city foresters, foresters and arboriculturists. Some of them are trained foresters who have made a special study of shade and ornamental trees grown under city and town conditions. Some are not foresters at all but are landscape men who also have made a specialty of shade trees and park development. Others are self-educated men who are in the work be- cause they have a natural liking for it. All these men are valuable assets to the profession. Through the work of a few pioneers the general public is becoming interested in the work, and a great demand has been made for skilled service in caring for private estates. Forestry at the Exposition October 20, at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, at- tracted there a large number of foresters, lum- bermen and other members and was made the occasion for the presentation to the Association of a handsome Nae FORESTRY ASSOCIATION DAY bronze medal by the officials of the Exposition. This was received by the president, Dr. Henry Sturgis Drinker, other officers present being vice-presidents Everitt G. Griggs of Tacoma, Wash.; Hon. George Pardee, of San Francisco, and Joseph N. Teal, of Portland, Ore.; and 1066 AMERICAN Directors E. T. Allen of Portland, Ore.; Charles F. Quincy of New York City; E. A. Sterling of Chicago; Capt. J. B. White, of Kansas City, and Executive Secre- tary Percival S. Ridsdale, of Washington, D. C. President Drinker, upon accepting the medal made an address describing the work of the Association and its importance to the west as well as the east. The day opened with a meeting, in the Lumberman’s Building, in cooperation with the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, Dr. Drinker presiding. His address, on the relations between eastern and western forestry organizations as the east would like to see them, will be found on page 1054 of this issue. F. C. Knapp, vice-president of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association responded, telling of the relations as the west would like to see them, and Percival S. Ridsdale, Editor of AMERICAN Forestry, described what the magazine is doing to help the forest conser- vation movement in the United States and Canada and how it is furthering public education in forestry through- out the world. Owing to the west’s successful work in forest pro- tection there was much interest in a paper, written by W. R. Brown, president of the New Hampshire Timber- land Owners Association, and read by E. A. Sterling, on the organization of eastern timberland owners for forest fire protection and what they have been able to accom- plish. A paper by Chief Forester Henry S. Graves, told about the activities of the Government in relation to the lumber industry and the value of the investigative work which it is doing, a work which is proving of great practical aid to the lumbermen. There were also, during the day, addresses on various FORESTRY phases of forest industry by H. D. Langille of J. D. Lacey and Company; E. A. Selfridge, president of the Cali- fornia Protective Association, and E. B. Hazen of the West Coast Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, each followed by discussions. On Monday, October 18, the Society of American Foresters held a morning and afternoon session at which there were several addresses and discussions on the work of the professional forester and the relations of forestry and lumbering and between the sessions there were visits to the forestry exhibits of the Argentine Republic, Japan, and the Philippine Islands. A banquet in the evening was the concluding feature of a successful day. Tuesday, October 19, was devoted by the Western For- estry and Conservation Association to addresses and dis- cussions on forest fire protection work, including Secre- tary E. T. Allen’s report on the year’s work of the Association. There were included reports of the Govern- ment’s work in fire protection in the three western Forest Service districts, and also in British Columbia, together with papers on fire weather forecasts and their effective- ness; the relation of modern inventions to forest protec- tive work with a discussion of the probable future use of aerial telegraphy or telephony, heliograph, aeroplanes, observation devices and new forms of extinguishing ap- paratus. One particularly interesting feature was E. T. Allen’s address on creating public sentiment as an aid to securing necessary precautions in preventing forest fires. The Pacific Logging Congress held its sessions on Octo- ber 21 and the same evening many of those attending the various meetings left on a special train and spent two days among the redwood camps in the northern part of the State. The Situation in Michigan 3y H. H. CoapMan Michigan for the year ending June 30, 1914, just issued, gives a very complete account of the work accomplished during the five years since the Com- mission was organized. ‘The Commission is responsible for the management of State lands totaling in June, 1914, 592,416 acres; including forest reserves, 235,245 acres, and lands not so classified. A second department of work is that of supervising and stimulating immigra- tion, for which purpose an agent is maintained in New York City. Still a third department, over which the Commission formerly exercised partial control, has now (July, 1915) been placed entirely under their jurisdic- tion, namely, the combined work of fish and game, and of forest fire protection. The report is full of interest, showing as it does the 1apidly increasing importance of the work in forestry on State lands. Thanks to the vigorous agitation con- ducted for years in the State, both before and after the creation of the Commission, the policy of withdrawing worthless lands from sale and devoting them to forest production is now firmly intrenched. This has been r | \HE report of the Public Domain Commission of especially beneficial in dealing with many speculative town sites platted, sold and abandoned for taxes, which have now been permanently withdrawn. At one of the first meetings after its organization, the Commission set aside lands for forest reserves which, to- gether with those previously reserved, brought the total to 235,245 acres. A policy of sale and disposal was pur- sued for the three years succeeding, during which time some 347,060 acres passed out of State ownership. In the fall of 1912, Mr. A. C. Carton was elected as Commissioner of the State Land Office on a platform to abolish the office, dispensing with the selling of State lands, and the turning over of all lands to the Public Domain Commission. In January, 1913, he placed a minimum price of $6.00 per acre upon all State lands, and withdrew them from sale and entry. At the next meeting of the Public Domain Commission they con- firmed this action, and directed that no State lands be offered for sale in the future and that only such lands as were required for school house sites, cemetery pur- poses, railroad rights of way, or similar public purposes be disposed of. The Legislature then passed an act to THE SITUATION IN MICHIGAN abolish the office and turn all lands in the State over to the Public Domain Commission, and the Land Office is now a thing of the past. All State lands are now under the control of the Public Domain Commission, with the exception of lands granted by the United States Govern- ment for specific purposes, such as the primary school, agricultural college and university lands; and all lands under the control of the Commission will eventually be used for forestry purposes. At the request of the Public Domain Commission, the Legislature also passed an act allowing the State to exchange lands with the United States Government, cor- porations and private individuals, for the purpose of con- solidating its forest reserves. Later, Congress author- ized the exchange of United States Government lands with the States so that it could procure the lands within the boundaries of its reserves. Under this act 50,000 acres have been examined for exchange with the United States Government and private individuals, and the ex- change of about 1,600 acres has been made with private individuals. The Commission also has the right to buy lands for forest reserves. The purpose of these measures is to consolidate the present reserves by the elimination of private holdings of non-agricultural lands. There are fifty-two State for- ests in Michigan at present, the two largest of which each contain about sixty square miles or 38,000 acres of land. The majority are at present small in size and composed of somewhat scattered holdings, which must in the future be brought together. This need of consolidation has been emphasized by the improvement work actively undertaken upon five of the forest reserve areas. Forest planting to restore the forest is a necessity on most of the Michigan reserves. Re- peated fires following logging have left no second growth of value over wide areas. Planting demands fire protec- tion consisting of fire lines, watch towers and telephones, with the accompanying force of lookouts and rangers, without whom no amount of physical preparation would avail. Planting also requires much labor, supervision, teams and equipment, including nurseries. his calls for houses, barns, barracks and waterworks. Such a plant must serve a large area to be economical and efficient. Michigan has had such a plant on the Higgins Lake Forest Reserve, of 13,580 acres, for several years, and has also installed headquarters houses, barns, lookout towers, fire lines, telephones upon the Houghton Lake, Fife Lake, Lake Superior and Ogenaw State Forests, whose areas are, respectively, 38,578, 7,102, 38,007 and 4,199 acres, bringing a total of 101,468 acres under ad- ministration. ‘T'wo more forests will be put under man- agement during 1915, but, although the Commissioners intend to extend the work of bringing the remaining forests under management, they will find it increasingly expensive as the areas administered become smaller and more scattered. The work of forest planting and fire line construction initiated and brought through its experimental stages by the old Forestry Commission at Higgins Lake has been 1067 greatly expanded and as more funds became available initiated on other reserves. A standard fire line is in use, following the section lines, as the country is so flat as to preclude any advantage of ridge lines. These fire lines are first cleared 16 feet wide, then grubbed of stumps and roots for 12 feet, then a 10-foot strip is plowed. This strip is cultivated twice a year to preserve a dirt sur- face and destroy grass or other growth. ‘Two hundred and seven miles of line have been built, at a cost per mile varying from $47.09 to $81.94, although by utilizing old logging railroad grades the cost per mile was but $8.63. The lines serve as vantage points for backfiring, and may even stop a small fire automatically, but can never be depended upon to do it without the active work of fire patrols. From these lookout towers, in which lookouts are kept during the dry and dangerous seasons, there radiates 20.5 miles of telephone lines, connecting head- quarters and the nursery. These lines are used only for forest protection purposes. On one reserve is a specially equipped automobile that takes the first crew to the fire when it is discovered. Later on they are followed by the teams and equipment necessary to extinguish the fire if it is too large a one to be handled by the first crew. The plantations are further protected by fire lines around each forty acres. These plantations now cover 1,409 acres, and will be extended far more rapidly in the future. Norway pine constitute 52 per cent of the area, and white pine 38 per cent. Since the Norway pine is practically free from dangerous insect and fungus ene- mies and has a large measure of fire resistance after attaining, merchantable size, the preference shown for this species is commendable. It also outgrows white pine on sandy soil. It may be questioned whether this policy of close planting, up to 2,300 plants per acre, is sound practice. ‘The advantages of early securing a forest cover and thus reducing the grass and inflammable herbage must be offset against the certainty that such close stands will soon become too crowded, and serious loss from stagnation result before they reach a size permitting the removal of profitable thinnings. Over 1,000,000 seed- lings have been sold and distributed throughout the State. Dead and down timber to the value of $3,363 has been sold. The appropriations for the work of the Commission have gradually increased from $9,700 to $105,000 per year. To sum up, Michigan ranks third in area of State reserves, third in number of acres planted, fourth in area of State forests, and fifth in size of State appro- priations for forestry. Mr. Carton states that the num- ber of acres set aside for forestry purposes should in reality be listed as 600,000, as all of the lands belonging to the State which are under the jurisdiction of the Pub- lic Domain Commission are practically subject to ex- change, and are in fact lands that will be used directly for forestry purposes or exchanged for other lands to be so used. When this process is completed, Michigan will rank third in acreage of State forests. Many of these forests will be used for the propagation 1068 of game. Elk from the Yellowstone Park have already been placed on the big reserve in Roscommon County. The completion of the work of land classification, ex- change and consolidation is the most important work ahead of the Commission, and must precede any great extension of the work of developing the individual forests. The report contains two sub-reports, one by C. M. Granger and one by J. G. Peters, both of the U. S. Forest Service, offering certain suggestions for the future im- provement of the State work. These reports call atten- tion to certain weak points in the present organization. The work of the State Forester, who in other States is entrusted with large educational and administrative duties of state-wide application, has in Michigan been strictly limited to the development of the State Forest Reserves and their protection. Fire protection in the State has been thus divided between the State Forester on State lands, and the State Forest Commissioner, who is also the Game and Fish Commissioner. The consolidation of the fire protection service under the Commission, secured in 1915, is a step in the right direction, and can be made to work out well provided the Commission clearly recognizes the two fundamental principles of organization upon which efficiency in other States has depended. The first of these is an indepen- dent set of fire wardens, who are not saddled with the responsibilities and drawbacks attached to the enforce- ment of game and fish laws. The temptation to obliterate the distinction between game and fire wardens in order to make a better showing and use each State warden more effectively should not blind the Commission to the fact that the fire problem requires special treatment to be solved at all, and that a proper public attitude is the keynote to the enforcement of the fire laws. The time is not ripe for such “economies,” and the effect will surely be to reduce efficiency or nullify the efforts of the State fire wardens. AMERICAN FORESTRY The second principle is the placing of forest fire pro- tection in the hands of a trained forester or woodsman, whose chief interest lies in the field of forestry, and not of fish and game protection. The most successful form of organization, and that which is found in nearly every State which maintains a forest fire department, is a sepa- rate force of State or local fire wardens not connected with fish and game administration, and under the direc- tion of a State forester or fire warden whose time is either entirely devoted to forest fires or whose other in- terests and energies are exerted along forestry lines rather than those of fish and game protection. Fire pro- tection is essential to forestry, and while it affects fish and game indirectly, it is not the primary consideration in this field. ‘The Conservation Commission of New York, under which these two departments are consoli- dated, has never made the mistake of destroying the identity of its fire warden force, but has from the first maintained separate wardens for these two distinct fields of operation. Nor has this State entrusted its fire laws to the administration of the game warden, but has always maintained a separate administrative head for the fire protection work, who has for years been a trained for- ester. This plan is earnestly urged for consideration in Michigan, under the new consolidation of these depart- ments. [Norr.—The States which maintain separate adminis- trative heads for forest fire protection and separate or- ganizations of forest fire wardens, not connected with fish and game administration, are Maine, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- cut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Texas. Wisconsin, Minnesota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and California. The remaining States, with three exceptions, are largely agricultural or have not established State organi- zations for fire protection. ] Editorial SPATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS of development, is yet in its struggling infancy. In some few states, commendable progress has been made in developing state organizations for fire pro- tection, and in educating the public to a new and sane attitude towards forest fires. In a still smaller number of states the question of state forest reservations has been aggressively agitated, with far-reaching results. But taken as a whole, the forestry movement in the individual states is struggling with tremendous obstacles, due to many causes. A clearly defined state policy for administration of lands worthless for agriculture and their restoration to productiveness through forestry con- fronts the inherited weaknesses of our individualistic form of government. = TATE forestry in this country, after twenty years Indifference to public or commercial welfare, the gauging of results solely by immediate private profits, the horrible inefficiency of the corrupt partizan or spoils system of public service, which, should it be exposed to such urgent stress as that of England or France in the present war, would either crumble or give place to effh- ciency, all constitute obstacles which threaten not only to seriously interfere with, but to almost completely pre- vent, the final establishment of state forestry on a sound. permanent basis. The success of state forestry means nothing short of a complete transformation in the general attitude of entire state communities towards the economic treatment of forest land. Such constructive work requires long- continued, patient and intelligent effort on the part of EDITORIAL men whose knowledge of the aims and purpose of state forestry rest on the secure basis of technical and pro- fessional knowledge. State forestry departments must be so constituted that such men are not only secured for the work but are kept in the service of the state on a permanent basis which permits them to give to their work the cumulative knowledge and efficiency of years of experience. If the office of state forester is to become a political plum, technical foresters will be replaced by politicians or by young and inexperienced foresters who, for the sake of a job, are willing to take a chance on being replaced when the administration changes. No results worth considering will ever be accomplished in state forestry under such a system. “By their fruits ye shall know them.” The states which today are rapidly progressing in fire protection, in state forest reserves and in other forestry lines, are in practically every instance served by state foresters who have been retained for several years by non-partizan commissions and who expect to continue in those positions as their life work, in the same manner that an efficient employe of a busi- ness corporation plans on devoting his ever-growing ability to the work of his employers, without fear of being deposed for arbitrary reasons wholly unconnected with his character or services. But this condition, through which alone states can secure results, comes into sharp conflict with the spoils system which in many places and by many methods is seeking rehabilitation under cover of a reaction from too much progressivism. One favorite method of demolish- ing a non-partizan forestry board at present is by a reorganization of forestry, usually by a combination with other conservation interests, notably those of fish and game protection. Such proposed legislation will be found in most instances to provide for the arbitrary political appointment of the state forester instead of permitting TAXATION AND F CONSERVATION of the forests which they own | is practical, then lumbermen will practice conserva- tion. Just how such conservation may be made prac- tical is a decidedly interesting problem and the opinion of lumbermen who have given thought to it is valuable. One such lumberman is Charles 1. Latimer, president of the Northern National Bank of Ashland, Wisconsin, who, in a recent letter to AMERICAN ForeEstRrY, said: “T am very much interested in the literature received from time to time from your association and, being a lumberman of some years’ standing, have some ideas about the best way to preserve our forests, and in this connection would say I believe we should begin with proper legislation and particularly tax legislation. As the taxes are now, in practically all of the states standing timber pays an annual tribute going higher and higher each year, thus putting timber owners in a very uncom- fortable condition—forcing a man to cut his holdings in order to realize something besides taxes for his invest- ment, in so doing, owing to market conditions, he is com- pelled to leave a large amount of valuable timber, either 1069 him to be selected by the non-partizan board. Another method is the curtailment of appropriations for non- partizan forest fire warden forces below the point of efficiency. In a state which has failed, through improper organization, to secure efficient forestry administration, the appropriations devoted to forestry are dissipated in salaries and expenses which produce no lasting results and the final outcome must be the failure and abandon- ment of the propaganda itself. To secure these vital conditions of success, forestry sentiment must be organized and active. The logical method of expression is through a state forestry associa- tion. A few states have such organizations, notably Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Michigan and, of late, New York. To be successful and to accomplish its purpose, a state forestry association must have an active and well-informed secretary, who can devote a large part of his time to the work of the association. Without such a secretary no association can grow beyond a merely nominal strength. As soon as the association can afford it, the secretary should receive a salary. He should be a capable organizer and business man, as well versed in forestry as possible. Such a secretary will cause the association to grow rapidly. An association which has developed into a strong, pro- gressive and wide-awake organization, can not only secure needed legislation, but can by the weight of its influence prevent the passage of spoils legislation and can maintain the integrity of the state forest service against the efforts of politicians to dominate and control the per- sonnel and the appropriations. Without such an associa- tion public opinion, unorganized and often led astray by false information, will be practically helpless. State forestry rests upon the expressed will of the people, and the state forestry association is the means of expressing this will effectually. CONSERVATION to be blown down or burned up. Under proper tax con- ditions he would only be compelled to cut as fast as the market would warrant, and when he did cut, should he pay a cumulative tax, there would be coming to the tim- ber owner exactly what belongs to him and no more. What timber remained would be for future years or future generations. “Proceeding a little further with our legislation, in order to cut our timber clean we should legislate so that timber from other countries would not come in competi- tion with our own as it does at this time. My opinion is that there is as much timber wasted in the United States today, owing to free admission of lumber into the United States, as would offset the value of lumber that is im- ported from Canada and British Columbia. The Ameri- can people are out just the amount of money we pay the outsider for his lumber. “Tt is hardly a practical proposition to reforest, or to perpetuate the forests we now have, until we have leg- islation that will protect the forests. I believe the true solution would be the cumulative tax, together with a sufficient duty upon imported lumber that would enable us to cut our forests clean as we go along.” 1070 AMERICAN FORESTRY Forest Notes A Conservation Measure T. R. Helms, a member of the American Forestry Association, writing from New Orleans says: “Do not try to see how many logs you can cut up, try and get all the lumber you can get out of them. “Try to make lumber, instead of simply cutting up logs. “You work for the interests of the com- pany if you save all the lumber you can. “Lumber is money, do not waste it.” This is quite different from what it was years ago, when the efficiency of the saw- yers was judged by the number of feet of log scale they would saw in a shift, and consequently they would cut up the logs the quickest way they could, regard- less of how much or what kind of lumber they got. Prof. Brown Back from 6,000 Mile Trip Nelson C. Brown, Professor of Forest Utilization in the State College of For- estry at Syracuse, has returned from a 6,000 mile trip through the National For- ests of the Rockies and Cascades. Profes- sor Brown left Syracuse in June and went directly to New Mexico where he studied methods of utilizing and protecting timber in the Southern Rockies. He then went up through California, visiting the redwood lumbering north and east of San Fran- cisco to the Puget Sound Country. There he visited some of the largest sawmills in the world and not only studied methods of utilization and manufacture, but looked carefully into the matter of methods used by the western lumberman in supplying the eastern markets. After studying con- ditions in Idaho and Montana he visited the White Pine section of northeastern Minnesota, where much of the best White Pine is coming from today. Professor Brown brings back to the College a large amount of illustrative material which will be used in instructional work and in the forest museum of the College. Ten Buffalo Calves The Government’s herd of buffalo on the Wichita National Forest, in Oklahoma, which is also a Federal game preserve, has been increased by the arrival of ten calves, according to a report received by the Forest Service from the supervisor in charge. The herd, which now comprises sixty-two specimens of the almost extinct bison, is in good condition, says the su- pervisor, and promises to continue increas- ing at a rapid rate. Prof. Chaffee on Extended Trip Prof. R. R. Chaffee, who is in charge of the course in lumbering at Penn State Forest School, is making an extensive trip through the northwest and along the Pa- cific coast studying the large logging op- erations and visiting the National For- ests. Prof. Chaffee expects to return in November to take charge of the new op- tional course in lumbering which has re- cently been established at Penn State. Syracuse Registers 274 Men The State College of Forestry at Syra- cuse, N. Y., has just closed registration for the college year with 274 men. These men have registered for four and five year professional courses in Forestry and represent 55 counties in the State and 12 States outside of New York. Some of the largest county representations come from Westchester, New York, Erie and Onon- daga. The following States are represented. Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Virginia, Wisconsin, Minne- sota and District of Columbia. Russia and Armenia are represented as foreign coun- tries. Besides the 274 men in the profes- sional courses in the State College of For- estry at Syracuse there are 18 men taking the one-year practical course in the State Ranger School at Wanakena. What Minnesota Needs C. C. Andrews, secretary of the Minne- sota State Forestry Board writes that: “Forest consumption has been going on in Minnesota seventy years, and there is now need of strong measures for refores- tation. There is in this State a great deal of land that is chiefly valuable for the production of timber, some of.which is bare, exposed to sun and wind and grow- ing poorer every year. It is true that in places one now sees a fine regrowth of forest, but on an average, in my opinion, after twenty years of particular observa- tion, not more than 5 per cent of it is well restocked (close growing), with valu- able kinds of timber trees. It will take nature unaided more than a century to renew our forests; the State must assist. Thoughtful citizens should keep this mat- ter in mind and help educate a public sentiment that will cause another legisla- ture to give reforestation a proper start.” Wirt as Chief Fire Warden George H. Wirt has been appointed chief forest fire warden of Pennsylvania in accordance with the recent act of the Legislature providing for reorganization of the forest fire warden system. In this re- organization the State forestry department will take advantage of its foresters as they are now located on State Forests and use them as centers of inspection of as many local fire wardens as they can conveniently handle. In this way it will probably be able to keep in close touch with all of the fire wardens in at least thirty-five counties of the State and those counties which are most wooded. Following that the depart- ment shall take steps to organize the sys- tem in other counties by cooperation with local organizations of sportsmen and other bodies interested in forest preservation. It will also attempt to institute a complete system of fire towers all over the State and carry on a campaign of education against forest fires. Unfortunately, the department will have to be somewhat limited in the last two propositions during the next two years, owing to the fact that for this period of time the Legislature and Governor have given only $45,000 for the work. Mr. Wirt graduated from the Biltmore Forest School in February, 1900. In April of that year he began service with the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry as a tate Forester. In 1903 he was placed in charge of the State Forest Academy and had charge of it, together with the Mont Alto State Forest, until May, 1910. At that time he was sent to Harrisburg and placed in charge of the work of inspecting private tracts and assisting private individuals in the handling of their woodlots, together with other miscellaneous technical and ofhce work, Wisconsin's New Forester Professor F. B. Moody, for the past two years extension professor in forestry at Cornell, has taken up his new duties as a member of the forest, fish, and game com- mission of the State of Wisconsin. By this action he becomes not only a member of the commission, but the State Forester, succeeding E. M. Griffith, who recently resigned. Professor Moody went to Cornell from Wisconsin, where he was a member of the State Forestry staff, and it is stated that his thorough familiarity with Wisconsin conditions led to his choice as a member of the Wisconsin comntission. While he is being congratulated on the new oppor- tunity, great regret at his leaving is ex- pressed by his colleagues at the State college of agriculture, where he has been one of the most popular members of the forestry faculty. He has been closely in touch with the lumbermen, and particularly with the farm- ers, of the State in his woodlot demonstra- tions, and has been commended for his sound common sense on forestry problems and his practical familiarity with them. Professor Moody's successor in the ex- tersion work in forestry has not yet been chosen, and probably will not be selected until the members of the Forestry School return from the Adirondacks. The activi- ties of the entire school have been trans- ferred to an Adirondack logging operation, where the Senior Class is now securing practical training in woods work. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT Canadian Department By ELLwoop WILSON Secretary Canadian Society of Forest Engineers The campaign against those responsible for setting forest fires has been waged vig- orously and successfully this season. The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Associa- tion has eight convictions against settlers who carelessly allowed their clearing fires to get away from them, and the St. Mau- rice Forest Protective Association has had one very important conviction and ten more cases under way. These convictions are having an important effect as they show that the laws are really meant to be en- forced and bring home to the careless ones the necessity of taking precautions, in a way which appeals to them. As soon as the Governments of the respective Prov- inces make it necessary to have permits in order to start fires for clearing, no matter what the time of year, settlers’ fires will be a thing of the past. The Canadian Society of Forest Engi- neers has just been incorporated under the laws of the Province of Ontario. This Society has had a healthy and steady growth and is increasing in importance and influence. It now numbers forty-eight active, thirty associate, two honorary and two student members. Mr. P. S. Ridsdale, Secretary of the American Forestry As- sociation, has just been elected an Associ- ate Member. An interesting experiment was under- taken by the Laurentide Company, Ltd., this season. On a good deal of their waste land which is being planted there are old hardwood stumps and a good deal of young hardwood brush. This grows much faster than spruce or pine and on two of the plantations was seriously retarding the growth of the plantations. A couple of small goats were purchased and turned into these plantations but they promptly commenced to eat the planted trees as well as the hardwood. The Company’s herd of reindeer was then tried and although they have been grazing on the plantations all summer they have not eaten a single spruce or pine but have cleaned off the poplar, birch, and maple well and the conif- erous plants show as good a growth as those in the open. A few plants have been injured where the deer have made roads but the number is so small as to be en- tirely negligible. The feed has agreed with the deer and they are in wonderful condition. This proposition of natural hardwood regeneration on burnt over and cut over lands was beginning to be a serious one as it is entirely out of the question to cut this, either before or after planting, and it retards the growth of the plants dominated by it to such an extent that it seemed almost hopeless. The Canadian Lumberman for Sept. 15th prints an excellent article on “The Prob- lem of Slash Disposal’ by Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Forester to the Conservation Com- mission. The whole question is thoroughly discussed and definite measures to help the present situation are proposed, all of them practical and practicable. Mr. R. H. MacMillan, Chief Forester of British Columbia, and acting at present as special trade commissioner, traveling abroad in the interests of his Province, has completed his work in England successfully and is now en route to South Africa. Work has commenced on the large new storage dam being built by the Quebec Government to control the flow of the St. Maurice River. This dam is forty-four miles from the nearest railroad, the Na- tional Transcontinental, and barges and steamers are being provided to carry sup- plies, cement, etc., to the first rapid, a dis- tance of twenty-eight miles and from that point to the dam site, sixteen miles, a rail- road will be built. This dam will be the largest water conservation scheme in the world and will hold back twice the amount of water stored by the enlarged Assouan dam on the the Nile. It will be about 2,000 feet long and eighty feet high at the high- est point. There are many large lakes above this dam, one being over thirty miles in length, and the level of all of these lakes will be raised. The timber which will be destroyed is for the most part scrubby black spruce, balsam, birch and poplar and little of it has any commercial value. There are no settlements of any kind, only one Hudson Bay Post on Lake Obiduan, the country being inhabited by Indians. Tenders are also being asked for a dam to be constructed at the outlet of Lake St. Francis, on the St. Francis River, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, which serves a number of important in- dustries which have been much hampered by low water in the summer time. It may be of interest to American readers to know that in the little Indian village of Pierre- ville, near the mouth of the St. Francis River, it is said, the grandmother of Sena- tor Matthew S. Quay, of Pennsylvania, was born. She was an Indian woman of the Abenaki tribe and I am told that Senator Quay’s picture hangs over the altar in the Indian Church. The report of the Fire Inspection De- partment of the Dominion Railway Com- mission shows that during 1914 a total of 1,346 fires were reported in forested sec- tions within three hundred feet of rail- road rights-of-way, on lines under the juris- 1071 diction of the Railway Commission. Thesé do not include Government Railways or lines under Provincial charter, about 15 per cent of the total mileage. A total area of 191,770 acres was burned, valued at $443,442, of which $202,987 was merchant- able timber. Although the season was one of the worst in years the railway fires show a decrease and the situation is steadily im- proving. ‘Two suits were entered against railways in the Parry Sound District in Ontario and the Grand Jury in making its presentment protested against the non- enforcement of the forest fire laws and the negligence of the officers charge with this enforcement. There is at present a great demand for box shooks for making ammunition boxes. The specifications are very strict and there is difficulty in obtaining material. His Eminence the Cardinal-Archbishop of Quebec, always a strong supporter of the work of the Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation, will soon issue a letter to be read in all the Churches of the Province, re- minding all faithful Catholics of their duty to protect the forests from fire and to conserve them for posterity. This will be of great assistance in impressing upon all the people the necessity of using greater care with fires and also of observing the forest fire laws. Mr. George Chahoon, Jr., a Director of the Canadian Forestry Association and As- sociate Member of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers, has just been elected President of the Laurentide Co., Ltd., the largest and most progressive paper com- pany in Canada, to succeed the late Sir William Van Horne. Mr. Chahoon, like Sir William, was born in the United States, being a native of Au Sable Forks, in the Adirondacks, where his family has long had paper interests. He is still a young man, being only forty-three. He took charge of the Laurentide Company about twelve years ago and has built it up to its present high standing. His broad gen- eral interests and open mindedness early persuaded him that only happy and con- tented employes give their best work and he has done everything to make Grand Mere, not only livable but also attractive and has succeeded in building up one of the prettiest villages in Canada. Realizing that a cheap and steady supply of raw ma- terial was of vital necessity to this Com- pany he became interested in forestry and has done more along practical lines to util- ize what this science had to offer than almost any man in Canada, taking not only a selfish interest in it but looking at it from the broadest standpoint and urg- ing the Provincial Government to a more- progressive policy. The first large forest survey im Quebec was that made by his Company and it is also the first one to take: up commercial planting on a large scale. 