en Nae : eT ee rae Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/americanforests26natiuoft nll 4 ‘ fi peas ey ' t ~ j rhs babeea’ ' ‘0 pt Te ee Oo mn oe Al: . Oe p 4 , bs lh F a y ‘'** er “~ © THE MAGAZINE OF “THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, Dp: ¢. | VOLUME XXVI—JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1920, INCLUSIVE AUTHOR'S INDEX Ee att Page Ss \ 1 Page : Ay ar i Jeet BOG ie POST Os oe 45; 238; 279; 476 Lamb, George N., article by..........eecceecnuecescusueree 672 IQMOMEVE Peete tales «fais a o's niches ne 356 LeSoeuf, W.-H. D5varticle*by<. o.. 06. euv. esas es eens Salve 410 Y, Ir, ohn, pees by... ete Pore sc pe gulaaercio’.. oc 160 McGaw, Elizabeth T., poem by............. icine Ra obinw a EMOperAtHCle Wyidens les... ;seaetaeees nes es 26 McTighe, Mary Adelaide, Siuidie DY seo sulla heehee ene 642 Peele Peerage apOett DY: ; = wcspetwmhe ce’ tiie as « 482 Maddox, R. S.; articles by.........0.ccsseveceeceucuee 74; 611 ee article by..22s..4.teeee reese ees. & Maxwell, Hu, articles by............-..06+-. 148; 532; 599; 731 peice Be asto cs yR ea oS FH aw aidle <' 4 Meredith, E. ne ALLICles’ Py. hee eas lie aA be ais 337; 3623 558 — Paes eR IN NOE, Ay esa elie wins « 682 Metcalf, Woodbridge, article by....+..i.s.cccscececescseses 15 “TOALE Re Miller, Nellie Burget, poem by... ....... 0c... scl ecev eee eres, IBD Sn Se er ec ea sae ae os 92 Mitchell, Guy E., article DY eevee ees etere eee serteredes sees O24 ; Bereta Oe tos oo 5 0 oe ee 19; ; Munger, Thorton T., article Hye ey ass he tana ete Fan Rg ke PRIMER M es pk Cech apices aeee costes 87 Pack, Arthur Newton, article by..............+./s. ses see, 715 ence: CEE ERIE NA OAT Pack, Charles Lathrop, articles by...............0.)0.. 29; 526 OR ae ha a aan 559: Pemberton, C..C) “article by......c.,.denev cine tseesbive ee Ol eee EN MAE ole ods ca 4 o's Diafe's 659 — Perkins, George W., article >) Abie "ROAR SUR SR i a Ce 206 Prantner; E. F,, ‘article DY eine ice vie Stic goto TON ea MeN rere 522 ON EEE De. 2 ae Re ee 616 Putnam, Bessie L., articles by...................- 28; 272; 288 CAFE OI INAS SOLES SOUS PLE EE 107. Recknagel, A. B., article by.......0.s.ccccsecsceveceecees Bear Le PRMMOOOSIA, DOC DY. sricccervsline sass veces eeess 290: 3.) Record, S. Tiarticle byc: ry: Roth, Filibert; articles by. tiWiesorec we vncuvkeeenesaen 209; 548 e, Laurence R., article by.......... ag See Mee < ss * 689 Rumbold, Caroline, article by........... NaS iden meets 359 ie, John D. article Dyer ven, chic P eet OA PRE 547 Sarett, Lew, poem by.........0.00000000ee Rel pece MUR ie. 279° Ibert A, article by..-....c0ccc.0eceesseceneeeeee 27 Scheifley, William H,, article by.:.....+...-.s.s10s00, waeeey ! “21 OS Bonseiant te eee eas 345 Shufeldt, R. W., articles by.... 37; 96; 163; 228; 273+ 364; : i F,, article Do en be yee ASS ne a 134 418; 481; 489; 540; 585; 673; 747 meee OTS ST a et Simonds; Cr7 article iby mci te lr. Demers chon one Ree Ea eet oct o ee Fea b4's ¢ + ° Ha Smith, Franklin H., articles by... 5.02.00. .0. eee eee 16; 143 SI DOS ae CCA aa 408 Sudworth, George B., article by... 2.2.0.2... 0c. e cae ee eee. 625 TEs hy UES Spe ee aa a % Taylor, Abigail F.-poem by. ian cai esiloe es bec s etd eee eager et OLD ae article DYwe evens iec eee cee renee eee sence ey Wpton,, Prances "Ho iarticle ‘by... oe aevkss is ef oe A eee 370 SRST AN SS ee eee 399. Washburne, John N., article by....... 0... . ccs e eee ee tenes 343 ‘ ee White SA. meee by. ost 12 6s ii3s 180; 346; sto: Et inv Y ilson, Ellwoo articles by........6. 6; ; met "Co ee eee erate 603 326; 376; 441; 564; 694 JS aa on 147. Woodbury, T. D., article Bee Ase RAT hee 262 ee Crea ri ee 298 Woolsey, Theodore SEALE OM. cau. + Kale Seis rately cpt eslie ae DR reese PET NSE LS cin Ts abe 2.3, 104. Wright, David H., poem by... 6... perce dade dye eee et oe) 158 GENERAL INDEX : Page Page * t Sont jo he Twentit Engineers (Forest), The.... 159 Areca Palm, The—James Ricalton...... QP Mamcnisre a ie 409 : tural Im Wood Ubed in—Hu Maxwell..... 148 Arizona Pine—poem by M. J, Riordan....0..2., (0.422... 358 : , ta gy oes Fires....... .........+....+.:.. 315 Army Forest Service, The Need for an....... aN REN gettin s 363 in Prone ‘The Use of—Ellwood Wilson......... 826 Association, American Wholesale Lumber................. 248 i Patrol of the Forest—F. A. Elliott............... 206 Autumn—Mary Adelaide McTighe..........60.500seeee eens 642 Pulpwood cS oo 5 aE ae ici anne 192. Autumnal Woods—poem by Charles Nevers Holmes........ 607 ba Tree in Hawaii, The First—C. S. Judd........... 605.°, Baker’s New Work, Dean ni, tesck.< 6.5 Leslee ssjc%o Waa ded an en 298 Great Britain, ISOMER AN ots's vie 5. arse 2 fancy sie a NENG eae 10 Great Britain, National Forests in...........cccccceesescens 759 Great Britain’s Forestry Comimission...............0se0e00+ 212 Greeley, Colonel Wm. B.—Forester of the United States— POCOREADEUA CE Ars 2'g 85554 x old ovens 4 Reto kay eee wcdd-> aD 198 Greenery, Winter—Bessie L. Putnam................,00c005 28 Gulf States, Tramps Through the—R. W. Shufeldt, Part 1.. 489 PMAEE THe Cera tah ices esseisla sik Mee LAD Dy CARL o's oa eee 540 . eS ee ree Ce ere ty ee Beng) Oe ee) wee, OL Ns ; : seat, Y die hat i oe wes. 5 GENERAL INDEX—Continued. | Page “Hall of Fame for Trees:” Dumont Kennedy Elm... ....00¢ssccesepertrereeensenes 2 Sir Joseph Hooker Oak, Chico, California........6+++3+ 12 Salem Oak, Friend’s Cemetery....-.----+s+s05rseeneers 112 “Lovers Oak,” Brunswick, Georgia. ...-.- 0. <6. es ee sree 113 Constitutional Elm, Corydon, Indiana...........+++++++ 113 Timothy Ball House Tree, Maplewood, New Jersey... 172 “Tree Without a Heart,” on Hedstrom Estate, at Port- land, Connecticut......5-..6.ceeee sees tere ese enaee Wethersfield Elm... ... 0.6.00. ee ener cece estan sneer «+» 172 Twelve White Oaks on Baylor—New Market Plantation 173 Historic Trees of Massachusetts......-.-. faa so eeesieaibine 213 Kingston Elm at Kingston, Tennessee....-.--+.+-++++++ 236 Largest Acacia at Dayton, Ohio......- 608 Witenagemot Oak at Schaghticoke, New York......... 608 School Tree, at Marshall, Michigan............2.-..+.. 608 “Immediate Separate State Action,” Oak at Chesterfield, Moet MGAEORIM has fhe on ath aves Wd Daddies Dhermelesa® : Harding on Forestry, Senator.............s.cerseeeeteeenes 607 Hawaii, The First Algaroba Tree in—C. S. Judd........... 605 Heart Rot in Western Hemlock..... RRO IN ee 531 Hemlock, Heart Rot in Western... .....0.. 0. .c eee e eee eee 531 Hero Dead, More Trees to Honor Our...........5--.-00 00 429 Highways, Civilization’s.................--.-+4. BETS one tele 291 Historic Trees of Massachusetts, The..............-.+.-+4. 213 Home Forest Pays Dividends........... 00.0.5. 6 cc cece eens 557 Honey Industry, Wood's Place in the—Hu Maxwell......... 599 How a Builder Respected a Tree—Helen Harrison.......... 345 Ibis, The Value of the—W. H. D. LeSoeuf..-............4, 410 In Memoriam—Poem by S. A. White....................... 278 Increase in Forest Research Necessary..................05- 69 Re APE MTON TE BEONE 0s ce ab Volos a0 5% o's vale w's a Hs Ser Cea be, 9 3% 382 Indiana’s Prize Winning Forestry. Essays.................. 109 Industry, Wood's Place in the Honey—Hu Maxwell......... 599 Insects, The Battle Against Forest.....:.............6..055 411 Inter-collegiate Association of Forestry Clubs Meets....... 91 Industrial Research in Forest SROOS | inte dear reemaes cs 401 Initials Cut Almost a Century Ago, Split Wood Section..,.. 528 Insect Snow—An Enemy of Beech Trees—R.W.Shufeldt.... 481 Insects and Diseases Which Injure Trees...... both has GOs KS 308 Instruments, Wood Used in Musical—Hu Maxwell......... 532 Italy, Vallombrosa Forest in—Nelson C. Brown..,......... 6 Ivy, Oak and Sumac—Poison.......... cece ck sence eee eennee He ORCS 90. ode 04's0 6 CaS ahs oo sen 4 POP Cr Keties 95 Japanese Miniature Gardens, Making..............05...0.. 497 Johnny Applesced, The History of........-.....,005 00sec ees 117 Rn, Drying Taught by Mail... 6... 660i ce adewatasnacives 189 Laboratory, United States Forest Products................% 401 Lake Cayuga, A Day With the Ducks on—A. A. Allen...... 238 Landowners’ Associations Favor Forestry................. 53 Landscape Work, Nut Trees in—O. C. Simonds............. 618 Large Trees for Memorial Planting....................000- 646 Rargest Saws itiithe World; The. ..... 0... cc. cecessvecseees 242 MIDI, MAIRTOROEY BIXG;. ...-...ccantvestciaereudcede 377 ~~ -y ae, eS - “> ™ oes Laws, Shade Tree....... ice ath badiceies same aea® + « Leaves—Poem by Leila Brechenser-Rostiser....+... Legislation Needed, Federal......... Palas sie 8 eats > Light Burning, Another Word on—Filibert Roth... Light Burning is a Mistake.........- Live and Dead Trees, Timber from...... Live Game and Forest Recreation—Arthur H. Carhart. Livestock and Cut-Over Lands of the South, Fores epee te er eereesoes in—Franklin H. S Lumberjacks, America’s Youngest. . Lumbermen Conserving Lumber..... Making Japanese Miniature Gardens..... wants National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees.......... 56 227; 304; 336; Natural History Department—R. W. Shufeldt: Four-Footed Foresters—The Squirrels.-..,... , The Opogsuims: 355 stuck ae akotles eae one taken NS Weasels and Their Habits.................54 Nature Adventures in the Nation’s Capital..... Nature Studies in Small Areas..........0%- The Fall Web-Worm and the Swallowtails...... Moths and Butterflies:.o22....3\tat cee ney Ay Insect Snow—An Enemy of Beech Trees........... ; Tramps Through the Gulf States, Part I.........-. i Parti ibis *y, Fish in Forest Streams and Lakes........ Casicee Foxes and ‘What We Know of Them........... ‘ The American Antelope..........0.0-esseeeeeset va Natural Regeneration of French Forests—T. S. Woolsey Nature Adventures in the Nation’s. Capital—R. W. Shuf Nature Studies in Small Areas—R, W. Shufeldt.......007 Nebraskans, Million Trees fors..........0.csseeeseeee jie. Need for an Army Forest Service, The...........0.0000 $e Need of Forests for Wood Pulp—E., T. Meredith New England Forestry Conference................... ees: New England, Forestry in Southern—Ralph C, Hawley..... ee rd se oe! Ve CPN e Pagal eve kee Ove sts and Their Future—A. B. Recknagel.. works 0,000 Trees Planted in..................05-... _ 488 oa from the Brooker Klugh..... ee Se ee ee ee ee ee ee er ole ose wins Se ews a ee ee 7 a R. W. Shuteide | SER eee Planted in Honor of “Cher Ami,” Anw.....0..... Perki » Areca—James Ricalton.... Fee Gea Ricalisn tase es « AR SoC ese 94 EES AP aS rR ieee es 762 ee. 9 134 + ya TARY Ga GRA 320 ~The News Print—R. S. Kellogg........... 147 and Recreation in the Palisades Interstate— INNS gl AUG Re cs s/s sti ae cel eae 632 ety Oe eee A476 Mba sce Ss batter ss. 177 \ izona~ Poem ty Pe ROL UA ees coil p ac. 358 Plu,” White—John N. Washburne......:............. 343 s Heavy Deed Orop, LOnwicat.s, calesoc cess... ...- 547 Wood, In the—Poem by Edith Livingston Smith....... 730 jah National Forest, A Trip in'the...................... 758 a Tree—Poem by David H. Wright....... Pedalics oes 158 slack Walnut,” Uncle Bill Says...............0.008. 739 :d in New York, Sa OS a 488 rican Legion Plans Memorial Tree........... 156 ge Trees for Memorial Planting.............. 646 ood Fs EERE OS CCE EI Soe Rr 584 meatier rces. Saint Panl. 5.0.20. oceans 635 127; 188; ings Taken from Letters to the P arrne 319; 442; 568 ; 630; 730 Prose of French, Forests, The—William. H. : 6! Id Be, What Our National Forest—W. B. Greeley 612 Poem by Nellie Burget Miller............... 159 PBREGIATION OL TTCCSi 26. ccc cee te ene eee 692 » t Extension of Hosestry—Heniy S. Graves. .... 50 ation Creosote MOUS A WOGd 0.5. tise etc cts de neces 511 NS SOU Re tee ee 126 uation, The News—R. S. Kellogg........... 147 V Forestry Essays, Indiana’s...............:.. 109 fate Forestry in France—W. B. Greeley................. 139 uction in the United States, Significant Trends in Lum- SM SUGE SCRMIEN Wier siois pv os'e'ccdeewh sides es ce ses phy t ” Approved, National Pareatiy aa hone We tak vy 721 ress Of Forestry in China—John H. Reisner........:.. 655 gress of the Purchase of Eastern National Forests...... 455 age ore Public Forest Land, Fire—Charles Be: ection of vende jialée BMPR aM ie

cnse rors Prone cet Raise Salaries of Forest Service Employes “Ranger Examination, Forest 00.0.0 50303 ee iy cee Asie x. Why ishtiec beats uate aieeces Lbvtiatc dy ee eels wiinne aes aes Raw Material for the Paper Industry—A. F. Hawes........ 134 Reclamation Work a Vital Forestry Problem—R. S. Maddox 74 _ Recreation, A Grisis| in National—Henry S. Graves........ 391 Recreation De artment—Arthur Carhart, Editor: Vacation Opportunities in Your National Forests...... 549 Auto’ Camp: (Conveniences! 5.55.5.) onakescaistelleis etetaatae’s 553 What is Recreation’s Next Step?...........0...c0.encne 593 The Mighty Rocky Mountain Trout..................3. 659 Live Game and Forest Recreation................6..-+5 723 Recreation in the Forests—Arthur H. Carhart.............. 268 Recreation’s Next Step? What is—Arthur H. Carhart...... 593 Retoreést;; Lainber: Compatty) to... 0. ok ee we oe tae 315 Reforesting War Swept Regions ..+. 146 BVCTOLESTALIOR RIT ECS oes occ Rotimi ce ho oech ett whens eee 759 Republic, T! he Forests of a New—E. F. Prantner........... 522 PROSBALE Tor TS OLCAE g Geta ieic Hoe ean asian a ay ee wR Ol Se ee 639 Research in Forst Products, Industrial. ............0...00¢5 401 Research Necessary, Increase in Forest........2....0...0-% 69 | Researoh; $10-000: for Forest. 8 ors tu Wellstone vos 815" Retires, Great Teacher of Forestry—Filibert Roth....... ray Roads, National Forests Need.............cccseceeeeeeeees 253 Rock Creek Park Where Statesmen Motor................. 17 Rot in Western Hemlock, Heart............ tec tia tee Dol Sand Dunes and Mountain Torrents in France, Ganiese of— Wee BrGrecleg ray 42 Rie er tions Rae eine 3 Sand Hills, Forests in hie Bien Ru Johnson. 00s .4..0 5. 0tbas 582 Waplinig, APBIV ‘avin, si zcsiee lee eae oat talon ado catiamatesion 496 Satin Moth, Beware of the European............0ec0eee0 50s 592 Save Our Forests, Fire Protection to—Roy Headley..... .. 710 Saws in the World, Largresteeceumeh uses jl eodues 242; 445 Scented Woods—S, J. Recordi. ii cfo ee. icant ey ne be den 665 Schidlar ships NPOrestry sion che wr chic the ee olan ada ee ae 320 meat; A Novelsie rie. 4 20. mapa ters he SEP Sab enim eh 531! Seeds Available, Chinese Forest Tree..........0. 6.0.0 c0 ees 681 meets for. Great: Britasthcn, vig tt oo tei ih tere. ie 298 Second Southern Forestry Congress............c0cc cece ceee 178 Seed Crop, Longleaf Pine-Has Heavy...........0cccecseees 547 Seeds Presented to Our Allies, Tree......... 2c... eceeeee ee 71 Sentries, Feathered........ Ro OAR A CEN IE a et Pa 625 PAUSE TOe, AWS pec re Siclaem ones ee SLU Ma ES 637 Shade Trees, Facts Wanted About.............. 000. . cee cee 559 Shennan: Promoveds bs, Acvits wre ace toot ote an oohohe caer 319 Should Our City Trees Be Labeled?—Albert A. Hansen.. 27 Significant Trends in Lumber Production in the United mtates=-PranklinvEts OMiithrs ss 2 ids <,.'-t'sqi ols oidale wp Siete Ys 143 Smokers Urged to Use Care in the Woods..............00. 704 Snow—An Enemy of Beech Trees, Insect—R. W. Shufeldt. . 481 DOaP NUE Bree MONS. ctv weeds icwh eee ores ite cobs : 621 South America, Railroad Ties in..........00.c.ccscccseevs 626 South America, MOC REALONE Ac, oats balee tele eee oth tea . 760 Southern Forestry Congress, Second.............eceeueceses 178 en Wood Section Reveals Initials Cut Almost a Century Que opae Raerar sinuatcas seu na Cer Lala oe awa loaminice Rie Spring on the Marshes—A. A. Allen........2...00.0000c0008 279 Squirrel an Enemy to the Douglas Fir, The California Gray— FALINOPER BOWES iiss tpt tap via eocwik Ripe dee nada ue Squirrels, Four-Footed Foresters, The—R. W. Shufeldt.. State Forest Fire Protection—E. C. Hirst.................5 ; 408 DIALCSMOLCNE AE QNGIOG. tists ra hele sglecwhe ce eden eee 722 State Forests of Pennsylvania, Management of the—J. S. PCat Rene ee eA 35 ho eT cs close hae 339 State News: (Department of Magazine...” se ea 119; 183; 3 812; 380; 438; Eye 695; 764 St. Paul Plants 4,280 Shade Pps 2 eee hoc Se 635 Streams and Lakes, Fish in—R. W. Shufeldt........5..... 585 Stumps of Trees, Living—C. C. Pemberton. 25.7.0. 2 ae 614 Sugar in Colonial Times, Maple—Laurence R. Grose....... 689 Sugar on Douglas Fir, Discovery of—Francis Dickie........ 84 Sugar Maple from a Cutting, Unique Example of the Pro- pagation of—George B. Sudworth..................0005 625 Sycamores, ‘Washington’s Sick... 2... coc. ccc es eascedevebens 267 Sumac—Porson Ivy, Oak ands)... 0. sh cusicvdessss as vce sooo 306 Swallowtails, The Fall Web-Worm and the—R. W. Shufeldt.364 Tagging Trees, New Method of..... 0.0... cesses cecvseseres 617 Teacher of Forestry Retires, Great—Filibert Roth.......... 209 Teaches Us, What the Tree—E. T. Meredith................ 558 Tennessee Forestry: Association... .......-..6 eee repr ee enes 253 Texas, Trees to Beautify Dallas...........0.-+0+ +0000 reees 374 The Old Tree in the City Square—Poem by Garnett Laidlaw on NE ITO, vb pag awns Seba ap 1kve ev 0s sev Rue aN esies Ticks and Timher—Austin Caryeciscc....-.s.csevessessere 92 Ties in South America, Railroad...............-<:+00es00rs 626 Timber Conservation in Wyoming—Quincy R. Craft........ 740 Timber from Live and Dead Trees...........6.----. 0-5-0 635 Timber, Ticks and—Austin Cary........---.<-seereeeeeeeee 92 Topiary is Being Revived i UNS A Re 2 Soin 573 Torrents in France, Control of Sand Dunes end Mountain— W. B. Greeley Toy cig Wood in the—Hu oes aba PRR meee 731 i nif Forest—John D. Guthrie... .........-s...0e0ete 548 Tramps Through the Gulf States—R. W. Shufeldt—Part I.. 489 Part Il. 540 Transcaucasian Forests, Wealth of........6.....500cce ences 443 MO eh Sess bein Vain hs + Ve 8 Vcptislcetd Ve dwsldiay > 427 2 SESS ONO Pee Pye on hres Ee 637 Tree Teaches Us, What the—E. T. Meredith............... 558 Tree, Plant A—Poem by David H. Wright........- pet soke 158 Tree Seeds Presented to Our Allies.:.............000e eee es 71 Tree, The Memorial that Lives—The—Charles L. Pack.;..3; 29 Tree to Decay? How Long Does it Take a...........-...45 460 Trees—Poem by Theodosia Garrison.............6.02.00005 260 Trees Be Labeled ? Should Our City—Albert A. Hansen Bory 27 Trees ° Winter, Birds and—A. A. Allen..............0..5. 45 Trees, Insects and Diseases Which Injure................. 308 Trees of France, The—Poem by Elizabeth T. McGaw....... 73 Trees of Massachusetts, The Historic.....,......5......005 213 Trees Planted in New York, 300,000.............4......0... 488 Trees for Nebraskans, Million.....................00. eee ee 256 Trees, Giving Medicine to—Caroline Rumbold.............. 359 Trees in Landscape Work, Nut—O. C. Simonds............. 618 Trees, Living Stumps of—C. C. Pemberton................. 614 Trees, The Winter Aspect of—A. N. Davis................. 87 Trees to Honor Our Dead, More.........--6...00seee ee eeee 429 “Tribute Where Tribute is Due”..............0.0. cece cues 727 Trilliums, Among the—Bessie L.. Putnam.................. 272 Trout, The Mighty Rocky Mountain—S. E. Dosting.. Rie card 659 Twentieth Engineers (Forest), The Adopted Son of......... 159 Uncle Bill Says “Plant Black Walnut”.........0........... 739 ~ Utilization, Forest Conservation by Better. His: Donald Bruce............. the—Hu Maxwell : icultural Im shee ro rhart Vallombrosa Forest in italy—Nelson_ ese Waste, Paper from........ ocational Forestry pe Saluica tins. Tac Voice, A—Poem r Goetz... Walnut for Beauty and Utili , Black Pry Walnut—Our National Tree?—The.. bil ince Bin =n Abie gona ar Memorials—Poem by i ' War Memorials Co War Swept R Washington's Web-Worm and oe oe What is Recreation’s Next St rep? What Our Forests Support— Sakiie What Our National SE Wis Shoul: af White Pine “Flu” Washburne.. y is a Ranger? Wild Flower Garden, The—Bessie L. Putnam. Winter Aspect of Trees, The—A. N. Davis Winter ery—Bessie L. Putnam Wireless Phones, Foresters Test. . ood in Agricultural Implements—H a] Wood, In the Pine—P Woodlot Day, Farmers Should Observe.. Woods, Autumnal—Poem by Chartes s Nevers Woods, No Substitute for High-gra Wood’s Place in the Honey. si tae bib oe its €F 52 Record in Oui yoming, Timber Conservation i Yew for Modern Archers, Bows of ney Youngest Lumberjacks, America’ Zion National Park Dedicated by ene Livingston Sn Tete eee eee 2) MNO NT AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor S000 ali LIBERTY CAP AND YOSEMITE FALLS, IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA fu We JANUARY 1920 VoL. 26, No. 313 Hall of Fame For Trees—The Dumont Kennedy Elm—Frontispiece.. 2 The Forest Policy of France—The Control of Sand Dunes and Mountain Torreppa CW iv -GTSOl yc oo nas ca vlecnc a tet ece bean tate deenavigiees 3 With seven illustrations Forestry in Southern New England—By Ralph C. Hawley............. 10 With seven illustrations A Precocious Youngster—By Woodbridge Metcalf..... ................ 15 With one illustration What, Our Forests Support—By Franklin H. Smith................... 16 Rock Creek Park Where Statesmen Motor.................0.ceeeeeeeee 17 Mammy Cottontail and Trouble-1—By Allen Chaffee.................... 19 With one illustration by Peter Da Ru Forestry and Recreation in the Palisades Interstate Park—By George W., BRNO a ee. tenioe «cis de.acsicts sara ein bigeinaleeaiad acon Celrme cetee aay Bemis 20 With eight illustrations The California Gray Squirrel an Enemy to the Douglas Fir—By J. HOOpIOSTIES Ss 6a s 5 cc dabitie cena yscoku basen ane coioieavan ceeuee caeale 26 Should Our City Trees Be Labeled?—By Albert A. Hansen............. 27 With one illustration Winter Greenery—By Bessie L. Putnam.................. cece eeeeeeeaee 28 The Tree—The Memorial That Lives—By Charles Lathrop Pack...... 29 with eleven illustrations Tree PIQHESE rE LOSTAIR: salrens Fi tele bc Geto teas seme e QAEDRE >o0 or-e8 36 Four-Footed Foresters—The Squirrels—By R. W. Shufeldt............. 37 With ten illustrations Birds and Trees in Winter—By A. A. Allen............. cc cece cence eee 45 with seven illustrations Forestry Meigeats asdaet serene ds cadaicid as cvs .de e.g 8 he 4 cure elena Bd Agr abs. 48 The Extension of Forestry Practice—By Henry S. Graves.............. 50 New Youes POLresily Proerais piso i. os can clas ods ee ee ee Vise ewes 51 Landowners’ Associations Favor Forestry................. ce eeeee cence 53 For Foreeeaeresti Gavin clic it baccts a stands of pine. Usually a dense growth of shrubs arises on cut over hard- wood lands and the blight- ed chestnut sprouts come up quickly and live long enough to offer consider- able hindrance to planted pines. These shrubs and sprouts must be cut back two or three times during the first decade after plant- ing in order that the plant- ed pines may live and make rapid growth. Personal experience has convinced the writer that where planting of pine is attempted on cut over hardwood lands, the trees should be set widely apart (12x12 feet) and standing in the openings between clumps of sprouts. In this way three to four hundred trees per acre can be used, greatly reducing the origi- nal cost of the plantation as well as the cost of cut- ting back shrubs and sprouts which threaten to overtop the pines. The second method of treating the hardwood type after the removal of the chestnut, is to work for the production of hardwoods. Inspection of cut over areas which are unburned, will usually indicate that there is a sufficient stand of valuable seedlings and sprouts on the ground after the removal of the chestnut, to form an adequate stocking. It is true that the yield of hardwood stands is much lower in merchantable timber than that of pine planta- tions, but on the other hand, the cost of securing the pine plantations is far greater. It is difficult to give accurate financial statements representative of the results secured by the two methods and which of the two is best 12 AMERICAN financially is, therefore, open to argument. Unquestion- ably there is room for both of these methods. There is far too big an area of the upland hardwood type to permit of its conversion to pine on a wholesale scale. The individual owner will find a relatively small area planted to pine all that he wants to work with. This is true because such plantations require a great deal of work in lopping back hardwood sprouts and seedlings of inferior species, which threaten to overtop the pines. When the gypsy moth is present, as is the situation in SELECTION CUTTING This shows a selection cutting in the hemlock type. The timber was about 100 years old and the openings made by this cutting are already stocked with hemlock seedlings. the eastern portion of Southern New England, there is more reason for attempting to convert the hardwood type on a large scale to pine. Some owners situated near good cordwood markets are making thinnings in their hardwood stands at an immediate profit. From their beneficial effect on the growth and increased yield of timber such thinnings are recommended even if the returns only offset the cost of the work. Swamp Hardwood.—This type is usually cut clear and allowed to reproduce by coppice shoots. Growth in these swamps is rather slow. The ground is difficult to log except in the coldest weather when frozen. Pine Type—Pine in Southern New England grows naturally on both light sandy soils and on heavy soils when it associates with hardwoods. On the former type of soil, natural reproduction can be successfully secured by removing the old stand in two cuttings, The first FORESTRY cutting takes out 40 to 60 per cent of the timber, leaving the balance well distributed over the area to furnish seed and shade to young seedlings. In a few years repro- duction starts and within five or ten years, the remainder of the timber may be removed. A good illustration of what can be done in the way of getting natural repro- duction of white pine on sandy lands may be observed on the property of the A. D. Bridge & Sons Company, near Hazardville. On heavy soils, hardwoods compete with the white pine and usually reproduce before the pine. On such lands, probably the best policy is to cut the pine clear and then replant the area after this cutting. Old Field Type.—Planting is the treatment required and commonly practiced for this type. White or red pines are used in planting. Southern New England lies quite largely south (or below in elevation), the range of | THINNING FOR CORDWOOD A profitable thinning for cordwood in the hardwood type. maining trees will be left to grow to sawlog size. The re- wild ribes. In portions of northwestern Connecticut wild ribes are abundant. Elsewhere they are relatively scarce. Since the ribes are the hosts supporting one stage of the white pine blister rust, their presence or absence in the region is largely instrumental in determining the advisability of planting white pine. Outside of north- western Connecticut, and possibly other small restricted areas, it may be considered safe to continue planting this tree. Red pine, due to its greater hardiness and freedom from insect pests, as well as from blister rust, is often EEE ————————————— FORESTRY IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND 13 preferred. The writer inclines strongly to the use of red pine. Three-year-old transplants are used in planting old fields where the grass sod is thick or low brush cover abundant. Where the sod is very light and conditions of competition with brush are not severe, smaller stock may be used. There is, however, less field for small seedling stock in southern New England than is the case farther north. A good many individuals and corporations have planted considerable areas of this type already. The New Haven Water Company, with about 1,500 acres planted, probably heads the list. Many plantations in the old field type need subsequent treatment in order to protect the pines from encroachment of years. Such an investment is impossible tor a large majority of forest owners. There are, however, more owners than is. commonly believed who have benefited by the educational campaign and who are practicing forestry in a crude way and will practice on an intensive scale as soon as their wood capi- tal is built up. In many instances simple protection of the growing timber means a rough practice of forestry. Another difficulty met with in practicing intensive for- estry is in marketing cordwood and hardwood logs profit- ably. Although a densely populated region, the demand for cordwood is far below the available supply. It is often hard to find a market for many of the common hardwoods of southern hardwoods. There are apt to be large hardwoods scat- tered on old fields with broad crowns which over- top the pines. These hardwoods are cut. Hemlock Type—A hem- lock stand lends itself well to aesthetic treatment and where retained should be managed principally along such lines. The type locat- ed in cool, rocky gorges and on steep slopes occu- pies poor and relatively in- accessible sites from which the timber production can- not be high. As a com- mercial proposition hem- lock lands are better plant- ed with pine. When the aesthetic purpose governs the management, selection cuttings, with the idea of developing an unevenaged forest, are employed. EXTENT To WHICH Fores- TRY Practice 1s Now IN EFFECT. As you go through south- ern New England, not much intensive forestry practice can be observed. The great drawback is the lack of the necessary wood capital in the forest. Most owners find themselves with cut over lands on which the timber is too young to admit of annual cuts and a regular income. The average forest Owner is in a stage of development where he is marking time and waiting for his forest capital to accumulate by growth. When recently cut over land is acquired, a period must be spent of several decades in building up the wood capital before profits can be secured. Hence intensive forestry taken up now requires investment which will not bring annual returns for a good many MAKING A LIBERATION CUTTING TO FREE WHITE PINE Conversion of the upland hardwood type to pine. In this case the this area was planted to pine before cutting the hardwoods. The stand was thinned twice before underplanting with pine. Now the remaining hardwoods are being felled. New England. This is due partly to the scattered .dis- tribution of the hardwood timber, making it difficult to get a reasonable quantity of one kind of material at one place. Then, native hardwoods are of poorer quality than those grown in the South. This is not because high grade hard- wood timber cannot be grown in southern New England. As soon as the virgin hardwood timber of the southern Appalachians becomes exhausted, south- ern New England timber will appreciate in value. The extent to which for- estry can be practiced dif- fers with different classes of owners. In the case of the State Parks, and State Forests, they may be said to be already under man- pet My ih agement. On the State . Parks the aesthetic idea of course predominates, but need not interfere with the commercial pro- duction of timber on most sites. Nearly all the municipally owned forests are under good management. Among corporation owned forests there is a difference in management depending upon the character of the owning corporation. The water companies, of which there are a number in this district, are all practicing relatively intensive forestry. This is true to a lesser extent of the brass industry which uses thousands of cords of wood in manufacturing processes. In the case of the lime kilns and brick yards there is very little practice of forestry. Such plants are interested in cord wood which is a low grade product and which can 14 AMERICAN be secured by clear cutting wodland at a relatively early age. Yale University furnishes one example of a cor- poration practicing intensive forestry with a holding of 1,500 acres in this region. The lumbermen who own lands in southern New Eng- land, with a very few exceptions, do not practice for- They mainly aim to sell their lands as soon as In a few cases estry. possible after they have been cut over. quite intensive work is being carried on by lumbermen along the lines of planting, or in reproducing stands of pine. Among individual owners, two classes can be dis- tinguished. The first class would consist of city men of more or less wealth who have gone into the country either to live the year round or for summer homes. WHITE PINE SET IN 1909 This plantation of white pine was established seven years ago. The trees are now growing in height at the rate of about 2% feet per year. The large hardwood in the background should be removed. These men, when they acquire forest property, usually desire to put the land to the use to which it is best suited and to bring it to a high state of productiveness. They are pursuing a similar policy with respect to their agri- cultural lands and are glad to do the same with the forest land. While this class of owners is increasing, it as yet owns only a small fraction of the forest area—probably around five per cent. The second class of individual owners is composed mainly of farmers whose chief interest is in the manage- ment of agricultural land, and who cannot afford to make large investments to develop their forest land. As yet farmers have put into practice very little forestry, but it is probable that a large percentage of them have done some thinking on the subject, and as their timber comes to cutable size they will endeavor to handle it more con- servatively than in the past. A difference can be noted in the attitude of the southern New England farmer to his woodland as contrasted to the northern New England farmer. The latter knows the value of young, immature trees, realizes the relative value of the different species and in his cuttings for cord wood or lumber is apt to take pains to save these smaller trees. FORESTRY In southern Connecticut small trees as yet receive little or no consideration. This is due partly to the methods of cutting, which are mainly clear cutting and also to the fact that as yet special markets (more or less stand- ardized) for each of the different species have not been developed. For the rough practice of forestry, the chief essential is fire protection. This is true since the main type, upland hardwood, perpetuates itself by sprouts and con- sequently clear cutting does not necessarily decrease the producing power of the site. For intensive work, thinning, in order to increase the production, longer rotations, in order to bring a larger part of the forest crop to timber size and planting of waste lands, are the important lines of work. As time passes and market conditions become better, unquestion- ably a large percentage of the present small holders will voluntarily take up more intensive methods. FuTurRE DEVELOPMENT. Within the next decade or two, a large increase in the acreage of State Parks and State Forests should be ef- A PORTABLE MILL Sawing away at hemlock and hardwood cut in a forestry operation. In the foreground a stand of timber 100 years old and yielding 30,000 board feet per acre was cut and the land planted with red pine transplants. The mill is set up in an old field which will be planted as soon as the lumber is hauled away. In the background is the hard- wood type from which the chestnut has been removed. fected. A minimum of half a million acres is not too large to look forward to as the ultimate goal for such ownership. Municipal forests may enlarge to some extent but it is not believed that a very considerable increase in this line of ownership need be expected. Corporations as forest owners are apt to slowly en- large their holdings, but here also it is unlikely that any great change will take place. The holdings of lumbermen are more likely to decrease than to increase. As their present timber and the avail- able supply that they can buy becomes exhausted, these men are apt to turn their attention to other lines of busi- a << 5 ee a FORESTRY IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND 15 ness. They are interested, not in growing trees, but in harvesting timber. Individual owners will keep control of the better lands and those that lie in smaller areas. Intensive work may be started at once by wealthy owners who can afford the investment, but on the great bulk of individual holdings, such work will only be started when it is able to pay its way. These individuals will remain holding the large part of the forest land. They must have State or Federal fire protection. They must be educated to lengthen the rotation on which their timber is cut and to produce a larger percentage of saw timber. They must be educated to carry on thinnings. Finally the development of fores- try practice on these small individual holdings is going to be greatly stimulated if better and more copious market information can be supplied. An arrangement for cutting and marketing forest products co-operatively would be of great value. As yet too little has been done along this line. The States have usually contented themselves with making a wood industry study which listed the names of men in different industries and gave general information about the char- acter of the product and the amount used. This is not sufficient for the purpose of the small individual owner and it is believed that the State has got to go much farther along this line to develop the practice of forestry in south- ern New England. On the whole, the outlook for the practice of forestry in this region appears encouraging. It will take time for accomplishment, but as the present young timber matures, and as the larger centers of timber supply are cut out and it becomes more and more expensive to import lumber, the price of local lumber is going up. Southern pine is expected to be practically exhausted in five or ten years and certainly by that time a decided increase in the prices of local lumber may be expected. Price increases will make possible more intensive work and will influence more owners to manage their woodlands as permanent crop producing property. A PRECOCIOUS YOUNGSTER Woodbridge Metcalf, Assistant Professor of Forestry, University of California. : ea Big Trees (Sequoia gigantea) of the California Sierra’s have long been known as the oldest living things in the world. The massive proportions to which they attain and the tenacity with which they cling to life for two or three thousand years have made them famous throughout the earth. Here, however, is a youthful member of the ancient family which is not con- tent to allow the grandfatherly ones to carry off all the honors but must do something unusual in its own small way. In its fourth year from the seed this small Big Tree produced on its leading shoot a perfectly formed cone. This being infertile has not interfered with the terminal bud activity and the shoot is continuing its vertical growth from the apex of the premature cone. Surely this is an interesting demonstration of the fact that cones are simply modified branches, the leaves of which are also changed in shape to form the cone scales. Other members of the taxodiaceae family, to which the Big. Trees belong, sometimes show similar interest-- ing growth variations which however do not appear so early in life. Trees of the coast Redwood (Sequoia sempevirens) are occasionally found having branchlets and foliage protruding from the apices of several cones. The important Sugi Tree of Japan (Cryptovenia japo- THE FREAK BABY BIG TREE nica) often produces many such cones while still a young tree. In both redwood and sugi tree, however, such cones are generally found on lateral branches and not on the main stem. This young Big Tree and another with a similar growth were pointed out to me by Mr. H. A. Greene of Monterey, where he had them growing in his unique “tin-can” arboretum. Mr. Greene was glad to give me the tree in order that it might be photographed for the information of readers of American Forestry. CONSIDER THE WOODLOT TO KEEP IT PRODUCTIVE WHAT OUR FORESTS SUPPORT BY FRANKLIN H. SMITH, STATISTICAN IN FOREST PRODUCTS HE American public has a vital interest in the per- petuation of our forests. This interest is not only in the daily necessities and comforts that the for- ests provide; the continued productivity of our forests has a deep economic significance for all the people. Wood in one form or another—rough, perhaps, as in the case of fuel, or refined, as in the case of a beautifully finished piece of furniture—is the principal raw material that enters into the making of thousands of manufac- tures and the turning out of these varied products in- volves the labor of millions of persons, backed up by the capital investment of billions of dollars. Should the forest crop be shortened, the manufacturer would be deprived of his raw material, and labor, in turn, would lack employment. So whatever tends to maintain an abundant annual forest crop is perforce an ally of the public, and whatever tends to diminish such a crop, whether it be poor utilization, carelessness, or fire, robs labor and the public of just so much of their rightful heritage. The average man sharpens a lead pencil and notes the softness of the wood, the ease with which it cuts, and the smoothness of the sharpened surface; he feels the “give” or elasticity of his golf stick as he drives the small ball on its course toward the next hole; he gazes at the beautiful wavy grain of his highly polished desk or table top; but seldom does he stop to consider the source of the raw material, the means of utilizing the various woods, or how dependent he is upon the forest for the necessities, comforts, and even health of his every day existence. He takes the pencil, or the golf stick, or the desk as a matter of course, along with the other daily conveniences provided, without stopping to reflect upon what they really represent to him in facili- tating his day’s work, play, or rest, and how inhar- monious his work-a-day world would be without these indispensable articles of wood. Hardly for a moment from the time in the morning when Mr. Citizen rolls out of his walnut four poster on the second floor of his cozy shingled house, sets foot on the polished hardwood floor, stubs a toe against the rocker of his comfortable arm chair, and takes his razor from its veneered box on the wooden shelf in the bath- room, until he tumbles into the same four-poster at night does he lose contact with wood in some form or other. He may rest his elbows on the breakfast table of mahogany from an easy position in his wooden chair, while he glances over the headlines of the morning paper made of wood pulp. Selecting a cigar from the cedar box, which he lights with a match of pine, he closes the wooden door behind him as he goes out and takes either the plebeian trolley car of wooden type, or if he is fortunate enough to own one, a motor car, many parts of which are of wood, and so reaches his office. Thus it goes all day long—much that he touches or em- ploys is of wood. In his office he is surrounded by 16 desks, and chairs, and filing cabinets, and bookcases made of wood. The surface of the street he crosses, dodging heavily laden wagons in his hurry, may be paved with wooden blocks. -And those same heavily laden drays bear merchandise of every sort securely contained in wooden boxes and crates. The very toothpick he may reflectively stick between his lips after luncheon is of wood. All of which brings us down to the point where we can seriously consider the great value of our forests and their economic importance to the wealth, independence, and prosperity of our country. The wood-producing and wood-using industries of the ’ United States form an important and interesting divi- sion of the country’s industries. Some of them we im- mediately recognize as directly associated with our daily doings, while others we may look upon as being rather remotely related to the work or play of the day. Perhaps not all of the following named industries are completely descriptive, but the list will serve to indicate to the reader the general products manufactured: Lum- ber and timber products; planing-mill products, sash, doors, blinds, and general millwork; window and door screens and weather strips ; wooden packing boxes; cigar boxes; barrels and kegs ; turned and carved wood; lasts; wooden furniture, including rattan and willow; show cases; billard tables and materials; looking glasses and picture frames; sewing-machine cases; baskets and rat- tan and willow ware; coffins and burial cases; rules; matches; pulp goods; wood carpet; charcoal; treated and preserved woods; carriages and wagons; air- planes ; agricultural implements ; dairymen’s, poulterers’, and apiarists’ supplies; wood for engraving; musical instruments and materials ; paper and wood pulp; phono- graphs and graphaphones; tobacco pipes; refrigerators and kitchen cabinets; ships and boats; toys and games; turpentine and rosin; washing-machines and clothes- wringers; wood distillates; artificial limbs; professional and scientific instruments; handles; clocks; playground equipment; printing material; trunks; shuttles; spools, and bobbins; firearms; pulleys and conveyors; patterns and flasks ; pumps and wood pipe; tanks and silos; bungs and faucets; brooms and carpet-sweepers; paving materials ; plumbers’ woodwork. A mere glance at the list must awaken in even the unobservant person a realization of the great diversity of those forest products that enter into his or her daily routine. Wood is peculiar in that while it is not fabri- cated like iron or steel it readily lends itself to almost any combination or fashioning where the main requisite is strength, lightness, toughness, softness, ease of turn- ing, quickness of working, beauty of design or finish, durability, or a grouping of several of these qualities. The uses of wood are multitudinous and so common- place that its indispensability is rarely given a thought. To deprive man, even to a limited extent, of such a friend as wood, which nature has so lavishly provided i a ROCK CREEK PARK WHERE STATESMEN MOTOR 17 in quantity and quality, would prove to be a dire depriva- tion. Our forests must be loved, protected, and en- couraged as friends. Forests play a leading role in the country’s economic life, since from them comes the raw material that sup- ports a large share of its industries. Even a hasty analysis of the available figures brings this fact most forcibly to mind. ’ Census data for 1914 show in round numbers 276,000 establishments engaged in manufacturing, and of this vast number 52,000, or 19 per cent are establishments depending solely or in part on the products of the for- est for raw materials used in their varied lines of manufacture. In other words, nearly one-fifth of all the the manufacturing establishments throughout the country use timber in one form or other, and they would be handicapped by decreased supplies and forced to cease working if no wood were obtainable. Employment is given by the 276,000 manufacturing establishments to 7,000,000 wage earners. Of this vast army of toilers, who keep the wheels of industry mov- ing, 1,130,000, or 16 per cent earn their wage in the 52,- 000 wood-using plants. To a man these wage earners should be interested in the proper use of our forests, for from the annual crops must come the wood which they handle to make their livelihood. The manufacturing establishments of the country pay out annually in the aggregate 14% billion dollars fot raw materials, and the part of the wood-using industries in that huge expenditure amounts to more than one bil- lion dollars, or 7 per cent. The value of the products of the 52,000 establishments amounts to nearly 2% bil- lion dollars a year, or 10 per cent of the toal value of all manufacturers. The value of the products of the wood-using industries is slightly more than doubled by the process of refinement at the hands of the more than a million wage earners. The capital invested in the 52,000 plants, totalling 3 billion dollars, is 13 per cent of* the aggregate investment of 2234 billion dollars in manu- factures. These are huge figures and their very magnitude makes them difficult of ready perception. But in no other way, perhaps, can the greatness and wealth rep- resented by the wood-using industries of the country be pointed out. One inhabitant of every 100 forming the 100 million population of the United States is a wage earner whose earnings depend upon the uninterrupted supply of raw material from the forest. And if that wage earner is married and has a couple of children, that many more mouths to feed and bodies to clothe are directly affected by anything that tends to impair our forest resources. Only the material side of the forest question has been touched upon here. Nothing has been said about the necessity of our forests for protecting the sources of water supply, for the recreation and health of those who should have the advantage of nature’s playgrounds, or for maintaining an equable climate in different regions. These problems are not ethical but practical and urgent- ly require attention. From the economic as well as the human standpoint, are not our forests worth protecting ?—protecting from improper utilization, careless logging, and criminal care- lessness about fire? In the light of the statistics, every citizen should find it to his interest to support a con- structive forestry program. ROCK CREEK PARK WHERE STATESMEN MOTOR The world’s champion park for a motorist is Rock Creek Park, Washington, District of Columbia, the blooming capital of these broad and sovereign United States of America, writes Burt P. Garnett in Motor Life. When somebody or other made some sort of a deal with Alexander Hamilton, first secretary of the Treasury, which resulted in the location of the capital on the Potomac River, between the sovereign states of Mary- land and Virginia, that somebody proved he was a lover of nature and a person of unassailable taste in his ap- preciation of rocks and rills and templed hills and trees and birds and flowers. Some argumentative person in Denver or Los Angeles or Portland, Oregon, will immediately put in a demand and make an effort to refute the foregoing information. Rocky Mountain folk and the peoples of the Pacific Coast always have had a hopeless sort of feeling about the rest of the country. They know that Estes Park and Lake Tahoe and the Columbia River country are much more beautiful than any other section of the world, but they have practically despaired of ever get- ting the national capital moved from Washington to Denver to Portland or Los Angeles, because the great masses of the people wouldn’t understand. And it’s rather too big to tackle to transport every voter in the country to these various places and show him the over- powering reasons why the capital should be moved. Nevertheless, and in the almost certain knowledge that the foregoing statements will be flatly contradicted by loyal native sons of this state or that, Rock Creek Park is our candidate. We cast our vote right now and hereby adopt resolutions to the effect that whereas Congress in its wisdom in the year A. D. 1889 appropriated sums of money to purchase certain wooded area in the valley of Rock Creek to be set aside as a National Zoological Park, and, Whereas, in the year A. D. 1880, Congress in its in- creasing wisdom appropriated certain other sums to buy other wooded area adjacent to and adjoining said National Zoological Park for the purpose of a public park, therefore be it resolved. That Congress was decidedly hep to what was good for the nation, and, by heck, it deserves the thanks to the folk of this here District of Columbia, the A. A. A. et al. too numerous to mention. TUS, -N ESTRY FORI AMERICAN 18 > ———— a) A = Se wy) YoY) FOR HER LIFE, DARES A CROSSING ON THE MAMMY COTTONTAIL, RACING THIN ICE OF THE RIVER AMERICAN FORESTRY MAMMY COTTONTAIL AND TROUBLE. BY ALLEN CHAFFEE AUTHOR OF I. «THE ADVENTURES OF TWINKLY EYES,” THE LITTLE BLACK BEAR (WITH ILLUSTRATION BY PETER DA RU) a AMMY Cottontail, the little brown hare, found M herself in a part of the woods she did not know, Never before had she dared to venture so far from her home in the Old Apple Orchard. But one snowy day the Red Fox Pup had seen a hump of brown on the root of a beech tree, and the hump had suddenly moved!—And getting to wind-ward of the un- canny thing, he had found that it was the brown bunny. The chase that followed had led to the icy bank of the river, where Mammy, racing for her life, dared a crossing on the thin ice, and where, light as she was, she barely made the other shore. Then, sitting up straight, with her little brown paws crossed on her furry chest, and her pink-lined ears point- ing forward, she had watched as the Fox broke through into the icy currant. For his part, the Fox Pup was glad enough to be able to scramble back to the bank he had left, and trot off home-ward, with his plume of a tail dragging water- soaked and heavy behind him. So far, so good! But Mammy now found herself in a strange new part of the woods. Hiding, trembling, under a juniper bush, she waited till mid-afternoon, before her heart stopped hammering at her ribs.—Then, circling back to the river, she found to her dismay that the ice had softened, till there was nothing but a scum of floating mush to cross on.—She could never get back the way she had come! Where could she hide from the many foes that might want rabbit for supper? She cast bulging eyes down the frosty aisles of trees—Mercy! What was that Strange scent on the wind? (A scent too faint for human nose to tell, yet warning enough for a bunny). No time to explore! She must hide at once!—And with terrified leaps she was back under the juniper bush, where at least nothing could come on her from above. For half an hour she crouched there. Then, so sud- denly that she started in spite of herself, she heard a loud thump-thump-thump right behind her! “Who are you?” the thumping heels of the new- comer signalled. Then came a louder, angrier thump, three times repeat- ed, which in rabbit code said as plainly as words: “Well, I like your nerve.” The Trail of the Weasel. Mammy Cottontail stirred nervously. For again came that warning thump, which said in rabbit code: “T have first right to that juniper bush. And if you don’t clear out in just three shakes of your left hind foot, you are going to get in bad with Madame Wood Hare.” Mammy had, without a doubt, stumbled upon the home of the other bunny. But where could she go? These woods were full of enemies. Should another fox set after her, where could she hide? Rolling her eyes around pleadingly at Madame Wood Hare, she had just about decided that it was safer to chance the wrath of her unwilling hostess, when the new- comer gave her a surprise. Leaping straight at Mammy’s head, Madame Wood Hare gave her such a blow across the nose with her long hind feet that Mammy whimpered with the pain of it—Of course she had to vacate. And before ever the owner of the form under the juniper bush could give her a second blow, the little brown hare was darting away in long, tired leaps through the wind-swept woods. There was a patch of willow shrub by the river, and Mammy would have liked to wait for night-fall and make a dinner off the tender tips. But she was not long in finding out why Madame Wood Hare had turned her out. It was because she needed her own house to hide in. For not far back in the woods, Mammy came across a trail that was new to her,—a delicate, lacy trail with the tiny, sharped-toed foot-prints of some long, slim creature with nails that could climb a tree trunk. And clinging fresh to those foot prints was the musky scent of a flesh-eating animal. Mammy’s teeth chattered with freight. It was un- doubtedly the trail of a weasel, most dreaded of all her enemies! Yes, there could be no mistake about it.—Here the tiny trail ran straight up a tree-trunk, and a blood-stained feather on the ground beneath told its own story of a chickadee’s nest left empty. And there,—high in the tree tops, was the sudden chattering of a terrified squirrel—Good! The squirrel had reached his hole. He turned, presenting a mein of such long fierce teeth that the weasel must have hesi- tated as to whether it was quite worth while. What should Mammy do? For the weasel mighf at any moment see her leaping through the snow, or cross her trail,—and then it would surely be all up with her. (All rights reserved.) FORESTRY AND RECREATION IN THE PALISADES INTERSTATE PARK BY GEORGE W. PERKINS, PRESIDENT COMMISSIONERS OF THE PALISADES INTERSTATE PARK, STATE OF NEW YORK pily, no longer is the conception of American forestry limited to the commercial production of As Dean Hugh P. Baker, of the New York i VORESTRY has come to have a new meaning. Hap- lumber. State College of Forestry, has recently remarked, the broader conception of for- estry must ultimately em- brace the social uses of forest domains for the health and benefits they can yield. This ideal of forestry is one not new to the Commissioners of the Pali- recreational sades Interstate Park, for they have, in their admin- istration of this public park, applied, in a practi- cal manner, the very heart of this broad and deeper meaning. The conservation movement, as an organized effort to preserve for economic and other reasons the natural resources, was new when the trap rock interests Mr. George W. Perkins, the author of this article, has for more than twenty years been the president of the New York State Commissioners of the Palisades Inter- state Park. Despite his great interest in politics, finance and social endeavor, Mr. Perkins has personally directed the acquisition and utilization of the Palisades Park area. In this development he has, in addition to his own gener- ous donations to the work, raised millions of dollars from private sources, to carry this interesting project forwara. Mr. Perkins’ description of the use of various lands is a timely one and will provoke much thought in forestry circles. It will be remembered that it was Mr. Perkins who supported Mr. Roosevelt, who gave such an impetus to the whole conservation movement.—Editor. began to destroy the historic and ancient headlands, which for twelve miles adorn the west shore of the Hudson River from Fort Lee, opposite 129th Street, New York, to Piermont, N. Y. A writer, in Puck, many years ago said that if the Sphynx was situated on the west shore of the Hudson, the stone interests would not have hesitated to blast it to pieces to sell it by the yard! Had it not been for the interest of a group of people, these rocky embattlements, which are said by naturalists to have attained the ripe old age of thirty million years (and for all that still look young and hardy!), would have been reduced to the squalid docks, factories and dwellings which, on the south side of it, present such an ugly contrast to the region north, which was saved. It will always be said, to the lasting credit of the late Just ten minutes f York. The Park o n Broadway 20 A PATH ON THE PALISADES pad yes, unbelievable as this sounds, it is true and the region is becoming a familiar one to the people of New rs varied opportunities to the pleasure seeker—strenuous exercise or the quiet enjoyment of all that there is of beauty, “3 . FORESTRY AND RECREATION 21 J. Pierpont Morgan, that it was his generosity in con- tributing $125,000, which finally bought off the quarrying operations and stilled forever the drill which would have reduced these mighty ledges to a desert of waste. Nearly twenty years of acquisition and development have now made possible, through legal enactment, the preservation forever of the Palisades from Fort Lee to Piermont, as a public park. The administration of the Palisades was entrusted to a joint Commission appointed by the Governors of New PUN ry. ¢ wait md f >) OR ' © = A CAMP WHERE UNDERNOURISHED BOYS ARE MADE WELL Here is offiered every possible enjoyment to the small boy of New York—and a wonderland of unknown joy and beauty, a new world, to many of the poorer youngsters of the city. York and New Jersey, respectively. The members are: New York Commission—George W. Perkins, president ; Franklin W. Hopkins, vice-president ; J. Du Pratt White, secretary; Edward L. Partridge, treasurer; Richard V. Lindabury, William H. Porter, W. Averell Harriman, Frederick C. Sutro, Charles W. Baker, John J. Voorhees. New Jersey Commission—Richard V. Lindabury, presi- dent; Edward L. Partridge, vice-president; J. Du Pratt White, secretary ; Frederick C. Sutro, treasurer; George W. Perkins, Charles W. Baker, Myron W. Robinscn, John J. Voorhees, William H. Porter, W. Averell Harriman. This Commission is an unpaid, non-partisan group and derives its powers from legislative enactment. How this area has come to fall within the broad con- ception which Dean Baker has described is evident in the following summary of the development for recrea- tional uses to which this region has been put: (a) Paths extending along the 12-mile front have been laid out, which rise and fall amid the pristine splendor of this region. Situated as it is within a ten-minute ferry ride from crowded Manhat- tan, this oasis serves as the breathing place for thousands of people annually. (b) Pavilions constructed on the plan of preserving the natural characteristics of this region, have been erected where the visitor may rest quietly, to enjoy the remarkable scenic effects apparent from any place along these walks. (c) Canoe and motor boat basins have been built, which serve to meet a need nowhere else met near this point for the water recreations highly valued by a large part of the population. (d) The Henry Hudson Drive, now under construc- tion, will pass through this region and give to the motorist an opportunity to enjoy this natural park area now available chiefly to walkers. (e) A large bathing beach and bath house were opened last summer, affording accommodations for thousands to bathe in the Hudson. (f) When first acquired the land at the base of the cliffs was hard to reach, which made difficult the problem of the use of the Palisades. As a result, for years the Commission has been changing all this and making land, until now spacious play- A TYPICAL LAKESIDE PARTY The Park is the mecca of New Yorkers on highdays and holidays— not to mention Saturday afternoons! grounds and ample walks along the shore line have opened up this entire region to the public, and converted that which would otherwise have been merely for the delectation of the eye into a thing for the physical development and spiritual joys of the people. Conscious of the good which has accrued as the result of the preservation and recreational uses of the Palisades 22 AMERICAN Park, the state transferred to the Commission a 700-acre tract of land, lying between West Point and Jones Point on the west shore of the Hudson, about forty miles north of New York, which was purchased for a prison site and later abandoned. Mrs. E. H. Harriman, who owned vast tracts in the Arden Valley, near Tuxedo, at that time conceived the plan of sharing a part of her Arden estate with the public for the development of a public park. This beneficent idea took the form of a donation to thé Palisades Park Commission of 10,000 acres of land and $1,000,000 in cash, which have made possible the opening up of a region of unrivalled beauty to the public for recreational purposes. There have been added to these 10,000 acres, various tracts purchased both from state funds and FORESTRY (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The abandoned prison site was made into a vast playground. This is located at Bear Mountain. Over a half million people visited this section during the summer of 1919. 3ear Mountain Inn was established with private funds, which supplies refreshments to hundreds of thousands annually. Hundreds of boats have been built by the Com- missioners and during 1919 over 400,000 people enjoyed the free boating privileges at Hessian Lake. Tennis Courts, running tracks, baseball diamonds and handball courts have been developed on the plateau at the base of Bear Mountain, all for the free use of the public. Pavilions have been built which, in addition to serving as a place of rest and recreation, also care for thousands of tons of ice annually, har- “K. P.” AT A BOY SCOUT CAMP Deeply engrossed in the absorbing task of separating the beloved “Murphy” and vigor which come from camping in the woods. will mean much to such boys of health, education and pleasure in future years. private contributions. Together with the Hook Moun- tains and Blauvelt acquisitions, the Palisades Interstate Park embraces an area of over 35,000 acres. The chief problem which presented itself in the acqui- this the natural splendor of the forest, protect its wild life and develop sition of area was how to preserve its resources so that the public could secure the maximum benefit from such a development. How this was done and what has been accomplished forms a romantic chap- ter in park development in the United States. Briefly sumimarized, some of these accomplishments are as follows: (f) (g) (h) ) from his skin, these boys will reap the benefits of self-reliance The ideal of the Commission has been to make possible an out-of-doors existence which vested from the lakes, for the summer uses of the Park. Over 150 miles of fire trails have been laid out which, in addition to protecting the woodland, serve as a means of encouraging mountain hikes. A seventeen-mile drive, extending from Bear Mountain almost to the town of Tuxedo, has been built. Intersecting with the secondary roads of the Park, the drive makes a road system in the Park, which touches every important point. Seven artificial lakes have been made, while two others are in process of making, thus enhancing the value of the Park as a recreational area. FORESTRY AND RECREATION 23 A VIEW FROM THE PARK DRIVE The Palisades Park comprises a region unrivallea for natural beauty. This is a spot on the drive, looking north up the Hudson. A QUIET DAY IN THE PARK—A PANACEA FOR THE ILLS “ALL FLESH IS HEIR TO.” The Lake, the hills, the clouds, the Park itself—all combine in a formula for health generously dispensed freely by the State to its people. 24 AMERICAN (i) A system of transportation has been arranged for, so that thousands who do not own motor cars have an opportunity to go into the interior of the Park. Last summer thousands of passengers were carried in these omnibuses. In the field of recreation, the most notable achievement of the Park is in its camp work. Last summer over 50,000 people, mostly children, spent an average of eight consecutive days each in the camps. Those interested in forestry will, I am sure, be particularly impressed with the plan, by which this recreational phase of the Com- FORESTRY utilizing what would otherwisz: be a waste product and which, in no small measure, beautify the buildings. Water from protected sources is tapped and brought into the kitchen of the mess hall. Beaches have been made at the lakes, to make possible safe bathing for the timid. Over five million trees have been set out in the Park, so that the future may not be unprovided for by the needs of today. To many people, camping has come to mean a lowering of the standard of decent living. Unsanitary living condi- tions have often been mistaken for the romance of primi- = Longe == : : THE FORCES OF NATURAL CONSERVATION AND HUMAN CONSERVATION TAKE COUNSEL BY THE FIRE-SIDE George W. Perkins (seated, reading from left to right), for twenty years president of the New York State Palisades Park Commission; W. A. Welch, General Manager of the Park; Dr. Edward L. Partridge, a Commissioner and among the first to suggest the preservation of the High- lands of the Hudson, now the Bear Mountain Park region; Hon. George D. Pratt, Conservation Commissioner of the State of New York. (Standing) Edward F. Brown, of the Commission staft. mission’s work has been developed. Rustic cabins, built in harmony with the surrounding country, have been placed unobtrusively, usually on the lakes. The logs from which the cabins were built were the dead chest- nut trees in the forests; the lumber used comes from the Commission’s own mills, three of which are operated and which, during a year, produced more than two million usually a waste product of the Slabs feet of lumber. mill—have been used extensively in camp buildings, thus tive living. Irregular food habits have been looked upon as the necessary concomitant of camping. The ideal of the Commission has been to preserve all the self-reliance and vigor which come from camping in the woods, while at the same time, providing the means by which an out- of-doors existence is made to mean something in terms of health, education and pleasure. I have always been impressed, in a deep study of the food problem, with the fact that people are not so much FORESTRY AND RECREATION 25 affected by the Iack ot an adequate supply of food as they are by the poor selection and poor preparation of the foods they use. We have, therefore, given particular pains to the development of a food service in the camps, which would yield a maximum of nourishment with a minimum of waste and exertion. The food problems in most of the camps, which are spread over a large area in the Harriman Park, are somewhat alike. The large food manufacturing facilities at Bear Mountain Inn have been harnessed to meet the needs of the camps, by cook- ing in a wholesome manner, on the basis of a standard dietary, and transporting the food in heat-retaining re- ceptacles to the various camps, some of them seventeen miles from the point of manufacture. Over 150,000 meals were served in this way last summer, and it is with increasing satisfaction and success that this system is being developed for the I have a great faith in the possibilities of the new con- ception of forestry. The era of discouragement, which is patent to all great movements, will pass, in my opinion, with the education in forestry which will come through contact with the people’s forest preserves and public parks. It is in this that I believe the Palisades Park Commission, in bringing hundreds of thousands of peo- ple to the Park, who, in close contact with nature, come to love and reverence the living thing in the forest, is adding to the sum total of the conservation movement. While, in the Palisades Park, we are particularly inter- ested in the recreational aspect, we feel, nevertheless, that the maximum utilization on a broad social plane of the recreational facilities in the Park depends chiefly upon the application of sound principles of forestry. Hap- hazard forestry, the denuding of our forests without providing for what we take following, among other, reasons: (a) The Commission can purchase in large quantities, thus securing spe- cial concessions, taking advantage of discounts. (b) A standard dietary can be followed with _ intelligent help. (c) There is uniformi- ty of weight and measure, avoiding waste. (d) There is uniformi- ty of quality as against the hap- hazard quality in cooking in indi- vidual camps for small numbers. (e) During 1919, the Commissioners supplied 21 meals a week of balanced rations, yielding a minimum of 2,500 calories per day per child, at the rate of $4.00 per week, We are particularly interested in this phase of the scientific development of recreational facilities, because it makes possible camp operations at a minimum cost, while yielding the maximum good. I earnestly hope that in the thousands of school camps throughout the country, in the hundreds of labor camps at industrial centers, in the summer camps of forestry schools, it will be possible to follow a standard dietary, which redounds immeasurably to the health and efficiency of campers. In the industrial world, manufacturers are coming to realize the close relationship between efficiency and food, and there is a great demand, through the impetus of the war particu- larly, to supply wholesome food to workers in the interest of health, efficiency and production. A POINT OF HISTORIC INTEREST This is the old Queensboro Furnace—dating from the days of the Revolution. away, must give way to the scientific program. We have not yet touched, in my opinion, the great relation- ship between the food sup- ply of the country and the forests with their food products. It is for that reason, for example, that the Palisades Park Com- mission, during the last summer, welcomed an op- portunity to co-operate with the New York State College of Forestry in a scientific survey of the fish in the lakes of the Palisades Park, and the possibility of their development for food and game purposes. There is another side to the problem with which we grapple in the Palisades Park; more human and more interesting. It is what the little child, sun- starved in the tenement slums of the large cities, gets from his brief outing in the lap of nature. It is here where scientific conserva- tion of our natural resources touches that deeper, more vital problem of the conservation of the human resources, and I want to speak briefly about it. There are hundreds of thousands of children in the large cities of the state, and for that matter in the whole country, who, owing to the economic condition of their parents, or some other cause, are hemmed in in windowless bed-rooms, and city streets, during the most impressionable period of their lives. Their later outlook of life is in no small measure determined by their contacts and impressions as they gather them up in the city streets and in the crowded slum districts, where perverted views play with the development of character. The Palisades Park 26 AMERICAN affords opportunity to social organizations to bring the children to the Park. Here the under-nourished, play- starved child finds in the verdant splendor of the woods a new life. Never before was the need for strengthening the physical fibre of our young citizenship more pressing. The report of the examiners of the War Department as to the physical condition of recruits is, to say the least, a document which might well engage the attention of the preservers of the nation. The opportunities, therefore, given through the camps of the Palisades Park, at its health and recreation stations, are vital factors in the conservation movement. The work in this field, briefly summarized, consists of : (a) Establishing standard camp plants, where ap- proved social and civic organizations may bring their charges. ; Standardizing, as far as possible, the administra- tion of these encampments, so that the child de- rives the largest benefit therefrom. Standardizing the dietary, in order to insure to each camp an adequate supply of nourishing food. (b) (c) FORESTRY (d) Formulating recreational programs, in order to wholesomely occupy the time of the child. (e) Formulating and carrying out a nature study— educational program through bird walks, under the leadership of bird experts ; fishing excursions ; hikes, etc. (£) Developing the trails of the Commission in such a way, so that, through the use of unobtrusive signs, the walk becomes a study in nature’s labo- ratory, rather than an aimless hike. The extent of this operation can be gauged when it is remembered that these camps stretch from the lower Palisades region to the Highlands of the Hudson and west as far as Central Valley. In addition to the camps for the children who come from charity associations or settlements, three lakes are devoted to Boy Scout activities, the annual daily census of this group during this summer having been 1,600 boys. There are also the camps for self-supporting working girls, who pay moder- ate sums, for which they procure all and more benefits than are derived from the conventional, commercial boarding house. THE CALIFORNIA GRAY SQUIRREL AN ENEMY TO THE DOUGLAS FIR BY J. HOOPER BOWLES f Nees California Gray Squirrel, sometimes known as the Oregon Gray Squirrel, has been a resident of the State of Washington ever since 1896 to my personal knowledge. At that time it was by no medns common, largely owing to lack of legal protection, in my opinion. Many people claim that they were introduced into the state, but it seems much more probable to me that they may always have been here in limited numbers. It would be a comparatively small matter for animals of such well known migratory propensities as the large squirrels to wander from Oregon up into this state. These animals seem to be confined almost exclusively to what I call the prairie districts. This type of country was, a comparatively few years ago, undoubtedly almost devoid of any timber except the oak, but has been steadily encroached upon by the Douglas Fir. This resulted in the death of the oaks. The same process is going on today, another case of survival of the fittest, I presume. This type of country has little or no small undergrowth, such as the Sal-lal and ferns, and is peculiarly suited to the Gray Squirrels. The line where the prairie country meets the mountain country, with its dense undergrowth, is exceedingly abrupt, but none of this species of squirrel will be found over that line, unless by accident. About ten years ago, I am uncertain of the exact date, the squirrels were given legal protection, the result being an immense increase in their numbers. Up to that time it seems probable that their destruction of the firs was little more than nominal, or I should almost certainly have noticed it. In a very short time, however, the results became most glaringly evident, until, at the time of this writing, hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of timber has probably been destroyed. In many large groves a low estimate would place two-thirds of the trees with the tops dead, or dying, making the destruction of the rest of the tree merely a matter of a short time. So far as my observations have gone the Douglas Fir is the only tree attacked, this being confined to what is known as the second growth timber. The tree is girdled of its outer bark, the objective being the inner bark and soft wood just underneath. I know this to be a fact, because I have shot the squirrel at its work and found the stomach to be packed with the material above men- tioned. Small trees are liable to be attacked close to the ground and girdled to the top, but trees of from twenty- five to a hundred feet in height usually have only the upper half injured. Girdling usually commences, I believe, about three-quarters way up the tree, the squir- rels then working up and down. It is probable that they — begin this work when the sap starts running in the spring, as I have never seen any signs of it before January at earliest, and it is almost altogether discon- tinued in June. Signs of their work at once become evident, as strips of bark about six inches long litter the ground in all directions. SHOULD OUR CITY TREES BE LABELED? BY ALBERT A. HANSEN HE value of trees on our city streets has never been more fully emphasized than during the last decade. Due perhaps to this movement we now frequently hear of the city forester, a term which would have been quite foreign to us not many years ago. The planting of trees on the city streets is now such an integral part of the “city beautiful” that the present time seems ripe for a closely allied movement which will tend, perhaps, to enhance the value of the plants, namely, a movement for the proper labeling of all the trees which now beautify our city high- ways and adorn the public squares and other places. To the average street pe- destrian a tree is just a tree; he gives little thought to the name of the plant because he knows well that reliable in- formation on the subject is not readily to be obtained. All of us, however, are in- terested in plants, an inter- est which seems born within us. The average person is always desirous of calling things by their correct name, a feature characteristic es- pecially of children. That the proper naming of piants does present a popular inter- est is fully attested to by the interested groups which so frequently congregate around the labels in such places as botanical gardens and parks where trees are thoroughly placarded. This fact was rather forcibly brought to the writer’s attention during the past summer while spending an afternoon in one of the beautiful parks of Chicago where the trees were all named with artistic labels. The interest created was well shown by the number of people who paused to read the signs and then took a second glance at the specimen as though to more firmly fix its characteristics ‘in mind. Walking through the capitol grounds in Wash- ington while the linden was in fruit, the writer was amused to see a group of children gather several of the curious bracted fruits and carry them to a nearby police- man for identification! Such procedure, of course, would be rendered entirely unnecessary if the chil- dren’s thirst for knowledge could have been satisfied by glancing at a label upon the trunk of the fruiting linden. A RECOMMENDED TYPE OF TREE LABEL This label bears the common name of the tree as well as its scientific name and native habitat and it is made of heavy zinc. People enjoy labels; they always seem to attract the eye and interest the reader. Oftentimes there is the necessity of wasting a few minutes perhaps at the rail- road station, or on the street corner while waiting for the car; time may fall upon our hands in a thousand different ways. Could these otherwise wasted moments be more profitably spent than in the study of the sur- rounding vegetation? This study may be aided greatly by the use of neat and attractive labels, and an interest be thus created which might prove an asset in the form of increased civic pride. The influence might be far-reach- ing; let us say, for instance, that a certain tree causes a particularly strong impres- sion because of beauty of foliage, shape or any other of the many characters which constitute the beauty of trees. A desire may thus be created for the posses- sion of similar trees for planting around the home or possibly along the neighbor- hood street. The desire can be more readily gratified if the label conveys the infor- mation by which more of the same kind may be obtained. A knowledge of the names of plants is woefully lacking in city-dwellers, even among the well educated classes. We are reminded of the pub- lic school class of children no member of which could correctly name all five of such common plants as the buttercup, rose, goldenrod, columbine, and daisy! The proper labeling of plants would transform the city into a huge botanical garden ; the resulting educational value would prove invaluable. A reasonable familiarity would also tend to arouse a desire to protect the plants and such sights as the mutilation of trees due to telegraph wires, the biting of horses and a dozen other causes, would perhaps be rendered rare because of the pressure of public opinion. The effect of reading a label upon an unknown tree is much the same as being introduced to a stranger; it gives one a feeling of kindly interest that increases as the new found friend is more frequently met, because it is human nature to take more interest in the things we know by name rather than by mere sight. Not the least attractive f NHAIR TREE JAPAN 27 28 AMERICAN feature of this idea is its comparative inexpensiveness. The value of a single city tree is variously estimated in sums ranging into the hundreds of dollars. Let us say that the average value of an urban tree is fifty dollars and the cost of the label is twenty-five cents. Is not the value of that tree increased far more than the fraction of its value represented by the financial investment in the label ? We hear much lately of university extension educa- tion. We learn of the extending of education into the shop, on the farm and to the factory. Here seems to be long-neglected opportunity for an inexpensive form of extension education which should touch the large masses of the people from the poorest to the wealthiest, for the streets are used by all. So far as the writer has been able to ascertain, not a single large city in America has adopted the idea of labeling its trees. One day a year, Arbor Day, has now been set aside for the purpose of planting trees; why cannot this idea be further extended by increasing the value of the planted trees with appropriate labels? There are many localities where sufficient plantings have already been made; it is suggested that Arbor Day be celebrated in such places by labeling the trees which have already been planted and thereby materially increase their value to the com- munity. A widespread public interest in trees will do much toward the proper planting of many of the fre- FORESTRY quently traveled rural highways whose beauties would be so greatly enhanced by the addition of bordering lanes of beautiful shade trees. The labeling need not be restricted to trees; many cities and towns are richly provided with public squares and parks well planted with handsome shrubs. Surely the value of these plants will be greatly increased if labels bearing their names are placed upon their branches. Perhaps the best method of attempting such an under- taking is by means of municipal appropriations; and the actual work supervised by either the city forester, the park commission or any similar body whose duty it is to care for and protect the city’s plants. It is suggested that the data contained upon the label should include at least three things, namely, the common name, scientific name and place of nativity of the labeled plant. Such labels should be neat and durable; they may be either the expensive enameled kind or else a well- designed sheet zinc type. As an inexpensive means of increasing civic pride and increasing popular knowledge concerning plants, the labeling of our city trees presents an apparently long- neglected opportunity which should soon be taken ad- vantage of. It has been said that he who plants a tree 1s greater than he who takes a city. Might this not be changed so as to include the one who labels a tree? WINTER GREENERY BY BESSIE L. PUTNAM GT RENGE how the majority of people take it for granted that there is nothing worth looking for in the woods in winter! Of course, if they only looked, they would find beautiful things in abundance, with plenty of woodland greenery when the snows permit it to be seen. And this applies out of the mountain dis- tricts where the laurel and rhododendron dominate; out of the zone of pines and hemlocks. In the deciduous woods we shall have to look down to the ground perhaps, but in many places the Christmas fern is found in abundance, rivaling the Boston fern of the greenhouse in outline and verdure, if not in the length of the fronds. This species, Aspidium achrosti- choides, thrives well in cultivation if given a partially shaded location, and is certainly a valuable acquisi- tion. The partridge berry, Mitchella repens, abounds in many places, its bright scarlet berries being most conspicuous unless the grouse has been ahead, of you and captured them for dessert. Gray says that one may expect an albino in almost any form of vegetation, but expresses surprise as well as delight upon receipt of a white form of this berry. It seems almost unbelievable, and yet, we have white blackberries, despite the incongruity in nomenclature! A pleasing experiment is to place a few of the vines before the fire, where the heat will not quite burn them, and note how—as the air expands between the two layers of each leaf, they swell up like miniature puffballs. The most interesting feature in this berry is the two eyes, mark of its origin from a twin flower. Several of the orchids present interesting phases of life, even in winter, the most noticeable being Goodyera pubescens, with its numerous rosettes of white-veined leaves hugging the ground. The network of veins with which they are covered would lead the uninitiated to insist that this can be no orchid, since it is in the class of parallel-veined plants. But a glance at the lower side of the leaf at once discloses the delusion. Then there is the Putty-Root, Aplectrum Hyemale, with green and white leaves, glistening, and very much fresher in appearance than we shall ever see them again. Our foremothers found in the mucilagenous corms a satis- factory source for mending broken china, hence the popular name. The corms live two or three years, con- sequently that of last year is attached by a string liga- ment to the new bulb, and the name Adam and Eve is thus apparent. Delicate ferns may still be found green in sheltered places, their fronds with a deeper coloring because of the moisture in air and ground. A stray dandelion, the flower of all seasons, may be looked for in open pastures during the winter thaw. With the February breaking of ice, the strudy Skunk Cabbage sends up its purplish caps, the odor as well as the color being suited to the carion loving fly. But do not pass it in contempt. It is not a vile plant, despite its odor; and the way in which the central spadix is covered with a mosaic floral design in creamy white is well worth closer examination. - of the history of the SANNA ead 1, ERE E, THE MEMORIAL THAT LIVES By CHARLES LATHROP PACK President of the American Forestry Association = WASHINGTON, D. C. = E0000 NT a tree, that glorious sign of Nature to the P vere that life is ever renewing. Plant the “tree that looks at God all day and lifts its leafy arms to pray,” and in the planting you will have erected the finest of all monuments—not alone to the hero of a war— not alone to mark a date—not alone as shelter for genera- tions to come—but the finest of all monuments to your- self. In the planting of a tree you will leave behind a living sentinel that ‘ity and memorial trees will be placed for every one in war service from a given county. Another phase is the “Roads of Remembrance” idea of the American For- estry Association. This is roadside tree planting. This has been taken up by women’s clubs, automobile clubs and the motor industry. We are face to face with an op- portunity, as a great road building program is planned by the states such as will not come to us again. With the “Roads of Remem- you gave to Nature that she might give back again in abund- ance to others who come after you. It is a great thing—the planting of a tree. Napoleon, in the heat and stress of a cam- paign, ordered that a military highway be turned aside that one of Nature’s greatest wonders might be saved. The forests of France saved her and civilization in the World War. Much world has been made beneath trees and much of it has been written because of trees. With the signing of the Armistice the American Forestry Association proposed the memorial tree idea and it met with in- stant approval. Since then trees have been planted by individuals, schools, colleges, churches, patriotic organizations. These trees were planted not alone for the man who gave his life to his country, but to honor those who offered their lives. Memorials of many forms will be adopted, but each should be given the proper setting of memorial trees. Tree planting has taken many phases. In some places hundreds of acres have been purchased by a municipal- THE PRINCE OF WALES PLANTING AN ENGLISH ELM IN CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK CITY. CHARLES LATHROP PACK, PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, AT THE RIGHT OF THE TREE. ‘ brance” idea the peo- ple of this country have the chance to make the roads beau- tiful. Throughout the land, tree planting as- sociations are being organized in the schools in co-opera- tion with the Ameri- can Forestry Associa- tion. It is easy to visualize what each school yard will mean to this generation of children because of this tree planting. Memorial tree planting has been suc- cessful because trees, their planting and care, have always been a_ subject of great interest. To plant a tree is a com- mendable act. To give timely attention to trees after they have been planted is fully as praiseworthy as their planting. To refrain from removing trees from a place where they are unquestionably needed is another mark of the interest of a person in making the land a good place in which to live. Now this matter of the planting and the care of trees can be readily promoted by anyone. There are a few fundamental principles underlying the various simple operations. But the entire affair is mostly a matter of 8 ur ¥ The Tree—The Memorial That Lives the exercise of common sense. Fortunately the majority of us can lay claim to a fair share of this quality. There are certain conditions which are met and known require- ments of tree growth that are satisfied. By a little atten- tion to the features of tree planting and care anyone may make a success of tree planting operations and, furthermore, may care intelligently for trees after they have been planted. The Value of Planting Trees. The value of planting trees is so apparent to our fed- eral and state governments that there are planted on our public lands each year millions of tree seedlings and transplants. No less important and valuable is the plant- ing of trees by individuals along streets, on country road- sides, in home grounds, on the public school lawn and in various other places where trees would add a touch of beauty and nature to otherwise treeless areas. Providing shelter and shade is one of the chief values of tree planting. In these days of the scarcity and the high price of fuel for our homes and_ schools, trees are a welcome asset as windbreaks. A group of trees, located on the wind- ward side of a build- ing, act as a protec- tion against the severe blasts of winter. Sure- ly, no one can fail to remember the grate- ful shade of trees which has made the birds our agriculture would be impossible. And with- out trees to furnish nesting places the land would soon be destitute of the beneficial birds. Planting trees, therefore, is valuable in furnishing homes for birds. The planting of trees awakens and instills an interest in nature. This interest is helpful to the enjoyment of our surroundings. Many persons have first had their personal touch with plant life and the work of nature through the planting of trees. This beginning has led to developments that have opened new fields of delight. The value of trees in dollars and cents is one that is almost impossible to calculate accurately. It is uni- versally accepted that trees add to the monetary value of property. Houses on a well shaded street will command more rent than the same type of structure on a treeless street. A home surrounded by dignified trees will invari- ably bring more money in the open market than the same house on a bar- ren tract. The Best Kind of Trees for Planting. The first question that comes up when one is considering the planting of trees is what kind shall be selected. The an- swer to this depends upon a few factors which can easily be ascertained. One of the controlling fac- tors is the character great heat of summer more bearable. The attractiveness of any place is increased by the presence of a few trees. These must be of appropriate varieties like the elm or the sycamore for low and fairly moist land or oak and pine for dry and sandy situations. Also their loca- tion with reference to the other features of the place and with reference to the use of the area must be suitable, otherwise their beauty will not be of the highest order. With a little care and consideration the proper kind of trees may be located on home grounds, streets, the school lawn or the park to enhance the attrac- tiveness of these places. It is widely known among scientists that trees tend to cool and to purify the air. Our public forests have been greatly used as health resorts because of the purity and health giving qualities of tree covered areas. But the effect of small groups of trees and even of individual trees in cooling and purifying the air is sufficient for us to plant them in few numbers for this special value. The maintenance of bird-life is of utmost impor- tance to the prosperity of our country. Without LINDENS PLANTED ON THE INSIDE OF THE SIDEWALK TO AVOID THE OVERHEAD WIRES of the soil in which the tree must grow. There are a few trees, such as the American elm, that are adaptable to a wide range of soils. There are other trees, such as the tulip tree, which require a special condition of soil in which to thrive. In this case a deep, rich soil is essential. Then climate is to be considered. Anyone knows that a live oak grows best in the South and that the sugar maple does best in New England and the Northeast. It is safest to use the kind of trees that are already thriving in their growth in the neighborhood in which the proposed trees are to be planted. Even with the general soil conditions and the matter of climatic requirements well satisfied, the special situa- tion to be occupied by the tree should be considered. If there is small space which can be devoted to the future development of the tree it would not be satisfactory to plant one which will attain huge proportions. The loca- tion or situation of the tree may determine its selection as much as soil and climate. More than any other determining feature in tree selec- tion is the purpose for which the tree is planted or is to — cena The Tree—The Memorial That Lives serve. A spruce will be less successful for shade pro- duction than an elm, but the spruce is admirable for shelter. When a tree is part of the landscape scheme of a place it should be co-ordinated and fitted in with the other trees or additional objects in the surroundings. Trees for city street planting may be of the same kind for a dozen blocks and must be evenly spaced. When trees are planted along a country roadside it is better to have them in groups of a few kinds and informally located. There is another consideration that is often not given sufficient thought at the time of selecting trees for plant- ing and that is the permanency of the kinds of trees. For this reason entire streets, sometimes a whole town, are planted with short-lived and otherwise inferior trees. It is much more desirable to plant trees of con- siderable permanency such as oak and sycamore than to select quick growing, but also fast maturing, trees such as silver maple and many of the poplars, The cultural re- As to the size and shape of the tree to use in planting, to a great extent this will depend upon the kind of tree that is used and especially whether evergreen or decidu- ous. In general, nursery-grown evergreen trees up to five feet in height and deciduous trees of the same quality up to twelve feet in height are the best sizes to plant. In case of deciduous trees for lawns, either in groups or planted singly, there is not the demand for regularity and uniformity in shape as is required of trees for a street. In fact, it is preferable to have a group of trees, the indi- viduals of which are not too regular in their shapes, for lawn or country road planting. For a street a tree which has its lowest branches trimmed away to twelve or four- teen feet from the ground after the tree has grown to a fair size is the desired shape. On a lawn the lower branches may be not more than four feet from the ground. In the case of evergreen trees the lowest branches should rarely be cut away. Preparations for quirements of some trees are less exact- ing than others. It is well to select those that will require no more attention than the planter is pre- pared to give them. Beyond the first two or three years after planting, the oaks, maples, elms and sycamores require very little cultural treatment. Obtaining the Stock. In sections where the surrounding woodlands offer countless young evergreens and saplings at no more trouble than the digging, it has been customary for tree planters to go to nearby woodlots to obtain the stock for planting on streets, home grounds, school grounds and along country roadsides. This method has one special feature to commend its practice. It provides a variety of trees that are a product of the locality. But it is an improvement on this practice to buy from some nearby nurseryman the same variety of trees especially grown for the purpose of transplanting. In the nursery the trees are handled with the express pur- pose of preparing them for transplanting. This method of handling furnishes a tree that begins growth with less set-back than when the same size tree is taken directly from the woods. There has been perfected special machinery for the transplanting of large trees from woodlands but this is quite aside from the ordinary tree planting. As a gen- eral rule a much larger size tree can be safely taken from a nursery for transplanting than from a woodland. RED OAKS ARE ADMIRABLE FOR STREET TREES BEING STURDY AND REQUIRING LITTLE ATTENTION Planting. After obtaining the trees certain prepara- tions should be made for planting. Whether the tree is taken from a nearby woodland or is purchased from a nursery, its roots must be carefully pro- tected both as regards severe drying and as to injury from scrap- ingand bruises. When trees are shipped from . a nursery their roots are covered with moist material. Keep this covering around the roots until immediately before planting. The roots of the trees dug from the woodland should be similarly covered and protected. The exposure of the uncovered roots of trees for five minutes may be sufficient to injure the tree beyond recovery. Care in protection of the roots from sun, dry air and wind will be amply rewarded in the performance of the trees after proper planting. While some trees will undoubtedly grow in a poor soil after they have become established, there is no ad- vantage in starting the trees in anything except the best garden soil. Usually that referred to as “top soil” is the kind to have on hand in sufficient quantity to plant the trees. Unless the trees have been given better than ordinary handling in the operations of transplanting, their roots will need some trimming. The broken and badly bruised roots should be pruned with a clean cut. The top of the tree can be shaped up at this time. All of this operation of pruning should be made with a sharp pruner such as can be secured at any hardware store if it is The Tree—The Memorial That Lives not already among the everyday tools of the planter. In order to do the planting properly an equipment of tools in addition to the. pruning shears is necessary. This equipment would properly consist of a spade for exca- vating the hole, a pointed stick such as a rake handle for details of planting to prevent the drying out of the roots through the necessary handling of.the plants. The size and shape of the excavation for the individual trees should be large enough in. width and length to receive the roots of the tree extended in their natural positions. The depth of the hole should be more be mM: \ oa TREES, DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN, MAY BE GROUPED ON THE LAWN filling the soil in around the branches of the roots, and a tamper to firm the earth. Where the ground is firm and hard a pick and a shovel may be added to the outfit. When the soil is very dry and the weather quite warm, it is well to have some receptacle such as a barrel, than enough to receive the roots in the same manner. There should be space for a layer of six inches of good loam before the roots are placed in the hole. Then when the “top soil” is carefully worked among the fine roots the tree should be three inches lower than it was in its nursery or woodland situation. In work- ing the soil around the roots no air spaces should be left when the tree is finally planted. In other words the soil should be firmly and carefully packed with the pointed stick and the tamper so that the tree can not be shaken from its posi- tion. A popular and excellent way to get the soil properly around and among the roots is to soak the soil in the excavation. The spacing of trees is something that can not be governed by fixed rules. Street trees may be placed from thirty to eighty feet apart, depend- ing upon the variety used. Catalpa and lombardy poplars, which are not very commendable for street use, may be planted at the minimum distance given above while sycamore and elm would require the maximum distance. half filled with a mixture of water and earth, in which the roots of the tree may be puddled before placing in the excavation made recently for them. Planting the Trees. The two normal seasons for planting decidu- ous trees are spring and fall. The advocates for either season have many arguments to advance on the success of their operations; but as a rule it is safe to say that all trees except the ever- greens may be planted at any time during the dormant period it is possible to work the soil, i. e., when not frozen. This period begins with the dropping of the foliage in the autumn and ends when the buds burst open in the spring. The inexperienced planter will find the early spring the better for tree planting in the northern states. Evergreens are usually planted in late spring and during the latter part of August and the first part of September. If large balls of earth are secured intact around the roots, evergreens may be planted suc- cessfully at times earlier and later than the above seasons. The day to select, where this is possible, is a cool, cloudy one. On other days greater care must be devoted to the LOMBARDY POPLARS PLANTED BETWEEN MORE PERMANENT OAKS ARE ATTRACTIVE For lawn planting in groups the trees may be placed as near each other as ten feet. For windbreak planting the individual trees are from four to six feet apart. For all purposes other than along streets it is better to plant Register Your Memorial Trees In the National Honor Roll of the American Forestry Association. a The Tree—The Memorial That Lives the trees rather close with the idea of cutting out the crowding ones when it is necessary. In the event that the top of the tree was not pruned before planting to correspond to the amount of root system, this should be done now. It is liable to be the case that too little pruning of the top is given rather than too much. In fact, many successful planters remove all of the side branches of a deciduous tree, leaving only the main shoot or leader at the time of planting. Above all, do not prune back or remove the leader of the decidu- ous tree. Evergreen trees need no top pruning at time of transplanting. Care After Planting. Regardless of how thoughtfully the trees have been selected and how thoroughly the planting has been done, there remains intelligent care to be bestowed upon the trees to have them live and thrive. Many planters have been disappointed with the results of their work because they considered their job completed when the last shovel of soil was placed around the tree. Trees in situations exposed to strong winds, and always along streets, should be staked with a strong pole up to their first branch- reaching es when the pole is driven into the THE WHITE PINE IS ONE OF THE BEST soil two feet in EVERGREENS FOR SHADE TREE PLANTING depth. In addi- tion to the stake, street trees need some sort of a guard. There are many types of guards on the market and ex- amples of good types may be found in any progressive THE SYCAMORE IS A MAGNIFICENT TREE are FOR STREET PLANTING street, the digging of the soil in a circle around the tree to a depth of three or four inches will aid the tree in its growth. community. Trees planted in groups and where they receive natural protection will not need a stake to main- tain them in an upright position. In the middle west or other districts where there dre hot winds during early summer the surface of smooth bark trees such as the linden or basswood will need pro- tection of their trunks or main stems. This pro- tection may be |g afforded by plas- | tering with a thin coating of mud, winding burlap or other cloth, or by THE SOIL MUST BE HELD INTACT WITH THE ROOTS IN TREE MOVING the use of tar paper. In almost any section of the country the soil around the base of newly planted trees will need some cultivation the first year or two during the drought season. If trees are planted in large groups ordi- nary cultivation may be given. When the trees are planted as specimens or scattered, such as along the In order to conserve the moisture in the soil around newly planted trees the ground may be mulched with leaves, straw, litter or a layer of dust formed by stirring and pulverizing the soil to a depth of an inch. This will obviate watering in most cases. Only under rare conditions will it be necessary to water or irrigate trees when mulching is practiced. Of course, this does not apply to the districts where all cultivated trees must be artificially watered by irrigation. Is There a Famous Tree In Your Town? The American Forestry Association Wants To Know About It. The Tree—The Memorial That Lives As trees grow they will need pruning. This require- ment can be met by going over the trees during the sum- mer when the amount of top to be removed can be more easily determined than in the winter months. The winter is a favorable time for pruning, however, and is devoted to this work by many city foresters and arborists. The matter of pruning is one which should be attended to annually. The amount of pruning is one of individual WORLD WAR 1917 - 1918 QUENTIN ROOSEVELT By Force ScHooL Nov.!l,1919 REGISTERED AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WASHINGTON,D.C. we AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION’S TREE MARKER IN BRONZE THE judgment but should be based on the shape of the tree desired to be produced. Injuries to Trees. There are a host of dangers to which trees are sub- jected in their struggle for existance. The injuries re- sulting from these dangers are not ordinarily so severe as to deter anyone in planting trees. Neither are the injuries so intricate that damaged trees should be left to their fate, which is a premature loss. Most injuries result from insect attack and tree diseases. There are other sources of injury such as electricity, gas and im- proper trimming of the tops to make room for over- head wires. Insect Enemies. According to the habits of tree insect enemies, there are two common methods employed in combating them. Insects which feed on the leaves of trees, such as cater- pillars, are successfully combated by the spraying of the foliage with solution of arsenate of lead during the period when the insects are feeding. This is in general the best method of holding in control this class of insects, although special means have to be employed for unusual cases. The other general class of insects, such as plant lice and scales, which do not devour the foliage but suck the juices of the tree, have to be handled by a different method. The treatment for this class is the use of some contact poison which kills the insects it touches. Solu- tions of soap and kerosene are employed for this purpose. A solution of arsenate of lead is made as follows: Arsenate of soda (50% strength), 4 ounces; acetate of lead, 11,0unces ; water, 100 gallons. Dissolve the arsenate of soda in two quarts of water in a wooden pail, the acetate of lead in four quarts of water in another wooden pail. Mix these with the rest of the water. For elm-leaf beetle use ten instead of one hundred gallons of water. In spraying many trees twice the strength, or one-half the water, of above formula will be better. Prepared arsenates of lead are procurable on the market and where only a small amount of spraying is WELL DEVELOPED HEAD, BEFORE SETTING, STRONG LEADER, BRANCH: SHOULD BE PRUE Ar ES. SET AT WIDE: NOT POINTS INDICATED BY CLOSE, ANGLES. BLACK LINES; NOT BYCLIP- E OF NT CROWN FT. ABOVE! PAVEMENT, \ STAKE 2/4 IN.x 10 FT, = BASE OF TEMPORARY CROWN 7 FEET ABOVE PAVEMENT, DRIVEN 2FT. IN GROUND AND SECURED wITH RUBBER COVERED. WIRE, OR WITH CANVASS J OPENING IN SIDEWALK PRESERVE FIBROUS AT LEAST @ SQ.FT.; ROOTS: CUT OFF KEEP TOP SOIL } SMOOTHLY EVERY LLVFRIZE BROKEN ROOT. SET TREE $0 THA IT STANDS 2 AD IN. DEEPER yi THAN IT 01D - : IN THE NUR-/"{! | ti seRY N= = = DIGHOLE 18 IN. OR MORE DEEP; THEN FILL TO LOWER ROOT LEVEL WITH MIXTURE OF 3/4 GOOD SOIL ANDY4 ROTTED MANURE. ES EARTH PACKED} FIRMLY ABOUT ROOTS OBSERVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS IN PLANTING to be done it is better to use these ready made materials. Kerosene emulsion is made of hard soap, % pound; water, 1 gallon; kerosene, 2 gallons. Dissolve the soap in boiling water. Remove from the fire and add the kerosene while the solution is warm. Agitate, or churn with spray pump, until emulsion is creamy white. Use this as stock. For scale insects in the winter, spray with a 25-20% solution, 7. e., one part in 4 or 5 parts of water; in summer to control lice and for general use against scale insects apply a 10% solution, 1 part stock to 10 2 r The Tree—The Memorial That Lives parts water. Do not use on muggy days or in wet weather. There are’ on the market a number of good com- mercial mixtures. These should be used on shade trees according to directions which come on the containers. Lime-sulphuric wash is to be used only when trees are in dormant condition. In other words, do not spray when the foliage is developed on the trees. HOW TO PLANT ROADSIDE TREES IN THE PUBLIC HIGHWAY WHERE IT IS NECESSARY TO HAVE TELEGRAPH OR TELE- PHONE POLES (1) Be sure the spray (3) Three points in spraying are: material is properly made. (2) Apply thoroughly. Apply at proper time. The most common diseases of shade trees are known as fungi. They live upon the tissue of other plants, living or dead. Some of the fungi are microscopic in size, while others are larger, thread-like structures, with large fruiting bodies commonly known as mushrooms or toadstools. The majority of fungus diseases are of little impor- tance to shade tree growers. A few of the diseases are highly destructive. In the east the most destructive tree disease that can be mentioned is the chestnut blight. The white pine blister rust is another well known, though even more recent, forest tree disease. The lime sulphur wash may be used as a fungicide in addition to its value for combating scales. The control of fungus diseases should be by preventative measures. This is given by covering all freshly made wounds on trees with a heavy lead paint and otherwise keeping the trees in healthy condition. Telephone and electric light wires do some harm by being in contact with the branches of trees. This harm can be reduced by proper insulating of the wires. Where large quantities of wires are present they should be placed underground. Without question the greater damage to trees from overhead wires is an indirect one. This is caused by the wholesale cutting of the tops of trees to prevent them from touching the wires. Illuminating gas has caused the death of many street trees on account of its poisoning of the soil. The only remedy is to replant. It may be necessary to remove the gas impregnated soil and replace with a fresh supply. During the past fifteen years much attention has been given to the repair of injured trees through the methods of tree surgery. The principal operations that are per- formed in this repair work are antiseptical filling of decayed cavities, the bracing of weakened parts of trees and the correcting of natural deformities. In every region there are persons skilled in this practice who may be secured for the improvement of trees in this respect. Selected List of Trees. For New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan; Illinois, Missouri and Iowa: Deciduous Trees. Sugar maple White ash Norway maple Scarlet maple Green ash Red oak White oak Evergreen Trees. White pine Scotch pine Balsam pine White spruce Colorado blue spruce Pin oak American white elm American linden Scarlet oak Hemlock Arbor vitae For Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, . Ten- nessee, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkan- sas, Oklahoma and Texas: Tulip Norway maple Willow oak Sycamore Scarlet maple White pine Pin oak Red elm Longleaf pine Scarlet oak American white elm Magnolia White oak Kentucky coffee tree Live oak Black oak American linden Cedar of Lebanon Red oak Red gum American holly White ash Black gum Bald cypress Hackberry For Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Mon- tana and Idaho: Bur oak Hackberry Linden Honey locust Or wey muagle Black locust meen as : Wild cherry Less desirable: Larch Cottonwood American elm __ Box elder Black walnut Scotch pine. Austrian pine White pine Norway spruce Colorado blue spruce White spruce Red cedar Arbor vitae \ For New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Nevada: Hackberry Bur oak Honey locust Valley cottonwood Green ash Mountain cotton- wood Mountain ash American elm Black locust Box elder Arbor vitae Deodar cedar Box Euonymus For California, Oregon and Washington: Deciduous Trees. COAST REGION Large leaved European linden maple COLUMBIA BASIN Norway maple Sycamore European linden Green ash Silver poplar Evergreens. Deodar cedar Monterey cypress Monterey pine Sycamore Weeping willow Russian poplar White willow Lawson cypress Bigtree The Tree—The Memorial That Lives Tree planting is not a thing of this year or of the next., Indeed it will be well to plant the memorial tree every year. The people are just awakening to the possi- bilities of tree planting. The trees are monuments with a meaning for they live gloriously just as did those for whom they are planted. The glory is the thing to tell to the world. Our sorrow is a private, personal affair and needs no telling to the world in bronze or stone. Instead let us plant trees to tell of their glory, for that is the way they who went forth to the great adventure would have it. And if we do not plant trees as memorials let us plant them for shade, for scenic value, to beautify streets or lawns, for parks, and for communal woodlands. All serve a purpose. Plant the tree with an appropriate ceremony. The character of the ceremony depends upon the character of the planting. If single trees or groups of memorial trees are planted the program given below will be of service. If roadside planting is done by a community or an organization a public meeting to inaugurate the work should be held and a program of appropriate addresses made. If shade trees in garden or street are planted, of course, no program is necessary but there should always be some kind of formal ceremony when a school, a club, . an organization or a community participates in a planting. TREE PLANTING PROGRAM THE PLANTING SONG Tune: America When they are ripe to fall, Neighbored by trees as tall, Shape them for good. Shape them to bench and stool, Shape them to square and rule, Shape them for home and school, God save these trees we plant, And to all nature grant Sunshine and rain. Let not their branches fade, Save them from ax and spade, Save them for joy and shade— Lord of the earth and sea, Prosper our planted trees, Save with Thy might, Save us from indolence, Waste and improvidence, And in Thy excellence, Me | Guarding the plain. God bless the w us aright. Address—Upon Occasion for the Planting RECITATION—“TREES” Poem by Joyce Kilmer, Who Gave his Life in France I think that I shall never see A tree that looks at God all day on whose bosom snow has lain; A poem lovely as a tree. And lifts her leafy arms to pray. wer intimately lives with rain. Poems are made by fools like me, A tree that may in summer wear, But only God can make a tree. A tree whose hungry mouth is prest A nest of robins in her hair. Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast. Planting of the Tree or Trees WHAT THE TREES TEACH US I am taught by the Oak to be rugged and strong - In defense of the right, in defiance of wrong. I have learned from the Maple, that beauty to win The love of all hearts, must have sweetness within. The Beech, with its branches wide-spreading and low, Awakes in my heart hospitality’s glow. The Pine tells of constancy. In its sweet voice, It whispers of hope till sad mortals rejoice. The nut-bearing trees teach that ‘neath manners ff May be found as “‘ caskets rough. sweet kernels” as in their Fourteen Rhymes for Individual Recitations The Birch, in its wrappings of silvery gray, Shows that beauty needs not to make gor- geous display. The Ash, having fibres tenacious and strong, Teaches me firm resistance, to battle with wrong. The Aspen tells me with its quivering leaves, To be gentle to every sad creature that grieves. The Elm teaches me to be pliant yet true; Though bowed by rude winds, it still rises anew. The Lombardy Poplars point upward in praise, ° My voice to kind Heaven they teach me to raise. I am taught generosity, boundless and free, By showers of fruit from the dear Apple ‘rée; The Siecy tree blushing with fruit crimson red, Tells of God’s free abundance that all may be fed. In the beautiful Linden, so fair to the sight, This truth I discern: It 1s inwardly white: The firm-rooted Cedars, like sentries of old, Show Sim virtues deep-rooted may also be go —Helen O. Hoyt. Address—Dedication of the Tree or Trees por for the sturdy trees, anned by each fragrant breeze, The song birds o’er them trill, They shade each tinkling rill, They crown cach swelling hill, Lowly or grand. Plant them by stream and way, Plant where the children play Lovely they stand! And In every verdant vale, On every sunny swale— Whether to grow or fail, God knows best. TREE PLANTING SONG Tune: America toilers rest; Select the strong, the fair, Plant them with earnest care, No toil is vain. Plant in a fitter place, Where, like a lovely face, Let in some sweeter grace, Change may prove gain. God will His blessing send, All things on Him depend, His loving care Clings to each leaf and flower Like ivy to its tower. His presence and His power Are everywhere. —S. F. Smith. Every tree lover should be a member of the American Forestry Association. Write to the office, Maryland Building, Washington, D. C., for particulars. FOUR-FOOTED FORESTERS—THE SQUIRRELS BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S. HERE is no region, country, or continent on the globe that can in any way rival North America for the great number of squirrels, both species and subspecies, represented in her fauna. In so far as bril- liancy of color and size are concerned, however, the handsomest and largest squirrels in the world are found in various countries of the Orient and the East Indies. For instance, along the coast of Malabar is found a squirrel as big as an ordinary cat; this animal is bright red on the upper part of its body, offset by the most intense black, while all the lower parts are of a clear yellow. The largest squirrels found in the United States are the fox squirrels, and some of these are also called cat squirrels; not ries and wild fruit, and there is nothing they enjoy more than the ears of luscious, sweet corn, ripening early in the fields of the farmer. In the estimation of the fox squirrels, this is far and away ahead of all the seeds of pine cones, or acorns and nuts they ever tasted. They think mushrooms not bad though, and will eat them when they find them. It is rarely the case that any of the larger hawks or owls capture a squirrel of this species; they are usually pretty cautious, and, being big and strong, they can take very good care of themselves. For all that, it is likely that a Great Horned Owl or a Snowy Owl could manage one all right, especially the former, as the writer has often seen it hunting through the woods in the day that any of them look like a fox or a cat —the terms probably have reference to the color of some of the species in the first instance, and in the sec- ond to the mat- ter of size. The largest arboreal squirrel in the United States time. And, as “the fox squir- rel is a late riser,and never makes a prac- tice of being out of his hole at night, he is also, to some extent, free from the at- tacks of the racoon, wild- cats, and gray foxes. Never- theless, these animals are his is the fox squirrel of the northeastern section of the country, an animal now becoming extremely rare in the districts where it used to be very abundant. Like all fox squirrels, it is subject to great variation in color ; and some people might think they had several species before them were they to see a lot of them together, selected with the view of exemplifying these color phases. Unlike the gray, the fox squirrel hoards up little or no food for the winter months, and this seems to be a season he does not especially relish. In fact, in very cold weather with deep snow, he will roll himself up in some warm hollow of a tree and there partly hibernate. Should a warm spell come along, many of the fox squirrels will shake off their stupor, descend to the ground, there to stretch about under the hardwood trees where the snow has disappeared to a greater or less extent, to find hickory nuts, chestnuts, beech mast, and so on; if it chances that spring is drawing near, they may find some swell- ing buds to fill out the list. During the late spring and summer months, these big, lazy squirrels fare much better; there are plenty of ber- very gentle. COMMON EASTERN CHIPMUNK Fig. 1. A young male which was a pet of the author’s for more than a year, but it never became Usually the tail of this and allied species is much more bushy and handsome. enemies and destroyers; they undoubt- edly capture and devour many a fox squirrel, especially throughout the South or such parts of it where cats, foxes, and *coons are plenty. However, they have more to dread from the shot-gun and wicked modern rifle of the hunter, who comes to a tree where he notices the scattered scales of the cones underneath—a sure sign that a fox squirrel is up there, biting them off to get at the seeds. It may be some other species, but it is more likely a fox squirrel, and the hunter will surely scout around that tree till he gets him. In the South, instead of living in the hollow trees, the fox squirrels build big nests in the tops of the pine and other trees—usually of Spanish moss; in these they sleep, also carrying to them the pine cones just mentioned. In the hardwood forests of the North, dry leaves take the place of the Spanish moss, and a conspicuous nest is built with an entrance hole at the side. Sometimes these leaves turn a brilliant yellow, and then they attract the attention of any one who is an observer of such things in the woods. Many people relish the fox squirrel as 37 38 AMERICAN food, while others do not fancy it in the least. A Florida cracker, however, will stand guard over a tree with his rifle or gun for half a day, if he thinks he is going to get a shot at a fox squirrel. As game, there are few things he likes better ; and it is difficult for him to find language to express himself if, after a long wait, he shoots his squirrel, and the latter, merely wounded, comes bumping down through the tree, catching his hind or fore feet in a long festoon of Spanish moss, spins around like a top while it holds him as though he were tied by a strong piece of hemp twine. There he hangs—perhaps where it is impossible to reach him, or where a score of rifle balls will not cut him loose. These squirrels, as well as other species, are, during the summer months, infested by a larva that gives them no end of trouble and dis- FORESTRY City, and even well out into the suburban districts, the latter species is very abundant. In such localities they thrive marvelously well; and, as the law prevents their being in any way molested, they become particularly tame | and sociable. It is no unusual thing to see, early in the morning, some old gentleman, or a lady with children, all being fond of squirrels, in some nook or pathway of a large city park, feeding the squirrels with nuts they have brought for them. Some of the little gray fellows, less timid than others, will scramble up on one’s clothing and hunt in the pockets, or run out on one’s hand and arm to secure the nuts they are so fond of, and of which they so often really stand in need, as the trees fail to provide sufficient for the consumption of the many that live in the place. Such localities afford abundant oppor- tunities to study the habits comfort. When surprised in. the woods, the behavior of the fox squirrel is quite dif- ferent from that of the gray species. As a rule the former will put forth his best endeavor to reach some hollow in a tree, and into this he quickly scram- bles to avoid his enemy. One may often see them stretched out on a limb as flat as possible, and they will, thinking themselves unperceived, remain a long time in that position as quiet as a mouse. If cor- nered by there being no hole handy for him to get into, and the limb he is on is too small to hide him, he will begin barking at the hunter or his dog in the most defiant manner possi- ble. It is said that a fox squirrel can beat off a small dog, and will put up a hard fight if one attacks him. The female has her litter in the nest, wherever this may be, and the young are born in April in the North and month earlier in the South. The habits of the several species and subspecies of fox squirrels of the North, West, and South are much the same, differing only as the animals are affected by their environment and the influence of climate. The southern species are more active than their sluggish relatives of the North, and this they show in their gen- eral build and appearance. The fox squirrels are frequently kept as pets in large cages; they are usually gentle, but not as interesting as many other pets of the kind. Sometimes we see them in wire cages in zoological parks; but they are not often seen at liberty in the open parks of cities, places where the gray squirrel is now so abundant. (Figure 2.) In nearly all the large, wooded parks in and about New York a fine specimen of the feeding. THE GRAY SQUIRREL Fig. 2. All are more or less familiar with the species here shown; it is Gray Squirrel, in the attitude it assumes when (From life by Mr. George Kingsley, Maquoketa, Iowa.) of this species, as they be- have practically as they do in their native wilds. Their nests of leaves are often seen in the trees, and every hollow limb or trunk is utilized by a pair for a home in which to rear their young and store away pro- visions for the winter. Stone and Cram have truly said in their “American Animals,” that the gray squirrels “are comfort- loving animals, and away in the silent forest a gray squirrel must be forever on the alert to guard his hid- den stores against the thieving red squirrels and the wild mice of the woods, and always listening for the rustle of a fox’s footstep on the leaves, or the distant screaming of a hawk. For the red-shouldered hawks are dangerous enemies, and the hours they habitually choose to spend in hunting, correspond exactly with the squirrel’s working hours—from sunrise to ten o’clock in the morning, and from three in the afternoon until near sunset. They watch, cat-like, for an opportunity to take some unhappy squirrel unawares, or, circling high above the tree-tops, their keen eyes penetrate the foliage from constantly varying positions, searching branch and hole and the carpet of fallen leaves beneath, till, perceiv- ing the flicker of a curly tail, the long wings close of a sudden, fan-like, and the hunter goes down with a rush to match his quickness against that of the squirrel. Or the still more treacherous goshawk or Cooper’s hawk, with their narrower wings and slender, yacht-like build, shoot along with baffling swiftness through the under- growth, just to surprise the busy harvesters at their work. “The gray squirrels also know that the men found in the woods in the fall, unlike the town variety, carry guns FOUR-FOOTED FORESTERS—THE SQUIRRELS 39 and feed on squirrels to a certain extent. With very little encouragement they will soon learn to pay you frequent visits in your room, if you will only leave a window open for them within jumping distance of their treetop, a few nuts or a piece of cake quickly overcoming their shyness; in fact, they often prove to be something of a nuisance about the house. Even in places where they are looked upon as legitimate game, they lose much of their fear of man during the closed season of spring and summer.” There are many instances on record of a number of squirrels occupying the same hollow in a tree; in fact, when surprised in the woods, as many as five may be seen to scamper for the same hole in some big hickory or oak, every one of them getting into it in a hurry. Whether it is a mattered little then how wide or how deep this river was—cross it they must in their intense impulse to migrate. The Ohio has been the scene of many such crossings. Upon arriving at its bank, those leading the mass would run up and down and swarm into neighbor- ing trees; but finally, in spite of being, perhaps, among the most indifferent swimmers in the animal world, pressed from behind by the legion of their advanc- ing companions they take to water. They rather wriggle than swim, with only their noses out of water. Hundreds of their number drown, and their lifeless bodies, massed together, float down the stream. The sight is most extraordinary, and can only be compared with the migration of the lemmings, so familiar to those who know anything of the life-history of those animals. As the gray pair and their nearly full- grown young ones it is often difficult to tell, as the latter, at that time of the year, are very similar in size and color to their par- ents. So numerous were the gray squirrels in the years gone by, that in some States prem- iums had to be | offered to as- | sist in extermi- | squirrels reach the other side of the river— or rather such of them as do —they are al- most complete- ly exhausted, and hardly able to drag them- selves upon the bank. They are fortunate, in- deed, if doz- ens of men and boys have not gotten wind of their coming, and on hand to meet them with clubs and sticks, nating them, or at least greatly reducing their numbers. For instance, as long ago as 1749 they much annoyed the people of western Pennsylvania; the government offered three pence a head for them, and through this means no fewer than 640,000 were destroyed. ' Of late years there seems to be no record of a migra- tion of gray squirrels; but fifty or sixty years ago—and doubtless later—such things were not uncommon. They usually occurred in the West, and were truly remark- able phenomena to behold. Thousands upon thousands of these animals would congregate—a great, rolling, gray sea of animal life—supplied by all the forest regions for miles around. In spite of their strong love for the forests where they were born and grew up, and their dread of water, they would commence moving off to some other region. Away they went, over farms and prairies and through the forests, consuming everything in their way that could possibly be eaten, until some river or stream interrupted their onward course. It LIKE A SQUIRREL’S TEETH Fig. 3. Skull of a Coypu that died in the National “Zoo” at Washington, several years ago. Note its enor- mous incisor teeth. These last, described in the text, are an exaggeration of what we find in all squirrels. to dispatch them as fast as they land. It is difficult to ascertain the cause or causes responsible for bringing about one of these migrations. Possibly it is an impulse to seek new regions where food is more plentiful, it having become nearly exhausted in the country they leave by common consent. The explanation may lie deeper than this, and such migrations date back to a time in geologic history, when other and entirely different causes brought them about, the descendants doing nothing more than their early ancestors were compelled to do, the common instinct still being persistent. In various parts of the country a coal black squirrel is met with; it is but a melanistic variety of the gray, and it is now becoming quite rare. They are about the same size as the gray squirrel and have similar habits; indeed, in old times and perhaps still in some regions, the “blacks” and the “grays” are found inhabiting the same stretches of timber, and even living in the same trees. 40 AMERICAN A CHIPMUNK Fig. 4. There are a great number of species and subspecies of Chipmunks in the United States, and here we have one of the southwestern forms. Their habits and food vary according to their several habitats. When alarmed by the approach of a hunter, or a dog, or a hawk sailing overhead, the gray squirrel has a habit of giving vent to a peculiar little FORESTRY tention to the following facts in regard to the hybridiza- tion of the red and gray squirrels: “In 1874 or ’75, like most boys of twelve or thirteen, I was very fond of pets, and spent quite a little of my time trapping squir- rels, both red and gray, which were very abundant around my father’s house. One day I found, in an old- fashioned spring-door wire rat-trap, a squirrel which my father and we boys declared must be a cross between the red and the gray. It was about half way between the two in size, and had a red tail and a gray body; white underneath, and a red stripe between the back and the belly. Its head was shaped like a red squirrel’s, and had a little red on it. It was the most active animal for its size I ever saw, and it was with considerable difficulty that I finally got it from the trap into a wire bar cage, which I had used for several years to hold both red and gray squirrels. I put the cage in the conservatory, and we were standing around admiring him, when he gnawed off some solder, pushed the wire down, and was out of the open window like a flash. It was a great disappointment for a boy I assure you. I believe then, and always shall believe that I had secured a rare prize.” If this were in fact a hybrid squirrel, produced by a crossing between a red and a gray one, it would indeed be quite remarkable, as the two species are, as a rule, by no means friendly, and never seem to get along well together. One may see more than a dozen white or albino gray squirrels in a lifetime, and several albino red ones; but there is nothing remarkable in that, any more than cases of albinism in other animals, as elephants, mice, woodchucks, robins, woodcocks, and scores of other forms—men and women included. In these days it seems that nearly as many people bark or whine which may be heard for a considerable dis- tance. Apparently he does this in order to put such of his kind as are within hearing on their guard against the danger that threatens them. When wound- ed, especially if they stick in the tree where shot, they will utter a shrill little squeal, not gether unlike a big alto- rat caught in a steel trap. Squirrels are the prettiest and most interesting animals in the whole found realm of nature. The person who fails to admire them anywhere, and especially in their native woods, and who does not love them with all their pret- ty ways, graceful forms, and cunning tricks, must surely have something radically wrong with him somewhere. Mr. C. I bury, Holmes, of Water- Fig. 8. ears are Tay, it- 5 as called a has ¢ ulled larger and not so gentle. Connecticut, BLACK SQUIRREL One of the most elegant squirrels we have is the big Black Squirrel of Florida; its face and as is a part of the body and tail. It is a close relative of our gray squirrel, but much FOUR-FOOTED FORESTERS—THE SQUIRRELS 41 go into the woods to hunt squirrels with a camera as with a rifle or shotgun; and in many ways this practice is significant. Humanity is to be congratulated if we are coming to think less of giving pain, destroying life, and rendering creatures miserable—committing animal mur- der in fact—than of giving pleasure, recognizing the rights of others to live, and furthering the ends of happiness. Sometimes, when in the tops of the high trees, spring- ing from bough to bough, even the most agile of squir- rels, either red or gray ones, will occasionally miss their footing, and fall down through the tree until they come in contact with some of the limbs or twigs below. To one of these they dextrously cling, instantly continuing their reckless course along the branches of the trees, leaping from the ends of one onto the terminal sprays of another, with a daring that but few of the arboreal animals can equal. Once, in a piece of hickory timber, with a few scattered chestnut trees growing on a hill- side not far from the Zoological Park at Washington, D. C., when the buds were just beginning to swell, and the trees were tall and scraggly, with scraps of upcurled bark on the trunks and branches of the hickory trees, a fine, old red squirrel was seen scampering over the ground and ascending the first tree he came to. There being two persons present to observe his subsequent behavior, he evidently became somewhat suspicious, run- ning out on the end of one of the highest branches, and making a leap into the next tree. Being up so high, he was not very much frightened, and so he passed from treetop to treetop with all the fearlessness of an old hand at it. His observers were watching him closely; and when in the top of a very tall shellbark hickory, some PRAIRIE MARMOTS Fig. 7. Among the more or less nearly related forms of our squirrels are the Prairie Marmots of the western plains, erroneously called “Prairie Dogs,”-—so named from the “bark” they have, which latter has a sound’ not unlike the bark of some of our larger species of squirrels. fifty feet from where they stood, a tree at least 140 feet or more high, he ran out, as usual, along one of the uppermost limbs, and in doing so ran over a piece of lightly attached shellbark, about the size of one’s hand. His weight was sufficient to have it instantly part com- pany with the tree; and before he could regain his bal- ance, or catch onto anything else, both fell together, it being a sheer drop of something less than 150 feet. Down he came, belly down- BLACK SQUIRREL EATING Fig. 6. Here we have the same animal shown in Fig. 5. above; it is eating a ward, with out-stretched tail, convulsively clutching the air with all four of his little paws, without touching another single twig in his fall. He struck the hard ground with a thud that could be heard for a considerable distance, and bounced up over a foot in the air. One would ex- pect, of course, and with very good reason, that he would be completely knocked out by the shock; but no! The little chap gave one big gasp for breath, gathered himself together, and in less than five seconds he was off again and up another tree in less time than it takes to tell it. This was the tree he was making for when he fell, and when he reached the middle of it, in he popped into a hole, and that was the last seen of him. Had a man been a victim of a similar fall, he would have been killed for a art of a nut, and the curious angulated pose it assumes when so engaged is remarkably well exhibited in this cut. 42 AMERICAN certainty, and the chances are that half the bones in his body would have been broken in the bargain. Some time ago a rather remarkable discussion was being carried on in some of the popular scientific periodi- cals of the country as to when the squirrels drink, or whether these little animals ever drink any water. In these days this appears to be a most extraordinary in- quiry to make—one might as well start a similar inter- rogation in regard to any other abundant and well known animal, domestic cats, for example. Squirrels drink whenever they are thirsty, and when they meet with water sufficiently pure, they quench their thirst. They will lap it off the leaves after a rain, or take it where it gathers in the hollows of the trees, or in depressions found on the tops of rocks with broken surfaces, from pools or the brinks of streams, or indeed anywhere it is convenient. FORESTRY and very dark gray ones also occur, which are really handsome animals, as the white part in them are generally purer, and the specimens improve by the contrast in the colors. Mr. H. W. Henshaw, who many years ago was con- nected with Hayden’s Survey, and who has collected the California gray squirrel, once pointed out that that species is even a handsomer animal than Abert’s; but it is hard to believe that anything in the shape of a squirrel could surpass an Abert’s in its spirited aspect, its grace and beauty; then, too, it is one of our largest varieties, which also adds to its otherwise fine appearance. This animal is essentially a tree lover, and rarely spends any length of time upon the ground. If suddenly surprised in the forest, it immediately seeks the nearest and largest pine tree within its reach by a series of very active jumps and skips; as- Those species cends_ with kept as pets great rapidity drink water to the first regularly and branches, suffer when where it often they do not get it. They drink very rapidly, plunging their muzzles well into the fluid. Sometimes _ it may be noticed that, atites drinking, the red squirrel is attacked by a peculiar fit of something akin stops to take a look at the in- truder, thereby aftording the gunner a capi- tal opportunity te bag the specimen. The Arizona squirrel is a somewhat larger species, and quite dif- ferent in hab- to coughing, its. Unlike accompanied Abert’s, it is by a kind of BED: SUPAEREL rather _ partial wheeaing. rand, "2 icur por waiter the casters furs of the apeciehcate ik ia here Given ia miciiee pies Fie cot isa sneezing, as and sidewalls though some of the water had been snuffed up into the nostrils, or gotten into the air passages. An exceptionally fine species of American squirrel is the black one of Florida, which is a splendid animal and carries a fine, bushy tail. His coat is nearly black, set off by the light gray muzzle and ears. He is a nobly put-up form, full of vigor and vivacity, and extremely graceful in all his actions and motions. When reared from the young, he makes quite ds interesting a pet as the gray squirrel does, and exhibits just as much affection for his owner. Abert’s squirrel is a species fairly abundant in the high pines which occur upon the mountain sides, princi- pally to the northward and eastward of Fort Wingate, New Mexico, and they have frequently been taken within a mile of the station. A good hunter once stated that he had shot nine of them, all within five miles of this locality, and only hunted a few hours each day. There is also a splendid black phase of this species of squirrel ; of the canyons of the country where found, and is very much of a ground squirrel, rarely resorting to the trees when surprised by the hunter. As a matter of fact, they are but rarely observed in a tree. This squirrel always rears its young in a hole dug in the side of a clay bank or similar locality. All the squirrels are more or less car- nivorous in their habits, and will eat raw meat with avidity. It is stated on good authority that the red squir- rels will pillage birds’ nests and devour either the eggs or the callow young. Counting the true squirrels, the flying squirrels, and the chipmunks or ground squirrels, we probably have up- wards of sixty different kinds of these little animals in America ; to appreciate what a formidable list they make, one should consult such a publication as the “List of North American Land Mammals in the United States National Museum, 1919,” compiled by Dr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., curator of the Division of Mammals in that institution. Probably other species have been added to the catalogue einer FOUR-FOOTED FORESTERS—THE SQUIRRELS 43 since it appeared. As it stands, we find in it over 40 different kinds of chipmunks enumerated as occurring within the boundary lines of the United States. This includes species and subspecies, and does not take into consideration those which are extralimital or confined to Mexico or Canada, as the case may be. A good deal has been written about chipmunks, and they are fully worthy of all the biographies that have appeared about them (Fig. 1). In various works they are not only known by this name but referred to as hack- ees, or ground-hackees, striped squirrels, striped ground squirrels, and ground squirrels. All are small mammals of marked intelligence, and if properly reared and treated make very affectionate pets. In them the cheek pouches are highly developed, each consisting of a hairlined pouch, occupying quite a space on either side of the mouth, with the opening to the front. One of these pouches will hold several large nuts, and it is a remarkable sight to see one the death of their owner; for, should any blow, given in the mouth, turn either of the upper pair to one side or the other, so that the edges are not continually worn off evenly and regularly by the lower incisors, the misplaced tooth or teeth—the upper ones—will continue to grow in a curve, backwards, until their sharp edges come in con- tact with the roof of the mouth. In that part of the squirrel’s skull the bone is quite thin and not strong enough to stop the advance of the tooth. The result is that it not only, in due course, pierces the palate, but grows backwards into the brain, eventually causing the death of their hapless owner. A similar misfortune has been noted in the case of rabbits. Chipmunks have another use for their cheek pouches. When they construct their most ingenious burrows, they use them to carry away the loose dirt resulting from their digging, to hide it so it will never be suspected where it came from. They are also careful not to wear a path ATTENTION ! Fig. 9. This is the Red Squirrell in the attitude of attention; and squirrels, as a rule, have many different poses, each being characteristic of them and very distinct, as the feeding pose, when “barking,” when burying a nut, sunning itself, and others. of these little fellows making off to its burrow on a run with a big butternut in each cheek. It suggests a little animal with a head three times too big for its body. Some rodents have these pouches more to the outside, where their openings may be clearly discerned, as is the case with the gopher rats. Another interesting structure in the squirrel family is that of the incisor teeth. There are two of these in either jaw—a pair above and a pair below. They may best be studied in the skull of any large rodent, as a beaver, a jack-rabbit, or a muskrat. The skull selected here is that of a South American Coypu. This animal died in the National Zoological Park a few years ago, and the skull was presented to the writer. (Figure 3.) Note the two large upper and lower incisors; these, by grinding upon each other, keep the four cutting edges as sharp as razors. In the case of nut-eating mammals like our squirrels, this is extremely essential. These incisor teeth keep con- tinually growing, as they are worn off during the life of the individual—the upper pair downwards and the lower pair upwards. Curiously enough, they sometimes cause leading to the entrance of their burrows, for it would be a guide to their retreat for some of their numerous enemies. In places where chipmunks are abundant, they are found to be extremely sociable little animals among them- selves, playing together, until the approach of the coldest weather of the year, when they hibernate as do so many other small mammals occurring in the higher latitudes of our country. One of our earliest writers on the chipmunk has said that “In the autumn this creature may be seen around the fields of Indian corn, and in the walnut and chestnut woods, filling his ample cheek pouches, and carrying off his store to his granaries. His hole is generally placed near the roots of trees, or in a decayed stump, or among a heap of rocks, or in a bank of earth, and usually near the forests or fields from which he draws his supplies. Sometimes his retreat has two or three openings; it usually descends almost perpendicularly at first; then it rises with one or two windings, and at last, at the distance of eight or ten feet, terminates in a chamber lined with 44 AMERICAN leaves, amid which the animal sleeps. Three or four occupy the place together. There are several side-gal- leries, where the stores of wheat, buckwheat, hazel-nuts, acorns, Indian corn, grass-seeds, walnuts or chestnuts, according to the productions of the locality, are deposit- ed. They are excedingly provident, continuing to add to their supplies till forced into their houses by the in- clemency of the weather. Often their stores are much beyond the necessities of the winter. The squirrels hibernate in their retreats and become somewhat sluggish, but do not approach the unconscious torpidity of the marmot. The young, four or five at a birth, are produced in the spring, and beautiful little creatures they are when first led forth by their mother. “The chipping-squirrel rarely climbs trees, unless to escape pursuit, or perhaps occasionally to get at some desired fruit. It has a chip, often changed into a gurg- ling sound, when it escapes into a hole or conceals itself amid the re- FORESTRY but rarely seen during the daytime. Indeed, the sun seems to affect their eyes and cause them no small amount of inconvenience. They nest in the hollows of big trees, where their young, from one to half a dozen, are brought forth. They may be easily raised ; and, be it known, they are far more agreeable pets than the chipmunks. Where these animals are very numerous in the forests, the only time they may be advantageously studied is some time after dark, on a moonlit night.. To watch them in their gambols is the sight of a lifetime. One should select some spot of vantage in the woods where the trees are large and situated well apart, and the undergrowth prac- tically absent. Watch that old male who is making his way to the top of a tall tree as fast as he can go. Once in the uppermost twigs, he selects a place where he can quit a branch conveniently, when he spreads out his legs lateralwise, which extends the skin-flaps on either side. He at once launches into the air, in the direction of an- other tree, cesses of a stone wall— seeming, in fact, to be a sort of scof- fing laugh at t he = imperti- nence of the assailant. On other occasions chip _ be- comes a sort of song, in which several squir- rels in differ- ent parts of the forest seem to answer one another, and thus to fill the woods with a kind of merry chorus. Though not familiar, and seldom or never becoming reconciled to confinement, preserving always a rather sullen appearance, still this little creature His voice is associated with the its Fig. 10. after nightfall, or when is a general favorite. woods and bright spring and autumn mornings, and es- pecially with those happy days of youth, when every wood-ramble was an adventure, and even a chip-squirrel was game.” In the wilder and unsettled parts of the country where chipmunks abound in the forests, they have their enemies by the score, and these quite apart from man; for they are constantly preyed upon by hawks, minks, weasels, lynxes and wildcats, and occasionally by foxes. As to weasels, they have been known to chase a chipmunk into its burrow, when the latter has been made of good size, capturing and killing its owner in his very bed-chamber. In some sections of the country our flying squirrels are very abundant ; but as a rule their presence is only known to those who are familiar with their habits. (Figure 10.) This for the reason that they are nocturnal by habit, and FLYING SQUIRREL The little Flying Squirrel makes .an interesting pet, although he which may be at a distance of fifty yards or more away. But our little animated para- chute has cal- culated all this, and at first he scales down- wards for two- thirds the dis- tance, then more rapidly and abruptly upwards, land- ing safe and flat against the trunk of the tree he made for, atid at once makes for the top of it as though his life depended upon his getting there. He then goes through a similar performance back to the trunk of the tree from whence he started. This he will do over and over again, and dozens of others of his kind will be performing in a similar manner in the near neighborhood. The observer can easily imagine that the air is alive with small shingles, sailing in curves from tree to tree, in all directions. Sure- ly a very remarkable sight. Squirrels have more or less near kin among other rodents, especially those that dig and live in burrows underground. Among these last we have the so-called “prairie-dogs,” which are really marmots. (Figure 7.) These make capital little pets, as the writer can vouch for, having kept them on several occasions. The story that they live in their burrows happily associated with burrowing owls and rattlesnakes is a tale long ago ex- ploded. These little animals are, to a very considerable degree, omnivorous by habit; for they will, when moder- ately hungry, devour with apparent relish such things as pie-crust, raw oysters, and fish. is not very active until handled by some one. Seeing BIRDS AND TREES IN WINTER BY A. A. ALLEN, PH. D., CORNELL UNIVERSITY RAY skies, white hills, and cold winds are not con- ducive to thoughts of bird life. We look for beauty now in ice crystals on the windows, purple shadows on the snow, and dark branches silhouetted against the sky. Life is dormant and the little creatures that still eke out their existence with us seem not a part of the winter. While we marvel at the rich greenery of the pine, and the lacy network of the elm twigs, and the sturdy growth of the orchard trees, we forget that even during their winter sleep, their insidious foes are either A DOWNY WOODPECKER AT WORK Nature provides the woodpeckers to combat the borers. It is our duty to see t at the woodpeckers are encouraged to remain with us in good numbers. Note the hole made by this fellow when he got the borer. at work beneath their bark or are safely ensconced in its crevices awaiting the coming of spring to continue their deadly work of destroying the foliage. The boring larvae of the pine weevil and leopard moth are secure from all man-made destructive agencies deep down in the tissues ; the tiny eggs from which thousands of tent cater- pillars and canker worms will hatch are safe behind a thick coating of varnish, and the larvae of the codling moth have hidden themselves behind the loose flakes of bark of the apple trees. It is little wonder that they pass unnoticed and unthought of. Summer comes and the tops of the young pines shrivel and grow brown, the elm branches drop their leaves and die, the foliage of our shade trees becomes ragged and hundreds of little caterpillars hang down on silken threads or spin tents among the branches, and long before harvest, the apples fall to the ground and are wasted. Now, we say, is the time we need the birds. But let us examine some of the young pines whose tops are still green. There beneath the terminal whorl of branches are two or three little round holes. Per- haps they are now filled with gum, for they were made last winter. They were made by a downy woodpecker to get the weevil larvae beneath the bark. If we examine the elms we find that it is the city trees that have suffered most from the leopard moth, trees that have not been visited by the woodpeckers. It is the same with the other shade trees but wherever a troop of nuthatches and chickadees and brown creepers have spent the winter climbing about the trunk of the trees, examining all of the crevices in the bark, and scrutinizing all of the branches, the leaves still retain their freshness and caterpillars are few. The little packets of eggs that would have given rise to thousands of caterpillars formed lunches for these winter birds. In the orchard irrregular holes through the loose flakes of bark attest their usefulness again for they tell of their inroads upon the hibernating codling moths. Summer is not the only time for birds. If we had more of them during the winter we would not need so many A ite u if at . io" THE DOWNIES LARGER COUSIN This is the hairy woodpecker, and every dollar spent for suet or sun- flower seed to attract the winter birds is a dollar well invested. in the summer. Every effort, therefore, should be made to increase the number of winter birds. Former numbers of AMERICAN Forestry have given directions for attracting the winter birds by maintain- ing feeding, stations for them throughout the fall and winter. One should feel that every dollar spent for suet or sunflower seed is a dollar well invested, for thus a whole company of beneficial birds can be kept in our service. Far better than any spray for combating the codling moth we are told in the best manuals on fruit growing, is the fastening of suet in the trees to attract the winter birds. The same is true for many other pests 45 46 AMERICAN te aii | CHICKADEES CLEAN THE BRANCHES OF INSECT EGGS These little fellows are a valuable addition to every woodlot. of orchards and shade trees, and in forests we must, of course, depend entirely upon the birds and the other natural enemies of insects, for spraying is impossible. Let us consider for a moment why birds are much more effective in controlling certain pests than any other means. Take the codling moth as an example, the worst pest of the orchard and one that destroys over a million dollars worth of apples every year. The little brownish moth lays its eggs on the newly formed apples shortly after the petals fall. The egg hatches and the larvae immediately begins to dig down into the fruit. If the spray has been put on at just the right time and has been put on evenly and has not been washed off, so that the larvae gets it in biting through the skin at its first meal, the larvae is killed and the apple is saved. If, on the FORESTRY other hand, the poison does not happen to be on the right spot at the right time, the larvae continues its way to the center of the apple and is safe from all enemies. The apple falls to the ground, the larvae matures and leaves the apple and crawls up the trunk of the tree. It then hides under a loose flake of bark where it spins a cocoon about itself and prepares to spend the winter. The next spring it transforms into the little moth that goes about laying its numerous eggs on the newly form- ing fruit. During its entire life cycle, therefore, there are but a few hours when the poison spray is effective against it and, inasmuch as all of the eggs do not hatch at exactly the same time, it is obvious that the chances of killing all of the larvae are very slight. With birds as the destroying agents, however, there are two periods when the codling moth can be controlled and each one i eae: % ee EWiah e A WINTER CREEPER searches the bark cf hibernating insects. Brown The creeper trees for insect eggs and WOODPECKERS DESTROY BARK BEETLES A useful downy woodpecker at work. is of considerable duration. First, when the moths trans- form in the spring and the warblers and vireos and other migrating birds are passing through the orchards, and second, during the entire winter when the nuthatches, and woodpeckers, and creepers are scrutinizing the trunks of the trees for any possible insects that may be in hiding. It is little wonder, therefore, that the birds form a better method of control. Another familiar pest is the tent caterpillar which is very destructive to all fruit trees. The reddish brown moth lays its eggs in the form of incomplete belts on the smaller branches, each belt or packet consisting of hun- dreds of tiny eggs glued together and covered with a varnish-like substance. These eggs hatch early in the spring when the leaves are just beginning to unfurl and the young caterpillars make their way to the nearest fork where they spin a little tent of silk to protect them. They work out from this tent, feeding on the leaves and adding to the tent as they need more room. If there are many colonies working on a tree they soon strip it of all its BIRDS AND TREES IN WINTER leaves. When the caterpillars are full grown they crawl to some convenient shelter and spin cocoons about them- selves and later transform into the brownish moths. The moths then begin a new cycle, laying the packets of eggs, in which stage the insect passes the winter. The tent caterpillar is much more easily controlled than the codling moth in the orchard but nevertheless from time to time is exceedingly destructive. In many com- munities men have been hired to pick the egg masses and later the cocoons from the trees and to burn the tents. Competitions among school children have been inaugu- rated resulting in the gathering of thousands of the egg masses, but all of these efforts have been spasmodic and have died out as spontaneously as they have arisen. The eyes of children working at odd moments in the spirit WINTER BIRDS CONTROL THE CODLING MOTH Here are some species of bark with holes punched through them by a woodpecker to get the hibernating larvae concealed beneath. The empty cocoons can be discerned in the top row showing the undersurface of the bark. of competition over the branches which they can reach from the ground cannot compare with the keen eyes of the birds, working at all times over all parts of the trees and working for the very maintenance of life. The little caterpillars when first hatched furnish food for the warblers and vireos and wrens and other small birds on their northward migrations; the half. grown caterpillars with their hairy covering are snatched from their tents by the orioles; and the full grown caterpillars cannot be too hairy or too juicy for the cuckoos that relish them more than any other insects. But it is not only by the summer birds that the tent caterpillars are destroyed. 47 Hundreds of embryo caterpillars are destroyed at a sin- gle swallow by the nuthatches and chickadees hunting about the branches during winter and even the crows have been known to eat the little varnished packets . of eggs. These are but two of the hosts of insect pests that can be controlled by man but that are much more satis- ANOTHER BARK CLEANER The white-breasted nuthatch, with us throughout the year and a most useful bird. Here he is in a characteristic pose. factorily controlled by birds when they are sufficiently abundant. There is an equally long list of pests that are either uncontrollable by man or that are controlled only by the greatest effort and expense, but that the birds are constantly though unwittingly fighting. There are, for example, the many kinds of destructive borers. It is often impossible to know whether borers are working in a tree until its vitality has been sapped if it is not killed outright. Nature knows this and she has provided the woodpeckers to combat them. She has given them pincer- like feet for clinging to the bark and stiffened tails to support them in their search about the trunk. She has given them chisel-like bills for hacking open the bur- rows and long barbed tongues for pulling out the larvae from their retreats. Nature has gone this far. It is our duty to see that the woodpeckers are encouraged to re- main with us in good numbers. They must have an occasional dead tree in which to nest and to roost and they must have a little extra food during the winter in case their natural food is scarce. So when we are observing upon the winter landscape, marveling at the grace of the wind-swept branches and making our plans for bigger and better forests, and for more shade trees along our high- ways, let us not forget the winter birds. Let us include refuges, and feeding stations and sanctuaries for birds among the much needed civic improvements and let us call no forest preserve complete without its offering for the birds that are to help protect it. AMERICAN FORESTRY ‘ieee: | EDITORS INDORSE CAMPAIGN OF FORESTRY ITH the Anthony Bill, looking to cut- ting the size of newspapers up before Congress along with an investigation of the reasons for a news print shortage, more newspapers of the country are fall- ing in line with the American Forestry Association in its campaign for a national forest policy. The editors all agree that the drive of the Association for memorial tree planting and for “Roads of Remem- brance” will bring to the attention of thou- sands, who could be reached in no other way, the value of tree planting and what forests mean to the economic life of the country. We quote from the Omaha Bee: “One of the plans The Bee has often urged on the people of Nebraska which will yet come to be adopted, looks to the afforestration of a great expanse of waste lands in the sandhill district. The idea back of this finds expression be duplicated in Nebraska, in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and other places throughout the land. The future demand for timber may not be equal to that of today; it certainly will not be so satisfied, but the present generation can well endow the future in- habitants of the land by taking steps to give them something in the way of standing timber.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Trenton Times and the Houston Post are among the other papers that have commented edi- torially on the possibilities of making a national forest policy the great tribute to Theodore Roosevelt. In the Biddeford, Maine, Journal, we find the editor express- ing this view: “Recalling Theodore Roosevelt’s love for nature, President Charles Lathrop Pack, of It is argued that the forests are like a bank account, in that they cannot be con- tinually drawn upon unless deposits are made occasionally. The need of a national forest policy admits of no argument on the negative side; it is not a project for the benefit solely of any particular indi- vidual or class, such as the lumberman, the paper-maker, the wood-worker, but for all the people. “To say nothing of the rapidly growing demands for home consumption, the demands from all parts of the civilized world upon the United States for lumber and forest by-products in this ante-war period will be greater than ever before. Consequently, every practical consideration is on the side of a vigorous and intelli- gent conservation of our natural resources. Among those resources the forests are par- ticularly important, not only in the proposal of Charles Lathrop Pack, head of the American Forestry Association, that a national move in the direction be set on foot as an appropriate memorial to Theo- dore Roosevelt. “No president felt the im- pulse more than he, nor did any understand so well the benefits to come from the prop- er administration of such a policy. Grover Cleveland gave life and vigor to a land policy that Roosevelt brought to its YE SCRIBE PRACTISES WHAT HE PREACHES (Burton (Wash.) News. The American Forestry Association urges that we plant trees in memory of our boys who gave their lives for the world’s freedom. Trees that will shade and adorn the highway are especially de- sired. Ye scribe hereby pledges one broad-leaved maple and one dogwood along the front fence, as soon as the rains start in earnest. from the material standpoint of dollars and cents, but from the no less practical standpoint of the protection and conser- vation of the physical and spiritual health of the general public. The planting of mem- orial trees affords the oppor- tunity for creating headway for a campaign of interest in and practice of the science of reforestation. So far as it goes it is an admirable means to a desirable end. The plant- ing of the suggested “Roads of ultimate service, yet it was the strenuous one who could vision an Ameri- ca denuded of its wonderful timber growth. His conservation ideas did not get the encouragement they should; the public was not then responsive to the appeal, but some progress has been made. Under his successors more definite efforts have been put forth to save a portion of the natural wealth of the country for its people, but these have not as yet taken satisfactory form. “The Pack suggestion does not lay so much stress on conservation as it does on reproduction. It will not prevent the rea- sonable use of forests standing, but looks to their systematic replacement by replanting. Valuable timber may be brought from seed- lings within a generation; the marvelous firs and pines of the northwest, the giant oaks and hickories, the walnuts and the elms of the Mississippi Valley and the oth- er wonders of the forests now gone, or fast going, can not be restored in less than centuries. “But the Maryland and Virginia penin- sulas show what may be done within a lifetime. What has happened there can the American Forestry Association, urges the planting of trees in all parts of the country as memorials at this time of gen- eral commemoration of his birthday. “In a broader aspect, this Association has begun a campaign for the planting of memorial trees and the creation of “Roads of Remembrance” as a simple and effec- tive way of bringing the great principles of reforestation before the public mind and keeping it there. It is pointed out that to interest the people in trees is the first step in the process of establishing such auto- matic recognition of the value and need of a specific national forest policy as shall be effective to save wide areas of country from climatic calamity, create much wealth in timberland and avoid the fires which now all too frequently cause such heavy loss. “It is believed that this idea of planting trees on a large scale as memorials of dis- tinguished men is an excellent one, as it has an appeal which will be of general ser- vice to all the people while at the same time carrying a romantic tradition of en- during strength in the national character. Remembrance” may be the next step in the movement to the end that there may be created a public sentiment favorable to the reforestation of large areas that have been denuded by the for- est butchers. The forest owners are slowly learning their lesson. When that has been learned they will realize that it is not good policy to harvest one crop and leave the area in such shape that another crop cannot be secured for fifty or seventy-five years, but that the better way is to cut only the more mature timber and leave the smaller growth for a later cutting. Thus successive crops, at least two or three in a generation, may be secured in such a man- ner that the tract will be left in as good condition as when operations were first begun.” The Baltimore News reviews the figures in the Wall Street Journal and calls them “a note of warning.” Further on the News Says: “Our foreign lumber trade amounts to about 3,500,000,000 feet a year; and this year the demands of European reconstruc- tion will call for an even greater amount. AMERICAN FORESTRY 49 EDUCATION BY THE ASSOCIATION ‘Whatever part of this the United States supplies,’ says the Wall Street Journal, ‘will be at the expense of the future;’ and it goes on to point out that Britain is _ planning to plant nearly 2,000,000 acres of forest land, and that France, Norway and Sweden are preparing restrictions to pre- yent cutting in excess of the annual growth. It urges the public ‘to insist upon appro- priate legal measures to keep cutting within the limits of annual growth and to extend reproduction.’” The Rochester Democrat and Chronicle calls attention to the figures set forth by the Forest Patrolman, which says that forest fires are costing the West five or six mil- lion dollars every year. Following are other editorial opinions: Colonel Roosevelt was a lover of all that pertained to the great out-of-doors. This being true there can be no more suitable tribute paid to the former President’s mem- ory than the planting of trees and the pres- ervation of forests. Forests are among the greatest national resources. Forests are like banks, as Mr. Pack told the foresters, lum- bermen and wood users generally at the In- dianapolis meeting, you must deposit them if you want to take anything out. Then, in addition to the material benefits to be derived from the restoration and conserva- tion of forests, the planting of memorial trees is one of the greatest forces for Americanization and keeping aflame the community spirit, born of the war—Tren- ton, New Jersey, Times. Illinois is a tree-growing state. As such it is interested in the work of the American Forestry Association and that interest should be encouraged. The association is carrying on a campaign designed to bring about a general forestry policy. In the meantime, each individual can do some- thing to help out in the matter of replacing American timber. No bit of land should be permitted to go to waste, simply because it is not suitable for the raising of grain Crops or for gardening purposes. It will grow trees —Springfield, Illinois, Journal. The Sentinel has called attention before to the imperative need of a broader and more definite forest policy in this country. We have contrasted conditions in America in that respect with those prevailing in foreign countries, the comparison being decidedly unfavorable to the United States. A broader policy on the part of the na- tion and of individual states is needed not only because of the demands of the wood pulp industry, naturally of much in- terest to newspapers, but for other rea- sons as well. The Manufacturers’ Record, in the current issue, gives some of these reasons as follows: “Failure of this country to adopt a na- tional forest policy in past years is re- sponsible in large part for the unpleasant situation which the lumber industry finds itself in today, according to Charles L. Pack, president of the American Forestry Association, in keeping with other com- modities lumber has advanced greatly in price due largely to increased demands for war needs.” The matter is one of immediate import- ance. It cannot be deferred indefinitely. Something should be done, and done now. —Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Sentinel. Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Association and during the war the guiding spirit of the National War Garden Commission, is out in a new campaign before the American people. He has a gospel of four words and he is preaching it mightily and unceasingly: “Let © there be trees.” Mr. Pack recognizes the manner in which trees enter into our every-day life. To him, as he would put it before the people, the tree is a friend, a companion, a de- fender and a comforter. Mr. Pack has launched a drive for the planting of trees. He would have every person in the nation become responsible for the planting of at least one tree. His pro- gram includes planting memorial lanes in honor of dead soldiers, community parks with each tree named in respect of a de- parted or wounded hero; reforestation of cut-over areas; orchards on the roadsides, and so forth. We might suggest a slight addition to this ambitious plan. Let every person in the nation become responsible for two trees, one of the long-lived hard-wood types, which will exist in some suitable locality for many a year after the planter is gone, and the other of the food type, such as apples, plums, peaches or other fruits in other sections of the country, or a nut- bearer, each of which will add to the food supplies of the world and help cut down living costs for the coming generation. But even if the tree planted is of neither of these kinds, but purely ornamental, it will have its value and it ought to be planted. Let there be trees.——Pontiac, Michigan, Press. That is a praiseworthy project of the American Forestry Association which seeks to have memorial trees planted and “Roads of Remembrance” created as a means of reforestation. The association is spreading the idea throughout America and pointing out that when it interests the people of the country in trees it has brought to their attention something that is likely to ad- vance far a national forest policy which will mean a great deal to the country in the years to come. In a country in which already the scarci- ty of timber is keenly felt and where the woodlots on the farms have practically be- come a thing of the past as any consider- able factor it is time that some such policy were adopted. If we promote an abund- ance of trees for no other reason than soil protection and to perform service in the matter of moisture storage we have done a very great deal. Something must be done to replace these forests, if not in a mass tract along the highways. No more appealing suggestion has been made than that just advanced by the Forestry Association. In a com- paratively short time the trees would reach maturity. Wouldn’t it be pleasurable today to ride for miles along a country road lined with trees and realize that those trees were set out in the late ’60s as memorials to those men who fell in the Civil War?—Water- town, New York, Times. The American Forestry Association has issued an appeal to every school in the country to plant a tree this fall. It will send free tree planting instruction, and suggest an interesting program for a tree- planting observance. Tree planted school house grounds will serve several ends. Children will take pride in their school when thus adorned, and different classes will emulate each other to see which can do the most in beautifying it. If every school house could be made a center of pretty landscape gardening, the idea would spread from the children to the homes. —Staten Island Advance. The seriousness of the forestry situation in this country is being brought to the at- tention of the people by the American For- estry Association and there is hope that their work will have the effect of awake ing a genuine interest in saving and re- couping our timber interests—Florida Times-Union. The American Forestry Association has issued an appeal to every school in the country to plant a tree. It is a suggestion that might well be taken up in New Haven, where most school grounds are barren of grass or shade. Most recess playgrounds are paved with brick and no more desolate places are to be found anywhere—New Haven, Connecticut, Union. THE EXTENSION OF FORESTRY PRACTICE BY HENRY S. GRAVES, UNITED STATES FORESTER CQNHE year covered by the report of the Forest Service for the last fiscal year was signalized by a new movement for extending the practice of forestry. More than 20 years ago the Division of Forestry offered to give advice and assistance to private timber owners who might wish to consider applying forest management. The offer received a remarkable response and formed a real turning point in the forestry movement. For the first time forestry in the United States became something which a business man could grasp and weigh on its merits as a definite business proposal. This aided pow- erfully in bringing the whole question of forestry, public - as well as private, before the country. But it did not result in any widespread acceptance of the practice of forestry by timberland owners. The failure of this early movement to get private forests extensively under management was, however, not immediate. The Division of Forestry made its offer of cooperation early in the fiscal year 1898. By the close of the fiscal year 1905 requests had been received for the examination of private holdings, large and small, comprising all told more than 10,900,000 acres of land. Many requests were from lumber companies and other owners of extensive timber tracts. On the strength of the showing made by the preliminary examinations, a number of these large owners entered into cooperative agreements for the preparation of working plans. The interest of the lumbermen was much increased by the fact that the young foresters were able to show them that they were losing money by certain wasteful prac- tices. Closer utilization spread rapidly through the in- dustry. Public interest in forestry and an intelligent idea of what it meant became general. In the early years of the present century it really looked as though the management of forests as permanent productive properties might be voluntarily undertaken by private owners on a very large scale. Although many obstacles were presented by the internal conditions of the lumber industry, progressive lumbermen were giving much serious attention to the possibility of engaging in the practice of forestry. The chief stimulus was furnished by the rising value of stumpage. The panic of 1907 radically changed the situation. The lumber industry entered a period of protracted de- pression. From that time on private forestry made relatively little progress in the United States, except on farm woodlands. While public forestry has made vast strides, the forests of the country that are in private hands are being depleted with very great rapidity, and almost everywhere without effort to renew them. A grave situation is becoming manifest in various ways. This is why the Forest Service is now putting forth a new anc energetic effort to call public attention to the facts and to propose a program that will afford relief. The problem presented is one that can be solved only by public action. The general practice of forestry on privately owned lands in the United States will not take place through unstimulated private initiative. The magnitude of the National Forest enterprise and the prominence given to its accomplishments have given the impression to some that the problem of forestry is under way of solution. In point of fact, this is by no means the case, for the National Forests represent in area only about a quarter of the forest area of the country and less than that proportion of the actual standing timber. Private owners therefore hold more than three-fourths of the present timber supplies of the United States. The amount of material which is actually placed on the market from the National Forests amounts to only about 3 per cent of the entire consumption of the country. The rest comes from private lands. While the proportion will be altered, the country must still look to private lands for a large part of its forest sup- plies. The rate of depletion of our forest resources is more than twice, probably three times, what is actually being produced by growth in a form which will be servicable for products other than firewood. High prices of lum- ber are not wholly due to the increased cost of labor and materials. A part is due to the ever-retreating sources of timber supply. Already the supplies of all our eastern great centers of production are approaching exhaustion with the exception of the South, and even there most of the mills have not over 10 to 15 years’ supply left of virgin timber. Already the southern pine is being withdrawn from many points as a com- petitive factor and its place taken by western timbers, with consequent freight charges which the consumer must pay. Communities needing to build roads and other public works which involve increased taxation are often having brought sharply to their attention the economic consequences of stripping off the forests and leaving in their stead unproductive wastes of low tax- able value now or in the future. These facts are re- calling public attention to the effects of uneconomic and wasteful exploitation of our forests in the past and to the need of steps which will put a stop to the destruc- tive processes and replace them with methods which will build up rather than injure the country. The situation necessitates a broad policy of forestry for the whole Nation which will include both an enlarged program of public acquisition of forests by the Govern- ment, the States, and municipalities and protection and perpetuation of forest growths on all privately owned ~ lands which may not better be used for agriculture and settlement. The proposed plan for realizing these objectives con- templates cooperation between the Federal Government and the States. The Government and the States must NEW YORK’S FORESTRY PROGRAM 51 join hands in working out a program that will bring into correlation the various public and private efforts for the protection and right handling of forests. The function of the Federal Government, in addition to hand- ling the National Forests, would be to stimulate, guide, and coordinate State action and conduct necessary in- vestigations regarding the best methods of forestry, to assist the states in classification of land, and to harmon- ize action as between the different States. The States would also have a function in handling public property owned by them, and they would have a further direct responsibility in connection with the protection and per- petuation of private forest lands. In the matter of private forestry the Government would work primarily through State agencies. To int- tiate the proposed policy there should be a Federal law authorizing the Government to cooperate with the States in bringing about the protection and right handling of forest lands within their borders, and providing means for such cooperation. The net result of the steps already taken to inaugurate and organize the new movement for forestry has been to attract renewed and widespread attention to the fact that a real forest problem must be reckoned with, and is of national concern; to establish a conviction in the minds of many who have first-hand knowledge of the facts that definite action to protect the public interests involved and safeguard a resource essential for economic and industrial stability is now required; and to secure what is believed to be a feasible program, of a character to command general acceptance as it becomes fully un- derstood. NEW YORK’S FORESTRY PROGRAM SOMPREHENSIVE program of forestry develop- ment for New York State has been outlined by Conservation Commissioner George D. Pratt and presented to the Governor and members of the State Legislature for consideration. Commisoner Pratt says: “Investigations made during the war by this Com- mission, in co-operation with the United States Forest Service, for the purpose of locating available supplies of timber to meet the urgent demands of the Army, de- veloped a situation so serious in New York State that it threatens the absolute existence of some of the most important industries within our borders—those that de- pend for their continuance upon unfailing supplies of forest products. The menace of a wood shortage, which these investigations disclosed, is imminent, and the need for immediate administrative steps to replenish our sup- ply is great. The measures which I suggest for relief constitute a unified plan to meet the paramount necessity for a proper protection and development of the forest lands of the State, and have already in their funda- mental features been thoroughly developed and tested by the work of the Conservation Commission in the two greatest forest regions of the State. They accordingly involve an extension to the State at large of the system of forest protection and development now practiced in the Adirondacks and Catskills, with trained foresters in each section, and a further intensification of forestry methods in every section, including the Adirondacks and Catskills. “The shortage of nearly all kinds of wood material, with which we are faced, affects other states as well as New York; and has arrested the attention of foresters throughout the country, so much so, in fact, that Colonel Henry S. Graves, Chief of the United States Forest Service, has instituted a national movement for more tational use of this waning resource, and for effective steps to insure the growing of successive timber crops hereafter. In no state, however, is the situation more critical than in New York. This is due to the fact that New York is the greatest user of wood of any state, the total annual consumption amounting to over 1,750,- 000,000 board feet of lumber, in addition to 1,000,000 cords of pulp wood, over 130,000 cords for wood alcohol and other products of distillation, and enormous quanti- ties of other material for railroad ties, cooperage, poles, and fuel wood. It has been estimated that the annual lumber bill of the state is over sixty million dollars, about two-thirds of which goes outside of the state. In spite of the fact that approximately two-thirds of the annual lumber needs are met by importation, it is never- theless true that we are actually cutting within the state from three to five times more timber than is grown here each year. Statistics of forest products for 1918, which is the last year for which they have been compiled, show that in that year we cut 762,289,934 board feet, in addition to 18,651,346 miscellaneous pieces, like posts, poles, laths, shingles, etc. “Our forests are thus rapidly vanishing, and it re- quires little more than arithmetical computation to deter- mine the time when timber production in New York State will be a negligible industry, with the inevitable result that the vital manufacturing establishments which depend upon available supplies of wood will migrate to other fields. I submit that the remedy for this situation is one of the most fundamentally important problems with which we have to deal in New York State today. “With a proper administration of the land best adapted for timber production, New York State should eventually be able to supply a large part, if not all, of its timber needs. The present forest area of the state is about 12,000,000 acres. This is approximately 40 per cent of the entire area of the state. In addition there is a large acreage which now lies abandoned, but which is well adapted to and can be used for forestry purposes. A future permanent supply of standing timber as a raw material for our industries is a problem of conservation of present resources and of right administration of this vast area. It is a problem of practical economic imr ance which we can under no circumstances afford to 52 AMERICAN overlook. We cannot stop the cutting of timber, because we need the material, but we must take steps to insure a better utilization of what we have, and a future re- placement. “For purposes of administration, I suggest the division of the state into ten forestry areas. Each of these areas should be placed under the supervison of an experienced forester, acting under the direction of the Division of Lands and Forests of the Conservation Commission in the same way that district forest rangers in the Forest Preserve counties now administer their forest areas. With this organization, the work to be accomplished would be as follows: “1. Forest Protection—This is fundamental in all forest work, and is absolutely indispensable if invest- ments in forest property are to be safeguarded. Experi- ence in the Adirondack and Catskill sections has demonstrated that this protection can be secured by the proper organization of a fire fighting machine. The forester in each of the districts of the state would effect such an organization. “The protection of forested areas from the ravages of disease and insects should be an important function of the forester. For the last three years the Conservation Commission has been engaged in the detection and eradi- cation of white pine blister rust in the state at large, as well as in the Forest Preserve counties, and has carried on a systematic study for the permanent control of this disease, in co-operation with the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Asa result of eradication work and studies, it has been decided that white pine, which is the most valuable timber crop of the entire state, can be successfully grown in the future if proper administra- tive steps are taken to protect it from the blister rust. The division of the state into ten districts, with a forester in each, will provide the machinery for making this protection effective. The forester will also be able to give much advice and assistance to private land owners regarding the protection of their forest crops from other diseases and from insect attacks. “2. Forest Survey—The timber needs of the war strongly emphasized our great lack of information re- garding forestry resources, and indicated clearly the need for a careful survey of such resources, as one of the first steps in a comprehensive plan for forest development. An inventory of forestry resources should be made in order that adequate information may be available for working out the details of a proper plan of management of forest lands. Besides the inventory of standing tim- ber resources, a comprehensive Soil survey of the state should be made, for the purpose of determining the lands fit for agriculture, and those that should be used for permanent forestry purposes. “3. Reforesting.—There are two types of forest land in this state: One has some sort of forest cover, and the other has practically none. Reforesting of the non- forested area is vital to the welfare of the state. The forest is a crop. This is a truth which we have failed to realize while we have exploited with a lavish hand the free gift of nature accumulated through the vast un- FORESTRY measured past. Already the Commission is operating six state nurseries, from which each year between eight and ten million trees are distributed for reforestation of denuded land. At the present time between four and five million of these trees are being planted upon state owned land of the Forest Preserve, while the remaining four or five million are distributed free of charge to state institutions and at cost of production to private land owners throughout the state. The plan for forest de- velopment accordingly contemplates a further develop- ment of this system, with enlargement of the state nurseries, and with increased attention on the part of the foresters to the planting of the trees. This work of wide-spread reforestation would be directed to several ends. “The development of community forests in New York State is already under way, and much interest has been shown in the planting of forests on lands owned by municipalities, townships, counties, and school districts. For example, lands which the counties have acquired through the non-payment of taxes, lands which are owned or have been given to cities or villages, lands owned by municipalities, such as water works, and state land ac- quired through non-payment of taxes and foreclosure of loan commission mortgages, can very readily be made — productive by forest planting. In many isolated cases, such lands have already been reforested with trees from the state nurseries, and it should now be one of the im- portant activities of the district forester to make this wide-spread and effective on a broad state basis. “Highway planting is important, and has for years been recommended by the State Department of High- ways. Appropriate trees should be planted along state roads, not only for the purpose of increasing their scenic beauty, but also for conserving a proper amount of mois- ture by shading the roads, thus preventing the deteriora- tion of the highways. The forester in each district could prepare the necessary plans, supervise the work of plant- ing the trees, and see that after planting they are properly protected, this work, of course, being done in co-operation with the State Department of Highways. “Increased interest is being taken in the care of existing shade trees, and in the increase of shade trees for the future. The district foresters could give a certain amount of advice to the communities in regard to this matter, and assist in the organization of shade tree asso- ciations, thus adding materially to the welfare of the state. “4. Scientific Cutting—The average owner of timber land, and particularly the owner of the farm woodlot, does not fully understand the proper method of cutting, thinning, or selection of trees to be taken or left upon the land, in order that the greatest net return may be had from the land throughout successive years and gen- _ erations. It is accordingly of the utmost importance that there be established a proper silvicultural treatment of woodlands. The private owners should be shown how to differentiate between useful and weed species, thereby bringing their lands to a far higher state of productivity of useful kinds of wood. The farm woodlot can be NEW YORK’S FORESTRY PROGRAM greatly improved by proper cutting, while at the same time a profit is realized. “s. Marketing—The marketing of various forest products is at present not working to the advantage of the people of the state. Logs are sawed at mills without a full conception of the needs of the market, and the products of valuable forest trees are thereby materially reduced in value. The collection of information throughout the state as to the demands of the market and the distribution of this information among the producers of timber would jointly benefit the producer of the timber, the manu- facturer, and the ultimate consumer. “6. Forest Recreation—wWithin the last few years it has come to be realized more clearly than ever before that one of the most important uses of great forest areas is their recreational use. In fact, so important has this use become in the Forest Preserve counties that the business of caring for vacationists far exceeds even the lumber business itself, in the capital invested in it, in the wages paid, and in the annual turnover. Demands for maps and guide books have been insistent, and never before have the people manifested such a deep interest in the recreational facilities of the forests. Each year large numbers of permits are issued for camps upon state land, while the number who camp for short periods without permits is far greater. This interest in healthful out-of-door recreation has become a national characteris- tic, and is being met by the Federal government in all of the great national parks by the creation of a special department for attention to the needs of vacationists. The administration of the state-owned Forest Preserve for vacationists is now an important function of the Con- servation Commission. In addition, the Commission has jurisdiction over the Cuba Reservation in Allegany County, which, by the leasing of its cottage sites, pays an 53 annual net revenue. While the district foresters in the Forest Preserve counties would necessarily give more attention to the recreational development of their terri- tories than the foresters in other counties where state land is not located, it is nevertheless true that the for- esters in every district could do much to stimulate prope: development of forest recreation throughout the state, and distribute information regarding the recreation ad- vantages of the Forest Preserve. “Free Trees for Reforestation—In addition to the ad- ministrative measures outlined above, I believe that the state should supply trees for reforestation free of charge to private land owners, under agreements with the land owners that the trees will be properly planted and cared for. “Constructive Forest Taxation.—I believe also that our forest taxation laws should be revised so that the private land owner may be encouraged to permit his forest crop to grow to maturity. “A full summary of the benefits that will accrue to New York State upon the adoption of a broad plan for forest development will reach into practically every phase of the life of the people. Hardly an industry can be named, which is not in one way or another dependent upon supplies of wood. With the development of our water resources, the need for wood supplies will be even greater. A decrease in the production of wood products and a relocation of mills elsewhere will all tend to in- crease the cost of products to the consumer. We must accordingly maintain and develop our forests, and thus protect our industries, and employ our labor. We must insure permanency in industry, and not allow parts of the Empire State to become deserted villages. This is a social and economic problem, which a broad plan of forest development can do much to solve.” LANDOWNERS’ ASSOCIATIONS FAVOR FORESTRY E following account has been only recently received by AMERICAN Forestry of an important meeting held in New Orleans on September 4: Managers of landowners’ associations in a number of Southern States held an important meeting in New Orleans, recently. Those in attendance were: George R. Wheeler, manager, South Carolina Landowners’ Association, Charleston, South Carolina; W. A. McGirt, vice-president and general manager, North Carolina Landowners’ Association, Wilmington, North Carolina; F. H. Abbott, secretary, Georgia Landowners’ Associa- tion, Waycross, Georgia; Dr. W. F. Blackman, manager, Florida Cattle Tick Eradication Committee, Jacksonville, Florida ; C. S. Ucker, executive vice-president, Southern Settlement and Development Organization, Baltimore, Md., and A. G. T. Moore, director, Cut-Over Land Utili- zation Department, Southern Pine Association, New Orleans. Mr. H. E. Blakeslee, chairman of the organi- zation committee, Mississippi Landowners’ Association, Gulfport, Mississippi, was also present, and his organi- zation has since then, come formally into existence. All of these organizations are directing their efforts toward the development of the resources of the South, as a means toward the improvement of the value of the lands owned by their respective organizations. Their activities take the form of substantial backing of the movements for good roads, tick eradication, improvement of rural con- ditions, etc. Upon request of Mr. Ucker, State Forester R. D. Forbes, of the Louisiana Department of Conser- vation, laid before the meeting the forestry work which is being done by Louisiana. Mr. Ucker’s attitude toward forestry and fire protection had been previously stated in correspondence with Mr. Forbes as follows: “Personally, I have long since reached this conclusion, that the home of the long-leaf yellow pine and the slash pine, of the naval stores, turpentine and resin, that is the South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain area from south side Virginia to the Gulf coast of Texas, would reforest itself in a very few years, naturally, if it were not for the continued fires, and on the contrary, if we can protect all of that area by co-ordinated Federal and State effort from fires for a period of five or ten years, AMERICAN we will have an unbroken forest. Then I think land classification will largely take care of itself. As the population expands, as the new settler requires additional areas, he will segregate the best soil, clear it off, and put it to use, and in the meantime all the balance of it will be growing timber, which will be getting, as years pass by, more and more valuable.” Mr. Forbes was kept busy answering questions con- cerning the Louisiana situation and the feasibility of applying Louisiana’s methods in others of the Southern States. The meeting finally unanimously passed the fol- lowing motion : “That the basis of successful reforestation is fire pro- tection and that it shall be the purpose of the various organizations here represented to individually and col- lectively exert all possible efforts within their respective states and territories to the end that the custom of “burning-over” the land be stopped or minimized to the greatest possible extent and to further place practical reforestation prominently in their respective programs of future activities.” a That in our opinion the work of reforesta- tion as conducted in Louisiana should be emulated in other Southern States and to the end that this shall be done will our efforts be directed.” “That it is the consensus of our opinion that cattle raising and reforestation should go hand in hand with any National forest policy which may be evolved.” The work being done by the Federal Government in co-operative fire protection under the Weeks Law was explained to the meeting and the effort to obtain an in- crease in the Weeks Law appropriation for fire protec- tion from $100,000 annually to $500,000, received hearty endorsement. 54 FOR FOREST INVESTIGATIONS Or forest resources are being depleted from two to three times as fast as our forests are growing. The supply in our eastern section is rapidly approaching ex- haustion; the forest supply in the South will be exhausted within twelve or fifteen years; much of the timber in the Lake States is gone, and that on the Pacific Coast is being steadily cut. Measures for reproduction, for fire protection, and for other features of a national forest policy, to provide for- ests for the future, are absolutely essential at this time. It is necessary, for the successful operation of a na- tional forest policy, to have a series of forest investiga- tions in order to develop the best method of reproducing, growing, and protecting timber on denuded lands, for cutting and protecting timber on timberlands, and for in- vestigating other forest problems. It is necessary, in order to conduct such forest investi- gations, to have forest experiment stations located in various sections of the country and also to provide exist- ing stations with more funds. Members of the Associa- tion are, therefore, asked to write to their Senators and Representatives in Congress and urge them to favor an increase in that section of the appropriation for the FORESTRY United States Forest Service, under the Department of Agriculture, which provides for general expenses as follows: “For silvicultural, dendrological, and other experiments and investigations independently or in co-operation with other branches of the Federal Government, with states and with individuals, to determine the best methods for the conservative management of forests and forest lands, $78,728.” : Urge that this appropriation be increased to $250,000, which amount will provide for such forest investigation as may be necessary. CAN SAVE WHITE PINE HAT the white pine, most valuable of American soft- woods, can be saved, and not made extinct by the dreaded blister rust was the consensus of opinion at the international blister rust conference in Albany, when experts from all parts of the country gathered to dis- cuss means of stopping the spread of the infection. If proper care is taken to prevent its spread there is no reason why the reforestation of this country with white pine can not be continued. Methods of treatment of the infected tree, but particularly of stopping the ‘carrying of the spores to uninfected trees were discussed. Dr. L. H. Pennington, head of the Forest Pathology Depart- ment of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, told of important tests in. the Essex County region, to determine the distance to which the disease could be carried, and he gave his opinion that the blister rust spores. were able to carry the infection to a much lesser distance than has com- monly been supposed, thus making the protection of un- infected stands of pine much simpler. He urged that the greatest care be taken, however, to completely eradicate the currant and gooseberry bushes which participate in transmitting the pest within the danger zones. Prof. John W. Stephen, head of the Silviculture Department of the New York College of Forestry, told of practical in; vestigations in Wisconsin. Clifford L. Pettis, chief for- ester of the New York Conservation Commission, pre- sided at the conference. LASTING QUALITIES OF CEDAR AN ancient grave marker dug up near Seattle by workmen clearing land, disclosed a remarkable testi- monial to the long life, durability and resistance to decay possessed by Washington red cedar. The lettering on the marker, which remains distinct, showed that it must have been placed in commission nearly fifty years ago. There is no name on it to indi- cate over whose grave it was erected, but the date of death is inscribed as Dec. 30, 1868. When unearthed the cedar piece was several fi under ground, indicating that it had lain there for many years. Although conditions were most favorable for decay, the marker remained in an almost perfect state of preservation. While it was weathered to a deep gray color, fungi and insects had given it a wide berth. AMERICAN FORESTRY 55 The Southern Pine Association maintains a department of Cut-Over Land Utilization, which, with the U. S. Department of Agriculture and other agencies, is seeking to determine the best uses which can be made of the cut-over lands in the Southern States. The logical division for the utilization of these many millions of idle acres are— Ist—AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 2nd—LIVE-STOCK RAISING 3rd—REFORESTATION An informative and reliable book describing in full the opportunities afforded on the cut- over pine lands of the South has been published, and is distributed free to all requesting it. SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA & DISSTON-SAWS | THE BEST KNOWN SAW IN THE WORLD Each year finds a greater number of leading mills using Disston Saws ex- clusively. Mill operators know that the success of their mill—the quality and quantity of lumber they turn out —depends on the saw they use. It is natural, therefore, for them to choose Disston Saws—the acknowl- edged standard in quality for 80 years. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES lanted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, which emorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree. Trees have been desires to register each LANHAM, MD. By Mrs. Charles Howser; Ensign Joseph F. Bellak. FLORENCE, ALA. By Woman’s World War Memorial Associa- tion; Jesse Adams, John T. Barkley, William Calvin Brewer, Willia M. Creasy, Percy Crunk, T. A. Howell, John Wesley Hall, Herbert Lee Hill, Henry Holland, Jacob Heupel, Price Hill, Luther Hine, Private Lovelace, Elmer McFall, George Edwin McFall, Alonzo Nugent, William E. Param, Henry Smith, Thomas Clayton Under- wood. Clyde Wilcoxsen, James E. Wesson, Frank Lester Young, Zacharia Agnew, Private Hardin, Beatrice Martin, Green Thompson. AUGUSTA, GA. By Woman's Club; Captain Louis Legarde Battey, William P. Battle, Jr., Jack Carr Byrd, Claude A. Barker, Corp. Barney Bivens, Wil- liam J. Cooney, James W. Crowe, Lieut. Thomas Cumming, Thomas Edward Cockrel, John Allen Davis, Foster Davenport, A. S. Edwards, Clar- ence Epps, Lieut. L. B. Evans, Aaron Franklin, Ernest G. Gay, Eulie T. Goolby, Harry Green, O. M. Horne, Corp. O. R. Hardeman, James B. Hester, Forest H. Harrison, Sgt. John W. Hogan, Sgt. Willie E. Jones, Corp. Sheppard Jordon, Josh Keener, Anthony P. Knuck, Andrew Kep, William Edward Kent, Archie McCorkle, Jas- per H. Morris, Sgt. T. A. Murphey, I. M. Moore, Daniel D. Morris, Willie Phillips, Frampton Page, John Neeley Page, George T. Pittman, Burr Wise Powell, Norman C. Pflager, Willie Ready, Ashley Rushing, John Henry Reese, Sam- uel Smith, Thurman Lee Swancy, Owen Alder- man Sims, Fred E. Turner, Cadet Moultrie Clyde Trowbridge, Marvin G. Wright, Harry V Weils, Carl Williams, Mack Walthour, Lieu:. Lee Wal- ton Verdery, Willie Caldwell, Frank Monroe, Willie Hickson, Dan Gibson, Ernest Key, David Thomas, Johnny Walker, Otis Jones, Henry Gar- rett, Tom Reese, Ben Cumming, Willis Harris, Willie Ramsey. THOMPSON, GA. By Women’s Club; Henry Earl Williams, Joseph B. Wilson, A. K. Forney, Holly Harrison, Fred Lee Isdell, Daniel J. Brown. CARBONDALE, ILL. : By Civics and Suffrage Club; Curtis Allison, Arthur R. Carter, Wm. A. Watson, Ambrose Boulden, Donald Forsythe, John Arthur Wiley. INDIANAPOLIS, IND. By Arsenal Technical High School; John Ag- ger, Seth Aldrich, Tom Alverson, Frank Ander- son, Clarence Anderson, George Arnold, John Arnold, William Ash, Ralph Arbough, Herbert Bader, Fred Bakemeyer, Maxwell Baker, Nor- man Bailiff, Harold Bartholomew, Harold Bar- ton, Howard Bates, Gerald Batman, Wesley Becker, Glen Bertels, Cecil Bevis, Arthur Black, Harold Bossingham, Paul Boswell, Harold Bradbury, Charles Brant,, Jr., Robert Brewing- ton, Arch Brown, Hale Brown, Harry Brown, Walter Brydon, Franklin Burns, Paul Rurns, Henry Butler, Noble Butler, Charles Cain, Ted Campbell, Paul Chevalier, Edward Churchman, Eugene Clarke, Leo Clifton, Clarence Conley, Pembroke Cornelius, Fred Coverston, Frank Cox, Blanton Coxen, Dallas Crooke, Oris Cunn- ingham, Sydney Dailey, Francis Dallow, Albert Daugherty, Todd Davis, Alva Davidson, Will DeLaney, George Baker DeVan, Oscar Dickin- son, Edward Doyle, Russell Durler, Donald Dur- man, Herbert Dux, Frederic Dyer, Donald Dynes, William Elder, Otis Elliot, Robert Endsley, Everett Ent, Lucy Erwin, William Ervin, How- ard Everson, Winters Fehr, Fred Finehout, Paul Finney, Hugo Fischer, Jr., George Fritsche, Tre- vor Gaddis, Herbert Galloway, Dwight Good, AMERICAN FORESTRY Albert Greenwald, Fred Griggs, Ralph Gullet, Newell Hall, Robert Hamlin, William Hanley, Robert Harris, Thomas Harrison, Virgil Havens, Jack Haymaker, Paul Hemphill, Wilbur Hess- ong, Arthur Hewitt, William Hinkle, Leslie Hit- tle, Paul Hodges, Frank Hoke, Lehman Holli- day, Roy Hosea, Elmer Huber, Everitt Hughes, George Hurley, Wilbur Ingleman, Leo Irish, Paul James, Kenneth Jeffries, Joshua Johnson, Phillip Johnston, Virgil Jones, Marshall Kimmich, Rus- sell Kirschman, William Kiser, Robert Kline, Russell Koehler, William Kothe, Paul Koehring, Frank LaBarbara, Clarence Lang, Merle Lang, Leroy Langdon, Joseph Langton, Bernard Lawson, Russell Lindeman, Maurice Lindley, Emerson Loomis, Abram Lorber, Ber- nard Lorber, Harry Lot, Robert Lowes, Harold McCoy, J. F. McConnell, Harold McCord, Will McCullough, Fred McDonald, Albert MclIllvaine, Wayne McMeans, Gerald McShane, Benito Mac- asset, Ray Magruder, Arthur Marquette, Edwin Marshall, Stewart Maxwell, Houston Meyer, Jonas Miles, Grester Miller, Joe Mix, Paul Mof- ett, Carl Moore, Earl Moore, Myron Moore, Guy Monihan, Ralph Moser, Jerome Murphy, Robert Myers, Frederick Nessler, Edward Newitt, Char- les Newman, Forrest Nutt, Edward O'Conner, George Olive, Paul Ostheimer, Ivan Overman, Burl Owen, Edward Owen, Earl Pangborn, Oscar Parmer, Earl Perkins, Earnest Pickard, Samuel Pickard, Ralph Pike, Raymond Ping, Walter Portteus, Victor Prange, Paul Quill, Paul Ray, Fred Reif, Lewis Reynolds, Charles M. Richart, Oscar Ries, Paul Risk, Harold Robinson, Den- ton Rowley, Thalia Rush, Vincent Rush, Wilbur Rusie, J. C. Sampson, Leo T. Samuels, Clyde Sandford, Ralph Schaad, Arnold Schnepel, Nor- man Schoen, Ray Schoen, Francis Schoppenhorst, James Patrick Scott, Richard Sherman, Ralph Shimer, Thomas Shimer, Joseph Sims, Paul Sin- gleton, Alfred Sloane, George Smith, Merrill Smith, John Spotts, Arthur Stewart, Gordon Stew- art, Connie Stumpf, Frank Sullivan, Harry Swanson, Paul Trees, Wiliam Treisgan, Jack Thurston, Harry Tomlinson, Alva Maurice Tut- tle, Claude Vane, Gordon Varney, Robert Veh- ling, Walter Vinson, John Voris, Earl Wagner, Mentlow Ward, Rollo Warren, John Watkins, Glen Webb, Homer Webb, Leonard Webster, Charles Wheat, Elmer Wiebke, Kenneth Wil- liams, Rush Williams, «Earl Wise, Raymond Woods, Harry Woodsmall, Allen Wortman, Charles Young, George Young, Lowell Young. GREENDALE, KY. By Kentucky Houses of Reform; Gen. John J. Pershing, Marshall Underwood Corum, Gen. Foch, Sgt. Alvin York, Miss Georgia Watts, Miss Curry Breckenridge, Woodrow Wilson, J. C. W. Rock- hans, Sr., A. O. Stanley, Jr., Ollie James, Gov- ernor James Black, Charles P. Weaver, Frank A. Johnson, E. H. Doak, John W. Milliken, F. T. Forman, Dr. W. P. Roberts, Rev. Dick Redd, Miss Annie G. Marquis, Bernard Gratz Moton, Mrs. Mary Gratz Moton, Mrs Martha Gilchrist. LAGRANGE, KY. Graded and Oldham High School; Everett F. Smith, Bryan Duncan, Zolhary H. Button, Bryan Taylor, Wiliam M. Smith, Harry Ratts, William Purnis, William Henry Clare, Norman Neal, Andrew Hill, Edward Ross. LOUISVILLE, KY. George Rogers Clark School; Pierce Butler At- wood, Howard Dohrmann, Edward Garrett, James Marshall. NEW ORLEANS, LA. By Audubon Park Commission; Captain Charles DeV. Allain, Harold J. Alexander, Capt. George W. Anderson, Sgt. Charles L. Baudry, Maxwell Block, Philip S. Bowling, Donald Bradburn, A. Oscar Brown, Capt. A. C. Callen- der, Leon Clausner, Lieut. G. P. Cole, A. L. Croneberg, Bernard J. Daly, Wm. C. Devitt, A. A. Diettel, A. B. Hoheny, P. A. Oubre, Sgt. John A. Perelli, Lieut. T. J. Powell, James Price, Corp. C. L. Putnam, H. J. Remondet, Corp. L. R. — Rollins, Wm. A. Roper, J. Sanchez, R. J. Schae- fer, W. J. Schutzmann, J. A. Stanton, M. J. Stiller, T. J. Sturges, M. C. Suarez, R. J. Titus, A. B. Vautrain, L. C. Watermeier, D. W. Wied- man, Sgt. A. F. Williams, J. C. Zittmann, Lieut. David J. Ewing, Corp. John J. Farrelly, George Gassenberger, Corp. Thomas A. Gragard, R. L. Guilbeau, John A. Hanmer, E. J. Harrison, Hy. — J. Haydel, Corp. S. Hellman, Alex. Hoffman, Prentiss M. Johnson, John J. Kelley, Arthur Kennedy, Joseph R. Larm, P. J. Manning, G. C. Mattin, F. J. Miguez, Sgt. E. F. Miler, H. D. Moore, J, F. Newitt, Lieut. Robert W. Nolte. WALTHAM, MASS. First Parish Sunday School; Charles Bacon. CARUTHERSVILLE, MO. By Woman's Club; Jesse Allison, William R. Barley, Harvey Bush, Carroll Depriest, Jiles E. Dunn, James Gowen, Slaughter Hart, John’ Heath, Clyde E. Holmes, Auvel L. Lean, Joseph J. Lee, Ray N. McHarry, Robert A. Malone, Thomas C. Metcalf, Alva Levi Mead, James R. -Monan, Pierre S. Phillips, Jerry Ruby, Robert Shade, — Walter Southern, Roy C. Spicer, Alfred Tate, Jake P. Turnbow, Fred A. Walker, James E. Wheeler, Oliver Lawrence, Clay Hudgings, Fred Reid, Arlie Ray Duckworth, George L. Goff, Verland Burch, Curtis Disbennet, Flowers, Sims, Eddie Grimes, Laurie Mack, CAMP DIX, N. J: By Woman’s Musical and Literary Study Club; Miss Lillian A. Clemens. BROOKLYN, N. Y. By St. Charles Borromeo Church; Captain John J. Tuohy, Sgt. James F. Travers, Thomas Crann, Robert Luff, Henry P. McCann, Edward McGuin- ness, Francis P. McKeon, Denis F. Sullivan, John F. Sullivan,. Har Turrell, James M. Wheeler. AER ey MAMARONECK, N. Y. By Mothers Club; Lieut. Col. Sherman Avery White. i MOHEGAN LAKE, N. Y. By Van Cortlandt Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution; Raymond Moore, Jr. NEW YORK CITY. b By Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help; Charles R. Ash, Thomas F. Baker, Frank Bates, Francis I. Corcoran, Charles G. Ostberg, Jere- miah P. Roach, Joseph G. Roberts, Raymond A. Tighe, William J. Tighe, George Von Lubken, Richard J. Whelan, Thomas P. Waring, William J. Ryan, George J. McDonough, Junior Members, Catholic Women’s Civic League, Senior Mem- bers, Catholic Women’s Civic League, Howard P. Crygier, Francis A. Donaghy, Jeremiah J. Dalton, Howard M. Driscoll, George Dow Gibson, Eugene Edward Gotimer, Francis A. Hamlett Daniel A. Hart, Wiliam Reginald Kelley, James — B. Kennedy, Louis J. Lazzaro, James B. O’Don- nell. TARRYTOWN, N. Y. By Board of Education, North Tarryton High School; Daniel Clemons, Alcon H. Levy, Maurice Powers, Harold Scofield, John A. Kelly, Kenneth H. Pollack, Michael Sentz, Howard Slawson, Lester Storms. SHARON HILL, PA. By Public School; Capt. E. W. Lynch, D. S. C. MARION, VA. 4 Club; Service Smythe By Woman's Men, County. j ‘ AMERICAN FORESTRY ST AMAWALK NURSERY has thousands of MEMORIAL TREES Thousands of large sized evergreen and _ deciduous trees are growing in the Amawalk Nursery. We can supply hundreds of nursery- grown, matched specimens for memorial planting. Our facilities for shipping by truck or freight are unex- celled. Send for Catalogue Phone Yorktown 128 “American Linden, 7 inch caliper, 26 feet high.” Visit the Nursery AMAWALK Westchester County, New York “European Elm, 6 inch caliper, 24 feet high.’ WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby accept membership in The American NOTE—American Forestry M. ii a hand ly printed and illustrated monthly, is sent to all pt $1.00 bers, or without membership the subscription price is $3.00 a year. CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership F ‘ A r 2 ‘ | ‘ = $ 3.00 Contributing = : F ‘ : 3 Z P : ‘ . F 10.00 Sustaining * é : 5 : 3 . , : : 25.00 Life = 2 . * P . 3 : ° - ' 5 100.00 Patron = : ; : ; ; . : ‘ ‘ 1000.00 Annual Membership, without Magazine : : 4 : ‘ ‘ F 1.00 Canadian Postage 25c extra; Foreign Postage, 50c extra. ($2.00 of the fee is for AMERICAN FORESTRY.) Name... Street City PLANT MEMORIAL TREES 58 AMERICAN FORESTRY BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. Association, Washington, D. © These may Prices are by mail or express prepaid. be ordered through the American Forestry FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth PRACTICAL TREE RE a peer ae oe FOREST VALUATION—B CHINESE FOREST TREES ‘A AND TIMBER SUPPLY—B TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE} NIALS B TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I Per Part a TRAINING OF A MBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kello THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STR NORTH AMERICAN TREES—N. L. Bri —s Y TO THE eee and Preston HE FARM WOODLOT-E. a oes Ag ij IDENTIFICATION OF THE 9.60 Ic woo cord PLANE SURVEYING—John C. Trac: FOREST MENSURATION—He THE ECONOMICS OF FOREST FIRST BOOK OF F PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Full Y—B. E. REES IN WINTER —A. S. Blakeslee and C. Jarvis MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive 14 Volumes, per Volume AMERICAN WOODS—Rome 4 B ca tags OF THE TRE Hough, HANDBOOK TREES OF NEW ENGLAND-L. hurs' TREES Marshall. Ward .....00..0.605 OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir PRACTICAL gr gat da Kaa Gifford pase) Le oy Cc. B THE IMPORT FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Raiph C. THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff ELE: STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison. TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars ...... THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTU TIMB Ww SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY —By FUTURE OF FOREST TREES—B a: FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TR FARM Eidahad Sea? | John Arden Fer, THE BOOK OF FORESTRY—By Frederic! OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—By Grins . sess HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN. By Jay L. B. Taylor........ THE LAND WE LIVE IN—By Overton Price WOOD AND FOREST—B THE ESSENTIALS OF A William Noyes ERICAN TI Gil FRENCH 1 FORES“S AND FORESTRY—By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. AL OF POISONOUS PLANTS—By L. H. P. el MANU WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clare OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—H. D. B = pe OF THE NATIONAL PARKS—By Robe Ster Y OF THE ete Re J. Gordon Dorrance . Reckna; a and John Bentley ji SE—By John Guthrie. s TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING—By Hy Si Bettas coo cies es TOR FOREST MANAGEMENT-—By A. THE FOREST RANGER AN OTHER VE A FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot ... P. Wentlin DS OF THE UNITED STATES—Samuel if 2” ares 2 i~] ~~ > wn r » 2] cI oe 5 ° s PeaAnNeRoO Solon Graves dy hse ey ee eee PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuci B. Green.. T S OF THE NORTHERN U. S. OCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Lee ae GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarl F TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS~J. R. ee . Dame and He idgeraca’ SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEAS ENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N. C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J etal I and II, 4 Parts to a Volune— AND C edhe ‘ ZESBS SS Sessessa assakRs & Pete A AD NHR ee OP Niitcsteheibacuinidinesicitsswticemageecen sen coccinea sie ceics 1.50 1.50 1.91 aig'e’e 0'0:d:6 518 aie 6.4 aieioia'e i510 0191 pia\e'ein.s @'bjelall s siai¥'plataie's die sib\a'we'vu.) cie 4.00 NT TIM ER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES-—S. B. Elliott 2.50 Hawley and Austin F. Hawes..... 3.50 OODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves.. — Jalia: Rilen: Rowers: «.cecscccaccccsvccst specs 1.00 ERN bcp tees —Austin Cary. a 2.10 Cc. Brown 2.50 1.75 1.75 65 3. 3. Dr. Bacold:: Unwin socio cicasias scieiesis sic cies 2. ES a0: a apaabbaiaemide Schuyler Mathews.. 2. 1 2. 1 2. 1 eiels: slate aipia'a(elets,e:erelaisisiaia(eioteieiaie:bielsle 3. 3 NMEA ure WN s SSSSSSass SSsSssysrss my 33 3.10 * This, of course, is not a complete Hole but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—EDITOR PROF. BROWN IN EUROPE ROF. Nelson Cortlandt Brown, of the faculty of the New York State Col- lege of Forestry, at Syracuse, has gone to Europe for special consultation on for- estry problems with the new Czecho-Slo- vak republic, chiefly regarding the dispo- sition or management of the Hapsburg crown lands, which reverted to the new | republic when the ancient Austro-Hunga- | fell. | rian monarchy TENNANT LEAVES HOO-HOO ANNOUNCEMENT has been made of the resignation of E. D. Tennant as Secretary-Treasurer of the Order of Hoo- Hoo, in order to take up his new duties in connection with his recent appointment as vice-president of the Commercial Journal Company, publishers of Lumber. Mr. Ten- nant is followed as secretary of Hoo-Hoo by H. R. Isherwood, Retail Service Repre- sentative of the National Lumber Manu- facturers’ Association, and well and widely known throughout the industry. OFFICES OF MARYLAND STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY DESTROY- ED BY FIRE The offices of the Maryland State Board of Forestry in McCoy Hall, Johns Hop- kins University, Baltimore, were destroyed by fire on November 27. With the excep- tion of some publications and _ exhibi material, which was kept in another build- ing, everything was destroyed, including valuable records representing several years of field study and investigation, a repo in manuscript form, 700 lantern slides, some 1500 photographic negatives, about 3000 photographs, a forest library of some 200 volumes, together with a nearly com- plete set of state publications on Forestry, and publications of the Federal Forest Ser- vice. One of the most serious losses was of the files containing the mailing list: and official records, which cover a period of htirteen years of State Forestry work. In some respects it is necessary to begir the work over again, although the publish ed reports contain a record of fair complishment. Since the mailing list will have to be entirely remade, it is important that thos: who wish to secure future publications the Maryland State Board of Forest should make application to be ‘entered the new mailing list ILLINOIS BARS ALL EASTERN CHRISTMAS TREES JLEINOIS did not receive any Christm: trees from the New England States thi: year as importation of New Eng’ Christmas trees into Illinois was forbidde by proclamation of Governor Lowden. Thi prohibition was announced as an effort te prevent the ravages of the Gypsy mot among the evergreens of Illinois. The mot infests Christmas trees in Maine, N Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont and is doin much damage. Three other proclamations were issue by Governor Lowden, one forbidding im portation of chestnut trees from certain: states in the east; another forbidding im- portation of barberry bushes, and the thir forbidding importation of pine trees fron states in the east. THUNDER MOUNTAIN NOW IN NATIONAL FORESTS (CONGRESS has set apart 1,116,060 ac of land in Idaho known as the Thundet Mountain region as national forest lan This great tract, difficult of access having not over 1 per cent of its area sui able for agriculture, has for years tion due to overgazing. It is now to be added to the Payette National Fores! which adjoins it on the south and west and the Idaho National Forest, which joins it on the north and west. BOUQUETS “T am much interested in your announce- ment of a Foresters Edition. I shall un- doubtedly want both editions. I shall sure- ly want the technical forestry articles and should be very sorry to miss the interesting articles on birds, etc.” Gorpon ParKER, Colorado College of Forestry. -“T am interested in your articles along the line of shade tree work which you designate as one of the popular lines of forestry and which appear in the main issue of AmericAN Forestry. At the same time I am interested in all branches of techni- cal forestry and lumbering and one reason for taking AmerIcAN Forestry is to keep in touch with these lines of work. How much are both editions?” Puiuie E. Aven, Shade Tree Commission, Kearny, N. J. “That is a good notion to introduce more technical or semi-technical material into AMERICAN Forestry, and I wish to be registered for the Foresters Edition.” B. E. Fernow. “I was very much interested in your November number of the Foresters Edi- tion of American Forestry. I think that it will suit foresters and those who are financially interested in timberlands bet- ter than the more popular edition.” J. S. Hotes, State Forester of North Carolina. FOREST FIRE LOSSES. FOREST fires are costing the West five or six million dollars every bad year, Says a recent issue of The Forest Patrol- man, published by the Western Forestry and Conservation Association at Portland. Much of this loss is preventable. This association asserts that the wise expendi- ture of one per cent of this five million dollars could secure such public interest and so encourage fire preventative mea- Sures that forest fire causes could be re- duced practically to lightning and incen- diaries. Forest fire losses the past season were heavy in Montana and parts of Idalio, light in Washington and above normal in Oregon. California had severe fires late in the season so that complete data is not yet in with reference to her total losses. ‘The expenses for protection of privately owned lands will be above the average for the season, due in part to the high cost of Jabor and supplies. The effort of private timberland owners to reduce fire loss is efficiently organized and has been generally effective. As a result of greater activity in law enforcement, many more convic- tions were secured this year under the fire laws than heretofore. AMERICAN FORESTRY JAPANESE TURQUOISE BERRY You will take more than ordinary pride in a specimen of this rare shrub growing in your garden. Botanists know it as Sym- plocus paniculata. In May it is a mass of white deutzia-like blooms, but a more unique feature is the bright blue berries that come in September. We have a few good 59 plants at $3 each, $27.50 for 10. Better order early. 4 This is only one of the many new, rare and valuable plants that will lift your landscape out of the commonplace. our new booklet ‘“‘A Feast of Flowers.” All illustrated and described in To get all the courses at this feast, naturally you should have the booklet. HICKS NURSERIES BOXF - - WESTBURY,L.1, - - It is yours if you send your name and address. New York. HILL’S Seedlings and Transplants ALSO TREE SEEDS FOR REFORESTING EST for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in im- mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. NANA -Barberrs— . The New Hardy Dwarf Edging and Low Hedge Originators and Introducers: TheElm City Nursery Company Woodmont Nurseries Box 205 New Haven, Conn. Send. for Box-Barbe: Folder and General Nursery Catalogue ARRISONS’ NURSERIE Fruit Trees Budded from Bearing Orchards. Peach, apple, pear, plum, cherry, quince, grape-vines, straw- berry plants, raspberries, blackber- Ties, evergreens and shade trees. Catalog free. Box 11, Berlin, Md. FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania HOYT’S ANTISEPTIC TREE VARNISH A scientifically prepared coating for tree wounds and cavities before filling. HEALS, DISINFECTS WATER and VERMIN PROOFS $1.25 gallon. Less in barrels. H. HOYT & SO Citizens’ Bldg. see Cleveland, O. HUMINT Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Write for prices on large quantities THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANTS Orchids =: aus = rchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- cial list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL | Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. WE WANT TO RECORD YOUR MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING. PLEASE ADVISE THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. AMERICAN FORESTRY CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS At a meeting of the Quebec Forest Pro- tective Association held in the Office of the Minister of Lands and Forests in Que- bec, the question of clearing railroad rights-of-way was discussed at length. The Dominion Railway Commission re- quires that all rights-of-way of railroads under their jurisdiction shall be cleaned and kept clean, but on the Government operated roads this rule has not been en- forced. It was recommended that the Do- minion Department of Railways and Canals be asked to carry out this proced- ure which would help materially to lessen the fire risk. There has also been a move on the part of the Government to require holders of leased lands to clear a strip of land 100 feet back from a railroad right- of-way of logging debris, but the question comes up as to whether settlers along the rights-of-way should not also be compelled to clear a like strip, as often as they own lands adjoining and interspersed with those under license, and to clear one with- out clearing the other would be of no use. Railroad fires during the past season were very frequent. The question was also dis- cussed of asking for legislation to com- pel everyone entering the forest to have either the badge of the licensee or a permit from a fire ranger so that those going in- to the woods would have sense of respon- sibility and also that the fire rangers could keep track of those travelling in their territory. The permits would cost nothing, and there is already a permit for such action in the Provincial Parks. The burn- ing of all debris in the making of log roads, tote roads and colonization roads was also recommended, and also the fixing of minimum terms of imprisonment for in- fractions of certain of the fire laws. At present the maximum and minimum fines are set, and also the maximum terms in prison, but there is no minimum and the justices sometimes let a man off with an hour’s or a day’s imprisonment, thus mak- ing a travesty of justice. At a meeting of the Forestry Advisory Committee it was recommended that the extra length allowed on logs for which no stumpage would be charged, in order to cover brooming of logs in rapids and rocky streams should be, for wood cut four feet to seven in length, two inches, from eight to eleven feet, four inches and twelve feet and up, six inches. Reforesta- tion was also discussed and an important announcement by Mr. Piche, Chief For- ester, of what he proposed to recommend to the Government, was made. An interesting report of the Commission of Conservation on butt-rot in balsam will shortly be forthcoming. The commission, in co-operation with the Department of Entomology will build a laboratory at the field experiment station of the Laurentide Company, at Lake Edward. Price Brothers and Company have en- gaged Lieutenant Vezine as a pilot and are sending him to England to buy two of the latest type flying boats for use in map- ping and exploring their limits next sum- mer. This is the third paper company to undertake the use of aircraft in forestry work. : Mr. Jean J. Guay, Assistant Forester of the Spanish River Pulp and Paper Com- pany, is on six months leave of absence and is exploring timber lands in New- foundland. Messrs. Arnold Hanssen and G. A. Faulk- ner, will open an office in Montreal the first of the year, and will undertake tim- berland reports, cruises and surveys and other forestry work... Mr. Hanssen is a graduate of the University of Norway, the Kongsburg Forestry School in Norway, the Yale Forest School, and has been with the Laurentide Company since 1912. He served with credit in a hospital unit in France during the war. Mr. Faulkner is a graduate of the University of Maine, and has been some months with the Lau- rentide Company. The experimental cutting of the Com- mission of Conservation in co-operation with the logging and forestry divisions of the Laurentide Company is progressing favorably. 9458 1314 foot logs, and 114 cords of nine foot logs have been cut te date and the slash burnt. Growth and volume studies are being carried out on the trees felled. The Quebec Government has been asked to set the operating area of this experiment aside as a forest re- serve so that the results of the work can be studied continuously. The new Farmer’s Party in Ontario have taken over the reins of Government, and have put a plank in their platform for conservation and use of their forest re- sources. It is hoped that they will take this matter to heart and really give On- tario a good forestry policy. The Cana- dian Forestry Association has, for a long time, advocated the placing of all the Province timberland under the Forestry Branch, instead of having, as at present a separate non-technical branch to handle the work. Fire protection also needs to be made more efficient by the entire elimi- nation of the patronage evil. Messrs. Leavitt, Craig and Wilson at- tended the meeting in Syracuse where Col- onel Graves spoke on his revised forest policy. After the meeting Ellwood Wil- son and Lieutenant Graham, in charge of the aviation work of the St. Maurice For- est Protective Association, went to Roch- ester to discuss the subject of aerial pho- tography with the Folmer and Schwing Division of the Eastman Kodak Company — and their experts. The Eastman Com- pany have done remarkable work in build- ing aerial cameras, and in simplifying their operation, and they are now paying special attention to forestry work. With their as- sistance it is hoped to perfect the photo- graphic end of this important work. A special study is being made of the inter- pretation of forest photographs and some progress is being made. It is too early yet to say just what can be read from these pictures about the stands of timber. Maps already made from them check up very accurately with ground work and give in- finitely more detail and better ideas about a country. Burns are clearly defined, re- production on burns shows plainly, lakes, Creeks, swamps and rivers show up well, portages and log roads where not too much overhung with trees are quite plain, and even when overhung can often be traced on the map. It is easy to distinguish be- tween some species of hardwoods. The line of study at present being followed is the intensive study on the ground of lands which have been photographed. “Close ups” will be taken at low altitudes of areas which appear typical on the prints and panchromatic films with filters in order to get better color values. In Canada, as in the United States, the problem of forest reconnaissance in order to determine the amount and location of available timber supplies is becoming more and more urgent. The Province of Nova Scotia was the first to take up the matter and under Dr. Fernow the work was com- pleted. The Commission of Conservation, in co-operation with the Province of British Columbia, has made a rough re- connaissance and estimate for that Pro- vince, and has commenced the work in Ontario. New Brunswick has made great progress in mapping and estimating its Crown Timberlands, Much work has been done in Quebec by the Government and by private companies, but all over the Domin- ion much remains to be done in order to have a sufficiently accurate inventory for practical purposes. The position which Canada has taken in the newsprint industry makes it imperative to know how long our present supplies will last and what is coming on for the future. Aerial photo- graphy offers the best and most rapid, well as the cheapest means of doing this work over the huge areas which have never been mapped or on others only partiall mapped. In co-operation with the De- partment of Naval Affairs, and the Queb Department of Lands and Forests, the Laurentide Company will attempt to mai photographically 5,000 square miles of tim- ber lands belonging to the Province o' Quebec during the coming summer. STATE NEWS STATE NEWS INDIANA SPITE the inroads which have been made on the timber in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, each of these three states still has a large area—about 3,000,000 acres each— in farm woodlands, according to United “States Forest Service figures. This rep- ‘resents between 10 and 15 per cent of the total farm area. Lumber production in ‘these states has declined greatly in the ‘last twenty years. In 1899 Indiana and Ohio each produced about a billion board feet of lumber; in 1918 each produced one- fourth of a billion board feet. In 1899 Illinois produced 375,000,000 board feet; in 1918 the output had declined to 50,000- 000 board feet. NEW YORE FACED by the fact that New York State is cutting from three to five times more timber than is grown there each year, and that the vital manufacturing establish- ments which depend upon unfailing sup- plies of forest products are migrating to other fields, the Conservation Commission has just made public a rational forest policy for the State, the adoption of which is urged in order to offset the imminent menace of a wood shortage. The policy, which is contained in a letter mailed by Conservation Commissioner George D. Pratt to the Governor and members of the Legislature for their consideration be- tween now and the rush of the legislative ‘Session, constitutes a unified plan to meet the necessity for a proper protection and development of the forest lands of the State, as well as to replenish the fast wan- ing supply. It is the first broad-guage response to the warning made by Colonel Henry S. Graves, Chief of the United States Forest Service, based upon a tim- ber survey to meet war needs, that timber in the east is rapidly approaching an end, and that the remedy for the situation is one of the most fundamentally important questions with which we have to deal to- day. The measures now suggested as a solu- tion of the problem in New York State have, according to Commissioner Pratt, already in their main features been thor- Oughly developed and tested by the Con- servation Commission in the two greatest forested regions of the State. Among the first steps advocated is the division of the State into ten forestry dis- tricts, each under the supervision of an €xperienced forester. He would act under the direction of the Division of Lands and Forests of the Conservation Commission in the same way that district rangers in the Forest Preserve counties now adminis- ter their forest areas. In matters relat- ing to forestry, such a man would occupy a place similar to that occupied in agri- culture by the Farm Bureau agents, whose work has been so proved a success. “A full summary of the benefits,” the letter says in conclusion, “that will accrue to New York State upon the adoption of a broad plan for forest development will reach into practically every phase of life of the people. Hardly an industry can be named, which is not in one way or another dependent upon supplies of wood. With the development of our water resources, the need for wood supplies will be even great- er. A decrease in the production of wood products and a relocation of mills else- where will all tend to increase the cost of products to the consumer. We must ac- cordingly maintain and develop our forests, and thus protect our industries, and em- ploy our labor. We must insure perman- ency in industry, and not allow parts of the Empire State to become deserted vil- lages. This is a social and economic problem, which a broad plan of forest de- velopment can do much to solve. The next session of Congress will see bills intro- duced to stimulate this work throughout the entire country, and to co-operate with those states that take constructive action. By the initiation of the work here out- lined, New York will benefit by the Fed- eral co-operation under laws already pass- ed, and will place herself in the vanguard of those commonwealths that realize the exhaustibility of forest resources and the necessity for conservation and replace- ment.” OREGON THE request by the Air Patrol Commit- tee, of the Western Forestry and Con- servation Association that air patrol of for ested areas be established for all North- western states the 1920 season is epochal in forest protection endeavor. For the past two months the committee of which C. S. Chapman, Forester for the Association, is chairman, and which is composed of repre- sentatives of Federal, State and private interests in all states from Montana to California, has been working with local air service officials in the planning of in- tensive patrol for the areas in question. The War Department has now been asked to furnish for the 1920 season 5 complete observation squadrons of 18 planes each, or 90 planes for this work, with the re- quired number of pilots and observers. It is planned to have planes equipped with wireless so that location of fires observed may be immediately sent to re- receiving stations which the Signal Corps WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO - ENGRAVINGS buy the right kind--That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose-- Our little house organ ‘‘Etchings’’ is full of valuable hints--Send for it. H. A. GATCHEL, Pres. C. A. STINSON, Vice-Pres. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO-ENGRA VERS In one or more colors Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho 62 AMERICAN FORESTRY increase your income. breakage. Turn stump land into Money Increase your acreage and thereby <3 Clear your stump land cheaply. No expense for teams or powder. One man with a can outpull 16 horses. Works by leverage—same principle as a jack. 100 Ibs. pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pull on the stump. Made of the finest steel—guaranteed against Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. HAND POWER t Puller. — os Write today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing Works eqally well on hillsides and marshes where horses cannot operate zo The Fitrpatrick Preducts Corp, ~’ ‘ 43 199 John St., New Yor! . er Pac. Lost Office 182 Fifth St. San Francisco, Cal, sits Thrift is a shield against money worries, @c¢e Buy a every day SARGENT'S HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN PRIVATE SCHOOLS A Guide Book for Parents A Standard Annual of Reference. Describes critically and discriminately the Private Schools of all classifications. Comparative Tables give the relative cost, size, age, special features, etc. Introductory Chapters review interesting de- velopments of the year in education—Modern Schools, War Changes in the Schools, Educa- tional Reconstruction, What the Schools Are Doing, Recent Educational Literature, etc. Our Educational Service Bureau will be glad to advise and write you intimately about any school or class of schools. Fifth edition, 1919, revised and enlarged, 786 pages, $38.00. Circulars and sample pages. PORTER E. SARGENT, 14 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. THE GUIDE TO NATURE Epwarp F, Bicetow, Managing Editor Published by The Agassiz Association, ArcAdiA, Sound Beach, Conn. A Profusely Illustrated Devoted to Commonplace common Interest. Subscription, $1.00 per Year. Single or Sample Copy, 10c. Monthly Magazine Nature with Un- PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS is requested to establish. Forest officers will be stationed at each base, sub-base and landing field to act with the air service and tie up the work so there will be no lost motion or lack of efficiency. The committee points out that the area to be patrolled embraces one-half the merchant- able standing timber in the United States. It also embraces some. 80 million acres of government owned timber and_ probably from the standpoint of value 80 per cent of all government owned timber outside Alaska. Protection agencies feel that air patrol gives promise of being one of the greatest factors in solving the fire prob- lem. They likewise believe that the op- portunity given to train pilots and observers while these officers are perform- ing useful service in conserving govern- ment property should insure favorable ac- tion by the War Department in the estab- lishment of the patrol as requested. OHIO CC¢* ATALPA trees should not be planted in northern Iowa,” says G. B. Mc- Donald, of the forestry department of Iowa State College, in response to many in- quiries about the planting of this tree to se- cure material for fence posts. Nine out of every ten catalpa groves in northern Iowa fail as do also the osage orange groves. The winters are too se- vere and these trees are easily killed. There are some successful catalpa groves in southern Iowa, but not many. Cotton- wood grows quicker and does well on over- flow and waste land. In five to seven years a good many fence posts can be secured from a cottonwood grove. These posts, however, must be treated with a suitable preservative. QOne-sixth of an acre of cot- tonwoods planted each year will furnish 290 good fence posts annually. PENNSYLVANIA ON. Robert. S. Conklin, Commissioner of Forestry, states that 150 bush- els of Black Walnuts were planted this fall in the Mont Alto nursery in Franklin County. The seed was good in quality and should produce one hundred thousand seedlings which will be available for planting next year. Most of the trees will be distributed to private planters through- out the state, who are anxious to start groves of this valuable tree, the wood of which was in such great demand during the war. of Forestry for planting anywhere within the state. The only charge which the ap- plicants must satisfy is the cost of pack- ing and shipping which is usually less than 50 cents per thousand trees. From 500 to 2,500 trees should be planted per acre. Two men can plant one thousand trees per day. Millions of thrifty and valuable chest- nut trees have been killed in Pennsylvania during the past ten years by the chestnut blight, which was imported from China. It has done already an enormous amount of damage and unfortunately no satisfac-— tory preventive measure of control is yet known. In many regions where this tree once prevailed only a few subnormal liv- ing specimens remain. Commissioner Conklin recommends the immediate dispo- sal of all dead and dying chestnut trees, and the restocking of such areas by plant- ing valuable forest trees. The most promising development of the past year in the field of reforestation is the interest mining companies are taking in forest tree planting. Fourteen different companies already have committed them- selves to the practice. During the past four years mining companies have planted over 450 thousand trees, of which num- ber 250 thousand were set out during 1919. Pennsylvania stands in front of all other states in the development of the state-owned forest land and in the degree to which it co-operates with private owners in the care and development of their forest land. The growth of forest tree planting by private owners of wood- land has been phenomenal. The work was first undertaken in 1910, and its wonder- ful growth is shown in the following table of the number of trees planted each year: 1910, 66,374 ; 1911, 25,360; 1912, 66,854; 1913, 47,770; 1914, 108,685; 1915, 115,577; 1916, 1,471,875; 1917, 1,812,997; 1918, 2,186,899; 1919, 3,038,085. Coal companies are beginning to see the value of reforestation. They are ex- periencing great difficulty in procuring suitable mine timber at a reasonable cost, and they realize that it is now possible to grow timber of usuable size on their own holdings, at present almost entirely unproductive, long before the supply of their mines will be exhausted. Commis- sioner Conklin predicts that mining com- panies will plant at least five hundred thou- sand trees during 1920, and announces that the Department of Forestry is co-operat- ing with them by supplying the planting stock, and giving technical advice free of charge. TEXAS o8 November 14 the Texas Forestry Association held its fifth annual meet- ing at the Chamber of Commerce in Dal- ‘las, and it was the most successful meet- ing the Association has had. For the benefit of Association members the pro- ceedings of the meeting will be reviewed in the “Texas Forest News.” Arrange- ‘ments are being made to print the full proceedings of the meeting in circular form for distribution to Association members, legislators, and other interested Texas citizens. Mr. Tom Finty, Jr., of the Dallas Even- : Journal, gave the opening address. Mr. Finty expressed the belief that the peo- ple of Texas are being impressed more ‘than perhaps we realize by the work -of ‘the Forestry Association. President Jones made his annual report, reviewing briefly the progress made since the last meeting, ‘and expressing confidence in the future development of forestry work in Texas. Following the papers there were three resolutions passed: 1. A resolution advocating the teaching of Forestry in the Schools of Texas. 2. A resolution approving Colonel Graves’ plan providing for a national for- est policy as a basis upon which to con- ‘struct a suitable forest policy for Texas. 8. A resolution endorsing the work and plans of the State Forester, and pledging the support of the Association to the State F Porester’s policy. ee SE VERMONT a 'HE practice of rational forest manage- ~ ment on a large tract of timberland in Vermont has been initiated, not by the Federal or State government, but by Mid- College on the Battell Forest, its acre tract of forest land in the Mountains. The timber on this consists, for the most part, of a ed stand of old growth spruce and dwods—chiefly yellow birch, beech and grading into pure spruce on the ipper slopes. In the first sale of timber that has been ade under the management of E. I. Terry, the forest manager, the operator has agreed to dispose of the slash by lopping ps of both spruce and hardwood. In all ture sales the trees to be cut will first marked by the forest manager and the disposed of. Old and decadent even though of little or no value for mber, will be cut in order to make room thrifty young growth, and all cut over ‘aicas will be promptly restocked with 6, either by natural seeding or plant- dlebu 30,000 ping and estimating of the entire for- has just been completed. ag best way to dispose of hardwood ” says Mr. Terry, “is to work up the ood and all parts of the trunk un- fit for saw-logs into cordwood, wherever @ market renders such disposal possible. A forest survey, which will include the | STATE NEWS This is now the case on many parts of the Battell Forest. If there is no market for cordwood, the branches must be lopped so that they will lie close to the ground and soon decay. The best way to dispose of spruce slash is to pile the branches and burn the piles when the ground is covered with snow.” WASHINGTON “1919 one of the most disastrous years in; the point of forest losses the North Idaho Forestry Protective Association has ever experienced,” announces W. D. Humiston, of Potlatch, Idaho. “The actual destruction of timber was not so great as 1910, but the area burned over was larger and the cost was greater this year. The worst years previous were 1910 and 1914, but the estimate is one and a half more than in 1910.” An expenditure of approxi- mately $116,000 for fire fighting was re- ported by the Pend Oreille Timber Pro- tective Association for 1919, according to the statement of T. L. Greer, secretary- treasurer of the association, at the regular monthly meeting of the North Idaho For- estry Protective Association at Spokane. The Potlatch Timber Protective Asso- ciation reports a financial loss by fire of $22,153 during 1919. This includes 66 fires and covered an area of 1,211,150 acres. The total number of fires in the terri- tory of the Clearwater Timber Protective Association was 74, entailing a cost of $22,164 for fire fighting for the year. The season’s total expenses were $46,603. The timber loss for the territory was 3,635,000 feet. ‘ The total net receipts for the National Forests in Montana during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, were $380,171, accord- ing to figures announced from the forestry headquarters. Twenty per cent will be paid to the state for schools and roads in the counties in which the forests are situated. In addition, 10 per cent will be spent on road and trail construction within the for- ests themselves. BOMBS IMPRACTICAL FOR FIGHT- ING FOREST FIRES Ingenious, imaginative persons have recently proposed as a method of fighting forest fires that gas bombs be dropped from airplanes. Officials of the Forest Service say that this suggestion is en- tirely impractical. There is no analogy between the suggested method and the use of poison gas bombs in fighting, because a fire can not be “poisoned” but must be smothered. Although one part of a poison gas to one million parts of air might be sufficient to kill soldiers, yet 750,000 parts of inert gas to a million parts of air probably would not suffice to put out a fire. The only kind of gas which will assist in stopping a fire, forest officials declare, is an inert gas that will neither burn nor support combustion, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide. 63 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or aboyt to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree surgery and landscape work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis- trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference. Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3) YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- _ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year’s experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box_ 675, Care pen Forestry Magazine, Washington, eye -3) Man to be discharged trom tne Army September 30th desires position in forestry work, with lum- ber or railroad company or assisting in investi- gations of utilization of wood products. Would accept position in other work. Is married man, | arare of Michigan Agricultural College, 1913. as had experience in orchard work, clearing land, improvement cuttings, planting and care of nursery, pine and hardwood transplants, orchards and larger trees, grading and construction of gravel roads, and other improvement work. Has executive ability and gets good results from men. Please address Box 860, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (9-11) “ARBORICULTURIST is open to an engagement to take charge of, or as assistant in City For- estry work. Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field—from planting to expert tree surgery—including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Agent. Technically trained forester, 35 years old. Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of the above positions. For- mer Captain, Field Artillery, Address Box 840, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Position with Lumber Company or Private Concern by technically trained Forester with five years practical experience. Box 820, care American Forestry. A FORESTRY graduate with several years ex- ~ perience in forest work and at present em- loyed along technical and administrative ines desires responsible position with private concern operating in and outside the United States. Address Box 870, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C if MIVULNUAHIVUOLLVUUULULULIULLUGLLULLUULTLUUUAULUALUL UTIL i pai = = = = | > H re (A: = t 1,| Fro UUMIINLILAULUILAILULLUUIUINLLLLLULALLASHULLNLLLLNVLLLOLLNULULNLOLNOLNL 1337-1339 F STREET,NW. WASHINGTON,D.. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND [ILLUSTRATORS 3 COLOR PRocess WorK ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 Think in interest—your own interest— save and invest. War-Savings Stamps pay 4 per cent interest, compounded quarterly. T Rising Sun of Prosperity Shines on AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL NOTES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Carl A. Kupfer, of the United States Forest Service, recently gave the Forestry Club a very interesting account of the work of the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison during the war. Two exceedingly well arranged reels of moving pictures, showing different aspects of the work in timber testing, airplane glue research, dry kiln experiments and wood preserva- tion tests were a feature of the evening’s program. At a meeting of the Forestry Club around the camp fire in Telegraph Canyon, Colonel W. B. Greeley, assistant forester, gave an interesting and inspiring talk on the pro- gress of forestry in the United States. After six months of deliberation, the Board of Regents has appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel David P. Barrows to the presidency of the University. Colonel Bar- rows is essentially an out of door man who knows intimately and loves the mountains and forests of California. Forestry and conservation can be sure of constructive interest and support from the new presi- dent. The end of the fall semester marked the close of an epoch in the life of the For- estry Division at California. With the opening of the new term on January 13, an entirely new arrangement of courses went into effect. This is made possible by a radical revision of the curriculum of the College of Agriculture, which allows more latitude in the selection of courses of interest to foresters. Ansell F. Hall, ’16, will assist Professor Mulford with the course in General For- estry. He was granted leave of absence by the National Park Service, until May 15. He is regularly stationed in Yosemite National Park. The forest library has been enriched by the purchase of over one hundred volumes of French books on forestry. These in- clude a nearly complete set of the “Revue des Eaux et Forets” and such standard texts as “Technologie Forestiere”’ by H. Nanquette, “L’Amenagement des Forets” by L. Tassy and “Traite de Sylviculture” by A. Jacquot. The acquiring of these books was made possible through the kind cooperation of Lieutenant Colonel Woolsey, who arranged for their purchase during his stay in France. Among the books presented to the library by Hall, ’16, and Ryerson, ’16, are the rare two-volume folio edition of the “Statistique et Atlas des Forets de France” by Lucien Daubree and an exact pen and ink copy with English translation of the working plan document for the manage- ment of the forest of Gerardmer. UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA N interesting feature of the Ranger School this winter will be a Rangers council or seminar in which studies will be made of the problems of the District Ran- ger.. Their problems will be presented and discussed by the rangers, and the meet- ings will be organized and entirely con- trolled by themselves, only such advice or expert help being brought in as is request. ed by the council. An unusually strong organization of ex- perts and professional workers in various lines of forestry, lumbering and grazin have been secured to assist the regu teaching force in the ranger school. u dents will, during the twelve weeks of the school, come in contact with and re- ceive instructions from some forty ex: perts in the various branches of their. work. ‘ An unusually large number of applica: tions for registration in the Ranger School have been received in advance of any published announcement of the short course for this year—prospects point to a large enrollment from the southwestern dis tricts for the new short course in grazing, Assistant Forester W. B. Greeley, of the Washington office of the Forest Service, recently addressed the Forest School in : very interesting lecture on various prob- lems of a national policy in forestry. Mr. Greeley emphasized the fact that timber famine would come about long b fore our forests were exhausted in a s city of timber rather than a complete of timber. He said that this famine wai even now felt in the east where the larg wood using industries were finding th supply of timber at an increasingly farther distance. Many of them are being forced to close down, Mr. Greeley stated, becau of the cost of bringing in wood material from a great distance, and many of then are abandoning costly plants in order t move nearer a new supply of wood. ‘ He foresaw that the northwest would be come important soon in the pulp and pap industry. 4 The assistant forester feels that too tle interest is being shown in reforesta- tion and the restoration of forest growth to lands valuable only for forest gro Timber is being cut rapidly and often wastefully, and is not being replaced. Our accessible timber of sorts upon whieh wood using industries depend will soon b exhausted with nothing being done to re: place it. The supply of southern pines is even now nearly gone. Figures are not available to show how nearly loss by fir and other devastation balance new fo growth, “Get forest growth!” says Mr. Greel should be the watchword of every forester SA : AMERICAN FORESTRY = : lira THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION = PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor = Eu Re FEBRUARY 1920 CONTENTS VoL. 26, No. 314 Editorial: >A ‘National Forestry. Policy’ “):.5..20.00.0.5.05.4 6... 10m 67 Bignt- Burning a -~ Mistaken. oe ee eak oN Tas. s Metane wa eva ighe 68 Increase in Forest Research Necessary.................... 69 Tree Seéds Presented to Our Allies..:.........0 02. eect nee 71 With two illustrations. The Trees of France—Poem by Elizabeth T. McGaw................0000. 73 Reclamation Work a Vital Forestry Problem—By R. S. Maddox......... 74 With five illustrations. Natural Regeneration of French Forests—By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr..... 77 With ten illustrations. The Annus Bete enc ooedve cay Chew oes we Neh ky he NEN ERE OOS a tabe 82 With one illustration. Discovery of Sugar on Douglas Fir—By Francis Dickie................46. 84 With one illustration. A’ > Frorestaep ase. iis cheats 05, bos cee eo oe ome Sat Gn eS nae Merete alae WU a Bree 86 The Winter Aspect of Trees—By R. N. Davis........... 0.0 cece eee e eee 87 With ten illustrations. Intercollegiate Forestry Clubs Meet.............. 00. ccc cece eee net eee 91 Ticks: andTimber—=By. Austin. Cary ii. 2. sac gexanc flag» nities anise avetcns hia 92 With five illustrations. Paper Famine if Forests are Wasted............. 0... cece cee e cues eeeee 94 Forests itGegapatiss Acc oasce ieee ohe sae Oat pe des ape chidee ERA Honing SoMa 95 The Opossums—By Dr. R. W, Shufeldt....... 0.0.0.0 6 cece eee eet eee en 96 With eight illustrations. Forestry Bipcren tr ecu iace cts he cocci tan ot nig’ o'e d aleigeae meWlaahn aa te dae canine 101 Mammy Cottontail and Trouble-II—A Fight With the Horned Owl— By Allegretiteattee ter h critics nication oars s sachs ta airintete tb clotaia «hon einer 103 With one drawing by Peter Da Ru. ‘ Bird Visitors from the Northland—By A. Brooker Klugh............... 104 With two illustrations. New Orleans Children Build Bird Houses—Pictorial page............. 106 Protection of Birds—By Julia Forces... 0... sce diaeen dae ee ev lee eas 107 With one illustration. The OyatGrse reese eee 15 Ws sarees 5-2) os 05 = goo Tig Sen cle e.9 migan ee Busha ea ase 108 Indiana’s Prize Winning, Forestry Essays..............0.0cce eevee eeeee 109 With four illustrations. Memorial Trees—Our Heroes’ Hall of Fame...............-....00.i 000. 111 With four illustrations. National- Honor Roll, “Memorial Trees... occ. oe to legen es ey aoe 114 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson ..............0 ese ee eens 115 Forestry < SUameets sore ie Sasihiears oe 816 ep aig wo \h'd pies evant ony siatelarris ae Soh ap ats 116 History ofiomuny Appleseed voi. 3)y Lei ok sili se aa at peda emlegures na gareae 117 Dr. Schenck Writes from Germany................. cece cee ec eee eens 118 National JROrpare PLIDIOA NE a ace Hh 0) o thsvpse slinig > Yelena saetalal all eycid pate vlaepes nwt 118 Seeking Turpentine sin vthe ow est. 55.5 a Views Oo Wes oa og nee aes hs 118 State NGapeeete ea eae avy. ol oeneatcab ips te sighs bums mAM ofp ca er ar water 119 Pigeons. for Forest Fire Fighting....-.........0csseueed cept eee eeceeaee 122 BRGok RGR Mee te ere eerie old Sea die MUN Mele GO wld a ole ARe «nak Merletan ab oan 124 Forest ‘SQHgOrs wvOUee ee ce siete 0's Fy Piha sle ara e dv ieles sad Nera yes Brey 125 Preserving POles), ANG POSS. ois ros oes Mh a kw hie leieie sof ba adele ee Meme es 126 127 ALONG THE BEAUTIFUL TRAIL TO SWIFT CURRENT PASS, SHOWING SWIFT CURRENT GLACIER, IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA Botiquets eke sacccec cess ele ce newness nsw pit rae seu vneesecevirerhsdernmy viele Publication Office, 522 East Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Headquarters Office, Maryland Building, Washington, D. C. Application for entry as second-class matter at the Post Office at Baltimore is pending. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post Office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright by the American Forestry Association. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec, 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 11, 1918. AMERICAN FORESTRY Destructive lumbering in the West (Courtesy of Forest Service)—Inserts: Waste through preventable decay. Why Wood Preservation is Imperative! The reckless extravagance in the use of our timber resources has reached the stage where the subject is one of serious concern to the American people. This growing anxiety is reflected by a recent memorial addressed to the President and Congress by the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, from which the following extracts are quoted. “Whereas, The United States during the In last half century has witnessed the reduction | of the forests in one region after another. The white pine forests of Pennsylvania, New York and New England disappeared nearly Ht a half century ago. Likewise the pine forests HI of the Lake States for the most part were | obliterated before 1900. The southern pineries HH which for 20 years have been the main supply of lumber for Illinois and other central states HH] will, according to statements recently made WHHL Mt ervative treatment is imperative. Every by authoritative sources, be to a large extent exhausted within the next ten years. r ; aa | consumer can greatly reduce the loss “The effect ***has been the closing of nearby industries, *** the shifting of local population to new centers, involving heavy penalties upon both the industries and the people. As another result the country has Observed the area of cutover timberland ‘in- crease to *** 228 million acres. *** Forest products are indispensable to human existence. Wood is the most important building material, and will ever remain so. It cannot be entirely replaced. Therefore, its conservation and preservation from the destructive influences of decay and insects by pres- and trouble resulting from the rotting of wood by the application of Carbosota Creosote Oil—the standard wood pre- servative of America for non-pressure treatments, “These important industries including the manufacture of railway cars, etc. *** are now threatened by the exhaustion of the for- ests from which their supplies have been drawn, *** ‘Therefore, Be it resolved, by the Senate of the State of Illinois, the House of Representatives concurring therein, that the Fifty-first General Assembly of the State of Illinois urges the attention of the Presi- dent and the Congress of the United States to the present timber situation and recom- mends that, without delay, there be formu- lated such a National program of forestry as Our experts will advise the most practical treatment. Their services may be obtained gratis by addressing the nearest office. (Green wood cannot be effectively creosoted by non-pressure processes. It should be air-dry. In regions of moist, warm climate, wood of some species may will insure the future timber supplies re- start to decay before it can be air dried. quired by the industries of the country.” After oo Bers of. eee hp in Ae Exceptions should be made in such cases us fect condition. Sample of an entire | otk . Teo ie (Lumper Worx Review 5/25/1919) block that was creosoted and laid and treatment modified accordingly.) in 1878—removed in 1918. New York Chicago Philadelphia The Company Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Detroit Birmingham Dallas New Orleans Kansas City Minneapolis Salt LakeCity Nashville Seattle Peoria Atlanta Duluth Milwaukee Bangor Washington Johnstown Lebanon Youngstown Toledo Columbus Richmond Latrobe Bethlehem Elizabeth Buffalo Baltimore THE BARRETT COMPANY, Limited: Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Vancouver, St. John, N. B., Halifax, N. S., Sydney, N. S. He ceca oeerenmmarcraacn’ | FEBRUARY 1920 — TT NNO ron DEPARTMENT NO. 314 2 = = = = 2 . = e discussion of remedies let us not lose sight of disease. A multiplicity of forest programs advo- ed by various agencies and from diverse stand- a healthy sign of awakened interest and con- it it is important that we keep our bearings. ‘disease is forest devastation. Its effect is a slow ing of national strength—through the steady ex- of the national timber supply. The effect will fatal when, through the shortage and high cost Europe, when wood is priced as an imported when not only manufactures and trade are han- ed by lack of it but the comfort of our own people ‘efficiency of our agriculture are straitened by its “unthinkable that the United States will accept ssity of curtailing largely, sooner or later, its timber. Abundance of wood for home and farm + varied manufactures and for export trade has _ primary factor in our commercial suipremacy, oblem must not be met by using less and re d, down to the level of civilized existence, as France en compelled to meet it. It must be met not by : “use but by increased production. It must be im the American spirit of development, of enter- } Of an organized and far-sighted handling of our irces that will supply the future requirements of a ed liberal use of timber in national development stries. sed production is the cry of the times. In- se Bear couction from land is just as important as ased 1 production by human labor. The idleness of red million acres of forest land is just as serious y and more lasting in its effects than the idleness of of skilled mechanics. It is nothing short of lal folly to go on, year after year, devastating Ons of acres of forest land and failing through bad Mization, through inadequate public effort, and igh a lack of clear definition of public and private - r, the United States is reduced to the level of A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY responsibility to produce one of our most essential raw materials. Return then to the nub of the question, which is to stop forest devastation and to put waste land at work growing trees. Dismiss at once the use of cut-over land for farm crops or other forms of production besides growing timber. No one questions it when the land is needed for such purposes. But until it is actually em- ployed otherwise, let it be kept at work producing tim- ber. Twenty per cent of the forest land is in public ownership; and it goes without saying that the State and Nation should systematically replant denuded areas and grow ‘timber on all of their holdings under the best standards of technical administration. Eighty per cent of our forest land is in private ownership. A part of this 80 per cent should be acquired by public owners, Federal, State or municipal, particularly areas where costly methods of reforestation are unavoidable. But it is patently impossible for the public to acquire all of the forest land in the United States or enough of it to pro- duce the quantities of timber which we need. There are too many demands upon the public treasury to make such a program practical or effective. The timber which we must have cannot be grown without the active participation of the private owner of forest land. Obviously, the public has a large interest in prevent- ing the devastation of privately owned land. The cor- rection of certain factors which contribute to forest devastation rests primarily with the public. Among these are methods and practices in taxing woodland which render it difficult for the owner to grow young timber; the fire hazard in forest regions and its corollary, the inability of owners to insure timber or young growth; the difficulty in obtaining loans for long-term forest en- terprises at rates commensurate with the duration and character of the enterprise; and the lack of sufficient information in a form for practical use on how to treat forests in order to get certain results. There are also specific things which must be done in the woods. The first is to fire-proof cutover areas as = ne ae “- ee ee he Oe Oe » OT a ati. posal. The second is to detect and put out forest fires. In many parts of the United States these two measures — in themselves will largely or wholly stop the devasta- tion of forest land. A third, more rarely needed, is to reserve in cutting enough trees to reseed or restock cutover land where otherwise it would become waste. In these steps also the public should co-operate. But the public cannot and should not do it all. A measure of responsibility must be accepted by the owner of the land. Whether the owner should be re- sponsible solely for preventing his: land from being a menace to his neighbors, through the accumulation of slashings, or from being a menace to the economic wel- fare of the State and country, through idleness, it is not the province of this brief resume to determine. The far as that is practicable by some form of slash die himself i is in step. Public aes for fi public will carry its share, but only i disposal and fire protection should be the f and may have to be pushed in advance there should be no half-hearted. measures of the ultimate object to be attained, , growth steals replaces forest corse a a LIGHT BURNING IS A MISTAKE fire is the first step in any forestry program. It is equally axiomatic that the only kind of protection which promotes forestry in the long run and which therefore has a place in a national program looking to the future is protection which conserves and promotes tree growth. The owner of merchantable timber may protect his property from fire as the owner of a coal mine would do; but if the timber property is protected simply as a mine and the methods of protection destroy its capacity for growing timber after the virgin stump- age is cut, it is simply a phase of timber mining and not forestry. Every one recognizes the utility of fire properly con- trolled, as a means of forest protection. The burning of slashings on cut-over land is often essential not only to eliminate a menace to adjoining areas of uncut tim- ber but also to protect the young growth already exist- ing on the cutting. It may even be wise to burn up a small part of the existing young growth in order to clean up the slashing and give the young trees which remain a reasonable chance to escape future fires. In certain forest types, like the Douglas fir areas of the Cascades, where the new forest must be: grown from seed in the ground, the clean burning of whole cuttings under careful control is good forestry. In most of our pine, spruce and balsam forests, on the other hand, and in many of our hardwood forests, part or all of the new timber growth is on the ground at the time of cutting; and forestry demands that that growth be preserved as far as possible and that such firing as is done be very closely controlled, in brush piles or otherwise. The public conception of forest protection must be a conception of forests so protected that they will be per- petuated. The protection sentiment which is developed by educational activities must be predicated not upon simply protecting an exhaustible resource like a mine | is anxiomatic that the protection of forests from but upon protecting forests so that they to grow timber. Any theory or proposal 1 or indirectly undermines this basic concep’ protection is putting the country back rat in forestry progress and must be fought wi A number of large land-owning interests. ie years the woods will be kept clean 0 debris without injury to the merchantabl and litter would thus supposedly protect the f serious conflagrations. Advocates of light but assert that pine forests protected by their sys not burn and that the smaller trees themselves | vive carefully reglated firing in the proper s the year, Light burning is thus advocated is t tion of the protection of pine forests, as a s the whole protection system of fire detection pression, of close control of the use of fire, a lic sentiment alert at all times to keep fire out woods which the Forest Service and many Ste private agencies in the West have expanded so. n effort and money to develop. 3 This proposal is like the announcement of trum which will cure tuberculosis and whic stroke eliminates the necessity for the sanitary lation of cities, for tuberculosis sanitaria, for air, nourishing food, and every other means ed by medical and hygenic science to com white plague. It is exactly the repeated fire, ning in the Indian days, which has. steadily ea the pine forests of California and other Western S The National Forests of California today contain two million acres of land once heavily timb now reduced to brush patches as a result of r ‘ity or a hundred years. It to fire these pine. forests on any. extended without destroying at least a large part of the - growth and at the same time eating out the butts s of the old trees little by little. A careful investi- ation has shown that on the areas deliberately fired dyocates of light burning, the extent of the destruc- is essentially the same as in any ordinary fire in pine woods. __ burning: means nothing more nor less than continuance of the frequent ground fire, which ily and irresistibly destroys the western pine for- At its best, this practice is simply a measure for protection of ‘old timber. It is part of the pro- of timber mining, which values nothing but the old h and turns land into unproductive waste. To gutting of the forest by heavy cutting, it adds the ting of repeated ground fires. An area cleaned by ht burning has no advance young growth to replace e virgin timber after cutting. Its general application mean that our western pine forests would be A laced by brush fields unless enormous expenditures ns of protection. The extent to which this method n be used in the southern pineries is a matter to be pee “NATIONAL FOREST POLICY 69 Eaerraivied by. investigation. In the western pineries, where the tree species and climatic conditions are totally different, the experience of the Forest Service in fifteen years of fire protection, timber cuttings and" forest renewal makes the basic facts of the situation ab- solutely clear. Light burning has no place in a system of forestry which seeks to. perpetuate our western pine forests and make them continuously productive. The plausible arguments advanced in advocacy of light burn- ing make this proposal exceptionally dangerous. It tends to weaken the confidence of the public in a genuine system of fire protection. It tends to weaken the sup- port given by timberland owners to joint and organized protective efforts, such as the Forest Service and many western associations have been largely successful in bringing about. It tends to prevent progressive fire pro- gressive fire protection legislation in the Western States. It tends to encourage incendiarism. challenge to the advocates of a national policy of forestry for it strikes directly at the effort to keep timberlands productive rather than permit them to become waste. The American Forestry Association and the United States Forest Service will therefore oppose the light- burning theory with all the resources at their command ; and they both feel that the issue which this proposal has raised should be met squarely by the forestry in- terests of the United States. FHE time has come when we must grow timber. | . Under the pressure of necessity we must make the best of the knowledge we have of methods, perfect though that knowledge may be. The han- ig and perpetuation of our forests in the last analysis however, rest on a solid foundation of careful and sh forest investigations. Too few people today e the value and importance of agricultural experi- stations in furthering the interests of the farmer and ng the way to more scientific and more profitable ning. An even smaller number recognize as yet that stry as a pursuit, closely resembling agriculture, can irthered in much the same way. Results are ob- ed with farm crops in one, or at most, two or three s. It takes only a few years to produce new vari- of farm crops, and the farmer obtains the first an increased return from the use of scientific n ds developed by the experiment stations. If in- vestigations in agriculture are important under these “umstances when the mistake of one season may be rected the next, how much more important it is that “growing of trees, involving decades or perhaps a entury, should be scientifically conducted and that ex- iments along this line, also requiring very long pe- ds, should be initiated at once? One may not hope ; INCREASE IN FOREST RESEARCH NECESSARY to plant a tree and also see it ready to cut for lumber. All the more reason, then, why the person who starts the business should have a clear, scientific understanding of what the results are likely to be. On the National Forests in the West a start has already been made to meet the demands of forest management for accurate knowledge by establishing several experiment stations. The work at these stations should be materially strength- ened. In the East, however, where the economic condi- tions are more ripe for the handling of the forests as a permanent resource, there is, in spite of a large number of agencies and forest schools interested in the problem, a lack of co-ordinated effort toward securing accurate _ scientific knowledge. The establishment of several forest experiment sta- tions in the East to solve the problems of New England, of the Southern Appalachians, of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and of the Lake States, is particularly urgent. This need has been long felt and can no longer be neglected. Every timber owner, every forester, for- est school, and the various wood-using industries which are vitally dependent upon the forests should see to it that forest practice in the East should be based on the results of investigations conducted at forest experiment stations, just as agricultural practice is becoming more — es! So a Se It is essentially a “et Cee ee and more grounded on the results of the agricultural experiment stations. The Federal Forest Service should be provided with funds sufficient to establish and main- tain such stations independently or in co-operation with States or other agencies. The present appropriation of the Forest Service for purely forest investigations is ridiculously small; it barely amounts to 1-100 of 1 per’ cent of the capital represented by the timber alone on the National Forests of the West and only 2 per cent of the present income from those forests. Uncle Sam, one of the greatest timber owners in this country, in his expenditures for forest research is far behind many in- dustries in this country and the governments of marty European countries. The size of the present appropria- tion is still more ridiculous when, in addition, Uncle Sam’s duty to furnish private owners with the informa- tion they need to grow timber is considered. This duty should be as fully recognized in forestry as in agri- culture. As the original and present source of a large part of the nation’s well-being, the forests of America must be sustained, to the end that our descendents shall have and enjoy lumber, paper and water as we have had and now enjoy them; that the pleasures and inspiration of the forest shall not be lost to the people; that no part of our land be given over to waste, but all made productive according to its quality. That there can be no forests, and no forestry, where fires are allowed is self-evident. That every community and every interest must maintain a forest fire service is not generally recognized. The nation, the states and every private interest must unite to provide the money and the leadership that are required to make the effort effective. To hold a forest, mature or immature, for future revenue or enjoyment is a speculation, ‘not an investment, unless fire control is established. Forestry, its aims and agencies—fire control, silvicul- ture, state economy, are still little understood. Habits of neglect and wastefulness attach to our woodlands and are deep-rooted. An active, prolonged campaign of edu- cation, in which the nation and the states shall co-operate, is imperative. As four-fifths of our woodlands belong to private owners who rarely are willing to incur the risk, or to make the investment necessary to provide future timber, it is advisable that the nation, the states and many municipalities acquire public forests. But since this is not generally practicable, or can be undertaken in only a limited way, means must be found to induce owners to AMERICAN Ft -ducement. induce higher ea and higher and in the inequities that frequently ; are ¢ class of property. future obligations. ductiveness of their oaste: A wise vist owners of true forest land an alternative sf it on a productive basis or ‘selling it to the adequate protection against ate would be su our forests are poncaukeen Their pte ve & certainty as to ihe the ‘ipwande ‘mo forestry considers the public interest ws fore t dividuals, it seeks no favors at the expense It asks only. that the 1 one can be expected to invest money. unless he can calculate, and discount if is assured and be carried forwards sy: these conditions are relatively rare. I with reasonable care and fire kept out aft will establish new forests which can ‘be - impr forester’s skill. Be it remembered that nature if not very skilful forester; that many mill much less a tree, or a few trees, planted her will not renew, or replace, the forests that we € that if we stand for planting at least ten young, be started for every mature tree that is felled ber. Planting at high cost cannot be avoided localities ; the effort everywhere must be to secure natu rather than artificial forest renewal. Again fire cont will go far. ae Mountainous and very rocky land is clearly i as fit only for forestry. Every other kind—w sandy or alkaline, may be agricultural, or pastoral, forest under present, or reasonably anticipated fut conditions. Lack of information regarding soil v has given opportunity to land sharks and prevented est renewal on land that has no possible agricul future. The soil surveys made by the Federal Go ment in co-operation with a number of states shoul extended. so that there may be definite knowledg what should be permanent forest land and what | for conversion to other uses. ee ek eh I 3 “+ 1 " TREE SEEDS PRESENTED TO OUR ALLIES HIRTY-SIX million forest tree seeds for reforest- ing their war devastated lands were presented by the American Forestry Association to France, Belgium and Great Britain on Thursday, January 15. The pre- sentation was made at Boston, on the Common, by Presi- General for Belgium, and by Captain Gloster Armstrong, the Consul General for Great Britain. In presenting the seed Mr. Pack said: “A hundred years from now these trees will tell the glory of all those who heard the call of humanity from across 3,000 miles TREE SEEDS ALIS From a American trestry Association. Tideland Spruce SOOO UID sects JMNM p VON - YANN - SS 0u dS oPHUE CO ODO see _ Wester Larch S000 000 Frulenan Spruce 2500000 Red (ak _ Searlet Dak Slack ak. A000 3000 4500 A PORTION OF THE SHIPMENT OF SEEDS TO OUR ALLIES The contribution of forest tree seed by the American Forestry Association to France, 36,000,000 seeds. dent Charles Lathrop Pack, of the American Forestry Association, and the seed was formally received for their respective governments by J. F. J. Flamand, the French Consul General; Redington Fiske, the Consul The photograph shows only a portion of the shipment, the remainder of which will be sent later. Pack, of the American Forestry Association, is at the right of the photograph with a British flag in his hand. Belgium and Great Britain comprised approximately President Charles Lathrop of water. We on this side are planting memorial trees and “Roads of Remembrance,” but this gift to help reforest the battle areas and areas in Great Britain which were sacrificed to war’s demands will, I believe, do more 71 72 AMERICAN than anything else toward cementing the friendship that was born of war and baptized in blood. “As a memorial, as a sign of ever renewing life, as a symbol that they have not died in vain there can be no more fitting monument than the ‘tree that looks at God all day and lifts its leafy arms to pray.’ The American Forestry Association is proud indeed to collect and present this gift to your governments. May every tree seed prosper and grow and carry the message not alone of the American people to future generations, but may each one of them carry the greater message of Him who heard humanity’s call and answered.” The seed was purchased with money contributed by FORESTRY France and Belgium will use the seed sent to them for replanting forest lands in the war zone, while Great Britain, which cut down fifty per cent of her woodlands to supply her war needs, will use the seed for part of the great reforestation work which will start in the spring. In the shipment were the following amounts: Doug- las fir, 20,000,000 seeds ; western larch, 9,000,000 seeds ; tideland spruce, 3,000,000 seeds; Englemann spruce, 2,500,000 seeds; white fir, 700,000 seéds; sugar maple, 550,000 seeds; white ash, 300,000 seeds; tulip poplar, 120,000 seeds ; rock maple, 110,000 seeds ; red oak, 40,000 seeds ; black oak, 4,500 seeds; scarlet oak, 3,000 seeds. DONATION OF FOREST TREE SEEDS TO OUR ALLIES ske, of Belgium. members of the Association and some was also presented by the States of New Jersey and Ohio. Other seed has been offered by Louisiana and North Carolina, and will be sent when received. More seed would have been purchased had it been possible to secure it, but the 1919 crop was unusually poor and the supply was small. France wanted white pine, but none was to be had; France and Great Britain both desired Douglas fir, but it was impossible to secure a large quantity of it. 15, 1920, the American Forestry Association presented to France, Belgium and Great Britain a quantity of forest tree = areas devastated by war. President Charles Lathrop Pack, with an American flag in his hand, 1 General Captain Gloster Armstrong, of Great Britain, Counsul General J. F. J. Flamand, of France, and resenting the msul General In accepting and acknowledging the gift, Captain 9 Gloster Armstrong, the British Consul General, wrote!) “T wish to express to you my appreciation of your = courtesy and kindness at the presentation of the very ~ generous gift of forest seed by the American Forestry Association to Great Britain and the British Government © and its representatives are most grateful.” R C. Symons, Counsellor of the Belgian Embassy ~ wrote: “These seeds will be welcome in our country where. the forests have been devastated to such an extent _during the war, and the Belgian people will be most thankful to your Association and grateful for the part played by it in our work of reconstruction. Permit me to extend, on behalf of the Ambassador and also on behalf _ of my compatriots which your Association will thus help, the expression of my sincere thanks and of my deep appreciation.” Acknowledgment was also received from the French embassy. Doners of the Fund. Donations to the reforestration fund were received from: L. F. S. Barnard, W. W. Davies, Eugene Klein, _ W. E. Knox, Mrs. H. D. Peck, Wallace Improvement _ Association of Cranford, N. J.; Mrs. L. P. Houghton, Frank C. Demmler, William A. Robinson, Miss J. B. Thacker, Miss Eva A. Klemm, George C. Beach, Harry L. Burrage, Mrs. Wm. M. Chase, Miss F. M. and Mrs. L. W. Hazen, Miss A. B. Law, William Meigs, Miss P. L. Hosmer, A. J. Willes, William K. Brown, Charles E. Falconer, E. M. Halcombe, Mrs. Samuel B. Jones, William OO. Bates, George H. Hines, Mrs. B. Henry, Mr: and Mrs. __ G. Earle Kelley, H. D. Markley, E. S. Brownsill, Donald Hill, Thomas Bolster, Florence Bratenahl, Civics Class, N. S. H. School; E. I. Howard, Mary H. Lord, Mrs. __ E. C. Marmon, Mrs. T. M. Guthrie, G. W. McAllister, __L. Dennis, Mrs. F. B. Huntington, Dr. C. A. Hammann, _H. L. Lewis, I. J. Merritt, Mrs. H. W. Adams, Jr., Fred Burke, Theodore Foulk, Mrs. A. F. Hager, Mrs. Daniel Beckwith, Mary B. Jewett, F. M. Kirby, Hiram _ W. Sibley, Miss A. H. Pybas, Mrs. Charles Peabody, Mrs. R. W. Walker, Miss A. Wilson, Paul Watkins, - Richard Bennett, Isaac S. Swift, William Gray Purcell, “Mary E. Converse, Jacksonville Public Library, Anna _ Handil, T. S. Wynkoop, F. B. Williams Cypress Com- _ pany, Henry Allifler, E. H. Simmons, M. R. Hohen, 5. J. Levering, F. E. Mamm, Ora Gales, W. J. Ritterkamp, Grace S, Cover, Mrs. Nelson Penn, H. D. Lloyd, Charles = Be Tillhoman, J. Cole, E. S. Webster, Miss H. Slicer, Bz aR G. Kirk, L. L. Winsor, Mabel Stewart, F. D. Gundry, -L. Blake, B. H. Pollock, Christian Norton, Poveshiek ¥ _ Township Women’s Club, Garden Club of Philadelphia, H.'s, Upson, C. W. Miller, Julia B. Douglas, Robert Carlisle, O. O. Charlton, “Friend,” Garden Club of _ Philadelphia, B. J. Lang, B. H. Dickson, Jr., R. L. Fa Winthrop, M. P. Toulmin, C. H. W. Foster, Arthur Hobart, J. E. David, Mrs. Charles P. Putman, Mrs. S. Warren, Mrs. J. H. Beal, F. W. Upham, C. Hutchin- gece, Anna W. Phelps, S. Hutchins, F. S. Winston, J. B. ~ Ames, G. Whiting, Ernest W. Bowditch, Mrs. C. L. _ Edgar, A. H. Hinkle, K. L. Wilks, S. L. Sewall, E. P. | Welles, C. M. Griggs, S. B. Davol, M. S. Devereux, ie " Charles H. Frost, R. Sayre & Company, Bryan Lathrop, aoa Ww. P. Corey, H. D. Tudor, Henry H. Proctor, H. E. _ Raymond, George P. Metcalf, Herman F. Vickery, Willian C. H, Lloyd, William A. D. Foster, Elizabeth TE Cheney, F. W. Barth, M. B. Johnson, Albert L. Baily, J. G. Thorp, Donald M. Hill, E. B. Haskell, oeeeree Biddle, Maude E. Stafford, Mary P. Seaverns, TREE SEEDS PRESENTED TO OUR ALLIES 73 Henry H. Collins, E. L. Benson, Ernest Bullitt, G. Aerken, T. Hewson Bradford, William D. Bishop, Austin Valli, Francis R. Allen, Josepha W. Douglas, Evergreen Public Library, A. S. Alsop, Paul Connor, R. J. Carlisle, - Mrs. Richard C. Cabot, John B. Henck, Mrs. John Shaw, Miss Coles, E. D. Clark, Anna Bogert, Emily V. Clark, Mrs. Samuel Chew, Mr. and Mrs. Allston Burr, John C. Phillips, Mrs. Raymond Durham, Elizabeth Flagg, Walter S. Bogert, Miss C. S. Baker, Mrs. J. S. Disston, Jr., Mrs. Charles Davis Clark, Mrs. John Gribbel, Mrs. C. T. Burkham, Kenneth D. Magruder, L. S. Thomas, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Mabel B. Ward, M. E. D. Magruder, C. B. Cooke, W. C. Symington, Miss Bella Bosworth, S. D. Ferounfelter, J. P. Morgan, Edith C. Borden, Lucy C. Brown, May Hale McFarland, Albert Wilde, Jane B. Haines, Helen H. Clarke, Mrs. A. V. H. Kimberly, Mrs. George A. McKrulock, Mrs. Charles G. Weld, H. K. Pancoast, Mrs. H. N. Van Voorhis, Miss Mary Whitehouse, Helen Ward Banks, Reed Vroeginde- wey, Austin Cary, Mrs. Alfred Winsor, J. R. Day, Mary Olivia Casement, A. B. Spreckles, Ansley Wilcox, C. McC. Reeve, Jesse A. Baldwin, C. A. Randall, Prof. H. L, Fairchild, William J. Nevins, Mrs. Ben Allen Samuel, Clare G. Addison, F. A. Delano, Miss Annie — H. Cheney, Mrs. I. P. Anderson, A. B. Crossland, Mrs. Robert F. Grigg, Mrs. U. C. Egan, Mrs. G. B. Case, J. E. Dalgleish, Bertha Estry, Mrs. G. S. Achilles, R: T. Garrison, Jr., Mrs. R. Friday, Louise L.. Brown, Mrs. R. G. Butler, Anna C. Bird, M. C. MacDougall, Miss G. A. Wood, F. S. Adams, Mrs. William H. Bliss, Mrs. Samuel Chew, Mrs. S. F. Brown, Mrs. George R. Clegg, Mrs. Frederick Cunningham, Eiizabeth E. Ellmaker, Mrs. W. E. Clark, Edward B. Field. fees] The ces of France All honor to the trees of France, That grew so tall in days of yore; Hewn down in hate by Hun advance, Those martyred forests are no more. All honor to the trees of France, So proudly cut to save their land; Oh sad, regretful circumstance, But not by ruthless Teuton hand. All honor to the trees of France, Her stately forests yet to be; Whose seeds are planted not by chance, But sent from friends across the sea. —Elizabeth T. McGaw re RECLAMATION WORK A VITAL FORESTRY PROBLEM R. S. MADDOX FORESTER, STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, TENNESSEE LL foresters and lumbermen, as well as many other citizens, recognize the increasing scarcity of lum- ber. This scarcity is evidenced in many ways. In the first place lumber prices are soaring everywhere. Even prior to 1914 the man on the street had begun to comment on the high cost of lumber compared to 20 years ago. Furthermore, a class of timber found in logging yards today and commanding a good market would have been considered too inferior for use at any latest record) was approximately one-half of what it was in 1909. It is generally known that the centers of pro- duction in this country have narrowed down to states on the Gulf and Pacific Coasts. In other words, the greater part of the United States today is harvesting second- growth timber. It must be recognized that this situation has been greatly augmented by the methods employed in handling our once forested lands. It is the old question, lack of proper conservation. This is a big subject with GULLIED LAND IN EASTERN TENNESSEE This gullied mountain land is too steep for cultivation, and is of the type which should hever have been cleared of its timber. price a few years ago. The destruction and use of lum- ber in the world war added tremendously to the scarcity bf timber, its immediate demand, and therefore, to its higher price. Since the war we are faced with almost prohibitive prices, and yet the end of these high levels is not in sight. This condition must be attributed not nterely to increased demand and post-war readjustments but primarily to a scarcity of timber. Records of the annual output of lumber in many states show a distinct and in some cases a heavy falling off in the past ten years. For instance, Tennessee’s output in 1917 (the 74 many phases, one of the most important being the recla- mation of waste lands. The rate at which land has been virtually wasted is prodigious, and the lack of general serious concern about it is only too manifest from the amount of such lands and their apparently total neglect. In the sum total of these abused areas forest fires can be charged with a good round per cent of damage, but there is another form of waste which comes from wrongful ciearing of land or improper management after clearing and which might be classed under three heads, viz: first, the clearing of lands too steep for cultivation; second, clearing of lands too shallow for cultivation; third, neglect of lands whose productivity could have been maintained by proper man- agement. In the hilly and mountainous sections of Ten- nessee it is of- ten easy to fol- low the steps by which waste lands result. For _ instance, the lower slopes having been cleared first gave way to “breaks” or small gullies and at the same time became somewhat “worn” or de- pleted of fer- tility. It was decided by the owner to clear a strip of the adjoining woodland above. years the older field was turned over to pasture or The new ground being steeper yielded more waste. RECLAMATION WORK A VITAL FORESTRY PROBLEM WASTE LAND This should haye been maintained in crop production. The grade of slope is low. After a few have been kept productive. Western Tennessee. 75 quickly to erosion and the next step was to clear more new ground still higher up which often took in the entire hilltop. It can be stated that much of the first and second classes of waste exist because of the old idea that land is. not worth any- thing to the owner unless he can use it— meaning, un- less he can cul- tivate it or graze it. The trees are, there- fore, from his point of view, in the way, and thus many an acre of timber- ed and “tim- ber’ land has been turned to waste. The third class of land results from neglect. This is agricultural land and could Improper management, the exhaustion of fertility, and neglect of incipient erosion This CULTIVATED MOUNTAIN mountain land has been cleared and cultivated for a brief period and then turned into pasture. the stumps, the soil is rapidly sloughing off. LAND IN EASTERN TENNESSEE Though yet new ground, as is shown by AMERICAN FORESTRY ANOTHER AREA OF WASTE LAND IN WESTERN This was before any work was done upon it, in 1917. d and locust trees set out in the spring of 1918. have left much land in a waste condition and taken the owner into the woods for more new ground. Regardless of the comparative cost of this operation as against maintaining the older fields, the tendency to clear more new ground instead of protecting and building up the existing cultivated sections has helped to swell the large total of waste acreage in the state. Whether the damage comes from fire, wrongful Brush dams were built, the banks. plowed off, acreage through an increase in population, and this, only after conscientious care has been taken of the waste areas. Reclamation may be costly, but the lack of it in the end is cost- lier. On waste sections such as prevail in Tennessee, reclamation is guaranteed by proper effort. It has passed the experimental stage and is a success. Many of these lands can be very shortly turned into growing post timber, a valuable product. Some can be made into pasture, while oth- ers can be redeemed easily -for cultivating crops. In fact a great proportion of this last class can be redeemed with as little or less, cost than that of establishing the same acreage of new ground. Foresters everywhere must take hold of the waste land problem. Reclamation saves woodlands from destruction just as surely as protection against fire saves them. It will not only return much abandoned territory back into forest growth directly, but where the land is reclaimed for agricultural purposes it gives to the farmer new fields and prevents his clearing an equivalent additional area of woodland. TENNESSEE clearing of steep slopes and shallow soils, or from neglect, the result needless drain upon lands that should for the present at least grow timber. It is evident that so long as lands are permitted to waste away, the must pay the penalty. Woodlands are the only source is a forest from which a new acreage of tilled land can be obtained, un- Re- demption of waste lands will less the waste is reclaimed. necessarily put a heavy check upon further clearing and should at the same time promote soil maintenance and soil building. There is enough cleared land for the ent, even more than required. in Tennessee pres- Broadly speaking the only jus- tification for further clearing is a real need for more agricultural A YEAR. AFTER RECLAMATION This is the same area of waste land photographed in July, 1918, after the locust trees nad been = to thirty years, but modern NATURAL REGENERATION OF FRENCH FORESTS BY THEODORE S. WOOLSEY, JR., L. d’H., D. S. O. FORMERLY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL ENGINEERS, U. S. A; MEMBER INTERALLIED WAR WOOD COMMITTEE, PARIS, 1917-1919 Illustrations by Commandant Thiollier, French Army. VER three centuries ago Colbert, Minister under Louis XIV, warned France that some day she would perish for want of wood. At that period wood was used largely for fuel, as well as for building; the coal and cement age had not commenced. Each locality depended upon nearby supplies because trans- Under these port to any distance was impracticable. conditions Colbert’s warn- (Service des Eaux et Forets.) that the German advance on Paris in June, 1918, was stopped in the forests of Compeigne and Villers-Cotterets. The value of forests as a means of defense is so recog- nized that the French Forest Code provides that no private forests can be denuded, in the frontier zones, without the specific approval of the civil and military authorities. The French forester has always been a close student of soil conditions, seed ing was heeded and in 1669 he was able to put into ef- fect a Forest Code, which insured the protection of French forests. Under the stress of the Napoleonic wars it is true that the re- sources were further de- pleted but in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Demontzey and Bremontier firmly established the prac- ticability of reforesting the dunes and the eroded Alps. During the great war French forests have been heavily cut, and have been destroyed by shell fire to such an extent that it will take a century to make good the loss. Timber supplies cannot be replaced until the plantations ma- ture and it takes two cen- “turies to grow commercial oak; a century and a half to produce spruce or silver fir logs, and a century to grow pine. Hardwood cop- pice produces fuel in twenty industry requires coal or electricity for power, in- stead of wood or charcoal. Had France allowed the destruction of her forests ’ during the nineteenth century the Allies might have lost the war. Not only were the wood supplies required locally, to economize ocean tonnage and railway trans- port, but the forests themselves were needed as a line of defense. Without such forests, as Compeigne, Villiers- _ Cotterets, Coucy, St. Gobain, Foret de la Mont de Reims and others it is probable that the German drives in 1918 would have been more successful than they were—and they nearly succeeded as it was. It is at least significant A LARCH STAND IN THE FRENCH ALPS WHERE THE SOIL MUST BE WOUNDED TO SECURE crops, and methods of seed germination because his ideal has always been to obtain the natural regen- eration of forests, and to- day, high labor costs will make artificial forestation almost prohibitive. The Germans have favored the clear cutting of stands, fol- lowed by planting or sow- ing. They argued that natural regeneration was the more costly in the end, because to naturally regen- erate forests took fifteen to twenty years, and that even then the results were un- satisfactory. Probably both schools of technique are correct. With the North- ern climate of Germany the artificial replacement of stands is often obligatory but in France, with plenty of rainfall, rich soil, and species that produce seed crops in abundance, natural regeneration has succeeded -and will be continued, ex- cept where normal forest conditions must be restored in the devastated war zones and where the damages of past over-cutting have not yet been completely repaired. The French forester is a student of nature. He has been taught to “Imiter la nature, hater son oeuvre, telle es la maxime fondamentale de la sylviculture.” His simplest problem is where he can clear cut the entire stand and yet secure his second crop without planting; his difficulties increase as the number of cuttings must be varied in degree, and in amount, so as to tempt the next generation of trees to gain a footing in competition with grass, weeds, and undesirable species. But he NATURAL REGENERATION. AMERICAN EY ; ryan ee re me Foe ~~ i} MARITIME PINE GROWN ON THE THE GIRONDE, SHIFTING FRANCE, SAND DUNES IN recognizes that success cannot always be obtained under these difficult conditions without assisting nature. Con- sequently he is ready to wound ground covered with grass, so that the seed can germi- FORESTRY to reduce the competition for light. Then as the seed- lings grow into saplings, the excess trees are tapped to death to produce resin and mine props and to favor the development of the crowns of the final stand. Mari- time pine must have large, well developed crowns to produce resin, the major crop. Fires must be kept out and there are protection belts along the ocean to prevent the drifting of sand. The sessile oak in the rich valley of the Adour, where there is an annual acorn crop, can be clear cut and re- produced with the same ease but in the sessile and pedun- culate oak stands (often mixed with beech in Central France) the regeneration must be by progressive cuttings. With oak the technical objective is to produce large tim- ber requiring 180 to 240 years to fully mature. Oak is an intolerant species so seedlings must have light for their development, while the beech, on the other hand, requires for a time a protective cover of older trees, against frost and sunlight. If the mother stand were clear cut, the ground would run to weeds and the oak and beech would be only partially successful, because good seed years are six to eight years apart. Under these conditions there are three successive fellings. The seed felling aims at starting the seedlings, the development of the crowns of the seed trees and the partial removal of the merchantable crop. According’ to the teaching of Boppe, a great French silyiculturist, all trees, other than seed trees, whose foliage extends to the ground and is, therefore, sup- pressing seedlings, are removed; beech, or hornbeam, which often forms a valuable understory, in order to preserve soil conditions up to the time of the seed fell- ing, is cut. If the soil is covered with weeds, they are cut level with the ground as are also oak advance growth which would not do for future regeneration. The soil after a seed felling must be cleared of all low growth. nate in the mineral soil, or he may have to cut back briars, or heather, which is crowding out the commercial stand. In the latter part of the eigh- teenth century the Landes and was fast waste land. The sand had been Gironde becoming Sy blown over forests and fields so that abandoned. mF even villages had to be Today this area is in productive maritime pine for* mine props, ties and turpentine. These ests, producing lumber, Hf forests ripen in seventy to eighty years and upon maturity are clear cut. branches After lumbering, the unmerchantable tops are left on the ground; the and sun opens the cones and the sand is quickly covered with a stand so dense that it must be thinned A SEED FELLING IN THE STATE FOREST OF HEZ-FROIDMONT, FRANCE. é NATURAL REGENERATION OF FRENCH FORESTS 79 If necessary, the surface of the soil is loosened by wound- ing it. A successful seed felling is where there are one or two seedlings per square yard. Often there is practi- cally a carpet of young oak. The next step (secondary felling) is to gradually remove the seed trees and to gradually free the existing seedlings without causing too Nebo + bbe emus Seana inven Vai pele ee m RR re + nena oe tame smn US «RMD YD A Nae a ed Bae aad ; fi pif Bidet che a. a eS Oe a! 2 SUCCESSFUL NATURAL REGENERATION OF SILVER FIR AND SPRUCE IN FRANCE much damage. These secotidary fellings in oak stands are usually two or three in.tumber. Care is taken not to expose the existing seedlings to late frosts and not to damage too many-seedlings in the lumbering operations and to retain enough seed trees in localities where seed- lings have failed. The removal depends primarily on A MATURE STAND OF SPRUCE AND SILVER FIR IN THE JURA, FRANCE, SECURED BY NATURAL REGENERATION, 80 AMERICAN the condition of the ground. If the seed crop is poor, it may be necessary to again cut back the weeds and to have resort to wounding the soil. If, on the other hand, the seedling growth is very luxuriant, cutting can be much heavier. The result of the secondary fellings is to increase the -growth and development of the seedling crop and to enable them to maintain possession of the ground. As soon as the young crop is complete and the A SELECTION FOREST IN HTE. SAVOIE, FRANCE. first seedlings have developed into saplings, it is time for the final felling. This felling merely removes the remainder of the seed trees at one stroke, since it is rarely advisable to hold over a few seed trees even where regen- eration may be lacking in a few spots. When seed trees are held over, it means that very valuable timber de- creases in value, since as soon as these mature oaks are isolated, epicormic branches develop, the crown deterio- rates, large branches die and there is great danger of oak and beech naturally regenerated is the maintenance of the rot or damage from insects. A feature of soil-in good condition and suitable mixture of beech in the understory. The tolerant beech always has a ten- dency to take possession of the soil, and, therefore, it is often necessary to favor the oak. This can be done by reserving more oak seed trees, in the seed felling, FORESTRY and by cutting the beech in the understory; by hastening the secondary felling and making it rather open wherever oak seedlings have established themselves. Otherwise, they may be crowded by the tolerant beech. The seed- ing of the oak may also be increased by wounding the ground so as to bare the mineral soil. Then, when the seedlings are freed from the competing weeds and briars, the oak can be favored. In the thinnings, which com- mence when the oak is thirty to forty years of age, it can be assisted in its competition with the beech. In fir stands, advance growth almost always exists, therefore the seed felling is really a light secondary fell- ing, since its object is to allow this advance growth to develop. This first secondary felling, or seed felling, is made very conservatively so as to remove the cover gradu- ally and not to expose the seedlings to drying out or to ADVANCE GROWTH OF SILVER FIR IN FRANCE READY FOR THE REMOVAL OF COVER. permit weeds to take possession of the soil. Even if sup- pressed for a number of years, fir seedlings have the ability to develop into good trees after the cover has been removed. The other secondary fellings which fol- low should also be “dark” since a gradual removal of the cover is essential. On the other hand, the final fell- ing should always be complete on account of the danger from windfall and on account of the damage which ‘some sunlight for development. NATURAL REGENERATION OF FRENCH FORESTS 81 ture can be regulated in the cleanings and thinnings that fol- low. Soil preparation is often necessary in progressive clear cutting, yet in France the senti- ment is everywhere in favor of natural regeneration, preferably without the additional expense of artificial soil preparation: But the success of natural regenera- tion depends on the proper num- ber and location of trees bearing _ seed, the right amount of light or shade for the development and existence of the young seed- ling, as well as upon proper tex- ture of the ground free from weed cover. It is only under the most favorable conditions that some kind of soil preparation is not necessary, for successful spruce regeneration. In theory the forest could wait until natu- ral regeneration came in without assistance. In practice the re- generation would often be in- THE FRENCH STATE FOREST SECONDARY FELLING IN results to the old isolated trees from drying out. This method has been used successfully for generations. aid may be studied in the famous State forests of Perseigne, Berce, Blois, Hez-Froidmont, Senouches’; sand: Belleme, all within a day’s motor trip from Paris-' Pages In the high mountains a somewhat different procedure must be followed with the silver fir or spruce. ¢ Here the objective is not solely the production of lumber. The slopes must above all be protected to avoid damage by erosion. Therefore a part of the mother: sfand -niust always be left standing and much the same” method, fol- lowed as can be viewed in any of our virgin’stands, where trees die, or are windthrown and the openings then’ fill up with seedlings, or weed growth. The forester moves these mature trees before they are decadent. Nature is improved upon. He determines the age when trees are ripe and periodically cuts every tree, or group of trees, that has reached maturity. Re- 58 fe complete; it would come in slowly, and seed trees valuable for timber of the highest quality would decrease in value and become mére fire wood. Even with very full seed crops some kind of assistance may have to be given natu- ral regeneration usually for three reasons: (1) Because of a dense vegetable cover which prevents the seed com- ing in contact with the mineral soil; (2) Because of. an excessive cover of undecomposed dead needles, or (3) Because the surface of the soil is too compact. In the United States there are three schools of forest sentiment, or policy. The lovers of primeval forests want to spare all three for the sake of their beauty. They do not consider whether trees mature and die and ‘go to waste. On the other extreme is the lumberman w ho ‘buys forests for profit. After stripping off the merchant- able timber he lets the soil take care of itself if he can- not sell to a land speculator. The state proposes the vid media. Grow timber as a crop and cut the stand when it ripens. This should be the forester’s golden rule. Let us profit by the example of a country like OF HEZ-FROIDMONT, France, and use nature to help us in our task. generation by this selection, or group selection method, as it is termed, is easier with silver fir, a shade enduring Species, than with spruce, which requires According to Boppe: When in mix- ture, advance growth of fir is quite com- mon under the old stand. It is, there- fore, necessary to fell here and there old trees in order to enable the spruce to profit by the light and establish itself in the center of the openings. While the advance growth of the fir has the ad- vantage of age, the spruce seedlings develop more rapidly and make an ex- cellent mixture. The more you want ’ favor the spruce the larger the openings Should be made. It is also advisable to favor it by wounding the soil. The mix- THE CROP OF OAK AFTER NATURAL REGENERATION THE ANNUAL MEETING ESOLUTIONS outlining the essential features of R a national forest policy and calling upon Congress and State Legislature to give earnest consideration to legislative measures to secure such a policy were adopted at the annual meeting of the American Forestry Association, held in New York City Tuesday, January 13. The resolutions stated that: Wuereas, For nearly a year the American Forestry Association has urged the need of a national forest policy, has conducted a campaign for discussion of its various phases, and by nation-wide publicity has centered the attention of the public upon the necessity for such a on President Pack in calling the meeting to order com- plimented the members upon the fact that, despite the trials of war time, which caused many organizations, owing to loss of membership, to pass out of existence, the Association was able to hold its own, to retain its mem- bership with losses which were replaced by new members and to approach the work during 1920 sound financially and stronger than ever before. He referred to the wide- spread publicity campaign which has aroused interest in forestry in every section of the country and to the great success of the campaign for stirring up the public to a realization of how essential it is to provide for the per- petuation of our forests. AMERICAN Standing, left to right and facing the reader: Standish Chard, J. E. Jenks, Col. W. B. Greeley, Prof. H. H. Chapman. FORESTRY Lyman, Alfred Gaskill, President Charles Lathrop Pack, C. F. Quincy, Dr. Henry S. policy because our forests are disappearing faster than they are being reproduced. Be it Resolved, That the American Forestry Association declare itself in favor of a material increase in federal, state and municipal forests and of adequate federal and state legislation which, through forest fire control, public education, the arrest of denudation and promotion of conservative cutting, more equitable tax laws. and ade- quate insurance of forest investments shall provide for the perpetuation of our forests and assure a timber supply for our future needs as well as forests for the protection of watersheds and for purposes of recreation and public benefit ; And that the American Forestry Association call upon Congress and state legislatures to give earnest considera- tion to the need of a national forest policy and to legis- lative measures to secure it. 82 ASSOCIATION DIRECTORS’ MEETING, JANUARY 13, 1920. Seated, C. W. Drinker. He also referred to the participation by an enthusiastic public in the planting of memorial trees, of roadside trees and of frees along “Roads of Remembrance,” all earnest- ly advocated by the Association, and pointed out the 7 value of this movement in directing attention to serious questions of forestry and in securing the support of the public for the program for a national forest policy. He also emphasized the need, now so well known by ¥ the members of the Association and also by the general public, of providing for the perpetuation of the forests and predicted that the public demand for a national forest policy would result in securing the state and fed- eral legislation necessary for such a policy. On the presentation of the nominations for officers, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh University, said: “As a past president of the Association I desire to pay on Lars a) 4 THE ANNUAL MEETING 83 our President, Mr. Pack, during the past three years, in the promotion of forestry interests in our country, and in the notable and valuable patriotic work done by him in the National War Garden Commission, a great war work, cognate to forestry, and carried on in close affilia- tion with our Association and under its auspices, but without a dollar of cost to the American Forestry Asso- ciation. Also in the collection and presentation to France, Belgium and Great Britain without cost to the Association of tree seeds for reforesting the devastated areas. In the great war the United States put aside for the time all other interests to forward the cause of right and of world democracy. Our students left their studies, pro- fessors enrolled as war aids, clergymen served as chap- lains, professional and business men put country before personal interest, and our American Forestry Associa- tion, under the leadership of Mr. Pack—and the United States Forest Service, under Colonel Graves and his able staff—showed by the work of the forestry regiments what an element of practical preparedness forestry had built up for avail in the time of national need. “We have had at the head of the American Forestry Association a practical forester and lumberman in Mr, Pack, a business man of large experience and executive ability, and a gentleman of charming presence and tactful personality well fitted to forward and promote throughout our country interest in and support of the forestry cause, and we have in charge of our magazine, an editor, in Mr. Ridsdale, of great ability, untiring energy and resource. “The American Forestry Association should not be ‘run as an organization for the interest and edification only of its members who are professional foresters. It serves a great national educational mission in forestry through its wide membership and its well conducted magazine. If the Association was restricted to a purely professional membership and its magazine run as a tech- nical journal, the influence of the Association among our people in promoting support for forestry in Congress and in our state legislatures and in combating measures an- tagonistic to forestry, would be very small. We owe it largely and mainly to the energy of Mr. Pack, and to his great personal liberality in the contribution of funds, y that the Association has been able to orgamize so success- ful a campaign for enlargement of membership; and we further owe to him the telling publicity campaign for _ forestry and forest interests that has been so success- ful. We owe it today to ourselves to show Mr. Pack how we value and appreciate what he has done, and to give him our assurance of support in the continuance of his good and effective work.” The officers who were elected are: President, Charles Lathrop Pack. Vice-Presidents, Vincent Astor, New York; W. E. Colby, California; Coleman DuPont, Delaware; Dr. Charles W. Eliot, Massachusetts; Dr. B. E. Fernow, Canada; E. G. Griggs, Washington; Henry S. Graves, District of Columbia; Hon. David Houston, District of Columbia; Hon. Franklin K. Lane, District of Columbia ; ° Dr. John Grier Hibben, New Jersey; Hon. Robert P. Bass, New Hampshire; Stephen C. Mather, Illinois; Hon. Thomas Nelson Page, Virginia; Fiibert Roth, Michigan; Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Pennsylvania; Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, Illinois; Hon. William Howard Taft, Connecticut ; Theodore N. Vail, New York; Hon John W. Weeks, Massachusetts. Board of Directors, Nelson C. Brown, New York; W. R. Brown, New Hampshire; H. H. Chapman, Con- necticut; Standish Chard, New York; Hon. P. P. Clax- ton, District of Columbia; Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Penn- sylvania; Alfred Gaskill, New Jersey; W. B. Greeley, District of Columbia; Chester W. Lyman, New York; Emerson McMillin, New York; Charles Lathrop Pack, New Jersey; Addison S. Pratt, New York; Charles F. Quincy, New York; E. A. Sterling, N. Y.; J. B. White, Missouri. There was presented at the meeting by a committee consisting of E. F. Baldwin, R. S. Kellogg and P. S. Ridsdale, the following resolution: Wuereas, The National War Garden Commission, organized in March, 1917, by Charles Lathrop Pack, and conducted, directed and provided for financially by him until it ceased its war time activities on June 1, 1919, did a tremendous and unselfish public service in increasing the food supply of the United States during and follow- ing the war by inspiring the planting of over 5,285,000 war gardens and conserving great quantities of fruit and vegetables by canning and drying ; and, Wuenreas, The food thus produced was of the value of $1,200,000,000 ; and, Wuereas, The Conservation Department of the Ameri- can Forestry Association through its officers directed this work, the Association was enabled to conduct this great war time activity which made it known throughout the world. Be it - Resolved, That the members of the American Forestry Association express their gratification that it was the President of the Association who directed and led this war time activity which so greatly added to the war-need- ed assets of the nation, and for which as a far-sighted patriot he is entitled to the heartfelt thanks of his fellow- citizens. At a directors meeting, preceding the annual meeting, plans for an international forestry congress were dis- cussed. It was proposed that the Association hold such a congress during the coming summer, providing it will be convenient for delegates from Europe, South Ameri- ca, Canada, Japan and China to attend at that time. tribute of admiration today for the great work done by DISCOVERY OF SUGAR ON DOUGLAS FIR BY FRANCIS DICKIE ONG before the first white man came to North America with his luxuries of sugar and tea and other food delicacies which today the Indians love, and long for when without, the Indians of at least one district on this great continent had a white sugar of a very rare and high quali- ty, a sugar derived from the strangest, and an almost unbelievable source—from the foliage of the Douglas fir tree, growing in certain districts in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. Yet, remarkable as. this botanical phenomenon is, the existence of sugar in such an unusual place as the foliage of a coniferous tree seems to have entirely _ escaped the attention of all the white traders, explor- ers, surveyors, missionaries and hunters who passed through the regions where it is found. At least no mention of it has ever come to light; nothing seems to have been written of it by those early pioneer- ing whites who traveled through the region where the. trees produce this sugar;. and, undoubtedly, had these men known of it, they would most certainly have made some mention, because of the very un- usualness of the occurence. So, in spite of the fact that. this sugar has been known to and used by the Indians for a great many some of the principal regions where grow these sugar bearing trees. Assisted by James Teit, of Spence’s Bridge, British Columbia, who had spent the major portion of his years living in the interior of the Province, and who had an intimate knowledge of the country and the Indians, Professor Davidson gathered the data as to the districts where the sugar chiefly is found, the probable causes of it, and the other interesting matter which is the subject of this article, wherein for the first time the story of the dis- covery is made known to the general reading public. The sugar appears in white masses of different sizes, ranging from a quarter of an inch to two inches in diameter. The smaller masses form like white drops at the tips of single leaves, and also at times several of the leaf tips are imbedded in a larger drop. Masses of greater size scatter over the leaves and branchlets. Placed in the mouth the sugar is exceedingly sweet, giving a flavor comparable to the highest class of the manufactured article. For a moment it passes into a pasty consistency in the mouth. But quickly be- comes entirely soluble un- der the action of the saliva. It is quite hard and dry, but with no tendency to stickiness, after the years, it is only now that the following interesting A RARE PHENOMENON—SUGAR ON FIR The sugar appears in white masses of different sizes, ranging from a quarter of an inch to two inches in diameter. The smaller masses form like white drops at the tips of single leaves, while masses of greater size manner of coarse flour. The accompanying photo scientific facts of this phenomenon in the plant world are made available through the investigations and experiment of Professor John Davidson, F. L. S., F. B. S. E., Botanist in charge at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, who has recently made a careful study of the sugar deposits on. the fir, and the conditions under which it is formed, by visiting 4 scatter over the leaves and branchlets. taken by Professor David- son, is of a good average specimen of the phenomenon as it occurs on the Douglas fir in British Columbia. A very light rain is, however, sufficient to dissolve the sugar off the fir; but very often it recrystalizes on the ground. At other times it remains in a semi-fluid condition, and its food value is evidenced by the fact that flies and various other insects are attract- ed to it and feed upon it. The principal regions where Professor Davidson’s investigations show the sugar to be produced are in the hottest and dryest parts of the in- terior of British Columbia, between the 5oth and 51st parallels, and between 121 and 122 longitude. These areas take in the Thompson River Valley, west of the mouth of the Nicola River, the district near the junction of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers at Lytton, and a small part of the Fraser Valley, above Lillooett. In the Kamloops district, the Nicola and Similkameen Valleys and the eastern part of the. State of Washington it is also reported to occur. On first viewing the phenomenon, Professor Davidson was inclined to think the sugar resulted from punctures -made in the leaves by insects, probably aphides, as he knew the Tamarix mannifera yielded a mucilage-like sugar when attacked by the Coccus—as a result of which came the manna of Mt. Sinai. However, this idea was quickly dispelled when he found only healthy Douglas fir yielded a sugar harvest, ones practically free of any insect life. Thus the phenomenon was evidently the _ result of natural causes, turning the investigator’s atten- tion to an examination of hours of sunlight, amount of moisture usually existing and similar things. This re- _ sulted in the finding that in the above mentioned dis- _ tricts of the dry-belt on gentle slopes facing east and north in comparatively open areas where the fir trees got plenty of exposure to sun, the sugar producing trees chiefly grew. Where the firs stand densely, or where the trees are on fully exposed southern and western slopes the sugar is not generally found, as the ground in this latter area dries out very quickly. From this it was evi- dent that moisture played an important part in the sugar’s production when combined with certain requisites of sunlight. Where a great many leaves are exposed to the sun, as in the case of the firs standing on comparatively open areas on the slopes facing east and north, an abund- ant formation of carbohydrates occur in a day. In the would be carried to the growing tissues or storage ones, which is the case on Douglas fir in heavily forested areas. But throughout the dry-belt region the trees receive a much greater amount of sunlight over a greater number of hours per day than in other localities where they “grow. Here, in the dry-belt, the ground and atmosphere are also warmer, the air circulates more freely than in the coastal regions where the dense fir forests stand. Thus in the dry-belt where the firs are subjected to a long succession of unclouded days of blazing sunlight in Summer, and where the soil condition provided warmth and moisture, the trees gather a great deal more car- bohydrates than normally. The soil’s increasing warmth Over so great a period of sunlight permits the roots to Maintain or increase activity and continue nocturnally. This increased root pressure, and cessation of transpira- tion, causes the leaves to become water-gorged. This ‘water contains a sugar created by the reconversion of Starch into sugar. But the warm, dry atmosphere exist- ing even through the night in these dry-belt regions, * manna, showed. ordinary course of nature’s working these carbohydrates ° DISCOVERY OF SUGAR ON DOUGLAS FIR. 85 quickly evaporates the water, and the sugar remains to form drops of various sizes deposited at the leaf tips, some of which so large they -fall onto branches and foliage’ below, resulting at times in irregular deposits as. shown in the photograph. By reason of the necessity for a succession of sunshiny days to produce the sugar, the Douglas fir of course does not yield a harvest that could annually be depended upon. For, a couple of wet days, or a few cloudy ones are sufficient to’disarrange those atmospheric conditions which make the sugar possible. A cloudy day would permit the tree to utilize in the regular way much of the excess sugar and to horde the remaining portion as a future food reserve. A day or more marked by a drop “in temperature would check the labor of the sugar-form- ing cells in the leaves, and the diminishing of the soil’s heat lessen the root activity, causing a diminishing in the exudation of the water and a lowering of the root pressure. Similarly a day of rain would still more lower the soil.temperature as well as that of the atmosphere. For these reasons the sugar cannot be depended upon. to yield an annual harvest. This the Indians knew, and in good years stored up as much of the delicacy as was obtainable. The following analysis, made by Dr. F. T. Shutt, Dominion Chemist, Ottawa, Canada, and by the Bureau of Chemistry Washington, D. C., where there is a laboratory specially equipped for the examination of saccharine substances, are of great interest by the high. degree of constancy of composition the fir sugar, or It is still more interesting owing to the finding that it contains a large percentage of an ex- tremely rare variety of sugar; indeed, this particular variety is more abundant in the product of the Douglas fir than any other known plant. It was formerly ob- tained from a shrub in Turkestan and Persia. Of this pure and rare trisaccharide the Douglas fir sugar contains almost fifty per cent. Thus, while the fir sugar will never play a part as a food supply, like the product of the cane and ‘beet, it will likely eventually prove valuable for use in chemistry, and perhaps in other ways which the scientific experimenting conducted by those interested in the discovery will bring to light. And in the heart of British Columbia the Indians will still gather it as they did before the white man came. Unique as the dis- covery is, it is further remarkable that so long a time elapsed before it attracted scientific attention as related ‘herein. Perhaps the Indians intentionally held the fact a secret. Of this Douglas fir manna, as it is called, the weekly bulletin of the Forest Service, District No. 1, at Missoula, Montana, says: “‘An interesting phenomenon which few of us have ‘probably observed is the occurrence of ‘fir- _sugar’ or Douglas fir manna, which is occasionally form- -ed during summer droughts, or in dry-belt regions on the leaves and twigs of the Douglas fir. “According to information from published records which have been furnished by Dr. Weir, the manna is not the result of the activities:of ‘insects, but is a natural exudation from the tips of the needles. The manna is i), a ee Er ae ey SS eee ee on PO 2 Se eae at | € ede, ed nl oe ge = Pe we 1 86 AMERICAN said to crystallize in some instances, cementing the twigs and leaves together in conspicuous masses. A slight rain quickly dissolves the manna from the branches and it may be found recrystallized in patches at the base of the tree. “A letter from the Madison Laboratory states that the manna from Douglas fir contains about fifty per cent of a sugar known as melezitose, which in small quanti- ties is selling at $66 a pound. A correspondent had made a request for approximately ten pounds and estimated that three to five dollars per pound could be paid for the collection of this material. It was suggested by the Laboratory that on the basis of the price and yield of melezitose, a higher price than this might be paid. “The Douglas fir manna cannot be relied upon as an annual crop. Dr. Weir has seen the manna but twice, FORESTRY . a i ‘ once in the fall of 1915 somewhere along the Yaak — River on the Kootenai, and in 1916, when he observed _ and examined a white, sweetish exudation from the — branches of a Douglas fir near Metalline, Washington. He doubts very much if it can be found in sufficient quan- — tity for collecting in this region. A search for the J material would necessarily be made during the dry per- iods of the year. 1g “In an article on ‘Douglas Fir Sugar,’ by Professor J. Davidson, of the University of British Columbia, it is — reported that the region in which sugar-bearing Douglas — firs are most abundant lies between the soth and sist parallels and between 121°-122° longitude. This includes the driest and hottest part of the dry-belt of British — Columbia.” A FOREST FIRE HE following word picture of a forest fire appears in the report of the Ontario Game and Fisheries Commission. It is a graphic description of the mighty tragedy: “To the average man, no doubt, the reading of the destruction of miles of standing forests conveys but little of its true significance. He can hardly appreciate the gigantic figures arrayed before him as to the square feet of timber burnt or the estimated value of the same in millions of dollars. He may perhaps be aghast at the loss of life or suffering and hardships endured by those who were fortunate enough to escape their flames. He may even dimly realize that these people have lost their homes, their possessions, their all. But the effects on nature are_as a closed book to him. He has not seen; he cannot_understand. : “The stately’ forest, stretching unbroken for miles, harbors countless wild animals, birds and insects. Life, indeed, is seething in it. The soil on which it stands is nursed and enriched by its fallen foliage and trees, which in many instances cover even the bare rocks sufficiently to allow of the seeds taking root right over them and which form always a natural basin where the raindrops may fall and accumulate, to percolate subsequently into the crevices of the rocks, from which again they will appear in the form of a gushing spring. Just as on the even outpouring of the spring will depend the flow of the brook, the stream and the river, so does the spring itself depend on the existence of its damp and mossy forest reservoir for its waters. The forest fire is capable of destroying all: animals, birds, insects, vegetation and soil. The voice of the forest is hushed, and the death of the trees is not only accompanied by the annihilation of one of nature’s great water storages, so vital to the prosperity of some perhaps far distant agricultural com- munity, but by the disappearance of an important factor ‘siderable region. et in the regulation of both climate and rainfall over a con: ; “The picture of a forest destroyed by fire almost ba fles description in its appalling horror. Unrelieved by th accustomed sounds, the cheerful note of songbirds, the chirruping of squirrels or chipmunks, the calls of animals or the humming of insects, deathly silence regins op- pressive and supreme. Great trees and small trees alike, — black, bare and gaunt, stand shivering as the breeze — soughs a mournful .dirge through their ranks, ghastly skeletons of nature’s once beautiful handiwork, or else lie prostrate on the ground, charred, burnt and shrivelled, — grim spectres of a useful past, proclaiming the passage — of ruthless death, the advent of desolation and deca No butterfly or moth flutters over the withered and — blackened leaves; no little creature or insect crawls from among them, startled by the approaching footfalls. Far | down into the accumulation of twigs and decaying vege-— tation which has formed the forest bed, into the mossy and spongy soil which in the past has held water to fur- nish life to the trees growing on it, the relentless fire has © eaten its way and left its train a mass of useless cinders from which all nutriment has been utterly scorched. The human visitor to this tragic scene will have himself alone for company; will hear his own breathing; will be con-— scious of his own heartbeats; will be almost terrified at the sounds of his own footsteps; for life has been extin- guished, the silence of the grave will surround him, and. it will seem almost sacrilege to break the all pervading — quiet of the dead. In due course the action of the winds © will blow away the cinders, and the bare rocks over which once grew the forest will be exposed to view in all their unbeautiful and grim nakedness, and the region will remain barren and in all probability useless to man’s” welfare until, perhaps, after the lapse of centuries nature — once again shall have succeeded with indomitable patience in recovering the rocks with a fresh soil.” a SIDE from occasional displays of the winter beauty of forests we are apt to think of trees in winter as dead and uninteresting. While it is true that the trees usually lack leaves, fruits and flowers during the winter season some of their other characters stand out more prominently at this time. In winter we can see the form of the tree and its method of branching much more clearly than when it is clothed with leaves. The color ae A STUDY IN BRANCHING The white ash on the left has pepoetie branches. A ring around the stem just above the upper pair of branches marks the Se coer of the year’s growth. All the ashes and maples have opposite ranches. The witch-hazel, shown on the left, has the two-ranked alternate arrange- “ment of leaves, buds and branches. In this spray only one of the lateral buds of 1917 developed into a branch in 1918, all the buds below it remaining dormant. and surface markings of the bark, too, stand out more distinctly in winter. An expert can tell almost any species of tree by an examination of the bark. The winter buds make an added feature of intense interest. What a wonderful difference there is in these embryo branches! The great buds of the horse-chestnut have a most elaborate arrangement for the protection of the delicate parts within. The baby flower cluster is covered by the downy growth of the undeveloped leaves. The latter are surrounded by the tough hard scales and these are varnished over to keep out the water. We can find all gradations from this most elaborate protective cov- ering to those in which there seems to be but the slightest attempt at protection from the rigors of winter. In northeastern Pennsylvania are nearly a hundred species of native forest trees. Probably very few equal areas have a greater wealth of species. Learning to recognize nearly all of these trees by sight at any time THE WINTER ASPECT OF TREES BY R. N. DAVIS CURATOR OF EVERHART MUSEUM, SCRANTON, PENNSYLAVNIA of year is not a task but a great pleasure. If considered by groups it simplifies matters greatly. First of all con- sider the cone bearing trees. No one could have any difficulty in distinguishing these trees from all others. If we made the group of evergreen trees it would include almost the same species. The only native coniferous tree here which sheds all its leaves in autumn is the tamarack or American larch. The European larch is occasionally planted but can be distinguished from native species by its larger cones. In the far west there are two other species of larch. From Virginia southward the bald cypress is found in great abundance and this tree has received its name from the fact that it is bare of leaves in winter. With these few exceptions all our coniferous trees are evergreen. Of our broad leaved trees none are evergreen in this vicinity although there are some such species in the south and we have a number of shrubs which are evergreen. In the immediate vicinity of Scranton we have but two A SUGAR MAPLE GROWN IN THE OPEN The form of the top of the sugar maple is unmistakable even at a great distance. pines, the white pine and the pitch pine. We do not have to go more than twenty miles to the south, how- ever, to find occasional specimens of the scrub pine and a somewhat longer journey to the north will reveal the 87 88 AMERICAN red pine as a forest tree. Our native pines of. north- eastern Pennsylvania may very readily be distinguished by their leaves alone. The white pine has very slender needles with five in a bundle. The pitch pine has three in each bundle while the other two species have only two leaves. These latter can be distinguished from one P55 ih: OR eee THE AMERICAN ELM The magnificent elm is the pride of many cities. It is one of the best of trees tor shade and ornament. another by the long leaves of the red pine and the short ones of the scrub pine. In other parts of our country where a different grouping of species occurs a somewhat different way of distinguishing them may be used. The coniferous trees present much the same aspect in winter as in summer so let us turn to the deciduous trees, the ones which present such great contrasts in the two seasons. The arrangement of the buds and branches of these trees is what we should note in arranging them into groups. Buds form in the axils of leaves and so their arrangement is the same as that of the leaves. Trees have a definite plan in the placing of the leaves— just as definite as the carpenter’s plan in arranging the shingles on a house. The shingles are placed so they will catch all the rain. Leaves are placed so they will catch the sunbeams and trees have different ways of arranging their leaves so they will do this work effective- ly. The catalpa tree has a way all its own. It places three leaves in a whorl and then at a little distance above there is another whorl so placed that the leaves will cover the spaces between the leaves below. In winter we can- FORESTRY } 4 not see these leaves but the leaf scars show where they were and the buds just above add certainty to their location. this way on the vigorous shoots we may be assured it is one of the two species of catalpa. The opposite arrangement of leaves, buds and branches is much more prevalent. All our maples and ashes have ~ this characteristic. Horse-chestnut and the buckeyes also have the opposite arrangement although it is less apparent on account of the suppression of many of the buds by — the deep shade. As this group of trees is rather small it is easy to distinguish the various species by.other char-_ acters, especially by the appearance of the buds them- ~ selves and by the peculiarities of the bark. For instance, the red maple can be distinguished from all other maples — by the reddish twigs, the whitish gray bark of the limbs and trunk until the latter reaches nearly a foot in diameter when it takes on a rough surface and becomes dark colored. The striped maple can be told at a glance by THE YELLOW BIRCH The bronze bark of the yellow birch distinguishes it from all our other trees. ' the green and white stripes upon the bark which give the name to it. j The hard or sugar maple is by far the most important of all the maples. The lumber is valuable for many pur- poses but the unique thing about the tree is the abund- q ance of sweet sap which it furnishes. While all the maples have sweet sap none of the others are so import- ant as sugar producers. This was appreciated in early times and a century and a quarter ago when the real estate men of that time were attempting to lure New If we find a tree with the buds arranged in — Se me THE WINTER ASPECT OF TREES 89 England men to these Pennsylvania lands “out west” they put on their map in big letters “The Sugar Tree Grows Here.” Of course the manufacture of sugar from beet roots had not then developed and its manufacture from sugar cane was far less extensive that it is at pres- ent. A sugar tree was certainly some inducement and recently, during our war-time restrictions, one could ardently wish for a tree from which he could gather sugar. The sugar maple makes one of the very best shade and ornamental trees. A row of these trees along a country road gives comfort to the traveler and beauty to the landscape. Even in winter one of these open grown trees can be distinguished at a great distance by the outline of the top and the way the branches radiate. The white maple is planted extensively as a shade tree since it is easy to start and grows rapidly. Its natural habitat is usually along streams but it readily grows when planted in other situations. It is the earliest of all the maples to bloom and the blossom buds in THE RED BIRCH This tree sometimes grows in clumps as shown in this picture. The most prominent characteristic, however, is the salmon colored bark com- posed of very thin loose layers. As the trunk gets larger it loses this peculiarity and becomes much like the bark of the black birch. mid-winter will distinguish this tree from all its relatives since they are so much larger. Another characteristic that will serve to identify it is the upward turn to the twigs. By far the largest group of trees is made up of those which bear but one leaf at a given level on the stem. Some of these, as the witch-hazel and the elm, have the second leaf half way around the stem from the first one and consequently there is a two ranked arrangement of the leaves and the resulting buds and branches. One does not need to make a close examination of the elm in order to recognize it. As far as one can see the grace- ~ fully arching branches proclaim this tree which Micheaux called “the most magnificent vegetable of the temperate zone.” We may not agree with him in this rather ex- travagant praise yet there is probably no other tree so THE WHITE BIRCH Notice the black triangular patch at the base of each branch of the white birch. The habit of growing in clumps is well illustratd here. generally planted in America for shade and ornament. It may be well to observe here that most of the trees having but one leaf at a given level have each succeeding leaf two-fifths of the distance around the stem from its predecessor. In the elm with the second leaf half way around the stem from the first we can see that the leaves and the resultant buds form two rows or ranks along the stem. In the maple and ashes with their op- posite leaves and buds the second pair is set at right angles to the first so that we have four ranks to the leaves, buds and branches. In the numerous trees where each succeeding leaf is two-fifths of the way around the stem we can readily see that there must be five ranks of leaves. Finally, in the catalpas with the whorl of three leaves and the next whorl set to cover the joints in the first there must be six ranks. Of course, one must examine a quick growing shoot that is fully exposed to the light and air on all sides to see these plans fully worked out. Usually by the suppression of leaves by shade of neighboring parts or by the twisting of the stem 90 AMERICAN it is somewhat difficult to determine the plan in the arrangement of leaves, buds and branches. The birches form an interesting natural group of trees, In winter the cylindrical bud that is destined to develop into the catkin of staminate flowers is quite noticeable. The pistillate bud is not so prominent but may be found by a little searching. The birches can be distinguished from one another by the appearance of the bark alone. THE WHITE OAK The bark of the white oak clearly distinguishes it from all its relatives. The most common of -these trees is the black birch, so called on account of the stem being darker colored than that of any of the other species. The yellowish bronze color gives the name to the yellow birch while the white color of the bark gives the name to another common species. This white birch is especially abundant in burned-over areas, the small seeds being carried to a considerable distance by the wind. The European white birch is a closely related species fre- quently planted about town as an ornament. The pend- ent twigs of this species and the less prominent triangular black spot at the base of each limb will distinguish this European species from our native white birch. Northeastern Pennsylvania is about the northern limit of the red or river birch. This is essentially a southern tree but along our streams it grows in considerable abundance. The freedom with which the outer bark peels off in layers together with its reddish color will distinguish this tree from any other. We are just at the southern limit of another noted birch tree, the paper or canoe birch. It is only along the northern slopes of our mountains that this -tree can find a congenial home. = FORESTRY Farther north it forms an important part of the forest. Paper birch wood is devoted to several unique uses. Almost every spool for sewing thread is made of paper birch. Nearly all wooden toothpicks are made from it. Formerly it was used to make shoe pegs so that while it was then under everybody’s foot now it is in everybody’s mouth. It was the bark of this species that the Indians used to make their light canoes. Of the ten known species of birch in North America these five are proba- bly the most important. The oaks form another important group of trees in our region. All oaks agree in bearing acorns but in winter this is not always apparent for some species mature the fruit in one year and it falls to the ground. Others have the slightly developed acorns on the branches in winter and these come to maturity in the following summer. The barks of the various oaks present some interesting contrasts. The light colored and _ slightly ie THE CHESTNUT OAK The deep fissures and high ridges of the bark of the chestnut oak are remarkable. roughened bark of the white oak is very different from the bark of the chestnut oak with its high ridges and deep fissures. One of our most interesting and most valuable forest trees is the tulip tree. In summer we could distinguish this fine tree from any other species by the form of the ~ leaves. They seem to be cut off at the apex at right angles to the midrib. The large greenish yellow flowers also distinguish this tree from all others. In winter the tall straight trunk suggests the species and if we can get a view of the winter buds we can perhaps dissect them enough to identify the peculiar form of the unde- THE WINTER ASPECT OF TREES veloped leaves. This tree furnishes the valuable lumber known among builders as “whitewood,” “poplar,” or “Yellow poplar.” It is one of the most satisfactory shade and ornamental trees. An interesting study of trees is to trace the annual growth by the rings left on the branches by the bud scales. On red’maples growing slowly I have been able to trace back the growth from year to year for a full AW wae * THE PAPER BIRCH ihe outer bark of this birch is used for canoes. This was the best material the Indians counld find for this purpose. It is a beautiful tree and when mixed with other forest trees the contrast is striking. decade. For preliminary practice in this amusement it is well to take limbs that have been cut off in pruning operations and after one has counted the age of a branch by observing the rings on the bark he can cut across 91 the limb and count the annual wood layers. Of course, the two results should agree. As the growth of the tree continues the swelling bark obliterates the rings made. by the bud scales and one cannot usually trace the BEECH Although the beech is not valued as a lumber tree the smooth gray bark lefids a charm to the tree as it stands in the forest. growth for more than four or five years although there may be cases where the segments can be identified for a dozen years. INTERCOLLEGIATE ASSOCIATION OF FORESTRY CLUBS MEETS ‘At the Yale School of Forestry, New Haven, Connec- ticut, on February 26-27, the fourth annual conven- tion of the Intercollegiate Association of Forestry Clubs will be held. Delegates from the various forestry schools will be present and also it is planned to have a large number of prominent practicing foresters and lumber- men address the meeting. Great emphasis will be placed at the meeting on the discussion of forest education and forest policy. The Association was founded at Cornell University in 1914 and conventions have been held at that university, the University of Michigan and the University of Wash- ington. At present practically all the forestry clubs of the various universities teaching forestry are members of the Association. All interested are invited to attend the meeting. TICKS AND TIMBER BY AUSTIN CARY IN CHARGE, CO-OPERATION WITH PRIVATE TIMBERLAND OWNERS, UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE HE South has not figured largely in the calculations of foresters. In fact, as compared with the North- east, which is much farther advanced commercially, and with the West, where the National Forests are located, it has received but scant attention. It is, how- ever, a land of have expressed it. Of the new uses for land, grazing is today most prominent, and hundreds of enterprises are starting. Its large success depends on the extermination of the cattle tick, a long-standing pest of the South, which brings to naught all efforts to improve the strain of cattle, kills many of great interest and promise. The vast ex- tent to which good land in the South is still unutilized has been lately brought to public attention through the movement for soldier’s homes. Most people, proba- bly, have lately the animals, and stunts the growth of all. Eradication of the tick is es- -sential for a successful grazing indus- try. Fortunate- ly, the founda- tion of scien- tific investiga- tion was iaid years ago, the execution of plans has al- ready made acquired some sense of a new ABOVE: THE GOOD AND THE POOR IN CLOSE PROXIMITY. 17 YEAR OLD SLASH PINES UP : : ‘ TO 8 INCHES IN DIAMETER. AND 45 FEET TALL; PROMISING TO YIELD 15 YEARS FROM industrial life Now TEN TIMES AS MUCH NAVAL STORES AND LUMBER AS THE OTHER SITE. now stirring \ hott BELOW: THE TREES, THOUGH PROBABLY 150 YEARS OLD, ARE ONLY 50 FEET TALL, AND through that THE STAND 1200 FEET PER ACRE. SOIL MAKES THE DIFFERENCE. region. This good progress, and within a few years suc- cess promises to be complete. new activity is along two main lines — manu- factures of various kinds, and new uses for land. Men are dis- covering that southern lands have resources not previously valued, and that proper treatment may develop these to a usefulness never before dreamed of. At one point and another, and in one direction and another, therefore, thought and en- terprise are now reaching out for the utilization of oppor- tunities. This movement is in its inception as yet, but under the pressure of economic forces and the steadily maintained push of American business men, it seems destined to make of the South “the next West,” as some 92 Great should be the reward of those who have led in that work at its dif- ferent stages, for they have not only freed southern cattle of a tremen- dous handicap, but they have taken a load off the energies of a host of men. The new life and spirit of enterprise where that incubus is removed are note- worthy. Not least, perhaps, of the results of this houseclean- ing, though not very strongly in evidence as yet, will be the effect on the forest interests of the region. These will gain with the new stimulation of thought; but there are special channels through which benefit will flow, iat tts A hese ape hae -s ca i Rm Ne ma * TICKS AND TIMBER 93 determined by the methods and economics, new and old, of the grazing industry. The contrast between new and old is great indeed. There had always been a southern cattle industry, but people in those sections of the coun- try constituting the great markets had seldom heard of it. It was, in fact, a poor and shiftless thing. Cattle one thing, and demands release from the anxiety and damage it has suffered in the past. Growing timber is beginning to be considered, as the leaders in industry sound a warning about waning virgin supplies. agers of the grazing industry have found out that, while fire might temporarily improve feed, valuable plants are thus driven out, and production is decreased in quality and vol- ume. Above all, the improved stock, certain to be introduced as the tick is driven out, would not thrive on such treatment. Winter feeding, greatly im- proved pastures, a smaller area used for grazing because of that fact, promise to be the features of the new time; and, with that, the demand for fire will become less insistent, and its use finally be reduced to the occasional. Thus does one thing affect an- other. As economic conditions change in one field, an influence, STARTING IN A DRAINED CYPRESS SWAMP, STILL WET, FIRE COULD NOT DESTROY SLASH PINE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. AFTER 25 YEARS THERE IS A STAND OF 60 CORDS PER ACRE. ran on the open range without selection or care, were bled and diseased by ticks, and weighed at maturity but 300 to 700 pounds. In the late winter of each year they came near the point of actual starvation. Such an in- dustry did not produce the meat sought after in discrimi- nating markets. frequently of great power for good, beginning there, spreads through other areas. However, these questions remain: how much will the South gain in respect to its timber resources? What has she to start with now, or what will spring up anew, as a result of this changed relationship: A candid answer admits that there is great local varia- tion, but claims that, on the whole, a very great gain In this method, too, a matter of great significance for forest growth was involved, for fire in a measure kept the ticks down, while, to secure in the starving season, feed that was fresh and unmixed with the dry growth of the preceding year, fire again was useful. Thus, beginning in Florida in January, and working north through the pine belt in February and March, swept the annual fires. Most residents of the country owned cattle, and so were interested in the yearly burning. The nature of the cover was such that great, de- vastating conflagrations _ like those of Minnesota were not to be feared. For a long time, forests were so extensive and timber so abundant and cheap that results in that direction were hardly con- sidered at all. Thus the custom of a people became established. Times have changed now, or are changing, and in many fields. Agriculture is more intensive and scientific, for DESTRUCTIVE TURPENTINING. TREE TRUNKS CUT INTO DEEPLY BY “FACES” OPPOSITE ONE ANOTHER HAVE BROKEN OFF, may be expected. When we think of the tremendous area involved (a writer has lately noted that the Gulf States alone exceed Germany, Holland, Great Britain, Japan and Formosa taken together) any gain that is general in this section becomes of moment to the whole nation. Added to the vastness of the area, are natural Man- - 94 AMERICAN conditions of great potency—a variety of serviceable and strongly reproducing trees, a long growing season, and soils that FORESTRY production. This condition, for the man contemplat- ing enterprise, in timber or another line, constitutes both challenge are fresh and unimpaired. Great con- trasts are found, how- ever, and these contrasts are not seldom ex- hibited within small spaces. Soil conditions are all-import- ant. Texture, relation to clay or hardpan, depth of the water table, content of lime —these things, in their differ- ent degrees and combinations, affect vegetation to a mar- yelous degree. They mark off different types by sharp lines; they decrease or increase vastly the rate of wood TWENTY THOUSAND FEET PER ACRE OF LONGLEAF PINE TIMBER DESTROYED BY TURPENTINING AND THE FOLLOWING FIRES. and opportuni- ty. Of this diversity, no part of the South is more illustrative than Florida. The rich and the poor lands fre- quently lie side - by side, with enormous dif- ferences in _ prod uctivity. Some of these differences, to- gether with a partial under- standing of phenomena in a broad way (no tropical features are, however, included) may be gathered from the photo- graphs, PAPER FAMINE IF FORESTS ARE WASTED FN less than 20 years 95 per cent of the pulp and paper mills of the country, mainly those in the East, will have practically exhausted their supplies of spruce, hemlock and fir—the principal woods from which the paper on which newspapers are printed is made. _The annual cutting of these woods in the New Eng- land States and New York is approximately 3,262,000 cords, and at this rate the supply will last approximately 17 years. The estimated annual cutting in the Lake States is 3,030,000 cords, and if continued will exhaust the supply in that region within 18 years. Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, with their smaller forest resources, are even worse off, the annual cutting béing calculated at 1,470,000 cords, at which rate the spruce, hemlock and fir will last but ten years. Only in Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California are the reserves in no immediate danger of exhaustion if the cutting continues at the present rate of 2,218,000 cords a year. These figures, of special interest because of the present paper shortage, are included in estimates compiled by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. The data accumulated gives additional emphasis to the demand for a nation-wide policy that will put privately owned forests on a permanently pro- ductive basis and will also result in utilizing mill waste for paper making. Even if the country’s hemlock, spruce and fir resources, including the vast forests of far-off Alaska, are lumped together, the supply of these woods will be sufficient’ to meet the lumber and paper demands for less than three- fourths of a century, assuming that the present rate of cutting continues. At first glance it night seem that a national supply for three-fourths of a century makes it unnecessary to worry over the lumber question for some time. But, as already stated, 95 per cent of the pulp and paper mills are located in the East; these are very ex- pensive establishments, often costing millions of dollars, and can not be moved conveniently to new locations, nor can wood be shipped to them economically from great distances. Consequently talk of easily utilizing the far- off reserves is impracticable unless the present mills are to be scrapped and new ones built nearer the source of supply. Up to ten years ago the United States was self-support- ing with regard to newsprint, but within the last decade the consumption has exceeded home production and promises to do so increasingly. In view of this situation two alternatives present themselves, according to Forest Service experts and representatives of large wood-using industries. The country must depend increasingly upon Canada, eventually abandoning many of its own mills, or the nation’s policy with regard to its private forests must be radically changed. Canada now has 90 paper and . PAPER FAMINE IF FORESTS ARE WAST ED 95 pulp mills which produce approximately 2,100 tons of paper a day, of which 89 per cent is available for export. Of all supplies of paper, wood and pulp used by the United States about one-third now comes from Canada. While the supplies of pulp wood in Alaska and the Northwest are very great, only about five per cent of the mills are located in those regions. So long as publishers can obtain Canadian paper more cheaply than they can get it from the West, it is to be expected that they will buy from Canada. Nevertheless, there are several fac- tors which should gradually bring western paper into competition with the eastern Canadian product, according to forest experts. There are quantities of wood in the West available at stumpage prices much less than in the Northeast. Much of this wood is on the National For- ests, and, therefore, is available without the carrying charges that must be figured against large investments in land. Furthermore, the yield per acre of forests is much greater in the West than in the eastern Canadian forests, and there are large water powers available in the West. Certain disadvantages, such as high wages and high freight charges, must be recognized in considering the supplies in the West, but it is believed that these do not counteract the advantages. The Forest Service points out, however, that whether paper interests rely upon Canada, or upon increased use of our western resources, in either case these. are tem- porary expedients. In the long run the country must solve the paper problem on the basis of a permanent wood supply. To this end it is urged that mill waste be utilized for paper making and that the forests of this country be regenerated and administered on a more productive basis. Mill waste, including slabs and edgings, is well dapted for paper making by one of the three chemical processes _ now commonly employed. But only about three per cent of the wood used for pulp is mill waste, and this is evi- dently a very small portion of all the slabs and edgings from spruce, fir and hemlock now being made into lumber. Here, undoubtedly, is a big field for develop- ment, as it is estimated that there must be an annual waste of 1,600,000 cords of these species alone. Even more important than the utilization of mill waste is the regeneration of the forests for the perpetuation of _ the paper industry in the United States. The policy of wastefully cutting the forests and making little provision for future growth must be abandoned speedily, say forest experts. In the future, operations should be so conduct- ed as to secure increasing reproduction of trees valuable for lumber and pulp. Fortunately such species as fir and poplar are prolific seeders and may be reproduced natur- ally. Spruce may be reproduced under proper methods of forest management, though with more difficulty. As the cost of pulp wood increases, investments in planta- tions, especially in the neighborhood of pulp mills, will commend themselves. The growing of large quantities of wood close to the mills will greatly reduce the cost of lumbering and transportation. Young, thrifty, grow- ing forests will produce yields scarcely imagined by one who has been accustomed to deal exclusively with old timber. It is urgently recommended that in this con- nection the practice of Sweden be given serious consid- eration. In that country the mills employ technically ° trained foresters who prepare accurate figures concerning the yearly growth of the forests which serve as a rigid basis for the annual cut of timber. It is the wood-using industries, rather than the lumber companies, that are especially interested in applying con- servation to the national lumber supply, according to the Forest Service. Likewise, it is the publishers rather than the pulp companies which must eventually pay the penalty for wasteful lumbering and which must, therefore, take it upon themselves to guarantee the perpetuation of the nation’s pulp supplies. FORESTS IN JAPAN a HE United States may well imitate Japan in the care with which it enforces its forest conservation laws,” says a well-informed teacher much interested in forestry problems, who has recently returned from the Orient. “Tn Japan, all the wooded land is carefully guarded, prac- tically every tree on the government forest land is listed and not one is allowed to be cut down except with express permission of the government, and then not unless an- other tree is at once planted in its place.” , About four-sevenths of the forests of Japan are owned by the state. As is well known, Japan is not much of an agricultural country, its farms being very small and in- tensively cultivated, but the greater part of the country is occupied by mountains largely covered by forests. It has about 50,000,00 acres of forest land, including cedars, pines, cypresses and firs, with some oaks, maples, beeches, willows, etc. Few of the trees, however, attain a great size, and for large dimensions and long lengths of timber Japan imports wood from America. One of the interesting and grotesque sights in Japanese parks and houseyards is the presence of many deformed trees—those twisted into human or animal shapes. Some of these deformed trees are very small, so that they may be placed on a windowledge, and for such bizarre plants the equivalent of perhaps two thousand dollars will be paid. But little wood is used in Japan for dwellings, because they are usually simple in structure, have paper walls, doors of square lattice work covered with paper and such building makeshifts. Much lumber is used in jinrikisha and match factories, of which there are many. Enormous numbers of matches are made each year, mostly for Oriental trade, this being one of Japan’s principal industries. Her great shipbuild- ing yards require a large amount of lumber and her pre- tentious shipbuilding program for 1919 promises greatly to increase the demand for both native and imported lumber. THE OPOSSUMS BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S. T THE present time opossums may be found in suitable localities from New York to northern Florida, and as far westward as Texas; it is said that they seem to be extending their range somewhat to the northward. In scientific and in popular literature few American mammals have figured more frequently, its great rival being without question the racoon. *Possum hunts have taken place all over the South ever since the country was settled, and the incidents which have occurred during these exciting times have furnished food for song and story since the days of the colonies. Throughout the South ’possum is held in high esteem for its flesh, but more particularly by the negroes, and by them the animal is most forced into; but his cunning is so great that he can frequently give his enemies the slip. Sometimes he attempts to evade his pursuers by changing his direc- tion, running back along his own trail, and thus throwing them off the scent. But his favorite trick consists of pretending he is dead—a ruse known the world over as ‘possuming’ or ‘playing ‘possum.’ He does this so cleverly, that many people to whom the trick was known have gone away and allowed him to escape under the — impression that ‘this time, at any rate, he really was dead.’ No amount of physical pain can make him be- tray himself; and it sometimes seems impossible that any animal could submit to the torture he has at times been subjected to.” persistently hunted. Being largely nocturnal in_ its habits, these stirring affairs usually take place at night, when a party is formed, the dogs mustered, and the hunt- ers, armed with sticks and guided by torches and lan- terns, start out, a merry party, for the forests known to be haunted by these cun- ning marauders. The bark- ing dogs are employed to tree the ’possums, who, in their fright, will shin up anything from the weakest sapling to a big gum tree or pecan, In any event, either the victim must be shaken out, or one of the party must A number of years ago, the writer had a female opossum in captivity for a the opportunity of studying many of the habits of the animal. At the time she was” taken she had nine young ones, each about the size of a rat one-third grown. On — different occasions photo- graphs were obtained of all of them, those of the mother not being particularly good, but successful in the case of the young. One of the lat- ter illustrate the present — article. Speaking of the young, it is a well-known fact that the climb up and shove him out, and to this the irritated ani- mal often seriously objects, A FULL GROWN VIRGINIA OPOSSUM. ABOUT ONE-FOURTH THE SIZE OF LIFE. ANIMAL LOANED BY MR. EDWARD S&S. SCHMID, OF WASHINGTON, D, C. PHOTO FROM LIFE BY THE opossum is a wonderfully prolific animal, producing all — the way from six to seven- ° ‘ . WRITER r BRAPROS and growling at his Fig. 1. This cut gives an excellent idea of the appearance of the animal teen at a birth, and often— assailant like a big rat—in- making his way on a small limb, also the expression of concern at hav- jn the South—breeding as ing reached the end of it, with no chance of escape from his pursuers. deed, at such times he is not unlike one of them. However, sooner or later down he must come. As he strikes the ground he changes his tactics entirely, and immediately feigns death in a manner so perfect as often to deceive those familiar with this trait of the animal. However, in his present predica- ‘ment this is of no avail, for one of the hunters quickly pins him down, back uppermost, by placing a stick across his neck, and holding him down dislocates his neck. Then, bagging the game, with a shout the party takes a fresh start, and the dogs search for another trail. Mr. Ernest Harold Baynes, who has published some very entertaining chapters about opossums, said of the species that “speed he has none, his fastest gait being a sort of pacing movement which he can sometimes be 96 many as three times a year. The young are born at a very early stage of their de- velopment, and weigh but from. three to four grains each, being quite hairless, and their eyes tightly closed. As fast as they appear, the mother shoves them into her marsupial pouch with her snout, where each quickly seizes onto a nipple; here they are nursed and grow with great rapidity. At the end of a week they are said to weigh thirty grains each; and by the time a month has passed, they occasionally climb in and out of the pouch, being at this time the cutest little creatures im- aginable. In nature, an old opossum is known to take very good care of her litter; but for some reason they appear to be rather neglectful when in captivity. Confirming what is said above, a writer at hand long time, and she gave him ~ THE OPOSSUMS remarks that, when they commence to venture forth, they “keep close to the mother, and hold on to her by their tails. Sometimes, with a dozen young ones the size of rats thus clinging to her legs, neck and body, and some of them dragging along on the ground, she may be seen going about in search of food. At this age these animals are pretty; they remain with the mother till YOUNG OF THE VIRGINIA OPOSSUM, ONE OF A BROOD OWNED BY THE WRITER, AND PHOTOGRAPHED BY HIM FROM LIFE. Fig. 2. Note that even at this tender age the end of the tail exhibits the foreshadowing of the ability of the animal to use it as an aid in climbing later on. about two months old, then they learn to take care of themselves, but continue in the vicinity, seeming still to be under maternal guardianship in a certain degree.” In the meantime, be it said, another litter may be pro- duced—sometimes even a third. These, too, grow rapid- ly, and it is an interesting sight to see, later on, the pro- lific parent, surrounded by several representatives of all three of the broods, in her efforts to look after them properly, each according to its needs. The opossum has a typically prehensile tail, a faculty that it chiefly brings into use during its life among the trees and in other places when on the ground. In climb- ing, it constantly uses its tail, swinging from one small limb to another, and it has the habit of suspending itself by the tail when feeding upon some fruit or other grow- ing below its perch. Opossums, like the racoons, are very fond of grapes, and delight in regaling themselves tipon persimmons when these are rich and. ripe in the autumn, especially after the first frost. Moreover, they are partial to poultry, and will rob the hen-roosts with as much adroitness as a mink, or as that old adept in 97 that calling—the skunk. In fact, the animal is in reality an all-around omnivorous mammal, and will, if hard pressed, also devour fish, mollusks, and various things on the bill-of-fare. It can also go for a consider- * able time deprived of both water and food. So it will be seen that, with its marvelous tenacity of life, its prolific breeding, its extraordinary endurance under varying conditions of temperature, and its capacity to live and thrive upon anything eaten by any other creature under the sun, the opossum’s chance to multi- ply and be a winner in the great struggle for existence are indeed excellent. When winter comes, the opossum makes a nest for itself somewhere, either in the trunk of a hollow tree or in-some similar situation, and passes the cold part of the year in a state of semi-torpidity. This hibernation, how- ever, is never as profound as the one entered upon by the woodchuck, the bears, and other animals. In referring (3 AN OPOSSUM AS HE APPEARS IN HIS OWN NATIVE WOODS IN THE WINTER TIME Fig. 3. Through the courtesy of Mr. Ned Hollister, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park, where the specimen here shown belongs, the writer was given the opportunity to make this photograph within the precincts of that ‘reservation. to the footprints it leaves upon the snow, Baynes de- scribes them in the following words: “Wherever the: opossum occurs, its presence is indicated by its curious footprints on the ground, strange, uncanny footprints, which rivet the attention of every man who sees them for the first time, whether he is interested in natural his- tory or not. They do not resemble the tracks of any other of our wild creatures; they look as though they might have been made by the hands and feet of some misshapen gnome or dwarf. They are most clearly seen upon the snow in the early winter; after that the animal sleeps part of its time in some snug retreat.” In fact, the hand-like feet of the opossum will even attract the 98 AMERICAN attention of the tyro the first time a specimen of the And, in helping itself to food—be its nature what it may—it sometimes holds onto its rest- ing-limb by means of its tail, while it employs these hand-like hind paws in manipulating the morsels it passes animal is examined. to its capacious maw. Being, as has been said, quite nocturnal in its habits, the opossum will spend most of the day curled up in some burrow, hollow log or stump, or even secreted in the dense foliage of some tree or other. Nevertheless, the old fellow will sometimes steal out in broad daylight—although more likely on a gray day—for a prowl about the woods, the orchard, or the hen-yard. On such occasions he will, in a sluggish way, climb among the limbs of trees; and should he spy some birds’ nest, containing a clutch of dainty blue and speckled eggs, he will, without any compunction, swing himself down by the tail and deliberately rob the rightful owner of its treasures, picking them out, one at a time, and devouring them, still swinging by his handy tail, and Sometimes he will surprise and capture some unhappy squirrel in its hole. Seizing his struggling victim, he will bite it in the back of its neck as quickly as he would a hapless chicken on its roost in the night-time ,devouring it with evident relish. Liz- ards and many insects meet with the same fate when he can capture them; and it is said that, when in a tight place and deprived of food for any length of time—per- suspended in midair. haps facing starvation—he will, rather than succumb to such a fate, eat his own young, or even gnaw off his own tail and toes, making a meal of them. Although often savage, cross, and snarly, the opossum Two old fellows will frequently engage in a regular romp, rolling over each nevertheless enjoys its playtimes. AN OLD OPOSSUM AT EVENTIDE. Fig. 5. PHOTO BY THE WRITER One can easily imagine the behavior exhibited on the part of this shy old representative of his race, as he makes his way about in the long grass of the thicket in search of food. FORESTRY other, tugging away with their tails, yanking at each other’s fur with all four paws, and biting each other in fun until the operation borders close upon no make- believe encounter. On a hot, sunny day, occasionally one will take a notion to stretch himself out on his back on a broad limb; with his tail hanging down, and his SKULL OF AN OLD VIRGINIA OPOSSUM, SEEN ON RIGHT SIDE VIEW. PHOTO BY THE WRITER Fig. 6. This cut well shows the formidable set of teeth possessed by this animal, Note ‘how complicated the molars are, and that the canines re- semble those of a small dog. feet resting upon his nether parts, he will lie basking in the sun for an hour or more at a time. The old female opossum, which with her young the writer once had in his possession, fed sparingly upon raw flesh of various kinds, and would drink about a pint of milk in the course of twenty-four hours, her repast being generally indulged in at night. She did not appear to be very. solicitous of her young, and made barely any resistance when one picked them up to examine them. Fre- quently she would roll partly up into a ball; then, when one of her young was taken from her, she simply gave vent to a kind of guttural hiss, accompanied by a sort of a grin. Shortly after coming into the writer's posses- sion, she killed one of her brood —through carelessness, I believe —while one or two more fell into the drinking water or milk and were drowned. She did not * seem to care very much, nor did she, apparently, make any at- tempt to rescue them. Her young, when fully as large as small rats, would nurse her many times a day, sometimes three or four of them attaching them- selves to-her teats at the same time, sprawling over each other, some being inside her pouch, THE OPOSSUMS 99 some partly in it, and others having their heads just within the hairy margins of its entrance. These young opossums were extremely difficult to photograph from the fact that they were so restless when taken away from their mother; they were not sprightly at all—simply sluggishly on the move; first gaping, then twitching their ears, or curling up their tails. Finally, when kept from the mother too long, they would commence to shiver all over. If there be such a thing in nature as “a chip of the old block,” then we must assuredly find it in the young opossum—any one of these little fellows was the veriest “chip” alive of its sleepy, old parent. It would walk along a twig just as the mother progressed upon a larger branch, holding on in the same curious manner A PAIR OF VIRGINIA EXPERTS AT THEIR OLD GAME OF “PLAYING ’POSSUM.” DUGMORE. COURTESY OF DOUBLEDAY PAGE AND COMPANY. black, and twinkling. The mouth has a capacious gape, and the entire face and snout are pointed as in the old one. By the use of the tail and feet, these young opos- sums are able to hang onto the coat of the mother; and when they all get into the hair of her back, they present a very odd and amusing picture, to say nothing of the enjoyment they exhibit—howbeit, it was shown in such a sleepy way. Mr. A. Radclyffe Dugmore gives an account of two of these animals that enjoyed a friendly ramble about the barnyard of a farm during a gray day, when the farmer and others had gone to the polls to vote, and there were none about to interrupt their investigations. The animals are designated as Possum One and ’Possum , Two, and the sequel goes to show that in reality they PHOTO FROM LIFE BY MR. RADCLYFFE Fig. 7. The animal to the left has the appearance of being as dead as dead can be, while its companion is taking a peep to ascertain whether ‘his ruse is going to save him from his fate. with its hand-like feet. While thus engaged, its little prehensile tail also came into use; it would curl the deli- cate end of it about a twig in a gingerly way—with evident infantile misgivings as to whether it could be relied upon in case its tiny feet became exhausted. Dur- ing the daytime they were continually gaping, making the most ludicrous faces while doing so, and exciting to laughter all that beheld them. At this age their marsupial pouches are quite rudi- mentary, but still perfectly evident, while the bushy extension of the hair at the root of the tail is distinctly seen. The hair of the body is long and coarse, being much shorter and finer upon the head, while it is sparse and extremely fine on the rather large, white ears. Long white hairs are produced from either side of the snout and from above either eye, the latter being round, large, : were not altogether as safe from interruptions as they thought themselves to be, when they first sallied forth to enjoy their sociable raid, for presently one of the farm-hands came walking down the pathway. “At this moment the ‘possums made another mistake, for the man would probably have passed them unnoticed had they. not snarled and thereby attracted his attention. “Now it happened that the man was not an American, and in that accidental fact lay the ’possums’ one chance for escape. An American farm-hand would have pick- ed up a fence-rail and with it promptly ended the lives of the ‘darn little varmints,’ who, even though they were thieves, stole only that they might live. But the man was an Irishman, fresh from St. Patrick’s Isle. He had never seen a ’possum, nor did he know anything of their peculiar ways. Only the week before he had 100 AMERICAN been engaged as a farm-hand, and had been left on the place while the farmer and his sons had gone to the polls to vote, for the day was election day—hence the quietness of the farm which had inveigled our two marsupials from their retreats. “Now when Dennis O’Connor saw the two strange beasts, his surprise was very great, and after uttering a few remarks that are best left out of print—for after all they have nothing to do with the story—he turned, brave man though he was, and made straight for the house. He remembered having noticed a gun standing against the wall near the chimney-corner. With such a weapon he feared no animal under the size of a dog, and he hurried out to do battle against the small silver- haired animals. These same animals had been making the most of their time. No sooner ‘was Dennis out of their sight than they scurried along as fast as their short legs could car- ry them to the apple orchard. Once there, each proceeded to climb an appletree. ’Possum One, in his hurry, Ls» “FORESTRY *Possum One as he climbed the tree. Nearer and nearer he came, until his nose was visible over the edge of the large knob. What might have happened is not known. *’Possum Two’s vigorous protest against his friend’s arrival was cut short by a loud report and a scattering of small pieces of bark where the shot had struck the tree just above the ’possums’ heads. Scarcely had the echoes of the report died away, when Dennis saw two *possums fall to the ground, and he congratulated himself on the ‘foine shot’ he had made, marching forthwith up to the seemingly dead animals. ‘Shure but they’re dead as nails,’ he exclaimed, as he picked up one in a most gingerly way, quickly dropping it again. Yet there was no blood visi- ble; but in his excitement he had not noticed a detail so trivial. Enough for him_ that the two ani- mals were dead, and he himself was re- sponsible for their slaughter ; and he turned to lay down the gun that he might light his pipe prepara- tory to carry- ing the animals to the house. As he stood still, trying to light his short clay pipe, his selected a tree back was to- so small that it wards the ’pos- afforded him sums. Every- ss hiding place, AN OLD VIRGINIA OPOSSUM AND HER SIX YOUNG ONES. PHOTO FROM LIFE BY ERNEST thing was as so he must HAROLD BAYNES quiet that perforce come Fig. 8.. Any one of these young ones is somewhat older than the specimen shown in Figure 2; it is not *Possum- Two down again, and that he did in the quickest possible time, clinging to the tree with his naked, prehensile tail, as he partly slid, partly climbed down. Once on the ground, he made directly for the nearest tree, which chanced to be the one that Possum Two had chosen. Here was still an- other to add to the growing list of mistakes; and, like the proverbial drop that overflowed the equally pro- verbial bucket, it proved the undoing of their otherwise successful retreat. “One ’possum might hide in an apple tree and remain undiscovered because of his color, which matches the silver-gray bark of the tree very closely; but two ’pos- sums could scarcely hope to find places of concealment in the same tree. He heard the scratching sounds of altogether an easy matter to pack them about—hence the expression of responsibility on their mother’s face. decided to have a look, and, without changing his position, he opened his small, dark eyes, closing them instantly when he dis- covered the broad back of his enemy between him and the sky. “Tt was a close shave, for at that very moment Dennis, his pipe lighted, picked up the gun, and, catching hold of the two ’possums by their rat-like tails, took his way to the house. Once there, he threw the two ‘dead’ ani- mals on the steps, and, leaving them, he turned and walked toward the gate, for he heard sounds of the farmer returning. Round a bend in the lane came a two- seated buckboard, mud-bespattered and rickety, and in it sat the farmer and his boys. Dennis O’Connor, all excitement and pride, rushed up to them and told the RR Sys re eer a elena a core i CAPR re 9S mage AT Nie i 1s 1 a St _ Sets re Pag) Sa, oe - ‘ a 3 family all about ‘the two queer bastes Oi hev. kilt, adding quickly that he had killed ‘thim both wid the one shot: from the fowlin’-pace.’ On being asked what he had done with his game, he pointed exultingly to the clean, bare steps, but— “Tt was many months before Dennis could be Eropaded to give up his belief that some one had stolen his ’pos- sums. He never saw them again, and the story of ‘play- ing ‘possum’ is, and always aut: be, a sore point with Dennis O’Connor.” During certain seasons of the year, opossums are often exposed in the market for sale; but the writer is inclined to believe that the majority of them are pur- chased by negroes, as they are very fond of them. There are quite a large number of different species of opossums found in various parts of South America, and all have. very interesting habits.. One little species is no bigger than a mouse; has no pouch, and carries her tiny young on her back, with their little mouse-like, though prehensile tails twined about her own tail for support. A number of years ago, the writer heard of a bunch of - bananas bought in the markets of Cincinnati; when its owner came to cut them off, a male of one of these diminutive opossums was found curled snugly in one of inside. This specimen. was later sent to the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens. The fossil bones of opossums found in the bone caves of Brazil belonged to types of didelphian species, either identical with or closely allied to those forms now ex- isting in the same country. The'writer never speaks of fossil opossums that it does not bring to mind the anecdote of the great French savant Cuvier and his cele- brated examination of one of them. The story is es- pecially well calculated to illustrate the methods by means of which zoologists and paleontologists restore the skele- tons of long extinct mammals from the discovery of a few bones belonging to any one of them. Many people —though fortunately not anything like as many as there were—claim that such restorations were purely a matter of guesswork on the part of the scientists, and that it was impossible to know what the skeleton or probable form of the animal was like, where not only it, but all of its kind, had been extinct for many thousand, or _ eyen for several millions of yeafs. But the story of the sagacious Cuvier shed considerable ° light upon cases of this character. He had on one occa- Sion received a split slab of stone from the celebrated quarries of Montmartre, in France. In these two halves were contained the fossil bones of the best part of a skeleton of some small mammal or other, of which, however, only the lower jaw and some of the teeth were exposed. These Cuvier closely examined, and came to the conclusion that the animal was a fossil opossum, Closely related to existing species of that group. He further announced that when the workmen in the labo- _tatory came to clear the skeleton of the matrix of stone in which it was encased, they would find that the ani- mal possessed the marsupial bones of all the opossums. This part of his prophecy was subsequently fully con- THE OPOSSUMS the open spaces separating the fruit near the main stalk 101 firmed; although when he made it, the aforesaid mar- supial bones were completely out of view and sealed up in the solid rock containing them. Mr. Huxley, in his Science and Culture and other Essays, gave us some . admirable deductions drawn from this very case that any one may read with profit, especially one who de- lights, not only in the triumphs of science, but in a brief lecture upon the methods employed in scientific reasoning. During all the early history of this country, zoologists recognized but one species of opossum as belonging to its fauna, this being the well known Common or American Opossum. It was first described by Linnzus in 1759, and it was fully forty or more years after this before any other species of United States opossums were described. FORESTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN Pe Earl. of Selborne accepted the vice-presidency of the Royal English Arboricultural Society, Major G. L. Courthope announced, when presiding at the quar- _ terly meeting of the council of the society, held at 16 Bedford Square, London. Proceeding, Major Courthope said he thought that on the. whole the society might feel satisfied with the personnel of the forest authority. He was glad to say that the spirit which the members of the authority were displaying was very friendly to the society and to private enterprise in general. He hoped that this feeling would be continued, and that the results would be good. He understood that the authority was prepared almost immediately to make an announcement as to the various forms of assistance to private enterprise which it was prepared, with the approval of the treasury, to give. Mr. Leslie Wood said he thought the various bodies interested might send a scheme for the government to criticize rather than wait for the government to get one out, cut and dried. The subject had been discussed by the forestry committee of the Land Agents Society, and he had prepared such a scheme which, he thought, might be brought to the notice of the English Forestry Asso- ciation and the Surveyors Institution. Mr. Duchesne announced that the British Empire Timber Exhibition would be held in London in 1920. It was being promoted by the overseas department of the Board of Trade, and would probably be held early in July, at the Holland Park Skating Rink. The object was to encourage the use of timber grown within the empire rather than supplies from the Baltic or other countries. — The president said he thought an effort should be made on behalf of the home-grown timber trade to see that it was well represented at the Empire Timber Exhibition, at least as well represented as India, Canada, Australia, and other dominions. ee annual meeting of the National Wholesale Lum- ber Dealers’ Association will be held at Washington, D. C., on the 24th and 25th of March. Headquarters will be at the New Willard Hotel, and the sessions promise to be of unusual interest. AMERICAN FORESTRY 102 SON \ N » \ JS \\ y \ 6 Z) VF ad 3 ~ a er = = z My) H [ vill f H iN Ij \ ae = —_— EZ ZA; 6 if) y / Wf 3 | 5 \ if i/ ne GG — SS S= \ Mh NAW fh SSA hh 2 \ \\ \\ AN Ah Wn 4 : : (hie y 4 j bY i ¢ m ZS : « . WYP E | W.. ia QS Wily Np , Z TTI i » Bb cs : > Z: eo S = TMU ( Mh (Ce CANS as \\ § \ ‘ ¢ G5. iS wer THE WEASEL CLUNG AROUND THE GREAT BIRD’S NECK, TEARING AT HIS SHOULDER WITH BLOOD-STAINED TEETH AMERICAN FORESTRY 103 MAMMY COTTONTAIL AND TROUBLE. BY ALLEN CHAFFEE AUTHOR OF I. “THE ADVENTURES OF TWINKLY EYES,” THE LITTLE BLACK BEAR (WITH ILLUSTRATION. BY PETER DA RU) Il. A FIGHT WITH THE HORNED OWL AMMY Cottontail, the little brown hare, watched breathlessly while the weasel ran along the interlacing M branches, soundless as a shadow. The weasel’s slender body ended in a tiny wedge-like face with ears laid back flat and eyes gleaming red with murder. Mammy crouched trembling behind a tree-trunk, her round eyes all but starting from their sockets. For even as the weasel glided snake-like along the limb, he peered this way and that through the gathering twilight— But the weasel was after the gray squirrel, who now faced him from his hole with teeth bared in an angry “Chir-r-r” sounding his warning. The weasel, with a hiss, snapped his teeth into the squirrel’s nose, while the squirrel, fighting for his life, clamped his long front teeth through the weasel’s jaw. But the weasel was the larger, stronger animal.— What followed turned Mammy’s heart sick within her. The victor in the unequal contest did not even have the excuse of being hungry. He had killed merely for the love of sport. And the gray squirrel once stretched limp on the ground beneath, he left it lying untasted. —That kind of killing was new to Mammy Cottontail’s experience. She knew that in a race with a weasel she would stand even less chance of escape than had the gray squirrel. Then her blood froze with the awfulest fear she had yet known!—The weasel had found her trail! Yes, sir, Mammy’s blood froze! She was too stiff to move! Though it was useless to run as to fight. But even as she crouched there, like a brown clod on the white snow, an amazing thing happened. It was by now quite dark, and the stars were pricking through the curtain of the sky. From away up in the top of a scraggly fir tree, at this instant, came a long,weird cry. “Wa-hoo! Wa-hoo! Whoo! Whoo! Whoo!” It was Whoo Whoo, the great horned owl, his feathers now white like the snow. (For he was protectively colored, changing his coat from Bark-brown to white and back again every year). Mammy had one more foe to fear! Lhen—the owl swooped toward the weasel! Yes, sir! Mammy Cottontail saw with amazement that one enemy was to be played off against the other. The great white owl was swooping straight toward the weasel, yellow claws bared for a grip in that writhing back, and beak clicking angrily at memory of some time when the snake-like one had killed the baby owls. A fierce old warrior was Whoo Whoo, the horned owl. His body was as long as the weasel’s and a great deal heavier. On silent wings the great bird dropped to the back of the white-furred little murderer, who was by now sniffing at Mammy’s trail. Then the weasel turned to face his ancient enemy, with teeth bared in a hiss, all the fury of his recent hurt blazing in his eyes, his wounded jaw dripping red on the white of his chest. There was a whirl of white,—ghost-like in the gray gloom,—then a wild mingling of clacks and hisses, and a great pair of silent wings rose till they hung above the tree tops. Their owner clung with beak and claws to a writhing, wriggling snake-like body in white fur. But the weasel also clung around the great bird’s neck, tearing at his shoulder with blood-stained teeth, and clawing at the feathery sides with his four sharp sets of toe-nails Mammy did not wait to see how the struggle ended, though as Jimmy Crow told her next day, the Horned Owl won, reaching at last to the weasel’s heart with his great steel claws, and finally devouring him for supper, with much discarding of the white fur in pellets that he spat out on the ground below. (Whenever you find little balls of fur lying under an old hollow tree, you may know that Whoo Whoo or one of his cousins lived up there. For they swallow their mice nearly whole. Then their stomachs roll the fur up into a marble ready to cast it forth the way it entered). No, Mammy Cottontail did not wait to see which one of her foes got the worst of it' But the instant she saw her chance, she made off up-stream as fast as ever she could go, till she found a place where the river was frozen a little harder. And once more she crossed on the thin ice, and made for her home in the Old Apple Orchard. And for several weeks thereafter she was quite content with nibbling anything she counld find, bark and twigs and frozen grasses, without going more than a few jumps from home. Then one night,—a mild one for that time of year, she caught a wonderful odor. It was the odor of cabbage that was being thrown out to the chickens at the Valley Farm. And so long had she fared on tasteless bark that she made up her mind to have a leaf of that cabbage. She knew it was a rash resolve, for there was Lop Ear, the Hound, and Tom, the Barn Cat, and the Hired Man who carried a gun. But the wind was blowing that luscious odor straight to her now, and she simply could not resist. (All rights reserved.) BIRD VISITORS FROM THE NORTHLAND BY A. BROOKER KLUGH HEN the days grow short, the nights long, and chilly winds sway the leafless branches most of our familiar birds forsake southern Canada and the northern States. But the land is not birdless by any means. Some species, such as our blythe little friend the chickadee, the nuthatches, ‘and the woodpeckers, re- main throughout the winter, and many avian visitors come down from the northland. There is a ‘charm about the study of these winter visitors—the charm of uncertainty, for they are very irregular in their movements. Some species are usually AMERICAN CROSSBILL common and remain with us for a considerable time, but may, in any winter be rare or present only for a brief period. Other species again may be common during one winter and then absent from that locality for several years. They are rovers, one and all, rovers which descend from their homes in the north in search of food. For it is food they seek and not a milder climate. There is no danger of a bird freezing as long as it has sufficient fuel with which to keep the fires of life burning brightly. A bird is clad in the warmest and lightest of all clothing, in clothing, moreover, which can be regulated as to its warmth at will. The best non-conductor of heat is a dead-air space, and a bird can, by fluffing out its feathers, increase the number of dead-air spaces between its body and the outside air. Hence the “fat” appearance of birds in cold weather and their slimmer appearance in warm weather. One of the most regular and commonest of our winter visitors is the snowflake. This species is about: seven inches in length, and in winter plumage is largely white with light brown on the back and top of head and black 104 central tail-feathers. It breeds on the arctic tundra and — in the breeding season the males are entirely black and — white and the females black and white with some brown- ish on the back. The snowflakes usually appear in large — flocks and as they fly overhead they utter a musical — trilling note. When the flock drops to earth the birds run about among the weed-stems which project above the — snow and feed on the weed-seeds. Their favorite seeds — are those of rag-weed and pig-weed, though the seeds of — many other weeds are also eaten, and by thus destroying _ the seeds of noxious weeds the snowflake renders a re cided service to the farmer. a Another bird which often appears in es fede! though not with the regularity of the snowflake, is the redpoll, a species about five and a half inches in length, — with a patch of red on the crown. While in flight the — redpolls utter a chee call interspersed with long- drawn “sque-e-e” notes. The redpolls feed in the open - fields after the manner of the snowflakes. The summer EVENING GROSBEAK home of this species is in Labrador and round Hudson ~ Bay, where it builds a compact nest of fine rootlets and grass, lined with feathers, and placed about two feet 7 from the ground in a dwarf willow. In its winter” migration the redpoll sometimes goes as far south as Virginia, Alabama, Kansas and Colorado. 4 The pine siskin is a little bird about five inches in~ length, flaxen-colored, and heavily streaked with dark brown above, and whitish, streaked with dark brown beneath. It is sometimes termed the “winter canary” on account of its similarity in notes, size and behavior to the American goldfinch or wild canary. This bird breeds in Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, east- ern Quebec and in the Rocky Mountain and Coast 7 Range. It also occasionally breeds further south. The pine siskin is a bird of the woods and feeds on seeds of such trees as the birch and alder. It is very irregular in its visits, sometimes occurring in immense flocks and again during some winters being entirely absent. When “it visits a locality it usually remains much later than most of our winter birds, often into May and sometimes early June, and at these times the males break into a very musical little song. 5 Everyone knows the chipping sparrow, the familiar little chestnut-crowned bird of the dooryard and the vines. But in the winter chippy has departed for a so- journ in the Gulf States or Mexico, and in his stead we have his cousin the tree sparrow, which is a little larger than chippy and has a blackish spot in the middle of ‘its ‘breast. The summer home of the tree sparrow is in Labrador and in the region west of Hudson Bay. The tree sparrow is often abundant in shrubbery at the borders of fields, and feeds almost entirely on weed-seed. During the winter the tree sparrow utters a musical - callnote and in the spring, just before the flocks leave for . the north the males may be heard pouring forth a loud, clear and powerful song. _ A bird which attracts attention whenever it appears is the pine grosbeak. In this species the adult male is red with brown wings and tail, and two white bars on the wings. The female is smoky gray with the top of the head and the rump tinged with orange, and the young male is also smoky gray with reddish on the head and rump. The bill is short and heavy—hence the name grosbeak. The adult male is not infrequently mistaken by superficial observers for a robin, and often reports of the very early arrival of “robins” are thus circulated in the press. The pine grosbeak usually appears in small flocks con- sisting of two or three adult males and a dozen or so females and young, but occasionally flocks of from fifty _ to over a hundred are seen. These flocks as a rule re- main in a locality for several days, feeding on the ber- ries of the mountain ash, and nightshade, and on the buds of the maple and spruce. In some winters this species may be common in a given locality from Novem- ‘ber until April, as soon as one flock passes on its place being taken by fresh arrivals from the north. On the other hand it is often absent for several years in suc- cession. : _ The pine grosbeak breeds in northern New Bruns- _ wick, Labrador, in the territory round Hudson Bay, and westward to Alaska. The nest is placed in a coniferous " tree and is built of twigs and fine grass, the eggs being ' pale blue, spotted with lavendar, drab and sepia. _ During the winter the pine grosbeak as a rule only ” utters its clear call note of three syllables, but when the _ flocks remain late in the spring the males may be heard __ Singing a rich warbling song. - A mutch rarer visitor than the pine grosbeak is the ” €vening grosbeak. This species has a very heavy bill ___ and is needed “uncou’ thick i’ the neb” as the Scotchman rr * . Ps, ast ee Oe i BIRD VISITORS FROM THE NORTHLAND 105 said of it. The adult male is a very striking bird, being greenish yellow with a blackish crown, black wings and tail, and a large white patch on the wing. The females | and young are brownish gray above and dingy yellow beneath, and lack the large wing-patch. The evening grosbeak breeds in the northern Canadian Rockies, and in its winter migrations it comes south and east as far as Ohio, New York, and the New England States. These flights vary greatly as to extent and the numbers present. In some winters, as in 1915-16, large flights occur and extend over a wide territory, then often for many years the birds are not seen. This species in the winter feeds on the seeds of the Manitoba maple, the berries of the mountain ash, and various buds, and its powerful bill enables it to crack even such hard objects as the stones of cherries. The evening grosbeak, coming from uninhabited re- gions, has but little fear of man, and many people who do not usually pay much attention to birds are struck by the tameness of this species. Very peculiar birds in several respects are the Ameri- can crossbill and the white-winged crossbill. The struc- ture of the bill is unique, the mandibles crossing each other and thus forming a very efficient implement for removing the seeds from between the closed scales of the cones of evergreens. There is no definite rule as to the manner in which the mandibles cross, the lower mandi- ble may be to the right or to the left of the upper mandi- ble, it is entirely a matter of chance. A second peculiarity is the irregularity in their breeding season, which may be at the end of January or which may be delayed until as late as August, and a third peculiarity is that they may breed in a certain locality during one season and then may not nest there again for some years. In the American crossbill the adult male is red with black wings and tail, while the female and young are olive-green with yellow rump and underparts. This species breeds in Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and westward to Alaska. It is erratic in its winter distribution, and sometimes goes as far south as Georgia and Louisiana. The adult male of the white-winged crossbill is rose- pink with black wings and tail; the female and young are olive-green with yellower rump and abdomen. Males, females and young all have two white wing-bars. This species nests in Labrador, Newfoundland, northern New England, northern Michigan, and west to Alaska, and in its winter migrations goes as far south as Virginia, Illinois and Nevada. Both species feed mainly on the seeds of coniferous trees and while feeding they keep up a cheerful twittering chorus. Other winter visitors from the north are the snowy owl, the northern shrike, a gray bird about the size of a robin with a hooked bill, and the Bohemian waxwing, a cinnamon-brown bird with a crest and a white bar on the wing. NEW ORLEANS CHILDREN BUILD BIRD HOUSES Proto? ae z ee iy f OR a, ; ey A ba, . a ~ cr 6 i : ~ - + © 4 _— T= ee [S11 S O10. B1Ol019I ¥ Photograph by courtesy of the New Orleans Item. SOME OF THE SUCCESSFUL COMPETITORS LUE ribbons, as national recognition from the American Forestry Association for the best bird houses built in competition, were recently awarded New Orleans children by the “New Orleans Item.” Even the girls, the Garcia sisters, shown in the upper right- hand corner, realizing that this is “a woman’s age,” contrived a neat looking structure. The top group shows M. L. Alexander, head of the state department of conservation, at the left, and Dr. William E. Scheppegrell, president of the Audubon Park Commission, at the right, carefully checking up points on the houses. The boy at the upper left, Howard Hamilton Tebault Harper, is the youngest bird house builder in New Orleans. He is five years old. His great great grandfather and the great great grandfather of Theodore Roosevelt were the same man. His grandmother, Mrs. C. Hamilton Tebault, is vice-presi- dent general of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 106 inh Ora aE ne PROTECTION OF BIRDS BY JULIA FORCE IRDS, as a portion of the realm of natural history, have been so cruelly slaughtered and otherwise persecuted, that they are much less numerous now than a hundred years ago. Man, with little effort could and should assume a definite work of protection to lessen every form of destruction. When heavy snows cover the ground and the seed supply for the time is unattainable, the birds should be fed. Grain scattered about farm buildings, crumb baskets, corn ears and bundles of grain hung in trees, will tide the suffer- ing birds over such periods of strenuous weather. The same can be done for fa- tigued birds which meet with heavy rains and strong gales during migra- tion. Upon reaching their destination, migrating birds are hungry, lean and ex- hausted; and without hu- man assistance great num- bers must die. This is especially true in northern latitudes if the birds meet a backward spring which retards insect growth. It is then the birds are most likely to come to the vicini- ty of houses. There they meet one of their worst enemies, the cat; and if they choose their nesting places near they must live in perpetual fear for their lives and that of their nest- lings when hatched. Much destruction is worked by both stray or homeless cats and well-fed ones; and be- cause there is a supersti- ° A ROBIN’S NEST ON THE GROUND but they do not manifest more of it than does the woman of fashion. One of the grossest forms of cruelty to birds springs from the caprices of fashion. That ladies’ hats may be adorned with feathers, thousands of old birds are slaughtered during the breeding season, which means death by starvation to the helpless young. It is claimed that the majority of feathers used for millinery purposes are taken from birds in the tropical forests, but it is a well-known fact that the feathers of our plainest songsters assume the bril- liant colors of tropical plumage when passed through the dyeing pot. Water birds, especially along the shores of our country, are victims of greed. Egg hunters gather and place on the market for food, thousands of their eggs. That naturally diminishes the annual num- ber of young hatched. We could soon end. the prac- tices of commercializing birds and their products as well as the small boys’ hunting; and with slight individual effort preserve thousands of birds each year. Ignoring their biological classification, birds are con- veniently divided into two classes, beneficial and harmful. While no birds are wholly beneficial, nei- ther are there any totally harmful. They are all, therefore, worthy of man’s protection to the extent that no kind becomes ex- tinct nor accumulates to tious fear the killing of cats brings bad luck, birds are left to suffer from that source almost without ex- This robin chose to lay her eggs directly on the ground, under a small syringa bush in the garden, without even a little straw under them. Miss Alice Bingham, one of our members, sent in the picture because, she says, “I have never before seen a robin lay her eggs on the ground, nor has anyone to whom. I have described the occurrence. The mother sat on the eggs devotedly but we saw no sign of the father, and at the end of a week the mother, too, disappeared. I’m afraid the neigh- bors cat, whom we had scared away several times, finally caught her. the degree that they be- come pests. Good ex- amples of the useful sort are quail, robins, orioles, ception. Another source of destruction has been the small boy with the gun. Without discrimination, he has gratified his hunting instinct and love of adventure. Nor has he limited his depredations to bird-shooting alone. Egg collecting and nest destroying attack him as a fever with the recurrence of spring. His acts of cruelty are most probably due to ignorance and thoughtlessness bird-lovers.” Bi I believe the picture is sufficiently unusual to be of interest to other And we agree with her. woodpeckers and most sparrows because they help keep insect life within supportable limits. Less bene- ficial birds are crows, blackbirds and English sparrows; so regarded because of their depredations upon grain wherever they find it. Hawks and owls are usually classed among harmful birds, because of their tendency to destroy poultry ; but a study of their habits has proved 107 ere 5 Ae r i ; "sta ee 108 AMERICAN that with a few exceptions, these birds prefer small animals of the fields, such as rabbits and mice. So prejudice against them is slowly being overcome. However, the protection of birds insures a return of two-fold value to the protectors. If for no other reason, most birds should be protected for the beauty, music and companionship which they offer the world. To the agriculturist, be he farmer, truckman or fruit _ grower, the practical value of birds should be sufficient reason for his protection. Birds are known to eat quan- tities of destructive insects such as chinch bugs and beetles, and the larvae of same. Birds are attracted to fields, pastures and orchards if they are fed and un- molested ; and they very soon lose their timidity at the approach of humans. Many birds will make their homes in birdhouses provided for them by man. . City dwellers” are not exempt from assuming a share of the protection of birds, for the trees and shrubbery about their houses, along the streets and in the parks suffer from the ravages of insects quite as much as rural vegetation. Efficient state laws as a means of protection, have been slow in coming. When the study of agriculture as a science was introduced in this country about forty years ago it gradually exposed the relationship that exists between it and birds. Their food habits were discovered and their great value realized. Game birds were pro- tected in the early part of the nineteenth century; but small birds were not given a legal standing until later. Every state now has bird laws, but they are not uniform the country over. The prohibition of Sunday shooting, and the requirements of gun licenses in almost all the states, have done much toward eliminating the wholesale destruction of birds; but proper laws must be based upon and supported by the opinion of an enlightened public. Laws in many states forbidding the trapping of song- birds for pets, are leaving many more to enjoy their free state. Without doubt, more effective results can be secured through dissemination of knowledge con- cerning birds. People can always be found who are glad to hear and read interesting facts about birds. To give everyone the opportunity, able writers and lecturers can be called upon to contribute to the press and lecture plat- form information on the relation of birds to man. Per- haps the public school can get more far-reaching results, by using a short period each week in systematic study of the birds of their localities, in observance of Bird Day and in organizing bird clubs. Teachers can make their efforts felt outside the schools through the children, by distributing government publications on the subject and by posting bird laws. This general instruction will not only give information on birds that are favorites, but will remove much prejudice concerning some of the less favored. There should be no doubt in the minds of clear thinking people that protection of birds in general affords increased pleasure of living. The beauty of plumage gives pleasure to the eye train- ed to artistic appreciation; beauty of song cheers the unhappy and creates added pleasure for the happy; and " sent a curious spectacle. We plucked two boat loads FORESTRY birds in general furnish companionship for the lo For the farmer whose mind is necessarily concerned crops and their financial returns, the protection of bi results in increased yield through the diminution insect life. Increased yield means increased profits, they in turn provide more efficient means for educa’ health and contentment, the combination of which s happiness for the possessor. t THE OYSTER TREE Sage following good old story, published in the ing Courier and New York Enquirer for ee in its edition of November 20, 1829, has been si Mr. Lott Van de Water, Jr., Secretary of ed tural Society of Mineola, L. I., N. Y. er “On a branch of the main river of Tomboz, i singular appearance is presented by the oyst line its banks. The reader has heard of that nary tree in Numington, so large that a coach ; can be driven with ease through its hollow. that wide spreading oak of Nismes, said. to we acre of ground!