1072 Sr. Don Ricardo Cordoniu, who has been for many years in charge of the work of the Spanish Government in reforesting the sand dunes and control of torrents and tree planting in the mountains, has had con- ferred on him, on the occasion of his 67th birthday, the Grand Order of Elizabeth the Catholic and Agronomial Merit. The insignia of the order was given him by public subscription. Sr. Condoniu is the editor of Espana Forestal, one of the heads of the only forestry school in Spain and a member of the society of Amigos del Arbol. The last number of Espana Forestal has just been received and is a very cred- itable piece of work, the illustrations are excellent and there is more attention paid to the aesthetic and artistic side of for- estry than in any other forestry journal published. Secretary Robson Black, of the Canadian Forestry Association, has just made a trip to the territory patrolled by the Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Association and to the Ontario Government Nurseries and plantation, at St. Williams, Ont. Fif- teen acres are covered by the nursery and about eighteen hundred acres have been taken over from farmers and planted up. Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester, deserves great credit for the efficient way in which he has handled this work and for the excellent condition of the nursery and the good he has done in awakening pub- lic interest and in turning a barren section into a fine prospective forest. The pine plantations have now reached a height of nine and ten feet and are in excellent con- dition. Enormous numbers of hardwoods of all sorts are grown for distribution. Mr. Black also investigated the “fake settlers” in the Township of Boyer, Prov- ince of Quebec, and showed the disastrous result of their being allowed to take up land simply for the purpose of cutting off the timber. This is an abuse which has been a crying shame but which the Province is rapidly controlling, and soon hopes to make a thing of the past. British Columbia Notes Under the direction of the Hon., the Minister of Lands, an attractive pamphlet entitled “British Columbia Timber” has been prepared for distribution among the buyers in overseas markets. It is intended to draw the attention of importers overseas to the forest products of the province, and especially to the facilities for exporting British Columbia lumber. Consisting of nearly forty pages, and containing thirty illustrations, the pamphlet treats of the principal exportable woods, their qualities and uses, together with information con- cerning their strength, values and suitability for various uses. Also a pamphlet entitled “How to Finish British Columbia Wood,” giving full details and directions for hand- AMERICAN FORESTRY ling and finishing woods and the different kinds of paints, stains and varnishes which are suitable for getting the effects desired. At a recent meeting of the British Co- lumbia Forest Club a very interesting paper on the Forests of Central British Columbia was read by Mr. H. R. Christie, and one on general administrative problems in forestry work by Mr. W. N. Millar. The Hon., the Minister of Lands, is in receipt of advices from the Tete Jaune Cache district, reporting that during the month of August there were seven hundred thousand feet, board measure scaled, being timber cut by the Canadian Northern Pa+ cific Railway during its construction through the timber limits in the North Thompson Valley, and representing the addition of $2,600 to the provincial revenue in stumpage and royalties. While its lumber industry is quiet, it is believed that much development will take place in that district as soon as economic conditions permit. Fifty-five fires have been reported this season, some sixty acres in all having burned over, with damage to rather less than three hundred thousand feet of stand- ing timber. Ten of these outbreaks, af- fecting twenty acres and damaging about two-thirds of the timber mentioned, were due to lightning. Hot, dry, windy weather for the past few months rendered the po- sition one of great hazard, and it is a tribute to the efficiency of the fire-wardens that the losses and fire fighting expendi- tures have been kept within comparatively small limits. The splendid spirit of co- operation existing throughout this large district has been a valuable asset, several instances having occurred of settlers walk- ing or riding many miles in order to report the outbreak of a fire. Land-clearing by settlers has been ex- tensively undertaken this year, and good crops are reported generally, especially in view of the fact that many areas are virgin ground, and have been broken up for the first time this year. Current Literature MONTHLY LIST FOR OCTOBER, 1915. (Books and periodicals indexed in the library of the United States Forest Service.) FORESTRY AS A WHOLE Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. India—Andaman Islands—Forest dept. Prog- ress report of forest administration for the year 1913-14. 41 p. Calcutta, 1915. India—Bombay presidency—Forest dept. Administration report of the forest circles, for the year 1913-1914. Bombay, 1915. New Jersey— orest park reservation com- mission. Tenth annual report for the year ending October 31, 1914. 79 p. pl., map. Trenton, N. J., 1915. 184 p. Forest Education Cornell university—Dept. of forestry. Courses in forestry; a circular of informa- tion for prospective forestry students. 11p: il. Ithaca, Ne Ye, 1915: Montana, University of—Forest school. Sec- ond annual announcement, 1915-16. 63 p. il. Missoula, Mont., 1915. Forest Botany Lawler, James. Twenty Canadian trees. 23 p. il. Ottawa, Canadian forestry association, 1915. Silvical Studies of Species Mattoon, Wilbur R. The southern cypress. 74 pp. i, pl. Wash DiC yasi9nss (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture Bulletin 272.) Silviculture Planting and nursery practice New Zealand—Dept. of lands and survey. Report on state nurseries and plantations for the year 1914-15. 69 p. il. pl. Wellington, 1915. Forest Protection Diseases Ross, R. M. The chestnut bark disease in Vermont. 16 p. pl. St. Albans, Vt., 1915. (Vermont—Forest service. For- estry publication no, 16.) Fire Kentucky—State forester. Manual of in- structions for county forest wardens and district forest wardens, and information in regard to the prevention and suppres- sion of forest fires. 31 p. Frankfort, Ky., 1915. New Hampshire—Forestry commission. Per- sonnel of the forest fire service. 53 p. Manchester, N. H., 1915. (Circular 8.) United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Fire protection in District 1, for the use of forest officers. _ 117 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. Forest Legislation New Hampshire—Laws, statutes, etc. For- est laws. 31p. Concord, N. H., 1915. (New Hampshire—Forestry commission. Circular 7.) New Jersey—Laws, statutes, etc. The law and regulations concerning camp fires in New Jersey. 4 p. il. Trenton, N. J., Dept. of conservation and develop- ment, 1915. New Jersey—Laws, statutes, etc. Laws of New Jersey relating to forestry, 1915. 44p. Union Hill, N. J., 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws; Louisiana, through regular session, 1914. 7 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest State forestry laws; Maryland, 194 Ge ps service. through regular session, Wash., D. C., 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws; Missouri, through regular session, 1915. 2 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws; North Carolina, through regular session, 1915. Sp.) Wash:, DiC.; 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws; Texas, through regular session, 1915. 3 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws; Virginia, through regular session, 1914. 6 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Forestry laws of Wisconsin, through regular session, 1915. 16 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws; Wyoming, through regular session, 1915. 3 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. Forest Utilization Lumber industry Barns, W. E. Business and lumber trade conditions, Nos. 42,43. St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis lumberman, 1915. National lumber manufacturers’ association. The modern lumberman; reports and addresses presented at the 13th annual meeting, in San Francisco, Cal., May 12-13,1915. 196p. Chicago, Ill., 1915. Wood Technology Betts, Harold Scofield and Newlin, J. A. Strength tests of structural timbers treated by commercial wood-preserving processes. 15 p. il. Wash, D. C,, 1915. (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 286.) British Columbia—Department of lands— Forest branch. British Columbia red cedar shingles. 12p. il. Victoria, B.C., 1915. British Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. British Columbia timber and other forest products for export. 40 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. British Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. How to finish British Columbia wood. 16p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. National fire protection association. Report of the committee on uses of wood in building construc ion. 55 p. il. Bos- ton, Mass., 1915. Wood Preservation MacDonald, G. B. Preservative treatment of fence posts. 70 p. Ames, Ia., 1915. (lowa—Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 158.) Auxiliary Subjects Description and travel Darton, Nelson Horatio and others. Guide- book of the United States, pt. C: The CURRENT LITERATURE Santa Fe route, with a side trip to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. 194 p. i) pl, maps. Wash. DiC, 1915: (U. S.—Geological survey. Bulletin 613.) Botany. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Notes in national forest range plants, pt. 1: Grasses. 224 p. Wash., D. C., 1914. Irrigation International irrigation congress. Official proceedings of the 21st International irrigation congress, held at Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Oct. 5-9, 1914. 402 p. il. Ottawa, 1915. Engineering Los Angeles county, California—Board of engineers, flood control. Provisional re- port, submitted to the Board of super- visors, os Angeles county, June 3, 1914. 24p. il. Los Angeles, 1914. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Agricultural gazette of Tasmania, July, 1915. —tThe stave silo, by F. H. Johnstone, p. 259-62. Annals of botany, July, 1915.—“ Brown oak”’ and its origin, by Percy Groom, p. 393-408. Capital, Sept., 1915.—Giant trees of Sequoia, p. 13, 14. Country gentleman, Sept. 25, 1915.—Stop- ping runaway waters; Mangum terraces keep farms on hillsides, even when it rains, by J. Russell Smith, p. 1485-6; That hedge fence; an asset that has become a liability, by Herbert R. Cox, p. 1493. Far Eastern review, Aug., 1915.—Philippine woods for the China and foreign m_rkets, by W. F. Sherfesee, p. 88-92. Gardeners’ chronicle, Aug. 21, 1915.—Forest trees in trenched and untrenched grounds by Vicary Gibbs, p. 111; ‘ Witche, broom”’ on willow, by A. D. Webster p. 123. Journal of industrial and engineering chem- istry, Sept., 1915.—A new native dye- wood; Robinia pseudacacia, by F. P. Dunnington, p. 806. Journal of the Linnean society, Botany, May 15, 1915.—Structure of the wood of Himalayan junipers, by W. Rushton, p. 1-13. National wool grower, Sept., 1915.—Grazing sheep on range without water, by J. T. Jardine, p. 7-10. Nation’s business, Sept. 15, 1915.—What is wrong with the lumber business, p. 13. Nineteenth century and after, July, 1915.— Effect of six months’ war on the timber supplies, by E. P. Stebbing, p. 204-17. Philippine trade review, Aug., 1915.—Export timbers of the Philippines, p. 7—12. Plant world, Aug., 1915.—The dunes of Lake Michigan, by Theo. J. Stomps, p. 205-16. Scientific American, Sept. 4, 1915.—The war and lumber, p. 194. 1073 Grade One Oy Creosote Cuts wood preserving bills in half — For preserving telephone poles, telegraph poles, cross arms, railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, under- ground sills, sleepers, bridge timbers, planking, ice houses, wood tanks, shing- les, poultry houses, silos, boat timbers or any exposed woodwork. Especially adapted for brush and open tank treatment of structural timbers of all kinds. Booklet on request. Barrett Manufacturing Co. New York Philadelphia Boston Cleveland Cincinnati Chicago St. Louis Pittsburgh Detroit Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Salt Lake City Seattle Peoria Southern planter, Sept., 1915.—Reclamation of gullied land, by R. C. Jones, p. 493-4. Technical world magazine, June, 1915.—To turn New York into a forest, by J. B. Bell, p. 457-9. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Sept. 11, 1915.—Test wood for battleships; Forest products laboratory searching for material to _ use as backing for armor plate, p. 31; A visual method of distinguishing long- leaf pine, by Arthur Koehler, p. 34-5; Silo preservatives that are safe, p. 50-1. American lumberman, Sept. 18, 1915.— Failure of Tacoma bridge striking lesson, by Paul P. Whitham, p. 29; Wooden houses can be built to lessen fire risk, p. 32-3. American lumberman, Sept. 25, 1915.—How to make a good shingle roof, p. 40-1 Describes extracting discovery, by Her- bert Newton Crites, p. 53. American lumberman, Oct. 2, 1915.—Profit able field for use of wood is presented; telegraph company can use millions of feet of creosoted wood ducts, p. 30-1. Canada lumberman, Sept. 15, 1915.—Use of Douglas fir ably advocated, by J. R Chamberlain, p. 27; Lumber and its interests at Canadian national exhibition, p. 32-4; Tool handles used in Great Britain, p. 34; The wooden pole market in England, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 35. Commercial importance of maple, by A. H. D. Ross, p. 36-7. 1074 Canada lumberman, Oct. 1, 1915.—Douglas fir markets in Great Britain, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 25-6. Engineering magazine, Oct., 1915.—Forests of the United States, by Leonard Lundgren, p. 1-17. Engineering news, Aug. 12, 1915.—Diagrams for cost of ties; Canadian Pacific railway, p. 292. Hardwood record, Oct. 10, 1915.—Changes in utilization of wood, p. 18-19; Amazon lumbering possibilities, p. 19; Records of large hardwood trees, p. 22-3. Lumber trade journal, Sept. 15, 1915.— Louisiana timber valuation raised, p. 11, 14, 19-25. Lumber world review, Sept. 25, 1915.— Problems in kiln drying lumber, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 21-3. Mississippi Valley lumberman, Sept. 10, 1915. —tThe forests of New Zealand, p. 38-9; Increasing the efficiency of creosoted wood block pavements, by O. P. M. Goss, Pros Paper, Sept. 22, 1915.—Woodpulp for ex- plosives, by Clayton Beadle, p. 14. Paper, Oct. 6, 1915.—Experimental work on soda cellulose; the diminishing of fuzz in soda pulp by proper cooking conditions, by Sidney D. Wells, p. 14-15; The dyestuff situation in the United States, by I. F. Stone, p. 16-17. Paper trade journal, Sept. 9, 1915.—Many uses found for waste timber, p. 44. Paper trade journal, Sept. 23, 1915.—Russia the world’s timber yard, p. 46. Paper trade journal, Sept. 30, 1915.—Possi- bilities of accurate determination of ground wood in paper, by Max Cline, p. 50-2. Pulp and paper magazine, Sept. 1, 1915.— The manufacture of high grade sulphite pulp, by L. Wimmer, p. 156-8; The manufacture of yarns and _ textiles from paper pulp, p. 459-63. St. Louis lumberman, Sept. 15, 1915.—The wood silo vs. substitutes, by John B. Woods, p. 52-3; Creosoted pine block pavements, by F. P. Hamilton, p. 79. St. Louis lumberman, Oct. 1, 1915.—Silo exploitation, by J. Crow Taylor, p. 50-1. Savannah naval stores review, Sept. 11, 1915. —Saw mills are eating up the pine trees, Pals, 18; Southern lumberman, Sept. 18, 1915.—The public interest in lumber trade extension, by E. A. Sterling, p. 29-30. Southern lumberman, Oct. 2, 1915.—Position of government in sale of timber explained, by W. B. Greeley, p. 23. Timber trades journal, Sept. 18, 1915.—An export sawmill in British East Africa, by F. E. Brown, p. 413; Mahogany industry of British Honduras, by W. D. Hornaday, p. 439. Timberman, Sept., 1915.—National forest timber sales, p. 25-6; Alaska forests, by H. S. Graves, p. 26; New Zealand forests and timber industry, p. 30-32; Legitimate field for structural timber, by Paul P. Whitham, p. 40; Modern skyline systems, p. 45-6; Uniformity in log AMERICAN FORESTRY Vertical Farming Proved By Effects of Orchard Blasting with Red Cross \, Farm . Powder These cuts are made from photos show- ing comparative growth of pear trees from Spring of 1913 to August, 1914, Bellemont Or- chards, Inc., Nor- folk, Va. Blasted Ground AM progressive farmers and orchardists know that trees planted in blasted ground grow much faster than those planted in the old way and bear fruit earlier. This proves the truth of the principles of Vertical Farming, which aims to cultivate downward as well as to till the top soil. Three years ago tree planting in blasted holes was experimental—now millions of trees are set out by the Vertical Farming method every Spring and Fall. In like manner, blasting the subsoil to increase general crop yields, now regarded as experimental, will in a few years be common. To learn how and why Vertical Farming may double the yields of your farm, get the Free Reading Course in Vertical Farming by Dr. G. E. Bailey, one of the best works on soils and soil culture ever published. Sent free with every request for our Farmer’s Handbook No. 350 F. Write now. E. I. Du Pont De Nemours Co. Established 1802 Wilmington, Delaware scaling, by E. I. Karr, p. 47; Problem of stump removal, by F. W. Wilson, p. 48; Land grants in Oregon, p. 50; Growth of Douglas fir, by Thornton T. Munger, p. 50. United States daily consular report, Sept. 16, 1915.—Algerian brier roots for pipe making, p. 1315. United States daily consular report, Sept. 25, 1915.—The lumber industry in Ecuador, p. 1458-9. United States daily consular report, Oct. 5, 1915.—Manufacture of paper and paper pulp in Indo-China, by Lawrence P. Briggs, p. 75. United States daily consular report, Oct. 8, 1915.—British market for wood-block paving, p. 120-1; Success of American woods in Greece, by A. B. Cooke, p. 127. West Coast lumberman, Sept. 15, 1915.— Destructive distillation yields of by- products from western conifers, by H. K. Benson and Marc Darrin, p. 24-5; Reports a permanent market for fir ties in United Kingdom markets, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 29-30. West Coast lumberman, Oct. 1, 1915.—Fir waste abounds in acetone; used as solvent in making war munitions, by Marc Darrin, p. 20; Report of government chemist on destructive distillation of fir waste, by George M. Hunt, p. 26-8. Wood turning, Sept., 1915.—The mechanical utilization of wood waste, by R. K. Helphenstine, p. 5-6; Manufacturing clothespins, p. 13. Wood turning, Oct., 1915.—White oak in demand; list of articles made of oak, p. 11-13. Woodworker, Sept., 1915.—New drying plant of Detroit lumber co., by A. Snedeker, p. 35-6; Best results in lumber drying, by L. A. McDonald, p. 36. Forest journals Canadian forestry journal, Sept., 1915— Guarding the lower Ottawa, p. 183-6; A model tree nursery, p. 187-9; Problem of slash disposal, by Clyde Leavitt, p. 195-7, 204-S. Forestry quarterly, Sept., 1915.—The regen- eration of denuded areas in the Bighorn Mts. by Douglas fir, by Earl S. Peirce, p. 301-7; The artificial preservation of mine timbers, by Friedrich Moll, p. 308-16; A windfall problem, by George Y. Baker, p. 317-24; The progress of wood identification in the Philippine Islands, by E. E. Schneider, p. 325-32; Rules of thumb for volume determina- tion, by Frederick R. Mason, p. 333-7; The Abney hand level and the chain on intensive forest surveys, by Clarence R. Anderson, p. 338-43; Hardwood plant‘ng in Owens valley, California, by Louis T. Larsen, p. 344-51; A blighted chestnut operation in New Jersey, by E. C. M. Richards, p. 352-60; Seed data on some secondary tree species, by E. A. Ziegler, p. 361-4. New Hampshire forestry, 1915.—The national forest in New England, p. 1, 3. CURRENT LITERATURE BOOKS ON FORESTRY os fr ed ooo AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry SSDS yesh D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* BB ag BH 12 16 — oo —— to —— 0 1 8 6 9 8 8 8 —— 0 0 PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert iPeets:.. 2.2.2. 2+ see eee + 4 le $2.00 THESLUMBER INDUS Re —Biyghps sph ellogors cvs ara acres) cic) «ieee serene re ele «are 110 LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones.............. 2,10 RORESE VALUATION = Byilie bis Chapman sci. ceecicrc cece: «elec SAG CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw..... 1.60 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS—By John Korkegaard . < . sccva ype eereerite Site aero Mae rot ia se tins ov eso ete gee Pacpescs scat s nua 1.50 TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol. I and II, + Parts to a Volume—per: Part teeetcerare ries vceyete ee avckelsdetoleaciaanises 0: oisas, feeneeapeeiies re 5 FAGOTS OF CEDAR (Poems and ballads)—By Ivan Swift....................... 1.00 THE WOODS—DouglasiMallochteermrcrece iscsi ate cee nee 1 RESAW ED RABLES—DouclaseMallachwarce jects eerie. ie sarees italy THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot...................-..+..- iil) LUMBERV AND) LTS USES—Ra Sw Kelloggs. nase eerie cite: - iii lel: THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow...... Diesel NORDED AME RICAN EERIE EH S—— Nee lee B rit tons seein ceettrenrer ier iiier «i acieerns sou | Ce) KEY TORT E iREEs—Collinsrandyerestonse eee eee mone + + scene 1.50 THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling................... 1.70 AMERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson....)0..-0.....-.--:.asccee-- 6.00 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— RSH oT SUNT [kA e100) Co AER eS Sc oe) 6 0 hoo Acie ceotciokt o.cleini SEE Ore ae oe a8) BANE SS URVEYUIN G— Johny Cipla cyprscrs roc retarted sisted ca eee eee 3.00 FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves......................200- . 4.00 THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY—B. E. Fernow................. 1.61 BiRSi BOOK OF RORES TRY bilibert)Rotht seem: «4. tee + eneeers 1.10 PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller. 1.50 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green............... 1.50 SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS—Alfred Gaut.......... Ls) JME VULIUNRS ANSI DS; —{ Ce, (Sy, dBloyblleeies oc pas oodnaanccoscd oped pereEauee cooUauOr 1.50 MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Me xico)—Charles SPLApUuel Sargent tec ccsncielavstercisl utente re CM CT=. <6 3 sealers) s/aeis renee ohare 6.00 AMERICANS WOODS—Romeyn) Baloughta-peeeerere: oleae cce seme 5.00 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough.............. 6.00 GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland. . Lars PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Charles Hlenryg Smo wejecsaietyotencyetersdetetatatct et ved tee eveis, «eae =) i sia ays eneaee eee eES 3 NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken......... 2 HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe............ 4.00 TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks............... 1 TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— HS Parkhurst oe Cn ae oe eee erie oe nb ac eels dn See Geo 1.50 TREES—Hie Marshall Wander crs rise ieete scien ccsvac. cscs eto: Seto eetenenere Foe bastg) OURS NATIONAL PPARICS—Jonnw Vitter reso aise een renee wale 1.91 THE LONGLEAF PINE IN VIRGIN FOREST—G AE LOGGING—RalphiGs Bryant perce erases eee aisha: ots Ss eer THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES—S. B. Elliott FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes... THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff............... THE TREE GUIDE—By julia ellenvRogers. 2... ... .-- sacs eset sen ieete eae FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—By Isaiah Bowman NU We Wr un o MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary................ 12 FARM FORESTRY—Alfred Akerman..... PTET ice coo osnoSuans sBi/ THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organizi ation =A. Bi lRecknagellsny. tryst iter ers. se. | cis ands joan ty ene ae tte 2.10 ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown. 2.20 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record. eis STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison. Macc coven nef open ; 1.75 RE BSE RUINIUN G— Ars Dest Cans wetter «)... « vvciene ce eemrarereittele eke te) “reece eet .65 THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTUR: AL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss........ 3.00 THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN—By Bernard Brereton (third edition) . 1.50 9 0 —— 1 te eo a * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—Editor. 1076 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS By using HOYT’S ; \ TREE REPAIR | Get “More Money” for your Foxes AMAT ERE HOR MUSKRAT, SKUNK, RACCOON, BEAVER, COYOTES, BEAR, of fleas pee ee Ra | LYNX and other Fur bearers collected in your section is by the Asphalt : _ ee \ : SHIP YOUR FURS DIRECT to “SHUBERT” the largest Briquette Method . > . The Field Covers Technical Advice and Practical Service “Hate TONes* |. LIne PLATES in acquiring, estimating and mapping timber; in <<" COMBINATION LINE ™* DULLO-TONE ete aNES ano HALF TONES making valuations; in management; in selling Cotor Process —§ Muttir ee either the stumpage or manufactured product; | a stron LE a | E. A. Sterling in selecting grades or kinds to meet your ser- igre & Manni FOREST ENGINEER vice requirements; and in preservative treat- PASIXTH ANO CHESTNUT STREETS % 1g, ment to prevent decay. cat OprosiTe OLOEWINDEPENOENCE Hat a i ie Commercial Trust Bldg. ies < PHILADELPHIA’) | PHILADELPHIA, PA. | |] “THE BEST MADE” JAMES W. SEWALL Timer Estimares| Timber Estimates FinEPROTECTIONPLANS Topographic and Boundary Surveys, Plant- Maps.LoccincReports HIGH GRADE PRINTING PAPERS ing, Logging Maps, Portable Mill Operations | g ‘ : > a "ade i 3 - branches for a considerable distance from the ground, and with a narrow, somewhat pyra- the kind used in archery. Such bows midal crown formed part of the equipment of heavy a commodity in the English market at an early date, and freight wagons. They arched six or seven feet above the prior to 1789 had gained such firm hold that it had bottoms of the wagon bed and the waterproof cover o1 largely supplanted the ash from the Bal- tic Provinces. It was made into oars, as had been done in Portugal, and as is now done in the United States. The English employed it also for capstans, levers, bars, blocks, handspikes and pins. Long before the Revolution the farm- ers of Susquehanna County, Pennsy]- vania, fenced their land with rails split from the unusually fine ash trees there. It is probable that the custom of putting ash to such use was general at that time, though the fact is not often mentioned in pioneer accounts. Ash splits well, and is an ideal rail timber in all things except that it has poor lasting qualities. Rails decayed in a few years It is recorded in the travels of John Lamson, early in the seventeenth cen- tury, that ash bark was good food for beavers. That seems a matter of trifling moment at the present day, but it pos- A WHITE ASH STAND sessed some importance at a time when TE. 2ech"are too near together for proper growth and the poorer ones should be cut out. COMMERCIAL USES OF WHITE ASH Courtesy The Hardwood Record LARGEST tent was stretched over them. Before railroads were built and such wagons carried freight long distances, the mer- chandise was kept dry by the goodness of the canvas cover and the reliability of the bows. One such wagon route led from Baltimore, Maryland, to Knoxville, Ten- nessee, and another from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. The wagons on their long journeys usually went in cara- vans of from five to thirty. In 1750 Peter Kalm, the Swedish traveler, saw the Swedes and Finlanders of New Jersey and dishes of what he called “ash knobs,” making bowls ASH LOG IN It is forty-five feet long, measures fifty-one inches in diameter at the big end and thirty-five at the smaller. wood Company and was exhibited in the Industrial THE WORLD It is owned by the Southern IlJard- Parade at Nashville. mand is in the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas. From 45 to 50 per cent of the entire cut of lumber in the country is converted into manufactured five The articles are so numerous and of so many kinds that they commodities in these states. can be treated only as classes. Almost every industry that use s wood in considerable quantity finds place for more or less ash. It is reliable in whatever position it is placed. Manufacturers in Michigan list it as material in 92 articles and it is listed for 96 in Illinois. and he wrote of it as though it was a common practice among them. The cus- tom was not confined to New Jersey. The wood selected was a burl varying in size from a quart measure to two gallons or more. The interlaced and contorted fibers prevented the wood from checking or splitting. The bowls were generally made by hand, a rather slow and labo- rious process, but Joseph Dodderidge wrote of their manufacture about 1780 near the Ohio River as though they were sometimes lathe. An ash bowl of the primitive kind is in the Han- cock made on a House collection at Lexington, Massachusetts. If it is a fair sample they were very crude utensils. Ash is preeminently a factory wood. The annual sawmill output is approxi- mately 250,000,000 feet, and nearly all of it goes to mills and shops to be further manufactured. Dudley Courtesy The largest factory de- Lumber The annual output of the sawmills is about and shops to be further finds place for more or less white ash. Company. ASH LOGS READY 1 THE MILL 0 feet and nearly ery industry that ill of it goes to mills manufactured. Aln uses wood in quantity 1086 AMERICAN A large portion of the ash supply of the country goes to the farm in one form or another. ‘The amount made inte agricultural machinery, tools, and implemeiits is large, as 1s apparent from a list of the more common articles of this class; cornhuskers, cornshellers, hay presses, shredders, manure spreaders, grain binders, plows, hay stockers, soil rollers, potato diggers, threshing machines, and feed cutters. Some of these are made partly and others almost wholly of ash. It is a great handle wood. Some of the handles belong to farm tools, others do not; but in al! cases the wood is employed for handles because it is stiff and very strong. The preference which European farmers and gardeners show for American tools is said to be due in part to the excellent ash so generally used. Shovels and rakes are cited as particular cases. Other tools which are gen- erally equipped with ash handles are pitchforks, hoes, spades and scoops. The same wood is often Ea | ee pt i 3) 3 employed as handles for ice hooks, cant hooks, brooms, mops and whips. Notwithstanding the almost uni- versal presence of mowing ma- chines on American farms, scythes are as numerous as ever. and the handle or snath is generally made of ash, as it has always been. The blanks of which snaths are made Courtes 1. G. Spalding mi y American Fork & Hoc Company Courtesy American Fork & Hoe Company. & Brothers WITTE ASH HANDLES BASEBALL BAT MADE ( to its strength and toughness, white ash is particularly valuable SPADE HANDLE MADE OF FORESTRY are first split to insure against crossgrain, then steamed, and bent to the desired form. A century ago it was cus- tomary to use them without bending, and such are still in use in some localities, particularly in the mountains of North Carolina and among the descendants of French settlers in Louisiana. It is claimed that the largest ash tree on record was manufactured into scythe snaths. Baskets used by farmers and gardeners for grain, fruit and truck are oftes made of ash, particularly the hoops or bands which strengthen the thin splits constituting the woven frame of the basket. Singletrees, whiffletrees, eveners, and neckyokes are products made from even-grained ash. The Gemand for ash in the boat industry ha3 increase‘ in recent years, though for a long time the use of the wood had been large. In Louisiana and Arkansas millions of feet of the best ash found in the primeval forests are yearly man- ufactured into boat oars. This commodity goes to all parts of the civilized world. For light oars and paddles, spruce 1s satisfactory, but for the heavier, stronger article, OF WHITE ASH for the manufacture of farm and garden tools WHITE ASH COMMERCIAL USES OF WHITE ASH 1087 ed - | \_ i RY ale Courtesy J, G. Brill Company. WHITE ASH IN STREET CAR CONSTRUCTION White ash is used extensively in electric cars and auto busses, forming the principal body parts: i.c., the side and corner posts, and the slats for the seats. ash i stiffness leads wo supreme among our woods. Its tc its employment in the lower frames of vessels, large and small, but particularly among the small. This wood forms the frames of portable boats, which sportsmen and explorers carry into regions not accessible to boats of the ordinary kind. Canvas skiffs with ash frames have played an important part in the exploration and development of Alaska and other remote northern regions. The old voyageurs dragged their boats, weighing hun- dreds of pounds, up rapids and over portages; the present day travelers roll up and transport on their backs boats ) | i Courtesy American Fork & Hoe Company FINISHED OX BOWS OF WHITE ASII It is also used for the finish of the cars. of equal carrying capacity and of one-tenth the weight. Other articles of ash, which are useful in boat con- struction or on board, are handspikes, levers for capstans, tackle blocks, and pins for the attachment of cordage. For these purposes its chief competitor in early years south of New England was red oak, and hickory was and still is a competitor. Ash blocks for hoisting sail, and for loading and unloading, are yet much used on board vessels. ‘This same wood is employed as finish in cabins and staterooms. The use of ash for bows on which to stretch the covers of freight wagons has been continued from early times till the present. Vehicles of the prairie schooner type are now scarce, but wagons of many other kinds demand ash for bows. Numerous business vehicles are in this class. Missouri wagon manufacturers use 1,450,000 feet of ash yearly; those of Arkansas 2,600,000; Illinois, 2,200,000. In Michigan ash leads all other woods in the automobile industry, the annual demand being about 7,000,000 feet. industry in this count? It appears probable that the automobile lemands moze ash than goes Ce purtesy Americar Hoe Company oO} OKES OF WHITE ASH 1088 to the wagon makers. It is frame material and only best grades are acceptable. In horse-drawn vehicles a con- siderable quantity of ash is made into tongues of heavy It is In lumber regions wagons, poles of carriages, and shafts of buggies. employed as axles for heavy wagons. k Courtesy A. B. Chase Company WHITE ASH FOR “TRAP STICKS” The wood is usually used in the construction of musical instruments and this pedal t work for pianos is made from the very best quality of solid white ash it is in common use for log wagon rollers. In light vehicles, in addition to uses previously named, it is em- ployed as frames for bodies, and thin boards are best for curved panels. Ash is made into vehicles of yet smaller size, and appears as parts of baby buggies, push carts, and hand sleds. Frames of sleighs and cutters are often made of this wood. Its strength and toughness lead to its employment as beds for coal wagons and stone carts. Railroad cars owe much to ash. Some is employed a frames and other as finish. It frequently serves the latter purpose in suburban car construction. The entire finish inside is often of ash. More than 3,500,000 feet a year are used by car builders in Illinois, and nearly as much in Missouri. for miscellaneous uses. Ash is preeminently a wood fk ASH TWIN BURI ng or s g and the burl is in de d It is peculiarly suited for few purposes, and is fit for almost anything that demands a hard, strong wood \ list of industries in whicl is employed will show this It was reported by the following industries in [linois in 1911: Boats, butter tubs, es and crates, buggies and light vehicles, cars, chai lack cooperage, electrical apparatus, freight and passenger elevators, farm ma chinery, furniture, handl cubators, machine parts, mantels and cabinet work, elties and toys, musical AMERICAN FORESTRY si Chase Company GRAND PIANO RIM This is made in three layers, the narrow or thin layers being of white ash and the light and dark layers being a combination of white ash, maple and poplar instruments, picture frames, refrigerators, sash, doors and blinds, window and door screens, school and lodge supplies, sporting and athletic goods, store and office fix tures, tanks, plumbers’ woodwork, trunks and sample cases, vehicles, well and road machinery. When it is remembered that each of these industries uses ash for a number of purposes, the general importance of the wood becomes apparent. For instance, it fills a hundred places in furniture, and appears as both out- side and inside material, filling one place where strength is needed, another where hardness is the chief essential, and again where good appearance is sought. Almost every mus- that any ical instrument uses wood of kind has a place for ash. The largest pipe organ has it, and it goes into the mando- lin, and nearly all in- struments between these extremes owes something to this wood. It is loyed by the makers of athletic goods. A common article is the yaseball bat. The best ype, called “slugger, largely em- is usually of ash. The urmisher,a tool which smooths the bat. hard the fricti in: so ens surface by that the impact when the ball strikes does not dent the wood. Tennis rackets and = croquet ra esy A Spa g & Brothers. sets are frequently f = WHITE ASH IS MUCH USED IN made partly of ash TENNIS RACKETS COMMERCIAL USES OF WHITE ASH 1089 not equal to spruce in this respect, but is next to it. A property of ash which greatly increases its value for airships is It is possible to cut long pieces with little or no crossgrain, though to do so the logs must be care- Ash appears in the pro- than in the frames. Some builders construct the propellers of narrow strips glued together, thereby lessening the liability of unseen defects in the wood. A built-up propeller may contain a strip of ash in the middle of its straight grain. fully selected. pellers oftener each blade. ‘The strength of ash leads to its use as sucker rods for pumping oil wells. These are slender pieces of wood, joined end to end, and aggregating great length. They reach from top to bottom of deep Courtesy Dudley Lumber Company. ASH IN A LUMBER YARD Ash is usually cut as thick as possible, to the advantage of the log, and quality of thick stock. into 4/4 x 5/4 thickness. Bent rims, the kind used in the manufacture of circu- lar measures, sieves, and cheese boxes, are made of no better wood than ash. It bends without splinters parting from the surface. A very small but highly important use for ash is in the construction of aeroplanes. stiffness and of moderate weight is demanded. Wood of great strength, Ash is Courtesy of the Southern Lumberman WITTE ASIT BOARD The low grade is undesirable in thick lumber A weak wood could not stand the strain but would pull apart. The use of ash as flooring and in- wells. to produce the best and is usually cut terior house finish is of great importance. The difference in hardness between the spring wood and summer wood of the annual rings causes unequal wear, and this lessens ash’s value for flooring, but this has no effect on it when employed as interior finish. Stair builders find it valuable, particu- larly for newel posts, capitals, and other turned work of large size. It is sometimes shown with the natural grain, and sometimes artificial grain is imparted with a camel’s-hair brush to imitate quartered oak. Parquetry flooring is one of its uses, and wainscoting another. It holds a place of considerable importance in cooper- age. Its open pores exclude it from most places in tight cooperage, but it is serviceable as pork barrel staves. It is excellent fuel, and has always been in demand for that Slack coopers are able to use it for many containers. purpose, but in late years its increased value has caused it to be diverted to other uses, except inferior trees and the waste from sawmills and factories. (Much of the information in this article was secured Ey the courtesy of the United States Forest Service.) WHAT BIRD DESTRUCTION COSTS OLONEL G. C. SHIELDS, president of the League of American Sportsmen, says the de- struction of birds costs this country the stupen- dous sum of $1,000,000,000 a year, and supports the statement by statistics which deserve to be studied by every citizen who desires to be informed upon a question in which this whole nation has a profound interest. Be- cause quail, prairie chickens, meadow larks and other birds which feed on bugs and insects of many kinds have been swept away by thousands, the cotton growers of the South lose $100,000,000 a year by the depredations of the boll weevil. Rock Avalanches By Guy Exuorr MircHeEL, ‘Beware the pine tree’s withered branch, Beware the awful avalanche.” UT the avalanche bringing down hundreds of tons of packed snow, which is feared by the foresters and mountaineers of the West, is a mere mimic phenomenon compared with the tremendous rock avalanches which occur occasionally in various portions of the North American continent. ‘The snow avalanche may sweep a trail some scores of feet wide for a dis- tance of a mile or more down the mountain side, shatter- ing to kindling wood, it is true, every tree in its path; rock avalanches, however, have scalped entire mountain faces, many feet deep and thousands of acres in area, removing millions of tons of rock and soil, covering entire valleys with the débris, damming streams and forming sizeable lakes. Rockslides of enormous magnitude have poured down the mountain sides in Alaska and British Columbia, but in the very heart of the United States—in the mag- nificent San Juan Mountains of Colorado—are probably the most extensive American rock slide areas. They may Rock or land slides are of several sorts. result from a breaking away of a rock mass—perhaps an entire portion of a mcuntain of unstable equilibrium as in the case of the great Frank rock slide later referred to—when the falling mass sometimes smashes to frag- ments and flows down the slope with incredible swiftness, or the slope of the mountain may have an underlying stratum of sand, or slippery clay, or other material which in an exceptionally wet period will not stand the weight of the overlying mass, or the slide may be surficial— the removal of a few feet of mud. In any case the destruction in the affected area is usually complete, while in a rock slide of first magnitude objects may be buried by a flow of broken rock to a depth of 100 or more feet. And when one of these unstable areas gets ready to slide. not all the engineering resources in the world could stop it, nor does it take more than a few seconds to do its work, leaving a sweep of waste of a hundred times greater magnitude than the most terrible avalanche of snow and. ice. The last destructive landslide in the San Juan Moun- tains was fortunately in an uninhabited area. It occurred ROCK STREAM Ihe crumbling of the mountair which resulted in this great hundred feet This tongue ow” is three-quarters of a mile workings of the famous Camy nine 1090 IMOGEN rock flow, greatly reduced its bull long It is a talus or ‘slide BASIN and lowered its altitude by probably several glacier” and is between the old and new ROCK AVALANCHES 1091 ROCK STREAM Viewing this enormous rock pile from a distance, one is impressed withits likeness to a great tongue of some viscous substance. billowy surface also suggests a slow, lava-like flow. All observed head of Silver Basin, San Juan Mountains, in Colorado. less than a generation ago in the Cimmaron Creek Valley, covering several square miles, and every living creature The scene of the slide was visited within a few days by Whit- in the stricken area was doubtless killed outright. man Cross, then as now a geologist of the United States he all over- Geological Survey, accompanied by a photographer. area had been well timbered, but the trees were turned, bioken down, or standing at various angles, pre- Slopes were Yet this slide, Doctor Cross says, was largely surficial—a soil slip senting a weird and grotesque picture. exposed bare and many fissures gaped widely. rather than a rock or land slide and not to be compared to a real rockslide. In another locality in the San Juan Mountains the C. H. C. Hill, near the town of progressive slipping is actually in effect at the present Rico, time and there seems to be no guarantee that the Cim- maron slide may not at any time repeat itself at this point. At one place near the town the stump of a tree has been split apart since the tree was felled and the two portions were recently observed by Doctor Cross to have separated about 5 feet in a period of four years. This earth crack was traced for several hundred feet. Any unusually wet period, such as Doctor Cross believes AT SILVER BASIN J ; 5 The singular, rock flows, however, have been of lightning-like rapidity. It is at the to have caused the Cimmaron slide, may precipitate a catastrophe at this point. It is the injection of the human element which largely The San Francisco earthquake a hundred years ago would determines the importance of natural catastrophes. have been of comparatively slight importance because but few people would have been affected. On the other hand, were the New Madrid earthquake of a century ago to now repeat itself, instead of terrorizing a few scattered pioneers in the Mississippi Valley it would probably kill a host of people, destroy big cities and cause incalculable damage. The eruption of Vesuvius or Etna is always a terrible calamity because of the thousands of inhabitants clustering on the slopes of the mountains; yet two years ago Mount Katmai, in an almost uninhabited section of Alaska, erupted with far greater violence than the worst Vesuvian outbreak and since no one was killed it has been looked upon princi- On the other hand a prospective landslide of 40 or 50 feet pally as a most interesting natural phenomenon. of earth a few years ago at Mount Vernon would have been a national calamity. Fortunately this approach- ing slide was taken in hand in time, the dangerous under- 1092 drainage was diverted and the home and tomb of Wash- ington saved from slipping from its bluff into the Po- tomac River. But the lady regents who manage Mount Vernon may well at their annual May meeting appoint each year a committee to examine the small drainage tunnel which was cut to divert the water from the Wash- ington grounds, and observe carefully that it is doing its duty. Were these the days of soothsayers, one of them might safely prophesy: AMERICAN FORESTRY greatest of the earlier catastrophes, known as the Silver Mountain slide, has, along with many others, been mapped and described by the Geological Survey. It covers 12 square miles and the amount of rock which crashed down the steep mountain sides can be estimated only in hundreds of billions of tons. With the true rock avalanches, it is the younger moun- tain systems, geologically speaking, which are most sub- ject to convulsions. ‘Those of the Himalayas which— ee Pike tg apes) a ts ROCK STREAM AT Great, as was this rock flow, in comparatively San Juan Mountains in Colorado. to the untrained eye recent times, there were \When the stream which drains Mount Vernon runneth dry, Then the ancient home of Washington shall die.” The landslide areas of Colorado show that in long gone c prehistoric agés, comparatively recent geologically but many hundreds of centuries before the first man, there must have been terrific disturbances in these mountains. The evidence is plain that there have been thousands of slides, some of them of enormous magnitude. Possibly the great saber-toothed tiger which ranged the valleys g below and the prehistoric animals upon which he preyed may have heard the terrifying roar of the descending rock masses, but man was not present. One of the HEAD OF AMERICAN BASIN thousands of others incomparably greater in the early history of the The surfaces have been converted into soil and overgrown by forests and the evidences of sliding obliterated though of course millions of years old—are compara- tively recent examples of mountain building, have con- stant slides which would constitute great catastrophes were their slopes and valleys populated. Sir William Conway describes an instance of rock tumbling where the spur of a large mountain mass pitched bodily into the valley below. The front of the mountain had been undermined by springs, and in a twinkling of an eye a large part of the mountain slid down and shot across the valley, damming its river with a lofty wall, and forming a large lake. Masses of rock were hurled a mile away, blocks of limestone weighing 50 tons being sent through the air like huge cannon shots. This slide carried with it at least 800,000,000 tons of rock and débris. Many ROCK AVALANCHES 1093 Photo by Whitman Cross, U. S. G. S. SLUMGULLION the head of Slumgullion Gulch, Colorado, 11,500 feet altitude, the to hold the weight of the overlying rocks and the whole mass flowed Gunnison River, creating a lake. The sparse tree growth shows At such Himalayan rockslides have been recorded in the last half century, while among the remote and unin- habited regions of the great ranges numbers more are of constant occurrence. The formations of the Colorado landslide area point to many slides in the past even more stupendous than these. Fortunately this wholesale catastrophe era is ended for the mountains of the United States although the recent Cimmaron slide shows that all danger is not past, while the rock avalanches of the Alps and Alberta indicate that man’s mining operations may precipitate such disasters. Apart from the study of landslides the safety of human life, there is economic value in their investigation as bearing upon man’s search for the precious metals. The geologist and the mining engineer look for coal and for metalliferous deposits in certain rock strata, and in undisturbed rock formations these strata are fairly regular, at least their position can be generally determined. There may be rock faults but these the keen geologist can trace. However, it is evi- dent that even a geological wizard or a John Hays Ham- mond must be perplexed when the surface of a mountain slides off and two or three strata come tumbling down with reference to MUD FLOW underlying rocks, down the gulch. unable The flow was six miles long, and dammed a fork of the that the flow occurred many years ago having become decomposed into mud, were and spread themselves over the slopes and valleys to depths of from ten to one hundred feet. Doctor Cross, of the Geological Survey, says that the failure to recognize the true significance of the landslide phenomena has led to very great loss of time, labor and money in prospecting of the Rico Mountains in Colorado. The reason that much of the areas prospected have not been recognized as landslide in character is because the great slides of the San Juan region occurred long ago, and many of the surface traces have been obliterated. Landslides are believed to be due generally to moisture which undermines foundations. In the San Juan, the upper strata are porous volcanic and conglomerate rock and these rest upon a sandy shale. There is no drainage, and consequently at times this unstable foundation be- comes insufficient. [he earlier physical formations of the San Juan Mountains were much bolder than at present. High, narrow ridges and peaks prevailed but the sloughing of billions of tons of their materials has greatly reduced the relief of the country. Many of the rockslides of the San Juan region have taken the form of veritable flows or rock streams. When seen from a distance these resemble glaciers covered with débris. To realize the terrific effect of recent landslides when asso- 1094 AMERICAN ciated with human activities and to picture what would have been the result had a thriving mining town been in the pathway of even the small Cimmaron landslip, one Photo by Whitman Cross, U.S. G. S. LIZARD’S HEAD Once upon a time this lofty pinnacle in Colorado, 14,000 feet high, bore no resemblance to a lizard’s head. That was before the major portion of the peak broke away from its moorings and crashed down the mountainside, a rock avalanche constitu ting millions of tons of stone must turn to the account of the great Elm landslide in Switzerland in 1881 or the Frank slide in Alberta in 1903. The town of Elm is the highest village in the Sernf Meadow. Overshadowing it rose the steep Plattenbergkopf, the outmost buttress of a greater mountain mass. About half way up this hill was a slate mine. A creek began to form above the mine, which became twelve feet wide, swallowing up all surface drain- age. It was believed that the mountain would ultimately fill, but no one thought the danger imminent. Rocks began to fall at intervals. September 11 was a rainy Sunday. Rock masses kept falling and the mountain groaned and rumbled, People gathered to fatch the falls, imter- FORESTRY side. The gashes made by the two united below the slate quarry and left the enormous mass of mountain isolated and unsupported. ‘Then four minutes later those who were watching the phenomenon from a distance beheld the whole upper portion of the Plattenbergkopf—12,000,000 cubic yards of rock—suddenly shoot down the hillside. The great mass pitched for- ward with tremendous velocity until it reached the slate quarry. Then the upper part shot forward horizontally straight across the valley and up the opposite hill- slope. A great wind was flung before it, which blew trees about like matches and lifted houses through the air like feathers. The avalanche, shooting with incredible swiftness across the valley, struck the opposite hillslopes obliquely and was immediately deflected like water down the level but fertile valley floor, which it covered in a few seconds to the distance of nearly a mile and over its whole width—a million square yards— with a mass of rock debris from ten to sixty feet deep. Before the avalanche there lay a peaceful village and fertile ested but not alarmed. Yet the villagers might better have lingered to witness 1 hundred-ton dynamite explosion. Sud- Sse ae aa denly a mass of the mountain broke away flash, the most from the east side of the |l’lattenberg kopf, crashed down over the slate quarry and spread away over the flat. No one was killed by this fall, though the rocks reached within a stone’s throw of where the sightseers were gathered The people of the upper village now took mild alari A few minutes after a second and larger rock mass tumbled down over the west * LANDSLIDE MOUNTAIN landslide area of Colorado have been scalped bare of tens of thousands of tons of rock descending like a mounts» sides are swept like grass before a prairie fire erain fields; within twenty seconds a solid gray carpet had been spread, beneath which rested the remains of 150 human beings, their houses and their fields. ‘he rock torrent had swept away half the village, its sharp edge cutting one house in two. All within the fatal edge were destroyd; all without were saved. ROCK AVALANCHES More recent than the Elm rockslide and nearer home was the disaster which ground to atoms part of the town of Frank, Alberta. Frank, an important coal mining center, is overshadowed by Turtle Mountain, a precipi- tous series of cliffs arising some 3,000 feet above the valley. Without warning, on April 29, 1903, a huge rock mass half a mile square and several hundred feet thick broke away from the mountain and plunged into the valley beneath, breaking into innumerable fragments and hurling itself up onto the opposite slopes to a height of 400 feet. Within a minute a square mile of pleasant valley was covered with jagged rocks from 3 to 1450 feet deep. Providentially the greater portion of the town lay outside the course of the rock deluge; nevertheless seventy people were killed. One man, hearing the fall of the mountain, ran to his door in time to see the slide flash by, only a few feet in front of him, Another, hearing the voise, looked in time to see the fall of the mountain and almost instantly the spread of the material over the valley like a viscous fluid. Yet some of the rocks constituting the flow are forty feet square. Over two miles was traversed by the flow, which constituted 40,000,000 cubic It is believed that coal mining in the valley hastened the slide, nevertheless Turtle Mountain undoubtedly possessed a weak base. As it was, only one peak of the mountain slipped. Had the steep shoulder which looks directly down upon Frank gone, too, the entire community would have been engulfed. The Canadian Geological Survey investigated the phenome- non and warned the people to move up the valley, away from the mountain; the second peak, too, might go at any time. Little attention, however, was paid to the warn- ing, so heedless is humanity, until winter before last, when the fearful groaning and grinding in the mountain told the inhabitants of the town in unmistakable terms that they stood in the pathway of imminent destruction ; then the entire community hastily emigrated up the valley beyond the possible grasp of their fearsome yards of rock. neighbor. HUGE NATURAL ARROW EW more singular natural phenomena can be found anywhere in the country than the great arrow head which may be seen on the desert-like slopes of the Coast Range in California. Strange, too, that this arrow should point directly to water in a part of the country where water is recognized as the most vital of Nature’s gifts. In 1851 Captain Hunt, leading a band of Mormon im- migrants, descended the western slopes of Cajon Pass, California, after a journey of 500 miles across the Great American Desert, and beheld before him a smiling and well-watered valley, such as had not greeted his tired eyes and those of his companions since -he departure of the caravan from the slopes at the base of the Wasatch Mountains, in Utah. On the mountain side near the Cajon Pass the travelers beheld the perfect form of a gigantic arrow pointing directly to a terrace at the base of the mountain where the few Spanish inhabitants of the valley told them great springs of healing waters 1095 This arrow head is about 1,500 feet in It is due entirely gushed forth. length and perhaps one-half as broad. to the barrenness of the soil and the light color of the growth within its area as contrasted with the surrounding dark green chapparal. ‘lo the Mormon immigrants, however, as to the Spaniards who had preceded them, INDIAN ARROW HEAD One of the most singular natural features of the Pacific Coast of Cali- fornia is a gigantic, barbed arrow head which, strangely enough, points directly to a group of springs with medicinal and_ healing properties. and particularly to the aboriginal Indians, such a matter- of-fact explanation as this did not suffice. It was to them the symbol placed upon the mountainside by the un- seen hand of the Supreme Being to guide them to the healing waters at the base of the slopes. The hottest of the waters that rise from this group of springs has a temperature of 202 degrees, and the dis- charge from all the various associated springs, some hot and some lukewarm, amounts to several thousand gallons a minute. A resort has been built adjacent to some of the more important of the springs and their water is used in bathing pools and for medicinal purposes. Water from other of the springs escapes to the stream flowing from Waterman Canyon which is taken out at the edge of the valley and used, as are other waters from these same mountains, for irrigation of orange orchards in the lower lands. The hottest spring of the group is called EI Penyugal. Another, and a cool spring, Fuento Fria, is located about one-quarter of a mile north of the present hotel. 1096 AMERICAN FORESTRY = = = = = = = = z | = | = = = The Annual Meeting HE thirty-fifth annual meeting of the American Forestry Association will be held at the Copley- Plaza Hotel, Boston, Mass., on Monday and Tuesday, January, 17, 18, 1916. The chief feature of this meeting will be reports and discussions concerning the effort to secure an extension of the appropriation for the continued operation of the Weeks Law. This is so important to New England and the Southern Appalachians in particular, and to the whole country in general, that a larger attendance than at any other annual meeting of the Association is expected, and desired. On the evening of Monday, January 17, there will be a joint forestry banquet of the American Forestry Association, Massachusetts Forestry Association, and all the other forestry organizations in New England, at which are expected as speakers a member of the Cabinet and several of the leading men of the country. Tickets for this banquet are $3.00 each. Reservations for it are desired at once. Send in orders, with or without the money, to P. S. Ridsdale, Secretary American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C., or Harris A. Reynolds, Secretary Massachusetts Forestry Association, 4 Joy Street, Boston, Mass. Those desiring special tables of six or eight for special parties will please give notification as soon as possible. The program for the two days’ meeting is as follows :— Monday, January 17— 9.30 a.m.—Meeting of the Board of Directors. 2 p. m.—General Meeting. Welcome by the President. Report of the Secretary. Report of the Treasurer. Appointment of the Nominating Committee. Addresses—The Weeks Law Situation. New Engiand Forestry Problems. Municipal Forests. Report of the Nominating Committee. Election of Officers. General Business. 7.30 p. m.—Joint Forestry Banquet. Tuesday, January 18— 10 a. m.—Addresses. The National Forestry Situation. Forestry and Lumbering. Suggestions for American Forestry Association Work. City Forestry and Its Future. 2 p. m.—Addresses. State Forestry organizations and Problems. State Fire Protection Work. The War on Destructive Tree Insects. White Pine Blister Rust Menace. 4.50 p.m —Meeting of the 1916 Board of Directors. Adjournment. 9 1 (ee gg eg en 8 ee Km er BW mn nm * Mr. CHESTER W. LYMAN, oF NEw York CITY Director of the American Forestry Association ii a ae a el | ONSERVATION is an important factor in “preparedness.” When the supreme test of war comes i | it is vital for a nation to have natural resources available as well as mei | munitions. | j Conservation ensures the perpetuation of the industries dependent upon natural resources, and | | when one nation is pitted against another in a life and death struggle industrial supremacy may determine | | the result. So the present war should give us a conception of conservation vastly more impressive than | | any considerations of sectional, temporary or mercenary advantage. We 1 have natural resources in | | abundance back of our fleets and forts for adequate defense of the nation’s life, and conservation is the | | constructive principle essential to this end. CuEsTER W. LyMan. | : ee ee | How Cigar-box Wood Is Secured By Cope HERE is perhaps no tropical wood better known than the so-called Spanish cedar of the West Indies and the Spanish Main. ferred to as cigar-box cedar, because the bulk of this It is often re- wood is used for making cigar boxes. In the European trade it is known as cigar or sugar-box wood, since the term cedar as used in the American trade has at present no botanical significance and is, therefore, too confusing to be applied to a wood that belongs to the mahogany family of plants. The name cedar was originally given to this tree because of its resemblance in fragrance to the European cedar or sabine which is a cone-bearing tree known in Spanish as cedro. should be Botanically speaking the term cedar ap- plied only to certain species of the large group of cone- bearing trees, but it has long since been used as a gen- eric or comprehensive trade name for the woods of a good distinct these Asia The cedar of Lebanon, used so extensively many kinds of forest trees. Some of grow in America, some in Europe and others in and Africa. in ancient times in the construction of temples and other The tall deodar of northern India produces the fragrant and most durable The Atlas large edifices, is famous in Scripture. wood known in the trade as Indian cedar. PEARSON cedar of northern Africa is another important wood to which the name cedar may be correctly applied. There are at least twelve distinct species of coniferous trees in the United States and equally as many in other parts of the world that are called cedar. In addition to these there are about thirty species of broad-leaved trees the woods of which are designated either locally or in the Chief among these are ten or more species of Cedrela to which the cigar-box large markets as cedar or cedro. wood belongs. ‘These species are confined largely to the tropical parts of America and the most important one of them is the cigar-box wood, Cedrela odorata. The generic term Cedrela was the original common name of the closely allied mahogany tree which grows in the same region as the cigar-box wood. ‘The specific name odorata was given to this species because of the aromatic odor which can be easily detected in all parts of the tree. The leaves and small twigs contain numer- ous minute oil glands which, when crushed, give off a fra- grance that can be detected for a considerable distance. The leaves and twigs are collected in parts of Cuba, Costa and Nicaragua and used for distilling the commercial cedrelawood oil, which is sometimes used to Rica give cigar boxes made from spurious cigar-box wood CEDAR Loe 5S ON THE WHARF AT om this port zhty cents, cedar for as high as ¢ Practically all of the shipped goes to 1098 PORT OF SPAIN, TRINIDAD, READY FOR SIIPMENT Hamburg where it brings from forty to sixty-five cents a cubic foot and has been sold With the steadily decreasing supply it is certain that the price will advance. HOW CIGAR-BOX WOOD IS SECURED A CEDAR NEWLY CUT The cigarbox tree is generally from eighty to one hundred feet high when cut and of from four to five feet in diameter above the root swelling. The trunk supports a massive crown which spreads gracefully over an immense area the desired fragrance. The oil is exported to China, where it is known as ch’unshu or hiang ch’un. Cigar-box grows in the warmest parts of America and is found in abundance in Cuba, Jamaica, St. Domingo and other West Indian Islands; it has never been re- ported from southern Florida, where its close ally, the mahogany, thrives on some of the keys and parts of the mainland. The bulk of cigar-box wood at present comes from Mexico, Central America and South America, where it is said to enjoy a wider geographical range than any other tree species. It is well known that this wood is exported from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas, but it has not yet been satisfactorily determined whether the so-called cedar from the Ama- zon River valley and that which has been shipped from points along the Parana River in Argentina is the true cigar-box wood of commerce. It is probable, however, that the wood obtained in Brazil and in the country farther south is from several entirely different species, as the structure of the wood and the almost entire lack of odor indicate. In its native state the tree grows in those regions where vegetation is abundant and the climate is warm all the year round. The soil and climate of tropical America are naturally adapted to the production of this important timber tree and there is no reason why the territory lying within its natural range of growth should not produce a large surplus of this wood which, next to mahogany, is 1099 AND SQUARE TRIMMED FOR MARKET It is usually broad and flat topped especially in the open. by far the most important kind that is now being shipped from tropical America to this or any other country. In nature the trees are seldom found in large clusters or groups, but singly and often much scattered. This does not argue that the tree would not grow well close together or in what the forester calls a pure stand. In fact, there are already a number of plantations which have proved successful and they are generally regarded as a source of considerable wealth. Many individual trees show a re- markable growth for their age. ‘Trees only 16 years old have attained a height of 50 to 60 feet and a diameter of 1 to 2 feet. it suitable for reforesting the denuded areas in tropical The rapid growth of cigar-box wood makes America. Mbeatal. IEE Hacienda, describes a plantation of 300 trees, 27 years Markley in the May (1915) issue of La old, which at the prevailing price of this wood is worth $10,000. about 12 or 14 inches high in five rows at a distance of These trees were planted from nursery stock 18 feet apart each way. They received no care except that which resulted from cultivating the cocoa trees among which the young trees were planted for