—as also of the far famed Uy baneful in its effects that instant death would temerity of that traveller who should approach five miles of it, and whose vicinage is covered dead bodies of the animals, reptiles, birds, and in which have ventured within the sphere of its c influence! But has he ever heard of the oyster a tree on which oysters were the fruit ?—Nay gentle reader.—This branch of the main river at been speaking of is so lined with trees and ‘unde i as almost to exclude the rays of the sun. The b of the trees, like the weeping willow, grow downw high water, the tide rising and falling six or seven every twelve hours, and overwhelming the low-lz these branches become partly immersed. Thousand oysters attached themselves to them, and at low tide tf are seen suspended several feet above water, and p a” this species of marine fruit, which, though small, near equalled those of the Chesapeake.”—Voyage to Se “ut America in 1823. a [A similar phenomenon may be witnessed “a : Island of Jakel, situated in the mouth of the Alata River in Georgia. The civil, or sour orange tree, abou nd on the margin of the Island, the branches of which f: ing into the river, are acted upon in the same malnaell that of the tree above described ; and what may be tho ug! to add to the curiosity is, that the upright branches ¢ the tree are frequently found abounding in their natur fruit, while those prostrate in the flood are support their marine adoption. ] Rade ee a ee INDIANA’S PRIZE WINNING FORESTRY ESSAYS S previously announced in AMERICAN Forestry, the 1920 contest for the best essay in forestry is on and will be open until May 15, 1920. A prize of five dollars has been offered by the State Division of Forestry. for the best essay from the seventh and eighth grades, and a prize of $7.50 for the best essay from each of the high ‘school classes. Interest and competition is already warm among the students. Following are ex- cerpts from some of the prize-winning essays for 1919. comes from the birch forests of the Northwest. The walnut that is used for gunstocks is furnished by forest trees. Trench, dugouts and other embankments are often supported by timber from trees, Gas-masks are important features in modern warfare. It is interesting to know that the nuts used in making masks come largely from forests. “An effective means of transportation is essential to national defense in case of war. Railroads furnish one FOUR OF INDIANA’S FORESTRY ESSAY PRIZE WINNERS FOR 1919 Leland Williams, Jesse L. Baily, Alice Plane and Charles W. Hebbinghaus The topic chosen was, “The Relation of Forests to National Defense,” and Leland Williams, of Franklin, Indiana, writes, in part: “There are three cardinal relations existing between forests and national defense. The fact that few people realize or recognize the importance of these relations, does not lessen that importance but only gives a reason for emphasizing it. The most important of these rela- tions are those which exist between actual warfare and forests. “The birch that is used in the manufacture of airplanes means of transportation. Millions of cross-ties are used in a railroad system. Wooden ships also play an impor- tant part as does the wooden box car. Barrels and wharves are also used extensively. Timber, furnished by forests, is very useful and necessary in time of war. “Another important relation is the one that exists between production and forests. Everyone knows that during war-time one of the great problems is to feed the army, navy and civilian population. In this emerg- ency, forests again become of value as they help to con- serve moisture by giving back through the leaves, in the 109 5 teh AMERICAN form of a vapor, what moisture would otherwise have been lost. Every foot of forest timber that is wasted weakens the vitality of the nation.” Alice Plane, of Evansville, submitted a very interest- ing paper, in which she says: “Forestry is the science or art of forming, caring for and cultivating forests. A simple definition is forest management, again it is called conservative lumbering. Its object is to make the forest render its best service, yet to increase rather than to diminish its usefulness in the future. “Forestry is a new science. Before the latter part of the eighteenth century there were few people who knew anything at all of this science and these people were either scholars or practical woodsmen. Although it is hard for us, today, to credit Germany with anything worth while, we must admit that it was she who gave this knowledge to the world. The science spread from Germany to France and thence to the rest of the world. With the exception of China, America has been the last to accept this doctrine and make it practical. We should all be vitally interested in this subject because it is a question which affects each one of us individually, and which affects the welfare and prosperity of the nation as a whole, Forests prevent the drying up of our streams; they protect the headwaters of streams for irrigation, The union of the many streams which have their origin in the forests of the Rockies form our mighty Mississippi River. Navigable rivers would help to obtain quick communication in time of war. A country which is well wooded has a larger rain-fall than that, country which is not; and a country which has plenty of rain-fall produces more food than one which has little. Forests” prevent the erosion of hillsides and so prevent the de- struction of fertile farm lands. They also regulate our water supply that is used for irrigation, and. everyone knows the part that irrigation has played in the barren west, to make that country more productive. Because of the condition of the European countries during the war, we know that plenty of food is essential for victory. “There are three things which win war: men, money and food. Since the forests make better men and pro- tect the people from natural dangers, since it is expected that in the future the national forests will be a source of income to the Government, and since they help in so many ways to make our country more productive, we are, by by taking cate of our forests providing the three essen- tials of war.” The following is taken from the essay of Jesse S. Baily, another prize-winner : “Wood plays a wonderful part in the life of a nation. It cannot live without it. It is said that Greece and Rome fell because they had no great forests. For many years before the great war, Germany bought all the walnut that she could get in America, but even so she did not have the wood she needed and failed. For years the European nations have known that wood was abso- lutely necessary for the defense of a nation and have planted great forests. The European nations have no other, and the United States needs every ship it cal “Spruce and black walnut are two that it would be we - for the framework, furnishings, flooring and all. FORESTRY ground to waste. Europe is smaller than the Unit States but she has many times as many people. has seen the need of haying timber so has planted ve forests. } “The relation of forests to National Defense : hardly be mentioned. During the war something va: heard from the Government on this subject. ‘a Ice was needed for airplanes. Not common, ordinary spr but the finest, straight grained spruce only could be use Black walnut was in demand for gunstocks. Boy scou searched the country over for walnut trees and ma were found. No satisfactory substitute has been ft for wooden railroad ties and these form a ear. the expense of railroads. “Wooden ships are used more extensively than for use in foreign trade to make a market for our and thus stimulate our manufacturing and prodv of raw products. We do not always understand vance in price of our favorite newspaper. It is. wood pulp cannot be gotten. Why is this? the timber has been wasted, there is less wood pul the manufacturers wish to save for future use. United States might do as foreign governments done—start forests, but plant such trees in the f as will be beneficial for the defense of the c c to plant.” ai by While Charles W. Hebbinghaus, of the Central H School of Evansville, writes: : “If we should go deeply into the question of what # essentials to the defense of our great country—and, fact, any nation—we would find that one of the factors is forestry. For were it not for this grea dustry, no ships could sail upon the ocean, nor cout any guns equip our soldiers. “g “In the first place, the trees which grow in our m great forests, furnish the wood for the constructi oa the great ships which constitute our navy; case of our modern iron-clad vessels, they furnish w woodwork of our ships. z 4 “In the second place, no army could carey on a: were the country devoid of forests. For it is of strong, hard wood of our black walnut trees that stocks of the guns which equip our fighting m constructed. A third instance, last, but by no me: least, is that the trees yield wood for the provid Ls ( shelter for our soldiers—that is, the dugouts of trenches, in which our soldiers repose; and these 4 constructed almost solely of wood, and it is quite pla that no army which was utterly devoid of means — shelter could continue to exist very long. a “Therefore, from these three illustrations, it is qui evident that one of the chief essentials to national d fense is forestry, since it yields such a useful produt therefor, and for these reasons, it behooves every own of large forests to obtain from them as high an a mou of production as possible.” F MEMORIAL TREES—OUR HEROES’ HALL OF FAME Hall of Fame for their heroes. ‘The “Hall” will be vaulted by that “inverted bowl we eall the sky” and the memorial trees will be placed on “Roads of Remembrance,” in memorial groves and as the proper setting for the various forms of memorials. The trees being planted now will be famous fifty years from now and even more famous in a hundred years. Communi- ties throughout the land are planting trees and dedi- cating them. The Dumont Kennedy Elm at Crawfordsville, Indi- ana, is one of the best examples of famous trees with a war association. AMERICAN Forestry pictured this tree last month. Mr. Kennedy is hearing from all over the United States about that tree as a result of entering it in the Hall of Fame. This tree stands on one of the most famous little streets in the country. There are five houses on the street—Lincoln Street, by the way— and from those five houses went nine boys to the war for humanity. Every one of these boys had played beneath the shade of that tree. when the Mexican trouble came up. They did the same when their country called to enter the world war. A monument was placed on the little street and Senator James E. Watson, of Indiana made a speech. The names of those boys who played beneath that tree are: Ora Jolley, Ray Jolley, Forrest Jolley, John Hilliard, Harry Hilliard, Howard Fisher, Louis Spilman, Harry D. Michael, Clyde Suitor. Is there another Lincoln Street? Are these trees on it? If not let us put trees on such streets and on all streets. This tree dedication is but an indication of what any community can do. In Baltimore tree planting has been started on a fine scale. The American Forestry has received an account \ ieee tree planters are erecting their own of the tree planting there from Mrs. J. Barry Mahool. Other organizations may learn from this statement what can be done in tree planting. The account follows: The “Grove of Remembrance” in Druid Hill Park was dedicated to the fallen heroes of the world war by the visiting delegates to the convention of “War Mothers of America.” During the convention all visiting dele- gates affiliated into one organization, now known as the “Service Star Legion.” The ceremony was deeply im- pressive as well as very beautiful, in fact, so impressive was the scene that Cardinal Gibbons, who had come only to pronounce the benediction, made a brief address, paying tribute not only to those who had made the Supreme Sacrifice, but to the motherhood of the land gathered at this shrine. At the head of the parade marched 1,000 school children each carrying an Ameri- can flag, and singing patriotic songs. Behind them came twenty War Mothers, members of the Ohio delegation, carrying the flags of the Allies. These formed an escort of honor for the invited guests who followed on foot: Ambassador Jusserand accompanied by Mrs. J. Barry Mahool, Madame Jusserand with Colonel Wilcox, Gover- They all volunteered nor Harrington, of Maryland, with Mrs. T. Parkin Scott, * Mrs. Harrington with Judge Oscar Leser, and Mayor Broening, of Baltimore. Delegates carrying their state flags or banners followed. The following states were represented: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Montana, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, New York, Nebraska, Utah, Pennsylvania and Washington State. Commander | P. H. B. Weems had charge of the military division of the parade, composed of a detachment of G. A. R, veterans representing the Wilson and Dushane Posts of the Department of Maryland; Red Cross Workers, followed by soldiers, sailors and marines. At the end of the procession were automobiles with twenty wounded men from Fort McHenry. The French Ambassador threw a spade full of earth upon the tree planted in memory of the dead of France. Governor Harrington followed for Maryland, Mayor Broening for Baltimore and the delegates for their states. At the Michigan tree Mrs. Mary B. Westnedge, of Kalamazoo, planted the tree not only for the slain of . Michigan, but also-for her own son, Colonel Westnedge, of the Twenty-Sixth Infantry. In the Iowa delegation Mrs. Lew McHenry, a con- nection of the old Maryland family of McHenry, and Mrs. Murdo McRea, planted the state tree in memory of the brave sons of Iowa who had made the supreme sacrifice as well as for her own sons, Captain Harry McHenry, of the One Hundred and Sixty-Eighth In- fanry, and Corporal Donald H. McRea, who were killed in a surprise attack of the Germans in the Luneville sector. At the Massachusetts tree a Gold Star sister, Miss Evelyn Harpell, threw on the spade full of earth on the tree in memory of Massachusetts dead and her own brother, Sergeant Carroll D. Harpell, of the One Hun- dred and Third Machine Gun Battalion. At the Ohio tree stood Mrs. D. McPherson wearing a Gold Star for her only son, John D. McPherson, Com- pany C, Signal Corps, Forty-First Division. At the West Virginia tree stood Mrs. Eugene Cordell and Mrs. J. M. Gribble. Mrs. Cordell wearing a Gold Star for her son, Sergeant Littleton Tazewell Cordell, Twenty-Ninth Division, One Hundred and Tenth Machine Gun Battalion. With four sons in the war, Mrs. J. E. Linscott, of St. Petersburg, Florida, planted the tree for her state. One of these four boys, William Milton Hance, of the Twelfth Machine Gun Battalion, of the First Division, lost his life in the Argonne sector. Mrs. A. W. Funkhouse, of Indiana, cast the first spade full of earth on the tree for her state. She wears two Gold Stars for two sons, Lieutenant Albert Craig Funk- house, Company H, One Hundred and Forty-Fourth Infantry, Thirty-Sixth Division, and Second Lieutenant Paul Taylor Funkhouse, Company B, Seventh Machine ill 112 AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES . PPR — Above—The Sir Joseph Hooker Oak, at Chico, California, which has been entered in the Hall of Fame of the American For- estry Association at Washington by C. C. Royce. Is there a famous tree in your town? This oak, according to Gen, W. T. Sherman, would shade 7,000 men at noon. Six feet above ground the tree’s circumference is 28 feet 4 inches. The height is 110 feet. The longest limb is 102 feet. The tree is in a park deeded to Chico by the widow of Gen. John Bidwell. Below—Standing in the Friends Cemetery at Salem, New Jersey, this oak is nominated for the Hall of Fame for Trees being compiled by the American Forestry Association by Cora June Sheppard, of Shiloh, New Jersey. Under this tree in Revolutionary days soldiers of Washington’s Continental Army were drilled. The tree has a spread of 111 feet. Surveyors say its branches cover almost. a quarter of an acre. The highest branch is 88 feet from the ground and its circumference two feet above the ground is twenty feet. The tree is known to be 300 years old. MEMORIAL TREES—OUR HEROES’ HALL OF FAME “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES > ~ fa , ~~ wat * ‘yitehig ts ~~ = a ; ~" % 113 Above—The largest Live Oak in the South, a veteran in 1763, has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame for Trees being compiled by the American Forestry Association at Washington. The Association wants reports on all trees with a history or of unusual size for its “Who's Who.” A. D. Dart, of Oriental, North Carolina, who makes this nomination, says it was called “Lovers’s Oak” by the Indians. The tree is in a public park at Brunswick, Georgia, and a foot above the ground the circumference is 28 feet. This photograph was taken with the sun directly overhead and the shadow measured 90 feet in diameter. Below—The most famous tree in Indiana is at Corydon. It is the Constitutional Elm, and it has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Association at Washington, which is hunting for the trees of America with a his- tory. On June 10, 1816, members of the Constitutional Convention met beneath this tree, which is on the banks of Big Indian Creek, and a few hundred feet from the first State House. The tree has a spread of 124 feet, according to C. C. Deam, State Forester. 114 AMERICAN Gun Battalion, Third Division. At this tree Mrs. W. E. Gymer also participated in the ceremony in memory of her son, Lieutenant Alfred K. Gymer, Three Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry, Eighty-Fourth Division. At the Pennsylvania tree there were eight Gold Star” mothers who threw earth upon the tree planted for Pennsylvania heroes who included their own sons— Charles P. Holoran, James Austen, Wm. John Miller and Robert A. Miller, Alfred Peter Stumpf, Edward McL. Wise and Raymond Horne. At the Maryland tree, surrounded by flowers brought from the Green Spring Valley in memory of the boys of the Valley, stood Governor Harrington, who threw on the spade full of earth in memory of Maryland’s brave sons. With him was Mrs. A. F. Fraley whose‘ son, Lieutenant Earl Fraley, of the Three Hundred and ‘Thir- teenth Infantry, had made the great sacrifice. At the tree planted in honor of Baltimore’s own were Mayor William F. Broening, Mr. and Mrs. J. Barry Mahool, the latter wearing a Gold Star for their son, Captain George Frame Mahool, of the Forty-Fifth Artil- lery; Mr. and Mrs. August Ritter, whose son, Christian Ritter, Jr., of the One Hundred and Fourth Ammuni- tion Supply Train, Twenty-Ninth Division, was one of those who did not come back; Mrs. Anna Barrett, mother of Joseph Barrett, killed in the Navy Yard, Philadelphia ; Mrs. E. J. Croker whose son was lost at sea; Mrs. P. J. McLernon, mother of John McLernon; Mrs. K. Golden Kennelly, mother of John Golden Kennelly, killed in France the day the armistice was signed; Mrs. George W. Thompson, mother of George Potter Thompson, Company C, One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry, killed in the Argonne; Mrs. Ella Hart, mother of Edwin Som- merfield Hart, also of the One Hundred and Fifteenth; Mrs. Elizabeth S. Tillman, mother of Frank R. Tillman, ted - f t FORESTRY Thirty-Third Artillery; Mrs. John H. Butler, mother of Lieutenant Edward E. Butler, of the U. S. Air ic killed at Issoudun, France; Mrs. Richard Lynch, mother of Vernon Lynch, killed at Government Egperio aa Station in Washington. The musical program was under the direction of Mr. Frederick R. Huber, director of the Baltimore Sym- phony. The service was concluded by the rendition “A Golden Star,” by Sousa, in memory of uses Roosevelt, and dedicated to Mrs. Roosevelt. Mrs. Robi bi Carlton Morris made the dedicatory address. A grove of trees similar to this, but much sr was planted in Patterson Park, Baltimore, Md., memorial to the Baltimore boys from East Baltimo: who lost their lives in the war. This was under tl auspices of Mrs. George W. Hughes, 253 Ellwood A nue. On November 16 a tree was planted by the | gregation of Baldwin Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, Severn Cross Roads, Anne Arundel County, honor of eight members of the church who ges in the war. The tree was presented by Mrs. Ro A. Welsh, president of the Anne Arundel Chapter } the D. A. R. os There is inspiration in every line of this account: memorial tree planting. The Service Star Legion plat even more extensive planting the coming spring. York, Pennsylvania, the Women’s Club in conjunc with the Chamber of Commerce has taken over a big program for planting the Lincoln Highway. A wonder- ful legacy is to be left to the coming generation. Will you have a part in this legacy by taking the lead in your community? All this work needs is leaders in ea a town. What finer memorial than to have it said, ‘ planted trees.” NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, \ desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree to the Association. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. By Crain Company, of Bridgeport: Sgt. Ron- ald M. Peck, James J. Mulligan, Martin A. Anderson, Howard Olmstead, Albert Waller, Thomas P. Healey, Ingacas Baltuaraitis. COLLEGE PARK, GA. By Presbyterian Church: Douglas Connally Lyle. MILLEDGEVILLE, GA. By Mrs. L. J. Anderson: Lt. John” Wilcox Anderson. LOGANSPORT, IND. Civic Class of High School: 359 Students of School who answered Country’s Call, Lt. Joseph Wilson, Frederick Banta, John Parker, Harry Grohs. ; HOBART, IND. By Miss Elizabeth Maybaum: baum, Harold May- INDIANAPOLIS, IND. By Service Star Legion: Theodore Roosevelt. INDIANAPOLIS, IND. By Indianapolis Orphan Asylum: Theodore Roosevelt, William Warner, Curtis Simmons. INDIANAPOLIS, IND. By Ben Davis Chapter, American War Mothers: Corporal Clark Moore. FRANKFORT, KY. By Bridgeport Graded and High School: Heroes of World War. LOUISVILLE, KY. By Second Ward School: Sgt. York, General Pershing, General Hale, President Wilson, Gen. John B. Castleman, Ernest Kettig. By Nicholas Finzer School: Lawrence Smith. By J. Stod- dard Johnston School: Raymond Lurding, Rob- ert Prince, Clarence Philips, Robert Smith, Soldiers who died in recent war. By Albert S. Brandeis School: Dr. Samuel Brandeis, Mrs. Caroline Brandeis, Albert S. Brandeis, Richard C. Brandeis, BOROUGH OF MIDDLESEX, N. J. By Watchung School: Holmes Marshall, Rus- sell Hall, Benjamin H. Giles, John H. Down, Benjamin Efinger. ELMIRA, N. J. By Elmira Rotary Club: Lt. Harry B. Bent- ley. METUCHEN, N. J. iy By Chamber of C ce: Edward C. Fay rel, Harry Hansen, George R. C Smith, Hummer. LUMBER BRIDGE, N. C. Mrs. J. W. Hall: Joseph L.. Shaw. ADDYSTON, OHIO = Sgt. Cecil Rowe, Benjamin Steelman, or Hayhurst, James Hennessy. HATBORO, PA. By Home Defense: Frank G. Girard. By “ The Neighbors” Woman’s Club: Alvah Chandler Williams, Frederick Edward Gensel. : MEMPHIS, TENN. By Mrs. E. S. Conser: Frank S. Latham, Jr APPLETON, WIS. By Appleton High School: William Heiss Harvey Pierre, Cylus Bogan, Elmer Witthuh Irving Roth, Clarence O’Connor. “HE Annual Conference on Fire Pro- tection, under the auspices of the bec Forest Protective Association will held in the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, 1 the 28th of January. The special topic tt discussed will be railway fires—that e best course to be pursued in eliminating hazard. The reports of the St. aurice Forest Protective Association for e past season show 60 per cent of the ; to have been set by railroads, most hoe by the Canadian Government— wned lines, and practically all the fires e set by a few defective engines which ered sparks day after day. There is b -no excuse for such conditions ad drastic action must be taken. a a little different from the usual uti There will be only one paper i and the meeting will then be thrown yen for general discussion on a list of ics to be issued with the programs so ‘everyone can come prepared. Speeches ill be limited to five minutes. On the 29th the Meeting of the Wood- nds Association of the Pulp and Paper ssociation will be held and the program ill be the same as that of the Confer- , only one paper and then general dis- on along the lines of the following pics: airplane mapping and timber recon- ance; slash disposal with reports on e experiments carried out by the Lauren- Bathurst and Abitibi Companies; the € of tractors in woods operations; pulp- d scaling and the possible further elimi- of waste in logging. These meet- will be thoroughly practical and it is a that many American lumbermen, et ‘men and foresters will join us. : writer has just made a trip to and from Washington south to uth Florida the engines were setting € to the woods so that the evil is not nfined to Florida. Along the line of tlantic Coast Line ground fires were almost everywhere and often young was being entirely killed. ps the Canadian National Rail- may eventually find it cheaper to tir engines than to pay damages. € is being asked of the Crown to sue ilways Department in two cases for 9 and $185,000, respectively, and two suits will probably be brought. -? number of fires set by railroads and © effort will be made to make this .- There will be a large convention of the Canadian Forestry Association held in Toronto sometime in February to discuss the situation in Ontario. The new Minister is making a thorough investigation of the whole question and much progress is hoped for. Better fire protection is needed and the entire elimination of political patron- age. The placing of the administration of the forest lands of the Province under the Forestry Branch is also urgently needed. This same situation is also to be met in the Dominion Forest lands and the Hon. Arthur Meighen is turning his atten- tion to this situation and making a study of the situation. He is a man of vision and.is planning great improvements in the administration of the water powers and forest reserves and it is to be hoped that he will consult men: who understand the situation and are not tainted by party politics. He is also looking into the sub- ject of making maps of the great unsur- veyed areas in the West by aerial photog- raphy and some experiments may be tried out during the coming summer. In 1918 the Union Government of South Africa voted fifty thousand pounds sterling for reforestation, which will be under- taken at once. In the last normal year, 1913, the imports amounted to 17,500,000 million cubic feet, 90 per cent of which was coniferous, worth one million two hundred fifty thousand pounds sterling; and the Chief Conservator of Forests esti- mates that even if all the possible forest resources are ever developed they are never likely to be able to provide more than five per cent of the country’s requirements. Assuming, on a very conservative estimate, that an acre of plantation will yield 100 cubic feet of timber per annum, it will take 350,000 acres to produce the probable requirements of the country in fifty years time. At present there are only 70,000 acres of Government plantations in the Union, and of these 20,000 acres are for special purposes, as, for instance, 7,000 acres in the Transkei to provide hut wattles for the natives. The above shows the need for prompt action. The work at present is being confined chiefly to mountain land which is of little value for any other pur- pose, but the question of accessibility for easy distribution has not been overlooked. Plantations have been started which will total 92,275 acres, of which 3,933 acres will be planted yearly and the total cost AMERICAN FORESTRY 115 CANADIAN DEPARTMENT . Sy BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS 1 will be £49,125. The different works will take from five to fifty years to com- plete at an average cost per acre of slightly less than £13. An interesting comparison is biiien be- tween the revenue from the indigenous forests and from the plantations. That from the latter is nearly double that from the former, and more than double if the railway plantation returns are taken into account. The yield of timber and firewood from the planted forests is also much great- er than from the natural forests. From the Western Conservancy, a planted area 800,000 cubic feet worth £11,000 was cut during the year; whereas, from the Mid- land Conservancy, the most heavily for- ested of the natural areas in the Union, the yield was only 394,000 cubic feet worth £6,000. As the world’s consumption of timber is increasing while the forested areas are decreasing, it is of national importance for South Africa to supply a large part of its own timber requirements and make itself as independent as possible of foreign supplies. The Journal of the Spanish Forestry Assoication, Los Amigos del Arbol, gives some extracts from AMERICAN Forestry and pays it some nice compliments. The Spanish River Pulp and Paper Com- pany at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, has started a night school with a good attend- ance. The New Brunswick Forest Service will commence experimental planting next spring with a ten acre tract. This has been clean cut and will probably be planted with spruce. The white spruce failed to seed all through eastern Canada last year and there is practically no seed to be had. The crop of Norway spruce in Scandinavia was very poor last season and the supply will. be short and prices high next year. The Forestry School of the University OE. Toronto is asking prominent foresters and lumbermen to address their students on the qualities which go to make a good forester. This should be helpful to the students, if the men who speak really know to what their own success is due. The Research Department of the Lauren- tide Company is experimenting with the cooking of jack pine with the sulphite process. 116 AMERICAN FORESTRY EDITORS URGING PERMANENT HE Christmas Tree cover of the AMERICAN Forestry attracted a great deal of attention from the editors of the country. Dr. Frank Crane, who writes for a syndicate of newspapers, reproduced it as a Christmas feature. The Association has received many letters in regard to permanent Christmas trees which the Association advocates as a means of keep- ing alive the ideals of Community Service and the community spirit the year around. The Association has urged that wherever possible a community transplant a tree that will stand the year round as a center of all community effort as well as the center of the Christmas exercises. Profiteers in Christmas trees had a great surprise when people refused to pay from $4 to $10 each for them. The Associated Press dispatches to the Wash- be abolished unless the need is too plain to be questioned. There is, as yet, no reason for abandoning the use of Christ- mas trees, but there is abundant reason for preaching discretion and common sense in the harvesting of the trees. “The Christmas trees, mostly spruce, with some pines, firs and hemlocks, have in the past been gathered indiscriminately. Any small tree that has caught the fancy of the axman has been ruthlessly cut. The value of the, frees thus destroyed reaches millions of dollars each year.” The matter is one of grave concern to the Christian Science Monitor whose editor writes: “One thing worth noting about the present holiday season in the United States is that its celebration, compared with prev- deemed essential in a half-million he not figuring the thousands of shop win that must have them to meet the req ments of the season. That would : 500,000 young trees removed from forests of Texas, new growth wh permitted to stand, would within a g tion take the place of their elders and ma less difficult the work of reforestation tha is going to be necessitated. t “The green that is needed to aie a fe: tive touch to the home decorations c: an | obtained, and should be, without destroyii baby trees. This isn’t a kill-joy suge It is practical. And at its heart lies seed of self-protection.” “4 Why not prepetuate a happy Chi with a growing tree is the question by the editor of the D ington Star, say: Pittsburgh, Pa.—Pittsburgh pro- duce men are seeking ways and means to dispose of some 40,000 Christmas trees left unsold on the market without destroying them. Fifty carloads of trees remain in the produce yards awaiting dis- position. Eighteen carloads were taken to a dump yesterday and thrown away. New York.—Speculators in Christ- mas Trees in New York were hard hit this year, and dealers who had hoped for big profits have hired truck men to cart many remaining firs to the bay. Others were turned over to janitors to help heat apart- ments. The American Forestry As- sociation has no quarrel with intelligent Christmas tree cut- ting but when profiteering en- Fame.’ “THE HALL OF FAME” The Boston Herald’s editor gives a generous half column to the Hall of Fame For Trees of the Ameri- can Forestry Association, saying in part: American Forestry Association believes that the time has passed for regarding the tree merely as building material, as a source of paper or as so much potential firewood. It is gathering photographs of the most re- markable trees in the United States for a ‘Hall of How many of us realize the aptness of the lead thus followed? Folklore students and ethnolo- gists show that there was a period in human history when our ancestors worshipped trees and regarded them as the pregenitors of the race. In our own land the association has a vast continent in which to make selections, Well indeed has the oldest living thing on earth justified its title to a place in the ‘Hall of Fame for Trees.’” Free Press, who points to vt a sad thing a stripped an dead Christmas tree is. | writes: “The Christmas t denuded of its gifts and de rations, is a sorry sight in 1 backyard after its brief perio of pleasure-giving is over. \ can but feel regretful at fate of a thing once so full o life and promise. The ai ficial Christmas Tree is a poo! substitute for the real thi1 It has been suggested that stead of the tree life _ terminated, we should call- evergreens that have been li ed, roots and all, set in a or tub with earth enough t make them solid, use them a desired and then set them “The ters into holiday things it seems time to call a halt. Our view is well expressed by the editor of the Buffalo Evening News, who writes: “Many American cities-have adopted the Community Christmas tree as an annual institution. But so far it has always been a dead tree, set up temporarily, to be re- moved as so much rubbish. “Now comes the American Forestry Association with the suggestion that the tree be a living one. Such a tree would be all the more attractive because of its perma- nence. It would take on character in keep- ing with its use. “Children and grown-ups who love Christmas would love that tree. It would be a source of pleasure and enjoyment all the year round.” In the opinion of the editor of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, “the Christmas tree is too praiseworthy an institution to - ious years, apparently brings somewhat less harm to the forests. Year by year, the cutting of evergreen trees has seriously affected the value and beauty of the wood- ed area, until, at last, the thought of tens of thousands of trees annually destroyed had become a matter of grave concern, Now it has been realized that the waste is needless, that the forest may actually be improved by removing practically worthless trees, and that these trees can be built up, by boring holes in the trunk and insert- ing additional branches, until they answer yuletide purposes quite as well as any that might have been selected.” There are few more valuable suggestions in the mind of the editor of the Dallas Evening Journal, who speaks of the toll each year and then adds: “Roughly esti- mated, there are a near million homes in Texas. Say that a Christmas tree is to be planted out in the spr ii thus performing the double service Christmas tree and ornamenting the pre ses afterward, instead of becoming sightly rubbish that must be carted aw The plan sounds feasible and though n: volving an increased expense, makes a cer- tain return for the investment if the t is replanted. “Some hundreds of acres are cut o annually through selection of the finest 2 ant best-shaped conifers for shipment at holiday season. In view of our diminish ing forests and of the number of tree provided which remain unsold, the pr ent wasteful methods ought to bem formed.” ; 4 That the growing of Christmas tre should be an industry and serve a doubl purpose is the view of the editor of Youngstown Telegram, who tells of” thi plans in Ohio in the: following editorial * 7 tae Leo rs AMERICAN FORESTRY 117 CHRISTMAS TREES FOR COMMUNITIES ing Christmas trees is the latest ustry suggestion for Ohio. The for- y department of the state experiment at Wooster, believes it would be a ble industry, and there is no doubt it would be since only ground that is i valueless need be used. there are thousands of acres of barren land in Ohio admirably suit- and not pine as so many believe. The n is a slow- grower but the fores- n be grown to a size suitable for Christ- is decorations on an acre of ground in 9 six years, and will bring perhaps each. Netting that return on poor is worth while, and in addition y valuable trees now cut down merely nporary decorations would be saved.” cee er and keener becomes the drive national forest policy on the part of editors. The print paper situation has it them to a halt in many places. In - of the editor of the Ithaca Journal ation is this: “The American For- NG the first decade of the nine- nth century, when Ohio was still a wilderness, save for a few river and e towns, a queer looking man came down = Ohio in a canoe, towing another, and h were loaded with sacks of apple seeds, cording to High Spots in Ohio’s History the Columbus Citizen. The work of the can Forestry Association of Wash- Dz. c, in campaigning for memorial g and the planting of fruit or bearing trees wherever possible, par- arly in the gardens of the country, ss the life story of “Johnny Appleseed” ting at this time. he man was John Chapman, known in | history as “Johnny Appleseed,” who ore for encouraging the growing of | within the Buckeye State than any tho has come after him. went ashore in what is now Jef- ion County and at a spot nine miles w Steubenville he planted his first This was in 1806. He had the seed from cider mills up in ‘more than 30 years following this, anny Appleseed was a noted character ¢ wilds of Ohio. Every pioneer fami- knew and loved him and every latch- ig was open to him. i ple in those days called Johnny »” but even so, he hid a wide r the growth of spruce, and ‘Christ- tment says 2,500 Norway spruce » lowmen. estry Association is trying to have the gov- ernment adopt continuous policy of pres- ervation of the forests, something going far beyond the effort now being made to protect them from destruction by fires. Reforestation is the special policy upon ~ which continuation of forests for future generations chiefly depends, accompanied by more stringent regulation of the cut- ting of timber for the protection of the small trees and younger growth. Planting seeds is a slow process, especially in the burned-over areas. It must be done on a large scalerto be effective.” “Shortage of print paper,’ says the Illinois State Journal, “and discussion of the problem which it involves has created a healthy revival of the forest conserva-. tion movement. Demand for a policy em- bracing something more substantial than the parking of vast tracts of the public domain and policing the forests against fire is taking form. “How many Americans are aware that the American forests are disappearing influence on their lives. He was educated, refined and polite and everywhere he went throughout the state he carried a Bible and a few books with him and of evenings, as he enjoyed the hospitality of some log cabin he would lie before the fire and read to the family and expound religion. Johnny’s idea was to set out orchards in various parts of the state so that there would be young trees ready for the new settler to plant on his land when he arrived in Ohio. In the course of a year Johnny would travel hundreds of miles going from one orchard to another, pruning and tak- ing care of the young trees that he had planted. Although the forests abounded with hun- dreds of savage Indians who were con- tinually murdering the whites, none of them ever bothered Johnny.’ They regard- ed him as a wizard.and the fact that he never carried a gun convinced the Red Men that he was under the special guidance of the Great Spirit. An early Ohio historian describes Johnny as follows: “Fis nature was a deeply religious one and his life was blameless among his fel- He regarded comfort more than style and thought it wrong to spend money for clothing to make a fine appearance. He usually wore a broad-brimmed hat. He went barefooted not only in the summer, rapidly?” asks the editor of the Jackson- vilee Times-Union. “Yet the’ warning comes from many authoritative sources. Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Association, says the United States has only about one-fourth of its original forest and this is now dis- appearing very much faster than it is being reproduced. ‘The United States must decide upon a national forest policy in order to perpetuate its timber supply,’ he declares. ‘We have no adequate forest policy now. We are far behind France, Great Britain, Germany, Japan and other nations in this respect.’ “Protection against fire, proper thinning out when it is needed, and replanting are three of the main requisites in forest cul- ture. Fire is the chief enemy of the forest, as the almost yearly accounts of extensive fires which occasionally rage in the great forests of the still heavily wooded North- west shows. Thinning out produces more merchantable timber and replanting as trees are removed for timber or for fire- wood perpetuates the forest. All of these are factors in an intelligent forest policy. HERE’S THE HISTORY OF JOHNNY APPLESEED but often in cold weather, and a coffee sack, with neck and armholes cut in it, was worn as a coat. “Upon his journeys Johnny usually camp- ed out. He never killed anything, even for food. He carried a kit of cooking utensils with him, among which was a mush pan, which he sometimes wore as a hat.” During the War of 1812, when the British and the Indians were terrorizing the popu- lation of Ohio, Johnny often warned the people of approaching danger. Once, the Indians killed a man in Rich- land County and the residents of Mansfield fled to the blockhouse which was the town’s public square. It was believed a general massacre was about to be attempted by the savages and it was imperative that help be secured from troops that were then at Mt. Vernon. But who would go? The Indians were lurking on every side and it was thought to be certain death for any messenger who might attempt the trip. Johnny Appleseed, barefooted, barehead- ed, volunteered to go. That night he dis appeared into the woods and between Mans- field and Mt. Vernon he visited many set- tlers’ cabins and warned them of the danger. When he returned to Mansfield it was with enough help to overawe the Indians and prevent the attack. In his late years Johnny left Ohio and went to Fort Wayne, Indiana, to live with a relative. There he died in 1847. 118 AMERICAN FORESTRY The Southern Pine Association maintains a department of Cut-Over Land Utilization, which, with the U. S. Department of Agriculture and other agencies, is seeking to determine the best uses which can be made of - the cut-over lands in the Southern States. The logical division for the utilization of these many millions of idle acres are— : Ist—AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 2nd—LIVE-STOCK RAISING 3rd—REFORESTATION An informative and reliable book describing in full the opportunities afforded on the cut- i : over pine lands of the South has been published, and is distributed free to all requesting it. . - SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DR. SCHENCK WRITES FROM GERMANY GoRDON DORRANCE, of the Mary- land State Forestry Department, has received an interesting letter from Dr. C. A. Schenck, former head of the Biltmore Forest School at Asheville, North Carolina, who is now in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany. Dr. Schenck, after fifteen years teaching forestry in the United States, returned to Germany shortly before the war. He was badly wounded while serving on the Rus- sian front, later saw service in Belgium and was retired from active service in 1916. Dr. Schenck says: “As regards forestry in Germany, there is little to be said about it.. Prices for forest products are intolerable; building impossible; while the foresters continue to consider forests as their own. We could, without a doubt, obtain more of a liveli- hood from them than we are doing, though bread is more badly needed than is wood. Meantime, there is but little over-cutting. Fortunately, I dare say, for if thé for- ests are a nation’s savings-box, the time has surely come for Germany to empty it. “Graves’ (the present chief forester’s) schemes for a wider application of Ameri- can forestry have have interested me greatly. I think your national forest re- serves will flourish, more than I ever ex- pected. What became of Pinchot? I long for American papers—and can get none here. NATIONAL FOREST HIGHWAYS HE Secretary of Agriculture has ap- proved the construction of the Grand Canyon highway on the Kaibab National Forest with a maximum expenditure of federal funds of $50,000, provided co-opera- tion could be secured from the county to the extent of construction within the for- est and maintenance of the road between Kanab and the forest boundary. In Ne- vada he has approved the construction of the Currant Creek road with a maximum expenditure of federal funds of $25,000 and the Austin-Eureka road with a maximum expenditure of federal funds of $18,000, provided 50 per cent co-operation is se- cured. In Utah he has approved the con- struction of the Kane County section of the Cedar-Long Valley road with a maxi- mum expenditure of $35,000 and the con- struction of the Salina-Emery road with a maximum expenditure of federal funds of $65,000 and the construction of the Panguitch-Tropic road with a maximum expenditure of federal funds of, $30,000. provided 50 per cent co-operation could be secured on all the Utah projects. In Wyo- ming he approved the expenditure of an additional $50,000 on the Hoback Canyon road provided that at least an additional $20,000 could be secured in co-operation. SEEKING TURPENTINE IN THE WEST The longleaf pine forests of the Sout are becoming so rapidly depleted by hea’ 7 cuttings of timber and destructive method such stores when their present stands o! timber are no longer productive. It i quite possible that a method of turp ing similar to that carried on in Florida National Forest, under the super vision of the Forest Service, can readil be used in the West. According to th injury to the trees is obtained by followin; a number of slashings with several season of rest. The cutting is done in such a as not to impair the timber value of # trees. The promising results obtained b servation methods to long-leaf pine | Florida led it, as early as 1911, to inv sti gate the extent to which western yellov pine, so abundant in the United States could be utilized in meeting possible fu ar needs. Tests show that these trees ca be turpentined successfully and that : satisfactory product can be obtained. STATE NEWS 119 to BLAST stumps Atlas Farm Powder is prepared especially for the use of inexperienced farmers who wish to do their own blasting. It is as easy to use as the ordinary ‘‘gas’’ engine. Theodore Drake, Prattsburg, N. Y., writes regarding his first ex- perience with it: “After reading your book, ‘Better Farming,’ I am fully convinced of the value of explosives for farm work. I blew out some old apple tree stumps and smashed a rock with Atlas Farm Powder, though I had never shot any dynamite before."” 4 : You, too, will be able to use Atlas Farm Powder successfully after you read the directions in Better Farming with Atlas Farm Powder.’’ It tells how to remove stumps, blast ditches, smash boulders, plant trees and increase yields | by subsoiling. Write for this book. It is free. ATLAS POWDER COMPANY Division F.D 1 Philadelphia, Penna. Dealers everywhere Magazine near you i | } ' iz \ i ee ee 1448 ‘THE SAFEST EXPLOSIVE i PR CESS TREE (PAULOWNIA) [eR ‘Seed, Pkt. about 200, 20cts., 5 Pks. 50 cts. Po f : II "Sow in flower pots. Trees $1.50. Each one Fis 2 i added $1.00. By Parcel Post TF - \ =e ee ea Byrcrcr Cc. N. MERIWETHER TRENTON, KY. | EAT PECANS THESE ARE FRESH NUTS-UNUSUALLY SWEET \| Delivered Express Prepaid Anywhere In the U. S., 10 Lbs. or More ‘Large Paper Shell Nuts, 10 lbs.... $7.00 )Good-sized Native Nuts, Fairly j hs Sagres, 10 ibs............. $4.00 | Smaller Native Nuts, for Cooking ' Candy, etc., 10 lbs.............. $3.00 a. I TVR Byprhe Sweetest Nuts You EVER Ate |) | eco mmmmmnncAmNONNNNNANANOKO Elgin Plantation Your co-operation with your own magazine NA. Green, Owner ~ ill boost American Forestry to an_ exalted emerson. A “ ree} position among advertising media. One way Natchez, Mississippi. to co-operate is to patronize our advertisers, or ask for suggestions and advice. = STATE NEWS CALIFORNIA WRDED protection to California’s fish and game is assured by a cooperative agreement just executed by Game Commis- sioner Carl Westerfield, of the Fish and Game Commission of California, and Dis- trict Forester P. G. Redington, represent- ing the Federal Forest Service. “Wild life on the National Forests in California is a resource which, besides being of great economic value, adds materially to the en- joyment of the Forests by the people of the State,” says Commissioner Westerfield in commenting on the agreement. “Since the Forest Service is entrusted with the management of the National Forests, on -which both fish and game are plentiful, and since the protection and perpetuation of that fish and game is a duty delegated to the Fish and Game Commission by the State, I consider the cooperative agree- ment a most happy one.” Continuous airplane fire patrol of the Angeles National Forest between May 1 and October 31, with a minimum of two planes in daily operation, is urged by the Southern California Section of the Sierra Club in a resolution recently forwarded to Chief Forester H. S. Graves at Wash- ington. The loss by forest fires of thousands of acres of timber and brush within Los Angeles County, a loss which is inesti- mable when the vast watershed is con- sidered, might well have been averted if complete and modern methods of patrol were installed, according to Sierra Club officials. More than 11,000 acres of timber land in the vicinity of Mount Shasta and Lake Tahoe: belonging to the Southern Pacific Company was. swept’ by forest fires during the past summer, according to a report issued by the Forest Service. “It is true that this figure is less than one per cent of the one and one-quarter million acres of Company land which the Forest Service is protecting under co- operative agreement,” said District For- ester Redington in commenting on the re- port, “but this does not mean that the fires—and there were over 200 of them— did no damage. The contrary is true, for besides killing mature timber and marring for years some of California’s most popu- lar vacation grounds, they destroyed the greater part of the young growth on more than 11,000 acres of purely timber land. With the public in California becoming more and more interested in forestry prob- lems the California State Board of For- estry has outlined a plan seeking to direct awakening public interest along lines that will bring the quickest and best results. The plan definitely adopted is in line 120 AMERICAN FORESTRY Ge DISSTON-SAW edged years. THE BEST KNOWN SAW IN THE WORLD Each year finds a greater number of leading mills using Disston Saws ex- clusively. the success of their mill—the quality and quantity of lumber they turn out —depends 6n the saw they use. It is natural, choose Disston Saws—the acknowl- standard HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. Mill operators know that therefore, for them to in quality for 80 with the policy outlined by Colonel Henry S. Graves. Three definite and” necessary steps are proposed: 1. Appropriation of sufficient funds for the prevention and suppression of fires. 2. The acquirement by purchase of watersheds immediately necessary for the conservation of water for domestic and ir- rigation purposes. 3. The acquirement by purchase of log- ged-off areas, both in the redwoods and pine forests, as a nucleus of state forests to supply timber for future needs. The amount of money to be asked. for has not been definitely decided. It is be- lieved, however, that at least $150,000 will be necessary to install a fire protection and suppression system. It is still a ques- tion whether the other two propositions will be financed by direct appropriation or by bond issue. The California State Board of Forestry is also cooperating with the United States Forest Service in urging upon the War Department the wisdom of Colonel H. H. Arnold’s recommendations concerning air- plane patrol of the Forests of the North- west. Colonel Arnold’s are the result of airplane patrol of the forests of California and Oregon during 1919. More than half of the standing merchant- able timber of the United States will, if Colonel Arnold’s recommendations are ap- proved, be placed under the watchful eyes recommendations Eighty million acres of these forests are government owned and repre- sent eighty per cent of the government owned forests in the United States not in- cluding those in Alaska. It has been point- ed out that the War Department now has the equipment and men and must keep its personnel in training. Airplane patrols in California and Ore- gon during 1919 demonstrated to a great degree the value of the airplane in discov- ering incipient forest fires in remote dis- tricts. Besides watching over millions of acres of government owned forests the birdmen at the same time see millions of acres of private and state lands and aid in protecting the lives and homes of set- tlers. It is proposed to use five squadrons of 18 airplanes each in patroling the for- ests of California, Oregon, Washington, Montana, Idaho and Western Wyoming during 1920. of airmen. ILLINOIS B. MILLER, State Forester, read a paper before the State Horticultu- rists meeting at Bloomington, Illinois, on December 17, on the “Forestry Situation in Illinois.” In February he will be on the program of the Farmer’s Institute, at Carbondale, Illinois, the subject relating to farm woodlands. stimulation was given to the cutting of cordwood in Illinois during Considerable the recent coal strike and many of the smaller towns fell back on the local supply of wood, thus saving coal for the cities. ~ During this time press bulletins were sent out to the papers urging the use of wood ~ for fuel. On the Cook County Forest © Preserves, near Chicago, according to Mr. Kennicott, forester, from fifteen to twenty cords of wood were cut daily, this being from dead trees or trees killed by lighting. There will be several good opportunities ~ for reaching farmers at the University of Illinois during January and February to arouse interest in farm woodlands. Among the meetings will be the Farmers’ and Stockmen’s Convention at the University of Illinois, and a meeting of all the ™ country advisers in the State scheduled” for some time in February. An effort will be made to make special farm wood-_ land exhibits, these being secured from the Forest Service, for both of these events, — as well as distributing bulletins relating to farm forestry. CCN 1872, the late Joseph Field who lived nine miles northwest of White Hall, and owned a large tract of land along the © main highway between White Hall and_ Patterson began the planting of soft maples” along both sides of this highway through his farm, a distance of a little more than” two miles, and the planting was completed © in the following year,” writes R. B. Pearce” to American Forestry. “The trees wer set fifty feet apart, and formed what in f after years became familiarly known in local history as Field’s Lane. The trees were cultivated and given the tenderest care by Mr. Field, and they had developed an unbroken line of beautiful shade when “in 1883 he died. Following the death of the founder of Field’s Lane, the trees attained a size that caused those less de- yoted to trees to doubt the wisdom of ‘maintaining a long line of shade that was pping the land for a considerable dis- ‘tance along either side of the line, The north end of the Fields farm passed into e hands of the Sherwin estate, and for Reestance of probably half a mile that of the monument to Joseph Field, became extinct. Along the west side “of the remaining portion the land is at his day in the hands of Capt. Field, a ‘nephew of Joseph Field, Sr., and he de- ‘clares that so long as he has charge there % % fill not be a tree removed from Field’s ‘Lane. Along the east line the situation ers only in a degree. This land is wned by another descendant, Mrs. A. L. Srennerman, of Barrow, Greene County, just at present is residing at Min- ) tl polis. Mr. Brennerman figured that Sapping of the land along their of Field’s Lane extended inward so aoe that the crop loss, if it be saved, Id be sufficient to pay the taxes on the STATE NEWS entire tract. In order to bring this about Mr. Brennerman conceived the idea of thinning out the trees along his land on the east side, and this is being done. When this work was started admirers of Field’s Lane became apprehensive lest the grand drive is to become a thing of the past, but Mr. Brennerman gives reassur- ance that such is not the case by disclos- ing his plan of leaving every sixth tree. This, he holds, will maintain the beauty of the drive and at the same time restore the loss to the land on account of the great size that the maples have attained. “Until another generation at least comes into possession of the adjoining land, the main structure of Greene County’s mos’ picturesque drive will be maintained as a monument to Joseph Field, Sr., founder of Field’s Lane and the most devoted tree lover of his day.” NEW JERSEY NEW JERSEY has taken active steps for the installation of three new for- est fire lookout stations by next spring. They have been made possible through private co-operation to the extent of almost $4,200 which has released a state ap- propriation of $3,000, contingent upon se- curing at least an equal amount from pri- vate sources. Two of the new lookouts will be in North 121 Jersey and one in South Jersey. There is also a possibility that the same funds will provide two other additional lookouts. These, with the three now in operation, two in North Jersey and one in’ South * Jersey, promise a material start toward a statewide protective system of this nature, sorely needed for effective progress in for- est fire control. In connection with the proposed Kittatinny Forest Park a complete reconnaissance was recently made of two large tracts of forest land adjoining the Stokes State Forest. These lands may be secured for a very low figure, and would go far toward completing the continuous forest park along Kittatinny Ridge, from the Delaware Water Gap to the New York State line, which is advo- cated by the Department of Conservation and Development. The present state forest at that point is most popular as a summer recreation ground, and more land is needed to acco- modate the increasing number of campers. The spot is ideal for that purpose, with beautiful. mountain scenery, trout streams, many small ponds, and two large lakes nearby, and convenient transportation faci- lities to all parts of the state. The land is unsuited for agricultural dévelopment, but as a forestry. proposition, it is of unquestioned value. WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby accept membership in The American Forestry Association and enclose check for $....... NOTE—American Forestry M ine, a hand ented and illustrated monthly, is sent to all t $1.00 ib or without b hip the sub iption price is $3.00 a year. CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership Contributing * Sustaining $ A : é y Life ws : a x . Patron Annual Membership, without Magasina Canadian Postage 25c extra; Foreign Postage, 50c extra. $ 3.00 10.00 25.00 100.00 1000.00 1.00 ($2.00 of the fee is for AMERICAN FORESTRY.) Name Street City. _PLANT MEMORIAL TREES wee ON Pe Se ee eee ‘ - ~ J 122 AMERICAN FORESTRY AUSTRALIA STARTS QUARANTINE AGAINST TIMBER BORERS SYMPLOCUS be & Ud NP “a PACKING boxes showing the workings , 2 6 of insect timber borers will not be al- , er x 2k Ew PON lowed to enter Australian ports if the JAPANESE ay A si +4 2 Federal Director of Quarantine at Mel- TURQUOISE Rote Fe s i neu ‘ bourne can prevent it. He has called tele GR ee Tae: TS attention of the American Consul to the BERRY ~ Waa eis : fact that officers dealing with food sub- : 3 stances and general cargo imported into Blooms in June. Hand- Y Australia from the United States find that some blue berries in the packing cases not infrequently September. Makes a P : < constructed of wood showing the bori picturesque shrub 6-8 oa oN =e or workings of insect timber borers. That feet high. Very rare and limited : tye ie destructive wood-boring insects may not be : . i introduced into Australia, the attention of eo quantity. Make your reserva- "Jax the United States Government and shipper: tions now. ; has been called to the matter and it is 1 ft. high, $1.00. 2 ft. high, $2.00 nda Bue deemed important that some action : or es ee taken to prevent the packing and shipping 3 ft. high, $3.00 o Cars y ahve of goods intended for Australia in wooden cases presenting evidence that wood boring insects are or have been present. 4 When sending your order ask also for “Feast of Flowers” booklet. HICKS NURSERIES, Box F, Westbury, WN. Y. THE TOWN OF YELLOWSTONE An executive order eliminating approxi- mately 340 acres from the Madison Na : H | LL’S onal Forest, on the boundary of the forest ARRISONS’ NURSERIE 5, hey he q S dlin sand Trans lants Fruit Trees Budded from Bearing which lies close to the western confines of eedil g p Crcharde, ae apple; bear pte the Yellowstone National Park, was signed ALSO TREE SEEDS berry plants, chapbaericn, Blackber. by the President December 5. The objec FOR REFORESTING Catalog free, Box Mi, Bertin’ ia, of this elimination is to provide space for BEt for over half a century. All the establishment of the town of Yellow- leading hardy sorts, grown in im- stone under the town-site laws. Of the mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also total area of 340 acres, 1.03 acres. are price lists are free. Write today and tained by metes and bounds within the eation this magazine. town limits for use by forest officers. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. FORESTRY SEEDS Si Send for my catalogue containing Evergreen Specialists — full list of varieties and prices = Largest Growers in America Tt ccnad 3 Lake Matias PIGEONS FOR FOREST FIRE BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. eet FIGHTING “a Dresher Pennsylvania THE carrier pigeons and equipment of the Navy Department will be availab SOU ULL for the Department of Agriculture ne: season for conveying messages from fo: TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING fire fighters “at the front” to headqua PINE :: SPRUCE says a recent communication from the De- CONIFERS ONLY partment of Agriculture. The test of the Originated and Introduced by > The Elm City Nursery Company Write us for price list ra ’ : ‘ ; rds for this use was carried out a Bor 205, New Haven, Goan, KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, haps 2 : bie Send for Bax; Barberry Folder and @ KEENE, N. H. limited scale this season but it encou aS $5 a Sete ee eee Wanted: Red pine seed, white pine seed the Forest Service officials to believe th and white’ spruces seed, they can be employed profitably on a lar er scale. To establish a successful car rier pigeon system, it will be necessary to | DIAL O h id lay plans during the coming winter, te * Ww iali i Nursery Stock for Forest Planting rent Orchids; we collect, im- | | Pave the posts properly located and get th TREE SEEDS port, grow, sell and export this class of plants birds acclimated and begin their train n exclusively. my Ps . . . ¥ SEEDLINGS Write for pri TRANSPLANTS Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Flights of 600 miles in a single day ha os ys nes ag Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- been made, while a distance of 150 to 20 cial list of freshly imported unestablished A s f THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY 00 Orchids. miles means a two or three-hour flight for CHESHIRE, CONN : LAGER & HURRELL the average bird. The distance which : Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N.J.| | would be covered in Forest Service work are considerably less than this, in most Le instances the flights from fire fighting ar (| \) 4 8 ‘ 8 to headquarters being less than fifty mi eS. Buy Wax 5 adings e famps The value of the birds in mountainous re= i gions where travel is difficult, would be especially great. tee AMERICAN FORESTRY 123 Truly a Horticultural Achievement > 6 YEAR OLD FRUITING TREES Apples, Pears, Plums PLANT THESE LARGE TREES AND SAVE FOUR TO FIVE YEARS OF WAITING HE trees ordinarily offered by nurserymen are but one and two “ie years old. We can supply the same kind to those who prefer them but for immediate results plant large size fruiting trees. They are as safe to plant as elms or maples and you would not think of planting a small elm or a small maple tree. The photo- graph shows one of these large super-size fruiting trees—it is plain to see that it has taken us years to produce such trees, nor have we stinted on the expense of producing them. Notice the height, the well balanced top, the magnificent root system, the diameter of the trunk— 100% PERFECT. Such trees cannot be produced cheaply, they cost you more at the start but save you years of waiting and dollars in land value. Order one tree or one hundred—we guarantee satisfaction. VARIETIES APPLES PEARS PLUMS Baldwin Anjou Abundance Northern Spy Barlett Burbank Oldenburg Clapp’s Favorite Bradshaw R. I. Greening Duchess French Prune Rome Beauty Kieffer Lombard Stayman’s Winesap Seckel October Purple Price while the stock lasts :—$7.00 each; $75 per dozen; $500 per hundred, f. o. b. Rochester. IMPORTANT—For descriptions and prices of a complete list of “Glenwood Products” send for a copy of our 1920 catalogue of Dependable Trees and Plants—it’s free. GLEN BROS., INC. - - Glenwood Nursery 1904 East Main Street, Rochester, N. Y. AMAWALK NURSERY has thousands of MEMORIAL TREES Thousands of large sized evergreen and deciduous trees are growing in the Amawalk Nursery. We can supply hundreds of nursery- grown, matched , specimens for memorial planting. Our facilities for shipping by truck or freight are unex- celled. NEW YORK CITY OFFICE Visit the Nursery AMAWALK 103 Park Avenue Send for Catalogue Westchester County, New York Telephone, Vanderbilt 7691 Telephone, Yorktown 128 124 AMERICAN FORESTRY BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. ©. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. FOREST VALUATION—Filibert — ema sri er Preesasrscccsscceccevesececnes FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth .............. 2.00 eee TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peets.. 2.00 THE LUMBER INDUSTRY—By R. S. Kellogg.. vsoveas 1.10 LUMBER Te ai eae ey Arthur F, Jone 2.10 FOREST VALUATIO ) es ee eee | ee 2.50 CHINESE FOREST TREE $s HAND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw.............. 2.50 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE} dees John Kirkegaard....... 1.50 oe Epc ausage raig® a Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and II, 4 Parts to a Volume— ie er BIE sonccccceccceserccvescc cer esere reer eseeseresseeesesssessesroessbessebesncusrnseescsece! oes ones 5 THE TRAINING OF A a ed ae er 1.35 LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. Kello; 2.15 THE CARE OF TREES IN LAW, STR ET AND P 2.17 NORTH AMERICAN. TREES—N. L. -Britton. .0..005000.00cusccccosscetacseseseusedevcesccccecncvess 7.30 KEY TO THE Seer tee and Preston, Sr ers CEI rr RS 1.50 THE FARM WOODLOT—E. rons oA a dae Wontling. any disturbance to other industri Their afforestation in any case shot be linked up with the gene scheme of afforestation of the waste la of Great Britain and Ireland, which it confidently expected will be undertaken | the State as soon as peace is made. Se tered as the gathering grounds throughout the country, they will for convenient centres for planting, especially in the cases where their ow ship has been acquired by local authe ties. The compulsory purchase of cat ment areas, which are not already o wn by municipalities, is advisable for sanita reasons; and the necessary legislation possibly be introduced when afforestatis by the State becomes a reality. Think in interest—your own interest- save and invest. War-Savings Stam pay 4 per cent interest, compounded quarterly. > AMERICAN FORESTRY 125 Stop! Wasting Money On Your Stump Land _ fun It Into Dollars RASP the OPPORTUNITY and put DOLLARS in your pocket by clearing your stump land. Stump land was never so valuable as itis TO-DAY. The ‘*K’’ Stump Puller will do the work in less time and the least expense. ahorse power machine and about } a “K’’ can out pull 16 large horses. stumps per day. Weight, without cable, 171 pounds No stump ‘too big for the « ‘K’ 2 easy as rowing a boat. 2 speeds ana weighs 171 pounds. Box 43, 99 John St., New York. FOREST SCHOOL NOTES NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY HE growing demand for foresters not only in America, but in all parts of the world, has been shown by the engaging of Carrol V. Sweet, a graduate of The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, for a three year contract in India, for special work involving his spe- cial training in dry kiln engineering begun here and continued as a specialist under the federal service at the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, In- formation reached Syracuse that Mr. Sweet will receive a salary of upward of $7,200 a year and expenses for himself and family in the Orient. Sweet graduated from The New York State College of Forestry in 1917, after tak- ing special work in dry kiln engineering ’ in addition to his required forestry sub- jects, and after the war went to the govern- ment service. The demand for specialists in dry kiln work is shown by the fact that Sweet probably receives nearly three times the salary from his Indian employers that the government was paying him as a forester. The securing of Sweet for dry kiln work is of particular interest as it comes just as the College of Forestry is announc- ing a short course beginning March 1 in this particular subject, together with other Short courses in timber grading, pulp and Paper making, and forestry for boy scout executives and camp directors. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Pros for this year’s M.A.C. For- ester have been elected as follows: O. A. Alderman, editor in chief; W. F. Jones and C. F. Martin associate editors. This will be the fifth consecutive year that the forestry club has published this book, Last year’s edition appeared in June in spite of the small classes caused by the war and was an evidence of the enthusiasm and hard work of the members of the club. Material is being gotten together for this year’s annual and it promises to be a very in- teresting book. The forestry club held its annual camp- fire in the fall. The custom was broken by the war for one year, but this fall’s campfire equalled any of the earlier one in interest. A large number of students attended. I. V. Anderson acted as toast- master, and an enjoyable evening was passed listening to talks, singing and eating. A number of changes are contemplated in the forestry course at the Michigan Agri- cultural College this year. The work in lumbering, forest utilization, mensuration, and valuation will be increased and a re- arrangement of certain courses made plac- ing the mensuration work earlier in the course and regrouping the courses. This is being done in order to make the techni- cal work more intensive and at the same time to leave a considerable amount of latitude of electives. 4 of the cost of dynamite. One person single handed can pull from 50 to 150 HAND POWER ({@siumpPuller works by leverage—same principle as a jack—one man can lift or pull 48 tons alone, Works Works on hillsides or marshes where Made of the best steel. breakage. Endorsed by U. S. Government officials. THE FITZPATRICK PRODUCTS CORP. Box 43, 182 Fifth St., San Francisco, Cal. Cost just about 4% of One man or woman with horses cannot operate. Has Absolutely guaranteed against Highest bank references. YALE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY N many respects the present year can be considered one of the most success- ful in the history of the’school. The war reduced the annual enrollment to a mini- mum of seventeen for 1917-1918. Three members of the faculty have been em- ployed for the whole or a part of the war period in public service. With the open- ing of the present year the members of the faculty engaged in government work returned, and the number of students in- creased to the normal pre-war basis, the total enrollment to December of this year being thirty-six men, of whom fourteen are now members of the senior class and candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry to be granted June next. The present student body is drawn not only from many states in the Union, but from a number of foreign countries as well. At present four Chinese, three Norwegians, two Brazilians, one Englishman, and one Canadian or a total of eleven foreigners are enrolled. A number of these men are on scholarships granted by their governments. own A recent compilation of statistics of the Yale School of Forestry shows that 514 students have been enrolled in the regular course and 229 in the short course, a total of 743 who have received instruction. The degree of Master Forester has been granted to 376. During the past year the Yale School of Forestry received through a gift a tract of approximately 1,500 acres of mixed hard- woods, some 35 miles from New Haven. A lumbering operation having for its ob- ject the salvage of the dead chestnut was WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO - ENGRAVINGS buy the right kind--That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose-- Our little house organ ‘‘Etchings’’ is fall of valuable hints--Send for it. H. A. GATCHEL, Pres. C. A. STINSON, Vice-Pres. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO-ENGRAVERS In one or more colors Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho AMERICAN FORESTRY begun soon after the property was re- ceived. This operation will net the school about $2,000. The Keene Forest of more than 1,000 acres, was given to the school several years ago. It is composed chiefly of young stands of white pine. Considerable pro- gress has been made within the year in increasing the holdings near Keene and in selling of detached lots some distance from the city. 60,000 white and red pine seedlings were planted in the spring. The book value of forest property now owned by the school, together with endowment and maintenance of the same exceeds $72,- 000. A recent compilation of alumni statistics shows that exactly fifty graduates of this school are on the faculties of twenty-four universities and colleges, where they are engaged in teaching forestry, and of this number fifteen are deans or directors of schools or are the heads of departments of forestry. Mr. William Stuart Moir, of the class of 1917, is engaged in a year’s study of forestry in Sweden on a fellowship of the American- Scandinavian Foundation. There are only two of these fellowships open to foresters, and there were many applications for them. Mr. Moir was the first choice of the com- mittee which met in Boston early in June, 1919. The Hubert C. Williams Memorial Fund has been established by Mrs. Claire K. Williams, of Lakeville, Connecticut, in honor of her son, Hubert Coffing Williams, of the class of 1908. Lieutenant Williams died of wounds received while leading his men of the 30th Engineers in the St. Mihiel drive in September, 1918. He left an insurance fund of $10,000 which will be paid in installments over a period of twenty years. This has been turned over to Yale University as a loan fund for needy and deserving students in the School of Forestry. PRESERVING POLES AND POSTS IMBER suitable for telegraph and tele- phone poles, fence posts, etc., is be- coming scarce and expensive. It is esti- mated by .the Forest Service that sixty years hence will witness the practical ex- tinction of such material. At present about four million poles are being erected an- nually. Records show that 95 per cent of all poles are destroyed by decay, four per cent by insects and the remaining one per cent by mechanical abrasion. Scientists who have been giving the sub- ject attention advise, as a result of ex- periments conducted by them, that creo- sote treatment applied to the ends of the poles and posts imbedded in the ground will lengthen the life of white cedar poles 14 years; of cypress, nine years; of chestnut, four years; of pine, 13 years; of juniper, 10 years, _adaptable to the purpose: The open t ee te OS Ge wee There are three methods of tre : method whereby only the butts of th poles are treated; the pressure pro ces used only on short poles, and the brus method which may be applied in the fie! as the poles are being set. The employ ment of the open tank method calls fe the application of the treatment before th poles are shipped on the job. Zi As creosote and the labor required | apply it are much cheaper than new timbe! it is needless to say that railroad co panies, telegraph and telephone companie farmers and all others using large quant ties of timber for poles and posts ai giving this matter much serious conside r tion. Even yet, however, entirely too man: posts are being set untreated and unpri tected. This is a form of business e travagance that is unwarranted. Tbe | THE AIRPLANE IN FIGHTING FOREST FIRES AIRPLANES will go anywhere over a mountains not higher than 16,500 fee and will travel fourteen hours easily with. out landing, according to Colonel E addressed the annual convention of th of the U. S. Air Service, who entl; Western Forestry and Conservation Ass ciation at Portland, on locating fires fron airplanes, coming from Washington, D. C. in a huge Martin bombing plane. An observer can see the forest fire: from a distance, he says, and by radio h can communicate the location. His idea is that the plane remain directly over the fire until the fire-fighters arrive. It is possible to fight fires from a plane with a ga that was used by the Germans that re moves the oxygen from the air. Landin; places would have to be provided but this could be done even in the mountain country as the landings need not be smooth, merely on ground from which the stumps have been removed. Colonel Hartz described the method of taking mosaic maps as the are called, by a camera, of the country be: neath, from the plane and he concludes thi planes are a perfectly sane and safe metho of traveling. PENCIL STOCK IN Tennessee the pencil companies said to be replacing old fences with new” woven-wire fences in order to secure thi cedar rails. An investigation of woods) not already used for pencils is being made by a lumber company in California, who: representatives have been in Washington) and Oregon for the purpose. The juniper | the Alaska Yellow cedar, Port Orfor cedar and Idaho cedar are being studie for both suitability and commercial supply ] This company operates both in California. and in the Tennessee red cedar district. a AMERICAN FORESTRY ~: BOUQUETS _ “The Forestry magazine is splendid and le work of the Association still more splendid.” Dorotuy B. Burrows. _ “American Forestry is a very delightful azine and I enjoy reading it monthly. You are certainly to be congratulated both on the appearance and subject matter.” ' F. A. Bartiert, President, Bartlett Tree Company. “During the past year I have found your ine more than useful in connection my work with the Boy Scouts of ica. I think that the type of nature that you have been printing is most i esting and not later than last Sunday _was able to show to my scouts the differ- ent trails made by the animals described n your last issue.” SERENO STETSON. _ “Please allow me, as an individual, pri- citizen, to express my sincere admi- and high appreciation of the very le and important work you are pro- in the development of AMERICAN y. I am a great lover of trees and sli you will long be remembered for i€ great work you are doing.” ‘ J. H. Van, Rochester, N. Y. ¢ wish to compliment you, yes, congratu- ate you on the excellence of your magazine id to be identified with your organization is a member is a privilege I prize very ighly indeed... . Right here I wish to compliment you very highly on the excel- nce of the illustrated articles in recent ” ” A. F. Broomer, Pasadena, Cal. think the pictures of the spring wild in AMERICAN Forestry are the most b that I have ever seen. I am de- fed with the magazine.” Mrs. Anna Borsrorp Comstock. “My subscription to American Forestry have never regretted. Its illustrations € superb—and the book should be an nspiration to every American to take care £ the trees.” Cartes E. TEAte. “I haye enjoyed the American Forestry lagazine very much through the year, and n to be a member of the Associa- ion, as I am greatly interested in the pres- ion of trees, birds and wild flowers.” Ciara M. Borzz. i ‘gi he Forestry magazine grows better ' y Miss Ipa C. Hinsnaw. f “AMERICAN Forestry I used to think a luxury, but I have decided it’s a necessity and find it grows more interesting all the time.” Mrs. A. Howarp Hinxte. “T never want to be without American Forestry."—H. E. Zimmerman, Chicago, Illinois, “I am a subscriber to the magazine and have found it very interesting and helpful.” G. W. Hutt, Portland, Oregon. “I think that the American Forestry magazine is doing more among educational lines in the ways that I believe effective than all other agencies combined. I have felt for a long time that the scientific bureaus have missed the real points of attack in the literature which they issue. You seem to have caught the need of the people.” - Dean Srantey Couter, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. “I am enclosing payment for my annual subscribing dues. This begins my fourth year and ever find the magazine more and more interesting.” Mrs. CatHertne Husparp Davis, Greenwich, Connecticut. “I am heartily in sympathy with this work. I think it is a thousand times better to plant memorial trees than to put up marble shafts. I do feel that it will be good for the children to see your excellent magazine while they are small—s and 0, and even though girls—for the women all over the United States will soon be voting and maybe we can have as good a govern- ment as New Zealand which was told of in a late number of the Ladies Home Jour- nal—but it is so full of only stories that I have discontinued it and think Amrtcan Forestry will be better for the children.” Frances G. ANDREWS. “Permit me to congratulate you upon the methods pursued by your organization and upon the effective type of literature and publicity which you are using. This office receives a constant flood of communications and printed matter from organizations of almost every description, hence my oppor- tunity for comparison is, perhaps, unusual- ly fortunate. Under the methods pursued, the appeal of your organization is almost irresistible. I am glad this is true because I am in sympathy with your work.” Mrs. Burritr Hamitron, President, Michigan State Federation of Women’s Clubs, 127 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree puspeey and landscape work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis- trict of ee ia City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference. ddress Box 600, Care American bay 8 Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3) YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year’s experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 675, Care American Forestry M. ine,. Washingt DY-¢; (3) Man to be discharged trom tne army September 30th desires position in forestry work, with lum- ber or railroad company or assisting in investi- gations of utilization of w products. Would accept position in other work. Is married man, raduate of Michigan Agricultural College, 1913. fas had experience in orchard work, clearin land, improvement cuttings, planting and care o: nursery, pine and hardwood transplants, erchards and larger trees, grading and construction of gravel roads, and other improvement work. Has executive ability and gets good results from men. Please address Box 9860, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (9-11) ARBORICULTURIST is open to an en agement to take oa of, or as assistant in City For- estry work, Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field—from planting to expert tree surgery—including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees, For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Agent. Technically . trained forester, 35 years old, Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of the above positions. For- mer Captain, Field Artillery. Address Box 840, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Position with Lumber Company or Private Concern by technically trained Forester with five years practical experience. Box 820, care American Forestry. A FORESTRY graduate with several years ex- perience in forest work and at Present em- ployed along technical and administrative lines desires responsible position with private concern operating in and outside the United States. Address Box 870, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. HOYT’S ANTISEPTIC TREE VARNISH A dependable material for keeping fangi and vermin out of TREE WOUNDS while natural healing takes place. Price: $1.25 gallon by express Special prices in quantities C. H. HOYT & SON Citizens Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio 128 ’ 1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. WASHINGTON,D&. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND ILLUSTRATORS 3 CoLor Process WORK ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 SALE OF TIMBER, KLAMATH INDIAN RESERVATION CHILOQUIN UNIT EALED bids in duplicate, marked outside “Bid, Chiloquin Timber Unit” and addressed to Superintendent, Klamath Indian School, Klamath Agency, Oregon, will be received until twelve o'clock noon, Pacific Time, Thursday, April 15, 1920, for the purchase of timber on a tract, in townmanship 35 and 36 south, ranges 7 and 8 east of Willamette Meridian in Klamath Indian Reservation, lying south of the Sprague River. The said unit includes about 10,000 acres of unallotted land with an estimated stand of one hundred sixty million feet as to which contract will be made with the Superintendent and about three thousand acres of allotted lands with an estimated stand of forty million feet as to which separate approved contracts with the Indian owners may probably be made. More than ninety per cent. of the timber within the unit is western yellow pine and the re- mainder is sugar pine, incense cedar, and red and white fir. Each bid must state the price per thousand feet Scribner Decimal C. Log scale that will be paid for timber cut and scaled prior to April 1, 1924. Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commis sioner of Indian affairs by three year periods No bid of less than three dollars and fifty cents ($3.50) per M. feet for yellow pine, sugar pine and incense cedar, and one dollar and fifty cents ($1.50) for other species during the period ending March 31, 1924 will be considered Each bid must be accompanied by a cef'tified check on a solvent national bank, payable to the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School, in the amount of Twenty Thousand Dollars ($20,000.00). The deposit will be re- turned if the bid is rejected but retained as liquidated damages if the required contract and bond are not executed and presented for ap proval within sixty days from the acceptance of a bid. The right to reject any and all bids is | Copies of the bid and contract forms information may be obtained from Indian School, Klamath reserved. and other the superintendent, Agency, Oregon. Washington, D. C., January 21, 1920. SELLS, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. _ * =a > al CATO | AMERICAN FORESTRY “We are never too busy to read your admirable magazine, AMERICAN Forestry.” C. H. Pearson, New York City. “IT am very glad to accept membership in the American Forestry Association and I ’ shall do all that I can to promote an inter- est in forestry work. This end of our state is now awake to the need of it. I feel that this work is most important educationally.” Orton Lowe. “I have just received the last num- ber of AMERICAN Forestry and I am de- lighted with it.” R. A. Butwocx, Boston, ~Mass. “I think that your plan to get out a technical ‘edition is excellent, and I shall be glad to receive it. Since my father takes the regular edition, this will enable me to see both, and I should not like to miss the usual number even with a techni- cal edition in place of it.” Pure T. Coo.mnce, Watertown, Mass. “I wish to congratulate you upon the happy solution of the problem of a popular magazine on technical forestry subjects suitable for the professional members and a magazine which deals with the popular side of forestry and related subjects.” F. W. BEsLey, State Forester of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. “IT always greatly enjoy the Associa- tion’s magazine and look forward to its coming. I know of no more interesting problems than those of our forests and none which the public more needs than the kind of enlightenment which the Associa- tion gives.” Miss Fay InaAatts, Oyster Bay, N. Y. “The AMERICAN Forestry magazine is beautiful, useful, and interesting—dealing with a subject all important.” Davin B. Biro, Chicago, IIl. “I am very much interested in the For- esters Edition and wish to congratulate you upon the excellency of the subject matter. I wish it were possible for you to get out these editions often. It seems to me that the present is a critical time in the forestry movement and that we have a great deal to gain or lose in the immediate future. There certainly is no better agency than AMERICAN Forestry to disseminate the right kind of information for the forestry interests of the country.” Epmunp SEcREST, State Forester of Ohio. “The Foresters Edition of the AMERICAN Forestry was a very interesting number to me. R. C. Jones, State Forester of Virginia. STOP THE DECAY OF TREES A W HENEVER the limb of a tree blown off or becomes diseased, stump should be sawed off even and pair ed with creosote or tar paint; otherwise d cay will set in and spread to other parts of the tree. by Oftentimes even a nail hole will so i jure the bark that it will come off leay the wood underneath unprotected. If the: spots are left bare, decay will set in ai seriously endanger the tree. A coz creosote or tar paint will prevent s: of decay and gradually the bark will or over the bare place again. ie BIG PECAN GROVE — THE possibilities of pecans in have scarcely yet been realized, the remarkable progress being ( proving astonishing to many ‘old+t Some of the pecans brought to the | sion Service, A. and M. College by J. A. Evans, the pecan” spe samples of the nuts gathered from, under his care are indeed excellent s mens, and efforts are under way t arrangements for grading and classif pecans so that producers of excellent 1 ; ties may reap a’ just reward labors. The owners of the old Turner farm Irwin, Texas, which Mr. Evans vis few days ago for the purpose of ¢ advice regarding the advisability of g ing pecans and incidentally fruits and ries, evidently see great possibiliti pecan production, since it has been ¢ to establish a big pecan grove at this ple Mr. Evans reported that he found one hu dred acres well adapted to pecans and ries, but that there was no clay sub: for peaches. ; KILL PREDATORY ANIMALS A PROTECT GAME. BEN LILLY, who has killed 190 moun lions in the last seven years, and probably the greatest living tion hintaan reached the conclusion, after years spent the trail of this beast, that where deer ai plentiful, an average of 100 per year 7 killed by each adult lion. “In the spring,” says Mr. Lilly, “a mother lion with yo will kill a fawn or a calf every day.” — believes that the great question in g: protection is to kill off the predatory ani- mals. Judged by practical results, Mr. Lilly is one of the most successful game pro- tectionists in America. q MUNICIPALITY OPERATES SAW MILL PROBABLY the only city in California. to operate a mill for the production of lumber for its own use is San Francisco. Its mill, at Groveland, south of Sonora, — Tuloumne County, now is in operation. — One hundred men are employed. (The Timberman, June, 1919.) =, —o her _- SONAL RT ST CT AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION = PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor E000 NUL Courtesy the J. D. Lacey Company. SUGAR PINE (PINUS LAMBERTIANA) i ' H | - y i. tf f Publication Office, 522 East Street, Baltimore, Md. CONTENTS VoL. 26, No. 315 Minnehaha Falls, Minneapolis, Minnesota—Frontispiece..\............... 13 deditortal\ Departmentiy orn etasates a oa ciciae pected Sl as gobo pict ole waio ee Syince a oyu 131 Raw Material for the Paper Industry—By Austin F. Hawes............... 134 With five illustrations Private Forestry in France—By W. B. Greeley..............0..00cceeeeees 139 With two illustrations. Significant Trends in Lumber Production in the United States—By Franklin Bae SHES sg 5 sce aa CRIS, HG, « PRL Redon Ree Suerte ws 148 With one illustration, The News Print Paper Situation—By R. S. Kellogg...............5....... 147 The Uses of Wood—Wood in Agricultural Implements—By Hu Maxwell.. 148 With fourteen illustrations. American Legion Plans Memorial Tree Planting......................0085 156 With three illustrations. Plant a Tree—Poem by David H. Wright................. cece eee ce eeeene 158 The Adopted Son of the Twentieth Engineers (Forest)......,............. 159 With one illustration. : : The Poplars—Poem by Nellie Burget Miller............... 00. c4 cee eeee 159 Municipal Forestry in New York—By John Bentley, Jr................0.4. 160 With four illustrations. ce Financial Statement of the American Forestry Association for 1919...... «. 162 Weasels and Their Habits—By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt....................0.. 163 With ten illustrations. Mammy Cottontail and Trouble—A Visit to the Valley Farm.............. 170 With one drawing by Peter Da Ru. Frail of Fame for: Treeieserre ave tats ction le ee te oka, Sed avistCued oetge 34-45 172 Forestry “Digest. <0 .< costa were e.clecesigt ane ey ath lbivn i pipngine'aals ald Sip’ eln'sinjs 174 Blasting to Aid Central Park Trees... 06... eee eee eee ete eles eee ee 176 Pinchot, Pennsylvania’s New Forester..............:ese sees ence tee cues 177 National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees.............6. cc cece teehee eee eee 177 Second Southern Forestry Comgress..........:.. cece cece ete eee eee enes 178 The Forestry Situation in Massachusetts...............see ees eee cece ence 179 Wake NM Our We OGMIANE AN pamela ices eis cays sedge maiden tele esa balay pee 179 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson,......... 06.6 e scene eee eee es 180 State Newel iicdes cals cis ceideutunesleitene Gee cass sh meieg eds oslssa Bree seisenedee fey 183 John C. Olmstead Dead............ 0 sec e eects eect cette rete teen ee eee 186 Dean Baker's. New= Works. 24. ins Se assis veo eh eceb ered csv areciees eaters 188 Bouquets. ...... 0s ccccceccccce sence eee weet eee e eens e eet eee e ene e eee ees 189 Kiln Drying Taught By Mail............ 6. 0c ccc sere sees er eee e eee e ence ees 189 Forest School Notess.....0..ccccscceeeteegescre eects nt ene rnereeeeene se 190 Alaskan Pulpwood Forests.........-..:.seeecsecte etre eee eres e teen etn e es 192 Headquarters Office, Maryland Building, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March’3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by the American Forestry Association. Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1108, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. M. Fogg. ert courtesy Mr. Fred by Photograph MINNESOTA > W a = io) _ < _ Z, = = ? MINNEHAHA FALLS AMERICAN NAL VOL. XXVI MARCH 1920 . NUNN EDITORIAL NO. 315 FORESTRY | E retirement of Colonel Henry S. Graves as head of the Forest Service is a fitting occasion to review the progress which has been made during the ten years in which he has so admirably directed the forest activities of the National Government. It is a decade _ during which the Forest Service has settled into its stride. Prior to 1910, its efforts of necessity were concentrated largely upon the creation of the National Forests as a first step in conservation, upon building a secure founda- - tion under them in public = A DECADE OF PROGRESS IN THE FOREST SERVICE United States, with the increasing recognition of the vital importance of stopping forest losses from fire. The use of the National Forests by the public has been vastly increased. The number of timber sales has much more than doubled and now exceeds 12,500 sales annually, There has been a material increase in the use of the forage on the National Forests, a use now shared by nearly 40,000 farmers and stock-growers. The annual receipts from the National support, and upon blocking Forests have more than out the main lines for their development toward the maximum national service. Colonél Graves’ administra- tion, in its development of business methods, enlarged usefulness, and the appli- cation of technical forestry to management problems, may be summed up as a transformation of forest reserves into permanent National Forests. During this period the gigantic task of classifying the lands embraced in the National Forests has been nearly completed. Large areas of agricultural land ' have been segregated and COLONEL GRAVES RESIGNS On March 8 announcement was made that, after ten years of service as Chief Forester of the United States Department of Agriculture, Colonel Henry S. Graves had notified the Secretary of Agriculture that he intends to ask to be relieved of his position. He expects to leave the service about May 1. “Since the pecuniary returns afforded professional and scientific men in the Government service inadequately provide against the exhaustion of the working powers which must inevitably take place in time, and entail sacri- fices from which employment elsewhere is free,” Colonel Graves wrote, “the only course consistent alike with self- respect and a regard for tke public interests seems to me to be retirement from ofi..< before efficiency has been impaired. Present condition3, which amount to a heavy reduction in the rate of con:pensation in practically every branch of the Governa -nt service, emphasizes this point of view.” Resignation of Albert F. Potter as Associate Chief of the Forest Service was also announced. Mr. Potter, in asking that his resignation be made effective on April 15, says he feels that “the time has now arrived when I should retire from the Government service and give my attention to private interests.” doubled and are now close to four and one-quarter million dollars. Not alone, however, in their economic phases has the value of the National Forests as a pub- lic enterprise been demon- started. The thousands of summer homes and camps now occupied and enjoyed every year and the hun- dreds of thousands of campers and visitors who flock to the National For- ests testify to the enormous public value of these national holdings as a source of health and rec- reation to the people. One of the most signifi- _ opened to settlement, insuring the permanent use of the - remaining land for forest production as a public enter- prise. A comprehensive policy for developing the _ National Forests by road building has been entered upon and carried forward, with the recognition and support of Congress through appropriations totaling $19,000,000. The last ten years have brought several seasons of ex- | ceptional and extreme fire hazard and have given the Forest Service a ‘task in organized fire protection not paralleled in the history of the world. The emphasis given to the development of fire protection organization and methods and the unremitting study devoted to every phase of this great problem represent today one of the _ greatest assets not only of the Forest Service, but of the cant and forward-looking steps which has been taken and for which the American Forestry Association may fairly claim a measure of credit is the enactment of the Weeks Act, under which it has been possible to extend the National Forests into the Eastern States and make a large advance in the protection of the watersheds of important navigable streams. The purchase of nearly two million acres of mountain forests has been com- pleted by the National Forest Reservation Commission and these areas are today under administration as National Forests, with all their varied forms of public service. Under the same law a definite policy has been inaugurated of Federal co-operation with the States in the protection of forested watersheds from fire which /3y The yearly cut of timber has nearly doubled. 132 AMERICAN has had a far-reaching influence in stimulating forest pro- tection in almost every section of the United States and which, under its logical and necessary development, should go a long way toward the solution of our national forestry problems. The past decade has also witnessed significant ad- vances in forest research, One of the first acts of Colonel Graves upon assuming his duties was to formally open the Forest Products Laboratory, at Madison, Wisconsin. In ten years’ time the usefulness of this institution in almost every phase of the utilization of forest products has been completely demonstrated. Research in silvi- culture and technical forest practice has kept pace. A series of forest experiment stations located in several important forest regions of the West are steadily build- ing up the science of American silviculture. The techni- cal study of forage resources in the National Forests, which was begun in 1907, has been carried forward on an extended scale. This study is not only furnishing the data necessary for the most effective use of the stock ranges in the National Forests, but is furnishing the information on which the whole livestock industry of the Western States can utilize their grazing lands in a farsighted way which will make them increasingly pro- ductive. It is doing for the forage resources of the West essentially what other branches of the Service are doing for its timber resources. During the severe depres- sion and uncertainty prevailing in the lumber industry for a period of several years, the Forest Service took off its coat and made a thorough study of the whole situa- tion, by means of which it was possible for the first time to present to the country in a comprehensive way the -ness and of the soundness of their principles of admini FORESTRY fundamental facts in our forest economics which dinderi many pending problems. During the past year, Colonel — Graves himself has put before the country a clear statement of what these problems are and has oe rated a new movement for national action to Pie. a ston ; to forest devastation, si The war brought many acute problems to oka Foresth ; Service. A large number of men enlisted for forestry operations in France, whose preliminary organization a x carried out by Colonel Graves in person. At the same time it was possible to maintain the essential adic trative activities on the National Forests unimpaired and to aid the Government in many vital problems related to war supplies of forest products. ‘ In the past decade, much of the old opposition “AB : the National Forests has disappeared with the steadily increasing recognition of their local and national usefu ig tration. Nevertheless, the Forest Service has been cor es a fronted with many difficulties. It has been unable to extend its work along many needed lines, notwithstandin g c their obvious public benefit. Colonel Graves has had a _ hard fight to maintain the spirit and effectivness of ‘ organization in the face of these difficulties. The stand 4 ing of the Forest Service today and the recognition o : the value of its many lines of work are sufficient proof that he has succeeded. But it rests upon all of us who ) believe in forests as a vital thing in our national life and economy to see to it that the work of the oan tion which he has so ably led goes on with the publica support which it merits. BACK UP OUR PUBLIC SERVICE A bots resignation of the Chief of the Forest Service may well make all good citizens pause to consider whither we are driving in respect to our public service. Colonel Graves is not dropping the work which he has. directed so ably for the past ten years to accept a more remunerative position. It is evident that the principal reason for his action is to protest against the difficulties and handicaps placed upon the maintenance of an efficient public service by the Government itself. The Forest Service is simply a striking illustration of the general condition. It was created not many years ago, imbued with the high ideals of public service inspired by President Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. It has always carried before it a high standard of efficiency and the vision of a constantly widening field of useful- ness ; and it has sought to make them real and vital things in the daily work of its members down to the summer guard on his lookout peak. It has accomplished a prodigious task and met many crises successfully be- cause of the conception of public service which drove it forward. But to maintain its efficiency as a business organization and its driving power has steadily become more difficult because of the failure of the Government to recognize the importance and responsibility of its work and to provide adequately for its needs. No machine can run indefinitely on its initial momentum oa and human machines demand, above all things, encour- — agement and recognition. The Forest Service isa human machine, whose needs and interests Colonel Graves has carried close to his heart. Because he has been unable — adequately to provide for these needs, because he sees — clearly that the efficiency of his organization and its — capacity for public service are at stake, he has taken the — only means open to him to protest against the Govern- mental indifference which is responsible. yi A few facts show how serious has become the problem of “turn-over” in personnel in the Forest Service. Dur- ing the fourteen months prior to last September this organization lost 28 per cent of its men, including 18 forest supervisors and 214 forest rangers. Out of six logging engineers, four resigned for outside employment. In the vast majority of these cases the sole reason was economic necessity. Many of these men have obtained in outside employment two or three times the remunera- tion received for Government work. The process is still going on, with additional men quitting every month. Since December 1, six officers occupying responsible positions have resigned in a single district. A large AMERICAN Zz \ number of men have held on solely through loyalty to the organization and faith that their situation would be remedied. No organization, particularly one whose work requires such a degree of expertness, can continue long on this road without a crippling of its efficiency. Aside from the actual losses in personnel, effective service cannot be rendered by men who are unsettled in mind, who are find- ing increasing difficulty in making ends meet, and who are constantly facing the necessity of dropping their _ chosen work in order to provide adequately for their _ families. And the same reasons which are compelling men to leave prevent recruiting the Service with new employes of adequate qualifications. The legislator in Congress may not see the connection between the resignation of an experienced forest super- _ visor or forest ranger and an emergency expenditure of _ thousands of dollars to stop a disastrous forest fire. But _ the connection is there. The loss of experienced men _ cannot but have a vital bearing upon the efficiency of the whole organization, not only in stopping fires but in __ all activities, not the least of which is giving good service _ to the users of the National Forests. Furthermore, effi- _ ciency and morale go together. Cripple the first and a _ break in the second is sure to follow. No one has realized this situation better than Colonel- FORESTRY 133 Graves. He has been combatting it with every means at his command. He has gotten the first-hand story of scores of his own forest officers in the field; and he tells us that he marvels that the Forest Service has hung together as long as it has. The very modest relief granted. by the appropriation committees in Congress this winter is very far from adequate. Colonel Graves has gone as far as he can, and he now in effect puts the question up to the American public. The situation of the Forest Service, let it be repeated, is but typical of our entire technical public service. The question is up to the people of the United States. Follow- ing the war, with the increase in Government activities growing out of it, the efficiency and ideals of our public service are of more vital concern to the United States than ever before. Work cannot be well done unless it is well remunerated. Particularly, specialized and technical work cannot be well done unless the men and women doing it are encouraged by the conditions of their em- ployment and the opportunities for advancement to put their very best into it. The right attitude of the people and Government of the United States toward their public services is one of the most urgent questions before us today. Colonel W. B. Greeley was on March 14 appointed _ Chief Forester of the United States to succeed Colonel _ Henry S. Graves, and Secretary Meredith’s selection will _be heartily approved by foresters throughout the coun- _ try. Colonel Greeley has long been classed as one of the _ most able men in the Forest Service. Not only is he a _ thoroughly trained forester, but he has unusual adminis- trative ability, an asset which, combined with his faculty for getting practical results, is certain to make his admin- istration successful. _ Colonel Greeley is from California, a graduate of the University of California and the Yale Forest School, - and has been in the Forest Service continuously since 1904, except for two years of military service with the _ American Expeditionary Forces. In the Forest Service _ he has had long and varied administrative experience. He has been advanced through all the technical grades from the lowest to his present position as Assistant For- ester. His first assignment was in the Southern Appa- lachians. From 1906 to 1908 he was Supervisor of the “Sequoia National Forest in California. After a short ’ period of service in the Washington office he was ap- ‘pointed District Forester in charge of the National For- _ ests of Montana and Northern Idaho, with headquarters at Missoula, Montana. In this position it fell to him to " protect these forests, having a total area of over 29,000,- 600 acres at the time of the great fires in 1910. The following year he was appointed Assistant Forester and ‘placed in charge of the Branch of Silviculture, now the Branch of Forest Management, in the Washington office. This branch has supervision of all National Forest tim- ’ ber sales and timber cutting, together with other impor- _ tant lines of work. ; With the opening of the war it was decided to raise and send to France forestry troops, and their recruiting COLONEL W. B. GREELEY THE NEW FORESTER was assigned to Colonel Greeley. To’ prepare the way for their operations in the: French forests, the Chief Forester, Colonel Graves, was sent to France and at- tached to the Central Staff. One of his first steps was to send for Colonel Greeley to aid in the work. After Colonel Graves returned to the United States Colonel Greeley took his place and finally became chief of the Forestry Section in the American Expeditionary Forces, in charge of 21,000 forestry troops and 95 sawmills, with lumbering operations scattered from the zone of military operations to the Pyrenees and from the Swiss border to the Atlantic. He was awarded a decoration by the French, in recognition of his war service, as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and by the English as member of the Distinguished Order of Great Britain. Last July, after nearly two years of foreign service, he was brought back to the United States, and in October resumed his old position in the Forest Service, but retaining a com- mission as Lieutenant Colonel in the Engineer Officers’ Reserve Corps. He is a fellow of the Society of Ameri- can Foresters, a director of the American Forestry Asso- ciation, and an author of various publications and papers on forestry subjects. His high professional standing, broad training and experience and demonstrated capacity as an executive cause him to be regarded as undoubtedly the best man in the country for the position of Chief Forester. : “T consider,”-said Secretary Meredith in announcing his selection, “that the department is fortunate in having available a man so well qualified to fill an exceptionally difficult and responsible position, and I am convinced that the public interests in forestry will be in good hands with Colonel Greely at the head of our Forest Service.” RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PAPER INDUSTRY BY A. F. HAWES, FOREST SERVICE URING the war period the forests were levied upon for numerous products, such as lumber and tim- bers for cantonments and ships, wood for use in airplanes and rifle stocks, and material for the manu- facture of distillates and tanning extracts. In this way the forests of the United States were of material assist- ance in the winning of the war which was fought by the Allies in the name of democracy. The forests have an equally important part in the peaceful work of making democracy safe for the world, for the ultimate solution of all our problems must come through education, and the printed page is one of the most powerful educational agencies. The present paper shortage is probably the result of the unusual amount of advertising carried by the news- papers rather than of any scarcity of wood, but it has impressed upon the country the importance of maintain- ing an adequate supply of paper, and this, in the last resort, means providing a permanent supply of wood. Substitutes are being found for lumber and, conse- quently, the per capita consumption of it has somewhat declined, but wood is still the cheapest of all paper- making materials. The per capita production of paper THE SUPERCALENDER, SLITTING AND REWINDING PART OF A THROUGH FROM THE LEFT in the United States has increased since 1880 from 18 to 118 pounds, and by far the largest proportion of paper is made from wood. The better grades of paper are still made from rags, as they were before wood was used for the manufacture of paper. While paper can be made from various plant fibers, straws and certain other sub- stances, still the collection of these materials in bulk is so costly that none of them can compete with wood, and there seems to be no prospect of anything taking the place of wood for the production of newsprint and the other cheaper grades of paper. Of the 6,000,000 tons of paper made in the United States in 1916, three-sevenths was used for printing, one-fourth for boxing, one-seventh for wrapping, one-eighth for writing and typewriting, and the remainder for miscellaneous uses, including building and wall papers. There are four processes of making wood pulp—the mechanical process, by which wood is ground under great pressure by grindstones, and three chemical processes known as the sulphite, soda and sulphate methods. By the chemical processes wood chips are cooked in a liquor in immense digesters for a period of By the mechanical process the wood several hours. PAPER-MAKING MACHINE. THE PAPER PASSES RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PAPER INDUSTRY fibers are torn and broken, and, therefore, a paper made wholly from ground pulp would lack strength. By the chemical processes the entire fibers are separated by the dissolving of the connecting lignin. For this reason chemical pulp is added to ground pulp to give strength to the paper. As the expense of making chemical pulp is about twice that of making ground pulp, the smallest possible amount is employed for the cheaper kinds of paper such as those used for newspapers and catalogues. This difference in cost is due partly to the fact that it requires about two cords of peeled wood to produce one ton of chemical pulp, as against one cord to make one ton of ground pulp, and partly to the fact that the cost of chemicals used in those processes is considerable and the plant involved is more expensive. In some newsprint papers as much as 85 per cent of ground pulp is used. The chief essentials for the location and operation of a ground- pulp mill 135 wrapping purposes. The soda pulp is too soft for the manufacture of wrapping paper. This process employs chiefly such woods as poplar, basswood, gum, beech, birch, maple and chestnut. When the soda pulp is bleached, as nearly all of it is, it is used in making paper for books and magazines. ; From the above it will be seen that most of our woods may be used for paper making by one process or another, but some are much better suited than others by reason of their long fibers, their freedom from resin, or their occurrence in large quantities. In 1918 the production of wood pulp in the United States was 3,313,861 tons, a decrease of 6 per cent from 1917. Of this amount 41 per cent was mechanical pulp, 44 per cent sulphite, 11 per cent soda and 4 per cent sulphate. The consump- tion of cordwood by 250 establishments was 5,250,794 cords, of which about 744,518 cords were imported. These. startling are a plentiful sup- ply of wood and good water power. For a sulphite mill, wood, sulphur, lime or limestone, and coal are re- quired. Most of the sulphur, however, used even in the Northern mills, comes from Louisi- ana. Newsprint paper must be cheap, rea- sonably strong and light-colored; and, as the sulphite process is the only one of the chemical processes which produces a light-colored paper, newsprint is made entirely from ground and sulphite pulp. Papers made by other methods could, of course, be bleached, but the expense of this process would make it impracticable. Under methods so far developed the resinous woods, such as the Southern pines, cannot be used by the ground or sulphite methods, and the short-fibered woods, such as poplar, are not strong enough for newsprint. This class of paper is, therefore, made entirely from such non- resinous woods as the spruces, firs and hemlocks. Ona basis of 80 per cent of ground pulp, it requires about 1.5 cords of wood to produce one ton of newsprint paper, and the cost of the wood amounts to from 30 to 40 per cent of the cost of the paper. The soda and sulphate processes produce a dark- colored paper. The latter is a comparatively new process and may eventually take the place of the former, since it produces a stronger paper known as “kraft.” From such long-fibered wood as that of the Southern pines a very strong paper is produced, which is used largely for A PILE OF SPRUCE AND FIR LOGS TO BE MADE INTO NEWSPRINT PAPER figures _ naturally suggest the in- quiry whether our forests can con- tinue to furnish Sweh avast amount of wood indefinitely. The following table shows the amount of pulpwood con- sumed in the United States in 1918: Table I.—Pulpwood consumption, 1918. Quantity of wood consumed, by kinds, with percentages of distribution.* Quantity, Distribution, Kind of Wood. Cords. Per Cent. Spruce—Domestic .........0.....00005 2,204,143 42.0 TpIpOrted eee e gd base Vets 666,164 12.7 Hemlock cece iets eds warn anlec tees 836,406 15.9 Balsathisteatrede saw artes c hss. oes ccd 368,117 7.0 Poplar—Domestic .......-.....ccacceue 210,849 4.0 TAGORUER yissiecgs alee one es 78,354 15 Jack) (OGe ues seid Peden ake venk ss 152,124 2.9 V eHow tineiiecade cesses vahssscaes 133,774 2.5 Yellow. sHOplaneptiyedons sy oteesuteeen's 61,247 1.2 Tamaratines abs votes acbissecls Ure vee oe 52,031 1.0 Guin Par creimeern recs cece feds cee ep ess 47,145 9 Wiiite riamiawawende Sectoleire occ sisley cies gece 35,119 iy § COttOnWOOG narra ia te revi d Sau oes cae es 18,685 4 BaSSWOOM slat vanlis cage elma ule eae es 12,110 2 WHEE DINER Sais dae crete tetsacee nis 10,183 a Beech, birch, maple and chestnut....... 202,930 3.9 All other species... 0.0.6.0 2l vias saat. 6,810 Al Slabs and other mill waste............ 154,603 29 PIER RE ete ey SONG Life's ihe» 5,250,794 100.0 * Pulpwood Consumption and Wood Pulp Production, 1918,” by Franklin H. Smith, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, ir co-operation with the Newsprint Service Bureau. 136 AMERICAN From the above table it will be seen that spruce, hem- lock, fir and poplar are the only varieties of which appre- ciable quantities are used. If white fir and cottonwood are included, these varieties comprise nearly 85 per cent of the wood used for pulp. So far as the yellow pines and hardwoods are concerned, all of which are used. in small amounts, we may assume that the supply is ample unless the demand for them is very much increased. There are no accurate estimates of the stands of any of the varieties of trees, but the opinions of many foresters and other authorities have been collected and carefully weighed. From the best information obtainable in this way it is estimated that there are about 25,000,000 cords of poplar in the strip of States from Maine to Minnesota, inclusive. At the present rate of consumption, therefore, there is no danger of a shortage of this species, since it grows rapidly and is probably Be uh faster than it is being cut. The most serious problem is connected with our sup- plies of newsprint woods—spruce, hemlock and fir. The consumption of these woods by regions is shown in Table II: Table IIl.—Native pulpwood consumption. Quantity of wood consumed by kinds and States, 1918, New England Pa., Md., Cal., Ore. States and Lake Va., W. Va., and New York, States, N.C., Wash., Species. Cords. Cords. Cords. Cords. Sprucessiis. 1,527,001 470,346 171,411 35,385 Hemlock..... 87,326 526,831 76,666 145,583 Pars’, ucvske 272,537 88,580 7,000 35,119 1,886,864 1,085,757 255,077 216,087 In any consideration of the pulpwood supplies we must remember that large quantities of these species are required for lumber as well as for pulpwood. Table III shows the amount of spruce, hemlock and fir used in 1917 for lumber: Table III.—Amount of spruce, hemlock and fir lumber manu- factured in 1917, by regions. Region. New England States and New York............... 687,746,000 BAe States 5 sconce bergen etka sles said ois ng saree 972,168,000 Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and North SEA TAVIASAES: (pdx = aiplttece has Pun erate Tee dco eee Ee 607,256,000 Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California........ 1,001,233,000 BROAN ha Co de 8 SRS srenseite a4 i bik atereanets I EE ED 3,268 ,403,000 In order to add this amount to the amount used for pulpwood it is necessary to convert the board feet to cords. For this purpose it is assumed that 1,000 board feet are equivalent to two cords. As stated above, there are no accurate estimates of the amount of standing timber, but Table IV gives the concensus of opinion of the best experts with respect to these three species, together with the total amount of these species used for lumber and pulpwood, estimated and expressed in cords: _ is apparent. Table IV.—Approximate stand of spruce, hemlock and fic, total > annual consumption of these woods, and the number of years the : supply would last at the present rate of consumption, ~ Approximate Fh annual cut Appeceiehodathities Gt Fe Approxi- mate of lumber years the present supply Region stand, and wood, maybeexpectedtolastat Cords. Cords. present rate of cutting. New England States and New York... 78,000,000 3,262,000 23 Lake States.... 56,000,000 3,030,000 18 Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Caro- é HYiGesnisswe sar 15,000,000 —- 1,470,000 10 Alaska, Wash- ington, Ore- gon, Califor- nia. Idaho, Montana..... 540,000,000 2,218,000 243 Total for United States...... 689,000,000 9,980,000 Average..... 69 At first glance it might seem that a sitions supply | 69 years makes it unnecessary to worry over this q tion for some time to come. When we realize, ileal that 95 per cent of the pulp and paper mills are loca in the East and that the present supplies of spruce, he lock and fir in this part of the country cannot be e to last more than 25 years, the importance of the problen i A pulp and paper mill is a very expensive establishment, usually representing an investment of — several million dollars. It cannot be picked up and moved to another section of the country. On the other hand, wood cannot be economically shipped great dis- tances. Even now some of the pulp mills are bringing it more than 300 miles. During the past few years the — seriousness of this diminishing supply of wood available for the use of the Eastern mills has been reflected in con- stantly increasing importations of paper and pulp from Canada. Up to 1909 the country was self-supporting in respect to pulpwood, but since that date the consumption has exceeded the home production. Production continued to increase up to 1915, but since then has fallen off, and the importations from Canada are now constantly increasing. Several ways of meeting this impending pulpwood — crisis suggest themselves. We may rely still further upon Canadian resources, but this will mean the aban- donment of many of our mills and the gradual shifting of the paper industry to foreign soil. This might be a source of serious embarrassment under certain condi- tions, although friendly relations with Canada are not likely to be disturbed. The Canadian Government has wisely, from its standpoint, prohibited the exportation of pulpwood from Crown lands, thus fostering the manu- facture of paper in that country. Canada now has alto- gether 90. pulp and paper mills, which produce a total of about 2,100 tons of paper a day, and 89 per cent of this quantity is available for export, a large part of it going to the United States. In fact, of the paper, wood and pulp used annually in the United States, about one~ Be 1) ecte is THE NEWS PRINT third comes from Canada, and the Canadian supplies are by no means inexhaustible. As the figures in Table IV show, there are ample sup- plies of pulpwood for a great many years in Alaska and the Northwest, but, unfortunately, only about 5 per cent of the mills are located there. From a national stand- point, of course, making the paper in the United States would be better than importing it from Canada; but, as long as the publishers can obtain Canadian paper more cheaply than they can get paper from the West, they will naturally buy from Canada. There are, however, several factors that will gradually bring Western paper into competition with the Eastern product: (1) There are great quantities of wood available in the West at stumpage prices of 25 cents to $1.50 per cord, A GRINDER SUCH AS THIS WILL MAKE 6 TONS OF GROUND PULP A DAY, REQUIRING ABOUT 6 CORDS OF WOOD. A 200- TON PLANT REQUIRES 33 OF THESE GRINDERS AND A LARGE WATER POWER, as compared with $2.50 to $5 per cord in the Northeast. (2) Much of this wood is on the National Forests and is, theref re, available without the carrying charges that must be figured against large investments in land. (3) The yield per acre of the forests is much greater than that of the Eastern Canadian forests, and, conse- quently, smaller areas are sufficient to produce a given amount of pulpwood at a reduced cost of production. The average value of Canadian wood in 1915 was $6.71 a cord, as compared with $8.76, the value of pulpwood in the Eastern United States in 1916. During the war the price paid by some of the Eastern mills was as high jie as $22 per cord. One of the mills on the Columbia River paid in 1916 an average of $4.82 for white fir, $5.32 for hemlock and $4.36 for Sitka spruce. (4) There are large water powers available in the West. Partly offsetting these advantages are the higher cost Of wages in the West and the high freight charges to the points of consumption, as most of the publishing is done in the East. Until recently Western paper com- peted with the Eastern product only as far east as q — PAPER SITUATION 137 Denver and Salt Lake; but, with the present high prices of paper a small amount of Western paper has found its way into the Eastern market. Western lumber is already competing with Eastern lumber, with the result that much good spruce which should be cut into lumber is going into pulp. Both of the measures mentioned above, importations from Canada and increased production in the West, are temporary expedients. In the long run, the country must solve the paper problem on the basis of a permanent wood supply. There are two ways of helping to accom- plish this, and they require a constructive national policy: (1) The utilization of mill waste for paper making, and (2) the regeneration of our forests on a more productive basis. Sawdust may be made into pulp, but not economically. On the other hand, mill waste, including slabs and edg- ings, is well adapted for paper making by the sulphite process. At present only about 3 per cent of the wood used for pulp is mill waste, and this is evidently a very small portion of all the slabs and edgings from the spruce, fir and hemlock that is now being made into lumber. For every thousand feet of lumber manufac- tured there is a waste of about one-half cord of slabs at A DIGESTER SUCH AS THIS WILL MAKE ABOUT 15 TONS OF SULPHITE PULP AT A COOK, OR 30 TONS A DAY. SIXTY CORDS OF WOOD CHIPS ARE REQUIRED TO MAKE 30 TONS OF CHEMICAL PULP. 138 AMERICAN the mill. In the manufacture of spruce, fir and hemlock lumber there must, therefore, be an annual waste of about 1,600,000 cords, much of which is burned in incinerators, The objection on the part of capitalists to building plants to run on mill waste is that lumber operations in any one locality cannot guarantee through a continued period of years a steady supply of wood waste sufficient to justify the large investment required for a sulphite mill. This is an important argument for putting the lumber industry on a permanent basis, and it is quite probable that the saw mill of the future may be run as an adjunct to the pulp mill, the better classes of logs being sawed, and the poorer logs and mill waste being used for pulp. An arrangement of this kind would also save a large amount of wood now left.by lumbermen in the forest in the form of tops, and crooked and defective logs, which are well suited for pulp but in some sections are not considered FORESTRY to exist about the future. although the scrapping of mil- lions of dollars’ worth of plants within a period of 10 or 20 years may be entailed. An expert who recently returned from Sweden, where he had investigated the paper business for the Wrapping Paper Manufacturers’ Service Bureau, states in his report that every sulphite mill which owns timber limits has a most important branch known as the forestry department. These mills employ technically trained foresters, prepare very accurate figures in regard to the yearly growth of their forests, and cut no more timber than grows each year. Any wood used in excess of this yield is purchased from Government limits and privately owned tracts. The idea is not new, but it makes clear the desirability of 4 larger holdings in Northeastern United States to be owned, some of them, by the pulp and paper industry, and others by the National and State Governments, and all In this connection it is merchantable for lumber. The regeneration of the managed upon this principle of limiting the cut to the forests on a more productive basis is the most amount of the annual growth. important measure for perpetuating the ok me : paper industry in the United States. In the past, forests & have been cut, and little provision has been made for fu- ture growth. In -the future, opera- tions should be conducted in such a way as to se- cure an increasing reproduction of ‘species valuable for lumber and pulp. Fortunately, such species as fir and poplar are pro- lific seeders and may, without difficulty, be repro- duced naturally. Spruce may be reproduced under proper methods of forest management, though with more diffh- culty than is experienced in the case of the two species just mentioned. As the cost of pulpwood increases, investments in plantations, especially in the neighbor- hood of pulp mills, will commend themselves. The pro- duction of large quantities of wood near the mills will greatly reduce the cost of lumbering and of transporta- tion, as compared with the expense of operating remote tracts that furnish a low yield of wood. Young, thrifty- growing forests will produce yields scarcely imagined by one who has been accustomed to deal exclusively with old timber. Although some experiments in forestry by a few pulp companies have been made on a small scale, no adequate steps have been taken by the industry to perpetuate the supplies of wood. Furthermore, no great anxiety seems A TYPICAL PULP AND PAPER MILL 3 encouraging to note | that the American Paper and Pulp ’ Association has re- cently issued a pamphlet entitled “Suggestions for a National Forest Policy with Special Reference to the Pulp and Paper In- dustry,” in .which public acquisition of forest lands and more efficient fire prevention are especially advo- cated. But it is to the wood-using industries rather than to the lumber com- panies that we must look for any serious efforts toward the perpetuation of the national lumber supply. In the same way, it is the publishers rather than the pulp com- panies who must take it upon themselves to see that our national pulp supplies are perpetuated. The newspapers of the country have not always been far-sighted enough to advocate forestry practice as being for the public wel- fare. They must soon see that it is essential for the per- petuation of their own industry as well as for the good of the Nation as a whole. One of the first steps in this direction should be the making of an accurate census of the timber in the country suitable for use as pulpwood; for, as has been stated above, only rough guesses are at present available. Such a survey would show that defi- nite regions are available for the development of the pulp and paper industry and what detailed measures should be taken to perpetuate the forests. PRIVATE FORESTRY IN FRANCE BY W. B. GREELEY FORMERLY LIEUTENANT COLONEL 20TH ENGINEERS T was a lumberjack sergeant of the 20th Engineers who remarked that the lumber business in France seemed to be concerned more with growing trees than cutting them into boards. That in a nutshell is the difference between the timberland owner in France and the timber baron of America. The conception of a forest as land producing crop after crop of wood ex- tends from the intensively managed public forests of France down to the peasant who owns half a hectare of poplars in a swampy bottom. To us in the United States, who are wont to think of forestry as possible only for the nation or state, it is of interest to know that two-thirds of the wonderfully conserved for- triangular shape, with a colossal stone chair facing each of its sides. Here, according to local tradition, the three lords who formerly owned the forest met to settle affairs of the chase or matters of dispute, each nobleman occupy- ing a chair on his own land. And here was played the game of cards, to settle a controversy or a wager, by which it was determined which of the three seigneurs should own the whole forest. The Marquis of Meillant won, but today his hunting preserve has passed into the hands of a French business*man who makes airplane . hangars for the government. Other large areas of forest passed into private hands through the sale of crown and state property during the 50 years fol- ests of France are owned by private citi- zens. The technical care of these 16 million acres of private forests does not differ, in essential re- spects, from that given to the state and communal properties. About 30 per cent of them, however, are devoted to the production of hardwood fuel, with crops every 20 years, whereas the aim of the public forests is to grow as much large timber as_ possible. Upon her privately owned forests, France thus depends for the bulk of her lumber and fuel wood. Private for- estry is a vital factor in her national economy. The ownership of forests, for hunting preserves, was highly prized by the lords of feudal France. Many areas were, indeed, kept in forest for the noble’s pleasure, that should have been put into farms to support his half- starved tenants. So persistent is this tradition that the ownership of forests is still, in most parts of France, an earmark of gentility. Many of the private forests of today are relics of the old seigneurial estates. In the center of the Forest of Meillant, near Bourges, which was cut by the 2oth Engineers, stands a thick stone table of Photograph by M. Garbe A FOREST PLANTATION lowing the Revolution. This movement was analogous in many re- spects to the alienation of our own public domain, and marked the re- action of French in di- vidualism from the former power and functions of the state. A third source of private forests as we find them in France to- day was the planting of large areas in the southern sand plains and in the central and northern valleys about the middle of the last century. The successful foresta- tion of the southwestern sand dunes by the government led to the planting of 1,500,000 acres of private holdings in the Landes and Gironde with maritime pine. At about the same time, several factors, particularly the shortage of agricultural laborers, brought about the reforestation of farm land in the Valley of the Loire and other highly developed parts of northern France. Many of the for- ests of Scotch pine in this region, which furnished thou- sands of poles and piles for the allied armies, were plant- ed from 40 to 60 years ago. Among the economic conditions which keep these 16 million acres of privately-owned land in continuous wood IN THE FRENCH ALPS 139 140 AMERICAN crops, we recognize first of all the fact that France is a wood-importing country; and hence that the timber grown in her forests not only has a high value but is very closely utilized as compared with standards in the United States. The hardwood coppice, or sprouts, which furnish the bulk of the wood fuel of the country and were cut over enormous areas to keep the American Army warm, have an average value on the stump of probably $4.00 per cord. The value of a fuel crop grown on a well managed forest in 20 years ranges from $50 to $60 an acre as it stands in the woods; and an additional stumpage return is usually realized from the small brush or fagot wood. The stumpage values of the principal timber trees of France averaged, in 1917, at least five times the prevailing prices of similar species in the United States. Maritime pine stumpage in the Landes, comparable to rather low grade shortleaf pine in the southern states, sold for around $26 per thousand board — feet. The oak timber of all grades, bought by our Army in the Loire River Valley and in the upper watershed of the Marne, probably averaged $36 per thousand board feet on the stump. The silver fir and spruce which we obtained in the Vosges and Jura Mountains, timber aver- aging 6 or 8 logs to the thousand feet, cost about $50 per thousand standing in the forest ; but in buying selected piling we sometimes exceeded $90 per thousand board feet. And do not overlook the fact that these prices were obtained for stumpage grown as thick as the species and class of product permit in forests where no ground is wasted; and that they apply to all parts of the tree which can be utilized under the most intensive manu- facturing standards. The prices quoted are war-time rates, probably 75 per cent more than the stumpage values existing in 1914. On a pre-war comparison, however, the disparity between timber values in France and in the United States is very great. This difference is due not only to the shortage of supply and the necessity of importing a third of the lumber which the country uses. Low con- version costs due to the accessibility of thé forests and particularly to the very low wages paid to forest labor are an important factor. The average French logger and mill-hand received probably five francs, or less than one dollar, per day in 1917, and this was considerably more than he was paid prior to the war. The simple and primitive methods of manufacture, by small, local mills, with almost no investment or overhead charges, are rela- tively inexpensive. With lumber values the country over influenced by the price of stock imported ‘from the Baltic or other outside sources, with keen competition for all stumpage put upon the market, the standing timber gains the benefit of the low costs of manufacture. The stumpage owner holds the whip-hand. Hence the situation in the United States, where manufacturing cost is the chief element in the mill price of lumber, is largely reversed in France. The standing tree often claims a third or more of the selling price of its products. The presence of large areas of non-agricultural land in France is a second economic basis for her private FORESTRY “SO ee forestry. Her eastern mountain belt, extending from he ce Vosges to the Mediterranean Sea, her rugged Central Plateau, the northern slope of the Pyrenees, the south- western sand planes, and the chopped-up hills in the upper reaches of the Marne and Seine contain a large aggregate of land fit only for forest or grazing. Inten- sive use of such areas is an economic necessity in i Es are not limited, however, to areas too poor for cnltivass 7 tion. The economic balance between forest and farm 0 crops has shifted at various periods in French history. | 3 At the time of the Revolution, the country was short of . agricultural products, especially cereals; and a large acreage of forest was put in tillage. Fifty or sixty years later, the pendulum swung back. Shortage of farm pesnnted to tree planting. There has been no importa change since that time with probably a slight tendenc in later years to increase the farm area at the one of the forest. We in the United States follow the inflexible rule that . the farm must always be given right of way over the | bs forest; and doubtless that is the safest guide in our present stage of development. The economic growth fi France has carried her beyond such broad assumptions. _ a The demand for wheat and the profit in growing it com- pared with the demand for timber and fuel and the profit in growing these products are the considerations which govern. The area devoted to forest is fixed by the __ balance struck—over comparatively long periods of time —hetween all the economic necessities of the country; a” and that balance has not thus far limited her forests, either publicly or privately owned, to non-agricultural lands. This sort of readjustment is already impending . in some of the older parts of the United States. While such economic factors are at the bottom, we cannot understand private forestry in France aright without considering the conservative temper of her peo- ple, their contentment with comparatively low returns, their instinctive resistance to change in the accustomed __ order, so unlike the restless American, and that esthetic value universally accorded to their forests. I have al- ready referred to the social prestige carried by forest ownership. Many forests have been preserved asa beautiful setting for a chateau or as hunting grounds, their financial returns being a secondary consideration. Large areas of woodland, on the other hand, are held as safe, long-term investments. The vast fortunes of the Rothschild family include a number of large forests in central and northern France. Forest properties are - highly regarded as stable securities for the investment of family or institutional funds. Well managed oak and beech forests yield net revenues of from 2% to 4 per cent. Such forests furnish a crop of coppice fuel wood every 20 or 25 years and at the same time usually carry an over story of high-grade timber, which may require Py eee SS ee ere * ‘tance in their con- ’ miles to these little mills. PRIVATE FORESTRY IN FRANCE 200 or 240 years to mature but is actually harvested in small quantities at every periodic cutting. A large forest property is split up into lots or compartments, contain- ing sprouts or timber of different ages. Some material is harvested every year or at least at intervals of every 4 or 5 years. There is thus an actual current revenue— proportioned to the size of the whole investment ; and the problem of accrued carrying charges, which is so burden- some to the owner of undeveloped timber in the United States, scarcely exists in France. Forestry as a commercial business is most highly de- veloped in the pineries of the Landes, where the low value of the land and the combined yields of naval stores and timber make it exceptionally profitable. Net returns of 6 per cent on the investments in southern pineries are not uncommon. Here also the revenue is practically continuous. The larger properties contain blocks of timber of varying ages ; and, aside from a steady return from turpentine orcharding, realize every few years upon a small 141 picking up a few hundred cubic meters of timber here and there, sawing it into boards, and then passing on, leaving neat, triangular cribs of lumber to be hauled out by the two-wheeled mule carts of the region whenever it has seasoned sufficiently. In a word, the lumber manufacturing industry has grown up upon and adapted itself to a system of forest management which permits but small cuttings at any one place in any one year or series of years. Cases are rare when the well being and permanence of the forest are sacrificed to the requirements of a manufacturing enter- prise—an exact opposite of the situation so common in the United States where the manufacturer owns the timber and has denuded one forest region after another in order to supply his large, stationary mills to their maximum capacity. While this relation is largely a result rather than a cause of the economic status of private forestry in France, it indicates the industrial adjustments which will become necessary in America as our emphasis shifts from supply- cut of stumpage. The great bulk of the French for- ests are in separate hands from _ the timber using in- dustries. This, in my judgment, is a factor of impor- servative manage- ment. The forest is not the tail of the sawmill, but is relatively independ- ent of the sawmill. Such would be the inevitable tendency in a country where timber is scarce and dear. The forest owner determines the amount and location of the stump- age which he wishes to cut from year to year. Foresters or forest rangers are employed on all of the larger prop- erties, and the cutting area is selected, marked, and esti- A CAMOUFLAGED ROAD se puny ce A ‘mated by them. The timber is then advertised, as a rule, and sold at auction for the highest lump sum offered. The sawmills are uniformly small and most of them are port- able. In the eastern mountains and other regions of ex- tensive forests, there are many little stationary mills, driven by steam or water power, which obtain their logs from the yearly cuttings on any one of a dozen or more ’ forest properties in their vicinity. Logs are hauled by ox teams, in full tree lengths, for distances up to 15 or 20 In the level pineries of the south, a light steam tractor of the “locomobile” type, operating a little band saw 3 or 4 inches wide, is almost universal. These little mills roam about the Landes, *This restriction does not apply to planted woods under 21 years in or to trees within enclosed parks or gardens adjoining dwellings. the destruction of other areas up to 25 acres without warrant is permitted only in the case of isolated patches of forest which are not situated on the slopes or summits of mountains. ing sawmills to growing timber. The public policy of France toward her private forests is an interesting compromise be- tween the restric- tions of the impe- rial regime and the present day spirit of personal liberty. Under the Louis’ the use and treat- ment of privately owned timberland were very closely regulated even to the marking of the trees which might be cut, by the king’s foresters in some instances. This maze of harsh and burdensome restrictions was wiped out by the French Revolution, and for a considerable period private forest owners cut or destroyed as they chose. Then Nineteenth Century France, confronted with a shortage of fuel and lumber and awakened to the flood menace from her denuded mountains, reacted toward the old conceptions of restraint but only to the limited degree that the in- trenched individualism of the republican era would per- mit. Under the law of 1859, which has been modified but little since enactment, the private forest owner is still free to cut his timber as he chooses ; but he is responsible to the state not to uproot or destroy any forest area in excess of 25 acres without permission in advance.* Viola- tions of this law are judged solely by the condition of the land, by the fact that forest denudation has actually taken place. Whether the disappearance of the forest resulted from the method of cutting, from over-grazing, from fire, or from deliberate clearing for tillage is immaterial. So is the intent or good faith of the owner. Whatever the FRENCH FOREST BETWEEN CLERMONT D VARENNES 142 cause of “defrichement,” the owner of the land is liable to a fine of from $35 to $115 per acre. He may also be ordered by the Minister of Agriculture to reforest the stripped area within a prescribed period. These penalties may be avoided by obtaining permis- sion to denude forest land in advance. The procedure is cumbersome, involving a declaration of intent by the owner of the land, an examination of the area by forest officers, reviews of the case by various administrative officials, and final decision by the Minister of Agriculture. The government may refuse permission to denude for- ests only when their preservation is necessary to protect stream flow, to prevent erosion or the shifting of sand, or to safeguard the public health or national defense. Many attempts have been made to include the timber needs of the locality or of the country at large among the reasons upon which the administration may refuse a war- rant to destroy private forests; but none of them have yet overcome the resistance to this invasion of the indi- © vidual liberty of the property owner. During the Nineteenth Century, the denudation of about one and a quarter million acres of private timber- land was authorized, mainly in the lowland hardwood regions.* With its limited application, the practical value of the law lies largely in its support of the efforts of the government to prevent deforestation in the moun- tains. It is of special interest to Americans, however, because it illustrates the point of view of the French toward their forests. A people fully as democratic and liberty-loving as we are has infringed the rights of private ownership more sharply in the case of forests than any other kind of property. The significance of this infringement can be appreciated only in a full under- standing of the sacredness of private property in France. The French have done this because they put forests in a class by themselves. The public interests dependent upon the forests of the country and the lapse of time required to restore woodland once destroyed are, to the French, sufficient grounds for imposing special burdens and obli- gations upon owners of forests from which owners of other forms of property are Scot free. On the constructive side, the special and distinctive public value of forests is recognized in their taxation. Forest plantations on mountain slopes or summits and on sand dunes or other barrens are exempted from taxes for a period of 30 years. When cultivated land is planted with trees, three-fourths of the taxes are remitted during the first 30 years. When land is planted which has lain fallow for a considerable time, the law provides that there shall be no increase in the assessed value, or rated income, of the ground for a like period. Aside from these exemptions, private forests in France are taxed on their current income, a method which dates back to the Revolutionary period. Under the law of 1907, a valuation commission periodically classifies the lands in all forms of culture, commune by commune, in accord- ance with their relative productivity. There may thus ” * These records go back only to 1828. Large additional a: authorized between 1828 and 1803, when the first law was eniasted:. any Sveti were also destroyed between 1791 and 1803 when no permits were require AMERICAN FORESTRY Sa be three or four types of forest, as determined by their soil and timber species and the value of their products. A net yearly income is then obtained for average areas — within each type. All forest properties shown on the official survey and plats of the commune are thus classi- fied and a net income, based upon the sample tracts studied, is assigned to each. The periodic revenues customary in French fotestaee o where nearly all properties harvest some products every __ few years, are, under this system, reduced to an annual — basis which represents the net returns for stumpage after deducting costs of upkeep, fire protection, forest guards, thinnings, planting blanks, and other cultural measures. The tax is levied upon this net income and usually amounts to 8 or 10 per cent, about half of which goes to the central government. The rest comprises the de- partmental and communal taxes and levies for local it roads. It is of interest to note that French forest owners are demanding a straightout yield tax levied upon forest products when actually cut, the same principle which is generally regarded as the basis for forest tax ine in the United States. While the tax system is a distinct aid to private ‘Sate estry in France as compared with American conditions, it is probable that the greatest public encouragement to. the private owner to keep his timberland productive has | Bs been the stimulus and example of the publicly owned — forests. These are scattered through practically every section of the country. In every forest region, the private owner has seen good forestry practice demonstrated for scores of ‘years on state or communal holdings. He knows the forest officers in his locality and consults them on the methods applicable to his own woodland. The widely distributed public forests have not only set the standards of good management but have made the local silviculture a part of the farm lore of the region. a, The rural population of France knows how to grow trees just as they know how to grow potatoes or care for their vineyards. One day I met a wooden-shod peasant boy in the Landes who told me all about the handling of their pineries from thinning out the over-dense stands of young trees through the various stages in turpentining to the cutting of the timber. it was all part of his daily e, life. The educational value of her public forests has, in my judgment, done more to stimulate private forestry in France than any other public activity. The French government has made special efforts in recent years to extend this educational influence by various forms of co-operation with private forest owners. Special recognition is given by law to associations of forest owners who desire to act collectively in the pro- tection or management of their properties. And, by a law, passed in 1913, the expert services of the State are offered, at cost, to owners of timberland who wish to cut. their holdings on a conservative basis corresponding to the requirements of the “regime forestier” and to obtain the special forms of protection against trespass now accorded to public holdings by the forest code. This law is of too recent origin to have yet demonstrated its value, ae a ee LP, but it illustrates the trend of public forest policy in France. : _ Private forestry is, of course, on a totally different footing in France than in the United States. The dense population of France has of necessity brought about a relatively high value and a relatively intensive use of all classes of land. The shortage and high cost of timber products have given an economic impetus to the practice of forestry by private land owners which is approached _ ing the economic basis for forestry in France, which __ makes the growing of timber reasonably profitable, not- _ withstanding also her intensive demands for farm crops, France has found it necessary to place her forests under special protection and to enact special laws restricting the rights of private ownership in forests as distinct from all other forms of property. That broad fact is food for American reflection. Lack of cheap lumber is an economic handicap in France. It is apparent particularly in her rural dis- tricts, where a new structure of any kind is a rare sight and the ancient, moss-covered farm buildings give an impression of decadence which is only partly real, but nevertheless, portrays forcibly the low standards of rural improvements which not only reduce the comfort and wholesomeness of country life, but inevitably lower the efficiency of agricultural industries. The per capita con- sumption of lumber in France is not more than 100 PRIVATE FORESTRY IN FRANCE in but limited parts of the United States. Notwithstand- | 143 board feet per annum, less than one-third that of the United States. In other words, France illustrates the evils of a condition where lumber is a luxury, in part—an imported luxury. Her eighteen per cent of forested land is not enough. Her intensive forestry can but par- tially offset the effects of a shortage of timber-producing | land. Hence the necessity of a national policy of for- est preservation even at the cost of a reduction in farm crops. It is not yet our problem in the United States to strike a close balance between the forest and the farm. That can be left to the economic adjustments of. the future. It is rather our problem to put idle land to use. Produc- , tion from land is just as important in the long run as pro- duction by labor or industrial organizations, about which so much is being said these days. The situation of France today is a striking warning that the United States can ill-afford the national loss of idle land. Public agencies doubtless must assume the greater part of the immediate task of growing timber on our idle cut-over land. But publicly owned forests cannot do all of it in the United States any more than in France. Our national policy should aim definitely and unequivocally at the prac- tice of forestry by private owners as rapidly as that can be brought about by better methods of taxing timber- land, by the co-operation and educational help of state and federal agencies, and by the recognition, on an equitable basis, of the obligations carried by forest ownership. HE demands for wood made upon our forests are of greater importance each succeeding year, be- cause of the annual growth in population and the gradual utilization of the surplus timber of the country. In the absence of any but rough approximations of the quantity of timber standing in the forests, the inroads being made upon the supply can be no more than assumed. __ The assertion, however, that the annual harvest is much’ greater than the annual growth is unquestionably well founded. As a basis for the contention that the vast supply has been and is being seriously impaired, one has but to point to the shifting centers of production as the available timber of a region is well harvested and the needs of the country are necessarily drawn in greater volume from some other region. Going back to the middle of the last century, we can distinctly trace the history of the lumber industry of the country at ten year intervals by showing the relative importance of the several producing regions. This has been done in Table 1. A glance at the tabulation shows that in 1850 almost _ three-fourths of all the lumber was produced in two general regions—the northeastern group and the central group of States. The first named region embraces SIGNIFICANT TRENDS IN LUMBER PRODUCTION | IN THE UNITED STATES BY FRANKLIN H. SMITH, STATISTICIAN IN FOREST,!PRODUCTS Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. The second, or central group of States, includes West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. In 1918, or nearly seventy years later, the combined pro- duction ‘for these two regions formed but 15 per cent of the total for all States. As the forests of New Eng- land und contiguous territory were depleted, the major activities of the lumber industry moved westward into the Lake States. Here the production rose from 6 per cent of the country’s output in 1850 to a maximum of 35 per cent in 1880-1889, dropped off to 25 per cent in 1899 and to 10 per cent in 1918. For the southern group of States the per cent of total cut rose from 8 per cent in 1850 to 35 per cent in 1918. A later generation tapped the forests of the Pacific Coast group of States; the group contributed 8 per cent of the nation’s lumber product in 1899, 15 per cent in 1909, and 27 per cent in 1918. The last figure rather startlingly directs attention to the decadence of the industry in other regions. Some of the older men in the lumber industry today— and there are several patriarchs who have enriched our history of the lumber industry—have witnessed these 144 AMERICAN great changes and shifting scenes of production. It is remarkable that in the lifetime of such a man so many changes could be worked in the development of one of the leading resources of the nation. Within the allotted “three score years and ten” three immense regions have been divested of their forest cover to a large extent, and the fourth, the southern pine region, has reached its apex of production. No other land was ever more generously blessed with timber or timber so well adapted to man’s needs as our own great stretch of country. Perhaps it has been the very great abundance of wood on every hand that has caused us as a people to value it lightly and countenance its ruthless destruction by fire and im- provident lumbering methods. There is an economic feature in this shifting of regions of production which stands out boldly like a figure out- FORESTRY and the bulk of the consumers ever getting farther apart however, the economic burden of transportation has been laid upon the consumer and becomes increasingly heavy each year. In 1850 the center of population in the United — Z States was Parkersburg, West Virginia. In 1910 it had ; moved to Bloomington, Indiana, or northward and west- — ward, while the main production of lumber shifted to the - southern and far western States. This transportation — cost burden is a heavy one. Take a city like Phila- delphia, for instance. In the earlier days rafts of logs ; Rivers supplied the inhabitants of the city with wool . Then the big stores of white pine and hemlock in central Pennsylvania were unlocked by the lumbermen and mt ch of Philadelphia’s share was brought down the Susque- hanna River and its tributaries, aia the old Chesa- = PACIFIC GROURY California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington ROCKY MOUNTAIN GROUP Arizona, Colorado, Jdaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming. ALL OTHER GROUP: Jowa, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota. A 7 Y Fr Stn Ss Wipes LAK TATE race Ae @ROUP tyes 352 BILLION FEET re, ALL Py HER septa 29s GROUP ROCKy MOUNTA jy, 26 BILLION FEET . GROUP toe eieteaat / B/LL ion FEEr s rAad GROUP 236 BILLION FFT ~~ a oN ¢.,N.H., Vt, Mass., RL, Conn, NY.,NJ, Penna., Del. NORTH CAROLINA GROUP: North Carolina, South Carolina, — Virginia. SOUTHERN GROUP} || © Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Lovisiané, Texas, Mississippi, Ok honk SOUTHERN \GROUP 360 BILLION/FEET o LAKE STATES GROUP: ‘ Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, CENTRAL GROUP: Mlinois, Indiana, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, West Virginia, Kentucky, TOTAL LUMBER PRODUCTION 1850-19/8 IN THE UNITED STATES BY GROUPS OF STATES lined against the horizon. The figure in this case is the burden of transportation that puts its load on the con- sumer as the proverbial thumb of the butcher or grocer tips the scales when weighing our minor purchases of food. In 1850 the sawmill and consumer were within a reasonable distance of each other, and many communi- ties secured their supply of wood from local mills. A decade or two later, as the timber near at hand became well cut out, the mills moved farther away. Still the distance lumber had to be hauled was not great and the cost was lessened by the use of rivers and canals for the movement of logs and lumber. With the timber supply peake and Delaware Canal and then up the Delaware River to the city. The water borne traffic was carried at a minimum of expense, possibly $1.50 or 2 a thousand feet. Subsequently the movement of western Pennsyl- vania lumber and still later that of the Lake States was by rail, and the transportation tax increased possibly to $2 or $3 a thousand feet. Today the freight charge amounts to ftom $7 to $8 a thousand feet on North Carolina pine, $9 to $11 on southern yellow pine, $11 to ‘$14 on southern hardwood, while the freight charges on _ Douglas fir loom large at from $20 to $24 a thousand feet. In some instances the transportation charges alone pin ties Brat Tak tt al i are the equivalent of the cost laid down in Philadelphia _ years ago of the Keystone State’s justly famed cork white pine. In the last 69 years—the period 1850-1918, inclusive —the forests of the United States have yielded approxi- mately 1,614 billion board feet of lumber alone; how _ much more material, such as fuelwood, pulpwood, cooper- age stock, and the like, can not be easily estimated. On the basis that 219 cubic feet of timber is utilized in pro- _ ducing a thousand feet of lumber, the total output of _ 1,614 billion board feet of lumber required the utiliza- tion of 353,466 billion cubic feet of timber, a figure too __ big to be readily comprehended. Assuming an average ' stand: at five thousand feet per acre throughout the _ country, the 1,614 billion feet cut would represent the equivalent of cutting over 322,800,000 acres or an area _ as great as the combined surface area of the 18 States bordering on the Atlantic and embraced by a line drawn ' on the west to include New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Alabama—truly a vast area to be cut - over. : The accompanying outline map of the United States shows the total production for each of the eight general _ lumber production regions for the period 1850-1918. A _ striking feature of the statistics as applied to the several regions is the close approach of the figures for three of Lake States group, and the southern group of States, _ with an aggregate cut of 313, 351 and 359 billion feet, respectively. _ The lumber industry, the foresters, and even the _ Government itself have been placed at a disadvantage and sometimes embarrassed by the absence of reliable data on our timber resources, since with one exception _ there has never been any real effort made toward closely "SIGNIFICANT TRENDS IN LUMBER PRODUCTION IN THE U. S. the older regions; namely, the northeastern group, the 145 reckoning the stand of timber in the United States. Some of the latter day statements are perhaps no more mis- leading than that of more than a century ago, when it was reported in England that the New World could not supply spar timber for more than a few years longer. The single effort to estimate the stand was the survey made by the Bureau of Corporations in 1908-1909, which ~ has been subjected to revision with passing years as facts developed. It is true, of course, that what a compara- | tively few years ago was looked upon as inaccessible timber or valueless species is now classed as accessible or commercial, and allowance needs to be made for similar changes in the years to come. There is a reason- ably definite present-day knowledge of current timber needs; it is the dearth of data relative to the timber available that makes the future outlook unsatisfactory. Statistics on the production of certain forest products and on the consumption of others covering a series of years permit of an intelligent understanding of the de- mands upon our forests, and certain deductions may be drawn from these statistics as to the volume of the demands for the immediate future with their relation to the circumscribed knowledge of the actual supplies. But until a more intensive inventory is completed of what the forests of the country hold in the way of supplies, the lumbermen and the foresters and the public cannot advance far; because science demands exactness, without which scientific principles are impossible of formulation. The major demands made annually upon the forests, based upon the latest available statistics, are shown in Table 2. In the first column the volume of production or consumption is expressed by the common unit of measurement; in the second column the equivalent is given in board measure; and in the third column the Table 1—Lumber Cut By Groups of States, in Per Cent of the Total Maryland, Maine, Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, tucky, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, West Virginia. Lake States group woe” Minnesota, Pacific group California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. Groups 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1909 1918 Total Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.0 Northeastern group ................... 54.8 37.0 37.8 25.8 19.8 16.3 SLT 4 RIMEEMEMCONE GS 5.0 fai gioic ord rie on'ax Sse oss a 18.6 21.1 20.0 18.4 13.1 16.1 12.3 78 Southern group ..................-004- 8.5 13.0 6.9 9.7. 15.6 24.0 33.3 34.9 North Carelina pine group.............. 5.1- 48 2.5 41 47 17 11.6 8.3 Lake States group............2....0000- 6.3 13.6 24.4 34.7 34.6 24.9 12.3 10.1 MEER ELOUD. 652 oes knee nv ves vases e se 5.9 6.4 4.0 3.6 8.5 8.3 15.5 26.9 Rocky Mountain group ............... 0.0 A 9 9 11 16 2.9 44 se casey Re pes wee sd apa d,s, 0.6 8 40 3.5 2.8 2.6 11 4 2 North Carolina pine Northeastern group Central group Southern group group F Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Ken- Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina South Florida, Georgia, Louisi- anna, Mississippi, Okla- homa, Texas. Carolina, Virginia. Rocky Mountain group All other Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Nebras- Idaho, Montana, New ka, South Dakota. Mexico, Utah, Wyoming. 146 AMERICAN approximate cubic contents of wood drawn from the forest to produce the products are enumerated. Several important products of the forest were omitted from the list, since they are incidental industries not directly representing a consumption of timber or wood. These additional products include turpentine and rosin—or naval stores, as they are sometimes called—hemlock and chestnut oak bark used in tanning, and the sap of the maple trees utilized in making maple sugar and syrup. The value of these crops runs well into the millions of dollars each year. The tabulation indicates the annual use of the equiva- lent of 91 billion board feet of timber for all purposes in the United States. A substantial basis exists in nearly every instance for the figures given, and they may be regarded as conservative rather than overdrawn. Where statistics for a series of years were available, an average figure was used in place of the data for any one specified year in order to eliminate possible abnormalities. produce these 91 billion board feet every year requires a yield of 23% billion cubic feet of timber—a stupendous crop and worthy of the most prodigal nation. Assuming a population in 1919 of 108,000,000 in the United States, the per capita drain on the forests is 219 cubic feet. The term drain is used in place of con- sumption, since no consideration is given nor deduction made in this article for material exported; such deduc- tion, however, would not materially change the figures because of the tendency of imports to counter-balance ‘heavy tax on the producing ability of our forests, and £7 a To FORESTRY SD heavier levy than is made by any other nation on its timber resources. The timber situation in the United States may be j likened to that of a man who years ago fell heir to a large fortune in cash and who has continued to check against 2 the account most liberally without concerning himself about his balance. In all probability he has drawn more than the interest earned each year, but he is not certain © principal remains. f —we have gone on drawing heavily upon them each year x without knowing what remains or what the annual in- — crement or volume of new growth may be. The fact able supply. 7 : How vital our forests are to ‘ei commerce and inde 52,000 establishments furnish employment to 1 1,130,000 wage-earners, or 16 per cent of the 7,000,000 wage- : earners in the United States. Whatever goes toward curtailing the supplies of r»w forest products to these exports. A per capita drain of 219 cubic feet is.a establishments tends to rupture the continuous employ- Table 2—Annual Consumption of Timber in the United States. ; Cubic feet of Form Used Quantity Produced Equivalent in Feet Timber Required or Consumed Board Measure to Produce Mibhsibs Tor ener: Sth vost 91,308,000,000 23,611,556,000 WP OGtWO0G A oss inc onto becngalesios Sapo 110,000,000 cords 36, 663,000,000 4 Rbiatie 87,500,000 ties 2,625,000,000 1,050,000,000 PUIWOON tit irs ctanentin chen cusses e+ 4,550,000 cords 2,548,000,000 "532,350,000 Round: mine’ tinibers: 7.5. s 0 iss... 250,000,000 cu. ft. 1,500,000,000 SUERION ale ne ies lc hE a whe 008 ea. vel ne 8,850,000,000 shingles 888 000000 19700000 Wood Distillation A. oo. le ei de eee 1,550,000 cords 868,000,000 181,350,000 Tanning extract wood ................... 1,250,000 cords 700,000,000 146,250,000 [Oe S.C a RNG OR Ree 650,000,000 ft. logs 780,000,000 119,600,000 DioMt ater e ees orice cc's 39 Sis! cimetetole erent « 286,000,000 staves 286,000,000 95,238,000 Gaksele abbOK west oe osk rics do Shadows 300,000,000 ft. B. M. 300,000,000 90,000,000 findk ntaan i Sr 6.5 oon Sen cl Veungee ss 1,010,000,000 staves 337,000,000 66,660,000 WROUM ENB TOs ee sacs acs th ned wee v9.8 3,c09 350,000,000 ft. B. M. 350,000,000 000,000 OS 2. a an A et eae 4,250,000 poles 255,000,000 55,250,000 TIM OIBE els oaks 3 ges Fake teak bes 200,000,000 ft. B. M. 200,000,000 = Stick Maatiie 5 ves. eae coheed se tes 61,000,000 sets 122,000,000 py ee Hewn and rough export ................. 200,000,000 ft. B. M. 200,000,000 000,000 Oe one? SE 2,375,000,000 lath 475,000,000 35,625,000 MieEE UnaGih haps 43.200 oesoens cen sone 21,000,000 sets 84,000,000 34/125,000 MORBBIMUE Duis. vray bisa oxo Boscia Hcarg rae 200,000 cords 120,000,000 MME See JC TSs eon ins ceeicaseieys 333,000,000 hoops 100,000,000 bprepen bir ag ONE Be ole ek Fe RAO Sean Rd a 1,500,000 pieces 90,000,000 19'500,000 Sita PaO IP Se kiana seen cee sakes 10,000,000 ft. B. M. 10,000,000 2.190.000 WURURIG e808. eves fori esss ceugaaas sone 10,000,000 ft. B. M. 10,000,000 1,500,000 ment of a vast army of wage-earners and affects the larger army of their dependents. In a nutshell, then, we have it that one-fifth of all the manufacturing establish- ments and one-sixth of all the wage-earners in Uncle -Sam’s vast domain would be adversely affected by any reduction in the supply of materials from the forests. “What are you going to do about it?” was the pertinent and impertinent question of the small boy when rebuked for pulling the plums out of the pudding. In the par- ticular case of timber, the answer is more easily found. _ Timber is one of the things God has provided for man- THE NEWS PRINT PAPER SITUATION 147 kind and made to grow on hillside and valley in plain sight. It is a natural resource that is not hidden. It can be seen and estimated. That is the answer. To make an estimate will require time, money and an organi- zation intelligently directed. Since the welfare of so many wage-earners together with investments aggre-" gating billions of dollars of capital, depend upon an estimate being made despite the expense, I predict that some day Congress, reflecting public sentiment, will re- quire that a timber census be made, and that day should not be far off. IS is most truly a Paper Age, and, in the United ‘States at least, a Newspaper Age. The consump- tion of news print paper has gone far beyond the - limits that would once have been predicted by the most enthusiastic advocate of the newspaper as a source of popular information and education. In 1880 we were _ able to get along with 3 pounds per capita of news print _ paper. By 1894 our requirements had increased three- fold, to 9 pounds, and 25 years later, or in 1919, the consumption of news print paper per capita in the United States was 33 pounds, or more than 10 times what it was _ 39 years earlier. Leaving all the other means of publicity out of the question, the average circulation of the daily newspapers in the United States is now some 27,000,000 copies, or one for every family in the country, and a large proportion of _ these papers are not small ones, either. There are some- ‘thing like 70 newspapers with a daily circulation of ped copies or more each, and for the past year these papers have averaged about 23 pages on week days, “While the number of pages in those publishing Sunday editions has been over three times as great as in the - daily editions. _ The production of news print paper in the United States and Canada is a common industry with common markets. The total output last year was 2,183,000 tons, _ and 90 per cent of this total is classified as standard news, such as is used by the daily papers. In the form of “sheets last year’s production of news print in North America would cover 10,000,000 acres or belt the earth _ 50 miles wide. In the form of a standard 73-inch roll it _ would unwind 13,000,000 miles, or little more than 7 years’ output at the same rate would reach from the earth to the sun. _ The annual increase in production figured on a com- _ pound interest basis has averaged 6 per cent for the last _ 16 years. In 1904 the production in the United States, _ in round numbers, was 913,000 tons, and practically " none in Canada. In 1913 the production in the United States slightly passed 1,300,000 tons, and that in Canada amounted to 350,000 tons. Since 1913 there has been THE NEWS PRINT PAPER SITUATION BY R. S. KELLOGG little increase in the United States output, but a steadily ascending production in Canada, which in 1919 passed 800,000 tons, while the production in the United States amounted to 1,375,000 tons. For the last six months the newspapers and trade journals have devoted much space to the discussion of a so-called shortage in news print supply, but there has been no shortage so far as production is concerned. It has been due entirely to greatly increased consumption. The mills have been producing more news print than ever before in history, and the stringency in the market has come about entirely through the efforts of the publishers to use more paper than has been produced. This, of course, has been caused by the tremendous increase in advertising, while there has been little decrease in circulation over the high levels reached during the time of great demand for news during the war. During the past few months the total stocks in the hands of newspaper publishers or in transit to them have averaged between 30 and 40 days’ supply, as com- pared with more than 60 days’ supply during the summer of 1918, when the war was’ nearing a climax. On the other hand, mill stocks have been averaging only 3 or 4 days’ production, thus showing the absolute necessity for an unbroken flow of paper from mill to publisher. Notwithstanding an increase of 185,000 tons in news print production in 1919 over 1918, new machines to come into operation in 1920 will, if all goes well, turn out nearly 90,000 tons of paper, while numerous other new machines are scheduled for 1921. If plans now actually under way are consummated, by this time in 1922 new machines and new plants not in existence in 1919 will be in operation with a total capacity in excess of 1,500 tons per day. This would seem to be ample to take care of the requirements of the publishers, but to predict consumption so far in advance is hazardous. Newspaper advertising in 1919 was about 40 per cent more in volume than in 1918, and it is starting off in 1920 some 40 per cent in excess of the amount during the first part of 1919. Advertising experts insist that there is a perfectly tremendous volume ahead. THE USES OF WOOD WOOD IN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS BY HU MAXWELL GENERAL difference is understood to exist between agricultural implements and farm tools, but the difference is not always clear or always observed. The two classes overlap and it is not always easy to determine which is tool and which is implement. lf it is understood that tools are operated by human muscle alone, and implements depend upon horses, oxen, steam, or gasoline for power, the differences are quite distinguishable in most instances. The definition is here accepted that proof is not sufficiently tangible to claim much attention here where a somewhat statistical discussion of the use of wood for agricultural implements has been under- taken, American history easily goes back to a time when no plows were used in this country. The Indians were agri- culturists as well as hunters, though that is not the common belief. They grew corn, and garden and field All the Indians did not do so, vegetables, and stored them for winter. implements are operated by power greater than man’s muscles, and that tools are intended to be operated prin- cipally by hand. This article deals with im- plements. Agricultural tools were in use thousands of years be- fore imple- ments held place in ‘agri- culture. Per- haps the plow was the first farm imple- but those who did not, incur- red the» risk of starving to death during the winter. Indians near Chillicothe, Ohio, for ex- ample, had hundreds of- acres of corn in compact areas, and oth- er Indians had cornfields in most regions where they lived; yet they had no plows. They stirred the soil with sharpened ment, and was drawn by a camel, a horse, hundred times better. or an om It International Harvester Company, Chicago. was primarily a small, crude affair, wholly of wood, or with only a point of iron, bronze, bone, or shell. Before that simple plow came into use, the tiller of the soil employed a sharp stick, a hoe, or spade, in stirring the soil. -No record exists, nor can even an approximate date be assigned, of the earliest use of the animal-drawn plow in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It is generally assumed, but without much historical proof, that the earliest animal plows were in those countries. They may have been there, but some evidence exists that harnessed horses worked in France earlier than we have any evidence of their domestication in the valleys of the Nile and the Euphrates, and possibly they drew plows there in pre- historic times. But while these occurrences, if they really happened, would interest the archeologist, the 148 BRUTE POWER IS EXPENSIVE Contrast this elephant and its two operators, scratching a quarter of an acre a day, with the power tractor in the picture on the next page, with a single operator, doing a hundred times as much work and doing it a The old and the new look strange side by side. sticks with which they punched and gouged a few inches deep. Their greatest progress in the direction of farm tools consisted in the substitution of copper, shell, bone, or stone hoes; but they had no domestic animals stronger than dogs, and these mongrels were not able to pull plows and never did so. The earliest American plows were almost wholly of wood, the same as the plows of that period in Europe. Blacksmiths made the iron points, and that was the only metal in the implement. The early moldboard— the part that was instrumental in turning the soil over— was of wood in the earliest plows, and development from that primitive pattern was slow. It took nearly a hundred years from that stage of development to reach the present model of the best two-horse plow; but a hundred years is not long when it is remembered that the plow with the Photograph by courtesy of the THE USES iron point and wooden moldboard was probably five thousand years in reaching that stage from the first use of a plow drawn by animals. Plows made wholly of metal are in use, some of them not having a particle of wood in their construction. But wood is the principal material for the beams and handles of most plows, and the yearly bill of plow lumber is very large, and most of it is oak, both for handles and for beams. The development of the plow has not stopped with the practical perfection of the two-horse implement. Patterns more pretentious are constantly coming into use. The harrow has always been associated with’ the plow, and apparently it goes back as far in history. Both are mentioned or OF WOOD 149 early fields for oats, where a smooth surface is wanted. Harrows of wooden frames and wooden teeth were in use until comparatively recent years, and they may occa- sionally be seen in the tool lofts and lumber sheds of barns and granaries in central and southern states. The teeth of such harrows were naturally the portion that wore most rapidly, and the hardest woods procurable by farmers were employed as teeth. The teeth-woods varied with the region. Where yellow locust was to be had, it was always used, but hickory, hornbeam, maple, beech and even oak were employed. Wood was generally cheap, and the farmer who made the teeth for his own harrow could afford a new set every few days during harrowing picturedin |= | very ancient a records. Iron | © ft harrows were | : in use three thousand years ago if ancient chronicles are correctly inter- preted, and wooden har- rows are still in use today; so it cannot be said that metal harrows have ever superced- ed those of wood. Among the southern Appalachian Mountains farmers may still occasional- ly be seen har- rowing their steep fields with a thorn bush dragged by horses or oxen. That sort of harrow was formerly not uncommon on the frontiers in forested regions. Some one of the many species of thorn (Crataegus) was preferred because of its profusion of tough, pliant branches which, by being dragged, pulverized and smoothed the freshly plowed soil. Another sort of harrow was no less simple. It was wholly of wood and was toothless. It consisted of a log about ten feet long, dragged’ broad-side on, across the plowed land to break the clods and level the inequali- ties left by the plow. It was moved forward in the same way as the roller, but it did not roll. This crude imple- ment, like the thorn bush harrow, is not’ yet wholly obsolete. It is called a “drag.” it is used for smoothing roads, during the spring repairs. The same drag may see service in preparing the turned the I International Harvester Company, Chicago. time. Supplies were kept on -- | hand and were | thoroughly seasoned, ready for instant call. An English traveler in America, John Woods, writing about the year 182I, concern- ing a trip he had lately made through Illi- nois, had this to say of har- rows: “They do not gener- ally use har- rows, but when they do, they are made with wooden teeth; nor have I “THE FOREMOST FILES OF TIME” So far as the use of wood is concerned, perhaps the elephant in the accompanying picture has the advantage, but there is no comparison between the efficiency of the two machines. i brute down as a working force, and harnessed science. In rural districts : any where in Civilization long ago America seen Photograph by courtesy of the iron-tined ones ’ except in the English Prairie.” southern Illinois, Agricultural implements are divided into classes accord- ing to uses intended. Those in the first class prepare The place here designated was in _the soil for crops, and in this category belong plows and harrows, rollers, and fertilizer spreaders. It is, perhaps, not strictly proper to include the clearing and leveling of land, though if implements for this work are in- cluded, account should be taken of scrapers for improv- ing the surface of uneven ground, and stump pullers for clearing ground about to pass from forest to field, and power skidders when land clearing is carried out on a large scale. After the ground has been made ready for planting, a long line of implements is available for the work which follows. These include drills for small grains 150 AMERICAN A LITTLE WOOD STILL APPEARS IN THE HARROW The thorn bush dragged over the plowed ground was the first harrow; the one shown in the picture is the latest; and a long gap separates the two. The earliest was wholly of wood, while the latest has little, but enough to make it efficient. Photograph by courtesy of the International Harvester Company, Chicago. which once were sown broadcast by hand; planters for corn, and special machinery for planting other crops. Cultivators constitute another class. They do the work between the planting and the harvesting. Corn, cotton, cane, and other crops, including vegetables, that are planted in rows, call for cultivators, and the kinds are many. Nearly every sort of crop has been provided with a series of cultivators fitted to its particular needs. Harvesting machinery belongs FORESTRY line of others. Lists would be tedious because of their length; at the same time, they show how great has been the inventive genius of Americans in providing scores of excellent implements to do the work on farms where a few simple tools sufficed not many years ago. The simple tool had about reached the limit of its pos- sibilities; and agriculture would have remained station- ary had not improved appliances been invented. The wheat crops of today could not be harvested with the sickles, cradles, and rakes that were in use in 1830, even if the plows and harrows of that time could have pre- pared the land and planted the crops. If the wheat of the present time, after being harvested, depended upon the threshing facilities of 1830, most of the grain would be lost, because it could not be handled. The “ground- hog” threshing machine of that day would be as incapable of saving the present wheat crop, as the prairie schooners of the same period would be incapable of carrying the grain to market. Farm machinery and transportation facilities improved and increased side by side. America’s commerce and population were growing and the demand came for better facilities than had been known in the past. It is not necessary to detract from the importance of steel in the phenomenal expansion of agriculture; but wood’s place has been no less indispensable, and per- haps it has even gone ahead of steel in some essential particulars. _The forests have done a work at least equal to that done by the mines; but the importance of wood is not confined to the past. It continues without any and it is the ; for harvesting in another class, longest list of all includes not only the cutting of grain, digging of root vegetables, and stacking or barning that which must be kept for winter, but the grain must be threshed, and almost every kind of crop is handled by special machinery at some stage of its harvesting or curing. Hay has machinery of so has corn; so have fruits, and root There are mowers, ted- its own; other grains, crops. ders, and rakes, reapers, thresh- ers, cutters, stackers, and a long UATCRWATIORAL FILLING THE FARM SILO The wooden silo is the most pretentious thing in view, and the tractor, wagon and silage cutter are Boise the s Everything here is up to date. work of converting the green corn into approved provinder for the following winter. nternational Harvester Company, Chicago. the latest machines. Photograph by the Silos by thousands are built yearly, and every silo calls for Bar ev domemetele THE USES OF WOOD 151 THE CALIFORNIA COMBINED HARVESTER At one end of the harvesting evolution stands the sickle, and at the other end is the combined machine which cuts and threshes all at one operation. Between the sickle and the harvester intervenes practically the whole span of human history. Gasoline tractors are now taking the place of the horses. indication that it will ever lose first place in the manu- facture of agricultural implements. A hundred years ago most farm tools were of wood. Metal constituted such parts only as could not be made of wood. It is not known how much wood and how. much iron were used in the United States a century ago in the manu- facture of farm tools, but late statistics show the present demand for wood for implements, and it exceeds 320,- 000,000 feet a year, and if the wood which goes into- hand tools for the farm were added the total would probably exceed 400,000,000 feet. In the list which follows, the forest’s contribution to this great industry is shown according to kinds of wood and the quantity which each kind furnishes yearly. Kind of Wood Feet Annually PBRNOW: PINE Los - koe vceckc s weleed RTI Aor hick 08,543,390 epee aa ee AE Weta kiss Stee o's's ve ea pod oes ek 69,346,130 (Gp leaden Ee Rey Pact a OR t B eae ae 48,319,210 MMSEMI WMH re ee NS vie elelrihs o o's vole 0" b's areeietdiase voyp © 15,143,000 NMNNESNE POTIEAR I ire Se ata w K wad vie bie'sto un'eeve ete one 12,412,300 EI SECC Rar erie Oa os tec és bs stisekee es eves 11,976,000 URL Pee rans tae ASS) oo Viens hae fete cs 10,677,400 NRE MS MS loci Oe aca ds bah vosid'ss elias peels aie > « 9,860,470 aS Se SES a 0a a 243,440 Photograph by H. H. Alexander, Fresno, California. Kind of Wood Feet Annually Bass WOO seen Lawak ee saorpre dee oh ae oa telelt vate, Cacia 4haws 7,861,750 Kellen. 2 Setanta ares. Ue bes dete Le ace eens miae ais 7,249,000 Beech. ares Saute aera otc ulon ter dees tabs 4,908,490 Birch’: syacleperhod head wee fake dete aeaieraleh vice ks Peace 4,704,000 Cy pr esae ire ae recat e tated es or aeons leew beak ORG pia 2,682,000 Puce ss ciemed cake eweateme esti y lk Mes ah acne toy Pe eam ee 2,623,500 Douglas FR te ea hone itna le comets om eR 2,537,250 HHeinlochkey.-xshied tae ge ook oie ne SARA oe EM 1,257,400 Tupeld; ct eth a ne seer ieee tute Dee Aw aoa hate he 1,140,000 Chestnitutx de ned sntutn Cs se Nirbs sted oie pepe rae pA See 884,000 SY CAMOLE SI tie odorant ices Pein aa ers TU pace RE cee s 290,000 Western yellowepine tics shy ee AS ite ad ee eee ose 219,000 Red woGde deere sate Me els reais Pause olds b van ees 200,500 Larch és. «saponin ne Perens Moma ute csiealon elie as ar 100,000 Sugar. pis cow secre e Meares she a iewdal mele ot aie 50,000 Butterant oy, cee ce eadan Ninel ba Selle wale 10,000 Eucalyptus. id viciws eines e ciatevectnlt caleaekleehurrs ss 10,000 Black: wali ae wearin eter Pas Miah One c ees 8,000 Hornbeany cwnadiuaue sah pene tee races os loaned pak oars 1,200 Cucumbers phonies eb ae rrk ee ta vl iawn kali uaa, 1,100 Mahoganprsacire wtates dieirare cine an sap eed heA aie 500 Cherry see ein ha eta a halted oi eaten ed 300 Totaly erasetod tile iaire etre Ola eitis tee ce, womanly 321,310,336 No important wood that grows in the United States is missing from the foregoing list. Both softwoods and hardwoods are represented, but the latter appears in nearly double the quantity of the former. The employ- | | | wi REAPERS DRAWN BY TRACTOR The reaper was developed as a machine to be drawn by horses, but it did not stop there. The next step was to dispense with the horses and substitute engines, which could work faster and at less expense. by the International Harvester Company, Chicago. The principal parts of the modern reaper are still made of wood. Photograph 152 ment of wood in the manu- facture of agricultural im- plements is not controlled by chance. Every use is back- ed by reason. Implements drawn by horses are equipped «with poles of shafts and these are ~ nearly always of wood. This material has first place be- cause it furnishes the neces- sary strength without being too heavy; because it is elastic and will yield with- out jolts and jerks, and such would occur if shafts and poles were of metal. It is necessary, however, if the best results are to be secured, that the wood for shafts and poles be carefully chosen. All woods are not suitable and relatively few are wholly satisfactory. Some lack the necessary resiliency, some are weak and brittle, some are not tough enough to stand the strain. Hickory and ash are more used than any others; but birch, elm, oak and maple are satisfac- AMERICAN FORESTRY Ae “A SOWER WENT FORTH TO SOW” He continued to go forth in exactly the same way for several thousand years until a better way was discovered, and the better way is illus- trated in the Sccomp anaes picture shown below. The teaching here is by contrast—the old and the new side by side. Photograph by courtesy of the International Harvester Company, Chicago. tory for many kinds of poles, and in some instances the strong yellow pines are ac- ceptable. Most of the shafts which are steamed and bent are hickory or ash. Many agricultural imple- ments are, equipped with ‘hoppers, ¢thutes, elevators, and conveyors. Most of these belong to machines for threshing, cleaning, sorting, or grinding grain. Platforms provide standing room for the operators. These appli- ances do not require tough woods, but in some instances hard and strong kinds are wanted. Elasticity is not essential, for strains are not usually great, or jolts severe or sudden on hoppers and conveyors. But woods are desired which will take a smooth finish and that are light in weight. Such quali- ties are found in most of the pines, in hemlock, redwood, cottonwood, basswood, tupe- lo, red gum, cypress, and yellow poplar. Boxes, com- SOWING GRAIN IN THE NEW WAY The machine does better work and a great deal more of it th ible i i i hit or miss, just so it fell somewhere in the field, which it did beard ¢ perk bags re rege | Babe erp ae ab ae Oh gods ene Raa graph by courtesy of the International Harvester Company, Chicago. always do. : Mpchices: Ginptegte, th cas agrees ae eee were at ¢ Oa, ab THE USES OF WOOD partments, and drawers are es- sential parts of many machines in the barn or gran- ary, and the woods of which these are made do not differ from those for hoppers and chutes. In a study of the evolution of farm tools and machines, and their stage of manufacture at the present time, two outstanding features claim at- tention. The first is, the extreme slowness with which improvements were made in early times compared with the rapidity with which invention has followed invention during the past century. The other remarkable fact is that, wood has always held and still holds a prominent place in such manufacture. Inven- tions have not lessened the demand for wood, but have augmented it. An increase in the use of iron has occurred also, but it has not been more rapid than has been the growth in the demand for wood in the agricultural im- plement industry. America has led the world in the inven- tion and manufacture of appliances belonging in this ‘industry. Nearly all im- provements have originated here. Farm machines from the United States are ship- ped to all agricultural coun- tries of the world. Two HOW THE APPLE CROP IS SAVED The clumsy, wasteful and uncleanly method of making cider which.was the only way known on the farm a few generations ago has been relegated to the past by a machine which grinds and presses the fruit with little waste of time or waste of apples. Such presses are now found on most farms which have orchards of bearing apple trees. _ CLEARING LAND BY MACHINERY Strictly speaking, the stump puller may not be a farm implement, but few implements are more essential in a new country. The old way of elearing land with ax and mattock is too slow, and powerful machines are brought into use to put more speed into \the operations. Clearing cut-over Tind is a large business now. 153 causes have been chiefly responsilbe for the growth of the industry in this country, namely, cheap land and dear labor. This is equivalent to opportunity and necessity, or to a reason why it should be done, and the means of doing it. Up to one hundred years ago—in fact as late as 1845— America with all its fertile land, did not raise enough’ wheat to feed its own people. The cost of doing it was too high. Hand labor pre- vailed almost ex- clusively, and a large number of farmers was nec- essary to grow and care for the crops. Though a much larger pro- portion of the people lived on farms than at the present time, only four and a third bushels of wheat per capita were produced in the United States in HANDPOWER CORN SHELLER 1845. Forty-five This is not the largest ‘or most powerful shellin i machine a use, but it is cor on nearly ‘at be ae later, with arms where corn is grown. he sheller is of i Ne generally, of maple Neer Cok except that relatively fewer the throat and jaws are of steel, in th the machine where Strain is eeveteit, Beret PErSOnS .\0n the farms, the pro- duction of wheat was ten bushels per capita. In 1830 the work of one man for three hours was required to grow and harvest a bushel of wheat. Sixty years later, a fraction of that labor sufficed to produce the bushel. Again, machinery must have the credit, and the efficiency of such machinery is so well understood that American farmers now spend one hundred million dollars a year for machinery. Wages are much higher than they were seventy-five years ago, yet most farm products are cheaper. It is because one man with suit- able machines can produce more than a much larger num- ber of men, working in the old way, could produce eight or ten decades ago. It is claimed that one man with machines can raise as much rice in Louisiana as four hundred men with hand tools can raise in India. The need of inventions was felt before the inventions came, otherwise, they would not have come. Yet it seems strange that the need was not felt and that results did not follow, hundreds of years earlier. Nearly two thousand years ago a reaper, foreshadowing the present one, was invented in France, but was forgotten. A cen- tury ago most wheat fields contained less than five acres each. That was true particularly when the farmer depended upon his own and his family’s labor. Wheat must be harvested within a few days after it is ripe, or it falls and is lost. Four or five acres were as many as the average farmer could reap with a sickle. If he grew 154 AMERICAN a large acreage, part of it spoil- ed before he could harvest it, and there was no incen- tive to grow larger crops. A farmer so situated not interested in threshing machines. He could pound out his crop with flails, was small or tread it out with horses during the winter when he had little else to do. Conse- quently, no in- ventor was en- couraged to ¢ make a thresh- ing machine, and there was none worth the name till later years. The invention of the reaper opened the door to nearly everything else in the agricultural implement line, for one thing led to another. It happened that railroads began to be built the time the reaper was invented, and this provided means for carrying wheat to market, and here by contrast. A PALESTINE THRESHING FLOOR 4 AMERICAN LEGION PLANS MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING 157 Lillian S. Evans was the chairman, planted trees near the Lincoln Highway. The exercises were opened with the singing of the Star-Spangled Banner and then prayer by Rey. G. F. Hayes. General Shannon, or “Two-Yard” Shannon, the hero and idol of the Iron Division, spoke, and Reginald Wright Kauffman made the ad- dress. In this talk Mr. Kauffman expressed his views of the tree as a memorial. He said: “Just before the war started, I -was lunching in New York with a friend of mine, a poet. Our talk turned on a volume of his poems that was soon to be published, and among these poems was ‘Trees.’ That poet’s name was Joyce Kil- mer. When America entered the World War, he volunteered for Service and, arrived in France, he always asked for the most danger- ous work. A few months since, I came upon his grave in the Ameri- can Military Cemetery at Seringes —where there was no tree, no green thing at all—and close beside it the graves of two of the boys we are remembering today: Leo Bittner and Cyrus Mathiot. For the soldier dead I think that you could have chosen no more fitting memorial than a living tree. Man- kind has always regarded the tree as friendly and often as divine. There was the mystic oak of the Druids ; the sacred Bo-tree of Buddah; the ash Yggdrasil of Norse Mythology, whose roots were in the under- IS YOUR TOWN READY FOR ARBOR DAY? Wen the coming of Arbor Day there comes a renewed interest in memorial tree planting. | The American Forestry Magazine wants all tree plantings reported to it at Washington. The Arbor Days this Spring follow: Colorado—Third Friday in April. Connecticut—May, on proclamation by the Gov- ernor. Idaho—April, on dates set by the County School Superintendents. illinois—On proclamation by the Governor. Indiana—Third Friday in April. Iowa—Proclamation by the Governor. Kansas—On proclamation by the Governor. Maine—On proclamation by the Governor. Maryland—Second Friday in April. Massachusetts—Last Saturday in April. Michigan—Last Friday in April. Minnesota—Latter part of April, on proclamation of the Governor. Missouri—First Friday after the first Tuesday in April. Montana—Second Tuesday in May. Nebraska—April 22, birthday of J. Sterling Mor- ton. Nevada—On proclamation of the Governor. New Hampshire—At option of the Governor. New Jersey—Second Friday in April. New York—First Friday following May 1. North Dakota—Option of the Governor. Ohio—Middle of April, on proclamation of the Governor. Oregon—Second Friday in April. Pennsylvania—On proclamation of the Governor. Rhode Island—Second Friday in May. South Dakota—Latter part of April, on procla- mation of the Governor. Utah—April 15. Y Vermont—First Friday in May. Virginia—On proclamation of the Governor. West Virginia—Second Friday in April. Wisconsin—First Friday in May. Washington (State)—First Friday in May. Wyoming—First Friday in May. Arbor Day, Mr. Pack points out, started in Nebraska when the State Board of Agriculture on January 4, 1872, heard the resolution of J. Sterling Morton that April 10, 1872, be consecrated to tree planting. This was adopted, but later, in honor of the father of Arbor Day, the date in Nebraska was changed to April 22 in honor of Mr. Morton’s birthday. flowers. this campaign, wherever taken up, the American Forestry Association finds that rivalry of the most healthy kind de- velops between organizations such as chambers of com- merce and boards of trade, rotary clubs and like forces for civic betterment. At Tampa, Florida, is found, perhaps, a good sample of the get-together and do-. spirit. There the Rotary Club put over a campaign for $7,500 for a “Road of Remembrance.” There was no great fuss about it. The thing was just done because the club knows a good thing. The fol- lowing outline from E. D. Lamb- right, of the Memorial Highway Committee of the Rotary Club, tells of the plans: “Hillsborough County is now building many miles of asphalt road. One of these roads extends from the city limits of Tampa to the country line of Pinellas County, and is probably the most traveled of any county highway, as it leads to the resorts and growing towns of the West Coast. Suggested by James Yeates, chairman of the Hillsborough County Commission- ers, himself a Rotarian, the Rotary Club espoused a plan to make this road a ‘Road of Remembrance.’ For fifteen miles, from city limits to county line, it is to be bordered with the laurel oak, more familiarly known as the ‘water oak.’ Between the oaks will be set out oleanders and various colored The road will be beautifully parked on both world, but whose arms reached to the Asa-gods above NAME A TREE FOR ASOLDIER BOY the skies. How large a part the tree has sides and, when the trees reach a sizeable growth, will One thousand soldier boys of Middletown are to be remem- bered with a handsome living memorial consisting of one undoubtedly be one.of the most beautiful drive- Played in ‘our |thousand trees-a tree for each boy--to be planted along Dixie] “si ya team te, [Highway from Middletown to Engle’s Corner. Pr aa ikke~. of = the $2.50 will buy a tree and atag to name that tree fur a suldier boy. paign for funds Knowledge of Contributions can be made to Soldier’s Tree Memorial Fund at the First] to buy and Good and Evil |National Bank, or mailed to Mr. Chas. R. Hook, Chairman. plant ie trees in Genesis to that Tree upon which the Di- WELFARE ASSOCIATION OF MIDDLETOWN was conducted and $7,500 was raised for this vine’ Sacrifice was consum- mated, I need not, surely, remind you.” In “Roads of Remembrance” municipalities see oppor- tunities not alone for an inspiring memorial, but for the promotion of better feeling with other municipalities. In HERE IS THE COPY OF AN ADVERTISEMENT WHICH HAD A BIG PART IN THE UNIQUE CAMPAIGN FOR A “ROAD OF REMEMBRANCE” AT MIDDLETOWN, OHIO purpose. Pros- pective sub- scribers were informed that they could buy any number of trees, to represent them on this highway, at $2.50 a tree. Relatives and friends of the boys who gave their lives in the war were thus given the privilege of suitably 158 and perpetually express- ing their acknowledg- ment of the ‘supreme sacrifice.’ The trees are to be fully protected during their early growth and will have the con- stant attention of ex- perts. At the city limit line, where the memorial highway begins, the city is to erect a permanent and imposing arch, and the County Commission- ers are to erect another at the county line, where the ‘Road of Remem- brance’ ends, these arches to bear the names of the heroes they commemorate. The idea has proved very popular and it is assured that Pinellas County will do likewise, joining the Hillsborough Highway with one for its own young men, making at least a thirty-mile con- tinuous stretch,” The keynote is in the last line of the statement which says that it is assured that Pinellas County will do the same. AMERICAN FORESTRY PLANT A TREE By DAVID H. WRIGHT If when I am gone Thou would’st honor me Then plant a tree. Some highway, bleak and bare, Make green with leaves. So radiant and fair And full of leaves my monument will be, So ever full of tuneful melody. My monument will be A sight most rare— Trees planted everywhere. A highway broad from city to the sea— Plant this in memory of me. ! There we have the possi- bilities for a magnificent system of roads throughout the country when something is started for of course the ¥e r E et eee - a ca thar nj usr : « Sox, 4h aa tent: ERAS EG! SEES TLAA oe iS, os S a next county will not lag in this great work, Thou- sands of dollars have been voted for good roads. This money is to be spent within the next few years. To no coun- try, except France and Belgium, does there come such an oppor- tunity to beautify while building. It is an op- portunity that must not be missed. And it will not be if the answer to the call sent out by the American Forestry As- sociation continues to grow in volume. At Middletown, Ohio, a unique campaign for memorial tree planting has been conducted. Mrs. Charles R. Hook, wife of a vice-president of the American Rolling Mill Company, helped in a campaign by the Wel- ‘fare Association. Half page advertisements were inserted in the newspa- pers and in quick time a fund for a thousand trees was raised and these will be planted along the Dixie Highway from Engle’s Corner to Twelfth Street, in Middletown. Mrs. John B. Hamme has completed plans for the memorial CEREMONY AT THE MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING OF THE ARS ENAL TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL AT INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA AMERICAN LEGION PLANS MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING 159 tree planting along the Lincoln Highway, twelve miles to school, and twice a week to church to learn the catechism. 2 The schoolmaster and the priest say to me that Jean is a each side of York, Pennsylvania. Mrs. D. P. Montague — very wise and intelligent hone 4 J and Miss Mollie E. C. Montague have completed plans Always I take care of the young orphans of Argy. Many for tree planting along the Dixie Highway out of Chat- pee aah eed tittle girt ae hel ei old, Rae tanooga. At Brooklyn, New York, plans have been put — YS aA Oy Rimerican people who would like to adopt forward for a memorial highway as part of a great civic these two children? The mothers are working very hard plan that will mean the making over of much of the anviioe. pets, Gein ie in kindest remembrance. great city. Anna T. Graham, Home Service Secretary Marie Facuer. of the Red Cross at Milton, Florida, reports the planting By adoption, Miss Faguet does not mean legal adoption, of twenty memorial trees and in the dedication the Fed- but simply the willingness to take an interest in the child eration of Women’s Clubs will take part. At Appleton, Wisconsin, the High School has planted six memorial trees, under the direction of Paul G. W. Keller, the principal. These are but a few of the varied organizations that have turned to memorial tree planting. Has your town a plan? Is there an opportunity for a memorial highway or a memorial park? What about a “Road of Remem- brance” to the next town? Make tree planting by the citizens a part of any memorial plans. Give your memorial the proper setting of memorial trees. Give the citizens something to do besides pay the bill. Let him have a part in the work and the result will be better citizenship and he and his children will hold to that com- munity just as does the tree they plant. THE ADOPTED SON OF THE TWENTIETH ENGINEERS (FOREST) ‘ a. is not generally known that our now famous regi- _ ™ ment of forest engineers adopted one of the fatherless children of France, but this is a fact and his photo- graph is here shown. He was from a gypsy family, says the Rev. Howard Y. Williams, Chaplain of the Regi- ment, in reporting the matter to the American Forestry Association, and had never been in a home up to the time he was adopted. He had never walked up-stairs, and was really frightened by the first experience. Now he is well clothed and cared for, going to school every oe en oe ST STR ae aS SAME RES and twice a week to church to learn the catechism. Both NEERS (FORESTRY) his schoolmaster and the local priest give very favorable reports of his progress. The following letter from Miss -Marie Faguet, daughter of the Supreme Court Judge of the Department, is interesting. Miss Faguet is looking after the orphans and fatherless children in her father’s Department, being a representative of the Society for Fatherless French Children. Anyone interested in the two other cases she mentions may correspond directly THE POPLARS with her at 14 Rue de la Grandiere, Tours, France, as she reads and writes English, or with the editor of this magazine. through yearly subscription and such letters as one may desire to write. Fifty dollars a year is all that is needed for a-child like either one of these two, who is living at home with the mother, and the subscription may be for one year or longer. Now with the breath of coming rain The poplars sway in troubled row, Like old wives, rocking to and fro Tours, France, December 3, 1919. In pain ; a dear pereiai ; They shake their heads in shocked surprise ome days before my departure from the country to : ° : Tours, I took the picture of Jean Doer, which I send you in And whisper underneath their breath, this a fo you can know this little boy, to whom you are Like mourners in a house of death; so good and so kind. I regret very much that you had not Then lift their aprons to their eye met Jean betore your departure to America. Very often I Rat P yes speak about you to Jean, who would be so glad to know you. gain. Will you come soon to France? Every day Jean Doer goes —Nellie Burget Miller. | - : ( . MUNICIPAL FORESTRY IN NEW YORK BY JOHN BENTLEY, JR. PROFESSOR OF FOREST ENGINEERING, CORNELL UNIVERSITY HE practice of forestry by municipalities abroad is not uncommon, and no doubt many travelers are familiar with the “town forests” of Europe. One of the best known of these is the communal forest belonging to the city of Zurich, in Switzerland, which has an area of 2,840 acres, yielding on the average an annual income of nearly $20,000, or the work was begun without the knowledge that state laws were being enacted which might make tree-planting something of an inducement. It therefore deserves all the more credit for its interest in forestry. To Dr. Homer G. Newton, for many years a resident of that village, is due the honor of having initiated the policy of tree-planting and watershed about $7.00. per acre; and this is the more remarkable because most of this income is derived from the sale of firewood, which is perhaps, the cheapest product of a forest. This tract of forest land has been under man- agement since the year 1309, and it has been steadily in- creasing in value during these six centuries. In this country the number of towns and cities that are practicing forestry is still small, and their efforts have been con- fined chiefly to the protec- tion of watersheds from which the city’s water sup- ply is drawn. The state of New York passed a law in 1912 making it possible for counties, towns and villages to acquire, by purchase, lease, gift, or condemnation, lands having treegrowth or forests thereon, or lands which are suitable for the growth of trees; and while this law may have encourag- ed the practice of forestry to some extent, it is a mat- ter of regret that more of the non-agricultural land in the state is not put to use in this way. The advantages to be obtained are numerous, besides the income to be de- rived from the sale of for- est products there are the benefits of regulation of stream-flow, protection of the watershed, shelter from winds and storms, protection to birds and game, and a healthful resort for the people of the town and community. Sherburne, a village in Chenango County, New York, has been planting trees systematically since 1912, and 160 A FINE INDIVIDUAL SPECIMEN Scotch Pine planted 10 years ago, and now 15 feet high. In the last two jt years this tree has grown 40 inches. fh protection, for he it was who gave the village a tract of land surrounding its reser- voirs and bordering the stream for some distance above them, and he it was who foresaw the necessity of having these lands for- ested, if the water supply of’ the village was to be con- served and protected to the best advantage. Accordingly, the terms under which the village came into possession of this watershed provide for the removal of all buildings, and the planting of ten thou- sand trees each year for five years (or until 1917), and four thousand trees annually, thereafter, until the entire area of ninety-five acres is forested. If openings occur where the planted trees fail to establish a stand, such spots are to be replanted, and the work is to be con- tinued until the whole tract is covered with a thrifty growth of forest trees. In its conception and in its exe- cution the plan is an admir- able one; and the wisdom of it bears testimony to the thoughtful generosity of the man who is responsible for Moreover, as time goes by and the trees grow into a dense forest, the Reservoir Park, as the tract is to be known, will stand as a perpetual memorial to its donor, a memorial of practical value and natural beauty which can be appreciated and enjoyed by every resident of the town. It is earnestly hoped that this example will be followed, and that many other towns in New York and other states will establish and maintain municipal forests. MUNICIPAL FORESTRY IN NEW YORK Chenango County is a region of great natural beauty ; the hills and valleys combine to make one of those picturesque counties for which central New York is famous. Mad Brook, a small stream rising a few miles SCOTCH PINE PLANTED IN 1910 Mr. R. P. Kutschbach, of Sherburne, N. Y., who is in charge of the planta- tions, is standing beside the trees, which average 12 feet in height, some of the more vigorous ones reaching 15 feet. 161 cover of forest trees; and since water conservation is the main object in view, one of the most important func- tions of the Reservoir Park is to safeguard these springs, which help to keep the reservoirs filled. The yaried topography and exposures give rise to quite a wide range of soil conditions, especially as re- gards moistute; this affords an opportunity to employ ~ several species of trees for the work of reforestation, chief among which are white pine, red or Norway pine, Scotch pine, Norway spruce, white ash, cottonwood and red oak. All of these species have been tried, and obser- vations have been made to determine their relative merits under the existing conditions. Owing to the fact that some of the earlier plantations of white pine have been attacked and damaged by the white pine weevil, red, or Norway pine and Scotch pine, which are not subject to the attack of this insect, have been substituted for white pine during the last few years. The white pine weevil is an insect that attacks the growing shoot of the tree, causing its death. The effect is to force one of the lateral branches of the tree to become the leader, and although the tree itself rarely dies, it to the northeast of Sher- burne, meanders through open fields and drains a watershed of more than a thousand acres; it supplies two reservoirs located about a mile from the town. On the banks of the stream is a growth of willows, and the moist lands bordering the stream are being planted to ash, spruce, and other trees which find the conditions favorable. Above the stream, the country slopes up to a hill on which is a body of mature timber, a remnant of the vast forest which originally covered the hills of Chenango County. In these forests, pine, hemlock, maple, beech, ash and birch reached large sizes, and contributed greatly to the natural resources of the coun- try. But few of the pieces of woodland now remaining give any idea of the original magnificence of these for- ests; agriculture and stock-raising have demanded open, cultivated fields; and the forests were largely cut down. In some parts of the surrounding country, however, height. AT THE EDGE OF A WHITE PINE PLANTATION These trees have been planted 10 years, and average about 9 feet in The growth during the last two years has been especially good, and the tallest trees will reach a height of 12 feet. is always forked or crooked, result of the insect’s Red oak was tried in 1915 on the drier hill tops, but has not given the satis- faction that was expected. Hemlock, one of the most abundant of the trees in the original forests, is found re- producing exceedingly well and is reclaiming consider- able territory along the edge of the woods, and although this asa work. slow in growth, it will be left where species is t agriculture has been attended with so little success that a second growth of timber is rapidly taking possession of the ground, and the proportion of woodland is actually increasing. Wherever tree-growth occurs on this water- ver + algae pa = fara 4 . S505 ‘ shed it is, of course, being protected and encouraged, and the open spots that occur will eventually be filled up by planting appropriate species of trees, if they have not already succeeded in establishing themselves by natural seeding. The hillsides about the resorvoir abound with springs which, of course, would flow more copiously and with greater regularity if the slope were fully protected by a NORWAY SPRUCE PLANTED BETWEEN ROWS OF WHITE PINE While making fairly good growth during the last two seasons, the spruce has taken many years to become established. The quality of the soil here is better adapted to pine. it occurs naturally, because it is so well adapted to the conditions. The tree planting has been done with mattocks, the men working in crews of two. In this method of work, 162 one man digs a hole, and his companion follows, setting the trees, a supply of which he carries in a bucket. The trees are spaced at regular intervals of six feet along straight lines which are themselves located six feet apart. This makes a total of 1,210 trees per acre. The spacing in the plantation is kept as regular as possible to facilitate the present work of planting, as well as to make counting and future management easier. A con- siderable portion of the area has already been planted, and at the present rate of planting the watershed will be covered with trees about the year 1922. From that time on, it will be necessary to fill up any fail spaces, should they occur, and to practice some system of silvi- culture which will best subserve the purpose for which the park was established. Although located some two or three miles from a rail- road the danger from fire is not to be underestimated; the popularity of camp fire suppers, and the carelessness of smokers have been responsible for many a fire which has damaged or destroyed forests generally considered outside the danger zone. Every precaution will be taken in the case of this plantation to avoid damage by fire. This will be accomplished by establishing fire-lines along those portions of the park which are most exposed, and by frequent patrol and inspection during dry and danger- ous seasons. A set of fire-fighting tools will be kept where they can be gotten quickly, in case of an emergency. AMERICAN. which time the plantations should contain a large Dro ———— FORESTRY BS s va lee, More effective than anything else, perhaps, will be the is. education of the people to a sense of their own responsi-_ i bility in protecting a park which is maintained for the public benefit. When the people in a community come 4 to regard a forest park of this kind in the same light that they regard their own personal property, there 1 be little trouble in securing effective fire protection. To many people, the question of costs is the most important of all considerations. If the project can he shown to pay returns, on the money invested, it vy appeal to everybody concerned as sound business. a has been shown in a number of cases that forest planta- yy tions will yield very satisfactory financial returns un i fair conditions* The conditions under which the planta ing has been done at Sherburne make the prospects _ ultimate financial success very good; unless some unfore- _ seen accidents occur, a profit of from 4 to 6 per sis may be expected at the end of forty or fifty years a “a w a) mt portion of merchantable trees. Up to 1915 the avere cost of planting, including stock, transportation, labo: and inspection, had been $9.71 per thousand trees, $11.75 per acre. The work in the last four years he approximated $13 per acre. This is a very reasot figure considering the conditions existing at the . The development of this project should be foll with much interest by towns or villages that conten similar plantations or forests.t , EXPENSES Publication of Magazine.............ecseeeeeeee $26,230.11 Membership Solicitation...............0eeeeeeee 7,905.92 Business Office Expenses, General Supplies, f Equipment and Salaries..............+eeee0s 22,457.66 Mestings.iSck cigar ses rash wcmeeet hing hee Uantone 681.19 $57,274.88 $57,274.88 ASSETS CAYO ET GNG Abas bacten dope rege Pevegeartins Lemans 7,120.33 BUVESETATEG = 55, icc. 'e ewe a ota pokwin eases abies: 26,314.33 Accounts Kecéivable. iii. s cosines s Cao cleciecocme 1,257.58 FRGentOried Ns o's ree Pe ca cus coat pean ee Uae rv secs 207.00 Deferred \Anstts! tat. Ate iSackeseaas css eye ee 1,770.00 $36,669.24 Expended as follows: Forestry Publicity and Propaganda Foresters Edition (American Forestry) During 1918, for same uses and is a part of the “war-time,” FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOR 1919 Funds donated to American Forestry Association for Educational and Scientific Work in 1919 and not included in above Financial Statement.............. $103,934.00 wae Printing and Distribution of Bulletins and Pamphlets Educational and scientific work through the Conservation Department affi- liated with the National War Garden Commission from January 1, 1919, to completion of this work on June 1, 1919 During 1917 the American Forestry Association received gifts for educational and scientific work through the Conservation Department, amounting to..$ 56,700.00 228 eee ee ee ee ee ri | During 1919, to June 1, when this war-time work ceased..................008 This total sum was expended through the Conservation Department affiliated with the National War Garden Commission, patriotic service of the Ameriéan Forestry Association. ; INCOME nh Membership and Circulation................- i $#2,11060 Advertising Income’ ...........-ecesecceceeeeees 7,555.90 _ Books Sold. i): occa cco cu seaney teed am eaeeean - 27018 — Paper Sold. 20: cAyvids checsgs ie paeleeteame ene 53.22 Fire Loss Adjustment ...........secseeeeeeereee 5,734.90 $55,724.80 Operating Loss-si:0. css eugene oe cee ane te anate 1,550.08 $57,274.88 LIABILITIES Association Bond Outstanding ................. $ 10.00 Accounts \Payable:.....< veseaeb nutes nee peewee 6,954.43 Notes ‘Payable \v.\i3.5¢%. ageetal Succewe Bounn eee 5,000.00 Surplus January 1, 1919, ie 5 net profit OF $209.79", ..5:c2.s caw ett eke ee 704.81 $36,669.24 J éidim thalye'Gbah oe da owes We TR ee $ 5,600.00 Llc aeh patra sn eie sib chs oe 1,000.00 Ristarginie’s abel etal ete ce nae 3,995.00 Nik ante esate cas hia 239.00 | $103,934.00 93,239.00 $378,439.00 OTWITHSTANDING the fact that there are many species of weasels, their habits are quite similar. The principal differences are due to climate, to the character of the country in which they live, and to food. The habits of the black-footed ferret (Fig. 1), the largest of all the American weasels, are different from those of the least weasel (Fig. 3)—the smallest of the type. The smaller weasels are decidedly more slender, with longish, cylindrical bodies and snake-like aspect, the animals themselves being extremely active and muscular, while the larger species are more robust and rather less active. All the weasels. and there are upwards of forty species of them, are distinctly carnivo- rous; and so far as the writer is aware, it is not known that they ever WEASELS AND THEIR HABITS BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S. of a far larger number of victims than they need for food. They kill, and keep on killing, just for the fun of it; and it is only during the cold winter weather, when game becomes scarce, that they conceal for future con- sumption the bodies of some of the animals they have slain. When deer mice and other small animals are abundant, a weasel makes great havoc among them, killing one after another, merely to suck a part of the fresh blood, and then abandoning the bodies “for some other animal to ONE OF THE RAREST AS WELL AS ONE OF THE LARGEST WEASELS KNOWN IS THE BLACK- FOOTED FERRET (Putorius nigripes). Fig, 1. This specimen is in the exhibition series of the United States National Mu- seum, It is a large animal, and its general coat is of a pale clay color, except the tip of its tail and its feet, which are black. It possesses all the habits of its kind, and is doubtless a perfect terror to the small mammals of the IS ONE OF THEM Fig. 2. touch anything else, as berries, or any herb or vegetable growth. All of the smaller weasels live principally upon mice, and these they are able to follow straight down into | their holes. Through such places they squirm in and out with as much ease as the mice themselves, the latter ‘being thoroughly terrorized when it becomes known to _ them that there is a weasel in the neighborhood. In the ' Northern regions the larger species prey chiefly on rabbits and lemmings, and on some birds of a corresponding size, while further south the big, long-tailed weasel subsists largely on chipmunks, gophers, and other rodents of equal size. No mammal in the entire world, great or small, can _ compare with the weasels as hunters. They hunt their prey incessantly, following it by scent, and take the lives This long-tailed, long and slender species is known as the Washington Weasel, being an inhabitant of that State (Putorius washingtoni). It is also in the National Museum exhibition series. regions it inhabits, THERE ARE QUITE A NUMBER OF SPECIES OF WEASELS ON THE PACIFIC.COAST, AND THIS FORM pick up and devour. On several occasions the , writer has seen weasels chasing deer mice on the snow; and as one of the latter is by no means a poor leaper, almost as good as the weasel itself, such a chase becomes quite interesting. It is extremely rare for the mouse to make good its escape ; for, even should it reach an old stone wall or other place of refuge, the bloodthirsty hunter follows directly after it, squirming his way through crevices and chinks, and among stones, with surprising ease and rapidity, until at last one hears from within the dismal squeals of the captured mouse, announcing the result of the run. The writer once shot a New York weasel (Fig. 10) in the very act of capturing a mole, and the stench that the former was guilty of was something dreadful; in its way it was almost as bad as what a skunk accomplishes under similar circumstances. When hungry, and intending to 163 164 AMERICAN eat the mouse it has taken, the weasel will first suck all the blood it can from the body of its victim through the jugular veins at the neck. It will then bite through and lift the vault of the skull, and get away with the brains, of which it seems very fond. Next it pulls back the pelt from the fore parts towards the tail, eating as it goes, until nothing remains but the reversed hide, to which dangle the four feet and tail. Sometimes weasels IN THIS CUT WE HAVE ONE OF THE SMALLEST SPECIES OF WEASELS KNOWN (?P. rizosus); ITS TOTAL LENGTH BEING ABOUT 12 CENTIMETERS. Fig. 3. This interesting little animal has a range from Hudson’s Bay to Alaska and from Northern Minnesota to Montana. It is a light fawn color above and white beneath. capture shrews in wet places, and no end of meadow mice in the old corn fields and pasture lands. As for rats and common mice, the writer has known a pair of weasels to rid a big barn of them in less than one week. During their stay one or the other of them would fre- quently be seen in broad daylight; they evinced no fear whatever of one’s presence, especially after they fully appreciated the fact that they would not be molested. In killing gray or other rabbits, larger weasels run them down, jump upon their backs, and inflict the death wound by a bite just back of the ear. Sometimes hunters or others have witnessed these tragedies, and have taken the rabbit for their share—the weasel being in some cases lucky to get off with its life. While the chase is on the rabbit will often give up, and, squatting down, commence to squeal in the most pitiful manner, until its merciless hunter takes its life. Of course, were the rabbit not so terrified—its heart nearly bursting with fear for its life—it could easily escape, for no weasel living could overtake a rabbit on a stern chase run. Occasionally when a weasel meets a rabbit in.the woods, the latter will run as fast as he can into some adjoining field or open space, and thus escape his enemy, who rarely fol- lows him under such conditions, although there are ex- ceptions to this. And then, could the rabbit but realize it, it is just possible that if it put forth the strength of which it is capable, it could readily tear such an insignifi- cant creature as a weasel into bits. Even a big rat will FORESTRY sometimes stand off a weasel successfully, especially when defending its young. Well known instances have occurred where a large hawk or owl has seized a weasel in its talons, and sud- denly, while soaring off with its captive, realized its mistake too late. The weasel, squirming about, at last fastens his teeth in the body of his captor, and, cutting some big vein, soon deprives him of his life, both coming down together—the hawk or owl quite dead, while the weasel often runs off with only a few scratches, and none the worse for his trip aloft. - It is said that in England the weasels sometimes hunt in little packs consisting of a dozen or more; and that there are well authenticated cases of their having resented the interference of man, promptly attacking the latter, znd absolutely placing him in danger of his life. One can easily imagine how they might do this; eight or ten agile weasels would be very hard to keep at bay, particu- larly as they, by instinct, make at once for the veins of the neck; for them to run up a man’s clothing would be THE OLD PIERCE’S MILL, PIERCE’S MILL ROAD, WASHINGTON, D. C. Fig. 4. Not so many years ago, and to some extent still, many of the small mamunals of this region—weasels among them—occurred in the woods close to this historic old building. (See figure 6.) no trick at all. Their teeth are like lancets; they are extremely persistent in any attack they undertake, and a simultaneous one of this character would undoubtedly give them additional courage. During the summer weasels will also feed upon crickets, grasshoppers, insects of various kinds, and every bird’s egg they can reach, together with the birds, both big and little. Quails, meadow larks, and ground-building birds of every kind, constantly fall victims to these little blood- sucking hunters. It has been said that a weasel is so agile that it can sometimes capture a bird after the latter has taken flight (Fig. 10) ; this it does by quickly spring- ing into the air after it with a bound. The strength and agility of these animals is really something wonderful, and there is no end to their fight and. pluck. When cornered they will squeal most shrilly; but this is more in defiance than fright. The writer has known one to get into his henhouse and murder a dozen hens upon the Rae = ‘seem to know at ating WEASELS AND roost at night. The weasel was content to take only a bite or so from each head and suck all the blood he could, escaping down a rathole, and being smart enough not to come out again while the writer was there with the lantern. But after all, the service these little rascals render about the barns and outbuildings, in the way of destroying scores upon scores of rats and mice, far more than compensates for the loss of a few hens. In short, we may believe with Benjamin Scott that “if considera- tions of profit and loss are to determine, according to modern tendencies, the fate or the survival of our smaller wild birds and quadrupeds, we cannot too strongly incul- cate the doctrine that nothing is really gained by destroy- ing the balance of nature; while the extinction even of an animal so apparently insignificant as a weasel would be a loss, not to be repaired by any supposed utilitarian advantage to those who, in reverent pursuit of natural science ‘love to THEIR HABITS 165 less of the size of the assailant, she will at once fly at him, be it man, dog, or feathered foe, and she is quite ready to sacrifice her own life in defense of her precious young. From all we can gather, it would appear that the period of gestation in any of the weasels is between six and seven weeks. In the Southern States they breed earlier than in the North. Along the southern border of the United States the young may be produced as early as the latter part of March; we may count a month later for the middle districts, while those in the far north are not produced until well into the month of May. When unencumbered by the cares of a family, weasels become great travelers, and will, even in the space of one night, wander several miles. This they will continue to do for a month or more. The New York weasel, like others of its kind in the northern geographical ranges, assumes a pure white coat on the ap- view these things with cu- rious eyes, and moralize.’ ” The writer has several times caught the New York weasel in a box trap, and it is remarkable to see how gentle they are when taken captive; they do not what fear is. Witmer Stone once caught a female speci- men of the same species in this way, and said that “with- in less than an hour from the time she was first removed from the trap to her cage, she would take meat from my hand without the slightest hesitation, and never offered to bite my fingers even when touching them with her nose. This tameness could not have been brought about by hunger, for when I found her in the box trap she had not wholly eaten the rabbit’s head which I had used for bait.” A weasel’s nest is generally made up of old, dried leaves or grass, and rendered warm, dry, and comfortable. It is usually placed in the hollow root of some dead tree, or in a hole in a bank somewhere. At other times they select the burrows of other animals, as chipmunks, rab- bits, and gophers, frequently killing and devouring the rightful owner prior to occupancy. Weasels are very prolific, in some regions having two or three litters a year, and from three to five weaselets to the litter. Females, which in some of the species are considerably smaller than the males, are fearless to a fault when called upon to defend their young. Regard- OTHER SMALL WEASELS, OTHER THAN OUR LEAST WEASEL (Fig. 3), OCCUR IN OUR WEST: ERN TERRITORIES, AND. THIS IS ONE OF THEM Fig. 5. This one has received the name of Puget Sound Weasel (P. streatori), and it is to be met with along the coasts of Oregon and Washington. proach of win- ter, the tip of the tail alone remaining per- fectly black, as it does through- | out the year. In the summer the upper part of its coat and the feet are of a deep choco- late brown. To a. moderate ex- tent this en- croaches on the lower part, the latter being white, faintly shaded with pale yellow. In winter this pale yellow may become persistent on the lower parts of the animal, but not in- variably so. As spring approaches, the weasels, in shed- ding their coat, present a mottled or pied appearance; and in some of the southern districts the change from the pure white to the summer coat is said to be never quite complete, as it always is with typical northern forms. Usually it is the end of the tail that remains black, and this is strikingly conspicuous when the remainder of the coat is white. It is rendered still more so as the animal passes over the snow. Under these conditions the black tip may be of service to a weasel, for it is this which, above everything else, rivets the gaze of the beholder. One sees the black pencil of a tail only, as the white and hard-to-be-seen creature flees over the fresh snow. Doubtless this likewise holds true for the enemies of the weasel among the owls and hawks and others. Were a hawk, for instance, to pounce upon one of these little fellows, he would naturally attempt to seize with his talons the part most evident to his sight—that which ‘held it and influenced the effort to capture. A ~~ mal + ie al 166 AMERICAN miss would often be the result and the fleeing weasel would escape. There are those who believe that the black tip to the weasels tail in the summer coat also has its advantages, and these redound to the young; for by its aid they can follow their mother better as she rapidly passes through the mixed undergrowth of the weasel’s haunts, especially SUCH SCENES AS WE HAVE HERE STILL EXIST CLOSE TO THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. Fig. 6. To meet with fresh weasel tracks on this snow should not surprise one, for the section is plenty wild enough for them, and there is no end of their food to be met with in such localities. where it is composed of a great variety of plants, bram- bles, grasses, and the like, under which conditions a black spot’ to constantly fix the attention would, in this case be of great assistance. When seen on any surface, as snow or soft mud, the footprints of a weasel are characteristic and easily recog- nized. It progresses by bounding leaps, clearing inter- vals to suit its purpose and convenience. In landing, the hind feet come nearly squarely into the tracks made by the front pair. Thus we have the little impressions it makes in pairs, side by side, and rather close together, each track being produced by the imprint of the fore foot pressed down by the hind foot following it on the same side, The ordinary leap of the animal rarely ex- ceeds a foot and a half; but if badly frightened it can clear ten or a dozen feet at a bound, landing with great certainty in the very spot it desires to reach, There is another notable fact about weasels rarely de- scribed by naturalists and not generally known; here is an instance of it. On one occasion the writer was in his barn on a bright, sunny morning, when a fine male New FORESTRY te York weasel ran across the floor. He ran up on some barrels of grain, and out on a heavy oak crossbeam, in front of one of the horse stalls. Being close to him, he had no means whatever of escaping beyond jumping over the writer’s head, or, in the other direction, onto the horse. Having the threshing-end of a heavy oak flail in one hand, the writer, partly in fun, partly in earnest, with careless aim struck a blow at him. The blow was a miss, and the end of the flail hit the beam a fraction of an inch below where he had quietly stood. He dis- appeared like a puff of smoke. During subsequent years and in substantiation of later observations, the writer learned that this was quite a trick or the weasel’s. Others have noticed it, as for example Stone and Cram, who say in their “American Animals” that, “though bold and 4 fearless, they have the power of vanishing instantly, and the slightest alarm sends them to cover. I have seen one standing within reach of my hand in the sunshine ‘cn the exposed root of a tree, and while I was staring UPPER HEAD, THE BRIDLED WEASEL; THE LOWER ONE IS THE BLACK-FOOTED FERRET Fig. 7. These are typical members of the weasel group in this country, and were originally drawn by Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton. Pugnacity and ferocity is seen in every feature of either of these heads. at it, it vanished like the flame of a candle blown out, without leaving me the slightest clue as to the direction it had taken. All the weasels I have ever seen, either in the woods or open meadows, disappeared in a similar manner.” Just how well off the American museums are today for specimens of the black-footed ferret, I am not pre- WEASELS AND pared to state; but I do know that some thirty years ago there were only a very few of them in the collections. This large weasel spends not a small part of its time during the day in the burrows of various animals—more particularly those of the prairie dog or prairie marmot, an animal upon which it frequently preys. This species is said to closely resemble the polecat of Siberia. The two differ in only a few not very important characters, our form having somewhat longer ears, shorter and coarser fur, added to some differences in its skeleton. It is at once recognized by the transverse black band across the face, encircling the eyes, and by its black feet, which color is carried somewhat above, or at least up to the wrist and ankles. We know but little of its life history, and contributions to the subject would be of value. The THEIR HABITS 167 where the animal is found in the mountains—as among the Wahsatch—it is seen to be a tree climber, where it is apparently as much at home as a pine marten. These weasels are capable of giving off a very powerful and fetid stench; but they are nevertheless captured and devoured by some of the larger species of hawks, and even fed by the latter to their young. It is quite an ~ abundant species in some localities, and by no means as retiring as the black-footed weasel. Our bridled weasel of southern Texas is another large and very handsome species with a long tail. Most of its head is black, with elegant white markings (Fig. 7), shading into dark chestnut brown on top. This is con- tinued in a rich shade over the upper part of the body. the chin and throat being whitish. It is a yellowish A FINE MOUNTED SPECIMEN OF RICHARDSON’S WEASEL IN THE EXHIBITION SERIES OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM (P. c. richardsoni) AS IT APPEARS IN ITS WINTER COAT Fig. 8. Richardson’s weasel has a black-tipped tail in winter, as almost all weasels possess in their winter pelage. big prairie dog towns in the southern part of Wyoming and northern Colorado are good localities in which to hunt for specimens. In general coloration the animal is yellowish brown above, white beneath, tinged with yel- low, the colors shading into each other on the sides and rump. The nose, sides of head, ears, throat, lower surface of neck, belly, and under side of tail, all white; about two inches of the distal end of the tail are black. Another interesting weasel is the long-tailed weasel—a large species with an uncommonly long tail (Fig. 9). This animal is of a pale yellowish brown above, being darker upon the head. Its upper lip and chin are pure white, the end of its tail black, feet yellowish buff. It turns white in winter, as do other weasels. In northern Montana and along the upper Missouri this species is found inhabiting the burrows of the kit foxes, the gophers, and the badgers. This is a desert region; but orange beneath, and the tail has merely a black tip. It is believed that this form does not turn white in the winter; and, while it has many of the habits of its congeners, we still stand in need of a full account of its life history. We have another very interesting member of this group in Bonaparte’s weasel, with its two subspecies, Richardson’s and the Juneau weasel. These forms are also known as ermines and stoats. The ermine or stoat of Europe is known to science as M. erminea, and for a number of generations it has been known to many observers, as well as to naturalists, furriers, and others. It is of great value economically, as its pelt forms one of the staple products of the fur trade, and could, in Europe at one time, only be worn by members of the royal families. This law held especially in Russia, where ermine tails were principally used for such purposes. 168 AMERICAN In summer, Bonaparte’s weasel is of a dark brown color above, the under parts and upper lip being of a yellowish white. One that the writer saw caught in a box trap was in winter pelage, and one of the most beautiful little creatures imaginable—more attractive than beautiful perhaps, in the sense we would use the latter word when describing a mammal with a pelage exhibiting some bright color. A considerable amount of discussion has appeared in various works devoted to the life histories of mammals in regard to the mode of change of the color of the hair of the coats of those animals that exhibit summer coloration, and then, with more or less sudden- ness, don one of white, or nearly white, for the winter Wea- sels that do season. this have come in for their ful share of the various opin- ions held by zoologists. Some believe that one of these animals, in changing to the white pel- age of winter, sheds the fur, the coat of white being en- ? tirely Others new. have FORESTRY in the white hairs have been found to be tipped with brown, with a dark brown stripe of new hair down the back, being a part of the incoming spring coat. Autumnal specimens show the former condition and vernal ones the latter. Temperature markedly affects it, and to a large extent is the controlling agent. This is supported by the fact that the northern species only assume the complete white coat in winter, while the extreme southern forms never exhibit any such change. Species ranging in the intermediate regions are often piebald, and re- main so until the shed gives them a new coat of the —that is, the bi-colored one. Under ordi- nary circum- stances, the change from the white coat to the summer pelage takes about three weeks ; but this may be retard- ed or hastened by the condi- tions of the temperature in the early spring months. The change is of marked service to the animal. The white coat largely protects the weasel against its ene- mies, while it serves to ren- der it incon- ieee contended that owing to a cer- tain falling of temperature at DENCE HERE States National Museum. Somewhat reduced.) Fig. 9. the beginning of winter, the coat of the weasel simply turns white, the hair not being shed at all; while still others affirm that it is due in part to this, and in part+to the old coat. being, to some extent, replaced by the winter one or vice versa. In other words, there are in general two ways in which the change may take place. Those who have studied the question most closely contend that the change may or may not be coincident with the shedding of the coat. Such an opinion is based upon the fact that, in examining a large series of specimens, examples have been met with where- SOME WEASELS ARE TRULY BEAUTIFUL IN THEIR WINTER COATS—DOCUMENTARY EVI- ITH. (Photograph by the author of the Long-tailed Weasel, No. 102089 in the United On account of its long tail, science has named this species Putorius longicauda, and it has a range over the great Plains from Kansas northward. spicuous and difficult to be seen by its prey. The col- ors also equal- ize the temperature of the animal’s body. A great authority and close observer of the phenomenon states that “it is too well known to require more than an allusion that, although the darker colors absorb heat to a greater degree than lighter ones— so that dark-colored clothing is much warmer than light-colored when the wearer is exposed to the sun’s rays—the radiation of heat is also never greater from dark than from light-colored surfaces, and conse- quently the animal heat from within is more completely retained by a white than by a dark covering. Therefore, summer season en the extreme the temperature of an animal having white fur would continue more equable than that of one clothed in darker colors, although the latter would enjoy a greater degree of warmth while exposed to the sun’s influence. Thus the mere presence of a degree of cold, sufficient to prove hurtful if not fatal to the animal, is itself the immediate cause of such a change in its condition as shall at once negative its in- - WEASELS AND THEIR HABITS 169 dictates is the next operation, when his inborn cruelty impels him to seek other victims to satisfy his rapacious appetite. Indeed, if one has ever had the opportunity to corner an ermine in some cavity or other, and looked in upon the little bloodthirsty vagabond, his face is a very * good index of this character; it is stamped with the very personality of cruelty and power. His lancet-like teeth jurious influ- Our ermines are prolific breeders, and may bring forth as many as six or seven at a birth; in north this may take place even before the fe- male has as- sumed the sum- mer coat. She, usually selects for her home any convenient excavation in | the ground, or among the rocks, or cavi- ties in the trunks of trees. The breeding season depends to some extent upon the latitude, being later in the far north than in the more southern parts of the range of the species. The female specimens of the ermine are markedly smaller than the males, although they possess all the characteristics of the the power to make themselves offensive through their use. It is remarkable what big creatures an ermine will attack and sometimes overpower. The writer believes it was Nelson who stated that in the far north the Juneau ermine will, with ease, overcome a ptarmigan or any of the large northern hares. He simply runs them down, jumps on their backs, and a few bites at the neck closes the tragedy. To suck as much blood as his fancy SO AGILE ARE OUR WEASELS THAT sche, A a TO CAPTURE SMALL BIRDS ON Fig. 10. This spirited scene is one of frequent occurrence in the northeastern part of the country. The birds are common snowbirds (Junco), and the voracious little weasel is in full winter fur. (Photograph by the author of the drawing of the New York weasel by Leon L. Pray in Cory’s Mammals of Illinois and Wisconsin.) species, including the presence of the anal glands and’ may grin at you; he glares at you, while his small eyes seem to actual- ly glisten with agreenish light, intensify- ing their pene- tration and cunning. He has all the ap- pearance of the deadly rattler about to strike, and fortunate it is that he lacks the ma- terial in his or- ganization to render the bite a venomous one. In America ermine skins are but little sought in the fur trade, as the demand for them is small. In the Yukon region the natives hardly think it pays to trap them, so limited is the call for their pelts. Our Indians in the north use the tails or even the skins of the entire animal in their ceremonial attire, or attached to some of their implements and fetiches. __ In closing the article the writer desires to express his thanks to the National Museum authorities for the facili- ties extended in the matter of photographing specimens of mounted weasels in the exhibition series of that insti- tution, and more especially to Dr. James E. Benedict, Chief of Exhibits, who, upon this and numerous other. occasions, did all in his power to see to it that everything necessary to the accomplishment of such a piece of work was promptly made available. ur p> Te Sete Gtak Wee haem iianit FR CO it CI rst OES TIT ree - B\\ \ \ <4) me wn AMERICAN FORESTRY THE BOY TOSSED A DELICIOUS CABBAGE LEAF TO MAMMY COTTONTAIL AND HER MOUTH WATERED AFTER THE LONG, COLD WINTER, WITH ITS HUNGER PAINS AND FEAR OF DEATH AMERICAN FORESTRY 171 MAMMY COTTONTAIL AND TROUBLE : BY ALLEN CHAFFEE AUTHOR OF “THE ADVENTURES OF TWINKLY EYES,” THE LITTLE BLACK BEAR (WITH ILLUSTRATION BY PETER DA RU) Il. A VISIT TO THE VALLEY FARM HE cabbage the boy was throwing to the chickens had been frozen, but that made no difference to Mammy T Cottontail. It was a delicious odor for a bunny hungry enough to eat dry) bark. And her mouta watered at the thought of how a leaf would taste. How long the winter had been, with its cold and hunger and its fear of death, as one enemy after another had tried to catch her—And memories came of the long sum- mer days in the cabbage patch in the clearing, when she had feasted fat all day long, hiding under the giant leaves. There, not even the boy from the Valley Farm could find her, when she chose to play hide and seek. Wriggling her little black nose this way and that to sniff that cabbage aroma, she ventured around the old stone wall and across the snow that had drifted over the barn-yard fence. It was a cheery scene. Not only were the chickens clucking over the unexpected meal of green stuff, but the cows and sheep and horses in the barn were munching and crunching and enjoying their suppers, as the boy passed from one stall to another. Even Lop Ear, the Hound and Barnyard Thomas had their bones, which they mouthed with much growling and licking of chops as they eyed one another. . 2 orig Mammy Cottontail crept just behind the gate post, and there she crouched, so motionless that the boy had to _ look twice before he realized she was not just a knobby little chunk of wood. When he did see her, he tossed a juicy cabbage leaf her way. “Hello, there, is that you, Bunny?” he called softly. “I’ll bet you came because you smelled the cabbage, didn’t you?” ; This was too much for Mammy. She didn’t understand the words, but she did his action, and she crept a little nearer.—The best of us are bound to be rash sometimes, and there is nothing much harder than to watch others eat when you are hungry. Now the door to the cow stable was opened, and the milking pails brought forth. The cat, at least, had gone,—though just where, Mammy had not seen. “TIsn’t it mild this evening, Father?” asked the boy, as the farmer came down to pitch hay for the horses. “Wish you’d let me drive the cows outside, where it is lighter, while we milk them!” “Go ahead,” said the farmer, gazing off at the red glow of the sunset, which had piled rose and purple clouds above the snowy horizon. And the next thing Mammy knew, the six red cows were trampling the snow in the pasture between her and her orchard. Now she was surrounded! Yes, sir, Mammy Cottontail had no sooner crept forward for that cabbage leaf than she found herself surrounded. On one side was the barn, on the second the circle of red cows, while on the third her escape was cut off at this moment by Barn-yard Tom, whom she spied creeping toward her along the top of the fence. In the only direction left, the Hound sprang up with a yip of delight as she made a wild dash to get past him. There seemed to be no way out!—And the cabbage not yet tasted for which she had risked the safety of her Old Apple Orchard! If she had not been faint from hunger, she might have ventured a straight-away race with the Hound. But she was weak and famished, and besides, the snow had covered all her favorite hiding places. Things certainly looked bad for Mammy Cottontail! Then,—swift as a streak of lightning,—mammy turned and darted between the legs of the six red cows! Now the cows hated Lop Ear the Hount. Distrusting him at best, when he came baying at them full tilt after Mammy, they over-turned their milking pails and gathered in a circle, lowering their horns at him and mooing their displeasure. “Here! Lop Ear!—Home with you!” commanded the farmer sternly. And the spotted hound, afraid to disobey, gave up the chase, and slunk crest-fallen back to the farm house porch, where he sulked with nose between his paws, even when the boy poured the foam from the milk pails into his pan. Meantime Mammy made good her escape. And that night the boy followed her tracks to the orchard by the light of the moon, and left her a cabbage as big as herself. And for many nights thereafter he remem- bered his tiny neighbor, as he did Chickadee,—till spring had once more spread her feast of plenty for the furred and feathered folk. (All rights reserved by Allen Chaffee.) 172 George Washington tied his horse to a ring in this tree in front of the Timothy Ball House at Maplewood, New Jersey, according to the data sent the American Forestry Association by Frank J. Par- sons, who nominates the wal- nut for a place in the Hall of Fame. This tree is said to have been planted at the time the Timothy Ball house was built in 1743. When visiting his cousins, the Balls, General Washington is said to have frequently hitched his horse to an iron ring which for many years was attached to the tree. Old residents now living recall this ring. The Rev. George W. Clark, a AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES great-grand-son of Timothy Ball, in his book, “Struggles and Triumphs of a Long Life,” refers to the old tree as fol- lows: “When I was a boy, in 1849, the tree was then of tremendous size and the rec- ords of the times tell of a ring to which the horse was tied. This tree was used as a dividing line by the con- gregations of the Presbyteri- an Churches of Orange and Springfield, it being appro-xt- mately three and a half miles from each church. Those on the South side were expected to attend the Springfield Church and those on the North side the Orange Church.” by A SEE Aas os roe, Te ES RESS Se UP = See Set RO nt ee ee This white oak is nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Association because it is more than 250 years old and is a tree and the trunk is hollow. nominates it for a place in the Hall of Fame. “without a heart.” name and address showing the tree’s great age. The tree is on the estate of Carl O, Hedstrom at Portland, Connecticut, This hollow trunk has been filled in and the tree is as good as ever, says N. A. ‘Millane, who In excavating the trunk of the tree a bottle was found in which was a man’s i ee Here is the Wethersfield Elm, for which the claim is made that it ts the largest elm in the United — States. The age of the tree is 250 years, the height 97 feet, it has a spread of 147 feet and a circumference of 28 feet. Some of the limbs extend sixty feet from the trunk and two of the limbs were de- stroyed in storms during 1918. AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES 173 A great deal of care has been given this tree by the im- provement association of this Connecticut town and a great deal more care must be given it, experts say, in order to save the tree. N. A. Millane, of Middletown, Connecticut, also nominates this tree for a place in the Hall of Fame of trees being compiled by the American Forestry Asso- ciation. Beneath these trees the most famous, twelve white oaks in the United States, General Washington often sat. been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Association at Washington, which asks for data and pictures of trees with a history. They have The trees in this picture were planted in 1730 on the Baylor-Newmarket Plantation in Caroline County, Virginia. J. B. Baylor, who nominates them for “Who's Who,” says that two famous men were born in a house once within the shade of these trees often visited by General Washington. One was Colonel George Baylor, aide to General Washington; and the other was Major George Armistead, who was in command at Fort McHenry when Key wrote the National anthem. 174 pe aS eee rae _ AMERICAN FORESTRY NEW FRIENDS BEING MADE FOR wits the coming of Spring the editors of the country are continuing their co-operation with the American Forestry Association’s drive for the planting of memorial trees and “Roads of Remem- brance.” These two campaigns have awakened new interest in trees all over the country and, together with the “Hall of Fame” for trees with a history, the As- sociation is being introduced in new places every day. The first shipment of tree seeds to Europe brought forth widespread com- ment on the good work of the Association and again directed attention to its cam- paign for a national forest policy. Taking up these subjects, we find editorial com- ment from coast to coast. Some of this follows :— Seattle Times: A campaign is being carried on through- out the United States by the American Forestry Association of Washington, D. C., urging motorists to help, by planting me- morial trees along the highways, to beau- tify the roads for which hundreds of mil- lions of dollars have been voted by the various national, State and local govern- ing bodies. Motorists everywhere will gladly aid this excellent movement, and , will undoubtedly join the Association so as to work in conformity with its plans. Local communities and commercial in- terests will benefit, and motorists, who are the greatest users of roads, will derive pleasure and reward for generations to come, if they, individually and collectively, co-operate in the actual planting of trees in accordance with the general plan. Cross-country touring from the Atlantic to the Pacific is becoming more popular every year, and it will be possible even- tually to have trees growing the entire distance on both sides of the 3,000-mile highway, making it the most wonderful monument and “Road of Remembrance” in the world. Morgantown, W. Va., Post: The plan of the American Forestry As- sociation to cast a halo of sentiment around good road construction is an excellent one, both for the promotion of road building and the creation of large popular interests in the purpose of that Association to pre- serve and restore our vanishing forests. We have heartily commended the idea of these memorial trees and the sentiment they would perpetuate, and we welcome this practical move on the part of the American Forestry Association. Tree bor- dered highways, with such sacred associa- tions, would be something more than mere roads in the minds of the people, and the voting of bonds or taxes for making them good roads would be far more popular. Providence Journal: “Roads of Remembrance,” advocated by the American Forestry Association, have material as well as sentimental value. Me-- morial trees at this time are as appropriate as memorial highways, and no State can afford to overlock the possibilities of well- shaded roads. This is a good time for tree planting, and existing road depart- ments can do the work without calling upon the taxpayers for large appropria- tions. Trees are comparatively inexpen- sive, the land along the roads need not be bargained for, and forestry experts for supervising the preparation of the ground and the setting of. ‘oaks, pines, elms or maples are always available. For nearly 300 years Americans have been destroy- ing their forests; it is time for the in- . auguration of a different policy, and me- morial highways, while offering, of course, no large solution of the problem, would be a step in the right economic direction, in addition to their esthetic and sentimental value. Wisconsin Motorist: A very worthy compaign is being car- ried on throughout the United States by the American Forestry Association of Washington, D. C., urging motorists to help, by planting memorial trees along the highways, to beautify the roads for which hundreds of millions of dollars have been voted by the various national, State and local governing bodies. Motorists everywhere will gladly aid this excellent movement, and will, undoubtedly, join the Association so as to work in con- formity with its plans rather than go about planting inappropriate trees in undesir- able places. Meridian, Miss., Star: When a given product bids fair to last thirty or forty years ahead it is rather diffi- cult to awaken public interest to the neces- sity of seeing that the product, if it be worth while, lasts longer than that number of years, to see, in fact, the need for pre- venting exhaustion of that product. Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Association, is endea- voring to awaken the public mind to the need of replacing the American forests. He has been at it for several years, but has, we presume, found it “an endless job,” though he has never given up hope. He is distributing literature, through woman’s clubs, churches, civic organizations and the newspapers, in his efforts to reach the public and to create an interest in forestry. Among his first steps was to endeavor to secure the co-operation of owners of tim- ber land and forests in adopting a frero- tection policy. He suggests, through clubs and civi bodies, that as new highways are built a1 old ones rebuilt, trees be planted alon these highways, as memorials to men wh gave their lives to their country— doughboys, the marines, the sailors others. This suggestion is meeting with generous response, Trees are being pla ed as memorials, remembrances and me ments. : Paterson Evening News: : The American Forestry Association issued an appeal to every school in country to plant a tree. Tree-p schoolhouse grounds will serve s ends. If every schoolhouse could be a center of pretty landscape gardening, idea would spread from the children to th homes. People would want the g . around other public buildings inproreny The unsightly railroad stations and othe: structures which now serve the public shabbily would be given a setting foliage. ; Children who acquire this idea of beau- tification will keep it when they grow When they move to a newly laid out street. they won't be content with treeless land — and shrubless soil, but will want a nest verdure around their homes. This wil improve property, make real estate more valuable and give a town a reputation for — improvement spirit. These children would — be apt to become more interested in trees, learn how much value they add to waste land, and perhaps do some reforestation if they ever own land. White Plains Reporter: If the people of the United States want to — establish a memorial for all time in honor — of Theodore Roosevelt, let them link his > name with a nation-wide movement to es- tablish a national forest policy. This was — the message to the Tristate Forestry Con- ference by Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Association of — Washington. Mr. Pack urged everyone to join the American Forestry Association in its campaign for a national forest policy. : i Hammond Times: If there is one man in American history besides Washington and Lincoln who de- serves a memorial that the entire nation should take pride in, that man is. Theodore Roosevelt, because he would have been the last man to seek such an honor. Nation-wide planting of memorial trees and the naming of a great national high- way in honor of Theodore Roosevelt have been suggested by Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Asso- ciation. AMERICAN FORESTRY 175 FORESTRY IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD = aed Boston Traveler: On Boston Common representatives of the American Forestry Association pre- sented to consular agents of Great Britain, France and Belgium, 35,000,000 tree seeds. What finer testimony of American inter- est in the economic reconstruction of these _ Allied countries could be given? Millions of trees, replacing those cut down or demolished in the war, will in future years remind these peoples who sacrificed so much to save civilization, that the United States, less afflicted by war, gave freely of its resources, not only for war, but for the replacement of war losses. The need of reforestation is apparent from the fact that Great Britain cut down ' more than half its standing timber during ports or decimated as they stand by the fire of guns. This gift has been made possible by vol- untary giving. It has not come out of the public treasury. It represents the good- will of a very fine corps of professional men, some of whom learned the funda- mentals of forestry in Europe or from Europe’s literature on the subject and who thus feel that they are in a way paying a natural debt of gratitude. It also represents the opening of purses by other people, who like to make their money investments, even those of good- will, as enduring as possible. He who invests money in a tree wherever planted benefits society in a variety of enduring ways, not at all subject to te mutations Boston Evening Transcript: A really wonderful gift is’ the present of forest tree seeds which the American Forestry Association makes to the repre- sentatives of Great Britain, France and Belgium on Boston Common. The lives of millions of human beings and of horses are not the only lives sacrificed in vast numbers in the great war. Millions of trees, and indeed whole splendid forests, have gone down in the conflict. Wooded areas in France and Belgium are incapable of spontaneous restoration, so complete is the destruction; the land must be pre- pared and re-seeded. In Britain, where the sacrifice of the woods has been only through cutting for war uses, and not by A A GIFT TO EUROPE SHIP is now on its way to Europe bearing a gift to England, France and Belgium of a novel sort and fraught with many possibillities. We may assert that the voyage of this boat may teem with great consequences so that it may be comparable to the vessel which carried the first United States soldiers to the great war and it may prove to be of more importance than any of the trips of the steamship George Washington. The boat carries 35,000 tree seeds, the gift of the American Forestry to aid in reforesting the three countries mentioned. The varieties of seeds include tideland spruce, white ash, rock maple, tulip, white fir, Douglas spruce, western larch, English spruce, red oak and scarlet oak. It will be seen that the conifers are in the majority and we are told that the seeds have ensured inspection and whatever else may be necessary to rid them of any form of fungi or disease and are further informed that other shipments will follow as fast as the seeds are collected. There is need enough of these, for men who have been overseas have told us of the necessary or wanton destruction of trees in France and Flanders. Many will be surprised that there is need of reforesting in England, but the American Forestry Association says that during the war the English cut down more than half the trees on the British Islands in order to carry on war work, and thereby suffered a greater percentage of loss than either France or Belgium. One may hope that the oaks will thrive, both the red and the scarlet, although we realize that the percentage of germina- tion of acorns is low, as they will add to the beauty of the landscape no matter in what part of the world they grow. They may be deliberate in their growth but they, at least, can afford the time. The tulip tree makes, we feel, more rapid growth than any of the other varieties in the list and yet, if these trees find the soil and climate friendly, they will be towering over French and Flanders fields long after the last veteran has gone hence and the war has become a matter of tradition to the people of France and England. Even then, if they grow, the oaks will be vigorous after the other trees have completed their growth and are serving the needs of the people. Europe, these seeds that are now on their way across the ocean.—HARTFORD COURANT. It is no small gift to the four years of titanic conflict. In France and Belgium, although the percent- age of trees destroyed was smaller, the damage in the battle zones was more com- plete. A happy thought was that which found expression in this gift of tree seeds. Washington Herald: The American Forestry Association has shipped to Europe 35,000,000 tree seeds with which lands swept by war or estates strip- ped of their forests for use by the Allies in legitimate military operations may be reforested. Great Britain, France and Belgium will get most of these embryo oaks, maples, firs, larches and ashes; and a generation will look upon them in their glory, let us hope, that will not have to see them converted into trench and mine sup- of the stock market, or the reversals of personal or party fortunes, or the ignor- ance of men in high places in state and school. He sets up a league with nature, becomes an ally of sun and rain, and estab- lishes working relations with the unmoral forces of life, which often are so much more likeable than the moral and immoral ones, because so impartial, enduring and great as contrasted with the pettiness of man in his efforts to do both right and wrong. In this particular instance the tree-plant- ers are in their own quiet way, while diplo- mats, statesmen, financiers and class-con- scious groups wrangle over the reconstruc- tion problem, doing an effective job in genuine A No. 1 internationalism. The more money the American Forestry Asso- ciation gets for this work the more seeds will go to Europe. the wholesale destruction of actual warfare, spontaneous or locally provided seed resto- ration should be possible. But great quan- tities of forest tree seeds are needed from abroad for prompt restoration. About the only European forest or propagating grounds which could supply these seeds are those of Germany. And under all the circumstances it is probable that the En- tente peoples would much rather look to America for forest tree restoration than to Germany. The sentiment of the transaction is all right. Nothing can be more appropriate than that America should bear to ravaged France and Belgium the gift of trees. The American Forestry Association has done a noble thing in donating the seeds, 176 AMERICAN FORESTRY BLASTING TO AID CENTRAL PARK TREES AN interesting experiment in the use of dynamite in aiding the growth of trees was recently made in Central Park, New York City. As explained in an article in AMERICAN Forestry Magazine (October, 1919), and as pointed out by Commissioner of Parks Francis D. Gallatin, the subsoil underlying the greater portion of TREATMENT FOR DYING TREES Francis D. Gallatin, New York’s Commissioner of Parks, drilling a hole in the ground close to a dying tree. Nitro-glycerine was placed in the hole, and the ground around the tree shattered and broken in the endeavor to provide additional nourishment to the tree. Central Park hinders the growth of trees of the deep rooted species because the roots cannot penetrate it, and it also makes an artificial water level, keeping the top soil flooded during the wet season and abnormally dry during the dry season. The experiment in blasting the soil was intended to shatter this impervious subsoil, permit better drainage and add to the vitality of the trees. The experiment was on the west drive, between Ninety-fifth and Ninety-sixth Streets under the direction of Commissioner Gallatin and in charge of City Forester J. S. Kaplan. Ten holes were made with a soil auger, about nine feet apart and at a radius of about twelve feet from the body of a pin oak tree about 21 inches in diameter. The holes were from two and one-half to three and one-half feet deep, depending upon the depth of the hard pan clay subsoil. Each hole was loaded with Red Cross Extra dynamite by F. T. Ransom, an expert of the Du Pont Powder Com- pany, and all were fired together. The hardpan all about the tree was well loosened. In two of the holes pin oak trees three inches in diameter were planted and their growth will be watched with interest, and compared with the growth of similar trees planted in unblasted holes. Commissioner Gallatin says: “I have given this matter considerable study for several months ,and upon the ad- vice of Prof. J. W. Toumey, of the Yale School of For- estry, who made a comprehensive survey of the tree R TREE PLANTING A tree being planted in Central Park, New York city, in a hole made by dynamiting the ground. The heavy subsoil in Central Park makes it difficult for trees to thrive there, as their roots will not pene- trate it. Breaking up the ground in this way gives them a better chance. DYNAMITE FO situation in Central Park with the Forester of this De- partment, we have decided to carry out this experiment through the kind co-operation of the Du Pont Powder Company.” If the experiment is successful it will mark the begin- ning of the mechanical rejuvenation of the soil in Central Park and will greatly improve and strengthen the trees. fee following applied and were elected Life Members of the American Forestry Association in February: Jane A. Tracy, Ohio. Mrs. H. J. Lutcher, Texas. Mrs. L. Carteret Fenno, Massachusetts. Mr. E. P. Mellon, New York. Mrs. Richard March Hoe, New York. HE new envoy selected by President Wilson to serve as Ambassador to Italy is Robert Underwood John- son. Mr. Johnson has long been associated with the American Forestry Association as a member, and he succeeds in his high office as American Ambassador to Italy the Hon. Thomas Nelson Page, who is also a member of the Association—a former Director and now a Vice President. Commission for a year. In commenting on Mr. Pinchot’s appointment, Gover- AMERICAN FORESTRY nor Sproul said: about 30 per cent devotion to it are asset. “There is no politics in his appointment. sometimes do not agree in our politics and may not in the future, but we do agree in our desire to serve the state and in our belief that public good is the best political 177 PINCHOT, PENNSYLVANIA’S NEW FORESTER ; POsESE conservationists throughout the United States $ will view with favor the appointment of Gifford Pinchot as Commissioner of Forestry for Pennsylvania, as announced by Governor Sproul on March 10. Mr. Pinchot has been a member of the Pennsylvania Forestry During that period he vigor- _ ously attacked the policy of Robert S. Conklin, who has _ been Commissioner of Forestry for the past sixteen _ years and whom Governor Sproul has now made a mem- ber of the board of water supply commissioners. . Mr. Pinchot accepts the position because of his deep interest in the work and his love of forestry and expects _ to institute various new measures in the management of the state forests. He says of his appointment: “To stop forest fires and put back into the productive _ area of the state that 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 acres of un- productive land within our commonwealth, once among _ the richest forests of America, but now useless and bar- ren, is in my judgment one of the biggest things that can be done for the State of Pennsylvania. I answered the call of the Governor to help him do it.” “T have commandeered Mr. Pinchot’s services. We have in him a citizen, who is the foremost figure in forestry in the United States, and I thought we should have the benefit of his services at home. Pinchot has been used to handling national problems, but Pennsylvania is an empire in itself. “Pennsylvania and the six states bordering it contain Mr. . of the entire population of the Union, and our state forests, which soon will be accessible by good roads, will be a benefit to all of those people. Our forestry work is one of the inspiring problems before us, and Mr. Pinchot’s enthusiasm for that work and his recognized everywhere. He and I “There is no reflection on Mr. Conklin in the change. I have stated to him that no criticism that ever reached me of his department has reflected in any way on his official integrity or his personal honor.” LITTLE ROCK, ARK. By Headington Chapter, U. S. D, 1812: Frank | Adam Heisserer, Melchior M. Eberts, Fay P. Washington, Frank Dorsey Hussman, Lewis Pal- ine, Clifton McDonald, Charles Sol Narkinsky, James Marion Lee, Jr., George S. Martin, James Boyd Jeffries, Jr., Curtis McElroy, C. G. McCoy, ‘| William Lee Linder, Allen B. Hearin, James P. Clarke, Leo Massar, John Randolph Wassell, Wesley Philip Boyce. MILTON, FLA. By Santa Rosa County Chapter of American | Red Cross: Corporal David Frank Wilson, George Wiggins, Lt. Norman Ashton Garrett, Curtis | McSwain Council, Robert Kimmons, Frank James Hopkins, Dewey Martin, Oscar Reuben McLean, Rollin Ellis, Ralph Redd, David J. Kelley, | Albert Broxson, Charlie Simmons, Robert F. Edeker Leroy W. Beck, George Glover, Albert _§ Anderson, Daniel Bradley, Walter Morton, Chil- dren of Santa Rosa County. TAMPA, FLA. By Civic Association: Cora Belle Davis. ATLANTA, GA, By Atlanta Women’s Club: Tom Skeyhill. By Uncle Remus Association: Joel Chandler Harris. By Woman’s Pioneer Society: Charles H. Hunter. By Joseph Habersham Chapter, D. A. R.: Mrs. William Lawson Peel. By New Era Study Club: Charles L. Smith. By History Class: Henry Woodfin Grady. By Modern Topics Club: Corra Harris. By the Reviewers: Frank L. Stanton. By Atlanta Music Study Club: Edward Mac- Dowell. By Georgia Colonial Daughters: Dr. Lucian Lamar Knight. By Council of Jewish Women: Emma Lazarus. By Atlanta Chapter, D. A. R.; Mrs. Lollie Belle Wylie. By Shakes- peare Club: William Shakespeare. By Atlanta Writers Club: Miss Mildred Rutherford, Jack London, John Masefield. CRAWFORDSVILLE, GA. By Woman’s Club of Crawfordsville: Thomas Lavender. HEPHZIBAH, GA, By Woman’s Club: L. L. Atkins, Capt. John F, Carswell, Lieut. James A. Carswell, Charles A. Carswell, Drew Christie, T. F. Christie, Capt. S. A. Clark, Sgt. Robert C. Coffield, Lieut. Thomas H. Frost, Lieut. Robert C. Frost, J. C. Henderson, Robert A. Harden, W. A. Harden, Paul A. Harden, J. F. Hartley, Thomas L. Kelley, Capt. Alex. T. Murphey, Jim C. Murphey, Sgt. George E. Mur- phey, Lieut. David G. Mann, Bowdre M. Norris, Hugh L. Rhodes, Guy C. Smith, Walter B. Trammell, G. A. Uhlm, J, C. Uhlm, M. I. Uhim, W. B. Skinner, George W. Vance, Denver Win- ter, W. W. Winter, Fred E. Turner, Samuel S. McClelland, Roy W. Woodward, Sgt. Ellet C. Walker, John G. Weathersbee, L. G. Sumeran, Roberson Foreman, Adam Rearden, Jesse Jones, Willie Jones, Paul Templeton, Cheney Templeton. QUITMAN, GA. By Hannah Clarke Chapter, D. A. R.: Lieu- tenant Wilbur Oglesby: WHITE HALL, ILL. By White Hall Art League: Amos Walker. MARQUETTE, MICH. By Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railway Com- pany: John H. Vidlund. Glenn NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES ms Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, which | desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to Teach person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree. MANTEE, MISS. By Mantee High School: Clarence Springer, Allie C. George, Guy George, Lynn George, John C. Caples, William Caples, Alfred Caples, Ber- nard Pate, Leo Hunter, Robert Scott Hunter, Leonard Scott, Ira Forrester, Elmer Womack, Jodie S. Davis, Braden Skelton, Claude Barton, Tommy Osbourne, Ben Johnson, John H. Moody, Clannie O. George. ST. CLAIRSVILLE, OHIO By Tuesday Night Club: Alice M. Young, Ade- lene M. Tallman, Ruth A. Butcher, Lula F. Sid- well, Margaret Greig. PENBROOK, PA. By ‘Penbrook School: William James Taylor, Charles Henry Waltz, Robert Raymond Farling, Arthur Stoak, Walter B. Hinkle. ! PROGRESS, PA. Progress School: George Dewey Umholtz, James B. Martin, Ralph B. Kramer, Robert Heinley Hoke, Oliver Zeiders. MITCHELL, S. D. Mitchell Park Board: John Curtis Berry, Leroy George Fox, Wm. H. Jordan, Peter V. Brethorst, Lloyd A. Bishep, Howard Barton, William H. Coacher, Emil H. Carlson, Raymond S, Calkins, Wilber T. Derr, John W. Kempton, Emil Laur- son, David McConnel, P. H. McManamen, Father C. E. O'Flaherty, McKinley Pound, Emil Rosen- quist, Lester L. Slagle, Arthur Earle Shale, R. Carroll Thompson, Carroll B. West, Harry A. Han- son, Harold W. Gage, Edward Schmidt, Oliver L. Scott, Clarence McCune, Ray L. McLean. TEXARKANA, TEX. By High School: J. C. Watts. By Forestry Committee: Our Soldiers, Bowie and Miller Counties. HE Second Southern Forestry Congress, held at New Orleans, on January 28, 29 and 30, was a fitting successor to the first Southern Forestry Congress, convened at Asheville, North Carolina, in 1916. While the first congress was admittedly “South- ern in name only,” a glance at the registered attendance at the second congress shows at once that it was indeed a Southern congress. Out of some 114 odd registered delegates there were 54 from Louisiana, 7 from Alabama, 6 from Virginia and from one to four from each of the following states: North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Tennessee, Kentucky and West Vir- ginia, with a few from other sections of the country than the South. The full program is, of course, too long to present to the readers of AMERICAN ForEstTRY, but it may be said that the chief topic for discussion was the National Forest Policy of Colonel Graves, and that the outstanding feature of the meeting was the large number of interests represented. In addition to a goodly number of lumbermen, and representatives of the lum- bermen’s associations and the lumber trade papers, there were present and active at the meeting representatives of the turpentine and naval stores industry, paper and pulp industry, the furniture manufacturers, and the wood- using industries in general. The Southern Pine Asso- ciation, the North Carolina Pine Association, the Nation- al Council of Furniture Associations, the Turpentine and Rosin Association, the American Hardwood and Manu- facturers’ Association, and the Southern Cypress Asso- ciation were all represented at the meeting. In addition the railroads had sent six or more delegates, and the National Research Council, one. The Federated Wom- en’s Clubs of Louisiana were out in force and their active participation was one of the most significant features of the meeting. Members of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, the forestry organizations of four states, the United States Forest Service, and professional foresters and forest conservationists made up the balance of the attendance. Wednesday, January 29, was devoted chiefly to a review of the progress already made in forestry in the South, and to Colonel Graves’ presentation of his pro- gram for a national forestry policy. Governor-elect John M. Parker, of Louisiana, made a short address endorsing the objects of the meeting. Colonel Graves’ program was first discussed from the point of view of the lumbermen, during which discussion Secretary Rhodes, of the Southern Pine Association, announced that he felt very hopeful that at its annual meeting in March, the Association would endorse the movement for a National Forest Policy. At that time a special forestry committee, which had been in conference with Colonel Graves, would submit a report on the latter’s very prac- tical program. The wood-using industries, represented by the furniture manufacturers and the sash, door, and 178 ment on a national forest policy, which they promptly endorsed. ¥ Seventy-five delegates attended the banquet Wednesday — evening, at which they were the guests of the Louisi lumbermen, through the Louisiana Forestry Associatio1 Further discussion of a national forest policy from th points of view of the naval stores industry and the pu industry marked the next day’s sessions, after the sec! tary’s report had been read and endorsed. It was vo by the Congress to continue the effort to raise funds the erection of a suitable monument to George Washing ton Vanderbilt, one of the pioneers in the forestry m ment in the United States. Among the valuable paj at these sessions were those by the secretary of Turpentine Association and the Supervisor of the Flor National Forest. Two very interesting and importai papers presented were a discussion by McGarvey C of the Consolidated Naval Stores Company, of Ja ville, Florida, of the Southern Pulp Industry, and presentation of the forestry projects of the National search Council, by Dr. H. E. Howe, of the Council. siderable discussion also took place of the possib of combining stock-growing and reforestation on — the same land, Professor S. M. Tracy, of the United State 5) Department of Agriculture, being the first speaker, Tw 4 lumbermen, Mr. Henry E. Hardtner, of Louisiana, and Mr. R. M. Hogue, of Mississippi, described the suce which had attended their own efforts at a judicious cor n- bination of these two valuable uses of the soil. oo On the final day the Louisiana Forestry Assocation met jointly with the congress. After preliminary re- marks by Ex-Governor Jared Y. Sanders, of Louisiana, — and the Hon. Fred J. Grace, who was introduced as — having been the first state forester of Louisiana, the L, subject of land classification was taken up under the — leadership of Mr. Austin Cary, of the Forest Service, ‘ followed by consideration of the place of state forestry — associations in advancing the cause of forestry. A ie very interesting paper on the turpentine industry 0 oe France was presented by Colonel T. S. Woolsey, Jr., of “ the Twentieth Engineers. The secretaries of the South-— ern Pine Association and the American Hardwood Manu- — facturers’ Association reviewed the economic situation their industries, and demonstrated the interest which is — being taken by the lumbermen’s associations in the ques- tion of forest conservation. The concluding subject was — fire protection, with particular emphasis on the part — played by the private owner and the railroads. State Forester R. C. Jones, of Virginia, was the chief speaker. — Before adjournment the congress passed a number of _ significant resolutions, the most important of which was _ that endorsing a national forest policy. Because of its importance this resolution is given in full as follows: Wuereas, The supplies of softwood and hardwood Lee te timber in the Southern States are rapidly diminishing, with a consequent influence upon the price of lumber and other forest products, and Wuenreas, The customary practice in lumbering and turpentining results in the denudation of the forest and the leaving of large acres unproductive and idle for in- definite periods ; therefore, be it Resolved, by the Southern Forestry Congress, That it deplores the continuance of such practice of denudation, __and urges, in order that such practice may be avoided, the enactment of legislation by the Southern States that will prevent such denudation and will afford an oppor- tunity for a natural replacement of forest growth on lands not suited or not now needed for agriculture or settlement; and, furthermore, the Southern Forestry Congress urges the States and the Federal Government jointly to co-operate liberally with owners in this direction. Other topics covered in the resolutions were the leaving _ of seed trees by the lumbermen, rational forest taxation, establishment of state forestry departments, acquisition of state forests, extension of purchase by the national government under the Weeks Law, increased Federal appropriations for fire protection under the same law, forest experiment stations, and endorsement of the for- estry projects of the National Research Council. In order to insure the continuance of the agitation for — forest conservation in the South during the ensuing year, the appointment of five committees was approved by the meeting. In addition to the executive com- mittee, these were the committees on finance, on forest policy, on legislation, and on publicity. The committees are expected to be decisive factors in the forestry fight in the South; their personnel will be announced later. Election of officers resulted in the unanimous choice for the presidency of Mr. Henry E. Hardtner, President of the Louisiana Forestry Association, and of the Urania Lumber Company, of Urania, Louisiana. One of the earliest and most practical advocates of forestry in the South, and the father of most of the Louisiana for- estry laws, Mr. Hardtner has proved the sincerity of his professions by expending considerable money and a great deal of time and thought on the reforestation of his company’s lands in central Louisiana. Urania Forest, established with the co-operation of the Louisiana De- partment of Conservation, under Commissioner M. L. Alexander, has achieved national fame. State Forester ag S. Holmes, of North Carolina, whose patient and able handling of the arrangements for the congress was the largest factor in its success, was re-elected secretary. Much extra work had devolved upon Secretary Holmes as a result of the illness of Colonel Joseph Hyde Pratt, President of the Congress, who had not recovered suf- ficiently to attend the meeting. Every delegate to the congress testified to the value of the papers presented and the discussions which took place. The unusual amount of publicity given to the meet- ing by the newspapers of New Orleans, particularly the Times-Picayune, and the enthusiasm and interest aroused "is certain to bear splendid fruit in the near future. If SOUTHERN FORESTRY CONGRESS - 179 the interest displayed in this meeting is any criterion, the Southeast, the last region of the United States to espouse forestry, bids fair ultimately to become one of the chief sources of the second-growth timber of the Nation. Undisputed leader today in the production of lumber and naval stores, from virgin timber, in a few years the South is destined to take a like place in the support of forest industries based on second-growth. THE FORESTRY SITUATION IN MASSACHUSETTS DES 1919, marked the retirement from office of the man who had served as State Forester of Massachusetts for some thirteen years and the appoint- ment by Governor Coolidge of William A, L. Bazeley as the first incumbent of the newly created position of Commissioner of the Department of Conservation and State Forester. Notable progress was made, consider- ing the humble beginning in 1906, during the regime of the former State Forester ; and yet to those appreciative of the State’s wealth, the intelligence of her people, the extent and potential value of her forest lands the de- velopment appears less than it should have been, due largely to the fact that the State Forester and the Massachusetts Forestry Association, during the last few years, failed to work in harmony. It was a most unusual situation, as logically a state forestry association is the strongest backer of the state forestry department, and it led inevitably to waste of energy and lessened accom- plishment. Mr. Bazeley, previous to his appointment a mem- ber of the Massachusetts Forestry Association, should be able to maintain the closest co-operation between the Association and the State Department. Massachu- setts with her dense population, high industrial develop- ment, excellent transportation facilities and large per- centage of lands best suited for tree crops affords an unusually good field for profitable forestry, both on privately and publicly owned lands. The American Forestry Association congratulates the new Commissioner upon the exceptional opportunity, which is within his grasp, for constructive service and large achievement. MAKE YOUR WOODLAND PAY Farm forestry helps farmers in: Marketing timber profitably. Supplying timber for farm needs. Furnishing paying employment during the winter. Making waste lands yield a profit. Increasing the sale value of the farm. Farm forestry means: Improving the woods by the right kind of cutting. Protecting the woods from fire and other injuries. Utilizing farm timber to the best advantage. Reclaiming gullies and utilizing waste lands by planting forest trees. Keeping woodlands growing at their maximum rate of production. Farm forestry, as a branch of agriculture, is the hand- ling of forest trees and woodlands in such a manner as to increase the income and permanent value of the farm I and add to its comforts and attractiveness as a home. 180 a ee eee AMERI FORESTRY Py rr ee bo > > ae > . Fy ria z eS neceas ¥N na CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS sik LOMER GOUIN, Premier of the Province of Quebec, at the annual ban- quet of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Asso- ciation, made a very able address in which he discussed the relations between the licensees of Crown timber lands and the Government. He showed an accurate knowledge of the industry and of the necessity for putting the forests of the Province on a basis of sustained yield. Under his government the Province has made remarkable strides in forestry and he told of his sympathy with the move- ment and his determination to aid it in every way possible. He suggested that the holders of timber lands should spend more money on forestry work and in taking care of their limits, and assured them that the Government would help in every possible way. He stated that the Government was ready to provide instruction in technical. subjects connected with the industry just as it had in forestry and commerce and made a strong plea for the employment of the young men of the Province in the pulp and paper industry. The far sighted and statesmanlike policy of the Premier in regard to the forests is much to be com- mended and as long as he holds his posi- tion Quebec is assured of a sane and pro- gressive forestry policy. The pulp and paper mills have always tried to use local men for their work but the instruction in many of the technical schools is carried on more from the Euro- pean point of view, and has not been up to the standard maintained by the best modern institutions. Progress is however being made and the schools are rapidly improving. The conference on forest protection held under the auspices of the Quebec Forest Protective Association was very success- ful. Mr, Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec, read an excellent paper. The principal discussion was on railway fire protection. For years the fires set by the Canadian Government Railways have been numerous and unnecessary and in marked contrast to the number set by privately owned lines. The situation has become almost intoler- able and the owners of timberlands have about reached the limit of their patience. It behooves the men in charge of the Gov- ernment lines to adopt a modern policy of fire protection. The attitude of the local officials has been entirely different from their superiors and their co-operation with fire protective agencies has been all that has prevented disastrous fires, The St. Maurice Forest Protective Asso- ciation has continued its progressive policy and has voted an extra half cent per acre for protection during the coming season and has voted $20,000 as a special fund to clear of debris a strip of land one hun- dred feet wide on each side of the right- of-way of the railway passing through ter- ritory under its jurisdiction, Close ac- counts of cost will be kept and the work for this season will be in the nature of an experiment. This ought to be a great help in preventing railway fires and is a long step in advance in fire protection. The work will probably begin as soon as the spring danger season is over, by pil- ing the debris ready for burning during rainy weather or with the first snow next fall. Mr. Piche made a most important an- nouncement on behalf of the Department of Lands and Forests of Quebec, i, e., that any holder of Government timber lands who wishes to begin reforestation on any part of his holdings, would on presenta- tion and approval of his plan by the Chief Forester, be furnished the necessary plant- ing stock free by the Government. This he would plant under the direction of the Government Forester, the total expendi- ture to be deducted from the stumpage dues payable to the Government for the current year. This means that the limit holder will furnish the cash for the work but the Government would really pay for it. This is a long step in advance and it is hoped will be the beginning of exten- sive reforestation. : The Woodlands Section of the Pulp and Paper Association at its annual meeting made the following report and recom- mendations. That the Executive Committee of the Limit Holders Association of the Province of Quebec should be constituted an advisory committee to confer with the Minister of Lands and Forests on all matters relating to lands held under license. That experiments be made in clean cutting at the option of the limit holder in conjunction with the Government Forest Service, the sample plots upon which such experiments are carried out to remain a distinct forest reserve for a suffi- cient length of time to permit of the re- sults being studied. In order to increase the output from the woods, all operators are urged to utilize and remove all dis- eased, lodged, blowndown and burnt trees and all tops in their cutting areas if they are of commercial value. That the per- sonnel of the Forestry Service be inc and larger cash appropriations be made its maintenance and activities. operators be advised that there are estry engineers, graduates of the Q Forestry School, who might be avai where their services are required. lutions were also adopted as follows: it is in the interest of Canada as a v and of the wood working industries i ticular that the fullest informati made available as to the character ate tent of the forest resources of the D ion and as to the conditions which ¢ ern the growth and reproduction o commercially valuable tree species. the work of the Dominion Conse Commission along these lines, already der way, be indorsed, with partic reference to the survey of the fore sources of the several Provinces, in co-— operation with the several Provincial € ernments, and the investigation of tions of growth and reproduction of wood species in co-operation with the 1 and paper companies, the Dominion estry Branch and the Provincial Forest: Services, and that proper financial pr “OV sion for the continuation of these on an adequate scale be made recommend- ed to the Dominion Government. deep appreciation of the section of { commercial utility of the work of the - Dominion Entomological Branch of the Department of Agriculture, particularly 4 the section presided over by Dr. Swain a and devoted to the study and crteretona k tion of forest insect pests, was expressed and it was recommended that the respon- 4 sible minister provide sufficient funds in the estimates for the current year to at — least double the number of parties in ar, field. It was finally resolved that in view — of the large number of fires set by coal burning locomotives, and the losses caused by such fires, that the railways passing — through forest lands should be operated — electrically wherever there are water pow- ers available. . The death occured suddenly on Wed- nesday, the fourth of February, of Mr. W. C. J. Hall, for many years in charge of .. fire protection in the Department of Lands ~ and Forests in Quebec and also in charge — of the Laurentide National Park. Mr. Hall was one of the charter members of — the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers and did yeoman service for the progress of forestry especially along the lines of bet- — ter fire protection. He was also much in- AMERICAN FORESTRY 181 AMAWALK NURSERY has thousands of SPECIMEN TREES for SPRING DELIVERY In the locality of Amawalk, forty miles north of New York City, deciduous trees can usually be trans- planted from the end of March until the middle of May, and evergreens until the first of June. Thou- sands of large sized evergreen and deciduous trees are growing in the Amawalk Nursery. We can supply hundreds of nursery-grown, matched specimens. Elms to nine inches diameter, forty feet high. Oaks to nine inches diameter, thirty feet high. Maples to nine inches diameter, thirty-five feet high. Pines to eighteen feet high. Hemlocks to sixteen feet high. Spruce to twenty-two feet high. Many large sizes in other varieties. Our facilities for shipping by truck or freight are unexcelled. Visit the Nursery Send for Catalogue ; ee, Se : AMAWALK New York City Office | i ey ee Westchester Co., New York 103 Park Avenue > . : wna na Telephone, Yorktown 128 Telephone, Vanderbilt 7691 Norway Spruce 18 Feet High . # BECOME A MEMBER Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association upon application and payment of dues. PLANT TREES FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— PROTECT FORESTS . ye USE FORESTS American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- ciation and enclose check for $ INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership, per year. Contributing Membership, per year. Sustaining Membership, per year. Life Membership (no other dues) Annual Membership. Name This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests . and the use of wood. City Street ee er ee a t Seay terested and very active in the protection of game and all kinds of wild life and the movement has lost a strong friend. All who knew Mr. Hall admired and loved him and his loss will be deeply felt. The annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association was held in the Chateau, Frontenac, Quebec, on the third of February, and Mr. Ussher, of the Cana- dian Pacific Railway, was elected president. Major-General J. B. White, of the Canadian Forestry Corps, was elected chairman of the Woodlands Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. Mr. F. I. Ritchie, of the Wayagamac Pulp and Paper Company, was elected chairman of the Quebec Forest Protective Association. Major Daniel Owen, President of the North American Securities Company, Ltd., who instituted and directed an airplane survey of timber lands in Labrador, says that for a rapid survey. of forest lands the airplane photographs are very valuable. His method was as follows: to select a lot of two to three hundred acres and make a ground cruise, then to photograph this from the air. Photographs of other areas would then be made and compared with the ones of the ground-cruised area. The correct- ness of the method was proved by photo- graphing unchecked areas and estimating them from the photographs and then checking on the ground. In every instance in which this was done, the air estimate was within ten to fifteen per cent of the ground estimate and was just as likely to be under as over in amount. The greatest difficulty encountered was in getting the approximate height of the trees. The majority of the photographs were taken at 1000 feet and whenever possible a cruiser was sent up as observer. About fourteen thousand photographs were taken cover- ing the entire property. The property had been cruised for three years on the ground but Major Owen says that far more in- formation of value was obtained in three weeks of flying than in the whole three years of ground work. His conclusion from his experience is, that an airplane photographic survey will show with abso- lute certainty the minimum amount of timber. The Laurentide Company has had a party in the woods checking up aerial photographs, and so far the work proves Major Owen’s contentions. This work will continue in the endeavor to work out a legend for, reading aerial timber photo- graphs. During the coming season this company expects to photograph several thousand square miles of its timber hold- ings. It has also adopted a definite re- forestation policy and will plant up four to five hundred square miles in spruce at the rate of two square miles per annum for the next two years, increasing to four or five square miles per annum. ‘a=. + eS ‘ AMERICAN FORESTRY Captain L. M. Ellis, a graduate of the University of Toronto Forestry School, who worked with the Laurentide Company and the C. P. R. Forestry Service, and during the war with the Canadian Forestry Corps, has been appointed Chief Forester of New Zealand. Captain H. R. Christie, returning from military service in Siberia, has been ap- pointed Assistant Provincial Forester of British Columbia. The British Columbia Forestry Service has reorganized and the salaries have been increased. This will set the pace for all other forestry organizations in Canada and will tend strongly to attract and hold able men. Captain John Lafon, a Biltmore man, formerly with the British Columbia For- estry Branch has accepted a very remu- nerative position in charge of logging for the Indian Forest Service. R. D. Craig, assisted by Major G. H. Edgecombe and Lieutenant V. A. Gilbert, is engaged in a survey of the forest re- sources of Ontario for the Commission of Conservation. H. R. MacMillan, ex-Provincial Forester of British Columbia, ex-Trade-Commis- sioner for the Department of Trade and Commerce, has formed the H. R. Mac- Millan Timber Export Company with headquarters at Vancouver. W. J. Van- Dusen, has resigned from the British Col- umbia Forest Branch to join this new firm. The forest survey of New Brunswick, under G. H. Prince, is progressing well. Thirty per cent of the area of the Crown timber lands have been covered to date. He has also consolidated scaling, fire pro- tection, fish and game protection and for- est administration under one organization. The elimination of patronage has also been brought about by the introduction of civil service methods through an advisory board. GOVERNMENT TIMBER FOR LOCAL USE TOTAL of 30,000,000 feet of Govern- ment stumpage directly adjacent to Loyalton and Sierraville, Sierra county, has just been withdrawn from the general market and will be held for purely local demand, according to a bulletin from the Forest Service. “The timber situation in the vicinity of Loyalton and Sierraville is rapidly becom- ing acute,” said Assistant District Forester T. D. Woodbury, in commenting on the action of the Forest Service. “Compara- tively large mills are now and have for some time been cutting in this vicinity, but practically all the lumber so cut goes to the general market only. “A Jarge part of the timber in this locality is in private ownership and it is probable that most, if not all, of this private stumpage will continue to be shipped out of the country. In order, therefore, that .s ee een hae Wt ns the future needs of these two towns the adjacent Sierra Valley may be we have decided to withhold this of Government stumpage from general sale and reserve it for local needs only. “In addition, the Forest Service will henceforth refuse to allow logable, sou saw timber in this locality to be used f firewood, even for local consumption. “ will work no hardship, since there is ple of limb wood, which is good fuel, ¢ available, which, by arranging with op ing companies, can be obtained free by residents. Under such circumstance would be economically unsound to saw timber to be used for firewood.” amo a5 * “a 9 7 TREE HISTORY PRESERVED Ptans to preserve the history of « species of tree known throughout world have been announced by Profe: Charles S. Sargent, head of the Ar Arboretum, of Harvard University. has established the most complete co tion of trees and shrubs in America, finest library in its special field herbarium of 200,000 specimens. Profesor Sargent, whso has accomp explorations throughout North America the Far East, declares that if the a provide the funds necessary to ca the work, the arboretum will purchase land, make new explorations and bring the parks of America many more new and rare shrubs. The arboretum founded in 1874, and is considered amor specialists to be the most important instit: tion of its kind in the world. RECEIPTS FROM NATIONAL FORESTS pale. RECEP IS from the National For in the fiscal year 1919 were gr by $783,484.79 than in the previous y This is the largest increase ever made i a single year. The receipts totaled $4,358,414.86. eo To this total the grazing business con- tributed $2,609,169.85, the timber business $1,540,099.96, special uses (i. e., the occu- pancy of lands for miscellaneous purposes $136,822.99, and use for water power de- velopment, $72,322.06. The receipts from grazing exceeded those of 1918 by $883,- 347.91, while the receipts from timber de- — clined $93,549.46. Special uses showed a gain of $15,615.05, and water power a falling off of $21,654.29. DURABILITY OF GREEN TIMBER ~ HAT there is practically no difference in the relative durability of green timber and seasoned timber when untreated — and exposed to the weather and in con- tact with the ground, has been establish- — ed by recent experiments conducted by the Forest Products Laboratory in connection — with the manufacture of poles, posts or ties. t i: STATE NEWS 183 STATE NEWS ca: CALIFORNIA T the eighth annual meeting of the California Forest Protective Associa- tion Secretary and Treasurer George H. Rhodes in his report for 1919, reviewed the forestry legislation enacted by the Cali- fornia Legislature of 1919, and directed particular attention to that which provides for a State Board of Forestry, consisting _of “Four persons, one of whom shall be familiar with the timber industry, one with _ the live-stock industry, one with the grain ‘and hay industry and one at large, who together with the State Forester, shall constitute the State Board of Forestry, which shall supervise and direct all mat- ters of state forest policy, management and protection.” All the members of this board are ap- _ pointed by the governor and serve at his ‘pleasure. This board, having supervision and direction of all matters of state for- _est policy, management and protection will not only be an effective means of taking _ care of forest problems in California, but will also be in a position to co-operate in working out National Forest Policies and Legislation. In the matter of forest fires, the report _ of the United States Forest Service cov- ering the National Forests in California for 1919 showed that there were 1108 fires within the boundaries of the National For- ests of which 19 caused a damage of more than $1000, 55 caused damage of from $100 to $1000 and 254 caused a damage under $100, leaving 780 which burned less than 10 acres and did no damage. There were 59,755 acres of timberlands burned over and 191,543 acres of open land. The amount of timber burned was 55,999 thou- sand feet, with a value of $133,025; the average amount of timber burned per acre was 982 feet, with an average value of $2.24 per acre. Reports from private owners of timber- lands outside and inside National Forests showed 19 thousand acres burned over, with a total damage of $40,000—$19,000 the cost of fighting fires, $45,000 the cost of protection against forest fires and 3,000 men available for fighting forest fires in emergencies. There are 27 timbered counties in Cali- fornia and in 17 of these no timberlands were burned over during 1919, and this was the worst forest fire season since 1910. - There are approximately 15 million acres of timberlands outside and inside the National Forests in California and the reports of the United States Forest, Service and the State Forester show that 75 thousand acres were burned over, with an average loss of approximately $2 an acre. The secretary directed attention to the announcement of the State Board of For- estry that it has adopted four clauses for legislation to be considered and presented to the Legislature of California in 1920. These four clauses are: 1. Appropriation by the State Legisla- ture of sufficient funds for the prevention and suppression of forest, grain and pas- ture fires outside of National Forests. 2. Acquirements of logged-off areas, both in the redwoods and pine forests, as a nucleus of state forests for future timber supply. 3. Acquirement of watersheds necessary for the conservation of water for domestic and irrigation purposes. 4, Renewal of forests on logged-off areas and watersheds that are in need of reforestation. Board members pointed out that the forests of the United States are melting away at the rate of 40 billion feet board measure per annum in excess of what is grown, and that the next decade will see Zepananeneenenaceeseveacnerevenegoeeyceenaenetnnnserecaneenea tt Se ee TTT TILL GILL ALLEL cLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLL LLL SAFETY-FIRST No great industry like that for the manufacture of Southern Pine can be developed without due regard to the welfare and comfort of the persons employed. Every sort of welfare work calculated to increase efficiency and improved standards of living among the workers is encouraged by the manufacturers of Southern Pine. Our DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY-FIRST, under the supervision of a capable and experienced engineer, is very actively engaged in work tending to reduce and eliminate injuries to workers in Southern sawmills and woods. SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION NEW ORLEANS, LA. TTT 4 = 2 = Z 2 = | = = Tr MM LLU LLL tT SMOUUUASALESNTUHANOUADOU ELAR SASAUAAAA LOLA AMERICAN FORESTRY Stumps removed for the cost of a tin of tobacco F. A. Rullman, Hawthorne, Fla., used Atlas Farm Powder and removed 980 stumps at a cost of about 15 cents each. In describing this ex- perience Mr. Rullman writes: **We removed 980 stumps, of which 684 were creen pine. The tap roots of the green stumps averaged 11 inches in diameter. I used 572 pounds of Atlas Powder and it required two men helpers for 19 days, The cost of re- moving the stumps averaged 14 4-5 cents per stump.” Atlas Farm Powder takes the stumps out clean and breaks them into pieces that can be easily handled. Reading our book, ‘‘Better Farming with Atlas Farm Powder,’’ will enable you to blast stumps, make ditches, plant trees, break boulders and promote plant growth by subsoiling. Write for it today. ATLAS POWDER COMPANY Division F.D. 2, Philadelphia, Penna. Dealers everywhere Magazines near you ADNAN all a HUN Your co-operation with your own magazine will boost American Forestry to an exalted position among advertising media. One way to co-operate is to patronize our advertisers, or ask for suggestions and advice. Your Prospective Customers are listed in our Catalog of 99% guaranteed Mailing Lists. It also contains vital sug- gestions bow to advertise and sell profitably by mail. Counts and prices given on 9000 different national Lists, covering all classes; for instance, Farmers, Noodle Mfrs., Hard- ware Dirs., Zinc Mines, etc. This valua- ble reference book free. Write for it. { Send em Sales Letters You can produce sales or inquiries with personal letters, Many concerns allover U.S, are profitably using Sales Letters Send for free instructive booklet, “Value of Sales Letters.” we write, Ross-Gould RG aci ling RaestS St.Louis AFTER BARK BORERS EALIZING that the destruction of Cali- fornia pine timber by bark-boring beetles is a serious menace—a menace directly comparable only to that of forest fires—District Forester P. G. Redington, of San Francisco, has arranged for control work looking to the eradication of these destructive insects in some 115,000 acres of Government timber on the San Joaquin River drainage in the Sierra National Forest. unprecedented logging and milling opera- tions in progress on this coast because — the forests of the Atlantic and Gulf States _ : are practically gone. Practically no at- tempts are being made anywhere to pro- « vide for new forests on logged-off areas. “Immediate action must be taken in California,” declared Dr. George C. Par- dee, Chairman of the Board of Forestry, — “if this state is to profit by the mistakes of states and other nations that allowed ~ their forests to be devastated without mos " viding for future forests. NEW JERSEY : HE FOREST FIRE SERVICE, which has been developed into an effective force with over 360 fire wardens, has been operat- ing in the field on a pay-scale based on pre- vailing rates for common labor of 14 years — ago, With changing conditions the morale ~ of the organization is being maintained with more and more difficulty because there is less desire for appointment as fire wardens. This is true not only because they feel that their services are inadequately rewarded but - because they find it increasingly difficult to. i secure the prompt and willing assistance that is so imperative in curtailing fire losses. At the request of a large number of town- ships and after a thorough study of the situ- been introduced in the Legislature which provides an increase in pay of fire wardens — while engaged in fighting fires to $2 fortwo hours or less and 50 cents per hour there- after. The present rate is $2 for five hours or less and 30 cents per hour thereafter. The pay of fire wardens for other work would be increased from 25 cents to 50 cents per hour. The annual salary of $20 for town- ship wardens and $10 for district wardens would remain unchanged. The pay of helpers _ , fighting fire, which is $1 for five hours or less and 20 cents per hour for more than five hours, would be increased to $1 for two_ hours or less and 40 cents per hour for more than two hours. Helpers on patrol or em- ployed otherwise than fighting ‘fire would : be increased from 20 cents to 40 cents per hour. Townships pay one-half of the cost of fire fighting and any township may fix its” own rate, according to the bill, but in no- case would the State’s share be based upon a higher rate for services than that provided above. A reorganization of the field force of the Forest Fire Service has been practically completed. The three-year terms of most of the local fire wardens expired this year, giving an opportunity to make desirable changes. The dead wood has been replaced ~ by good timber and special efforts have been made to insure that wardens who have dis- played ability be reappointed. N addition to the new forest fire lookout towers recently begun, New Jersey has just been assured that a fourth will be™ ready when the spring opens. Through the generosity of the New Jersey Zinc Com- ' pany, this tower will be erected at Edison on the site of the “great inventor’s” big | iron mining property developed years ago and since abandoned. The tower will be ' the most accessible of those in the moun- tain country of North Jersey, being im- | mediately adjacent to a well traveled public road. Despite this it will command one of the most beautiful and extensive vistas of the North Jersey area, making it un- "usually attractive for the pleasure-seeker as well as valuable for its primary protective ‘purpose. __ A careful estimation of the two million ‘acres of woodland within the State places their present value at not over $6,000,000. State Forester Alfred Gaskill asserts that by checking abuse through fire, waste and neglect, and by putting the woodlands | under practical forestry management, they "can be developed into property conserva- tively valued at $200,000,000. While the people of the State are now importing twenty times as much timber as our for- ‘ests produce, a large portion of future ~demands could then be supplied with local _timber. To bring about these better con- ditions is the aim of the Department of ‘Conservation and Development. To this end the State Forester is making a survey of present progress. Blank information ‘sheets have been sent out to all persons who have indicated an active interest in the past. Anyone in New Jersey who has in any way can help greatly by informing the State Forester at Trenton of work STATE NEWS done and results obtained, and by giving suggestions. The amount of active co- operation from forest owners determines to a large degree whether 45 per cent of the State’s area shall be “despised waste land” or a highly productive woodland to be enjoyed by all. WISCONSIN PHAT the work of the conservation com- mission in encouraging planting of forest trees on farm woodlots, estates and idle and waste land in Wisconsin is pro- gressing favorably, is evidenced by the fact that during the last five years approxi- mately 800,000 trees have been planted by citizens of this state. This work takes on an added significance this year. The campaign to make Wisconsin in- creasingly beautiful, initiated by passage of the rural planning law in 1919 and the subsequent organization of rural planning committees in the counties draws atten- tion to the fact that tree planting and tree conservation along highways, lake front- ages and water courses is of first im- portance. PLANTED FORESTS HERE is a _ great advantage in planted forests over natural forests,” says James S. Whipple, former State For- ester of New York State, in a recent bulle- tin. “Density of forest growth is all im- portant. That can be obtained in uni- formity only by planting. Unless the 185 growth is dense, close together, the trees will not do well. A tree standing alone grows to limb, is short and produces lit- tle or no lumber of value. If close to- gether, trees grow tall, have few limbs and one tree will make several saw logs and produce much clear stuff lumber. “A natural forest in the Adirondacks,” he continues, “may produce if good, eight thousand board feet of lumber to the acre, sometimes more, sometimes less. A plant- ed forest of pine, when mature, will pro- duce from 50 to 80 thousand board feet of lumber on an acre. Therefore, we must plant forests.” MORE GRAZING IN NATIONAL FORESTS HE demand for range on the National Forests was greater the past year than ever before in the history of the Forest Service, which branch of the United States Department of Agriculture has control of these tracts. Especially in the drought- stricken regions, stockmen, using the un- reserved public domain or private pastures, eagerly sought forest permits in order to save their stock. The value of the system of range regulation in use has been so thoroughly demonstrated that representa- tive stockmen from all the western States have declared emphatically in favor of placing the remaining unreserved public lands under Federal control and having them managed under a plan similar to that in effect on the National Forests. — THE BEST KNOWN SAW Each year finds a greater number of leading mills using Disston Saws ex- clusively. the success of their mill—the quality and quantity of lumber they turn out —depends on the saw they use. It is natural, choose Disston Saws—the acknowl- standard edged years. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. IN THE WORLD Mill operators know that therefore, for them to in quality for 80 25 now. our new booklet, Then tell us how we can further assist you. If necessary, our whole organization will concentrate to help you achieve your garden ideal. EMU NLU ON pA alae e AMERICAN FORESTRY TMT RR W/L _ Simpl our Dream of a garden will come true if you start planning right First you should let us send with our compliments, ““A Feast of Flowers’’ Which tells about many plants that excel even the fantasies of your dreams. NOU A IMIG Hicks Nurseries BOX F Westbury, L. I., New York ° Orc hids We are specialists in Orchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. ey Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- pons of freshly imported unestablished chids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING PINE :-: SPRUCE CONIFERS ONLY Write us for price list KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, KEENE, N. H. Red pine seed, white pine seed and white spruce seed. Wanted: DEPLETION OF OUR FOREST SUPPLIES THE species of timber which form the bulk of our export trade, except Doug- las fir, are those of which the supplies are most depleted. Thus, southern yellow pine forms half of our entire export trade, and the available supply is only 222 bil- lion feet. At the present annual cut of saw-log size timber of nearly 17 billion board feet there remains only about 14 years’ cut of the original supplies. That these figures are not a mere theo- retical calculation is proved by an official statement recently issued by the Southern Pine Association regarding the life of the southern pine industry. The Southern Pine Association estimates that 81.6 per cent of the mills will cut out their sup- plies in 5 years, 95.3 per cent in 10 years, and 99 per cent in 15 years. 7". ae 5 Pel s JOHN C. OLMSTEAD DEAD OHN CHARLES OLMSTEAD, landscape architect and for many } a member of the American Forestry Asso: ciation, died at his home at Brooklin Massachusetts, on February 24th. Mr. Olm stead was long associated with his step father, the late Frederick Law Olms' business and his work included the tectural planning of grounds for un ties, colleges, schools, capitol bui public libraries, public parks and ex! private estates. His career in his prof sion is marked by work in Boston, bridge and vicinity, New York, B Rochester, Chicago, Milwaukee, Spokane, Louisville; Hartford, Conn. River, New Orleans and elsewhere South. Mr. Olmstead was a mem many civic and scientific organi having formerly been president of American Society of Landscape Archit and his loss will be keenly felt by hi confreres. a, VOLUNTEER FOREST FIRE ‘ REPORTERS atid A NEW call has been issued. for volun: teers—not for military duty, but fc the important task of reporting forest in the Southern States. The Forest Se ice of the United States Department « Agriculture compiles reports regai forest fires throughout the country 1 are invaluable to the conservation ment, and is in need of additional operators in the South, in order the may have complete information ing the frequency of fires in this r and the extent of their damage. I North and West similar data are ob able from State forestry officials, b the South it is necessary to rely t volunteer reporters. Already se hundred persons are co-operating with Forest Service in this, but it is desi so to enlarge the force that much more complete information may be secured. Consequently the service desires to get i touch with any person in the Southern States who will be willing to assist in supplying this information. The dutie: of a co-operator do not require much time the work consisting in making out an nual report as to the number of f their causes, the extent of the da character of the damage, and so on. J The seriousness of the forest fire men ace in the South is shown by the follow- ing figures: In each of the past three ‘years nearly 12,000 forest fires destroyed property in North Carolina, South ‘0 lina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and M sissippi, valued at nearly $5,000,000; the total for the three years was 35,700 fires (By Wa (il NY) Barings Stamps 4 | — and a loss of more than $14,641,000. In ‘the States of Missouri, Arkansas, Okla- , Louisiana, and Texas nearly 5,000 fires have annually destroyed $2,000,000 worth of property; the total for e three years is 13,983 fires, entailing a loss of $5,563,000. Thus in these two groups of Southern States, fires and fire ‘losses for the past three years have reach- ed the stupendous totals of 50,000 fires and $20,000,000 loss. With the exception» of North Carolina, Louisiana, and Texas, no organized effort is made to control such fires, and even in these States the effort is far from adequate. The proposed en- “rollment of a large additional number of ‘co-operators will, it is hoped, be a step in ‘the direction of more widespread conser- CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES SPREAD WHITE-PINE DISEASE FPESTRUCTION of all currant and ~~ gooseberry bushes within 900 feet of ‘yaluable native and planted white-pine trees is the urgent recommendation of Federal and State authorities to pine own- ers in regions where the destructive white- pine blister rust has appeared or is likely _to appear. This action is urged as a result of re- ports made when representatives of the northeastern and middle western white- pine States, the Canadian Government, and the United States Department of Agri- culture met recently in the Fifth Interna- tional White Pine Blister Rust Confer- ence. It has been proved that blister rust spores may spread for many miles from white pines to currant and gooseberry bushes, and over relatively short distances from the currants and gooseberries to other white pines. Under most condi- tions, it is believed, a safety zone 600 to 900 feet wide around the white pines to be protected will interrupt the “vicious circle” of the disease and will allow the commercial growth of white pine. Other conditions, however, may require wider safety zones, and pine owners in the vari- Ous regions are advised to ask their State forester or the United States Department of Agriculture for expert advice upon this point. _ TREE PLANTING IN NEBRASKA “JN the State of Nebraska alone, where ~ Arbor Day originated, 300,000,000 trees have been planted since 1872, when Hon. J. ‘Sterling Morton, afterward Secretary of Agriculture, began his tree planting. In China the Ginling College Arbor Day ' ceremony is celebrated the first of April. ’Each class plants a grove of trees, one tree for each member of the class. Each girl uses the spade for her namesake tree. Secondary school teachers hope to estab- lish the same custom on school property all over Central China. STATE NEWS 187 “‘The Dessert Berry of the Nation’’ The Erskine Park Everbearing Red Raspberry _ THE WORLD’S GREATEST EVERBEARING RASPBERRY” was discovered on the Westinghouse Estate (Erskine Park) at Lee, Mass., by Mr. Edward Norman. This magnificent estate is in the midst of the beautiful Berkshire Hills, with a temperature in winter of 30 or 40 degrees below zero, so that the hardi- ness of this berry is unquestioned. The estate is surrounded by the summer homes of many wealthy people, and much to the surprise of his neighbor gardeners and not without a deal of personal satisfaction, Mr. Norman furnished large, luscious rasp- |} berries throughout the fall for various dinner parties. These berries ar ici and best barry aber Lave coer Bt ; me Bove, te Rosieh Kalle: fe wie “In the season of 1916, Mr. George M. Darrow of the United States Departm | Agriculture was traveling from the Atlantic to the Pacific, visiting hat ategert om obtain information on berries for bulletins published by the Department of Agriculture Mr. Darrow had visited this estate before, and was most favorably impressed that this berry was far ahead of the St. Regis and Ranere, and when it became known it would replace these varieties. The plant is by far the strongest growing raspberry I have ever seen, It branches like a tree, and it also has the largest and most roots of any variety with which I am acquainted. It is perfectly hardy and the berries are very large. Conceive the joy and satisfaction of having such ber- ries on your table all through the autumn, the source of wonder to your neighbors, that you can pick the finest raspberries until the snow flies. On November the 20th we cut a large branch of the Erskine Park with blos- soms, green berries and ripe fruit upon it. Strong Field-Grown Bearing Plants, For Fall Planting Send for our Free illustrated 1920 Catalogue which describes the “‘WORLD’S BEST”’’ trees and plants for your garden. GLEN BROTHERS, INC. Glenwood Nursery 1905 Main Street Rochester, N. Y. Lee 4 PRINCESS TREE (PAULOWNIA) TE Sein dobar inc, sae ee sae FLOWERING TREES added $00. By, Pateel Post. . FROM CHINA. JAPAN and PERSIA Cc. N. MERIWETHER TRENTON, KY. . Catalogue .:. A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA SUOUUUUUEAONONNATUOOUMANEUOEUTUNN OOOOH TNs -Barberrs~ . THE GLADIOLUS BEAUTIFUL is the title of my new 1920 illustrated cata- “i The New Hardy Dwarf Edging and Low Hedge logue of Gladiolus Bulbs, listing and describ- Originators and Introducers: ing over 50 new improved varieties of exqui- TheElm City Nursery Com 7 site beauty. Sent free on request. Woodmont Ninvorlac 7 es Pack 5! dollar Bg at bia ginys B”; ten dif- : : 205 New H. new an modern large flowerin : % she pes Ms... Seite named kinds, all labeled, and sent Sogtaaide —— w Gonbicnl Nusneny Gataleans a HOWARD M. GILLET, Gladiolus Specialist, Box W, Lebannon Springs, N. Y. AHOOONSSEUOGNNOELACLGCOOONUOUOTEOUANOSLAEU AUER HILL’S Nursery Stock for Forest Planting Seedlings and Transplants SEEDLINGS TEE Aocapls TRANSPLANTS ALSO TREE SEEDS site ad FOR REFORESTING THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. BESt for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts,.grown in im- mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today. and WANTED mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. 150 lbs. White Spruce Seed Evergreen Specialists pte ese rts apg Largest Growers in America LINCOLN PULPWOOD CO. BOX 601 DUNDEE, ILL. BOX 923 BANGOR, MAINE 188 AMERICAN FORESTRY BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. €. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth........... arbi ods aNie < Ops en aa > Rs OOP ITS | $1.50 FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth .......... Se pesesduyessaen +.» 2.00 PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peets i. coos (2,85 LUMBER MANUFACTURING Ha ine) Arthur F. Jones.. B08 pope 2.10 FOREST VALUATION—By H. CHAPMAN. 2006. cccdcsnsecccccuutans eo «. = 3.50 CHINESE FOREST TREES ND TIM BER SUPPLY—By Norman o 2.50 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE NIALS—By Joh 1.50 cae ey “oat SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sev els and oFS We. AEE once cvs cacedenveranyaectonas wash vbaet y THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER Gitford 1.35 pot oe AND ITS UsES-R. s. Mogg. 2.15 HE CARE OF TREES IN Tawi, STR ET 2.17 NORTH AMERICAN TREES—N. L. no wage 7.30 KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and hag ne 1.50 THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Che: mAs a aes 1.75 sop ve Arg tated OF THE ECO Ic W obs OF THE UNITED STATES—Samuel 3; im COTE oaks sapere Bobs io vn wes e was us un siin eds suka caoideuMigi an Sashes hse p ar ae EN FO eee Ts . PLANE SURVEYING—John C. Tracy................ 3.00 FOREST MENSURATION—Hen: Solon Graves.... 4.00 THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY—B. E. Fernow.. 1.61 FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth........ hee abe avis) AS8 PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller.............ccsecseeeeee wea? cone ye eeenetees eee PRINCIPLES OF rverhar tes © FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green....... bas seee 2.00 TREES IN WINTER—A. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis 2.00 page bebe OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exciusive M ‘Mexico)—Chas. Sprague ak AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, | ‘per Volume. SREY <6 calawhe hts panes hone 7.50 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN JU. S. AND CANADA, RAS, OF = ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough.........c.sccccccescccccsevensers oeornersh Pr 6.00 GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland... SScceueoundseheas | ae HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe..... a 5.00 THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—J. R. Simmons..... - «63.50 TREES OF NEW ENGLAND-L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks..... ; 1.50 1.50 TREES_H. Marshall Ward 1.50 OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John ir 1.91 PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John Gifford. 2.50 LOGGING—Ralph C. Bryant ............ 4.00 THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF ye UNI 2.50 FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Raiph C. and aTestin F. Hawes. 3.50 THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLAND, Henry Solon Grave! 2.00 SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff............ coee 5.00 THE TREE GUIDE—B alia: Elion ROgerS, ....s--scsccuscasesee aay rans * MANUAL FOR NORT = N tt aia —Austin Cary..... a Hae 2.12 FARM FORESTRY—Alfred Akerman. ...........sccccssscscccseuscectesess 57 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE "OF. WORKING PLANS (in forest organization) —A. B. Reck- tei ELE EMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown.. 2.50 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record.. 1.15 STUDIES 2d Bor pag Dar BOTMOD, siiess cvducedecccedeens ens si 1.15 TREE PRUNING—A. Des Care ....cccisccccsccsceccosccssedsceacccccesttecue 65 THE PRESERVATION al eg ee TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss............... cacadecsess BOO SEEDING a PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—By James Ww. Toumey... 3.50 FUTURE FOREST TRE ES—By Dr: Harold Unwind... .cs..ccccsvcssghteesssyuccesneacatcccdavace 2.25 FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS LE, Schuyler Mathews................4+ eeee 2,00 FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC—By F. Schuyler Mathews................ 2.00 FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD toad oo Saag F. Schuyler Mathews................,.0005 2.00 FARM FORESTRY—By John Arden Ferguson ..... a o) THE BOOK OF FORESTRY—By Freder: a F. Moo: 2.10 OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—By Maud Going. 1.50 ey FOR RANGERS AND ene. 2.50 THE LAND WE LIVE IN—By Overton Price.. 1.70 WOOD AND FOREST—By William Noyes ........ cae THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW —By iad ner ot nevtge OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHODS ND. 7 Gost_By Halbert P. a6 OTTO nee ee cece trees cen cev arenes sn sets eeesa sess ses nesses sesnseeneeeeeeeeessseeeeseseesessssensesense FRENCH fon pen 'S AND FORESTRY—By Theodore S. eee Tree ces 2.50 MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS—B %, L. BH. Pammel, .,...5..0..00se0ses 5.35 WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS—Chas. H. Snows: 5.00 EXERCISES IN FOREST aa a hake and Clark........... 1.50 OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—H. WE Boerker. «5 ice 0cisoccate ed nas oe b ee koe Sin teincas RAO MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard Rankin...............ssses0s 2.50 = rane OF THE NATIONAL PARKS—By Robert Sterling Yard.. 3.10 E STORY OF THE ponnee ee J. Gordon Dorrance ............... 65 FOREST MANAGEMENT. Be A a arene and John Bentley, Jr... eee . 2.60 THE FOREST RANGER AND OTHER VERSE—By John Guthrie.................. c..00- = 100 TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING—By H. S. Betts............ - 3.10 THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—By J. R. Simmons..................ceeeeeceeeeeee 3.65 * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—EDITOR. THE GUIDE TO NATURE e, as. eoby. st Forestry and Irrigation for Z § arch, 4. Vill anyone who can furnish a Epwarp F. Bice.ow, Managing Editor copy please write me promptly? I should also Published by like to hear from anyone who can supply copies The Agassiz Association, ArcAdiA, of The Forester, bound or unbound, before De- , Sound Beach, Conn. cember, 1900. I have quite a number of dupli- A Profusely Illustrated Monthly Magazine cates of Forestry and Irrigation, Conservation Devoted to Commonplace Nature with Un- and American Forestry, the oldest being Decem- common Interest. ber, 1902, and should like to get in touch with Subscription, $1.50 per Year. anyone wishing to complete their files. Single or Sample Copy, 15c. GORDON PARKER, Colorado Springs, Colo. DEAN BAKER’S NEW WORK > THE American paper industry has taken | over Dean Hugh P. Baker, head of America’s biggest forest college —the New York State College of Forestry a’ Syracuse, under conditions which indi- cate both that America’s timber industry technical knowledge of forestry in industry, and also that American education does not offer sufficient financial inducemen Eo to hold as college officers men who are— wanted in business. ; Dr. Baker resigned January 10 to a cept twice the salary which he is rated as receiving, to become secretary treasurer of the American Paper and Pulp Association, with headquarters at New York. He was to take up his new work nity for the givahtctaee of the irinciitel of the forestry profession than is possib in any college. His letter of resignatic outlines important phases of America forestry development of the past eight : years, and also discloses that in the spring | of 1919 he refused an offer of $7,500 from the outside, to remain as Dean of the Col-_ lege at a $6,000 salary: Even this sum he _ was not to receive at once, for under th rigid New York State budget the raise — would not become operative until July 1, 1920, and then only after action by the = legislature. FORESTERS’ WEEK ee FPORESTERS’ WEEK, an innovation in ~ New York forestry work and in the — educational field, will be held at the New _ York State College of Forestry at Syracuse — for the week beginning Monday, April 12. _ Special days will be devoted to particular features of the forestry problem. The — Southern Pine Association, for instance, . has already arranged to have its salesmen for this part of the country here for one — day of special study of forestry problems to aid them in their work in the lumber industry. Another day will probably be devoted to the problems of the municipal forests, and other days to other typical problems of the forest products industry. FIRE FIGHTING COSTS THE federal government spent $2,500,- ooo fighting forest fires in the Inland — Empire during the 10 weeks of fires last summer, according to a statement by R. W. _ Fraser, forest supervisor. The district covers northeast Washington, northern _ Idaho and western Montana. “This is a record-breaker for expenditure,” said Mr. Fraser. “The many fires and the long sea- son of fire fighting this year was also very unusual.” ‘ s & BOUQUETS #8 2 “I wish to compliment you, yes, con- sratulate you, on the excellence of your eazine. To be identified with your or- ganization as a member I prize very highly indeed.” A. F. Buoomer. “We all enjoyed the December number AMERICAN Forestry. The illustrations very wonderful.” — Mrs. Es F. Rossiter. “T believe that the AMERICAN Forestry magazine is today doing more good to the country than any other.” Marta Scotr Conser. g _ “Every number of AMERICAN Forestry is a treasure.” . : mats Exizanetu K. Forsom. _ “AMERICAN Forestry is a most valuable and interesting magazine and I recommend widely.” Mary Laturop Tucker. _ “Continued success to the American For- estry Association and its magazine! It’s fine.” Maria WHItTeE AveRILL. “I find the American Forestry maga- zine very helpful and interesting.” ‘ F. E, Wuirney. ’ “I wish to congratulate you very heartily on the January number of American For- Estry. It is superbly good and abserbingly interesting. Henry S. Drrnxer, President of Lehigh University. _ “AMERICAN Forestry is a most valuable and interesting magazine and I recommend it widely.” Mary Laturop Tucker, “I appreciate the good work done by the ssociation in the two years just past and congratulate you on having come through a difficult time with success. I wish for the ociation an ever greater degree of use- fulness and an ability to carry out its new work.” 7 Harriett E. McBrive, _ TREE PLANTING IN CHINA AMERICAN college girls are introducing ~~ Arbor Day as an international holiday into China. Reports from Ginling College, Nanking, China, tell of the fourth annual tree-planting by students of the college and the setting out of plum and mulberry trees in honor of the Sisterhood of Women. Ginling College, founded in the ancient Chinese capital, is the third of the Union -olleges now established in China by five if the American missionary boards of the different denominations. AMERICAN FORESTRY KILN DRYING TAUGHT BY MAIL THE manufacturer who uses lumber as a raw material must give more atten- tion to kiln drying than has hitherto been the common practice, or the resulting ex- cessive waste and dissatisfied trade may cause embarrassment. The time has come when the average dry kiln operator must either improve his methods or give way to a more progressive man who has learned and kept in touch with more modern methods. The high cost of lumber and labor, a shortage of thoroughly airdry stock, as well as a general movement for efficiency in production make better methods impera- tive. Losses due to inadequate methods of kiln drying, especially of stock which is not thoroughly air-dry, often run as high as 30 to 50 per cent, and occasionally even 100 per cent of the value of the lumber. A high percentage of loss is often taken more or less for granted and its seriousness not considered. Present conditions, how- ever, will force the facts to the attention of the manufacturer. Improper kiln opera- tion means not only a loss of lumber and time, but also poorer goods, fewer orders, less profits, and finally the loss of trade to more alert and up-to-date competitors. Kiln drying of wood is not just a job. It is an art based upon exact knowledge. It requires an understanding of certain fundamental principles, and their applica- tion in the daily operation of the kiln. To be efficient the operator must be up-to- date in his methods relative to the best present practices. Within recent years the principles un- derlying the successful kiln drying of air- dry and green lumber have been worked out by the United States Forest Products Laboratory, which is maintained in co-op- eration with the University of Wisconsin. The Wisconsin University Extension Division has arranged to disseminate some of this information by means of a ten-les- son correspondence-study course. The course is written in simple language, and the text is supplemented with numerous illustrations.. It is open to anyone with a common school education. The lessons do not apply to any particular type of kiln, but rather to the conditions necessary in any kiln in order to bring about good results in the drying of various kinds of lumber. The course is conducted by Mr. Arthur Koehler, of the Forest Products Labora- tory, who, on account of his connection with the institution, is in close touch with the latest developments in kiln drying practice. A nominal fee is charged to cover a small per cent of the expense in- volved in rendering this service. For further information address the Extension Division, University of Wisconsin, Madi- son, Wis. 189 Department of Forestry The Pennsylvania State College NDERGRADUATE course in U Forestry covering four years of college work leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Thorough and practical training for government, state, and private for- estry. Opportunities for special work in lumbering and wood using indus- tries. Students are required to spend six weeks in camp in the woods at the end of Freshman year, eight weeks in a Lumber Camp at the end of Sophomore year, and the last eight weeks of Senior year in the southern forests for practical work. Students from other states will be allowed to enter provided there is no four-year forestry course given in their state, For further information address, Department of Forestry The Pennsylvania State College STATE COLLEGE, PA, can rip out any stump that can be pulled with the best inch steel cable, ; Bl Bet i pea pull on the lever gives a 48-ton bei ais Grabkese: Epdened iy U.S. ¥e a HAND POWER Showing easy lever operation Write today for special offer and abe booklet on Land Clearing. The Fitzpatrick Products Corp. Box 43, 99 John St.,New York Box 43, 182 5th St. San Francisco, California. Think in interest—your own interest— save and invest. War-Savings Stamps pay 4 per cent interest, compounded quarterly. 1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. WASHINGTON,D.. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND [LLUSTRATORS 3 COLOR Process WoRK ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 SALE OF TIMBER, MESCALERO INDIAN RESERVATION, ELK AND SILVER CREEK UNIT Sealed bids in duplicate, marked outside “Bid Elk and Silver Creek Unit,” and addressed to Superintendent Mescalero Indian School, Mes- calero, New Mexico will be received until twelve o’clock noon, Mountain Time, Saturday, May 1, 1920, for the purchase of timber on a tract with- in the Elk and Silver Creek drainage areas on the southern part of the Mescalero Indian Reser- vation lying west of the range line between ranges 14 and 15 East of New Mexico Priricipal Meridian. ‘The said unit includes about 30,000 acres of unallotted timber land with an estimated stand of one hundred seventy million feet as to which contract will be made with the superin- tendent. Approximately 55 per cent of the timber within the unit is western yellow pine (in- cluding so-called “Black Jack” or “Bull Pine,”) 30 per cent Douglas fir and 15 per cent white fir, Mexican pine and Engelmann spruce. Each bid must state the price per thousand feet Scribner Decimal C Log scale that will be paid for timber cut and scaled prior to April 1, 1925 Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by three year periods. No bid of less than three dollars ($3.00) per M feet for yellow pine and Douglas fir, two dollars ($2.00) per M feet for Mexican white pine and Engelmann spruce and one dollar ($1.00) per M for white pine during the period ending March 31, 1925 will be considered. Each bid must be accompained by a certified check on a solvent national bank, payable® to the Superintendent of the Mescalero Indian School in the amount of ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00). The deposit will be returned if the bid is rejected but retained as liquidated dam- ages if the required contract and bond are not executed and presented for approval within sixty days from the acceptance of a bid. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Copies of the bid and contract forms and other infor- mation may be obtained from the Superintendent, Indian School, Mescalero, New Mexico. CATO SELLS, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Washington, D. C., February 14, 1920. Li et Rt oa ae a eee AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL NOTES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HE opening of the spring semester in January showed a decided increase in enrollment in the various forestry curri- cula and courses. Twenty-two men were enrolled in the curriculum in general for- estry. Ten are taking up the work in for- est utilization and seven have entered the five-year combined course. In the begin- ning course in forestry which is open to all students in the University, Professor Mulford is lecturing to one hundred and forty-eight students. Nine sections have been formed in this course for recitation work, the texts used being the following: Primer of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot; Our National Forests, Richard H. D. Boerker; Forestry and Community Development, S. T. Dana; Farms, Forests and Erosion, S. T. Dana. The Friday morning’ conference course for all members of the forestry faculty and upper division students is proving of great interest and value to all concerned.. The topic “Are Foresters Necessary” after much discussion was finally settled very decidedly in the affirmative. The concen- sus of opinion was that the period of great- est promise and usefulness for trained for- esters in the United States is just begin- ning. The forestry club held its first meeting of the semester under the leadership of the newly elected officers on the evening of January 27th. Over fifty men were pres- ent, thus establishing a record for attend- ance. A committee reported on confer- ences with the Labor Day Committee of the Associated Students in the matter of the planting of a memorial grove of the Sequoia gigantea on the campus to the California men who fell in the war. The only objection seems to be that it is not a large enough project to keep the whole student body busy, but the committee have hopes that it may be done in connection with some other piece of work. Earl M. Blair, ’20, was elected vice-presi- dent of the Intercollegiate Association of Forestry Clubs and was California’s representative at the meeting of this Asso- ciation held during the last week in February at New Haven. The sum of $175 was raised by active members of the Forestry Club towards defraying the expenses of the delegate to this meeting and an appeal to alumni was made for assistance in completing the necessary sum. The California Club believes heartily in the Intercollegiate Association as a means of better understanding between foresters from the several schools. Dele- gates to former meetings have brought back much of value and we believe the recent meeting will be well worth the ex- pense involved. ‘County. This is one of the very few f Following the student self-governn plan which is in effect throughout the versity, the men who are going to the estry camp in Plumas County next summ held a meeting last week to arrange d of the camp commissary and other ma in connection with the 13 weeks course in the woods, Tom Oliver was elected cam manager. + Se Professor Mulford is planning to t the senior students on a week's field tr to the Del Monte Forest in Mont properties in the United States whick under intensive management so that op tunities for field students in silviculture particularly good. OREGON STATE SCHOOL oF FORESTRY C J. BUDELIER, a graduate in * Engineering of the Oregon Schoo Forestry, has been made woods fore for the Portland Lumber Company a’ Coweman camp near Corrals, Washin; W. J. O’Neil graduated in Logging gineering at the Oregon School of For in 1917. He entered the service | war game until the finish, returning f France with a commission as second lie tenant in the artillery. For the past. months he has been employed by the . Lumber Company as assistant engi Recently he has been promoted to the tion of chief engineer. C. A. Fertig, graduate in Logging Er neering with the class of 1917 from Oregon State School of Forestry, has cently identified himself with the For Products Sales Company of Asto Oregon. PAL C, FUGH, a Chinese student in the School of Forestry of the O egon Agricultural College, is employed by th e Y. M. C. A. in France. His partic business is to look after the interests Chinese laborers who were brought in France by the Allies during the war. A letter from Eastern Siberia s that L. D. Yates, a graduate of the School of Forestry, now first lieutenant in the — regular army, is with the A. E. F. in that — region. He writes that keeping warm and holding the Bolsheviks quiescent occupies | his time completely. ; At a recent meeting of the Board of Fora estry of Oregon, H. J. Eberly, a graduate — of the School of Forestry of the State Col- lege, and recently a captain in the — Twentieth Engineers, has been appointed Deputy State Forester for Oregon. At the December meeting of the Forest- ry Club, R. A. Chapler, of the Federal For-— est Service, gave an interesting address jes ee ee es tly the club on “The Progress of Pro- ction.” Chapler is now in charge of the o-Operative Production work in District ‘under the Weeks’ law. Among other lings Chapler suggested that the time is e for the development in the Forest vice of a man of sufficiently distinctive x to be designated as a Protection Early in December Professor Boul, head the Logging Engineering Department, ook the senior class in Logging Engineer- ng, onto the operations of the Gerlinger ing Company near Corvallis, and a final survey for one mile of main logging railroad and a preliminary arvey of another mile. This is practical ork and is accepted by the Logging Com- ny as a basis for their railroad construc- . several years, wing to crowded con- _ ditions, The Pennsylvania State College has not admitted students from outside the The Fall of 1920 over 600 Freshmen yere turned away, most of them being from ennsylvania. This action, however, seemed © work an injustice to students applying or Forestry from states that do not have a ir-year Forestry School. Inasmuch as the school of Agriculture at State College, of which the Forestry School is a part, is largely supported by Government funds, the Trus- 2s of the College have recently decided lat students applying for Forestry from tates not having a four-year course in For- try w-il be allowed to enter the College. , PURDUE UNIVERSITY SEYMOUR MAZUR, who was gradu- ~ ated from the Department of For- sstry at Purdue University, at Lafayette, jana, with the class of 1915, has recently ecome connected with the State Forestry Company, of Indianapolis, as a member of firm. Mr. Mazur was recently dis- harged from the army, where he had a food record, and his new connection is a ther recognition of his ability as a for- ‘George Kunkel, of the class of 1918, has eft the employ of the Forest Service to fake up work with a private lumber com- Dany, as a timber cruiser at Eureka, Cali- ornia. Mr. Kunkel’s work is chiefly in the ‘ood belt. He is very optimistic re- arding the future in this field. _John S. Matthews, 1917, is now with a umber company with headquarters at Ha, California, ° “Mr. William Malcolm, M. S., Purdue, 914, an early graduate of the department, as recently entered into a long term con- t with the well-known school at Saint- larys-of-the-Woods, to landscape and re- rest their large grounds. | Plans are now being formed for the tablishment of a summer camp for the Department of Forestry. It is likely that € camp will be held in connection with 5 ‘ . NSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE FOREST SCHOOL NOTES the Civil Engineering Camp on the upper end of the lower peninsula of Michigan. At this camp various problems of forest mensuration and organization will be worked out. The extreme proximity of the camp to actual woods operations, makes it a very desirable site. All sopho- mores will here receive first hand informa- tion on wood and camp life as well as supplement their lecture room experience with practical outdoor demonstrations. NEW COURSES AT SYRACUSE HE importance of dry kiln engineering in connection with forestry instruction is realized by the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, and a course in this subject is offered, to begin March1. A recent graduate of the College of Forestry who specialized in dry kiln work has been given a job paying $7,200 a year in India on a three-year contract. ; Another course to be offered for the same term at Syracuse is to give special training in timber grading. This is becoming of in- creasing importance with the high prices of lumber now existing, for the timber grader is able to save his employer large sums by a technical knowledge of various kinds and grades of lumber. The applications so far received for these courses come from men now engaged in the lumber industry, and their employers are paying the expenses of those who already registered for the two courses. YALE FOREST SCHOOL STUART MOIR, M. F., Yale 1917, ‘who is at present in Sweden study- ing forestry as a Fellow of the American Scandinavian Foundation, reports that studies are being taken up at the State Forest School near Stockholm. Extensive trips are planned to the western and northern parts of the country to visit the leading saw-mills and pulp plants, and to study the technical management of the forests. Particular attention will be paid to the management of forests for pulp wood production and the securing of natural regeneration of cut-over lands, and a careful study will also be made of the particular application of the State regulation of the cut on private timber- lands, together with the requirements for reproduction on these lands with a view to continuous forest production. MAINE’S SPRUCE SUPPLY SEQNE third of the growing spruce of this country is on the soil of Maine today,” said Senator Fernald, of Maine, in a recent address before the paint and varnish men of the country. “We have 22,750,000,000 feet of spruce growing here and we can cut 750,000,000 feet ever, year from now until the end of time and have just as much growing and we can with proper consideration furnish the cities of the United States with all the paper they need,” 191 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree hot dg and landscape work, Forester for the North Shore Park Dis- trict of Chicago. City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference. ‘Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-8) YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year’s experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 675, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1-3) RECENTLY discharged from U. S. Army, young man wants position with a firm who has use for a_lumber tallyman and inspector. Has a good education, 11 years’ practical experience in Ium- ber and can furnish good references. Address Box 880, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. (3-5-20) WANTED—Working Assistant Forester for local Forestry Department in connection with forestry work in parks, nursery and landscape planting, Good opportunity tor ambitious young man not afraid ot work. State qualifications, salary ex- pected and references. Address Box 890, care of American Forestry. (3-6-20) ARBORICULTURIST is open to an engagement to take bring 4 of, or as assistant in City For- estry work, Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field—from planting to expert tree pergeey acinding nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further in: tion, address 700, care of American Forestry. WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Agent. Technically trained forester, 35 years old. Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of the above positions. For- mer Captain, Field Artillery. Address Box 840, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Position with Lumber Company or Private Concern by technically trained Forester with five years practical experience. Box 820, care American Forestry. A FORESTRY graduate with several years ex- perience in forest work and at present em- ployed along technical and administrative lines desires responsible position with private concern operating in and outside the United States. Address Box 870, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. HOYT’S ANTISEPTIC TREE VARNISH A dependable material for keeping fungi and vermin out of TREE WOUNDS while natural healing takes place. Price: $1.25 gallon by express Special prices in quantities C. H. HOYT & SON Citizens Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO - ENGRAVINGS buy the right kind--That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose-- Our little house organ ‘‘Etchings’’ is full of valuable hints--Send for it. H. A. GATCHEL, Pres. C. A. STINSON, Vice-Pres. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO-ENGRA VERS In one or more colors Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA SALE OF TIMBER, KLAMATH INDIAN RESERVATION CHILOQUIN UNIT EALED_ bids in_ duplicate, marked outside “Bid, Chiloquin Timber Unit” and addressed to Superintendent, Klamath Indian School, Klamath Agency, Oregon, will be received until twelve o'clock noon, Pacific Time, Thursday, April 15, 1920, for the purchase of timber on a tract, in townmanship and 36 south, ranges 7 and 8 east of Willamette Meridian in Klamath Indian Reservation, lying south of the Sprague River. The said unit includes about 10,000 acres of unallotted land with an estimated stand of one hundred sixty million feet as to which contract will be made with the Superintendent and about three thousand acres of allotted lands with an estimated stand of forty million feet as to which separate approved contracts with the Indian owners may probably be made. More than ninety per cent. of the timber within the unit is western yellow pine and the re- mainder is sugar pine, incense cedar, and red and white fir. Each bid must state the price per thousand feet Scribner Decimal C. Log scale that will be paid for timber cut and scaled prior to April 1, 1924. Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commis- sioner of Indian affairs by three year periods. No bid of less than three dollars and fifty cents ($3.50) per M. feet for yellow pine, sugar pine and incense cedar, and one dollar and fifty cents ($1.50) for other species during the period ending March 31, 1924 will be considered. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check on a solvent national bank, payablé to the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School, in the amount of Twenty Thousand Dollars ($20,000.00). The deposit will be re- turned if the bid is rejected but retained as liquidated damages if the required contract and bond are not executed and presented for ap- proval within sixty days from the acceptance of a bid. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Copies of the bid and contract forms and other information may be obtained from the superintendent, Indian School, Klamath Agency, Oregon. Washington, D. C., January 21, 1920. CATO SELLS, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. AMERICAN FORESTRY ALASKAN PULPWOOD FORESTS HE pulpwood forests of Alaska, which are chiefly spruce and hemlock, would possibly produce under careful management a continuous yield of 2,000,000 cords per annum or about one-third of the present consumption of pulpwood and products manufactured from pulpwood in the United States, according to a recent circular of the Newsprint Service Bureau. The National Forests of Alaska have a coast line of 12,000 miles and are estimated to contain 77,000,000,000 board feet of standing timber. Within the last ten years _the Forest Service has sold 420,000,000 feet of timber in the Alaskan forests, from which have been produced lumber, box shooks, railroad ties, piling, etc., but no pulpwood. With its limited funds for timber surveys, the Forest Service has been handicapped in exploring the timber re- sources of the territory but has exerted every effort to develop the use of these resources. Various tentative applications for developing pulpwood enterprises in Alaska have been since 1910 but these have been for the most part dropped because the applicants found they could not finance the enterprises. The pulpwood offered has been priced at low rates, conforming to the general sale of stumpage prices in Alaska, representing the very low timber values obtaining in an inaccessible and unde- veloped region. The Service has felt it necessary in the public interest to provide in its contracts for a reconsideration of these stumpage values at intervals of five years, beginning when actual cutting op- erations commence, with an opportunity to increase the stumpage prices if an expert appraisal showed the pulpwood to have actually a higher current value. The sale terms offered by the Forest Service have not delayed the development of this industry but the obstacles have been the enormous transportation difficulties, in- volving prohibitory freight rates, the lack of labor and of towns, wharves and _ all supply facilities, and the very large in- vestment required for installation of paper and pulp plants. REPLANTING INVESTIGATION HE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUN- CIL has received a gift from the South ern Pine Association of $10,000 to pay for the incidental expenses of a co-ordinated scientific study by a number of investigators of the re-growth of trees on cut-over forest lands with the aim of determining the best forestry methods for obtaining the highest productivity. Although some of these cut- over lands can perhaps be most advanta- geously used for agricultural purposes there is a large acreage of them which will yield better returns if devoted to reforestation. Despite the large amount of forest study that is being conducted under Government and State auspices, there is much need for additional investigation. This is well rec- ognized by lumber men and is especially in- Se ee a a. Le ne | +r dicated by the action of the recent n of the Southern Forestry Congress at Nei Orleans in formally endorsing the sciet ntific projects of the National Research Counce in regard to forestry. The gift from he Southern Pine Association is made as are sult of this action. The investigation be conducted under the advice of the search Council’s special committee on estry and will not duplicate any present g ernment or other undertakings along si lines. PULPWOOD IN QUEBEC THT the Province of Quebec has r than one-half of the entire pulp supply, of Canada and the largest unit « forest wealth in the world is the c the Prime Minister of the Provi cording to the United States C eral at Ottawa. The Prime Manis a ee the members of the Canadian ; Paper Association, that there had been cut about 1,000,000,000 feet of tin ; and he was informed that, with pr five times more than that without: gering the future supply. He emphasi: rial for the use of the Canadian pu paper plants, and indicated that this would not be relaxed, suggesting th Provincial Government might act f and that the time might come when ‘th would have to limit the cut of the forests for the exclusive use of mills. Quebec has been an impé source of supply to the paper mills ¢ United States. iN ee TO REFOREST BURNED AREAS E IGHT million trees are sprouted at Savanac nursery, Washington, ver year to reforest the burned areas in. th United States forest district No. 1, i takes in parts of Montana, ‘Idaho Washington, according to L. A. Fai government tree-planter. “There are ty tree-planting seasons in the year,” said Fairchild. “The first begins April 1 and lasts until June 15 and the fall season is from September 15 to November r. - e are four tree-planting camps in this trict and two crews of 16 men in camp. A good camp with favorable ditions will plant 1,000,000 trees dt the three months of work aad an e planter will put in 800 trees every d “The majority of the burned areas w reforest themselves. We are concern with the other sections. Crews are sent out early in the. year to map out these sections which show no signs of self- reforesting.” Mr. Fairchild said that the Savanac nursery at Haugan, Montana, is the largest in the United States and that D. C. Olson, superintendent, is one of the best known tree experts in the country. AAA AMERICAN FORESTRY. = = = 2 THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION = A 5 PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor Emu APRIL 1920 CONTENTS VoL. 26, No. 816 Heidiforial SOnaetntants ea laaks bie her calc oo peice aaa Va iy blak Males 6 dell 195 W. B.. Greeley, Chief Forester (Photograph)...............00.0ce ee uee 198 Forestry in the Douglas Fir Region—By Thornton T. Munger.......... 199 With seven illustrations. Airplane Patrol of the Forests—By F. A. Elliott.....................0. 206 With four illustrations. Great Teacher of Forestry Retires—By Filibert Roth.................. 209 With one illustration, Phpmathetica sor. DRCOss BT Fee westeseree sls Wee Fons eld apis Siento pine hie pe Sys 212 Great Britain’s Forestry Commission.............. 0.00 cceuu ee eeeenees 212 The Historic Trees of Massachusetts................ 00sec cece e ee neee 213 With thirty-eight illustrations. Forestry Newenivests Suk scat er alee cate ses baeay ae coeie ya bes agete 226 Honor Roll, MemMOraes Preece siecle e cieck ea ob Gs siaa sip duorela pgleiaate die tally 227 Nature Adventures in the Nation’s Capital—By R. W. Shufeldt........ 228 With eleven illustrations. Plant Nut Trees for Roads and Parks............ 0... eeeeee cece eee 234 Half the Balam Reed sic ck rite Boe Sole ha bas velee al aac Weinstye sey 234 German Forests Still Great Asset... .......0. 0.0 cc ssc c cece ees eeeeeees 235 “ETAll of WSIS Pet OY CR ROOR eee ic et Re cl nye, Lidiels pt ecahalornts stele bsaidiers ble ween 236 With four illustrations, A Day With the Ducks on Lake Cayuga—By A. A. Allen,............. 238 With eight illustrations. The Largest Saws 1 THEOW OF1G ia odie cineca Seta reeds ola tie ee Weve aulns 242 With one illustration. Big Arbor ay Pisaein Goce tiway Gre meat cs 20k y vines bviean Aapiaiehe visleiet ee 244 Athor Dawereree rine eae pe hits et ois nie iv ie PCW e ela g's Fore ueeia see dee 244 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson............0:.seeesene eens 246 American Lumber Association................ Pear ira pis eee he sear 248 Newsprint Paper and Pulpwood...... 20... 6c cece cere eee eee eee eee 248 State Newent easels ee PAE eee cle alta bia ola aia Ne Ala sya srelpous Behe sinah'e ie 250 Higher Pay/ for) Foresters... 0) 05 sink tee sabe coors nat ne ett agen ease 252 Tennessee Forestry Association...........05. 06s cece reece cee eens 253 National Forests Need Roads... .:..30. 0.0 cee lee eas 253 Forester Saving Czecho-Slovaks..../.......6c sessed veneer ence eeeeee 254 ‘|| Foresters Test Wireless Phones............0..c cee eeeeee cnet eee egees 254 SUNSET ON THE PEND D’ORIELLE | : pa ~ aM Forest School Notes...........0c-cscesee cect eee ere eet e tenet eileen ens 1255 Publication Office, 522 East Street, Baltimore, Md. Headquarters Office, Maryland Building, Washington, ‘D-'C. Copyright, 1918, by the Amerjcan 27, 1920, Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. 4 h Porestry Association. Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 194 AMERICAN FORESTRY & Standard Mill Construction. should be applied to the bearing surfaces. Nat'l Lumber Manufs. Assn.) Little wastes multiplied means big losses — upae cost of treating the ends (points of contact and bearing surfaces) of girders, beams and columns of “mill construction” buildings is insignifi- cant in comparison with the total investment, but— The development of decay at one point of but one weakening and necessitating replacement, may entail a very considerable expense. This loss can be avoided. Application of Creosote Oil (Carbosota Creosote Oil) to points of contact is an imperative precaution- ary measure required by the specifications for “mill Spraying Carbosota on poles instead of painting or mopping. Where timber is in contact with walls, foundation and plates, and wood touches wood in first floor framing, two coats of Carbosota Creosote Oil (Courtesy of column or girder in the entire structure, causing its NN MI | 1] HH ‘Dp afi Co we { AL/ construction” approved and recently adopted by the National Board of Fire Underwriters—to wit: “Ends of girders, beams and columns, when rest- ing on metal plates or masonry, shall have the bearing surfaces protected by a piece of creosote-saturated felt or paper, or two brush coats of hot creosote.” Carbosota Creosote Oil is the standard wood pre- servative for non-pressure processes. It is a pure coal-tar creosote, highly refined and specially pro- cessed to make it physically fit for the purpose, and conforms to recognized standard specifications. (Green wood cannot be effectively creosoted by non-pres- sure processes. It should be air-dry. In regions of moist, warm climate, wood of some species may start to decay before it can be air-dried. Exception should be made in such cases and treatment modified accordingly.) Technical service, specifications, etc., may be obtained gratis. by addressing nearest office. The Gaui Company New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Buffalo Cleveland’ Cincinnati Pittsburgh Detroit New Orleans Baltimore Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Dallas Nashville Salt Lake City Seattle Peoria Atlanta Duluth Milwaukee Bangor -Washington Johnstown Lebanon Youngstown Toledo Columbus Richmond Latrobe Bethlehem Elizabeth THE BARRETT COMPANY, Limited: Montreal Vancouver St. John, N. B. Halifax, N. S. Toronto Winnipeg Sydney, N. S. AMERICAN I VWtU"UWMHHéIt [i iiixTCTcTi:£.iiiitiiniivittraiTnni1iHH FORESTRY VOL. XXVI APRIL 1920 AA EDITORIAL NO. 316 Ln 5 hee Agricultural bill as passed by the House of Rep- resentatives, reduced the appropriation for forest in- vestigations in the Forest Service from $78,728 to $35,000 or more than half. This appropriation has been granted by Congress for the past eight years. The Senate Com- mittee increased the amount to $105,000. At this writing the conferees of the House and Senate are considering this and other forestry appropriations. The reduction of $43,728 made by the House, if final- ly passed, will make it necessary to close down all of the Forest Service experiment stations located at Priest River, Idaho, at Colorado Springs, Colorado; at Flag- staff, Arizona, and at Stabler, Washington. Some of these stations, like the Arizona and Colorado Stations, have been in existence for the last ten years. It will further mean a great crippling, if not the entire abandon- ment, of the more general forest investigations now car- ried on in the States of California, Oregon, Utah, Mon- tana, and the hardwood region of the eastern United States. It will mean the dropping from the rolls of IO or I2 men, some of whom have been in the forest research work for the last 12 or 15 years. It will mean _ the abandonment of hundreds of experimental plots and records secured with infinite patience and sacrifice on the _ part of enthusiastic investigators in the course of more than a decade. It will mean setting back the experi- mental work in the country for another 15 years, since _in forestry it takes years of most arduous work to build up sufficient evidence for any definite conclusions and secure a complete investigation force. If anything has proved beyond doubt its value during the war it is the application of science to modern indus- trial and military efficiency. Just at a time when scien- tific work is at last coming into its own, if it cannot be _ stimulated it should not at least be crippled by any near- Sighted policies of economy. If any effort has more than paid for its cost it has been scientific effort. The _ National Research Council, the leading scientific body in this country, and the leaders of industry, all unani- _ mously testify to this. It is very unfortunate that this blow to forest investi- gations should come at a time when the people through- out the country are at last aroused to the critical situation of our timber resources and are asking for additional | appropriations for experiment stations in New England, _ the Southern Appalachians, the Lake States and south- ern California. This demand on the part of an awakened CRIPPLING FOREST INVESTIGATIONS public opinion manifested itself in the introduction of eight bills now pending in the House and Senate and providing for the establishment of new experiment sta- tions in different parts of the country. This drastic reduction in the appropriation for forest investigations is a very near-sighted economy at a time when the exhaustion of our timber resources is so clear- ly in sight, when the prices for lumber have reached levels almost prohibitive for the ordinary user of wood, when many industries in the United States today are suf- fering because of a shortage of wood supplies, as is too clearly manifested by the critical situation in the pro- duction of newsprint, and when the country needs more than ever before knowledge as to the best handling of our remaining timberlands. The question of a National Forest policy for the country is now being widely dis- cussed by the wood-using industries, in trade journals, and the general press, and there is no doubt but that legis- lation of one kind or another will be sought in the near future to provide for measures which will protect the remaining forests from devastation and encourage forest practice by private timber owners as well as by States and municipalities. All such measures, unless they are based on accurate scientific knowledge of the best meth- ods of handling the timber lands and securing natural or artificial reforestation, may prove of little effectiveness. Forest experiment stations are just as indispensable to the growing of timber as agricultural stations are to the production of farm crops. The curtailment in the appropriation for forest research is particularly deplorable because it comes at a time when the forest experiment stations are just beginning to reach the period of their greatest efficiency and use- fulness. Forest investigations on the National Forests resulted in increasing the revenue from them by developing meth- ods of cutting which, as in the case of the Douglas fir on the Pacific Coast, have saved thousands, if not hun- dreds of thousands, of dollars to the Government in the form of timber which otherwise would have to be left for seeding purposes. ‘Some of the discoveries made at the stations repaid to the Government many times over the entire cost of all expenditures for their establishment and maintenance for many years to come. Their elimi- nation in reality means, therefore, not economy, but a loss since without them increase in productivity of our forests must be trusted entirely to chance, “—_— se 196 AMERICAN PROTECT THE HEADWATERS OF NAVIGABLE STREAMS ag He wisdom of purchasing forest land at the head- waters of navigable streams under the Weeks Law has been demonstrated. When, therefore, the appropria- tions have been used up, and the question arises of con- tinuing the policy, the appeal is wide and strong. New bills in Congress propose two million dollars a year for five years. But Congress does not grant large sums without know- ing the reason, especially in the face of an expected deficit of three billion dollars in the year’s payment on the war debt. show its transcendant importance, and this can be done. It involves not only the timber supply in the Eastern country where population is dense, and the pres- ervation of the soil over vast tracts of mountain range from fire and erosion, but also the even flow of streams and the regulation of water powers in more than twenty states with hundreds of thousands of operatives depend- ent upon steady power at the millwheels. Take, for instance, the regulation of stream flow in any single valley in New England like the Connecticut or the Merrimac. Each has hundreds of factories and electric plants.. What myriads of electric lights depend upon an even flow from the great White Mountain watersheds. Or, take the Ohio River. Any one who has experienced the terror of floods at Pittsburgh or Cincinnati when mil- lions of property are destroyed and many hundreds of people driven from their homes, realize how essen- tial is control in the mountains of West Virginia. Forest soil is said to hold back five times its own weight in water. It is this extraordinary fact that keeps mighty vig at atime. Whole mountains are reduced to barren rock. as a whole, as everybody knows, we are using up our — It is up to the friends of this measure to _ ~ summit of Mt. Mitchel, in North Carolina, at an elevation — Igri. _ made an appropriation of $600,000 last July to continue rt ery o- Pas poe Tiyeatte ee e") +." a ip “FORESTRY. rivers flowing. Members of Congress and everybody else should know that this precious mountain soil is inflam- mable and that a slash fire destroys it ten thousand acres : Or take the matter of timber supply. In the country — timber much faster than it grows. Already we are ee. feeling the pinch of excessive prices, due to the exhaus-_ tion of certain species. Lumber prices have greatly ad- vanced and yet felling operations throughout the highes a mountain slopes are advancing as-never before. Near the — higher than Mt. Washington, one beholds the worst timber s slash in Eastern America, with the black crisp soil wher fires have swept over thousands of acres. Pitiable er damnable are the adjectives most appropriate; as because the country has not seen the facts, and damnable because the results are everlasting. af a The American Forestry Association has supported Weeks Law first, last and all the time. It stood for t original appropriation of eleven million dollars that was passed by Congress and approved by President Taft in ih It urged in 1916, the reappropriation of the three million dollars that did not become available under the “a first act. It favored action by the present Congress that — purchases for the current fiscal year. If the American people believe in this enterprise, now is the time to say so in tones that Congress cannot fail to understand. Nothing but a majority of votes in both a Houses of Congress will secure its continuation. E 3 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE FARMER OMPARATIVELY little attention has been called to the profiteering in timber which some small saw- mill operators, owning chiefly portable or semi-portable mills, have been practicing in this country. Reference is made to their buying stumpage at low rates largely from farm woodland owners. an undue profit. There is no way of telling what per- centage of small operators practice it, but it would seem that many of the operators in various sections resort to it. The effect upon the honest operators is obvious, it lays them open to suspicion, makes it more difficult for them to do business with timber owners, and puts them at a disadvantage financially. It is to their interests, to the interests of farm woodland owners, and in the interests of the practice of forestry in the United States, that this profiteering be stopped. Standing timber on farms lends itself easily to profi- teering, due in the main to three facts. The first is that, in the very nature of things, there being so many variable factors, the value of stumpage It is not a new form of taking . at about $6.00 per thousand feet on the stump. Quite — fe can not be determined with the closeness of the value of a calf or a crate of eggs. tal The second is due to the common methods of selling it, by the lump sum for the tract, or at a stated price per acre without estimate on the part of the owner. The third is the average farm woodland owner’s un- familiarity with the business of sawing and selling lumber and other products, a business in itself. One cannot blame the sawmill man for buying as cheaply as he can. The writer knows one firm which never attempts to force down a farmer’s price. This particular firm was offered, and it purchased, several million feet in well located small tracts in the last year a proportion of this timber was second growth white pine and white oak. It would have been cheap at twice the figure paid. The attempt, however, to force down figures by claiming a high percentage of the timber to be defective when such is not the case, of grossly under stat- ing the total amount of stumpage and assuring the owner — positively of the truth of the figures, of trying to “beats a y- AMERICAN down” the price on the ground of long-standing friend- ship of the families—the writer knows instances of each of these—and other unfair practices, cannot be condoned. Many farm woodland owners will not pay any real attention to growing timber unless it pays them in dollars FORESTRY 197 and cents to do so; they cannot make their operations profitable at the price profiteers pay for timber. The country’s needs demand that their lands be made as pro- ductive as possible. Profiteering in the timber of our farms must cease. RIGHT ABOUT FACE TO THE FIRES E forest fires in the Northwest last summer and in Minnesota the year before challenge the effective- ness of our work if forestry. They point sharply to the immediate, urgent need in the woods of the North and West. Thousands of acres of timber and of young growth are destroyed every year or two, and dozens of lives are lost. _ No measures for the establishment or maintenance of productive forests, other than fire protection, are worth while until adequate fire protection becomes an accom- plished facts. Forest plantations, and special fire pro- tection on publicly owned lands are both accomplishing a little, but the progress is far too slow, and very ex- pensive. The result is net loss. The woods call for adequate fire protection now, on the privately owned lands. Protection of natural young growth from fire is the cheapest, most effective method of reforestation. . The methods of fire prevention and control in the various types of forest are well understood, and ade- quate results are possible. Democratic government is instituted to protect life and property. When timber was cheap and abundant, lack of fire protection was excusable, but this condition is past. Protection of forests from fire, like protection of any other property of value, is a normal, police duty of government. It can be administered practically under the authority of the state governments, or by co-opera- tion of the Federal government with the state govern- ments, and expenses can be met under any one of several co-operative methods between the Federal and state governments and the landowner, as local conditions may render practical. The work to be done now is to make certain that ap- propriations and legislation for thorough fire protection have the right of way. A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY PROGRAM R. B. E. FERNOV, in an editorial utterance in the Journal of Forestry, says of the action of the Ameri- can Paper and Pulp Association in accepting a report of _ its committee on Forest Conservation with suggestions for a national forest policy: “It takes the position that _ there is ‘no basis for any legal compulsion upon the private landowner to keep his land forested except in _ cases where after proper classification and indemnifica- tion it may be decided that the general welfare demands ‘watershed protection,’ but it admits that the private owner ‘is under both moral and legal obligation to handle _ his property in such a way that it does not become a public menace and the State may require him to con- _ duct his cutting operations in such fashion as to lessen the fire danger.’ It declares that ‘the production of large- sized timber is too long an undertaking with too great _ hazards and too low a rate of return to attract private capital in adequate amount.’ It advocates a forest sur- vey and land classification; public purchase of cut-over lands by National and State governments in co-operation, and also more vigorous extension of Federal co-opera- tion with the States in fire prevention; fair forest taxa- tion laws; a very large program of forest planting; nurseries and working plans and other means of aiding reforesting operations, especially for smaller land hold- ers; and a definite policy in operating State-owned lands. It is also admitted that some paper and pulp concerns might practice forestry on their own lands. “With this attitude and program,” says Dr. Fernow, “we can certainly not find any fault. It expresses all that we have contended for as practicable means for carrying out a national forest policy. What we need now are definitely drawn acts of legislation.” SHADE TREES AND FOREST CONSERVATION : EK his Arbor Day proclamation the Mayor of Dallas, Texas, not only calls attention to the value of shade trees but adds this significant paragraph: “The forests of this nation and of this state are being depleted to an alarming extent. Insect pests and enemies of trees are _ Tapidly increasing, and it behooves us to adopt strenuous measures to save the trees we have, and to insure a _ source of timber supply for the future.” The Mayor recognizes the fact that if people are in- terested in shade trees they are likely to be receptive of ideas about forest conservation. Editors throughout the country who have been giving liberally of the space in their newspapers to forestry publicity and shade tree publicity have frequently expressed the same thought in their editorials, and we read of many organizations which having planted roadside trees or memorial trees are now discussing the. need of a national forest policy, and are ready to lend their assistance in the effort to secure it. AMERICAN FORESTRY COLONEL W. B. GREELEY WHO HAS BEEN APPOINTED CHIEF OF THE UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE IN PLACE OF COL. HENRY S. GRAVES, WHO HAS RESIGNED. COLONEL GREELEY IS A DIRECTOR OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, FORESTRY IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION BY THORNTON T. MUNGER, UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE ee ESTWARD the course of empire takes its way!” The expanding population of our coun- try moved westward and as it went it took with it all the pulsing activities that accompany the modern industrial empire—the making of cities where none were before, the construction of Herculean transportation systems, the establishment of industries to supply the needs of the people, the eager harvesting of the great wealth of natural resources. It was primarily the wealth of natural resources that directed the march of progress to the westward in this country—the virgin fertility of annihilating. But need it be so? Certainly not, when’ so much of the virgin forest land is suited primarily for the production of timber crops as is the case in the West- ern forest regions. It is interesting to speculate, there- fore, as to whether the history of the Central Hardwood Region, of the Lake States Pinery, and of the Southern pineries is to be repeated in the Douglas fir region of the Pacific Northwest. The forests of Western Oregon and Washington con- tain the largest reservoirs of virgin timber left in* the United States ; and a large proportion of the lumber used PRIMEVAL DOUGLAS FIR FOREST IN THE FOOTHILLS OF MOUNT ST. HELENS, SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON Fifty years ago there were twenty million acres of such dense virgin forest, extending in an almost unbroken strip from British Columbia to Southern Oregon and from an altitude of 3,000 feet on the Cascade Range to the Pacific Ocean. the soils, the mineral riches of the mountains and the vast expanses of splendid forests. Following closely on the steps of the prairie schooner emigrants who came to till the rich Western soil and of the Forty-niners who came to mine the Western gold, came the lumbermen to harvest the primeval crop of timber which Nature had sowed and which stood ripe for the ax. The lumber industry has been moving westward with the march of progress; it has always been a pioneer industry, one of the forerunners of intensive industrial development, and has reached its peak of production in every territory before that territory’ has become fully peopled and developed intensively agriculturally and industrially. That has been the history of most of the forest regions of the country. The lumber industry has been self- by the country comes from this region. Washington has, since 1905, held foremost place among the States in quantity of lumber produced; Oregon now ranks third in production, but first in volume of standing timber, and it will not be long before the increasing annual cut will place her at the head, or next the head, of timber-produc- ing States. The volume of standing timber in these two States is enormous ; from the mountain tops the expanses of solid virgin timber appear limitless, and expressed in board feet the amount seems inexhaustible. But logging on the watersheds available to transportation is progressing with alarming rapidity, and it is high time that these States decide whether their timberlands are to be “mined’’ of their virgin resources and abandoned as unproductive, 199 200 AMERICAN or whether their forests are to be cut with a thought for the future, the land kept in a timber-producing condition, and the important lumber industry perpetuated indefi- nitely. Action should be taken accordingly. What is the forest problem of the Douglas fir region of Oregon and Washington, how may it be solved, and what is being done to solve it? A half-century ago there was a practically unbroken stretch of forest, either old or young, from timberline on the Cascade Range to the Pacific Ocean and from British Columbia to Southern Oregon. A few meadows and “prairies,” especially in Oregon, and some rock barrens made the only breaks in the natural forest cover. Within the altitudinal zone suitable for commercial tree growth, i. e below an altitude averaging about 3,000 feet, Douglas fir was the principal tree, and so this forest A 54-YEAR-OLD “SECOND-GROWTH” FOREST OF DOUGLAS FIR This is in Western Oregon, which ark pays from seed stored in the ground after a disastrous forest fire that killed the virgin timber. This view is taken on a sample plot upon which all the tagged trees are periodically measured and which by actual record is growing at the rate of 1,259 board feet per acre per year. region is called the Douglas fir region. Upon the coming of the white man this region was by no means all covered with heavy virgin stands of old timber, for there is every indication that fires had played havoc in this country Where these fires had run, second growth stands had nearly always replaced the from time immemorial. old timber and consequently every gradation from the very young stands of seedlings to the old timber was found. In some places, particularly on the high moun- tains and adjacent to the valleys inhabited by Indians, too oft-repeated fires had annihilated the forest, and brush or grass had taken its place. Many of the stands of old timber had been so scourged with fire and yet not FORESTRY killed broadcast that they carried but a portion of the merchantable timber of a normal, well-protected forest. So it is that in the region as a whole—considering second- growth stands after burns, fire-scourged stands and all— the average stand per acre is only about 30,000 feet, whereas it should have been 100,000 feet per acre. The following tabulation gives the best available esti- mates, some of them taken from scanty data, of the amount of merchantable timber and of the acreage of commercial virgin timber and of cut-over land within the Douglas fir region of Western Oregon and Washing- ton, in both public and private ownership; Total Western Western Douglas Fir Oregon. Washington. Region. BILLION FEET, B. M. Merchantable Timber— : National forests...... 85. 65 Private, State and In- dian Reservation.... 260 150 560 5 ACRES. Virgin Timber Land— National forests...... 3,000,000 2,500,000 Private, State and In- dian Reservation.... 7,000,000 4,500,000 17,000,000 ¥ ACRES. : Cut-Over, Not Cultivated— National forests...... 10,000 25,000 Private, State and In- dian Reservation.... 1,200,000 2,500,000 3,735,000 The lumber industry did not develop to large propor- tions in the Douglas fir region until about 20 years ago. The annual cut of logs in Washington is now about 6,000,000,000 feet and in Oregon about 1,500,000,000 feet . annually. This means the cutting over of nearly 200,000 acres annually in the western part of these two States. There is every indication that the industry has not reached its zenith of production, and that with the * exhaustion of the Southern pine forests and the increase in the export business the Douglas fir forests are to be drawn upon even more heavily. The customary logging practice—and ‘the only one practically feasible with these large trees—is to cut clean and log the timber off with steam donkey engines. This method is not inimical to good forestry practice, for the silvical characteristics of Douglas fir and most of its associated species are such as to demand clean cutting. tAfter the area is logged it is burned broadcast, often by accident, if not by intent, for the State laws require the burning of slash during the safe seasons to remove its menace to surrounding timber during the summer. This is well enough from the forester’s viewpoint, provided the burning is done at the right season, for it has been found that when a Douglas fir slashing is burned over once immediately after logging there is almost sure to follow a dense stand of seedlings. The origin of this new crop has been somewhat of a mystery until the te Ee FORESTRY IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION 201 investigations of the Wind River Forest Experiment Station brought to light the fact that the seed from the virgin forest lies dormant in the duff and humus of the forest floor, perhaps for several years ; some of it escapes damage by the slash fire after logging and germinates the first spring thereafter. This accounts for the hill- sides of magnificent reproduction on logged off lands and burns, where there are no seed trees which might have begotten such reproduction. Were these areas immune from fire after the first slash burning there would be no need for concern as to the future productivity of the Douglas fir lands of the Pacific Northwest. A sec- ond crop would be assured. But these logged off lands, even though once burned over by a terrifically hot broadcast slash fire, are far from immune from sub- sequent fires. The coarser debris is not consumed by the first fire, dry fern and weeds soon supply the kindling, and only a spark is neces- sary to start a fire which would run over the area a sec- ond or a third time. Sometimes an area burns over twice in one season.’ If all the seed stored in the ground germi- nates after the first fire, the second fire kills the seedlings, Fe. igh ea wee cf < i>, 2" fh A — hae 3 ’ en a nw. ae ea \ Seon eeaad * \ ‘ + a A TYPICAL CLOSE-UP VIEW OF A DOUGLAS FIR FOREST stored in the forest floor; and then a second and a third and possibly even more fires which destroy what Nature sowed and which leave the area a waste of fern, black- berries, fireweed and brush, upon which Douglas fir will become established only by the slow process of migra- tion or by artificial means. Sometimes, by a turn of fortune, an area escapes the second fire and the initial crop of seedlings survives and in 20 or 25 years reaches an age when, because of its dense shade, it is somewhat resistant to fire and gives promise of reaching maturity. Sometimes when the cutting has not been absolutely clean, defective cull trees are left and these act as seed distributors and re- stock the area in the event of a sec- ond fire. There are many thousands of acres of logged-off lands in this Pacific Northwest covered by as pretty a stand of Douglas fir saplings as the forester could wish for. There are more which are de- void of adequate tree growth of any kind. The differ- ence is due, on the privately owned lands, to chance, not to any con- scous effort to se- cure a new crop. It is not unnatural that it should be so. The supply of virgin timber seemed inexhausti- ; ; This is in Western Washington, where the mature trees average 4 feet in diameter and 225 feet H and if there is no high. Such stands are now the scene of hundreds of logging operations, which are reducing to ble and still seems source of addi- stump land about 200,000 acres of private land annually, without making any conscious effort to so to the majority renew the forest growth. tional seed in the near vicinity the chances for a second crop by natural agencies are very small. Sometimes the second fire is not severe and runs over the area in a crazy-quilt fashion, leaving islands of reproduction here and there. The irregular distribution of trees in many of the old forests is due to this process of partial burning of the first reproduction. This is the history to date of the logged-off lands of the Douglas fir region: A slash fire immediately follow- ing clean cutting; a crop of seedlings coming from seed of people in Ore- gon and Washington, as it did in the Lake States and the Southern pineries 50 years ago; the fire demon seemed invincible, especially on the open cut-over lands. The timber land owner’s chief concern was to protect the green timber; he had many troubles, and why should he concern himself with providing for a second crop when he had more timber than he could cut in 30 years, could afford to pay taxes and interest on and protect from fire. Meanwhile the public, which should be vitally interested in the continued productivity of the forest lands of the 202 AMERICAN commonwealth sat by and did nothing either to enforce, to make easy, or to help along the practice of forestry on private lands, not even lending moral support to the solution of the cut-over land problem. One of the large factors in retarding a conscious effort to secure the reforestation of logged-off lands is the question of the future use of these lands. If they are useful for agriculture or pasturage, repeated fires are a benefit. The early logging was at the lower elevations on the bottoms and low, rolling hills, close to the settle- ments bordering Puget Sound FORESTRY ship—both cut-over, timbered and denuded burns—is 10,250,000 acres. Added to this there is a great acreage within the National Forests and a lesser amount in State ownership and in Indian Reservation. The area of com- mercial Douglas fir timberland in Federal ownership within the National Forests of Oregon and Washington is considered to be 5,000,000 acres, practically all of which is ultimate forest land. Altogether, then, there are, in round numbers, 16,000,000 acres of potentially productive permarent timberland in Western Oregon and Wash- ington. This acreage is capa- and the Columbia River and its tributaries. The land was all suitable for agriculture and the lumberman had hopes of disposing of it for that purpose. As the logging has progressed farther back into the rougher mountain country the hope that this cut-over land might be sold to settlers at a profitable fig- ure has persisted. This ex- pectation of selling all kinds of logged-off land for farms —often stimulated by the un- scrupulous land sharks—has postponed the initiation oi action looking toward the practice of forestry on the ultimate forest lands. As a matter of fact, much of the land which is now being logged over is so rough or rocky that it is perfectly ap- parent that it has no agricu'- tural possibilities and that it ought to continue to produce forest crops. Accurate fig- ures as to the acreage logged over in the Douglas fir re- gion of the two States are not available, but it is esti- mated that there are about 2,500,000 acres in Washing- ton and 1,200,000 acres in Oregon cut over and not cleared. Added to these are many hundreds of thousands of acres of burns in a denuded condition. Of this perhaps a half is farm land— either plow land, pasturage, or incidental wood lots; the remainder is best suited to forest growth. Besides the cut-over land there remains in private ownership some 11,500,000 acres of virgin timberland (exclusive of burns and sparsely timbered areas). A larger proportion of this is ultimate forest land than of cut-over area. A conserva- tive.estimate of the ultimate forest land in the Douglas fir‘'region of ‘Oregon and Washington in private owner- trees background. A - Arcwnmetn 7a DOUGLAS FIR: REPRODUCTION ON THE COLUM- NATIONAL FOREST, WASHINGTON This was logged over in 1909 according to the dictates of good forestry, the slash burned the same year and subsequent fires kept out. the reproduction came from seed stored in the ground; one of the seed eft as an added assurance of natural reforestation is shown in the ble of producing 9,000,000,- 000 board feet per year, as- suming an average growth rate of from 900 board feet per acre per year on the best sites to 450 board feet on the poorer sites. This potential capacity of these lands is in excess of the present lumber cut of the region. In other words, the great lumber in- dustry of the Pacific North- west might. continue on its present basis if, and this is the “if” which must be set- tled by the people of the Northwest and the country right promptly, if intelligent and strenuous action is taken to effect the reforestation by protection of all ultimate forest lands as rapidly as they are cut over. If present methods con- tinue, by which cut-over land is left at the mercy of fire and no conscious effort made to keep it productive, but a fraction of the potential in- crement will be realized. It is now only chance areas which become satisfactorily reforested after logging, and then it is due to the indomi- table reproductive vigor of Douglas fir and hemlock and a fortunate escape from fire. The rest are left by the logger thoroughly denuded, scourged by repeated fires, and likely to remain unpro- ductive for many years. The securing of reforestation after logging in the Douglas fir region is not an insuperable task; it is simple in principle and requires no radical modification of present logging practice. Nature will do it alone, if she is given a chance and freedom from man-caused fires. The practice of forestry is here 99 per cent fire protection. As stated above, when the virgin forest is cut the seed is Most of FORESTRY IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION in the ground. If the slash is burned immediately after logging and before the succeeding germinating season, which is the month of May, reproduction is almost sure to result. Then if the area is protected from subsequent fires, satisfactory reforestation is assured. Falling of the “snags” or dead trees is a most desirable fire-pro- tective measure, for these in the event of accidental fire become torches which throw sparks high in the air and are the greatest hindrance to the suppression of a fire. If the burning of the slash is delayed too long after the logging, the repro- duction resulting in the interim from the seed stored in the forest floor will be killed and refor- estation will take place only from chance seed trees or from adjacent green timber, if any. For a further assurance of natu- ral reproduction and as a precaution against accidental fires it is well to leave occasional seed trees—one or two to the acre should suffice. This is not a difficult o. expensive provision for the logger to make, for in nearly all Douglas fir stands are misshap- en and “conky” Douglas firs, which are so defective as to be hardly worth logging, yet are perfectly good seed trees. 203 between denuded wastes and richly productive second growth timber. The reader may here ask what is being done to put these simple principles into practice, why is more not being done and what constructive action must be taken to put them into effect. It must be acknowledged that practically nothing in the way of a conscious effort td secure the reforestation of the cut-over lands is being done on private lands. There have been one or two sporadic attempts to practice forestry which were aban- doned not because they were not suc- cessful but because the companies were more concerned with other prob- lems of their busi- ness. On the Na- tional Forests the cutting of timber is, of course, done ac- cording to the above silvicultural principles, and has been in the main fruitful of good re- sults. The still im- perfect control of the fire menace is the only — factor which has prevent- ed ideal results. More progress has not been made in the practice’ of forestry largely for one very good rea- son—the. timber- land’ owner. is «not interested in along time proposition under existing’con- ditions. You.can prove .on. paper. to him that cut-over A SECOND-GROWTH FOREST OF DOUGLAS FIR This is typical of many in Western renmanwton and peegen and is nearing merchantable age. The silvicultural prescription for the practice of fores- try in Douglas fir region then condenses to this: ' 1. Log clean as at present. Leave‘occasional defective trees as seeders, when- - ever such are available. 