shade. There .are a number of larger plantations in existence. One of these plantations in Mexico has about 20,000 trees, which at the present price of the wood will be worth one-half million dollars after the trees have at- tained merchantable dimensions. ‘There is every reason to believe that the propagation of this tree under or- 1100 AMERICAN dinary conditions can be made a very profitable undertak- ing on most of the denuded or otherwise unutilized areas in the West Indies and the mainland of tropical America. In common with all the other species of Cedrela, it may easily be propagated by seed or by cuttings and layers. It produces large quantities of seeds at a comparatively early age, and in locations where the soil is suitable the young trees spring up naturally in great abundance. The cigar-box tree is usually of considerable size, generally from 80 to 100 feet high, but in some localities it attains a height of 125 feet. When it arrives at ma- turity it is one of the monarchs of the forest, often measuring 4+ or 5 feet through above the root swelling. Occasionally trees are found in the forest that measure As do prac- tically all trees of the mahogany family, the trunks de- 9 feet in diameter 10 feet above the ground. velop enormous buttresses which extend 8 or 10 feet above the surface of the ground. ing the stem is usually round, straight and cylindrical, Above this root swell- especially in locations where the trees have grown up in a The bark of the trunk is at first smooth and gray, but later in life forest or are surrounded by other lofty trees. it becomes rough and takes on an ashy-brown color. The trunk supports a massive crown which spreads gracefully over an immense area. It is usually broad and flat-topped, especially in the open; in the dense forest it develops a more or less cone-shaped crown. The small twigs give rise to beautiful foliage, bright, glossy and light, clinging so long to the spray as to make it almost evergreen. The flowers are pale yellow and arranged in large drooping panicles resembling those of the well- known Chinaberry tree. The fruit is a dry capsule, brownish in color, and about the size of a large plum. Cigar-box wood generally comes on the market in the squared condition and free from sap; the latter is usually very narrow in old trees and of a reddish-white color. The heartwood is of a cinnamon-brown color. It is moderately hight in durable in contact with to a high polish, shrinks and warps very li weight, soft, strong, very he soil, works and splits easily, is susceptible tle, has a very pleasant odor which it retains indefinitely, and possesses a bitter taste. The wood contains a gummy substance or semi-resinous juice, which tends to preserve it from attack o f fungi, white ants and marine borers. The quality of the wood varies much according to the situation in which the trees grow. The wood obtained from trees grown on rocky upland soil and exposed to dry conditions is usually much harder, darker and sus- ceptible of a higher polish than that from low, moist situations. In Trinidad the trees with hard and heavy balata cedar, because the bark of the trunk is nearly similar to that of the balata wood are locally known as tree. The Cuban growth is usually regarded as the best for the majority of uses to which cigar-box wood is put. ‘The wood produced in wet or periodically flooded regions, as 1s the case in parts of southern Mexico and in the Amazon River valley, is very soft and frequently develops an e@xcess of gum in S pores. Upon exposure to heat and light this gum diffuses in irregular spots de- FORESTRY preciating the value. of the wood. Careful buyers of cigar-box material reject wood having this defect. The importance of opening new territory which has not yet been culled of its cigar-box wood has long been felt. Several decades ago large quantities of this wood were to be found in easily accessible places in Cuba, Jamaica and Trinidad and along all the rivers in southern Mexico and Central America, but with the constant de- mand for high-grade cigar-box wood the bulk of the best trees have been cut and shipped. At present nearly all the available timber of this species is far removed from the larger streams which are the only means for trans- STUMP OF A CEDAR 186 YEARS OLD This tree was cut on Trinidad Island in 1912 where it is best known as Balator cedar because the bark is somewhat similar to that of the Balata tree The quality of the wood varies much according to the situation in wh.ch the trees grow. porting the logs to the shipping ports. As a result of this there has been an advance in price of cigar-box wood which many regard as considerable; but as a matter of fact, it represents no more than the increased cost of pro- duction including the increased cost of transportation. The permits to cut this wood cost more than they did formerly and the available trees are further back from the streams and often extensive improvements must be made to get the logs out at all. Labor costs more than it did ten or twenty years ago. There is a pronounced feeling among many of the leading exploiters that still higher prices could be ob- tained for this valuable wood, upon the score of its in- trinsic merit. It has a greater strength and is incompar- ably better than any other, with an equal degree of soft- ness, for making cigar boxes. It will be seen that in this use a matter of 10 or 20 cents more a cubic foot, while apparently a large increase in price, would in fact be so HOW CIGAR-BOX WOOD IS SECURED small a percentage of the price of the finished article as to be negligible. Long use of this wood for cigar boxes has demonstrated that as a matter of economy to the users it would stand an increase in price of 25 per cent and stil] be an economical material to be employed for that pur- pose. In Havana the wood sells for about $100 to $150 per thousand board feet. The range of prices (New York inspection) for the Cuban wood is from $80 to $110; for Mexican from $60 to $120, and for Central American grades from $60 to $90 per thousand board feet. These prices are quoted in the New York markets for logs scaled by the one-fifth rule. Although Cuban wood is considered the best, the growth from ‘Trinidad has in recent years taken the lead in price. all of the cigar-box wood produced in Trinidad goes to Hamburg, where it brings from 40 to 65 cents per cubic foot, and has been sold for as high as 80 cents. Practically It is not likely that the use of the wood will decrease. It seems that the increase in importation and use of the wood now depends greatly upon the development of sources of supply. At present the grand aggregate sup- ply for the world’s use appears to be at a standstill, but there are immense resources of this wood in the tropical countries and it can be a matter of but a few years before new districts will be opened up and perhaps the old ones further developed so that the supply will be temporarily increased. only by the supply. The imports of cigar-box wood entered for consumption in the United States show a steady increase, their value in 1914 being nearly a million dollars. The principal points from which cigar-box wood 1s exported are Tecolutla, Frontera, Cazones, Laguna, Santa Ana, Chiltepec, Campeche, Coatzacoalcos, Minatitlan, Nautla, Tonzala, Cheucan, in Mexico, and also from a The chief ports in Central and South America are Belize, Panama, Colon, Porto Cabello, Carthagena, Puerto Colombia, Maricaibo, Georgetown, Para and Bolivia. A good deal of the ma- tcrial comes from points on the islands of Cuba, Hayti and St. Domingo, Jamaica and Trinidad. The extent of its use is hkely to be limited few points on the west coast. The uses of cigar-box wood do not vary except that perhaps they are becoming more restricted. Its principal use in this country and in Europe is for making cigar boxes. It is made also into furniture of all kinds and is much admired for its rather close grain and beautiful satin-like luster resembling true mahogany. In fact cigar-box wood is considered by many a near equivalent to true mahogany for tropical America it has as many uses as the white pine has in It is recommended for house construction many purposes. In this country. and especially for interior trim, because white ants are said not to attack it. This is ascribed partly to the strong odor it exhales and also to the bitter taste of the wood itself. Another important use for this for shingles, which are said to outlast those made from any other tropical wood. The logs coming into this country are too expensive to be converted into shingles and it is safe to say that fully 80 or 90 per cent of the logs entered wood is 1101 here go to the cigar-box factories to be manufactured into shooks and in this form are shipped to the various cigar- making centers like ‘Tampa and Key West. PRIZE FOR FIRE PROTECTION N ORDER to reduce the danger of fire after lumber- ing, the Vermont Forestry Department offers a prize to the lumber company that makes the best dis- position of its slash during the winter of 1915-1916. The prize offered is the maintenance during the fire season of 1916 of a state or federal patrolman to protect the holdings of the company making the best effort to protect itself. This patroln.an will be in addition to the regular force which has been maintained the past twe years. In offering this prize the Forestry Department doe; not impose any impossible conditions. It does not specify in what way the slash shall be disposed of. It does noi require that the slash throughout a cutting shall be dis- posed of. It may be on a strip along the edge of the cutting. It is, however, stated that no applicants will be considered who have not made some disposal of slash over an area of at least 100 acres. A NATIONAL FOREST ABOLISHED HE President, upon recommendation of Secretary of the Interior Lane and Secretary of Agri- culture Houston, has signed a_ proclamation abolishing the Kansas National Forest, to take effect on December 1, 1915. This National Forest is located in Finney, Kearny, Grant, Hamilton and Haskell Counties, comprising the sand-hill region of Western Kansas, and the public lands therein aggregate 138,729 acres of the total of 262,787 acres within its exterior limits. Of these 138,729 acres, 3,022 are withdrawn pending proposed legislation to reserve the same as a game refuge, there being a small herd of antelope in that region believed te be the last of their kind in Western Kansas. BIRD’S-EYE MAPLE R. ROBERT T. MORRIS of New York writes to AMERICAN Forestry as follows: “The excellent article on ‘Commercial Uses of the Sugar Maple’ in the November number of Amert- cAN Forestry does not give due attention to one point of considerable consequence,—the value of bird’s-eye maple for veneer purposes. Some years ago in Maine [ ran across a man who devoted himself to searching the forests far and near for specimens of bird’s-eye maple. He told me of finding one tree for which he had received $200, if [ remember correctly. I asked him why he did not set out one million sugar maple seedlings on land worth $3.00 per acre, current local value, and then graft all of these seedlings from a valuable bird’s-eye maple. This according to uncensored mathematics would give him about $200,000,000 profit at the end of say sixty years,—a couple of years after his death perhaps. His reply was that he hadn’t thought about it.” The Bird Department By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University ATTRACTING THE WINTER BIRDS NE of the reasons for the present wide-spread interest in birds and bird-study has been the possibility, in recent years, of gaining an inti- mate knowledge of some of them in a comparatively easy manner. In the Gays when it was considered neces- sary to shoot a bird before anything could be learned about it, the number of For many of our birds, and particularly the winter birds, venture far into the heart of great cities, wherever they find trees and the possibility of eking out a living When they find a place remain in the vicinity until through the barren months. where food is plentiful, they the supply is exhausted, and if the supply never becomes if other exhausted, and ornithologists and thenum- { ber of bird-lovers was rela- tively small. The that learned, while of greatest things were importance to science and the cause of ornithology, were not the things that would serve to interest the The bird’s skin and skeleton exhibited in the museum, like the stone laymen. and mortar from which the building was made, attract- interest When the living bird was exhib- ited in a cage in the zoo, the crowds stopped for a ed only passing from the crowds. moment longer, and now that the come when the stuffed specimen time has and the caged prisoner are giving way before the wild free bird, the whole popu- conditions are satisfactory, some species such as the woodpeckers, nuthatches, and chickadees will remain to nest bring their source of and young to the supply. Let us see, then, what it is necessary for us to do in order to attract to our homes a merry troupe of winter visitors, bring them to our window sills, tame them so that they will feed from our hands, and keep them about us all through the lifeless months. WHAT FOOD TO USE The birds that may be expected to come to a feeding shelf are of winter two kinds, seed-eaters and Among the seed-eaters in northern insect-eaters. lace stops to watch the small creature which, un- A FRIENDLY afraid and unconcerned, Most birds learn to trust tl eral species ordinarily hand for food rhe goes about its life, not in the obscurity of the woods or fields, but in the yard, in the tree next to the house, on the very window sill. When bird-lovers discovered how to attract and tame wild birds by the simple process of offering them the food which they liked and needed, they unwittingly so simplified the introduction to the study of birds that thousands of people have stepped across the threshold which formerly they hesitated to cross. They have now, through their knowledge of birds, acquired an interest which increases a interest in the out-of-doors, a1 hundredfold their enjoyment of walks afield, camping and hich breaks th +} outing trips, W um-drum of every day, and en adds a spark of life to the walk to and from business. 1102 CHICKADEE > who feed them their fear and > is one United States are the jun- co, the redpoll, the pine the and tree sparrows and the blue In southern U. S. one could also expect the white- throated and the blackbirds, and the cardinal, and in the western states other species and sev- siskin, the crossbills, one’s regularly even come to of the most confiding grosbeaks, the song jay. white-crowned sparrows, of finches and buntings. For seed-eating birds, good foods to use are millet, hemp, buckwheat and cracked grain of any sort, or better still, mixed chicken feed such as is sold for young chicks, sweepings from a neighbor- ing mill, or hayseed from the barn floor. downy the The insect-eaters are the woodpeckers (the and hairy woodpeckers very widely distributed, flicker, red-bellied and red-headed more common south- ward), the nuthatches, the chickadees, and the brown THE BIRD DEPARTMENT creeper. The woodpeckers find their natural food by drilling into the chambers of wood-boring larvae, the others find insects, pupae or eggs in the crevices of the bark. All of them, however, are very fond of beef suet, and once they have found a piece fastened in the tree, they will return to it again and again until it is all gone. A JUNCO ON AN ANTI-SPARROW SHELF The shelf is hinged to the window sill and supported at its outer edge by springs so that it bounces when a bird alights upon it. House sparrows are ordinarily too suspicious to feed on this sort of a shelf, while the native birds seem to enjoy the motion. Sunflower seeds and crumbs of raw peanut are relished by both insect and seed-eating birds. WHERE TO PLACE THE FOOD One should not expect the birds to be tame at first, or to come immediately to the window sill. One of the greatest pleasures to be derived from feeding birds is to watch the gradual loss of timidity and the increase confidence of the birds that come regularly to feed. At first they will be wild as any birds of the woods, but gradually, as they find themselves safe and unmolested, they lose their fear bird is always in as when a new arrives among the regular timid than several days. visitors, he noticeably more the others, and sometimes remains shy for In placing the food it is well to bear in mind that event- ually one wants all the birds coming to the same place. either at a shelf at the window or to a place in the yard where it will be easy to watch them. It is well to first select the place where you wish them to come, whether you immediately build the shelf or not. Then, from this as a center, place the food along radiating lines to a con- siderable distance from the house. The more pieces of suet put up, the more quickly the birds will find it, and the sooner they will come to the window sill. It is neces- sary for only one bird to find one piece of suet in order to have eventually a considerable troupe coming regularly, for birds are ever on the alert watching their fellows as well as searching for food on their own account. When one bird finds the suet, the others will see him and soon follow. 1103 At first it will be necessary only to tie the pieces of suet to the branches without protection of any kind, and the more conspicuous the places selected, the better. Later if there are many squirrels, or crows, or house sparrows about, it will be more economical to move the suet to the trunk of the tree, holding it in place by a piece of wire screening (one-half-inch mesh) through which the smaller birds can peck. This precaution will keep the squirrels and crows from imposing upon your hospi- The house sparrows, moreover, are soon discouraged in trying tality and carrying the suet away in one piece. to cling with their feet to the vertical trunk while feeding, but the native birds find this the most natural and the easiest way. cuter branches, by strings, small wire baskets filled with Another method is to suspend from the suet. ‘These baskets can easily be made from an ordinary piece of wire, as the size and shape are not important. Instead of using wire, some persons prefer to use a bag knitted from string and of such coarse mesh that the birds can easily peck through it. A half of a cocoa-nut makes a very satisfactory basket. THE FEEDING SHELF As soon as any of the birds have been seen eating the pieces of suet, it is time to put up the feeding shelf. This should be placed at a window on the sheltered side of the house (usually the south), preferably the one nearest to a THE “ANTI-SPARROW” WINDOW FEEDING BOX A chickadee is about to enter yx. The glass back admits plenty of light but keeps the food free m snow and ice if the is placed One third of the floor is isfactory, rubber bands so as to open to the sout hinged and supported by springs tree. If the window sill is very broad, it will be sufficient to nail a cleat along the outer edge to keep the food from blowing off. Usually, however, it is more satisfac- tory to fasten a board, from eight to twelve inches wide, to the sill to act as a ‘lf. It may be made the entire 1104 AMERICAN length of the window sill or only a part; but the larger it is, the more birds will feed together, for our native birds all want plenty of elbow room while feeding. A narrow strip should be fastened to the edge of the shelf to keep the food from blowing off. At the westerly end a small evergreen tree or large branch should be fastened. This offers shelter to the birds and proves as attractive as the food itself. It may be nailed to the window casing, or a hole may be bored in the shelf to hold it. It should be as large as can be conveniently held in place. An even better device than the window shelf is window feeding box here FORESTRY through the open even to get food placed for them. Another simple form of feeding shelf for such a place in the yard is made from the top of a keg or barrel, protected from the weather by a hood improvised from barrel hoops and a piece of white cloth and covered with a few evergreen twigs, as here illustrated. The front half of this may likewise be hinged to keep away the sparrows, and it may rest on a pivot and be provided with wings like a weather vane, so that it will always face away from the wind and snow. Various modifications of this device will undoubtedly occur to the reader. If nothing but sparrows illustrated. An ordinary soap box is used and the bottom replaced by a pane of glass so as to admit plenty of light. One side is then rested on the win- dow sill and the inner end nailed to the casing, while the closed glass side faces the north the box opens to the south. This box has the advantage of and protecting the food from the snow and ice so that it is always available when Evergreen most needed. branches small tree fastened nearby will help or a its attractiveness. In many places house Sparrows are so numerous that they will consume all of the food as fast as it is put out and leave none for the native birds, so that it is necessary to find some way to curb their enthusi- asm. A very simple, yet come to be fed, one should not get discouraged, be- cause they will act as de- coys and, eventually, their chirping will call other more desirable birds to the feast. One need not fear that they drive the other birds away, for, next the chickadee, the sparrow is the biggest cow- ard of the lot, and fre- quently a single nuthatch ee will to will put a whole flock of them to route. NOTES Early in November the Boy Scouts of Mt. Vernon, N. Y., were told by Mr. Rockart, of the Shade Tree Commission, how the scouts could build bird houses under his supervi- sion to be sold to the resi- of thus keeping more _ birds dents Mount Vernon, with us through the winter. effective way of protecting the food from their depre- AFTER dations is to hinge the front — A simple c - - for a junco te half of the floor of the box barrel; the hood from p : and decorated with hem] and support it at the feet from the ground located prefe corners by weak springs so that when a bird alights it bounces up and down House sparrows are naturally so suspicious that when they feel the shelf give way beneath them, they lose no time in getting out of the way and never stop long of the food. Our native birds, on the other hand, are unsuspicious and accustomed to feeding enough to get any about the swaying branches of trees, so that the more the shelf bounces, the more they seem to like it. In case there 1s not a satisfactory window at which to feed the birds, this box can be placed on a post in the yard four or five feet from the ground. An evergreen tree, a of brush should be in the way station from the nearest hesitate to fly long distances bit of shrubbery, or a_ pil near vicinity to serve as a trees, for most of the bi YOU, form of feeding shelf for f the The shelf is placed on a post four or five rably near shrubbery or evergreens The birds of untold worth to the city, not only are SIR the yard with a chickadee waiting is made from the top of a small hoops covered with white cloth for their beauty and songs, but particularly for their in fight- of assistance all great kinds insects ing injurious to the trees of the city. FELLING EGYPT'S TREES HE trees of Syria are falling fast before Turkish axes, and their loss will be heavily felt when the war is over. forest on the outskirts of Beirut, a popular resort for the Owing to lack of fuel, the fine pine people of the city, is fast disappearing. But a severer economic loss will entail on the immense and rich olive plantations lying on the stretch of plain between the sea and Lebanon. It takes years before olive trees begin to bear, and the prosperity of thousands has depended on the crops of these orchards. Daniel Boone’s ‘““Bar’ Tree By Wixpur R. Marroon, Forest Examiner ONESBORO, Tennessee, a station on the Knox- ville Division of the Southern Railroad, is located in the extreme northeastern portion of the State. Ti is the oldest town in Tennessee and during a time in the eighteenth century was the capital of the trans- mountain State of Franklin. A two-hour drive over hilly roads northeast from Jonesboro brings one to a tree which stands as a living record of an event in the life of probably the first white man to venture into the heavy forests formerly covering the western slopes of the middle Appalachians. Of peculiar interest is the inscription borne by the tree to the effect that “D. Boon cillED A. BAR On Tree in thE yEAR 1760.” Because of the natural growth, however, and particularly the great number of initials of persons, States, towns, and dates “nicked” in the bark, no trace of the original inscription is now visible. Its presence on the tree 1s fully authenticated by historic record. Several old in- habitants living in the region stated to the writer that the inscription remained legible as late as 1875 to 1885, or from 30 to 40 years ago; and further indicated its location on the upper, or east, side of the tree, at a height of about six feet above the ground. It isa beech, measuring 28% inches in diameter at breast height The tree is clearly a veteran of long standing. (4% feet above the ground), by about 85 feet in length, and about 44 feet to the first limb. the south at an angle averaging perhaps 30 degrees. The tree leans toward Its wide spreading, thrifty head centers above a point 45 feet distant from its base. The true vertical height of the tree, due to its striking and menacing lean, is between 70 and 75 feet. The tree stands on the smooth, west- facing, moderately steep slope of Carroll Creek which runs into Watauga River somewhat below Boone Creek. A tract of virgin timber, located not more than 100 yards away and composed of trees of oak, poplar, hickory, basswood, and walnut, of very large size and good de- velopment, indicates excellent soil and moisture con- ditions. It is to be regretted that a few years ago the forest tract surrounding the tree was cut over for all the timber except beech which now composes perhaps about one-quarter of the original stand. As a result, the tree is subjected at times to strong wind pressure. The superficial roots at the base of the tree are freely exposed and, acted upon by frequent alternate wetting and drying, are subject to the harmful attack of wood- rotting fungi. One strong lateral root, on the upper or ‘The removal of the natural ground cover of shrubs and herbaceous plants allows the sui Erosion then takes place and the effect is marked by the reduced vigor of the tree. *As this tree is on privately owned ground, the owner alone should not be expected to n Public spirited citizens of the vicinity should be able to secure the the tree and should find little difficulty in raising the small sum necessary to safeguard th as a public monument. anchorage side of the trunk, has recently cracked and broken due to heavy strain and rapid deterioration of the root wood. With a little labor further soil erosion and root exposure might be greatly checked and the day of the downfall of the tree probably be deferred for years. An effective method would be to drive low stakes of some lasting wood, red cedar for example, and strew the sur- face of the ground with brush wood, lopped short to allow ready access of visitors to the tree. The present “D. Boon cillED A BAR On This was the original inscription cut into this great beech tree, it is believed by the famous Daniel Boone. The tree is about 350 years old and is still in prime condition, although it needs protection from soil erosion about the roots. 1760.” Tree in thE yEAR grazing of cattle and other stock about the tree is very detrimental,t and could be prevented by the construction of an enclosure around the tree some 5 to 8 rods square.” to dry out and bake the soil lefray the cost of preserving this tree permission of the owner to preserve interesting historic possession. 1105 1106 AMERICAN To the forester the question of the origin and antiquity of the inscription is of much interest. Boone and other hunters are known to have been in Tennessee about the year 1760.° Was the inscription about the “Bar” cut by Boone himself at the time indicated, or by his friends at some later date as a record of what they knew had previ- ously happened ? In the spring of 1769, Colonel Richard Henderson of North Carolina, having under consideration the purchase sei: / Ne ae THE BOONE TABLET Erected on the famous beech tree on the Boone trail from North lina into Kentucky Caro- of land from the Cherokee Indians, employed D. Boone and other hunters to make a reconnaissance and report on a large tract of land lying in what now comprises the eastern parts of Kentucky and Tennessee. A metal tablet erected by the Tennessee Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution near the tree marks the location of the “Daniel Boone Trail from North Carolina to Kentucky, 1769." If inscribed in 1760, the inscription remained legible That this may have been pos- sible there is very good evidence, in spite of the well- for from 115 to 120 years. known annual growth of the bark from the inside and Mr. G. W. Simp- son, living about four miles west of Jonesboro, and for the natural shedding on the outside. many years County Surveyor of Washington County, states that he has repeatedly fully identified original “North Carolina grant’ survey in Tennessee, after a lapse of 125 years. double inverted V (thus 4) recognizable on trees which tallied completely with the exterior boundary trees along the old The was found plainly survey notes in respect to species and peculiar form, such as a forking of the main stem. During a careful search over the bark of the Boone tree for old dates, one was found which read “1815.” The outline of each figure, although very shallow and dim, was clearly traceable and } unmistakably read by each of four persons in the party. his was on July 31, 1915, one hundred years after the \ History of Tenn By G. R. McGee page 27 FORESTRY date of the inscription. Among many dates, 156° and 1868 were very plainly readable, after a lapse of 47 and 53 years, respectively. In this connection, it should be recalled, however, that growth of both wood and bark is much more vigorous in the earlier half than during the latter half of the life of trees. heal over more rapidly during the earlier period. Wounds consequently It is interesting thus to know that bark incisions are re- tained by the beech for periods of fully 100 years. Based upon growth measurements of the beech in other parts of its natural range, made by the Forest Service, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, the present age of the Boone tree is estimated at between 340 and 360 years. Using the same authority, the tree had reached a diameter of about 16 inches in 1760, when the noted explorer, carry- ing a long Deckhard rifle, hunting knife, and tomahawk, blazed his way westward across the mountains into the attractive hill and valley country of what is now eastern Tennessee. TEXAS’ FORESTRY OPPORTUNITIES R. J. H. FOSTER, recently appointed State Forester of ‘Texas with headquarters at College Station, has entered upon his work with the con- viction that he has one of the best opportunities of any state forester in the country to render service to the people. of east otters Other of the ii not quite as important. to the and ornamental Naturally the yellow pine and hardwood region the primary field of work. state however, nearly should be for shelter belts The wood lots of central ‘texas should be improved and made productive Texas regions are, Trees plains purposes. made grow for on great on lands which are of no value for other purposes. Forest areas in the rough limestone sections of the Edwards Plateau should be so managed that they may hold the waters in the tributary streams and so far as possible prevent floods and overflows on our river bot- toms below. ‘There is no section of Texas where an interest in trees is not important, or we may say, where the people are not in some way interested in tree culture. According to reports, the yellow pine in Texas will have practically ceased to be an important commercial resource within thirty years or less, if the cut-over areas chiefly valuable for the growing of timber are not pro- tected from fire and managed in some way which will insure continuous production. According to the Bureau of Corporation, there are standing in east Texas about sixty-six billion feet of timber, a third of which in round numbers is short-leaf and loblolly pine, a third long-leat pine, and a third cypress and hardwood timber of various It may be said that these figures are considered At the present rate of cutting, even sixty-six billion feet will last less than thirty years. After that, to satisfy the demands of a rapidly increasing population, the supply kinds. hy some of the best estimators to be far too high. of timber must come largely from outside the state and the consumer will have to pay the price of the lumber plus the freight, which together will amount to much formerly Principal of Peabody Institute, Trenton, Tennessee. DANIEL BOONE’S “BAR” TREE more than the present price of the local product. This problem affects not only the eastern region, but the entire state. ‘Texas can produce all the timber it will require for all time by re-foresting certain of the cut-over lands which are chiefly of value for timber production. One of the large problems in this state will be to im- prove the streams in order to make them navigable and The Federal Government is expending millions of dollars to reduce as far as possible the annual overflows. Yo dels FOSTER Recently appointed as the first state forester of Texas in accordance with the law passed by the last legislature. He has a most important work to do, annually in river and harbor work in ‘Texas. Many people do not realize perhaps that one way to aid in this work is to maintain a forest cover at the headwaters of the streams which will tend to prevent rapid run-off after severe rains and to prevent the washing of the soil. It would seem that ultimately the state may have a duty to perform in the direction of maintaining state forest on areas adjacent to the headwaters of important navigable streams. Until the field of work of the state forester has been carefully mapped out, it is impossible to make any defi- nite plans for the future. ‘The chief problems which will engage his attention may, however, be mentioned as follows: 1. problem which is undcubtedly closely related to the fire Fire protection; 2. a study of the grazing problem; 3. protection of the headwaters of streams anil the possible establishment of state-owned forests; 4. the development of better farm woodlots in the agricultural portion of the state; 5. the encouragement of tree plant- ing in treeless regions of the state; 6. problem of forest taxation. a study of the Without enlarging upon these various possible lines of work, it may be stated that the opportunities for rendering service to the state are large. There are many agencies which can be brought into line to assist in carry- ing out these measures. The Federal Government offers aid to the state in various directions, such as in fire pro- tection, agricultural extension work, and in experimental 1107 investigations. It is Mr. Foster’s desire to work not only with the Federal Government, but to cooperate with all the agencies in the state which have similar interests. The lum- ‘The farmers, through their various organizations, will undoubtedly ‘Texas already has a live forestry association. ber interests are favorable and friendly. find much of interest along forestry lines. There is a distinct advantage in having this new work closely related to the Agricultural & Mechanical College and with the State Experiment Station. According to the forestry law, the state forester is in charge of a new department of forestry and is forester to the Agricultura! Experiment Station. Eventually there will be some strong courses of instruction added to the curriculum of the College so that students, particularly the agricultural students, may become familiar with the forest conditions oi the state and learn to appreciate the importance of trees and to care for them in connection with their farms. MICHiGAN FORESTRY WORK HE Michigan Agricultural College was one of the first Institutions to start a Department of Fores- try. In addition to the regular work of instruc- tion, the College has been active in developing forestry The head of the Forestry Department is Forester on the staff in the State, chiefly in the agricultural districts. of the Agricultural Experiment Station and the College employs a Field Agent in Forestry who devotes his entire time to extension work. ‘The College maintains a large forest nursery and small planting stock is sold at cost to people in the State. In the year 1913 to 1914 the num- ber of small trees distributed was two hundred and twenty thousand, and it is estimated that about two hundred acres of private lands were planted through the activity of the Agricultural College in that year. During the past year, three hundred and twenty-two thousand trees were distributed, sufficient to plant about three hundred acres of land. ‘The greater part of these trees go to farmers and are used for forest plantations, wind breaks, The College has also been very active in developing forest fixation of shifting sands along the lake shore, etc. management of existing woodlots. It is now establishing experimental willow holts in various places. Its organi- zation for forestry work in the agricultural districts is very complete. The Act for the ation placed the rules and regulations and certain other exemption of small forests from tax- matter pertaining to the act under the State Board of Agriculture which naturally handles forestry matters in the agricultural districts. A. K. Chittenden, Professor of Forestry at the College, says:—‘I believe that forestry work in the agricultural communities can be handled most satisfactorily and to the best advantage through the Agricultural Experiment Station and the Agricultural College, as they come in touch with such communities and are familiar with the problems met with. I regret that an impression is often given that Michigan is doing little or nothing in forestry in the agricultural districts, because on the contrary, it is doing far more than almost any other State.” 1108 AMERICAN FORESTRY cration, Courtesy American Genetic Assi THE LARGEST SHADE TREE This giant is a sycamore at Worthington, Indiana. It is forty-four feet six inches in circumference near the ground and 150 feet tall. IN THE UNITED STATES This species, besides having the largest shade tree in the United States, is also one of the best species of shade tree, being peculiarly able to stand the smoke, dust and gases insects. which, in cities, have to be overcome by any tree which prospers. It is also unusually resistant to attacks by The Biggest Shade Tree is Also Best HAT the largest shade tree in the United States, as brought to light by the prize contest held by the American Genetic Association, should turin out to be the eastern sycamore is not surprising, say government foresters. ‘The sycamore has long been re- garded as the largest deciduous tree in North America and its range of growth is hardly second to that of any other broad-leaf tree; for it can be found from Maine te Florida and as far west as Kansas. The bestowal of the prize on a sycamore at Worth- THE BIGGEST SHADE TREE IS ALSO BEST ington, Indiana, which is 44 feet 6 inches in circumfer- ence and 150 feet tall, draws attention to the fact that foresters and arborists are nowadays recommending the species especially for city planting. They say that long experience with sycamores planted in city streets has shown that the species is peculiarly able to withstand the smoke, dust, and gases which are usually an unavoidable complement of urban life. In addition, the sycamore is as resistent to attacks of insects and fungi as almost any species, and is a quick grower; at ten years of age, a healthy sycamore usually is already large enough for shade, as well as for decorative purposes. As for the latter, there is hardly any eastern species which is gen- erally held so picturesque as the sycamore. With its strikingly mottled bark and magnificent stature and con- formation, the sycamore has a marked individuality and can not be mistaken for any other species, either in the summer when the foliage conceals its structural form, or in the winter when the leaves are absent. A common objection to the sycamore as a lawn tree is its habit of dropping its leaves before autumn. From this characteristic it is sometimes called a “dirty tree.” Recently a letter was received from a suburban resideut who has a sycamore on his lawn. ‘My sycamore tree is very beautiful,” said the writer, “until about the first of August, when its leaves begin to fall. Is there any remedy that I can apply to the tree to keep it from dropping its leaves so soon?” It was necessary to tell the correspondent that this was a characteristic habit of the tree. This drawback, however, is practically the only failing that the sycamore has, and it is offset by many desirable qualities. On the other hand, there is little prospect of popu- larity, foresters say, for the valley oak of California, which was decided to be the largest nut-bearing tree in the United States, the contest unearthing a specimen in San Benito County, which is 37 feet 6 inches in circum fer- ence and 125 feet high. ‘The valley oak is a very beautiful tree, but it attains maturity only after three or four hun- dred years; its wood is too tough, knotty, and otherwise imperfect to be good for lumber; the tree grows too slowly to be planted for shade or decorative purposes, and, being found only in California, it would have a small field of usefulness. Horticulturists say that the valley oak is not popularly considered a nut-bearing tree ; for its acorns are not generally used for food, although, of course, they are edible. Foresters say that the chestnut and the black walnut are the largest nut-bearing trees in this country, and the contest did, in fact, unearth a chest- nut, near Crestmont, North Carolina, which is 33 feet 4 inches in circumference and about 75 feet tall. The contest brought forth photographs and authentic descriptions of 337 trees in all parts of the United States, making a distinctly valuable contribution to existing knowledge of native trees. It was found that, in all probability, there is no living elm larger than “The Great Elm” at Wethersfield, Connecticut, which is 28 feet in circumference, and about 100 feet tall, and is estimated 1109 to be 250 years old. Many remarkable specimens of species which ordinarily attain only small sizes were wn- earthed by the contest, furnishing new records of maxi- num growth. A sassafras was brought to light at Horsham, Pennsylvania, which is 15 feet 10 inches in circumference at four feet from the ground, whereas, for example, not long before this a Georgia town claimed that it had the largest sassafras tree in the world, thougl this tree was only something over 7 feet in circumference. A white birch was found in Massachusetts with a girth of 12 feet 2 inches; a pecan was found in Louisiana with a circumference of 19 feet 6 inches, and a catalpa in Arkan- sas with a girth of 16 feet. ‘The tallest tree found is a yellow poplar in North Carolina, which is 198 feet high and has a circumference of 34 feet 6 inches. The value of the contest lies in its contribution of new information as to the maximum growth attained by de- ciduous species and the localities in which the different species seem to grow best. ‘The relative sizes of the coniferous species are fairly well established, the Bigtree of California, for example, being the largest in the world; but information on the size attained by deciduous trees in this country has been very incomplete. ARTICLES ON NATIONAL PARKS MERICAN FORESTRY takes pleasure in announc- ing that starting in the January issue it will publish a series of profusely illustrated articles on the scenic features of the National Parks by Mr. Mark Daniels, Superintendent of National Parks. USE THE DEAD LEAVES VERY shade tree owner in New York State should learn the simple lesson of conservation which nature is teaching in our forests in the utilizing of the autumn leaves. Where a few shade or forest trees are throwing their foliage about the home grounds, they should by no means be raked up and burned because it is like burning so much valuable stable manure, but they should be composted where that is possible or used as a mulch around flowering perennials, roses and often large trees. By wetting the leaves thoroughly and then weighting them down by sticks or soil, they will be a splendid winter protection and the weight and moisture of the winter’s snow will bring about rapid incorporation of the mulch with the soil. Where autumn leaves are to be used as a mulch about fruit or very young shade trees, some care must be exercised in not putting the mulch too close to the stems as there is danger of the mulch harboring mice which during the winter might girdle the young trees. * ae WASTE IN A LOGGING OPERATION MODEL OF This photograph is_one of series cf five models prepared by the Forest Service for exhibition purposes to indicate the “Loss of Wood from the Forest to the Consume The first model shows the trees wing in the forest, the contents of which in board measure was taken to be 100 per cent of 45,000 feet. The second model, shown above, rey of the first model are been computed to represent together 13 per cent, or ) ents the hown as having been felled, with tops laid aside and logs piled. 5,954 board feet of the original trees, S87 per cent or 3s “Logging trees referred to in the description s in the tops and stumps, and has ,846 board feet of the original trees operation.”’ Here the The waste here being the contents in board measure of the logs secured in the operation. The Forest Service Exhibit By Don Cartos ELLs HE exhibit of the United States Forest Service at the San Francisco Exposition, which was viewed by many thousands, was most valuable in imparting a knowledge of forests and all they mean to the people. The purpose of the display was to show, cause of the value first, the need of forest protection be of the forest to the health, wealth and beauty of the country, and because of the great destruction of forests, due to waste in use and to fire; second, the results of Forest Service inve igations in the reduction of waste by the use of better methods of manufacture and the making rvative treatn of by-products, the pres 1 ing; third, the of timber and proper wood conditi protecti and administration of the National Forests; fot these Forests are very much used by the public; and fifth, the nature of the most important of those uses As the visitor entered the exhibit space from one of the main entrances the display which caught his eye was a ress of wood from series of five models showing the prog the forest through the sawmill and the planing mill to the finished house and telling the waste of wood incident This waste amounts to about 65 per cent these to each step. of the original tree. A models 1110 ongside was a series of four models of a paper machine, a wood distilla- tion plant, a woodworking factory, and a tannic extract plant, bearing labels suggesting that much wood wasie can be utilized in the manufacture of such by-products as paper, alcohol, acetate of lime, wood flour, acetone, turpentine, rosin, tannic acid, and oxalic acid, and many small wooden commodities. Above the case containing these these models was a frieze upon which many of commodities, the by-products which can be manufactured from waste and specimens of the waste, were displayed. The change for bringing those having waste wood to dispose Forest Service has established a wood-waste ex- of in touch with those who can use it. A miniature impact timber-testing machine was at work upon a raised platform, beneath which were dis- played timbers whose resistance to various kinds of stress has been determined at the Forest Service laboratories. Pictures of the various types of timber-testing machines were placed at the ends of the table. An exhibit of special interest to lumbermen was a working miniature of the humidity dry kiln used at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, in which both temperature and humidity can be controlled 1111 THE FOREST SERVICE EXHIBIT eR MODEL OF WASTE IN A SAWMILL OPERATION This is the third of the series of five Forest Service models showing “Loss of Wood from the Forest to the Consumer” and illustrates a “Sawmill Operation.” The piles of rough lumber shown to the right of the sawmill represent 44.30 per cent, or 20,289 feet of the original trees. Just back of the lumber piles can be seen the trimmings and edgings which comprise 7.56 per cent, or 3,462.48 board feet of the original trees. To the left of the picture are shown a pile of slabs and one of sawdust. The former represents 18.88 per cent, or 8,647.04 board feet and the latter 11.47 per cent or 5,253.26 board feet of the original trees. In this operation there is lost in handling and standardizing 4.79 per cent, or 2,193.82 board feet of the original trees. The total waste in the sawmill therefore amounts to 42.97 per cent or 19,556.60 board feet of the original 45,000 in the standing trees. Two other models complete the set, one representing the planing mill operation and the other the building operation, each with its respective actual raw material consumption and resultant waste accumulation expressed in per cents anil board foot quantities in reference to such contents of the original trees. The object lesson presented by the full set of models is intended, as mentioned above, to show the total loss of wood from all causes from the forest to the consumer. In building the average eight-room frame house it has been ascertained that approximately 35 per cent of the raw material is utilized and 65 per cent wasted, such waste for the most part being necessary. The results of investigations which the Service has conducted in the preservative treatment of timbers were shown by photographs and charts. A supplement to this display had been placed in the exhibit of the Bureau of Mines in the Palace of Mines. It consisted of eight mine timbers which have had service in a Pennsylvania coal mine. The great central model of an idealized Ranger District on a National Forest showed also reforestation work, permanent improvement work not directly related to fire protection, such as a Ranger Station and a drift fence, and the important public uses of the forests. These uses were shown by a forest homestead, a timber sale, a patented mining claim in operation, a water-power development, a free-use summer camp and a hotel oper- ating under a special-use lease. ‘wo mountain streams had their rise in the upper reaches of the model’s landscape and formed a junction before they disappeared down the valley. Actual water was used in these streams and lent much to the realism of the exhibit. The various features of the work of the Forest Serv- ice and the various uses to which the forests are put, which were exemplified in the large model, were amplified by other exhibits surrounding it. On one side of the central model three models, 4 feet square, of an acre of western yellow pine were shown on a scale of about 1 inch to 10 feet; so that trees 180 feet high in the forest were 18 inches high on the model. The model in the center showed the acre in its virgin condition ready for logging. On one side was shown the acre after it has been logged under Government regulation on a National Forest, with stumps cut low, logs cut from high into the tree tops, young growth protected, brush piled for burning, and a future forest insured. ‘To the other side the same acre was shown as it would appear under the wrong kind of logging. Stumps were high, large tops were left unused, many logs were shattered by care- less felling, young trees were broken by old ones falling upon them, young trees were felled, dead trees left stand- ing, and the brush lay where it falls, constituting a seri- ous fire menace. In the pedestals under these models were panels of all the important species of wood sold on National Forests. On the wall behind was a chart show- ing that timber sales on the National Forests have grown from 68,475,000 board feet in 1905 to 626,306,000 feet in 1914. KILLING A LAMB COYOTE The Forest Service rangers conduct a vigorous warfare on the National Forests against predatory animals and kill thousands of them each year. This was one of the models at the Exposition PUT AMERICAN FORESTRY regularly as clear water. Water fell on the forested hill daily since the opening of the Exposi- soil had to be re- stream on this side and the lake below with water. below the forested slope was in good condition; be- low the deforested hill the river tion and no placed. The of the model filled land were clear Farm had overrun its banks, flooded the farm land and left deposited upon it the infertile clay of the hills. Placed between this model and the large central model of the idealized National Forest was a relief map of a complete water- shed on the Chelan National Forest, Washington, which showed a typical watershed pro- AAA ag tected by forested slopes. Three great windows in the rear of the exhibit were covered, up to ten feet in height, with RESISTANT POWERS OF WOOD SHOWN A feature of the Forest Service exhibit at the Panama-Pacitic interest to users of wood for various purposes, Specimens and descriptions of important range plants growing on the National Forests and some of the most Important poisonous grasses from which the Forest Serv- ice is trying to protect livestock, were displayed in show cases, above which were shown photographic enlarge- ments of livestock grazing on the National Forests and of various improvements being introduced by the Service for the benefit of the livestock industry, such as the development of water holes, the building of drift fences and experiments in grazing sheep in coyote-proof pas- tures. lamb. Next was a mounted group of a coyote killing a The label for the group stated that livestock own- ers lose about $15,060,000 from predatory animals a year, that over four thousand of these animals are killed every year on the National Forests and that the Govy- ernment has this year appropriated $125,000 for their destruction on the National Forests. One of the most popular exhibits was a working erosion model six feet square, which showed some of the effects of deforestation on stream flow and surface for- mation. ‘Two hills of the ordinary clay were built up on the rear of the model. One of the hills was covered with moss and foliage to represent a forest or brush cover and it ; A sprinkler arrangement sent down a shower the humus soil beneath the other hill was bare of vegetation. of water in the form of rain on both slopes. The water flowing on the bare slope rushed off the surface imme- diately, carrying soil with it, and depositing it in the The water flowing on the protected hill was absorbed by the stream bed and the lake at the front of the model. natural reservoir which the forest affords and seeps out Exposition which was of great service and sixty-three large colored trans- parencies showing forest types in different parts of the United States and abroad, forested and deforested watersheds and the erosion due to deforesta- tion in this country and in China, various important activities on the National Forests, picturesque scenery and recreation sites on the National Forests, types of National Forest land in different parts of the country, uses to which the National Forests are put, roads, trails, bridges, telephone lines and other permanent improve- ments on the National Forests, wind breaks of trees and their benefit to crops. Qn the wall spaces between windows were a relief map and two charts. ‘The relief map is on the curvature of the earth, gave the locations and names of all the National Forests, and showed that they are situated along the mountain ranges where they protect the headwaters of streams rising in these mountains, as well as assure the future timber supply. important uses to which these National Forests were Above this map was a list of the put by the public in 1914. ‘These uses were as follows: 626,306,000 board feet of timber cut by purchasers, 120,575,000 board feet cut by settlers and others free of cost, 9,258,863 head of livestock grazed, 266,797 horse- power available at water-power plants, 16,760 permits in force for other special uses of land, 1,500,000 recreation seekers visited the forests, 1,200 municipal water supplies protected, $838,980 of receipts made available for local schools and roads, 164,000,000 acres of land administered to protect irrigation and navigable streams fed from the forests of the West. cne-fifth of the timbered area in the United States 1s The third chart showed that only held in Government ownership and properly protected. That Alaska is not a barren and treeless waste was THE FOREST SERVICE EXHIBIT convincingly shown by a four-foot Sitka spruce log from the Tongass National Forest, Alaska, measuring sixty- one inches in diameter, which stands in the Alaska ex- hibit. ing seven feet at the base. The log was cut from a tree 180 feet tall, measur- MODEL OF FIRE LOOKOUT STATION A Forest Service exhibit which attracted much attention and into which thousands of visitors to the Exposition climbed. activities of the Much of the work not touched upon in the display could be learned Because of limited space, not all Forest Service could be covered in the exhibit. about at the government motion-picture room in the Palace of Liberal Arts, where 12,000 feet of film showing Forest Service activities were projected; from the publications displayed upon a table in the exhibit; and from the illus- trated lectures on the National Forests and Forest Con- servation given from cnce to thrice daily. The exhibits of the Forest Service and of the other branches of the United States Department of Agricul- This was in keeping with the precedent established at other ture were not entered into competition for awards. international expositions in which, as in this, the United States was the host nation. INVITE A FRIEND AMERICAN ForestRY magazine is now so well worth having that each member of the Association is asked to invite a friend to become a subscribing member. TS) STATE FORESTER AND MARYLAND TOWNS COOPER- ATING TO IMPROVE PUBLIC SHADE TREES J NDER date of September 8 the State Forester of Maryland addressed a letter to the public officials of all incorporated towns in Maryland suggest- ing a cooperative and systematic means of improving ex- isting conditions in public shade trees. Briefly, this plan provided for practical work to be devised and carried out under the State Roadside Tree Act of 1914, and the method of procedure set forth in the letter was the result of several months of successful experience in the carry- ing out of the duties delegated to the Board by the present Act. Free of cost, the State Forester offered to take a tree census in any town where application was made by the proper officials, the census taking account of the trees, their kinds and locations, and to be followed by a report caterpillars of the brown-tail moth spin a web in the fall with recommendations for such planting and general im- The pre- liminary examination is succeeded by the performance provement as the census showed to be required. of the work advised in the report, all work being carried out under the personal direction of a State Forest War- den whose services are made available for such duties at a reasonable per diem rate. That the possibilities of this offer have been appreci- ated is attested by the fact that during the next three weeks several towns and cities in the State took advantage of this offer to secure expert aid; preliminary examina- tions have in most cases been made, and the work to be done will be pushed as rapidly as possible. INCREASE OF TOURISTS IN THE NATIONAL PARKS EPORTS received by Secretary Lane from the Superintendents of the various National Parks in the West, administered by the Department of the Interior, indicate that during the park season just closed there has been a great increase in the number of tourists visiting these great playgrounds. In Yellowstone National Park in 1914 there were 20,250 visitors, and Yo- semite National Park in California was visited this year this year two and one-half times as many—451,820. by over twice as many people as entered its gates last year, 31,642 names being recorded during the season Again in Mt. Rainier Na- the number as against 15,145 last year. tional Park there has been an increase in of visitors of over 100 per cent—34,814 in 1915 as against 15,038 in 1914. Secretary Lane declared the policy inaugurated two years ago of permitting automobiles to enter the parks to be a success, and that it would be continued in the future. In Yellowstone National Park automobiles were admitted for the first time on August 1. They operated under a very carefully worked-out schedule which has proven to be very satisfactory. The Park was visited this season by 958 cars, carrying 3,513 people, which points to a much fuller enjoyment of the wonders of Yellowstone National Park by motorists next year. Ornamental and Shade Trees A Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association EDITED BY J. J. Levison, B.A., M.F. Arboriculturist Brooklyn Park Department, Author of “Studies of Trees,” and Lecturer on Ornamental and Shade Trees, Yale University Forest School PARKS AND THE PUBLIC UNICIPAL parks and the trees on our streets are not, as is generally supposed, intended for the mere pleasure of the people. In many re- spects they play as important a part in the development of the citizen as any other of the mediums purposing his betterment. could be turned into for the development of character, What a wonderful training school the parks for training the observative powers and the aesthetic judgment, for physical improvement and for inspiring the youth with a love for all that is wholesome and refined. Much as has already been said about the influence of city trees and parks on the public welfare, trees as an aid to public health is a subject which has been discussed quite often and hardly needs comment here. Trees as an aid to the city beautiful needs no argument when one but glances at the accompanying photographs. Buildings and bridges can only be made a part of a beautiful land- scape when properly set off by trees and shrubs, but can- not be made the principal feature of a charming landscape without the trees and shrubs. The value of trees to the citizen has even been discussed But wherein the park and estate superintendents and city from the educational and moral point of view. foresters can be of help in bringing the trees and shrubs in closest touch with the public has not yet been discussed ta any extent and this is the object of the following lines. The program for the park authorities is a wide one and A BRIDGE IN THI iall demonstrating wit t itlines HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, PARK other form of bridge— mple rustic bridge to the rural landscape Any 1 instead of adding to it 1g, would detract from the view ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES 1115 A VIEW IN an excellent example illustrating the value of vistas in afford the observer the opportunity to satisfy his naural desire for mental principles of landscape gardening are embodied in this view. material, texture and surface treatment are striking features of this form it helps to make the scene more restful. low and neatly kept. In the middle ground are the medium-sized BEAUTIFUL THE This 1s I venture to cite some of the means by which park officials may stimulate a proper appreciation for the beautiful and [I know that I wall be cannonaded by many park commissioners and park a keen sense of regard for the parks. superintendents, who will say that this is impossible of accomplishment, that many citizens lack that sense of appreciation and will insist on making cow-paths across lawns, that children are imbued with a destructive instinct which prompts them to break the leaders of newly planted evergreen trees, and that the average citizen does not give a care about the name of the tree he so often stops to admire. I grant that these conditions do exist. I wit- nessed them in our own city. come them? Is it possible to overcome them, and to whom I maintain that it is possible But how are we to over- should this duty be charged ? to overcome them and that it behooves the park authort- ties to do it. tendency to destroy, and children do not necessarily seek People are not possessed of an innate an outlet for their surplus energy in the ruination of prop- erty. The whole question merely offers an opportunity for a practical lesson in civics, in the development of good taste and for the instillment of a genuine love for all which is beautiful and close to nature. It will require patience and will probably entail the loss of considerable material—I mean trees, shrubs, and flowers. But that park development. The arrangement of the plants is very good. HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, PARK Deep vistas in any planting give depth to the scene and long perspective and indefiniteness of distance. Most of the funda- The unity of the picture as a whole and the great variety in composition, scene. Water in any form is always very pleasing and in this particular The specimens in the foreground are adequately trees, and in the rear are heavy masses of large-sized trees. would really be a small loss completely justified by the results. We would not expect to teach any practical lesson in a laboratory without a sacrifice of demonstrative material. Why then expect a different disposition of the park material—nature’s laboratory—when it becomes necessary to teach a lesson in civics. Of course, we can- not afford to make constant sacrifices and still have well- kept parks. But it is a condition we have to face at one time or another, and until we have taught the lesson we must bear the losses cheerfully. Here is what may be done to make our parks attrac- tive: The usual means are tennis courts and facilities for football, field hockey and croquet, golf links, musical concerts, rowing, and outdoor flower beds, merry-go-rounds, indoor flower shows shelters, refreshment stands, and seating, driving and riding facilities. The modern parks, however, have gone a bit further and have done the following: They have labelled their trees, removed the keep-off signs, circulated information about trees and landscape features of the parks, intro- duced park concerts, lectures, moving-picture shows, story-telling meetings, public refreshment stands and exhibits. This close relationship between good citizenship and proper environment so rapidly being recognized that 1116 AMERICAN FORESTRY A PART ‘OF Here the interesting features are the broken skyline, the variety of The weeping willow in contrast with the coarser foliage of the around the buildings brings them out just enough to help the scene surroundings. the old-fashioned idea of furnishing the citizens with set and artificial gardens is fast disappearing and instead many communities are acquiring vast ranges of woodland, mountain, lake and river scenery and placing at the dis- posal of their citizens these community forests, amidst which they may roam at will. In the acquisition of these parks the object sought is not the formal promenades, but spacious areas in which the public can lose itself, forget- ting for the moment the restrictions of city life and revel- ing in the largeness of nature. Formerly our conception of a park has been, in many cases, as a storehouse for elaborate buildings, ornamental cut stone and_ floral designs. Such parks do not afford the rest, inspiration and refreshment which the city-wearied senses need so much. In such parks the city dweller cannot find the relief for his mind and body which could be found in the poetic charm of the quiet woodland or the rural land- scape. There are times when the formal and costly park is a necessity. Small city squares must be more or less formal in design and they are, of course, very necessary But strong arguments in favor of the woodland park. there are also The woodland park in this country is a comparatively new to every city of considerable size. departure in park development, but the charm of nature All we in the simplicity of its woodlands is not new. THE HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, ; texture in the foliage and the partial concealment of the buildings. skyline carried high by the mass of trees and accentuated at another point by the tower exemplifies sound principles of landscape gardening. neighboring shrubs and trees add much interest and the careful planting PARK SYSTEM The without making the architectural feature out of place in its quieter need to do is to apply our forestry principles to the hand- ling of these woods and collect that which nature might scatter and we are sure to have a woodland park far more The cost of starting and maintaining a forest park is also far attractive and wholesome than the formal garden. less than the amount required fora similar area of formal park. ‘There are only a few forest parks in this country, but while our cities are still young it 1s possible for them to set aside small tracts of woodland in their suburban sections at a small cost and within a few years they will find themselves the possessors of ground not only worth many times the original cost, but also of inestimable value to the health and development of their citizens. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ©. Almost without exception, the shade trees in this city are trimmed in the early Spring and the trimming The shade trees in this locality seem to grow much faster than the consists of cutting back all the large limbs. same trees in the East. ‘The box elders, hard and soft maples, black locust and poplar all send out such long shoots in a year that it is difficult to shape the tree by trimming, so the trees are cut horizontally through the center of the crown, the result being a lot of sprouts from the stubs of the limbs, making a very hideous tree, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES especially in winter. Can you suggest the proper way to trim these trees and still prevent rank growth of new shoots ? Will you tell me why the trimming should be done before the leaves fall? Is not the winter just as good a time as early fall? D. P., Boise, Idaho. A. Box elder, locust and poplar trees lend themselves to severe and frequent cutting. ‘They grow so fast that unless they are cut in they become either too tall or too thin and are liable to break in wind storms. ‘The cutting, however, need not be done too frequently. All that is necessary is to control the crowns whenever they become too tall or sparse looking. ‘This will prevent their appear- ing so stubby. Maple crowns should be kept compact by an occasional light clipping from the tips inward, but they should not be headed in, as you describe, unless they are very old and failing. Silver (soft) maples will require more frequent cutting than the other maples. ‘The sugar maple should be cut but very little, if any. We suggested trimming ornamental trees in the Fall as a general policy because in that season the dead branches can be dis- tinguished from the live ones with more certainty and ease and the climbing can be done with greater safety and ease than in winter when the branches are brittle and slippery. ©. I would appreciate it if you could give me some information relative to the most for various tree diseases or insect attacks, or refer me to I also would like to desirable sprays some article or book on the same. have your opinion as to the most desirable spacing for street trees, such as elm, hard maple, etc. W. W. M., Chicago, Ill. A. It would hardly be practical to give you a complete list of all the spraying materials and the proportions in which they are to be used. ‘This would vary so much with the character of the insect and the time of appli- cation that in each case you should have specific advice from your local State Entomologist or from the Depart- ment of Agriculture. ‘There are a number of good pub- lications relating to the particular materials and their applications, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, by the New York State Department of Agri- culture, and by the various experiment stations through- out the States. “Studies on Trees,” published by John Wiley & Sons, New York, as well as “Shade Trees in Towns and Cities,” issued by the same publisher, are suitable books for you to read. “The Care of ‘Trees in Lawn, Street and Park” is one of the best books you can read. As to spacing trees on city streets, | would suggest that for most species a space of 30 to 35 feet should be allowed, and for the American Elm 60 feet is appropriate. Q. Last June the greater number of the trees on my farm in New York seemed to be suffering from the attacks of one sort of insect, pest or another. The elms and young hickories seemed most affected. The oaks and maples showed leaves badly chewed. G. R., White Plains, N. Y. LiL A. It is difficult to determine the exact cause without an examination of the insect or at least the affected leaf or twig. If the character of the injury is eating of the leaf, then the tree will have to be sprayed with arsenate of lead. The exact time for spraying will depend on the kind of insect. If the injury is due to a boring or suck- ing insect, the treatment will again be different and in each case will depend on the exact nature of the par- ticular insect in question. Q. Can you tell me about an efficient insecticide for fruit trees? G. A. F., Richmond, Va. A. As a result of extensive tests during 1912, 1913, and 1914 with different insecticides, the entomologists of the United States Department of Agriculture have found that calcium arsenate, a new insecticide, gives very prom- ising results in the control of certain insects that do dam- Among the chewing insects against which the arsenate of calcium proved effective, in laboratory and field tests conducted at Benton Harbor, Mich., are the codling moth, the fall webworm, the tent caterpillar, and the tussock moth. In these tests the effects of arsenate of calcium, both alone and combined with lime-sulphur solution, were tested in comparison with arsenate of lead alone and in combination with lime-sulphur. The arsenate of calcium, as was the arsenate of lead, was used at the rate of 2 pounds to each 50 gallons of water. In all the experi- age by chewing on fruit trees. ments the arsenate of calcium gave very satisfactory re- sults in killing the larvae without burning the foliage. In a number of cases its killing action was somewhat siower than, but compared favorably with, the arsenate of lead. Since it can be produced more cheaply than the lead arsenate, it would appear to have distinct value, although it has not been sufficiently tested to permit recommending it unreservedly for general use. Where arsenate of calcium was combined with lime-sulphur it was, as a rule, even more effective as a poisoning agent than when used alone and did not lessen the value cf the latter as a fungicide. When these compounds are combined, the amount of foliage consumed by the larvae is less than where the arsenate of calcium is used alone. ©. Please mention a few shrubs and trees most suita- ble for underplanting in a bit of natural woodland in the vicinity of New York City. L. P. R., New York City. A. You should resort to native shrubs and trees of the following species: Shrubs—Spice bush, viburnum acerifolium, juneberry, red-berried elder, viburnum prunifolium, New Jersey tea, viburnum cassinoides, sweet pepperbush, mountain laurel, rhododendron. Trees—Hemlock, beech, dogwood. QO. What is the best way to gather the eggs of the Tussock moth caterpillar? P. C. C., Waterbury, Conn. A. Collect them by hand picking wherever possible. Where the trunks of the trees are heavily covered with them and where there are many trees in question, place 1118 AMERICAN a dark canvas cloth at the base of the trees and scrape off the egg masses by means of a wire brush. Then col- lect the egg masses from the canvas cover and burn them. Q. When is the best time to plant my willow hedge and poplar screen, also tulip and sweet gum? M.A.58., Harrisburg, Pa. A. Willows and poplars can best be planted in the early spring. ‘Tulip trees and sweet gum can be planted best in spring. ©. When is the best time to set out evergreens? J. P. E., Baltimore, Md. A. Early spring is the best time, though the latter part of August is almost equally good. ©. What shall I use to paint tree wounds? A, LL, Ghicago, Lu. A. Use refined coal tar, and if too thick, thin it down with creosote. ©. I am much interested in the article referring to Common Sense Tree Labels in American Forestry. I wish to learn if these enameled labels may be purchased for private use and from whom. H. M., Boston, Mass. A. Such labels may be secured from E.. George & Com- pany, 194 Front St., New York City; Standard Sign Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, New York Stencil Works, 100 Nassau St., New York City; and the Ingram Richardson Co., 100 William St., New York City. Pa. ADVICE FOR DECEMBER 1. Fertilize, with well-rotted manure, all the weaker trees on the lawn and some of the shrubs that need encouragement. Apply the manure either as a top dress- ing or else dig in lightly with the soil. Apply to a radius equal in distance to the spread of the branches. 2. Insert bolts in trees that have a tendency to split. Most splitting occurs in January and February, and some species, like lindens and elms, have a greater tendency to split in the crotches than other species. Do not resort to bolting unless absolutely necessary, because a bolt gen- erally detracts from the beauty of the tree. 3. Cut down all the marked trees and burn the infested wood. 4. Look over your spraying apparatus and tools and make all necessary repairs in preparation for the spring season. NOTES Many authorities believe that filling tree cavities with concrete is wrong, that such fillings are not permanent, that the concrete cannot be waterproofed and soon cracks and leaves a worse condition than no filler. C. H. Hoyt, of Cleveland, O., writes that he has been several years perfecting a method of using the asphalt method and has solved the problem by making it easy to use and getting perfect protection at very small cost. FORESTRY He has recently issued an illustrated folder on this method, which can be had for the asking. On October 1, 1915, all the Boy Scouts of Mount Vernon, N. Y., assembled at the Presbyterian Church and heard a detailed account of the life history of the Tussock Moth, one of our worst shade t-ee leaf feeders. ‘This insect overwinters in the egg stage and from fall till spring the eggs may be found in small white clusters firmly attached to the bark of trees and protected places along fence rails and under the house mouldings. Each troop was assigned a definite section of the city and each section was further subdivided for the individual Scouts, so that the entire city might be covered. For nearly three weeks the boys scouted around gathering the egg masses and then the territory of each troop was shifted so that the work might be checked up, triple credit being given for eggs collected during this checking period. Upwards of a quarter of a million eggs were collected by the scouts during the contest, and it would be difficult to state in dollars and cents the value of serv- ice so rendered to the city. FOREST ITEMS FROM HAWAII FOREST and grass fire late in August burned over several hundred acres on the U. S. Military Reservation on the Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, before it could be completely extinguished by 2,500 regular troops from Schofield Barracks who fought it with difficulty on the steep mountain slopes with wet bags. —— In the work of reforesting with indigenous trees the open areas on the watershed back of the city of Hono- lulu, which was begun two years ago, the Division of Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii uses imperfect cans which are discarded by the hundred at the pineapple canneries and may be obtained free of cost. One seed- ling is raised in each can which first is split up the side and the bottom almost completely cut around. The can is held together with a wire. At the planting area, the wire is removed, the can opened up and the seedling taken out with a complete ball of earth around the roots. Superintendent of Forestry C. S. Judd reports that by this method almost perfect success is obtained from the planting. ‘The cans can be used three or four times for this purpose. The old royal Hawaiian palace in Honolulu, now used for the executive offices of the Territory, is receiving a new flooring of native ohia wood. ‘This is logged and manufactured at Pahoa, Hawaii, by the Hawaii Hard- wood Company, which operates the only sawmill in the Islands. During 1914, a little short of one million trees were planted in different parts of the Hawaiian Islands for ornament, windbreaks, and fuel. Species of the Austra- lian eucalyptus are used for the latter purpose and grow sc rapidly that they can be cut six years after planting. Many of the species sprout readily from the stump. MEDAL FOR THE ASSOCIATION Am etc isorte\| POE Eee ar FE MOLE UUTTS HelZy. A’ nS MEDAL PRESENTED TO THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION BY 1119 IN COMMEMORATION F DANAMA- DNC RE INTERNATIONA BEXVOSTION SAN BRANCISE THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSI- TION AT SAN FRANCISCO ON AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION DAY, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1915 Medal for the Association IRECTORS of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco presented a hand- some bronze medal, reproduced here in actual size, to the American Forestry Association during its meeting there on American American Forestry Associa- tion Day, Wednesday, October 20. The presentation was made by Mr. C. S. Scott, representing President Charles C. Moore. Mr. Scott referred to the very important work the Association is doing in forest conservation and in educating the public in a love and knowledge of trees, and the great value of such a public spirited work. He declared that in behalf of the Exposition he wished to present the medal as a token of the appreciation with which the people of the entire country view the efforts of the Association and in the hope that it would receive continued support. The medal was received by Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president, who said the Association accepted it as an incentive to further efforts in the great national service which it is doing. Three Resolutions HE following resolutions were passed by the Western For- estry and Conservation Asso- ciation during the recent For- est Industry Week at the Panama- Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco : ENDORSE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION We desire to express our apprecia- tion of the American Forestry Asso- ciation, and the excellent work it is performing and_ particularly com- mend its participation in the pro- ceedings of this conference through the presence of its officers and mem- bers. We urge upon all of our mem- bers the need for actively supporting the American Forestry Association to the end that a great national movement may go forward with every possibility of further material accomplishment. WEEKS’ LAW APPROPRIATION We have found the allotment of funds under the Weeks’ law for the protection of forested western water- sheds outside the national forests to be perhaps the most practical and effec- tive means not only of stimulating state effort, but also of cementing pri- vate, state and federal protective effort into a harmonious and efficient whole. Its value to the Government in these ways is immeasurably beyond its cost. We plead earnestly that it be considered an experiment no longer and that it be made a continual annual appropriation. We pledge our coop- eration and support to insure its eco- nomical and advantageous expendi- ture. We endorse the recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture that further appropriation be made for the purchase of additional lands at the headwaters of navigable streams in the White Mountains and the southern Appalachian Mountain and instruct the secretary of this association to request our members to urge the sena- tors and representatives from their several districts to support this measure. COMMEND FOREST SERVICE We commend the excellent work of the Forest Service in protecting the national forests as far as its funds permit and especially in developing progressive methods as a contribution to the modern science of fire preven- tion. We not only speak for the entire forest interests of the west in urging upon Congress to provide liberally for national forest protection, but also believe we are competent to testify as experts to the country at large that greater expenditure for this purpose is necessary to safeguard its forest resources properly. Children’s Department Devoted to imparting information about trees, woods and forests to boys and girls so that they may grow to know how necessary trees are to the health, wealth and future of their country. By Bristow ADAMS THREE NCE upon a time, a long while ago—for that 1s just the way that three trees stood fairly near together in the forest. all Christmas stories begin— But before we begin, let me make it clear that this is a fable. It is true, with variations. The three trees were blood brothers, and they had grown for a number of years; but because of the con- ditions under which they had started, each one had developed a different character; one might almost say that each had developed a soul. One of them—the tallest—had started in good ground. Straight above him there was an opening in the crowns of the tallest trees around. Just at noon a shaft of sun- light came down through this opening in the leaf canopy and the tree lifted its head up toward the life-giving light, and grew straight, tall, and slender, with a long space between each annual whorl of branches. The second tree had a much harder time of it. It was more crowded by the other trees, and it had to start in a rocky place. So it grew twisted, and knotty, and cross- grained; it had no decided aspirations and it therefore did not get any place in particular. The third tree, the smallest of all, started in rocky there than enough sunshine, because of a big opening all around it in the forest. ‘This little tree rejoiced in the light; it spread out al! of its arms to welcome the brightness, and was indeed able ground, but Was more to develop new arms, or branches, because it had so much sun. T the time this story begins, it was nearly Christ- mas and the branches of the three trees were laden with snow. The slender limbs of the tallest tree did not afford much of a resting place for the snowflakes, so that even in winter it was not in much danger of being broken down. ‘The gnarly tree held some snow on one side, which made it even more twisted and bore some of its limbs down to the ground. ‘The little tree was covered all over evenly, and its sturdy little branches readily held up the white mantle. Two small boys came trudging through the woods looking carefully from side to side as if they were search- ing for something. They came first to the tallest tree, and the smaller lad suggested that they cut that one. But the larger boy thought otherwise, and explained that when it was brought into the house to be used as a Christ- mas tree there would not be enough close branches to bear You have guessed the ornaments and to hold the candles. by now that these two boys were looking for a Christmas 1120 TREES You have also guessed that they could not take the gnarly tree, because it was crooked, and that their tree. eyes alighted on the little tree with glee, for it was just the kind they wanted. So the little tree was borne away and made a whole household happy with its greenness and its sturdiness and its exact fitness for the purpose for which it was intended. It stood in the midst of the living-room, and the children danced around it with shouts of joy. And upon the walls there were festoons of what is variously called crow’s foot, or running cedar, or ground pine, or lycopodium. There were wreaths of holly in the windows, and at night a candle burned above each wreath and lighted the snow outside the house. There were colored prints from Christmas editions of the illustrated London papers, and over the fireplace the father of the household had let- tered a motto intertwined with yule-tide designs in green, red, and gold: “God blesse ve mastre of thys house, And eke ye mistresse too, And all ye litel childrenne Thatte rounds ye table goe.” The little tree was glad because it had given service If it had thought into the future it would have known that it could not serve mankind by being made into lumber for his needs, for where it was best able to serve. each one of the many limbs would have meant a knot in a board. ND what became of the other trees? They grew on for many years, and the crooked tree crookeder because it had got into the habit of doing grew so, and it became more gnarled, knotted, and cross- grained. Because it was crowded and elbowed by its neighbors, and because it had lost the power to reach up and hold itself straight, it finally gave up in despair and became a decayed, unsightly object in the forest. The tall tree kept growing, and reached up for its spot of light. It knew as well as a tree can know, that if it did not reach that opening above it before the larger trees had closed in that it might as well give up, too, then and there. Finally some lumbermen and foresters went through the woods selecting the trees which should be cut, and those which deserved to be left to continue grow- ing. The tall, straight, slender tree was growing so well that they left it and made use of some of the older ones around, taking care when they felled the others that they should not injure the slender one. When they had taken out the trees wnich they thought should be cut, and THREE TREES cleared away all of the waste material in the woods, including the poor gnarled tree, the slender one found that it had all sorts of room and light to grow in, and it set itself lustily to the task of growing. It continued to grow tall and straight, but it began to lay on thickness and to increase its strength and girth. Some years after that it was time for some more of the trees to serve man’s needs, and this time they took the tall straight tree. It was so tall, so straight, so smooth- grained and strong that they selected it for a special pur- It went to the shipyard and there was made into a It sailed over all the seven seas, pose. round, towering mast. helping to bring delightful things from one part of the world to those who wanted them in another part. It helped to carry gifts to the old home where the little Christmas tree had stood, sugar, and fruits, and cocoanuts from the tropics, coffee from Brazil to the “master” of the house, and tea from Ceylon to the “mis- tresse,” and from China a big lamp for the table, ’round which the “childrenne’” used to “goe.” From Italy had come a little bronze statuette of a Greek athlete, who was on one side of the mantel, where the Christmas motto had been. He was straining to throw a discus as far as he could. On the other side, from Japan, a little fat, calm, bronze Buddha sat with his feet crossed under him, and his hands held passively in his lap. From Occident and Orient, each according to its spirit, the tall tree had helped to bring them. You can believe this story or not, just as you choose ; but the forest part of it is true at least. If it sets you to thinking that every life can be made useful, each in its own way, if one will only try, no harm has been done. FAMOUS TREE SURROUNDED BY PAVEMENT T IS always an amazing sight to see a great tree grow- ing out of a crack in a rock, especially if it may have split off a boulder of granite which the strength of a dozen men could not budge. There is in fact eternal warfare between the mineral and the vegetable kingdoms. Rocks and boulders may appear grim and immovable, but their cracks and crevices are eternally being searched by the pliant growth of plants and trees and in the end they always succumb to the attacks of their weaker enemies. For all time this continual battle has been going on, each generation of the plant world doing its share, apparently serene in the knowledge that when it dies its place will be taken by another plant which will continue the conflict. While the ability of trees to grow soil, or perhaps in rocks where no soil is visible, has probably been noticed by most everyone, there is perhaps no more striking evidence of this than can be seen in and thrive in rock most any large city where the streets are paved with con- crete or asphaltum. The city of Washington, for in- stance, has dozens of large and thrifty trees which are growing in little plots of soil not much larger than flower pots. Illustrating this is the photograph of a large elm tree which has stood in front of the Willard Hotel on Pennsylvania Avenue since long before Civil War times. 1121 When the tree was first planted the street was paved with cobble stones and the sidewalk was of ordinary porous brick, so that with a plentiful supply of moisture soaking through on all sides the tree might have been expected to thrive. But for the last 30 years the street has been paved with impervious asphaltum and for the last 18 or 20 years the sidewalk has been paved with equally water- HOW DOES IT GET WATER? This elm in front of the New Willard Hotel at Washington, D. C., is on a street paved with asphalt and a sidewalk of concrete. It thrives despite the fact that apparently it gets very little moisture. tight concrete, through neither of which a drop of mois- ture can penetrate. All the moisture that this great tree can get must come via the small square of earth which its trunk nearly fills, and which would seem hardly suffi- cient to nourish a good sized shrub. This old tree has witnessed many famous historical scenes. It has seen the marshaling of the Federal hosts at the first call to war in ‘61; the passing of the proud columns of McClellan toward the battlefield of Bull Run and their sorry return, and finally, when the great con- flict was ended, the Grand Review of the battle-scarred veterans of Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan, and very re- cently the veteran remnant of that great army. It has seen many Presidents of the United States pass to and from the White House on their way to the Capitol to take the oath of office and to surrender the reins of govern- ment and, judging from its sturdy appearance today, it will see many more. AMERICAN WHITE PINE THREATENED OUR recent serious outbreaks of the white pine blister rust on currant bushes in Massachusetts and New York have called attention sharply to the alarming character of this disease and the economic loss which it threatens in the northeastern and western United States unless it can be brought under contro! within the next two years. ‘This disease has been known for some years, having been introduced at many points on white pine nursery stock imported mainly from Germany. The disease first established itself at Geneva, N. Y., in 1906. In 1909 extensive importations of diseased white pine nursery stock were located and destroyed in New York and other eastern states and warnings issued broad- cast against further importation of white pine from Europe. In spite of these warnings importation con- tinued even from the particular nursery in Germany which was definitely known to be the main source of disease, until finally in 1912 all such importation was stopped by Federal law. Whether this law was passed too late remains to be seen, as it depends on whether the disease already established in the United States can be stamped out. The white pine blister rust affects the eastern white pine, the western white pine, the sugar pine and, indeed, all of the so-called five-leaf pines, producing cankers on the stems and branches, killing young trees and maiming and disfiguring old ones. It also produces a leaf disease of currant and gooseberry bushes. ‘The fungus causing the disease must live for a part of its life on pine trees and part of its life on currants and gocseberries. The disease cannot spread from one pine tree to another, but must pass first to currant bushes and ther back to pine. In Europe the disease has made the culture of Ameri- can white pine impracticable in England, Denmark, and Holland, and has seriously handicapped its cultivation in Germany. Since the trees which it attacks include three of the most important timber trees of the United States, the loss which this disease will produce if unchecked is uncalculable. Fortunately, the disease is not now known tc be present west of Buffalo, N. Y., but its ultimate spread to the vast forests of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast is certain if it is not checked in the eastern states. The disease now occurs in three locali- ties in New Hampshire, two in Vermont, two in Connecti- cut, five in New York, one in Pennsylvania, and three in Ontario, Canada. At one point in Ontario, two in New York, two in New Hampshire and two in Massachusetts, the disease is present on currants in sufficient quantity to be serious. The disease is controllable at this stage by the destruc- tion of the diseased white pines or the complete destruc- tion of all currant and gooseberry bushes in the vicinity. Whether or not this simple action can be accomplished depends upon the legal authority possessed by the various FORESTRY state horticultural inspectors concerned. If the inspector is not armed with authority to destroy either currant bushes or the few diseased white pines with or without the consent of the owner, all efforts at control will be unavailing, as a single person, by permitting diseased pines or currants to remain on his place can nullify the work of an entire well-disposed community. The imme- diate issue, then, is whether the several states will see that their inspectors have sufficient authority or whether still another imported disease shall be added to the already leng list of undesirable fungus and insect immigrants, and the white pines of the United States be reduced from their present high standing to that of inferior trees. PINON TREE SPLITS LARGE ROCK HE great rock-splitting force of a growing tree is shown in the photograph of a pifion tree in the Mesa Verde National Park, of the State of Colo- rado, at the head of Prater Canyon. The tree is dead ROCK SPLIT BY A TREE The force of a growing tree is illustrated by this picture of a pifion tree. The rock is deeply imbedded in the earth, yet it was split by the growing tree. now, but this is due to old age, not to any squeezing of the stone. The tree made a full and healthy growth, bear- ing doubtless many bushels of pifon nuts, and gradually widening the crack in the rock as its trunk required more and more space. The power exerted by the tree is all the more remarkable as it is evident that the sand- stone boulder is embedded in the earth to a considerable depth. Wood Preserving Department By E. A. STERLING Wood Preserving Experts to Meet Next Month HE twelfth annual meeting of the American Wood Preservers’ Association will be held at the Hotel Sherman, Chicago, January 18, 19, 20, 1916. The program will be devoted largely to the reports of stand- ing committees on Preservatives, Specifications for the Purchase and Preservation of Treatable Timber, Wood Block Paving, Plant Operation, and Service ‘Tests, the latter under the three divisions of cross ties, wood block In addition to the committee reports, addresses and papers will be pre- paving and bridge and structural timber. Full information and ad- vance copies of committee reports may be obtained before the meeting from F. J. Angier, Secretary-Treasurer, Bal- timore, Md. sented on pertinent subjects. In addition to the many activities in the way of estab- lishing standard practice in the use of preservatives and treating processes, and in keeping the industry informed of progress and developments, the American Wood Pre- servers’ Association publishes a house organ, 00d Pre- serving. This is edited by C. C. Schnatterbeck and is issued quarterly under the direction of the Executive Committee. It contains much of interest to all who are interested in any phase of wood preservation, the sub- scription price being only $1 per year. As an indication of the growing general recognition of wood-preserving possibilities outside of the fully estab- lished fields of railroad ties, bridge timbers, marine work and wood-block paving and flooring, the question of its application to retail uses was thoroughly discussed at a recent meeting of the Southern Pine Association and Retail Lumber Association Secretaries. While many dif- ficulties arise in attempting to distribute pressure-treated lumber in retail yards, it was the opinion that at least a start should be made by promoting the local use of suit- able preservatives for brush treatment, and by the instal- laton of open-tank facilities in connection with retail yards. With this, of course, would have to be proper education of the consumer as to why treatment is advisa- bie and how to apply it to best advantage. From the standpoint of the average consumer, really more has been expected of wood and less done to help it serve a great variety of uses than almost any other build- ing material. that proper preservative treatment is practical and eco- nomical on the farm and around the home. Good paint is a good friend of lumber, and while not usually con- It is a comparatively modern conception sidered in that light, is the one protection against the natural progress of decay which has been universally used. Yet the well painted house has unprotected floor beams in moist walls, door steps on wet ground, and many inside surfaces and timbers which are continually exposed to conditions favorable to decay. The wonderful service which wood has given during all the years, with meagre or no thought to the factors which destroy, brings into greater prominence the possibilities of preservative treatment under the present day desire for permanence and elimination of waste. No one expects unprotected steel to do anything but rust, concrete is waterproofed and its surface protected from abrasion and disintegra- tion, fabrics are shielded from the elements, while wood has largely been left to shift for itself. The application of wood preserving methods to the every day uses of lumber, where it needs protection from decay, is in keep- ing with modern ideas. Closely related to preservative treatment against decay is the development of fire retardant materials and pro- cesses, particularly for shingles. While only 27 per cent | carelessness and character of contents, rather than the material of which buildings are built, are responsible for most fires, it is an additional measure of safety to have Dr. Herman von Schrenk, who has for several years been testing all available ma- terials, recently announced that the long search for a sat- isfactory fire retardant was practically ended. Materials have now been found which effectively protect shingle roofs from sparks and brands, and prevent the spread of Almost simultaneously fire retardant shingle roofs. a fire on such fire-proofed wood. the Forest Service announced the development of a fre- proofing chemical. These same materials, in most cases, act to prevent decay as well as fire. DOMESTIC WILLOW CULTURE In view of the present war in Europe and a consequent cessation of most of the hitherto imported supply, do- mestic willow culture has within a year assumed an im- portance which it has not had before. Planting already done in Maryland points to willow culture as a success- ful enterprise, of which a study and report are at this time being made. The study should result in better methods for the grower, and it is the aim of the report to give such information and encouragement to both present and prospective planters in this State as may induce them to take advantage of existing opportunities in osier culture. 1123 Editorial THE BUSINESS SIDE OF FORESTRY ORESTRY means different things to different persons. Each individual is directly in the things which in some way add to interested most lis personal enjoyment or income. ‘The forest contributes to our welfare in three distinct ways: first, as trees and woods to be enjoyed by the eye and as breathing spaces for recreation and escape from civic confinement; sec- ond, as a great protective mantle to preserve our mountain slopes, regulate the flow of streams and ameliorate the climate; third, as a source of wood for the many and complex needs of our modern civilization. At first glance, this last object is utterly opposed to the first two. Instead of forest preservation, it calls for forest destruction—for how else can wood be obtained than by felling the forest? The strong appeal which sentiment makes to the town-dweller thus tends to array him against the economic use of wood and in favor of exclusive devotion of the woodland areas to the single purposes of recreation and protection. Yet if this theoreti- cal conception should be practically applied, resulting in the cessation of the use of wood, an industry occupying second rank in value of output in the United States and representing an investment of over six billion dollars would be paralyzed, 700,000 men forced to seek other employment, and untold suffering and privation caused to millions of our people. So extensive and intimate is our dependence upon wood products that there is not a man, woman or child whose comfort and well-being would not be directly and materially injured by such a calamity. When the facts are faced, no one can honestly oppose the felling and utilization of the forest as an abstract proposition. But short-sighted and zealous nature lovers, putting their personal sense, actually and whole-heartedly believe that forest “destruction” is an unmixed evil and that every acre con- feelings before their common secrated to petrpetual “preservation” free from the ax is so much clear gain for human welfare. So we have the spectacle of a great state devoting 1,800,000 acres of wild and largely inaccessible land to perpetual wilderness. and by constitutional restrictions preventing the utilization of the timber. But this sentiment is not altogether blind. The public have for generations witnessed the effects of lumbering on privately owned lands, by men whose acknowledged object was to strip the land of all forest values and then abandon it to fire or taxes. “Destructive” lumbering had for its sole purpose the conversion of the raw material, trees, into products for the many uses and needs of our expanding civilization, at a cost which would leave a living profit. The conception of commercial forestry, the actual growing of trees to replace those removed, was looked on by these practical men as fantastically impossi- 1124 ble. ‘This conviction, although based on the soundest of business reasons, reacted to strengthen the sentiment of others in favor of preserving the standing timber from similar destruction, and furnished a psychological expla- nation of the outbursts of hostility to the lumber busi- ness which have tended to create an atmosphere of strain and resentment. Lumbermen feel that they are in most cases doing all they can afford to do for the forest. Their service to the public does not consist in growing the tim- ber, but in bringing it to market in the form of useful commodities. It is the misfortune of the lumbermen that in most cases they have been forced by necessity to acquire and own timber stumpage. The care of timber lands is a business in itself. Public welfare demands that these lands be kept productive—that timber crops succeed the present virgin forests. This the lumberman is ill-equipped to do. His investment, his training, his business, lie along wholly different lines. In most cases he can see nothing but financial loss in expending large sums upon tree planting, thinnings and other measures of forest produc- tion. We should not blame him; but we do. The sooner we realize our error, the better it will be for all concerned. Forest production is a business in itself. And it is not the business of the lumberman, unless he voluntarily chooses to undertake it. The growing of commercial forests is fundamentally a business for landowners, large or small, who intend to hold the land in perpetuity. If jumbermen could be guaranteed a sufficiently large and permanent supply of timber, they would be far better off if they did not own an acre of timberland, but pur- chased their raw material as they needed it, from the pro- ducers. This startling truth is just being realized in part by the lumbermen of the west coast today, who are being slowly crushed beneath the burden of carrying charges on vast volumes of stumpage, once eagerly acquired, and now hanging like mill stones about their necks. We cannot escape the conclusion that the business of growing timber and of owning timber lands is one in which the public must be directly and largely interested and that one solution is offered by the existence and cre- ation of national and state forests. The American For- estry Association stands primarily for forestry, which means the business of producing forests upon forest land, and any rational measures, public or private, which will further this economic result, will receive our unquali- fied support. But economic forestry, or commercial timber growing, will never be profitable unless wood continues to be re- garded as indispensable and the demand for forest prod- The business of forestry is de- ucts 1S maintained. “LOOKING SQUARELY AT THE WATERPOWER PROBLEM pendent for its success upon the continuation of the great wood-using industries in just as real a sense as they in turn will depend upon forestry in the future to produce their raw material. Two paths are open: conservation through diminished use of wood, the encouragement of substitutes, and the resultant condemning to perpetual waste of all forest lands whose timber crop has been 1125 cut or destroyed; or conservation through wider use of wood, the retention cf wood as a primal necessity of commerce and civilization, and energetic measures to cre- ate and maintain the business of forest production to provide the wood for the future. The latter course means true forestry and to the accomplishment of these aims the Association will direct its efforts. “Looking Squarely at the Waterpower Pro plemie By Henry J. Pierce Reviewed by Henry Sturgis Drinker, President of Lehigh University HIS treatise admirably and succinctly summarizes from the standpoint of the engineer and business man the waterpower problem in the West. Mr. Pierce in this work has presented in a condensed yet very interesting and readable form—and with great fairness—the present status of the waterpower discussion in the West, speaking from the standpoint of the investor and development engineer. The book opens with the following foreword: “Our refusal to develop our wasting waterpowers constitutes the strangest feature of our national conduct. For the greater part our waterpowers are idly wasting their energy. The reason is that we have not yet been persuaded to enact laws under which money may confidently be invested in them. Until we do this our waterpowers will be as useless to us as though situated on another planet.” This is followed by an address to the members of Con- gress and others in authority, in the course of which the author says: “It is inevitable that the waterpower question must soon be dealt with by Congress. Unless that dealing is wise and business- like, the effort will be useless. As will later be shown, the water- power business involves a multitude of investment risks. There are nearly 5,000 standard investment securities for sale in the open market. The waterpower business must compete for money with all of these other standard investments. It ought to be apparent that any waterpower law under which an invested dollar is inevitably doomed to depreciation will not encourage waterpower development. “Tf, in considering legislation, our lawmakers, while protecting fully the public interests, will at the same time apply the homely and familiar rules of honest business and will searchingly test each section of a legislative bill by determining whether, under the terms proposed, they would be willing to invest their own money, or were they executors of an estate, the money held by them in trust, the path to power development and all its mani- fold benefits will be greatly smoothed.” The author has an enlightening discussion on the topic of “How the Nation Is Concerned” with this great ques- tion—followed by a further study of “The Practical Side of the Question,” in which he summarizes the available water horsepower of the country, and its possible appli- cation when developed to many markets and uses, among them “The Electric Furnace,” and “Transportation.” The eminently valuable, wholly original, and practical nature of this work by Mr. Pierce, centers mainly in his discussion of the pregnant question, “What are We Quar- reling About ?’’