3. Fall the snags, which are a fire menace, at. the time of logging. 4. Burn the slashing broadcast the first spring or fall after logging. 5. Keep subsequent fires out of the areas once burned. The last provision is the one difficult of accomplishment and the one that costs money, but it means the difference Under proper methods of logging and fi re protection the can be made to produce successive crops of timber as fine as this. land if cared for and: protected: will yield’ a. crop. in eighty or a hundred years which might‘net.a- fair rate of interest, but he is. not in: a mood to ‘engage’ in: any such long-term and uncertain: investment:. Hes is,: at present, embarrassed by a surfeit of virgin: timber which iS. expensive’ to carry. His. business is: gauged on a quicker turn over; his capital. is needed‘ for present: ope- rating expenses. But even were he interested. in growing a second crop there are certain’ economic’ obstacles which’ inhibit /the practice of forestry on private lands, and these must be removed before the timberland owner will engage in louglas, fir lands now being cut over 204 AMERICAN it. These obstacles are the insecurity of the timber crop from fire and the existing system of taxing both land and the growing crop annually. There must be a more effective State-wide protection against fire before the individual owner wishes to put a large investment in cut- over land reforestation. In spite of most efficient fire pro- tective associations of timberland owners caring for virgin timber, the private owner cannot be sure that his land will have perfect protection. There are too many hazards from adjacent lands not now covered by asso- ciation, State, or Federal patrol—chiefly the private cut- over areas, which are the “no man’s land” of, fire protec- tion. It then becomes a public function to give each owner security by enforcement of the fire preventive laws and by a radical extension of the public and private co- operative fire protection system which will give reason- able safety to all lands both cut-over and timbered. Tax reform has long been agitated, but slow in coming. It is not the major obstacle to the practice of forestry, but under the present system a long time forest investment could not be very profitable. The Pacific Northwest is fortunate in having among the leaders in the lumber industry men who are forward- looking, open-minded, and public-spirited. They know the history of other forest regions and appreciate the problem that lies in this Douglas fir region. They are not unconscious of the responsibility that is theirs to prevent the self-annihilation of the lumber industry and_ the denudation of great areas of potentially productive land. _ ball en i a FORESTRY They co-operate well with public agencies and have an open mind for what the forester can tell them. More and more they are realizing that something must be done and are talking about it a good deal, but so far doing little. The solution of the cut-over land problem which they almost unanimously propose is public ownership. They claim in effect that long term practice of forestry on extensive forest areas such as those in the western moun- tains is not an enterprise for a lumber company, but that it must be done, and that the public (either Federal or State government) is, therefore, the only agency to do it. It is not that they are shirking their responsibilities in the matter—“passing the buck” to the Government— but rather that as practical men they cannot see over the obstacles which stand in the way of private capital en- gaging profitably in forestry. Whether these obstacles can be lowered and sentiment changed is the task for the _ friends of the lumber industry and conservation to find out. Undoubtedly the hope of the lumberman will in part be accomplished and some cut-over land added to the existing National Forest and thereby put under forest management, but perhaps too late for the best silvicultural results. It is, probably, wise public policy and good economics that there should be a larger area of publicly owned forests in the western mountains than at present. The boundaries of the National Forests should be extend- ed to round out suitable units for administration. This will be accomplished if Congress listens to the demands of the local public, by exchanges of land for stumpage aaa a a See ——— —— a THE RESULT OF “TIMBER MINING” IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION, WHERE NO EFFORT IS MADE TO SECURE A NEW CROP On such areas repeated fires, together with the absence of seed trees, mean that the land will remain permanently barren and unproductive. a i ae FORESTRY IN THE and perhaps by direct purchase. ‘lhe States are now in process of consolidating their present holdings into blocks, which, it is sincerely hoped and expected, will be man- aged for sustained yield. It is likely, though as yet not proposed, that there will be an enlargement of the areas of State forests to supplement the Federal forests. But the solution of the forest problem of the Douglas fir region is not wholly the acquisition by the public of cut-over land. It is not desirable, I should say, that the public own the entire ultimate forest area; and it is ex- tremely improbable that it will acquire any additional acreage before the process of denudation has been com- pleted. Meanwhile the virgin forest will be stripped off without, regard for sustained yield of water- sheds, the per- petuation of regional indus- tries cr the -continued pro- ductivity of the cut-over lands. Something has got to be done by the private owners to keep their lands pro- ductive. The ultimate forest lands of Ore- gon and Wash- ington are not going to bear their full meas- ure of anoth- er crop unless DOUGLAS FIR REGION 205 over lands of the region to determine what are agricul- tural and what should be dedicated to permanent forest production. (b) Tax reform, which will remove the current burden of carrying immature forests. (c) Stricter enforcement of the present good forest. fire laws, so that property may be less subject to the men- ace of fire from sources outside the control of the owner. (d) Additional financial appropriation by the States and Federal Government to promote forestry practice, recognizing that it is very much to the public interest, not ofly of the commonwealth but of the whole nation, that these cut-over lands be kept productive and that with- out govern- mental aid they will lie unpro- ductive. (e) Co-op- erative assist- ance from the appropriations proposed above to private own- ers who: agree to manage, ac- cording to a certain stand- ard, lands that have been classified as permanent for- est ground. This assistance would embrace technical ad - vice, the ap- proval of work- the timberland owner prac- tices better for- estry on his own lands than he is doing now. We might as well take conditions as they are and understand plainly that the solution of the problem does not lie wholly in public ownership, and every effort should be made to encourage the private owner to take the responsibility of caring for his lands according to correct silvicultural principles. No program to this end has been agreed upon. The subject is very much in agitation but rather overshadowed at present in the lumberman’s mind by income tax problems, car shortage, and the like. It is well that it is at least in agitation and some day soon it must crystallize into a program of legislation and co-operative action between timberland owners, the State and the Federal Govern- ment. Just what this program will be or should be it is premature to say, because sentiment has not been Shaken down as yet. But there are certain prerequisites to progress. These may be briefly stated: (a) Ss THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS 215 | igor Roby Elm, so named from Parson Roby, who planted it, about the year 1770, stands on Main Street in the town of Saugus. Its circumference is 15 feet 2 inches, spread 100 feet and height 75 feet. The trunk is of unusual length, being about 30 feet, and numerous large branches sweep upwards for at least twenty feet more before spreading to form the crown. It is related that the parson selected and dug this tree with great care, placing it in his house, still a fine old residence and one of the land- marks of Sau- | gus, where he | kept it until the | following morn- ing and planted it in a suitable spot in his yard. i summer tourist on his way to Cape Cod has often passed through the portion of Hingham lying just to the south of Nantasket Junction near the Cohasset THE ROBY ELM town line. He has noticed, on the right hand side of the road a very large and sym- metrical tree, known as the Cushing Elm. The name of Cushing has | been justly bestowed upon the “ancestral elm.” The family came from Hingham in old England and settled in Hingham in New England as 4 early as 1638. Measured in the summer of 1916, the spread of the nia branches is over 100 feet and the circumference of the trunk 16%4 feet THE ELIOT OAK four and a half feet from the ground. OHN ELIOT, justly styled Apos- tle to the Indians, and founder of Natick, first gathered the red men together, about 1632, “from their scattered kind of life into civil society” within the shades of the forest, and preached to them beneath a white oak, now a mighty tree, universally known as the Eliot Oak. SOUSA TEENA EL SUsUUUarTagnone npn at veranda THE CUSHING ELM 216 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE LAKEVILLE ELMS THE HOLLISTON ELMS EAR Middleboro, on the road to New Bedford, there are standing at the present time two beautiful and towering “wine glass” elms. As you approach them from the north they give the impression of being so close together that the tips of the branches interlock, but they soon break upon the view as two separate columns, seventy-five feet apart, lifting their heads up- ward into the sky. Each is slender and graceful, not possessed of great age, but singularly beautiful in its isolation from everything save field and sky and distaht woods. The larger tree of the two has a height of 60 feet, a spread of 65 feet and a circumference at breast height of 8% feet. The smaller is 60 feet in height, 50 feet in spread and 7 feet in circumference. Their his- toric value lies in their location in .a one-time training field of Civil War times. They are known as the Lakeville Elms. THE oldest white oak in Dedham bears the distinction of having once been selected as suitable ma- terial for the celebrated and ‘much honored frigate that still lies at anchor off Charlestown—Old Iron- sides. The amount offered was seventy dollars, but the offer was refused because the owner’s wife, Mrs. William Avery, greatly ad- mired the tree and prevailed upon her husband to spare it. This was about 1798, and the Avery oak is still with us, gnarled but vigorous. The present circumference at one foot above the ground is 23 feet 5 inches, and at breast height 16 feet 9 inches. The height is 68 feet and the spread of the branches 93 feet. HE elms at Holliston were planted about the year 1747. They may have been six or seven . feet in circumference during Wash- ington’s time, but they seem to have escaped the attention of those who would have given them a place in literature. The larger of the two trees is quite as remarkable in its way as the smaller and is certainly more magnificent. Unquestionably no pair of elms in Massachusetts can surpass these in size and grandeur; none give greater hope of preserving their beauty far into the future. For the larger tree the circumference at breast height is 18% feet, the height is 92 feet and the spread 80 feet. For the smal- ler, the circumference is 16% feet, the height 85 feet and the spread 85 feet. | tie magnificent old elms in Lincoln stand directly in front of the oldest house in the town and about seventy-five yards from the State road leading from Concord to Boston, approximately two miles east from Concord. They are about ‘15 feet in circumference, and are beginning to decline. The branches have a highly muscular appearance but have suffered somewhat from insect pests. OUUALAUUUNNAG ASTANA MOO NYUGEEEONNAOLUUOOOUURUAOERLGGGUAAHUUCU ECE MUOEATUARTTO CREASE HE Boxford Elm, standing in front of the old house erected by Asa Perley in 1760, both house and tree have since remained as cherished landmarks of Boxford, as well as of Essex County. The elm gradually developed into a great tree—one of the greatest in Massa- chusetts. It has at the present time a circumference at breast height of 14 feet 4% inches, a height of 70 feet and a spread of too feet. At about ten or twelve feet from the ground the trunk divides into five large branches which in turn subdivide to form a broad crown, overtopping the old Colonial residence, and lending its charm to the whole country-side. SNNTUMEATUGO ANOLE STAAL OOUETVLITULUOAEATOEESERLIARSUNADEONGA TNS VATA EAASU LES ALLUT EAT AQOUSSDAYOTUOODEESTTUSSUOOSUOOOA WYHEN selecting a young tree for planting as a permanent, living monument, capable of occupying a given spot for from one hundred to five hundred years, one would hard- ly choose a fruit tree. And yet John Endicott, the earliest pioneer of the Massachusetts settlement under the patent, has left behind him a pear tree which he planted about the year 1632, and which still “bears more fruit than the whole town can eat” as the people say in Danvers. Measurements have no value and convey no meaning, as applied to this tree. Soil has gradu- ally collected about the trunk until the two main branches. appear to rise from the ground as separate trees. They evidently join under a heavy covering of sod. Surround- ing them is a fence which acts as an effective protection. When the au- thor photographed the tree it was covered with green fruit. y ED THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS 217 THE ENDICOTT PEAR TREE Sa matter of passing interest it may be said that in the old town of Saugus there is a beautiful specimen of the black walnut, an older tree, supposedly, than the Roby Elm, concerning which the author of “Our Trees” (of Essex County) says, “It is quite among the possibilities that Cotton Mather could have stopped to rest beneath the shade of the ‘Cheever Walnut’ on his way on horseback from Boston, to witness witchcraft executions on Gallows Hill in Salem in 1692.” It stands on Center Street and measures 134 feet in cir- cumference, 65 feet in height, and 87 feet in the spread of its branches. OT SOUL LoL THE CHEEVER WALNUT N some respects these elms of South Chelmsford are more beautiful as a group than even the Hollinston elms, while the latter’ have that peculiar interest and charm that arise from great age. The South Chelmsford elms are on the W. R. Winning farm, not far from Carlisle Station. Each is 14 feet in circumference, and the combined spread of the branches is 125 feet. They are always conspicuous for the number of birds that nest in their branches, chiefly orioles and vireos. THE PAIR OF ELMS AT SOUTH CHELMSFORD THE MONROE TAVERN ELM IRECTLY in front of the “Old Monroe Tavern” may be seen this beautiful elm. Here, on the day of the battle of Lexington, horses were tied to a series of iron spikes, driven at intervals of sev- eral inches, around the tree. One of these, over which the bark has not yet closed, may still be seen about an inch and a half below the surface. This spike is exactly four and a half feet from the ground. The circumference of the tree at this point is fourteen feet and five inches. LTTSTTUTULERETTTRLULTLELELE LLL nuntantuatt ee ee + —s 6 BB ory a SS Oe Pf THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS 219 O*N the bank of the Concord River, just beyond the Monument Street bridge, and not far from the famous “monument of the minute-man,” there is a very old willow tree. Its girth is greater than that of any tree in Concord, and it is known to have been a sizeable specimen even in Revolutionary times. The circumference at breast height, measured from the upper side, is twenty-two feet; from the lower side, it is eighteen feet and eight inches; the height is forty-three feet and the spread sixty- three feet. At the point where the branches emerge from the trunk the circumferenceis nearly thirty feet. MONG the trees in his- toric Concord, belonging to a later time and associated with the years of peace and ac- complish ment rather than with those of war, are the two old alms in front of the Louisa May Alcott house, and the little grove of pines and spruces just beyond it. Un- der the shade of the elms once THE OLD WILLOW AT CONCORD lived the author of “Little Women” and among the whispering pines Hawthorne walked, thought and wrote, or coversed with his friend, Thoreau. The elm at the left of the door as the visitor approaches the old house is thirteen feet in circumference, and the one at the right is fifteen feet. Their height is about sixty-five feet. The spread of the branches is not imposing, THE MARLBORO ELM as one of the trees has lost nearly half of its limbs. fMHE road over which Washing- ton passed on his way to Cam- bridge is still in the favorite high- way between Springfield and Worcester. It has now become the popular automobile route between those cities, and many a beautiful tree greets the traveler with its grateful shade. After passing the old oaks at Wayside Inn, going to- ward the west, you enter the town of Marlboro. Near the end of West Main Street, on the lawn of the Stevens place, stands an old elm tree, the dimensions of which are quite extraordinary: circumfer- ence at breast height, 17% feet; height 7414 feet, spread of branches, 100 feet. The roots on the souther- ly side rise from the ground like an abutment, increasing the circum- ference at one foot from the ground to 29% feet. THE LOUISA MAY ALCOTT ELMS AND HAWTHORNE’S GROVE — lala il — — —_— ~~. eo HILE the patriots in Boston were rallying beneath the branches of the Liberty Tree and the Great Elm, events of a similar nature were taking place in one of the small towns in the center of the State. Not far from the town square in Grafton stands a very fine red oak, bearing an inscription on a copper tablet. It has witnessed some stirring scenes in its day, among which may be mentioned the departure of troops for the battles of Concord and Lexington in the war for Independence. This old oak is 14 feet 5 inches in circumference, 62 feet in height, and 75 feet in the spread of its branches. EYOND the town of Palmer, a quar- ter of a mile from the rail- road bridge, and near the center of a broad curve of the main road to Springfield, is a wide - spreading elm of the oak- tree type, com- paratively strong and most pleasing in its proportions. Be- neath this tree W ashing ton rested and re- freshed himself, and delivered a short address only three days previous to tak- ing command of the army at Cambridge. The elm took its name from the _ tradition, appar- ently well _at- § THE GRAFTON OAK tested, that Gen- eral Washing- ton, accompa- nied by his Staff, General Lee and the deputation sent from Cambridge to Springfield to meet and escort him to headquarters, halted with his party under the shade of this tree to rest and lunch about noon, June 30, 1775. Very naturally the party ordered milk and other necessaries from Captain Graves’ tavern. Like many trees of its kind, this elm has developed greatly at the base. At one foot from the ground the circumference is nineteen feet, while at breast height it diminishes to fourteen feet and one inch, increasing again as the branches are approached. The height is fifty-five feet, and the spread of branches ninety-five feet. HIS is the last survivor of a little group that stood in Springfield Court Square in the days of Wash- ington, near the Old Tavern, “allow- ing the old yellow-bodied stage just. room enough tc swing around to the front door in fine style!” General Washington rendered the elms his- | toric by his visit there when on his way between New York and Cam- bridge, and he rendered one more famous than the others, i. ¢c., the elm that stood directly in front of the tavern door, for here it was that he ? sat and “drank his flip.” The city Y s may well be proud to call the sur- y vivor of the group the Springfield j Elm. Its dimensions are surprising r and gratifying—height 102 feet, j spread 112 feet, circumference at 4 breast height 19 feet, 9 inches. v THE WASHINGTON ELM AT PALMER THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS 221 LIVER WENDELL HOLMES included the elm at Sheffield among those of greatest size, beauty and symmetry of form. Doubtless the Sheffield elm was so classified on account of its great beauty and spread of branches, for it fails to show twenty feet of clear girth at five feet from the ground, even at the present time. It has always been considered as one of the most beautiful elms in Massachusetts, and though old age has at last crept upon it, the individuality in the arrangement of its numerous branches continues to produce a strong, graceful and pleasing appearance. In 1916 it meas- ured 3 feet from the ground, 20 feet and 3 in- ches in circum- ference, and at six feet 19 feet and 7 inches. The spread westward was fifty-four feet and the height eighty-two feet. Tradition has it that the old elm was. standing when the town was settled, in 1725. A™M ONG those few trees which may be called elms of the first class is the Lafayette Elm, This tree is situated southwest of the village of Ware, THE SHEFFIELD ELM on the road to Palmer, and is 20 feet 7 inches in circumference, 75 feet in height and 100 feet in the spread of its branches. The enormous trunk divides at about ten feet into three branches, the largest of which subdivides into four more. The smallest of the four is fifteen inches in diameter. In general appearance the tree is slightly over-developed on the east side, one great limb stretching in this direction for more than sixty-five feet. Tradition says that during Revolutionary times, Lafayette rested underneath this tree while on his way to meet Washington, and at a later date the elm THE DEERFIELD BUTTONWOOD was named for the famous Frenchman. ig is difficult to select a single tree from among the many beautiful ones in historic old Deerfield, but the buttonwood in front of the academy is at least representative. It is now eighteen feet in circumference and one hundred feet in height and Spread. It stands within the bounds of what was once the enclosure of the fort which was built in 1689. If Size is any test of a tree’s age, this buttonwood was standing at the time of the Indian wars, for its circum- ference is larger than that of the Charlemont buttonwood by about two feet. Many thrilling events took place within a radius of fifty yards from the spot occupied by the tree. SUATSEEEENTSGAANTTA ATTEN See TTT UL ULI AUAUALUEEEENNAGNANNEL ALU THE LAFAYETTE ELM s SO ——— 222 AMERICAN FORESTRY SINCE the great “Willard Elm” is no more, the elm on the Albany Road competes for honors as Deerfield’s most famous tree. It is worthy of note that the Indians usually led their captives past this tree to a ford in the river, and thence to the Mohawk trail. The tree is known as “the elm by the little brown house.” Thickly growing bushes and vines conceal its huge abutments, which stretch out on each side of the tree to a distance of seven feet. In girth this tree qualifies as an elm of the first class, being 20 feet in circumference, 82 feet in height and 100 feet in spread. With the exception of a few dead branches the tree appears to be in good health. us Harring- ton Elm stands in front of the L. A. Austin place on M a ssachusetts Avenue, East Lexington. A legend upon its trunk informs us that “This tree was plant- ed in 1732 by Jonathan Har- rington, father of the last sur- vivor of the Battle of Lex- “THE ELM BY THE LITTLE BROWN ington.” It is HOUSE” 70 feet in height, 16 feet 4 inches in circumference and 90 feet in spread. At about ten feet the trunk divides into four great limbs. One of these, on the northerly side, divides again into four branches. There were originally five sub-divisions to the trunk but one fell in a heavy gale. The wound has been treated THE CHARLEMONT BUTTONWOOD and is properly healing. QNE of the most picturesque spots on the “Mohawk Trail” may be found in the westerly portion of the little town of Charlemont, just be- yond the old covered bridge which crosses the Deerfield River. At this point a buttonwood tree stands on the side of the slope a few feet above the road, and leans slightly forward as if to protect a spring of sparkling water near its base. Not far away, on the hill above, the first pioneer settler of the township per- ished at the hands of the Indians. Much bloody warfare surrounded the settlement of this part of the coun- try, to all of which the old button- wood was a silent witness, and it stands today the most fitting mem- orial to those frontier heroes—a liy- ing monument. Its topmost branches reach to a greater height than the graves on the hill, for the tree is rinety-eight feet high. Beneath the branches, which spread themselves over eighty-five feet of space, passes the “trail;” and near the massive trunk, sixteen feet in circumference, THE HARRINGTON ELM still bubbles the crystal spring water. THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS 223 UNDERLAND possesses a gigantic “Old Buttonwood,” the largest, doubtless, in Massachusetts. The giant limbs, stretching upward for a hundred feet, more or less basket-shaped, and spreading to an equal distance, are plainly visible from Sugar Loaf Mountain, and from several points along the highway leading north. Their characteristic color stands out conspicuously against the green background of other trees. More marked than any other particular feature is the ponderous trunk. It reminds one of an elephant. The girth at breast height is 20 feet 6 inches, and it is very nearly uniform to the dividing point, which comes at about fifteen feet. Historically, the tree ranks with those of Deer- field, although no battles are actually .known to have taken place in its im- mediate vicinity. RULY the author quotes: “The trees of Boston Common are historic ‘trees because the Common _ itself is historic.” The earliest record % THE SUNDERLAND BUTTONWOOD of famous trees within the bounds of the Common is Bonner’s map of 1722, which gives the location of the Great Elm and of a group of elms at the corner of what are now Washington and Essex Streets. One of these was the famous Liberty Tree. The scene has been a constantly changing one hrough the years that have followed since this early map of Boston was made, for practically every tree now standing on the “peninsula” was placed there by the hand of man. The Liberty Tree was destroyed by the British in 1775, while the Great Elm, the true native and king of THE OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES PINE the Common, survived until 1876, when it fell in a gale. Memorials now mark the passing of many trees of individual historic fame on Bos- ton Common—trees which will, how- ever, live forever in the documents which shape the earliest history of our country. Surpassingly beautiful are the trees of the Common today, but there are few now standing on this historic ground more than one hundred years old. AS you walk along the old road to | le ms ; Lenox, you will mark in a wide : oe \ se a A a iat Ne sweep of lawn the lone and superb ‘i : ty ae eer pine so much loved by Oliver Wen- ; i dell Holmes. This historic pine, one j of the favorite trees of a noted per- sonage, is an excellent representative y of our great New England conifer. . r 4 You measure its trunk and find that - 4 an r . it is 16 feet 4 inches in girth. You Hy ei By ‘ : ‘ , ps se wonder at the great depth of its - eS J Wye : r E shadow and find that the spread of : gi me. a Ri) % its branches is nearly 90 feet; and 4 sts you look upward to its topmost F ; coe branch and find, if you have a meas- 1 : mae ee eaae bel uring instrument, that it is 97 feet — anes ie ee from the ground. There may be a - larger white pine than this somewhere in Massachusetts, but—where? BOSTON COMMON IN WINTER 224 AMERICAN FORESTRY HILE the famous Cunningham Maple and the Carter Oak are both in advanced stages of decay, and appear “like veteran warriors, beaten. down in battle, bearing up their banners to the last,” the Beaman Oak remains in all the glory of its strength, and is claimed to be the largest red oak in Massachusetts. It marks the place where Gamaliel Beaman, an early settler, built his house in 1659. The measurements are as follows: Circumference at the ground, 29 feet; at breast height, 20 feet; at five feet from the ground, 19 feet 9 inches ; height, 75 feet; spread of branches, 90 feet. 4 HE only tree in Massa- chusetts which, at maturity, has ever’ approach- ed the Rugg Elm in the grandeur of its spreading branches is the elm which stands on the Knowlton farm in West Acton. This superb-elm lost. over half of its branches about three years ago, when they fell of their own weight in a THE BEAMAN OAK very aeety gale. Timely assistance would have preserved this tree for more than a generation. It has long been credited with possessing the greatest spread of any elm in this section of the country, and the remaining half section covers fully a hundred feet of ground. The largest limb, which was shorn off and still lies where it fell, is 11 feet and 4 inches in circumference. It would seem as if strength had been sacrificed for beauty, and as if a noble head had at last fallen from shoulders too weak to support it. The trunk is fourteen feet, eight and a half inches in circumference and ‘ thoroughly sound. The height of the tree is sixty-seven feet. THE RUGG ELM HE Rugg Elm (also known as the Gates Elm) at Framingham, situated about two hundred yards from the turnpike road, between Framingham and Fayville near the grounds of the Country Club, is without doubt the largest elm to be found anywhere in New England. The circumference at one foot from the ground is 28% feet, and at about three feet from the ground the trunk divides into two parts, one of which, at breast height, is 17 feet and the other 14 feet in circumference. Between these two trunks there is a peculiar woody formation, or “nubbin” which may at one time have been the beginning of a third section. The two gigantic trunks sub-divide at about eight feet into three large branches each, and in combination, form one of the most remarkable crowns that can be conceived of. The spread of the branches is 145 feet and the height of the tree is 70 feet. The age of the Rugg Elm is variously esti- mated at from 300 to 400 years. THE ELM AT WEST ACTON eS oO Te et Te ere THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS 225 MONG the towns in eastern Middlesex, just north of Boston, notably Medford and Winchester, there are many beautiful trees of all kinds. One of the most remarkable specimens is the elm near the railroad station in Winchester. The Winchester Elm is not among the largest of our famous trees, being only ten and a half feet in circumference, but no more beautiful tree may be found in this section. It has adapted itself to the conditions of our modern city streets and flourishes in the very center of one of the main thoroughfares of Winchester. ETRACING our steps from Berkshire to the sea, the last of the fam- ous trees is also one of the most magnificent in the whole col- lection. Behold an apple tree having the sin- ews of an oak, the spread of an elm and a crown surpass- ing both in the beauty of its leaves and blos- ae | Be i .! cy soms! Imagine it in full bloom, - ao - its blossoms nearly the size of wild roses, its largest limbs nearly six feet in girth stretch- ing out thirty THE WINCHESTER ELM feet on every side; its trunk ten feet in girth at the smallest part and fourteen and a half feet at the ground. One envies those fortunate residents of Cape Cod who boast that they played under this “umbrella tree” when children and climbed in its branches. It stands 6n the estate of Mr. Livermore, of Marshfield Hills, and is known to be more than one hundred years old, having been planted by Stephen Sherman, who was a resident of Marshfield for nearly THE HUBBARD ELM ninety years. “SPLENDID old wreck of an elm” at North Andover, known as the Hubbard Elm, is the peer of Essex, and may be considered as a strong contender for the title of the largest elm now standing in Massachusetts. Though hollow, it commands the greatest admiration and wonder, and its mighty abut- ments stretch out for several feet prt | on all sides, as if inviting the be- : holder to step thereon and grasp the deep-furrowed bark in a fond embrace! On the ground about the tree lie several of the once power- ful limbs in varying stages of decay where they have fallen. The com- plete picture produces in the ob- server the keenest of emotions, and he leaves it with regret, knowing that the time will not be long dur- ing which he may be permitted to €aze upon so mighty an elm. The circumference is 24 feet 5 inches at breast height, and the tree is 98 feet high. The spread is not over 65 feet, probably a little more than iH half of what i bef he beau- : 4 iw fh a an lat tang limbs fell to the ground. THE APPLE TREE AT MARSHFIELD HILLS EDITORS CALL BUSINESS INTERESTS ESPONDING to the call of the American Forestry Association to enlist in the battle for a national for- est policy and for better fire protection of the forests the editors of the coun- try are giving columns of space to the campaign. They are treating most generously all the news being sent out by the Association that has to do with trees and by calling the attention of the public to the value of forests and trees they are all aiming at the common need so vital to the industry of the country, namely, a national forest policy. Some of the editorial com- ment follows: Buffalo Express: “In a broad sense re- forestation should be the national forest policy. For every tree cut down require that two shall be planted—not at some future time, but AT ONCE. There ought not be any need for argument.” Birmingham News: “The American For- estry Association persists in its insistence that every school take up tree planting. Not such tree planting as is expressed annually but such a conservation of forestry as will constrain every youth in the land to plant. What must inevitably spring from that example is the great thing; federal forest conservation on a great scale.” Syracuse Herald: “Wood is one of the chief reasons for the high cost of living and the American Forestry Association calls attention to this with some startling figures. There is scarcely a commodity that is not shipped or handled in a wood container of some sort.” Canton News: “According to the Amer- ican Forestry Association, the consumption of pulpwood has increased 100 per cent in 20 years while no systematic work has been done to renew the forests. Years are re- quired to grow trees so prompt. action is needed.” New York Mail: “The value of the for- est fire service is indicated by the fact, as the American Forestry Association points out, fires destroyed timber valued at no less than $40,000,000 and the average loss from forest fires in 1916-1918 was $21,000,000.” Springfield, Ill., Journal; “The American Forestry Association has suggested that the anniversary of Theodore Roosevelt's death be observed by all persons interested . furniture! in the conservation of the nation’s natural resources. If their suggestion is adopted January 6 each year, the country will re- call Mr. Roosevelt’s service in this cause.” St. Paul Pioneer Press: “What a pity and what an insane fury of recklessness is it that finds us now with three-fourths of our forests gone without provision for” their renewal and still not a move on the part of Congress to save the ‘country from utter depletion of its remaining forests upon which directly depends the living of hundreds of thousands and upon which all society leans for necessary articles, includ- ing the materials for dwelling houses and The American Forestry Asso- ciation is carrying on propaganda . . to serve aS a means of publicity for the larger cause—the pee tinent of the forests.” Rochester Democratand Chronicle: “There is much to commend in the proposition to. make the anniversary of the death of Theodore Roosevelt a day to be observed by the nation as a time to emphasize the need of forest conservation. - The Ameri- can Forestry Association should be en- couraged in its effort to. have this day set apart by law for such purpose.” Florida Times-Union: “The seriousness of the forestry situation in this country is being brought to the attention of the peo- ple by the American Forestry Association: and there is hope their work will have the ‘effect of awakening a genuine interest in saving and recouping our timber interests.” Salt Lake Tribune: “The American For- estry Association has a message for the business interests of. the nation. It is, ‘stop throwing the forests of the nation in the waste basket.’ Which is another way of arguing against the wanton waste of paper. The pulpwood situation certain- ly is one which gives force to the plea.” Cleveland Press: “Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Asso- ciation, declares that because of the drain of war the warning of Theodore Roosevelt as to a woodless age is ten times more im- portant today than when the late President expressed it. ‘Our forests are like a bank’ is the way Pack puts it, ‘for if we expect to draw out we must make deposits.’ ” Los Angeles Record: “At the annual meeting of the American Forestry Associa- tion a resolution was adopted calling .on the schools, women’s organizations and public bodies generally to make January 6, . before we will have practically no 1 the day Theodore Roosevelt died, ‘Roosevelt I Day’ and to observe it with cxerdiges oe propriate to the policy of forest vation.” Meridian, Miss., Dispatch: “Tf the A ican people realized the money het trees to themselves as well as the this country would not be in the it is of forest denudation.” Tallapoosa, Ga., Jaurnal: “It takes sixty to a hundred years to gr a lai fat log. It takes about ‘toon biased cut it down. The answer is easy. Unles something is done to preserve the fo of the country it is only a matter of and the annual floods and water ae testify to the deforestation ot the | sheds.” < Atlanta Journal: “Ponder the fact the United States has barely one-fourth c its original forest and that this is destroyed three times faster ‘than it is 3 reproduced? The situation i is one to ch lenge every thoughtful Qeericaa : beagn FY. Oshkosh Daily Northwestern United States allows its‘ forests permanently destroyed it will ae reckoning. And neither pu ernment can plead ignorance | ot Sy au of our present practice.”’” Petersburg, Va., Progress: “The moi tains and hills denuded of trees mean economic loss both on account of the of such denudation upon rain fall and loss of timber for building purposes.” Norwich, Conn., Bulletin: “What the of the federal ye state governments fo the preservation and development of wood- lands: Great inroads have been made int the forests of the country.” eg Rome, Ga., Herald: It is indeed thigh time to take measures to stimulate forest — ¥ growth in the United States and take ally necessary measures for the protection and conservation of our whole forest system.” Findlay, O., Republican: “A quarter of a century ago wood was plentiful and— cheap. Today it is just the reverse in both cases and the time is rapidly approaching — when there is going to be little or no wood — and the big forests that have produced the supply will be a thing of the past.” a AMERICAN FORESTRY 227 TO RALLY TO THE CAUSE OF FORESTRY wwe wee - 4 Dalton, Ga., Citizen: “America needs a more thorough awakening to the needs of tree planting now to insure sufficient tim- ber in the future. Industries are calling for timber but the areas that formerly furnished the trees have been partially cleared and little thought has been taken for the future.” Providence Bulletin: “Save paper says the AMERICAN Forestry Magazine. of 25 per cent in paper would mean six million less tons of freight for railroads to handle.” Indianapolis Star: “In response to sena- torial request for information in regard to depletion of the forests, the American For- estry Association has presented figures to show the New England States are no longer self-supporting in a lumber way; the cen- ter of the lumber industry is fast moving to the Pacific Coast; the Lake States are now importing lumber to keep alive the _ wood using industries of that section. It is time all land owners should give heed.” New York Evening Mail: “The enor- mous economic importance of our forests is A cut , shown by the figures given in the latest census report. These figures show that of the round total of 276,000 manufacturing establishments in the country, 52,000, or 19 per cent, are dependent for their continued operation, either wholly or in part, upon the output of raw material from the forests. “And yet we have no national policy for the conservation and the development of our timber resources. Not only are we cut- ting down our forests, for the most part, with hardly any regard for future needs, but are giving scant attention as a nation to the protection from destruction of the resgurces that we have not yet succeeded in squandering. “This carelessness is indicated by the at- tempt in Congress to reduce to the vanish- ing’ point the government appropriation for the forest fire service. This contempt for one of our most valuable natural resources, the basis of industry in which a total of $3,000,000,000 is invested, is incomprehensi- ble. The American Forestry Association, of Washington, deserves hearty commenda- tion for its efforts to rouse Congress and the American people to the importance of a national forestry policy as a fixed fea- ture of our efforts to make the best possi- ble use of our fast-vanishing natural resources.” Birmingham News: “The American For- estry Association calls attention to the fact that the forest fires in this country burn ten times the area of devastated France every year. Using that terrific fact as a text, Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the Association, preaches a powerful ser- mon on the imperative need for a national forest policy. “He explains why the penny newspaper and the two-penny newspaper are things | of the past. He sees in the gradual deple- tion of American forestry an actual menace to education. Some of his recent utter- ances are alarming, and his data, carefully gathered, confirm the opinion rapidly spreading that unless the United States buckles down to forest conservation, not only will newsprint become higher, but agriculture must inevitably suffer. “But the conservation of timber for newsprint purposes is even less important thas the conservation of forestry for the making of homes for human beings to live in.” PARIS, FRANCE By American Graves Registration Service: Lieut. E. R. Bolinder. ANDALUSIA, ALA. By Andalusia High School: James Malcomb, Otis Battle, Arthur Perrett, Sidney Blair, Ary Dukes, Columbus Gillis. BIRMINGHAM, ALA. By United Daughters of the Confederacy: Lieut. Pilot Meredith Roberts. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. By Native Sons and Daughters of Golden West: BS E. Fitzpatrick, Herman Cassens, Forest E. Stout, R. C. Mehrtens, Oscar Peter- son, Harry Mack, Arthur E. Johnson, Law- rence Sweeney, Leon Vander White, William A. Nonnemann, Gustave Nonnemann, Narciseo De Anti, Harold Feldbusch, William Hage- ward J. Strohmeier, William Griffin, ard Husing, Angelo Cincotta, S. Brilliant, Robert Sturdevant, Walter P. Kenney, Victor Davis, Fred Nash, George W. White, Alfred f eaephy Ray Healey, fobn Ward, Thomas - McDermott, Ernest artman, Jr., Oliver, Frank Legnitto, D. A. Dineen, John urray, Loring C. Schaffer, H. F. Margey, Ry. : Rudy, Leon Jacquemet, W. Thompson. FT. MORGAN, COLO. By New Movement Class, First Presbyterian Sunday School: Alfred James Creighton, Mel- vin Walter Trewit. ATLANTA, GA. By J. Bentley Mulford: Edgar Allen Poe By William F. Williams:. By Will B. Lane: . G. Holland. By Southern Mountaineer ucational Association: Miss Helen Gray. By Oglethorpe University Woman’s Board: Sidney Lanier. By Sacred Heart Altar So- ciety: Dr. Father Ryan. By Writers’ Club: Dr. George M. Niles, Mrs, Lucy Lowery Har- ugo NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, which desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree to the Association. per. By Druid Mills Patriotic Club: Paul Hamilton Hayne. By Nineteenth Century History Club: H. E. Harman. By Daughters of 1812:_ Miss Virginia Arnold. By Atlanta Drama League: Granville Barker. ELLAVILLE, GA. By Daughters of Confederacy: Leon Carter. LAGRANGE, GA. By United Daughters of the Confederacy: Jesse Atkins, Joel M. Bohannon, McKinley Joe Brock, John H. Cannon, Hoke Frazier, Ferrel L, Hamer, Charles Parks, Amos Payne, Juel Reid, Baxter L. Schaub, Luther Storey, . Juel Taylor, Thomas Thomaston, Knox F. Thompson, MIDDLETON, GA. By A. M. Pleyte: Mrs. Eugene B. Heard, Miss Lois Perrin. MILLEDGEVILLE, GA. By Federated Clubs of Baldwin County: Isaac Newton Maxwell. QUITMAN, GA. By Mr. and Mrs. M. F, Simpson: Hiram Treadaway. Ira Binford, ERIE, ILL, By Woman’s Club: Keith Denton, Corp. Warren J. Mahana, Ralph E. Olinger, John E. Smith, Lieut. Raymond F, Pearson. KEWANEE, ILL. By Woman’s Relief Corps: Hugh McGinnis, Benjamin McDaniels, James Johnson, Carl G. Johnson, Russell R. Brooks, John Schram, Otto Reich, Herbert E. Bailey, John Ray Dixon, Ernest Ouart, Marie Girvin, Charles Van Was- senhove, Carroll H. Radford, Mike Mikenas, Lawrence Lyons, George Clashner, George A. ohnson, Charles J. Sobotta, Guy Turnbull, wouis W. Tesch, Karl Sawisky, Lloyd D. Elliott, John Ramont, Leo G. Leggins, Axel Peterson, August S. Sobotta, William Enerd, Merwyn Palmer, Bert Tann, William elpel. EVANSVILLE, IND. By Trinity M. E. Church: Lieut. Judson McGrew. JEFFERSONVILLE, IND. pot Ann Rogers Clark Chapter, D. A. R.; Bethlehem Township, Charlestown Township, Monroe Township, Oregon Township, Owen Township, Silver Cree Township, Union Township, Utica Township, Washington Town- ship, Wood Township, City of Jeffersonville. KANSAS CITY, KANS. By Camp Fire Girls of Argentine High School: Camp Fire Organization. . BRYAN, OHIO By Mr. Andrew Grim: Kenneth K. Grim. TACONY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. By Holy Innocents’ P. E. Church: William Thompson, William D. Oxley, H. Stuart Lyt- ton, omas W. Astbury. COLUMBIA, TENN. By Business Woman’s Association: McKissick, Sergt. George Thomas A. Mitchell, Sin Watson, Earl Flowers, Ernest Ferris, Lieut, L. O. Carne, Marcus Springer Hay, Culess Dean Christopher, Lester Akin Barnett, Wil- liam J. B. Harlow, Oscar Frost, Herman Grady Agnew, Dalton (Dock) Brown, Merritt Jones, Flavious J. Morrow, John O. Baxter, Clarence Kilpatrick, Henry Gulley, Lonnie Lee Black- burn, Harry Lanier. > NATURE ADVENTURES IN THE NATION’S CAPITAL BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S. PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR T IS remarkable how much pleasure there is to be derived from short outings into the neighboring country surrounding almost any of our large cities, and how much there is to be learned from them, Any one possessing a strong leaning toward what the outdoor world of nature has to offer, may try the experiment in the less frequented parts of the environs of our National Capital—in the timbered and open country of the District of Columbia. One of the best times of the year for such an outing is during spring or early in the summer ; although each and all of the seasons have their charm. For a region so well within the more densely populated part of the United States, it is wonderful what an inter- esting flora and fauna it possesses ; and how much of it all we still have with us! When this is said, a distinct reference is made to the vandalism of many who re- sort to the woods for appar- ently no other purpose. Only too often, at the very outstart of the exploration, one is confronted with the most ruthless examples of destructiveness. We see whole beds of trailing arbu- ‘tus torn up, quantities of bird-foot violets gathered, roots and all, only to be thrown aside almost as soon as taken, and entire limbs of flowering dogwood broken THE SECLUDED RETREAT OF THE LATE JOAQUIN MILLER, stream, with AN AMERICAN POET, WHO LOVED TO LIVE CLOSE TO NATURE off, generally by the auto- igs Fig. 1. His real name was Cincinnatus Heine Miller (born November mobilists, who seem to de- 10, 1841), he having adopted the pseudonym he did from having written to nature, than to find results of the acts of the despoilers of her charms. Chief among the former are the little huts for spring and summer occupation; they need no description, and the charming life one may lead in such a habitation can readily be conjectured. No one ever loved such a life more than did our typically American poet of the woods, the late, much beloved Joaquin Miller. Although his modest little house now stands close to a roadway where scores of automobiles pass every day, yet the hut and the surroundings are held in the greatest respect ; even the rural van- dal has apparently said to himself: “Hands off ;” the p-ace is sacred, When we come to consider what a small area of terri- tory the District of Columbia actually includes, it is quite sw: prising to find how diver- sified much of its physical character or topography real- ly is. Some parts of it are markedly hilly, the hills of- ten supporting fine growths of tiniber composed of a great variety of trees. Then there is plenty of low, flat Jand, marshes, swamps, and 1ugged ravines, and it is foto) t.aversed by one big river, empty many small creeks and one or two sizable streams. The River is interesting country along its banks. What one misses more than in defense of Joaquin Murietta, a Mexican brigand. light in returning to the city displaying to the public these evidences of their mode of studying nature. It is even still more harrassing to see, upon one’s very entry into the nearby woods, lying upon the ground, some beautiful bird of the spring, which has fallen to the only too certain aim of some thoughtless boy with his vicious air gun, having been doubtless more bent upon testing his marksmanship than to consider the result of his wanton ruthlessness. But we hasten through this depressing area, and in a very little while we are in a region which, although visited, is not visited nearly so often, nor by so many people. Here we are more likely to discover evidences of the occasional presence of those who love to live close 228 anything else, however, are good ponds and lakes; there are very few of these, and so there is considerable lack of opportunity to observe pond life, although it is by no means entirely lacking. Across from the rocky shores of the Potomac, the land topography is precipitous and studded with great masses of granite rock (Figs. 3 and 4); and specimens of one kind or another are to be collected there that may or may not occur in the District. With respect to the flora and fauna of the latter, there is a great deal to be met with in either. that any nature lover or naturalist will find of more than passing interest. Among the mammals, there are plenty of racoons, opos- sums, woodchucks, skunks, weasels, various shrews and mice, squirrels, muskrats, mink, and others. As for the the Potomac, into which - Anacostia _ another good © P| { ! | . | : NATURE ADVENTURES IN THE NATION’S CAPITAL birds, the list is altogether too extensive to enumerate, as practically it is the avifauna of the Middle Atlantic States. Then, among the birds we may always expect to meet with “stragglers” from time to time, either from the North during very cold winters; from the South during unusual seasons, and, finally, certain aquatic species stray- ' ing up the Potomac. The District’s reptiles and batrachians are esting, and more or less numerous; student may, and very likely will, meet with various species of snakes, one of which—the copperhead—is venomous ; a few lizards, salamanders, and newts; a land tortoise and several turtles, and quite a number of frogs, toads, and hylas. There is likewise a good representative fish fauna in the rivers, creeks, and small ponds (Fig. 5). While it is not at all likely that any new species remain to be described among any of these vertebrate groups, still there is some probability that new insects, or even mollusks and other in- vertebrates yet remain un- known to sci- ence in the District of Co- lumbia; not many, perhaps, but possibly a few. The same may be said for the lower formsof plants, though not with equal certainty. As to flower- ing plants, the list is by. no means a short one, for the writer has photographed upwards of one hundred different species, and still others are looming up on every hand for similar work in the future. The same for trees and shrubs, not to mention other forms of vegetable life, with many fungi and other growths. Comparatively but little is known of the special anatomy and physiology of all these forms, both in the case of animals and plants; but this is quite apart from what the explorer sees in the physical geography of the District and its representative flora and fauna as a whole. In undertaking an expedition for the purpose of ex- ploring the District—be the time to be occupied one day or one week—the explorer should be properly equipped, in that the object of the outing may be accomplished— barring changes of weather and accidents. If he intends to do field photography, a suitable camera and outfit will be necessary, the best sizes being either a 5 x 7 or larger. also inter- the explorer and ONE BEAUTIFUL BIRD LESS—THE VICTIM OF A BOY’S AIR GUN Fig, 2. fell dead. This Golden-winged Woodpecker was photographed, without being disturbed, upon the very spot it A pitiful sight upon a beautiful day in early spring. 229 Many prefer very small cameras, and depend upon en- largements made from the negatives; and it may be said that in some cases excellent results can thus be obtained. From time to time a trip will be undertaken with but a single object in view, as for example the capture and photography of small fishes, either pond or river forms. Then it will be best to carry a special aquarium in some instances; but nearly all the little fishes of the District bear transportation well in a small can, if the water be cool and constantly changed. This is especially true of the minnows, sunfish, catfish, and others. Any of these may be taken along the banks of the river and streams where they occur, while the Georgetown Canal offers another excellent place to meet with them. Large specimens, such as big turtles, snakes, and some mammals, are best carried back to base in a strong bag of suitable size, and closed with a , draw-string. These speci- mens will occa- sionally give a bit of trouble, and may cause some amuse- ment to passen- street cars, when one is compelled to travel in them. For example, the big snapper shown in Fig- ure 6 very powerful creature, its shell being over afoot in length. He gen- tle and quiet enough in the field; but al- most as soon as we were settled in a street car, the fellow became very uneasy, and soon made frantic efforts to get out of the bag. This attracted the attention of one or two of the passengers, and they became greatly amused at the writer’s predicament. However, the snapper was in the right; and later my regrets were genuine when the news came that he had been crushed between the power- ful jaws of one of the larger alligators in the tank at the “Zoo,” where the specimen had been sent for exhibition. gers in Was a was public In AMERICAN Forestry the writer has already given many accounts of the wild flowers that occur in District, and described the pleasure to be derived from their collection and study. the 3ut apart from the joy of seeing the first bloodroots‘and wind flowers in the earliest days of spring, there is probably no plant that will catch the eye and command the attention of the explorer with . > f THE DISTRICT BANKS OF THE POTOMAC Fig. 3. This view is just above Chain Bridge and looking up the river. During unusual floods the water covers everything here in sight, save the timbered hills. greater certainly than the famous Indian pipe or ghost plant, of which an excellent illustration is given in Fig- ure 7. This plant is especially conspicuous when one comes across it on a cloudy day and it has appeared in very dark soil, the latter being so banked as to give the plant a black background, as we see it in the figure. In some parts of the District, Indian pipe is fairly abundant —that is, one may come to a place where some eight or a dozen plants are scattered over an area of twenty square feet; but, again, one may travel through the woods. for miles and not see another specimen of it. be said of the false beechdrops and one or two other para- The same may sitic plants. Such plants as these are quite difficult to safely carry back to the studio for the purpose of pho- tography; still it may be successfully accomplished if One should have along with one’s collecting kit a good, big knife or a great care is taken with the specimen. small trowel with which to take up the entire plant, leaving a generous supply of earth about its roots. Dis- turb the setting of the plant as little as possible, and consign the entire thing either to a good-sized tin can or to a collecting basket of the proper shape. Very often, everything else being equal, one can*secure a far better negative of such a subject in the studio than can be obtained of the plant where it is found; for in the first instance both light and the movement of the air is com- pletely under control. Many hardy plants travel well to the home from the nearby collecting ground simply rolled in a newspaper cone. Perhaps one of the best carriers is the regulation cylindrical botanical carrying case, which likewise has the advantage that many insects, small snakes, toads, and frogs, and so on, may also be taken home in it for study and for photography. Should flowers be collected for an herbarium only, and the collector has no idea of photo- graphing them, they may be conveniently carried from the field by simply placing them carefully between the leaves of good-sized magazines. Be very sure to see well to it that the chief parts of the flower—its stem, leaves, and other struc- tures—are properly displayed for study when the plant is placed in the folio holder for the herbarium. The process has already been described by the writer in the pages of AMERICAN ForREsTRY, a year or more ago. As to the collecting of such insects aS one may secure on VIRGINIA SHORES OF THE BELOW CHAIN BRIDGE POTOMAC RIVER, IMMEDIATELY Fig. 4. Opposite this point the District areas are low and very, rocky, considerable timber occurring well back from the banks. NATURE ADVENTURES IN THE NATION’S CAPITAL such trips, including moths and butterflies, the best way to do is to follow the instructions given in the works of some of our most competent entomologists—and there are a number of them. Perhaps one of the best of these ONE OF THE PRETTY AND INTERESTING LITTLE MINNOWS TO BE CAUGHT IN THE POTOMAC In some localities these little fellows are known as ‘‘Killifishes,” and are much sought after for bait by fishermen. Fig. 5. is to be found in the last chapter of Dr. L. O. Howard’s work entitled “The Insect Book.” Nearly every large city has a naturalist’s establishment, where the necessary outfit for collecting and preserving insects may be obtained. Such work is extremely inter- esting and important, not only 231 birds of the region explored; and, as represented in the District of Columbia, the number and variety of species occurring during the vernal and autumnal migrations, as well as during the intervening seasons, is sufficiently great to occupy the time of any expert observer for the better part of every day in the week. For years past’ the economic ornithologists of the various bureaux con- nected with such work have collected large numbers of the different species of insect-eating birds for the sole purpose of examining the contents of their stomachs, in order to ascertain whether any particular species of in- sectivorous birds was inimical to man’s agricultural or other interests, or the reverse. Many hundreds of our songsters have been sacrificed in that such information might be obtained and made permanent record of for the enlightenment of any one having use for it. It would seem that researches of this order have been carried far enough for all practical purposes; so that, at this time, the explorer may, in any. section of-the District of Colum- bia, when listening to the early morning chorus of bird songs in April, in the secluded parts of some piece of woods or other, eliminate the thought from his mind as to what the contents of the stomach of any species may be. Surely one may now listen to and enjoy the rich songs of our wood thrushes, our catbirds, and our many other avian songsters, without the ever-present “com- mercial” or “man’s interest” idea being forever brought to mind. There is plenty of work left for bird observers in the case of those who make explorations into the wilder parts of the District, aside from what most people regard as rather gruesome researches. The relative number of for explorers and field natural- ists generally, but for all well- informed foresters and experts on trees in general. Apart from being a naturalist and explorer, it should be the pride of every efficient forester to collect, study, and rear speci- mens of every insect pest in the region where he is stationed, be this in the District of Columbia or elsewhere ; that is to say, such insects or their larve as are in any way harmful to the trees of our forests. It is not a bad idea to devote one good-sized room in one’s home to-this work, where- in should be installed a special library ; cases for the collections and specimen exhibits; vivaria for breeding insects, and the rest. A small studio for photographic purposes is a most useful if not necessary adjunct to such an establishment. It goes without saying that one of the chief, groups presented for study and observation—the one that has as great an interest for us as perhaps any other—are the A BIG SNAPPING TURTLE a CAPTURED BY THE WRITER IN A CREEK CLOSE TO THE DISTRICT LINE Fig. 6. This is a most dangerous and vicious representative of its tribe, and quite capable of inflicting a very serious bite. species seen during the migration always furnishes inter- esting, not to say important, data for record. The i2- crease or decrease of the enemies of birds is always worthy of investigation, as is likewise true of the dates of arrival and departure of the various species during the migrations. Sometimes it will be noted that a cer- 232 AMERICAN A BEAUTIFUL GROUP OF THE “GHOST PLANTS” OR INDIAN PIPE FOUND IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES IN THE DISTRICT Fig. 7. This is one of our best-known parasitic plants, which obtains its sustenance either from roots or from decomposing vegetable matter. Note the Slimy Salamander in the shadow in the foreground. tain species will put in an appearance in undue numbers for some cause or other, and that cause should be care- fully investigated. An example of this was seen during last winter (1919-20), when a large number of common crossbills—a typical northern species—suddenly ap- peared in certain parts of the District. It distinctly pointed to what was, soon realized: an unusually severe winter, with much snow. Surely the crossbills made no mistake in coming a little further south during the season in question. When birds are markedly scarce during some yeats, we may often note a corresponding increase in the num- FORESTRY bers of certain insects upon which those birds feed. A certain species of butterfly suddenly appeared in undue quantities—possibly for the reason that the species of bird that usually fed upon its larvae was was not repre- sented in sufficient force to destroy it and keep it down. The entire matter of the balancing of forces of this char- acter may thus be studied, and the causes for the equipoise, or destroying the normal equilibrium in nature, as accounted for by the abundance or the reverse of cer- tain animal groups, may be systematically considered. Opportunities to study the nests and eggs of many species of birds, both water and land forms, are, to some extent, fairly good in the District. Certain marsh birds breed in the less frequented sections along the Potomac and Anacostia rivers—some species quite abundantly, as Marsh Wrens, Redwings, Rails, Waders, Sandpipers and others. Notwithstanding the number of times the nests and eggs of such forms have been described and photo- graphed, good. work along these lines is always both desirable and acceptable. Occasionally it requires not a little skill and patience to be thoroughly successful. The writer well remembers the experience he passed through, many years ago, when he secured, upon a sultry summer's day, a photograph of the nest which a pair of Marsh Wrens had built in a cat-tail swamp, where the mud was knee deep in some places. It required an entire forenoon to accomplish the object, which, in the end, was wholly successful. When undertaking such work, it is well to have a tripod with very long legs. If the explorer is very fortunate, he will sometimes find certain birds breeding in unusual places; he should then put forth his best efforts to secure the very finest es) A FINE SPECIMEN OF THE SPINY SWIFT. WHICH IS QUITE ABUNDANT IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Fig. 8. It is quite harmless. Examples are met with having a length of seven inches, the males being of a brilliant azure blue on the sides, bordered with black. photographic results. An excellent example of this would be to obtain a good negative, as nearly natural size as possible, of, say, the nest of the Maryland Yellow-throat, where the birds had selected the | : { ; . i = — al asthe hetien NATURE ADVENTURES IN THE NATION’S CAPITAL interior of tae spathe of a skunk cabbage to build in. Last September the writer collected between thirty and forty diffrent varieties of toadstools and other fungi, within the range of a quarter of a mile from his home on Eighteenth street in Washington. These were all photo- graphed natural size, and made a truly wonderful series of pictures. Later on they will be published with appro- priate text; for it is really extraordinary how little is generally known of these growths, familiar as they are to many, in the places where they occur so abundantly CRICKET FROGS OR “PEEPERS” ARE AMONG THE VERY EARLI- EST HARBINGERS OF SPRING. Fig. 9. This pair was captured along the marshy banks of a stream, where the species was quite abundant. In the early days of April the chirrupings of these little creatures have a charm for all of us. within the District line; they make very charming sub- jects for photography when artistically taken. Then, too, they have a distinct value in other directions, not the least so to those foresters who have their homes in the forests, and who desiré to draw when they can upon what the forest affords in the way of food. Mushrooms make an excellent dish for a change; but the dread of collect- ing the poisonous and even unwholesome species for the purpose deters hundreds of people—our foresters among them—from gathering them for the table. Perhaps one of the most interesting studies for the explorer in the District of Columbia is offered on the part of the trees of its woods. Aside from the typical shrubs, there is a fine array of trees constituting the tim- bered parts of this domain. Much as dendrologists know of our trees, systematic studies of them as they occur in certain regions are always useful, and if the work is done scientifically and thoroughly, one can never tell of what economic importance it may prove to be in the outcome. One should start a series of good-sized albums in which to preserve the photographs made as part of the work. 233 Here should be preserved photographs of isolated trees of all descriptions found in the area explored. Trees, as they constitute forests, should also be photographed ; and this sort of work ought not to be confined to any particu- lar part of the year, for a leafless tree, photographed in mid-winter, has a distinct value that a tree in full foliage- does not possess. It exhibits the real form of the tree, and the arrangement and growth of its branches and twigs. Special parts of trees should also be abundantly photographed, as the character of the leaves and their variations ; the bark and the several forms it takes on. Particular attention should be given to the flowers and fruit of the trees, and, when possible, the plan of growth of their roots. One of the best ways to secure a photo- graph of a normal root of any tree is to select one where the wind has blown it down and the rain has washed all the earth or soil from its roots. If such a tree has grown well away from others, in soft soil containing no rocks or cobbles or foreign bodies of any sort, and was advan- NEST AND EGGS OF THE WHITE-EYED VIREO Fig. 10. This bird is one of our liveliest little songsters in the early Gis pF inte during: Oe Dilowlin cine ney Oe seem on the tageously placed as it fell, its root, with all of its rootlets, would, in many instances, offer an example of the normal growth of that species of tree. It is truly surprising how the roots of various species of trees differ. One of their most remarkable features is their outline, some trees having roots that sink down deep into the earth and branch in all directions, while others occupy almost en- tirely a space in the horizontal plane. It is often remarkable to note how little hold upon the earth some trees have through the media of their roots, 234 AMERICAN One frequently sees, for example, some enormous pine blown down during a severe gale. It is stretched out upon the ground for its entire length, with its roots more or less exposed. The latter are very often seen to be by no means extensive—in proportion to the size of the tree—nor did they by any means sink deep into the earth during its life; the wonder is that the tree did not blow ~~ AN ONE OF THE PRETTIEST LITTLE BUTTERFLIES OCCURRING IN THIS REGION; IT IS KNOWN AS THE BUCKEYE Fig. 11. During some seasons this species is quite rare, while at others it may be wonderfully abundant, more particularly in the South. down before. Other species of trees have enormous roots that branch below ground in all directions. As a matter of fact, it is a very interesting study to carefully con- sider all that the roots of trees present, and the forester should allow no opportunity to pass whereby our knowl- edge of such a:‘subject may be augmented. NUT TREES FOR ROADS AND PARKS My Les: poplars, elms, willows and the ailanthus are seen along roadways and in parks wherever public ambition for shade has been sufficient in degree to induce authorities to put in trees of one sort or another. For the most part our northern highways are unshaded ex- cept by such trees as may accidentally spring up by the roadside, and, after competition with various enemies, finally reach above the fences, writes Robert T. Morris, a member of the American Forestry Association of Washington, in the American City on “Nut Trees for Roads and Parks.” Trees for city roads and parks, par- ticularly in the larger cities, are often enough selected by some nurseryman favored by the political powers that be, and the nurseryman furnishes what he wishes to supply to the uncritical purchaser. The time for this _the leaves were swept up in the fall.» FORESTRY sort of procedure is passing, and people are beginning to awaken on the subject. Progress in civilization along this line will mean that we are gradually to dispose of the kind of trees that furnish nothing but bunches of leaves which in due sea- son litter the ground and when swept up contain nothing more than incidental trash. Now, if these trees were to give place to nut trees and fruit trees, there would be very much besides leaves to be swept up in the autumn. One of my friends in Illinois told me that in 1918 he received $8 per bushel for his black walnuts of a par- ticularly good kind, and that some of ‘the trees bore as many as 14 bushels to the tree. Suppose that we were to supplant willows and poplars along the roadside with tree§ which would give us bushels of product worth many dollars per bushel when It is no more diffi- eilt to set out a black walnut than it is to set out a willow or poplar. The first cost is no greater if we set out seedling trees, although, if particularly good kinds of grafted black walnut are set out, the first cost is some- thing more—yet negligible in view of the return. Invest- ment in a nut tree differs from an investment in an indus- trial enterprise, for the reason that the plant of the industrial enterprise is decreasing in value from wear and tear the moment after it is completed. A nut tree, on the other hand, is increasing in value from the moment it is set out. HALF THE BALSAM KILLED oe NSUMERS of print paper in this country say they are between the devil and the deep sea. Con- sumption has so far outstripped production that prices of paper have mounted to undreamed of heights. Many newspapers have been forced to suspend publica- tion and others have been consolidated, while most of the. big dailies are trying to conserve by reducing the num- ber of their pages. The pinch of the paper famine is everywhere felt. The Weekly News Letter of the United States Depart- ment of,Agriculture says that two alternatives present themselves in the emergency: “The country must depend increasingly upon Canada,” it says, “eventually aban- doning many of its own mills, or the nation’s policy with regard to its private forests must be radically changed. Of all supplies of paper, wood and pulp used by the United States about one-third now comes from Canada.” The tree known as Canada balsam or fir in Canada and the Eastern United States has come to be regarded as second only to spruce as a source of wood pulp. A very large proportion of the balsam of all of Eastern ‘Canada and of districts in the State of Maine is either dying or dead. Canada’s contribution of pulp and paper to the States is likely, therefore, to decline heavily in the next few years. Already there is said to be a movement in Canada to prohibit the exportation of pulp wood to the United States. S. A. Graham, of the University of Minnesota, spent six months in the woods of Quebec and New Brunswick last year as a special field investigator of the Entomo- - Eo fe AMERICAN 4 iogicai Branch of the Canadian Department of Agricul- ture. He traveled 400 miles by canoe in Quebec and 125 _ miles on foot in New Brunswick in addition to other less _ extensive trips. He and his associates went to study the __ tragedy of the balsam and he has now made his report to _ Dr. J. M. Swaine, of Ottawa, chief of the Division of Forest Insects in Canada. Mr. Graham found that the balsam had been destroyed indirectly by the lumbermen and directly by the balsam _ or spruce bud moth. Under the methods of logging _ employed, the balsam, which was looked down upon by __ the lumbermen when pine and spruce were to be had, _ Was left standing until large districts contained little than balsam or fir. “Fof a time the balsam in its isolation prospered "mightily, but eventually its wonderful prosperity led to _ its downfall. A native insect, which under ordinary con- ditions causes but little damage, bred up to such large _ numbers when its natural food, the foliage of the balsam, _ appeared in such abundance, that it forthwith proceeded _ to defoliate and then to destroy the great forests of _ balsam which stretched for scores and scores of miles in _ the wilderness of Quebec and New Brunswick. Not _ until most of the dominant balsam had been destroyed, when, i in other words, the bud worms had eaten them- feree followed secondary insects, various kinds of bark which attacked and killed thousands of trees ~ weakened by the onslaught of the bud worn. These beetles breed in fresh slashings and in order to ‘control them a general policy of slash burning has been recommended by the Division of Forest Insects. _ Balsam deteriorates so rapidly that only a very small fraction of the dead or dying timber can be salvaged and used for pulp. This work is being carried forward _on a large scale in New Brunswick, but the time is close ‘at hand when no further shipments of “dead and down” can be made to the mills. When this time comes and the pply of commercial balsam is reduced to the minimum, then Canada’s contribution of one-third of the supplies of paper, wood and pulp which are used by the United ‘s fates will be materially reduced. _ “More than 50 per cent of the balsam in Quebec has been killed,” says Mr. Graham. “The only balsam trees smaining on extensive areas are the young reproduction “and those which are growing in the shade of other trees. The earliest bud worm outbreak began in 1909 or 1910 on the headwaters of the Dumoine, Black, Coulogne and ppiatineas rivers. This region became a great nursery ere the pest reached its maximum concentration and (om which it spread eastward into lands largely denuded its timber except for the balsam. It was thus that the men had paved the way for the insect. _ “The outbreak is over because the available food sup- a y of the insect has been used up on large areas. It is probable that very. little balsam is left except in the part of the province. With a large part of the ilable spruce cut, and the mills dependent more and te upon balsam for their future supply of pulpwood, condition is a veritable catastrophe. The damage Ys oO -lumb pect ~soutnel _ selves out of house and home, did the destruction cease.~ FORESTRY has been done and there is no immediate remedy.” Mr. Graham points out, however, that the widespread destruction of the Canadian balsam will have some recompense. “It it nature’s remedy,” he says, “of bring- ing the forest back from a condition of instability to a safer and more stable condition. The proportion of * balsam in the stands has been reduced, while other species of trees have increased in like ratio.” The need of a constructive forest policy has been brought home to the lumber interests and to officials and specialists of Canada. In the end the general forestry conditions may be greatly improved as a sequel of the raid on the balsams by the budworm, but for many years to come the loss will bear heavily on consumers of pulp and paper. GERMAN FORESTS STILL GREAT ASSET HAT the famous and well-tended State forests of Germany figure importantly in the industrial and economic rehabilitation of that country seems evident from recent information received by Gordon Dorrance, of New York, a member of the American Forestry Asso- ciation, from Dr. Carl Alvin Schenck, of Hesse-Darm- stadt, for 15 years famous in this country as the founder of the Biltmore School, and a forester of recognized rank in America not less than abroad. Doctor, Schenck declares that “German forests con- tinue an A-1 asset. Our forest policy has been a con- servative one, as you know. It reaps today what it has planted. Were it not for our forests the coal situation would be critical in the extreme. There is no coal what- soever to be had for my house at Darmstadt; here in Lindenfels I have wood and some coke, enough for the time being. “We require better economic conditions, safer than those now prevailing with reference to food and living. If our crops fail in 1920 there will be a disaster, a catas- trophe by which the Black Plague of London is a million times repeated. Unfortunately, chances for reasonably good crops are few, and slight. There is no sugar to be had today ; not an egg for the sick; no meat, of course— except for the rich and the very rich. Wages are high, but you cannot buy that thing for a stiff price which is not in any market. “Our present forest policy continues to be conserva- tive—much too conservative for me. If there were ever a time to empty a saving’s box, that day has now arrived. Where the forests stand on farm soil they might well be converted into farms, although the authorities do not seem to approve of the change. Many of our forests might be thinned out twice as heavily as is customary, but the forester does not care to abandon the old prac- tices. “The price of forest products is high—in paper money. Spruce logs sell in the woods, 15 miles from the nearest railroad, at. 2,000 marks per 1,000 board feet. Timber fit for furniture is beyond the reach of anyone. Neverthe- less, the forest authorities do not cut more than the ‘sus- tainable yield’—or as much as is replaced by our annual growth.” 235 236 AMERICAN “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES FORESTRY What is probably the only tree in the world with a self watering apparatus provided by nature is the famous elm on the farm of J. Fred Johnson, near Kingston, Tennessee. There is a spring at the roots of the tree and as its age is estimated at between four and five hundred years, State Forester Maddox, of Tennessee, credits this long life to the spring. French explorers wrote of the tree in 1790 and said its circum- ference was twenty-two feet, which helps Forester Maddox to estimate its age for the American Forestry Association, of Washington. The circumference is now twenty-five feet and it has a spread of 150 feet. Some time ago it was thought to be diseased and Governor Roberts directed Forester Maddox to treat it. The tree is now going along nicely and seems destined to see another four or five hundred years. Mr. Johnson claims the tree is the largest of its kind in the world. Called the largest Acacia in the country, this tree has been entered in the Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Association at Washington. Is there a fam- ous tree in your town? This tree was nominated for the “Who’s Who” by G. W. Weakly, of Dayton. The tree is on the property of O. I. Gunkel and it stood in seventeen feet of water during the Dayton flood. The oldest inhabitant of Dayton cannot remember when the tree was any smaller than it is now. The diameter is three feet six inches and the circumference is twelve feet six inches. The American Forestry Association is anxious to find trees with a history as well as trees of unusual size. APUCTUOUUUUUOEEOAGAUAAENOUUTOLEDDAS DOULA ee TTT TUTTI TTC TTC eco UOOYLANOEYMAPUONUANASAMNENANAALUANEAOAANMAANAA NASON a ee oe — ait Mee aes ee AMERICAN “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES FORESTRY 237 Claiming it to be the most beautiful elm in the United States, John Kaiser nominates the Rathbone Elm, at Marietta, Ohio, for a place in the Hall of Fame: for Trees. This tree has a circumference of 27 feet at three and one-half feet above the ground, and a cir- cumference of 32 feet one and one-half feet above the ground. Of the five largest branches, Miss Waldine Rathbone informs the Association that the smallest has a circumference of ten feet. The age of the tree is estimated to be close to 700 years by experts who have examined it. There have been many nominations for the Hall of Fame from Ohio, such as the Logan Elm, which marks the spot where a treaty of peace was made with the Indians at which time Logan, the Indian chief, made the oration now considered a classic. enmemmrtassenrcemee cunetari sLLudtarnacugauinaeanngnatny This tree had its head shot off during a Fourth of July celebration in 1832. It is a memorial of the day and is now cared for by Spartanburg, South Carolina. The tree has been entered for a place in the Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Association by John B. Cleveland. . The tree is three feet in diameter, and during the nullification excitement a large union meet- ing was held on July 4, 1832. A cannon was loaded with leaves and twigs and without thinking of the aim the charge was let go. It was not high enough to miss the tree and the entire top was torn off. The tree is thirty feet high as it stands now. A DAY WITH THE DUCKS ON LAKE CAYUGA BY A. A. ALLEN, PH. D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY T was seven below zero when we left the house and it had not warmed up a bit when we stepped from the train at the flag station at Willets and made our way to the blind on Long Point. It felt like a good day for ducks and the prospects for the day’s hunt were excellent. For twenty miles — - ee Sew. ae Oe us, they always shied off before coming in range. The blind, as all of the shooting stands are called in this part of the country, was a box sunk in the gravel of the end of the point to such a depth that, when one sat in it, only his head and shoulders were above the level of the ground. A little the train had followed the shore of the lake, and, though the mist rising from the lake had obscured every- thing more than a hundred yards from shore, we had seen enough to know that the ducks were moving and that the canvasbacks had been frozen out of their best feed- ing ground at the north end of the lake. We therefore gravel piled up behind the box and a few willow branches completed the de- ception and rendered one al- most invisible so long as he remained motionless. When the point is covered with snow, white coats and hats are necessary to be really’ in- conspicuous. The box had a low seat, was roomy enough for one to stretch out lost no time in traversing the long mile from the station to the blind and were soon toss- ing out the decoys. A stiff wind was blowing from the north, row after row of white caps were visible off the end of the point and a good surf was pounding on the north side. The moder- four pounds and eleven ounces. LARGEST OF THE DUCKS The canvasback, in good condition, weighs 314 ducks often weigh four, and one exceptiona his feet, and held three men comfortably. I say comfort- ably, but no blind was ever invented that was comfort- able on a cold day. The comfort has to come entirely from within, but it is strange how quickly one can change from a half-frozen, stiff, rheumatic, clod to pounds, but the black individual weighed ately quiet water on the south side was, therefore, the place for the de- coys and _ before long, we had two dozen male canvas- backs bobbing away at the left and an equal num- ber male and bluebills at the right. It was dif- ficult to keep our attention fixed chipping the which clung to the decoys. from previ- ous usage, and get- ting them all put out, when every once in a while some member of the party would call out, “get down,” in the hope that a flock of ducks, that was seen coming, might fly close enough to the point tu afford a shot. We were so conspicuous, however, on the bare gravel that though they were often headed straight for of mixed fe- canvasbacks on ice, 238 A PROMISING DAY FOR DUCKS Low temperature, cloudy skies, and moderately strong winds make them fly the best. the beginning of the days sport—tossing out the decoys. a warm, mobile, energetic, . human being at the mere sight of a flock of ducks directing their way toward the stools, On this particu- lar morning we had plenty of op- portunities for ob- serving this be- cause by the time we were safely en- sconced in the blind, it was after nine o’clock and the morning flight seemed to be over. The wind died down, the steam from the lake hung heavily over the decoys, sometimes almost hiding them from sight, and the ducks just seemed to stop flying. At least they did not come close enough so that we could see them through the mist. For fully an hour we sat there without seeing a duck. Occasionally a lone herring gull would sail by close enough to give This is LN, m a r eS ee tr he eer ake —, ‘itghpety A DAY WITH THE DUCKS ON LAKE CAYUGA us a start for, if anything looks like two ducks in the distance, it is one herring gull coming head on. The black tips to the wings are the right distance apart and have just the right motion to suggest a pair of ducks, still far away but headed right for one. Earlier in the season the kingfishers fool one, but their resemblance _ THE LAKE IS MUCH WARMER THAN THE AIR « x Vapor*rising conceals everything but ‘the foreground and the decoys. A rom little more wind and it would be a perfect day for ducks. to ducks is due to their actual size and shape and their method of flight while that of the gull is entirely a de-_ lusion. At another time we were startled by a swish of wings overhead and glanced up to see a black crow sail over from behind and start to alight on the shore in SEVEN BELOW ZERO BUT EVERYONE HAPPY Steam rising from the lake and drifting over the point obscures ‘every- thing. One dared not close his eyes lest his eyelashes freeze together, and one scarcely dared to smile lest his face crack, but what did it Matter if the ducks were flying? front of us. It is always a good test of the inconspicuous- ness of a blind to have the crows come thus close, so we felt that at least we were not scaring the ducks away. The icy mist was wafted over the point and froze to our gun barrels. It covered our heads with frost until white hats were almost unnecessary, and it formed crusts on your eyebrows. One dared not close his eyes lest his eye lashes freeze together, and dared scarcely to smile lest his face crack. All the extra layers of 239 clothing and heavy socks seemed of no avail; we were gradually getting numb. Suddenly Sam exclaimed, “Here they come,” and three faint black specks appeared in the south. “Art, you take the one on the right, Claude, you the middle, and I will take the one on the left. Let that be our program for the whole day and we won’t be . shooting at the same birds.” On they came, the black specks rapidly growing larger, developing wings, and the form of ducks. Soon their blocky heads could be made out, conspicuous tails, and finally large white patches in their wings. “Whistlers,’ Same exclaimed in disgust, “they'll not come to our stools.” Sure enough they passed the point out of range and never even bent their flight to look at the decoys. Early in the season the young whistlers or golden-eyes “stool” very readily to almost any sort of decoys but the winter birds become exceedingly wary and usually will not look at anything AFTER THE SEASON CLOSES Canvasbacks feeding close to the shore upon grain that has been put out for them. but their own kind. One has greater success in hunting them with two or three decoys, somewhere along the shore where they feed, than with a large number on the points. They are inferior ducks for the table, however, especially late in the season when they become quite fishy in flavor, so that it does not pay to hunt them when better varieties are available. The passing of these three ducks, however, served to start our circulations and we were ready when Sam espied five more coming a little closer shore than the three that had passed. These had the same open formation of flight, and, though we could as yet not even make out the shape of their silhouettes, we surmised that they also were whistlers. If they kept to the line they were following, they would pass directly over the blind so this brought up the question, “Do we shoot whistlers?” “A duck is a duck until we each get one,” replied Sam. “Let them have it.” They were com- ing like the wind and in a thrice they were in range, over the decoys and headed for the blind not twenty yards 240 AMERICAN in the air. BANG, the shots rang out as one, and two of the handsome ducks spilled from the flock, ‘Who missed?” Sam looked rather sheepish and admitted that he had not fired. Ice had frozen his safety tight so that he could not pull the trigger. “If I’d only known you were not going to shoot,” said Claude, “I would have shot another one for you.” Further ar- FORESTRY the decoys, however, they made one of their spectacular — drops, we might almost say dives, for the lake and the decoys. With arched wings, they rocked first to one side and then to the other until instead of passing two hundred feet over our heads they passed barely twenty. Of course we were not ready to shoot, and we feared gument was checked by the appearance | of a slender black thread in the distance above the mist. “Canvasbacks!” we ex- claimed simultaneously,” and headed right for us.” Blacker and longer be-_ came the thread, stretched at right . angles to the line of flight. Soon it broke up into a row of little black dots and we were busily counting them as they rose and fell, keeping ever in their line for- mation, three hundred, if there was one. Not a muscle did we move as they ap- proached, the rhythmic movement of their wings seeming to keep time ,with' our heart beats. “Too high, don’t shoot,” came in muffled tones from the gen- eralissimo. We dared not turn to watch them as they passed directly over the decoys and then over our heads, their wings making music known only to the wild fowler. Once over we all turned to watch and see if any of them would be lured by the magic of the decoys. It is exceedingly unusual to have such a large flock come to decoys but often some of them will break away and come back. We had seen a few to the air. THE COLDEST PART OF THE DAY Taking up the decoys is always cold work, for the hands because the wet anchor ropes soak one’s gloves unless the temperature is low enough to immediately freeze the ropes upon exposure that they had seen us and would not circle again, but quickening their wing strokes as they barely skimmed the water north of the point, they r:ade one more big circle over the lake and headed straight for the stools on set wings. If excitement ever claims the even ee TWO NICE BRACE OF CANVASBACKS The most delicious and most highly esteemed of all the water fowl. of them waver and crane their necks as they passed over and sure enough, they had flown less than a quarter of a mile when fifteen of them dropped from the flock, made a big circle over the lake and headed again for the decoys. Once more they were too high and we decided to let them pass. When they were almost directly over physical being of a man, it is at just this moment when he fears the birds will dis- cover the delusion before they get in range and leave without giving him a chance to test his skill. “Remember your positions and choose your birds. Don’t shoot until they are in range—NOW,” came the orders. Bang, bang. Six shots rang out almost as two. At the first round three birds dropped, at the second but one. It is easy to pick your bird for the first shot, but for the second, in- stinct compels one to shoot at the nearest one, and as a result, we all fired at the same bird though there were eleven oth- ers within easy range. Four birds had dropped but as we now looked over the lake only two were visible. All of the diving ducks have a great deal of vitality and unless killed stone dead at the first shot usually dive when they hit the water and frequently get away. So we jumped from the blind to be ready for them when they should come up, for one cannot bear to let crippled ducks get away as the majority starve to death. When a crippled duck comes to the surface it usually swims very low against the water, sometimes _ against the water. At a dis- _ rapidly moving black wings. CPS SOR a ety ae aad A DAY WITH THE DUCKS ON LAKE CAYUGA with only its bill protruding and is very difficult to hit in a vital spot. Three more shots were required to despatch one of the cripples and though three more _ were fired at the fourth duck, it finally got out of range of the shore and a lively chase ensued with the boat before we finally secured it. By the time we tumbled back into the blind, we had forgotten all about its being seven below zero, for we had worked hastily, and this, together with the excitement, caused by the numerous flocks of ducks that had flown by while we were out of _ the blind, caused us to feel that it was mid-summer. It _ is strange but it always seems to be so that the ducks fly __ best when one is putting out the decoys, when he is taking them up, or when he is out on the lake chasing a cripple. _ It was thus all day long. Occasionally we had to row _ out to the decoys to break off the ice which formed _ around them or to pick up one that had broken loose, and even if we had not seen a duck for an hour before, some always flew in close at such times and made us feel sorry that we had left _ the blind. __ Wesat in the blind talking things over and watching a bald eagle that had followed _ up the shore and perched in - a dead elm near the base of the point when five more ducks were spied flying close tance they looked more like ~ swallows than ducks for all _ one could make out was their As they came closer we could discern their white heads and long tails and we kriew that they were old squaws. No self-respecting hunter shoots an old squaw any more than he would a _ merganser, for both are so fishy that they are impossible subjects for a white man’s table. I desired a specimen of a nice old male in full winter plumage, however, to mount for the museum, and so I told Sam that, inasmuch as he had not fired at the whistlers, he could pick out the nicest bird from this flock as they went by and I would give him the body, after I had skinned it. We knew ‘that they would not look at the decoys but their line of flight promised to bring them within long gun shot of the point. Almost any duck hunter is glad to shoot at an undesirable duck if he knows it is going to be utilized, so, as they swung by the point, Sam picked his bird and fired. “Well, I’ll be good and thoroughly switched,” ex- claimed Claude. “All five at one shot; what sort of a = _ game hog are you?” Sure enough, at the discharge of the gun, all five of the old squaws hit the water with a big splash. But they didn’t stop going, and, to all appearances, they did not stop beating their wings, for When they came up again, far out of range, every one ) Of them was flying as fast as when the shot was fired. AT THE CLOSE OF A GOOD DAY’S SPORT Nine canvasbacks, two bluebills and two whistlers. The law allows 25 to the individual or forty to the blind, but only “game hogs” kill that many. 241 The old squaws are strange ducks, and, especially in the spring during the courting season, go through many un- usual maneuvers, chasing one another about, plunging into the water from a considerable height, playing and gambling like so many children. They are great divers, too, and are often caught in gill nets set for white fish in 150 feet of water. Soon after the old squaws, came two canvasbacks that would have passed far out of range without looking at the decoys, but a low guttural note from the wooden “duck call” caused one of them to veer and swing close enough so that a long shot pulled it down. Another pair behaved much the same way only this time both of them came in range and both were added to the bag. Then came a great mass of ducks flying in close formation, low against the water. Redheads, was our guess while they were still so far off that even the individuals of the flock could not be made out, and sure enough, as they came closer, we could make out their dark forms, resembling bluebills much more than canvasbacks, but without any white in the wings. There were at least five hundred in the flock and though they came close enough for us to make out the red heads of the males, we had no hopes of their turning in to the decoys and they passed undisturbed. Earlier in the season red- heads decoy very well to their own kind or to blue- bill and canvasback decoys, but by the time winter sets in, it is only stray singles or pairs that will look at any decoys. They are clannish ducks and spend most of their time in compact “rafts” over beds of musk grass (Chara), and while with us are quite inferior to the canvasbacks. Indeed on Cayuga Lake the canvasback lives up to its reputation and excells all the other species. Of the diving ducks, bluebills and redheads are next in quality, and about on a par with each other. The canvasback is the largest also, with the exception of the black duck, and when in good condition weighs three and a half pounds or even somewhat more, while the redheads rarely tip the scales at three pounds, and the best bluebills weigh two and three-quarters. The largest bluebill I have ever seen, weighed an even three pounds and it was so fat that, when plucked, its legs appeared as mere bumps protruding slightly from the otherwise oval body. The black ducks, which winter on the lake, are much larger than those that pass through earlier, and by many persons are supposed to represent a different sub-species called the “red-legged black duck.” Many individuals weigh as much as four pounds and one exceptional duck, taken in November of 1914, weighed four pounds and eleven ounces. The whistlers are the 242 AMERICAN same sizes as the bluebills, averaging between two and a half and two and three-quarter pounds. But to return to our duck blind; the wind had risen again and was now blowing a gale from the north. The mist had cleared somewhat but the rollers were piling in so that we knew it would be impossible to go out in the little boat beyond the shelter of the point. We refused to shoot ducks that we could not retrieve so we resolved to shoot none that would not fall either in the shelter of the point or far enough inshore to the north so that they would drift ashore. No sooner had we made this decision than the ducks began to fly thick and fast, ap- parently stirred up by the quickening of the wind. For every one that passed within the shelter of the point or inshore to the north, there were ten that passed within easy range outside of the point, such that if killed they would have drifted down the middle of the lake. Before the sun got low in the sky, however, we managed to secure two more canvasbacks and two bluebills, making thirteen ducks in all, and we were ready to call it a good day’s sport. If ‘we were to judge by the bag limit, Van FORESTRY | i set by law, as to what constitutes a good day’s sport, we would have had to acknowledge that we had just begun, — for the law allows twenty-five to the individual or forty to the blind. Thank fortune, however, though the law may encourage a man to make a “hog” of himself when — the opportunity offers, it cannot control his standards — of a good time, and we did not feel that we had to carry — home over a hundred pounds of ducks in order to say that we had had a good shoot. Some day our children or children’s children will ask — what we did with the twenty-five ducks that the law allowed us to kill in one day and they will wonder why we did not let a few more of them live so that they could get an occasional shot at a real wild duck instead of at those raised in captivity and released. Some of us will feel quite ashamed of the age in which we spent — our youth and will try to explain it away, but others of us will have to admit “It’s history, my son; wild ducks, wild pigeons, wild bisons, are history, first come, first if served.” pt PROP bbe: : THE LARGEST SAWS IN THE WORLD ENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC., of Philadelphia, have recently finished two of the largest circular saws ever made, They are of the spiral inserted tooth type, and are to be used by a well-known concern in the Far West for cutting shingle blocks from the large trees of that section. Each of the new saws measures 108 7 inches (9 feet) in diameter, and in the rim are inserted 190 teeth. One may gain some idea of so tremendous a saw by comparing it with a 54-inch saw, which requires for its making an ingot of steel weighing approximately 180 pounds and its weight when finished is about 125 pounds. The 108-inch saw started out as an ingot weighing 1,140 pounds, and after reheating, rolling and trimming the remaining weight was about 795 pounds. In size a 54-inch saw is apparently just half that of the 108-inch one, but actually the 108-inch is four times the size of the former, as a measurement of square inches of surface will show. In the making of large circular saws Henry Disston & Sons have had long experience. As long ago as 1876 they made one 100 inches in diameter for exhibition purposes. Some years after they made another 100-inch saw for cutting stone, each tooth of which was studded with a black diamond to give the necessary cutting edge. AMERICAN FORESTRY 243 & ree pid House Bookl y2O Working Plans’ 2 rare portraits of AUDUBONS on-double sicnent on Special supplements Suitable for eran = << a 4 Cc a e. Well, we suppose you’d better Big Tle ae GETTHATBOYTOWRITE y right away for this very special f f the i i lly £ V GRAZ Cores rocket Litrary juctout “Good Bungalows for Good Birds” It is a wonderful compilation of bird lore and bird information. BIG DOUBLE SUP- PLEMENT WITH 20 BEAUTIFUL and CORRECT DESIGNS—all specially made by artists who know birds. (Not one is like the other good designs in bird house cata- logs.) Also in this volume you’ll find 20 FULL WORKING PLANS with complete specifications. And ALSO EXTRA ART SUPPLEMENT, 12x 29 inches,in FIVE COLORS with a total of 3 PORTRAITS OF AUDUBON SUITABLE FOR FRAMING, one arepro- i duction in colors of a rare old steel engrav: ing, also photograph of his home. ALSO » 5 BIRDS in NATURAL COLORS and 180 correct pen portraits of other birds. = Ni jaguill my UIT} i} } oo { Your Cypress Volume 42 is one of the most complete and authentic books on this subject I have ever seen.”’ Thus recently wrote a bird-lover who has.read much. You will be astonished and delighted with the variety of the contents of Vol. 42. And itis FREE. Send your name. Today is best. “SOUTHERN CYPRESS MFRS’ ASSN. 1258 Hibernia Bank Bldg., New Orleans, La., or 1258 Heard Nat’] Bank Bldg., Jacksonville, Fla. 244 AMERICAN FORESTRY achusetts, western New York. ever peaches thrive. THOMPSON Northern Grown English Walnuts Splendid Possibilities for Culture in Northern States For orchard or ornamental planting, our North- ern Grown English Walnuts have no superior. They are grown successfully as far north as Mase- and there are several productive orchards in this and adjoining counties in Our trees are bred for health, hardiness and resistability ; are adaptable to any good orchard soil, and will succeed wher- The Thompson orchard, near Rochester, is one FAIRPORT of the largest commercial English Walnut orchards in the East, 228 trees. This orchard has flourished, bearin, large and remunerative crops, under severe climatic conditions—with occasional temperatures fifteen degrees below zero. HARDY FILBERTS Harpy Thousands of bearing trees growing in our Nursery. You can grow Filberts as easily as you grow Apples, Pears and Plums, and “our Glenwood Grown” hardy trees will produce KENTISH CoB Almonds, Hickory and and Small Fruits, quickly great quantities of nuts each season. Mr. John Roos, 9 W. 46th Street, Covington, Ky., writes under date of September, 1919, as follows: “The Filberts I bought of you in 1917-1918 are bearing in GREAT QUANTITIES THIS YEAR.” Our Catalog and Planting Guide, includes Walnuts, Filberts. Butternuts, and Evergreens and deciduous trees, Shrubs, Roses, Perennials, Fruit Trees Mailed FREE. GLEN BROTHERS, Glenwood Nursery (Established 1866), 1906 Main St., Rochester, N. Y. CosFoRD a complete assortment of Origina‘ed and Introduced by The Elm City Nursery Company Woodmont Nurseries, Inc. Box 205, New Haven, Conn. TT TTT TTT OLTLcL cL LCLELI Orchids » LOR specialists in 8; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- cial list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. Lombardy poplars. HILL’S Seedlings and Transplants ALSO TREE SEEDS FOR REFORESTING EST for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in im- mense quantities. Priczs lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 601 DUNDEE, ILL. ' RARE ORIENTAL FLOWERING TREES FROM CHINA, JAPAN and PERSIA wt. Catalogue .:. A, EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING PINE :-: SPRUCE CONIFERS ONLY Write us for price list KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, KEENE, N. H. Red pine seed, white pine seed and white spruce seed. Wanted: Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Write for prices on large quantities THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANTS BIG ARBOR DAY PLANTING APRIL 9, 1920, fixed as Arbor Day by ~ proclamation of the Governor of Mary-- land, witnessed a remarkable outpouring — of the school children of Baltimore into — the city’s parks. About eight thousand boys and girls sealed their interest in public parks and trees by tree planting cere- monies, which took place in practically — every park and public square in the city. — Of the five hundred trees planted, each — school planted and dedicated at least one. The species chosen for planting were — white oak, pin oak, red oak, black oak, mossy-cup oak, Norway maple, sugar maple, American elm, American linden, Oriental — plane, white birch, red dogwood and The plan was worked out by the Park Board, with the hearty co-operation of the school authorities. Every. member of the — Park Board is a lover of trees—Mr. J. Cookman Boyd, the president, being par- ticularly interested in the preservation of — old trees as well as in replacement in cases _ of unavoidable loss. Hundreds of park ~ trees are lost annually—torn, by heavy winds, uprooted, shattered by lightning or a prey to blight or disease and sometimes — victims of smoke and gases. The Board © hopes that such replanting by the publie — school children of Baltimore will become an annual Arbor Day event, such occasions offering splendid opportunity for specia) instruction upon the necessity of tree growth to human-life. The planting in the parks and squares, in which children take ~ an active part, has splendid educational value in that it stimulates in children a serious and personal interest in tree life and growth, as well as in the park sys- tem. The trees they plant will grow up with them and their enjoyment of the — parks will always hold pleasant personal memories for them. As it is the next gen- eration which will benefit from such tree planting, it is most appropriate that it should be done by the school children of today. Baltimore’s Park Board is to be commended for this fine achievement in tree planting. ARBOR DAY FOR CHINA THE College of Agriculture and Forestry at Nanking, China, is starting a move- ment that has as its ultimate purpose the reforestation of China’s denuded hills by inducing all of the schools of the country, Chinese and foreign, to observe a Chinese national Arbor Day. Addresses have been sent out in English and Chinese to the schools of the country urging that an Arbor Day holiday be instituted and giving instruction in tree planting methods. It is intended also to supply seeds to the schools. WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. th ANN ALLL Ie WR DP hee 9 1S trite a oxy * A — AMERICAN FORESTRY 245 AMAWALK NURSERY has thousands of SPECIMEN TREES for SPRING DELIVERY In the locality of Amawalk, forty miles north of New York City, deciduous trees can usually be trans- planted from the end of March until the middle of May, and evergreens until the first of June. Thou- sands of large sized evergreen and deciduous trees are growing in the Amawalk Nursery. We can supply hundreds of nursery-grown, matched specimens. Elms to nine inches diameter, forty feet high. Oaks to nine inches diameter, thirty feet high. Maples to nine inches diameter, thirty-five feet high. Pines to eighteen feet high. Hemlocks to sixteen feet high. Spruce to twenty-two feet high, Many large sizes in other varieties. Our facilities for shipping by truck or freight are unexcelled. Visit the Nursery Send for Catalogue AMAWALK New York City Office Westchester Co., New York 103 Park Avenue a Be ee ae : Telephone, Yorktown 128 Telephone, Vanderbilt 7691 AUSTRIAN PINE 15 FEET HIGH r BECOME A MEMBER Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association upon application and payment of dues. PLANT TREES FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— PROTECT FORESTS e . . USE. FORESTS American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- ciation and enclose check for $ INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership, per yearn. crcccccecoomnn- Contributing Membership, per yearn cccccmn ne Be Pat ora gee Sos osi2) POS Sustaining Membership, per year x ES OU) Life Membership (no other dues) ane De kasi 00-00 Annual Membership. LES Lae This is the only Popular National Magazine de- A voted to trees and forests , and the use of wood. City —< sh le ey es a Oe AMERICAN. FORESTRY | 246 ’ er, r~ -_--- CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS DURING the months of October, Novem- ber and December, a co-operative, ex- periment was carried out by the Commis- sion of Conservation, and the Logging and Forestry Departments of the Laurentide Company, Ltd., under the direction of R. W. Lyons, to determine as accurately as possible what it costs to burn the limbs and tops of conifers on an ordinary logging operation. A camp was built about one- half mile from the nearest point on the ex- perimental plot which contains approxi- mately 175 acres. This had been cut over for white pine some years ago and was made up of the following types: spruce- balsam slope 27 per cent, black spruce swamp II per cent, balsam-spruce ridge 57 per cent, and softwood-hardwood slope 5 per cent. The tract as a whole sloped gently down to a swamp in the center.. The timber is generally mature and over-mature in the 90 year age class and there is pres- ent much evidence of the damage of in- sects and fungi. In the order of their presence the species are, balsam, white spruce, black spruce, yellow birch, white birch and white pine. Balsam formed about 64 per cent of the stand and was younger and smaller than the spruce. The large trees were unsound, particularly on the ridges and in mixture with hardwoods. The largest balsam cut was 16 inches in diame- ter and 70 feet high. There was much wind damage. The white spruce was not abundant but had long clear boles and long compact crowns. Some had attained a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 22 inches and were from 100 to 130 years of age. The black spruce formed the stand in swampy place but reached its best growth on the higher ground, 60 feet, and a diame- ter of 13 inches, The trees were limby and the growth was decidedly slow. Repro- duction on the tract was mostly balsam in thickets where wind thrown trees had left openings. French-Canadian labor was used, the men receiving eighty dollars per month and board, but even at this figure were hard to keep. Camp conditions were a little above the average. Clean cutting of the conifers in strips was the method of cutting. The strips were from one to three chains wide and between them timber was left uncut for a width of two chains. They were run at right angles to the prevailing winds. The slash on each alternate strip cut was burn- ed. All logs were taken down to three inches in diameter except on a small sec- tion where the logs below four inches were left in order to see what the waste, utiliz- ing “to that diameter would amount to. These tops were measured and counted and the number of four foot pieces they would make recorded and calculated in cords. The skidding was done by the Logging Department and charges for men’s time, horse time and board pyere made against the operation. ~~ A total of 14,588 Hhirtees and a half foot logs was cut amounting to. 500.2 cords or 245,288 board feet, Quebec scale. The brush from 172.1 cords was burnt, an extra man being used’ for two felling crews. The average cost per cord for the operation where the brush was not burnt, was $2.94 per cord, exclusive of skidding. Where the brush was burnt $3.46, so that the aver- age cost of burning brush was $1.15 per cord or $2.30 per thousand feet. The average distance skidded was about 250 feet with a maximum of 550 feet. The costs are summarized as follows: per cord perM Felling, limbing and _ brush barning::....: 2) S3eeemies. -'s $1.93 $3.81 Skidditig 2. 5... cee rs S150 5.07 © Improvements.........seeesee. 16 .3I Depreciation....,..... ARE 18 36 Transportation of men into WOOdS..... ui Loieie wee © o's0 .07 14 Supervision, .. .)..csWbwass «+s .49 .96 Board. .i. 5, - rac:-o5 Gas + oe 1.44 282 Lotals, 35-2 seis $6.87 $13.47 The price per cord for this operation is no higher than for ordinary operations of like character and had the skidding been under the control of the man in charge the cost would have been reduced. The charge for supervision is very high as one trained man spent all his time on it. Had he been in charge of a whole district this item would have been very materially reduced. It is doubtful if the cost for burning could be reduced as the men who did the work had been previously accustomed to burn their debris. The question of whether it will pay to burn the debris from logging can only be solved by continuing such ex- periments as the above and studying the lands so cut to see what the effect is on reproduction, diminution of forest fires and on insects and fungi. A lumberman who has .been making a tour of the cutting operations in Ontario, reports that there seems to be a conspiracy on the part of the employment agencies sending men into the woods. The men go in but only stay a few days, sometimes - much not more than one GE andl: “one where three gangs of six men used it took an average of 12 n coming in to keep the three aa The man who made the report said Bp ” He said conditions were ter in the camps than ever before and wages were high. a Several of the lumbermen's < in Ontario have passed resolu that the management of th that Province should be placed en the hands of the Chief Forester staff. : Clyde Leavitt, Forester of the | Con sion of Conservation, is trying to ; approximate estimate of the : pulpwood standing in Canada. now that a liberal estimate million cords, New Brunswick 33. cords, Nova Scotia 30,000,000 cords and British Columbia 255 million cords. } information is available for Prairie Provinces. This makes a tot 818 million cords. The cut is. abou million cords per year. ing made to find out where this located, that is how much there is - at present accessible and how much can only be reached when the price vy can be paid for it will cover the cost , transportation. Estimates at present a ail- able are little more than the roughest aa of guesses and should not be relied on. is certainly time to get some more accu- rate inventory of our resources. The in- crease in consumption is very rapid and shows no signs of diminishing. _ Senior R. Codorniu, editor of Espana Forestal, has just published a very inter- — esting book, which is a collection of articles — written by him from 1916 to 1918, 4 4 titled “Mas Bagatelas Forestales.” Mr. Otto Schierbeck, a Danish tortaheeel who was from 1909 to 1917 in charge of ~ nursery work for the Danish Government, — and from then till the present in the nur-— sery business for himself, has just ome to Canada to settle. He described to the writer the success they have had in Den- mark in inocculating the moths of the white — pine weevil with a fungus and liberating — them to spread the disease. The Curtiss Aeroplane Company are_ working on the designs for a flying boat especially for forest patrol and mapping work, This plane will probably be fitted 9 with two engines. : q / | j AMERICAN FORESTRY 247 + . , ce EF ee secs eee Ee, Te Penne on t This photograph shows how healing ts well under way within a few months after treatment. Note, also, how con- crete has been filled in the cavity by the Davey sectional method, which allows for swaying and prevents cracking JOHN DAVEY Father of Tree Surgery The tribute of Andrew L. Dorward to Davey Tree Surgery The estate of Mrs. T. J. Emory at “Mariemont,” Middletown, R. I., is one of the show places around Newport. Andrew L. Dorward is “Mariemont,” Middletown, R. I. The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohio Gentlemen : I can only reiterate what others have truth- fully said regarding the work done by The Davey Tree Expert Company—that tree surgery practiced by you, both from a scientific and practical viewpoint, is as near perfect as it is possible to have it. Andrew L. Dorward, Gardener Mrs. T. J. Emory Estate The saving of priceless trees is a matter of first impor- tance on every estate. Davey Tree Surgery is a fulfillment of the maximum expectations of those who love and value trees. A careful examination of your trees will be made by appointment. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 2100 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio Branch Offices with telephone connections: New York City, Astor Court Bldg.; Chicago,-Westminster Bldg.; Philadelphia, Land Title Bldg., and Boston. Write nearest office. Permanent representatives available in districts surrounding Boston, Springfield, Lenox, Newport, Hartford, Stamford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains. Jamaica, Montclair, New York, Mee ee Sh Harrisburg, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee. Canadian address: 252 Laugauchitere West, Montreal gardener on this estate Mave Y TREE SURGEON'S Every real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing themselves. An agreement made with the Davey Company and not with an individual is certain evidence of genuineness These Men Protect Your Planting Si: four hundred of Amer- ica’s leading Nurserymen have linked themselves to- gether to protect you in your buy-_ ing of trees and andes henever you buy nursery stock, look for the TRUSTWORTHY trade mark, shown above. It is used by members of the Amer- ican Association of Nurserymen,and gives you the Association's assurance of satisfaction back of your purchase. Membership in the Association is strictly restricted to firms whose methods and standards come up to the Association measure. How the Association Vigilance Committee means your protection, what the Association is, and where you can get srustwotthy trees and plants, is told in our Booklet, “Look- ing Both Ways, Before You Buy Nursery Stock.” Free on request. American Association Nursérymen WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO - ENGRAVINGS buy the right kind--That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose-- Our little house organ ‘‘Etchings’’ is fall of valuable hints--Send for it. H. A. GATCHEL, Pres. C. A. STINSON, Vice-Pres. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO-ENGRA VERS In one or more colors Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA AMERICAN FORESTRY At the annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association and at a subsequent meeting of the Directors a report for the year showed the Association in good finan- cial condition with a large increase in mem- bership. Mr. C. E, E. Ussher, of the Canadian Pacific Railway was elected President and Mr. Dan McLachlin, of Arn- prior, Ontario, Vice-President. The num- ber of Directors was increased by ten. Mr. Arthur Meighen, Minister of the Interior, was chosen as one of the new ones. A resolution was passed as follows: “ResoLveD, That the Canadian Forestry Association desires to place itself on rec- ords as heartily approving of the expressed intention of the Government of Ontario to bring its Department of Lands and For- ests up to the highest possible state of efficiency.” A very interesting conference on the Fur Industry of Canada, under the auspices of the Commission of Conservation, was held in the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, on February 19 and 20. Forestry has lost a good friend in the death of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, head of the Department of Entomology in the Do- minion Government. Dr. Hewitt was much interested in the protection of wild life and was one of Canada’s representatives in framing the migratory birds treaty. His support of investigation work in forest entomology has been of great value to the whole subject of forest protection. AMERICAN LUMBER ASSOCIATION ORMATION of the American Lumber Association by leading wholesale lum- ber dealers of the United States, and de- clared to be the greatest lumber organiza- tion in the world in scope, capital and busi- ness represented, was effected in New Or- leans early in March. The new association began operations the latter part of the month, with headquarters in Chicago. Its membership comprises wholesale lumber dealers in all important American cities, with selling connections in all parts of the world. L. Germain, Jr., head of a large concern that bears his name in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has been selected as president of the American Lumber Association, and L. R. Putnam, of New Orleans, who resigns as director of advertising and trade exten- sion for the Southern Pine Association, has been appointed manager. Mr. Germain also is president of the National Bureau of Wholesale Lumber Distributors, which was formed to serve the lumber needs of the United States Government during the war. According to Mr. Putnam, who made the announcement of the formation of the wholesalers’ association, the same style of organization that handled the lumber sit- uation for Uncle Sam during the war in the new association is enlarged in scope to meet the demands of world trade and to give the lumber consumer the same benefits that were enjoyed by the Govyrnment in war times. “at the mercy of foreign manufactw NEWSPRINT PAPER AND Pu woop * THE Department of Agriculture pre information on newsprint paper 3 pulp wood for the Senate Committee a Agriculture and Forestry, and from it th following statements have been culled The use of pulp wood in the of newsprint paper has been developed in the last 50 years, — : Of all the Paper used in the United s 22 per cent is used by the newsp: Before the war newsprint batt about 2 cents a pound ; now it sells in quantities fot 5 cents a pound and quantities up to 10 cents a pound. | In the last 20 years the use of ne has increased more than 200 per cent, in the same period the population h h creased 70 per cent. + : Demand for newsprint will i rease, | stead of decreasing, i in the future. ‘ Dependence «upon foreign. ‘supp pulp wood for newsprint means we to prices. All exports of pulp w Newfoundland have been prohibite All exports from Crown lands in ( have been prohibited. Ten years ago the United duced its entire newsprint supply ; import two-thirds of it. Only one-t! the newspapers issued in 1919 were on the product of American forests Only one newsprint plant has bee structed in the United States since 1909 Most of the pulp wood for newsp secured from New England and th States. Spruce is used for more of it. High cost of pulp and paper anita p e- vent manufacturing plants from followin the timber as do saw mills. e Much pulp wood has now to be freig ited 500 miles to the mills. : We bought nearly 1,400,000 tons ‘of pul wood from Canada in 1918, and prices ad- vanced from $10 a cord to as high as $25. Canada has increased her pulp mills 57 per cent in the last 10 years. : Indications are that supplies of pals wood timber in New England and Ne York will be exhausted in 20 years. In Ney York alone supplies will be gone in 10 ye In these sections the annual cut is about ut three times the annual growth. : There has been practically no develop- ment of the paper-making industry in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, where our remaining timber supplies suitable fo pulp wood are located. t At the present rate of cutting in Canada the supply in her Eastern provinces will be exhausted in 25 years. 4 Relief may be had by: ‘ Developing the industry in the North- west and in Alaska. . By perpetuating forests in the East and © reproducing pulp wood timber in them. ~ Possibly by the collection and repulping © of newspaper and its re-use by mixing wi ho it new pulp. AMERICAN FORESTRY 249 ‘SAWS THE BEST KNOWN SAW 4 4 IN THE WORLD Each year finds a greater number of leading mills using Disston Saws ex- clusively. Mill operators know that the success of their mill—the quality and quantity of lumber they turn out —depends on the saw they use. It is natural, therefore, for them to choose Disston Saws—the acknowl- edged standard in quality for 80 years. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. SAFETY-FIRST No great industry like that for the manufacture of Southern Pine can be developed without due regard to the welfare and comfort of the persons employed. Every sort of welfare work calculated to increase efficiency and improved standards of living among the workers is encouraged by the manufacturers of Southern Pine. Our DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY-FIRST, under the supervision of a capable and experienced engineer, is very actively engaged in work tending to reduce and eliminate injuries to workers in Southern sawmills and woods. > SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION NEW ORLEANS, LA. + 2 Ts = oF LULU MMU ULL LLL AE LULL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLL LCCC CCU ULL LULU LCL Ph . we Please Mention American Forestry Magazine when writing advertisers 1357-1339 F STREET,NW. WASHINGTON,D<. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND [ILLUSTRATORS 3 CoLor Process Work | ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 I need a copy of Forestry and Irrigation for March, 1904. Will anyone who can furnish a copy please write me promptly? I should also like to hear from anyone who can supply copies of The Forester, bound or unbound, before De- cember, 1900. I have quite a number of dupli- cates of Forestry and Irrigation, Conservation and American Forestry, the oldest being Decem- ber, 1902, and should like to get in touch with anyone wishing to complete their files. GORDON PARKER, Colorado Springs, Colo. ARE YOU INTERESTED IN PURCHASING A COUNTRY PLACE? I have a_very desirable one located at Ho-ho-kus, IN THE RAMAPO mate. Bergen County, Northern New rd erney, only fifty min- utes from Broadway. nh on the Main State Road leading to Tuxe amid picturesque surroundings and desirable neighbors. vce achdedeyt ee 2.50 FRENCH “FORES 18 AND FORESTRY—By Theodore S. Pf const 2 Jr. SoRP aden. 1005 s5%s 2.50 MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS—By L. H. Pammel...............csc05 secceeesceeeeee 5.35 WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS—Chas. H. Snow.. ape 5.00 EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark............. 1.50 OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—H. D. Boerker............:ssccccceeseecceccccneseceeeee 2.50 MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard Rankin..................+5- v 2.60 THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS—By Robert Sterling Yard. 3.10 THE STORY OF THE FOREST—By J. Gordon Dorrance............ 65 FOREST MANAGEMENT-—By A. B. eee and Heat Bentley. OF 2.60 THE FOREST RANGER AND OTHER VERSE—By John Guth 1.60 TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND fie ee es sa 3.10 THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—By J. R. Simmons. . 3.65 TIMBERS—AND THEIR USES—By Wrenn Winn 5.15 * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—EDITOR, OREGON HOWARD J. EBERLY, of the State For. ester’s office, is a member of the cial Forestry detachment in attendance the Aviation School at March Field, Cali fornia, This detachment also includes ; number of United States Forest Service men from Districts 1, 5 and 6. A short, intensive course of study, embracing b- servation, airplane photography, mapping and radio work is being pursued by tl men and is especially designed to give fun- damental instructions covering airplane forest patrol work. Enlisted pilots are also receiving special training calculate to make them valuable in the extensive plan of the air service to provide airpla patrol for the timbered areas of the en Northwest during the ensuing season. If the lack of snow in the Cascade | Coast Mountain ranges is the barometer a dry and hazardous fire season, the situation giyes promise of record-breakin; possibilities. Within the last few weeks small amount of snow has fallen, but all the usual heavily packed early snows he disappeared. Light and fluffy in nature this slight recent snow will have tric’ , away before the season’s patrol work is actually begun. A present ten-inch shortage of no rainfall would seem to add to the peri! the situation, but may, in the compensating nature of the elements, induce a rainfall late enough to partially offset the shortage in snow. With the usual wide and oftime unexpected variety of weather, there probably no occasion for alarm just y but it is not doubted that a greater sense safety prevails with an abundance of snc in the mountains. HIGHER PAY FOR FORESTERS © . THE minimum entrance salary for Forest 7 Assistants in the Federal Forest S ice has been raised from $1,100 to $1,500 | per annum, according to a recent announce- — men. It is expected that this action will en- ) able the Forest Service to secure graduates from the various forest schools. For the past 7) few years men have been going into private work, owing to the inadequate salaries paid by the Government. ‘ : HOYT'S ANTISEPTIC | TREE VARNISH il THE GUIDE TO NATURE Epwarp F. Bicetow, Managing Editor WANTED Published by . The Agassiz Association, ArcAdiA, 150 Ibs. White Spruce Seed Sound Beach, Conn. A Profusely Illustrated Monthly Magazine (Picea Canadensis) Devoted to Commonplace Nature with Un- LINCOLN PULPWOOD CO. common Interest. Subscription, $1.50 per Year. BOX 923 BANGOR, MAINE Single or Sample Copy, 15c. a A dependable material for keeping fungi|| ¥ and vermin out of TREE WOUNDS]| while natural healing takes place. i Price: $1.25 gallon by express ! Special prices in quantities ; C. H. HOYT & SON Citizens Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio | NESSEE FORESTRY ASSOCIA- TION “MEETING of much importance to the State of Tennessee was recently held Nashville, the second annual conference of the Tennessee Forestry Association. Delegates from all sections of the State were in attendance, both men and women. ‘he Association, only a little more than a ‘ear old, may be said just to have begun is work, but the spirit of the meeting oughout was that of appreciating the restry problems of the State. After the pening address by the president, J. M. Jverton, the Governor of Tennessee, Hon. . HL. Roberts, spoke on the Forests of see, in which he recognized the vital ore: which they are in the life of a State, nd referred also to the necessity of ap- lying scientific methods in the proper han- ling of them. Col. H. S. Graves, Chief Forester of ie United States, gave a most compre- address on the forest conditions in messee and the entire country. He attention to the important place Ten- holds in the production of hard- woods and emphasized the great destruc- a and depletion of forest growth, the de- reased output of lumber in Tennessee, and ts consequences, there being less than half amount of lumber produced now in the te compared to that of a decade ago. In 1e face of the recognized constant, useless tion of the forest resources of the , Colonel Graves stressed the futili- expecting a continuous adequate sup- : STATE NEWS ply of forest products, unless they are assured through the operation of a national policy of forestry. In completing the pro- gram for the meeting, R. S, Maddox spoke on the subject of a “State Forest Policy,” in which he mentioned the present status of forestry in Tennessee and also some measures which the State now needs. Among the resolutions adopted was the following: “That the Tennessee Forestry Association favors a broad policy of for- estry for the nation, looking to concerted action by the national Government, the States and private owners, to stop the de- structive agencies that are injuring and devastating our forests; and that in work- ing out such a policy there should be full recognition of the responsibility of forest owners to do their part in fire protection, and in encouraging natural replacement after cutting; also of the responsibility of the public to co-operate with owners so as to make these policies feasible and prac- ticable.” MAPLE SYRUP IN THE SOUTH pies Department of Agriculture states that many “sugar bushes” or maple sugar tree groves are found in North Caro- lina and Tennessee. The owners have not always had full knowledge of their value. For instance, the Department tells of one’ maple grove in North Carolina larger than any in New England, the trees in which were formerly cut and sold for lumber at $1.00 each. The sugar producing quality of the trees becoming known, they were 253 tapped and last year yielded syrup that sold for $4.00 per gallon. Yet the world has considered Vermont as the source of all maple syrup, real and imitation, because Southern maple sugar has carefully con- cealed itself. NATIONAL FORESTS NEED ROADS HIRTY thousand miles of road, esti- mated to cost not less than $150,000,00, will be needed for the proper protection and development of the National Forests and the near-by communities during the next I@ years, according to comprehensive road plans which have been prepared. The Secretary of Agriculture has already ap- proved the construction of 5,152 miles, estimated te cost $26,463,000, contingent upon Federal and co-operative funds be- coming available. Government expenditures of $15,740,000 have been authorized for this purpose. The roads comprised in the comprehen- sive road plans form the basis of the ulti- mate National Forest road system. They are used as main highways, either in con- nection with through routes or to serve important local needs. The construction of feeder roads is being largely postponed until the primary road system of the Na- tional Forests is completed. It is expected that the present estimate cost will be large- ly exceeded when surveys are made of the projects now on the list, since in many cases the only available estimates are based upon incomplete data. MA TN in its praise. tone ink on cameo paper. drawing has been made for the cover. THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS BY JAMES RAYMOND SIMMONS Secretary, New York State Forestry Commission The author has written a brief historical treatise covering the period previous to the Civil War from the standpoint of trees as witnesses of the events chronicled. He knows his subject and writes in an interesting style with an appreciation of the beauty of trees themselves which he endeavors to inculcate in others. described are confined to Massachusetts their historic interest has no limitations. The book is made with care. There are forty full-page plates printed in double- The type is large, and margins are wide. An appropriate Those who have seen the book are enthusiastic “A very beautiful book. Its text shows a patient and descriminating study, and ‘its illustrations are superb. Mr. Simmons has done a good work well. a thing of value and beauty.”—Hartford Courant. Price $3.50, Postage 15 Cents MARSHALL JONES COMPANY, Publishers 212 SUMMER STREET - - - - BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS While the trees HOI PL His book is en MUTT) 254 SALE OF TIMBER QUINAIELT INDIAN RESERVATION MOCLIPS UNIT EALED bids in_ duplicate, marked outside “Bid, Moclips Unit,” and addressed to the Superintendent, Taholah Indian School, Taholah, Washington, will be received until twelve o’clock noon, Pacific time, Tuesday, June 1, 1920, for the purchase of timber on the tract in Townships 20 and 21 north, Ranges 11 and 12 west, Williamette Meridian, in Quinaielt Indian Reser- vation. The said unit includes about 3,560 acres, with a total stand of about 125,000,000 feet, of which about 70,000,000 lies in about 1880 acres of allotted land, as to which separate approved con- tracts with the Indian owners may probably be made. The sale embraces approximately 70,000,000 feet of cedar, 19,000,000 feet of Douglas fir, 14,000,- 000 feet of spruce, 20,000,000 feet of hemlock, 1,000,- 000 feet of white pine, 578,000'linear feet of cedar poles, and an unestimated amount of Douglas fir piles. Each bid must state the price per thousand feet Scribner decimal C log scale, that will be paid for timber cut and scaled prior to April 1, 1924. No bid will be considered for the first period of less than the following rates per thou- sand feet: Three dollars fifty cents ($3.50) for live and dead cedar; three dollars ($3.00) for live and dead Douglas fir and spruce; two dollars ($2.00) for white pine; eighty cents ($.80)) for hemlock, white fir and other species; per linear foot for cedar poles 45 feet and over in length with not greater than a nine-inch top diameter, one and three-fourths cents (.0175); for cedar poles 45 feet and under in length, one and one-fourth cents (.0125); for cedar poles 20 feet and under in length with not greater than a six-inch top diameter, three-fourths cent (.0075); and for Doug- las fir piles, with not greater than a sixteenth- inch butt diameter, one cent (.01) per linear foot. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check of $10,000. The deposit will be returned if the bid is rejected, but retained as liquidated dam- ages if the required contract and bond are not executed and presented for approval within sixty days from the acceptance of a bid. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Copies of the bid and contract forms and other information may be obtained from the Superintendent, Indian School, Taholah, Washington. Prices subsequent to April 1, 1924, will be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by three-year periods. Washington, D. C., March 17, 1920. SELLS, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. CATO SALE OF TIMBER, MESCALERO INDIAN RESERVATION, ELK AND SILVER CREEK UNIT Sealed bids in duplicate, marked outside “Bid Elk and Silver Creek Unit,” and addressed to Superintendent Mescalero Indian School, Mes- calero, New Mexico will be received until twelve o’clock noon, Mountain Time, Saturday, May 1, 1920, for the purchase of timber on a tract with- in the Elk and Silver Creek drainage areas on the southern part of the Mescalero Indian Reser- vation lying west of the range line between ranges 14 and 15 East of New Mexico Principal Meridian. The said unit includes about 30,000 acres of unallotted timber land with an estimated stand of one hundred seventy million feet as . to which contract will be made with the superin- tendent. Approximately 55 per cent of the timber within the unit is western yellow pine (in- cluding so-called “Black Jack” or “Bull Pine,’’) 30 per cent Douglas fir and 15 per cent white fir, Mexican pine and Engelmann spruce. Each bid must state the price per thousand feet Scribner Decimal C Log scale that will be paid for timber cut and scaled prior to April 1, 1925 Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by three year periods. No bid of less than three dollars ($3.00) per M feet for yellow pine and Douglas fir, two dollars ($2.00) per M feet for Mexican white pine and Engelmann spruce and one dollar ($1.00) per M for white pine during the period ending March 31, 1925 will be considered. Each bid must be accompained by a certified check on a solvent national bank, payable to the Superintendent of the Mescalero Indian School in the amount of ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00). The deposit will be returned if the bid is rejected but retained as liquidated dam- ages if the required contract and bond are not executed and presented for approval within sixty days from the acceptance of a bid. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Copies of the bid and contract forms and other infor- mation may be obtained from the Superintendent, Indian School, Mescalero, New Mexico. CATO SELLS, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Washington, D. C., February 14, 1920, AMERICAN FORESTRY - FORESTER SAVING CZECHO- SLOVAKS HAT a former District Forester of the Arizona-New Mexico district has di- rected the work of saving half a million children from starvation is the word brought from Czehco-Slovakia in a letter from the Czech Government requesting from the Forest Service an extension of leave for Capt. Arthur C. Ringland, for- merly District Forester of the Southwest- ern District, with headquarters at Al- buquerque. The letter is addressed to the Director of the European Children’s Fund of the American Relief Administration, and is signed by Dr. Alice Masaryk, daughter of the President of Czecho-Slovakia, and by two high ministers of the Government. The letter is in part as follows: “The American nation has saved about half a million Czecho-Slovakian children from starvation in the most critical time before the harvest of 1919. The national organization of the “Cezkoslovenska Pece o dite,” with the President of the Republic as head and all Ministers of the Cabinet as members of the National Committee, is distributing the American food to the re- motest districts and places of our country. The soul of this organization, unique in the history of our nation, is Mr. Arthur C. Ringland, one of those excellent workers whom you sent to Europe to accomplish your wonderful plan to help small nations and enable them to face the consequences of war.” FOREST FIRES IN CALIFORNIA HE Forest Service has been able in California, through comprehensive plans, complete organization and execution, and co-operation from timber owners and the public, to reduce in the past 12 years the annual fire destruction of merchant- able timber in the National Forests in that state by 81 per cent or some 94 million feet. That fires started by light- ning were of common occurrence in the pine forests of northern California as early as 1530 is a fact established, says the Dis- trict Forester at San Francisco, by the examination of old fire scars on still liv- ing trees. Naturally none of the trees examined had survived every one of the many fires recorded in the past two or” three hundred years but several bore scars from which were traced the occurrence of more than 20 conflagrations each one separated by a number of years. One tree, the oldest examined in Plumas County, has very evidently survived 35 separate and distinct fires. Because it is evident that these fires were not holocausts be- cause much of the area over which they burned still bears merchantable timber, some have questioned the need of exten- sive fire protection in California forests or of particular attention to the light ground fire. It is estimated, however, that ground fires in California actually de- stroy on the average, 1183 feet of timber per acre or $4.45 in value. eee ¥. ue eats A mat Ao 5 | i { nh) paeag? rs Wi) rr TWO-THIRDS OF EACH TREE | WASTED. Ae present two-thirds of the averag tree is wasted before the wood is pt to use,” said C. P. Winslow, Director of t United States Forest Products Laborator in an address at a recent meeting of | Madison Section of the Society of Amer can Foresters. “Without doubt, a consi¢ erable part of this waste can be used,” h added, “and it is the function of fore products research to develop every possib new use, within the limits of the financi: resources available for such work. better utilization also has a vital rel to the practice of forestry on private land by making possible a greater net return pé acre, thus making continuous producti of private forests more financially attractiy than at present.” Among the new uses | wood now being developed which may ha profound effect upon future forest produ tion, Mr. Winslow mentioned the use « “built-up” wood, in which small pieci wood are guled together into parts of various shapes and sizes, wh can be made just as strong and use an equal amount of solid wood. The creasing uses of laminated wood make reasonable to assume that many of the ests of the future can be profitably cut an earlier age than at present with m closer utilization of the trees grown, tf! naturally increasing the financial r per acre. The greater utilization of woot waste and wood in the smaller sizes fo chemical products and paper pulp was given as a fertile field for research. __ amin: my FORESTERS TEST WIRELESS — PHONES , RELIMINARY tests of the wire Service, United States Department Agriculture, in the vicinity of Po Oregon, lead to the belief that this inven- tion can be utilized extensively in the National Forests, especially in fire-p tion work. While it is recognized th there are conditions limiting wireless tele- phone transmission, the results so far ar pronounced very satisfactory. One of the sets used in the tests wai installed on Mount Hood, Oregon, where the problem of providing a satisfactory support for the antennae was a difficult one, since a mast was needed which would be strong enough to resist the 70 or 80 mile gales that sweep the mountains. At the same time the mast had to be light — enough for the men to be able to raise and. lower it before and after sleet storms. A 50-foot bamboo pole was finally selected as the support. { In the telephone conversations between | the sets, some of which were 10 miles apart, the voice carried very clearly and was about as loud as over a wire line. Telegraph signals from many stations scattered over the continent were picked — up. On Mount Hood they often w). loud as to be audible in any part ee cabin. - AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL NOTES IDAHO FOREST SCHOOL HE Associated Foresters of the Univer- sity of Idaho Forest School held their annual banquet March 10, at Mos- , Idaho. Forty members and their uests were present, among the latter be- ng President E. H. Lindley, of the Univer- sity of Idaho; A. D. Decker and Donald fates, of the Potlatch Lumber Company, of Potlatch, Idaho, and Major F. A, Fenn, shief of the office of lands in District 1 of United States Forest Service at Mis- Montana. Prof. C. Edward Behre d as toastmaster. Mr. Decker spoke “The Practice of Forestry by Private Owners,” and expressed the opinion that rogress along this line could not be suc- cessfully secured by mandatory legislation, it that the solution of the national for- st problem lay along co-operative lines. President Lindley, of the University of idaho, talked upon “The Spirit of the For- ester.” Mr. A. S. Daniels, president of the sociated Foresters of the University of daho, outlined the history, activities and iims of the forest club. Mr. Yates, in dis- uissing the logged-off land problem, out- ned an idea for removing and utilizing he waste material on logged-off land for ricultural development by a stock com- any undertaking the production of fuel- yood, resinous by-products and pulp for 1e utilization of the material now. de- toyed. He believes that, although no one f these industries can be profitably con- icted on the supply of raw material from ut-o land at present, that an enter- ise which undertook all at the some time vould succeed. Mr. H. W. Staples, of the class of the Idaho Forest School, on airplane fire patrol, basing his : on experience gained as lieutenant the United States Air Service during the ar. Mr. H. W. May, a United States For- St ranger, pointed out the advantage to the d man in coming to the University of tho for the short course. Major F. A. enn spoke upon his work with the Forest vice in developing the recreational uses ‘the National Forests. Major Fenn has he distinction of being one of the first six to attend a public school in Idaho and has been in the United States rest Service for over 20 years. Some of e interesting incidents of the early days the Forest Service related by Major Fenn a revelation to those who knew the ervice only from its present stage lopment and prestige. ¥ 0 " a YALE FOREST SCHOOL HE Fourth Annual Convention of the Intercollegiate Association of Forestry Clubs was held recently in New Haven, under the auspices of Yale, the present President Club. The meeting was in every way a distinct success, and owing to the number of Yale alumni present the occa- sion partook of the nature, of a reunion. The meeting adopted insignia for the Asso- ciation, provided for a quarterly publica- tion to be issued by the president club, and elected the University of California as president for the coming year. The next convention will accordingly be held in Berkeley. The speakers and the subjects. of their talks were: “The Profession of Forestry,” Prof. H. H. Chapman, New Haven, Con- necticut; “How Can the Forester Help the Lumberman?” T. L. Bristol, Ansonia, Con- necticut; “The Work of the Consulting Forester,” J. T. Rothery, New York city; “The Undergraduate Student of Forestry,” J. H. Briscoe, Orono, Maine; “The Stu- dent of Forestry, and State Service,” E. C. Hirst, Concord, New Hampshire; “The Stu- dent of Forestry and Research,” S. T. Dana, Washington, D. C. The speakers at the banquet were: Dean Toumey, Colonel Woolsey (’03), Major Marston (’o2), E. C. Hirst (’09) and Mr. Rogers, of the Indian Forest Service. The Senior Class, fifteen in number, has gone to Urania, Louisiana, for the spring field work. The spring work is in charge of Professors Bryant and Chapman, and will be conducted on a large Southern pine operation on the property of Mr. Henry Hardtner. The location selected for the work this year is familiar ground, as the work with the class of 1918 was conducted on the same property. Dr. H. N. Whitford sailed early in April for six to eight weeks’ field work in ex- amining a tract of timbered land in Dutch Guiana. He is planning to secure a full collection of woods and herbarium material from the region visited. Recent additions to the tropical woods collections at the Yale School of Forestry have brought the total of such woods to nearly 4,000 speci- mens. Representatives of the principal woods of nearly all the South American countries and many other parts of the tropical world are now in this collection. Professor Record, who is classifying these words, is constantly receiving numerous samples from many sources for identifica- tion. Mr. N. M. Matthews, Conservator of Forests for North Borneo, has been a vis- itor at New Haven for the past several days and gave an interesting address be- fore the Forest Club on the evening of March 16. Mr. Matthews is enthusiastic 255 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree surgery and fendecspe work, Forester for the North Shore Park Dis- trict of Seas City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference. Address Box 600, Care American Forestr: Magazine, Washington, D. C. (1.3) YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year’s experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 675, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, Dz. C. (1-8) RECENTLY discharged from U. S. Army, young man wants position with a firm who has use for a_lumber tallyman and inspector. Has a good education, 11 years’ practical experience in lum- ber and can furnish good references. Address Box 880, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. . (3-5-20) ARBORICULTURIST is open to an. engagement to take charge of, or as assistant in City For- estry work, Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field—from planting to expert tree surgery—including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Agent. Technically trained forester, 35 years old. Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of the above positions. For- mer Captain, Field Artillery. Address Box 840, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Position with Lumber Company or Private Concern by technically trained Forester with five years practical experience. Box 820, care American Forestry. A FORESTRY graduate with several years ex- perience in forest work and at present em- ployed along technical and administrative lines desires responsible position with private concern operating in and outside the United States. Address Box 870, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. DISCHARGED SAILOR would like position as assistant forester or a permanent position as surveyor with some lumber company with a chance for advancement. Salary is of secondary consideration. Married, so would have to locate in some small town. Have had four years’ practical experience in general forestry, and some tree surgery. Address Box 900, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C (4-7) POSITIONS OPEN WANTED—Working Assistant Forester for local Forestry Department in connection with forestry work in parks, nursery and landscape planting. Good mppocren tty for ambitious young man not afraid of work. State qualifications, salary ex- pected and references. Address Box 890, care of American Forestry. (3-6-20) WANTED—Man capable of Supervising Slack and Tight Barrel Plant; Purchase and Inspect Cooperage Stocks; Develop Boxes, Crates and other Packages for miscellaneous articles. State experience, salary wanted and references in first letter. Address Box 123, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, a a, an ee SS EE School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho SRNANNOULULLAEREAUAUUHATONLLNNN ET eT ELLELLLeLeLLLEOLCLLCUOCULELLUL PUSH UULNUUUIL ASHEN AANA PUCOUEUETTeLGLNNNnELEEE OTT Te Forestry Training in the Heart of the Rockies The Colorado School of yw ww Forestry “ A Department of Colorado College Colorado Springs, Colorado. Professional Courses tn Technical For- estry, leading to degrees of Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Master of Forestry. Spring and Fall Forestry teaching at Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- ing to the College) and the winter term at Colorado Springs. Write for announcement, giving full in- formation. Your Prospective Customers are listed in our Catalog of 99% guaranteed Mailing Lists, It also contains vital sug- gestions how to advertise and sell profitably by mail, Counts and prices given on 9000 different national Lists, covering all classes; » for instance, Farmers, Noodle Mfrs., Hard- ware Dirs., Zinc Mines, etc. This valua- | ble reference book free. Write for it. ; Send Them Sales Letters You can produce sales or inquiries with personal letters. Many concerns all over U.S, are profitably using Sales Letters we write. Send for free instructive booklet, Value of Sales Letters.” Ross-Gould Mailing RaestS St.Louis , s - .. \aeecaee AMERICAN FORESTRY over the potential resources of Borneo, and looks forward to great developments in that part of the world in the immediate future. He has just returned from London, where he has been instrumental in float- ing a large company for the exploitation of Borneo timber. FORESTERS AID IN SHADE TREE PLANTING OREST Examiner F. S. Baker at a recent meeting of the Society of Inter- mountain Foresters, at Ogden, Utah, com- mented on the street trees of Ogden and other Intermountain towns and pointed out the need for careful study and selection of the trees to be used, and proper care of the trees after they are planted. He stated that the practice which obtains of promis- cuously chopping off the tops of shade trees, apparently with the idea of making them spread in the top and yield more shade, and of course also to make room for wires, is a pernicious one, which civic organizations should take steps toward abolishing. He also urged that each com- munity should formulate a definite plan for the planting of shade and ornamental trees within its limits, and adhere to that plan. He urged the foresters of the Inter- mountain region to actively interest them- selves in this work and in their travels throughout the region to actively assist community leaders in such work. He also urged that careful study of existing situa- tion should be made with a view to secur- ing accurate and complete data on the trees best adapted to the different parts of the Intermountain region, in order that the foresters may be of greater assistance to communities and individuals who are constantly applying for such assistance in developing this community activity. GROWING NATIONAL FOREST RECEIPTS RECEIPTS from the National Forests for the seven months ending January 13, 1920, totaled $1,418,144.18 as against $1,111,321.21 for the same period of the last fiscal year, according to reports to the Forest Service, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. This is an increase of $306,822.97. Timber sales show the larg- est increase, $271,175.42. Water power comes next, with $17,450.54, followed by special uses, $7,600.61 ; and grazing, $7,022.23. FORESTERS FROM INDIA TO COME HERE A representative of the British Govern- ment visited the Forests Products Labora- tory at Madison recently to arrange for a later visit of 12 forest engineers whom England is sending to India to establish a forest policy there and to solve problems of reforestation, wood utilization, etc., in that richly forested country. They will make a tour of the United States in the summer and will spend some time at the Forest Products Laboratory studying meth- ods, tests, etc. . woe MILLION TREES FOR NEBRASKi MORE than a million trees from” Bessey Nursery at Halsey, Nebras! have been distributed among 5,080 peo by the Forest Service, United States D partment of Agriculture, since 1912. Th receiving the trees are residents of Kinkaid enlarged homestead district, z ‘Sp cial provision in the act creating this trict having provided that the re should be entitled to receive trees the Forest Service. Recently steps been taken to get the largest benefit f the distribution of trees by arranging the county agents in the districts to rec applications for trees, to assist in plant trees, and to make annual reports re; ing ‘the condition of trees coming ¥ their notice. * FORESTRY LECTURES F TEACHERS THE school children of Denver ar joying special opportunities to much of value regarding pract problems. A local representative Forest Service of the United | partment of Agriculture is giving a si of lectures on subjects relating to to 200 Denver school teachers — turn, pass on the information — classes. The lectures are illust: deal with fire protection in the for est improvement, grazing, tree game preservation and similar to of a somewhat similar characte being carried on by a forest r Portland, Oregon, who has arranged talks to the Boy Scout troops in his vic! os CREOSOTE SOFTWOOD POST: THE present high prices of fence pt make it necessary to find someth cheaper that can be found near Professor G. B. McDonald of the department at Iowa State Coll: ge. found that softwood posts when tres with some preservative will last as 1 as the hard wood posts and the only pense is the work of cutting and the pi servative used. ‘a Posts to be treated must be peeled seasoned. An unseasoned post will — take the creosote well and after seas ing in the ground wide cracks open deeper than the preservative penetra and decay will start. | FOR A FOREST POLICY li At the recent annual meeting of & ~~ Western Retail Lumbermen’s Asso tion resolutions as follows were adopt “That the Governors and Representatit in Congress of the Western States be a to assist in bringing about legislatio formulate a broad national policy of reforestation of denuded areas in- he States. om “That the plan for the establishment ¢ field posts in the National Forests be en dorsed and that Congress be urged to pro= vide a reserve line-of defense for Fores Service patrols.” ae > 20 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor May 1920 ‘. ar enone 5 This is “just a waterfall in a Colorado forest,” and ait proves that a waterfall need not be a Niagara to be interesting and pleasing. nn nn nn CONTENTS VoL. 26, No. 317 The Convention of the Birds and Trees—By Mary Lee Hawley........ 258 Haitorial- Departenesc wasaies ok sie aS sss c awe cde s de vay ores bees 259 California Forests and Forestry—By T. D. Woodbury................ 262 With eight illustrations. ‘Washington's Sigs vcamoretesc. nace out te ohh taste catenccedepen 267 With one illustration. Recreation in the Forests—By Arthur H. Carhart..................... 268 With ten illustrations. Among the Trilliums—By Bessie L. Putnam...................000005 272 Nature Studies in Small Areas—By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt.............. 273 With eight illustrations. In Memoriam—Poem by S. A. White........ 0.0... c elec cece cc eeeeeees 278 The Loon—Poem by Lew Sarett........2.. ccc. cc ese ccaceweneccvcees 279 Spring on the Marshes—By A. A. Allen.............. ccc cue c eee ceuees 279 With nine illustrations. Old Loving Cup Carved of Wood... 2...) 5... cs cee ce cece wewetece esas 483 With one illustration. Hall of Fama Sows roun. ee iis cardia ee ia eC a MFO aod nds 284 With six illustrations. The Wild Flower Garden—By Bessie L. Putnam...:..0............... 288 With five illustrations. Trees—Poem by Theodosia Garrison.............0-0eeceeeeeeuee Be 290 Civilization’s Highways............6...e.see0es Honore SWAN Masa ss tes 291 With four illustrations. The American Legion for Memorial Trees...................-...0055 295 With two illustrations. , An Appreciation of Colonel Graves............20. cece cee ee een eeeeees 297 An Unusual Young Eucalyptus—By Abbot Kinney................... 298 With one illustration. Seeds for Graaperuein var. e ttiee cw eh +p taias ors fee de so inet saa eae 298 Forestry, Livestock and Cut Over Lands of the South—By Thomas P; Ivy’... Spee ea ance oa ieee s cet eee a clef Bienes Seis hls oe Me whe ve 299 With six illustrations. Forestry Editpceminbeeeees eat chats cones eae te ae hs vis vale o slings « 0\0 wa cleatiere’s 303 National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees............6...cceceececeeeeeees 304 Build Roads of Remembrance................ceeceecceee ene eenceeeenen 305 Polson Ivy, Wormer MUA corny ce orca eee 5 pe cic ecrdiejaivre Oly = Bale ee Red nels 806 With two illustrations. Insects and Diseases which Injure Trees..............0--:ecebeveeees 308 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson...............2.6seeeeeaee 310 State Newslasane Mite Oe ne LORS aS Hines 6 kG we Wale siolsinota sos tp 312 Book Revictemoat asa cr taed athe Se vais cionidiae mon caw se shies pieldee oo 316 Forest SchOoremiesee series be ie ve lyile es cae av tena cite deevinaes 318 Bouquets .cpeaptew say nt gistan ens kanay sclera day sie kona itiyaiten dienes» 319 Fe, A; ShermigaebeWmrOve a nia s ae lek e eosin. Craad ae je able Bola cata sik biel s eislasers@ 319 Forestry Scholarships. ... 0.00. jc. sc eseten sense cecedeceeeeceeveneseneee 320 Publication Office, 522 East Street, Baltimore, Md. Headquarters Office, Maryland Building, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by, the American Forestry Association. Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. he" ell ie Eee ee ee ee ae ae ee - , THE CONVENTION OF THE BIRDS AND TREES BY MARY LEE HAWLEY ITTLE friends, do you think Fathers and Mothers and People decide everything? They say January L first is the beginning of the New Year, but long ago the birds called a convention and said it was — absurd—they would not have it so. You know Mr, Bluejay? Well, he was in the chair and all the lady birds were allowed to speak, for the birds believe in Equal Suffrage. M ADAME Woodpecker said too many times Mother Nature had come out on January first and looked about, only to sneeze and turn back. She had all she could do to keep her baby buds wrapped and warm until April first. This they all declared was New Year’s day—and would be forever. January first? Bah! HE trees held a convention too; and you know they can shiver, bow, beckon and sigh, but they cannot move about. So in payment for summer quarters, the birds act as their messengers. Each year they select a queen for Arbor Day and there is much excitement about their choice. It is just like your May Day queen, you know. In 1872 a man from Nebraska originated Arbor Day and a million trees were planted that first year. J. Sterling Morton set a great value on trees and he was right. HE oldest and largest living thing is a Sequoia tree in California, named for Gen. Sherman. The second oldest and largest grows nearby, and is named for Gen. Grant. The former was a baby sap- | ling over 3,000 years ago, when Moses lived. el ie S° the trees may well boast, but their queen will not be chosen from these this year, for an awful thing has happened, and since the war, the question will be decided as to who gave the most. T HE big forces of any war, of course, are ammunition and food. Do you know what the third one was in this? WOOD; and wood means trees. The birds joined the Allies at the beginning to guard the crops that the soldiers should have plenty of wheat, corn, oats, etc. They are so happy to think they helped that they have been earlier than usual this year in flying about as messengers for the trees. Each tree whispers her own reason for thinking she ought to be queen, and if we only understood, we would hear the birds as they go about electioneering. A Meda Sitka Spruce expects to be chosen this year. She says, “Airplanes won the war. In all the Western Hemisphere, they had to come to this little ribbon of land, beginning in Northern California and continuing through Oregon, Washington, and the islands and mainland of British Columbia.” HE Southern Pine, who has given an average of 4,300,000 feet for each army camp, thinks she has a right to reign as queen. She made it comfortable and sweet for our soldier boys, when they were first taken from their homes. Many birds boost the fruit trees. “For,” they say, “do you not remember last year, how the pits were called for, to be used in ammunition? And their fruit filled cans to feed the world? Beside, they are so pretty and entice us to sit in their branches while we watch for the right moment to swoop down on our enemy—the chinch bug.” B UT listen to the Oak’s plea. “We furnished the railroad ties, without which our boys could not have been transported and many, many carloads were shipped to France from the Ozarks of Missouri. We also helped to build the ships. | Pep Miss Jenny Wren speaks up for the Maple. “You have not forgotten the sugar shortage and how much sweetness the maples give.” The Cedars were not to be overlooked. “Think of the pen- cils! The red heart of the cedars went for these.” The Buckeye and Cork-Wood from the St. Francis River in Missouri and Arkansas said to put them down for reconstruction work. Wooden legs must take the place of those that were lost. But the wise and solemn old owl, when he waked. up and heard the discussion, said “Hush!” CCTINHE Black Walnut wili be chosen queen, not by the birds and trees, but by the people and the President of the United States. He sent the Boy Scouts out to mark them and they paid the supreme sacrifice. Their wood went into gun-stocks and every soldier carried a gun. With these they _ defended themselves and defeated the Hun. And because they were carried into the thick of battle; be- cause they are shell-shocked, gassed and too stricken to say a word for themselves, do you not agree, one and all, that this year, the Black walnut should be made the Queen on Arbor Day? ND, agreeing, the birds twittered away with the story, “It is fitting that the Black Walnut shall be the Peace Tree for generations to come.” , —— Te. ce are rig ~ AMERICAN es ae I ee LL VOL. XXVI THROM fe MAY 1920 HNN EDITORIAL FORESTRY | NO. 317 EY RANCE has had a well defined forest policy for over a hundred years. The United States is now begin- to wake up to the fact that one is needed here. hat a forest policy has meant to France is indicated in in extract from a letter sent by Leo W. Myers, an Ameri- 1 forester in France, to Professor J. W. Toumey, of le, which says: “It is only with the acceptance of id forest policy as practised by European countries, therein the perpetual production stabilizes the prices, a permanent forest trade can successfully develop permanent lines. There is no greater concrete ex- le of ecomomic gain in the acceptance of a rigid licy than that of the French forests. The writer, hav- ng served as an officer in the American Engineer Corps cutting in the French forests and later making an in- WHAT A FOREST POLICY HAS MEANT TO FRANCE vestigative economic study of European lumber prob- lems, is in a position after more than two years in Europe to realize the lumber conditions. It is with full knowl- edge of the facts that it is said that France supplied the Allied Armies for five years with construction lumber from the southern pineries, the Pyrenees mountains, the fir and spruce forests of the Jura and Vosges and the hardwood forests of the Midi. France is likewise at the present day supplying lumber in sufficient quantities to take the place of American lumber that, would, under more normal conditions, have been imported. American lumber men should accept the forest policy that begins ° with the growing seed so that it will insure a permanent production.” a land is, ordinarily, in this country taxed annually the same as any other property. This s a hardship on the timber owner, who gets an only when the timber is cut. It often forces . to cut before maturity because additional taxes will “eg all his profit. In case the timber is burned, he -a double loss, the loss of his ultimate income and e loss of taxes paid to the State on timber which he er harvests. following application of the law in the. State of shows where it is unjust and why private indi- s cannot hold land for the growing of timber : The average assessed valuation of timber lands n Weber county, Utah, is $4.00 per acre. The assess- nent is 14 mills on the dollar. In 100 years this tax, smpounded at 3 per cent annually, amounts to $36.51 com TAXING FOREST LAND per acre, requiring at least twelve thousand board feet per acre (stumpage value of $3.00 per thousand) to meet taxes alone. The United States is practically the only large nation which has not made reforms in its timber tax laws. Six States—Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan—have made some advance, the Connecticut and Massachusetts’ laws being by far the best. The latter provides for a ground tax on bare land paid annually, and an income tax, paid when the timber reaches maturity. This law is prac- tically ideal, better even than an income tax alone paid when the timber is cut, since the latter would not protect the public treasury in case an owner held his timber indefinitely for speculative values. ULLY 60 per cent of the land area of New England z is forested and this percentage has increased during ne last 30 years. In spite of its early settlement and el latively dense population, which is 106 inhabitants per jare mile, and for the three southern states 360 per fare mile, New England still remains a wooded region. est, waterpower .and agricultural lands constitute FUTURE FOREST POLICY FOR NEW ENGLAND her principal natural resources. Lumbering, under which wood for pulp is the most important single product, manufacturing, agricultural pursuits and the business built around the summer tourist and sportsman form the four leading industries. These are all interésted in the forest resources. Lumbering is directly dependent upon the forests for ee ie ee oe ee its existence, which is threatened unless forestry be prac- ticed. Under regulated management the lumber industry could draw an inexhaustible supply from the forests. Manufacturing may secure its raw materials from the forest, or use wood in shipping its products or utilize for power purposes waterpowers dependent for their constancy upon preservation of the forest cover. | Agricultural land throughout most sections of New England is intermixed in relatively small areas with forest land. Under such circumstances agriculture must be com- bined with forestry in order to realize the highest returns. Thousands of acres of agricultural larids have been left idle because of the exhaustion locally of the forest re- source and the consequent departure of the lumbermen who furnish the farmer his market. AMERICAN FORESTRY The revenue annually derived from fishing, hunting and the summer business reaches a large total and is the chief cash income of many communities. An attractive — forest cover is an important item in hoping and increas-_ ing this business. ie When fully appreciative of the part in their prosperity which the forest resource has played, and is capable of playing in the future, the people of New England will demand one of two things—or both—namely : ie That the great majority of the forest lands be p chased and managed by the federal or state governments; or, that such restrictions be placed upon private own of forest lands as will, while utilizing, perpetaster ti forest resources. “i FOREST INVESTIGATIONS NECESSARY | Te ees state is concerned in and affected by the en- denavor to establish more forest experiment sta- tions. These stations will make it possible to secure in- formation by forest investigations, which will result in increasing the timber production on forest lands. Con- gress has been asked for appropriations to establish such stations in New Hampshire, North Carolina, Florida, Minnesota and California. These are not alone for the benefit of the states in which they are to be located if the appropriations are granted, but for all the states near them. This phase of the situation is commented upon by the Lowell, Massachusetts, Sun which, after commend-. ing the association’s efforts for the establishment of a -best lumber or the best woodpulp. Give us the experi- forest experiment station in the White Mountain Nat Hon Forest says: “But it is important that such an experime should help Massachusetts and Rhode Island as — New Hampshire. There is a vast extent of waste that might profitably be used for raising timber. ; present, it is left to Nature to raise her own crop with out any assistance. The young trees from seeds blown by” the wind are not always the kind that will produce the ment station to show us how to restore our vanishing: forests and to supply lumber enough to meet our needs 4 of construction.” . NEWSPAPER EDITORIALS ON FORESTRY | ia the working out of the campaign for a forest policy which shall result in a definite program for perpetuat- ing our forests the American Forestry Association has found editors of newspapers keenly alive to the impor- tance of the movement. They have been most liberal in giving space in their news columns and feature pages and have followed such publicity by forceful editorial utter- ances. Among the recent editorials is a notable one in the Providence (R. I.) Journal which says: There is an appealing sentiment in the plan of the American Forestry Association for planting American trees on the battlefields of France in memory of the American soldiers who lost their lives in the war with Germany, and official acceptance of the offer by the French Government insures the carrying out of one of the finest memorials yet proposed. The plan is unusual in that it has a practical value; the devastated parts of France are greatly in need of reforestation, and aid from America will facilitate the work of preparing the damage done by the armies of the invaders in the regions of the Aisne, the Oise, the Ardennes and the Somme. France always has taken the best of care of her forests, ‘aid extended now is doubly valuable—no time should be but the war-time spoilation of its timber has subjected the country to a loss that can hardly be calculated. Any lost in sending oak, ash, poplar, fir and other American trees to France. This memorial, besides bringing the French and Ameri-_ can peoples into closer relations, should revive interest in the subject of reforestation in the United States. Much can be learned from the operations of the forestry depart- ment of France, particularly in the line of providing an uninterrupted supply of timber. The operations of ~ American lumbermen so far as the future is concerned 7 have been hardly less destructive than that of the German ~ armies in France. America has vast areas suitable for the cultivation of timber; what is needed is the co- operation of Federal and State Governments and the owners of the land. When timber is regarded as a crop there will be no scarcity of lumber. The shortage here is the result of failure to profit by the centuries of ex- perience of the nations of Europe in setting out new trees wherever the mature growth was cut for the market. It” may be added that there are opportunities for memorial. forests in the United States as well as in France. e | | | a1. ere “FARM owners are slowly waking to the fact that their _* woodlands are an asset instead of a liability. Their 200,000,000 acres—well on to 40 per cent of the total imbered area of the United States today—must be made do their part by adding to their owner’s income, and country’s wealth. _ What do owners desire of their woodlands? Many are looking at the esthetic side and are beginning tealize the extent to which woodland adds to the of the farming country, and to the desirability of living. To a very considerable extent, these and their neighbors— can “eat their cake, and it, too,” for the forester can show them how to st their timber crop, and yet preserve the external reneral appearance of the piece of woodland. A large number appreciate as never before the relation stween the permanence of springs and streams and the e of a woodland cover. But here again the for- ster can help the farmer by showing him how he may ut his timber crop and yet protect the water resources of his farm. The shelterbelt or windbreak of mid-western farms is vel recognized as a highly desirable feature and in any cases, as essential to the farmer’s proper develop- But farmers of other parts of the country as ell place a high value on the protection against the ind furnished by their woodlands. All such can and nould call on the forester to show them how they may AMERICAN FORESTRY FARM WOODLANDS AN ASSET ea pie ete eb 261 harvest the timber crop, and yet continue to enjoy the greatest measure of protection. Other farm owners, may desire a cover for small game or a cover to prevent erosion with its ruinous effects upon lower-lying lands. The assistance which can be rendered the farm owner in this connection is obvious. And last, but not least, comes the farm owner’s pro- duction of timber, maple sugar, or some other forest product, for his own needs or for sale. He need only inquire the retail price of very ordinary lumber today to learn that there is money in it for some one. Practi- cally all forest products are selling well. The growing of timber for sale or use is a coming business. In connection with this whole question it appears that— The treatment given by the farmer to his woodland affects the well-being of the country. Only a small percentage of farm woodland owners today realize what possibilities exist in their woodlands. Farm woodland owners will sooner or Jater be expected by the general public to so manage their lands that they can actually contribute to the country’s forest products. The farm woodland owner should look to the federal government and the state government to provide the necessary technical assistance. The machinery now exists in the Smith-Lever Act. Funds and technical assistance will be forthcoming when woodland owners in great enough numbers make their needs known through their County Farm Bureaus. U DER the above headline the Birmingham, Alabama, News has a forceful editorial based upon informa- mn sent out by the publicity department of the American forestry Association to the newspapers of the United es in the campaign to secure a national forest policy. most wide-awake editors, the editor of the News s the vital need for perpetuating our forests. In ial he says: American Forestry Association calls, attention he fact that the forest fires in this country burn ten om the area of devastated France every year. Using lat terrific fact as a text, Charles Lathrop Pack, presi- nt of the Association, preaches a powerful sermon on sigan need for a national forest policy. = explains why the penny newspaper and the two- newspaper are things of the past. He sees in the lual depletion of American forestry an actual menace ‘education. Some of his recent utterances are alarming, id the data, carefully gathered, confirm the opinion idly spreading that unless the United States buckles , to forest conservation, not only will newsprint be- ,. but agriculture must inevitably suffer. ease in the use of newsprint has been 200 per cent y years, and the population has increased 70 nt. That means a great reading public and a more ( reading public. Ten years ago, President Pack ¢ =e - Se id ae, rm SOME TERRIFIC FACTS ABOUT FOREST DEVASTATION points out, the United States produced its entire supply of pulp wood, but now two-thirds of it is imported. This means freight rates to be added to the purchase price. Here are some of the points touching the problem as tabulated by the American Forestry Association. “The use of pulp wood in the manufacture of news- print paper has been developed only in the last 50 years. Of all the paper used in the United States 22 per cent is used by the newspapers. “Before the war newsprint paper sold for about 2 cents a pound; now it sells in large quantities for 5 cents a pound, and in small quantities up to 10 cents a pound. “Dependence upon foreign supplies of pulpwood for newsprint means that we will be at the mercy of foreign manufacturers as to prices. “All exports of pulpwood for Newfoundland and from the crown lands in Canada have been prohibited. “But the conservation of timber for newsprint purposes is even less important than the conservation of forestry for the making of homes for human beings to live in. And while the Forestry Association states that most of the pulpwood for newsprint is obtained from New Eng- land and the Lake States, there seems no reason what- ever for the Southern States further to neglect this oppor- tunity for creating a great new and profitable industry,” eee ee CALIFORNIA FORESTS AND FORESTRY BY T. D. WOODBURY ASSISTANT DISTRICT FORESTER, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA NHE outstanding characteristics of California forests is individuality. The monarch Bigtree (sequoia washingtoniana) once, without doubt, widely dis- tributed, has found its sole suitable sanctuary in the protected recesses of the Sierra Nevada. Here, and here only; has this giant been able to win a permanent victory over inclement nature. The deformed and fire-scarred trunks of individuals of this species furnish a unique record of a two thousand year struggle for exist- ence, the scientific study of which has opened a new page in clim atological history. The little big brother of the Big- tree—the commer- cial redwood (sequoia sempervi- rens) has found our fog-belt, a nar- row zone about twenty-five miles wide along the shores of the Pa- cific from the Ore- gon line to Monte- rey Bay, to its liking, and is. of no importance out- side of this terri- tory. Sugar pine (pi- nus lambertiana), that Pacific Coast aristocrat of the genus, has found only in California conditions suitable for maximum de- velopment, al- though it has wandered feebly across the state line into inhospitable territory in a few localities. This sturdy tree, clean and symmetrical, lends distinction and distinctiveness to our forests, throughout the whole length of the state, bring- ing joy alike to nature lovers because of its beauty and to lumbermen because of its high quality, which has a very pleasing effect on the bank balance. Incense cedar (libocedrus decurrens) the coming wood for pencil manufacture, is also a “native son.” While 920 GROUP OF SUGAR PINES, SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA not as impressive as either the Bigtree or sugar pine, its wide distribution and enhancing value have secured for it a permanent and increasingly important position in the forests of this state, Several tree species of less commercial significance also exhibit the same fondness for California. Among these is the Monterey pine (pinus radiata) which confines itself to a very restricted territory on Monterey Bay, and that dwarfed, gnarled tree re- cluse, the Torrey pine (pinus tor- reyana). The few sole survivors of this latter species are to be found on the coast near San Diego, where they are waging a losing fight with the winds of the Pacific. The commercial, or merchantable forests of Cali- fornia: cover about twenty million acres, or roughly, one-fifth of the total area. There are three rather broad, distinct for- est regions, the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, which skirts the two large central valleys of the state on their eastern edge, the northern coast range, which embraces the for- ested portion of the coast range from Lake County through Trinity and Siskiyou Counties northward to the Oregon line and the Redwood belt, which lies between the coast range and the Pacific Ocean from Monterey Bay to above Crescent City. In the Sierra Nevada belt, sugar and western yellow — pine predominate in mixture with the Douglas, white and California red firs and incense cedar. On the eastern slope of these mountains sugar pine is much less abundant than on the western slope and \. SUGAR PINE BURNED OUT - Forests. CALIFORNIA FORESTS AND FORESTRY jeffrey pine replaces yellow pine to a considerable extent. The Northern Coast Range forests are distinguished from those of the Sierra Nevada by the larger percent- age of Douglas fir in the mixed stands and by large pure stands of this species. The redwood belt is composed of practically pure red- wood, although in some localities the Douglas fir in mixture is of considerable importance. These three regions contain at present approximately three hundred million feet of merchantable timber, about AT BASE, - apraias IN TO PREVENT FUTURE FIRES FROM REACHING BURN oe SHOWING FRESH DIRT one-third governmentally owned and largely within eighteen National Forests. Of the remaining two-thirds im private ownership about 65 per cent is within the pine belt and the remainder is pared There is no It is all pirate owned. During recent years the annual cut of California mills has ranged around one and a quarter billion feet, less "than eight per cent of which has been derived from the _ National Forests. ‘unfamiliar with the tendencies in the lumber industry On this basis it might appear to one that the virgin timber in this state would not be exhausted for at least two centuries. However, it can readily be _ shown that such is not the case. Tt has been stated on good authority that the southern ) pine region, which has for many years supplied a large >) Part of the lumber demand in the central west and in the ast, will be exhausted within twelve years and that 263 seventy-five per cent of the mills in that region will be cut out within seven years. California has the only other large remaining supply of pine. It is therefore natural to suppose that the pine operators of the south will be attracted toward California forests. Several recent - stumpage transactions tend to give color to this belief. In addition, owners of tracts of forest land that have long lain dormant are also indicating activity and estab- lished mill operators are making vigorous efforts to increase their output. It is therefore anticipated that the cut from California forests will double within five years and treble within eight years. One of the largest operators in the state has predicted an even more rapid rate of cutting. It appears probable that the virgin for- ests of the state will be substantially cut over within the next fifty to sixty years. Now while sixty years is an ample period for organ- izing and regulating a human community, it is much less ee ee AREA AND THE DAMAGE DONE BY THE MARSH RE. PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA than a generation in a forest community. Causes follow effects just as inexorably in one as in the other however, and “reform waves” are occasionally necessary and help- ful in both. The civic reformer usually lives to see his theories tested, proven, modified or discarded, while the forest reformer, fortunately or not, rarely has this satis- faction. It seems to follow logically that the forester has the more difficult task and, since they cannot be quickly and effectively modified, should test his theories more carefully before applying them. Marked progress in all lines of endeavor appears to 264 AMERICAN be periodic rather than continuous. General interest in forest problems is quickening in California as well as elsewhere. A forest “reform wave” is in the making. Many are asking the questions: “Is the forested area of our country being managed so as to ensure us an adequate perpetual supply of timber?” “If not, what action is necessary in order to accomplish this?” Our President is asking this question. My reply for Cali- fornia is emphatically “No” to the first question, and to the second, “Better protection and regulation.” These replies are too brief and too stereotyped to convey much meaning without further explanation. We have seen that about two-thirds of the timber in the state is in private hands and that ninety-two per cent of the cut is derived from private holdings. It is therefore clear that at present the public is much more STAND OF YELLOW PINE AFTER COMPLETION OF LOGGING OPERATIONS. STANISLAUS NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA vitally interested in the methods employed by private operators than in those used on the National Forests. The National Forest practice may be described briefly. The timber cut is closely utilized. Refuse is piled Dead and diseased trees are felled to reduce fire danger and prevent infection. and burned. The immature trees, which usually make up about twenty per cent of the stand over twelve inches in diameter at breast height, are reserved and a reasonable degree of care is exercised to oe ee ee ee FORESTRY protect these young trees, as well as the smaller growth, from logging injury. These measures tend to improve the forest. In the main, satisfactory reproduction of valuable species is being secured on cut-over areas within the National Forests and the prospects for a second cut of from 5M to 15M per acre within fifty to seventy-five years are excellent, provided fire is kept out. The fire hazard is excessive on areas where logging is going on. This is due to the use of locomotives and steam machin- LARGE YELLOW PINE 8 INCHES IN DIAMETER. SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA ery and all too frequently the practices outlined above are nullified by fire. More money which would enable the Forest Service to secure adequate modern equipment and adequate trained forces of men, is seriously needed. Equally necessary is the attainment and standardization of successful fire fighting technique. The Forest Service has been strangely slow in initiating scientific studies of fire protection and suppression problems, but such studies are now underway, and give great future promise. Since the lumberman’s object is to convert trees into boards as economically as possible, and since the above outlined forestry practices add about 80 cents per M to operating costs, it is not surprising that we do not find them widely prevalent on privately owned land. ’The increasing demand for California forest products has, however, stimulated close utilization, and in this respect just now, there is but little difference between the lumberman’s and the forester’s methods. Stumps are generally 24 inches or less in height and tops are closely utilized. The white fir and cedar in mixed stands, which but a few years ago could not be logged at a profit and were there- fore frequently left, are now being generally taken out of the woods with the other species. When we pass beyond the utilization phase, however, we quickly find the lumber- man and the forester sepa- rating to follow widely di- verging roads in the prac- tice of harvesting the forest crop. Ninety per cent of the timber in California must be logged with steam machinery because of the rough charac- ter of the ground surface. This type of logging, even when regulated by the use of blocks, shear logs, and well planned logways which are the practices followed on pub- lic land, is very destructive to young growth. On private land, where no regulation Whatever is practiced, it is’ often disastrous. Economy demands that when a log has been started for the landing it should get there without delay en route. more in diame- ter yield a right - of - way. Is it to be won- dered, there- fore, that on the average pri- vate logging job the few young trees be- low profitable cutting size and the reproduc- tion are left, after their con- test with steam machinery, in about the same condition as Kansas wheat after a cy- clone? The for- ester’s basis for CALIFORNIA FORESTS AND FORESTRY BULL PINES AND MILLED AREA, SHOWING LACK OF SEED TREES. When a 12x14 donkey engine grabs a big sugar pine butt log with-a heavy wire cable, it is Surprising to see how quickly even trees 24 inches or ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA 265 fifty years is conspicuous by its absence. This is descrip- tion, not criticism, Everyone admits that, from a public standpoint, such conditions are unfortunate. Criticism will not improve these condi- tions. When the public gets ready to pay for improve- ment in methods, either di- rectly or indirectly, the meth- ods will be improved—not before. The cost will not be great and the dividends will be large. Adequate fire protection of all strictly forest land has rightly been an important part of the creed of Cali- fornia foresters. By “ade- quate fire protection” I mean a brand of protection in which every effort is exert- ed to keep all forms of fire out of true forest areas— the kind we are attempting to apply to National Forest lands in California, Lumber- men and timberland owners hold divergent views regard- ing fire protection. A few do not consider any form of protection worth while, a few really subscribe to the For- est Service practice. More pretend to. The majority, how- ever, are believers in some form of controlled burning. «a. The lumber- f man’s lack of interest in complete forest protection is attributable to three principal factors: the damage done to the merchant- able timber, by a typical Cali- fornia forest “ fire is not spec- tacular; the young growth which is large- ly destroyed by the typical fire and typical log- ging method is not market- SHOWING HOW FIRE GOT AWAY FROM DONKEY ENGINE IN CUT-OVER FOREST. STANDING a second cut in TIMBER, WHITE FIR, ALL KILLED. SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA able ; the young 266 AMERICAN growth increases the fire hazard in virgin stands, California timber stands are not dense as a rule. Top fires, which destroy the mature trees over a considerable area, are therefore rare. erally consists in the burning down of an occasional tree and the scarring of others. This damage is not impres- sive, although by a careful study of representative areas the Forest Service has shown that it amounts to about $2.50 per acre—really a material drain on the forests. Broadly speaking, cut over lands in California are only salable for grazing purposes at present. Young timber decreases The damage done by fire gen- the grazing capaci- ty of an area and therefore detracts from its sale value in the eyes of pres- ent purchasers. virgin timber also produce revenue from graz- ing and here again the young timber growth fills up the grassy openings in the forest and is a detriment from the Areas. of grazer’s viewpoint. Foresters are compelled to admit that the young growth in a virgin forest and on cut- over lands _ in- creases the fire hazard for a time, but if the public ac- cepts the viewpoint that this is a suffi- cient reason for countenancing the burning of this young growth, our national forestry will program re ceive a severe set- back. Practical ob- servers contend that young growth in a forest has no value because it hécomes so suppressed by the shade that it cannot recover when freed. Foresters have proven that this is not the case. We know from careful studies that in an open pine forest a large part of the young growth recovers its full growing power within three years after the removal of*the mature timber and that the presence of young trees well distributed on a cut-over area assures a continuous forest cover and decreases our cutting rotation from ten to thirty years— the usual length of time required to secure satisfac- TIMBER SALE AREA IN PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA. TIMBER CUT—SUGAR AND YELLOW PINE ee eS FORESTRY tory natural reproduction from seed trees after cutting. California lumbermen, then, not appreciating the in- conspicuous damage done to mature timber by forest ground fires and regarding the young growth in the forest only as a menace to the mature timber, are very much inclined to regard such fires with complaisance. The public problem is to change this attitude in order to secure maximum continuous forest productivity. About 40,000 acres of private timberland are being cut over every year in the state. Through inability to capitalize the forest values remaining after cutting, these values are being depreciated greatly by fire and destruc- tive logging meth- ods. In my opin- ion this condition should be remedied by federal legisla- tion requiring tim- ber operators to protect young growth both from the effect of de- structive lo g g ing and from fire to a reasonable degree. The small expense involved in this should be regarded as a legitimate part of operating cost. This increased ex- penditure would naturally be re- flected. then in a crease in selling price and the bene- ficiaries, the con- suming public, would pay the bill. This is as it should W ithout blanket federal legislation, IT see no way in which this needed protection can be secured for the country as a whole. It is also desirable that all lumbermen should be placed on the same competi- tive basis which can only be accomplished by national, rather than local, regulation. Legislation which would enable the government to acquire private cut-over lands would promote the pro- tection of young growth on such lands, provided the public officials charged with their appraisal based their valuation quite largely upon the condition of these areas. Such action, however, would only be a partial remedy ALL MARKED RESERVED corresponding in- . be, it seems to me.. eis ee ee ee AMERICAN for present unsatisfactory conditions. Two-thirds of the timber in California is in private. hands and is being cut without regulation. The state now has a population of about three million people which con- sumes about three billion feet of lumber annually, or about one thousand feet board measure per person. A careful study of the subject indicates a population of over seven million in 1969, by which time the private forests will have been largely cut-over, and will not yet have produced a second crop of merchantable timber, thus increasing the drain on the public forests. Statistics from the more thickly settled regions of Europe show a decrease in lumber consumption as the supply diminishes and the population increases. California, however, is and will continue to be a great fruit producing state. Fruit producers must have box lumber. The citrus in- dustry alone now requires about 150 million feet of box lumber annually. It is not likely, therefore, that the per capita consumption of lumber will fall below 300 feet during the next fifty years. In 1969 then, California will require at least two billion feet of lumber a year, which it will be necessary and desirable to. furnish largely from the nearest available source—the National Forests. Calculating an annual per acre growth of 300 feet, which from past studies appears conservative, the nine million acres of forest land within the National Forests should be capable of meeting this demand and supplying over half a billion feet for export. While it is conceded that the distribution of the cut from the National Forests of this state will undoubtedly be governed in the future largely by economic laws and that these forests must be regulated for the benefit of both the state and nation, it seems clear that it would be wise and farsighted for organized local agricultural interests to take steps to supply their lumber needs from the nearby National Forests. Such tendencies are in evidence and the first steps in forest regulation that are now being taken here are predicted on the belief that the public forests should meet such local needs continu- ously insofar as is consistent with national welfare. A working plan for an area of about 350,000 acres of forest land in the northeastern part of the state is now being prepared. It is our hope that it will be possible to “manage this forest on a continuous sustained yield basis after a portion of the surplus growing stock has been removed, and that the regulation of this forest will | contribute toward maintaining the stability of the citrus Pir a 4 ~ iadustry. A basic fundamental study of state-wide present and future conditions of population, timber supplies, lumber " Movements, transportation routes, agricultural develop- ment and lumber consumption, is well underway. As a result of this study, we hope to be able to detect the National Forest areas where the future increased demand for forest products will first be felt. This much accom- plished, these areas will be intensively studied and the form of forest management will be introduced which promises to contribute most toward both local and ' National continued prosperity. FORESTRY WASHINGTON’S SICK SYCAMORES ol es Soodaa now distinctly on the sick list, and looking pitiable, indeed, as if they had been transplanted from one of the shell-torn battlefields of France, the big sycamores on Eleventh Street, Washington, D. C.,- are confidently expected to make a splendid recovery and a beautiful showing by the late fall, and next year they will be better than ever before. This is the expert opinion of Mr. Clifford Lanham, the Superintendent of City Trees of Washington, and he has good reason for his confidence, because of his experience with trees similarly treated in previous years. As Mr. Lanham says, the sycamore, or buttonwood, as it is often called, . 