—pages 25 to 34, which opens with this paragraph: “More than one man who has, with open mind, investigated this national waterpower controversy, has closed his review by asking, ‘What are they quarreling about?’ Here is a controversy of about eight years’ standing, which has prevented economic development in the United States to the extent of hundreds of millions of dollars. It has caused and is causing sectional dis- content and suspicion where nothing but harmony and industrial cooperation should prevail. Some entire States feel that they are harshly and inconsiderately treated by the Federal Govern- ment—that they are being strangled by the hand of might. There is a widespread contention that the western waterpower States are being denied the sovereignty to which they are entitled under the Federal Constitution, and are having their growth impeded and are being impoverished because such large proportions of the lands in such States are withdrawn by the Federal Govern- ment for waterpower purposes. Such lands are not subject to local taxation, although the communities and States are burdened with the maintenance of the law on those withdrawn lands. There is bitter complaint that although those lands were with- drawn from sale or entry under the pretext that they would thereby be rendered readily available for power purposes and thus their use for such purposes would be facilitated and encour- aged, yet present laws make it impossible to use them—laws of fulsome promise but of deadly effect. “Such are the consequences. Yet strangely enough, the real differences between the contending parties are so small that it seems as if an hour’s consideration by full-grown men ought to Therefore, is it not time that the leaders on both sides pause for a while and reason a little? Perhaps it will be found that some are continuing the quarrel remove all cause of controversy. merely from force of habit. Well, then, what are we quarreling about ?” This is followed by a series of questions by “Theory” and answers by ‘Practice,’ which should appeal to all true conservationists as a most fair-minded presentation of the whole matter, and as showing, as indeed was de- veloped in Congress last year in the hearings on the Ferris bill, that there is today no great conflict of opinion on these matters, but only an apparent inability to get together frankly and with a mutual desire to end an unnecessary difference: 1126 AMERICAN “Theory—You waterpower people can’t have any more per- petual permits to build and operate dams on navigable streams, nor can you have any more fee titles to public lands which involve waterpower sites. “Practice—All right; we gave up expecting such things long ago and have planned accordingly in our calculations for the future. We had supposed the policy was all settled; why do you keep on making speeches about it? “Theory—Waterpowers must be developed under a permit or some form of term grant running, say fifty years, after which the people must have the right to take over the property. “Practice—Are you going to pay us for the property when you take it over? “Theory—Certainly, we shall pay the fair value. “Practice—Good scheme—we're all agreed. “Theory—But we are going to pay you only for the fair value of the property, and for no blue-sky stuff, like capitalized value of the permit and the Government lands occupied, good- will, profits that you expect to get from contracts, nor anything that is not actually put into the property as a hard-cash invest- ment or its equivalent. “Practice—All right again—don’t want to be paid for any blue- sky stuff. “Theory—And we want you to make prompt development of the properties under permit and not to hold them unused for speculative purposes. “Practice—Of course, we agree; and even if we didn’t, the fact would still remain that money is too scarce and too valuable to throw around and leave idle in such a manner, even for specu- lative purposes. “Theory—There shall be no artificial manipulation of things, nor any jockeying to the end that the consumers’ rates shall be raised or that service be deficient or discriminatory. “Practice—No; such things shall not be. Under modern prac- tice the power business must be conducted on the large-volume and small-profit plan, which necessitates low rates and equal service. But even if this were not so, public regulation through commissions now established in nearly every State of the Union will prevent high rates and discriminatory service. “Theory—Your consumers’ rates should be as low as com- mensurate with a reasonable return to the capital invested, irrespective of stock issued. “Practice—Certainly; just a reasonable return on the actual cash value of the property. The stock issued has nothing to do with the case, and is to be disregarded entirely, no matter whether it be represented by actual face value in the plant, or be watered to a million times that amount. This ‘reasonable return on a fair value’ idea, regardless of stocks or bonds, is universally an established principle in public utility regulation. A reasonable return has been well defined as the lowest return that will induce investors to purchase the securities of any par- ticular investment. A larger return is unreasonable, and a smaller return will fail to get the investment capital. The only complaint that we have is that some of you people have selected public-land and navigable-stream power plants as subjects for actually strict regulation by the Federal Government, but do not propose to exercise such regulation over plants that happen to be located on private lands. Regulation is a great and necessary institu- tion; it should be exercised indiscriminately and not concen- trated on projects that happen to be located on sites either owned or controlled by the Federal Government. Private-land plants and Government-land plants should operate under exactly the same burdens and same laws.” Space cannot be taken here to quote the remainder of these questions and answers—nor those of ‘Practice’ later addressed to “’Theory’’—but their study will be a The effect of this treatise is to enforce the lesson that the Govern- good investment of time by those interested. ment and those desiring to put money into waterpower FORESTRY development are so nearly in actual accord that it would seem to be a comparatively easy task for a clear-headed business-like congressional committee to be able in the coming session of Congress to devise and recommend legislation fairly covering the situation. Nothing better emphasizes this than Mr. Pierce’s words under his head- ing, “Who Pays for Unfair and Restrictive Legislation ?” when he says: “Who pays? No one but the consuming public. Well-mean- ing speakers and writers blessed with patriotic regard for the public welfare have thoughtlessly advocated many things, the effect of which would be to impede the progress of the water- power developer, restrict his operations or prevent his exercis- ing skill, enterprise or other goodly quality in the interest of his business. It will not be practicable to enumerate and discuss all such instances here, but everyone familiar with this subject will recall one or more. Those who propose such things do not need to take the word of anyone; let them get right down to fundamentals, use some good old-fashioned arithmetic, and they may prove to their own satisfaction that the con- suming public pays and pays right well.” “The Waterpower Business and Its Risks” are well discussed by Mr. Pierce in a succeeding chapter, and in discussing the viewpoint of the banker financing a water- power project, Mr. Pierce says— “He must look beyond the fact of a paper offered as security for a loan. He must be satisfied that the maker of that security is able to sustain the obligations entered upon. He notes the waterpower hazards above discussed and he rightfully demands that if his clients must sustain these hazards they must, on the other hand, have a good title, a fair chance for an assured return of principal and reasonable interest and that the terms and con- ditions written into the franchise shall be definite and without unnecessary financial peril—that the occupation of the land is a matter of right and not of grace.” The chapter on “Waterpower Ownership and Control” and its intelligent discussion of the charges of oppressive monopoly—and that on “Waterpower Legislation” are illuminating and of great interest—and the author’s final “Conclusion” is an admirable summary of the situation as it exists today. What could be said more plainly and in good, plain, common-people’s English than the fol- lowing — the concluding paragraphs of Mr. Pierce’s treatise: “Confidence in waterpower investments cannot be restored by mudslinging speeches and writings. We cannot hasten the day of waterpower development by calling each other rogues, or by inciting class against class or by promoting preju- The man who is skillful enough to build and operate a waterpower and the man who is brave enough to finance it are surely deserving of reward, and they are not, by such acts, neces- would On the other hand, the man who stands fast for a fair and righteous deal to the public is not a charlatan and fools or dices. sarily made over into thieves and oppressors as some have us believe. a seeker for cheap notoriety, as others would have us believe. “As has already been remarked, all parties are very close together. Some of the remaining differences are mere matters of terminology. Instead of ‘bawling out’ a proposal merely because it is advanced by a waterpower man, would it not be better to get beneath the surface and judge it upon its merits? Instead of scoffing at another proposal merely because a ‘con- servationist,’ without waterpower experience, expresses it, let us see whether it does not have that estimable advantage of per- spective. We want waterpower development as soon as possible, and it makes not a shade of difference who, in the controversy “LOOKING SQUARELY AT THE WATERPOWER PROBLEM” of the past eight years, has been right and who has been wrong. The cause is bigger than any man or group of men. Let us forget the past and start new. “We are sure of a few things: “1. That it is not safe nor ultimately profitable to conduct an industry in a wrongful manner; this is one of the axioms of modern business and the successful waterpower business rests absolutely upon it. “2. That the waterpower men do not expect to get from the Government more than is fair, and they do not expect to conduct their business in a wrongful manner. If they had other expecta- tions or intentions, Congress would see to the one and public service commissions to the other. “3. That there will be no waterpower development commen- surate with the resources of the country unless congressional legislation will so safeguard development as to encourage in- vestors to put their savings into waterpower enterprises and thus permit waterpower companies to obtain ample capital at rea- sonable rates. “4. That Congress and the various State legislatures can con- trol waterpower companies engaging in public service business— can control their rates and service—and it is not necessary to impose conditions hindering or restricting development and the acquisition of capital in order to insure fair treatment of the consumer. “5. That every petty burden and every irritating limitation placed on a waterpower development for the purpose of ‘pro- tecting the public’ is and must be paid for by the public. There- fore, in setting up these things for the public good, it is always well to ascertain whether or not some of the many obstructions really are for the public good and whether in each case the good derived is commensurate with the cost. It is only when the benefits equal or exceed the cost that such things are wise. “6. Finally and most important—waterpowers on the public lands and on the navigable streams will always be commercially inferior to and will lag behind those developed on non-navigable streams and on private lands unless the conditions and stipula- tioins governing the former are at least as favorable as those governing the latter.” The work closes with appendixes giving full reports and analyses of the national legislation considered by Congress at its last session—the Adamson Bill and the Adamson-Shields Bill, the Ferris Bill, the Jones Bill and the Works Bill. YOSEMITE PARK IMPROVEMENTS ECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR LANE has completed plans and signed contracts for hotel and camp and transportation concessions in the Yosemite National Park which insure its future along lines of development commensurate with its scenic and recreational value and in response to the new attitude of appreciation on the part of the American public toward their National Parks possessions. It is expected that half a million dollars will be spent in the Yosemite during the coming year in realizing these purposes. Concessions have been granted to the Curry Camping Company for Camp Curry, to William M. Sell, Sr.; for Camp Ahwahnee, to William M. Sell, Jr.; for Camp Lost Arrow and to the Desmond Commissary Company, which operated a successful camp in the Valley last summer, for its continued operation and for other developments 1127 from which results of interest and importance are ex- pected. In accordance with these concessions the Desmond Commissary Company will build a new and thoroughly modern hotel on the floor of the Yosemite Valley which will cost approximately $150,000. Operations to this end will begin immediately, and, until completion, these concessions will operate the old Sentinel Hotel. The new hotel will inaugurate General Superintendent Daniels’ plan for a new Yosemite Village to gradually replace the present village with one of beauty, unity of design and fitness to its environment. The same company will also build a hotel at Glacier Point which will cost approxi- mately $35,000. ‘This point commands one of the noblest views in America, but so far has been accessible princi- pally as a side trip to and from the Valley. This hotel will probably be ready for patrons during the coming season. Four comfortable chalets will also be built for next season’s use. ‘Two of these will be located on the old Tioga Road which the Department of the Interior ac- quired and improved last summer and which Secretary Lane purposes to fully develop during the coming year, It crosses the Yosemite National Park north of the Valley forming a new highway over the Sierra and making access with cheapness and comfort to the hitherto inac- cessible scenic beauty of the northern part of the park. These chalets will afford convenient stopping places for motorists and other visitors, thus enabling tourists to enjoy a part of the park which would involve prohibitive cost were these accommodations not made available. Another chalet will be built at Lake Merced and a fourth in the Little Yosemite. All four will have a thoroughly modern equipment and will be run in connection with the two new hotels. Work on all will begin as soon as weather conditions permit. Additional chalets will be built as rapidly as the demand for this class of service requires and the northern part of the park becomes accessible. Transportation facilities provided for in the new concessions promise results of corresponding importance. It is contemplated that the Desmond Commissary Company will take over the concessions now operated between El Portal and the Yosemite Valley by arrangement with the present con- cessioner and will operate a motor service. This conces- sioner will also operate a motor service between Crockers and the Valley over the Big Oak Flat Road recently turned over to the Government, and another over the Tioga Road. A. B. Davis will continue his auto stage line between El Portal and the Valley by way of the Tuolumne Grove of Big Trees, and the Yosemite Stage and Turnpike Company will continue its line between the Valley and Wawona and the Mariposa Grove. All these undertakings will be under strict Government supervision as regards rates. One of the Department’s most cherished objects is to make the Yosemite available for the use and enjoyment of people of moderate income, and the rates will be kept as low as it consistent with good serv- ice and a reasonable return on the investments of the various concessioners. The Appalachian Park Association By GrorGE S$. PowELL, Secretary HE mission of the Appalachian Park Association is to make known more generally the advantages and attractions of the Southern Appalachian Mountains as a pleasure and recreation resort, to cooper- ate with the National Government in protecting and con- serving the forests and streams of these mountains, and aid in developing and encouraging the tourist business. We now have an opportunity to greatly further this work by showing the people of the South the importance of getting prompt and favorable action from Congress upon the recommendation of the National Forest Reser- vation Commission, for a further appropriation, pro- viding for continued purchases of lands under the Weeks law, until 1920, at the current rate of $2,000,000 a year. The general condition of the National Forests of the South at this time as to areas and contiguousness, is not such as to warrant the hope for much practical develop- ment along the lines of pleasure and recreation, until these conditions are bettered by additional purchases, making larger contiguous areas, and thereby affording opportunity for development along broader and more economical lines. Good roads must, of necessity, be a prime factor in promoting the tourist business in these mountains, and while the expectation of good road construction has aided in securing public endorsement of our purposes, we realize that anything like a connecting system of roads through the National Forests at this time, is not feasible. We should, therefore, direct our efforts for the present, tc additional purchases, and making better known the at- tractions of this region in climate, scenery, water, fish ing, hunting, trails, etc. Secretary Lane, of the Interior Department, estimates that $100,000,000, which, under ordinary circumstances would be spent by American tourists in Europe, this year will be held in the United States. When we take into consideration the magnitude of the tourist business, the large profits derived from it, and the opporunity made by the war in Europe for the United States to secure for at least many years a large part of this business that has heretofore gone abroad, we can understand why our people are urging greater use of the National Parks and Forests for pleasure purposes. If the Southern Appalachian Mountains were made as accessible by good roads, as the mountains of Switzer- land, or even as some of the National Parks of the West, the tourist business would bring more clear profit to the six States bordering on these mountains, namely: Vir- ginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, than probably any crops produced in these States, excepting cotton and corn. 1128 With these opportunities for developing so profitable a business at a small cost, it is hoped the newspapers and business organizations of the South will begin an active campaign to secure from Congress favorable action upon the recommendation of the Commission, so that pur- chases under the Weeks law, may be completed and a comprehensive plan of development begun providing for greater use of these forests for pleasure and recreation. WORK NOW AGAINST GIPSY AND BROWN. TAIL MOTHS N THE areas infested by the gipsy moth or the brown- tail moth, much effective work can be done in the fall to reduce the damage that these insects are likely to cause the following year, according to entomologists of the United States Department of Agriculture. The which remains on the tips of the twigs and branches during the winter. These webs should be cut and burned so that injury will not be caused by the caterpillars the following summer. Particular attention should be given to webs of this insect on trees which grow around dwell- ings or in orchards. The apple, pear, cherry, oak and willow are among the plants which are favored as food by the brown-tail moth caterpillars. In order to minimize the damage which is likely to result, as much time as possible should be devoted to cutting and burning worthless or seedling apple trees and wild cherry trees and brush. If this is done along the roadways and fences, the appearance of the region will be greatly improved. Care should be taken to protect pine and other coniferous trees, and hickory and ash should not be cut, as they are not favored for food either by the caterpillars of the gipsy moth or by those of the brown-tail moth. The oak is a favored food of the brown-tail moth and of the gipsy moth, and wherever it is possible to eliminate oaks less annoyance from these pests will be experienced. FEW FOREST FIRES URING the present year there have been but 14 forest fires on the Black Hills National Forest. The total area burned over is about 13% acres. Both records have never before been equaled in this region. ‘The absence of fires is of course primarily due to the excess of moisture and it may indeed be a surprise to think that conditions have at any time been such as to even make a forest fire possible. Although weather conditions have been very favorable the vigilance of the Forest Officers is not permitted to lag, for danger is ever present and is not finally removed until there is a good mantle of snow throughout the Tlills. FOREST NOTES Forest Notes Georgia State Forest School A bulletin of the Georgia State College of Agriculture gives considerable space to the forest school department which is making such excellent progress under the direction of Prof. James B. Berry. A four- year course is given in technical forestry and allied subjects to those who desire forestry as a profession, short practical courses for those students in agriculture who desire general knowledge as to the management of small tracts of timberland, direct assistance to residents of the state in the management of forest property, and general research along the line of prob- lems now confronting the state. In the four-year professional course, op- portunity is given to specialize in certain main lines and provision is made for six hours of elective work throughout the Junior and Senior years. For those stu- dents desiring to specialize in City For- estry an opportunity is offered for the election of Landscape Gardening and allied subjects; for those desiring to specialize in technical forestry, with the object of entering the federal or state service, the election of advanced courses in Botany and Forestry; for those desiring to specialize in Lumber Salesmanship and Mill Super- intendency, the election of courses in Eco- nomics and Business Administration; for those desiring to specialize in Dendropa- thology, the election of advanced courses in Botany. North Carolina’s Meeting The North Carolina Forestry Association will hold its sixth annual forestry conven- tion in Newbern, North Carolina, on Tues- day and Wednesday, January 18 and 19, 1916. This is the first time the Association has been called to meet in the eastern part of the state, and it is expected that this de- parture will be amply justified by the in- creased attendance. The Coastal Plain region of the state is the seat of the North Carolina pine industry and is the greatest lumbering region northeast of Louisiana. A large lumbering concern has kindly ten- dered the convention an excursion over one of its operations. This trip will be ar- ranged for the second day of the meeting. In this way the delegates will have an un- equalled opportunity of learning of some of North Carolina’s most pressing forestry problems at first hand. Forester Appointed Henry B. Steer, a graduate in forestry, class of 1914, has just received an appoint- ment for forest work in the Indian Office, United States Department of the Interior, He will work on the eastern Cherokee lands in western North Carolina. Where for- ested areas exist in connection with Indian reservations, it is the aim of the Indian Service to give these resources their full- est possible use by harvesting the timber under proper forest management. ‘The Indian office has a regular corps of for- esters and resident forest officers on most of the reservations where timber is grow- ing. Short Forestry Course Prof. Hugo Winkenwerder, Dean of the Department of Forestry at the University of Washington, Seattle, announces that a short course in forestry and lumbering is to be given at the University this winter from January 3 to March 28. These short courses are offered for the benefit of per- sons engaged in some phase of the timber industry and who desire to increase their efficiency, but who cannot take the time required for a broader course. In outlin- ing the courses a special effort has been made to have them simple, concise and thoroughly practical. The work is given by means of lectures, quizzes, laboratory and field practice. Although the time is only of twelve weeks’ duration, the loca- tion of the University and equipment makes it possible to do thorough work in the sub- jects given. A high school training is not necessary for entrance, but students should be at least 20 years old. Three distinct courses are offered: Forestry, Logging, and Lumber and Its Uses. Lecture Course on Lumber The University of Wisconsin, through its Extension Division, will shortly begin an evening lecture course on Lumber and Its Uses, in order to give the makers or users of wood a greater knowledge of the structure of the material with which they deal. The plan has won the instant ap- proval of the Lumber Dealers’ Association, the Milwaukee Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, and the Mill Work- ers’ Association, and a number of. their members, nearly all of them heads of firms, will attend the classes. The work, how- ever, is not intended only for builders and manufacturers, but is adapted to meet the needs of draftsmen, painters, furniture and cabinet makers, and men of other indus- tries which deal in wood. Books on Forestry The Extension Service of the New York State College of Forestry is arranging a number of sets of books on Forestry and related subjects, to be used as small circu- lating libraries throughout the State. The list will include a number of important State and National bulletins as well as 1129 some fifteen standard books. The Exten- sion Service hopes to have these circulated widely among study clubs, schools and de- bating teams in the State. Directory of Wood Users The Department of Wood Utilization in the New York State College of Forestry is maintaining an ever-increasing directory of active users and producers of forest products throughout the State of New York. A series of Wood Utilization serv- ice bulletins are published each month con- taining a list of the needs or offerings of the Department’s correspondents. It is en- couraging to know that the Service has been of tangible value and that a large number of profitable sales have been brought about through it. In a number of instances manufacturers who have thrown away a certain class of waste here- tofore have been abrought into direct con- tact with some concern which could utilize just this sort of waste material. Trees Dynamited to Stop Fires Out in the forest near Mount Baldy, Los Angeles, California, a fierce forest fire was raging recently. After it had blazed for several days it was brought under control. The next day a fresh wind started the fire again and it threatened destruction to the entire forest. After all other methods had been tried, dynamite was secured. Hun- dreds of trees were dynamited to make the fire break, and it was soon put out. The dynamiting was in charge of Ranger Fritz, of Camp Baldy Station, and three forest patrols. Berks County Work During the past six years it was noticed that the water supply was failing in Berks County, Pa., and the chestnut trees were dying, owing to the blight. The cause of the failing water supply was not so easily explained. An investigation proved it was due to careless lumbering and frequent forest fires which had ruined the forest floor almost over the entire county. Lack of water power had closed up grist mill after mill until barely a half dozen out of hundreds that were once operated were now able to drive their wheels even for two days in succession. What to do to remedy this matter was a question. Daily during the summer months the press was filled with items about wells going dry on the farms. Next Burgesses curtailed the use of water in the towns, stating that the supply was low. This condition inspired S. L. Parkes to form the Berks County Conservation Association, and this was done a year ago. The organization immediately became active and during the year, the work ac- 1130 complished by it has thoroughly aroused the community to the needs of such a body. The first thing that was undertaken was the reforesting of bare and unsightly spots on the Reading Mountains by planting 3,000 seedling pines. A paid forest fire patrol of fourteen men was placed on duty, as well as a mounted patrol of six men composed of two details of State police. Fire wardens were appointed by the State Commissioner of Forestry. Two model forestry stations were established at two orphans’ homes in the county, where the trees were planted and cared for by the orphans under the supervision of Mr. Parkes. Seven thousand seedling pines were planted by 125 members of the 1916 class of the Boys’ High School, on Mt. Penn, Reading, and the following day Mr. Parkes took 431 pupils of the Girls’ High School out on the Antietam watershed, where they planted 8,000 seedlings. Several boroughs were also interested in planting trees on their watersheds, this planting being done by school children. One idea that Mr. Parkes is proving is that school children as well as individual wood- lot owners should be interested in reforest- ing. The city of Reading, at the sugges- tion of Mr. Parkes, was induced to start a municipal nursery. Fifteen thousand seedlings are growing nicely. Over 50,000 seedlings have been planted in the county so far. New York's Steel Look-out Tower According to the report of District For- est Ranger Todd made to the Conserva- tion Commission at Albany, an all steel mountain observation station in the forest fire service has just been completed. The tower is on Balsam Lake mountain in Ulster county, is forty feet high, and was constructed at a cost of $135. Twenty-five dollars of this amount was donated by George J. Gould of New York City, who owns considerable forest land within the range of the station. The erection was done almost entirely by the forest rangers. The value of steel towers on mountain stations has long been appreciated by the commission and as soon as the necessary money is available, steel towers will be substituted for the unsteady wooden struc- tures now in use. Alaska Forests Reserved Upon the recommendation of the Sec- retary of the Interior and of the chairman of the Alaskan Engineering Commission, the President, in accordance with the Alaskan railway act, has signed an order establishing an extensive timber reserve, approximately 200 miles in length and from 5 to 10 miles in width, in that ter- ritory, to be known as “Alaskan timber reserve No. 1.” AMERICAN FORESTRY The reserved timber is on the public lands north of the Chugach National For- est. The purpose of the reservation is to prevent the timber needed for the con- struction of the Government railroad and its branches in Alaska from falling into the possession of individuals or corpora- tions, in which event it would be neces- sary for the Government to purchase tim- ber which it once owned. It is not the intention of the Government, however, to make any unnecessary restrictions which will tend to retard the development of the territory of Alaska along the line of the railroad or its branches, and in the withdrawal order the interests of the pub- lic have been conserved. Only the timber on the land, not the land itself, has been reserved. Report on Street Trees of New York City Prof. Laurie D. Cox, Landscape Engi- neer of the College of Forestry at Syra- cuse, has just completed a report made as a result of three months study of street tree conditions in New York City. This study was made upon invitation of Hon. Cabot Ward of the Park Department of New York City and was carried out with the funds given by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. New York City has made no syste- matic effort to plant its streets with trees and the report of Professor Cox will out- line a practical system of street tree plant- ing, based not only upon the studies of the past summer but upon careful inves- tigation of street tree work in such cities as Buffalo, Rochester, Newark, New Haven and Boston. Pitch Moth Damages Douglas Fir Nine-tenths of the defects in Douglas fir timber, which are locally known as pitch seams, gum check, windshake, etc., are due to the work of the Douglas fir pitch moth, according to a recent investigation con- ducted by entomologists of the United States Department of Agriculture. This moth, it is estimated, causes a loss in the total output of Douglas fir of from 7% to 15 per cent, and in one mill, where the loss was lower than the average it amounted in money to $18,900 for that season’s cut alone. This money, says Bulletin No. 255, which the department has just published on this subject, would be sufficient to keep the area on which the timber was cut clean from the moth for a period of 15 years. The only way in which an infestation of the pitch moth can be reduced is to destroy the larvae, the presence of which is always made known by the protruding pitch tube. When this tube is located, it should be separated from the tree and the larvae thus exposed killed. The wound then be smoothed with a knife or ax, and painted with creosote to may small prevent reinfestation by insects or fungi. Forests and Farmers The national forests, says an article in the Year Book of the Department of Agri- culture, just issued, besides being the American farmer’s most valuable source of wood which is the chief building material for rural purposes, are also his most valu- able source of water, both for irrigation and domestic use. In the West, they afford him a protected grazing range for his stock; they are the best insurance against flood damage to his fields, his buildings, his bridges, his roads, and the fertility of his soil. The national forests cover the higher portions of the Rocky Mountain ranges, the Cascades, the Pacile Coast ranges, and a large part of the forested coast and islands of Alaska; some of the hilly re- gions in Montana and in the Dakotas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and limited areas in Minnesota, Michigan, Florida and Porto Rico. In addition, land is now being pur- chased for national forests in the White Mountains of New England and in the southern Appalachians. In regions so widely scattered, agricultural and forest conditions must necessarily differ to a great degree, bringing about corresponding dif- ferences in the effect of the national for- ests on the agricultural interests of the various localities. Wherever agriculture can be practiced, however, the farmer is directly benefited by the existence of na- tional forests and by their proper man- agement. Wood Pulp in Argentina As the result of experiments carried out by a Swedish paper expert, it has been ascertained that Argentina produces a tree in abundance which provides excellent raw material, better even in quality than that usually employed in making paper pulp in both Europe and the United States. This tree is the Araucaria imbricata, a pic- ture of which may be seen in AMERICAN Forestry for August, page 850. With a view to confirming independently the report of the Swedish expert, the Min- ister of Agriculture commissioned two Government engineers to investigate and report upon the properties of the Arau- caria imbricata. ‘These gentlemen recently presented their report, from which it ap- pears that in the Territory of Neuquen this tree is found over an area of more than 1,000,000 hectares (2,470,000 acres). Three and one-half average trees suffice to produce one ton of pulp. Where news print paper is concerned, two and one-half trees will provide one ton of pulp. Philippine Lumber for China The Director of the Philippine Bureau of Forestry, who has recently returned from a trip to China in the interests of Philippine lumber, reports that there is a market in China for all the lumber pro- duced in the islands if the proper connec- THEY LIKE AMERICAN FORESTRY tions can be made between the producer and consumer. The Chinese dealers want a guarantee of a constant supply. They are not willing to accept one consignment, but demand that they be assured of con- tinuous supply, even though it be small. An American formerly in the service of the Philippine Government, now in busi- ness in Shanghai, reports that there is a demand there for Philippine lumber, but there is not a constant supply, and the purchaser is never sure of getting enough of the same class to complete his particular job. Book Reviews The Zimmerman Pine Moth, By Josef Brunner. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bull. 295. 12 pp. XI pls. Washington, D. C., Oct. 28, 1915. For years this insect was known as an enemy of pine in the east. More re- cently it was found by the forest ento- mologists to be a rather serious enemy of second-growth pine, especially yellow pine, also in the west. While of secondary im- portance economically, it is largely a primary insect physiologically as regards the trees it attacks. From the stand- point of pure science the life history of any insect is capable of yielding facts that may shed light on hitherto obscure points in one or more phases of general biology. From the economic standpoint we have had repeated occasion to be im- pressed with the importance of knowing everything possible about the seasonal and life history of all insects having an economic bearing, however small this role may be, as the only means of discovering available opportunities for combating them if they are injurious or utilizing their services if they are beneficial. The paper before us is another illustration pointing to the emphasis to be laid on as nearly complete a knowledge as possible of the habits of an injurious insect. The Zim- merman pine moth, the author demon- states, is most injurious to second growth on which we would apparently be utterly helpless in combating it under forest con- ditions where the use of insecticides is out of the question. But his careful two- year study of the insect showed that it inhabits dominantly also some old light- ning-struck or gnarly branched trees left standing in the midst of old clearings. These trees serve the moth largely as “brood trees,” as the author calls them, and thus to stock the area with it. It becomes perfectly patent, therefore, that the removal of such brood trees should practically eliminate the insect as a serious pest. The actual experiment cited shows this conclusion to be operative in practice, and the recommendation is made accordingly —J. K. 1131 They Like American Forestry “T have just had an opportunity to look over the numbers of AMERICAN Forestry which have been issued during my absence in Alaska. I write this to tell you how delighted I am with the new form of AMERICAN Forestry, and to offer you my congratulations. The new magazine is ex- ceedingly attractive, far more so than the old form; it is dignified, and offers a far better opportunity than previously to reach the reading public. Every member of the Association should be proud of the magazine, and there is due to you great commendation and credit for the way you are handling it.” Henry S. Graves, Chief Forester, Washington, D. C. “May I heartily congratulate you on the magazine's new dress. It is most motish and intensely interesting and a joy to the eye.” STANLEY Crispy ARTHUR, Ornithologist, New Orleans, La. “Congratulations upon the new form of publication. Fine!” Joun T. Harris, Washington, D. C. “T certainly wish to congratulate you on the excellent new form and appearance of AMERICAN Forestry.” E. G. Grices, Tacoma, Washington. “The enlarged edition of American For- EsTRY to hand. Allow me to congratulate you on the new issue. I sincerely trust it may increase in circulation and recompense you for your efforts to place before the public such instructive and excellent litera- ture. Wishing you every success, I am” StstEr Mary Atoystius, Directress, Convent of Mercy, Plymouth, Pa. “T cannot refrain from expressing my admiration for AMERICAN Forestry in its new form—the magazine is a gem—and I have no doubt that the great educational work in which you are engaged, and which has already accomplished so much, will receive a greater stimulus from now on.” WILLARD FRACKER, Washington, D. C. “Congratulations on the new form of AMERICAN Forestry. This new number is mighty fine and I am sure will not only please the present subscribers but will mean large additions to your subscription list. As my brother, Ray Stannard Baker, has had a good deal to do with the making of the American Magazine, I have fol- lowed with a great deal of interest the development of some of the magazines of this country. Your change is in line with the changes which the American Magazine made earlier and which McClure’s, Hearst's and others have made more recently. With lots of good wishes for the new magazine as it really is,—” Hucu P. Baker, Dean, New York State College of For- estry, Syracuse, N. Y. “Kindly allow me to congratulate you on the August issue of AMERICAN ForestTRY. Ii is a credit to you and to your associates, and I hope that the time will come when you can boast of a much larger circulation. You are particularly fortunate in being able to start a Wood Preserving Depart- ment and more especially in being able to have Mr. Sterling handle it.” C. M. Taynor, Superintendent, Port Reading Creosoting Plant, Port Reading, N. J. .» “I was very much interested in the Au- gust number of the AmERICAN Forestry, and congratulate you upon the excellent article that you have prepared on the Yel- low Poplar Tree.” W. H. WELLER, Secretary, Hardwood Mfrs. Assn. of the U. S., Cincinnati, Ohio. “Have received AmerIcAN Forestry for August, containing the article relative to ‘How Switzerland Cultivates Her Forests,’ and take this opportunity of compliment- ing you upon the splendid manner in which you have published this contribution.” M. DossENBACH, New York City. “T am sure you are getting a great many letters of congratulation upon the fine ap- pearance and excellent quality of the Au- gust number of AmericAN Forestry. I hope there are many applications for mem- bership in the Association coming also. Permit me to add my little word of praise and appreciation, and to say that I have noted the steady improvement in AMERICAN Forestry for many months, but look upon the new departure as a kangaroo leap for- ward for conservation.” W. R. FisHEr, Secretary, Pocono Protective Fire As- sociation, Swiftwater, Pa. “We are just in receipt of the August issue of AMERICAN Forestry and would tender you our congratulations on the im- proved size, form and make-up.” H. A. Gatcuet, Philadelphia, Pa. “Glad to see the change in the August issue. It is fine, and most interesting throughout.” S. C. CroMELIN, Berkeley Springs, W.Va. “The cover on the August number, which just made its appearance, is simply great.” Pror. J. S. Inuicx, State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Pa. “The August issue is just at hand. There should be increased interest in the maga- zine now that you are able to give better illustrations. The Department idea is good.” Pror. RarpH S. Hosmer, Forestry Department, N. Y. State Col- lege of Agriculture at Cornell Uni- versity, Ithaca, N. Y. “The publication seems to me admirable and many of the articles are of great value.” Hon. R. Grice, Commissioner of Commerce, Ottawa, Canada. 1132 AMERICAN FORESTRY Canadian Department ELLwoop WILSON Secretary Canadian Society Forest Engineers The Canadian Forestry Association has just moved into new and commodious quar- ters in the Booth Building, Ottawa, and will now have every facility for carrying on the excellent campaign for the proper use of our timber resources so well started by the Secretary, Mr. Robson Black. Mr. Black’s investigation of the “fake settler” question in Quebec has aroused general interest and will do a great deal to finally stop this abuse and hold up the hands of the Minister of Lands and For- ests, Mr. Allard, who has found this one of the difficult questions of his administra- tion and has done his best to stop it. Mr. R. R. Bradley, Forester for the New Brunswick Railway Company, will estab- lish a forest nursery in the spring and commence the reforestation of lands owned by that Company. A very interesting forest is to be seen at Oka, Quebec, where is situated the Trappist Monastery which is famed for its cheese. Twenty-six years ago the drifting sands of that neighborhood commenced to threaten the village, Father Lefebvre en- gaged children and Indians to go to the woods and bring out pine seedlings for which he paid two to five sous. Sixty-five thousand were planted out and of these it is estimated not more than five thousand died. Today the trees in this forest are twenty-five to thirty feet high. The sands were checked and a great asset given to this section. This forest is an added at- traction to anyone visiting the monastery and reflects great credit on the grave priest who had imagination enough to look into the future. A forest expert after a trip through a certain section of northern Canada esti- mates the loss of timber from forest fires in the last thirty years at 16,000,000,000 feet which at fifty cents per thousand would mean a loss of eight million dollars. Mr. Albert Grigg, M. P. for Algoma, has been appointed Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests for Ontario, to succeed the late Aubrey White. Mr. Grigg was born in Ontario in 1873 and was Mayor of Bruce Mines and a pioneer of the Algoma District where he held many positions of public trust. He was first elected to the Ontario Legislature in 1908 and again in 1911 and 1914 and is a forceful and inter- esting speaker and is regarded as one of the most promising members of his party. He is progressive in spirit and is well ac- quainted with the conditions in the forest districts of his Province. Wake up, On- tario. Mr. J. R. Booth, the pioneer lumberman of Ottawa, has caused to be piled ready for burning at a safe time, inflamable débris on a narrow strip of his limits parallel to a portion of the Canadian Northern Railroad east of North Bay. This is a progressive step and it is hoped that it will soon be followed by other limit holders. The last issue of Conservation, the or- gan of the Commission of Conservation of the Dominion Government, makes the statement that during the construction of the Hudson Bay Railway five hundred thousand acres of timberland have been burnt due to defective equipment used by the contractors and to carelessness on their part. This is the history of all rail- way construction in Canada, but with this difference: During the construction of the National Transcontinental through Quebec a part of the line was patrolled by the limit holders in cooperation with the contractors and with the Department of Railways and Canals and the Quebec gov- ernment, and very little was burnt on this section and an example set for future work. This work was called to the atten- tion of the Hon. Minister of Railways and Canals. It is little short of criminal for such a thing to happen; to have it happen through the fault of a private corporation is bad enough, but to have it happen on work under the authority and supervision of a Government Department is still worse. What can be said to private corporations and persons about preventing forest fires when the Dominion Government itself is guilty of such negligence as this? Why attempt to protect the Government lands from fire, why prosecute a few settlers, when a Government Department burns up Government lands itself? Have any body of men, chosen to care for the people’s interests, the right to be so negligent, so careless, and so entirely without regard for the property of the public. It is high time that the ever-patient public speak with no uncertain voice and put a stop to such negligence. Messrs. B. Guerin, Geo. H. Boisvert, and Ernest Menard, graduates of the Laval Forestry School and now of the Quebec Forest Service, have been elected to active membership in the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers. These gentlemen have done much in the way of exploration work in the northern part of the Province and have made some very interesting reports and studies. They all hold the rank of District Inspector. On September 29 a get-together meet- ing of the Coast Rangers of the Dominion Forest Service was held at New West- minster, B. C., and men from all parts of the Dominion were present. The consen- sus of opinion of the meeting was that the burden of proof should rest on the man who owned the land on which a fire started to prove that it was not set by him. The meeting was a very enjoyable one and much valuable information was brought out and exchanged. British Columbia Notes According to the timber returns for the month of September issued by the Minister of Lands, the total output of sawlogs for the Province, as shown by the scaling fig- ures, amounted to 92,080,493 feet board measure, while 361,911 lineal feet of poles. piles, and props, together with 29,312 cords of railway ties, fence posts, shingle bolts, etc., were also scaled for royalty during the month under review. The figures for the Vancouver district were 53,001,924 feet board measure sawlogs, 14,394 lineal feet piles, etc., and 16,264 cords, ties, bolts, etc., the Island district contributing 5,307,218 feet sawlogs, in addition to 2,520 lineal feet piles. In the Prince Rupert district there were scaled 954,135 feet sawlogs, while the totals under the same heading for the Cranbrook, Nelson and Vernon dis- tricts were respectively 21,595,575 feet, 7,- 135,290 feet, and 3,349,603 feet. Poles, piles and props to the total of 328,304 lineal feet were scaled in the Nelson dis- trict, and in the Cranbrook division to the total of 15,013 lineal feet. Timber sales recorded during September cover an estimated total of 7,338,000 feet sawlogs, and 3,030 cords of shingle bolts, estimated to produce a total revenue of $12,876. The Hon. W. R. Ross is advised by the Department of Trade and Commerce at Ottawa, that the exhibits of British Colum- bia lumber recently sent to Australia are being shown at the Royal Exchange, Syd- ney, and will afterwards be featured at an approaching architectural exhibition. The Canadian Trade Commissioner at Mel- bourne, to whom the exhibits were con- signed, is arranging for timber importers, builders, and others who are interested to view them, and reports that the varied and beautiful finish which British Columbia Douglas fir takes has been the subject of considerable comment. It will be remem- bered that a number of these exhibits were sent abroad earlier in the year, and, as in the case of the Sydney display, have at- tracted much attention in the important trade centers at which they have been placed. Current Literature MONTHLY LIST FOR NOVEMBER, 1915 (Books and periodicals indexed in the library of the United States Forest Service.) FORESTRY AS A WHOLE Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. Hongkong—Botanical and forestry depart- ment. Report for the year 1914. 36 p. Hongkong, China, 1914. India—Burma—Forest department. Report on the forest administration in Burma for the year 1913-14. 123 p. Rangoon, 1915. Queensland—Department of public lands. Annual report of the director of forests for the year 1915. 7p. pl. Brisbane, 1915. Forest Education Arbor day New Hampshire—Forestry commission. An arbor day message to the rural schools of New Hampshire. 4p. Concord, N.H., 1915. (Circular 6.) Exhibitions Japan—Department of agriculture—Bureau of forestry. Descriptive catalogue of Japanese wood specimens exhibited at the Panama-Pacific international exposi- tion, San Francisco, U. S. A. 27 p. il. Tokyo, 1915. Forest Description Maryland—State board of forestry. The forests of Anne Arundel County, by F. W. Besley. 28p. pl., maps. Balti- more, Md., 1915. Forest Botany Fletcher, W. F. The native persimmon. 28p. ale Wash, PD: C., 1915. (U.S— Dept. of agriculture. Farmers’ bulletin 685.) House, Homer D. Woody plants of Western North Carolina. 34 p. Darmstadt, Germany, C. F. Wintersche buchdruck- erei, 1913. Maiden, Joseph H. A critical revision of the genus Eucalyptus, pt. 23. 17 p. pl. Sydney, N.S. W., 1915. Silvics Frothingham, Earl H. The northern hard- wood forest; its composition, growth and management. 80p. pl. Wash., D.C., 1915. (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 285.) Forest Mensuration Troup, R. S. The compilation of girth increment from sample plot measure- ments. 9p. Calcutta, 1915. (India— Forest dept. Forest bulletin no. 30.) CURRENT LITERATURE Silviculture Planting and nursery practice The testing of forest seeds OL pads. Rafn, Johannes. during 25 years, 1887-1912. front. Copenhagen, 1915. Forest Protection Insects The Zimmerman pine moth. 12'p: pli” Wash DrCz 19S (U. is: —Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 295.) Tylor, A. R. Spraying for the control of the walnut aphis. 11 p. il. Berkeley, Cal., 1915. (California—Agricultural experiment station. Circular no. 131.) Brunner, Josef. Diseases William Titus. Wood decay in 13p. il. Berkeley, Cal. (California—A gricultural experi- Circular 137.) Horne, orchard trees. 1915. ment station. Fire Holmes, J. S. Forest fires in North Carolina during 1914, and forestry laws of North Carolina. 55 p. 26 cm. Raleigh, N. C., 1915. (North Carolina—Geological and economic survey. Economic paper no. 40.) Holmes, J. S. Organization of cooperative torest fire protective areas in North Carolina. 39 p. Raleigh, N. C., 1915. (North Carolina—Geological and econ- omic survey. Economic paper No. 42.) Hampshire—Forestry | commission. Equipment for fighting forest fires; save damage and expense by being prepared. New 12) sp: il sGoncord Nee ees soe (Circular 5.) Northern forest protective association. Re- view of the work for the year ending March 2, 1915, together with the pro- ceedings of the 4th annual meeting. 48 p. il. Munising, Mich., 1915. West Virginia—Dept. of forestry, game and fish. A handbook of forest protection; forest laws; instructions to fire fighters; lookout stations and equipment; list of deputy forest, game and fish wardens. 40 p. Belington, W. Va., 1914. Forest Legislation Michigan—Laws, statutes, etc. A synopsis of the game and fish laws of Michigan for 1915-1916. 20 p. Munising, Mich., Northern forest protective association, 1915. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws: Oregon. through regular session, 1915. 7 p. fash, DC 1915: West Virginia—Laws, statutes, etc. West Virginia forest, fish and game laws, ar.d federal laws. 2d ed. 70p. Belington, 1915. Forest Administration United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. October field program, 1915. 31 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. 1133 Forest Utilization Lumber industry Elliott, Perry, comp. Our foreign trade in farm and forest products. 51p. Wash., D. C., 1915. (U. S.—Dept. of agricul- ture. Bulletin 296.) Smith, Franklin H. China and Indo-China markets for American lumber. 39 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. (U. $.—Depart- ment of commerce—Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce. Special agents series no. 104.) United States—Dept. of commerce—Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce. Directory of American sawmills, com- piled at the Department of agriculture, Forest service, by J. C. Nellis and A. H. Pierson. 260 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. (Miscellaneous series no. 27.) United States—Federal trade commission. Conference with National lumber manu- facturers association, Chicago, July 19-20, 1915. 199 p. Chicago, Iil., National lumber manufacturers’ associa- tion, 1913. United States—Federal trade commission. Hearing before the Federal trade com- mission by redwood, sugar pine and white pine manufacturers of California 57 p. San Francisco, Cal., California redwood association, 1915. Wood-using industries Surface, Henry E. Feasibility of manu- facturing paper pulp from Tasmanian timbers. 11p. Hobart, Tasmania, 1915. Wood Technology Benskin, E. Note on blackwood, Dalbergia latifolia. 12 p. pl.- Calcutta, 1915. (India—Forest department. Forest bul- letin no. 27.) Benskin, E. Note on dhauri, Lagerstroemia parviflora. 11 p. pl. Calcutta, 1915. (India—Forest dept. Forest bulletin no. 28.) Pearson, R. S. Note on sundri timber, Heritiera minor. 8 p. pl. Calcutta, 1915. (India—Forest dept. Forest bul- letin no. 29.) Warren, W. H. Timber physics: treatise on timber tests and summary of results. 28 p. il. diagrs. Sydney, N. S. W., 1915. (New South Wales—Dept. of forestry. Bulletin no. 10.) Auxiliary Subjects Conservation of Natural Resources Canada—Commission of conservation. Re- port of the 6th annual meeting, held at Ottawa, Jan. 19-20, 1915. 333 p. pl., maps. Ottawa, 1915. New York—Constitutional convention— Committee on conservation of natural resources. Report relative to several proposed amendments. 20 p. Albany, N. Y., 1915. National parks United States—Dept. of the interior. The Mount Rainier national park, season of 1915: generalinformation. 38p. Wash., DAC zao15: 1134 Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Botanical gazette, Sept. 1915—Is the box elder a maple? A study of the compar- ative anatomy of Negundo, by Amon B. Plowman, p. 169-92. Botanical gazette, October, 1915.—Vascular anatomy of the megasporophylls of conifers, by Hannah C. Aase, p. 277-313; The index of foliar transpiring power as an indicator of permanent wilting in plants, by A. L. Bakke, p. 314-19. Bulletin of the Torrey botanical club, Aug. 1915.—A study of pasture trees and shrubbery, by Ernest L. Scott, p. 451-61. Cornell rural school leaflet, Sept., 1915.— Forestry in the rural schools, by Frank B. Moody, p. 245-8; The oaks of New York, by John Bentley, Jr., p. 248-54; The pines of New York, by John Bentley, Jr., p. 255-8; Trees to be recognized in 1915-1916, by Frank B. Moody, p. 258-63. Country gentleman, Oct. 23, 1915.—Blighted chestnut and a bank balance; timber profit from a farm woodlot, by Helen Christine Bennett, p. 1608-9; Coyote madness; how action is being taken to prevent the spread of rabies, by Randall R. Howard, p. 1624. Country gentleman, Oct. 30, 1915.—Pine- stump profits, by J. R. Crowe, p. 1663-4. Country life in America, Oct., 1915.—The common woods as used in building, by W. H. Butterfield, p. 38-9. Garden magazine, Nov. 1915.—The glory of the autumn, by E. H. Wilson, p. 109-11. Gardeners’ chronicle, Oct. 2, 1915.—Forming new plantations, by A. D. Webster, p: 211. Gardeners’ chronicle, Oct. 9, 1915.—Larix pendula, by A. Henry, p. 234. In the open, Sept., 1915.—A talk on forest fires, their fearful cost and the ease of preventing them, by George H. Wirt, Dp: 0on/ International institute of agriculture Monthly bulletin of agricultural intelli- gence and plant diseases, June, 1915.— Forestry in the United States at the present day, by Jas. W. Toumey, p. 779-85. International institute of agriculture. Monthly bulletin of economic and social intelligence, Sept., 1915.—Forest school mutual societies, p. 45-7. International institute of agriculture. Monthly bulletin of economic and social intelligence, Oct., 1915.—Technical con- ditions of forestry insurance, p. 41-52; The valuation of the timber resources of the forests in the province of Varmland, by Henrik Hesselman, p. 111-15. Irish gardening, June, 1915.—Pinus pinaster for sowing on peat bogs in Ireland, by A. MacGregor, p. 86-7. Journal of the Board of agriculture, London, May, 1915.—Wood waste from saw mills as a source of potash, by C. T. Giming- ham, p. 146-8. AMERICAN FORESTRY Journal of heredity, Nov., 1915.—How the bark breathes, p. 490-3; An unusual persimmon tree, p. 525; The tree that owns itself, by T. H. McHatton, p. 526. National wool grower, Oct., 1915.—Deferred and rotation grazing, Hayden forest, Wyo., by L. H. Douglas, p. 11-14; Graz- ing inspector visits Portland, by Will C. Barnes, p. 16. Overland monthly, Aug., 1915—Taking a timber claim, by M. E. McGuire, p 147-56. Reclamation record, Nov., 1915.—Tree plant- ing: Klamath project, Oregon-California, p. 514. Rhodora, Sept., 1915.—The hemlock spruce, by O. A. Farwell, p. 164. Special libraries, Sept., 1915.—Forestry and lumbering in the northwest from the librarian’s viewpoint, by Mrs. Georgene L. Miller, p. 109-12. United States—Department of agriculture. Weekly news letter, Nov. 10, 1915.—How the farmer can use the facilities of the Department of agriculture: Forest ser- vice, p. 6. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Oct. 9, 1915.—Lumber tractors, by Archie Chandler, p. 41. American lumberman, Oct. 23, 1915.—Advises as to lumber needs of United Kingdom, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 35; Proper laying of wood blocks must be taught, p. 52. American lumberman, Oct. 30, 1915.—Does the lumber industry need radical reor- ganization? by E. B. Hazen, p. 30-50. American lumberman, Nov. 6, 1915.—Forest products featured: Forest service makes unique exhibit at the Portland, Oregon, show, p. 29; Wooden water pipe supplants worthless iron, p. 33. Canada lumberman, Oct. 15, 1915.—British Columbia red cedar, by Aird Flavelle, p. 30-2 Engineering news, July 29, 1915.—Log- handling equipment at Arrowrock dam, by Charles H. Paul, p. 200-1. Engineering news, Aug. 26, 1915.—Report on life of wood pipe, by D. C. Henny, p- 400-3. Engineering record, Sept. 11, 1915.—Longleaf pine distinguished visually from loblolly or short leaf, by Arthur Koehler, p. 319-20. Hardwood record, Oct. 25, 1915.—Facts and frauds of witch hazel, p. 23. Hardwood record, Nov. 10, 1915.—Conditions in case-hardened wood, by James E. Imrie, p. 24-6. Journal of industrial and engineering chem- istry, Oct., 1915.—The hardwood dis- tillation industry in America, by E. H. French, and James R. Withrow, p. 899-900. Journal of industrial and engineering chem- istry, Nov., 1915.—The chemical engi- neering of the hardwood distillation industry, by James R. Withrow, p. 912-13; What chemistry has done to aid the utilization of wood, by 8. F. Acree, Grade One Se Lhiaurwes Creosote Oil Cuts wood preserving bills in half — For preserving telephone poles, telegraph poles, cross arms, railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, under- ground sills, sleepers, bridge timbers, planking, ice houses, wood tanks, shin- gles, poultry houses, silos, boat timbers or any exposed woodwork. Especially adapted for brush and open tank treatment of structural timbers of all kinds. Booklet on request. Barrett Manufacturing Co. New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh v& Detroit Birmingham em j Kansas City Minneapolis B Salt Lake City Seattle Jamal a Peoria mw p. 913-15; The tannin content of Pacific Coast conifers, by H. K. Benson, and Thos. G. Thompson, p. 915-16; Yield of by-products from destructive distillation of some western conifers, by H. K. Benson and Mare Darrin, p. 916-18; The use ot ammonium hydroxide for the extraction of rosin from wood, by H. K. Benson and Herbert N. Crites, p. 918-20; Discolora- tion of maple in the kiln, by Roy C. Judd, p. 920; Manufacture of ethyl alcohol from wood waste: 2. The Hydrolysis of white spruce, by F. W. Kressmann, p. 920-2; The manufacture of ethyl alcohol from wood waste: 3. Western larch as a raw material, by F. E. Kressmann, p. 922-3; The application of the Davis spot test in the preliminary examination of creosotes, by Homer Cloukey, p. 923-4; Isoprene from B-pinene, by A. W. Schorger and R. Sayre, p. 924-6; The distillation of Douglas fir at high tem- peratures, by Bailey Tremper, p. 926-7; Waste pine wood utilization, by John E. Teeple, p. 929-30; Contributions of the chemist to the naval stores industry, by John E. Teeple, p. 931-2; Contribu- tions of the chemist to the hardwood distillation industry, by S. W. Katzen- stein, p. 940-2; A quantitative method for the determination of the adulteration in Chinese wood oil, by J. C. Brier, p. 953-7; Composition of wood turpen- tine, by Maxwell Adams, p. 957-60; Notes on the eucalyptus oil industry of California, by P. W. Tompkins, p. 995-7. Lumber trade journal, Oct. 1, 1915 —Making yellow dye from the southern osage tree, pace: Paper, Oct. 20, 1915.—Papyrus and paper manufacture, by William Beam, p. 13-14. Paper,’ Oct. 27, 1915.—Cellulose cooking systems, p. 17-18. Paper, Nov. 10, 1915.—A beating test for papermaking fibers, by E. Sutermeister, p. 11-18. Paper mill, Oct. 9, 1915.—Wood pulp vs. cotton, p. 12, 36. Paper trade journal, Oct. 7, 1915.—At the Forest products laboratory at Madison, Wis., the experts have succeeded in making wallpaper hangings, p. 18. Paper trade journal, Oct. 14, 1915.—New economy in the soda process for making wood pulp, by Richard K. Meade, p. 38-40; Pulp wood in Tasmania, p. 48. Philippine trade review, Sept., 1915.—An up-to-date Philippine lumber concern, p. lis Pulp and paper magazine, Oct. 1, 1915.— Evolution of the pulp and paper industry, by Thomas J. Keenan, p. 512-14. Pulp and paper magazine, Nov. 1, 1915.— The characteristics of fibers, by H. A. Maddox, p. 551-3; Chestnut as a pulp wood, by P. L. Buttrick, p. 554-5; Labrador; its forest wealth and stupend- ous water powers, p. 560-1. St. Louis lumberman, Oct. 15, 1915.—Promo- tion of wood products locally illustrated, by Julius Seidel, p. 47. Southern lumber journal, Oct. 1, 1915.— - Wood, the one economical material for all boxes, by F. C. Gifford, p. 53, 56-7. Southern lumber journal, Oct. 15, 1915.—The public interest in lumber trade extension, by E. A. Sterling, p. 38-9. Southern lumberman, Oct. 16, 1915.—Alaskan forests, by Henry Solon Graves, p. 24. Southern lumberman, Oct. 23, 1915.—Cypress knees and suggestions for their use, p. 55. Southern lumberman, Oct. 30, 1915.—The kiln drying of lumber, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 29-30. Southern lumberman, Nov. 6, 1915.—Forest service officials studying effect of copper fumes on vegetation, p. 27. Southern lumberman, Nov. 13, 1915.— Forests of Texas, by John H. Foster, p. 36. Timber trade journal, Oct. 2, 1915.—Methods of timbering in mines, p. 509. Timberman, Oct. 1915.—United Kingdom market for box shooks, by H. R. Mac- Millan, p. 28-30; English market for Canadian lumber, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 30-1; Forestry school in China, p- 31-2; French specifications for railway sleepers, p. 33-4; British pole market, by H.R. MacMillan, p. 34; Reforestation in Japan, by Harold C. Huggins, p. 34-5; Oregon pine for Japanese shipbuilding, by E. Carleton Baker, p. 35; Lumber situation in the far east, by Waldemar Toritch, p. 36; Railroad sleeper market in England, by H. R. MacMillan, CURRENT LITERATURE 1135 tail HEEL BOOKS ON FORESTRY 9 es — AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* BS 55 BS BS FOREST RE CUPARION —BilibertiRotharern smierasecients cals --,. + ee $2.00 PRACTICAL DREEVREPATIRI—B yi BibertsPeetSieesins «css < «++ « «eens 2.00 DHE LUMBERVINDUSPRY—ByiRe on WKellope iy ccc: cies os 1 « oo =. reerneeneieiere 1.10 LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones.............. 2.10 FOREST. VALUATION —Bysbephe Chapman’ cnccicc ss cciccies ¢ . | eee: 2.00 CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw....... 1.60 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS—By John Kirkegaard RECO OHIO coUbid 6 UGC OCR StS Co OOM A ECAMEAGEMSE 6 os osu adiowe c 1.50 TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol. I and II, 4 Parts toa Volume periPartscnhumecteciste cis sfccsissicisreieists sisia sisis + vitin.« > © «SRI 5.00 FAGOTS OF CEDAR (Poems and ballads)—By Ivan Swift....................... 1.00 HE WOODS—DouglassMallocherreticier-isers rer epee 2 cco cine cieia crete een eee 1.15 RESAWEHD BABLES—DovplaspMialloch emai. esters e slscers 10/a/-:s Re eIueere eleereiele 1.50 MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)—Charles Sprague Sargent iy.< cre seperes= sorter bteyet’x 10”. Cloth, $3.00 net. Postage extra, ao) a LL nature-lovers will hail this book fruits, or winter twigs, and thus be able to oy with delight. Its purpose is to to identify with ease and certainty any 4 : ; - 4 3 F yo a afford an opportunity for a more intel- unknown tree to which his attention 26 oe . . . . as: ligent acquaintance with American may be called. In the discussion of the ps ) i As trees, native and naturalized. ‘The text especial attention has been given ye Tau 5 : ae See Ve a pictures upon the plates have in all to the distinguishing character of the n@ a cases been photographed direct from various species, as well as to the more ko a: nature, and have been brought together OUR “PREES “| interesting phases of the yearly cycle S6y . : ss TZ ort] c « 7 cy in such a way that the non-botanical How to Know Them of each, and the special values of each 26 = : . . 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