267 SYCAMORES UNDER TREATMENT Eleventh Street, in Washington, is lined with sycamores, now presenting a weird and ghastly appearance, causing much comment. They are diseased and have been pruned and treated scientifically, and their ultimate recovery is confidently expected by city tree authorities. will recuperate from the most severe treatment, and the pruning which has been done was absolutely necessary in order to rid the trees of the sycamore louse, and also a slight infection of the oyster-shell scale. The insect occurs principally on the far ends of the branches, on the youngest growth, and it will succumb only to the strongest chemical spray. This spray causes a chemi- cal change when brought in contact with white lead, so it was impossible to treat the trees properly without ruining the paint of the houses in the vicinity, and this also argued in favor of the final decision to prune severe- ly. It will be interesting to watch the development of the new growth during the summer, to see these starkly naked limbs cover themselves with tender green. RECREATION IN THE FORESTS BY ARTHUR H, CARHART RECREATION ENGINEER, U, S. FOREST SERVICE ECREATION is necessary to human life. An indi- vidual cannot concentrate on one thing continuously and do the best work. Continued work in one field without change produces mental stagnation. In order to take place in the strenuous contest of life the individual must of necessity “recreate” himself through recreation. Recreation may be had in many fields. A movie will “serve as recreation for some individuals and may, in fact, represent the bulk of such play which they can secure. Dancing is a_ recreation many marts of recreation that live in the cities. Recrea- tion is necessary and when taken outdoors the moral, physical and mental benefits derived are many times greater in value than can be found in the artificial man- made recreation. Years ago there could easily be found open country where one could play, picnic, tramp or camp at almost any turn of the road. A few years ago by going a small distance camping places, where nature was still supreme, could be found. But today, which can do much good. And there are many other forms of recreation sold daily for coin of the land because people: must have change of interest. But the best field in which to seek recreation is in the great free fields of God’s world. The plains, streams, hills, mountains, lakes, forests and valleys offer a form of recre- ation that surpasses any to be found where play is cor- ralled within narrow walls and sold at so much per unit. Recreation in the open is of the finest grade. The moral benefits are all posi- tive. The individual with any soul cannot live long in the presence of towering mountains or sweeping plains without getting a lit- tle of the high moral stand- ard of Nature infused into his being. In the open the physical being cannot but benefit. In the dusty dance hall, or in the crowded thea- tre there may be lurking the explored. germs of a virulent disease, ‘ recreational opportunities. but in the fresh air of the outdoors there are naught but rosy cheeks, keen appetites and a vigor that takes its place along with the sturdiness of strong old oaks. The mind snaps into a livelier gait of thinking, the new scenes bring new thoughts and one must think of the many new things that call for attention. With eyes opened, the great story of the Earth’s forming the history of a tree, the life of a flower or the activities of some small animal will all unfold themselves to the recreationist. Mental processes thus impulsed are a thousand times more constructive than can be found in 268 SWEETWATER LAKE ON THE WHITE RIVER NATIONAL FOREST. Few mountain lakes offer a great amount of good boating, but this scenic sheet of water is very popular for boating. waterfall, a small gorge and a cave that has never been thoroughly A vacation on the shores of this lake would offer delightful with man land-hungry, these places are fast disappearing. Economic use of land for the production of crops changes the fact of the landscape and there remains little of the free natural country for which the vacationist longs. This movement of subduing nature could continue to a ~ point where there would not be left any lands where one might see nature supreme. Where then can nature find sanctuary and where can man needing the rest that is to be found only in the open fields expect in the fu- ture to recreate out of doors? The answer lies in the movement that is making itself manifest throughout the nation today in the crea- tion of large rural park sys- tems. In county parks, in state parks, in the National Parks of the country will be found the refuge of the nat- ural landscape and the place in which the city - tired human may be healed men- tally, physical and_ spirit- ually. But, besides these, the greatest reservoir of recre- ative lands that exist today in the United States will be found and will always be found in the National Forests. Primarily, forests are considered great areas to pro- duce timber. There are other utilities that can be realized on coincident with the growth of timber and may in reality either depend on a good forest cover or will aid in the production of timber. In the past the grazing lands in the National Forests have produced quantities of market beef. Today there are more cattle grazing on ack of the cliff shown is a _ + RECREATION IN the National Forests than ever before because of good range management. Watershed protection depends directly on good forest cover, and the better the cover is maintained the better will be the watershed. Both of these do not in the least interfere with timber growth when properly directed. And what is true in the National Forests, also is true in the State, county and municipal forests that are springing up over the country. Recreation is a third utility of the forest that can be fully developed without any serious interference with the other forest activities. It does not interfere. with timber production and, indeed, a good forest cover is one of the very necessary elements in the landscape CASS LAKE, IN THE MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST Taken from one of the “points of Star Island,”’ few places can truly rival the delightful lake scenery and the opportunity for water sports offered by the forests of Minnesota. Fishing, game, motoring, canoeing, bathing— solid enjoyment of nature may be had. which makes recreation pleasant in a certain locality. Fire, the demon enemy of timber, is as great an enemy of the recreationist, for the great scars which fire leaves on the face of the hills destroy some of the greatest charm found there. In the case of watersheds, there are today several instances where camps have been developed right on the watershed of some municipal water supplies. The teason for this is, if there is no provision made for campers there are some who will invade the territory anyway, and it is safer to see that sanitary measures are practiced efficiently by many than not at all by a THE FORESTS 269 A NEWLY BUILT SUMMER HOME ON THE COLORADO Many snug little summer homes similar to this are built on the National Forests. That such places are appreciated is evidenced by the fine returns from such use of the forests. few. And in the regions where the watershed is main- tained and protected for irrigation purposes the big item is the protection of the timber, and timber is one of the beauties of a recreation land. Only in very limited areas is there a conflict between grazing and human occupancy of forest lands. Where CATCH FROM A LAKE IN THE ROUTT NATIONAL FOREST Catching fish is a form of recreation which may be indulged in in nearly every’ National Forest. people live or camp it is undesirable to have cattle the immediate vicinity. It is a case of whether a few acres shall be used by cattle or by humans, and because the human use is undoubtedly a higher use than bovine use it is necessary to exclude the cattle during human It is entirely possible, however, where this measure is taken to allow occupancy. late grazing in the area and AMERICAN 270 thus realize on all of the good forage that can be found. There are points where some in- dividual cattle man will be inconvenienced by this ar- rangement. There have been many cases already where some disgruntled. in- dividual has objected to the use of his cat- tle range by a number of hu- mans, and there are instances where the cat- tle man has been so vocif- erous in his erying over what he con- ‘ . siders an injus- tice to his steers that he has made himself heard by large groups. But happily in the majority of the cases where the recreational use has been introduced along with grazing in the forests the cattle men have recognized that play in forests had come to stay and were glad that there could be proper planning to localize and direct the use to the greatest advantage to both of the forest resources. There never will-be a great interference between recre- ation and grazing in forests. There will be so slight a reduction in cattle grazed on certain areas set aside for human use that no effect will be felt at any point in the nation’s supply of beef. And DP BEAUTY UNHERALDED BY FAME Great tumbled rocks and water always make a pleas- ing landscape composition when Nature is the artist. FORESTRY of the forest [FF : as a recreation |. chr grounds is al- |». most so slight , as to be unes> timable. Mining dumps on the landscape are often unsight- ly. No recrea- tionist would care to have a summer home that.looked on a hillside pitted with prospect holes. And power devel- opment should often legiti- mately steal from the beau- ty of a water- fall. But in each of these cases the eco- nomic return is so intensive from the small extent area, the number of places where such use can be made of grounds is so limited there is no question but what there should be all preference given the strictly commercial side of the development of either mining or power. But this statement is not applicable to the wanton destruction of natural beauty through misguided enterprise that tries to develop water power from a dainty little fall that would never turn a wheel of sufficient size to merit its destruction, nor where mining claims are staked merely to secure title to land for use other than mining. So it will be seen in reviewing the relationships here discussed that the recreational use of the forest is almost an added one. It is a realiza- JEWEL IN A SETTING OF SOFT GREEN Colorado’s National Forests offer-many such haunts of sheer beauty. a because several people can enjoy a whole summer’s resi- dence on a piece of forest ground that would not begin to graze one hungry steer and because the health of the nation depends as much on recreation out of doors as it does on steaks indoors it is probable that the human use will remain the preferred a= one in certain localities. But in considering this slight Ope 4 | ment of the people in the tion on the collective invest- forests that gives a great aggregate return to them on that investment and in no appreciable measure does it interfere with the economic use of the forest. It is the forest’s most direct return to its owners, the public. Public health should stand before every other consid- eration in a community: And conflict of uses it should be remembered at all times that the reduction in beef pro- duction through utilization seen néar_ the Continental Divide Colorado National Forest. WINTER SPORTS IN THE ROCKIES The Rocky Mountains offer opportunities for winter sports equal in every way to those found in any other region. Here a ski party is = public health should not in- clude alone a consideration of bodily condition, but in th i s in the scenic highlands of the chould consider the mental Le erty ee eT neue ee RECREATION IN A TENT CAMP IN THE SHOSHONE NATIONAL FOREST Scores of these residential units are springing up in the Forests everywhere. health as well. Recreation of excellent grade is neces- Sary in maintaining both. Recreation can become one of the greatest returns from the forests of our country. And because it is a human use, producing mental and physical health, the recreational use of forest land will always take place among the highest of all uses. There are today over 150,000,000 acres of National Forests in the United States, and the future will)see many acres of forest land now privately owned transferred to the hands of the State, county or town. The recreational reserve in these lands is by far the greatest known. Per- haps the next largest recreational. land group in the world is our own National Parks of the United States. But they represent less than one-twentieth of the terri- tory in the National Forests THE FORESTS 271 better, keener thinking and en- joyment of the esthetic qualities found in the forest will add wealth to the nation that cannot be accurately estimated. It would seem that this utility is. almost unlimited. But the nation at one time thought the farm lands of the Middle West so great in extent that they would never be fully developed. Time and again this idea of.a resource being inexhaustible has gone glimmering when the limits of that resource came glaringly to light. And so it will be in the case of the recreational resource of the forests unless they are rightfully planned. One mis- placed cabin in a forest, one illy planned camp can affect the recreational use of a whole re- gion to such an extent that peo- ple will go to less desirable places where the planning is good. Recently the United States Forest Service has stepped in the right direction. The technical training of the man that is to plan forest areas for recreation should receive as much consideration as the case of the man who handles the law cases in forests, or the grazing man, or the mine expert, or the forester in silviculture. The courses in school that best fits the man for this work is landscape architecture. It is not the perfect course for such a man, but it is the best by far that is available. And the requirements of a recreational engi- neer of the Forest Service is that the man must hold a degree in some landscape course of a recognized school. alone, and if all other forest lands were included the ratio would be even more astounding. It is to the great forest lands of the nation that the people will ultimately have to turn to find the outdoor recreation that they . crave. And it is foolish not to realize on this great utility of the forests, for it is a return added to the economic uses now established without any detrac- tion from their value. While the recreation feature cannot be so accurately measured and tabu- lated as the others because they always have an established mar- ket where money figures are quoted, the recreation return from forest lands will annually amount to many million dollars and the return in good health, i LP * Be A LOVELY SPOT IN MOUNTAINOUS COUNTRY Forests in the mountain land of the Western States contain multitudes of little lakes such as this. 272 Recreation is now taking its place in forest activities. It is an added return from forest areas to the people of the com- munity or nation. It is an es- sential part of the life of the nation and the greatest re- source of recreational territory of the country is found in the In the future there will be even a greater area available for such use. The Forest Serv- ice is today blazing the way in recreational development of the forests, and there is every rea- son to be hopeful of the results, for, as in all fields, the Forest Service is picking men with the proper training to handle the work. Modestly and efficiently recre- ation is becoming a part of the regular activities of the forests. It is right that it should be rec- ognized as a major forest utility. The future will more forcibly demonstrate this fact than can the present. But the present is bright and the future holds good promise forests. Dressed appropriately, in “rough and ready, HIKERS ON THE SHOSHONE ” the Prairie Club of Chicago is all ready to start om an all-day hike. for this great forest utility which, while not actually a new use of forests, is but now being generally recognized, efficiently organized and properly planned. AMONG THE TRILLIUMS BY BESSIE L. PUTNAM EW of our native plants are more beautiful, and while the haunts of the trillium are for the most part in deep woods, it seems readily to adapt itself to cultivation. We have during the past few years, when asked by distant flower lovers for the flowers, sent the entire plant rather than cut flowers. Since the blossoms cannot be gathered to advantage without taking the whorl of green leaves a couple of inches below, and since these leaves cannot be renewed it is better to take the root with them, and thus enable the admirer to plant them in the garden, where they may be renewed and re- admired year after year. The trillium is one of the May blossoms of North- western: Pennsylvania, and 7. grandiflorum is by far the most common species, growing almost equally well on the rich hillsides and bordering the brook. Recently we saw it in abudance on a steep hill bordering. the. upper Allegheny, the pure white blossoms appearing to the best possible advantage against a background of hem- locks. This species varies greatly in size, the two ex- tremes being often found growing side by side, and the best specimens are nearly twice as large as either of the other species with which the writer is acquainted. The petals turn pink with age. It also bears evidence of the close relationship between leaves and flowers, the petals often reverting to the foliaceous form. T. erectum is less frequent, following more closely the streams and moist places. The flowers are of a dull red, @ 4 i. . eeeae + . ae | @°* ©6060 64k. New England Blossoms,” mentions the fact that they are visited by a common carrion-fly, which evidently aids in the problem of cross-fertilization. While T. grandiflorum is probably fertilized by insects, they are certainly not attracted by any blossoms of lurid flesh color nor by a putrid odor. The pure white flowers are nearly odorless and have no suggestion that would tempt the olfactories of the carrion-loving insect. Matthews states that T. erectum is poisonous, as an acquaintance found when mistaking the root for that of Indian turnip. There are variations in color, some- times the flowers being pink, greenish or white. The writer has found cream colored specimens, the peculiarity of the ovary leaving no doubt as to the species of which it is a freak. We have heard of T. erythrocarpum, the beautiful Painted Trillium near Meadville, Pennsylvania, but never had the good fortune to see it until last May, when visiting a “‘rock city” near Tidioute. There, at the base of one of the great sandstone cliffs, forty feet or more high, with seemingly only the disintegrating rocks for sustenance, we found three beautiful blossoms, the crim- son markings in the center well entitling the plant to its: name. One root was carefully taken up and placed on the north side of the house, where the sandy soil with the sandstone of the cellar wall for a background seem to supply all necessary conditions of its native rock city. If it adapts itself as readily as its sisters, it certainly will a Pa, ee, A ey TC Ae . - “94. 1a 34) eee NATURE STUDIES IN SMALL AREAS T WAS the great American naturalist, Louis Agassiz, who said that a man might spend the three score years and ten of his life-span on a square mile in the unex- plored part of a Brazilian forest; work every day and all day at the natural history of the various living animals found in such an area, and at the end of that time he would be a long way from having it described and illus- trated. No truer statement was ever made; and it may be added that were that man to undertake to describe the anatomy and physiology of all those forms, a thousand years would not suffice in which to complete the task. Indeed, this Agassizian axi- om might apply, with equal pertinence, to an area of one- fourth of the extent named, and the territory be selected in some heavily timbered and rarely frequented part of the eastern states. To partly demonstrate this, we may select the animals collected and the observations made on a trip through the timber, undertaken early in May, in a stretch of woods next to a river near the Atlantic coast somewhere between Massa- chusetts and South Carolina. The land is gently rolling,. well watered with springs, small streams, and some marshy places, while most of it supports a fine second growth of timber, consisting principally of various species of oaks, pines, cedars, pop- lars, and a few other kinds. Not many flowers are in bloom there at this season, although the cowslips were well advanced during the first week in April, while but a little later the Dutchman’s breeches were already going to seed. Still, on this May morning in these woods, the trees are all in full leaf, and the blossoms of the poplars have already passed. Standing among the second growth Fig. 1. BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S. PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR GROUP OF DEAD OAK TREES g In most cases, the bark may easily be torn off in sheets, exposing the ravages of the borers. Some of the trees have fallen to the ground and on many of them the bark is entirely absent. stock, we note here and there an enormous oak which probably, was a fair-sized tree in Revolutionary days. Some of the pine trees and poplars, too, were, in their way, giants among trees, lifting their heads far above those of a later growth about them. In a marshy place cover- ing several acres may be seen some thirty or forty oaks of all sizes—two or three of them being of immense pro- portions, while others fall in the second-growth class; half a dozen pine trees are found in the same area. For the most part every one of these trees are dead ; the tops only of others are dead, while in some instances the tree has fallen, and is either stretched in the mire or lean- ing against another dead one of the group. We find the bark of many of those that have long been dead entirely removed—in others it may be readily detached in great sheets by a slight pull; and in most instances beneath it is found all the evidence of . the ravages of either ants or certain beetle borers and their larve. Their borings riddle the trunk of the tree from top to bottom, and the wood is very friable, soft, and rotten, the main galleries being, in many places, chok- ed with fine wood dust, in evidence of the mischiéf they have done the tree. Other beetles of a dull black color are also present, but these must not be con- founded with another met with under logs and stones on the ground, specimens of which were also collected on that May day. The ones found under the bark of the trees are here shown in Figure 3, natural size—four of them—photographed from life. The smaller specimen, up in the right hand corner, is also found under the bark; it is orange-yellow, with:a blackish head and pincer-like mandibles. With these it 273 274 AMERICAN is capable of giving a most vicious bite, causing the blood to flov’ freely ; and it requires considerable effort to induce the fellow to release his hold. This is the larva of the Eyed Elater (Alaus oculatus), and it is endowed with a most remarkable tenacity of life. When placed in 95 per cent alcohol for fully three minutes, it still continued to squirm about, whereupon it was consigned to pure formalin for ten more min- utes, and this seemed to have the effect of aggravating its outrageously vicious temper. After its formalin bath it was thrown, with other specimens, into a box, and next morning it had appar- ently recovered. It was then posted to an expert for iden- tification; went through the mail in a sealed vial, and was returned alive a week later. It still lives and is as fat and combative as ever. Shortly after capturing all these specimens, the big larva shown in the upper left hand corner of Figure 3 was found and placed in the collecting case; it is of a pale creamy-white color. Hundreds of the Horned Passalus or Horn-bugs were found under the bark of the great rotten logs on the ground everywhere through this most interesting locality, and possibly the big larva in Figure 3 is of that species. A fine picture of these Horn- bugs is to be found in AMERICAN Forestry in an earlier number (February, 1917, p. 87, fig. 5), and they are more or less familiar to all of those of our foresters who keep their eyes open when in the pine-timbered districts of this country. FORESTRY it, for the species is very abundant throughout the northern sections of the United States and southern Canada. . We have a very different beetle in the dull black one of which so many were found under the dead bark of the oak -trees in this little swamp. The black. beetles are Alobates (Nyctobates) pennsylvanica DeGeer, of the © family Tenebrionide. There is no common name for this species, which is extremely abundant throughout the United States. It lives and breeds under the loose bark of decayed or decaying trees, but never attacks any living trees, nor does it cause the death of trees. Various spiders are seen in such a locality as is here de- scribed, some of which are abundant species while oth- ers are more or less rare, One of the former is appar- ently a hunting spider that never builds a web (Lycosa), and it runs about on the ground through the grass and leaves with great rapidi- ty. A specimen taken was carrying a silken ball full of small, yellow eggs. This it clung to with the greatest tenacity, and it did not lose its hold upon it until both spider and ball fell off a table in the photographic room. The spider was quickly cap- tured and returned to the table, and it chanced to be released near an egg of the common Musk turtle. This it evidently mistook for its lost ball of eggs, and, strange to relate, it made an effort to deal with it accordingly, turning it around and about to secure the usual hold. But Returning to the other black beetle, referred to above as being found under logs and stones, it is easily recognized by the beautiful violet or deep purple hue it exhibits when held in certain lights. It has a length of about an inch, and a form somewhat resembling the species in Figure 3, while its habits are entirely different. Some text books call it the Murky Ground-beetle (Harpalus caliginosus), and it is known to feed on the larve of other insects, among them the “cut-worms;” it is extremely active in all of its movements. There is no trouble finding specimens of ONE OF THE DEAD OAKS Fig. 2. The bark was suddenly ripped off, exposin larvez,*and showing the borings and mines made tree possesses a diameter at the base of nearly two feet and a half, and has a height of about forty feet; it is entirely dead. ‘ soon it realized its mistake and made another attempt to escape, being promptly cap- tured and subsequently re- stored to liberty. In this region there are not a few different species of salamanders, but not many kinds of lizards. One of the most abundant of the former is the Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus), of which an unusually fine ex- ample was taken upon rolling over a big, rotten log (Fig. 7). This is a perfectly harmless creature of some five inches in length—half of which consists of tail. This latter is subcylindrical in form and tapers to various beetles and y others. This oak wr oe == € aye BSS -- - SP Sr a Ne eee LF mat} “ Te : Ve NATURE STUDIES a fine point. Upon picking the fellow up and holding it in your hand, the discovery is very soon made that it is extremely slippery and sticky—a condition due to its exuding from its skin a subtransparent mucus that is wonderfully adhesive and disagreeable. It is due to this that the animal has received its common as well as its scientific name; and should the reader ever lay hands on one of these pretty little batrachians in the woods, it will never be questioned that it deserves these suggestive names. They are mostly found, in this section of the country, where the land is somewhat rolling and wooded by big trees, as pines, poplars, chestnuts, and oaks. Gen- erally they live under some good-sized, decayed log that has been rain-soaked by many a storm. Such a log should be turned over quickly—if possible, unaided by the right hand—as that will be instantly needed should one of _ these most agile little fellows be present in his chosen abode. - IN SMALL AREAS Tiger, the Spotted, and the Marbled salamanders are each and all very beautifully marked. Speaking of the agility of the Slimy salamander, it is safe to say that it is quite snail-like when compared with at least one of the lizards, namely, the Red-headed lizard, famous in the southern part of its range under the name of “Scorpion” (Plestiodon fasciatus, Fig. 8). This species has, as in the case of others noted above, a wide range all over the eastern part of the United States. In fact, this most interesting lizard occurs from northern Connecticut, where it is rare, southward through Florida and westward beyond the Valley of the Mississippi and western Texas. It is a typical representative of the so- called “Skinks” or Smooth-scaled lizards constituting the family Scincide, the species of which are of no great size and are noted for their wonderfully glossy and smooth scales. There appears to be two genera of them repre- sented in North 275 thus exposed, it looks very pret- ty indeed, even to a _ person who is not a naturalist, for its shiny body is as black as coal, being more or less ; speckledall | over with the very finest of silvery specks, and these are. well shown in the accompany- ing cut. On its under side the Slimy Salaman- America, con- taining over a dozen species. They are far more plentiful in the Old World, while Australia is abundantly supplied with them. “Like the Anguide,” says Ditmars, “the Skinks present interesting phases of evo- lution. .Most of the species have short der is of a dull lead-color, and here, too, it is speckled with fine little white specks, though less abundantly so. Its tail is round, and this character distinguishes it from other salamanders sometimes found in these southern woods. Its neck is moderately constricted, while its eyes, though not very large, are very prominent, as if bulging from its head from fright. By habit it is not an aquatic form—and indeed, when placed in a few inches of water, it immediately makes rather desperate efforts to get out of it. Most aquatic forms of salamanders have tails that are transversely flattened ; they will eat small angling worms and the like, coming out of their retreats at night to find them—sometimes even during showers or cloudy weather. In a proper kind of vivarium these salamanders may be bred in captivity, as is the case with others of the Species, and it is a very interesting task to rear them. Fig. 1. formation. All natural size, from life. FOUND UNDER THE BARK Fig. 3. Five living specimens of insects found under the bark of one of the dead oaks shown in The large whitish larva was found under a log; was taken home, and now awaits trans- limbs, but are agile runners; others are serpent-like in body, and have extremely minute limbs with which they drag the body when progressing leisurely, but in time of danger fold them against the sides and glide away like a snake. Some have a minute pair of forelimbs only, and a few have but a pair of useless hind limbs. A num- ber are limbless and snake-like.” All of our species of Plestiodon have their fore and hind limbs well developed and functional to a wonderful degree, for their agility is something truly marvelous. The species here under consideration is known by quite an array of common names, which is due to the fact that the species exhibits two very different patterns of coloration in passing from the immature to the adult stage of life. In fact, in so far as coloration goes, one would never suspect a young “Five-lined Skink” and an adult one of being the same species. When fully grown it may attain a length of over nine inches—very rarely more; and _ Some of them are very handsome creatures, especially the Red and the Cave salamanders; as a matter of fact, the P. Sa 276 AMERICAN THE COWSLIP Fig. 4. A beautiful specimen of the American Cowslip or Shooting-Star (Dodecatheon meadia). Flowering in April. This is much reduced in size. when held in the hand it has the feel and appearance of a very pretty china lizard, so smooth and glossy is it. The adult specimens are known as the “scorpions” in the South, or “red-headed lizards,” and are greatly feared by the negroes. Generally they are of a deep shade of brown, darkest on the line of the dorsum, where no stripes are to be seen; though a faint striping on the sides may be noticed on the males; and it is in this sex that the brilliant, red coloration.of the jaws and fore part of the head and face is seen. The striping, so char- acteristic of the young, is retained, to a certain degree, throughout life by the females. Old males exhibit a peculiar enlargement of the mandibular angles and hinder part of the head, which is very extraordinary. One very beautiful specimen of the young was cap- tured and, as in the case of the adult, fine photographs from life were obtained of it. It requires several hours of patient labor to get these, the subject requiring the FORESTRY greatest care, if for no other reason than the alacrity with which their entire tail will part company with the rest of the body. Should this happen when the creature is first captured in the woods, it may result in its escape; for the captor, thus having his attention suddenly drawn to the wriggling tail on the ground—and it is remarkable how long and energetically it does wriggle—is more than likely — to relax his hold upon the lizard, which later, giving a sudden start, lands on the ground to make a dash for the nearest tree or mass of bramble. As has long been known, the tail grows out again, and is quite as perfect as the original one. Generally, the restored one is of a very pale color and devoid of all markings, though its scalation is complete. Young individuals of this species are far handsomer than the adult ones, and when about a couple of inches UMBEL OF FLOWERS OF THE SAME COWSLIP SHOWN IN FIG. 4 Fig. 5. There are no fewer than sixteen of them on their slender, nodding pedicles, the corolla of each being a pale purple. Natural size. long they are beautiful creatures, with their extremely glossy, jet-black bodies, longitudinally marked with a median, dorsal line of intense yellow, and with two similar lines on either side of the same vivid color. These five lines are responsible for one of their vernacular names, as is their gorgeous, cobalt-blue tails for still another. The blue of the latter blends with the black of the body at the point of mergence. This coloration is cet eT on ene 4 4 a ad nth NATURE STUDIES rps apni ey) A (Dicentra cucullaria), showing f BON tte rect, formed of grainclike little tubers, a are plainly seen in the case of the middie plant. often retained until the lizard comes to be as much as five inches in length, at which time it gradually assumes the coloration of the adult, as described above. These specimens did not measure Over six inches in length—that is, the full-grown ones—and we ~ do not begin to meet with the ' much longer ones until we pass into the timbered districts of the Carolinas, where individuals nine inches in length are not un- common. ; It requires great agility on the part of the collector to capture } these lizards in nature—a light- ning-flash is as nothing compared with the astounding rapidity of their movements. On the trip here described only five were ae DUTCHMAN'S BREECHE ~ Fig. 6. Some unusually fine plants of the famous “‘Dutchman’s Breeches” i the perfect flowers, the dying ones, and the IN- SMALL AREAS 277 seen—four adult females and one young, blue-tailed one; and all were taken without the loss of a single tail or any injury whatever to the specimens. Later on, in the studio, eight negatives were made of them from life, such as are shown in Figure 8. There is no other such achievement on record for this species. . All the specimens figured by Ditmars in his “Reptile. Book” are from dead specimens, and he says: “This lizard is so difficult to capture that species of other genera, rarer and more restricted in habitat, are the most frequently seen in captivity. While collecting in the South in mid-summer, with Red-headeéd lizards or ‘Scorpions’ abundant on all sides, the writer succeeded in procuring less than a dozen living examples during two weeks’ time, although every device, from a fine snare of copper wire to a baited hook, was tried. They would allow me to approach to within a distance of about ten feet, then scurry for cover. The reptiles invariably bask or hunt for insect prey within a short distance of secure hiding places, such as a bur- row under a fallen tree, or a cavity in the trunk itself. Unlike many species of lizards that run for an indefinite distance when disturbed, then stop and peer back at the object of their fright, the Skink flashes out of sight at the slightest shadow. As it emerges from its burrow, it looks cautiously about to ascertain whether all danger is past, and the movement of a finger will send it back again.” The specimens described above were found hiding be- neath the more or less loosened bark of logs of dead oak and pine trees lying on the ground, or, in similar situa- tions on dead trees still standing. To make a capture, the bark was promptly torn off with the left hand, while the right was held in readiness to pounce upon any lizard that might be caught hiding beneath it. In tearing the bark away, we are also likely to find snakes, slugs, SLIMY SALAMANDER Fig. 7. A wonderfully fine specimen of the Slimy Salamander. Note how prominent the eyes are, and that its tail has about the same length as the rest of its body. 278 AMERICAN beetles, ants, centipedes, larvae, scorpions, and the rest. On his second trip, made during the chilly days of early spring, Doctor Ditmars was far more fortunate; for then he could find these lizards under the bark of dead trees, too; “there was no difficulty in collecting large numbers . . . and within ten days over two hundred FORESTRY . er born alive. Now, what has been described for this restricted _ area is quite applicable to a very large part of the rest of the territory. One must not lose sight of the fact, however, that the subject has been but little more than touched upon—a wonderfully light touch at that; for, of the. desired ex- amples were taken, showing all phases of the color variation from the young indi- vidual to very old specimens.” The female of this species lays from three to four eggs, usually depositing them on the ground beneath a strip of de- . tached, dead bark of a tree. During incuba~ tion she coils about them like a python does among snakes, until they hatch out. After this, she pays ca 4 ee S A Ry, : Ey ay ef Bd oh. 5a et ag ES as shown in the leading ri several goodly vol- : umes might be pub- and botany of half a square mile, or less, tle more than opened — up. Counting frogs, toads, turtles, | toises, salamanders, — | newts, and the rest, — among reptiles and batrachians alone of are scores of different species of them, and — we know compara- tively very little about — their intimate habits, — anatomy, physiology, no attention whatever to the pretty little young ones, which at once scamper off to to look out for themselves—and they find no trouble in doing so. The period of incubation is very brief, much briefer, indeed, than with other species of our lizards; while in the horned groups (Phrynosoma) the young are Fig.8 . here shown before. CAN LEAVE ITS TAIL BEHIND IT An adult Race Runner or Six-lined Lizard (Plestiodon fasciatus). Natural size. One of the most difficult lizards of the order to photograph; it has never been taken as or reproduction, and — this leaves out all the — fishes, not to mention the trees and plants, with thousands of species of invertebrates, as crabs, mollusks, crays, aracnids, in- sects, worms, moths, butterflies, and a host of other forms. IN MEMORIAM LINES SUGGESTED BY THE REQUESTS FOR PERMISSION TO PLANT MEMORIAL TREES IN THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL GROUNDS, WHICH WAS GRANTED TO RELATIVES OF THOSE WHO DIED IN ACTION OR FROM WOUNDS RECEIVED IN ACTION IN THE LATE “WORLD WAR.” Move softly thru these stately trees, And ponder, While they speak of deeds o’er seas— O’er yonder. Listen to their moaning sigh, Watch the sad and drooping eye, In mem’ry of the wounds that cry— O’er yonder. In mem’ry only for the meek— So ponder. Of brave and noble do they speak— O’er yonder. So gently tread beneath their shade, Away from sound of pick and spade, And mounds of earth just freshly made— O’er yonder. They gently wave their leafy arm— So ponder. Toward the distant strife and harm— O’er yonder. They tell a tale of nations born; They softly speak of hearts so torn— But wave aloft a hope of morn— O’er yonder. —S. A. White. lished on the biology the subject being lit- snakes, lizards, hylas, _ tor- — the vertebrates, there _ mammals, birds, and etl = hee Pte wet Pa Rw er, x Err are 7 an otherwise beautiful landscape, and the one hindrance to a prosper- ous city. To others it is one of the greatest assets which this bit of country, richly endowed by na- ture, affords. For ages the picturesque streams, which tumble down from the hills have been de- positing their burdens of silt into the deep waters of the lake until a great delta has been formed, a delta upon which rests much of the city of Ithaca and upon whose outer stretches lies the verdant marsh. Each year sees more and more SPRING ON THE MARSHES BY A. A. ALLEN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORNITHOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY NUGGLED between opposing hills at the head of Cayuga Lake is a tract of land locally known as the Renwick Swamp. To some it is the only blot upon THE LOON By Lew Sarett A lonely lake, a lonely shore, A lone pine leaning on the moon ; All night the water-beating wings Of a solitary loon. With mournful wail from dusk to dawn He gibbered at the taunting stars,-~ A hermit-soul gone raving mad, And beating at his bars. atlas as waste land. Waste land indeed! Let Nature speak and she would decry the insinuation. Here is a place so loved by her that not one cubic inch is wasted. Year after year the green flags wave, crowd- ed closer than the skilled agriculturist can force his crops. Down _be- neath the flags, the water plantains, the smart weed, and the arrow arums, the duck weeds, the milfoils, the bladder- worts, and the algae fill every available inch with luxuriant growth. Nor does the abundance of the vegetation exceed the animal life that dwells there. Birds, beasts, and fish and myriads of winged crea- tures are here found in greater numbers than of this marsh “reclaimed” by filling, but each year the any where else. Some there are who shun the marshes in the shallow waters at the north winds form new bars head of the lake and more of the lake is claimed by the marsh. Ten years ago the cat-tails waved where now an extensive avia- tion field in- vites the man- made birds, but ten years ago the storm-toss- ed waves lash- ed a great area where now the cat-tails beckon to the passing marsh birds. Thus, as the years roll by, i j~ The marsh at the head of Cayuga Lake as it was ten years ago, will the luxuri occupied by an aviation field while the marsh itself has advanced to claim much of the lake shown in ant marsh al- the photograph. ways lead the way in the conquest of new land and the transformation of the lake bottom into industrial sites. But for the present this area, together with thou- sands of similar ones, will be classified in our economic as the abode of snakes and fever, haunt of naught but evil, andtothem Photograph by A. A. Allen. SPRING ON THE MARSHES Today much of the marsh here shown is the strange voices which come from its unknown depths are un- canny. The rhythmic wav- ing of the sedges, the cold breezes at eve- ning, and the blackness of its waters portend no good. But some there are who have spent hours wading through its dark waters; who know when the pick- rel run and the bullheads nest; who know when the mallard and the widgeon and the pintail circle over its ponds and who know in which high elm the wood duck nests. They know how the redwing hangs its nest and where to find the coot and the rail. 279 280 AMERICAN They have looked into its dark waters and seen the cad- dice worm carrying its case and have watched the dragonfly nymph stalk its prey. Lucky few who know the marshland and therefore love it; who know it and rejoice in their knowledge. Early in March when the ice has scarcely thawed from its flooded surface, before the pike have begun to splash and before any birds have come, the notes of a sun- warmed peeper announce that spring is on its way. And next, from out of the clear blue sky comes the low sweet chuckle of the first bluebird. The joyful “gurgle-lee” of the redwing greets one’s ears, and towards dusk the wild ducks fly in narrowing circles and alight with a splash among the brown flags. The geese go honking overhead in a great wedge, and then comes the spring. Three times the peepers have been frozen and thawed again ; three times the ice has formed over the spawning pike; three times the marsh has been white in the morn- Photograbh by A. A. Allen: HOW THE REDWING HANGS ITS NEST Ril 8 PO Saeak to Gs aie tee ing and brown at noon and now, by the laws of the marsh-dwellers, spring has..come. Each evening great flocks of migrating redwings arrive like smoke and each morning they depart for northern marshes, males first by themselves and two weeks later the females. All night the shrill notes of the peepers fill the air with a deafening chorus, The yelping of the wood frogs and the lower pulsating choir of the meadow frogs announce that soon the waters will be teeming with tadpoles. The FORESTRY first dragonfly darts after some luckless gnat that has seen fit to transform so early and a small flock of tree swallows comes swimming from the south, Let us wait until the middle of April, however, before we don our high boots and start out through the marsh, for from that time until the first of June the marsh is at its best. The earliest cat-tails and water duck have now reached the surface of the water and give the first greenness to the marsh. Large ponds mark where the sedges will Photograph by A. A. Allen, JOY ON THE MARSHES This little swamp sparrow is expressing his appreciation of the luxu- riance of the marshes; later appear for they are slower in starting and the winter fires have not left even a ‘brown stalk showing above the water. The marsh resounds with the music of the redwings and many strange calls emanate from tangled places that one is eager to explore. A great liquid call comes from a matted patch of sedges at the edge of the marsh. ‘“Obble-obb, ooble-oob,” like water being poured from a huge jug, these notes being pre- ceded by a tapping sound as though some one were striking a stake with a mallet. It is the bittern ‘or “stake driver,” and if we are fortunate we may be able to stalk him and catch him at his work, though more likely we will almost step on him, so incon- spicuous is he in his brown plumage. As the tapping starts again one may see his gulping contortions as first he claps his bill and then makes the motions of swallow- ing with great difficulty, but he never puts his bill beneath the water as is sometimes stated. As one approaches SPRING ON closer the strange bird instead of flying immediately, may stretch up his long neck and point his long bill to- ward the zenith simulating a broken snag projecting from the water. If he is among the brown sedges he will be practically invisible because his neck is striped with brown and buff and resembles the lights and shadows of the dead vegetation. If one tries to circle about him, he slowly rotates so as to present always his striped neck, but finally frightened, he springs clumsily eis re pa ae > 24 Stet: 4 FF etn => THE HOME OF THE MARSH WREN c But this is merely a dummy nest built by the male while waiting for * the female to arrive. drawing his head back onto his shoulders and trailing his long legs behind after the manner characteristic of all the herons. ~ As he disappears from sight a splashing in the water May attract ones attention to a spot where the pike are » spawning. The dorsal fins of the huge fish can be "seen above the surface as side by side they swim back ' and forth through the vegetation scattering the eggs. They came up from the lake when the ice melted and they will return when their labors are completed. Big fellows they are, some of them weighing ten or fifteen pounds, and if one remains quiet they may swim so close as to show their broad flat snouts, the snaky yellow markings in their dorsal fins, and the small white “Spots along their sides. Many times in one’s journey through the marsh he will be startled by a big splash "almost under his feet as he frightens one of these large ‘fish from its hiding place and he will be able to follow THE MARSHES into the air and sails off across the marsh, gradually © 281 its wake as it darts off zigzagging through the flags. Numerous spherical bunches of meadow frogs’ eggs held up from the bottom on the slender reeds or brush and tangled strings of yarn-like toads’ eggs are every- where conspicuous, and the jubilant thrills of-the toads announce that their breeding season is not yet over though most of the frogs have left the marsh. There are many other sounds, almost as incessant, that one may long be at a loss to.explain. From a tangled mass of brown cat-tails comes a peculiar grinding sound as - though some one were gritting his teeth. This is fol- lowed by a clicking noise much like an old-fashioned sewing machine, and then out from the top of the tangled flags bursts a little brown ball. Floating upward like a tuft of cotton, it breaks into most vivacious music and then drops back into hiding to continue its scolding. It is the long-billed marsh wren and as one remains quiet, Photograph by A. A. Allen, THE GUARD One cannot enter the marshes without being scolded by the marsh wrens. This is a short-billed marsh wren. its inquisitiveness soon gets the better of its timidity and it runs up a reed to get a better view of the intruder, carrying its tail cocked forward over its back in most impish fashion. Again it floats upward, all its feathers fluffed out and its short wings vibrating so rapidly that they are scarcely noticed. The cause for all this excite- ment we are not long in discovering, for hung con- spicuously among the dead flags, is a ball of brown sedge leaves with an opening in one side. Always busy, always 282 AMERICAN mischievous, the little wren has already completed one nest and will doubtless build several more before his mate arrives, but when she does come, she will spurn them all and start a new one of her own. As one watches the wren he may be surprised by a loud call on the far side of the tangle: “Ticket, ticket, Photograph by A. A. Allen. HE CALLS FOR YOUR TICKET Ticket—ticket—ticket, is one of the spring calls of the Virginia Rail that one hears often but seldom traces to its source. ticket, ticket,” as though an admission fee were to be charged before one could see further secrets of the marsh. It is one of the notes of the Virginia rail but it will take some careful stalking before one sees the Photograph by A. A. Allen, THE WATER CHICKEN COMES HOME The Florida Gallinule or Water Chicken is responsible for many strange sounds that emanate from the marsh. slender dark brown bird with a rather long reddish bill sneaking between the cat-tails, its short tail cocked up like a little brown hen. It is difficult to make it fly unless one corners it and even then it may dodge back between ones feet rather than trust itself on its rather feeble A little later one may be startled by loud cluck- ing sounds and then an almost ear splitting, “WUP-PUP- wings. FORESTRY PUP-PUP-pup-pup-pup” announces the presence of a Florida gallinule or water chicken, a bird of the size of a small bantam, slaty black in color except for its red bill and green legs. The bill is set off by a large red plate on the forehead and a greenish tip while the green legs are trimmed with little red bands like garters. Occasionally one may hear a call that begins like the gallinule’s but ends with almost plaintive cooing. “WUP- PUP-PUP-pup-pup-pup-caow-caow-caow-caow,” it floats across the marsh and it will probably be a long time before one associates the call with the obscure, timid bird we know as the pied-billed grebe or “hell-diver.” THE REDWINGED BLACKBIRD—DOMINANT BIRD OF THE MARSHES. This is a female and she does not have the red shoulders. It is a little early yet to look for its floating nest and even later when the bird is incubating it will be almost impos- sible to find it, so much does it resemble the small plat- forms of debris thrown up by the muskrats, for the mother bird always covers her eggs before leaving the nest so that passing enemies will not discover them. The red-winged blackbirds are scolding all about one, and one expects to find many of their nests. It is still too early, however, for although it is a month and a half since the first redwings were seen, the females that are to nest in this marsh are just arriving and the males are welcom- ing them. Whenever a female in her streaked coat appears, she is pursued by several males, now close against the water, now high in the air as though they must display to her their strength of wing. Again, several males may be seen mounting upward for hundreds of feet, then ere a pur he "| Ge SS a Zh, ‘ > oped eal t obiipres SPRING ON THE. MARSHES hovering there on suspended wing like sc many skylarks, finally floating back to the marsh with feathers ruffled and epaulets flaming. The marsh is a glorious place to be on one of these warm spring days, especially early in the morning- or toward dusk when one is almost overwhelmed by the abundance of life. And even during the night the marsh owe Photograph by A. A. Alien. THE HAUNT OF THE HELL-DIVER The pied-billed grebe here shown with its young is ordinarily a silent, seclusive bird, but during the spring the marshes sometimes resound with their loud cooing notes. dwellers are far from quiet. The frogs and toads main- tain a sonorous accompaniment.to the varied calls of the birds. The spasmodic songs from excited swamp Sparrows and the weird calls from startled rails and gallinules mingle with the almost incessant chatter of the marsh-wrens until long after midnight. Then all is quiet for a few hours, but long before the first signs of dawn appear the activity begins once more. By four o'clock the song sparrows are singing and a few minutes later the swamp sparrows begin their sweet twitter. The stars are still bright when a short-eared owl gives its peculiar call and soon is dimly seen as it circles near. The sparrows continue to sing and a half hour passes before the first bittern sounds its liquid notes across the marsh. Then the gulls begin to gabble on the lake and ten minutes later the Wilson’s snipe begin to bleat and a strange winnowing sound pulsates across the marsh as they perform their aerial evolutions. It is now three-quarters of an hour since the first Sparrow sang, the morning star has sunk below the hori- zon and the first signs of dawn have appeared. The gulls start up the valley for their daily skirmishing in the fields and the first redwing is heard. As though awaiting the signal, a hundred birds give answer, and day is proclaimed. The stars die out and the color appears in the east; the greens and yellows change to rose, and the rose to red. A great blue heron leaves his roost in the woods and starts for his fishing grounds. A pair of teal swing across the field of vision, dark against the sky. A few restless grackles start up from the marsh, heading for the hill, and soon the morning 283 flight of redwings begins. Scattering over the marsh, they do not leave in the compact flocks that are so characteristic of the evening flight. Single birds more uneasy than the rest, loose groups of seven or eight, and at times slightly larger flocks, fly toward the hills _ to the east and to the west. By eight o’clock most of the redwings have left, and two hours later one would scarce- ly know there had been a redwing in the marsh. If we have spent the night in the marsh, we are now content to leave, for we have experienced one of the most stirring phenomena that Mother Nature has to offer. When thousands of other experiences crowd into our lives and dim our memories, one picture will retain its freshness ; it will be spring on the marshes and the awakening of the birds. OLD LOVING CUP CARVED OF WOOD This cup, which is in the possession of Mrs. Mar- garet Schultheis, Main avenue, Montebello Park, Harford Road, Baltimore, is a century and a half old, having been exhibited at the world’s fair in Vienna in 1776 and at the Centennial in Philadelphia in 1876. It is the work of L. R. Wildenforce, and is exquisitely wrought from a brown wood. It has a silver cup inside, which is covered by the carved lid. The figures represent Bacchus and a group of nymphs and satyrs and the small figures are perfect in every detail. AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF,|FAME” FOR TREES 284 In the beautiful cemetery known as Magnolia Garden in a suburb of Charleston, South Carolina, is an oak that is a rival of old St. Michael itself; a rival on account of the attention it receives from the many visitors into this charm- ing, old Southern city. This oak is of the variety which is always green, and it has a fantastic drapery of the gray Spanish moss. The splendid old tree is estimated by anti- quarians to-be at least seven centuries old. Though there is no historic story connected with it, it has been nominated in the Hall of Fame by Miss Viola Overmann on account of THE CHARLESTON OLD OAK its age, its sige, its beauty, and its natural swing-curved branches. A tree in a cemetery must needs live a very qutet, melancholy, secluded life. But perhaps this old tree knows many things of interest as it has not always graced a ceme- tery. It was standing years and years before the cemetery was laid out around it. And the city of Charleston has had more than tts share of turbulent history. A New England writer, a lover of trees—made an especial study of the oak. He learned that while other trees shirk the work of resisting gravity, the oak defies it. It chooses the horizontal directions for its limbs so that their whole weight may tell—and then stretches out fifty or sixty feet, so that the strain may be mighty enough to be worth resisting. To slant upward would mark infirmity of purpose; to bend downward, weakness of organization. Two branches of this Charleston oak do bend downward; one touching the ground, making an artistic seat; the other, curving down, then up and out again. The massive trunk leans somewhat—the result of a fierce tornado, or perhaps a tell-tale reminder of the disastrous earthquake which visited this city many years ago. But time and nature have healed the wound, and the branches still live and flourish. AMERICAN FORESTRY 285 “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES Two and a half miles south of the city of Daytona, Florida, stands a tree well-known throughout the United States, nomi- nated by Miss Viola. Overmann for the Hall of Fame. It is a giant oak, measuring thirty-five feet in circumference at the base. On account of the leaning propensity of the large oak it is often referred to by artists and botanists as Old Pisa. It stands in the middle of a beautiful orange grove and its branches extend over almost an acre of ground. Props have been arranged underneath the heavy branches to assist Pisa OLD PISA in its fight to live. A rustic ladder has been constructed, so jthe spot, and founded the town of Tomoka. Later a land- tree lovers (and other lovers) may climb into its topmost — scape artist, whom Mr, Day had employed, changed the name and farthermost boughs. from Tomoka to Daytona. Daytona is now one of the Old Pisa’s age is a mere conjecture. But it is believed by © greatest motoring centers in the United States, besides being botanists that it was an old tree when the site, which is now a fashionable winter resort. The hundreds of travelers, . the city of Daytona, was then the Indian village—Autumcas. »\ whether they are pedestrians or motorists, find their way to At the close of the Seminole War in 1835, Autumcas was \this great old tree. One cannot help but speculate just who ; deserted. In 1870, Mathias Day, of Mansfield, Ohio, visited + or what will be the final straw that will break Old, Pisa’s back. : ' -E 286 The “Lee Oak” at Cin- cinnati has a place in the Hall of Fame. It is on the property of William A. Windisch. The tree seems to be a puzzle to the ex- perts. It was discovered by Dr. Thomas Lee in 1836, and m the descrip- tion he wrote of it a few years later, gives its loca- tion as “four (4) miles back of Cincinnati on the Cornish Farm.” In honor of its discoverer it was called the “Lee Oak,” and has gone by that name ever since. It turns out to be a remarkably rare va- riety of the oak. Spect- mens once reported near Alexandria, Kentucky, and at Waynesville and Love- land, near the Miami River, have disappeared. California was said to have some of the_ trees, and the eminent English naturalist, Sir William Hooper, when he came to this country in 1870, spent some time with Professor Asa Gray in searching for them there. The question now receiving attention is whether the “Lee Oak” ts AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES THE LEE OAK IT GRAPE VINE a straight species or a hybrid. To settle the mat- ter, Captain William Hol- den, Librarian of the Lloyd Library, has given time and effort. . Hts searches led to the identification of the tree as the origt- nal “Lee Oak.” He has sent acorns from the tree to the Academy of Sci- ences, Philadelphia; Na- tional Museum at Wash- ington and the Botanical Institute at Harvard. The developing young oaks that will grow from these show whether or not the “Lee Oak” is a true species or a mere hybrid, the rule-be- ing that where there is a true or straight species the descendants show all the same marks or character- istics, whereas with the hybrids there is a decided variation. The form of the leaves at various stages of their development is what is relied on to. settle these points. The tree is about seventy-five feet high and its branches spread out seventy-five feet. It meas- ures ten and a half feet in circumference about six ” feet from the ground. AMERICAN FORESTRY Every year two tons of grapes are taken from this vine said to have been planted by Sir Walter Raleigh’s colonists. That is the reason for nominating this, the Largest Scup- pernong Grape Vine in the world, for a place in the Hall of Fame. The vine is on Roanoke Island, North Carolina, and A. D, Dart, who makes the nomination for a place in “Who’s Who” of things that grow, says the vine is 300 years old. It has to be propped up for it covers more than an acre of ground. A Mr. Meekins, who purchased the farm in 1797, told a grandson that the vine was then about the size it is now. Many of the branches of the vine have taken root and the main branch has a circumference of sixty-nine inches. Every Oberlin College “grad” knows the old Elm on the corner of the campus at Main and College Streets. This tree is given a place in the Hall of Fame because beneath this tree in 1833 the first log house in Oberlin was built. This “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES 287 The cypress is considered a sacred tree. It is believed to have graced the celestial Garden of Paradise. The cypress is as well a mysterious tree. It is sad, gloomy, and always mourning. None of the Bartram Cypresses are standing today. A massive bole of one is being preserved to show the immensity that the cypress, under favorable circumstances, can achieve. Philadelphia has not forgotten John Bartram and his son. To perpetuate their memory and to keep fresh in mind their botanical achievements, accomplished under so much difficulty, there was organized twenty years ago a Bartram Memorial THE OLD ELM AT OBERLIN was the start of Oberlin College, Ohio, soon after to be known to fame as the first educational institution in the world to admit women on an equal footing with men. In those days co-education was only spoken of in whispers. Lucy Stone, the original suffragist, was graduated from this school. The Elm has been marked by a bronze tablet and the tree encircled in a fence. The Bartrams’ Botanical Gardens in Philadelphia were especially noted, both in America and England, for their ex- tremely large cypress trees. No botanical garden of any size is complete without a cypress. There are reasons for this choice—reasons, pretty and sentimental, and the Bartram Cypress has been nominated by Miss Viola Overman. Courtesy of ~* Pond. THE BARTRAM CYPRESS Library Committee. This committee, in that time, has col- lected many hundred volumes, illustrating the progress of American botany. At stated periods, opportunity is given for. visitors to examine the precious books and to listen to learned botanists discuss them. THE WILD FLOWER GARDEN BY BESSIE L. PUTNAM ATURE is most lavish with her blossoms in early N springtime, and those who wish to transfer a bit of woodland beauty to the lawn or garden as a permanent decoration will, if care is made in the selec- tion, rarely find her treasures disappointing. We can scarcely expect to grow the woodland ferns on a south- ern exposure, or lovers of the bog in ordinary garden soil; yet there are some ex- ceptions even as surprising as these. However, the most successful collection is made from plants which seem nat- urally to thrive best under conditions nearly identical with those which we have to offer. There is great pleasure in growing them, thus being enabled to watch the daily transformations in growth more completely than is usu- ally practicable in their na- tive haunts. Most of them may be transplanted during the season of active growth, though doubtless if they could be located during the dormant season the results might in some cases be bet- ter. Note the character of the soil and the general sur- roundings, duplicating them as ‘far as possible, and in most instances the results will be gratifying. The Bloodroot, Sangui- narian Canadensis, common in rich woodlands where it has not been exterminated by professional root diggers for its reputed medicinal value, is in bloom with the crocus and readily adapts it- self to garden culture. It is an interesting as well as beautiful plant throughout; the bright red juice abound- ing in the thick rhizomes and giving to the plant its suggestive name is changed to an orange color in the leaves and stems, even the stamens and pistils being charged with it, and we marvel at the miracle of the spotless petals evolved from the colored fluid. Like its near relative, the poppy, the flowers are ephemeral, but their rare beauty compensates for this disap- Once planted, it will thrive indefinitely, Photograph by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. pointment. 88 BLOODROOT One of the most beautiful of our native perennials, and of the petals are in rare contrast to the blood-re and is one of our most beautiful native perennials. Only a few days later come the hepaticas, varying in color from the most intense blue or pink chrough all the intermediate shades to pure white. The leaves are ever- green, renewed in early spring, and this is a valuable plant for a rockery, thriving best and showing its most intense colors when grown in partial shade, though it grows fairly well even in sunshine if supplied with moisture. The spring beauty, Clay- tonia, is notable as the first plant that Dr. Gray ever tried to analyze; and while he made a little mistake in the species, the only real dif- ference between C. Virginica and C. Caroliniana, the only species of the East, is in the shape of the leaf, his error, corrected later, is not sur- prising. It is easily recog- nized by the carmine-pencil- ed blossoms, the intensity of coloring being largely regu- lated by the amount of shade furnished, though the plants thrive equally in sunshine or shadow. The dark brown, slightly flattened bulbs grow as much beneath the surface as the plant extends above it, a hint to the one who transplants ; if care is taken in digging it up not to in- jure the stem it is as easy to grow as an onion. The bulbs are admirably adapted to lawn after the manner of the crocus, since like the latter they die to the ground before the coming of the lawn mower, but not until they have matured seed for an increase of beauty. The same treatment may be given to the Yellow Adder’s tongue, Erythronium Americanum, which John Burroughs has poetically styled “fawn lily.” There is a two-fold appropriateness in the name, for the erect leaves have well been likened to the ears of a startled deer, while the mottled colors, with a distinct fawn color more or less in evidence on the outside of the miniature yellow lilies, easily suggest the name. The leaves are strangely beautiful, with their satiny sheen, each irregu- ure whiteness stems. —— = THE WILD FLOWER GARDEN 289 larly marked with brown or purple; but the warm sun- shine is trying to this product of nature’s art, and soon after the flowers have faded the leaves turn a pale green, in a short time disappearing. As the bulbs grow deeper every year until they have \ PINK COLUMBINE The charming blending of colors and the light and graceful form of the blossoms lend great decorative value to the plant. reached maturity, did you ever wonder just how this growth is accomplished? Mark a spot frequented by them, and unearth the subterranean work in August, or early September. Each young bulb will be found busy planting itself—or rather its successor—more deeply. The bulb first sends out a glistening white root, which delves down deeper into the soil, and at the end of which eventually forms a new and larger bulb. The plant readily adapts itself to cultivation ; and while only the plants showing two leaves—one always a little larger than the other—blossom, we have failed to detect it if the little garden colony blossoms less freely than its woodland neighbors. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum, by nature a bog-lover, is by no means as fastidious as the most of its clan, and a moist, slightly shaded spot in one corner of the yard will amply supply its demands. This plant is a near relative of the cultivated calla, with purple and white or green and white striped blossoms—usually Photograph by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. HEPATICA Hard to photograph, as it thrives best in shade, where it developes beauti- ful flowers of intense blue or pink. called flowers. The real flowers; though, are deep in the center of this showy dress, at the base of the central spadix, and may be either fertile or sterile. Strive to obtain a specimen of the former, usually more robust in 290 AMERICAN growth, and bearing a cluster of flaming red berries weeks after the staminate flowered specimens have en- tirely disappeared from sight. The solitary columbine found east of the Mississippi, Aquilegia Canadensis, is a charming combination of light yellow and coral red, an unusual blending of colors. The form of the blossoms is light and graceful, and the entire plant has a highly decorative value. It is easily trans- planted, even when in full bloom, seeds freely, and the Photograph by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. JACK IN THE PULPIT Flaunting its brilliantly marked flowers, this cousin to the cultivated calla is well known and loved by all who.roam the woods. seeds are always well matured—which is not always the case with seeds of native plants. If allowed to fall where they ripen, other plants of blooming size will be ready the next season. As a plant for a rockery or perennial hedge, it is fine, and is certain to succeed with the most amateur flower grower. These are only a few of the number which easily adapt themselves to cultivation, and any, flower lover who really wants a fine collection of native plants can have them. Many ferns will thrive if shaded and well watered through the summer months. This is especially true of the stately Osmundas. There are vines galore, as the Virginian Creeper, Virgin’s Bower and Bitter-Sweet. Spring blos- soms usually go as quickly’as they come, but there is a perpetual succession of bloom if nature’s calendar is followed. Shy and rare plants should be left undis- FORESTRY turbed in their native haunts. There is material for a whole book on the protection of our native plants. But Photograph by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. SPRING BEAUTY Peat ee aclight to Weare t seca epee vem Se many species are more than holding their own in the woods and fields; and among these we may be able to select enough to form a choice bit of wild nature near at hand. TREES BY THEODOSIA GARRISON Gray sky above a sombre earth. The hue Of sorrow everywhere, yet I find ease And new-born courage in the sight of you, My trees. I who have watched you merry in the blue Spring dawns, and loud with Summer’s hundred glees, See you, still valiant, dare the tempest through— My trees. Give me your ancient message bold and true— I come a child to very Wisdom’s knees— Your strength, your fortitude. My trees. Oh, teach anew, CIVILIZATION’S HIGHWAYS SHALL WE HAVE THEM AS STREAKS OF CONCRETE ACROSS THE COUNTRY BLISTERING IN THE SUN OR SHALL WE MAKE THEM | “ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE?” NWENTY years ago automobiles were barred from and ignorance. His answer to the problem was good Central Park in New York City. Today the auto- roads, which were non-existent in the Ban de la Roche. mobile is our second great means of transportation The mountain passes were constantly broken up by tor- men and merchandise. Figures compiled by Alfred rents, and ayalanches of loosened earth, and there were 2s, of the National Automobile Chamber of Com- no bridges save stepping stones. Oberlin decided to , Show the motor industry to be nearing the two open communication with Strasbourg, a short distance a dollar class. In addition to this a tremendous sum away; but the peasants were at first so suspicious that been voted for improving our roads. “Here are the they conspired to waylay and beat him. However, he s: Alabama, $1,000,000; Arizona, $6,250,000; called the chief inhabitants of the region, and proposed , $4,397,398; Cali- that they should blast the $20,000,000; Colora- rocks and make a wall a _ $8,000,000; Delaware, - WHAT IS YOUR TOWN DOING? mile and a half long to pro- 5 “aie Beate as 200, Which state will make the best record in no iy res rey ei _ 900 tgia, $7,911,000; Memorial tree planting? The American For- the river Bruche, over which 9, $2,100,000; Illinois, estry Association announces that Minnesota and | he also proposed to build a : 013,304; Indiana, $12,- New York are in the lead among the Northern bridge. When they refused, . 000,000 ; Iowa, $20,498,534; States, and that Georgia and Florida are in the he, with one servant, took _ Kansas, $8,000,000 ; Ken- Poser idsiociation is rerio ai eee pickaxes and started on the ety $3,500,00; Louisiana, trees on a national honor roll, and will send any- | task. His sincerity produced 2,000,000; Maine, $1,630,- one free instructions on tree planting and a tree- | a reaction and presently he p. 000; Maryland, $6,750,000 ; day program. had a small army of workers _ Massachusetts, $6,000,000 ; f eon a campaige a Lei son open to assist him. With financial ee ee 885,000,000; Min- by the Mipeacons State Forest Service. Arthur | 4 from friends in Stras- ce, OS hres g lage F. Oppel, of the State Forestry Department has bourg he completed the road, _ Sippi, $7,000,000; Missouri, issued instructions to the forest rangers and of- the protecting wall, and the $5,413,079; Montana, $6,- | fered aid in tree distribution. Rangers will be bridget . ridge in three years. Com 300,000; Nebraska, $2,000,- allowed a certain number of trees. This is the Manica tablished 000; Nevada, $1,377,499; first attempt of this kind, so Mr. Oppel reports unication established, an ; ; 5 to the American Forestry Association, and the industrial revolution began i Sata = (000; | service is limited as to trees, but has bigger plans } in the Ban de la Roche. The rN M y 1900) g under way for next year. boys learned the crafts of ew Mexico, $4,000,000 ; The New York State College of Forestry sends " New York, $2,000,000; | out a call for memorial tree planting and directs | °*7Pcnters, masons, glaziers, North Carolina, $5,000,000 ; all tree planters to register their trees with the blacksmiths, and wheel- _ North Dakota, $1,082,000; American Forestry Association. Every findi- wrights, trades previously 5 ; si vidual or organization planting a tree is urged unknown to the region. . ~ap $13,321,500 ; iad to register it with the American Forestry Asso- Wieiched ) cottabes bie ~ Ma, $3,600,000; Oregon, ciation and get the free certificate of registration e : $8,000,000; Pennsylvania, which the Association will send. habitable. Is there a section $8,780,000; Rhode Island, in the United States to _ $1,470,000; South Carolina, ~ which the Oberlin formula "$7,000,000 ; South Dakota, $6,767,276 ; Tennessee, $3,650,- can be applied? It seems that our citizens think so. _ 906; Texas, $60,480,000; Utah, $10,092,794; Vermont, Now there is a fine opportunity for making our roads "$1,797,650; Virginia, $3,400,000; Washington, $6,500, memorial highways by the proper planting of roadside _ 000; West Virginia, $2,000,000; Wisconsin, $3,200,000; trees. In many states such plans have long been under “Wyoming, $6,500,000; Total for the United States, way. Reports to the American Forestry Association ~ $340,304,536. show the plan is being taken up in hundreds of munici- se From voting $340,000,000 for good roads it is a long palities. Perhaps the most interesting activity is in the "look back to the time of Jean Frederic Oberlin, of little state of Delaware. General Coleman duPont Bee Alsace, whose fame is based upon the fact that he built has provided four million dollars for the building of a - aroad. This man for whom Oberlin College in Ohio is highway. The fund has been accepted by the State ~~ named, took, in 1767, an isolated pastorate and at once Highway Department of which J. G. Towsend, Jr., is ” = Saw that its very isolation was the cause of its poverty the chairman. In General duPont’s scheme of things is ~~ “Ee 292 ' AMERICAN FORESTRY CROSS '|' OF TREES his. Road of 4|! Rexhemb ] 1 -* ‘CTMLOMCLACE OCMUicee a Is Plkammeg! 5 4\4 im Georgia. SP Vane aii lie ie iim Hii bie , eae wide L \ a ereeage rage rare eran rene wom reer ee rrr rs i ie 4 < Se FAMOUS BEIM AT OBERLIN COLLEGE, OHIO, NAMED FOR A PLACE IN HALL OF FAME OF AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OF WASHINGTON. THE FIRST 10G CABIN WAS BUILT HERE IN 1633, n TALLEST TREE IN MONTENEGRO, NOMINATED FOR HALL OF FAYE OF AMERICAN FORESRTY ASSOCTATIC’ OF WASHINGTON BY RED CROSS WHICH HAD HSAD- QUARTERS NEAR IT DURING WAR, Ve, WN 2. 25 =r ripe ee lie | pe ents ‘ie ee a eS a NG eevee eee eet nes S § © AMERICAN FORBSRTY ASSOCIATION A CROSS OF TREES The most unique “Road of Remembrance” plan reported to the American Forestry Association comes from the Women’s Auxiliary of the Chamber of Commerce of Macon, Georgia. Bibb County will have two roads so planted as to form the cross. These roads will be planted with memorial trees in honor of the men and women of Bibb County who served in the world war. The inserts show two trees hominated for the “Hall of Fame.” Trees with a history are being nominated for this honor from all parts of the world. CIVILIZATION’S HIGHWAYS incorporated a plan for the proper planting of memorial trees. He called in Samuel C. Lancaster, the builder of the Columbia River Highway, who has made a survey of the State. In the report, after he had studied the Dela- ware trees, he speaks of “Glorified Highways” in point- ing to Delaware’s opportunity. On this point Mr, Lan- caster says: “A citizen of Delaware motored through the gorge of the Columbia recently, and when he saw how careful we 293 thoroughfares, and they will be the peer of any in the - world. “The roads of Continental Europe have been planted in many different ways with many kinds of trees in order to accomplish certain results. Suffice it to say. that we are familiar with their system and have endeavored to profit by the lessons they have taught. Nevertheless, we must not forget that we are living in a new age; the new types of conveyance—the high-powered automobile and auto truck—have changed old methods of highway trans- portation and it is affecting our living conditions by eliminating distance, bringing communities closer to- PMO BD ES gether and providing the former with better markets and the comforts of city life without the crowding. ae y 9 “Tf you make the most of your opportunity, you should 7 beautify your roads and certain small tracts in and about Le your towns and cities and do it in the very best way. We believe the right way to obtain the best results is to stay & = ss Courtesy of the Chicago Tribune. A ROAD IN ILLINOIS Showing the condition before road builders made it what it is today. had been to keep the trees, both small and great, together with the flowering shrubs, so as to preserve the natural beauty all about us, he commissioned me to outline a plan for beautifying your highways. “Tn order to be able to advise you intelligently, I have gone over the State twice for the purpose of studying | your varying soil conditions, being careful to note what trees and shrubs do best and live the longest in each sit- ation, for from these typical specimens it will be wise for you to make your choice. “Having seen your finished roads and comprehending your plans for the future, I wish to congratulate you upon your breadth of vision, for when the permanent pave- ments are completed throughout the State of Delaware and suitable trees have been planted by the roadside, you will head the list for permanent highways among the States of the Union on account of the excellence of your as close to nature as possible and avoid all formal planting. “In conclusion, permit me to say that I appreciate greatly the honor of having been asked to come to Dela- it = Courtesy of the Chicago Tribune. THE FIRST IMPROVEMENT Showing the road in the next column after it had been improved. The second step will now be the planting of trees along the roadside in order to beautify it. ware and prepare this report. The same careful thought has been given to the consideration of your problems as was given to the people of Oregon when they employed me as consulting engineer to fix the location and direct the construction of that now famous highway throug] the Gorge of Columbia, of which the’ late Frederic Vil- lers, veteran British war correspondent of the Illustrated London News, said, ‘It possesses the best of all the great highways in the world—glorified.’ 294 AMERICAN “Your people are going to glorify the highways of Delaware. In outlining a plan, I have spoken to you out of the experience of a lifetime and have given you the best there is in me. The work which you are doing will live and if you plant the trees by the roadside, future generations will call you blessed.” Of course, there is not a Coleman duPont in every State, and Delaware is to be congratulated upon having the service of such a man. But what of other States? There is Georgia, with the “Roads of Remembrance” work and memorial tree planting being directed by Julia Lester Dillon. In Bibb County two memorial roads will, FORESTRY aside their own interests to fight for our homes, our country, and liberty in the great World War. The Woman’s Clubs of the United States have undertaken the planting of trees along the Lincoln Highway from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast. The Woman’s Club of York started the movement to plant trees from Wrights- ville to the Adams County line, the York County portion of the Lincoln Highway, which will eventually be one of _ the great roadways of the world, as a tribute to all the York County boys who served in the great war. The plan is to plant the roadway on both sides with very long- — lived, deep-rooted trees, set about 100 feet apart, and to mark a tree for each of the be planted so as to form the shape of a cross. fi This will be one of the most unique memorials in the country as outlined by F. Roger Miller, secretary of the Macon Chamber of Commerce. The Woman’s Auxiliary of the Chamber of Commerce of Macon is making the plans for this “Road of Remembrance,” and Mrs. W. O. Kinney is the chairman of the com- mittee that will plant the trees and gather the data which will enable the American Forestry Asso- ciation to register the trees on its National Honor Roll. Each tree along the high- way extending from Lorane across the county to a point near Dry Branch, and from 220 boys who gave their — lives, and to mark the road- way at either end in some way to show that the whole planting is a tribute to all — who served, living or dead. The trees chosen are red oaks, American elms, sugar maples and tulip trees. Two — dollars and a half plants a tree, an additional dollar — marks it for some fallen hero with a small bronze department of service. In the price of the tree is in- cluded the replacement of the tree, should it die, and expert care of it for a year. Every loyal citizen of York County will do all he can to ute Trees, this, ‘Road of plate giving his name and — further this avenue of Trib- | the direction of Clinton towards Echeconnee, thus Courtesy the DuPont Magazine. DELAWARE ROCK FOR DELAWARE ROADS General Coleman DuPont has given four million dollars for good roads Remembrance,’ which not only honors our soldier and forming the. cross, will bear on a metal plate the name of a Bibb County man who entered some branch of war service. Gold stars on some will indicate those who died in the service. Rela- tives and friends of the “heroes” will be given the privi- lege of furnishing the trees and markers, and the property owners will be asked to co-operate in planting the memorials. That is the way to interest the public in a real way in road building. Give them a real intimate part in the road. Make it, through memorial tree plant- ing a “Road of Remembrance” and therefore their road. At York, Pennsylvania, the Woman’s Club has under- taken the planting of memorial trees along the Lincoln Highway. Mrs. John B. Hamme, the president of the club, has organized the county for “tribute tree” planting to make this stretch of the famous highway a “Road of Remembrance.” In her plan, which may well be followed by similar organizations, she says: “There is a general movement to plant trees as the most fitting memorial to the boys who so nobly laid been worked out by Samuel C. - Columbia River Highway. work in Delaware, and a systematic plan of roadside tree Lancaster, the engineer who built the sailor lads, but also adds to the comfort and pleasure of all, and to the beauty of our York County. This is distinctly a community project.” An organized plan of campaign now, such as we have in Delaware and on the part of the women’s clubs in co- operation with the American Forestry Association will result in a memorial such as the doughboy never dreamed when he embarked for France on the great adventure. He will have made his country a better place in which to live, and that is what he fought for. These highways of civili- zation offer the great opportunity. Our methods of trans- portation have progressed at an astonishing rate, but, pe- culiar as it may seem, the roads have remained unadorned through all these years. Shall we beautify our roads as we build and find outselves in the years to come with a nation-wide memorial in which trees—man’s greatest friend—shall have the greatest part? Perhaps somewhere a memorial road can be built in honor of Jean Frederic Oberlin, who long years ago saw good roads as the solution to many problems. lanting has a OO de a Re y a - _ * 47 2. sociation in memorial tree _ planting. The word has gone out to every post, in tion. come to the Association from American _ headquarters: _ under separate. cover; j letter and the desire of Nation- with _ This bulletin, I may say, has and to the Department in for- _ quarters for a continuation of ~ ANY comrades of members of the American Legion have “Gone West” but now trees-living, growing memorials of their heroism, are being planted as a sign that their comrades have not forgotten. In the opinion of many Joyce Kilmer, the poet, never did a greater thing than when he wrote “Trees.” It was not long afterward that he died in the service of his coun- try. Kilmer’s little poem has become the inspiration for _ tree planting on a scale of which even he never dreamed, for now the American Legion has coupled its forces with the American Forestry As- THE AMERICAN LEGION FOR MEMORIAL TREES At the same time advantage should be taken of this oppor- tunity to emphasize the fitting part played by the proper setting of memorial trees to any form of memorial as well as to encourage both the protection and preservation of all trees now growing within our cities, Due to the great interest that is being displayed throughout the entire country and to the many instances where trees are being planted in this relation, the American Forestry Association is compiling a National Honor Roll for all Memorial Trees. In order that the American Legion may co-operate in a very worthy project, the several Department Adjutants are urged to request that where their respective Posts have taken any active part or know of instances in the community where trees have ‘thus been planted, that full particulars be forwarded to the American Forestry Association at their address given above. every part of the world where there is an organiza- This letter has just Legion Mr. P. S. Ridsdale, The American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. My dear Sir: * Allow me to acknowledge and to thank you for your letter dated March 31, also for the copy of your March num- ber which is being forwarded In view of your previous al Headquarters to co-operate you in the great work that your Association is ren- dering, I am pleased to be able to enclose a copy of Organiza- tion Bulletin No. 38 with its subject “Trees as Memorials.” been forwarded to every State artment in the Union as well as to all our possessions eign lands wherever they are established. Assuring you of the desire of National Head- National Photograph Company PRESENTATION OF THE MARKER Mrs. Walter Reed ea ose the bronze marker for the memorial tree hearty co-operation, I am, Sincerely yours, Russert G. Creviston, Director of Organization. The Bulletin No. 38 the letter mentions as having been “sent to every post follows: THE AMERICAN LEGION NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS Meriran Lire Burirprne, Inpranaporis, INDIANA Bess = BULLETIN Eegenizstion - o. 38 Subject: Trees as Memorials. The several Department Adjutants are urged to notify their Several Posts that should they desire to include the planting of trees in their memorial activities, valuable information can be obtained by communicating with the American Forestry Associa- tion whose address is 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. at Walter Reed ospital to American Legion Post 21. Lieut. FRANKLIN D’OLIER, National Commander. One of the first posts to plant a memorial tree is American Legion Post 21 at Walter Reed U. S. A. General Hospital in Wash- ington, D. C. Marking the anniversary of the -decla- ration of war against Ger- many the Post. planted a maple on the main drive just across the sunken gar- den from the administra- tion building. Mrs. Walter Reed, widow of the famous Army surgeon, for whom the hospital is named, pre- sented for the American Forestry Association a bronze marker to be placed in concrete near the tree. The marker was presented to Lieutenant Paul Foote, of Montana, commander of Post 21. The committee representing the American Forestry Association was Mrs, Reed, Mrs. Richard Cook, her daughter, the wife of Colonel Cook, Major-General George A. Richards, Major W. F. Bevan, Major R. W. Shu- feldt,, Carl A. Droop, all members of the Association. Behind. the Fort Myer Band, Colonel James A. Glennan and the hospital staff, followed by the American Legion Post and nurses all in uniform, marched from the admin- istration building to the tree where a hollow square was formed. Here Mrs. Reed presented the marker. to Lieu- tenant Foote and helped to shovel earth over the tree while an appropriate program marked the ceremony. On April 26 the Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Post of the American Legion dedicated 29 trees in memory of their comrades. At this ceremony the United Daughters of the Confederacy and veterans of other wars had part. The Paul Foote, commander of 295 296 trees are planted on Uni- versity Avenue in a double row thus forming an ave- nue of trees that connect the University and Tusca- loosa. Fred. R. Maxwell, Jr., of the Post, was the chairman of the tree plant- ing committee. Another tree planted in Alabama was for Lieutenant Pilot Meredith Roberts, who was killed flying over the enemy lines. The tree was plant- ed by the Pelham Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. All these trees are being registered on the national honor roll the Association is compiling. AMERICAN FORESTRY CHILDREN PLANTING TREES IN JERUSALEM Recent news dispatches make the following announce- ment: Three thousand school children of Jerusalem, cele- brating the Jewish Arbor Day recently, planted 500 trees in the suburbs of the Holy City, inaugurating the afforestation program of the Zionists to plant a million trees this year in Palestine, according to a report from the Zionist Commission in Jerusalem. During 1919, 369,000 trees were planted in the effort to restore Palestine’s forests, wantonly destroyed by Turkish misrule and by the war. The afforestation of Palestine, because of its importance in the agricultural rejuvenation of the country and in providing lumber for construction work of the future, is considered one of the most important projects that the Zionists are attempting in the Holy Land. planting thirty-seven Cali- fornia oak trees along the State Highway at Ingle- side Terrace. The planting was in honor of thirty- seven fallen heroes. A post was placed by each tree bearing a brass plate with a suitable inscription ‘and the name of the hero in whose honor the tree was planted. The Lodi Women’s Club, Civic Section, planted trees along the State Highway near the entrance to the town for a distance of nearly a mile. Oriental plane trees were planted upon the recommendation The reports of plantings are coming in from every section of the country. California is making a fine record. The San Francisco Native Sons and Native Daughters of the Golden West celebrated Arbor Day by .of the State Board of Forestry. The Board of Forestry also furnished instructions for planting and supporting the young trees: The State Highway Commission will see that the trees are properly watered. At Fernley, National Photograph Company ‘ PLANTING THE MEMORIAL TREE AT WALTER REED HOSPITAL * Following the presentation of the bronze marker for the memorial tree planted at Walter Reed, U. S. A. General Hospital at Washington, ; D. C. by Mrs. Walter Reed, the widow of the Army surgeon, Chaplain Daily accepted the tree on behalf of the American Legion Post 21, ‘ of which Lieut. Paul Foote is the commander. The tree was placed on the bend in the main drive and Rab nae the sunken garden that is opposite the administration building. The landscape plans are being made by Prof. David Lumsden of Cornell, AMERICAN California, the school children observed Arbor Day by ps. an American prune tree in honor of Robert er, a Fernley soldier who made the supreme sacrifice x the war. The Women’s Civic Club, of Wheat- hae four memorial trees on Arbor Day. The es were planted on the school grounds, with the chil- dren of the school taking part in the exercises. Trees ‘oh Plented in honor of McKinley P. Brook, Milton , Claude Boswell and Wilton McDonald. A Saavia gigantea was planted at Smartsville in honor y9§ Edward J. McGanney, who lost his lift in France, ber 6, 1918. The tree planting ceremony on Arbor y was under the auspices of the Smartsville Farm or. Fifteen tulip trees were planted along the Street side of McKinley Park, in Sacramento, by the dren of Marshall School. In 1919 the pupils of the school planted two redwood trees in the park in of the soldier dead. Planting of the Big Leaf along the State Highway at Cotati, in Sonoma , will be continued in the fall. The Cotati Com- os been issued a permit to line the highway with es for a distance of five miles. It is anticipated that FORESTRY 297 the cities of Santa Rosa and Petaluma will continue the planting so that the entire highway between the two cities may be lined with trees. The Chamber of Commerce and Minerva Club of Santa Maria appointed a joint com- mittee which is proceeding with the planting of pepper trees along the main street of the city. _ Other streets will ultimately be tree lined. Here are fine examples of pushing the work for “Roads of Remembrance” for which the Association is campaign- ing. These roads lined with memorial trees will provide not only a fine memorial but a wonderful setting for whatever memorial building or memorial shaft may be adopted by various communities. A feature of the whole work is the way children are taking part in the programs in thousands of places. This means that in the years to come they will know and appreciate the value of trees and will realize the need of perpetuating our forests. Thus the American Legion, the Women’s Clubs and the patriotic organizations everywhere are uniting with the American Forestry Association in making this great tree planting work successful. N accepting the resignation of Colonel Henry S. Graves as Chief Forester of the United States, Sec- ~ retary of Agriculture E. T. Meredith wrote the fol- owing letter: , Deat Col. Graves: Your decision that you cannot, tice to yourself, continue longer at the head of the t Service is one which I have received with the $ eta I am compelled to accept it much against nation, because I cannot, in fairness to you, do rv The loss of your services, however, is a mat- £ great moment to the Department of Agriculture, rell as to the public interests which you have so y protected and advanced; and I sincerely re- ience as Chief Forester alias the remainder term of office here. decade through which you have guided the For- ice has been notable in accomplishment, and nization which you have developed to a high lane of efficiency has won not merely respect but the ea ty approval of the West, which is perhaps most di- terested in it, as well as the country at large. and more you have made the National Forests the public welfare. Their usefulness has been ex- d along lines which make the most of their pro- Ctive resources, scientifically yet practically, and al- s with a sound, far-sighted public policy. You have to it that they are utilized in helping the home , in promoting local prosperity, and in contrib- z largely to the benefit of the people as a whole. you have given stability and permanence to the ic forest enterprise—which means true development zainst destructive exploitation. You have handled i “public resources in the interests of the many as AN APPRECIATION OF COLONEL GRAVES against encouraging or permitting monopoly by a privil- eged few. “You have put the handling of the public forests on a thoroughly businesslike basis from every standpoint. Under severe handicaps and discouragements of a kind unknown in private business, you have secured an ad- mirably trained personnel, developed a system of ad- ministration which I believe to be unsurpassed in effec- tiveness in any branch of the Government, and con- spicuously stimulated, by leadership, a spirit of loyalty and devotion to the interests of the public in your or- ganization. At the same time, you have recognized that the work must be based on technical knowledge—that the public welfare must be served by experts and special- ists, just as private business is, if public ownership and management of the great public properties under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service are to meet with the highest degree of success. You have, therefore, em- phasized the importance of scientific research and of the application of its results in the business of ad- ministration. The progress made under your direction in the development of the basic knowledge of forestry and in its practical application has been no less signal than the progress made in the building of an efficient organization and the working out of good business methods. “You have also carried to substantial completion a great work of land classification, based on sound princi- ples which it became your duty to formulate; so that large areas, in the aggregate, of agricultural lands have been opened to acquisition and conversion into farms, while the lands suited to permanent public ownership and administration for forest purposes have been classi- fied as such—a step in itself of utmost significance for 2908 | AMERICAN the permanence of the communities and the resources in question. “On your initiative primarily a policy of road build- ing for the development of the National Forests and the benefit of the public has been entered upon, During the war not only brought your organization through intact and enabled the National Forests to contribute up to capacity to the war effort of the country, but you employed it extensively in the location of forest supplies of war materials and in the solution of important re- search problems relating to wartime uses of forest prod- ucts. You assisted largely, both in person and through the release for foreign service of many of your best men, in solving the problem of wood supplies for the American Army in France. Within the last few months you have taken the lead in a movement which I believe to be of the utmost importance, for extending the practice of forestry to lands now privately owned and stopping FORESTRY the needless and short-sighted waste of a great basic resource through forest destruction. “These are large services. By wise judgment, energy, vision, and untiring devotion you have rendered them to a degree that has been and is the pride of all your friends. They entitle you to a large measure of grati- tude from the public, to whom they have been ren- dered, and you may justly be proud of the record you have made. ; “During the time I have been here I have thoroughly enjoyed my association with you. Whatever may be your plans for the future, you have my best wishes for complete success in any undertaking in which you may engage. I know you are not going to lose your in= terest in the forestry problems of the Nation and that the department and the Forest Service will have your co-operation and counsel in the discharge of their re sponsibilities for the maintenance, development, and sound utilization of our great forest resources.” AN UNUSUAL YOUNG EUCALYPTUS BY ABBOT KINNEY T HE photograph of the tree with Mr. S, Barker on the right and Mr. George J. Cleveland on the left is that of a blue gum (Eucalyptus Globulus), planted in October, 1918, when it was eight inches high, and photographed in THE OVERGROWN YOUNGSTER Though only one year and four months old, this eucalyptus (blue gum) is 22 feet high. It is growing on the banks of the Grand Canal, at Venice, California. the first week of February, 1920. One year and four months after planting, it was twenty-two feet in height. It is especially remarkable in still maintaining the seed- ling form of growth in stem, opposite leaves and in blue- white color of leaves. RS The mature blue gum has round stems and alternate sickle-shaped leaves of a heavy green color. The phot graph herewith shows the difference though it does no! show the striking blue color of this tree that has beet maintained in continuation of the seedling form. ‘ A large number of species of the Eucalyptus have bee introduced into California and are growing well in the State. Of these the E. Globulus is the source of tht standard Euca!yptus oil and of all medicinal preparations based on Eucalyptus. The fact that the Globulus planted in groups or groves in California makes the col lection of leaves for the oil easier and cheaper thai where the leaves must be taken from trees scattered im the natural growths of Australia and Tasmania. 7 Mistakes in distilling oil from other species of the gum is, in California, entirely absent. A large number of the gums contain no eucalyptol whatever in the oil from the leaves. ; SEEDS FOR GREAT BRITAIN A iesetas shipment of American forest tree seeds, donated by the American Forestry Association to G Britain to aid in reforesting sections of woodland and timberland cut down during the war have reached England. “¢ The following letter of acknowledgement has beer received from Hon, A. G. Herbert, Secretary of the Forestry Commission: : “T am directed by the Forestry Commissioners to sa that they have now received the consignments of forest tree seeds presented by the American Forestry Associa- tion to Great Britain. “These seeds will be of great assistance to the com missioners in carrying out reafforestration operations im this country, particularly in view of the prevailing shortage of tree seeds, and I am to ask you to be good enough to convey to the members of your Association the sincere thanks of the commissioners for this valua- ble gift.” re FORESTRY, LIVESTOCK AND CUT-OVER LANDS OF THE SOUTH BY THOMAS P. IVY HE shortage of wood pulp and the high cost of building materials prove without the aid of statis- tics that we have cut and destroyed our forests far below the margin of national safety. The price of beef and shoes is a sure sign that our cattle grazing lands in the West have been so encroached upon by agriculture that other sections must make up the deficiency in western pasturage if the supply of livestock is to keep pace with the increase in population. In casting about in search of a solution of the future supply of cattle and timber the Southern States have COUNTY ROAD THROUGH PINE FOREST This stand in Irwin County, Georgia, shows the kind of timber which can be grown on cut over lands in the South. attracted attention on account of the vast area of cut-over lands there that has within it possibilities of the widest and highest value to the people of the whole United States. That portion of the Southern States known as the Coastal Plain has conditions which are most favorable for the development of the cattle industry in conjunction with reforestation, provided there is applied to the prob- lem a well defined national policy that will enable the Owners of these lands through Governmental financial aid to develop their holdings in accordance with their best possibilities. The Coastal Plain extends from Norfolk, Virginia, to Galveston, Texas. If we except southern Florida, which is largely prairie with here and there clumps of cyprus and cabbage palmetto, and the Mississippi delta in Louisi- ana, the soil, flora, the rainfall and other climatic con- ditions are quite uniform throughout this area. Origi- nally it contained enormous forests of pine, of which the two leading species were longleaf and slash pine. These forests because of the cheapness of logging and lumbering the year round and the high value of the timber for all construction purposes have sustained a vigorous attack from the lumbermen for the past twenty- five years. Only remnants of that great forest are now to be seen, mainly in Florida, Louisiana and Texas. According to a bulletin recently published by the Interior Department, the several coastal states have in them the following acreage of cut-over lands: State Cut-over lands Area of State TORAS oo cte Place sauces t omee 12,000,000 acres 167,000,000 acres South Carolina.......... 9,500,000 acres 19,516,000 acres North Carolina.......... 13,000,000 acres 31,200,000 acres Mississippi.............. 13,500,000 acres 29,675,000 acres VLoutsigna ss. sy. 4... seve hs 12,000,000 acres 29,062,000 acres PUGS eae eka tek 12,500,000 acres 35,100,000 acres GOOPRIA Ts iin be om sic wcie 21,000,000 acres 37,584,000 acres Alabama oii. is ites ole we 15,000,000 acres 33,000,000 acres 4 ite 1 Be aerate A 108,500,000 acres 382,137,000 acres According to these statistics nearly 30 per cent of the total area of these states, or an acreage greater than the CATTLE GRAZING AND FORESTRY In this longleaf pine forest in Baker County, Florida, cattle are raised at a profit in addition to that secured from the forest. combined acreage of Alabama, Florida and Georgia, is cut-over land. Most of this acreage is held in large tracts by lumber companies, one corporation owning, in western Florida, more than 300,000 acres. In this un- productive acreage is locked up probably the most im- portant economic problem that now confronts the people 299 300 AMERICAN of the United States. How shall that problem be solved and how shall these lands be developed? The many schemes of colonization that have been projected and failed would seem to eliminate that possi- bility. In the light of the experience of what has been accomplished in the past decade there appear to be three solutions of this great problem being worked out by different men or corporations in different localities or states without any general concert of plan and purpose. The three solutions thus in process of development might be classified as follows: Livestock ranches, reforesta- tion and livestock farms. In cattle raising it has been found that one thousand head is as small a number as will permit of the highest economy in management and one hundred thousand head is regarded as the largest number in Texas that ought to be under one management on one ranch. As_yet nowhere on the Coastal Plain are there any cattle ranches except on the everglades FORESTRY bermen have herds on their cut-over lands but here thes cattle industry is entirely secondary to that of lumbering, — is given no expert management, and so furnishes no data — that would be reliable. In working out this problem no rules and regulations of general application can be laid © down. Each area must be treated in accordance with — the conditions found on it. We can approximate in 3 general way what should be the results. As a starting point, grant that one thousand head of — cattle is the unit of economy. For grazing pu allotting ten acres per head, a tract of ten thousand acre: would be required. Such a tract located anywhere on the Coastal Plain would consist of flat wood lands, h igh pine lands, muck, hummock, scrub, swamp and, if it southern Florida, prairie lands. The first two will stitute the area for reforestation in pine and would pre ably amount to three-fifths of the entire tract. remaining two-fifths would be made up of one or n or all of the other de: and prairie lands of south- ern Florida. There the in- dustry has assumed con- siderable proportions and so far as can be learned from observation has prov- ed profitable. Perhaps one of the largest herds, about 30,000, is owned by the Consolidated Company of Jacksonville. In southern Florida ten acres per head is allotted as ample pastur- age, and on that acreage cattle thrive the year round. All the management has to do is to protect the herd against diseases and ticks and to cross-breed with strains that will give a vigorous and large type even in that climate. Of course, if for the two months of the year when the pasture is leanest these cattle were fed a pound of cotton seed meal or other grain per day, it is beneficial. In regard to the second solution, reforestation in con- junction with. cattle raising, opinion is divided in the bureaus of the Department of Agriculture where the subject has been investigated. In a general way it ap- pears that the livestock and forestry experts believe the plan practical, but some of the plant specialists are doubtful whether grass can be grown sufficiently un- der trees to furnish pasturage. And yet tradition says that in these primeval forests on the Coastal Plain grasses grew so high that cattle could not be seen when grazing. So far no experiments have been conducted that would justify a conclusion for either side, but the facts in the situation present an interesting study. In the first place the proper handling of this enterprise would require a man who was both an expert forester, lumberman, and livestock man. In many instances lum- A DIPPING VAT A necessary treatment by which cattle are protected against ticks. tions. These four tho acres should be treate as forest lands pri but as pasture- Shrubs that cattle, bro and canes for winter ever. greens should be introduc ced to take the place of grow’ not useful on pastures. By adopting such a policy the pasture value of these four thousand acres could d be vastly enhanced. ta We have six thousand acres suitable for refores- tation. How shall that be - done and this area used for ~ grazing? That is the un tried and debatable experi-_ ment. For reforestation of — this area we.can use tonigleat pine and slash pine, one or both. Since it is a serious drawback to the practice ‘of forestry in this country that the financial returns are so long in coming, we should choose, other things being equal, species that bring the quickest financial returns. — With that principle as a guide we should reforest this six thousand acres with slash pine on account of the rapidity of its growth, its greater rosin product and the further fact that it is almost equal in timber qualities to longleaf pine. Tables furnished by the Forest Service show slash pine yields in cords of pealed pulp wood per acre: 12 cords when 13 years old, 25 cords when 19 years old, 34 cords when 21 years old and 40 cords at! the age of 27 years. If we should decide upon a pulp wood rotation of twenty-one years we would have in value per acre from pulp wood, taking two dollars per cord as the price, sixty-eight dollars. From this same stumpage three years” before cutting we could take a value in turpentine and = ~ _ would be no lease charges for those two "years the net profit would be equal to the rosin based on the following actual figures for operating ten acres: Oou cps and gutter lines... 2.50.5... cee ee cscs $100.00 Three-year lease on this amount of timber............. 100.00 EMMI PATINEMMESIO hast ln ho ys vy ka hss lect esses eb es 10.00 Labor for working one season......................05% 71.25 Stilling amount gum gathered.......................... 6.00 _ Spirit barrels and rosin barrels........................ 25.00 Total cost of operating ten acres one season...... $312.25 FORESTRY, LIVESTOCK AND CUT-OVER LANDS OF THE SOUTH 301 pany, for the Louisiana Experiment Station at Urania, Louiasana. Mr. Hardtner puts forth the following ledger account of the business on a cut-over tract of fifteen hundred acres: USE OF CUT OVER LANDS Cut over lands of practically no value are made valuable when used by sheep for grazing, as is this land of the Southern Lumber Company in Louisiana. A low estimate of the yield per year for operating these ten acres would be: Three barrels of turpentine _ worth $225, and ten barrels of rosin worth $250, or a total of $475. This would give a profit of $162.25 for the ‘first year. The yield of the next two 1,500 acres at 94.00 per acre. . i300. 2 ee ce tee cee e oad "$6,000 LDQ PRGA BOPMORTUG Rs es wives: loc ue ite cos cio.ns L.cloewale vorale 4,500 Bagrpnevavet art cct ig iatvec iad hae tice @ sim yeaa’ tins vole ccs wabelocs 500 ROMGM Be eM eae OSE Pies AN cra's alee Sve dg 0 6 be A Wioreledle 100 F enGGHamrremitn tea hrccarsaiite ycetipaieltinb haces ausise yy oe 1,750 Total investment... ............. $12,850 ANNUAL COST OF OPERATIONS Supervision $300 SERRE OSA Sea's x oled gee taiacd sales Siaie'ohs we a ON 150 Interest at 7 per cent on investment . 900 Winter feed for cattle................ 900 BOL alae 2 t Savarese ee thee Za $2,250 ANNUAL RETURNS Sale of fifty head cattle.............. $2,000 Sale of fifty cords of wood.... ....... 250 ad 0 Sle Rh Pai RS, $2,250 Using these figures as a basis we should have to sell from the herd of one thousand annually three hundred head, and at $40 per head, this would give a gross return of $12,000, or a net annual profit of $3,900 on a herd of one thou- sand head. The third method of utilizing these cut-over lands on the Coastal Plain is as farm lands for cattle farms where the food is grown for the cattle by cultivation of the soil as distinct from the ranch method of southern Florida where native forage supplies the food. Mr. D. J. Renfroe, of Thomasville, years would not be so large, but as there ’ first year. From these figures a profit ” of $50 per acre for the three-year period is apparent and this added to the pulp wood gives a profit of nearly five dollars _ per acre per year throughout the pulp wood rotation of twenty-one years. In the meantime what has become of Our one thousand head of cattle. Has "the reforestation of the six thousand / acres lessened their pasturage? Here again only an actual experiment can give the desired information. But it seems probable that the first third and the last _ third of this period of twenty-one years EXPERIMENT FARM OF S. W. COLONIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT COMPANY would furnish open space enough for Hampshire pigs raised on fenced pine land with oats for winter grazing, will be fattened good pasturage and that probably the intermediate third might be too shady for the best pas- turage unless some shade loving grass is found to keep an even pasturage throughout the whole rotation. As to the profits of the cattle industry thus conducted there are no available figures. The nearest approach to ) anything of the kind are the experiments conducted by Mr. Henry E. Hardtner, of the Urania Lumber Com- . ae on peanuts and hardened on corn. Jasper County, Texas. Georgia, is the most conspicuously successful of the cattle farmers on the Coastal Plain. When he began his ex- periments a few years ago, these open old field lands around Thomasville could be bought for ten dollars per acre. Today the price of the same type of lands in that locality is forty dollars per acre, due largely to Mr. Ren- froe’s success in cattle farming. Mr. Renfroe got his 302 AMERICAN results by converting these old fields into permanent pas- tures through the introduction of grasses and legumes that yield forage the year round. Carpet grass called by some the blue grass of the Coastal Plain is the largest factor in Mr. Renfroe’s experiments. Instead of ten acres per head Mr. Renfroe’s pastures carry one head of cattle per acre. As pasture lands the year round there is no doubt that the Coastal Plain can be made superior to any other part of our country. To recapitulate. The total of these cut-over lands in the coast states of the South, from Texas to North Caro- lina, inclusive, was 108,500,000 acres, or an area larger than the combined area of Alabama, Georgia and Florida. On the lowest estimate, that of ten acres per head of cattle, this FORESTRY board feet per acre at the end of a timber rotation of fifty years provided that lumber is desired instead of pulp wood. In the meantime there would be the income from — the several turpentine operations that could be carried on during this rotation. ; Therefore, this is a problem that appeals to the nation — for help in its solution and the solution can only be reach- ed by a vigorous co-operative state and national policy that aims to find the right man to handle every acre of this cut-over land in accordance with its site and soil demands and protect him in his business by enforcing the laws against fence-cutters and fire-starters. The first step, therefore, would be a forest and soil survey of every acre so that no mistake might be made in trying to do something for area would pasture annually ten mil- lion eight hundred - fifty thousand head of cattle. Accord- ing to the January report of the De- partment of Agri- culture there are in the United States a total of milk cows and other cattle of 68,132,000 valued at $3,936,256,000. By the same statistics there is in the Coastal Southern States which have been considered in this article a total of milk cows and cattle of 12,744,000 distributed as follows: North Carolina, 722,000; South Carolina, 460,- 000; Georgia, 1,232,000; Florida, 1,101,000; Alabama, 1,244,000; Mississippi, 1,287,000; Louisiana, 1,102,000; Texas, 5,596,000. The cut-over lands in the Coastal Plain of the Southern States can be made to furnish pasture to carry one-sixth of the total cattle now in the United States, and five- sixths of the total number now in the Coastal States of the south from Texas to North Carolina, inclusive. At the same time three-fifths of these now idle lands could also be made to grow timber at the rate of ten thousand GOATS ON CUT OVER LANDS Another use to which cut over land has been put by the Great Southern Lumber Company at Bogalusa, Louisiana. which neither the soil nor the climate isadapted. Thesec- ond step would be for the Government to broaden the Farm Loan Act so that financial as-— sistance could be extended to the men engaged in converting a waste area into forests and fields that would produce food © and shelter for one- sixth of the entire population of the United States. How much such assist- ance would accomplish can be measured by what has been done in the South in the last ten years without Gov- ernment financial assistance. The increase in cattle has been thirty per cent since 1910 and in hogs nearly seventy-five per cent. Of twenty leading hog producing states ten are south- ern. Georgia is in the forefront with a total of 3,165,000 swine and is surpassed by only six northern states. Furthermore, in 1910 there was not a packing house on the Coastal Plain from Norfolk to New Orleans. Today there is a packing house in nearly every two hundred miles of this territory. M M. BURRIS, formerly City Forester of Trenton, * N. J., has resigned to become one of the firm of Black, Burris & Fiske, Inc., consulting landscape archi- tects and foresters, with offices in the Broad Street Bank Building, at Trenton. Mr. Burris acted as City Forester for Trenton for more than two years, and his work dur- ing that time speaks for itself. He carries with him the best wishes of many friends for success in his new field of endeavor. | let following applied for life membership in the American Forestry Association in March and were” elected : Julian Wood, Pennsylvania; William R. Webster, Pennsylvania; Mrs. Hallie Davis, Elkins, District of 7 Columbia; Mrs. Z. Chafee, Rhode Island; Pine Tree > Manufacturing Company, Minnesota, and George E. Matthies, Connecticut. AMERICAN FORESTRY 303 ALL EDITORS TO UNITE FOR FOREST POLICY [ARD pressed by the newsprint - shortage the newspapers from all of the country are calling for ‘on a national forest policy the banner of the American r Association. Various edi- views of the editors follow: misville Courier-Journal: The news- r cannot use substitutes for paper! d is being sold at $25 a cord Pulpwood is being shipped to mills, and paper is shipped her to consumers. Within twen- , in the opinion of the American Association, the pulpwood supply England and the Lake States will gone. Forestry, as a national as a State enterprise, as a pro- private owners of lands, must be cen vigorously that the supply of of timber suitable for paper mak- ‘the more numerous varieties suit- lumber shall be renewed faster lt Lake Tribune: The American For- ; Association of Washington is cam- for a national forest policy and et it if the right kind of men are to the two Houses of Congress. sr present conditions, the newspapers United States are experiencing in supplying their readers a the news of the day, owing to the ttaze of print paper. According to given out by the Forestry Associa- is what has happened to the pulp a, ' ditnculty e he use of pulpwood in the manufacture print paper has been developed 1 the last fifty years. Of all the used by the newspapers. the war, news-print paper sold out two cents a pound, now it sells | quantities for five cents a pound, i in small quantities up to ten cents a it is high time we adopted a forest policy. There has been ly too much waste in times past and of reforestation has not been uted as vigorously as it should have The problem is one of great mo- » and should not be sidetracked by te and representatives in favor of s which smell of politics. The of the country should unite in g action. Relief will come quick- agh fh if pressure of this kind is applied. a”, Rochester Democrat and Chronicle: Those who wonder why the price of paper is so high, and why it seems to be going higher all the time, can find an answer to .the questions in their minds from some sta- tistics made available by the American Forestry Association. This organization is campaigning for a national forest policy. While the news-print shortage is a problem of great magnitude in itself, it is but one factor in the forest equation. The fundamental fact that must be borne in mind, and the basis of the Forestry. Asso- ciation’s campaign, is that the forests are rapidly disappearing. If nothing is done to replace something of what is gone and conserve that which remains, the time is near at hand when timber for all purposes will practically be unobtainable. It is against this deplorable condition that the Forestry Association’s campaign is direct- ed. It deserves universal support, and it is to be hoped that it will be successful. Why are the circulation and subscription, for newspapers advancing? Because of the scarcity of news-print paper. Why is news-print paper becoming scarce? An- swer to the latter question is given in a convincing manner in a bulletin issued by the American Forestry Association. The remedy lies in several directions. In the first place, there must be further conserva- tion of the present supply of paper. Then, there are the methods suggested by the Forestry Association, as follows: by devel- oping the industry in the Northwest and in Alaska; by perpetuating forests in tim- ber in them; possibly by the collection and repulping of newspaper and its reuse by mixing with it new pulp. Gadsden, Ala., Journal: rates, Watertown, N. Y., Standard: Some startling statements were made at a re- cent meeting of the American Forestry Association. The most surprising was the declaration of President Charles Lathrop Pack that 25 to 30 years is the limit of which our forests will hold out under the present drain. As alarming as this is, the country is paying but little attention to it. In 1904, President Roosevelt gave the first clarion call for woods conservation. Six- teen years have passed, but this government as yet has no definite forestry policy. It is the only civilized country that has none. Des Moines Capital: AmertcAn For- Estry Magazine data shows that the raw material that supports a large share of our industries comes from forests. Work is given by the 276,000 manufacturing estab- since realized the value of forests. lishments that use wood in some form, to over seven hundred thousand wage earners. Manufacturing establishments using wood pay out annually over a billion dol- lars for raw material. The value of the wood-using industries is slightly more than doubled by the process of refinement at the hands of more than a million wage earners. These are huge figures and their very magnitude makes them difficult of ready perception. But in no other way perhaps can the greatness and wealth represented by the wood-using industries of the coun- try be pointed out. One inhabitant out of every 100 forming the hundred million pop- ulation of the United States is a wage earner whose earnings depend upon the uninterrupted supply of raw material from the forest. ' Indianapolis News: The donation-by the American Forestry Association of 35,000,- 000 tree seeds to Great Britain, France, Belgium and Italy for the rehabilitation of forests sacrificed in the war, is a note- worthy episode in America’s post-war re- lations with Europe. The recipients of the gift are reported as deeply impressed with its value. Europe, of course, has long It cut them away for war purposes with the greatest reluctance, and it has set about restoring them as one of the first acts of reconstruction. It is significant that an association formed primarily for the purpose of es- tablishing a sensible American forestry policy should be able to provide such nec- essary help to countries that have already proved the value of state supervised for- estry activities. In so promptly providing ’ these seeds, the Association has shown that it is prepared to help America, but if America insists on stumbling along in the dark, as it has since attention -was called to the condition of its forests, the Associa- tion is just as ready to help friendly na- tions until the United States can be made to see the magnitude of its mistake. Forty years from now American travel-’ ers in Europe will find many forests serv- ing an admirable economic and esthetic purpose upon ground which today has been cut over. They will praise France, Bel- gium and other countries for their fore- sight in attending to reforestation as soon after the war as possible. Meanwhile, the United States is neglecting just such an opportunity, but not entirely, for here and there are signs of genuine public interest in forests, and Indiana is fortunate in being among the states which have made a fair beginning toward a definite policy. ee . AMERICAN FORESTRY NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, whi a desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to. each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree to the Association, : j TUSCALOOSA, ALA. By Tuscaloosa Post, American Legion: An- thony A. Dauser, Ed. Deaton, Perry Edward Doss, Findlay Brown Durrett, William A. Farris, Luther M. Gardner, William Gram- mer, Joseph Golden Hinds, Charles L. Lat- ner, Anders Laycock, Farley William Moody, Jesse W. McPherson, Jesse Coleman Pearson, William DeVane Pullen, Marvin Randolph, Isaac A. Robertson, William T. Roycroft, William Royal Seay, Lester Jared Snow, Alle E. Turner, George W. Turner, Mitt M. Sullivan, Edward Lawrence Williams, Os- car Cottrell, Willie S. Phillips, Sims E. Partrick, Lewis Edelman, Joe Leach, William Russel. GRAYSONIA, ARK. By C. I. C. Class of Sunday School: Price, Roy Copeland. OROVILLE, CAL, By Mrs. A. F. Jones: Albert Foster Jones. DAWSON. GA. By Georgia Daughters of Confedercy: John Willis Daniel, J. R. Davis. FRANCE Herman Dowd: Lt. Ollie By Mrs. Meredith L. Dowd. CARTHAGE, ILL. By Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Hartzell: William Hartzell. URBANA, ILL. By University of Illinois: Truman Obet Aarvig, Alvin James Adams, Charles Patrick Anderson, Michael Louis Angarola, Alan Newton Ash, John Willard Bailey, Harold John Barnes, Lloyd Kaylor Bartholomew, Lowell Wilson Bartlett, Bohuslav Bartos, Frank Allyn Benitz, John Stanley Bennehoff, Merrill Manning Benson, Edwards Hall Berry, Benjamin Harrison Bloebaum, Irving Jerome Bluestein, Vinson Runyan Boardman, Arthur Lee Bonner, Marcus Huber Branham, George Ray Brannon, William Edgar Brotherton, Bayard Brown, Waldo Reinhart Brown, John Edward Burroughs, Charles Bowen Busey, Charles Edwin Caldwell, William Joseph Cal- lahan, Jay Ira Carpenter, Leslie George Chand- ler, Minor Judson Chapin, Harry Leslie Clay- ton, Paul McKinley Clendenen, Frank May- nard Colcord,’ Linn Palmer Cookson, Willis Hugh Cerk, Bruce Nutter Culmer, Robert Marshall Cutter, Homer Walston Dahringer, John Henry Dallenbach, Theodore Frederic Demeter, David Woods Dunlap, James Ed- ward Durst, Vincent John Dushek, William Franklin Earnest, Adrian Clair Edwards, Elmo Krehl Eson, Emery C. Farver, James Alva Gain, Francis Moses Gaylord, Lloyd Havens Ghislin, Ralph Egley Gifford, Isaac Van Tyle Goltra, Thomas Goodfellow, Algernon De Waters Gorman, Otto Benton Gray, Robert Marion Greene, Julius Elmer Gregory, George Philip Gustafson, Chester Gilbert Hadden, Frederick Hadra, Milo Lincoln Haley, William Jacob Hamilton, John Conner Hanley, Howard Henry Hardy, Everett Leonard Harshbarger, James Burr Hickman, John A. Hirstein, Leon- ard Cunningham Hoskins, Peter Marion Huis- inga, Allen Kirk Hyde, Ralph Imes, Lenton Phillip Willis James, Hubert Jessen, Joseph Henry Johnston, Archibald Floyd Keehner, Otis Her- bert Kirchert, Robert Dudley Kirkland, Bay- ard Taylor Klotsche, John Carl Kromer, Ed- gar Alfred Lawrence, Theodore Edwin Lay- -den, John Charles Lee, Raymond George Leg- gett, Oscar Edwin Landsea, Everett Robertson Leisure, Lester Ray Lewis, Wilfred Lewis, Leslie Alvin Liggett, John Royer Lindsay, Robert Lewis Long, Clare Parsons McCaskey, Louis Douglas McCaughey, Isaac Frost Mc- Collister, Leo Glenn McCormack, Joel Fumas McDavid, John McDonough, William Howard Mandeville, Lewis Vinton Manspeaker, Leo Joseph Mattingly, Dean Ellsworth Memmen, Alexander Val Mercer, Russell Micenheimer, Donald Joseph Miller, Wayne Kenneth Moore, Guy Edward Morse, William Earle Mosher, Charles Sol Narkinsky, John Lowrie Needham, Ralph Mathew Noble, Thomas Olazagasti, Edwin August Olson, Raymond Webb Parker, Miles McKinstry Parmely, Lloyd Melvin Parr, Clyde Fugate Pendelton, William Chandler Peter- son, Louis Irving Phillis, James Blaine Phipps, Erie Frederick Pihlgard, Horation Nicholas Powell, Hugh Mitchell Price, Benjamin James Prince, James Kempt Read, Lawrence Scott Riddle, John W. Sackett, Harold Cordes Schreiner, William Joseph Sense, A. Vernon Sheetz, Carl Lee Sherman, Harold Stein Sei- bert, Bruce Lucius Sizer, Clarence Walter Smith, Philip Overton Smith, William Everett Smoot, Reginald Gardiner Squibb, Otto Stae- heli, Harold Hoyle Sutherland, Dana Elery Swift, Alexander Stephen Tarnoski, John Lawrence Teare, Norman James Tweedie, Charles Arthur Wagner, Elliott Pyle Walker, Edward Wallace, Manierre Barlow Ware, Hiram Hannibal Wheeler, William Erastus Wheeler, Jr., George Edward Wilcox, Lloyd Garrison Williams, Frederic Hance Winslow, Leslie Abram Waterbury, Warren Crooke Woodward, Edith Marian Morgan, Edward Kent Armstrong, Arthur Lewis Beyerlin, Al- bert Charles D’Vorak, William H. Gurther, Orlando Merrill Gochnaur, Calvin W. Hesse, Samuel Brody Leiserwitz, Leo Cassius Miller, © . Harry Henry Strauch, Burt Hamor Ward, - George .Lynn Weaver, Roy Wayne. Purdum, Harold Charles Buchanan, Charles Le Gustafson, Lynn Elmer Knorr, Alfred Thorpe Morison, Ralph Waldo Tippet, Cyril George Hopkins, Charles Henry Gundlock, Charles Leslie Starkel. LAFAYETTE, IND. By Service. Star Legion: Edward Foresman, Arthur O. Leaf, W. J. Memmer, Chester Platt, Otho Rector, William Deets, Russell Kent, Chester Deboy, Walter Behrens, James O’Con- nor, Robert Morse, Anthony Wilken, William Rosa, Ralph Hill, Roy E. Hart, Henry Ober- meyer, John W. Frank, Mahlon Unger, Frank Campbell, T. E. Bigelow, J. Vernon Ray- mond Reitemeyer, Wallace McGuire, Frank Baer, John Hendrickson, Herman Kolkona, John W. Vestor, Edward Harty, Harry Rock, Thomas Geinstrom, Corbin Brankam, Elmer Rothenberger, Clarence Booch, S. F. Shaffer, Carl Shutz, Fred Phillips, Harry Messenger, Ralph Ray, James Bowsher, Emil Wiser, Robert McGrath, Robert Wagner, Frank Ost- heimer, George Rogers, John Sherlock, David Fisher, Theodore Baumgardt, W. J. Corring- Roy — if ham, William Owens, Lloyd D. ‘Sedat Beeker, Robert Coleman, James Halloway, Ernest Levering, Charles McKinney, J. F. Buckley. WASHINGTON, IND. By Washington Rotary Club: William A Wood, Elmer Ishum, Clarence R. White, Burch, Richard Whisman, Ray Allen, H E. Elswick, Eugene Paul Smith, Earl wards, James McPherson, Joseph McCrii Silas M. Spaulding, William Thomas, Berna: Norris, Austin Wood, Daniel V. Taylor, Je tha C. Potts, Carl F. Mandabach, Emil } tingly, Clarence Brothers, Crystal MeC< Clarence S. Asdall, John F. Peterson, Geo Flick, Thurman Dalton, William C. Cisse Frank Lechner, Hollis Ray Goodwin, nest Ezra Bryer, William Henry Potts, F Falvian Doane, John Bryer, Jefferson Vincent. v OSKALOOSA, IOWA By Service Star Legion: Harry Ande Tommy Arkless, Samuel Allison, William Boyd, Wilford M. Bauder, Wells Besco, D ald Blakely, Dwight Bardley, Paul Co! Roy E. Crotinger, James Walter Collier, Fre Lacey Davis, Eldris Dales, Chas. H. Dail Ye John Daly, William Davidson, Homer Deutsch- man, Clifford Ervin Evans, Raymond wards, Edwin J. Evans, Raymond Eato Carl Endgreen, Cecil Freeman, Raymond ler, Virgil Guthrie, Thomas Garrington, D Hammond, Harry Hart, Wilbur Clifford Joh aes, son, David F. Kirk, Ernest L. Kent, Virg Knight, Edgar Linderman, John L. Lind man, Edward Marcus Lewis, Walter Clarence Minor, Floyd A. Moore, Harold Dale Mellot Howard Martin, Sol Morris, Charles A. Marks, Cornelius B. McCabe, Fred Mathes, Glen Mor row, Harry Middleton, Perry Newton, Noel, Harold Nichols, Phillip Plaster, Holli: T. Page, Manford Pearson, John Porter, Har- | mon Roy Stringfellow, Irwin L. Sears, Her- bert J. Sarvis, Paul Scott, Joseph Slavenaker, — James E. Smith, William Short, Clifford 2 lor, Louis Turner, Forrest C. Ufford, Ji Van Veen, Gilbert Van Maanen, Joseph Wil- lard Whitcomb, Gilbert Woods, Hugh Sta ley Newell, Charles G. Russell, James F Hoeller, Jacob M. Bolsom. vi ’ ARKANSAS CITY, KANS. By Community Service Council: Albert Hest- wood, Corp, Isaac Frantz Scott, Shelton Beaty, Capt. John T. Bossi, Corp. Roy Brown, Ivel L. — Bracher, Angus Ralston, Charles Brown, Law- rence Vernon Boaz, Clovis Mattingly, Ever- _ ette Kirkpatrick, Delbert Buck, Ephraim Love, Omar Curtis, Thomas Fleming, Arthur Beis Gilliland, Algie McKinney, Earl Marshall, Lawrence Ward. Hy ig SPARKS, MD. ot By Halten Garden Club of Baltimore Coun-— ty: Sgt. Charles H. Bruehl, Samuel Edwin Wilhelm. & MANTEE, MISS. By Mantee School: Grady Durham. ARLINGTON, N. J. By Mrs..J. E. Frobisher: Lt. Joseph Edwin 7 Frobisher. AMERICAN FORESTRY 305 Build Roads of Remembrance MAY 17 to 22 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Calls Ship By Truck Week, May 17 to 22, the big opportunity for putting before the public the idea of tree planting along the highways of the country and thereby making a magnificent and long-lived memorial in honor of our country’s heroes. Put the idea of Memorial Tree planting plan of the American Forestry Association before the committee in charge of Ship By Truck Week in your town. Telegraph poles or trees? This road shows what can be done in beautifying them as we build the roads for the trucks of modern transportation. WHICH DO YOU LIKE BEST? Trees on one side of the road, or telegraph poles on the other. The Great Burden of the Highway Is Civilization The American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C., will furnish anyone, free of charge, an attractive bulletin on how to select, plant and care for trees on streets, roads, highways and elsewhere. POISON IVY, OAK AND SUMAC E best ways to avoid ivy and sumac poisoning, the most practical means of eradicating these noxious plants, and the most approved method of treating cases of such poisoning have been the subjects of an investigation conducted jointly by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Public Health Service POISON IVY This is also known as poison oak. It should be carefully avoided and wherever possible the plants should be destroyed. of the United States Treasury Department. Despite gen- eral belief there is good reason for believing that absolute immunity from ivy and sumac poisoning does not exist, investigators state. They also found that many common methods of treatment are not to be commended. Poison ivy is sometimes called poison oak. Poison sumac is also known in various localities as poison dog- wood, poison elder, poison ash, thunderwood, and poison- wood. These poisonous plants are widely distributed. While no accurate estimates can be made as to the eco- nomic losses resulting from poisoning, the total is very great, and there is urgent need for widespread campaigns to eradicate these noxious plants. If one must handle these poisonous plants, gloves, preferably of rubber, should be worn. After the gloves have been removed they should be thoroughly washed with soap and water and rinsed several times. Inasmuch as the clothing which comes in contact with the leaves 306 bas . Ve Bel.’ 5 may be a source of infection for a considerable period, ts care should be taken in changing the garments, and also the shoes. Many cases of poisoning have resulted a ? from contact with exposed clothing. One of the surest and best methods of minimizing or preventing infection after the hands, face, or other parts — of the body have been exposed, is to wash and rinse them repeatedly with an abundance of good kitchen soap and hot water. The poison, after being deposited on the skin, — requires some time to penetrate, and if this penetration — can be prevented by thorough washing, eruption and POISON SUMAC This poisonous leaf, also known as Pe pea dogwood or poison elder, grows on moist yrceed and in swamps. hey can be readily distinguished from the harmless Sumac and species of ash elder and other shrubs with somewhat similar foliage. irritation will not result. While exposed parts should be cleansed in this manner as soon after exposure as possible, it is worth while to make the attempt even 12 or 20 hours afterwards in the hope that at least a portion of the poison may be removed. A heavy lather should be — produced and the washing should be continued several minutes. Severe scrubbing with a brush is not advisable, _ but several swabs or small compresses of gauze may be used, discarding each in turn, so that the poison may not _ be distributed by the cloth. Bathing with alcohol diluted with an equal amount of _ water is also an effective preventive. Where exposure has been more general, a bath for the entire body, fol- lowed by a change of clothing, is a good preventive measure. The hair should not be neglected. Bathing, if not accompanied by sufficient changing of water or ‘rinsing, may result in spreading the rash to skin that had ‘not been infected. In cases that are at all serious a yysician should be consulted. The investigators call attention to the fact that scores remedies and prescriptions are more or less in popular favor, but in spite of the claims they assert that no specific treatment for poisoning from ivy and sumac is available. Ointments should not be used in the acute of the disease. In the later stages, however, sooth- ing and astringent ointments may be of value in allaying irritation and hastening cure. The extent to which it is “desirable to use solutions of permanganate of potash, hyposulphite of soda, sulphate of magnesium (Epsom salts), and other remedies, is also discussed. Sugar of ‘lead, formerly much used, often proves disappointing if applied after inflammation has developed, and the user runs the risk of lead poisoning if this substance is applied extensively. _ The names “poison oak” and “poison ivy”-are used ‘interchangeably in many localities. The plant generally nown as poison oak throughout the Pacifie Coast occurs ‘a bush, sometimes four or five feet high, and has eaflets resembling the leaves of the western oak, but it is also found as a vine, and is sometimes called poison ivy. ‘In the East from New Jersey, Delaware, and Virginia south ard the name “poison oak” is often used to dis- tinguish from the poison ivy vine, a form occurring as "a bush with lobed leaflets, a little resembling the leaves of scrub oak. Westward from Minnesota, Nebraska, and Arkansas to Washington, Montana, Colorado, and New exico this name is applied to a low bush or trailing shrub which does not climb. The leaves of all forms have Stout, rather long stems bearing three leaflets, two of which are opposite and short stalked, while the third has “a long stalk. The leaflets are from one to four inches Jong, dark green on the upper surface, lighter (sometimes h a velvety covering of fine hairs) underneath, with ‘smooth or somewhat indented margins. _ In the Eastern States and westward as far as Wyom- ing to Texas the Virginia creeper is found generally in ‘the same location as poison ivy vine, which it resembles no DO POISON IVY, OAK AND SUMAC 307 somewhat in its habits and the shape of its leaflets; but it can be readily distinguished from poison ivy in that its leaves are divided into three to five leaflets to the stalk. Moreover, though it is sometimes supported by aerial rootlets, like poison ivy, it also has numerous: tendrils like those of the grape vine, and its inedible fruits are blue, with red stems, and contain two or three seeds. Poison sumac grows in moist ground, usually in swamps or along low, miry banks of streams and ponds. It occurs from New England to Florida, and westward to Minnesota, Arkansas, and Louisiana. The poison sumac leaves are readily distinguished from the harm- less sumac and species of ash, elder, and other shrubs and trees, having a somewhat similar foliage, and the character, appearance, and color of the fruits furnish other simple means of identification. Furthermore, the poison sumac occurs on moist or swampy land, and in . drier locations is found only along the borders of swamps or bogs. The number of leaflets into which the leaves of the harmless sumacs are divided range from 9 to 21 and 31, while the poison sumac leaves divide into 7 to 13 leaflets. While many persons are of the opinion that contact with these plants is not necessary to produce poisonirig, _ it is probable that many cases supposed to have originated in this way have actually been due to direct or indirect contact. There are cases on record showing that the smoke from burning plants will give rise to irritation, and in some cases severe poisoning has resulted from this form of exposure. Regarding the popular belief that some persons are wholly immune, the investigators state that there is good reason to believe absolute immunity does not exist, although it is recognized that some persons are much less susceptible than others. Eradication of these plants should be widely undertaken and followed up systematically. Every landowner should feel a measure of responsibility in this matter. The simplest method is by grubbing, in which care should be taken to cover the hands properly, and also to prevent infection by means of the clothing. The plants in fields may be destroyed by plowing them up and putting in cultivated crops. Often repeated mowing is also effective. The use of kerosene is recom- mended where injury to other plants or trees is not to be feared. It may be applied with a sprinkler or a spraying pump, and in many cases one application is sufficient. Arsenate of soda has been used very suc- cessfully to kill poison ivy on trees 6 to 10 inches in diameter without injury to the trees, as well as on stone walls, buildings, and along fences. av Pa INSECTS AND DISEASES WHICH INJURE TREES - In the first place, there is no single remedy for all insect pests. Avoid as unreliable advice recommending “cure-alls,” Many insects cannot be exterminated by spraying, but years of study and experiment have resulted in remarkable advances in methods of control. , Distinguish injury Sy insects from damage by diseases. Bor- deaux mixture, frequently recommended for any injury or damage to trees, does not kill insects; jt only prevents and con- trols damage by disease. Chewing insects are generally con- trolled by poisoning what they feed on, while sucking insects are only controlled by spraying the insects themselves. Must Understand Feeding Habits of Insects. Before using any material for the control of insect pests, deter- mine how the creature secures its food—(1) whether by chewing and swallowing portions of its food, or (2) by sucking the juices of plants through a tiny beak inserted in the plant tissues. The first group, usually called chewing insects, can generally be controlled by poisoning their food at an advantageous time with some of the well-known arsenical compounds. The work of chewing insects is usually recognized by the ragged or per- forated condition of the foliage which is attacked. The second group, composed of sucking insects, can be con- trolled by oily or corrosive contact sprays applied directly to the bodies of the insects. It is useless to attempt any control of a sucking insect by the application of a stomach poison either to the surface or in the sap of a food plant. The work of sucking insects is not so easily recognized as that of the pre- ceding group since the affected plants show little external injury. Gradual weakening, wilting or shriveling of the attacked plant is generally evidence of attack by sucking insects. Most Satisfactory Commercial Preparations. {nsects that suck the juices from plants, foliage, etc., such as lice, green, black and white aphis or fly, mealy bug, red spider and scale, thrust their proboscis into the leaf or stem, and are not affected by stomach poisons; so they must be destroyed by contact insecticides. Those in powder form kill by closing the breathing pores in the insects skin; or in fluid form by being absorbed through these pores. The best contact insecticides in vowder form are hellebore, slug shot and tobacco dust. The best in fluid form are aphine, black leaf 40, fish (whale) oil soap, nicotine (tobacco extract), kerosene miscible oil and lemon oil. Insects that eat plants, foliage, vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc., whether bugs, beetles, worms, caterpillars or slugs, are more quickly and effectually destroyed with a poisonous stomachic insecticide such as arsenate of lead, Paris green or hellebore. These, if applied according to directions, are so diluted as to be harmless to vegetation and to animal life. Less poisonous stomachic and contact insecticides are kerosene emulsion, slug shot, etc. Common Arsenical Sprays for Chewing Insects. Paris Green is still a satisfactory insecticide if its foliage- burning qualities are overcome with the addition of a small amount of lime. Arsenate of lead is a more satisfactory mate- rial, which seems to meet most of the requirements for an arsenical poison that will not injure foliage, has good adhesive qualities and, if in the powdered form, will not deteriorate by drying or freezing. The powdered arsenate of lead is therefore recommended over the paste form, which consists of 50 per cent of water and adds to the cost of transportation. 308 Be ayy 2 *, an Arsenate of Lead. Arsenate of lead, although an aivaie pound, is a less powerful poison than Paris green and therefore be used in larger quantities. It is lower, however, price than Paris green. Arsenate of lead may be obtained two forms, viz., a thick, white paste or a very fine powder. powdered form, although not differing chemically from the Dé has advantages over the paste form since it is not injur freezing or drying. The paste arsenate of lead is one-half ) and for this reason twice as much of the paste as of the f must be used in the usual spraying operations. — oo ae The powdered form is coming into general favor and use fo dry applications by means of dusting apparatus. The ra and ease of application and the good results secured are te toward a widespread use’ of this form of the poison. — Arsenate of lead has advantages over Paris green in ad) quality, non-burning of foliage, and the white color by ‘me of which thorough spraying is more easily determined. of lead remains in suspension in water longer than Pa which settles to the bottom more quickly. 5 Arsenate of lead (powder)...........cscceeserneseeneees cotensesgeln Water, Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur solution...... Aeueddten or Water, Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur wnictten In small quantities use, : Arsenate of lead (powder).................05 Ay, Sank cone it RCO e's cin hace ceadetsceiedectes caedesecdou saw ehn auen ieee rer) calon Paris Green. This well- known spray material is an ar powder. ‘ It may be applied in a liquid spray or may be used with or twelve times its weight of plaster Paris, flour, or fine slaked lime which is preferable. Burning of the foliage when spraying with Paris green occur on account of a small amount of water soluble arsen This difficulty may. be overcome by using an equal amount lime which counteracts the burning qualities. Paris green only one advantage over arsenate of lead on account of its mo! violent poison and its quicker action on insects. The use of Paris green for spraying is advantageous in the poison needs to be removed where plants are used for s purposes. The same is true in its use on certain fruits which a approaching the ripening stage. PARIS GREEN—PROPORTIONS FOR SPRAYING. UP E rer ieee eee CeCe ree eee ee ecereer reer reer eres reer eres Tes Water or Bordeaux mixture (never lime-sulphur)...................- In small quantities use, A PALES SBICOR 5 FaKowd bon tp si hodsceddens seb vias cygneahou saul ianeee « 1 teaspoo: RIAD MEMO co vieccssvach insets cescbiceccacrddand sect peat ekmein Size of a Hellebore. This vegetable poison, which is manufactured b finely grinding the roots of the white hellebore plant, has b used quite generally on trees and shrubs bearing fruits which ~ are nearly ripened and almost ready for picking. Hellebore — quickly loses its poisonous properties on exposure to the air anit sun; and it will lose its strength rapidly unless it is kept ii air-tight containers. Poison Bran Mash. A mixture of Paris green, bran, s nd water is a satisfactory control for sat capi including the _ species generally called the “army worm.” Cutworms generally hide under debris or rubbish or in the Goud during the day, and come out to feed at night. A single broadcast application in e late evening of poison bran mash is generally sufficient for - effective control of these troublesome pests. nd POISON BRAN MASH—FORMULA FOR PREPARATION. Large Quantity Small Quantity 20-25 lbs. 1 qt. 1-2 lb. 1 teaspoonful 1 qt. 1 tablespoonful Common Contact Sprays (for Sucking Insects). As previously stated, insects which derive their nourishment 7 m the juices of plants through a tiny sucking beak, can be ‘controlled most satisfactorily by the use of the so-called contact sprays. Certain materials which are corrosive or oily in nature kill the insects by contact with the body. In spraying for this group of insects it is necessary that the spray material hit every : ect to be killed, and for this reason more thorough application of the spray material must be made. : ¥ _ Lime-Sulphur Solution. A boiled chemical mixture of lime and sulphur, containing many peculiar compounds of these two materials, has been for several years a standard spray for the ‘ontrol of certain species of scale insects and plant lice, particu- in the dormant season. _ In addition to its value as an insecticide, lime-sulphur, particu- “larly in strong solution, is an efficient fungicide, aiding greatly in “the ‘control of scab, mildew and certain other fungous diseases. it can be readily used in conjunction with arsenate of lead as a co mbined spray. _ Kerosene Emulsion. This very generally used contact insecti- cide can be readily prepared at home. The stock solution should ‘be made up with care by following directions carefully, after ‘which it must be diluted to the proper proportions for spraying. KEROSENE EMULSION. (Stock Solution—66% Oil.) ’ Dissolve the soap and add the kerosene and shake violently in a quart Mason jar. Dilute as directed below. DILUTIONS FOR KEROSENE EMULSION. For 15% spray add 1 part stock solution to 3% parts of water -. For 12% spray add 1 part stock solution to 4% parts of water For 10% spray add 1 part stock solution to 5% parts of water For £% spray add 1 part stock solution to 17% parts of water For 6% spray add 1 part stock solution to 10 parts of water _ For dormant spraying 12-15 per cent kerosene emulsion can € safely and satisfactorily used, but for spraying of foliage summer never use stronger than 10 per cent, 6 or 8 per cent ion being the more advisable percentage for general spray- of trees and shrubs. | Nicotine or Tobacco Sprays. The most satisfactory aud safest ‘Spray material for killing plant lice (aphis), thrips and other $oft-bodied insects is a nicotine preparation. These preparations fe put on the market commercially, and, although apparently INSECTS AND DISEASES WHICH INJURE TREES 5 AEE eee Te). 309 expensive in their concentrated form, when diluted according to directions a very effective spray is obtained at a cost little ex- ceeding one cent a gallon. “Black-Leaf 40” is a 40 per cent nicotine-sulphate combination which is very widely used in spraying operations. Other nico- tine preparations of similar or lesser strength are on the market. A 40 per cent nicotine-sulphate solution used at the rate of one part to 1,000 parts of water, with or without soap, is very effec- tive against all forms of the more delicate aphids and tender insects. _ For the black cherry aphis and the black peach aphis it is necessary to use a stronger solution, one part to 600-800 parts of water being recommended. Tobacco Decoctions can be prepared readily at home by steep- ing (not boiling) one pound of tobacco stems in three gallons of water in a covered vessel for two or three hours. Strain off the-liquid and use as a spray. If very delicate plants, such as new growth on rose bushes or sweet peas, are to be sprayed, this-solution can be diluted with equal parts of water. Nicotine or tobacco preparations, although very effective for their designated purposes, do not injure foliage and on that account are very desirable sprays. Miscible Oils. Certain commercial preparations known as miscible oils which are really in emulsion form and will readily mix with water are now on the market. These are used very successfully in large spraying operations and are particularly successful in dormant spraying for the control of scale insects. A Common Fungicide. Bordeaux Mixture. On account of the fact that it is often desirable to combine insecticides with fungicides in spraying, the formula for the preparation of Bordeaux mixture is included. It should be remembered that this material is in no way fatal to insects, but, on the contrary, is an effective control for various types of fungous diseases. BORDEAUX MIXTURE. Copper Sulphate, Blue Stone or Blue Vitriol............ccseseuee 3 ounces Lump Lime or Hydrated Lime...........:ccscsccccesenseesseseess 3 ounces Water Pree Oi rarthne eek oa Cebas cee eee ced bet IOEe hea a hsb ad ly needa sen 2% gallons To make Bordeaux mixture, procure the ingredients at a drug or seed store. If lump lime is used, it must be fresh. Instead of lump lime, some authorities prefer fresh hydrated lime as being just as good and at the same time much simpler to use, needing only to be stirred into the water. Hydrated lime is lime to which enough water to dry-slake it has been added by the manufacturer. It is a powder and does not require slaking. For making or holding Bordeaux mixture, use containers of wood, glass or earthenware. In one container dissolve the cop- per sulphate in about one-half gallon of hot water and then dilute with enough cold water to make a total of 1% gallons; or wrap the copper sulphate in a small piece of cheese-cloth, fill a quart jar with cold water and suspend the copper sulphate into the top of the water; in a couple of hours it will be dis- solved. In another vessel slake the lime and dilute with enough water to make 1% gallons. If hydrated lime is used, simply mix it with water. Then pour these two solutions together, pouring the solution of copper sulphate slowly into the mixture of lime and water, stirring vigorously while this process is under way. The stirring insures proper mixing of the two. For home mixing the poisons and chemicals required for sprays and other remedies and preventives can be bought at a drug or seed store. The mixtures ready prepared can be bought at a seed store. rry Folder and Gen- jureery talon HILL’S Seedlings and Transplants ALSO TREE SEEDS FOR REFORESTING BEST for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in im- mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. RARE ORIENTAL FLOWERING TREES FROM CHINA. JAPAN and PERSIA :. Catalogue .:. = « A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA ——_—- Orc hids We are specialists in Orchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descri ere catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- ae ang of freshly imported unestablished LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING PINE :-: SPRUCE CONIFERS ONLY Write us for price list KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, KEENE, N. H. Red pine seed, white pine seed and white spruce seed. Wanted: AMERICAN FORESTRY CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS pS the great movement for the rational use and the perpetuation of the forests of this continent, the foresters of the coun- try must make themselves its leaders but they must have not only broad but re- strained vision and must work in a spirit of co-operation with all the other interests concerned. There must be no thought of compulsion, no “mandatory” legislation, un- til everything else has been tried and has failed. Education is far better than legis- lation and the great effort must be toward an enlightened public opinion. This must be fostered by the profession and they must show their faith in their works and have the courage of their convictions.’ The whole question of proper utilization of our forests and their rational conservation, is of so eminently practical a nature, so ap- pealing to every man of common sense and judgment, that there is nc need for any sentimental “movement.” Every man, whether he is a lumberman or a. business man, will admit the necessity of preserving our forests for a sustained yield at once, it is only necessary to work out the ways and means so that the end can be accom- plished with the least dislocation of ex- isting conditions. This is the job of the foresters. Mr. Henrik Carbonnier, Honorary At- tache to the Swedish Consulate General in Montreal, has been making visits to lumbering operations in Eastern Canada and is now on his way west to look over conditions in British Columbia. He will then go down the west coast, then to New Orleans and the Southern pine operations, returning to Eastern Canada in May. Mr. Carbonnier notes that conditions in Eastern Canada are more favorable for natural reproduction than in Sweden, due he thinks to the greater precipitation. He was as- tounded at the wastefulness of the methods of cutting and the lack of care for the future stand. Also at the small number of foresters in charge of woods operations, practically none. He admitted that our problem of natural regeneration was com- plicated by the number of hardwood species and their thriftiness. There was practically a complete failure of the Norway spruce seed crop this year in Sweden and Norway, and the seed will be very scarce and difficult to procure next . summer. Mr. Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec, has completed a new set of cutting regulations to govern lumbering operations on Crown lands and these will probably be put into force the coming summer. The assistant forester of the Abitibi Pu lp and Paper Company has completed an ex: ploration trip to James Bay and reports — that an enormous area of country has b burnt over and that there is nothing i the amount of timber -which many had supposed. This trip took nearly fo months and many difficulties and hardships were surmounted. “t Mr. L. S. Webb, of the University of E New Brunswick, has been appointed For- ester for the Province of Nova Scotia. Th appointment is due to the Hon. Mr. Daniels Attorney General of that Province, has always taken a great interest in proper handling of its forests. . Mr. H. R. MacMillan, late trade com missioner for British Columbia and ‘one. Ww time chief forester, is leaving for a { to Australia on behalf of the com which he has recently formed. > Professor McCarty, of Syracuse Uni- versity, will spend the summer on inves’ gative work for the Dominion Commissi of Conservation. His work will vrobablyas be in Ontario. A very interesting conference on wil life was held recently under the auspices — of the Commission of Conservation in Montreal and problems of game protection, fur farming and kindred subjects were dis- — cussed by experts. The remarkable ad- vances in the price of furs bring the danger — of the commercial extinction of certain — species and this must be guarded against, — but at the same time everything must be.” done to increase the number of furbearing — animals. The convention decided unani- mously to establish a national registration ” of silver foxes and took the necessary steps — toward initiating this important work. —__ The forest revenues from New Bruns- wick have more than doubled during the — past year. The total estimated will be — $1,500,000. This is nearly three times that _ of 1917 and closely approximates that of Quebec, This is the result of putting tech- — nical men in charge of the work, especially ~ the scaling, eliminating patronage and giy- ing the forest personnel all the year round — work. An interesting report has been received — from Ontario. A company operating its — own camps, put in iron bunks, a shower bath and cleaned up things generally, im- WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Proving the conditions. They are paying ten dollars per month less than neighboring camps and are getting the best men. young man who has just been in the Quebec woods as an assistant scaler says that if a phonograph and some records were _ put into each logging camp the men would appreciate it greatly. Recreation for log gers has never been considered in making plans for operations and there can be no shadow of doubt but that better living con- _ ditions and a certain amount of recreation and decent treatment would have the same _ effect in a logging camp as in a mill, Lum- _ berjacks are just as human as any one else. The Laurentide Company, Ltd., has com- pleted a two months’ ground study of _ aerial photographs. Detailed studies were _ made of individual trees, their height, _ crown spread and condition with the object of ascertaining just what trees represented _ in the pictures really were. Stands per _ acre were also investigated carefully. Some very interesting results were obtained and will be studied and reported on in detail later. Photographs taken of lands which _ were to be purchased for reforestation have _ proved of the utmost value. The areas of ‘cleared land, of brush, of timber and of 4S Swamp show up clearly and are easily meas- ured with the planimeter. These are in- _ dexed in a loose leaf binder, each farm being shown in a photograph with a sheet Opposite showing the area in each kind of land, the unit price which will be paid for _ each kind and the total price to be offered. When a prospective seller comes in he is _ shown the photograph of his land and told many acres he has of each class of land, he is told the unit price he will be ‘paid and the total offered him. It is re- markable to see how farmers who have, Many of them, never seen a map, will at once recognize a photograph of their land and will point out details which they recognize. ' Very light tractors have been tried this winter in the St. Maurice Valley logging Operations but have not proved satisfac- tory for the following reasons: Unintelli- gent operation, i. ¢., trying to operate be- yond capacity and on too narrow roads, _ lack of skilled handling in running and repairing, wrong kind of tracks for oper- ating in snow. The probability is that the best results will not be obtained with ‘tractors weighing less than eight to ten thousand pounds with special snow tracks. The manufacturers are seriously at fault inturning out machines made of poor ma- terials and poorly designed and in not _ sending competent engineers into the woods to observe conditions of operation. The field is a large one and is well worthy of _ cultivation for the use of some machine to Teplace horses is bound to come. The _ Manufacturers are the people who should _ do the experimenting and they should not “expect the lumber industry to take poorly ars ‘CANADIAN DEPARTMENT vs Opportunity One Knock ‘ NUVI The Person who doesn’t save goes without worth-while things today, and will go without them tomorrow. The person who saves has everything he needs today, and will have still more to- Ss morrow. Buy War Savings Stamps. PINOUT Sar kone Division nization lanl Dpartment The decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that the Government has no right to fix the price of newsprint paper on the ground that it is a necessity of life, and the removal of Government control, will be a great thing for the cause of forestry as it will enable the paper mills to obtain a fair price for their paper and put some of the proceeds in proper logging methods. HOYT’S ANTISEPTIC TREE VARNISH A dependable material for keeping fungi and vermin out of TREE WOUNDS while natural healing takes place. Price: $1.25 gallon by express Special prices in quantities C. H. HOYT & SON CAMP QUAN-TA-BA-COOK A Summer Camp for Boys On Lake Quan-ta-ba- Cook In the Maine Woods Near Belfast, Maine Write for Booklet Season, Juty-Avucust Ages 8-16 years H. PERCY HERMANSEN Tower Hill School, Wilmington, Del. Citizens Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio J Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Write for prices on TRANSPLANTS large quantities SEEDLINGS THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. eee == aoe F eStore Does Your Nurseryman Use This Mark ? The“ trustworthy” trade-mark shown above, is used by the oo members of the American ssociation of Nurserymen. These men have linked them- selves together to protect you. Membership in their Associa- tion is strictly limited to those firms whose methods and stand- ards come up to the Associa- tion measure. Therefore the trustworthy trade-mark gives you the Asso- ciation’s assurance of satisfac- tion, back of your purchase. How the Association's Vigi- lance Committee means your protection, what the Associa- tion is, and where you can get trustworthy trees and plants, is told in our free booklet, “Look- ing Both Ways Before You Buy Nursery Stock.” American Association Nu men WHEN YOU BUY PHOTO - ENGRAVINGS buy the right kind--That is, the particular style and finish that will best illustrate your thought and print best where they are to be used. Such engravings are the real quality engravings for you, whether they cost much or little. We have a reputation for intelligent- ly co-operating with the buyer to give him the engravings that will best suit his purpose-- Our little house organ ‘‘Etchings’’ is full of valuable hints--Send for it. H. A. GATCHEL, Pres. C. A. STINSON, Vice-Pres. GATCHEL & MANNING PHOTO- ENGRAVERS In one or more colors Sixth and Chestnut Streets PHILADELPHIA a ee bas AMERICAN FORESTRY STATE NEWS. IDAHO G. MILLER, the dean of the School of * Forestry, University of Idaho, in his report to the State Land Board regarding the recreational features of the State’s lands near Payette Lake, makes the following statement: “The United States Forest Service has forseen the need of playground features and has modified the administration of Na- tional Forests to meet it. In consequence, the recreational use of these Forests has grown with incredible rapidity and they have in a very real sense now become na- tional playgrounds.” NEW JERSEY A SURVEY of the progress of Forestry in New Jersey, conducted by the State Forester during the past winter to determine the extent that woodland owners have actively engaged in forestry practice, has shown most gratifying re- sults. Since the State of New Jersey owns less than one per cent of the forests with- in her borders, it has been the policy of the State Forester to support and encour- age the interest of private owners in the practice of forestry, and in this way serve the public interest. Many owners who have taken advantage of this aid, have found forest planting and woodland management both practicable and profitable. The replies received to questionnaires sent to all persons who have indicated an interest in forestry in the past, show that 114 active co-operators, including 11 muni- cipalities and public institutions, have prac- ticed intensive forestry methods, including fire protection, improvement cutting, close utilization of products, etc., on approxi- mately 10,000 acres of woodland, while 40,- 000 acres more under the same ownership have been protected and improved to some extent, and definite plans have been made for more intensive management. The same cooperators, together with 41 others, who are at present inactive, are planning to ex- tend forestry management to more than 12,000 acres of woodland that have re- ceived no attention up to this time. Progress has also been made in forest planting. While natural reproduction is usually adequate and satisfactory in many parts of the State, it is often necessary to reestablish forest growth by planting on land unwisely cleared and unfit for agri- culture, or where all reproduction has been More than 1,600 acres have been reproduced by persons co-oper- ating with the State Forester, and nearly 300 acres more will be planted within a destroyed by fire. short time. “tations have been made, for the purp Believing that number of State For are valuable as a public demonstration” ‘ the methods and results of forestry DI tice, the State has acquired six State ests with a total area of 16,591 | eres woodland, managed by the State For ore Upon these lands, 50 acres of forest p experiment and demonstration. 6 Altogether there are 80,000 acres with the State, approximately 4 per cent of t State’s total woodland area, upon forestry practice is now established initely planned for in the immediate The owners have been won over. alization of the importance and bility of forestry methods and are to its practice. encouraging when it is sealing i work was commenced less than bre mains to be done. New Jersey h 2,000,000 acres of woodland, ‘most ° is in a run-down condition, because of re peated forest fires, wasteful 1 7 lect of owners and abuse by the p Nearly three-quarters of this area i fit for any profitable use other than. ing timber. New Jersey’s problem i return this vast area of semi-waste land productiveness, and this can be done by preventing and controlling forest and by applying practicable forestry n agement to the woodlands. When pro tion and management become establishe the value of New Jersey’s woodlands be increased from less than $6,000,000 over $200,000,000. Instead of furnishing less ‘than one-tenth of the lumber within the State, as at present, New J. sey’s woodlands are capable of suppl a very great portion of the lumber wood consumed within her borders. — is needless to point out the benefit land owners, producers and consumers that — will result. 4 NEW MEXICO | FOREST fire prevention held an equal part with tree planting in the obse: ance of arbor day in New Mexico on Ap 9, according to the arbor day proclama tion issued by Governor O. A. Larrazo In setting forth the need of tree-plantin he pointed out the equal need of pro tecting forests from fires, and urged a the planting of memorial trees and grov in memory of New Mexico soldiers who gave their lives in the war. In urging the. planting of trees on arbor day, Govern ro Larrazolo asked school teachers, fore rangers, and all others having knowle a — r AMERICAN FORESTRY | 313 "5 are THE BEST KNOWN SAW IN THE WORLD Each year finds a greater number of leading mills using Disston Saws ex- clusively. Mill operators know that the success of their mill—the quality and quantity of lumber they turn out —depends on the saw they use. It is natural, therefore, for them to choose Disston Saws—the acknowl- edged standard in quality for 80 years. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. — So sa TMi mmm mm mm mmm rg ae a ———E . ore pt a ne rr mn RN A a - rebatl . aed : ) ee ey ee ~~. ; a 7 — * : eo eS ie: 4 ae af i : ‘ f ms f SAFETY-FIRST No great industry like that for the manufacture of Southern Pine can be developed without due regard to the welfare and comfort of the persons employed. Every sort of welfare work calculated to increase efficiency and improved standards UNTOEERAEAANERLCALSOOGRTDETOOOUL UE TODUTTAAOUNNE of living among the workers is encouraged by the manufacturers of Southern Pine. Our DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY-FIRST, under the supervision of a capable and experienced engineer, is very actively engaged in work tending to reduce and eliminate injuries to workers in Southern sawmills and woods. SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION NEW ORLEANS, LA. E = E 2 = = = : = z 4 = E = = 5 | : SON NN N9N0SS0NOHNONARASUDLNUNOORNOUNSO/UULASUCLSORNROATOOASUONOOOOGQOE O00 AAGCLLASUSOBUOLSAA9ML A) LOOMS LURE TAY010UAHONGNSEEOUAONOSORELOOUUGAONRLLUOULUOOOEANEEOGOOOONOSUDUUUQOLARFNALAUULOEOOSUUGOOOAONEEULUGOUGOUEEF EU MOOOSUEREOLLOOA NOSE LUGOON GUL Please Mention American Forestry Magasine when writing advertisers CO. 1337-1339 F STREET,NW. WASHINGTON,D. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND ILLUSTRATORS 3 COLor Process WorK ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 I need a copy of Forestry and Irrigation for March, 1904. Will anyone who can furnish a copy please write me promptly? I should also like to hear from anyone who can supply copies of The F ter, bound or unb d, before De- cember, 1900. I have quite a number of dupli- cates of Forestry and Irrigation, Conservation and American Forestry, the oldest being Decem- ber, 1902, and should like to get in touch with anyone wishing to complete their files. GORDON PARKER, Colorado Springs, Colo. ARE YOU INTERESTED IN PURCHASING A COUNTRY PLACE? I have a_very desirable one located at Ho-ho-kus, IN THE RAMAPO HILLS, Bergen County, Northern New Jersey, only fifty min- utes from Broadway. Right on the Main State Road leading to Tuxedo, amid_ picturesque surroundings and desirable neighbors. quaint, old-fashioned, 14-room house, splendid vineyard, fruit and shrubbery. Lovely old shade trees—it would be hard to find a more beautifully wooded place. _House contains bath, town water, electric light and furnace. Nearly five acres of land and a big Darn gare, with sleeping quarters. A seal amount re put pile place in A-l condition. ered for quick sale—a bargain at $20,000. > sa High location—desirable for either summer or all-year home. Good churches, schools, etc. Fine automobile road all the way to the city— ust the place for anyone desiring to motor to usiness daily. Only seven minutes to station and five minutes to the North Jersey trolley. Immediate Possession. Address Box 1000, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. Think in interest—your own interest— save and invest. War-Savings Stamps pay 4 per cent interest, compounded quarterly. a ae . AMERICAN FORESTRY of the prevention of forest fires to give talks before school children and public audiences on the necessity of care with fire in the woods. As a result of the Governor’s proclamations, the forest serv- . ice took a part in the campaign to have forest fire prevention taught in all the public schools on arbor day. Many-forest rangers gave talks to school children, both on tree planting and on fire prevention. ~NEW YORE Hf 1GHER prices than have ever before been known for forest products, with a shortage of raw material, and the disappearance from the State of many of its wood-using industries are shown by the wood-using survey of New York State being brought to a close by The New York State College of Forestry at Syra- cuse and the Ufiited States Forest Service, working in co-operation. The preliminary work has been completed and two men have been sent into the field to clear up the last details of the survey. Raymond J. Hoyle is representing the State College of For- estry in the field work, while R. V. Rey- nolds of Washington is the federal repre- sentative in the State. The results of this survey will be compiled and published, in such form as to keep individual reports confidential, but it can be said even now that the report will show a dangerous loss to the State of its wood-using industries. The wood utilization service, handled by Prof. E. F. McCarthy, who is also in charge of the wood-using survey for the College, corroborates the showing of the industries survey, in that it indicates a great demand for lumber products in the State, with a great shortage of material. A single offer- ing of lumber through this co-operative marketing service brought 27 replies, and shows conclusively that the farmers wood- lot today is in a position to prove its worth, and to become a definite income pro- ducer with proper handling, both as to growing timber and to proper marketing of the tree ready for felling. NORTH CAROLINA J. S. Holmes, State Forester of North Carolina, in distributing an article en- titled “Our Future Hardwood Supply,” says: “We in North Carolina have at least come to the point where the lumbermen, the lumber users, and the general public are pretty much agreed that something must be done if our forest industries are to be carried on longer than the next ten or fifteen years. A recent questionnaire filled out by a large number of the furni- ture and other wood-using industries of the State emphasizes the point that our own supply of timber is becoming ex- hausted. In other States, the same thing is happening, so that the only sensible thing to do is to look the issue squarely in the face and plan to raise our own tim- ber in our own region. PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR Sproul of Pennsyivs cently made an appeal by perso letter to 2,600 representatives of co por, tions and organizations to aid in the res- toration of Pennsylvania’s forests b prevention of forest fires. The gov appeal is a part of the fire pr campaign which Chief Forester G Pinchot has started to check the at damage done to State forests by s fires. ay ae Chief Forester Pinchot refers to i “desert” created b forest fires eq sal area to one-sixth of the total the State and shows that “the ing the last six years less per year, or not a quarter of a acre, in an effective effort to stop gigantic loss.” He compares this trying to put out a burning bui water in a spoon.” a “If our forest lands,” say the statement, “had been wisely han¢ would be growing each year as’ ber as they produced in the year greatest yield, and that timber wor available at half the present pric the difference is only part of w pay for our forest devastation. — at least $25,000,000 a year for fr lumber brought into the State whi have grown at home. We pay at $50,000,000 more for the lumber it: Then there is the loss from the closing removal of the wood-working industr the loss from floods, the loss to f and the business men, the loss of fis game and many other losses. “There is small comfort for us b our own boundaries. As a nation, cut 2% times as much as we grow. needs are increasing. Our domestic plies are dwindling, and there are no | ests in the world from which we can port lumber enough of suitable. kinds suitable prices to meet our needs. Un these conditions a national timber she age was inevitable. As the prices paper and lumber show, it is here alrez and is growing ‘steadily worse. ae “For all these reasons it would be so’ business and wise foresight for us to p tect from fire, restore to production and it were, annex once more to the State th wasted forest lands of our commonwea These lands might be and should be po ing out a flood of valuable products, sa y ni} us from a vast and needless expense securing us against the certainty of suf. ' in the way.” ’ AIR PILOTS TO SPOT FOREST FIRES i PUQUERQUE, New Mexico, U. S. “ Army aviators while patrolling their aerial beats along the Mexican border will take time to locate forest fires on the Coronado National Forest, in southern Arizona, under an agreement made by Major Ralph Royce, of the air service, and District Forester Frank C. W. Pooler of the Forest Service. Under this _ agreement, army aviators will be permitted to leave their border patrol in order to ascertain the exact location of forest fires, and in certain cases special patrol trips may be undertaken with the permission of the district commander of the air service. ‘The region covered by this patrol includes the Chiricahua, Tumcacori, and Huachuca mountain ranges. When forest fires are discovered by the airmen, notice will be telegraphed to the nearest forest ranger. The agreement between the air service _ and the Forest Service marks the beginning of aerial forest fire patrol in the south- _ western National Forests, and forest offici- _ als express themselves as highly gratified with the enthusiastic cooperation of the army. Extensive air patrol work is al- ready being done in California and the Pa- cific northwest through the cooperation of _ the army and the forest service. Although aeriel fire patrol is still in the experimental stage, foresters are optimistic as to its future development and usefulness and many air service officers regard it as an excellent means of training army flyers, by giving them a practical objective in their work. $10,000 FOR FOREST RESEARCH i HE National Research Council has re- : ceived a gift from the Southern Pine As- sociation of $10,000 to pay for the incidental expenses of a co-ordinated scientific study by a number of investigators of the re- growth of trees on cut-over forest lands _ with the aim of determining the best for- estry methods for obtaining the highest productivity. Although some of these cut- over lands can perhaps be most advan- _tageously used for agricultural purposes, ' there is a large acreage of them which will yield better returns if devoted to reforesta; tion. Despite the large amount of forest “study that is being conducted under gov- ernment and State auspices, there is much “need for additional investigation. This “is well recognized by lumbermen and is especially indicated by the action of the _fecent meeting of the Southern Forestry _ Congress at New Orleans in formally en- ‘dorsing the scientific projects of the Na- tional Research Council in regard to for- /estry. The gift from the Southern Pine _ Association is made as a result of this action. The investigation will be conduct- ed under the advice of the Research Coun- ‘cil’s special committee on forestry, and vill not duplicate any present government other undertakings along similar lines. J AMERICAN FORESTRY 315 Atlas Farm Powder is compounded especially for safety and efficiency. Inexperienced users can easi- ly follow the simple directions given in our book. “Although I had never done any blasting before,’? writes Dean Johnson, Netherlands, Mo, “Il had the first stump out in picces 1 could handle easily within ten minutes from the time I started working on it. It is easy to use Atlas Farm Powder.”* Thousands of farmers and their helpers have found that with Atlas Farm Powder it is easy Tatras POWDER co, to clear land, make ditches, prepare beds for I Wilmington, Del. FD3 trees and increase soil fertility. Send me"*Retter Farming with Atlas Farm . . . owder.’’ I am interested in explosives for Send the coupon (or a postal mentioning this I the purpose before which J. mark "'X."" aper) and we will mail you the 120-page book # O Stump Blasting O Tree Planting ” ‘Better Farming with Atlas Powder, you just how to do the work. ATLAS POWDER CO., Wilmington, Del. 7 4 jaress Dealers everywhere. Magazine stocks near you. Atlas Farm Powde THE SAFEST EXPLOSIVE The Original Farm Powder: . © Boulder Blasting 0 Dit: h Digging telling I © Subsoil Blasting © Road Moking l Name LUMBER COMPANY TO REFOREST A‘ the annual meeting of the directors of the Great Southern Lumber Company at Bogalusa, Louisiana, the matter of a re- | forestation policy was brought to a head by General Manager Sullivan, who has long had it in mind. President A. C. Good- | year, like Mr. Sullivan, believes in the future of the paper industry at Bogalusa, and realizing that an end will come in time to the stock of virgin timber which | now furnishes raw material to both the paper and sawmill, believes it good business for the company to provide raw material for the future; also, he thinks that the present is none too early to begin with it. | This policy, in fact, was settled on at the | meeting. Mr. Sullivan secured the attendance of Austin Cary, logging engineer in the U. S. Forest Service, who about a year ago, in company with a member of the | Bureau of Soils at Washington, made a | rapid survey of conditions on the com- pany’s lands. A half day’s trip in the field which the company’s officials took in com- pany with Mr. Cary was very convincing, It was very clear that with good manage- ment a heavy crop of pulpwood could be raised on certain types of cut-over land “of no value for agricultural purposes in twenty years’ time. Acre production, in fact, is probably three times as great as in the spruce region of the Northeast and of Canada, where, due to greatly shrunken supplies of pulpwood, tree planting on a considerable scale is already being car- ried on, Fire control, the first step necessary in the new program, is already on foot in Washington and St. Tammary parishes, the company’s field men having been taken into the organization for that purpose, managed by the State Conservation Commission. The next step contemplated is to select a man to take the lead in the work. me 129 316 AMERICAN FORESTRY BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. i FOREST LG a apd aed Roth FOREST GULATION—Filibe: hy te oa REPAIR By TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PEREX NIALS—B oe aebasae TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and 1, to a Volume— THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER Gitfora Pinchot LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. Kello THE F TREES IN LAW, STR NORTH AMERICAN TREES—N. L. Britto: KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and Presto: THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. So by andj. # sig sts SepimsebasSpscbecccee ceo nese? OF THE ECO Ic WOODS OF UN TED D STATES—Samuel PLANE SURVEYING—John C. Tracy...... FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves... FOREST PRODUCTS—By Nelson Courtlandt Brown. THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY—B. E. Fernow.. FIRST BOOK OF Ae al lees tae Roth....... é PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller.............sceecesececeoesesees PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY Samuel B. " Green...... TREES IN WINTER—A. S. Blakeslee and C. arvis.. AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough, HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF 2. "NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough............ccssessse0 + GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TRE S—J. Horace McFarlan: HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. enema Be THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASS OCHURE TER, R. iy ey TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. Hen: Sage ate SHRUBS AND VINES OF THEN NORTHEAS Gs gee aes: tenteeeee aoe ee eee e renee eee 14 Vote Seen eneneeeeeeee mnt UNITED STATES—H. E. Paric A ctngech edaambars vubarductes saree hd caPeahaee RPE eye ee rete es ee ere SI TREES—H. Mar: SWOtd A PENNSYLVANIA FORESTER’S HOME AND HEADQUARTERS The house is owned by the State and located within the State Forest, in charge ot the forester. 342 AMERICAN ments, which include roads, telephone lines and trails. The plantations on the State Forests of Pennsylvania have won more recruits to the cause of forestry than any other single line of forestal endeavor. They are the property of the State, with the citizens voluntarily sery- ing as custodians. For 20 FORESTRY , nas oe eee and damaged material is going on continuously, with the result that the composition of the treated stands is being improved and considerable revenue is realized. The fol- ; lowing tabulation contains the amount of revenue derived _ annually since 1900 from the sale of forest products: — years trees have been planted on the State forests, and yet in spite of the large acreage reforestated only six-tenths of one per cent’ of the total planted area. was burnt-over —that is, three - one - hundredths of one per cent annually. This creditable accomplishment indicates that the protec- tion afforded them was good, and that planting on the State forests is reason- ably safe. More than 1,500 miles of old roads have been im- proved, and approximately 3,000 miles of new roads, trails and lanes have been constructed. This develop- ment made possible better protection of the area and opened up for recreation and utilization remote regions containing large quantities of valuable forest com- modities. The products of the State forests are being utilized as rapidly as funds become available for carrying on the operations. Much hypermature material has been removed and marketed. The removal of dead, dying THE LARGEST BUILDING IN THE FOREST ACADEMY GROUP Total. .... .$206,641.21 This statement shows how the income from the State forests has been-increasing, and it is safe to predict th the achievements of the past are but a prelude to the re financial accomplishments of the future, when the young o stands of forest trees which are now being established so carefully and developed so safely and in accordance with the principles of scientific forestry will have reached 1 merchantable size and increased in value sufficiently to recommend their marketing. FORESTS AS A FARM CROP (Continued from Page 338) a softwood forest lands from which must come the lumber used for construction of buildings, cars, and other struc- tures, and most of the pulpwood used for the manu- facture of paper. While, of course, part of the increase in lumber prices is due to the conditions that have brought about the gen- eral rise in the price level of all materials, part of it is due to the failure to keep productive the forest lands in the older settled parts of the country. Much can be done by the farmers themselves, through careful handling of their own woodlands, to protect the country against the consequences of the present methods of the lumber in- dustry and keep at a reasonable level the costs of lumber and other forest products used by farmers. The benefits of forestry are very real benefits. While : wise use of up-to-date methods of growing timber on the part of farmers generally would mean a material in- crease in the value to them of their farms, it would also contribute very materially to the national welfare. om would mean not only greater production of wealth, but also of Icoal supplies of material necessary for many industries. It cannot be emphasized too often that he country must have forests, widely distributed j abundant. It will not do for us to depend entirely o n supplies that are thousands of miles away from the consumer, J By learning and applying the principles of forestry, as a part of intelligent agriculture, our farmers will mal e their forest property serve the national welfare at the same time as their own. BY JOHN N. years,’ I told Posey after I had glanced around his new office which the University of California had placed at his disposal in the Agricultural Building. “You saw me last fall, didn’t you?” Posey replied. “Not your face. You had a ‘flu’ mask on at that time.” _ “So I did,” he nodded seriously, “and do you know what this office is?—these cards and files and papers and specimens? It is the ‘flu’ mask of the Western white pine tree. There is an epidemic now rampant among the Eastern white pines, a blight gradually creeping west- ward, which is more fatal to i= is the first time [ve seen your face in three WHITE PINE “FLU” WASHBURNE Club, reports signs of the plague down in the Yosemite. How would you like to come along?” I snapped up this proposition eagerly and made arrangements to meet him the following Tuesday. Nothing of interest occurred until our second day in the Yosemite. The first day we spent crawling about among some of the 60 varieties of wild currants and gooseberries that grow in California and looking on the under side of their leaves. But no sign: of Cronatium ribicola, which is the scientific name for White Pine Blister Rust, could be found. At first I mistook every yellow- tinted speck for a symptom _ the five-needled pine trees than was the Spanish influ- enza to the human species. _ For the White Pine Blister Rust—that is the name of the plague—is incurable once it gets a hold ona pine tree. _ I thought of the California Sugar pine—that finest tim- ber tree in the world—and "realized that it also was a five-needled pine. When I manifested my interest in the subject, Posey, who is offi- cially known as Gilbert B. Posey, of the Office of Blis- _ ter Rust Control, Bureau of _ Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Washington, _ took me over the office ‘and explained some of the in- tricate and thoroughgoing work which he is doing for the Government. The office has been made theheadquarters for the Blis- _ ter Rust Control work of 12 ' Western States. From it Scouts are sent out all over ) the vast Western territory to look for the first signs of /the encroaching menace. There are 3,000 linear inches ) 0f cards, each card bearing detailed information of the Whereabouts of all white pine trees, gooseberry or currant bushes which have been shipped into California, Wash- ington, Oregon, etc., in the last 20 years. The gooseberry and currant plants, Posey explained, carry the disease. Tn fact, the growth (for Blister Rust is a parasitic fungus) spends half of its life on a gooseberry or currant plant, and wherever these bushes (called Ribes) are exterminated the epidemic is at an end. “T am going out on a scouting trip myself in a few days,” Posey remarked. “A Mrs. Clemens, of the Sierra = EOP Om = pana Sah ~ About twice natural size. Native tall, 2% inches diameter at base. extending from ground up. CULTIVATED RIBES. TOBY’S PLACE. KITTERY POINT, MAINE of the Rust and could scarce- ly tell a gooseberry .bush from a Bull Thistle, but, un- der Posey’s coaching I soon began to make myself useful —at least,so I believed. That evening, aud many subse- quent evenings, we spent our entire time picking prickles from our hands. The morning of the second day we made an early start for Snow Creek. Although statistics say that Snow Creek has an elevation of only 6,500 feet, it is difficult to believe. For the pass leading there is five miles long and is nearly perpendicular. All along the way we came across the two predominant species of Ribes —the flowering currant and prickly gooseberry. I grew to know 'them at sight, and took particular delight in discovering and pointing out to Posey those plants grow- ing at the top of some slip- pery rock or steep, soft bank of earth. By the time we reached Snow Creek in the early afternoon Posey had done so much climbing that he sank down exhaustedly in the place we chose for our luncheon, without even glancing at the nearby goose- berry bushes. “We'll inspect this place after chow,” he said, opening the bundle of lunch which, was pathetically small in com- parison with our appetites. While we made the best of the little we had, I asked Posey a few more questions concerning this enemy of plant life against which we were campaigning. “As nearly as can be discovered,’ he answered my questions, “the blight originated in Siberia, spread white pine tree 12 years old, 6 feet Showing top portion of 14-inch girdle 343 344 AMERICAN through Europe, and was brought to this country on imported nursery stock. Of course, now there is a strict quarantine against practically all imported plants, includ- ing all foreign Ribes and five-needled pines. Before it was realized it had hopelessly invaded the New England States and had gained a foothold in the Great Lakes region. Before we could check it, it spread West through Minnesota and even into the eastern part of North But we stopped it there, and are now holding it Dakota. TYPICAL FATAL INFECTION Side branch of native white pine, 15 years old, 7 feet tall, 34% inches diame- ter at base. Side branch became infected from long infection on main stem which had girdled and killed main stem above. Branch 10 years old. in check by strict precautions. Of course, it may have already invaded this country out here before we took the work in hand. If so, I do not know what can be done; you can see for yourself how impossible it would be to destroy all the currants and gooseberries in many parts of this country. I’m afraid if we find any of the Blister Rust out here the great Western white pine and sugar pines of California will suffer severely.” “See how thickly these things grow,” he remarked, indicating a gooseberry bush not two feet away. Casually he snipped off a branch and glanced at the under side of the leaves. His eyes fastened themselves on the object in his hand. “By God!” he exclaimed, “I believe this is it!” He sprang up and began searching about. more of it!” he cried from a little distance. “Yes, and here’s still more. There’s quite a lot of it around here.” “Well,” I asked when he returned, “does that mean that the pines of the West are threatened ?” “Here’s FORESTRY “There is one hope. It may be the Pinon Pine Rus‘ which is harmless to white pines and in appearance is very similar to the true White Pine Blister Rust during : the stage in which it is growing on the Ribes.” ‘. “Why not be optimistic then?” I advised. ‘§ . “Because of the possibilities. Look about you. There — are only sugar pines here. I do not believe there is a — Pinon pine in 50 miles.” “I will have to go further with this thing than I had planned,” he said presently. ‘When we get back to Camp Yosemite I will get in touch with a few of the men who — are working with me and organize a camping tour inspect all this country. Do you want to stick with us?” — I looked at my thorn-filled hands and thought of the small luncheon we had had. “I'll think it over,” I replied, But that night, at Tenaya Lodge, after I had ordered ~ and eaten two complete dinners and was lying deliciously SIDE BRANCH INFECTION Small side branch of 15-year-old white pine at Kittery Point, Maine; 14 ~ feet tall, 4 inches diameter at base. Fruiting on 4-year-old internode. stretched out on my bed, I looked long out of the window. — The pines drew solemn shadows in the silver of the moon, — Their hushed, green fragrance lay upon the susurrous — breeze. Their voice was in the room; and I felt their — strength and knew the huge and quiet joy of their existence. All the beautiful night, from the leaves decay-_ ing on the ground to the breath of the sky, carressed and | sustained these ancient, peaceful lives. They stood in serene and magnificent oblivion of their impending _ disaster. But J knew their danger, and knew that I~ could not go back to the city while the question of AMERICAN 4 whether they would be saved or would perish remained _ unanswered. _ Ten days later we went to Merced, there to meet the _ men for whom Posey had telegraphed. When we arrived | the supplies had been bought and everything was ready for the undertaking. Harland R. Wilson, from Los Angeles, was there with his big Seven-passenger car, which he had rigged out to "be the ridge-pole as well as one of the walls of our tent— _an ingenious contraption of his own which made camp ; "pitching an easy matter. Wilson is a big, raw-boned, powerful man of about 45, ex-sheriff, ex-constable, ex-star football and baseball player, bronco-buster, botanist, ’ woodsman and father of six children. Mrs. Wilson, “genial and active, came along to cook the meals. _ There was also Prof. A. O. Garrett, from Utah, a ‘placid, elderly man with an encyclopedic mind and a vast knowledge of all plants. The fourth member of the party, vio was so lively he might be counted as two members, was Henry N. Putnam, from Michigan, little, energetic, ed, and humorous, in love with the woods and h his work, a veritable ferret in the matter of finding whatever he sought. > At Wowona we found the same rust on the under side ‘Of the Ribes, and again at Mariposa. Barepection was made every mile, and at each stop were found signs of the disease. Daily specimens were mailed to peveshington for éxpert analysis, and as we continued journey and found how wide-spread the disease had sone we dreaded more and more the decision—the "definite determination whether it was the harmless Pinon Pine Rust or the dreadful White Pine Blister Rust. _ From the Yosemite we traveled over the Tioga road ‘to Mono Lake and thence toward Lake Tahoe. All the vay we found the rust, but none of the sugar or white "pines betrayed symptoms of the disease. We crawled 0 it along their branches, looking for the tiny fungus lich feeds upon and blisters the bark, encircling the ak like a felon, choking the life of the tree, and some- es Causing it to swell hideously as if suffering from "some fantastic elephantiasis. But only the currants and " go0seberries showed signs of the rust. - Finally, near Bridgeport, one early morning when Putnam was away looking for firewood with which to ‘cook our breakfast, we heard a distant shout and went to Vinvestigate. After much “halooing” we came upon a @reat Pinon pine and on one of its branches was Putnam. | “Tve found it,” he shouted. “Here it is—thick! It’s ) the Pinon Rust, all right, I’ll bet 10 to 1.” | We looked about and found that every currant and " gooseberry plant within a radius of several miles was ))) covered with the rust. And during that day as we drew ‘farther away from the group of Pinon pines the rust on the Ribes became scarcer. *) think it is conclusive,” said the Professor, a arther the wind has had to carry the spores the thinner . “the rust becomes on the Ribes. It is very encouraging, & “the From there on an - FORESTRY 345 Indeed, it was so encouraging that Posey and I returned to San Francisco that night while the others continued their campaign. The next morning I telephoned Posey in his office. “Have you heard from Washington?” I asked. “T have,” he answered, “and I have telegraphed the news to the Professor and Wilson and Putnam. The Department of Agriculture writes that all the specimens they have received have been Pinon Pine Rust.” “Put ’er there, old man!” I cried, forgetting that I was in San Francisco and he was in Berkeley. HOW A BUILDER RESPECTED A TREE By Helen Harrison ee is not always necessary to sacrifice full-grown trees when business blocks begin to crowd out residential sections. The owner of this property built around the half-century-old elm tree, rather than fell it, a fate that met hundreds of similar trees in Bridgeport, Connecticut, when one of the principal streets was widened. The space taken up by this tree has been well camouflaged inside the building by a shallow cupboard effect. Who knows but the lines “Woodman, spare that tree,” learned at the old brick schoolhouse, may have been the influence at work when the owner, the late George C. Edwards, formerly president of the International Silver Company, gave in- structions to his architect to build around this tree. 346 AMERICAN FORESTRY % Ast 3 i 3 “- ef .”,. ‘ a r : a THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CELEBRATES ARBOR DAY National Photo. The first Arbor Day the District of Columbia ever observed_ officially was on April 16, the day having been set apart by proclamation of the Commissioners. Tree planting across the drive from the Lincoln Memorial was the District’s part in the days plan. Secretary of griculture Meredith shown here speaking was the orator. Each public school class was represented by a pupil, and this delegation is shown nt of the speaker’s stand. Clifford I. Lanham, the su erintendent of trees and parking, had charge of the ceremony, and the first tree was planted in memory of his father, who for 25 years held the position the superintendent now has. . MEMORIAL TREE TO ANIMALS AND BIRDS National Photo. fest tree. Bienes Sag cov y ot the birds and animals killed in the war to be registered on the honor roll of the American Forestry tree pl sanine™. Yerba p pee £ mh PH 3 ds, V ington, D. C. Children gave the program of the American Forestry Association for tree, pisgeing. Jes - Briggs of the ication Society made an address and the tree was marked with the bronze marker designed by ‘the Association. The tree planting big feature of “Be Kind to Animals” Week. LIVING MEMORIALS HE District of Columbia had its first official Arbor Day on April 16. It was ordered by the Commis- sion in a formal proclamation. The day was widely observed. Clifford I. Lanham, superintendent of trees and parking, provided a fine program with the planting of trees along streets, the first of which was a tree in memory of his father who for 25 years held the position of the District of Columbia in memory of the ‘animals in the war. One of these trees was at the Happy Hollow Playgrounds. The ceremony at Happy Hollow was - unique indeed. Children bearing large letters that spelled “Be Kind to Animals” accompanied by Girl Scout Troop No. 1, marched to the spot where the tree was placed. The program of the American Forestry Association for THE PIN OAK FROM MOUNT VERNON PLANTED BY THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE CHILDREN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Mrs, Daniel C. Lothrop, who founded the National Society of the Children of the American Revolution 25 years ago, turned over to Mrs. Frank Mondell, the newly elected president, the memorial tree planted by the society and registered on the National Honor Roll of the American Forestry Association. Wyoming, is holding the marker. Mrs. Lothrop is shown with the bouquet of flowers and Mrs. The other national officers in the picture are Mrs. Horace M. Towner, wife of ee Min a Ne Towner of Iowa, Mrs. Percy M. Bailey, Mrs. G. M. Brumbaugh, Miss Grace Pierce, and Miss H. E. Stout. i ondell, the wife of the Representative of The sessions of the National Society of the Children of the American Revolution were held co-incident with those of the sessions of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Wash- ington. The tree is a pin oak from Mount Vernon. his son now holds. Secretary of Agriculture Meredith Was the speaker of the day. A delegation of school children, an appointee from each class, was present at the ceremonies. Commissioner Brownlow introduced the speakers, who were Secretary Meredith and General William Mitchell of the United States Air Service. As one of the features of “Be Kind To Animals” Week, which date coincided with Arbor Week, memorial trees were planted by the Humane Educational Society tree planting was carried out by the children. Mrs. Ira 3ennett was chairman of the committee of arrangements. The National Society of the Children of the American Rev- olution planted a memorial tree on the grounds of Conti- nental Memorial Hall during the sessions of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Another tree was planted on the grounds of the Marine Hospital in memory of Charles A. Rhett Jacobs of the Marines who was killed in action in France. On May 4 the District Federation of 347 348 AMERICAN Women’s Clubs planted a tree in memory of J. Sterling Morton, the father of Arbor Day in the United States. At the bi-enniel convention of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs in Des Moines in June the conserva- Mrs. Mary K. program to memorial tion department under the direction of Sherman, of its of plans for a nation-wide gave a big part tree planting and making campaign for encouraging it. The planting of fifty-three live oak trees as living mon- uments to the sons of A. and M. College of Texas who died in the service of their country in their efforts to perpetuate the liberty that had been their heritage, was the occasion of a simple, but most impressive ceremony, Several hun - dred cadets as- sembled in front of Guion Hall. President Bizzell, five members of the Board of Di- rectors, Presi- dent L. J. Hart, W. A. Miller, Jr., John. T. Dickson, J. R. Kubena and H. A. Breiham, to- gether with a number of fac- ulty were members, grouped on the steps of the building. Dr. John A. Held, pastor of the First Bap- tist Church of Bryan, invoked the blessings of the Almighty on the crowd assembled. The Rat THE Photograph by “GOLD STAR” ‘Tats rae, oy elm was. pl antéd by his mother, in honor of the memory of Lietit. Bellak, U. S. N., followin College: Band = $8 juorsesive memorial service at old, Christ, Charsit i: ehuadeiahia. The aod ate eek ae played the above Market, English Anthem, “God Save the King.” President in’ Philadelphia, in memory of her son, Lieutenant Bizzell then introduced the speaker of the day, L. J.’ Bellak, the only member of the congregation of that © Hart, of San Antonio, President of the Board of church to lose his life in the war. The tree, an English’ Directors. At the close of his address Professor R. F. Smith read the names of fifty-three men, members of the Federal and College students, Alumni and faculty, who were each placed in charge of a squad of four cadets to plant a tree for one of the heroes. As the band played the French National anthem, “Marseillaise,” the squads under their leaders marched to a tree planting site, and as the notes of the American anthem were played the earth was placed around the roots of the trees. When the work was finished taps was sounded. And immedi- ately following came the “Star Spangled Banner,” FORESTRY When the last note was sounded the meeting was dismissed. Following the calling of the roll President Bizzell announced that at the meeting of the Board earlier in bringing the crowd to attention. the day it had been decided to plant one tree in honor of — A. B. Davidson, former Vice-President of the Board, who died recently, so immediately following these ex- ercises President Bizzell took the five members of the Board to a place near the entrance to the College grounds and there planted one live oak tree in memory of this distinguished citizen of Texas. Mrs. Blanche Bellak of Philadelphia and Washington is setting a fine example to war mothers by her planting of PLANTING AT HISTORIC CHRIST CHURCH for her son, lack is taking ~ in all affairs of the American has been of tion of the sett Bellak Post No. 195 of the gion in Phila- delphia. - Mrs. Bellak planted « gold star tree in the south side of. the churchyard of Church, Sec- elm, is a gift to the church by Mrs. Bellak, who had it brought from. Oxford, England. The Joseph Faussett — Bellak Post No. 195, of the American Legion, attended the service in a body, as did the Patriotic Order of the Sons of America. The post is composed of men who served in the Navy during the war. The dedication was by Dr. Louis C. Washburn, rector of Christ Church. Chaplain Curtis H. Dickens, of the Navy Yard, made a brief address. .The dedication ceremonies followed a memorial service in the church in honor of the 139th anniversary of the inauguration of George Washington memorial trees a keen interest Legion and the — PatrioticOrder — of the Sons of — America and historic Christ — Joseph Faus- — sett Betlak, U. S.N. Mrs. Bel- "7 Joseph Faus-— American Le- — *. great help to q the organiza- Kacitecti ea: Le ae) > ihe There were addresses to the LIVING as President of the United States. It also marked the 225th anniversary of the church. The forestry committee of the Civic League of Texarkana, Texas, of which Mrs. C. S. Hutchins is the chairman, planned a ceremony for honoring the memory of John C. Watts, the first Texarkana boy to die in France. Every member of the Watts family resident in Bowie County placed a little earth brought from the home place, around the tree. Superintendent George H. Car- penter dedicated the tree and Judge R. B. Levy delivered the memorial address. The students formed in a semi- circle around the tree, while a representative of each MEMORIALS 349 the Park Board in the parks and surrounding squares. J. Cookman Boyd, president of the Board, spoke in the Druid Hill Park district ; General Felix Agnus, in Clifton Park and nearby squares ; Edward Hanlon, in the Hanlon and Gwynns Falls Park district, and Theodore Mottu, in the Carroll Park district and J. Harry Gross, former engineer, to the Park Board. At Middletown, Delaware, tree pianting exercises were held on the high school campus. Mrs. H. B. McDowell, chairman, had charge. The children sang “The Planting Song,” which was followed by an address by Superin- tendent Wilbur H. Jump. The poem, “Trees,” written ve e 5. Fa % Underwood & Underwood. pe MEMORIAL TREE Memorial trees are being planted in Great Britain. Lord Mayor, Tom Fox, is placing a tree in memory in the Great War. Class deposited a portion of the dirt. Mrs. Hutchins tread the honor roll and placed a few violets in the earth. The most widely observed Arbor Day in the history Of Maryland was that of this year. Through the keen interest of the Park Board and the School Board of Baltimore, approximately 80,000 public school scholars went to the public parks and assisted in planting trees. One hundred and fifty-eight schools had part in the Work. Superintendent Koch, of the city schools, pro- Vided that pupils reassemble, as always, at 1.30 P. M. at their respective schools and go to the planting places. school pupils by members of IN HONOR OF BRITISH SOLDIERS’ The planting of which this is a photograph was at Manchester, England, where the of the boys of the Blackley Municipal Schools who gave their lives to their country by Joyce Kilmer, who died in France, was recited by one of the children, and “What the Trees Teach Us,’ by fourteen children. The Rey. F. H. Moore dedicated the three trees with appropriate remarks; the linden, to J. J. Hoffecker, Jr., of Company B, 9th Infantry, who was killed in battle near Soissons; the maple, to Rupert M. Burstan, of the marines, who died of pneumonia six weeks after reaching France; the catalpa, to David Man- love, who fought in several battles, went over the top safely—then, after the armistice was signed, was killed by an exploding shell while engaged in reconstruction work. At the conclusion of the exercises, Dr. Moore and a AMERICAN FORESTRY MEMORIAL TREE Mem rial tre e planting by the Texas High School at soldier to die in France. arth brought from each member's Texarkana, Texas, home number of the ladies ‘went to the negro school where a maple was planted, dedicated to the memory of Jeremiah Jackson, the only negro boy from Middletown who died in the The Rev. M. Parker, Browntown Church, made the address. service. pastor of the A linden tree was planted on the campus of the Woman’s College at Newark, Delaware, by members of the Waverly Club of Hockessin, in memory of the heroes of the world war. Miss Sara Eastburn, president of the club, headed assisted by Miss Dora the work and was a Underwood & Underwood GOVERNOR EDWARDS PLANTING A TREE At Trenton, New Jersey, the Governor of the State planted a tree on Arbor Day in memory of the soldiers of the State who died in the Great War. PLANTING BY THE TEXAS HIGH SCHOOL AT TEXARKANA was done in honor of John C. Every member "of the Watts family around the tree. Wilcox, of the faculty; Miss Ruth Messick, president of the senior class; Miss Marie La- Gates, president of the junior class; Miss Elizabeth Taylor, president of the sophomore class, and Miss Rachel Keger- reis, president of the freshman class. The Gordon Heights Community Club observed Ar- bor Day by planting trees on the community ground. Four trees were planted in honor of four of Delaware’s sons who gave their lives in the war. The trees were dedicated to the memory of Louis Thorpe, Watson Lenderman, Thomas W. Eaton and Edgar Chalfonte. In thousands of communities along the Lincoln High- way trees were planted. At many of the services, the trees were dedicated with appropriate exercises to the A, TEXAS living in Underwood & Underwood. FOR NEW JERSEY DEAD pitorney, J James Hammond planting a tree on the Brunswick, New ik Jersey e, in honor of the soldier dead of New Jersey. The ceremony was held on Arbor Day. men who gave their lives in the World War. Perhaps the one organization most interesting in the beautifying of the Lincoln Highway is the General Federation of Women’s Clubs of America, and many club members participated in the exercises. LIVING MEMORIALS At Bordentown, New Jersey, the Bordentown Military Institute placed twenty-two trees in memory of the Insti- tute’s boys who gave their lives in the World War. Colonel Thomas D. Landon, the commandant, arranged the. pro- gram which included an address by Judge H. B. Wells. Maxwell Emerson, a nephew of D. Edgar Maxwell for whom one of the trees was planted, gave a recitation and the public school pupils rendered ““What the Trees Teach Us.” Rev. James Burns offered the prayer and the tree song from the American Forestry Association’s program were sung. All of the 22 names have been registered on the national honor roll. Tree planting activities have really but begun. The living memorial is appropriate to any and all memorial plans whether it be the single tree or a “Road of Remem- brance.” The “Road of Remembrance” idea has been taken up most heartily. The Association’s suggestion that the Bankhead Highway be made a “Road of Remem- brance in honor of the late Senator John H. Bankhead has received the most throughout the South. A great Liberty Memorial Park was proposed by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Congress at Washington, D. C., in April. This follows the lead of welcome editorial comment 351 the American Forestry Association, which organization has suggested to Governor Westmoreland Davis, of Vir- ginia, that the highway to Mt. Vernon, the nation’s shrine, be made a great “Road of Remembrance” and become a unit of the drives that should lead to such a memorial park as the Daughters of the American Revolution sponsor. The Association urges that Governor Davis invite the states to plant memorial trees along the high- way to Mt. Vernon. Comtinecting as it does with the beautiful drive to Arlington, the drive in Potomac Park and the proposed river drive from Potomac Park to Rock Creek Park, the nation’s capital has the greatest of opportunities to erect a memorial to the heroes of the World War such as no other world capital can hope to duplicate. The plan of the Daughters of the American Revolution called for the construction of a highway con- necting the city of Washington with the park, which would be called Liberty Memorial Highway, and the suggestion was made that the park be used for study and experiment in forestry and agriculture and for the estab- lishment: of vocational schools. The resolution asks the United States Congress to appropriate money for this project, and to place the selection of the site and the development of the lands in the hands of a Liberty Memorial Park Commission, to include the Secretary of Underwood & Underwood. MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING FOR SOLDIERS AT BORDENTOWN, NEW JERSEY To perpetuate the memory of men from the Bordentown Military Academy who fell in the war, memorial tree planting exercises were held at the academy on Arbor Day. Children of the city and Bordentown cadets participated in the exercises. 352 AMERICAN War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of Agri- culture, the president general of the D. A. R., the presi- dent of the Sons of the Revolution, the president of the Sons of the American Revolution and three others. The Club Women of Atlanta, Georgia, claim the dis- tinction of having planted in one of the parks of that STREET PLANTING OF MEMORIAL TREES 31. memorial trees have On Central Boulevard at Kewanee, Illinois, been planted by the Women’s Relief Corps, Mrs. Ada M. Taylor reports to the American Forestry Association. These trees have been named for the 31 heroes who gave their lives to their country, and the names have been entered on the Association’s Honor Roll. The American Legion, G. A. R., and the Spanish War Veterans all had part in the ceremony. The trees were marked with a wreath, and later will be permanently marked. city the first Authors’ Grove in the United States. The unique idea first occurred to Mrs. Lollie Belle Wylie, whose original purpose it was to plant, each year, several trees in honor of favorite authors, under the auspices of the Atlanta Writers’ Club, of which she is the president. The idea grew out of the desire that the Writers’ Club, although primarily an organization engaged in creative work, should share in the civic welfare work of the com- munity in which it exists. No sooner was the plan announced than comments were made in all the daily papers, and interest immedi- ately spread from one group of women to another, who in turn, asked that they too be allowed to share honors with the Writers’ Club in planting memorial trees. Eighteen of the most prominent clubs of the city en- tered with enthusiasm into making plans for Tree Plant- ing Day. Eight more trees have been planted since the original eighteen were set out and the committee is steadily receiving letters asking for information from both clubs and individual tree iovers who wish to place a living monument in the grove, loved author. in. memory of some be- From present indications there will be a hundred trees growing in the authors’ Grove a year hence, The authors honored were: Jack London, Edgar Allen Poe, Joel Chandler Harris, Shakespeare, John Maysfield, Corra Harris, Frank L. Stanton, Granville Barker, FORESTRY LaZarus, Mrs. William Lawson Peel, Thomas Skeyhill, Harry Harmon, Charles W. Hubner, Edward McDowell i re, Lamar Knight, Virginia Arnold, Helen Gray, r. George Niles, Father Ryan, and Mrs. Lollie Belle ea the mother of the movement. > The organizations which planted were: The Atlanta Writers’ Club, the Atlanta Woman’s Club, Joseph Hab- ersham Chapter D. A. R., Colonial Daughters, U. D. | A MEMORIAL TO CZECHO-SLOVAKIANS Novel in the way of a memorial tree is ‘a lipa, the Czecho- Slovak Ms - national tree, which is growing in Balboa Park in San Diego, Calif ~ ornia,’ to commemorate the visit of several large detachments ¢ soldiers .of that nation, pateraby, to their homes after service im _ Siberia. The soldiers arrived at San Diego by transport direct from from Viadivostock and remained at Camp Kearny during a peri recipe ration, after which they proceeded to the Atlantic seaboard, e years to come, this tree is certainly entitled to a place in Hall of Fame. A tablet placed near the lipa tree reads as follow “Planted in commemoration of their independence and in memor. of the sons of Czecho-Slovakia for their great sacrifice in the World War for justice and liberty. Redicsred: July, 1919, when the ‘Czecho- be Slovak army visited our vig Bays their homeward journey from 3 Siberia, by the Czecho-Slovak National Alliance of San Diego.” Le Atlanta Music Study Club, New Era Study Club, Woman’s Pioneer Society, Council of Jewish Women, — Woman’s Study Club, Modern Topics Club, The Review- ers, Daughters of 1812, Uncle. Remus Association, Altar | Society of Sacred Heart Church, Southern Mountain Association, Ladies’ Board of Oglethorpe University, Nineteenth Century History Class, Drama League, Shakespeare Club, and individuals. a AMERICAN Here is a tree that goes back to the days of pirates bad ‘and bold, according to the data submitted by A, D. Dart, of Oriental, North Carolina. this tree and Teach was a bad, bad man—so much so that even now the boys dig about the neighborhood of the tree for treasure. In the early Colonial days, long before beacon lights were placed at the entrance of harbors to make the channels, promi- nent objects like big trees, had to serve for that purpose, and even now, as then, this old tree is a landmark and guide for sailors frequenting these waters. Edward Teach, the notorious pirate—called “Blackbeard,” | because of the bushy black whiskers that covered his face, | was born in Bristol, England, about 1690. Early in life he was a private sailor on a vessel commanded by one Kornagold, “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES “Teach’s Oak” is the name of : FORESTRY 353 vessels he is known to have captured and sunk. If there are sermons in stones, and books in the running brooks, there certainly must be history in the old Water Oak shown in the accompanying picture, for it is a well established fact that “Blackbeard” and his villainous crew often frequented this point, and sought refuge and rest under the spreading branches of this famous tree, which for generations has been known as “Teach’s Oak.” So strong is the belief that much -of his booty was buricd under the tree, that great holes have been dug in many places around it, but as far as known no treasure has ever been found. Finding it a hopeless task to+capture the pirates who were committing so many depredations along the coast, the English king offered. a pardon to all who would surrender and lead \ honest lives. Teach accepted the proposal and settled in @ noted sea rover in European waters. The latter having captured a large merchant vessel in 1718, put Teach in charge, and he seeking pastures new, started for the Ameri- can coast, making captures on his way of many defenseless merchantmen. His favorite cruising ground was along the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina, seeking refuge, as Occasion demanded, in the quiet waters of Albemarle and ‘Pamlico Sounds and their tributaries, either to avoid severe Storms or when pursued by war vessels. The latter were few in umber during those days, and were generally of such deep draught that it was impossible for them to follow. the piratical craft into shallow waters. While the Pirate Teach has left no record of his exploits, # is only fair to assume that he must have obtained a great quantity of valuables of all kinds, from the many TEACH’S OAK Bath, a small town in Beaufort County, but the lure of the sea was so strong, and, becoming tired of such a quiet life, he very soon raised his black flag, and sailed away to once more become the terror of the seas. Learning that his vessel was anchored in Ocracoke Inlet, near a small island of that name, on the North Carolina coast, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, sent Lieutenant Maynard in search of the pirate. The two met, and, after a desperate sea fight, Teach was killed, his head cut off and tied to the bowsprit of Maynard’s vessel. The body was thrown overboard, and according to the tradition of the Island, his muscular strength was so great that the headless body swam entirely around the Island! !— Presumably searching for his crew and vessel. 354 AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES In Audubon Park, New Orleans, stands a tree deserving of much attention. It is a gigantic live-oak and has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame for trees by Miss Viola Overman. This oak is famous for four reasons: For its beauty; its name—Washington; its many yearly visitors; its size, for i is conceded by botanists and tree-ologists to be the largest live-oak in the world. This tree has a rival. This rival ts a venerable oak near Charleston, South Carolina, It, too, is known as the > Sas ange ew thy THE WASHINGTON OAK Washington Oak. The pretty story concerning it is as follows: |The President—great tree-lover that he was—interceded with In the summer of 1791, at the time of the memorable pil- his hostess to spare the condemned oak. grimage of President Washington throughout his beloved Mrs. Horry could do naught but to accede graciously to Southland, he was an honored breakfast-guest in the beautiful the slightest wish of her distinguished guest. The gardener suburban home of Mrs. Horry—of the distinguished Pinckney was summoned. The President’s wish was told to him; the family. President's wish was Madam Horry’s wish—the tree was spared. President Washington heard the mistress of the house- The last account was that this Washington Oak is still hold give an order to her gardener that the large oak which alive. And is the object of much interest to Northerners obstructed the view from the new portico must be cut down. as well as Southerners. AMERICAN At Admiral Peary’s college, Bowdoin, Brunswick, Maine, is the Thorndike Oak, which has been given a place in the Hall of Fame. In nominating the Oak, Gerald G. Wilder, the Bowdoin Librarian, says: “At the close of the first of the Chapel exercises, one of the students, George Thorndike, thrust an acorn into the ground, and half in earnest, half in jest, said a great tree FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES 355 THE THORNDIKE OAK would flourish long after he had gone. He died in 1811, in Russia, the first Bowdoin graduate to die, and the Thorn- dike Oak is still flourishing and year after year shelters the Seniors on Class Day. The date of the first of these chapel exercises above referred to is September, 1802. The tree was transplanted in 1803 from its original position near Massa- chusetts Hall to the President’s garden where it has since stood.” It will be easy to understand the veneration in which the old grads of Bowdoin wherever they may be, hold that tree which is so closely identified with their college life. THE EGGS OF BIRDS BY ELSA G, ALLEN NE cannot find among the multitude of wonders in nature anything more marvelous than the develop- ment of an egg. Whether it be a butterfly which flourishes for a day only to die after depositing its eggs, or a reptile which lazily leaves its eggs with only the warm sand to mother them, or a fish, like the salmon, which, with incredible strength, jumps the rapids to spawn in the upper reaches of, rivers, or most appealing of all, a bird which builds a beautiful nest for its treas- ures, the egg in every case is structurally the same, and the miracle of life unfolds according to the same laws of cell division. A single cell marks the be- ginning 0 f every organ- ism. It divides into two cells, then four cells, and so on through the most intricate speciatizat ion of groups of cells. At. last the perfected embryo, having used up the of food within mass stored the egg, must hatch and seek its livelihood in the great world where a thou- dangers beset it. For it is the most re- lentless law. of nature that everything must struggle for existence, but another law provides that those forms which are sub- ject to the most dangers produce the greatest number of sand Photograph by A. A. Alien. offspring. Thus the progeny of many insects must num- ber trillions that some may survive the birds which con- sume them by countless thousands. The cod risks its spawn to the open sea and must therefore produce mil- lions of eggs that enough may. survive to continue the species.’ The reptiles lay comparatively few eggs but likewise give them no protection, leaving them to be hatched by the heat of the sun or decaying vegetation, 3ut in the realm of birds parental care for the eggs reaches its highest development. For as birds evolved from reptile-like ancestors and developed a constant body temperature, so their eggs, 356 NEST AND EGGS OF THE BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER Birds which do not lay protectively colored eggs conceal them in well-hidden nests. in order to develop, had to be kept continually warm. Because of this, nearly all birds, except the mound birds of Australia and the brush turkeys of New Guinea, in- cubate their eggs and herein lies the most fundamental difference between the eggs of birds and those of their ancient progenitors, the reptiles. But while the eggs of reptiles with their white leathery shells are by no means beautiful, the eggs of birds are among the loveliest things in nature, and they have al- ways held a great fascination for man. From the tiny hummingbird’s egg, no longer than a bean, to the giant ostrich egg, which is be- six inches in diameter, there is every grada- tioninsize. But the size of the egg does not depend entire- ly upon the size of the bird which lays it. For example, the catbird and spotted piper are prac- tically of the same size but the sandpiper’s egg is consid- erably larger. The reason is not difficult to find, for. the young catbird upon hatching is still but poorly developed, tiny, helpless, featherless, homely to a pitiful degree, while the young sandpiper greets the world covered with down and ready to chase flies with its. mother. In like manner the length of the incubation period depends largely upon the stage of development reached by the chick before hatching. Birds such as the catbird and other perching species, which have altricial young needing care in the nest for some time, do not incubate their eggs as long as those like the shorebirds and ducks which have precocial young. The eggs of most of our common small birds require incubation for from ten days to two weeks. Those of the fowl-like birds such as the ruffed grouse about three weeks, those of the ducks about four weeks, and the eggs of the emeu, a large tween five and sand- Eee te THE EGGS ostrich-like bird of Australia, must be incubated for about ten weeks. Much of the fascination of bird study lies in the questions which continually come to mind. Why do Photograph by A. A. Alien. A SPOTTED SANDPIPER AT HER NEST _ The eggs of the sandpipers are large becayse the young are well- developed when hatched, being able to run about as soon as dry. many of the sea birds lay only one egg and why must the ducks and partridges lay nearly a score? Why are Some eggs pure white while-others are most brilliantly THE UNPROTECTED EGGS OF THE KILDEER The Kildeer lays her eggs on the bare gravel. They are very incon- Spicuous, however, because of their protective coloration. colored and still others mottled with shades of brown like the sun-flecked forest floor? The number of enemies which a bird has seems to control to a large extent the number of eggs which it a OF BIRDS 357 lays. The auks, murres, and gannets, by their habit of retiring at the nesting season to isolated cliffs and islands, are comparatively safe from harm and therefore lay but a single egg. At the other extreme are the gallinules, ducks, and partridges with their ten to twenty eggs. Not: only have these birds many enemies among the predatory animals, but, since they nest rather early in the spring their eggs are frequently flooded out by storms. Fortu- nate it is, if a clutch of eggs is successfully hatched, that the brood is large for it is more than likely that several of the young will be the victims of snapping turtles, snakes, and hawks. This brings us to the coloration of eggs, which pre- Photograph by A. A. Allen, NEST AND EGGS OF THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD The eggs are pale blue, streaked black, chiefly about the larger end. is the last stage in the formation before the egg is laid. and spotted with dark parole and The addition of color and markings of an egg. They are added slowly sents problems more difficult to explain. We have heard a great deal about protective coloration in nature, and when we consider the advantages which accrue to pro- tectively colored eggs we may wonder why some eggs have remained pure white through the ages, why others are of the most conspicuous greenish blue, and why still others stand out by their spotted or speckled patterns. We should bear in mind that white eggs are for the most 358 AMERICAN part laid by hole-nesting species of birds like the. owls and woodpeckers, and since the eggs are well hidden in their dark cavities it has not been necessary for them to develop protective coloration. The bright greenish blue eggs of most of the thrushes, for example, must be hidden in nests which are concealed in dense vegetation and the speckled eggs of the ground nesting sparrows depend for their safety upon the good hiding of the grass-woven nest which contains them. As one proceeds with the study of birds’ eggs he will observe that each family of birds lays eggs of a certain type though some exceptions like the white eggs of the Photograph by A. A. Allen. THE NEST OF THE DAINTY HUMMING-BIRD The eggs of this most exquisite of our little feathered friends are no larger than beans. indigo bunting do occur and have yet to be explained. Thus the ducks lay plain colored eggs only slightly tinted The shorebirds on account of building no nests, or very shallow ones, with brownish, or greenish, or bluish. lay brownish spotted eggs which closely resemble their environment, and each family of landbirds likewise has its own type. The majority of the flycatchers, warblers, and vireos, for example, lay eggs which are white or whitish in ground color, the main differences being in the color and arrangement of their dots and speckles. It is not surprising that these delicately fashioned wonders of nature should have lured thousands into the sport of egg collecting. But as we have gained a greater appreciation of the beauty and value of birds we have grown to consider egg collecting, except for scientific purposes, little better than wanton plunder, and today FORESTRY public sentiment protects the birds’ home far better than all the fines imposed by law. There is still another way, however, by which to en- joy the discovery of a bird’s nest, a way more permanent Photograph by A. A. Allen, A BUSY MOTHER GALINULE The Florida galinule lays a goodly clutch of eggs of from eight to thirteen, because both eggs and young are subject to many dangers. Here the mother is seen turning her eggs. and instructive than a mere collection of eggs. Let the bird student take his camera into the field and secure a photograph of the eggs in their nest, their own proper setting. A: well taken photograph will show not only the eggs, but the materials and position of the nest, which are as necessary to a correct understanding of a bird as are the eggs themselves. ARIZONA PINE In saintly service and seraphic praise Before the face of God thy years are spent, Thou priestly pine tree. Rich as sacrament Thy shadows are unto the weary ways Of man and bird and beast: the deep-toned lays Of ocean from thy leafy strings unbent, Beat to the fingers of the wind, and scent Of prayerful incense round thy vesture plays. Thou, royal pontiff of the wooded hills, Outspread’st thy hands in benediction sweet O’er all the tribes of restless woodland folk; Thou shriv’st the squirrel, and the robin thrills Thy leaves with hymns: all sylvan orphans fleet For covert to thy sanctuaried cloak. —M. J. Riordan. AN a tree be cured of a disease by giving it medicine internally? The usual method of combatting tree _. diseases is through the external application of rays and fertilizers, or by cutting out and burning " diseased parts or entire trees. Many parasitic fungi grow so deeply underneath the bark of a tree that any ” external treatment is ineffective. This is the case with chestnut blight, or the chest- GIVING MEDICINE TO TREES BY DR. CAROLINE RUMBOLD PATHOLOGIST, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ology, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. The University of Pennsylvania furnished laboratory facilities and many supplies. The credit for continuing these experiments to their present stage is due to Mr. Harold Pierce, formerly Secretary of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, who generously financed the work. The problem has been to nut bark disease, as it is more properly called. When this fungus began to kill chestnut trees by the tens of thousands about fifteen years ago, it was not un- usual for an owner of a _ prized ornamental chestnut ) offer a reward of a thou- "sand dollars to anyone who fould save the tree. Num- _ €rous quack “tree doctors” - advocated various alleged _ remedies which failed mis- - erably when tested. Care- pathologists also failed to _ develop a successful meth- _ od of saving a tree after it "was attacked by the blight. _ The disease advanced ruth- ‘lessly and all who valued _ the chestnut trees were in despair. _ In torr; the State of Pennsylvania appointed a | special commission to con- duct scientific investiga- _ tions to determine the cause _ of chestnut blight, and at _ the same time to immedi- | ately attack the epidemic by every means that seemed _ to afford any possibility of | checking or delaying it. In _ connection with other lines ) of experimental work carried on by this commission, the | Writer was employed to investigate the possibility of con- ) trolling the disease by injecting chemical solutions into » chestnut trees. In 1913, the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree ) Blight Commission advised the Governor to discontinue it work because the blight had advanced too far into the State to make control practicable with the appropria- tion available at that time. During the next two years the writer continued the injection experiments under the )) direction of the Office of Investigation in Forest Path- METHOD OF INJECTING SMALL TREES The chestnut trees in this orchard were infected with the chestnut blight, and it was desired to find if the fungus under the bark could not be killed by chemicals, without injury to the tree. the solution it was siphoned out of the jar through the tube. a ro Sree find a chemical agent which would kill the fungus that causes the blight, when a solution was introduced into a tree. The first dif- ficulty encountered was in getting the tree thoroughly injected with any kind of liquid. The sap of a tree does not circulate like the blood of an animal. The wood of a tree contains numerous vessels, or tube- like cells, through which the crude sap is conducted to the leaves to be manufac- tured into food which re- turns to. the roots and other living parts through the in- ner bark. A substance in solution follows a vertical path up the tree through those vessels in the sap wood that are close to the place of injection. It can also de- scend through those vessels, but in all of this there is lacking that persistent pass- ing and return of a stream, such as the blood stream, which constantly bathes the cells of the animal body. This path in the tree through which the injected solution passes, usually is but little wider than the hole through which it is injected. Besides this, the walls of the tubular cells act like blotting paper, with the result that the farther the solution passes from the point of injection, the weaker it becomes. So in order to inject a tree evenly on all sides, it is necessary to make a number of injections on different sides of the trunk, and even on the limbs. This means that many quarts of a very dilute chemical solution must be put into a tree if the chemical is to reach all portions of the tree. Were one to use only a small amount of concentrated solution, As the tree absorbed 359 AMERICAN INJECTING CURATIVE CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS Another view of the apparatus used in injecting solutions into a tree. A glass jar containing the chemical solution was hung in the branches and connected by rubber tubing with a glass tvbe inserted in a small hole made through the bark of the trunk. This hole in the bark had to be made under cover of a liquid, otherwise air clogged the vessels of the wood and the solution would not be drawn into the tree. A clamp held the glass tube tightly against the tree. it would kill the cells of the tree near the injection hole and would not reach other parts. This is one of the reasons why boring a hole in the trunk and filling it with strong chemical in either solid or liquid form is not likely to benefit a tree. It was found to be essential to make the holes through the bark for injection purposes under cover of a liquid. If air enters before injection or with the solution, air- bubbles will clog the small tubes or vessels in the vascular bundles and prevent the solution’s being absorbed by the tree. The reader will probably ask at this point if a tree whose trunk is peppered with injection holes is not seriously injured by such treatment. As a matter of fact, the trees with which the experiments were made did not suffer from The injections were made under sanitary conditions ‘and only small holes were made. These were afterward filled with clean grafting wax, and a callus growth quickly closed up the wound, forcing out the wax plug. By the end of three years, there was not even a scar to show where the in- jection had been made. The idea of introducing chemical substances into plants is more than two centuries old. The first report on tree injection for purposes of medication was published by a this cause. tube was held in place by means of a perforated rubber — FORESTRY Russian scientist in 1894. This was followed by scattered — work in America, France, Germany and Russia. Some successful results were reported, but in the main the effect of injected solutions were not beneficial or the results were inconclusive. The most practical method — was contained in the Russian publications, and the Rus- sion method of introducing solutions was used in the beginning of the chestnut experiments. Very soon how- ever an easier and less expensive method was developed, in which the apparatus could be quickly adjusted to the trunk and left for twelve hours or more without further attention. On small trees, a glass container holding the solution to be injected was hung on a branch of the tree. The solution was led to the point of injection by a rubber tube in the end of which was a piece of small glass tubing — which was inserted into the injection hole. The glass CHESTNUT TREE IN WHICH ee CARBONATE HAS BEEN ~ ECTED ane This shows the drying up of the chestnut blight canker. The dead bark was easily lifted out because the fungus was killed by the chemical. cork, which in turn was pressed tightly against the tree trunk by a clamp, thus preventing leakage. This appa-— ratus is shown in the accompanying illustration. A varia- tion of this method was used on large trees. In place of the clamp, a link chain was placed around the trunk. It was tightened by turnbuckles and held the perforated rubber corks against the tree. The corks were protected from the metal chain by iron washers. A glass “T” tube, thrust through the cork, introduced the solution into the injection hole. The rubber tube leading from the reser- voirs higher in the tree was attached to the vertical end of the “IT” tube. The free end of the horizontal arm of the “T” tube was tipped by a piece of rubber tubing; after the solution filled the tube, a tempered steel cutter was inserted through this horizontal arm of the “T” tube and driven through the bark of the tree. In this manner a small hole was made in such a way that no air could clog the vessels of the wood, and the solution to be injected began immediately to enter the tree. After the steel drill was remoyed, the free end of the rubber tubing was closed by a pinch cock. By this method any desired num- ber of injections were made at one time. In these experi- ments, the hole cut for injection purposes was one-fourth ineh in diameter and penetrated the wood to a depth of two annual rings. It was found that all kinds of chemicals in solution could be introduced into the trunks, provided there was sufficient transpiration (evaporation of moisture) from . i, fet . ts XS, FURTHER ALONG IN THE OPERATION This is the same canker as shown in the preceding illustration, with the dead bark removed, exposing the healed up edges of the blight canker. “A year later this tree had thrown off the chemical and had become rein- : . However, this experiment indicates interesting possibilities for controlling tree diseases by injected chemicals. ‘the leaves to keep the sap moving. The transpiration was |) greatest in the case of chestnut trees when they were in full leaf and the day was sunshiny, dry, and a breeze was | blowing. On cold, rainy days the trees took up very little Of the injected solutions. The season of the year caused _4 great variation in the amount of solution absorbed by a tree, and also as to the part of the tree where the injected chemical went. For instance, if a lithium solu- ‘tion was injected in the autumn, when the nuts were E . GIVING MEDICINE TO TREES TREATMENT FOR LARGER TREES A number of injections had to be made at one time in the larger trees, enabling the chemical solutions to reach all parts of the tree. is illus- tration shows three glass containers hung in a chestnut tree, and a chain clamp that was used to hold the tubes in the holes made through the bark. On a clear day in midsummer a tree of this size absorbed many quarts of solution. spring, when the leaves were unfolding and growing, the lithium spread through the tree and less of the chemical reached the leaves. In Pennsylvania, June was the best month for injection so far as the rate of intake was concerned; then July, May, August, September, October and April. The rate of intake varied more in April, May and June than in the summer and autumn months. Solutions of organic compounds went into the trees more readily than solutions of inorganic compounds, and the “true solutions” more readily than the colloidal. The average amount of solution absorbed through’a single injection hole by an orchard chestnut tree, 15 feet high and with a wide, rounded top, ranged from one-fourth pint per day in April to three-fifths pint per day in June. But there are records of three and nearly four quarts of solution passing through an injection hole one-fourth inch in diameter in 20 hours. Chemical solutions, with very few exceptions, were absorbed more readily than the pure water. Also, the more concentrated the solutions of chemicals, the more rapidly they were absorbed. In several cases, lithium injected into the trunk could be detected 10 hours later in the leaves of branches at the top of the tree. Fifty-six organic and inorganic substances in solution were injected. The trees used in the experiments were orchard trees, for the most part Paragon scions grafted on native chestnut stock, but some trees growing under forest conditions were also injected. Most of the trees de Pa 362 AMERICAN were already infected with the chestnut bark disease. The cankers were outlined with paint at the time the chemicals were injected into the trees, so that an accurate record of the effect of the chemical on the fungus was obtained. The war interrupted this work before it had gone further than to show interesting indications. In the case of diseased chestnut trees injected in the spring and early summer months with dilute solutions of lithium car- bonate and lithium hydroxide, the fungus causing the blight was checked in its growth and the trees started to form a callus at the edge of the canker. In some cases this callus growth resulted in so completely cutting off the diseased tissue from the rest of the tree that the diseased portion dried out and could be picked off like any other dead bark. However, the lithium was gradu- ally eliminated from the tissues of such trees and they were then subject to reinfection by the disease. Thus, the success in controlling the blight has so far been only to find a temporary check. The results of these experiments indicate that there is a large field for further résearch on the possibility of finding a cure by the aalecsion method for chestnut FORESTRY ‘not solved the problem. It took many years of f - a ¥ By ts AS * bers ay a "i blight and similar parasitic fungi that grow: ‘bet ; bark of trees. This work is preliminary only experiment to develop salvarsan, and this solved a pro lem as apparently hopeless as that of finding a pre remedy for the chestnut blight. The subject is intensely interesting and will wt tf edly be further explored in the future. In the meantime, owners of chestnut and other valuable shade trees should know that itinerant “tree doctors,” who claim wonderf 1 curative powers for mysterious substances inserted. trees, are not likely to have been successful in achie that which years of careful scientific research have to produce. This statement is not intended to on trained men who are conducting legitimate surgery operations, but is directed against those “qu who prey on the ignorance of shade tree owners by worthless “remedies” at fabulous prices. Such p not only get their money through fraudulent representa tions, but frequently cause death or serious injury to a valuable tree. NEED OF FORESTS FOR WOOD PULP’ BY E. T. MEREDITH, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE HE United States is today facing the most critical pulp and paper situations in its history. Of these the newsprint situation is the most serious. Present demands, abnormal though they may seem, are merely an incident in the rapidly growing normal demand for newsprint paper. Today we are dependent upon other countries for the equivalent of two-thirds of the pulpwood, pulp, or news- print which goes into American newspapers. Our news- print industry is concentrated largely in New England, New York, and the Lake States. I am told that sixty per cent of the pulp and paper concerns in New York have no stumpage of their own, and that less than five have enough timberland for continuous future operation. The predicted life of the industry in New York, New Hampshire, and even in Maine, where the great bulk of our eastern pulpwood still remains, is alarmingly short. We have on the other hand, large quantities of suitable newsprint woods in the Pacific Northwest and in Alaska. The annual growth of timber on the National Forests of southeastern Alaska alone would supply half of our present American newsprint requirements. Here the in- dustry is undeveloped. A far greater degree of independence in newsprint manufacture can be accomplished by two measures—the development of the industry in the Pacific Northwest and in Alaska, and the large-scale growing of timber in New England and the Lake States. Both of these measures would be greatly stimulated by the passage of the Poin- dexter Pulp Survey bill now pending in the Senate. A * From a letter by Secretary E. T. Meredith, to the American Paper and Pulp Association. .decade. In New Hampshire and Maine an area of a pulpwood survey would secure the facts on which a s development of the industry in the Northwest ar Alaska could be based, and it would also afford a for the production of pulp timber in the Lake States in the Northeast. The American Pulp and Paper Association bse urg the purchase by the Government of large areas suital for the growing of pulpwoods. The Government made a beginning in this direction during” ‘the past 362,000 acres has been acquired admirably adapted for this purpose. This area should be greatly enlarged to om include much of the mountain region in New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont. We already have some technical knowledge of e best methods for growing the pulp timbers of the North- east and the Lake States, enough to begin intelligently 99 but a great deal of investigative work remains to be do If the pulp industry of the Northeast is to be perpetuated a in anything approximating its present size, the entire forest area of the region must be utilized to the limit of its productive capacity. This is hardly less true of — the Lake States. Forest experiment stations alone will, — in any reasonable time, furnish the required knowledge — of the best methods of cutting, planting, production, and — the various other steps in such intensive timber growing a Bills now pending in both Senate and House of Repre- _ sentatives provide for experiment stations on the White — Mountain National Forests in New England and in Minnesota. a Protection. of forests from fire is perhaps the sé most important single requirement in the growing of My é - timber. Twenty-four States are receiving co-operation. _ These States expend yearly for fire protection upwards _ of $625,000, and private owners of forest land within their _ borders expend in normal years approximately a like amount. The Federal appropriation is but $100,000, _ which is entirely inadequate. This amount has remained unchanged since 1915, in spite of the fact that the number of co-operating States has increased from 18 to 24, and _ the cost of the work has practically doubled. The Meational policy of forestry advocated by the Forest _ Service contemplates a large extension of such co-opera- tive fire protection.. Not less than $500,000 is required “to meet the needs of this situation adequately. Yet the present appropriation is but $100,000 and there is even danger of its being reduced. _ ‘THE NEED FOR AN ARMY FOREST SERVICE ee 363 The Forest Service is conducting at its Forest Products Laboratory work of very great and immediate impor-- tance to the pulp and paper manufacturer. Limited though such work is, it has already covered a large field in the suitability of various American woods for the different kinds of pulp, and incidentally has developed ° information of great importance on the technique of the various pulp-making processes. Along a limited number of other lines it has also been possible to make a begin- ning, as, for example, through co-operation, on the causes of and remedies for the molding and decay of pulp. The work already under way should be very materially expanded, and there is a wide range of other subjects on which intensive investigations would benefit both the public and the pulp and paper industry. ANY perhaps believe that the great war which we have just been through revealed for the first time d the necessity of an Army forest service charged _ with meeting the needs of the combatant units for wood. _ This is not true, says J. Demorlaine, a Frenchman inter- ested in forestry, and he adds: “A chapter in the ‘Ex- contrary, and is worth recalling today. One might be- lieve that the passage was written yeesterday ; yet it dates _ from 1764. __ “Armies in the field,” wrote Duhamel du Montceau, “in _ addition to their need for fuel, often have to construct _ entrenchments, to build barracks in the fall, or to conduct “sieges or systematic attacks. For all these purposes _ considerable quantities of material are needed, which are " naturally cut in the forests within easiest reach of the _ places where they are to be used. These expeditions are the ruin of the forests, especially when the cutting is _ done by regular troops, who seem to take pleasure in } pesceing more damage than is necessary. “The materials needed consist both of timber and of smaller products, such as twigs, withes, and pickets. These smaller products, after being brought from the 5 "forests, are made into various kinds of fascines, faggots, __gabions, blinds, candle-holders, and litters. _ “Often cuttings are made in those parts of the forests _ that are most accessible and most convenient to the roads ‘and railroads, as a result of which the district is ruined, _ whereas if the choice were extended over the entire forest _ this might not be the case. _ “Finally the fact that these supplies must nearly al- ways be furnished under pressure during the exigencies _ 0f open war, causes the work to be done with a haste “that is very apt to increase the disorder and to ruin the forests still further. "The ordinary soldiers who are entrusted with secur- - ing these materials usually spread out in all directions, cut the coppice high in order not to inconvenience them- ves, break off and damage more wood than they carry aw vay, wound just for amusement all the trees that they * * * THE NEED FOR AN ARMY FOREST SERVICE meet, and commonly do the woods an injury which can be repaired only after a very long time. “Wheneyer these contributions, which bear with par- ticular severity on those districts in the theater of opera- tions, can be supplied with any sort of economy, it would be wise of the commanding general, mindful of the fact that such devastation can profit no one and that it ruins the country for many years, to impose them systematically on the country and to send his troops for them only in case of absolute necessity. “As for the damages done to our forests in securing war materials, a remedy could easily be supplied by hav- ing forest officers work with the Engineer Corps, since these know better than any one else how to conduct operations with a wise economy.” If the Inspector General of the Navy under Louis XVI were to return among us today, he would doubtless recog- nize with pleasure that his vision had been clear and that his ideas, 150 years later, had succeeded in justify- ing themselves. Consummate observer, forester in the -best sense of the word, Duhamel du Montceau foresaw the indispensable organization of an Army Forest Seryice. So this prophecy, inspired by the best of good sense, teaches and serves us. The role of the foresters in time of war has just been completely demonstrated. The war of 1870-71 had perhaps confused people’s ideas somewhat as to thé mission that foresters would be called upon to fulfill in the field. The progress of modern war, which can only become still further accenu- ated, will render more and more necessary an autonomous Army Forest Service, with the same standing as the Engineer or Quartermaster Corps. This service should have its own life and its own military status in time of peace. It should direct the formation, management, in- struction, and organization of the companies of mobil- ized foresters, or Forest Sappers. This is the true solution of the problem of the con- servation and at the same time the exploitation of the forests for the needs of war. “There is nothing new under the sun.” THE FALL WEB-WORM AND THE SWALLOWTAILS BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, R. A. O. U. (Photographs by the author) NVESTIGATING the life histories of the larve or caterpillars of our moths and butterflies, the fact is soon discovered that the majority of them feed upon the leaves of a great variety of plants, shrubs, and trees. Where such defoliation does not affect man’s interests, but little heed is given to it, except by the entomolo- gists. Where the larve are small, more or less rare, and non-communal by habit, the effects on leaf- age is comparatively very slight. It may be slight, too, where the caterpillars are of the largest sort, not abundant, and a compara- tively small number attack the foliage of any particu- lar tree or plant. On the other hand, where the larve of any special moth mass in broods in certain trees, feed upon the foli- age, or weave their com- mon web so as to envelope leaves, and consume them, we have in such larve spe- cies that constitute a pest. The destruction that they do is not lost sight of until the following season, should the trees rally from the injury done and leaf out once more. A good example of the first species referred to is seen in the caterpillars known as the forest tent caterpillars, the Clisiocampa sylvatica of Harris, which feeds on the leaves of dif- ferent trees and_ shrubs, upwards of an hundred large cherry leaves upon it would be entirely consumed in the course of a couple’ of hours. These caterpillars grew rapidly, and spun a great number of small, white cocoons. From these presently emerged many beautiful little brown moths, with broad, dark, oblique bands on their upper wings. The pupze from which these came were strong and of a deep mahogany brown color. Such experiments are ex- tremely interesting, and one of the most recent ones of this nature undertaken by the writer was a brood of the larve known as the Fall Web-worm, which formerly passed under the scientific name of Hyphan- tria cunea of Drury, but now called H. textor of Harris; its moth is also known as the Fall Web- moth. Early in June, when passing through an alley in Washington, D. C., the writer noted, in some seven or eight places in a mulberry tree, that broods of a certain cater- pillar had spun their webs about masses of leaves at the extremities of twigs, and were devouring them. These broods averaged several hundred—up to .a thousand—in each com- munity (Fig. 1). The owner of the tree inquired what ought to be done; she and is especially destructive in the case of the wild cherry trees. This species Fig. 1. of larve construct a web in the fork of the tree where they were hatched out, and very soon commence to prey upon the leaves. The writer, in order to study their development, reared several hundred of these larve, feeding them on the leaves of the common wild cherry. It was amazing to note their rapid growth, the enlarge- ment of their web, and above all the enormous number of leaves required to keep them fed. A limb with ington, D. C., early in June. 364 PART OF A BROOD OF FALL WEB-WORMS This brood was collected by the writer on a Red Mulberry tree (Morus rubra) in the rear of No. 1745 Park Road, N. W., Wash- t These larve are in the early stages of thei» growth, and of varying sizes. i was advised to cut off the twigs bearing the webs and their occupants, and to dip each in a pail of boiling water. The expedient saved this splendid tree from complete defoliation during the next few weeks. A large box with a tightly fitting cover of fine gauze wire made an admirable “breeding-cage” in which to place the reserve brood taken from the tree. Therein they were fed with the leaves of the mulberry tree and grape-vine until the early part of July, and it was Natural size; from life. astounding to note the enormous amount of fodder they got away with in one night. As many as fifty grape-vine leaves were placed in their cage in the afternoon, in layers; the next morning only their stems and coarse veins or ribs remained. As will be noted in Figure 1, these caterpillars are extremely hairy, and range in length from one to about three centimeters. They are a pale, yellowish green, with a darkish stripe down the middle of the back. On either side of this there is a longitudinal row of some ten minute dots. As these larve mature, the dorsal stripe gradually becomes almost black, and the animal grows much stronger. When very small they consume only the soft parts of the leaves, completely skeletonizing each leaf before leaving it. As they grow bigger and stronger, however, the entire leaf is consumed, and only the stem and stoutest THE: FALL WEB-WORM AND: THE SWALLOWTAILS 365 About the first week in July, the entire brood became very restless in their cage, and the smaller specimens readily escaped every night through the openings in the wire gauze. Between the 7th and the 14th of July, the full-grown individuals commenced to pupate, a few, at a time, and they built their cocoons among the dead leaves at the bottom of the box. On or about the night of the 10th, however, there apparently arose in the full- grown specimens a common impulse to make their escape, and some two hundred of them, in some mysteri- ous manner, squeezed themselves between the wire cover of the box and the edges of the box itself, escaping into the room. In the morning not a dozen of them were in sight, and not over twenty of them were left in the box. Neither were any of the pup visible; but that is not to be wondered at, as there were no end of places where the caterpillars could hide, ribs are left. Changing the kind of leaf they were fed upon, produced no change in the color of the caterpillars, and their heads are always black. While the pattern remains very much _ the same in the adults, it does vary somewhat in color- shade, even in individuals of the same brood. The hairs are invariably light- colored, and each springs from a small, deep-yellow- ish-black wart at its base. Autumn specimens are darker than those compos- ing a spring brood. . When these caterpillars get hungry, they swarm on the outside of their web; and on one occasion the writer had a small branch of a mulberry tree, carry- ing a large web with its Owners, in his study. It was screwed into a small vise, which was attached to the top of a big tripod. There were some 250 of the caterpillars on the outside of the web. When the room was perfectly quiet, they all ‘temained motionless; but should any one suddenly speak or clap the hands together, every one of the caterpillars would commence violently swinging the front half of its body, while the rear half remained still. This extra- ordinary procedure they performed in unison, sometimes Keeping up the swinging for as long as fifteen or twenty Seconds, depending upon the loudness and character of the noise that started them. Should the cause of the disturbance cease, the entire brood would stop their ' Wagging motion at the same instant, and not one of them would move for several seconds. This is a | very remarkable habit; the writer has never observed tria textor), with a pupa in situ. cocoon to the right. THE MOTH OF THE FALL WEB-WORM Fig. 2. These are living and cabinet specimens of this moth (Hyphan- with the wings closed, and the pupa is distinctly seen in its opened i The males are the smallest specimens. the room being filled with all sorts of things usually found in a naturalist’s workshop. There is but one large window in the room, facing west; so that on sunny days, when the shade is raised and the blinds thrown back, it is flooded with sunlight for hours. On bright moon- light nights, it may like- wise be lit up in that way. Beautiful little pure white moths, few in number, be- gan to make their appear- ance on the big pane of this window in the morning, the imagoes having made their emergence from the pup sometime during the night. This became the rule—in fact, there was a fresh crop of these moths on the window-panes every morning for the ensuing fortnight. They ranged in number from a dozen to thirty for every lot that appeared, all coming to the window during the night, and not being seen in any other part of the room. Over two hundred moths were thus taken during the entire time of emergence, and on the 28th of July only three moths came out—a male and two females. With one exception, all these moths were pure white. The exception proved to be a male that had very minute black spots on the middle of either upper side of the front wings. The females are seen to be one-third larger than the males, and the very tiny green eggs they carried were distinctly visible through the thin skins of their abdomens. The males out-numbered the females about three to one, while their activity was no greater. In fact, after finding a resting-place, they all settled down as here shown in Figures 2 and 3, remaining so during ° he living specimens are the ones 366 AMERICAN the entire time, taking to flight only. when _persist- ently disturbed. At night they were restless, especi- ally on rainy nights, when they fluttered up and down the window-panes. By not gathering any on three consecutive evenings, on the morning of the fourth day there were no fewer than eighty-three of them on the window, a good proportion of which were females. The eggs are very small, of a bright pale green color, and were deposited in patches. At their margins, these patches were irregular, the largest one covering an area of about a square inch. In a few cases-a female would deposit a small patch of her eggs on the wings of an- other moth which had got- ten beneath her. In about ten days, these layers, all sticking fast, were seen to change color, becoming a pale, whitish yellow. No attempt was made to en- courage hatching. In his “Field Book of Insects,” Frank Lutz says: “The unsightly nests of the Fall Web-worm, made in late summer, are frequent- ly confused with the spring tents of Malacosoma ameri- cana. The nest of cunea has a lighter texture, and covers all the leaves upon which the colony of larve are feeding; it occurs on more than a hundred dif- ferent kinds of trees, apple and ash being among the favorites.” Fall nests of the larve of this moth have never been seen by the present writer in the Dis- = ——_— FORESTRY account we have ot the Fall Web-worm is the one that the late Professor C. V. Riley gave us in his brochure entitled, “Our Shade Trees and Their Insect Defolia- tors.” Professor Packard reproduced this in full, in- cluding the cuts, in his “Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees,” which appeared in the Fifth Report of the United States Entomological Commission, This re- port is a very valuable one, and should be consulted by those interested in the protection of a great many of our trees, a list of 108 different kinds being presented, upon the leaves of which the Fall Web-worm feeds. In this list care has been taken to show the percentage of defolia-_ tion done by these larve in any particular species of tree, Riley’s report contains some very instructive illus- trations. One gives the “Ravages of the Web- worm on poplars on one side of a Washington street, and exemption of maples on the other.” Here we. see, on Fourteenth Street, late in September, a row of large poplars stripped almost entirely of their leaves ; and we have no reason to believe that Such a calamity may not occur again. Indeed, the very larve described here may be some of an advance guard of the Fall Web- worm moth, which another season may be in Wash- ington in millions. The smaller cuts in the body of Riley’s account give a specimen of the Fall Web-worm moth in posi- tion on a leaf laying eggs, trict of Columbia; but that may be due entirely to the fact that no special search _ Fig. 3 has been made for them in eft. . P males are the smaller ones. this section of the country. Lutz points out and figures “the great varability which exists in the markings of both larve and adults.” Of “pallida” of Packard he says: “The larve are social in their habits, and spin great webs upon the foliage of almost all kinds of deciduous trees in late summer and fall, and do a great deal of damage to orchards and nurseries. The insects pupate in loose cocoons, in crannies, and even under the loose surface of the soil. The species ranges over the United States from southern New England and New York to Texas and further west.” All the insects raised by the present writer had black antenne and immaculate wings and bodies, single specimen noted above. barring the Perhaps the most formal TWO SKELETONIZED LEAVES OF THE RED MULBERRY . These show the work of the smallest fall web-worms, with a number of the moths of this species on the sycamore leaves to the These moths are all from life, reduced one-third in size; the with nine of the eggs en- larged; then we have a dark larva of the moth seen from the side; a light larva from above, with two views of the pupe and the upper view of a spread moth. Finally, there are ten cuts of wings from “a series of moths showing the variation from the pure white to one ‘profusely dotted with black and brown.” It is further stated that “the caterpillars of this moth have quite a number of external enemies, which slay large numbers of them.” Several cuts are presented illustrating these enemies, as one of the Rear-horse (Mantis carolina) ; the Podisus spinosus; also the pupa, larva, and egg of the latter; an egg parasite; the Meterorus hyphantria, with its cocoon—a sort of small, ichneumon-like insect, of which Riley says: “This insect has performed a very good service during the caterpillar plague, and has done much to check any further increase ‘ he wae igeg Detat oe al Sree at ahnert * without THE FALL WEB-WORM AND THE SWALLOWTAILS of the Web-worm.” A full account of its reproduction and modes of attack is given. Two other insect enemies are also illustrated and fully described—these are an Apanteles and a Tachina-fly. These latter destroyed thousands of the Web-moth caterpillars during the plague of 1886, when the city of Washington 367 female deposited from four to five hundred of them, and in nature these are found either on the upper or under sides of a leaf selected to receive them. Riley’s observations, however, led him to state that “the egg is of a bright golden yellow, quite globular, and ornamented . by numerous regular pits, which give it, under a magnify- ing lens, the and parts of its 3 —_——— environs was overrun by them. “As long as the cater- pillars were young and still small, the dif- ferent com- munities re- mained under cover of their webs, and only zy ze "| appearance of a beautiful golden thimble. As the eggs approach the time of hatch- ing, this color disappears, and gives place to a dull, leaden hue.” The writer also ex- amined a large and transform to pup, mat- ters became more unpleas- ant, and com- plaints were heard from all those who had to. pass such infested trees. In many locali- ties no one could walk step- ping upon cat- erpillars; they dropped upon offended the number of the eye. But as eggs of this soon as they moth with a -reached ma- high-power turity and com- microscope, and menced to scat- } they looked like ter, prompted es big, green, pit- by a desire to ~ ted billiard find suitable balls, placed in places to spin “i contact with their cocoons ne each other, as » | far as physical . tangency could be carried out, through the en- tiremass. Like all such struc- tures, they are extremely beautiful ob- jects when thus examined. Very few people see any beauty in a caterpillar—the larval stage of some elegant everyone and everything; Fig. 4. This black and yellow butterfly (Papilio cresphontes, Cramer), is one of the largest in our th ey entered fanhin: it is very abundant in the orange orchards of Florida, where it is it is claimed that its caterpillar feeds on the leaves of those trees. flower and vegetable gar- dens, porches and verandas, and the house itself, and be- ame, in fact, a general nuisance.” It is said that along the tracks of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, the cotton- above, and the lower view as seen from below. "woods and white poplars were entirely stripped of their leaves for a distance of five miles out from the Capitol. As stated, all the eggs laid by the moths reared by the Writer were of a green color—a very light green. Each TWO VIEWS, NATURAL SIZE, OF THE GIANT SWALLOWTAIL moth or other which every one admires. However, many caterpil- lars are extremely beautiful, not so much with respect to their forms as the wonderful coloration of some of the species. As to the harm they do to the leaves of many trees—it is but the nature of the creatures, and man is the only animal on earth that complains of their ravages. To read the accounts on the subject of our popular entomologists, one would think that all those species of known as the “orange dog;” The upper view as seen from AMERICAN caterpillars given to defoliating shade trees in the city streets make their foraging invasions for the sole pur- pose of tormenting man, injuring him financially, and, in general, militating against his material interests. These writers seem to think that the parasites that prey upon these caterpillars are in the world as a mere factor of mitigation, and at work solely along those lines to elimi- nate, as far a psossible, all such insect forces as operate against these particular interests of man, into which latter category surely many caterpillars fall. Our various casts of mind and the diversities of our sense of appreciation regarding such forms are truly remarkable. To some, the big, horned caterpillar of the Regal moth is a “horrible thing,” from whatever angle it may be regarded; while to others it is an object of admiration, whether considering its extraordinary form and appendages, or its superb coloring, or the history of its more than wonderful metamorphosis... It is not diffi- cult to conceive what the moths, the butterflies, their larve, and their parasitic and other enemies think of it; and were it possible for tT eee eS re A, - FORESTRY extended, and this big butterfly has even been captur in Canada. Although its main colors are but two, bla and bright yellow, it is a very conspicuous ell wherever seen, and it forms a very striking addition to the cabinet. This Giant Swallowtail has a very close — relative in the Thoas Swallowtail (P. thoas), a Mexican — species, sometimes taken in the lowermost parts of. Texas, especially in the hot, arid regions. This is also a — black and yellow form; but the areas of the distribution © of these colors are not quite the same as we find in P. cresphontes. bbe Our most abundant form of Swallowtail east of th Mississippi Valley is the familiar Papilio aste (Fig. 5), a form famous throughout the Atlan States southward to include the entire Gulf tier States. The species is subject to considerable variat in size and in intensity of the markings. A very c siderable aberration in which the yellow spots co almost the entire outer half of the wings has been fou on several occasions, and was named Papilio calver! by Grote. them to state their claims to their right to inhabit this planet, to live and repro- duce their kind, they would surely convince any fair- minded jury as to their validity. Many people will be glad to know that although larve or caterpillars of butterflies feed upon the leaves of many kinds of Ever since the dawn the biological sciences, thi study of the world’s faun of moths and_ butterf has occupied the minds a time of thousands of ear- nest students. We now have a superb: literatt upon the various fields o _ research covered, carry . an enormous body of illus~ ; trations of every conceiv- % able description. Apart plants, shrubs, and trees, they rarely commit the wholesale damage that the caterpillars of moths do. Fig. 5. Few groups of our United States butterflies are more widely known that those representing the genus Papilio, or as they are named in the vernacular, the Swallow- tails. Most of the species are of good size, a large pro- portion of them being characterized by having a tail-like appendage springing from the inner third of the margin of either of the lower wings (Fig. 4). Indeed the wings of any of the five hundred or more distinct forms of this group vary greatly. Some even lack the tail-like appendage, while some foreign forms may have two or even three “tails” on either hinder wing. We have more than thirty different species in America, and new ones are constantly being added to the list. Our Giant Swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) is found in Florida, and a superb example of it is here shown in Figure 4, having been captured by Mr. R. H. Young, of Haines City of that State, and transmitted by mail. The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the orange and grape-fruit trees, and the nurserymen have given it the name of “Orange Dog;” they claim that their trees suf- fer from its depredations. Its range is now being greatly yellow, black and red. OUR BEST KNOWN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY, AND SEEN FROM ABOVE. THE MALE OF THE COMMON EASTERN SWALLOWTAIL (Papilio asterias, Fabricius), The principal colors of these rr are yellow and black; but the inferior wings have also a curve terminating at their lower inner angles in a conspicuous spot of ‘from the study of fossil — forms, we have to deal with the collecting and breeding of every specific and subspecific form of — butterfly and moth in the world, and there are a great many thousands of. them. To some extent, these have already been dealt with; but where they have not, the species must be examined superficially and structurally, described, and figured. We must also make record of the reproduction of any particular species, as its eggs, larva, pupation, and so on, together with an intimate — investigation of its habits in nature. Then we have the — matter of geographical distribution to deal with; varia tion of species; the preparing of specimens for the cabi- — d net, and for study in schools and museums; modes | of | capture, and some eight or ten other lines of investigation and research. In previous numbers of AMERICAN Forestry it nal : been pointed out how important a number of these fields . of inquiry are to those interested in the protection, propagation, and study of our forests and shade trees, and the subject is one that will bear a considerable — amount of elaboration. All this goes without the saying; but upon the other hand hardly a word has been said — tow of long azure markings, i ith respect to how, when, and where to collect the e of our moths and butterflies, their pupz, or the ‘ ‘ins ects themselves. Such work demands a sufficient Pe cwlcdee of entomological literature to enable the student to identify species and subspecies when they e to hand; their various methods of breeding them ccessfully in captivity, and their collecting in nature subsequent preservation. When properly preserved in modern cabinets, moths butterflies form one of the most beautiful and in- tive series of objects that can be imagined; while he collecting of such material in their various haunts has 9 much to be heartily recommended in it, that not a y books have been wholly devoted to it by students oO Be every civilized nation in the world. Even some of commonest butterflies, such as are here shown in ure 5—were it possible to present them in their tural colors—are, when perfect, of surpassing beauty. BAsiac from the moth and butterfly collecting as a ative enterprise, in various parts of the world, sesses the advantage to the individual of open air ex- ; the cultivation of the spirit of travel; the develop- ment of the power of correct observation; the training of all the special senses; the formation of the habit of ary research and review of museum and private ntances and friends, with various other advantages 2wn in. Many years ago, the late Alfred Russel Wallace, the Finvestigator in the field of organic evolution with Darwin, was a correspondent of the writer’s after his return from England from his famous sojourn of eight in the wilds of the islands of Malay Archipelago. ‘Subsequent to his return in 1862, Wallace published one 0 the most interesting books of travel that ever came off the presses. He was a most enthusiastic collector of all sorts of living forms in the field, especially so with Tespect to the gorgeous specimens of moths and butter- flies that occurred in the fauna of those great islands t he explored i in the eastern seas. That book appeared in 1860, since which time the writer has read it through ee times from cover to cover. ; While in Sumatra, Wallace collected some remarkable scies of Papilio, of which he presents several figures n his book. They have the same general form as the butterflies of this genus considered in the present article, lle upon the other hand they show some very curious differences. The observations were made at Lobo au, a central point at the east end of Sumatra. He that “during a month’s collecting, I added only three or four new species to my list of birds, although I obtained very fine specimens of many which were rare anc d interesting. In butterflies I was rather more suc- sful, obtaining several fine species quite new. to me, ‘a considerable number of very rare and beautiful =a is. I will give here some account of two species Of butterflies, which, though very common in collections, resent us with peculiarities of the highest interest. "The first is the handsome Papilio memnon, a splendid terfly of a deep-black color, dotted over with lines HE FALL WEB-WORM AND THE SWALLOWTAILS sections; the making of agreeable and desirable ac- - 369 and groups of scales of a clear ashy blue. Its wings are five inches in expanse, and the hind wings are rounded, with scalloped edges. This applies to the males; but the females are very different, and vary so much that they were once supposed to form several distinct species. They may be divided into two groups—those which resemble the male in shape, and those which differ entirely from him in the outline of the wings. The first vary much in color, being often nearly white, with dusky yellow and red markings ; but such differences often occur in butter- flies. The second group are much more extraordinary, and would never be supposed to be the same insect, since the hind wings are lengthened out into large spoon-shaped tails, no rudiment of which is ever to be perceived in the males or in the ordinary form of females. “These tailed females are never of the dark and blue- glossed tints which prevail in the male, and often occur in the female of the same form, but are invariably orna- mented with stripes and patches of white or buff, occu- pying the larger part of the surface of the hind wings. This peculiarity of coloring led me to discover that this extraordinary female closely resembles (when flying) another butterfly of the same genus, but of a different group (Papilio coon); and that we have here a case of mimicry similar to those so well illustrated and explained by Mr. Bates. That the resemblance is not accidental is sufficiently proved by the fact that in the north of India, where Papilio coon is replaced by an allied form (Papilio Doubledayi) having red spots in place of yellow, a closely allied species or variety of Papilio memnon (P. androgeus), has the tailed female also red-spotted. The use and reason of this resemblance appears to be that the butterflies imitated belong to a section of the genus Papilio which, from some other cause or other, are not attacked by birds, and by so closely resembling these in form and color the female of memnon and its ally also escape persecution. Two other species of this same section (Papilio antiflurs and Papilio polyphontes) are so closely imitated by two female forms of Papilio theseus (which come in the same section with memnon) that they completely deceived the Dutch entomologist, De Haan, and he accordingly pees them as the same species. “But the most curious fact connected with these dis- tinct forms is that they are both the offspring: of either form. A single brood of larve were bred in Java by a Dutch entomologist, and produced males as well as tail- less females; and there is every reason to believe that this is always the case, and the forms intermediate in characters never occur.” This rather full quotation from Wallace sees its justi- fication in the fact that it is so pregnant with useful lessons in entomology in general and the study of moths and butterflies in particular. Our own forms in these groups have, to be sure, been extensively written up; but then, be it known, there still remains a whole lot in the lives of many of them of which we have not, at this writing, a single line of information. Piel te | rei ie ae ee AMERICAN FORESTRY GRANDSIRE LOON’S MISTAKE | BY FRANCES H. UPTON lake away up in New Hampshire. They usually went there in May and stayed until the lake froze over. After the ice came they could not get any more fish M: and Mrs. Louis Loon had a summer home on a big so they went back to the seashore for the winter. of _ course, you know the sea does not freeze over except around the edges and so the Loon family could get plenty of food there even in cold weather. But they liked best their own lonely northern lake and spent just as much time there as they could. Mr. Loon’s family had been going there for years and years. Old’Grandsire Loon had con- sidered it quite the choicest spot for a summer home. ni Sg Ane know,” he remarked to Grandmarm Loon, shak- ing his coal black old head (for loons do not turn grey the way we human beings do), “I roamed about a bit in my young days—all over Canada and Hudson Bay— and I never found a place so well suited to our family as this is.” “Yes,” Grandmarm agreed, “it is just the place for the children—the swimming and the fishing are good and the water is cold.” “Our family has always had a fondness for cold water,” she added, and her collar of snow white feathers ruffled with pride. “The best thing of all,” said Grandsire, “is, that there are none of those horrid, bold human beings about, and I really believe they ’ haven’t discovered our lake at all, thank goodness.” Fed see Grandsire Loon had once met a bold bad hun- ter with a gun, and if he had not dived and swam under water as quick as a wink, the bullet from that gun would have killed him. Now, he thought that all human beings were alike, and here is where he made a great mistake, as you shall see, if you have patience. b gyibdace Mr. and Mrs. Louis Loon were a very smart young pair. Every year they raised two children, and sometimes three. Early in June, Mrs. Loon went to her favorite nesting spot on the sandy side of Big Island, and there she and Louis made their nest. You would think it was the oddest looking nest you ever saw. Right near the waters edge Mrs. Loon scratched a hollow place in the sand with her queer, webbed feet. Mean- while, Louis waddled around and picked up sticks with his sharp green bill. “Those are fine, Louis, and you have enough now,” called Mrs. Loon to her husband, as she poked the sticks into place with her bill. “All right, Louisa,” answered Mr. Loon, “and now for some of those nice cattails over yonder.” hs case they each took the head of a cattail and pecked and pulled away at it until it looked and felt like soft feathers. This was the lining for the nest. Some birds would laugh at the idea of calling that hole in the nest as near the water as possible. ‘ sand a nest, but Mr. and Mrs, Loon do the best they can. You see they are very clever about flying and swimming, ai but they can’t walk a bit well, and so they make their S soon as the nest was done, Mr. Loon got into the water with a shrill cry of relief to think that |] job was done. “Try it, Louisa,” he shrieked, “I do hope it’s comfortable, my dear.” Mrs. Loon settled herself in her nest and gave a laugh, “It’s the best one we ever built,” — she trilled contentedly. In a few days, if you had looked into that nest, you would have seen two greenish brown eggs, spotted with dark brown. They were bigger than hen’s eggs, and Mrs. Louisa Loon was very proud of them. One day, saucy young Sammy Snake discovered — them. He was just going to have a nice meal when Mrs. Loon returned from her morning exercise. Oh, didn’t she scream and scold! Young Sammy only winked at her and said, “Well, madam, I don’t think they’re pretty — eggs, anyhow, such a horrid brown color. I’m sure I don’t want them.” “Horrid brown color, indeed,” said — Mrs. Loon, “just you wait until next week and see what you'll see!” : OXE fine day soon after this, Sammy heard a great screeching and calling, so he hurried to the waters edge to see what all the excitement was about. There he saw Mr. and Mrs. Loon giving two baby loons their first swimming lesson. Such a commotion! But how quickly those Loon children learned to swim! Soon they were off for a trip up the lake, father and mother swim- ming on the outside, and the two young ones swimming between them where they were safe from harm. feNOWs Millie and Willie,” said old Grandsire Loon to his two grandchildren one day, “I am going to tell you something very important.” “Yes, sir,” said Millie and Willie very respectfully. “Now, my dears,” contin- ued Grandsire, “if you ever see any human beings around this lake there are two things you must remember to do. First, call to me as loudly as ever you can. Second, dive and swim under water until you are as far away as Little Island is from Big Island.” bid ia Granddaddy, how are we to know what they are when we see them?” asked Willie and Millie in chorus. “Well, my chicks,” replied Grandsire, “it’s easy enough. There’s nothing else like them. They walk on two legs and they have two queer things called ‘arms’ instead of wings, which hang at their sides. The poor creatures can neither fly nor swim.” “Then, how can AMERICAN FORESTRY they harm us, Granddaddy,” asked the two young loons. “Because they carry things called ‘guns.’ These look like nothing but a stick of wood. But the things make a frightful noise and a cloud of smoke. If you don’t get out of sight quickly, a small round ball will hit you. It hurts too, and sometimes it kills.” “Oh, dear,” said Millie and Willie, “we’ll surely be careful Grandsire.” No: one pleasant day in July, Millie and Willie were having a race to Hemlock Point. They were each so very much interested in trying to win that they forgot all about their grandfather’s advice. “I’m lots ahead of you,” called Willie, “my feet are touching the sand.. Oh, dear, what a queer looking bird. Come here, Millie.” And there, not far away was the strangest looking object they had ever seen. It was ‘swimming near and nearer. ¢e¢y OOK,” said Willie, “it has yellow down on its head and blue eyes and a funny flat red bill—oh, Millie, what a strange bird.” “Be quiet,” whispered Mil- lie, “you don’t want to scare him away. He may be a good play-mate for us.” Just then the _ stranger caught sight of them. He turned around and swam away just as fast as he could. But Willie swan after him and called “Please come back and play with us—oh please do.” And the strange creature turncd around and swam back with Willie to where Millie wis abel they were fricics and were racing to Dig Island and back. The youvg Loons were the fastcr swimmers and the better divers, but they couldnt float on their backs the way the stranger could. They had such a jolly time to- gether. After a while, Millie thought of something. “What is your name?” she asked shyly. “Bennie,” replied the stranger, “and I live in that tent up there on Clover Hill. All of us Boy Scouts are camping out here for a whole month.” “Do you fly ’way up there every night?” asked Willie. “Fly?” said Bennie, “Well, well, do you thing I’m an airplane or a bird? I can’t fly.” “Oh you poor thing,” cried the little Loons, and they looked as if they were really sorry for their new friend. “But, of course, you'll learn to fly sometime,” said Willie very politely, “it took Millie and me days and days to learn to fly over Blacktop yonder. B™ Bennie only shook his head and two big tears started down his cheeks. “I can’t ever learn to fly,” he said, “because I haven’t anything to use for wings.” At THE NEST OF A LOON this, Millie and Willie both began to cry for they felt so sorry for their friend. Altogether, they were very gloomy and unhappy for a few minutes. But very soon, indeed, Bennie grew tired of feeling sorry for himself. You see, he really was a cheerful little boy and was usually quite ready to make the best of a _ bad bargain. ee A NYWAY, I don’t care,” he said with a grin that showed all his white teeth, “I can run faster than any other Scout in the Troop.” “O-O-Oh!” wailed the little Loons, and they both cried harder than ever. “What ever is the trouble now?” said Bennie, quite out of patience. “Please stop crying. I don’t care, really, be- cause I can’t fly.” “Boo- hoo-hoo,” wept the little ones, “we can’t run at all; we can only waddle, oh, boo-hoo-hoo.” ND then Bennie felt so sorry for them that he cried some more too. But in a minute he thought of something which made him teel more cheerful. “Why look here,” he said, “we can help each other. I’ve thought of a wonderful plan. Some day we'll take a long trip—just the three of us. You two can fly and carry me until you are tired, and then I can run and carry you. Oho! what fun.” “Yes, yes,” said Mil- lie and Willie, “let’s go to Silver Lake and spend the day with Uncle Larry—do let’s go soon—oho! what fun!” and they quite for- got to cry. FTER this these three +% had many good times together, but one day Wil- lie happened to think of something. “Bennie,” he said, “what kind of a bird are you, anyway?” At this Bennie laughed and laughed and laughed. Finally he stopped laughing enough to say, “I’m not a bird at all, Willie. I’m a human be- ing.” “But you can’t be,” piped up little Millie, “be- cause ‘you don’t carry a gun.” “Ho-ho-ho,” laughed Bennie, “that’s because I’m a Boy Scout—we don’t go around killing things.” “Well, well,” said Willie, “that’s the first mistake I ever knew Grandsire to make. Oh! what a joke on him.” “Tee-hee-hee,” giggled Millie, “do let’s go and tell him right away. You come too, Bennie, so we can show Grandsire how nice some human beings are.” S° off they swam to find old Grandsire Loon and tell him the joke. 371 ee ee ee ee eee eee eee Se * 4) x i, bn siier.! 4 ' pos a AMERICAN FORESTRY “WE MUST CHOOSE A> AN example of the co-operation of the newspapers with the Amert- can Forestry Association in campaign- ing for a national forest policy the Minneapolis Tribune is entitled to a place in the front rank, The Tribune devoted a big editorial to the news- print situation and on the same page printed the article by R. S. Kellogg, secretary of the Newsprint Service Bureau. Mr. Rome G. Brown then sent the page to every Asso- the planting of trees make the country more beautiful, but it will add materially to the corporate wealth. The serious de- pletion of our forest preserves is an im- portant factor in the present shortage of paper. By teaching the younger generation to love trees and appreciate their value, an educational work will be done that will ultimately result in an improved national In these sections, in particular, the sug; tion of Mr. Pack that memorial trees planted along the road by the people s be received with cordiality, for the t would add to the beauty of the route ai serve the practical purpose of providing needed shade, as well as inspire all who t: the road with gratitude for its found forest policy, something that is badly needed. Now is a good time to start the Denver News: torial request for information in regar ciated Press newspaper in the United States. The article sent out by the Association on the forest situation in this country has been reprinted by many newspapers and much editorial comment based upon the figures. In an editorial the Rochester Democrat and Chroni- cle warns the country as to the need of a national forest policy, and recounts the work the Asso- ciation is doing. The editorial concludes : : “Will America heed the message and carry on the work begun? Upon the answer to that question depends more than can be appreciated now. The nation which allows its forests to perish will itself fall into decay and be in danger of perishing. France was saved by her forests. The loss of her forests doomed China. Which of the two nations do we propose to emulate? Which fate do we choose, for we must choose?” The editors of the country have taken up the work of the American Forestry Association in a whole-hearted manner from every side, the planting of memorial trees, “Roads of Re- membrance” and a national for- est policy. Indeed many of them point to the tree planting as the greatest opportunity for educating the individual to the | "g. ray PLANT TREES Joyce Kilmer wrote: . “Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree.” That only Eternal Wisdom can create the seed from which the tree grows is true. Eternal Wisdom also creates the other seed grown in the brain that creates the poem, “Only God can make a tree,” but a man, or even a child, can PLANT it and have the satisfaction of leaving upon the earth proof of his existence. Plant a few trees yourself this year if you live away from asphalt streets, encourage each child to plant one. The Christian Endeavorers have promised to plant trees on all occasions. The American For- estry Association, of No. 1410 H street, N. W., Washington, D. C., will send information as to just how to plant a tree. Plant a tree in honor of those you like and respect, living or dead. Plant a tree for the sol- diers and sailors that lie under the ground. . . Plant trees for yourself, for the benefit of those that are to come after you on earth, No man need leave the earth bare of all proof that he ever existed, for a few good trees planted now will be giving fruit, or shade, or both, years after you are gone, The dweller in the city will ask, “How shall I plant a tree?. Would it grow in the backyard, that the sun never visits, or will it sprout through the asphalt, the cobblestones or the sidewalks?” No, unfortunately, city dwellers cannot be tree planters, IN THE CITIES. But all the more reason to help make the coun- try more beautiful. Nearly everybody goes to the country, nearly everybody CAN GO. Go and take your tree with you, find the place by the roadside, or on a high hill. Plant it and leave; go to see it next year. If you cannot be a tree owner, be a tree creator—New York Journal. bigger aspects of the situa- tion. Some of the comment follows: Binghamton Sun: A worthy campaign for planting of trees is being carried on by the American Forestry Association. The Association is appealing to motorists to help by planting memorial trees along the highways to beautify the roads. An appeal is also being made to school officials throughout the country to interest the school children in the project. The work of the Association deserves hearty support of every true American, Not only will work, and thereby add to the beauty of the In response to a the depletion of the forests, the Ame can Forestry Association has preser figures to show that the New Engl States are no longer self-supporting it a lumber way; that the Lake States, once the greatest producers of ber, are now importing lumber to ke . 5 a aoe alive the many wood using indu tries in that section; that the cer ter of the lumber industry is _ moving to the Pacific Coast, w means long hauls and high fre rates; that the lumber people of South say they will be through fifteen or twenty years, so far a yellow pine is concerned. > ey Americans in France were impressed by the destruction Germans of great national f that had been protected by French Government for hundred years, no cutting being allowed cept under official auspices. The was so needless and so irreyo that apart from the destruction life it figured with observers f this side as one of the most lamen able features of the war. But t American Forestry Association sho: that the forest fire loss in this cou try each year is about $28,000,000 a the area burned over is ten ti greater every year than the — vastated areas of France, yet wh such fires are reported in the news columns as they occur, they create only the most passing interest. Association would like greater pi tection for even private forests in order to prevent denudation of re- gions fit only for the growing of for est trees; hundreds of thousands of city, and help the good work that the American Forestry Association is doing, Houston Post: The suggestion of Charles Lathrop Pack of the American Forestry Association that the Bankhead Highway be made a “Road of Remem- brance,” in honor of the late Senator John H. Bankhead of Alabama, is most appro- priate, and is worthy of serious considera- tion by the Bankhead Highway Association. acres have been stripped of their growth, it is said, and left useless. Under protection trees are cut under official supervision aaa and no land is cleared. we It is time that all land owners should” give heed to this rapid disappearance of forest trees and do their part, if it is only a little, to offset the scarcity. Few farm but have some corners, hills or ravines or other untillable ground, where trees might be the only crop. It is the selfish argument with some that the planter of a forest tree 7. AMERICAN FORESTRY FORESTS OR DEVASTATION” “ew . Dey ¢ es not live long enough to benefit by it. ¥ This is not strictly true, but if it were, _ every man should be glad to do something for the next generation and perhaps he ould do no better than to plant trees. i Baltimore Star: For economic reasons the American Forestry Association is en- eavoring to arouse public sentiment in the interest of a national forest policy which it believes to be imperative at this time. raw materials essential to a large share f industries come from our native forests, an figures cited by the American Forestry zine indicate that 52,000 establish- ents engaged in manufacturing are de- pending solely or in part on the products ‘of the forests for raw materials used in their varied lines of manu- cture. The magnitude of the fig- Association of Washington, D. C. Clearly it is up to the Congress to outline and pro- vide a comprehensive plan for the United States Forest Service, through which the future supply of lumber and paper in this country may be assured. Berkeley Gazette: A Hall of Fame for trees is being compiled by the American Forestry Association. In it are to be en- rolled all the great trees from east to west, from north to south, around which and in whose shade American history has been centered. The people of this country, sprung so lately from pioneers, should de- light in this Blue Book of Trees. It shotild prove not only vaulable and interesting “AN’ PEEPUL USTER THINK I WUZ BAD!” cited in the periodical to which e refer makes their acceptance a matter of difficulty. It behooves us ‘to ize, however, that in spite of th propaganda which would con- vince us that trees are being planted | every section of the country, the ct remains that old forests are be- i Q destroyed very much more rapid- ly than new ones are planted. Amer- ic is the only country which does give legislative protection to her ests, and the result is wanton de- estation in many sections of the mtry. The scarcity and expen- ness of newsprint alone are facts ble enough to convince us of need for a national forestry icy. The life of a tree is a matter ‘of no small moment and it will be a unate day for America when her awaken to this fact. each stretch of road. It is evident that a road that goes through low, wet places and over high hills will require different kinds of trees if permanency is desired. These trees should be under the care of the State forestry department. What can be more suitable than splendid, shady highways as a memorial to our boys who fell? Savannah News: There is a fine sig- nificance in the news from Washington that the president of the American Forestry Association has suggested that along the proposed Bankhead Highway, which has been for some time a reality, stretching from Washington City to San Fran- cisco, be planted memorial trees—that continent-long stretch of living, growing attractive trees to be the monument to the last member of the Confederate army to sit in the upper House of the Congress of the United States. Trees lining notable high- ways have a beautiful sentiment at- tached to them and the practical values will be increasing as the living monu- ments stand and grow and by example occasion more systematic reforesta- tion in many sections of the country. Detroit News: Emulation in me- morial tree planting is fostered by the American Forestry Association, which has a plan to register on a national honor roll the names of all trees planted as monuments. For local beautification and as a patri- otic incentive such a scheme is wholly to be commended, and_ its carrying out on a more pretentious scale might achieve really practical results in forestry. There are names Brattleboro Reformer: In its gift of es to Europe the American Forestry ociation could not bestow a finer gift -use in those ravaged countries than the maple. Its autumn coloring is world lous, its leaves a great fertilizer and its od is probably used in utilitarian prod- more than any other. The more ss included in the gift the better. mai - » Little Rock Democrat: Acuteness of the ‘present newsprint paper situation in this ftry is emphasizing more strongly than sr the necessity for a broad policy of t reforestation, particularly in the of pulp wood lands. The present iortage of paper, its unprecedented cost the prospect, within a comparatively years, of an actual failure of supply, $ awakened the nation, as nothing has ir done, to the truth of the propaganda tarted years ago by the American Forestry Patton, in the Dallas Journal. from an historical point of view, but should stimulate in the hearts of its readers, a great- er love and reverence for trees themselves. Successful Farming: The American For- estry Association is doing a good work in popularizing memorial trees along our highways in remembrance of our fallen heroes. Nothing was so impressive to the Yanks as the splendid tree-lined highways of France. They were properly set and properly cared for. Their shade was a benefaction to the traveler and also a great benefit to the highways, keeping them from being too wet and too dry. If the practice should prevail in this country it should begin as soon as a high- way becomes permanently established and graded, Only those trees should be planted which the foresters know to be suitable for in American history more fittingly commemorated by ‘a forest than by a tree. Nor can it longer be ob- jected that forests must be remote and un- visited. Automobile tourists are counted upon as a reliable source of profit for most out-of-the-way places, and their revenues might easily suffice for the maintenance of forests if thought were given to making scenic regions accessible. How much bet- ter that the thousands who annually tour through the upper parts of Michigan should be inspired by the majesty of stately forests than depressed by the continuous sight of wreckage which the greed of men left as the sole memorial of the State’s former natural wealth. New Bedford Standard: Tree-planting is in the air in Massachusetts. It is almost a case of everybody’s doing it. A house- holder need not be shy of starting the movement in his block or his street, It will be good public service. ee el te i” —_- 374 ——- — - = - » = ow - ‘i - ‘ y- AMERICAN FORESTRY PLANTS DIRECT TO THE PRIVATE PLANTER AT WHOLESALE RATES At the rates of 12 for $1.00; 35 for $2.50; 75 for $5.00; GIANT flowered chrysanthemums in all colors, fancy giant carnations, novelty snapdragons in six best colors, durable stocks, assorted. At the rate of any 15 for $1.00, any 100 for $5.00 the following: ALL the ordinary hardy herbaceous perennials in good strong plants such as canter- bury bells, foxgloves, lobelias, iris (all kinds), rudbeckias, achilleas, helianthus, delphiniums, aquilegias, hollyhocks, dianthus, barbatus or sweet williams, phalaris and all other herbaceous subjects; also NEARLY ALL BEDDING PLANTS such as SALVIAS, VERBENAS, COLEUS in all colors, ageratum, phlox, petun- jas, lobelias, ice pinks, liberty ivies, vinea vines, thunbergias, heliotropes and other bedders. At $1.50 per DOZEN, GOOD, STRONG BEDDING CANNAS and GERANIUMS in all colors. VEGETABLE PLANTS: CAB- BAGE, LETTUCE, CELERY, CAULIFLOWER, PARSLEY, any 100 for $2.00, straight or assorted. TOMATO, EGG PLANT, PEPPER, any 100 for $3.00, or 50 for $1.50. STRAWBERRY PLANTS in best sorts, 100 for $2.00. RASPBERRY and BLACK- BERRY best sorts, 10 for $1.00. PRIVET and BERBERIS strong three-year-old, $20 per 100. EXTRA TEA ROSES, two-year-old such as OPHELIA, KILLARNEY, MRS. WARD, SUNBURST, etc., $5.00 per dozen, or $40 per 100. ORDER TODAY while opportunity lasts. We pack well and ship anywhere. This is our ninth year of selling direct and we have many pleased cus- tomers everywhere. The Harlowarden Greenhouse and Gardens Greenport, N. Y. Mention of this journal in your order and with check accompanying entitles you to 5% discount. TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING PINE :: SPRUCE CONIFERS ONLY Write us for price list - KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, KEENE, N. H. Red pine seed, white pine seed and white spruce seed. Wanted: Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS SEEDLINGS Write for prices on TRANSPLANTS large quantities THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. ' estry Department plants such trees we HILL’S Seedlings and Transplants ALSO TREE SEEDS FOR REFORESTING EST for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in im- mense quantities. Prices lowest. Quali- ty highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. STRONG HYBRID” BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. Orchids ¥,= 3 we collect, im- Port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. ‘i Our illustrated and ypsineiti catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- ee of freshly imported unestablished irchids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. specialists in FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania iginated and Introduced by Ori The Elm City Nursery Company Woodmont Nurseries, Inc. . Box 205, New Haven, Conn, be Send for Box-Barberry Folder and Gen- eral Nursery Oatalogue Be eT RARE ORIENTAL FLOWERING TREES FROM CHINA. JAPAN and PERSIA 1. Catalogue .:. A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA TREES TO BEAUTIFY DALLAS, TEXAS DEFINITE movement for the beauti- fication of Dallas, Texas, through the planting of trees, shrubs and flowers has been instituted by the Tree, Shrub and Flower Planting Committee of the Metro- politan Development Association of that city. The remarkable opportunities which present themselves to property owners for the beautification of their streets and the enhancement of property values have been stressed at meetings of this committee. It is expected that the movement will be- come city-wide, and that within a short time property owners will be joining with each other in a systematic effort to increase the attractiveness of their particular sec- tions of the city. How quick results may be obtained, } a small expenditure of money, have repeatedly stressed by Alfred MacDo city forester, who has announced that o the 1920 aims of the City Forestry partment will be the creation of a munici pal nursery where trees can be grown, to be transplanted later to the streets of th city. a. “In order to insure better tree planting in Dallas,” says Mr. MacDonald, “the Cit Forestry Department is arranging for the planting of shade trees at cost for propert owners who desire them. When the them special care, without further to the property owners, for a period ¢ two years. The cost of such work is $2.5 for each tree planted. The departr prunes, trims and cuts all trees in { parking spaces and within the limit: the highway without expense to the 0) of the property. ~ WEB “Trees growing naturally in the are protected from winds and sto: other trees; they are protected from attacks by birds and natural enem insects. But trees on a city street. none of this protection. Their roots from lack of moisture which cannot trate the hard pavements surrounding | trunks. Insects feed upon them wit interruption, and trees on a city"stre at the mercy of the elements. So that of probably more than 200 kind: trees which grow in this section only comparatively few are adapted to plar in in a city. , . “Among the best trees for street plar are American elm, sycamore, hackber: black locust, honey locust and pin oak. “Cottonwood, box elder and ash sh not be planted in Dallas, and especia should not be planted on a city street cause of their susceptibility to in attack. “There are probably 30,000 trees on the streets of Dallas and there should © 150,000. Ten thousand trees a year shou be planted in the city. If intelligent planting can be promoted, and if we cat have sufficient funds to give the shade trees the care they need, we can in a few years make the street of Dallas cool, leafy tunnels arched by living walls.” ANESTHETICS FOR TREES — if Naas theory that trees should be treated with anesthetics to enable them to withstand the shock of transplanting h been advanced by Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, an Indian scientist, says an Asso- ciated Press dispatch from London. Sir Jagadish showed photographs of larg trees which he had_ successfully trans~ planted in Calcutta in spite of their age Realizing, he explained, that the diffic of successful transplantation lay in the shock of removal, and that nerve effects in plants and animals were on similar lines he treated these trees with anesthetics and they bore the uprooting and removal well, rT AMERICAN FORESTRY 375 The tribute of William Turner to Davey Tree Surgery View of Bertram H. Borden estatz, The Riverlands, Oceanic, N.J. William Turner is superintendent of this estate The Riverlands, Oceanic, N. J. The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., Kent, Ohio Gentlemen: At different periods we have called on Davey Tree Surgeons to examine our trees and attend to their needs in cutting out decayed wood, filling cavities, etc. I have had the opportunity of watching their progress and their methods of accomplishing their work so often that I feel my pen inadequate to express the full benefit derived from same. The tree speaks for itself, a monument to the skill of Davey Tree Surgery. Yours truly, Wm. Turner, Supt. The saving of priceless trees is a matter of first importance on every estate. Davey Tree Surgery is a fulfillment of the maximum expectations of those who love and value trees. A careful examina- tion of your trees will be made by appointment. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 2106 Elm St., Kent, O. Branch Offices with telephone connections: New York City, Astor Court Bldg.; Chicago, Westminster Bldg.; Philadelphia, Land Title Bldg., and Boston. Write nearest office Until Davey Tree Surgeons filled Permanent representatives avail- York, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, the J -shaped crotch with section- able in districts surrounding Baltimore, Washington, Rich- al joints of concrete, and then Boston, Springfield, Lenox, New- mond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pitts- bound the limbs together with port, Hartford, Stamford, Al- burgh, Cleveland, Cincinnati, steel rods, this tree was at the bany, Poughkeepsie, White Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee. peril of almost any storm Canadian address: 252 Laugau- = chitere West, Montreal. JOHN DAVEY kather of Tree Surgery DAVEY TREE SURGEONS Every real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing themselves. An agreement made with the Davey Company and not with an individual is certain evidence of genuineness Plains, Jamaica, Montclair, New 1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. WASHINGTON,D<. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND [LLUSTRATORS 3 CoLor Process WorK €ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 ‘cedar, maple and jack pine. HOYT’S ANTISEPTIC TREE VARNISH A dependable material for keeping fungi and vermin out of TREE WOUNDS while natural healing takes place. Price: $1.25 gallon by express Special prices in quantities Cc. H. HOYT & SON Citizens Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio Think in interest—your own interest— ] save and invest. War-Savings Stamps pay 4 per cent interest, compounded quarterly. THRIFT IS POWER [ SAVE AND SUCCEED | AMERICAN FORESTRY CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS - THE Department of Lands and Forests of the Province of Quebec has decided to withdraw the permission heretofore ac- corded to cut “black spruce” under twelve inches, the legal limit for white spruce, Red spruce is included under the head of black spruce or white spruce according as it grows on swampy land or on high land, or accord- ing to the view of the inspector. The two species are so much alike that it is very difficult to tell the difference. The regu- lations will be more rigidly enforced in the future. In referring to diameters, for the purpose of the regulations the diameter is at a point “two feet from the soil.” In the past a certain number of trees cut un- der size have been charged for at the rate of two dollars per tree, but as the lumber- ing operations have pushed farther north into smaller timber, so much has been cut under size that the Department has de- cided to enforce the regulations and has made an inspection during the past sum- mer which showed: so many violations that they decided to charge in fines at the rate of one dollar per trée. At this rate the fines in the St. Maurice Valley already amount to $50,000, with more to come. On some areas examined, if the regulations had been followed, only four trees per acre would have been cut, an impossibility for profitable logging, If the regulations are enforced and the undersized material is not worth the amount of the fines, the result will be a decided curtailment of the cut which will be quite a hardship to some operators and a constant source of irri- tation for them and trouble for the Gov- ernment. The Department says, however, that if applications to log on particular areas are received in the spring, it will in- spect the territories and if it seems wise to allow undersized cutting, from a silvi- cultural standpoint, they will give per- mission. This would certainly be a good thing for the forests if carefully carried out, but the Government has not a large enough staff to supervise this work, and it opens up opportunities for dishonest operators to bribe Government inspectors, which are not pleasant to contemplate. In the past, when most of the cutting was done on contract, operators had trouble with scalers who were bribed by the contrac- tors to make false returns, and it is cer- tainly wiser to prevent opportunities of this kind, wherever possible. The only feasi- ble way is for the Government and the operators to employ technical men in their inspections and in charge of their woods operations. License holders should make out cutting plans for a few years in ad vance, these should be approved by Government and the operators should b required to have experienced technical m to carry out the work, who should be h strictly accountable for fulfilling the re quirements of the plans. The pulp anc paper industry has grown to such an ex: tent and is such a source of revenue t¢ the Province that everything possibl should be done to foster it and to PUT I ON A PERMANENT BASIS. If mil are permitted to work against their o best interests and to use up all their ray materials in a comparatively few years their closing down would be a great ca am ty, even though they had paid back their investors many times over. Keeping th et going is vital to the prosperity of country. : The Technical Section of the Pulp and Paper Association will be guest of the Spanish River Pulp and Company at Sault St. Marie during t week of June 21. The mills of the pany will be visited and also several pi of the neighborhood. ( The various companies in the Associatio have agreed to take into their mills du in the summer 63 students who are interest in studies connected with the pulp 2 paper industry. a The Council of the Technical Sectior has passed a resolution recommending tha the Association take over the Dominion Government Forest Products Laborato Ys established some years ago at McGill Uni- versity in Montreal, and operate it : the investigation of fundamental problet of interest to the industry and for a ge eral bureau of information, The labora: tory has become moribund through th gradual loss of its staff, owing to he ridiculously small salaries which were All arrangements have been made by the Board of Railway Commissioners for tt patrol of railway rights of way for protection of the forests from fire | the summer. The plans are well tho out and are based on the experience of pa st years. It has been found that motor sp er patrol is cheaper than patrol of tions (in the railway sense), but that latter is more efficient. This is the ex perience of the C. P. R. Department of National Resources. The St. Maurice For est Protective Association has not had © same experience. Mr. James White, of the Commissio of Conservation, read a very interestin and able paper before the Rotary Club o Ottawa on the forest resources of ss 100,000,000 Feet National Forest Timber | FOR SALE Location and amount.—All the merchantable dead timber _ standing or down and all the live timber marked or desig- - nated for cutting on two areas embracing about 10,000 acres on Port Snettisham and Glass Peninsula, Tongass National Forest, Alaska, estimated to be 100,000,000 feet B. M., more _ or less, of Sitka spruce, west- ern red cedar, Alaska cypress, | western hemlock, and other species, approximately 65% _ western hemlock. _ Stumpage Prices.—Lowest rates | considered, $1.00 per M for Sitka spruce, western red ce- dar and Alaska cypress and $ .50 per M. for western hem- lock and other species. Rates to be readjusted every ' five years. - Deposit—Two thousand dollars must be deposited with each bid to be applied on the pur- chase price, refunded or re- tained in part as liquidated damages according to condi- _ tions of sale. Final Date for Bids.—Sealed "bids will be received by the _ District Forester, Portland, Oregon, up to and including June 1, 1920. The time may be extended thirty days upon request from parties having legitimate interest. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Before bids are submitted, full infor- mation concerning the char- acter of the timber, conditions of sale, deposits, and the sub- mission of bids should be ob- tained from the District For- ester, Portland, Oregon, or the Forest Supervisor, Ketchi- kan, Alaska. Pming CANADIAN DEPARTMENT Perhaps you have put off blasting your stumps with Atlas Farm-; Powder because you have thought the work required skill and ex- perience. Don’t delay any longer. Read our book, “‘Better Farming with Atlas Farm Pow- der,’” which will tell you all you need to know about stump blasting. Thousands of farmers are using Atlas Farm Powder for all kinds of farm improvement work, and most of them had no more experience than R. C.. English, Port Matilda, Pa., who writes: “‘T had never used explosives before ana had never seen_a stump blasted. But it was no trouble at all after I looked at the pictures in your book.”’ Write now for ‘‘Better Farming with Atlas Farm Powder’’—120 pages, 146 illustrations. The coupon at the right will bring it by the first mail. ATLAS POWDER CO., F.D.4, Wilmington, Del. Dealers everywhere. Magazine stocks near you. THE SAFEST Atlas Farm Powde & The Original Farm Powder = =— a oe ee ee ee ee ee 1 ATLAS POWDER CO., F.D.4 Wilmington, Del. l Send me ‘‘Better Farming with Atlas Farm Pow- der.'' I am interested in explosives for the pur- | pose before which I mark ‘*X.' O Stump Blasting C Tree Planting I & Boulder Blasting 1 Ditch Digging | | © Subsoil Blasting (1 Road Making }! I Name. | | Address | EXPLOSIVE Province of Quebec, with especial refer- ence to the pulp wood supply. He estimates that the supply at the probable rate of con- sumption which we will have in the future will only last for fifty years. The Spanish River Pulp and Paper Com- pany will probably have an aviation de- partment soon. They have engaged an aviator and are making their plans. Price Brothers Company have shipped one Martynside seaplane from England and have ordered another and should be able to begin work very soon. The Laurentide Company has assembled its planes and will test out in the air in a few days. Regular flying was begun early in May. Mr. John D. Gilmour, forester and woods manager for the Anglo-Newfound- land Development Company, is visiting Montreal. He reports a very severe winter with seven feet of snow. Experiments with wireless telephones are being carried out on a commercial scale in the St. Maurice District but so far have not proved successful. They are being watched with great interest and it is hoped that they will ultimately prove successful. Ex- periments are also. under way between Vancouver and Vancouver Island. When the wireless telephone works properly it is much clearer and more distinct than a land line. MIGRATORY BIRD LAW UPHELD THE migratory bird act of 1918, designed to carry out provisions of a treaty be- tween this country and Great Britain for the protection of migratory birds, has been held constitutional by the Supreme Court at Washington. Justice Holmes, in rendering the major- ity opinion, declared that “a national in- terest of very nearly the first magnitude” was involved, and that, except for the treaty and the statute, there soon might be no birds for any power to deal with. “We see nothing in the Constitution that compels the Government to sit by while a food supply is cut off and the protectors of ‘our forests and our crops are destroyed,’ ” Justice Holmes said. 378 AMERICAN FORESTRY. BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid, FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth...........cccceceececeeeeceeeeeeeeens adpeenoes estvenvvecstssts GL00 FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth .... wees +» 2.00 PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peets.......--- 2.35 LUMBER a Ee gg pep! pill wag! Arthur 2.10 FOREST gf Le ee oe asvscsncdeccsveccce sceeeee 2.50 CHINESE FOREST TREES AND. TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman 2.50 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— 2.50 ‘ohn Kirkegaard .. bees eg AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. ; and II, i eee to a Volume— a ee AEC + oS acuonkes cab vasth unease scuvessnenvtbedtetect vagtona eee 5 c 1.35 THE TRAINING OF A fee eee P: LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kellogg................... $e 2.15 THE CARE OF TREES IN ents STREET AND PARK—B. “E! Fernow....... 2.17 NORTH AMERICAN TREES—N. Britton 1.30 KEY TO THE TREES—Collins aad Preston 1.50 THE FARM WOODLOT-E. G. ee Age fling... ee ge. & _) aay Se phe rapa OF THE RCONO Ic WOODS OF THE UNITED ‘STATES—Samuel J.% et PLANE SURVEYING — ohn C. Tracy............ 3.00 FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves.. 4.00 FOREST PRODUCTS—By Nelson Sag Brown.. 3.85 THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY—B. E. Fernow eral Pahoa ct ed FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth wee 1.10 PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller.............scesceeeeees ; 1.50 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY_Samuci B. Green...... 2.00 TREES IN WINTER-—A. S.-Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis............. 2.00 AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Voium 7.50 Half Morocco. Binding, «..6 06 cccingnwsewe cde eWeb sea cees cust vsisiy soca e tock Meeeee haat s a NReee an otis 10.00 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough.........ccvcsccccccce cscvsvencvceseseesectecerecs 8.00 Half Morocco Binding 10 00 GETTING AC UAINTED WITH THE TREES~J. Horace McFarland Fay ae HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel oe bee fe ten B eeee 5.00 TREES OF NEW ENGLAND-L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks...............sseeesssessers 1.58 i toe SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES—H. E. Bark. cam TREES-H. Marshall Ward .......--...05- 1.50 OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir .. 1.91 PRACTICAL pun metaee 1.00 MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary. Pape 7 2.12 FARM FORESTRY—Alfred Akerman ......cccscssccessscsccssccvecevecsevecsecesees 57 7 seEPeRy, AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization) sie ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F,. F. Moon and N. C. Brown. 2.50 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record 1.15 STUDIES OF TREES—J. Levison 1.15 TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars 65 THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTU 3.00 Ww . SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF BPORESTRY By a ae rage A 3.50 FUTURE OF FOREST TREES—By Dr. Harold Umwit.............cccsescccccecceccesecccnscecrees 2.25 FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—F. Schuyler Mathews... cone FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC—By F. Schuyler Mathews. poet “at FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS—By F. Schuyler Mathews....... He . 2.00 FARM FORESTRY—B BY. qene Arden —_ 1.50 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY—By Frede: 2.10 OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—By “Mt 1.50 HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN—By Jay L. B. Taylor...... 2.50 THE LAND WE LIVE IN—By Overton Price.).........ccccsscccsccssevsceccecs 1.70 WOOD AND FOREST—By William Noyes .......s.ccsceccsccscccscsssscccesces . 3.00 THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW—By J. P. Kinney.........0....ccseseeeeees 3.00 ee OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, ME ops AND” COST—By Halbert P. EO Sih hs x aikna dpb wat ee ha SEMEN weigh nab Th we TOO RU p SK od sd Whee ars. gab vale sw eWFh ba ee eee ee eR Ee 2.50 FRENCH FORES/S AND FORESTRY—By Lage S. Woolsey, Jr............ edt oes = 2.50 MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS—By L. H. Pammel.............. Ry « 5.35 WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Cha 5.00 EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION—Winkenwerder ane Clar! 1.50 OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—H. D. Boerker 2.50 ANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard Ranki 2.50 THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS—By Robert St 3.10 THE STORY OF THE le wet tad J. Gordon Dorrance . 65 FOREST MANAGEMENT—B Reckna 2.60 THE FOREST RANGER A ‘OTHER VE 1.60 TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING By a S. Betts.. 3.10 THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—By J. R. Simmons 3.65 TIMBERS—AND THEIR USES—By Wrenn Winn.................005 Soke ets ree |) THE KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—By Harry D. Tiemann................cccccescceceesecseerevees 4.65 “This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry. or related subjects upon request—EDITOR. THE GUIDE TO NATURE Epwarp F. BiceLow, Managing Editor WANTED Published by A The Agassiz Association, ArcAdiA, 150 lbs. White Spruce Seed Sound Beach, Conn. (Picea Canadensis) A Profusely Illustrated Monthly Magazine Devoted to Commonplace Nature with Un- LINCOLN PULPWOOD CO. common Interest. Subscription, $1.50 per Year. BOX 923 BANGOR, MAINE Single or Sample Copy, i5c. and national policies and the Cong A LUMBERMAN’S SUGGEST F, CLARK, of McOsborne a Lumber Company, of Minne: Minnesota, a member of the Ame! Forestry Association writes: - “I am very much interested in ‘refore tion, and every element that enters forestry, as I think the time has come every man, whether he is a lumberm not, should take a great interest in serving our forests and woods. I am much in favor of changing the thic of hardwood lumber, and establishi custom and practice of using woods in practically — every place” inch wood is used. “The pine men have preserved | ‘the ests by establishing the grade on a | ner basis, and the time is here when h wood should also be established along lines. Our desks and chairs, floors - everything that does not require s could be reduced a large percent yet be suitable for the purpose, a great saving to our hardwood. advocated this in several places, t get the people of Minnesota inte My experience in selling hardwood to r ual training departments is that they i upon having absolutely clear lumber. 4 teach the child to make the things, but child has no conception whatever of way the wood grows, or the grades the tree produces. Many of the te and children do not know the di kinds of wood, and it would be surp indeed to learn how few out of 100,000, of our countrymen know the’ kind: trees, or the kind of wood after the is manufactured into lumber. i “I am very much enthused in agit these matters, as well as matters rela to reforestation and conserving; saving ni protecting our forests.” mt FUTURE TIMBER CROPS . , GROWING future timber crops must be largely, though by no means wholly, 41 Government and State function,” said T. Allen, Forester, in discussing the 1 ing Forest Policy proposals at the Seco American Lumber Congress and 18th A nual Meeting of the National Lumb Manufacturers Association which was h April 20 to 22, at Chicago. Mr. Allen distinguished between 1 passed a resolution to the effect that most forest programs are largely 1 local committees of the various regi associations should be appointed to con with local forest authorities to determ the steps needful and to promote their adop tion. An early declaration. of principles the light of what shall be determined urged so that a wise and efficient poli may be developed looking to the perpe tion of forest supplies. Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Secretary of American Paper and Pulp Association, sented the forest policy promulgated by association in a splendid talk. - BOWS OF YEW FOR MODERN 4 ARCHERS T is a far cry from iong-range rifles and high-powered explosives to the bow ‘and arrow of the American Indian. Never- “theless, bows and arrows are still used by the small boy, albeit not without sorrow ‘to the neighbor’s chickens. There is also a demand for stronger and more expensive ‘bows for archers of mature years. Doubt- less these facts account for a recent sale, on the Snoqualmie National Forest in Washington, of a quantity of yew, to be d in making bows. Although the For- Service of the United States Depart- ent of Agriculture sells a variety of for- st products for unusual uses, this is prob- ‘ably the first case in which the final prod- uct is to be one of the oldest and most con non weapons known to the world. ‘The yew has long been known as the ‘best of all bow woods. Famous English ‘archers would have no other. Richard if ordered bowyers to make four bows of witch-hazel, ash, or elm to every one 0 yew, in order that the supply of this Valued wood might be preserved. This is id to be one of the earliest forest regu- ations in England. The staves from which wS were made in those early days were asoned for three years before being de into bows and the bows were not used for two years after being completed. | The American yew is botanically very similar to°the European yew. One of the ye AMERICAN FORESTRY three species in the United States grows only in Florida and is a small tree. An- other is a shrub growing in the north At- lantic region, while the third occurs in th forests of the Pacific coast. It is the latter that grows in the Snoqualmie National Forest. When mature it usually is from 20 to 30 feet high and from 6 to 12 inches in diameter. , On account of its elasticity and strength the Indians of the Northwest utilized the wood of the yew for their bows and oftr for canoe paddles. Yew wood is also well adapted to carving and numerous attrac- tive articles can be made from it. Not only does the grain of the wood make it possible to carve attractive designs, but the combination of red bark, white sapwood, and rose-red heartwood make especially pleasing effects possible. FARMERS SHOULD OBSERVE “WOODLOT DAY” A “WOODLOT DAY” should be estab- lished for general observance by Penn- sylvania farmers. It could be a day in the spring as soon as conditions permit, when small trees can be planted in the woodlot, or tree seeds sown, according to Professor J. A. Ferguson, of the Forestry Depart- ment at the Pennsylvania State College. “Just as Arbor Days are observed by the towns people, so should the farmers have a Woodlot Day, by official proclama- tion, if necessary,” he says. From the for- 379 estry standpoint, a farmer is a man who year after year cuts trees out of the wood- lot and neyer plants any to take their places. The process can haye but one ending, the gradual thinning out of trees and the final loss of one of the most valua- ble farm assets. For every tree that is cut out, a dozen small trees should be planted. A hundred little one-year-old hardwood trees will not cost much to purchase. They can often be dug up under trees growi: in the open, or thinned out from spots where they are growing too thickly. They can often be obtained free of charge from the Pennsylvania State Forestry Depart- ment at Harrisburg. A hundred or more of these trees planted each year on “Wood- lot Day” will keep the woodlot well stock- ed and insure the future supply of a rapid'v decreasing commodity. They are the chil- dren of the woodlot and there can be no future without them, Under the trees in the spring of the year will be found many seeds that have been stratified naturally under the snow. They can be gathered and planted at once. Many need no more attention than place- ment in a hole made with a small stick with the earth firmed over with the foot. For small seeds a seed spot should be made, the grass and weeds stripped. off for a ‘foot and the seeds planted as any garden seed. Establish a “Woodlot Day” on the farm. BECOME A MEMBER Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association upon application and payment of dues. PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- ciation and enclose check for $ INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership, per year. $ 3.00 Contributing Membership, per year. 10.00 Sustaining Membership, per year. 25.00 Life Membership (no other dues) 100.00 Annual Membership. 1.00 Name Street City : SALE OF TIMBER MESCALERO INDIAN RESERVATION NOGAL UNIT EALED bids in duplicate, marked outside “Bid Nogal Timber Unit” and addressed to AMERICAN FORESTRY STATE NEWS Superintendent Mescalero Indian School Mescalero, New Mexico, will be received until twelve o’clock noon, Mountain Time, Tuesday, July 20, 1920, for the purchase of timber on a tract comprising the Nogal drainage area on the southwestern portion of the Mescalero Indian Reservation and situated within Townships 13 and 14 South, Range 12 E., New Mexico Meridian. The said unit comprises about 9,000 acres with an estimated stand of over 50,000,000 feet, chiefly Douglas fir and western yellow pine. Each bid must state the price per thousand feet, Scribner Decimal scale, that will be paid for timber cut and scaled prior to April, 1925, Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, by three-year periods. No bid of less than three dollars ($3.00) per M. feet for yellow pine and Douglas fir, two dollars ($2.00) per M. for Mexican white pine and Engelmann spruce and one dollar ($100) per M. for white fir during the period ending March 31, 1925, will be considered. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check on’a solvent national bank, payable to the said Superintendent in the amount of six thousand dollars ($6,000). The deposit will be returned if a bid is rejected, but retained as liquidated damages, if the required contract and bond for $15,000,000 are not executed and pre- sented for approval within sixty days from the acceptance of a bid. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Copies of the bid and contract: forms and other information may be obtained from the Superintendent, Indian School, Mescalero, New Mexico. Washington, D. C., May 10, 1920. CATO SELLS, Commissioner. CAMP QUAN-TA-BA-COOK A Summer Camp for Boys On Lake Quan-ta-ba- Cook In the Maine Woods Near Belfast, Maine Write for Booklet Season, Jury-Aucust Ages 8-16 years H. PERCY HERMANSEN Tower Hill School, Wilmington, Del ARE YOU INTERESTED IN PURCHASING A COUNTRY PLACE? I have a_very desirable one located at Ho-ho-kus, IN MAPO H ,, Bergen County, Northern New Jersey, only fifty min- utes from Broadway. Right on the Main State Road leading to Tuxedo, amid setemenune surroundings and desirable _ neighbors. quaint, old-fashioned, 14-room house, orendid vineyard, fruit and shrubbery. Lovely old shade trees—it would be hard to find a -more beautifully wooded place. House contains bath, town water, electric light and furnace. Nearly five acres of land and a big barn-garage, with sleeping quarters. A small amount will put whole place in A-1 condition. Offered for quick sale—a bargain at High location—desirable for either summer or all-year home. Good churches, schools, etc. Fine automobile road all the way to the city— busi the place for anyone desiring to motor to usiness daily. Only seven minutes to station d five minutes to the North Jersey trolley. Immediate Possession. Address Box 1000, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. MASSACHUSETTS (THE Committee on Agriculture, of Massachusetts, in executive session re- cently voted to report a bill to permit the county commissioners to raise such sums as they may judge expedient in their several counties for the purpose of giving aid to their county farm bureaus. The committee also yoted to report the bill on the initiative petition that the State Forest Commission be authorized to buy 20,000 acres in the State for the purpose of producing timber and protecting the water supply. There goes with this, as a part of the subject, a favorable report on the peti- tion of George H. Graham, former member of the old board of fisheries and game, for authorization of the State Forest Commis- sion to buy 250,000 acres. The Graham bill has five sections, three of which are re- ported. It provides for‘the purchase within 10 years, at not more than the present authorized price, or such price as the Legislature may fix, the State Commission to be authorized to open the whole or any portion of the lands to public fishing and shooting. NEW JERSEY A SURVEY of the progress of forestry in New Jersey, conducted by the State Forester during the past winter to deter- mine the extent that woodland owners have actively engaged in forestry practice, has shown most gratifying results. Since the State of New Jersey owns less than one per cent of the forests within her borders, it has been the policy of the State Forester to support and encourage the interest of private owners in the practice of forestry, and in this way serve the public interest. Many owners who have taken advantage of this aid, have found forest planting and woodland management both practicable and profitable. The replies received to questionnaires sent to all persons who have indicated an interest in forestry in the past, show that 114 active co-operators, including 11 municipalities and public institutions, have practiced intensive forestry methods, in- cluding fire protection, improvement cutting, close utilization of products, etc—on ap- proximately 10,000 acres of woodland, while 40,000 acres more under the same owner- ship have been protected and improved to some extent, and definite plans have been made for more intensive management. The same co-operators, together with 41 others who are at present inactive, are planning to extend forestry management to more than 12,000 acres of woodland that have received no attention up to this time. Progress has also been made ine planting. While natural ae usually adequate and satisfact re-establish forest growth by pe land unwisely cleared and unfit culture, or where all reproduction has b destroyed by fire. More than 1600 a have been reproduced by per operating with the State F nearly 800 acres more will bee in a short time. “ Believing that number of. State ‘ are valuable as a public dem ‘ the methods and results of fo: tice, the State has acquired Forests with a total area of 16,5 woodland, managed by the S! Upon these lands 50 acres of fores tions have been made, for the ] experiment and demonstration. Altogether there are 80,000 act the State, approximately 4 per State’s total woodland area, u forestry practice is now — estab definitely planned for in the future. The owners have been won the realization of the importance. ticability of forestry methods | pledged to its practice. The progress indicated in this su encouraging when it is realized th work was commenced less than 15 ago, but the accomplishment seems ~ nificant’ when we consider what yet mains to be done. New Jersey has n 2,000,000 acres of woodland, most of w is in a run-down condition because bi peated forest fires, wasteful logging, neg of owners and abuse by the public. N: three-quarters of this area is unfit for profitable use other than growing tin New Jersey’s problem is to return this j area of semi-waste land to productiv and this can be done only by preventing controlling forest fires and by apply practicable forestry management to f woodlands. When protection and man ment become established, the value of ! Jersey’s woodlands will be increased fro less than $6,000,000 to over $200,000,00i Instead of furnishing less than one-tenth | the lumber used within the State, present, New Jersey’s woodlands are capa- ble of supplying a very great portion of tl lumber and wood consumed within borders. It is needless to point out benefits to land owners, producers and sumers that will result. ear Plant Memorial Trees AMERICAN FORESTRY 381 THE BEST KNOWN SAW, IN THE WORLD Each year finds a oe number of leading mills using Disston Saws ex- clusively. Mill ators know that the success of their mill—the quality and quantity of lumber they turn out —depends on the saw they use. It is natural, therefore, for them to choose Disston Saws—the acknowl- edged standard in quality for % years. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. 9 oa 0506 00UL4NN00NNNNNMMANNEPSUUAOADESAOERAADUOOOGONAEAEOLAUONSASOGSU SOA UAASGPATONOAAG MSEC UNAS ne SAFETY-FIRST No great industry like that for the manufacture of Southern Pine can be developed without due regard to the welfare and comfort of the persons employed. Every sort of welfare work calculated to increase efficiency and improved standards of living among the workers is encouraged by the manufacturers of Southern Pine. Our DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY-FIRST, under the supervision of a capable and experienced engineer, is very actively engaged in work tending to reduce and eliminate injuries to workers in Southern sawmills and woods. SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION NEW ORLEANS, LA. Me irre ib ULL LLL LL LOL UCC LUTON TD = eOPOUAUUEOLESEROAVONESAYOOULOTUOUOEEOGRREOOUOL UUOUTSOEUUNURAOAUEAUOUOUUAENUTRELEY ROU EEUU AENEAN EEA : 5 National Forest Timber For Sale The Forest Service in- vites investigation of an opportunity for securing raw material for a tannic acid plant on or near the Nantahala National For- est, North Carolina. The estimated volume of chest- nut acidwood, which will be advertised for sale on appli- cation from a responsible prospective bidder, is ap- proximately 150,000 cords, on the National Forest. There is an _ additional amount of approximately 200,000 cords on adjacent private land. The total is sufficient to supply an ex- tract plant of efficient size for 25 years. Favorable topography will facilitate logging. For detailed infor- mation in regard to this opportunity, including the which the National Forest stumpage terms under will be advertised for sale to the highest bidder, appli- cation should be made to the Forest Supervisor Franklin, North Carolina AMERICAN FORESTRY INDIAN FORESTER HERE M® CHARLES GILBERT ROGERS, F. C. H.,, F. L. S.C. I. E., who has ‘ been in the Imperial Indian Forest Service for thirty-two years, including seven years as Professor at the Dehra Dun Forest School and seven years as Chief Conserva- tor in the Forests of Burma, is now spend- ing from twelve to fifteen months in this country, with a party of sixteen English Engineers, preparatory to their work in India. Their work will consist largely of practical training in logging and sawmill work and about wood-working operations. “All of these men have been trained as mechanical or civil engineers in England and all have been through the great World’s War, mostly in the Royal Engineers. They have recently been appointed Forest En- gineers to the Imperial Government of India,.to form a nucleus of a Forest En- gineering Branch of the Indian Service, and immediately after arrival in New York, about the middle of April, they went to several large skidder and cableway logging operations in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.. A Forest Officer of Nigeria has joined the party to study logging con- ditions with a view to introducing Ameri- can logging methods in Africa. Mr. Rogers was the first graduate of the first English Forest School, established at Coopers Hill, England. This was in 1887. He was retired from the Imperial Indian Forest Service in February 1920, but was persuaded to take up this work especially for the Indian Service, on account of his thorough knowledge of conditions in India, as well as his familiarity with American conditions, having spent sometime in this country in 1906, going through the principal’ forest districts of this country and studying the methods of both private and national forestry. Mr. Rogers and his party of students plan to spend sometime on the most impor- tant logging operations in the Southern Appalachian hardwood forests; the South- ern pineries; the Lake States; the Inland Empire; the Douglas fir belt and the red- wood and California pine sections. They will also visit several of the Forest Schools and the Madison Laboratory. TIMBER HELPS POOR LANDS TT MBER is essentially a poor land crop. Steep slopes, poor soil, rocky land, un- usual corners, gullied and wooded tracts— all these afford opportunities for growing timber profitably, say specialists of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. A careful survey of the average farm will reveal a surprising num- ber of spots of this sort which can be util- ized to advantage. If they do not already have trees, planting them with the proper varieties will materially increase the value of the land. re SOIL-BUILDING POWER OF Certain kinds of trees, like the the acacias, build up poor soil th nitrogen-gathering bacteria in — nodules, according to the Forest United States Department of Agr The soil-building power of trees on. I is a fact which the farmer should not o look. Steep lands, which have been cl of timber at much expense, after b tivated for a few years, often bec lied, and the rich lands adjoin covered with deep deposits of san surest and cheapest method of pi _such slopes is to maintain forests 0 Small gullies can be stopped up by packed brush and tree tops, an stakes if necessary. Large, op are checked successfully only by p over the entire gully basin, supp! low brush dams across the larger the gully. EMPIRE STATE FOREST PR 1 ASSOCIATION PROFESSOR A. B. RECKNA retary of the Empire S' Products Association, in an. ad Forest Products Day at the Ne State College of Forestry, sai object of any associated activity is portunity to do collectively wha member seeks to do individually. the Empire State Forest Products tion seeks to protect, perpetuate, crease the forest growth of the Si appeal to the forest industries is th place themselves honestly and squ a broad, ‘public-spirited, compret let policy which will result in the conser use of one of the Nation’s fundan sources, the forest, and ae ) perity for the wood-using industries hence consumers of New York State. “Members of this Association — nearly a million and a half acres of land in the Adirondacks. They ma ture yearly more than a hundred ° board feet of lumber, and over half lion tons of paper. Such a mem must adopt a rational, conservative 4 policy, which will result in the perpe of their forest industries through wise” “The Association is actively conce in the framing and passing of fair f taxation measures, co-operative fire tection, the development of water po and the formulation of a permanent policy for the State and Nation. The | York State College of Forestry co-opei very effectively with the Associatio these matters, since its policy is to prom the fullest use of the forest resources oi sistent with their protection and develo ment. The people of New York State one day realize the sound economic | of the Association’s slogan of ‘Protect crease, and Restore.’” LUMBERMEN CONSERVING a, LUMBER J UMBERMEN generally are daily “performing wonders in the way of ing the present supply to its proper by striving to educate all users of sr to purchase and use the particular adapted to their particular purpose. lumberman, such as our company, | is using for the so-called novelties, that lumber which is not suited to nore expensive lines of manufacture, ie conservationist.” was the viewpoint of W. C. Hull, ident of the Oval Wood Dish Company, pper Lake, in an address on Forest lucts Day of the Forest Week of the vy York State College of Forestry at most flagrant and openly apparent it has come under my observation years is now being committed by ate of New York in permitting its ¢ hardwood trees, particularly the iful birch, to wither away and die of age, without having performed their -to humanity. They are dying literally thousands, and instead of serving any ‘purpose, they become a menace to alance of the timber. The price of one th tree removed and converted into use- commodities would suffice to replant ‘thousand seedlings on some barren s belonging to the State. Shall preju- : of city dwellers who make the forests ir playground, and their refusal to post Ives as to the true situation forever se this waste to continue?” discussing the use of wood for novel- ‘Mr. Hull said that the annual con- iption of wooden dishes is about. one m, and of paper dishes, made from products is about two billion. The den dish industry uses from seventeen twenty million feet of lumber a year. He e has been no improvement in the g of clothes pins for forty years. The consumption is nearly 2,000,000, requiring 20,000,000 feet of lumber. ING WOODLANDS FROM ‘ INJURY HAT young growth in the woods, known pularly as “brush,” is something to of, is a prevalent but mistaken con- n, Since, as forestry specialists of the - States Department of Agriculture nt out, a forest can not maintain itself “without reproduction. For the sake getting a scattering of green grass in ing, it is the short-sighted practice ds of localities to fire the woods arly. This results in killing thousands small trees needed to continue the forest i¢ future and also injures a large vi of marketable timber. Further- re such burning destroys a large amount rich vegetable fertilizer. and hogs in hardwood stands and Ss in long-leaf pines keep the forest from g restocked. Damage from insects ‘third of a stick of dynamite was tamped PR On Gra ee ee ec: ie ‘ AMERICAN FORESTRY can be reduced by cutting timber at the proper time of year’and by utilizing light- ning-killed trees without delay, since they harbor destructive pests. Cattle destroy the productive leaf mulch which keeps the trees growing during long, dry spells. All large openings where light comes through into the forest should be filled with younger trees. Fully stocked woods contain little or no grass, but afford full shade, which prevents the soil drying out and keeps the trees growing. : DYNAMITE—THE SOIL REJUVE- NATOR ee A LANDSCAPE engineer has a great many queer problems presented to him by the owners of country estates,” says Norman Suplee. “One put up to me a short time ago would have stumped me completely had I not been familiar with the use of dynamite. “There were about five acres of land in the tract. In order to save the time that it would have taken to mow the grass, it had been burned off for a good many years, the result being that the humus in the top- soil had been almost completely destroyed. The drainage on the tract was also poor and the soil had become sour. The grass grew all over it in big clumps such as may be seen in swamip land. The new owner wanted a smooth lawn. I saw at once that the drainage would have to be corrected and that a way must be found to supply new plantfood for the suste- nance of the surface growth. : “I first went over the entire tract and put down 1%-inch bore holes 18 inches deep and about 9 or 10 feet apart. A into each hole and fired. Then around the trees, bore holes were put down to a depth of 3 or 4 feet and about 10 feet apart out at the edge of the foliage line and similar charges exploded in these. I then blasted a number of small ditches which emptied into the little stream flowing at the base of the property. “A year later an examination of the tract showed that no more deadwood had de- veloped on the trees. The grass had ceased to grow in clumps, had lost its yellowish cast and had become a smooth deep green. Many of the old trees had put on as much as eight inches of new growth at the end of the branches and some old grapevines which had been injured by the burning of the grass yielded a crop for the first time in manty years. The vegetable garden which had refused to grow anything pre- viously, after being aerated by the blast- ing, had netted the owner $200 profit. The garden consisted of an acre and a half of ground. If landscape engineers would study the problem, they would find many ways of using dynamite to great advan- tage.” 383 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. ence in city forestry, tree ne wert and landscape Ae ; hs pore ete Dis- trict 0: ity forestry and landscape work ferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. furnish the best of reference Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year’s experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 675, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, b 0 A RECENTLY discharged from U. S. Army, young man wants position with a firm who has use for a lumber tallyman and inspector. Has a good education, 11 years’ practical experience in lum- ber and can furnish good references. Address Box 880, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. ARBORICULTURIST is open to an en agement to take charge of, or as assistant in ity For- estry work. Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field—from planting to expert tree surgery—including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and -detailed management of city shade trees. For ' further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Agent, Technically trained forester, 35 years old. Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of the above positions. For- mer Captain, Field Artillery, Address Box 840, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Position with Lumber Company or Private Concern by technically trained Forester with five years practical experience. Box 820, care American Forestry. A FORESTRY graduate with several years ex- perience in forest work and at present em- loyed along technical and administrative ines desires responsible position with private concern -operating in and outside the United States. Address Box 870, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. DISCHARGED SAILOR would like position as assistant forester or a permanent position as surveyor with some lumber company with a ice for adva t. Salary is of secondary consideration. Married, so would have to locate in some small town. Have had four years’ practical experience in general forestry, and some tree surgery. Address Box 900, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. POSITIONS OPEN MAN WANTED with technical training and practical experience sufficient to make him thoroughly competent as a developer of Park plans, and also Park Superintendent—both in road construction, planting and landscape work and Director of Forestry Service upon the public streets and parks of the ‘city. Address Box 910, American Forestry Magazine, Wash- ington, D. C. (6-9-20) WANTED—Man capable of Supervising Slack and Tight Barrel Plant; Purchase and Inspect Cooperage Stocks; Develop Boxes, Crates and other Packages for miscellaneous articles. State experience, salary wanted and references in first letter. Address Box 123, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C, 384 School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho PMU TNT AUD TLL LLL ULC LLL LLL o LLL Forestry Training in the Heart of the Rockies The Colorado School of x w Forestry ™“ A Department of Colorado College Colorado Springs, Colorado. Professional Courses in Technical For- estry, leading to degrees of Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Master of Forestry. Spring and Fall Forestry teaching at Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- ing to the College) and the winter term at Colorado Springs. Write for announcement, giving full in- formation. A AANDEASASOSURSEUSAEOTNUEDEU ULSI ULQUANAEAQOOUNNN SOON ESMPRGEAENEN ENESCO UMN TT LLL ULL UU OC NUMAN NAAN Your Prospective Customers are listed in our Catalog of 99% guaranteed Mailing Lists. It also contains vital sug- gestions how to advertise and sell profitably by mail. Counts and prices given on 9000 different national Lists, covering all classes; for instance, Farmers, Noodle Mfrs., Hard- ware Dirs., Zinc Mines, etc. This valua= ble reference book free. Write for it. Send Them Sales Letters You can produce sales or inquiries with personal letters. Many concerns all over U. S. are profitably using Sales Letters we write. Send for free instructive booklet, “Value of Sales Letters.” Ross-Gould Mailing kRestS St.Louis AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL NOTES ne UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND LUMBERING PREPARATION for the All-Engineers and Foresters “Open House,” held April 22-24, has occupied the attention of the Forest Club, during the past quarter. The work of the Forest School and a graphic portrayal of the fields of logging and lum- bering, forest products, and forestry was presented to the 18,000 visitors who at- tended the “Open House.” A model forest under management with growing trees from the Forest Nursery representing the different age classes and miniature steam logging operations and sawmill in actual operation attracted considerable atten- tion. A model paper and pulp mill was also’ being constructed. Forest products, wood preservation, timber test- ing, dendrology and wood technology ex- hibits were displayed. The “Open House” was abandoned during the period of the war, but the Foresters won the prize for the best exhibition at the last three held, and are making a diligent effort to repeat their success this year. The Forest Club has had the opportunity of hearing some exceptional talks by a number of prominent authorities. At the meeting of February 17, Mr. R. L. Fromme, District Forest Inspector of Recreation and Game, told of the project of introducing Alaskan moose and mountain goats into the Olympic National Forest. Mr. Shirl Blalock, district office manager of the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, spoke on lumber ex- porting, the evening of February 24. Mr. William M. Hall, of Hall-Kellogg, Chicago, who has an international reputation as a forester, spoke on the proposed forest land policy and its importance to the states of the Pacific Northwest. Mr. S. W. Barker, -premier motor truck logging authority on the Pacific Coast, gave a highly entertaining and instructive talk on motor truck logging. Motion pictures of Mr. Barker’s operations near Lake Whatcom gave added interest to the ad- dress. Road construction, unloading, care of trucks, capital required and financing were discussed in detail. Sufficient funds were raised in the Col- lege of Forestry and Lumbering itself to send R. M. Smith as a delegate to the In- tercollegiate Association of Forest Clubs convention at New Haven. Mr. Smith carried proxy votes from the Forest Clubs at the University of Idaho, Montana and Minnesota. The Short Course at the College of For- estry and Lumbering, held during the win-, ter quarter, was attended by 22 men, most of them having considerable experience ‘positions for men who are in the prog oY a f. already in the lumbering industry and ‘the Forest Service. Five Canadians were re istered for the Short Course. “ An 8-reel motion picture show given 4 one of the regular Forest Club meeting: attracted wide-spread attention on he campus and many students from othe partments were present. Accident p tion in logging camps and sawmills the subject of the film, which was for the California Accident Insurance mission. A film showing the manuf; of matches was also shown. : A number of responsible logging eering positions have recently been ti by graduates of the school. G O’Brien, 18, has accepted the posi logging engineer with the Capilano 7 Company, at North Vancouver, — Columbia. J. W. Ottestad, 12, with the C. O. Mengel Compan Gold Coast, South Africa, is now for the Three Lakes Lumber C Three Lakes, Washington. Harry M. 19, is assistant engineer with the G Palmer Lumber Company, Vincent, O Ervin Rengstorff, 15, is logging eng for the same company. Joseph G. of gan, 13, has accepted a position as s intendent of construction for the K.8 Logging Company, Independence, — ington. This camp was formerly op by Wilson Brothers, of Aberdeen. George’ Hutton, ’15, has establis veneer mill at Olympia, Washington specialize in the production of veneers fron alder, black cottonwood, . shemtnena and fir. YALE FOREST SCHOOL = HERE never was a period since organization of the School of For at Yale when so many inquiries have | received from timberland owners and ce porations regarding trained foresters. has been our custom to secure sumtr of their professional training. This yea for the first time not more than one-tenth of the positions available for summer w and at higher wages than ever before, be filled. There are also a large nt of inquiries for foresters completing th professional training and good position are available for every man who wan enter private work after the completi his training. . The summer camp of the Yale School Forestry will open at Milford, July 1, 2 will be in charge of Professor R. C. ley. Arrangements are made to enter st dents for the regular two year technical course, leading to the degree of Master of Forestry, and for a certain number of special students and for research students. w) - hel SUNN 2 = 2 | = = = z E = THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION =| m= ‘ = 2 PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor = - = = 2 JuLy 1920 CONTENTS VoL. 26, No. 319 & 00000000 The Octopus Tree—Frontispiece. Editorial: Departigenhore iden tere e Mec rele ss ash aise cleat Segidis evens ot ee 387 War. Memorials; Connected: ooansed- on ep yeasacsnn hia wpe padi bese 390 With one illustration. A Crisis in National Recreation—By Henry S, Graves............++++45 391 With fourteen illustrations. Industrial Research in Forest Products..............cececceeeceeeeeees 401 With seven illustrations State Forest Fire Protection—By E. C. Hirst.........:.. cece cece eeenee 408 Phe Avoca: Palins sy sevecactac urd tek eet hc Salitels a Meee Meds ale ed ooh 409 The Value of the Ibis—By W. H. D. LeSouef..........-- 0. cece eee eee ee 410 With two illustrations. Work Against Forest Insects.......... 00. e eee cece ee eee tere ene te tens 411 “FS all’ of Kame’? SOE) DLOOG yA os ta'e eterna <4 ls cle,c dlere b haewatklel ery crea vie ee eer 412 With nine illustrations. The Moths and Butterflies—By R. W. Shufeldt.................+ eee eeee 418 With nine illustrations. Raise Salaries of Forest Service Employees............6.ssseeeeeeeees 425 Forest Protection Week. ........- cee cece tcc e beet ec te eeeeeneeie nn enee 426 A Forest Questionnaire............0 see cece eee e eee eee ener tee enes 426 Help Prevent Forest Fires........:.:.ccseetesee cess eee ene eee e ese es 427 A Tree Game ie crea eee Ris ialifs ati e nrerateaip ia vars ole void bo) ae Belle 427 More Trees to Honor Our Hero Dead.........-.... eee eee e eee cece eeee 428 With ten illustrations. Facts About Depletion of Our Forests............ceseeeee sees en eneeees 433 Forestry Editorial Digest.......-...1-seeseceeeeeee ee ete etree sete sees 436 State News so. 02+ coec Unlawidale dp secwiaedgie denen adawon eee cena tee auesen 438 National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees.......----+++esseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 440 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson..........++++sseeeesrereeee 441 Tit for Tat—Poem......ccecccse cee ccncee ete e essen eee cesnerecnr erases 442 Bouquets... s bs ceovans vow ce etewissinn nvemasearewee evasigeed eee dees Re 442 Book “Reviews. vicsissvccscs du cccnssadesweccedvergulteegse sen rasccrrees 444 Timber Resources of Alaska.........:eseeseesesee ete t tree rene re te rees 446 Getting the Most Out of the Woods.......--+-..seee seeeeeereeeereees 446 Paper Pulp from Papyrus Grass.....-..---++seeeerereeree ers seeer esses 447 448 Wealth of Transcaucasian Forests......-.---+-seeeereseeseeectersecees CHANGE OF ADDRESS A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. Be sure to give the old address as well as the new one. Members desiring to discontinue membership and magazine should file formal letter of resignation at least thirty days prior to expiration of membership. Publication Office, 522 East Street, Baltimore, Md. Headquarters Office, Maryland Building, Washington, D. C. ber 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, THE ARECA PALM OF INDIA Entered as second-class mail matter Decem Beyond it t i i ) r ¢ noted for is etseiahe eight and’ sian par ts is under the pe of fg 3, 1879. rongrighh mig) by dat tr Pa ns hg ee fittin * ” , i Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage . , Serres wren wen: heaven” By the nee Octoper 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. poets. (See page 409) Here is the oldest tree in Virginia and it is certainly en- titled to a place in the Hall of Fame for trees. The nomi- nation is made by Meade Ferguson, of Richmond. It stands in Charles City County, Virginia, and for age and size is perhaps not equalled by any on the Atlantic coast. This tree is the common Tulip or Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tuli- “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES Captain John Smith founded Jamestown, which is only a few - miles from where the tree stands, Throughout Eastern Vir- ginia it is known as the Octopus tree. Some hundreds of years ago the limbs were probably broken or. bent by savages or wild animals so they have grown in the somewhat dis- torted shape of a fancied resemblance to an octopus. A THE OCTOPUS TREE pfera), a well known species found in the woods from Ver- mont to Florida. It measures twenty-seven and a half feet in circumference six feet from the ground. The base at the is sixty feet in circumference. It is esti- than five hundred years old, representing a ground, however, mated to be more generation of trees, which existed hundreds of years before great race of men who once held war councils around its roots have disappeared and been replaced by another race and by a new civilization, Strange wild beasts; which once lurked in its branches come no more and yet the old Octopus tree, a great piece of Nature’s creation, stands as a mute reminder of the time before white men arrived in America. y “i — arene eet 4-8 A 5 Meee NET ein REI cs = how iat art eee SOS a I EO — nets. VOL. XXVI JULY 1920 ee Mic ua EDITORIAL NO. 319 “J)EPLETION of the forests of the United States within 60 to 75 years with a resultant slump in all ‘enterprise that depends wholly, or in part, on forest ducts can be averted if action is taken without further delay. _ While at the present rate of cutting it is agreed that ‘the forests of the United States are sufficient for only ) to 75 years, it is pointed out by forestry experts that private organizations adopt logging methods that will young growth and leave logged-off lands in con- dition for forest renewal, the young trees of today will ote ¢ of merchantable size when needed. This is depend- - NOW IS THE TIME FOR ACTION ent on keeping fires out of the forests so that young trees will have an opportunity to grow. Since it takes from 60 to 100 years to produce forest trees of commercial size, private owners of timber lands are not likely to be interested in forest reproduction as an investment. The relationship of timbered areas to future needs; their incentive to tourist travel; the fact that they serve as water reservoirs, etc., make the public vitally interested in seeing them continued and for this reason State and National acquirement of logged-off areas and protection of such areas against fire is pro- posed as the solution of the continued timber supply problem. r EMANDS for national and state legislation for the — purpose of perpetuating our forests are made by the Forestry Committee of the American Paper and Pulp Association in a recent report. These demands are broad ged, compreherisive and practical. They provide for: . Co-operation with States for forest protection, ‘care and management and the distribution of forest plant- material. Classification of National Forest lands and co- ation with States in classification of private forest Be 3- The continued acquisition of forest lands on the atersheds of navigable streams in New England, the Southern Appalachians and other suitable regions. FOR PERPETUATION OF OUR FORESTS 4. Enlarging the National Forests by exchange of timber for land, 5. Replanting devastated areas in Forests. 6. Continuous research and investigation in the utili- zation of forest resources and products. 7. The extension of the Federal Farm Loan Act to include loans for the purchase or improvement of cut- the National ‘over or immature forest lands, or for holding, protecting and reforesting such lands. It is expected that bills providing for the main fea- tures of the demands will be introduced in Congress at the next Session and that a vigorous effort will be made to secure adequate appropriations for putting the recom- mendations into effect. TL is not surprising that Pennsylvania, which shared with New York the leading position in timber pro- duction for 30 years and had by 1918 dropped to twen- tieth place, should become concerned about the protec- tion of its remaining timber and the source of its future supply. One can read in the timber history of the State es the too common story of destructive logging and ex- _ fravagant waste, followed by recurrent fires. There re- _ tains but-the shell of a resource capable under proper "management. of having met currently the ever increas- FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN PENNSYLVANIA ing demands of the State for timber products. Penn- sylvania’s proud record as a lumber producing State is but a memory, the highest point in production having been reached in 1899, while the production of today is that of Civil War times. From a state of independence and ability to export timber, it has passed to one of de- pendence upon outside sources for material to meet its expanding industrial and domestic requirements. In an effort to bring home to the citizens of the State its critical timber situation, Governor Sproul has issued AMERICAN a forest fire proclamation, calling upon them to co-op- erate fully in the prevention and suppression of forest fires, the arch enemy of timber. The proclamation cites the tremendous loss, direct and indirect, to which the State is subject through this factor alone, a loss which _ can be readily avoided by care and public support, with the eventual recovery to production of the 12,000,000 acres of forest land in the State. Pennsylvania has thus established a precedent worthy of adoption by all timber producing States. Could a te " / . etn we FORESTRY more appropriate appeal to the Baws be made t executive than for their support in stamping out fire menace, the curse of the forests? The accomplish- ment of this object would go far toward the solution of our forest problems. In Pennsylvania, where natt reproduction under favorable conditions so genero follows cutting, it would constitute the first and r essential step toward enabling the State to redeem responsibility in timber production. THE FOREST PROBLEM HEODORE ROOSEVELT’S remark that “The For- est Problem is in many ways the most vital internal problem of the American people today” may well be repeated and emphasized on every occasion. No one can conceive that a man of Roosevelt’s ardent patriotic nature would go out into the fields or the forests and carelessly set them afire; and yet many citizens who profess to be Americans do just this. Patriotism, should include pride in one’s country’s re- sources as well as consideration for its future we love of country and its institutions, and pride in a ment and in progress. A man who burns a forest none of these attributes. : It has been said that “a man who destroys a is untrue to himself—careless of the rights of his bro men—blind to the demands of posterity—scornful of law; careless of his nation’s pride, prosperity and g ness, and oblivious to the teachings of the faith he fesses !” FOREST SERVICE APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1921 : leeeioered Service appropriations for the fiscal year 1921 as finally agreed to by both Houses of Congress and approved by the President, amount to $6,295,822. Careful study of the various items of appropriation does not indicate any very radical departures from the previ- ous year. Some of the most striking include an -in- crease of $50,000 in the appropriation for forest products investigations ; a decrease of $28,728 in the appropriation for silvical and other forest investigations; a decrease of $25,000 in the appropriation for reforestation on the National Forests; a decrease of $50,000 in the appropri- ation for permanent improvements ; an increase of $100,- 000 in the special appropriation for fire fighting; an in- crease of $25,000 in the item for co-operative fire pro- tection with the States under the Weeks Law; and the introduction of a new item of $50,000 for air patrol on the National Forests. The changes in the appropriations for forest products and forest investigations are un- fortunate and needless to say, the cuts in the appropria- tions for reforestation and permanent improvements on the National Forests will-seriously handicap the effective prosecution of these two important lines of work. Another serious handicap which is not quite so appar- ent as those already mentioned is a decrease of 22 in the number of statutory clerical positions at $900 a year. In an attempt to increase efficiency by paying salaries more nearly commensurate with the work performed, the Forest Service had suggested the dropping of 60 statutory clerical positions at $900 and the addition of 7 positions at $1,800, 7 at $1,600, and 20 at $1,500. The changes would have meant a net decrease in the appropri- ation for statutory salaries of $200. Congress accep in part the proposed reduction in the number of 9 positions, and at the same time made no increa ses. i the number of $1,800, $1,600 and $1,500 positions. Thu: a reduction is made in the clerical force needed to han the constantly growing business of the Forest Ser and the opportunity to make merited promotions and increase efficiency by the payment of fair salaries is lo: In the all important matter of fire-fighting, there is increase of $100,000 in the emergency fire fund; t appropriation of $250,000 carried by this item does n of course, indicate even approximately the total amou spent on fire protection. The great bulk of the expe ture for this purpose comes from other items provi for the employment of the regular forest force and general expenses on the National Forests. While increase in the special fund is to be welcomed as it cating some recognition by Congress of the importance of the fire problem, the amount actually appropriated is obviously too small to meet a real emergency. Shov such an emergency arise, as it did in 1910, 1917, 1918 1919, the only recourse left to the Forest Service i incur a deficiency. It would be much preferable from every standpoint to have the emergency fund sufficiently large to be really effective in meeting a crisis, which under unfavorable conditions is likely to occur at be time. 7 .The addition of $25,000 to the appropriation for! cO- operative fire protection with the States under the Weeks Law marks real progress. It is only to be regretted that the addition was not larger. The Secretary of Agricul a: ai ture in his estimates had asked for $200,000 for this = _ purpose, which was approved by the Senate. The House, however, cut the item to $75,000, which was finally _ raised in conference to the compromise sum of $125,000. “This co-operative fire protection fund has proved an exceptionally effective means of stimulating State action -and bringing about improved fire protection in the various co-operating States. No question exists as to the value of the work performed and the returns received “upon investment. What is needed now is a larger ap- : propriation of at least a million dollars and the removal the present restriction limiting the use of the fund to forest lands on the watersheds of navigable streams. Taking the Forest Service appropriation as a whole, the most noteworthy fact is that it has remained prac- ically stationary for years. This means that with con- ae | EDITORIAL 389 stantly increasing costs for labor and for supplies and equipment of all sorts, the work of National Forest ad- ministration is being carried on with practically no in- crease in funds. When the decreased purchasing power of the dollar is taken into consideration, the work of the , National Forests is being conducted for approximately half what it was a few years ago in spite of a constantly increasing volume of work. To a considerable extent, this handicap has been passed on to individual employees in the form of relatively stationary and inadequate sal- aries, which have failed to increase at all proportionately to the increase in the cost of living. This situation can- not continue indefinitely. Increased appropriations along all lines are vital if the Forest Service is to retain its effectiveness and the public property included in the National Forests is to be efficiently administered. HE great and sovereign State of Kentucky occupies the unique but unenviable position of having offi- ly _ by deliberate legislative enactment, the ation of its forests. Once endowed by nature nitude, it had seen these forests dwindle in extent diminish in value and importance during the last er of the nineteenth and the opening decade of the entieth century. Then it bestirred itself. It did a endid thing in a thorough-going and practical way. the spring of 1912 it enacted as complete and adequate forestry law as any in the country at that time. More- ‘over, it followed up that enactment by securing the vices of an experienced. and technically trained aster to make effective the forestry work the State set out to do. Now just eight years afterwards, lacking a day, we find written on the statute books these words: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Com- monwealth of Kentucky: That * * * all laws now in force relating to * * * the State Board of Forestry * * * are hereby expressly repealed.” ‘Inasmuch as practically all previous forestry legisla- on has centered around the State Board of Forestry, his sweeping provision effectively cripples the forest work of the State. Among other things the authority to Organize and maintain a forest fire warden system ap- ars to have been abolished. If this is so, the State has Brfeited its right to co-operation with the Federal orest Service in forest fire protection under the Weeks raw. Organized forest fire protection by the State thus "e becomes a thing of the past, and the development of oe forest work along other lines is abandoned. ox In an apparent attempt to save > its: face and to ward would subject it, the Assembly adopted a last-minute ‘amendment to the repeal bill providing for a State orester under the Commissioner of Agriculture, Labor, Af en hee pal 9 yee wis 0 - a -* nh a forest domain of unusual richness, variety, and KENTUCKY’S DISGRACE and Statistics. The bill also carries a total appropria- tion of $6000 for forestry work, $3000 of which is for the salary of the State Forester. All property relating to forestry, such as maps, reports, forestry library, nursery stock, nursery utensils, and forest reserves (of which there are none), are turned over to the care of the Commissioner of Agriculture, who is to “take such steps as may be necessary or expedient for their preservation,” in other words to provide for their safe keeping only. These provisions add an ironical touch to the death- blow dealt by the Assembly to the forestry work of Kentucky. A going concern is abolished, and in its place is set up a dummy officially known as a State Forester—without authority and with a fund of $3000 to protect and develop the forest resources of a State with some nine million acres of wooded lands! One of the earliest pioneers in forestry south of the Mason and Dixon Line thus proclaims its lack of interest in one of its most important resources and sets a precedent which it is to be hoped no, other State will follow. It is difficult to believe that the action of the Assembly represents the real sentiment of the people of Kentucky. Petty partisan politics appear rather to be the cause of so reactionary a step. It is significant that the State Board of Forestry, which was created by a Democratic administration, should have been so promptly abolished by the Republicans on their accession to power some eight years later. No serious charges of inefficiency had been brought against either the Board of Forestry or the State Forester, and even had such charges been brought and substantiated, they would not have excused any such drastic and illogical action as that taken by the Assembly. Politics, .as played in America, has given similar examples of “statesmanship” before, and offers a more reasonable explanation of unreasonable legisla- tion. How long will.the people sleep while the politicians play? WAR MEMORIALS COUNCIL HE American Forestry Association is named a mem- ber of the War Memorial Councils, Newton D. Baker, the Secretary of War, which will have the work of marking and caring for the graves of the beautification of just created by the soldier dead in France, and for the cemeteries in which they placed. The plan is to establish “American Fields of Honor,” according to Assistant Hayes, whose report was adopted following his return from France. the War Memorials Council are: National Arts The American stitute of Architects, The American Forestry The Seven Affiliated Welfare Organizations, The Ameri- Secretary Ralph The organi- zations composing In- Association, Fine Commission, 700x900 meters) about the Romagne cemeterial plot. 4. That the American Commission on Military Re- mains be dissolved, by reason of the completion of its work. 5. That headstones and markers be rigorously uni- form and erected by the government; and that in the making of permanent plots there be no segregation into distinctive locations on the basis of rank. 6. That an advisory War Memorials Council be ap- pointed, having representatives from the several inter- ested organizations and having committees on hostess houses and commemorative art designs. 7. That the War Department procure the advice of the Committee on Commemorative Art of the War Mem- National Photo At the g of the War Memorials Council, rd Down, Jr., the ar; Bishop. W. F. McDowell, ; Franklin D. O’lier, ees an first mee tin h Commander Association; Miss 8, le Secretary of War. War C pencil: P. (S; of Columb 3urke, Na of Honor ve on aL Catholic Association. can Legion, The Navy ee Corps (Cemeterial Division), the General Staff soldier dead. The Quartermaster The War Plans Division of IY cree ves from the families of W ithin the Council there is to be a Commit- tee on Hostess House Service, consisting of delegates from the Welfare Organizations ; and 4 Committee on Memorial and Decorative Art, The points in Mr. Hayes’ report follow: 1. That Romagne, Belleau and Suresnes be th nent American Fields of Honor in France. 2. That those bodies not requested to be returned be concentrated in the three locations named herein. 3. That the United States for purposes to a e perma- acquire perpetual rights vat arial . cemeteriai generous area ( Say 390 ‘ called by Newton D. Baker, the Secretary American Institute of Architects; ey, American Field of Honor Association; FOR AME RICAN “FIELDS OF HONOR” of War, the following attended: bottom row, Charles Lathrop Pack, President of re American Forestry Association; the chairman; Col. Harry Cutler, Jewish Welfare Board; Col. American Legion, Virginia Oakl In the Ridsdale, Executive Secretary American Forestry C. Pierce, Graves Registration Back of them stand W. R. Cention State Department; Miss Marion James A. Flaherty, Knights Edward J. Parker, Salvation Army; Father John J. Association; W. E. Bailey, American Field back row: Col. orials Council in matters concerning the design of stat- uary or structures to be erected overseas under the au- thority or with the collaboration of the department; and that the co-operation of this committee be available for these communities or societies wishing to consult it concerning the form of proposed war memorials. This admirable suggestion on the part of Secretary Baker is in line with the Memorial Tree Planting and Roads of Remembrance ideas of the American Forestry Association that have been adopted everywhere. The possibilities for memorial highways and memorial tree Sad on ih Seek = ne ratgle ae a a 6 eh oy cap rg leat MON De oy ale — i a planting in France should result in “American Fields of Honor,” in which all citizens can take pride. = i= A CRISIS IN NATIONAL RECREATION BY HENRY S. GRAVES : IY. sccte sinaso anxiety has been caused by the ~ are advocated along ‘arisen as between the industrial and the recreation acute situation confronting the Government in its administration of the National Parks and other reservations which afford opportunities for recreation. The National Parks are threatened by proposals that would commercialize their natural resources. Already there are biils in Congress, well advanced toward passage, which would establish the precedent of industrial use of various re- should enable the Government, through its activities on the public properties and its co-operative and educational work outside, to take the leadership in forwarding the movement for outdoor recreation throughout the country. Within the last few years there has been a wide- spread and spontaneous movement for outdoor recrea- tion. Thousands who formerly spent their vacation days abroad or at some nearby resort are traveling long’ dis- tances by rail or sources in the Parks. There is no clear-cut policy re- garding the relative functions of Na- tional Parks and National Forests, with the result that large transfers of land from the For- ests to the Parks lines that would jeopardize the whole system of National forestry. Conflicts have the recreation use of certain public properties. There is uncertainty re- garding the reai place of recreation in plans for road and trail develop- ment. The many federal activities in fecreation are not adequately corre- motor to visit the mountains, lakes, and forests of our Own country. In part _ this movement is ex- plained by the bet- terment of roads, the wide ownership of automobiles, the diversion of travel from Europe by the circumstances of the war, the ad- vertising of our recreation oppor- tunities, and by the prevailing pros- perity. A deeper cause is the exist- ence of a new ap- preciation of out- door recreation, a new impulse to seek the wholesome environment of the hills and forests and to refresh mind and body through the vigors of mountain and lated. Friends of movement who look to the federal 9 Perm government for leadership and support of State and local effort are handicapped by the confusion of policies of the federal bureaus and deeply disturbed by the dangers to the National Parks created by the present legislative and administrative tendencies toward their commercialization. It is only by the adoption of a sound national recrea- tion policy that the public interests can be safeguarded. Such a policy should protect the integrity of the National Parks, should recognize the recreation functions of the National Forests and other permanent reservations, and A GLIMPSE OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK Our National Parks comprise.some of the grandest mountain scenery in the world. These areas are dedicated to the use and estoy cst - all the people of ie nation. not permit any encroachment upon them by private interests for the exploitation of natural ORS They should be kept intact in their primeval splendor. tance to the public, camp life. This movement Our country should is of great impor- both because of the benefits to the people that come from outdoor recreation and because there must be a large participation by the public itself to provide facilities that can be enjoyed by all. That the opportunity for relaxation, exercise, and play out of doors means a factor in public health and in meeting social problems is well recognized in our larger cities and industrial centers. Millions of dollars are being expended on municipal parks, interior squares and breathing spaces, out-of-door playgrounds, public golf links, tennis courts, ball fields, bathing beaches, and 391 392 AMERICAN FORESTRY MOUNT HOOD IN THE OREGON NATIONAL FOREST This is one of the most beautiful of our western mountains. grounds for visitors, the like. The benefits from such facilities in increased health, in mental stimulus, and in contentment and hap- piness can not be measured. The problem is absolutely basic to the social well being of our nation. The new recreation movement reaches beyond the immediate problem of the city parks and playgrounds. It seeks to draw people to the country, to the fields, the forests, the lakes, and the mountains. It aims to afford opportunities not only for the well-to-do who can afford a long trip by rail or motor to an attractive resort, but also and especially for those of less means to have the refreshment that comes from days spent in natural wood- lands and the open country. Recreation has an important place in the new move- ment to enlarge the system of federal and state forest reservations and parks and to acquire woodland parks for municipalities. While the occasion for such reser- vations is frequently the protection of watersheds, timber production, or other public benefits, all of the areas ‘afford opportunities for outdoor recreation. Equally true it is that recreation has an important place in the demand for a large program of road improvement and extension. The federal Government has an important part to play in the movement for outdoor recreation. This is in part because the Nation owns large areas of forest and moun- tain land; in part also because many other federal activi- The Forest Service is building scenic roads and trails and improving camp Thousands of seekers of out-door recreation visit this wonderful region every year. ties contribute directly or indirectly to recreation. The work of the Government naturally centers in the public properties, the National Parks, National Forests, National Monuments, and wild life reservations, which include the National Game Preserves and Bird Reservations. In addition, the work of the Biological Survey in wild life conservation and of the Bureau of Fisheries in main- taining the stock of our streams are powerful factors in drawing people to the forest and field. The great work of road building under the direction of the Bureau of Public Roads is opening recreation areas heretofore inac- cessible, developing highways that in themselves are objectives of the traveler, and creating by example and education an appreciation of the beautification of high- ways by planting and of the preservation of scenic values on and near the roads. The educational work in forestry by the Forest Service, in park development by the Park Service, in improvements of public grounds and planting about the home by the Bureau of Plant Industry, all serve to stimulate an interest in the out-of-doors, and aid in forwarding the great purpose of public health, con- tentment, and national efficiency that are back of the out- door recreation movement. A broad federal policy of recreation should include all of the permanent reservations, each performing a definite function in a comprehensive program. It should include also the various other activities, for each contributes in a large way to national recreation. With the great public reservations used already by millions for recreation, with extensive field organiza- tions each performing some function in recreation de- velopment, the federal Government should take the leadership in the movement, giving its moral support to the activities of other public and private agencies, and correlating their efforts where these touch those of the central Government. “For the most part the recreation work of individual. federal bureaus in their respective fields is excellent, though the lack of a central policy guiding the efforts of all in conformity to a broad national program detracts from their affectiveness. There are, however, two basic problems that are causing grave difficulties. The Gov- érnment’s failure to meet these with a definite and firm policy is causing confusion, retarding progress, and actually jeopardizing public interests. ' Both problems relate to the National Parks. One is the question of what areas should be included in National Parks, especially when this involves the transfer of lands from existing National Forests. The second problem is whether the economic resources within the Parks shall be used for industrial purposes. The two questions are very closely related. Their solution is of far-reaching consequence, for the policy adopted will largely determine _ the future success of the National Park undertaking and A CRISIS IN NATIONAL RECREATION 393 profoundly influence the Government’s future work in recreation. There are today eighteen National Parks located in fourteen States and Territories and comprising nearly eight million acres of land. The one thought in the minds of the Nation in setting aside the National Parks has been to preserve the natural scenic and historic features of extraordinary interest and to make them available for all time for the enjoyment of the public. They are in a real sense reservations and should be withdrawn from industrial development. They are great public playgrounds and not places for timber operations, commercial grazing, or other industrial enter- prises. It is only very recently that the question of commercializing the National Parks has been raised and there is a tendency in that direction which is very dis- turbing to every friend of the National Park system. The National Forests comprise approximately 155 million acres*located in 27 States and Territories. The National Forests have been set aside as permanent public reservations to safeguard and perpetuate the forests, to protect water resources, and for other general public benefits. Vast in extent, the forests contain important economic resources, such as timber, water, forage, and minerals. Situated in the mountain regions, they have scenic features of stupendous grandeur and exceptional beauty. Their forests are the home of large quantities A CAMPING PARTY IN COLORADO Snowmass Lake, in the Sopris National Forest affords excellent fishing, and each year is visited by campers who enjoy the high mountains. In the background is Snowmass Peak, which reaches an elevation of more than 13,000 feet. the public forests of Colorado and elsewhere. There are hundreds of superb points like this in 394 of game and wild life and their waters afford some of the best fishing in the country. These various resources are protected from depredation and injury and are and = scientific under careful The principal of coordinated utilized methods. use guides the handling of the different resources. Thus, in utilizing timber the sources of water are safeguarded, and the cuttings are sc located that the fea- tures of scenic importance are carefully protected. to prevent damage to the watersheds; Grazing is regulated in a way and also it is correlated with the per- petuation and building up of wild life. the The recreation opportunities and AMERICAN FORESTRY wild life are regarded as important natural resources to be protected, used, and developed in correlation with? the timber, grazing, waters, and minerals. Thus there are two classes of permanent reservations side by side which are being used and developed for stealing these splendid tokens of a ALASKA TOTEM POLES Nothing can be more impressive than the old villages and burying grounds of the Indians tucked away in the primeval forests of the Alexander Archipelago, in Alaska. r past period has happily passed, for they are now carefully guarded by our National Government. 1 recreation. A considerable part of the general public today finds difficulty in distinguishing between parks” a ee vw RICH INDIAN RELICS IN ALASKA The totem poles arid old Indian dwellings are being protected on the Federal reservations. Old Kassaan is of special interest, and it has been set aside as a National Monument to cae double assurance of its preservation. It is located on Prince of Wales Island, in the ‘ongass National Forest in southeast Alaska. The day and forests. This is because in many cases they are situated side by side in ~ rugged mountainous regions, with very similar problems of administration and ests of the same types, and having similar prolbems of administration and development. In fact, travelers often find it impossible to determine the differ- ence Letween a park and a forest on the ground except by boundary signs and survey lines. The most important Naticual Parks of course have some feature of special interest, like-a single” high mountain peak, a great canyon, stupendous valley, or unique water fall. Surrounding these features there are usually areas which are very similar to extensive areas in the adjacent National Forests. q In view of the fact that the physical] difference between the parks and the™ forests is in many cases so slight, we ~ must look to the main differences in the purposes and- policies of administration. Previously there was a clear distinction 7 between the two classes of reservation. It was generally accepted that a National) Park should be devoted wholly to park ™ and recreation purposes and that the | development of economic resources should be excluded as inconsistent with: these supreme purposes. Areas on which © the resources should be used for the industries would be retained in the National Forests. F ; s Kt te fz be h i f * ie large areas from the National Forests. development of the West has gone for- ward % Bexiopment depends _ upon raw resources an eis the mountains, fs, _ gation on the prop- erties owned by the a creased with great en rapidity. _ longer possible to segregate great _ cluding natural re- soon will be needed This industrial pro- cess has Ties of the present = Recently, however, a new situation has been develop- ¥* ct 'ing. The growth of the movement to visit our western mountains and the development work in the parks, ac- é companied by wide advertising of their attractions, have ” brought these areas into great prominence and popularity. "This has stimulated the movement greatly to enlarge the enational Park system, with many proposals to transfer At the same A CRISIS IN NATIONAL RECREATION 395 millions of acres. Some persons have even gone so far as to advocate that practically the entire crest of the Sierra Nevada and of the Cascade Mountains and other extensive areas be incorporated in National Parks. The movement has already reached a point when the policy as advocated by many would, if carried out, result in the practical partition of the National Forests, the effect of which would be very serious from the standpoint of public interests. time the industrial with = in- creased intensity. - Much of this de- and within the last _ few years the de- mand for timber, forage, and water _ for power and irri- Nation has in- It is no areas of mountain ‘Yand without in- “sources that. very “by our industries. already reached a point of causing strong pressure for the use of economic re- “sources existing within the bounda- National Parks. ‘This is expressing itself in measures ‘in Congress for the opening of the Na- tional Parks for economic development, measures which are finding very considerable support. In most cases the proposals for new parks involve areas within the present National Forests. Soine of the proposals have been presented in the form of bills in Congress; in other cases they have been agitated by local organizations looking to later petitions to our National Legislature. Already proposals have been made for more than 30 new National Parks to be created from lands now within the National Forests, involving many of fishermen and campers. service in encouraging out-door recreation. FISHING IN SNOWMASS LAKE, COLORADO In our federal forests and parks there are thousands of lakes and streams that are the objective The stocking of these waters b The movement for a great expan- sion of the Nation- al Parks, to be carved out of the National Forests, immediately . raises the question of in- dustrial develop- ment within . the parks. The with- drawal of large areas of land from industrial use re- sults in a great deal of local opposition. Thus, when a new National Park is proposed there are usually two local factions developed : those urging the park, often with the idea that the name will adver- tise the country and with the mistaken belief that there will be a larger development of scenic highways than if retained in the National For- ests; and on the other side those who oppose the park because they prefer to see the the Bureau of Fisheries is a valuable : Snowmass Lake is in the Sopris National Forest. timber, forage, water, and other resources utilized under proper restrictions. Very com- monly a compromise proposal is the result; namely, to create a park, but with provision for the utilization of the economic resources where this does not conspicuously deface the country or otherwise injure the value of the area for recreation purposes. This sort of compromise is well illustrated in some of the bills now before Congress. Already several measures creating National Parks from National Forest areas would permit the use of the lands for the grazing of AMERICAN A BAND OF MOUNTAIN SHEEP IN COLORADO The protection and perpetuation of wild life is an important problem in our public forests and parks, Already in the Colorado National Forests the mountain sheep are increasing. A glimpse like that in the picture is worth many days of hard travel. The view was taken in the Cochetopa National Forest. domestic stock, for developing water for power and irrigation, and even for acquiring title to land under the mining laws applicable to the public domain.. I have even heard advocates of specific park proposals urge that there is no reason why the forests also should not be utilized if lumbering is confined to portions of the park not seen by tourists. With this changing viewpoint that no longer regards a National Park as an area to be withdrawn and devoted solely to the pres- FORESTRY trated by the bill, already passed by the Senate and now before the House, to build certain reservoirs in the Yellowstone Park for irrigation development. bill to promote the development of water within a po of the Yellowstone Park.* It has further approved provision in th ervation of the scenic and historic features and to -recreation use, the inevitable is hap- pening and there is increasing pressure to secure by Con- gressional and ad- ministrative action special authority to develop the waters for power and ir- rigation and _ to graze livestock in the existing Na- Roosevelt Par Bill to permit th acquisition of pri vate mining claim under the gener mining laws, af has given assurame regarding grazing” that hes led people to believe that # would be allow on a gensrous scab in various of the parks. 2 Thus it will Be seen that the dis tional Parks. Tim- ber cutting will be the next step. This pressure is illus- succeeding, *The Department later reversed its first recommendation on this measure A GROUP OF ELK IN MONTANA It has been an uphill fight to preserve our native elk herds, i This view shows a part of the Sun River herd in the Lewis and Clark National Forest. Many campers go to this region to see and to photograph the elk, and in the season there are opportunities outside the game for seekers of legitimate hunting. tinction between ‘ National Park and | a National Forest | becomes increasing | a Fortunately, the struggle is A CRISIS IN NATIONAL RECREATION ly more difficult to draw. If the idea of utilizing the National Parks for the development of economic re- sources continues and new parks are created with this _ understanding, they will soon lose their distinction and the basic purpose of the Nation in their establishment will be defeated. The consequences of this situation will be serious both to the parks and to the forests. In the first place it would be increasingly difficult to determine what areas should be included in parks. So long as it is the policy ' to create parks only where there are features so unique a ~ 397 The effect on the National Forests would be especially serious. These areas have now been under administra- tion for over fifteen years. They are being handled under plans that look forward many years, based upon their yield capacity for timber and forage. Many industries - are dependent on these resources and are built up with the knowledge that there will be a permanent supply of raw materials. A public policy that may at any time cut several hundred thousand acres from the heart of a National Forest makes planning impossible, either by the Forest Service or by the communities and industries that Pane ers ta) and municipal, so that all may be able to enjoy their benefits. THE PEOPLES PLAYGROUND The public should arb facilities for outdoor recreation to as_ many persons as possible, Many public forests are needed, federal, state This picture shows what Los Angeles is doing for its citizens, by furnishing @ municipal camp on the Angeles National Forest, which is within reach of all citizens, including those less well-to-do. as to justify their complete withdrawal from economic use, a high standard may be maintained. Otherwise, pressure for specific parks, in many cases urged for local advertising purposes, will tend to lower the standard and ultimately to cheapen the whole system. Again, the precedent of permitting economic use in specific cases would bring such pressure upon the park administration ‘that the dominance of recreation development would inevitably be constantly lessening as increased develop- ment of other resources takes place and would finally be lost except in name, with the result that the admin- istration would become one of coordinate use, of all resources just as in the National Forests. are being built up on the basis of their resources. In short, the fundamental feature of permanence is at once destroyed and supplanted by uncertainty. Plans for a sustained yield under long-term working plans, with all that this means in stable industries and com- munity development, are upset at a single stroke. If the vast plan of partition of the National Forests as advocated by many were carried out, the whole system of national forestry would be placed in serious jeopardy. The people of the West are now accustomed to the clearly defined policies of the National Forests. Segre- gation of large parts of them to be handled by another organization would lead to different policies. The 398 AMERICAN breach in the progressive system ot road building inaugu- rated by the Forest Service and of systematic plans for the scientific use of all resources would be confusing to the general public. Two federal timber policies, two grazing policies, two water resource policies, side by side, handled by two sets of officials from different Fed- eral Departments, would create an administration that would be inefficient and costly, and it would be a situa- tion wholly intolerable to the public. A natural query is why the various bureaus in charge of the Federal reservations do not agree upon a common policy regarding the points discussed in the foregoing pages. Whatever the reasons, the fact remains that there is not a common policy and that legislation is repeatedly FORESTRY tives of the federal bureaus have a single large objecti ( They ought to have no difficulty in agreeing upon basis of a national policy. With the larger obje and principles in mind comprehending the whole field of Government responsibilities taken together, the methoc of working out a program become questions of les consequence, and would no longer tend to obscure t main public issues. i I have no doubt that if the President should req the formulation of such a policy by the departments eo cerned, it would be quickly worked out, with an agri ment as to organization, methods, and procedure. W ith a basic policy which would become the policy of the whole Administration to be followed by all consti The city of Los Angeles has developed two public camp grounds in’ the nearby National Forest. bring their families for a two week's vacation, to secure the refreshment of the high mountains and pine forest ment and increased efficiency to the citizens of that city. recommended to Congress by one department that is in- consistent with that recommended by another depart- ment, with resulting confusion to Congress and the gen- eral public. This is due in part to faulty departmental organization. A deeper cause is that there has been too much attention given to forms of reservations, to names, and to procedure, and not enough thought to the large recreation problem which includes the activities of all units of organization that are.directly or indirectly con- cerned. There is needed first of all a broad policy that sets forth the large public objectives of national recreation, the opportunities and needs of development, the basic principles underlying the establishment and purposes of the federal reservation and the functions of each in working out the large national program. All friends of outdoor recreation, and all representa- A MUNICIPAL CAMP IN THE ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST IN CALIFORNIA Here, for a xery small cost, pope can s. It means health, content: members of the executive branch of the Government order could be brought out of chaos. | OUTLINE OF A RecrREATION Poricy, : More specificially and in summary a national re tion policy should comprise the following points: ~~ 1. The formulation of a comprehensive base plan fOr all the Federal reservations, taken together, indicating? (a) The recreation opportunities. ’ (b) The needs for the development of these opportunities, (c) The relation of the recreation objectives in the various © reservations to each other, regardless of the class of reservation, and the relation to similar points in State municipal, and private areas outside. s (d) The relation of these to the plans for road and trail building within and outside the public properties. (e) The function of each class of reservation and federal organization in carrying out a progressive plan Of recreation development, with all working toward a common objective and each supporting the other. 2. On. public properties not closed to industrial use the correlation of the recreation development with the a A CRISIS IN NATIONAL RECREATION 399 SAFEGUARD THE BEAUTY OF OUR FOREST HIGHWAYS The preservation of the beauty of the forests along our highways is important in the public reservations; it is equally important outside. Some states are already purchasing strips of timber on private lands to prevent injury to the scenic values along the public roads. Where no forests exist, roadside trees should be planted. They are a fine investment, adding to the service of the highways to the public, - nn a - — : a es A NATIONAL FOREST ROAD development of our public forests and p the recreation areas, but the highways themselves are objectives for visitors, It is all-important to preserve the forests along these scenic roads. This picture shows a road in the Pike National Forest in Colorado. Roadbuilding is an important feature of the arks for recreation. Not only do they make accessible 400 AMERICAN use of other natural resources, such as timber, forage, minerals, water for power and irrigation and domestic supply, and with wild life conservation. 3. A clear-cut policy regarding transfers of lands within National Forests to National Parks based on the principle that this will be done only in the case of areas of a character so unique as to justify their withdrawal from all economic and industrial development, and where they are large enough to necessitate a separate adminis- tration that can FORESTRY ith 7, Encouragement of the organization outside of the ~ federal service of a recreation council, representing the — great associations of the country interested in outdoor recreation. Such a council would be able to render a — public service through the education of its constituent members regarding the problems throughout the country, in bringing about harmonious and unified action in all recreation matters, by promoting sound principles of recreation development through federal, State, and municipal ac- not be given under the pres- ent jurisdiction of the Forest Service. 4. A policy of administra- tion . of | the National Parks that excludes economic de- velopment ol natural re- sources like timber, grazing, etc. As a cor- ollary of the foregoing, not to include in new National Parks areas of merchantable timber and oth- er resources which by their nature and lo- cation will in- evitably be needed _ for- in- dustrial use. 6. Joming hands. of the different féd- eral agencies in promoting rec- reation deve!- opment outside of the public properties. The activities would include encour- agement of the : ; > The National Parks are treasures of the nation, yielding rich returns in health and inspiration to the e st ablishment sands of visitors. Let our Government contribute liberally to their support and development, and ) by States, mU- see that they are preserved as a precious heritage for all time. one departmen- thor nicipalities, and quasi-public organizations, of reservations suitable for recreation use, the correlation of these with the federal properties where practicable, the encouragement by dem- onstration and education of preserving scenic values along highways and of roadside* planting, and the stimu- lation of activities by States and-other agencies in wild life conservation. Through joint planning by the differ- ent federal agencies in this co-operative work, the part to be played by each of the bureaus would be clearly defined so that each would have its particular field of enterprise and there would be mutual support by all in the public leadership of each. A HIGH MOUNTAIN MEADOW IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK effective as to tivities, and by — its counsel te the public — agencies as a spokesman of thousands of © perso naam throughout the - Nation inter-— ested in out-— door _ recrea= — tion. et 8. Thetrans- — tional Park Service to the ~ Department of — Agriculture in order that. work may be ¥ more closely correlated with that of the Forest Service, the Biological Survey, the Bureau of Public Roads, and the Bu ~ reau of Plant Industry, which — are the chief or ganizations, — outside ft Park. Service, carrying on ac- tivities related | to recreation. No single step of organization — would be bring under tal head all the © main work of recreation. As a separate bureau the individuality of the .work of the Park Service would be preserved. Under a. single Cabinet offi-y cer, all bureaus could more readily unite in joint © enterprises. se] Aside from a better correlation of all recreation activi=, ties, the proposed action would enable the National Park Service to have the immediate services of the Bureau of © Public Roads in its highway construction, and to coordi=~ nate more effectively than at present its forest fire pro- tection with that of adjacent National Forests. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HERO DEAD INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN FOREST PRODUCTS RELIMINARY arrangements are well under way for a big get-together at Madison, Wisconsin, dur- ing the latter part of June to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the opening of the Forest Products Lab- oratory. It is expected that a large gathering of rep- resentatives from the various industries interested in the laboratory’s work will be present, and opportunity will be afforded for recreation, as well as for becoming more familiar with the extent and significance of the laboratory’s activities. The laboratory.is a branch of the United States Forest Service, established in 1910, in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin, and is a consolidation of a number of testing laboratories and other units of the Forest Service, which had been located at various points throughout the United States. It is engaged principally in industrial research on prob- lems connected with the manufacture and use of forest authority and with information gathered from obser- vations of the work of the laboratory on the ground of operations. So strongly do I feel that this laboratory should be encouraged in its splendid work under the excellent supervision of its director, Mr. C. P. Winslow, ably supported by the assistant director, Mr. O. M. Butler, and the efficient members of the staff—who are men of high caliber and large scientific attainments— that were it not for the very strained condition of our National Treasury and the general slogan for retrench- ment of expenditures I would, at the proper time, move an amendment to double the appropriation called for in the bill. Indeed, I sincerely hope that we shall agree that it will be a matter of economy and conservation of our commercial, financial, and economical resources as a Nation to increase this appropriation in next year’s budget to at least $500,000, so as to give adequate sup- MAIN BUILDING OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY The laboratory occupies, in addition to this building which is the property of the University of Wisconsin, one other building smaller than this one, and parts of two other University buildings. It occupies also several other buildings of more or less temporary construction, such as the pulp digester house, the box laboratory, the sawmill, and the various storage sheds. products, including besides lumber, posts, poles, ties and similar products, pulp and paper, naval stores, hard- wood and softwood distillation products, and other chemicals and pharmaceuticals. At the present time, the laboratory employs about 200 people, and occupies five buildings -in whole or in part. An excellent presentation of the work done at the laboratory was made recently by Hon. A. P. Nelson, of Wisconsin, in an address in Congress in support of the appropriation desired for the laboratory. He said: “T happen to be quite familiar with the work of the Forest Products Laboratory located at Madison, Wiscon- sin, having been 13 years a member of the board of re- gents of the University of Wisconsin, and a member of the board when this laboratory was located at Madison in 1910. I can, therefore, speak with some degree of port to one of the most important scientific bureaus of investigations and tests carried on by our Government in the conservation of our natural resources. “The present lumber and wood prices are the highest thet have ever been known in the United States, and are still rising. In spite of rapidly increasing prices, which are partly due to the growing shortage of materials, there is an appalling waste and loss of efficiency in handling, through practically every phase of wood man- ufacture and utilization, from the logging operations in the woods to the completion, shipment, and even in the use of the final product. Losses in the seasoning of wood in the United States at the present time are con- servatively estimated to reach nearly $50,000,000 an- nually. Every dollar of this loss is an added cost in the production of lumber and every board foot wasted 401 402 AMERICAN an additional drain on our rapidly diminishing forest Several billion feet, worth in the neighbor- hood of $75,000,000, could be saved annually if full use were made of preservative processes for treating ties, resources. poles, posts, piling, mine timbers, shingles, lumber, and other wood which is exposed to the weather and thereby subject to decay. A large percentage of the annual loss from fire in the United States of about $200,000,000 is in wooden structures, and this could be materially re- duced through the development of fire-retarding paints A cas- ual survey shéws that the losses from faulty mill and and compounds and fire-resisting construction. shop practices in a wide range of industries amount to millions of dollars annually. Unnecessary losses through packing and shipment in poorly designed and constructed containers are variously estimated at from’ $40,000,000 to $100,000,000 annually for domestic shipments alone, and the packing methods used by American concerns in export shipments are reported by the Consular Service to be notoriously bad. “Practically every city in the United States has its own building code, and for wood as a material there is the greatest confusion and practically unlimited range in requirements. Reasonable uniformity would be of obvious advantage to both manufacturer and consumer. In structural timbers, strength is ordinarily a prime requisite, yet for only two groups of timbers in the United States has a system of grading rules been devel- oped which selects the wood on a basis of its strength. ————— FORESTRY For lumber, practically every species has at least one distinct set of grading rules and several species have more than one set, and this from the standpoint of the consumer results in a confusion which places the average consumer at a great disadvantage in his lumber pur-_ chases. “Of the material in the woods, only approximately 30_ per cent appears in the form of seasoned rough lumber, and in the manufacture of the rough lumber there is a further waste which in some important wood-consuming industries reaches from 10 to 25 per cent, and in special” cases even higher. In the bending of high-grade stock in vehicle making, for example, losses frequently reach 50 per cent. We are clearly falling far short of taking” advantage of our opportunities for saving and utilizing) this enormous waste. i “Many of the industries which manufacture and util ize wood are among the oldest industries, and as such have been very slow on their own initiative to improve their processes and cut down waste. The public is con= cerned as much as the industries, because ineffictel metheds and waste are exhausting our remaining timb resources and are increasing prices of all wood products to the consumer. The only effective solution of t in the Forest Products Laboratory. “It was for this purpose of promoting economy and efficiency in the utilization of wood and in the processes by which forest materials are converted into commercial . Practically all of the wood received at the laboratory for ex needed, and are then cut up in a special electrically-driven in it from time to time more species of wood than THE LOG YARD OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY perimental purposes arrives in log form. ‘sawmill into the proper sizes for testing. any other log yard in the world, ve The logs are stored in the yard until This log yard has probably had stored ee INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN FOREST PRODUCTS 403 MANUFACTURE OF AIRCRAFT PROPELLERS The experimental manufacture of aircraft propellers at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, and subsequent storage under controlled humidity and temperature conditions, gives an excellent opportunity for a study of stresses of laminated construction as influenced by manufacturing methods and climate. products that the Forest Products Laboratory was es- tablished in 1910 by the United States Forest Service at Madison, Wisconsin, in co-operation with the Uni- versity of Wisconsin. This laboratory is an institution of practical research and, with the exception of a sim- ilar, though much smaller organization in Canada, is the only institution of its kind in the woild. Its organization of trained specialists conducts investigations into the me- chanical, physical, and chemical properties of various woods and wood wastes and of processes and methods of manufacture and handling to secure greater efficiency and economy. When it is considered that the value of the products of the primary and secondary wood-using industries of the country aggregates over $10,000,000,- 000 annually, the importance of such an institution is apparent. Indeed, the hearings state’ that the lumber industry is the second or third largest industry of our country. “In the early years of its operation, the laboratory’s small organization of eighty-odd people devoted its at- tention primarily to the development of fundamental and correlated information of the properties of the varied available species of timber and to improvements in the more well-known and standard processes and methods in its utilization. “At the outbreak of the World War, the importance of forest products to a successful national defense pro- gtam—trom the airplane propeller to the charcoal in the gas mask, and from the wood alcohol in the high explo- sives to the wooden container for the shipment of the shell—made necessary not only the use and application of the knowledge already gained, but a vast amount of further information which necessitated increasing the prewar organization. Since the close of hostilities, it has been found that the results of this work during the emergency are practically all applicable to industrial needs, and while lack of funds has made it necessary to reduce the organization over 50 per cent, the industrial requests for the wider effective dissemination and demon- stration of the results already secured and also for fur- ther studies and investigations are sufficient to justify an organization far greater than is at present possible. These requests and opportunities are becoming increas- ingly broad and numerous, and failure to meet them is causing incalculable losses annually to the country. For example, one of the conspicuous lines. of work which should be greatly expanded is the investigations to dev- elop the general laws for box and container construc- tion, the relationship between the size and contents of the box, the kind and thickness of material to be used, methods of nailing, strapping, and so forth, and further, special tests to check the application of general laws to special classes of containers. Tests of this character with proper co-operation with producers and shippers will rapidly reduce unnecessary losses, now amounting to millions of dollars annually. As one example of the value of forests products investigations, work of this character is known to have saved to the United States 404 several times more than the total sum spent to date in all forest products investi- gations. “A system of grading for structural timber which per- mits its selection on the basis of strength, the prime requi- site, has been developed and commercially adopted only for the southern pines and the Douglas fir of the West. Similar rules should be developed for hemlock and for other woods used for purposes where strength The growing scarcity of timber and the difficulty of securing high-grade materials in large is a controlling factor. sizes will result in the use of built-up timbers. Two years of war alone brought pro- nounced changes in this di- If built-up timbers are to be used safely and rectjon. economically, an extensive series of tests to develop the best designs and the most effective fastenings and joints is necessary. “In addition to structural timbers, there are great possibilities in the use of laminated and built-up con- This drum, at the Forest Products Laboratory, on trunnions and is motor-driven. means of suitable obstructions and " might be expected to receive in ser AMERICAN FORESTRY My dear Mr. Nelson: Your speech in the House of Repre- sentatives on February 10, regarding the work of the Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service, at Madison, Wis- consin, has just come to my attention and I have noted it with a great deal of interest. May I not express my appre- ciation of the way in which you handled the matter. Your remarks will do much to make known the character and impor- tance of the investigations conducted by the Laboratory and to bring about a wider recognition of their value. Sincerely yours, E. T. MEREDITH, Secretary. The boxes are placed inside o: struction for many other purposes, such as wagon parts and smaller articles, like shoe lasts, and so forth. Any such development in-— ceases utilization, reduces the cost of material, and the” losses and time in drying. Fundamental strength test should be completed for all American species, since only from these tests can be de- cided the comparative merits of various timbers, which are becoming scarce 0 high priced, and the pos- sibility of using substitute timbers. SS “Plywood is a compara- tively new wood product, and compared to other n terials of construction, littl is known of its strength, the comparative values different species, the methods of manufacture, the best glues and methods of gluing and of its merits as compared with solid wood. Its use is increasing, and formation along the lines indicated is greatly needed. “ LOWER HALF OF LARGE BOX TESTING DRUM development of glues is necessary from the standpoin of plywood and also from the standpoint of many clas Madison, Wisconsin, which is so large that it occupies two full stories in height, is mounted f the drum and fall from one face to another, as the drum rotates. By guides, the boxes are‘made to fall in different ways, thus producing the shocks similar to those they — vice, Li INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN FOREST PRODUCTS of laminated construction, and for those which are ex- posed to the weather and to moisture, water-resistant glues are necessary. Before the war there were no rec- ognized standard specifications for glue. An excellent beginning was made in investigations of glues and their proper manipulation during the war, and the results of the work with waterproof glues and plywood at the Forest Products Laboratory saved the country over $5,000,000 in the procurement of this material during the emergency ; but the bulk of the field still remains to be covered. “For many purposes, such as furniture, vehicles, coop- erage, and airplane manufacture, it is necessary to bend wood. Practically nothing is known as yet of the con- ditions under which this can be done most effectively 405 the application of results to the remainder of American species in commercial use, especially to such important species as Douglas fir, western hemlock, and some of the more refractory hardwoods. While the more important field is in methods of artificial drying, there is room also for a great improvement in methods used in the natural seasoning of wood. “The life of the four to six billion feet of timber which decays in service each year could be lengthened from two to four times by preservative treatment. The work already begun to determine the efficiency of various pre- servatives under various conditions of exposure and when used with different species should therefore be hastened and completed. “Preservatives not only prolong the life of treated A GLUE SPREADER | This machine is used at the Forest Products Laboratory in connection with investigations into glues, plywood and laminated construction. The illustration shows a veneer core being coated in both sides with water-resistant casein glue. developed at the Laboratory. and without the excessive losses at present common in commercial plants which waste high-grade, expensive _ materials. “On problems connected with the drying of wood, much progress has. been made in the development of general laws and in their application to a few of our more common woods and a few additional woods which can not be seasoned easily. The work done has made it possible, for example, to kiln-dry wood with safety for airplane construction during the war. Much remains to be done in the determination of general laws and in Several glues of this type have been woods, but make it possible to utilize-the less durable species in the place of the more durable ones. Untreated piling of the best species when placed in exposed con- ditions is sometimes wholly destroyed in a few months. Work so far done indicates for this specific use the possi- bility of increasing the life to several years. Far too little has been done in the development of fire-retarding compounds for the impregnation of wood, and the possi- bilities are practically unlimited. Enough has been done in the study of methods of construction to show great possibilities in the reduction of fire risks by the develop- 406 AMERICAN ment of slow-burning construction and of fire stops. During the war, a cheap and practical wood coating was developed for airplane propellers which practically pre- vents the absorption of moisture and thus eliminates the shrinking, expansion, and warping which make air- plane propellers useless. Investigations of this character and protective of great should be extended to wood finishes practical certainty durability to the absorption There is a very general and urgent demand coatings in general, with the benefits in and resistance of moisture. for the development of satisfactory coatings and finishes. “Intensive technical studies of the operations of mill and shop practices of lumber, pulp and paper, and the industries veneer and cooperage plants, furniture factories, sash and door mills, secondary wood-using such as vehicle and implement factories, and various kinds of specialty shops by highly-trained technical men able to review the processes and problems of these industries new light, can unquestionably bring about savings and increase efficiency amounting to many mill- ions of dollars annually. in an entirely “The greatest possibility for utilizing the two-thirds which is»now is through the Of these, the pulp and paper in- important. or more of the material in the woods wasted before the final product appéars chemical industries. : is the most dustry Tests already begun to determine the feasibility of using other American species TESTING MECHANICAL The specimen undergoing test is a laminated floor bea While the it has recently received a decided impetus and exp nts are construction and to develop improved types. In test these distance from the and the each pad being one third of the the metal beam shown in the center of the two vertical screws g on them right fore round. & PROPERTIES OF use of laminated construction for members of this character is not new, under way beams the load is applied through the beam to the outer supports. opposite ———— FORESTRY tor pulp should be completed for all promising species. Further studies are needed to improve the efficiency of paper-making processes. The demand for specialty products made of pulp is rapidly increasing, and much work should be done on such products as fiber silk, twines, rugs, fabrics, and so forth. Losses through the decay of wood pulp in storage now amount to several millions of dollars annually, and the development of” methods to eliminate this will benefit the supply, quality, and cost of print paper. Methods employed for the dis- tillation of both hardwoods and softwoods are still primitive. “Comparatively few species are used, whereas there is a possibility of using many, and the use of waste ma- terial can be greatly increased. Much should also be done regarding the possibilities of utilizing the products of wood distillation. “Wood pulp made from spruce is now practicallieg the basis for most of our news- print paper, and while the demand for news-print paper is increasing at an enor mous rate the supply of spruce logs is decreasing at, an alarming rate. Already the shortage is acute, and w 2 are facing a paper shortage that threatens the suspen= sion of many of our newspapers of the country. In the hearings on this bill we are told that 2; 000 to 3,000 small. newspapers face extinction, unless the news-print supply is increased. No doubt, other woods can‘ supply the LARGE BEAMS to determine the exact value of the present types of laminated two pads resting on top of the beam, Pressure is applied to the pads by means of load is measured by the weighing beam its center. The actual — eS +e INDUSTRIAL need. We should find by tests what they are. The Forest Products Laboratory, provided with adequate funds to carry on tests and experiments, would, undoubt- edly, find some relief for the acute situation which now exists. Indeed, could Congress be made to realize and understand the importance of the pulp and paper divi- sion of the Madison Laboratory alone, it would gladly and promptly provide an adequate appropriation for its support. “An important phase of forest-products research is co-operation with industries and the public, to assist as fully as possible in putting promising laboratory results RESEARCH IN FOREST PRODUCTS 407 valued at over $10,000,000,000. The application of the results of the laboratory’s investigations have already resulted in direct savings to this country amounting to many times more than the total cost of maintaining the institution during the past 10 years. “There is an ever increasing demand upon the labor- atory organization for further work, and this has never been more acute and important than now, when the constantly rising cost of lumber and other wooden prod- ucts is making economy in the utilization of forest prod- ucts of increasing importance not only to the industries concerned, but to the public as a whole. It would seem, This machine is used for determining the paper making qualities of native woods. PAPER MAKING MACHINE Such information is urgently needed at present, on account of the rapidly diminishing supply of the woods commonly used for the manufacture of paper pulp. into practice, and this phase of the work should be devel- oped in proportion to the irivestigations. It is as im- portant to see that the results of the work are effectively utilized as it is to conduct the research; this can only be accomplished by the development of a group of spe- cialists able to lend assistance of a practical nature at the plant or place of operation of the manufacturer en- gaged in the use of wood or its by-products. “Tn general, the Forest Products Laboratory is prac- tically the only institution of appreciable size in ex- istence which is devoting its attention solely to wood and its by-products. Its work bears directly on the problems of industries manufacturing annually products therefore, a short-sighted policy to restrict the activities of this institution, and that in any sound policy of econ- omy adequate provision for the continuation and. ex- pansion of the work of this institution should be made. “Economy and efficiency in handling forest products, and a comprehensive plan for reforestation of our de- One of the greatest and most important national problems to- nuded wasteland areas, is a national necessity. day is the proper conservation and utilization of the products of our rapidly depleting forests. A national forest policy is one of the pressing needs in our recon- struction program.” MUUUUAANAUOUOUOUAUAAEEOSASQAECASOC0 EEE COUUEUSYOVAVOVENANOU AS) OUONOUO NASI UETLLEUOL PTTL UEILLLLLLLL OU LLLLLLLLL Loo STATE FOREST FIRE PROTECTION. : Seam BY E. C. HIRST, STATE FORESTER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE ist: E growing interest in forestry has, during the past decade, found its greatest expression in the establishment of forestry departments by the States. There are now in thirty-two states organized de- partments carrying on forestry work. A few of these have only made a beginning by establishing an office in charge of one man, but at least twenty may be said to have well developed departments with highly special- ized branches. In general, the work carried on by State forestry organizations provides for forest fire pro- tection; reforestation of waste and cut-over land; ac- quisition and management of State forests, and for edu- cational work among woodland owners. The work of fire protection is, and will be for many years, the most important duty of State forestry depart- ments. While a very few states have considerable areas of State forest land to protect, the largest work is the protection of privately owned forests. In this respect the work of the States must differ in methods and policy from the protection work of the Forest Service on the National Forests. Since 1911, the fire protective feature of the Weeks Act has been a great spur to the States in the devel- opment of fire organizations, and in securing the legal and financial backing therefor. The present typical State forest fire organization comprises a commission or board, either named or appointed, acting in an ad- visory capacity in shaping the general policy; a State Forester, or Forest Commissioner, appointed by the above board and having direct administrative authority ; a State forest fire warden appointed by the State Forester and having special charge of the fire organization; dis- trict chiefs having charge of all fire wardens, lookout watchmen, patrolmen, and of the enforcement of the fire laws in their respective districts, and the fire force composed of local wardens and deputies, lookout watch- men, patrolmen, employees of railroads and other co- operating companies and State departments. A forest fire organization substantially as outlined is now an accomplished fact in about twenty states, and the nucleus of such an organization has already been started in twelve other states. With the encouragement offered to the states by the fire co-operative features of the Weeks Act, it seems safe to predict that within the next decade, practically all of the important timber states will be thus equipped. The question then that should interest foresters and woodland owners is this: granting that all the states, or any group of states embracing one forest region, are equipped with an effective forest fire organization, can we look forward to a time when forest fires will be one of the minor considerations in our work and when more of our efforts can be given to silviculture and forest management ? For an answer we must go back to the fundamental Teo Oe _ ment of railroad fire laws is vested in the State question of the causes of forest fires and t of the removal of these causes. a. ee chagical or acta catsneis pecan hu ducible causes. The mechanical causes a locomotives, portable steam mills, and other 1 nec equipment operated in forest regions. — causes are due mainly to carelessness, and i stances to maliciousness. Most of the fires d lessness are started by smokers throwing d matches, cigars, or cigarettes; by burning bi windy weather and without sufficient help; and by 1 ters, fishermen and campers. The only direct cause ing outside of these two classes is lightning. B the direct causes there is the great contributir of inflammable slash and debris left after operations. For a satisfactory answer to o1 we must find a practical way to remove or these causes. The greatest mechanical cause of forest” operation of railroad locomotives through wot gions. Fires caused by portable steam mills engines are negligible as compared to the total. The best results have been obtained where Departments. In 1915, a monograph prepared Philip T. Coolidge covered very thoroughly formity of forest fire legislation affecting railt the eastern and northern states. In the typical | state law, the railroads are held liable for fire di and the cost of extinguishing fires which they They are required to use spark arresters and subject to the approval of a Public Service Co: or similar State board, and are required to instru employees in the notification and fighting of fire the more advanced states, the railroads are giv right to clear inflammable material on wood jacent to the right of way at their own expense. | the first steps to be taken in the further reduc railroad fire damage should be to iron out the larities in the requirements of different states as to | road fire protection. To do this, forest and railr cials in each forest region should collaborate, prob: through some central medium, and this seems best furnished by the Forest Service officials in cha of the administration of the Weeks Act. Through | collaboration; through the improvement of railroad” fighting, and through prevention by patrols, fire improved spark arresters, and the extension of all th precautions to all forest regions, railroad fire dam may be reduced to such a minimum that locomofit may be justifiably classed as a preventable cause. The human causes of forest fires are carelessness ¢ maliciousness or incendiarism. The latter cause isn m at ™ hee; frequent, but both are discouraging to combat, be- cause in only a few instances can the-real cause of a care- _ less or malicious fire be definitely proved, and in prob- ably half the cases, it is only suspected and not actually known. Itis on account of the human factor that these fires are not and will never be absolutely preventable. They will be, however, reducible to a considerable ex- tent, and the two means to such an end are education and the enforcement of law. In many of our states the enforcement of the fire laws is probably the weakest _ branch of the Forestry Department’s activities. A few of the more advanced states are making remarkable _ progress in this matter. Education in fire protection has - Deen conducted with various degrees of success in differ- ent states and forest regions by Forestry Departments and timberland associations. In the northwest, the pub- licity work of fire protection has been developed to a high degree of efficiency. There is still considerable _ work to be done in the studying of the different classes _ of offenders and the preparation of special educational _ work for each class. As educational work progresses, public sentiment will make it easier to enforce the law. _ It is in the matter of specialized education and publicity ‘work on forest fires, adapted to each region, that the _ Forest Service, through the Weeks Act can render highly _ yaluable service to the states. There still remains the great contributing cause ; name- ly, inflammable slash left after lumbering operations. _ So long as there is any considerable fire danger from ‘mechanical and human causes, lumbering slash will con- stitute a menace to growing timber in its immediate en- virons; and conversely, if the slash problem is solved, the danger involved in the direct causes of fires will be greatly reduced. Certain it is that real forestry cannot be generally practiced in any forest region where conifer- ous stands prevail until provision is made for slash dis- posal. This is a problem which we cannot avoid. It is the next great step in the development of fire protec- tion and the foresters must face it and solve it. It is quite impractical to recommend to any owner the ex- penditure of money in planting, thinning, or improve- ment cuttings when there is immediately adjacent to his holdings a dry slashing ready for the match, or even if there is likely to be. The question of general slash disposal is a regional question and should be studied as such. Where enacted Stich laws constitute the farthest step in police powers that forest officials have yet been trusted with, and ‘stich legislation should be passed only after careful STATE FOREST FIRE PROTECTION 409 judgment and the consideration of eventualities. Such a law, if enacted, without careful study of economic con- ditions, and if enforced inadvisably might easily prove the pry for overturning a whole State Forestry Depart- ment. The question should also be studied carefully for each region in order to determine the silviculture and fire protection necessities of the different forest types with- in the region, the methods of disposal that will contribute best to these ends, and the legal requirements for putting these into effect. It is easily conceivable that in one state the lumbering operations in two or more timber regions may require slash disposal by entirely different methods. Thus, in the operation of certain northern hardwood types, it may be found sufficient and alto- gether desirable to simply lop the large limbs and allow the remaining material to decay on the ground; with the white pine, it may be found better to pile and burn all brush during the lumbering operations; in the spruce region, it may be more advisable to lop the limbs from the tops and scatter them flat on the ground, and all of these conditions may prevail in one state. We have seen by the foregoing that a number of states are now equipped with efficient forest fire organi- zations and ready to assume more authority and take on more activities in this field than they are now doing; and that such organizations are being started in other timber states. We have observed the great direct catisés of forest fires to be railroads, and carelessness and. ma- liciousness of individuals; that railroad fires promise to be preventable or reducible to a low minimum; that fires caused by carelessness and maliciousness are possible of considerable reduction, but that they will always con- stitute a serious menace; and that lumbering slash will always constitute a contributing fire danger. It would appear that our best efforts should be directed toward the perfection of railroad fire prevention, the en- forcement of law, and the systematic education of the public on fire protection, and that we should devote special attention within the near future to the matter of general slash disposal. The means to this end lie with the American Forestry Association, in its ability to study and present to the public the methods and costs of slash disposal in each timber region, and thereby to prepare the public mind for legislative enactments; and with the Forest Service through the officials in charge of the Weeks Act by collaboration with the forest offi- cials of the several states. « THE ARECA PALM INNAEUS has called. the palm family the princes of the _ Vegetable Kingdom, and the Areca Palm (Areca Catechu), because of its straight, tall and graceful beauty, as well as for its economic importance should not fail of mention. Owing to its slendor straightness, with a, feathery tuft of fronds at its summit, it has been. likened to “an arrow from heaven” by the Hindu poets. and one never sees a crooked growth in the membership of the Areca family. Its chief use is in its fruit, a small nut, not unlike a nut-meg, which has an annual export _ from Ceylon alone of 8,000 tons. The use of these nuts is in a combination with the leaf of a vine called Betel, and a pinch of lime. This is chewed as Europeans are accustomed to chew tobacco. The quid is made up of a thin slice of the nut and a | ee bit of lime in the form of soft paste, rolled up in a betel leaf. It is called a masticatory; the expectoration from this quid or masticatory has the redness of blood; its use is universal in the east. When Bayard Taylor first entered India he was shocked by the impression that the entire population had hemorrhage; herein, then, is the commercial demand, chiefly from India, for 8,000 tons of the fruit of the Areca-nut palm. The users of this masticatory claim that it possesses sustaining qualities, that it reduces both thirst and hunger. Whether that be true or imaginery, it is surely, like tobacco-chewing, a filthy habit and one which we will certainly not charge against the beautiful Areca Palm. THE VALUE OF THE IBIS BY W. H. D. LeSOEUF, DIRECTOR, MELBOURNE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS T is interesting to know that the ibis are found over the world and there are no more valuable birds than they. This was fully recognized by the ancient Egyptians, and there they looked upon them as sacred and mummified their bodies three thousand years ago and over. A closely allied bird is found-in Australia, in bushes, the water was about three feet deep. We con- sidered that there were about 200,000 ibis nesting there. In the centre of the swamp young birds were nearly able to fly, and fresh eggs were found on the outskirts, the whole host of birds was made up of varying sized companies, say from twenty pairs to one pair, and they arrived at different times. We shot a few of the birds and counted and weighed the con- tents of their stomachs. Their food consisted largely of young grasshoppers, with a few grubs, centipedes and fresh-water snails which latter are the host of liver fluke. We reckoned that the whole company of birds took every day the large total of about 482 millions of grasshoppers, as well as various other insects, and also that the total weight of the contents of their crops came to 25 tons. These figures are dif- ficult to realize and therefore we can easily guess why the Egyp- STRAW-NECKED IBIS NESTING. conjunction with another variety, the straw-necked ibis, as well as a few of the glossy ibis. The two former birds exist in great numbers over the island continent and their value to agriculturists cannot well be overestimated. They congregate in immense rookeries in suitable localities during the nesting season, when the wet season has been good and the swamps THEY CONGREGATE IN IMMENSE ROOKERIES IN SWAMP.- LAND TO LAST OUT THE NESTING SEASON have sufficient water to last out the nesting period, as many of them dry up by the end of the summer. Not long ago the birds misjudged the amount of water and the swamp dried up before the nesting was completed. The adult birds then left in a body and the crows and similar birds had a high time living on the deserted ibis eggs, but such a catastrophe does not often happen. Not long ago, I visited Riveri- na, in New South Wales, with Major-General Sir Charles S. Ryan. We found the ibis nest- ing in a swamp of about 500 acres and covered with lignum 410 tians valued these birds so high- ly. It is quite possible that the grasshoppers were more abund- ant than usual at the time of our visit, but that would not alter the fact as to the value of the ibis. The locust plague in Egypt is far more severe than we have in Australia. The Egyptians also made their hawks, especially the Kestrel, sacred and mummified them as well, and we NESTS OF STRAW-NECKED IBIS AT “WIDGIEWA,” RIVERNIA, NEW SOUTH WALES (One lio " that. the Kestrel especially and also many other the slower flying hawks feed largely on insect life. The grasshoppers have other enemies in Australia, for- tunately, as when they lay their elongated eggs in the = —— FU — — » aft Ree aes ey all sill pa ey ean et " t ENR, THE VALUE OF THE IBIS 411 ground in small bunches, cockatoos often find them out, and digging up the ground with their strong beaks, devour many thousands of them, yet, I am afraid these birds often do not get the credit they deserve. MPORTANT results have been obtained in investi- | gations of insects affecting forest resources, accord- ang to the recent annual report of the chief of the eau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1 extract from the report follows: ‘An especial investigation of the insect damage to @ spruce products for airplane stock in the States of ‘ashington and Oregon showed that the greater part t all of the damage could be prevented by proper thods of logging and production with little or no tional cost. “Exhaustive studies of insect investigation and -con- were continued in the Sequoia and Yosemite Na- al Parks. Much new information has been gained, ‘the methods of gathering and compiling field data been standardized. “A special study was completed on the interrelation f forest fires and insects on an area of about 8,000 acres Be athiern Oregon. This area had been under obser- : since 1914, and the fire had burned over about émty acres in 1918. The records show that previous to fire the insects had killed 485,000 board feet of mber. The fire killed 170,000 feet, and subsequently » slightly fire-injured as well as the uninjured trees in burned area were killed by beetles, which were at- ted from the surrounding areas. It was noticed that infestation in the burned area’increased more than 0 per cent, but it was found that the infestation in Surrounding areas decreased. It was also found that broods of the beetles in the fire-scorched trees failed ‘te develop to much beyond the original number that sd the trees. So the fire did not contribute to an ise of the beetles in the general area or to the ng or extension of an epidemic of beetles. This “is of extreme interest and hardly to be expected. ¢ most careful study ever made of the history of emic infestation by tree-killing beetles was com- and a report submitted during the year. In the River area in about 48,000 acres, near Ashland, , the western pine beetle in 1914 caused the death 900 board feet of pinertimber.' In 1915, 1,615,000 set were killed; 1,383,000 feet in 1916, and .608,- 1917. A count of the young and matured stages of etles that developed in an average foot of bark, ; of the number of exit holes through which the s emerged to attack other trees, showed that there is a notable decrease in numbers during the develop- t of the broods each year in the infested trees on of the increase of natural enemies and other factors. This helps explain why these beetle s rise and fall within a limited period of years, explains how the western forests of yellow pine ly protected from total destruction. These facts THE BATTLE AGAINST FOREST INSECTS are especially significant in connection with the applica- tion of the percentage principle of control, as by aiding the natural forces which work against the abnormal increase and spread of the beetles complete control may be gained. The history of this epidemic shows the importance of prompt recognition and prompt treatment of a threatened outbreak. in order to prevent the great loss of timber which would occur. before ‘natural control ‘became operative. “Another special study was made of the number of all stages of the western pine beetle in 330 square feet of infested bark selected from 67 trees, which repre- sented an average infestation within an area of approxi- mately 36 square miles. It was shown that there is a large percentage of mortality. between the young and matured stages in the developing broods, but that normally an average of about 150 beetles to the square foot of bark developed to that adult, or reproductive, stage; which would be 50,000 beetles to the average in- fested tree, or, say 39,000 beetles to 1,000 board feet of © timber. Since it requires an average of about 10 beetles to the square foot to attack and kill a vigorous, healthy tree, it will be seen that all the pine timber of the western forests would soon be destroyed were it not for natural and artificial control. “Experiments to determine the time of year to cut and the methods of handling mesquite for fuel, posts, etc., to avoid destruction by wood-boring insects, have been nearly completed, and the results show that serious loss in the Southwest can be prevented by cutting the trees in the late fall and early winter and piling the wood in loose piles until it is thoroughly dry. Damage to posts can be prevented by cutting them at any time and laying them on the ground where they will receive the full force of the sun, turning them occasionally so that the young stages of the borers will be killed by the heat. “Studies of damage to lead telephone cables in Cali- fornia by a wood-boring beetle have been continued, and the results so far show that the beetle is able to penetrate alloyed substances that are considerably harder than lead. The problem is still unsolved, and it will be difficult to find a practical means of controlling this pest, which is able to put hundreds of telephones out of commission by boring holes in the cables, through which the water enters, rendering the wire connections useless until the place is found and repaired. “Continued experiments with chemical substances ap- plied to finished and crude forest products show that very few of the many substances that have been tried are effective, and, with crude products, none of them is so economical as simple and inexpensive management in logging and manufacture which will render the con- ditions of the bark and the wood unfavorable to attack» Dana mec = 412 AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES landed him on the banks of the Mississippi, in whose waters he was finally laid to rest. Soldiers of five wars have been drilled beneath this tree, nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame by Mrs. H. F. Lewis, sec- retary of Virginia for the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution. It is known as the John Pem- berton Oak. Under this i f < , tree Colonel John Pem- RN Eo * . 3 berton mustered his troops a ~S, 4 Su for the Battle of King’s pe : ALL > \ Mountain in 1781. A marker has been. placed on the tree by the Syca- more Shoals Chapter. The soldiers of the War of THE DESOTO OAK The DeSoto Oak in the Tampa Bay Hotel Grounds, nomi- nated for a place in the Hall of Fame by J. E. W orthing- ton, managing editor of the Tampa “Times,” has much upon which to base its claims for recognition. During the War with Spain General Nelson A. Miles made his head- quarters for a time under this tree, but the history of the tree goes back much farther than that, according to Mr. Worthington. Here is what he says: In the Tampa Bay Park is a large spreading oak tree which, so legend says, was the resting place of DeSoto on his first trip to Florida, The tree is situated about 100 feet from the main en- trance and has a spread of 120 feet with a height of approximately 80 feet. It is one of the handsomest and best proportioned trees in the city. In the old Indian legends of the landing of the Spaniard reference is made to meeting places under the great trees and it may well be that this tree was one of them, At least legend makes the claim for the old tree and has for many years. In 1526, an associate of Cortez, at that time ruler of Mexico, Pamphilo DeNarvaez, was made governor of Florida. This daring fortune hunter, in company with 200 followers, sailed from Cuba and finally landed in Tampa Bay. The expedition proved disastrous as the hostile Indians set upon them and soon they were nearly an- nihilated. In 1539 Ferdinand DeSoto was appointed governor of the provinces of Florida and Cuba, and with about 1,000 of Spain’s most wealthy and adventurous young men set out for the conquest of the New World. DeSoto, who just prior to his appointment, had returned to Peru was filled with ardor and desires for new fields of adventure. He landed on from a successful expedition shores of Espiritu Santo (Holy Springs) Bay. i There are said to have been conferences with the Indians | under this tree before they and the cavaliers fell out and v4 DeSoto began that march which, after three years’ time, THE JOHN PEMBERTON OAK 4 Riser spt 1812 met here. Then came the Mexican War and the old tree saw men again leave their homes to fight. Next came the struggle between the States, and the oak witnessed the drilling of men to fight one another in their own country. Then came the World War and again the veteran oak saw our boys answer their united coun- try’s call. The Lafayette Elm at Kennebunk, Maine, is widely known throughout New England. It was un- der this tree that General Lafayette lunched when he visited Kennebunk while touring the United States. The tree is nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame by Miss Ellen Dar- rach, of West Philadelphia. AMERICAN FORESTRY HALL OF FAME”? FOR TREES 413 THE LAFAYETTE ELM Here is a tree that literally jumps into the Hall of Fame for Trees, for according to J. J. Tisen, of Norris City, Illinois, who makes the nomination, that is just how this tree started. Mr. Tisen writes: Hosea Pierce and a boy comrade returned from the War of 1812 to their homes, near Norris City, Illinois. It was in the spring of 1815, and on January 8 of that year they had helped General Jackson whip the British in the Battle of New Orleans. These boys both attended a log rolling on the old Pierce farm that spring, and as they were returning to the house after their day's work; made a wager who could vault the farthest, using their cottonwood hand- spikes as vaulting poles. They ‘both left their handspikes sticking in the soft earth where they had vaulted, and during the spring rains of 1815 they both took root and lived. One of these trees died about ten years ago and here- with is a picture of the other which is still living and is now 105 years old. This tree has a peculiar base on account of the unusual manner Of planting; is about 30 feet in circumference, 175 feet high with a very large hollow in the base of the tree which has been used as a housing for setting hens, a kennel for dogs and is always a fine playhouse for children. The baby boy in white, Lowell Lee Fellinger, standing at the base of this remarkable tree is a distant relative of the fifth generation from this gallant patriot, Hosea Pierce, who helped the great General Jackson “lick” the British at New Orleans. THE “VAULTING POLE” COTTONWOOD 414 AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES Beneath this tree, nomi- nated for a-place in the Hall of Fame, the first white woman who died in Colorado was buried, Thirty-six people were massacred by the Indians near this tree-and fourteen men have been hung on it. Theodore Anderson obtained this copy of the original picture for THE OLD MONARCH OF PUEBLO the American Forestry Association. The tree stood in the middle of the street in Pueblo and was cut down June 25, 1883. The age was estimated at 380 years. The cir- cumference of this cottonwood was 28 feet. A cross piece of the tree is on exhibition in the Min- eral Palace at Pueblo. AMERICAN FORESTRY “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES In_ the street at Car- bondale,, Pennsylvania, standing in front of the prop- erty of W. W. Watt, is an elm that is considered one of the most perfectly proportioned trees in the United States. It has been nominated for the Hall of Fame for Trees, being compiled by the American Forestry 415 THE CARBONDALE ELM Association at Washington, which ts collecting data of all trees with a history in this country or any other. Is there a famous tree in your town? This tree has been nominated for the “Who's Who” by E. M. Peck, who measured the diameter at two feet eight inches and the height at seventy feet. The age of the tree is not known. AMERICAN (Courtesy, N. Y. City Dept. of Parks) THE OAK FROM STRATFORD-ON-AVON A little oak from faraway Stratford-on-the-Avon was planted in Central Park, New York, a few years ago, and it has been nominated for the Hall of Fame by Miss Viola Overman. The treeling was sent to Walter Hines Page, America’s ambassador to the Court of St. James, by the mayor of historic Stratford, and the precious package was immediately shipped to the Shakespeare Garden Committee of Central Park. An appropriate program was arranged, and with much stately ceremony, the famous little stranger was planted in that.corner of the Park known as “Garden of the Heart.” et TUT eR Le WOUANANENRLAAENNAUANAA AENEAN NANNY NON URDU SHAUNA “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES FORESTRY HOME PU UE LCLULSLCLeULDT CULLUM LCL LUCLLLCLLLLELOLECLLLLALLLACOLA OCLC AMOUOUAESALAHAAHUOA OO ECEAPNHOAULEUONALASN ASTUTE The “Corner Oaks” at the foot of Marlin’s Mountain at Marlinton, West Virginia, are nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Association by Andrew Price. These oaks were marked “General Andrew Lewis, October 6, 1751.” General Lewis was the hero of Point Pleasant and was the military trainer and patron of George Washington, who tried to get Lewis appointed com- mander-in-chief of the armies in the Revolutionary War, but afterward the appointment came to Washington himself. Marlinton is on a bottom known as the habitation of the first English settler west of the divide. Mr. Price says the oaks are the oldest marked corner trees in the Mississippi Valley. “CORNER OAKS” AT MARLIN’S MOUNTAIN RT oe yO ee ied Sale t oa AMERICAN FORESTRY. ——"“HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES ‘ For the Old Mulberry Tree at St. Mary’s, Maryland, the claim is made that it was the most famous tree in the colonies. The claim wiil be disputed by many, particularly by the friends . ' 4 of the Great Tree on Boston Common which saw so much Maryland is written around the Old Mulberry for it was _ history written. Both trees fell in 1876, one hundred years there Lord Calvert landed and it was for years the site of fter the Declaration of Independence. All the history of the capital of Maryland. The Old Mulberry Tree is nomi- nated for a place in the Hall of Fame by Mrs. Delia Harris Maddox, who has written a poem about the famous tree. To UPON A HEAD OF PURPLE PHLOX arose en masse to disperse, P . : : Figure 6, Nearly every one is familiar with this large showy black + j - alighting in various other Some of our. insect! lice? ack =| the -wings in all of thea themselves entirely to this gorgeous group of insects, d thei bi > j : places. contain only representatives of them %o the exclusion “y ail other Sorme Swallowtails of the genus) butterfly of the Atlantic States. It is a strange thing that a creature as frail as the Tiger Swallowtail should be endowed with such wonderful powers of flight. With a body but of little more than an inch in length, and very slender, and with a wing extent rarely exceeding four and a half inches, this dauntless insect is as much at home in the air as any bird that ever lived. With strong and steady flaps of its wings—darting here, and hovering where fancy leads it—it soars, without apparent effort, to the tops of the tallest trees of the forest; sails in the bright sunlight through the open glades, soon to descend, in a zigzag course, to alight upon the royal purple head other big, black and yellow — vagabond of their own sort — with no more in its bit of a © brain to worry it. q When we come to study the black forms of the United States swallowtails of the genus Papilio, we have an interesting group of species for considera- tion. Doctor Holland gives us colored figures of the majority of these, or of ~ such of them as had been discovered and described up to the date of appear- ance of his “Butterfly Book;” and while his de- — scription and plates are ex- _ tremely useful, there is — much that is lacking in ~ them. Only too often he — omits any description what- — ever of these black swal- _ lowtails, and the reader must rest satisfied with the — statement that “the figures in the plates obviate the — necessity for describing this” familiar but most beautiful insect, the glossy blue- green of which flashes all summer long in the sun-— Now the under sides of — Papilio present a very dif- ferent color-pattern to that upon their corresponding upper surfaces; and yet, how few experts ever think of — describing these. Recently, the writer has been paying ~ considerable attention to this group, in the field and in — collections; and forms of this black Swallowtail have ~ been taken presenting color-patterns that are strikingly different from those found in any work on the subject illustrated by colored plates; later on some of these will — be briefly described. While color-pattern is often of ~ considerable value in the matter of determination of — species, and to a lesser degree in classification, it is, as a THE v MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES matter of fact, of very minor importance as a fac- tor when compared with the structural character of these insects. This is to some extent paralleled by what we find in birds—that is to say, in the differen- tiation of species and sub- species, color of. plumage and color-areas of plumage constitute the chief charac- ters by means of which we draw such lines. Geo- graphical distribution also of great importance in MT see iii hight ae is such matters, and to a far lesser extent this latter aid may be considered in the ' case of moths and butter- flies. When we come to decide to which group any particular bird belongs—its external characters being of a puzzling nature—we resort to a more or less thorough study of its structure or anatomy, or, as modern biologists have it, its morphology. So it is with puzzling discoveries in the moth and butterfly assemblages. With respect to the vast num- bers of new forms of them being almost daily taken by entomologists in different parts of the world, cor- rect diagnoses can often be made off-hand; while in other instances abund- ant material of a com parative sort must be at hand and em- ployed, in that the exact posi- tion in the sys- tem of some of these forms may be determined. Specimens have already come into the posses- sion of science wherein doubts were entertained for some little time as to whether the in- sect, in any par- ticular case, was ha eg eae EO TN jee * * nina et . Bec ee 4 £ = x » THE CATERPILLAR OF THE PROMETHEA really a moth or MOTH ; a butterfly. Figure 8. This larva, here seen upon left lateral TI . * view, is of a light green color and very brilliant. is. will aC- The four anterior tubercles are of a bstant coat red color; the two posterior ones are of a pale count for ‘the Yellow. MALE OF THE PROMETHEA MOTH VIEWED FROM ABOVE Figure 7. This figure, from the collection of Mr. Wm, Schaus, should be compared with Figure 2 of this article, when the striking difference in the males and females of this species will at once be appreciated. certain trees. search to discover the cause o 423 fact that both moths and butterflies have, in the case of. many species, been anatomically studied with great minuteness. Such studies and investigations should interest every intel- ligent forester in this coun- try; and should he be so placed that he cannot well enter such fields of re- search, he ought to do all in his power to encourage it in others and assist to the utmost whenever he can. In passing through tim- bered areas, the forester will often note leaf de- struction in the case of Frequently it requires but a few moments’ f it; and should it prove to be due to the ravages of a band of caterpillars, examples of these should SAME LARVA IN THE FIRST STAGES OF MAKING ITS COCOON Figure 9. For the above purpose, it rolled one of the leaves of the wild cherry, upon which it was feeding at the time of its capture. ing admit of it, the forester be at once col- lected and brought to the attention of some competent entomologist, who will make the proper use of such informa- tion when it comes into his possession. Damage and de- struction has of- ten been “nipped in the bud” in our forests through prompt action in such cases — that is, where a_ non- expert has made the initial re- port. Sometimes, when his time and_ surround- or the cultivator of trees may do good work along the above indicated lines, which, if intelligently carried out, may lead to the securing of very valuable information. labors of others; then, again, At times it may confirm the should the investigator be more or less familiar with the literature on our moths and butterflies; should he pos sess the means to purchase the simple appliances for laboratory work, and have the 424 facilities and proper place to carry on his investigations, there is no reason why he should not be able to stamp his researches with the trade-mark of originality. In the forest, nursery, orchard, or in the care of shade - trees, he will soon become expert in the detection of the eggs of moths and butterflies where those insects deposit them in nature. Under the microscope these eggs are often very beautiful and vary greatly in form and color. They are usually deposited on the under side of leaves, and sometimes on their upper surfaces; in most instances on the leaves of the trees upon which the caterpillars feed when they hatch out. Such eggs are also laid upon twigs of trees and shrubbery. We have much to learn about the eggs of these two groups of insects, as for example the probable reason for the female’s select- ing the place where they are deposited ; the number laid ; their form and size; the fate of infertile eggs; whether the female lays one or two clutches,—that is, whether the species is single-brooded or otherwise; the time re- quired for hatching, and numerous other points. All these lines of inquiry and research are best pur- sued through the actual breeding of the specimens; and while this requires no end of work and patience, the in- formation gained is, as a rule, of very distinct value and wide application. Regular breeding cages are made for this purpose; or the investigator may, if of a mechanical turn of mind, readily construct one for himself. Models will be found in any work treating of the subject; and if many are required for the breeding of different species, they may easily be made of proper-sized boxes with wire gauze tops. The writer has often constructed such cages or breeding-boxes, and successfully reared a variety of moths and butterflies. Usually this has been done by collecting the caterpillars, as they are far more easily discovered than eggs, and produce the imagoes much sooner. Both methods, however, should be followed. Very perfect specimens of many of our most beautiful moths and butterflies may thus be obtained for the col- lection and for study. Very recently, and in years gone by, the writer has thus secured cecropias, silk-worm moths, many lovely butterflies, io moths, Philosamia cynthia, Hyphantria textor, moths of the tent-caterpillar, and so on. This is as far as this subject can be carried at present; at another time the question of collecting moths and butterflies in their haunts will be taken up, together with their subsequent preparation, preservation, and classi- fication. One gains a very meagre idea of the extent and grandeur of the world’s lepidoptera as a whole from seeing a complete collection of the moths and butterflies of the United States. We have very, very few large and showy butterflies; while in the case of the moths, were we to substract from them a couple of dozen of the larg- est species, the collection would at once appear to be quite mediocre. We have some eight species of big Hawk-moths; then we have three or four big ones, or fairly large ones, in the Samia group (Saturnid@) ; the Regal, Luna, and Imperial moths; Rothschildia orizaba and Callosamia, which last is not very large (Fig. 2). AMERICAN ‘Cram., one of the most richly blue Amazonian species, he e some of them are rather showy, the vast mi not over an inch across, of some uniform § brown or tan, with usually inconigae a ae nearly complete ailerons of them from the: they occur in South America, Asia, Africa, great Eastern and Western Archipelago, w parts of Australia. Such collections are to Re: the United States National Museum in the res duplicate series. There is, for example, a sup that comes from Africa, wherein the “tails” to the pair of wings are over eight inches in length. — while its markings are most conspicuous. and intricate are some of the markings of th and butterflies that any species among them quire a printed octavo page to describe them. African ee Papilio antimachus, hae v Its coloration is 5 otras as ihe fore wings) are brown shade, marked with curiously shaped tan yellow, the hind wings being of a bright spotted and deeply emarginated with glossy pe years passed before a second speciuneri was b: Europe. Many collections on the pamper? no specimen or two in them. outer’ thirds of either fore wing, and with a Soa fan colored edge to the hinder wings. However, it is useless to-attempt to give any description in writing will convey to the mind of the reader any idea wha’ of the truly magnificent splendor | of scores of these insects. In the entire series, every color known to m to be found ; and some of the combinations are so h as to defy desctiolioa’ in words. Gold, silver, and cop markings are not rare, and occasionally the markings n the wings are transparent, being bordered with black or some vivid color, frequently orange, red, or azure. Nearly all of our United States moths and butterflie are easily captured, but not so with many of the tropical ones of the latter-named group. The South Americar species of Morpho are magnificent insects. The. great long-winged orange species (M. hecuba, Linn., and cisseis, Feld) are fully nine inches in expanse, and have a lofty, sailing flight, while some of the species witt broader and shorter wings, such as the black-bordered 1 M. menelaus, have a lower, but very rapid flight throug h the forest, and settle occasionally. The high-flying species very rarely come within reach. Collector Bat says that although he often saw the beautiful M. rheteno. r, was only able to obtain two specimens in eleven years. This, and several blue species, have an orange fem Sy, Cae. : s districts of Western America, are eae cl than those which frequent the plains, ‘their capture is often attended with difficulty and One naturalist in Bogota fell over a precipice ke his arm, and then found that he had three days? eats to make on horseback before he could meet with a doctor to set it. Another naturalist, who was collecting in Bolivia, found that Morpho godartii, Guer., a beautiful species, of a rather light blue, which was previously almost unknown to entomologists, frequented an inaccessible ledge in the mountains; he was obliged to have himself lowered by ropes over the precipice be- fore he could obtain it. piste been a matter of common knowledge that conditions in the Federal service are This is not surprising in view of the fact that been no thoroughgoing reclassification of the hVITICTI en of these classes have to do with men engaged stry, which was classed by the Commission in the e group of services. Two of these classes t Forest Aid and Senior Forest Aid) are sub- in character, and five (Junior Forester, n Forester, Associate Forester, and Senior Fores- re professional and include only men having the ent of a degree from an institution of recognized ig with major work in the biological or engineering s. Aside from the degree of responsibility involved length of experience required, the definitions of and qualifications for the various classes in these blips are so similar that sample definitions for one th group will serve to indicate their general 10nd the duties of the Senior Forest Aid, who corre- to the present Forest Ranger, are to perform, oe supervision, minor technical work in mization engaged in scientific forest research or - management of forests; and related work red. Examples of such duties are assisting Besisgations, or in timber and range estimat- iting ; assisting in the preparation of material tests; reading instruments at experiment $; protecting and handling a minor forest unit. falifications ate to be training equivalent to that mted by graduation from high school, and not s than two years’ experience in forestry work. r ¢ duties of a Junior Forester, who corresponds to resent Forest Assistant, are, under immediate super- RAISE SALARIES OF FOREST SERVICE EMPLOYEES routine character in connection with the administration of forest areas and the utilization of products therefrom; and to perform related work as required. These duties may involve running boundary lines and mapping forests, involving the use of surveying, measuring, and draft- ing instruments; directing parties on forest and range valuation work; computing and compiling data for re- ports or records; inspecting or investigating minor de- tails of forest work, such as forest planting, proper brush disposal, marking of timber on timber sale areas, collecting field data for growth, volume, and yield tables; making routine tests of apparatus, material, or processes. His qualifications are training equivalent to that repre- ~sented by graduation with a degree from an institution of recognized standing, with major work in the biological or engineering sciences, preferably in botany, silviculture, forest management, or forest engineering. The statements of duties and qualifications proposed by the Commission follow very closely those suggested by an Advisory Committee composed of representatives of the Forest Service. While the titles used are different from those now in effect, comparatively little change is made in recognized duties and qualifications, the pro- posals of the Commission serving to crystalize present practice. It is worth noting that in the bill proposed by the Commission for carrying into effect its recommenda- tions, it is provided that whenever the equivalent of graduation from an institution of recognized standing is prescribed as a qualification for a class, the Civil Service Commission shall prescribe as such equivalent a standard or standards based on experience or demonstrated ability in the performance of duties similar to those prescribed for the class which will be accepted as such equivalent. This provision was of course included in order to make certain that men qualified by experience for entrance into the professional classes should not be debarred from them because of the lack of a college degree. The compensation recommended by the Commission for the various classes of foresters is as follows: Junior forest aid, $840 to $1200 per year; senior forest aid, $1200 to $1800; junior forester, $1800 to $2160; assist- ant forester, $2400 to $3000; associate forester, $3240 to $3840; foresters, $4140 to $5040. No salaries were recommended for senior foresters or for the chief of the forest service, these salaries being left for determination by Congress on the recommenda- tion of the Civil Service Commission after consultation 426 with the head of the department concerned. This ar- rangement would make it possible for Congress to pay each individual in the highest professional class in ac- cordance with his ability and the responsibility imposed upon him, irrespective of whether he happens to be in administrative or investigative work. The salaries recommended for the various classes of foresters are the same as those recommended for corre- sponding classes in the other scientific and technical services, such as the engineering service, biological science service, and physical science service. Taking these services as a whole, the average salaries recom- mended represent an increase of about $1000 per year for each individual in the group, or of some 40 per cent nvr - aN AMERICAN GORESTET sles . 2 is eS ae = hw » _— pea Sa anes ai be A eS a ee ee ee en ee en ee = Oe 5 . ~ s : MORE TREES TO HONOR OUR HERO DEAD 9 the University of Illinois goes the honor of being — west coast, plans are now being made for memorial tree first in 1920 to set before the country on a big planting next Armistice Day under the direction of Carl scale what a college can do in memorial tree plant- Gould, the university architect. The O. A. C. Forestry One hundred and seventy-three trees have been Club at the Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, _in honor of her dead. Of course it is to be Oregon, has dedicated three scarlet oaks to ‘he memory nbe: ered that Illinois is a big school and ape of members of the Club. The dedication was by H. S. — The University and the State are grateful for this sublime attempt on the part of the pendenee of the nive rsity to keep alive the names and deeds of their fallen comrades. —Dean Davenport of the College of Agriculture. MEMORIAL Sete ee TREE PLANTING 22 © a @@ o Be , @ . @ f MILITARY DRILL FIELD April 20, 1920 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING | U fniversity of Illinois honored her hero dead by planting memorial trees and registering them on the honor roll of the Forestry Association. The diagram shows the marker as putes on the. front page of the official program and the way the laced as part of the scheme for the uitary Drill Field ih ie Wilson, UESOIRERE of the Union, mapetited the following to carr work: ps E. Milner, S, D. Owne, a S. Gig ee Mag Me Sane C..V. Arnold, i E. Ca R. W, Tamber, c. c Shade, Bere Yon Inwegan, Pg am Corrie, H. R. Bowditch, R Carlson, Ray Dodge, a Kimmels aaner C. Sprague, B. S. Pickett, R ¢ Hottes, W. Trelease, 5 CS by ae W. FL Send eeeas W. P. Flint, A. S. Colby, W. S. Brock, IC. rcentage of “heroes gone west” totals higher than Newins, associate professor of forestry, and the trees > other institutions of learning. It in no wise dis- were for E. B. Blackden, Owen W. Johnson and Richard 3 other schools for the fine spirit is the same in W. Wilmot. Johnson was with the Twentieth Engineers. Tt just so happens that Illinois has the ground on At Urbana the University of Illinois carried out a pro- | to do something on a very impressive scale. gram of unusual merit. The trees were marked with it colleges have taken up the memorial tree planting the bronze marker designed by the American Forestry . At the University of Washington, on the far Association and registered on the honor roll, The Daily; 429 FORESTRY AMERICAN 430 Smith, Arkan- sas, have paid a graceful trib- ute in memorial tree planting to the Red Cross and to the Yo Mec. wg Twenty mag- nolias have been placed in the form of a cross and three in the shape of a triangle as a mark of esteem for the two or- United NINE TARRYTOWN HEROES HONORED ve been planted in ¢aniza tions. ighter of Si Fee er oe eb ee School, More tree rey honor of pupils who gave their | , j v je by Justice Winfield L. : : the nteder- Morse, « : ard an 3 Tt trees: were planted in planting 1s to acy ‘at Fort 223: Moor : ‘ Se tt aL cates Raa e ollock, Maurice Powers, Michael tb. carried out S IN ar Arling day in France, when the War S V i e plan i rospect provides for f = e d roads of remembrance in the Forestr atio a member of the Council by the ee geome a eee - inthe fall. Mrs. Maggie Haines, cf the United Daughters of the Confeder- acy, writes the Associationand calls attention to the fact that “the magnolia is on dress pa- rade the year 2round.” T wscaloosa, Alabama, the United Daugh- ters of the Confederacy in co-operation with the Amer- ican Legion and veterans of other wars, MORE TREES TO HONOR OUR: HERO DEAD 431 trees planted with the Amer- ican Forestry Association. To every section of the land the edu- cational cam- paign of the American For- estry tion has carried the message of the value of trees. The idea of the munici- pal wood lot is also being car- ried far and wide. An ex- ample of this is reported by the Associa- have planted willow oaks in a double grove that connects "> the University > with Tusca- loosa. The » American Legion is taking up memorial tree planting everywhere and co-operating in the tree day program that is being sent out by the American Forestry Association. National. Photo To mark the first Arbor Day celebrated in District Federation of Women's Cl memory of J. Sterling Morto an impressive address, and C the tree to Dr. S. M. Huddleson, rman shovel full of earth on the roots of the tree. Wk he father of Arbor Day. Hymera High School of Indi- ONE OF THE TREE PLANTINGS ON THE FIRST ARBOR DAY OBSERVED BY THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ana. This re- the District of Columbia, the Forestry Committee of the 7S s planted a tree in Rawlings Park on May 4th, in honor of the port follows : h Secretary of Agriculture E. T. Meredith made “The High z, the engineer commissioner of the District, presented of the Forestry Committee. Each club president placed a School in co- operation with the grades, the district schools and the public has set out the vacant lot east of the present high school as a grove in young forest trees. This lot was formerly a chairman of the Memorial At Warren, Pennsylvania, on Memorial Day, people part of the old White Ash Coal Mine and is low ground from every corner of the county gathered for the with many sink holes, making it unfit for cultivation. memorial tree dedication in honor of the county’s heroes. Township Trustee E. A. Marratta conceived the idea of Mrs. Silas E. setting it out Walker, of the in young for- Daughters of est trees, thus the American providing an Revolution, was ample grove for future gen- erations. He : Park Commit- tee. At Scran- ton, Pennsyl- morial tree dedication marked Me- morial Day. presented his idea to the Jackson town- ship teachers who accepted it with enthusi- asm and ap- pointed Miss Eleanor Stew- art, teacher of PETE Ie PY 8 Sika ‘G 173 MEMORIAI PLANTID Commission, _Tegistered the ; P miles to attend Mrs. Grace Botany and Storrs Watson, z Agriculture in of the Scran- = the Hymera _ ton Shade Tree REES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS High School, and Miss Nell Farley, Agri- At a signal, each tree le parents came over 150 th an American Riccae Association marker. 432 MORE TREES TO HONOR OUR HERO DEAD cultural teacher in the grade school, to supervise planting. “The high school science classes were put to work on a study of forestry and especially on trees adapted to low ground. Surveys were made and plans drawn of the ground, then the placing of the trees worked out. County Agricultural Agent H. S. Benson was called in and gave some valuable suggestions. The plot was then staked off, the ground divided and apportioned I Photograph by Murray Studio 145 ROADSIDE TREES PLANTED The Lodi California Women’s Club claims the honor of having started the first Road of Remembrance in California. Mrs. May Crocker, a member of the American korestry Association, and chairman of the Conservation Committee of the Alameda District of the California Federation of Women’s Clubs, reports that the planting has just been 7 completed with the placing of 145 trees for one mile and a half out of Lodi. - value of.such work? Only time can tell. The tree planter ~ reaps a reward now despite what some folks may say. © His reward is satisfaction in having made the world a better place to live in for those who come after him. va ai Photo ¥ SECRETARY BAKER SPEAKS IN MEMORY OF THE HEROES r in the land comes the opportunity to have a_ great memorial resting places that will be established in France Memorials Council The Secretary of War, shown speaking i of the amphitheater at Arlington, has just appointed 1 will have charge of this great work. In_ these France,” the mothers of the land will find a fitting lace provided for their sons. To every war motl 1 ¢ ick in the sixth, seventh and eighth grades participated in he spade. The classes both at the grade and high school went to the woods and secured trees. About wielding t two hundred trees were planted, selections being made from the local forest trees. Among those used were soft and hard maple, oaks, walnut, beech, ash and syca- more. Many good specimens were brought in. The high school agricultural class has since gone over the BROOKLYN HEROES HONORED ’ Four memorial trees have been dedicated by the Lexington Council No. 293, of the Knights of Columbus of Brooklyn, in honor of the heroes The American Forestry Association congratulaces 9. that organisation. ‘Die members of Levhanack Post of the Amerian Jackson township and her citizens who have enlisted in of St. Sei thie Ge Ticpoaeae Bleck Francis Joa such a worthy cause; a cause in which an abandoned Noy anveiied a table? te the fone bene. Rinks mecca coal mine site has been put to work. Who knows the J. Gestion MeMahon were the apecbosb ubtae becnind ac , field trimming and replacing.’ HAT the high cost of lumber and newsprint is due {in no small measure to the using up of the forests east of the Great Plains was stated by the Secretary Z of ‘Agriculture in forwarding to the Senate a report by 3a on of Senator Capper. resolution requested information on: the deple- timber i in'the United States; the effect of timber on upon the high cost of materials; the effects of exports upon domestic industries, $5 the effects a ion upon the concentration of ‘timber ownership d manufacture and the relation of such concentration Forest Service on timber depletion, called for by © it ite. Oe iad Be Ge ie FACTS ABOUT DEPLETION OF OUR FORESTS The merchantable saw timber remaining in the United States is estimated roughly at 2,215 billion board feet, something less than three-fourths of which is virgin stumpage. The rest is second growth of relatively in- ferior quality. About one-half of the timber left is in the three Pacific Coast States and over 61 per cent is west of the Great Plains. A little over one-fifth of the’ timber left in the country, 460 billion board feet, is hardwood. There is now consumed or destroyed annually in the United States 56 billion board feet of material of saw timber size. The total yearly consumption of all classes public welfare. by the Forest are: : t three-fifths of the al timber of the ed States is gone and we are using timber yur times as fast as we € growing it. The for- preening are so local- as greatly to reduce * national utility. The u es the population and icturing industries United States are ent upon distant s of timber as the esult of the depletion of l€ principal forest areas tof the Great Plains. it the depletion of sr is not the sole cause outstanding facts Secretary Meredith most earnestly requests con- sideration of the practical measures proposed for putting a stop to forest devastation and restoring our idle land to timber production, and emphasizes especially the immediate urgency of legislation (1) which will permit effective co-operation between the Federal Government and the several states in pre- venting forest fires and growing timber on cut-over lands, and (2) which will greatly extend the Na- tional Forests. Enlargement of the National For- ests offers immediate relief. On these publicly ad- ministered areas, high quality timber can be grown and utilized to the maximum advantage; regrowth will follow cutting; and, under the regulations of the Forest Service, the disposal of timber will foster competitive conditions in the lumber industry. These steps are the foundation of an effective na- tional policy for insuring a permanent and ade- quate supply of timber. Concurrently with these measures, a compre- hensive survey of the forest resources of the United of timber is about 26 billion cubic feet... Our depleted forests are growing less than one-fourth of this amount. The United States is not only cutting heavily into its remaining virgin forests every year. but is also using up the smaller material upon which our future supply of saw tim- ber depends: much more rapidly than it is being re- placed. The two striking effects of timber depletion already apparent are: The ‘injury to large groups of wood users and to many communities re- sulting from the exhaus- tion of the nearby forest regions from which they recent high prices of States should be made. were formerly supplied; and, the shortage of timber Products but is an int contributing whose effects will increase steadily as depletion hat the fundamental problem is to increase the pro- | of timber by stopping forest devastation. virgin forests of the United States covered 822 ‘acres. They are now shrunk to one-sixth of ea. All classes of forest land, including culled, ‘and cut-over areas, now aggregate 463 million or a little more than one-half of our original Of the forest land remaining and not utilized facning or any other purpose, approximately 81 On acres have been so severely cut and burned as come an unproductive waste. This area is equiva- to the combined forests of Germany, Denmark, ind, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Spain and Portu- Upon an enormous additional area the growth of is 80 small in amount or of such inferior character it its economic value is negligible. products of high quality. Less than five per cent of the virgin forests of New England remain and the total stand of saw timber in these States is not more than ‘one-eighth of the original stand. New York, once the leading State in lumber pro- duction, now manufactures only 30 board feet per capita yearly, although the requirements of its own population are close to 300 board feet per capita. The present cut of lumber in Pennsylvania is less than the amount con- sumed in the Pittsburgh district alone. The original pine forests of the Lake States, estimated at 350 billion feet, are now reduced to less than 8 billion feet, and their yearly cut of timber is less than one-eighth of what it used to be.. These four densely populated regions, containing themselves very large areas of forest land, are now largely dependent upon timber grown and manu- factured elsewhere and are becoming increasingly dependent upon timber which must be shipped the width of the continent. The bulk of the building lumber and AMERICAN 434 structural timbers used in the Eastern and Central States during the last fifteen years was grown in the pine forests of the south. The virgin pine forests of the South Atlantic and Gulf States have been reduced from about 650 billion board feet to about 139 billion feet, The production of yellow pine lumber is now falling off and within ten years will probably not exceed the requirements of the Southern States themselves. The United States at one time contained the most éxtensive temperate zone hardwood forests in the world. One region after another has been cut out. The produc- tion of hardwood products on their past scale can not be long continued. The scarcity of high grade oak, poplar, ash, hickory, walnut, and other standard woods is now placing many American industries in a critical condition. The depletion of forest resources is not confined to saw timber. Since 1909, the country has ceased being self-supporting in newsprint paper and now imports two-thirds of the pulp, pulpwood, or newsprint which we require. This condition is due in part to timber depletion, in part to failure of the paper industry to ex- pand in our western forest regions as the lumber indus- try has expanded. In 1919 the production of turpentine and rosin had fallen off 50 per cent. -Within ten years the United States will lose its commanding position in the world’s market for these products and may, in time, be unable to supply its domestic requirements. The termination of the war found the lumber industry with depleted stocks. Production during the war had been much less than normal on account of shortage of labor and equipment and embargoes on transportation. A large part of the lumber produced had been taken by the government for war purposes. time, the normal construction of dwellings and industrial structures and the use of lumber in many manufacturing industries had been greatly curtailed. Following the war, these pent-up demands were released. They caught the lumber industry not only with its stocks short arid broken from war conditions but unable, on account of labor difficulties, lack of freight cars and bad weather in important producing regions, to respond rapidly with increased production. Aside from the general causes affecting prices of most commodities, the expansion of credit accompanied by currency inflation and the wave of speculation and extravagance—an “auction” lumber market would no doubt have resulted from the frenzied competition of buyers to obtain the limited stocks avail- able, wholly inadequate to satisfy current demands. Under the combined influence of the general conditions making for high prices and this situation in the lumber industry itself, prices rose to uhprecedented limits. In March, 1920, average mill prices in the South and West had increased 300 per cent and more over the prices received in 1914, and average retail prices in the Middle West showed increases ranging from 150 to 200 per cent. In the case of high quality hardwoods and other specialized products, the average advance in eastern wholesale markets was from $200 to $250 per thousand During the same FORESTRY feet, and the demand at this advance was t The timber market has been more unstable than before in our history. Many industries have been wu to secure their supplies of timber at any price. output of certain entire industries has been much as 50 per cent. A large speculative el been introduced into the sale of lumber, ‘as and manufacturers of wooden commodities able to pass on to the consumer and even augment ; price they might pay. Necessities have far d we than luxuries. The ramifications of lumber s and high prices are limitless and have affected ser practically our entire population. as Obviously these lumber prices bear no relation cost of production and distribution. While the c production in the lumber industry have at least as compared with 1916, lumber prices have mu than doubled and have become wholly disprop to operating costs. Excessive profits have been n by the industry. The division of these prof et manufacture and distribution has varied in ace with circumstance and the ability of the various in the industry to dominate the situation. That have been too high is recognized by the best t the industry; and some manufacturers have Ye) stabilize the market. - The depletion of timber in the United States been the only cause of these excessive prices on products, but has been an important contributing It has led to the migration of both the softwo hardwood lumber industries from region to region each is now cutting heavily into its last reserves. Thi haustion of timber in nearby forest regions has com many large lumber consuming centers to import supp from greater and greater distances. The wholesale on upper grades of softwood lumber in New York from $20 to $25 per thousand prior to 1865 when in the same State supplied this market, from $35 to between 1865 and 1917 when most of the supply ca from the Lake States and the South, and are now enter- ing a general level of $130 a thousand feet with a la: part of the material coming from the Pacific Coast. the Middle West, the building grades of white lumber cut in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, tailed at $15 to $20 per thousand feet prior to 1900. lumber from the Lake States became exhausted southern pine took over this market, the retail pr rose to a level of $25 to $35 per thousand feet. replacement of southern pine by West Coast timbers in progress is initiating a new price level of about to $85 per thousand feet. The increased cost of tra portation is but one factor in these new price levels, it is an important one. The freight bill on the ave thousand feet of lumber used in the United States is steadily increasing as the sawmills get farther and farthe away from the bulk of the lumber users. : Much information is available to show the disadvan tage of the lumber consumer whose nearby forests been exhausted. Retail prices in the Ohio Valley, for in . Oregon i in some instances by as much as $50 r thousand board feet after allowing for all transpor- costs. The curtailment of lumber output in the 1 regions not only has compelled the average con- to pay more for freight but has enhanced the of congestion in transportation and of climatic ‘other factors limiting the production in regions | still support a large lumber industry. It has icted opportunity for competition and thereby in- d the opportunity of the lumber manufacturer or to auction his stocks for higher prices. In other words, the effects of forest depletion can not be measured nm terms of the total quantity of timber remaining. Its jury is felt particularly through the steady process of exhaustion. Our remaining timber is so local- that its availability to the average user of wood is ly reduced. Particularly does such a restricted n of the timber supplies assume a serious national in the face of transportation congestion and uate transportation facilities such as the United is now experiencing. Had the forests and forest ies of the Eastern States still existed, the oppor- for regional competition in supplying the lumber ets and the wider distribution of lumber transport s which did not exist in 19109. export trade in lumber does not, have a serious g upon timber depletion from the standpoint of tity; but does have an important bearing upon the tion of our limited supply of high grade timber, cularly of hardwoods. The exports of high grade pai, hickory, ash, and other woods essential to industries in the United States which now seem able will further enhance the shortage of such prod- for the domestic market and the tendencies already snt toward sustained high prices. On the other the United States imports from Canada about two- of its total consumption of newsprint or newsprint The effects of our export trade in lumber ‘be considered from the standpoint of the specific ‘grades or products whose depletion is most im- and threatening to American industries. concentration of timber ownership has not changed ally since the exhaustive report made upon this t by the Bureau of Corporations in 1910. One-half - privately owned timber in the United States is remaining timber being very widely distributed. tendency toward the acquisition and speculative of timber beyond operating requirements has “FACTS ABOUT DEPLETION OF OUR FORESTS ' uubtedly would have afforded a curb upon rising _ 435 been checked and the present tendency is toward the manufacture of large timber holdings. At the same time, the lumber industry, particularly in the Western States, is going through a partial reorganization into larger operating and marketing groups. In this there is a tendency for small mills to disappear and small timber holdings to be blocked into larger ones adapted to ex- tensive lumber manufacture. While there is still a large number of individual timber owners and of sawmills operating as separate units, the larger interests are acquir- ing a more dominant place in lumber manufacture in the West. It is to be expected that these large interests or groups will maintain, as time goes on, a fairly constant supply of timber for their manufacturing plants by acquiring smaller holdings. No information is at hand which justify a conclusion that monopolistic conditions on any general scale have grown out of this situation. There are many instances to the contrary. On the other hand, the degree of control of the timber remaining in the United States exercised by a comparatively small number of large interests will steadily increase as tim- ber depletion continues, approaching a natural monopoly in character, and this control will extend particularly to the diminishing supply of high grade material. In 1918 our per capita consumption of lumber was about 300 board feet. The homes and industries of the United States require at least 35 billion feet of lumber yearly, aside from enormous quantities of paper and other products of the forest. A reduction in the current supply of lumber below this figure would seriously cur- tail our economic development. Appreciable increases in lumber imports are not possible except at excessive prices. We can not afford to cut our per capita use of lumber to one-half or one-third the present amount— to the level of European countries where lumber is an important luxury. We must produce the great bulk of the timber which we need ourselves and we have the resources for doing so. The solution of the problem presented by forest depletion in the United States is a national policy of reforestation. Increased and widely distributed pro- duction of wood is the most effective attack upon exces- sive prices and monopolistic tendencies. Depletion has not resulted from the use of forests but from their devastation, from our failure, while drawing upon our reservoirs of virgin timber, to also use our timber grow- ing land. If our enormous areas of forest growing land, now idle or largely idle, which are not required for any other economic use, can be restored to timber growth, a future supply of forest products adequate in the main to the needs of the country will be assured. é be sent in promptly. CHANGE OF ADDRESS It is urgently requested that all changes of address, whether temporary or permanent, Both the old and new address must always be given. Such co-operation will be helpful in avoiding the loss of magazines. P the words of an editorial in the Buffalo Courier “the American For- estry Association still sticks pluckily to its fight” for a national forest poli- cy. This is but an example of the hearty co-operation on the part of the newspapers of the country with the American Forestry Association. They too are “sticking” with a right good will and are taking up forestry from every side. The Buffalo Courier puts this head on its editorial “What’s the matter with Congress?” and says: The American Forestry Association sticks pluckily to its fight for the passage of the senate bill authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to make a survey of pulp woods on the public domain. It refuses to be discouraged by the failure of the last Congress to do anything in the matter. In view of the increasing paper shortage the indifference of Congress to the whole paper question is hard to understand. Weeks ago the senate adopted a resolution authorizing the President to appoint a com- mission to take up the paper question with the dominion as well as provincial authori- ties of Canada, but the house has done nothing about it. The proposed senate bill authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture (that means the forestry bureau) to make a survey of the classes and kinds of timber on the public domain (including the national forest, Indian and other reservations), which are suitable for pulp wood for newsprint and other forms of paper; also to report to Congress upon the present conditions in respect to the current consumption and protection of pulp woods. Ten years ago the United States pro- duced nearly all its supply of pulp wood; now two-thirds of it is imported. So rapidly has a change come about that only one-third of the newspaper issues last year in this country were printed on the product of American forests. This fact alone should stir Congress to action—at least to the point of finding out “where we are at,” what will be the proba- ble condition in the near future and what it is possible to do to better the outlook. Some of the other editorial opinions fol- low: Detroit Free Press: The American Forestry Association has issued an appeal to the Federation of Women’s Clubs of several States urging a special tree-plant- ing campaign for Arbor Day. The rapid disappearance of trees along our city streets, due to the natural processes of decay and death and the inroads of the ax clearing the way for business suggests that Arbor Day should be observed in a practi- cal way. Nashville Banner: The late Senator John H. Bankhead, of Alabama, was the author of legislation that provided Federal aid to road building. The senator had a- practical turn of mind and always took great interest in projects of. public im- provement. He recognized the necessity for good roads and devoted much of the energy he put into his work in Congress to measures favoring highway construction. It is natural and altogether proper that a Bankhead Memorial Highway should be suggested. In a telegram sent to Judge B M. Allen of Birmingham, Alabama, presi- dent of the Bankhead Highway Associa- tion, Chas. Lathrop Pack, president of ‘the WHEN YOU ARE GONE Fort Lauderdale Herald. Plant a tree. You found several , here when you landed on this old earth and you’ve seen a great many — cut down during your time. You have probably cut down a few your- self, The children who are born after you have passed on have a right to find a few trees standing. But they will not if every person who passes through this vale of tears cuts down a few and forgets to plant any. Plant a tree. Plant a dozen of them, and then you will have done some- thing for the generations who follow you, even as some one did something for you ages ago. American Forestry Association, urges that the Bankhead Highway be made a “road of remembrance” in honor of the late senator, who did so much for good roads not only in the South, but throughout the country. The suggestion is apt and appro- priate. John Hollis Bankhead did Alabama long and valuable service, and in the matter of highways, as well as in other respects, the nation is his debtor. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle: Interest is being renewed in the project of planting trees in memory of those who gave their lives for civilization and the safety of their country in the World War. This movement, which has the active back- ing of the American Forestry Association, has reached proportions far in excess of what seemed likely at its inception. Nor is it necessary that the tree memorial be to -erected, the.only | ‘clothes. = Se _ year to year, to ‘aks ‘day and year after 3 year ment worthy of the obj =. 4 the soldier dead. Bo trees in honor of “ Families are ia es dust. ‘Geile Paceline and no person. ‘deserving SF monument that cannot there is something a memorial. Whi erecting it have with t they are generally limit much as if they were With trees. it is. vast first place there is the s for. planting. Th ie that is in it in the way of | this it is as if one tion. - And when it comes to a ‘ sands; perhaps it would save the many in the course of its soiatehs By all means s let us ase trees ° brance. Let us have them al for every possible memorial. The: the true monuments, the living memo God has provided to hallow the memories of every person. and of race. ; Salt Lake Tribune: For several past the American Forestry Associatio! been trying to prevent waste in the fe Some improvement has followed the work, but reforestation has not b general by any means, and much rema be done. A Minnesota lumberman ca tention to the situation in these war wed DA ad [O'neal ee es ee ae 8 oe yy J timber famine is near. There are no tes for wood pulp and wooden ties ny other essentials of the industry. > cannot build a commercial forest in illion years unaided by law, against and fires, as they devastate now. sota’s most rapidly growing lumber st cannot attain commercial maturity years in any event. Southern - Ric caton in many areas is only a cat and a half away, and the west coast Jast half a century. Germany and setts proved reforesting large surest of highly profitable long- estments. Western States must s advice to the western States is sound d be followed. apolis Star: A good many trees planted here and there over the by way of memorializing American who gave up their‘lives in the war. - they are for individuals—a single ‘t in a place somehow associated in with the one who is gone. A groves or parks and stretches of are planned to be planted in $; or in rows in honor of the fallen , of certain communities. They call “ te eh, & ala SECOND GROWTH STAND Yellow poplar and chestnut, pole size, on purchased land, This shows the general character of lands being acquired in the Southern Appalachians. made and that, since the merchantable timber has very greatly increased in value, they are now worth much more than the amounts paid for them. In addition to their protective function, these lands are already demon- Strating that firiancially they will be an excellent invest- prior owners have been burned and their earning capacity greatly reduced, or they are cut-over lands or lands in young timber which can yield no immediate returns, though all lands so classed have productive capacity. The cutting of timber by the Government on the acquired 457 AMERICAN 458 lands is extremely conservative, less timber being sold each year than the estimated annual replacement by growth. In spite of these conditions, the receipts for the fiscal year 1919 on the then acquired area of 1,347,660 acres amounted to. $71,942. Increase in population and expansion of industry have been confronted with a constantly decreasing acreage of timberland from which to draw lumber, wood for paper manufacture, tanning materials, and other uses. As. a means of meeting this constant demand the National For- ests were created from the public domain. The purpose of the National Forests was, by regulating cutting and by the protection from fire of forest lands, especially when cut over, to assure timber for future industrial Ta Tt =) FORESTRY The Weeks law, for constitutional reasons, chases to lands which promote navigability of streams. But the benefits to navigation thr maintenance of an equable stream flow by the tion of the precipitation on the watersheds and thr reducing deposits of silt in channels are not the so advantages to be derived. As a provision for the mai tenance of a supply of hardwoods and of spruce and for airplane construction the measure is. importance. oa a The tendency of the forest cover, when kept in { condition, to promote absorption of heavy rainfall the maintenance of woodland an essential consid ra in any project seeking to mitigate floods and to r asa 1 ds c i 2 EA 1 eek be 5 i} SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN || | REGION ‘f NON-AGRICULTURAL LANOS Py “Ah ON. wage AA =f cs AREAS IN WHICH LANDS FOR NATI Samat cea FORESTS ARE BEING ACQUIRED brat en use. These forests, however, contain only about one- fifth of the timber supply of the country. Furthermore, except for small and relatively unimportant areas in Florida and Michigan, the entire forest system created from the public domain is located west of the Mississippi River. There was at the time of the establishment of the National Forests no adequate provision for maintaining the timber supply of the Eastern States. The eastern supply of hardwoods is of special importance since the timber of this class is practically limited to the Eastern States and to restricted areas within these States. Dis- cussion covering a number of years and looking particu- larly to measures for maintaining a supply of hardwood timber for American industries eventually culminated in the Weeks law. flood losses on streams which head at high altitud 34 the eastern mountains. At the same time there is ; ‘accompanying benefit to water-power development ~ lessening sedimentation, which lowers the stora: capacity of reservoirs, as well as in equalizing strea flowage, especially in increasing the dry season flow. — A collateral advantage is that enjoyed by such town as secure their supply of domestic water from wate! sheds in whole or in part owned by the Government af lying within the forests. There are 17 municipa including 4 large hotels, which now make use of © privilege, while 29 municipalities and 5 hotels sec their supply from lands which have not been acq but which are located within the purchase areas. — ernment control assures the sanitation of such ae PROGRESS OF THE PURCHASE OF EASTERN NATIONAL FORESTS 459 sheds without interfering with the use of the land for life, uses which in no way detract from their essential timber producing purposes. economic service. A further function which can not be measured from There have been located under the Weeks law in nine a purely monetary standpoint is the use of the forests States in the very important hardwood and spruce regions Sno Lc This photograph was also made on a tract in the area purchased for National Forests, and is characteristic of the condition of cut-over spruce forest. by of the Appalachians and White Mountains 21 purchase areas, on 17 of which purchases have beenauthorized by the National Forest Reservation Commission. These purchase areas have an area of nearly 7,000,000: acres, for recreational purposes. Rendered accessible means of roads and bypaths they become public play- grounds. Also certain restricted areas have already been designated as game preserves for the breeding of wild 460 AMERICAN including some interior farming land. They comprise the White Mountains, the Monongahela, the Potomac, the Massanutten, the Shenandoah, the Natural Bridge, the White Top, the Unaka, the Boone, the Mount Mithcell, the Pisgah, the Savannah, the Georgia, the Cherokee, the Nantahala, the Alabama and the Arkansas and Ozark Purchase Areas. Since the purchase program was developed, other States, including Kentucky, in which conditions seem to meet the requirements of the law, have enacted legislation authorizing the acquisition of lands for National Forest purposes. A further appro- priation of the kind which has been recommended, cover- ing a period of years, would be expended primarily in acquiring lands on areas which have already been located so as to secure consolidation and more efficient adminie- tration, and with the further object of extending the policy to new units located particularly in States in which no purchase areas have as yet been established. The tota’ area of hardwood and spruce lands in the mountains of the Eastern States which is unsuited for agricultural purposes and which should be maintained in productive forests is in excess of 30,000,000 acres. A TREE GAME Which tree a kissing game could play?—Tulip And which its father’s name could say?—Paw-Paw. Which shall we wear to keep us warm?—Fir. And which do ships prefer in storm?—Bay. Which shows what lovelorn maidens do?—Pine: And in your hand which carry you?—Palm. And which is it that the fruit men fear Which makes a call each seventeenth year?—Locust. 8. And from their pipes men shake which tree?—Ash. 9. Which tree does a bad boy hate to see?—Birch, 10. Which like a man bright, dapper, neat?—Spruce. 11. Which is a girl both young and sweet?—Peach. 12. And on which do the children play With pail and shovel all the day?—Beech. 13. And to which tree shall we now turn For goods to wear and stuff to burn?—Cottonwood. 14. And now divide you one tree more You’ve part of a dress and part of a door?—Hemlock. 15. Which tree is never seen alone ?—Pear. 16. And which in church doth office hold ?—Elder. 17. And which is a town in Ireland old?—Cork. 18. For this one do not look so far Which tells what charming people are?—Poplar. 19. The carpenter doth use which tree To make his wall as straight as can be?—Plum. 20. And to which tree do urchins call To show you shouldn’t have looked at all ?—Rubber, Which tree on calendars find "you?—Date. AFP wp Which is a joke told times not few?—Chestnut. And on our feet we'll wear which tree ?—Sandalwood. And which our hero’s crown shall be ?—Laurel. Another tree to find just try For fish and fuel for a fry?—Basswood. Now, last of all, what tree have we, sy The first an animal faithful indeed, The second our country’s industrial need ?—Dogwood. RESRRE FORESTRY é HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE A TREE ~ TO DECAY? ae accompanying photograph taken just outside the — city of Vancouver, Canada, throws some interesting light upon the subject. The log which is down beneath — the roots of the big stump is of fir, a comparatively soft wood. The stump, the roots of which cover it, is of cedar. The cedar tree of which this stump was once a_ part had a diameter of more than three feet, as even 52 SEO. PE EE Ne ew = n) EVIDENCE OF THE LASTING QUALITIES OF FIR Though dead and down for over seven decades this ‘old fir log has not even begun to soften, now, after being partly eaten away by fire, the stump twenty-six inches across, indicated by the outstretch arm of the man measuring twenty-six inches from a pit to fingertips. To reach such dimension the ced must have been at least seventy-five years in growing, the estimation of a man who has given his attention | such matters. z : This fact throws an interesting light on the question of how long it takes a fallen tree to decay. As may bé seen from the position of the two immense roots of the cedar, the fir log must have fallen when the cedar was a seedling. Very possibly the fir may have been down: before the cedar ever started to grow. As the little cedar sapling grew taller its roots were forced to encircle the log as seen. Though the fir log has been down at least seventy-five years, its wood is still hard with the excep= tion of an inch on the outer surface. This slow decay’ of even so soft a wood as fir in a country like British Columbia, where in winter frost often follows weeks of rain, and where the summers are hot and dry, a combina- tion of climatic conditions greatly furthering decay, gives | some idea of the immense length of time which harder woods will last, for the fir, though down at least seventy~ five years, has not even begun to soften. R THE WALNUT—OUR NATIONAL TREE ? HALL the American walnut be adopted as our Several such inquiries have been received by AMERICAN Forestry recently. national tree? ly it has many claims to such recognition. But so have others, their admirers - will say. What do the lovers of walnut claim for it? _ One writer says: “There is probably no tree better known in the United States than the walnut tree and certainly the record of the wood is one of which we are all proud. The suggestion | would like to make is that ‘the American walnut be ' adopted as our national tree. England has her oak, Canada her maple, Italy her olives, Germany her linden, Japan her cryptomeria, why not America her walnut? Walnut as a tree awakes fond memories in the heart of nearly every native born American. The tree grows naturally in the region oc- cupied by four-fifths of the people of the United States and has been planted and grown successfully in every State in the Union. “The wood itself is in- ferior to none of the world’s best cabinet woods and in fact is superior in most respects. Its beauty of color and figure to- gether with its well-nigh perfect physical character- istics qualify it as the lead- ing candidate as our na- tional representative among the forest products of the world, “Tt is quite true that walnut is not as plentiful as some of the other woods, but this is a point in its fayor. There were not many Theodore Roosevelts but we are glad to think of him as a representative Ameri- can. Walnut is good enough to be a _ representative JAmenican Forestry makes grateful American, Certain- THIS GIANT WALNUT STANDS IN THE CITY PARK AT PIQUA, . There is apparently enough walnut in the country to give us a sustained cut of some 50 mil- lion feet a year, and this will cover our needs in this cabinet wood. If the tree is planted and © young growth protected there is no reason why we should not always have plenty of walnut. In times of peace it gives us a wood for the best and most artistic fur- niture, in war it gives us the one reliable wood for gunstocks and airplane propellers. The tree itself gives shade but does not kill the grass beneath, thus leaving a lawn or pasture. The wood is superior for farm use, is a good fuel and is durable as posts. The nuts are marketable at good prices when produced in excess of local consump- tion. When the trees are mature they are marketable at better prices than can be obtained for any stump- age anywhere in the world. Mahogany stumpage sells at from 50 cents to $5.00 per 1,000 board feet. “I wonder how many memorial trees planted in honor of soldiers were walnuts. If you can think of a better tree than walnut as our national tree, please tell me what it is and I promise never to mention it to anyone.” All of this is a first-class argument in favor of the walnut. Evidently forestry departments of several States believe in it too, for recently in Ohio, the Agri- cultural Experiment Sta- tion published a pamphlet by Edmund Secrest, of the Forestry Section, on the cultivation of these trees, attention being called to the great value of the lumber in many industries and its use OHIO, AND IS 12 FEE IN CIRCUMFERENCE, MEASURED ; ir- THREE FEET FROM THE GROUND = the Great War for ant acknowledgment to the American Walnut Manufacturers Association for much of the material and many of the cuts used in this article.—EpiTor.) 461 a - - ——"- ~~ = AMERICAN FORESTRY AMERICAN WALNUT LOGS, HEWN OCTAGONAL FOR EXPORT. BEFORE THE WAR IN THIS FORM. LOGS SHIPPED TO EUROPE planes and gun stocks, for which no other substitute could be found in sufficient quantities. Mr. Secrest says that with proper care trees may be grown from seed or transplanting of small trees to a state of maturity where the wood will be of as great value as that of the original forest. In Pennsylvania the State Forestry Department has undertaken extensive seed planting in an effort to re- store the black walnut. One hundred fifty bushels of seed have been planted in especially prepared ground at Mont Alto and should produce 100,000 seedlings. for next spring. Many requests have been received from owners of woodland who desire to start groves of the trees. Walnut which had been originally specially selected for the manufacture of gun stocks for the use of the Allied Armies has been used to make what is probably the most beautiful interior of a religious struc- ture in the country, that of one of the Methodist Churches in Kansas City, Missouri. The entire interior—trim, furniture and pews—is of black walnut, even the paneling about the side walls and pipe organ being worked from a single walnut log, a specimen of the kind for which experts are always on the lookout but seldom if ever are fortunate enough to find. The beauty and grain of the wood conduces to harmony and richness of tone, the soft colors of the walnut being so fitted and blended that they produce the effect of a great painting, where the qualities of simplicity and depth predominate. The family name for walnut is derived from “Jovis Glans,” or nut of Jupiter. In ancient times, walnut was called “Regia,” or royal, and “Juglans Regia” is the name of the European walnut. This species is spread over Europe and has been planted in California. The white “English walnuts” of commerce are of this species, as is also the cabinet wood known as “Circassian walnut.” The Circassian walnut wood of commerce comes from MANY LOGS LEFT AMERICA SINCE THE WAR THERE HAVE BEEN BUT FEW SUCH tral Texas and Northern Florida. American walnut was called ‘“Dent-soo-kwa-no-ne” by the Indians of New — OUT THE GRASS A PLANTED GROVE OF AMERICAN WALNUT TREES ALREADY PRODUCING AN ABUNDANT CROP OF NUTS. NOTICE THAT © EVEN A HEAVY STAND OF WALNUT TREES DOES NOT KILL ~ fh near the Black Sea, where the — trees grow under very un-— favorabie conditions, their — struggle for life producing the weird, twisted, streaked — wood which was once so popular as a cabinet wood. European authorities and craftsmen have long been partial to American walnut, — agreeing in its superior color, 4 figure, strength and texture to the wonderful walnut grown in Italy, France and Spain. American walnut (or black — walnut, as it is often called) ranges from Massachusetts and South Ontario west — through the southern half of the Lake States to Middle Nebraska and Kansas, to Cen- a THE WALNUT—OUR NATIONAL TREE? 463 lions of trees scattered over the farming sections of the country. A practice grew up of collecting logs at a convenient shipping point from the surround- ing country. Trees would get old and die, be struck by lightning, or the owner be in need of ready cash; so walnut trees could always be bought. Since 1900 this practice has increased, until today the greater part of the walnut pro- duced is picked up, a tree here and a tree there, and shipped to the mills. During the war it was this system which made it possible to supply the United States and Allied Governments with the countless millions of feet for gunstocks and air- plane propellers. The results were a revelation even to the ex- perienced walnut men and to forestry experts. It was discovered that a steady walnut produc- tion could be maintained almost indefinitely, the demands of the war scarcely scratching this source of supply. NS d The forests formerly contained some magnifi- - cent specimens of this splendid tree. Even ; <4 o PAE, PIM L ‘ } q a | ROL CU eR peer oe iy aS FRENCH FIFTEENTH CENTURY DOORS OF CARVED WALNUT, ILLUSTRAT- within the last few years specimens have been ee THE WIDE R NITION OF THE VIRTUES OF WALNUT EVEN AT ; a Pee _ THis EARLY DATE AT cut measuring five and six feet in diameter. 5 ae Many years ago there was standing in Floyd 2 York; the value of its wood was early recognized and County, West Virginia, a tree seven feet in diameter, "used by the settlers for rails, buildings, furniture and while in Letcher County there was a rather short bodied rifle stocks. walnut nearly nine feet in diameter. A great many Tt was cut out far in advance of other timber, but trees averaging from four to six feet on the stump came "up to 1850 it was fairly abundant. From 1850 to 1875 down the Big Sandy River to move on the Ohio and it was widely used and much of the best timber was were exported during the period between 1870 and 1890. “cut in the then accessible regions. From 1875 to 1900 - The average forest growth, however, was from twelve the production of walnut dropped slowly from } i -” — nanenieiiael 125,000,000 feet a year to about 50,000,000 feet |° ‘yearly. ' Since 1900 the annual figure has remained | about 50,000,000 feet, until the Great War, | which brought out an average of nearly 100,000,- | 000 feet per year between 1914 and 1918. To _ be sure, American consumption of walnut drop- _ ped steadily from 1875 to 1900, but the foreign market for walnut increased correspondingly. Walnut has found its principal foreign markets in Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, * Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Holland, Spain and “Italy—England and Germany being heretofore the principal markets. For twenty years prior to the outbreak of the World War, Germany had been importing walnut logs from this coun- try for veneer, but it is now a well-known fact ‘that at least a great part of this material was manufactured into a reserve store of gunstocks. Some twenty years ago the logging of the wal- nut became different from that of other woods. This tree had always been a favorite and had “— SEEEEnEenin EARLY AMERICAN HOMEMADE WRITING DESK OF WALNUT. THIS PIECE been preserved and planted all over the coun- Was PROBABLY WROUGHT BY THE GRANDFATHER OF THE FAMILY AND 1; ‘1 SO VENERATED AND APPRECIATED AS A REAL HEIRLOOM BY THE try. As a result, there were millions and mil- 3 unGER GENERATION ea 464 to thirty-six inches in diameter. Many of the old trees were sixty feet or more to the first limb. As with all trees, the stem or trunk of the walnut tree is usually the most valuable. Generally, the trunks of walnut trees are straight-grained and show but a small amount of figure. In the average tree the only place where a decided figure is found is in the stump. Most every stump shows a wavy grain at a point where the roots begin to spread out from the base of the tree. It is therefor: a fact that most of the figured walnut used comes from the stumps, though it is doubtful wiiether more than one stump in a hundred is suitable for this pur- pose. Such stumps carefully dug from the ground and transported to the mills where they are trimmed and quar- tered. These quarters are then placed upon veneer machines where they are cut in such a manner as to take ad- vantage of the peculiar grain of the wood. Another form of fig- ured walnut is to be found in what is com- known as a These burls are which are monly burl. huge growths may be found at any point on the trunk of the tree, but more com- the They often weigh from 500 to 2,000 pounds, and are prepared and monly at roots. cut in a manner very AMERICAN FORESTRY this haphazard care, however, enough importance is not attached to the encouragement and planting of this grand tree. No farm should be without its clump or row of walnuts, and the life of no child is complete” without having gone “walnutting” after the first heavy frost in the autumn. ; The story of the use of walnut for furniture is in- tensely interesting. The earliest recorded use of walnut was in Nineveh” and in King Solomon’s time when ebony, teak and Indian walnut were used. - There is in the Brit-— ish Museum the re- mains of the oldest piece of furniture in the world. -It is the throne of the mighty Queen Hatshepsu who ruled Egypt in the far- off days of the eigh- teenth dynasty. This chair has legs carved” to represent bulls and a cobra wrapped around each leg. The British Museum also has turn- ed chairs and_ stools made about 1500 B. C., which show that the artisans of ancient Egypt well understood turning, veneering and inlaying. The Romans, during the time of the Empire, © used walnut probably in considerable amounts as a veneer over cedar. Veneers were cut, not for the purpose of 7 economy, but because by this means the most beautifully marked or figured specimens of similar to that in which handled, but only an occasional stumps are specimen furnishes sound wood. A very notable example of a burl was to be found at Mount Vernon a few years ago on a large walnut tree growing at the side of Wash- ington’s grave. This particular burl, however, had been used as a bees’ nest for many years, which made it worthless, The regard in which walnut is held is shown by the care given the walnut trees that come up wherever a seed gets a chance to grow. Walnut reproduction has been protected more than that of any other American tree, and as a result there are millions of trees growing up which will some day produce good timber. With all HUGHES SAMBIN SFYLE WALNUT CABINET. FRENCH, CIRCA 1550. POLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW YORK the wood could be ap- plied and a much rich- er and more decorative ~ effect could be produced. It is only by the use of veneer = that the wonderful figure in walnut grain can be justly t It is of importance, however, to the buyer of furniture, that walnut veneer for beauty should be used ™ only with solid walnut for true value as a basis, because z that is the only way to be sure of getting real walnut) furniture. This is of enough importance to justify a definite) guarantee from maker and seller that the veneer by its beauty does not mask an inferior and less valuable base wood, but that the buyer may be assured of securing the utmost and rightful value which can come only from METRO- shown. we “ys . solid walnut—with or without veneers. Walnut was much used in Venice, which was then the center of art, where it was carved into all kinds of furniture and used as a ground-work for veneers. In Milan, the Italian. brown walnut was used for certosina work, in- ' laying with bone and ivory. In the Victoria and Albert Museum is a Florentine fold- ing chair of walnut / made in 1520. The ' furniture styles of the Italian Renaissance form the starting point and source of inspiration for all suc- eding styles. The period of the Renaissance marked | great revival of learning, a general emergence from he dark ages. It was European in scope, but had its eginning and highest development in Italy. The classic irit, which effected so great a change in architecture, _ wai further exemplified in the form and ornamentation _ of furniture. Carved woodwork became the vogue in “interiors and furniture styles followed this lead. _ The interior woodwork of this period was noteworthy. > Italian walnut was much used, carved and pannelled. _ The cabinet became the most important piece. The chairs "were mostly huge, stately with carved perpendicular "backs, flat square seats and arms, with no thought of ae comfort. "> Gothic details of carving persisted until the sixteenth i tury. The lives of Saints as motifs went out of style ~ and pagan elements crept in. Handsome chests 6f solid walnut, cabinets, tables and chairs were made, though styles were palatial rather than domestic. Artists and cabinetmakers came from ‘other countries and the spirit and styles of VHtalian Renaissance swept across the continent. Some Renaissance furniture was richly inlaid ith ivory ana bone into walnut. Fine Intarsia “work on walnut, copies of marble mosaic, geo- : metric, floral and pictorial patterns became common. ' Cerule or Sayonarola chairs on the Roman [PLE OF FRENCH SIXTEENTH URY CARVING IN WALNUT. A _ DETAIL OF A MOST ELABORATE WALNUT CABINET apres nut, and these are quite usable today. Savonarola r chairs, mirrors, occasional tables, cabinets or Renaissance furniture which would be suitable for modern homes. The records show that these master Empire builders, the Romans, introduced THE WALNUT—OUR NATIONAL TREE? 465 walnut trees into England, but that walnut was not in- troduced in quantity until 1565 A. D. These sixteenth century trees were allowed to grow in their majesty and beauty for nearly a hundred years, and not until the later days of Qdéeen Elizabeth were they cut and used in any quantity. The earliest examples of furniture now in existence from the early middle ages in Europe are coffers. The wooden coffers, which gradually became a receptacle in which smaller boxes could be stored, is the forerunner of the cupboard, and there are authentic specimens of these early coffers made of walnut in a few private collections and museums. Walnut chests of the fifteenth century are to be found in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The sideboard .was first, literally, a board fixed against the wall, gradually developing by the addition of props or legs in front, then in the back, then a double shelf later enclosed, into an independ- ent piece of furniture. Authentic walnut furniture of the Tudor beciad still exists in England. By the time of Charles II, walnut was the principal furniture wood, although, during the Jacobean or Restoration days, its use, due to its superi- ority in fine, smooth grain was steadily increasing. The fierce fanatic zeal of the Cromwellian period caused the destruction of most of the now priceless treas- ures in furniture, and the succeeding years saw great quantities of furniture made to replace this destruction. During the reign of William and Mary there began what has been termed the “Age of Walnut.” These monarchs brought to England walnut furniture in the Dutch and Flemish styles, of which some fine examples are to be found today in Hampton Court. There is in particular a set of ten walnut chairs with cabriole legs, feet carved as hoofs, and carved stretchers. Old English lacquer work very often had walnut as a base due to the unchangeableness of the wood. The Dutch influence is shown in all the furniture made at this time, and walnut chairs made during the Queen Anne period are said to be the first in which the human anatomy and real com- fort were given any consideration. After the period SIXTEENTH CENTURY FRENCH CARVED WALNUT TABLE, METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW YORK AMERICAN of the purer forms of the first Renaissance the best time for carved woodwork and decorative furniture in the Netherlands was probably the sev- enteenth century, when Flemish de- signers and crafts- men had ceased to copy Italian patterns and es- tablished the style we recognize as Flemish Renais- sance. | Theseventeenth / century also gave the best examples of English work, marked by increased refinement of design, soundness of construction and thorough workmanship made possible by the use of walnut. F At this time cozy or grandfather’s chairs were made of walnut, and with sumptuous upholstery, marked the introduction of real comfort into the design and construction of furniture. This period marked the evolution of the winged sleeping chair and the love chair or settee. The use of walnut contributed largely to the wonderful development of marquetry or inlay | work in England, France and Italy, as the rare fidelity and trueness of walnut under all condi- tions permitted the exact cutting necessary to perfect inlay work. Walnut was much used in the manufacture of pianos in Queen Anne’s time, and not only the case but the keys were made of walnut. What is known as the decorative Queen Anne period marked the advancement of cabinet work in its finest expression of skill through elaborate carving and embellishment. This progress was also possible through the superiority of walnut for cabinet uses. ere aera} ENGLISH SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ALL- WOOD WALNUT WAINSCOT ARMCHAIR The period of Queen Anne marked the de- velopment of a real English style of furniture on Dutch lines. The beginning of Queen Anne, about 1700, divides ancient from modern furni- ture. Then feature of design and with them the cabriole leg, and no underbracing. Attention turned to form rather than ornament. folks then had Windsors, straight slat backs, and banister back chairs. Walnut was used extensively. curves came in as a The common In the Georgian period, ball and claw foot legs superseded the round Dutch foot designs %, .t " A es oe ‘ . A tas Re eee TES TYPICAL ENGLISH SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TURNED WALNUT ARMCHAIR ~ FORESTRY on footed furniture. English styles then passed through periods of French Rococo, Louis XV, Chinese and Gothic elements, until classic and Louis XVI features predomi- nated. Chippendale contributed largely to the modifica- tion and improvement of the Queen Anne styles. Con= ~ siderable quantities of figured walnut came into the market during the Georgian period and much of this” was veneered, producing very pleasing effects. y There are some notable examples of fine carved wal- nut tables in private collections in England, and a very few in America, which mark the great popularity of this” type of furniture in the decade 1720 to 1730. Walnut was used in the old grandfather’s clocks in the period from 1720 to 1735. There is a fine old burl walnut clock” in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Dean Swift, that eccentric whose caustic wit an y literary brilliancy made a page of England’s history, was § the possessor of a solid walnut writing cabinet of great beauty. It was at this time that the artistic genius or Brothers Adam, of Chippendale, Heppelwhite Sheraton found expression in several styles which identified by the names of their originators. The chief distinction between previous styles and the” work cf these masters lay in refinement of design 2 <4 THE WALNUT—OUR NATIONAL TREE? 467 * walnut. This is also true of the delicate models of Sheraton, who was a designer and publisher of engravings rather than a furniture maker. Possibly this explains his development of beauty along lines of form and proportion rather than | by accentuated oddity and intricate carving. In these facts we have an unusual evidence of the basic superiority of walnut as a cabinet wood. All through the centuries it has been the truest medium of expression for what successive per- | iods have deemed most beautiful and worthy in 4 furniture design. From the massiveness of Flemish, the elegance of Italian and French, and the balanced beauty of eighteenth century Eng- , lish, walnut by its inherent qualities has been the one cabinet wood that fulfilled all demands. The Victorian Age developed no really new styles in furniture. It was generally of plain, indiscriminate style with sombre upholstery on mahogany wood which was inartistic in coloring and crude in form and finish. A revival of art came later and with it a revival of the classic styles in furniture, principally through those old pieces made of walnut which throughout the years had shown no deteriora- tion in physical qualities and had, with age, RCT. ri grown more beautiful in color. WALNUT ARMCHAIR OF ENGLISH MAKE, SEVENTEENTH CENTURY : ; : @PERIOD OF CHARLES 11) The very earliest American furniture was that rea aA 4) Hk brought from England, Holland, France or consistency of line. Their furniture was smaller— truly Spain, and was of course of the style and wood prevail- refined in size and proportion—the backs and legs of ing in these respective countries at the time. This chairs were harmonious in design, and beauty was expressed in form rather than by bulk, Thomas Chippendale began his career as a “maker of walnut furniture and developed the reputation of choosing only the best material for his work. The famous Kateshill walnut chair was made by Chippendale. He also used walnut in his beautiful mantel clocks. - Robert Adam was an architect who designed furniture to harmonize with architecture or in- terior decorations, and his furniture was largely made to meet special requirements, although so distinctive was his style, modeling along the general lines of the Louis XVI styles, that his impress has been the inspiration for generations of later designers. Some of his finest work was done in walnut. Heppelwhite established a wide reputation as a furniture designer and builder. It might be said that his work marks the transition from Chip- pendale to the classics of Adam and Sheraton. He particularly reduced the size of pieces and introduced the more feminine lines of grace and beauty. It is an interesting historical fact that the famous sideboards commonly attributed to Heppelwhite were really designed by Shearer. The finest of Heppelwhite designs are best re- : } A ta dark ‘oh , f | EXCELLENTLY PROPORTIONED WALNUT CHAIR WITH VELVET UP- produc in dark, straight grain, uniigurec HOLSTERY. STYLE, WILLIAM AND MARY, 1689-1702 468 accounts for the fact that many of the old pieces were made in walnut. _ Trinity Col- lege has a richly carv- ed walnut chair of the Italian style of 1640. Other interesting pieces linked with Colonial days have been mentioned. Furniture made of Virginia walnut found its way as far as New England (a long dis- tance in those days), and furniture made of this wood pro- duced by manufactur- ers in Philadelphia in the Revolutionary days, their work being re- was sponsible for many excellent pieces. that distinctively rocking chairs, made of black What we as the “bureau” American pro- dating about 1727 and the name was originally spelled “buerow.” It is an interesting fact that in the early days of our republic, we produced a master craftsman, Phyfe, whose were walnut. know is an duction Duncan of New York, work -bore im- press of genius that ranks him with the widely heralded de- signers of | ‘S pond is music to his ears and he never tires of watching Valley abounding with hunters. Each time we held our breath until we again saw its dark form silhouetted against the sky and watched it arch its wings and drop like a leaf over the adjacent trees down once more to : courting performances. as they float about on its "Surface. Even if his grounds are limited to a city yard, ) he may yet enjoy the presence of a pair of dainty teal or of the elegant wood ducks. During the past few years it ~ has been the writer’s good for- » tune to-be able to surround him- self with a variety of game birds » and though his grounds are limit- 7 ed to about four acres of rough ) land, a large part of which is » occupied by the house and gar- » den, he is able to enjoy the wild life of the woods and the ” marshes from his windows. On a little pond made by damming a small stream, seven species of wild ducks float about uncon- " eernedly or occasionally disport themselves diving or showing _ off their plumage to the more demure females. A pair of ma'- ‘lards busy themselves along the _ shore with a brood of twelve youngsters; a pair of wood ducks go in and out of a nest- ing box built for them above the ) water, and a pair of green- 7 winged teal are nosing about a a the little pond which it recognized as its home. There is a snow goose that stands like a marble statue ; & : - - < e . THIS GROUSE, REARED BY THE WRITER, LOVED TO PLAY, DEMANDED HUMAN ATTENTION, AND SHOWED UNUSUAL INTELLIGENCE. 478 AMERICAN PHEASANTS ARE WILD, UNTAMABLE BIRDS FROM’ THE TIME THEY ARE HATCHED. COMPARE THE APPEARANCE OF THIS BIRD WITH THE YOUNG GROUSE. at one side of the pond until the drake mallard notices his proximity to the mallard duck. The mallard has a pugnacious disposition. and lowering his head he starts toward the goose, of whose timidity he has already learned. The goose has longer legs than the mallard and can run faster, but the mallard can help himself along by flapping his wings. A comical race ensues, the goose, with his head thrown back and his chest up, strides up the bank with his wings held close to his body. A few feet behind him, with his head lowered close to the ground and his wings desperately fanning the air, comes the.,mallard drake. Across the yard they go and up the hill through the vineyard where the mallard soon finds him- self handicapped and ceases pursuit to stand guard on the path and not allow the goose to return. The snow goose is a gentle bird com- pared with the Canada geese and makes a better pet for when the Canada geese be- gin to nest the old gander is almost. dangerous to have around, so fierce does he be- come. One needs to himself with a club when he approaches them to hold him off or he may suffer from numerous bruises inflicted by the bony knobs that are borne on the bird’s wings. arm The writer was once taken off his guard while feeding these strenuous pets and felt ON HIS WINGS. A CANADA GOOSE IS A STRENUOUS PET, ESPECIALLY WHEN NESTING. THE GANDER IS SHOWING HIS PUGNACIOUS QUAL.- ITIES BY BEATING UP THE INTRUDER WITH THE BONY KNOBS FORESTRY the effect of a rather severe drubbing for a week after. They are interesting birds, however, especially when they are nesting, for the gander is a most devoted mate. | All day long he stands guard by the nest while the ™ ¥ He Be H THIS IS A BABY GROUSE. RUFFED GROUSE MAKE GENTLE PETS FROM THE VERY START. THIS LITTLE CHAP IS BUT TWO DAYS OLD. 7 goose incubates, accompanying her once or twice a day to the pond to eat and drink. For five weeks he is thus attentive until the eggs hatch and then he is even more proud and more pugnacious in the defense of the youngsters. No matter how versed one is in the ways of the waterfowl he is continually being surprised when he lives with them” year in and year out. He learns new things about. their habits and calls that he did not know existed: the changes in plumage that are so difficult to study in nature without the killi of a great many birds open up like a book to read as he passes the pond each day. The .courting performance that one can observe in na- ture only at great distances take place within a few feet” of his eyes and the varied calls that are ordinarily §>) confusing explain themselves: in a very simple way, If one is not blessed with a pond upon which he can keep waterfowl, he can still” have an enclosure-and keep a few upland game birds Pheasants are easy to raise on a small scale and one can ed BI . fy! rtp x GAME BIRDS AS. PETS 479 - obtain the eggs gratis from the Conservation Commis- sions of many States if he _ will promise to liberate the birds when they are grown. It is even more interesting _ to watch the young game birds develop than it is to its ve the old birds about ~ one. A book like that writ- ten by H. K. Jot on the pagation of wild birds will give one tlie principles involved and a little ex- ” perience iv all that is neces- “sary to start one in a mod- "est way into the business of all the young birds with which I have ever had any experience are those of the ruffed grouse. They seem absolutely devoid of fear from the time they are hatched and seem to enjoy ' being handled for they cud-' dle into one’s hand in a most trusting manner. As_ they grow older, they seem’ to crave human companion- ship and like nothing bet-. ter than to climb all over one. One young bird that i raised to maturity de- manded human attention f game Bee. eis and, if I neglected to play _ the raising of a few pheas- 1 - with him when bringing ants for his own pleasure. és feed, he would fly at me as i nt A FAMILY OF MALLARDS ON THE SHORE OF THE POND. n€ ring-necked pheasa MALLARD DUCKS ARE VERY EASILY RAISED IN CAPTiviry, ‘Hough enraged and tug at the one most commonly my trouser leg until I gave: "and easily raised and is always the one best to begin him the attention that he wished. Our native grouse with because the stock is the least expensive. If one and quail are much more difficult to raise in captivity wishes still more showy birds, however, the golden, the - than are the pheasants and one should not plan to experi- silver, the Lady aie. § ; ment with _-Amherst, and al rm ee ene : : i ie # én ; a . them until af- the Reeve’s ter he has 4 pheasants are learned the nearly as easily rules with managed. pheasants, _ Pheasants are, When he is however, near- prepared to do. ly always wild, so, however, hé untamable has a wonder- _ birds and their ful storehousé _ young are very before him much like with which to them, lacking enrich his life entirely the and make moré piriendly con- dear to hin? Wy “fiding natures than ever the of our native days spent in “a bob-whites and the woods and grouse. The fields in search rs GOOSE MAKES A BETTER PET THAN THE CANADA GOOSE, BECAUSE IT IS A "most lovable THF SNOW MUCH MORE GENTLE BIRDS. of game. AN ORCHARD PLANTED IN HONOR OF “CHER AMI” NE of the members of the American Forestry Asso- brought the news from the Argonne Forest to American ciation, who has already generously (and anony- headquarters of the desperate plight of the Lost Battalion ) mously) arranged for the planting of two memorial or- and its famous leader Lt.-Col. Whittlesey? Relief came chards in France in honor of two Americans who gave in response to the appeal found in the container on the © their lives in the war, was touched by the following appeal _ pink leg of the battered and exhausted little body that lay ' and has donated a third orchard to be planted in France where it had fallen in the pigeon loft at the American as a fitting memorial to “Cher Ami,” the carrier pigeon: Army Headquarters in France. ‘Cher Ami’ was cited by " “Shall we forget ‘Cher Ami,’ the carrier pigeon, the General Pershing for meritorious service and awarded the "stout-hearted, swift-winged message bearer that flew Distinguished Service Cross. He died from the wounds he through whistling shrapnel and bursting bombs and received when carrying a message that saved men’s lives.” j IX WOT a NO JNO NG ING TAG TING JING JING JING ING NO JING AGING JING AG WONG AGING ING AO AC AG AGING AGING NOTING OANA NONG INGA NG) NOVOTACIAG A VOICE BY LEANDER GOETZ I am only a voice and there’s no one to hear; The joys of my childhood departed When the men with the axes and wagons came near And left me alone broken-hearted. My brothers and I and my sisters were nine; We lived on this hillside together; We whispered the tongue of our great mother, Pine, And were happy—no matter the weather. My brothers and sisters were beautiful trees, The fairest in all the sweet wildwood; But I am a cripple, as every one sees, From a blow in my earliest childhood. I do not lament the big scar that was left When the wild storm of winter had riven me, But alas! when I think how I am bereft Of the playmates the Tree-god had given me! We often would look at the beautiful sky The sun and the clouds said, “We love you,” The stars whispered low, as they softly drew nigh, “Sleep on; we are watching above you.” The juncos hopped near with the break of the day, And the chickadees twittered soon after; The chipmunks and squirrels dashed by in their play And the crows filled the woods with their laughter. The fireflies came with their lamps glow- ing bright, When the sweet summer twilight was falling, And the crickets and katydids chirped - through the night ; ‘ And we heard the lone whippoorwill calling. We never were lonely; we knew naught of care, é No blessing of earth ever missed us; - For were the days stormy, or were the days fair, The raindrops or sunbeams had kissed us. My comrades are gone, and it’s lonely to be On this desolate hillside without them, And the winds from the wood meet the winds from the sea, And they whisper all night long about them, For oh! they were snatched from their mother’s embrace When the snowflakes around us were flying, ; j And their forms that were perfect in beauty and grace, Were dragged to the market place, dying. For the worship of Christ they have suf- fered, I’m told, For the Christ-Child whose birthday is cherished; But I know it was more for the worship of gold, That my brothers, my sisters, all perished. WANE AAT ANG AAG ANG ANG AAG AAG NO, a} | NWN AN ANA ANAN AN WAN WANA A NANYAN/ ONAN DN'ANBN/BNYAN/ ANZA BNIB Ws WA ed SY WO 7 af ” AS NSECT “snow” may be found on many trees, par- ticularly beeches and sycamores, during the month of August. The “snow” is a white down upon the back of little black insects and when thousands of these gather upon a tree and virtually cover it fhe effect is very much as if a snowstorm had spread its mantle of white over the tree. The writer first saw this insect snow in August, 1919, and at night. Coming to a big beech tree and turning a flashlight on it to observe whether any moths were lurking under the leaves, the writer saw that the limbs and foliage of all the lower part of the tree looked as though it had been in a snow- storm. Almost immediately afterwards a sycamore tree was found to be in the same condition. The limbs and leaves presented a most remarkable and_ beautiful sight in the brilliant glare of the flashlights. The pure white, cottony-looking layer covering the under sides of hundreds of the leaves: and the limbs and twigs upon which they grew, was the white down growing on the backs of many thousands of little black insects. A large branch was cut off without jarring any of this curious host of little insects and car- ried home for study, where it was duly suspended from a string stretched across the room. Upon approaching it next morning it was discov- ered that when the limb was jarred in any way, all of the hundreds of little creatures on it began to sway to and fro in unison, and this synchronous rocking was kept up several minutes after the disturbance had ceased. The Same effect was produced when one clapped one’s hands, and at the same time a large number of the insects jetted Out a minute drop of watery fluid, the whole coming down as a miniature shower. Later on the writer photo- graphed this limb, and it is reproduced with this article. Along in 1851, Fitch, the distinguished entomologist of New York State, gave the original description of a very remarkable insect that was discovered in masses, ‘ attacking the leaves of beech and sycamore trees of that ) part of the country. This was followed by published INSECT SNOW ON A BEECH TREE LIMB This peculiar appearance is caused by thousands of small insects which by sucking the sap do great damage to beech and sycamore trees. INSECT SNOW—AN ENEMY OF BEECH TREES BY R. W. SHUFELDT accounts of the same species by other entomologists, but ° it was not until 1886 that Lintner gave the most complete accounts extant of what is now generally referred to as the “beech blight.” Lintner stated that he had received specimens on the under surface of a leaf of “an insect about one-sixteenth of an inch long, with a tuft-like down attached to the end of its body. It is found in large numbers in the woods, but only on the beech. The limbs are so thickly covered with them, that in their continued swaying motions back and forth they all kept time. Underneath the leaves’ and on_ the ground is found a _ blue or drab-colored substance, undoubtedly the offal from them. “The insect is one of the Aphides’ (Aphidide), com- monly known as plant lice, having the scientific appel- lation of Pemphigus imbri- cator. Popularly it is known as the beech tree blight.” The females of these tiny insects are provided with wings, and in both sexes the body is shiny black for the most part, with the legs of a much lighter tint, while a very striking character is to be seen on the hinder half of the abdomen, where there is attached a little tuft of snow-white down, so. ar- ranged that it practically puts the rest of the insect out of sight. These aphides congregate in dense masses on the under sides of the leaves of beech and syca- more trees during midsummer. Doctor Fitch further pointed out that “a peculiar feature of this insect and of its allied species is the white substance in which they are developed, resembling threads of cotton or wool, and which has given them the name of ‘woolly aphids.’ It appears in the form of threads or fibres which are sometimes long and flattened as in the beech-blight, and sometimes in the form of fine powder. “The substance is secreted by a glandular organ in the abdomen and thorax, and is of a peculiar character, being insoluble in water, alcohol, or solution of potash, and is not melted by the application of heat. The 481 —_— 482 AMERICAN purpose which it serves in the economy of the insect is not known.” It has also been ascertained that the allies of this little insect infest other trees, as the apple, elm, oak, pine, hickory, alder, and so on. These early entomologists made record of many other interesting facts bearing upon the habits, structure, and peculiarities of these strange little insects, much of which is of value to any one interested in the history of the insect enemies of our trees. The writer just quoted goes on to point out that “of course all the aphides are injurious to the vegetation that they attack, the amount of their harm depending upon their numbers, and the quantity of the sap that, by means of their beaks inserted into the bark, they are able to withdraw from the circulation. “As the peculiar coating of these woolly aphides pro- tect them from most of the insecticides that could be applied to them in a liquid form—shedding the fluid without absorption—the best remedy for them to be found is crushing them with a cloth, stiff brush, or broom, as they occur in their conspicuous masses. upon the trunks and branches.” It has further been shown that “this species is quite resistent to cold, since it was observed the latter part of October, 1903, in New York State, after the temperature had been quite low, and while an inch of snow was to -as the Harvester (Feniseca tarquinius), which t _ of beech, alder, etc., in the midst of colonies of y growth within thirteen days.” twelve years ago it gave a great deal pe ie Oneida County, the beech trees being covered with th pest, killing all the branches. The limbs become minh : twisted and distorted after the insects have sucked nearly — all the sap out of them, and it is a curious sight to see a big tree having all of its limbs so thickly covered | with these insects that it looks as though it had been du 2 over with powdered lime from the topmost twigs to lowest branches. Thousands of beech trees have b destroyed by this pest, and the menace has ee very serious one to this valuable tree. In other s the sycamores have suffered to nearly the same e It is an interesting fact, and an important thing the forester to know, that the insect has’a natural in the caterpillar of one of our native butterflies, range all over the Atlantic States and the Valley Mississippi. It is a small, bright orange form, its n relatives being butterflies occurring in Africa anil One of the entomologists of New York has ‘pointe that “the mother insect deposits her eggs upon the aphides. The caterpillars, upon hatching, spin — web and devour many of the plant lice, i a. EUGENE BRUCE DEAD A DEEP sense of loss is felt throughout the profes- sion in the death of Eugene Sewell Bruce. Mr. Bruce was one of those who earliest believed in forestry, and his vision, coupled with his highly practical knowl- edge and experience, did much to bring about some of the most important work which has been accomplished in forestry today. He . ing and lumbermen to apply forestry. He was q “His apiiey to grasp what oceuiaee were thi about and his intimate knowledge of the difficulties their path, made his services of inestimable value. was the necessary connecting link between foresters lumbermen. He led foresters to understand 1 to grasp. the Cengaptios: of forestry, its place in the had as well those traits in a strong man which so endear him to his associates, and “Gene” Bruce will be genuinely and widely mourned. The Society of the American Foresters, of which Mr. Bruce was a LEAVE S By Leila Brechenser-Rostiser « I wish that I at death might mleadé To j journey as the wearied leaves. ultimate development o f ‘our forests and its rela-_ tion to the practical si of the lumber industt In those days he perhaps the one lumber- man who saw clearltl that the vision held foresters must soon be’ realized, and to the realization of this vision senior member, in fram- ing resolutions on his death, said in part: “In the death of Eugene Sewell Bruce, the Foresters have lost a man unique in the his- tory of American fores- try, a pioneer builder of forestry in this country, and a wise and practical leader He was recognized as one of the most efficient of the practical lumbermen of the of the profession. I wish that I might gently go To sleep, beneath the soft, white snow. ‘ wish that I mi ght smiling die And by God's grace as safely lie. made it work. He placed public interests abo his own personal advantage, and with the zeal of a new he gave the better part of -his life Pe those of us who are still plodding along the trail, his loss is softened by the knowledge that lived to see the acco plishment of his He brought his visi ' down to earth 4 north woods, when twenty years ago, he abandoned a career rich in promise as a lumberman in private em- ploy, to join the little band of foresters in Washington. convert to a great cause, fought for them courageous 3 without sparing himself in the face of opposition and an- tagonism. He has left his mark upon the for- esters of the country. There is no other like him.” PUTTING TOWNS ON DRESS PARADE HOW THE MEMORIAL TREE IDEA CAN BE INCORPORATED WITH CITY BEAUTIFUL PLANS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY OWNS and cities are being made over as the result of the cam- paign of the American Forestry Association for memorial tree planting and for “Roads of Remem- brance.” The United States Army has just started an- other motor transport corps across the country to the Pacific, this time through the South. This caravan will carry the message of good roads into hundreds of towns and to thousands of people. In the almost two years since the signing of the armistice there has come a great awakening in tree planting. From every section of the country the American Forestry. Asso- ciation is getting reports of what is being done. In Brooklyn we hear discus- sion of a memorial boule- vard on a most pretentious scale. In Manhattan the memorial idea centers around a great memorial bridge across the Hudson into New Jersey. Here offers a fine opportunity for both sides of the river to plant memorial trees along the approaches to such a structure. In a statement for Amer- ican Forestry C. R. Greer, of the Beckett Paper Com- pany, of Hamilton, sets forth the hopes of that city in its plans for a city beau- tiful. His statement says: “A series of related river front improvements are in progress in Hamil- ton, which it is believed, will ultimately give to the almost every case where a city the most distinctive, memorial is under discus- sion the plans include the planting of memorial trees as the setting for. that A DEDICATION PARTY baer nage 5 fede vem an the a aglt s of & page Are & useful and adorning de- the men o ite Plains, New York. e tree has been marked an : regiftered with the Decriens Hocestsy Aeecetatien: by. Mrs. Canis @ velopment to be found in ebster,. of the ature Study Section of the mtemporary ub o £ ’ . White Plains. any ot the smaller Ameri- can cities. The present memorial. There is New Jersey for example. Alfred population is above 40,000, but the accession of large Gaskill, the state forester, comes forward with the sug- industrial. concerns assures immediate growth and has gestion that a-memorial forest park at Kittatinny Moun- tain be the State’s tribute to her heroes. At Hamil- ton, Ohio, a great plan is under way for making over the city’ which hitherto has never had anything but her back. doors facing the Miami River. Now Ham- ilton proposes to turn herself around and face the river with a_ beautiful boulevard in the scheme of which shall be memorial tree planting. In ROAD SIDE TREES xample of editorial co-operation, This editorial ‘was taken from the ene. Georell vewn which in turn touna it in the Atlanta Constitution. The reader will note that it incorporates the view of the Louisville-Courier Journal. Thus does the message of the tree travel. The movement for planting trees along public highways, as a part of the general development of the good roads scheme is growing in popular favor everywhere; which is encouraging. A tree is not only a thing of beauty, but is of real value, and from both the stand- point of beauty and intrinsic value, increases rapidly with the years. As for roadside trees, planted and cared for at public expense, there is every reason for hoping that the present nation-wide movement to that end will eventually attain anche ange isville Courier-Journal prophesied in a recent ae 11 come,” the Louisville urier-Journa! n n editorial Poni cears State will plant and protect trees along highways. At present, men are likened to faddists or cranks when they insist that no program or public improvement is complete that does not include trees nit public oe : , “ has come recently to the fore as an improver of roads, will Meee Gawtond kichways, and between the trees, where conditions warrant it, the roads will be bordered with shrubbery.” PAR Pe naga To cott, in “The Heart of Midlothian,” quotes the dying o ghlan Bueas tevie 2s his son, with almost his last breath: “Jock, when ye hae naethin’ else to do ye may be aye stickin’ in a tree; it will be growin’, Jock, when ye’er sleepin’.” ie te Cae ins R i for “Jock,” and s as goo ay for every citizen who See cater te goo eS aen: on it is as good for the nation, the State, the county, the city, the town or the school district as pe oe the er of even 7 po Reson ees—trees in which are combine e qualities that make hae wastes ry iditieeiad eouee as well as ornamental, of which there are hundreds of species—is growing greater every day.—Atlanta Constitution. encouraged the citizens and public officials to undertake improvements that will make the city worthy of its metropolitan aspi- rations. The Great Miami River tra- verses Hamilton from north to south, a diztance of’ nearly four miles. The site of the town is naturally attractive-—an ex- tensive level valley, flanked on all sides by wooded hills over which the city is slowly expand- ing. As in most industrial cowns the 483 484 AMERICAN river front has been an eyesore. Industries back up to it and in many cases encroached upon the channel. There was hardly a front door on the whole river bank and a strictly utilitarian population for generations regarded the river as a natural dump. “There was a general awakening of public taste in a large section of the community, and many citizens began to realize that in her river Hamilton had a great, utilized opportunity for civic beauty and recreation. A Park Commission, composed of three leading business men, was named and George E. Kessler, the landscape architect, was called in.” Mr. Kessler pronounced the situation ideal for development and his studies eventuated in a comprehensive plan for an encircling boulevard, with levees at some points, and two large parks to be FORESTRY connected by the driveways. It was estimated that under the scale of costs obtaining at that time the whole im- provement could be carried out for $400,000, but the development of public taste and civic spirit had not been sufficiently general, and the bond issue was voted down overwhelmingly. “In March, 1913, Hamilton, in common with other towns of the Miami Valley, was swept by flood. So great was the loss of property and life that the counties of the Jalley banded together resolved to make the Valley for- ever free from the menace. The Miami Conservancy District was organized and a flood prevention project estimated to cost about $23,000,000, was undertaken and is now more than sixty per cent completed. Arthur E. Morgan, of Memphis, whose protective works in the Underwood and Underwood THE ROAD TO THE CROSS «The cross on Mount Rubidoux, near Riverside, California, in memory of Junipera Serra, founder of California missions, has made the way to the top a virtual “Road of Remembrance,” showing that such memorials need not be confined to world war heroes. PUTTING TOWNS ON DRESS PARADE Mississippi Valley had won him reputation, was made chief engineer and there was gathered about him a group of consultants that included the greatest hydraulic engi- ‘neering knowledge and experience the world afforded. A series of dams and retarding basins to hold back any surplus of water above channel capacity constitute the chief feature of the program, but at critical points in the cities channel enlargements and improvements were added. It was this part of the program that gave to Hamilton her great chance to redeem her river and to develop a parkway system comparable to that Mr. Kessler had conceived years before. 485 “Hamilton thus had the unusual experience of having a large nucleus for a complete boulevard and park system handed to her without cost. It is true that the gift is in the rough, but conservancy engineers pledged full co- operation, so that the entire cost to the city would be only the work of embellishment and the acquisition and development of any desired additional lands. Public opinion immediately crystalized in support of Mr. Mor- gan’s suggestion and the city council has authorized the completion of a boulevard from the heart of the city skirting the river front south for a distance of more than two miles. A fifty foot driveway will be established Photograph by Kraus This is an example of how the “Roads of Remembrance” idea of coun A LIBERTY ROW This Liberty Row has been started at Westminster, Maryland, by the Civic League, the plans being in charge of Mrs. Austin Gallagher. the American Forestry Association is being taken up in all parts of the . Eight pin oaks have also been dedicated in Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore. The trees in the picture will some day offer a fine example of which is of more value to the road, memorial trees or telegraph poles. “The Miami Conservancy district is now widening the channel through Hamilton and erecting levees. To ac- complish this end the Conservancy Directors were forced fo acquire practically all the river front property, and as a consequence buildings that have been eyesores for gen- erations are being razed. The large equipment used in the project has filled many acres of lowlands to the gen- eral level and made available for public purposes much ground hitherto useless. Mr. Morgan proposed to the citizens of Hamilton the conversion of the entire levee improvement into a parkway and boulevard. He sug- gested the acquisition of various tracts of land for park purposes and tendered the services of the Conservancy district in moving all the material required for both drives and park fills. and money has been appropriated for the purchase of lands for two riverside parks conveniently accessible to the population. At the south end the levee and boulevard will give protection to about 200 acres of lowlands and it is believed that this extensive tract will ultimately be acquired for a large public park. A hardly less important development will be made toward the north. By the joint action of the city, county authorities and the con- servancy directors a boulevard will be extended to the north by extending North Third Street across the low- lands of this district on a levee embankment skirting the river. This road, to be known as Riverside Drive, will be five miles in length, crossing the Great Miami River once and connecting the city proper with the big blast furnace and coke district to the north. With these im- AMERICAN 486 FORESTRY r placing of me I well shown Forestry Association, is provements completed it is quite probable that the en- ing section, skirting the hills to the east of the city and tying the whole system into a great circular highway, will ultimately be carried out, and Hamilton given a parkway system comparable to the best in America. Steps are already under under consideration by civic organi- zations to provide for the systematic planting of trees along the proposed boulevards, and this essential feature will not be omitted.” In Brooklyn there is a plan for a Memorial Boulevard ? I that links with much of the history that is Brooklyn The ol made. he old King’s Highway, which other over soldiers marched at their country’s call is to become a d HERE THEY FOUGHT FOR LIBERTY AND DIED rials in connection with the building of “Roads of Remembrance” as suggested by the American is the Old North Bridge at Concord, where the patriots of the Revolution fought. memorial ‘to the men who answered a later call. It was over this road the patriots marched to turn the tide in the Battle of Long Island. It was on King’s Highway that the sons of Brooklyn marched to assemble for the call of duty in every struggle in which America was a contender from the War of the Revolution to the late World War. Many of those who answered the last call were direct descendants of those who took part in the first strategic war move enacted by the Colonial troops on the grounds traversed by King’s Highway. They treated the British troops, under the command of Lord Cornwallis, to a military surprise by evacuating an en- campment in the New Lots area in the dead of the night oho > or gr eee all ONE OF THE AMERICAN LEGION MEMORIAL TREES The American Legion at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, marked their memorial trees with the markers designed by the American Forestry Association and registered on its honor roll by Fred R. Maxwell, Jr. The planting was done on an avenue connecting the University with the city and the trees have several fraternity houses for background. On the program, co-operating with the American Legion Post were the members of the Confederate Veterans, Spanish-American War Veterans and the World War Veterans, as well as the United Daughters of the Confederacy Among the speakers were: Rey. C. M. Boyd, Col. Woolsey _Fin- nell, Prof. George Lang, Mrs. C. N. Maxwell, Mrs. Alston Max- PUTTING TOWNS ON DRESS PARADE 487 landscape feature in this part of the country. The boulevard will be dotted with beauty spots, and, at certain points along the route, or where other principal thorough- fares intersect, forming street groups of plazas, especial treatment will be given, both for beautifying the space and at the same time providing suitable sites for monu- ments which from time to time may seem desirable. The tract in New Jersey urged by Forester Gaskill as a memorial park is in the most beautiful part of the State, extending from the Delaware Water Gap for thirty-six miles along the crest and slopes of Kittatinny Mountain to the New York’ State line, including the highest point in the State, over 1,800 feet above sea level. This wild and forested section, with its magnificent vistas, winding paths and well stocked trout streams, lacks none of the charm of the famous mountain resorts in other States. A wealth of lakes and ponds, and the Delaware Valley add to the attractiveness of the region. There are hundreds of ideal camp sites available for either transient or more permanent use. Good roads reach this section from the east and south, the State highway to Dingman’s Ferry cuts it near its center, and brings any part within three hours by motor from Jersey City and Newark, or four hours from Trenton. Numer- ous stations on four railroads give easy access all up and down the ridge on its eastern side. When the Delaware River drive is completed, the park will be the natural terminus of that- magnificent highway leading to the crowning scenic feature of the State, dedicated and developed to the memory of New Jersey’s part in the nation’s crowning achievement. But while the bigger plans are in the making the indi- vidual has not waited, neither has the patriotic organi- zation delayed. Trees are being planted everywhere in honor of the men of war. Those men of war carried the message of freedom and now the trees will carry the message of the men on through the coming generations, for the trees.will mark the remaking of the cities just . those men marked the remaking of the world. well, Mrs. James F. Alston, Irving Dugins, Zack Dowling, W. Ww. Brandon, Reuben Wright, George Drolet, Rev. G. W. Greep. and leaving behind their empty tents, so as to take up an important position on the plains of East New York a few days prior to the Battle of Long Island. s ' The length of the proposed Memorial Boule- vard will be slightly over six miles. It will ex- » tend from Bzy Parkway to Eastern Parkway. It will follow the line of King’s Highway from " Eastern Parkway to Avenue P, at which point Avenue P will be followed to Bay Parkway. For the distance of King’s Highway the new boulevard will be 140 feet wide, and from Ocean Parkway to Bay Parkway it will have a width of 100 feet. Where the width is to be 140 feet it is proposed to lay out a park area in the centre. The length will be properly treated and planted on both sides with shade trees and shrubbery, Making it one of the first boulevards from a A PLANTING IN MEMORY OF FIVE BOYS On the brow of a hill on the Tug Fork Road near Melbourne, Kentucky, stand five memorial trees. Harry Yung, community who aswered their country’s call when the call came. the grounds of St. John’s Lutheran Church, of which the Rev. J. Frederick is the pastor, and he delivered the tree day address at the planting ceremony. These trees were planted by Ray Layfield, William Rehg, Gus Yung and Ed. Glahn, the five young men from the little The trees are on 300,000 TREES PLANTED IN NEW YORK IFTEEN miles northeast of the village of Lacona, New York, farms once prosperous are going back into forest land, because they are not sufficiently fertile to warrant cultivation for food crops in these days of intensive cultivation of the soil. These farms were near the location of an old saw mill, on the old high road, built in the war of 1812, for the carrying of a cable on an air line across the country from Rome, New York, to Sacketts Harbor, for Perry’s ships. Now the country is reverting to forest, and the work is being handled on a big scale by the Blount Lumber Company of Lacona, which has planted 500,000 trees in this region, in co- operation with the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, which each year sends out its freshmen for practical tree planting experience. The Lacona plantation this year was a task in which ‘and will turn it back to forest land, the growth f The Lacona planting, however, was not the only. planting. At Cooperstown, the Forest of the Dozen D a story unique in forestry activities, was planted by < other group of planters. There a dozen fathers the company requires that each member be the fe of a child of under 10 years, planted an abandoned fz which will provide an investment or endowment. ance for these children when they reach maturity. Other big plantings have been taken up this year by the College of Forestry, an interesting compilation bei the fo 35,000 trees were _ planted MAKING THE BARREN LAND WORK in a week by Freshmen at the New York Stats Collen at Este a tee a practical tree planting by real that the p iv a party of owners must be twenty-one freshmen from the Forestry College, many converted to a policy of reforesting their idle land — of the trees being pine, but many also being spruce, for also. This table of plantings follows: ee the building up of a new spruce forest for the paper in- Malone public forest, owned by the city...........- 45,000 trees daatr?’ tion 3 t Streeter Lake (paper mill company)........... .... 60,000 a ustry s consump CE een te eee é State Ranger School, Wanakena................+5 50,000 The freshmen in addition to the commissary staff, Wane coe Schools......... pst eee 10,000“ é 3 tsego County separate tracts, including : were organized in three groups of seven each, and one Dozen. Dads).; v:'S.ccs kowotuc aa cee ee 48,000 of these seven was elected each day, as leader for the Lapatte MNT On A On coe ©... 85,000 day. The other six were divided into mattock men and Noah Pac Soko ee 13 setters, and the work proceeded at such a rate that over Herkimer County (small separate plantings)...... ~ 20,000 1,000 trees were averaged by each pair of workers. Total. \00 co Veawa cess hea a ee 291,000 tre School 44 Association. NEW ENGLAND FORESTRY CONFERENCE T New London village, overlooking Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire, August 24 to 26, an important meeting of for- +% esters, lumbermen and papermen and their guests will be held. The meeting is under the auspices of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests and is being organized and directed by Philip W. Ayres, Forester for that Society. Among the speakers are Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the American Forestry Association, who will make |} an address on the national forest policy. at the first evening session; George W. Sisson, Jr., President of the American | Paper and Pulp Association; R. S. Kellogg, Secretary of the National News Print Service Bureau; Ellwood Wilson, Presi- : dent of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers, and several others from Canada who will cover fully and frankl Canadian situation; E. A, Sherman, Associate United States Forester; Prof. J. W. Toumey, Director of the Yale / W. R. Brown, of the Berlin Mills Company, and Hugh P. Baker, Secretary of the American Paper and Pulp mi the |} ‘orest ‘AVING traveled through all the Gulf tier of TL States, resided in southern Louisiana for over a “year, and landed on the majority of the chain of on the southern coast of Florida, it becomes a re for the writer to point out a few of the remark- THE COMMON MUSK TURTLE L Throughout the lakes, ponds and rivers of some parts of tas, we meet with many species of turtles and terrapins; the one the con a very abundant form. In the southern portion of its common Musk Turtle occurs in the waters of northeastern is so named from the remarkable musky odor it emits when ‘Fe €w of our turtles are more strictly aquatic than this species. regions composing the northern and middle States. less one has tramped along the Texan banks of the Grande ; spent weeks in the jungles of Louisiana ; natural history specimens in Alabama and Sissippi, and waded in the swamp-lands of the lower ‘Of the Floridian peninsula, it is difficult to appreciate normous stretch of typical, subtropical country we eria | for study. As this region is passed into, what ‘observes first of all is the gradual disappearance of tains and hills; and further southward, no elevated hatever is to be seen. Great swamps and lagoons ur, and big, more or less sluggish rivers, which empty the Gulf of Mexico. In many places these are all oe of which hang somber, gray masses of ‘Spanish “ that gracefully sway to and fro in the breezes. re are many kinds of trees that are quite new to Or, Not to mention the wonderful array of strange es. ee ? :' . x TRAMPS THROUGH THE GULF STATES—I : BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D. = (PHOTOGRAPHS FROM LIFE BY THE AUTHOR) plants, many bearing flowers, which, for beauty and form, are totally unlike anything in the north. Over these, in likely places, may flit gay butterflies that you only know from having studied them in text-books or seen them in collections. That big, white and black fellow there, hovering over the dainty orchid swinging from the pecan branch, is surely a Pearly Malachite, which not only is a rare form thus far found only in some parts of Florida and southwestern Texas, but we know absolutely nothing of its early stages—at least we did not up till 1890. Before the day is out you will see, too, many other butterflies that you never saw on any of ‘your outings through New England or any of our A YOUNG GREEN HERON Figure 2. This is a quaint looking little fellow about the time it leaves the nest to look out for itself in the world. This species, burdened with many vernacular names, does not breed in heronries, but usually nests in a tree, far from its own kind. They breed all through the Gulf States, and, in many places, rear their broods in comparative safety, which is more than can be said of their fate in thickly populated areas, northern States; and this is equally true of what you will discover, during evenings, in the way of moths and various nocturnal insects. Very well does the writer remember when scouting, many years ago, through the lowlands of southern Alabama, and he stooped to get a drink from a clear, little spring in the shades of the 489 490 AMERICAN forest. Upon noticing some small fish and crays in it, it occurred to him to capture a few specimens of them for future study. A year or so afterwards, these were referred to naturalist friends—specialists in those lines— and both the fish and the cray were found to be species entirely new to science. Thus it goes! And to the observing naturalist, scouting through this part of the country, there is no telling what new creatures he may meet with anywhere in the circlet of States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Further, there are numerous animals in that region of which we FORESTRY bird simply circles about at its pleasure as immovable as though made of wood. It is said that physicists and some aeronauts have solved this problem -scientificially. How- ever, that is not the question to be touched upon here, © but one that most people believe had been solved long ago, which has now come up again as not having been elucidated to the entire satisfaction of all practical orni- thologists and others. This matter refers to the question as to how the Turkey Vulture discovers the dead animals upon which it feeds—whether by the sense of sight smell. Audubon, who had know a great deal with re- spect to their habits and their anatomy;° while on the other hand, in the case of some others, that knowl- edge is not as full as it might be, or as we would like it to be. As to birds, there will probably be no surprises with respect to discovering new species in our Gulf States; although, in the future, some new sub- species may be taken, and such information as we now possess of the habits of those at present known may be augmented in the cases of some of the rarer forms. Especially does this apply to the breeding habits of the resident and migra- tory species; to the nature of their food, and to the dates of arrivals and de- partures during the vernal and autumnal migrations. Perfect as all this may be, our knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of not a few of our feathered a way of enlarging on many facts that were known no means always truthful —still further complica this question when he s ed that ‘in the Floridas, | have, when shooting, neal followed by some of them, to watch the spot where I might deposit my which, if not caref covered, they [the Tur! Vultures] would devour.” How the vultures came to know that Audubon w out after game on suc casions, or how oe al he might be, or whether he’ -had any ammunition 1 him, together with oth essentials points for them to know, in that they ‘might not waste their va able time following about, is not explained b yo the great bird man. In fact: Audubon says nothing f ther on this point though in one of the octavo edi- tions of his work some editor touches upon it in a footnote. However all Pallic, hi m forms is very limited, and an excellent example illus- trating this point has come up recently. It refers to the matter of the senses of sight and smell in our common Turkey Vulture or Turkey Buzzard. (Figs. 4 and 5.) For a long time it remained a moot question as to how this great, black bird sustained itself in flight without any apparent flapping or other movement of its wings. In the sections of the country where it occurs, nearly everybody is familiar with the fellow, and have noticed that, at certain times, it sails around in great circles above the earth without the slightest wing-movement whatever. During such times it has been studied with the greatest care through high-power glasses, and not a joint or a feather of its wings is seen to move. The sented him to the Washington THE YOUNG OF THE BARRED OWL Figure 3. This is a most remarkable looking little fellow, more like some puff-ball than a bird. The writer had him alive until he pre- “Zoo.” This downy plumage of young owls is still in evidence some time after the true feathers begin to appear; so when the bird is somewhat older than the one here figured, its appearance is truly remarkable. this may be, Audubon evidently believed that Ture key Vultures . discovered their prey—or the carcass eS upon which they feed- through the sense of sight; a it must have been through their wonderful insight that they followed him about when they saw he carried a~ gun. Alexander Wilson, however, states that “their” sense of smelling is astonishingly exquisite, and they” never fail to discover carrion, even when at a distance” of several miles from it.” This is a pretty good story, too; it is quite a question whether any living animal possesses so powerful a sense of smell as to be able to detect the presence of a dead horse or cow three or four —even more—miles away. At any rate, it would seem that the question has again been raised, and that steps * : a __ are to be taken, by some doubting Thomases among our ornithologists, to settle, through various experi- ments, this interesting point for all times. In times long gone by, some ingenious tests’ were made to solve this problem, but for the lack of space they cannot well be touched upon in the present connection. As will be noted from an examination of Figure 5, the young of the Turkey Vulture or Buzzard has a downy, white plumage, which it loses at the first moult, when the black plumage of the adult ap- pears. In your excursions through the woods of the Gulf States, you will find, at certain seasons of the year, the Turkey Vultures breeding; but you must not confuse the bird with the other vultures found in that part of the country, namely, the Black Vulture or “Carrion Crow” (not siete “peg ened % »3 different species. The Turkey Buzzard generally lays two eggs, depositing them on the bare ground in the forest, most often at the foot of some big tree, or, occasionally, close to ‘the trunk of some fallen tree or log. As will be seen in Figure 4, they are very beautiful objects, being of a buffy or greenish white, blotched and spotted with OE Without doubt the most curious mammal we State of Texas. THE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO have in this country is the nine-banded armadillo, which inhabits certain parts of the The photograph was taken from life by the author. 496 AMERICAN it gets over ordinary ground with rapidity. Then, too, if pushed it will start to burrow, and it is truly marvelous to note how rapidly it can make such an excavation in favorable ground. Should the fellow get well started before you overtake it, it requires a tremendous pull by the tail to get it out—it keeping up a plaintive squeaking all the time; it will almost allow its tail to be pulled off before relin- quishing its hold, It is very fond of ants, but will also eat certain vegetables and even carrion, if hard-up for food. FORESTRY Down in Nicaragua they keep this animal as a pet, fo the practical use of ridding their houses of ants; not in- frequently they have even bred in captivity, prodaciaag three or four very cute little young ones to the litter. in color, our armadillo is of a pale gray, the hair grayi: h buff, sometimes tipped with blackish. When: eae is often caked with hardened mud, which evidently s to its bony buckler while burrowing where the was wet. UNWRITTEN HISTORY BY DONALD BRUCE HIRTY-SIX years ago, a telegraph bracket and in- sulator was nailed to a Douglas fir tree near Arcata, California. A few years later a falling branch badly damaged it and the wire which it had been supporting ' H zi TELEGRAPH INSULATOR Glass insulator—wooden bracket and iron wails uncovered in sawing a Douglas fir stave bolt. was removed. The tree was growing thriftily, adding every summer to its diameter a new layer of woody material and this growth gradually pushed out around the bracket on all sides leaving it burried in the tree trunk. At the end of 26 years (or 10 years ago) tip of the glass insulator finally disappeared from s and the only trace of it that could still be seen was : scarcely noticeable lump which looked like nothing 1 mi or than a healed-over branch stub. A few weeks ago. h tree was felled and the wood manufactured into staves. The screech of the saw which happe graze the edge of the glass called attention to usital “fossil.” On spliting open the stave bolt the whole. ‘ came clear in all its details, as is shown by the paning illustration. The clearly defined annual r the rapidly growing tree form an unimpeachable h torical record. The wood of the insulator bracket i in good condition, and the oak of which it was made received an unintentional preservative treatment, thoroughly impregnated with the resin of the surro fir. The interesting specimen can now be seen in wood collection of the Forestry Division at the U; sity of California. ONLY A SAPLING ie 1902, a tract of long leaf pine timber was cut Urania. A small sapling about 10 inches in diam was left standing, which, with other suppressed t commenced to grow rapidly. Year after year this bore seed, which as they ripened were scattered by winds and soon four or five acres were reforested y a fine growth of seedlings, some almost as large now the parent tree at the time the forest was denuded. occasional fire would sweep over the forest, leavin scar which would soon heal. Hogs exacted ste and other enemies were constantly at work, but there is a full stand of 500 to 1,000 seedlings ae lings to the acre, and regeneration is complete.. May, 1920, Professors Chapman and Bryant, wit class of thirteen students from Yale University were Urania pursuing a course of study in forestry, and studying tree growth, decided to cut this seed tree, that is just what it was, in order to make careful m urements and to cut sample sections therefrom to p to the careless that forests could be grown profitably that seed trees must be left on Ccurt-d lands if forests are to be perpetuated. “Only a Sapling,” | performed its mission—a young forest is growing. — FANE miniature garden industry in Japan has been ah transplanted to the United States. For several ~ centuries the leading landscape gardeners of Japan have made miniature models of their work so their "customers might see how the proposed gardens would ook; very much in the same way an American archi- — Publishers’ Photo Service. 7 ANS ' AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF A MINIATURE GARDEN “This little garden is built to represent one of the quaint little villages of Japan. “tect will make a prospective drawing of a house, except im this case the garden is made perfect in every detail, “except that it is in miniature. ) The care and degree of exactness put into these gar- "dens is remarkable. Great care is used to select exactly Ey ° right kind of stones, sand and pebbles to use in each "part of the design. Trees are even dwarfed and stunted Whrough many years of careful watching in order that ) they may add to the completeness of the picture. » These miniature gardens are called in Japanese, “Hako Niwa,” meaning dish gardens, because they are usually Duilt in large earthenware bowls. Every Japanese gar- Widen contains a stream or lake with one or more bridges "spanning from shore to shore. If a natural body of Water does not exist, the landscape gardener simply goes ahead and makes it. ' For a number of years an annual contest or exhibit Of these toy gardens has been held in the city of Kioto, Nat which the leading landscape gardeners of Japan ex- ) hibit their work. A great demand has grown up among Nthe tourists who visit the land of the cherry blossom | for copies of these miniature gardens to take back with them to America. ve a _— - < MAKING JAPANESE MINIATURE GARDENS In response to this growing trade demand, one of the large Japanese nurseries has opened a branch near New York City, where one of their expert garden designers devotes his entire time in constructing miniature gar- dens for the American public. These gardens may be properly divided into two classes. The first, which repre- sents a Japanese garden or familiar landscape in which the landscape and the house are the principal feature, and the dwarf trees are only secondary; and the other type Se ae Publishers’ Photo Service. REPRESENTING A TWISTED CEDAR OF JAPAN This miniature cedar is exactly similar ‘to those seen frequently on the mountain sides of Japan. This tree is actually twenty-two years old. in which a very old dwarf tree is made the central feature, with a few stones and moss-covered rocks at its base to give an impression of its native heath. “There is no rhyme that is half as sweet As the song of the wind in the rippling wheat. There is no meter that’s half so fine As the-lilt of the brook under rock and vine, And the loveliest lyric I ever heard Was the wild-wood strain of a forest bird.” —Cawein. 497 498 << aks tha gre oe FORESTRY on MD is ica CALL FOR ACTION SAYS FOREST — HE editors of the country con- tinue their co-operation with th¢ American Forestry Association in its call for action on a national forest policy and for better fire protection. The Olympian of Olympia, Washing- tion, declares that a “forest fire is a war on prosperity,” while the Nonpared of Council Bluffs says “we cannot af- ford to overlook the facts.” The Eve- ning Telegram of New York City points out that “the American con- sumer is at the mercy of the foreign manufacturer,” in the matter of news- print, and the Louisville Courier- Journal calls attention to the fact that the “time will come, of course, when building with wood will be out of the question unless there is an early devel- opment of reforestation.” ‘Some of the editorial co-operation on the part of the editors follows: Louisville Courier-Journal: The Ameri- can Forestry Association reminds the pub- lic of facts. The time will come, of course, when building with wood will be out of the question unless there is is an early de- velopment of reforestation. The wide use of wood for residences and other buildings that characterizes the United States would not be permitted in any European country. As long as timber was plentiful and cheap the frame house, in town or country, had s0 many advocates that there was little disposition to place wood construction un- der the ban. Only a few American cities have build-, ing ordinances under which frame construc- tion is forbidden, but it will not be neces- sary to forbid frame construction, to reduce the fire risk, if the supply of timber con- tinues to diminish at the present rate and the price of lumber, as a result, continues to rise. This country already has reached the point at which, upon the ground of economy, permanent construction of stone, concrete, concrete blocks, hollow tile or other non-combustible and non-rotting ma- terial is considered by many builders as against wood, with its limited life and high maintenance cost. Indianapolis Star: At last the importance of tree planting seems to have taken hold in quarters where practical results will follow. A number of citizens of promi- nence are urging the Massachusetts Legis- lature to advocate the passage of a pend- ing bill to allow the State to buy 250,000 acres of waste land for reforestation pur- poses. In other directions public action has not been waited for. According to the AMERICAN Forestry Magazine, many coal companies, which need much mine timber, are planting trees on their own territory in great numbers. Already, it is said, news- paper and book publishers are planning the control and, protection of existing for- ests, from which wood pulp is derived, and the systematic planting of trees. The pub- lic has been slow in realizing the growing THE SCHOOLMA’AM AND THE FORESTER Salt Lake Deseret News Travelers in some of the unfrequented or sparsely settled regions of the coun- have perhaps wondered whence came all the established school teachers who were met in these journeys, and how it was that they seemed so Cheerful and contented. The interesting explanation is given in the “American Forestry” Magazine. One curious fact is that ap- proximately 75 per cent of the forest rangers marry school teachers, conse- quently the latter are at home and happy in the districts where they and their spouses serve. Another reason is that 25 per cent of all receipts from the national forests go to the counties in which they lie, to be used for schools and roads. These counties can there- fore well afford to employ good teachers at good salaries, and are able to pro- vide plenty of teachers, regardless of the number of pupils. The explanation is highly satisfactory, and the condition would seem to be at once romantic and, in most respects, ideal, The attraction for the ambitious teacher may well be believed to consist not altogether in the monetary compen- sation offered—the love and protection of a clean-living young forester is a prize or bonus not to be despised. Un- cle Sam’s forest service is not less benefited by-the opportunities thus given his rangers to acquire comely, intelli- gent and courageous brides. On both sides the evils of lonesomeness are cor- rected; on both sides there is an in- creased sense of responsibility and a development of the fine virtues which attend the sound enjoyment of living worthily in close contact and commun- ion with Nature. - of raw material prevents expansion try where national forests are located} ' 3 _in danger of an embargo. i the experts advocate the de scarcity of timber, but now that it is be- ginning to do so, tree planting is likely to become an active industry. Council Bluffs Nonpareil: Too few of our people are taking any heed of the morrow. We are living at a fast pace. And we are rapidly exhausting our natural resources. Note the statements taken from a report of the American Forestry Asso- ciation. We cannot and should not over- look these serious statements. We owe it to our children to preserve for them a condition which will be tolerable. have no right to appropriate to ou all the cream of the earth’s dred pass on to our children a depleted 0: a country barren of its. forests up the happiness and welfare of, ly depend. out that one of the striking facts to light is the over centraliza' industry in the Northeast and the I States. In this region the limited su the increasing demand. Not only American consumer at the mer foreign manufacturer as to price, reach the safe condition of © same time the making of sia creased production in the East. It used to be our boast that self-sufficient as to necessities. It~ duty to see that we are so again, The Olympia Olympian: The Forestry Association calls attention d fact that forest fires in this country ten times the area of devastated F every year. Using that terrific fact text, Charles Lathrop Pack, preside: the Association, preaches a powerful mon on the imperative need for a ni forest policy. ; He explains why the penny ney and the two-penny newspaper are tl of the past. He sees in the gradual d pletion of American forestry an a menace to education. Some of his utterances are alarming, and his data, fully gathered, confirm the opinion ra spreading that unless the United buckles down to forest conservation, n only will newsprint become higher, b agriculture must inevitably suffer. But the conservation of timber for ne print purposes is even less important the conservation of forestry for the mz of homes for human beings to live in. Chg bn Louisville Courier Journal: The § Louis Globe-Democrat, in the course of ; editorial upon the paper shortage, says: There is much criticism of the new papers for waste of paper, but the a Statistics show that it is not newspape: sumption which is making the wood supply inadequate to the demand. — newspapers only consume 22 per cent. newspaper publishers are themselves st ing from the high prices and the diffi of keeping supplied with stock as a r inp ee ee De ET eal oie or x papers. No possible economy and re- use on the part of newspaper fs can put an end. to either the of the high prices, else they would | ended before now. The matter ‘than that. The American Association suggests several ‘such as the development of the stry in the great forests of the and Alaska, the promotion of in cutover areas, by perpetu- areas and by more care in col- and using old newspapers, maga- d paper scraps of all kinds in the lew paper. The latter is an im- ibution that could be made by old and at a profit. There is hy millions of dollars should smoke every year through the waste paper. y the paper that is burned as Moimesti: establishments—business use paper balers to a con- ‘extent—constitutes great waste. the bounds of possibility to cur- e by propaganda in behalf of such propaganda including to householders who are willing € waste paper and sell it, but there i is it both ends. to find relief from paper ich is nowadys the Old Man of : ) every publisher in America. . ‘Support of national forestry : forestry is one means by which practice self-preservation as ote general welfare. Prices of less than prices of paper, reflect of forestry, and lumber is con- le (N. C.) Citizen: Frank A. scribes a condition in the news- r situation which everybody rec- S approximately true to facts but nobody can offer a satisfactory ithin 25 years, says Mr. Mun- ood pulp supply will at the pres- constimption, be exhausted. And ir no substitute for wood has been d | that would not cost more, and no n of regulation has met with general eI t among the publishers or in Congress. “ast A campaign is being car- 1 throughout the United States by Mérican Forestry Association, of D. C,, urging motorists to memorial trees along the highways to beautify the roads for which hundreds of millions of dollars have been voted by the various national, State and local governing bodies. Motorists every- where will gladly aid this excellent move- ment, and will undoubtedly join the Asso- ciation so as to work in conformity with its plans. Local communities and commercial inter-. ests will benefit and motorists, who are the greatest users of roads, will derive pleasure and reward for generations to come, if they, individually and collectively, co-oper- ate in the actual planting of trees in accord- ance with the general plan. Cross-country touring from the Atlantic to the Pacific is becoming more popular every year, and it will be possible eventu- ally to have trees growing the entire dis tance on both sides of the 3000-mile high way, making it the most wonderful monu- ment and “Road of Remembrance” in the world, Yonkers Statesman: The American Forestry Association writes from Wash- ington to ask The Statesman to have an editorial stirring up tree-planting “and tell- ing your readers to register trees on our - honor roll.” This is it. ' Last year we nudged the folks vigorously on the subject, and inspired the city to buy a lot of trees for planting. So we do not think any more prodding is required. But tree-registering is something we have not called attention to before. Everyone planting a tree is entitled to have it registered at Washington in the name of a hero who gave his life for his country. It thus becomes a memorial tree of record. The New York State College of Forestry also sends out a call for memorial tree planting and directs all tree-planters to register their trees with the American Forestry Association. “This is a great constructive piece of work,” said Charles Lathrop Pack, Presi- dent of the American Forestry Association. “When we interest the coming generation in the value of trees great good will result. In education will we get nearer and nearer to a national forest policy. The General Federation of Women’s Clubs and patriotic organizations such as the American Legion and the Service Star Legion, are all co- operating with the American Forestry As- sociation.” Every individual or organization planting a tree is urged to resister it with the Ameri- can Forestry Association and get the free certificate of registration which it will send. Chicago Journal: The devastated woods of France where American soldiers fought will be planted to American trees. The Forestry Association of this country has shipped a large quantity of seeds to France already, and more will fol- low. With characteristic perception of the graceful thing to do, the French seized upon this plan as providing the most fitting monument for the young crusaders who came so far to fight ina just cause. It is, indeed, a most worthy plan. For centuries to come, Americans will make - pilgrimages to those battlefields, and every pilgrim will feel an added sense of posses- sion and of sacrifice if the familiar trees of America shade the places where American soldiers died. Our firs and pines in the Argonne, our ash trees at Belleau, our oaks at Chateau Thierry will be-silent, appropri- ate and effective reminders of the price at which liberty was saved, and of the union of the nations without which salvation would have been impossible. _ Ashland, Kentucky, Independent: Arbor Day should be given a more general ob- sérvance in: the State than has been shown in the past. Former years have seen the gospel of the love of trees spread mostly among pupils of the schools, the youngsters of the present day. This year every think- ing man and woman ought to show interest in it, help it along, encourage the young- sters and develop the love of trees and the interest in forestry in the hearts of both young and old. The world needs trees, needs them far more than in former years, because there has been a frightful sacrifice of trees to the demands of war. Nations have stripped their areas of their best tim- ber, great waste has taken place, acres are denuded and cry aloud for restoration. Planting trees has been. most commendable in the past but now it is a patriotic duty, an opportunity for service to the world and to the generations to come. Norwich Bulletin: - It cannot fail to be appreciated that the shipment of tree seeds to Europe by the American Forestry Asso- ciation, as its contribution to the help needed across the water to restore former conditions, is bound to be of great assist- ance in meeting the future needs of the devastated areas. These countries have, of course, already commenced work along a similar line but there is much to be done and such an addition to the new timberland as will result from this aid will be simply adding another to the many visible signs of the ties of friendship that have been cre- ated among these nations. It should like- wise help to arouse this country to the need of giving increased attention to its own situation. : desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of gistrat each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree to TUSCALOOSA, ALA. By Tuscaloosa Post, American Legion: Fred R. Brown (2), Judge Tally Morgan (2), An- drew Dixon (2). COCHISE, ARIZONA By Eldorado School: Virgil Amalong. FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS By United Daughters of the Confederacy: Frank Alfino, Archie Barton, Claude B. Cross, Amos Crisp, Keith Dyer, Jack Etter, John Elliot, John Escue, Victor Ellig, Martin P. Head, Jack Henry, Thomas Jameson, Leo Madden, Robert Lee McKenzie, Frank Napier, Oscar Perry, Ike Quinn, Glenn Rayburn, Thomas Robinson, James R. Scarborough, Er- nest Schlaefli, Earl Edward Trent, James Watt. ANDERSON, CALIF. Women's Improvement Club: Cecil Pleisch, Carrol C. Corbin, Nelson J. Peterson, LOS ANGELES, CALIF. By Los Angeles Audubon mociaty's Sons Grandsons and Brothers. EAST HAMPTON, CONN. By Cavanaugh-Treadway Post No. 64, Ameri- can Legion: Patrick A. Cavanaugh, Nelson Tucker, Clarence Treadway, Clarence Coe. DOVER, DEL. By Dover Century Club: Our Dover Boys. MILFORD, DEL. By Miss M. Sharp: Richard Sanders Truitt. By Mrs. G. Layton Grier: Lieut. Paris T. Carlisle. SMYRNA, DEL. By Twentieth Century Club: Soldiers and Sailors of World War. WASHINGTON, D. C. By Washington Animal Rescue League: Re- member the Animals and Birds that Fell. ADAIRSVILLE, GA. By Sans Souci Club: Lieut. Burton Paul Bradley, Sgt. Robert Burns. ALBANY, GA. By Presbyterian Church: Ralph Pierce. DOUGLASVILLE, GA. By Civic Club: Alton Brittain, Frank P. Dorris, Ben Head, Owen Strandridge, Mr. Darden. MILLEDGEVILLE, GA. By Federated Women’s. Clubs: William Sin- gleton Morris, James Franklin Little, Eddie Q. Brown, Robert Lee Roberson, Morris Vin- son, Furman F. Lee, Fleming Du B. Vaughan, Joseph Woodson Wood, Newton Maxwell, Roger Smith, Powell Anderson, William seck, Whit Railey, John Hancock, Quince Hancock, Carleton Lothridge, Henry Lingould, R. B. Heath, Carl Allen, Elyah ailen, Leroy Napier, Rollin Lawrence, Charles wu Bose, George W. Carr, William Long, Lonnie Binford, John Binford, Harper Taylor. SPARTA, GA. By Hancock County Federation of Women's Clubs: John Gordon Baugh, Timmons Bonyer, Clifford T. Darden, Henry Baker Fleming, Jesse W. Logue, Paul Marchman, William Holsey Shivers. COLLINSVILLE, ILL. By House-Hold Science Club: Leighton Humphrey Evatt, James Dukes, Frank Stuck- er, Andrew Karvolet, Eugene Kohler, Howard Dailey, Frank Guatto, Joseph Verneuil, August Karvelot, Bernard R, Peipmeyer, Ben Borgias, Bernard Rissi, George Ganniger, John Snad- den, Mike Evanko, Albert Hadfield, Andy Pinson, John Ranier. : EVANSTON, ILL. By Children of American Revolution; Evans- ton Heroes. PARK RIDGE, ILL. By Mrs. C. D, Bradley: Marjorie MacBride Bradley. ROCKFORD, ILL. | By G. J. Boehland: Luke Hieronimus, Jr. SOLON MILLS, ILL. By Paul C. Hoffman Post No, 253: Paul C. Hoffman, URBANA, ILL. > By Mr. Edwin Bay: Charles Henry Lee. GREENSBURG, IND, By High School: Vernie Wamsley. DES MOINES, IOWA By Service Star Legion: Our Boys. By Soldiers and Sailors Father’s League: Our Boys. DURANT, IOWA By Durant Schools: Lieut. J. L. Shryer. GREENFIELD, IOWA By Service Star Legion: Our Boys. PETERSON, IOWA By Dean-Underwood Post, American Legion: Lieut. Lester Allison, Robert E. Dean, Milo E. Underwood, Harry D. Gordon. By Halvor Berg: Theodore Roosevelt. TOPEKA, KANS. By Woman’s National Farm and Garden Association; Victor Kenney Dodge Blakely. LOUISVILLE, KY. By St. Mark’s Episcopal Church: Lieut. Edward Garrett. “4 MELBOURNE, KY. By St. John’s Lutheran Church: Ray Lay- field, William Rehg, Harry Yung, Gus Yung, Ed. Glahn. GREENWOOD, LA. By Greenwood Church: Timmons Alexander, George Bryson, Ralph Mays, Will Dinkins, Walter Greer, Theodore Carter, John T. Dunn, Arthur Dunn, Joe W. Dunn, John Bayliss, Bradford Thweatt. HINCKLEY, MAINE By Good Will Home Association: John A. McNally, William B. Bates, Hollie C. Simp- son, Harold R. Temme, Lee Thompson, Hugh Hill, Lester Ballou, Allison Peardon, Carl M. Barnard, Samuel C. Bush, Roy Lake, Wood- ford N. West. MATTAPOISETT, MASS. By Army and Navy Memorial Association: L. Florence Eastman. SPENCER, MASS. By Isaac Prouty and Company: Frank L. Kirk, Joseph X. Gaudette, Moses Collette, Jr., Henry Ducasse, Albert T. Cournoyer, Charles Edward Farquharson, Harold Barker Torrey, George Raymond Eggleton, George T. Corron, Ward G. Howland, Napoleon Joseph Ledoux, Albert Luther Peck, Leon A. Baribault. ISHPEMING, MICH. By Service Club: Albert B, Braden. MARQUETTE, MICH. By Women’s Welfare Club: Kurtis Anderson, Francis Bashaw, John J. Holland, Arthur E. Robbins. ~ 2 Bey By New York State College fe Raymond Temple Clapp, son, Raymond Oscar Ludwick. | Eldred Potter, Earl John Bronk Story, precer Crisse 0) fe Turn ieee -By Civic Club: Capt. John Case Joseph P. Hanley, Joseph Yamau, § Kellam, Joseph Bires, Edward R. Pe John Charles J. McDevitt, Hermann | Britton, John J. Nolan, Frank mick, Michael D. ORpiiyas, James He ; Stanley L. Rockwell, harles eh Milton E. Dye, Merwin T. Jones, Winfield Kinney, Charles T. Tate, 1 I. McGraw, Richard J. Hoyt, William E. | pacher, Carl Frank Johnson, Elmer Decker, Corp. John L. Livingston, Sgt. Cl G. Greene, Sgt. John Leo McDonald, Herman E. Jones, Sgt. James A. Huts Sgt. Charles W. Trumble, Maj. MacLanahan, Capt. Alexander D. Wil thur Henry Andrews, Henry James K ! Corp. John Moran, Corp. William Joseph Cla Corp. Robert G. Davis, Corp. Herbert B. ton, Corp. Robert Leo Flanagan, Corp. Clark White, Corp. Walter J. Murphy. — BROOKLYN, N. Y. ‘ By Lexington Council, K. of C.: John Ch topher Sheehan, George Alphonsus Bla Francis James Foley, Thomas Raymond Nu! NEW YORK CITY By S. Rankin Drew Post, American Legion: Lieuf. S. Rankin Drew. By Mr. J. S. lan: Lieut. Murray E. Cramer. By Was ton Heights Chapter, American War M Boys Killed from the 102nd Ragideeiey 1 Division. % 4 NORWICH, N. Y. By Steadfast Circle, Kings Daughters anc Sons: Robert Barnes. RED CREEK, N. Y. By Red Creek High School: Carl Peterson. WESTFIELD, N. Y. By American Legion: Cecil A. Johnson, eph A. Militello, Ralph Pomeroy, John W. Rogers, Salvidore Castrogiovanni, Tussi St se . Philip E, Carling, Wayne G. Franklin, Deni Hoss. FORT BERRY, VA. ; By Columbus Country Club, Matthew J Myers. af ‘ mA. ss - AMERICAN FORESTRY 501 Andrew Rodgers, Gardener, estate of Mrs, Ethel D, Mellor. t - View of avenue and house on the estate of Mrs. Ethel D. Mellor, Plymouth, Mass. Note work done on several of the trees. _ The Tribute of Andrew Rodgers to Davey Tree Surgery 130 Court Street, Plymouth, Mass. . The Davey Tree Expert Co., . Kent, Ohio. Dear Sirs: Your experts having operated upon the trees at this estate for three successive years, I have had every opportunity of watching very closely their most interesting and valuable work. Your men are real live wires and professionals in the true sense of the word. Admitting that it is up to every gardener to secure the very best seed and nursery stock in order to insure giving satisfaction in his crops, flowers and shrubs, is it not logical then that the wonderful specimen trees should have the attention of the highest authorities? Experts trained only for this particular business should always be the first consideration. The very best is not too good, but a doubtful proposition is dangerous to recommend to any estate owner. Your treatment on the trees here will stand any investigation. With all good wishes Sincerely yours, (Signed) -Andrew Rodgers. Gardener to Mrs. Ethel D. Mellor. The saving of priceless trees is a matter of first importance on every estate. Davey Tree Surgery is a fulfillment of the maximum expec- tations of those who love and value trees. A careful examination of your trees will be made by appointment. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO.), Inc.,2108 Elm Street, Kent, O. Branch offices with telephone connections: New York City, Astor Court Bldg.; Chicago, Westminster Bldg., Baltimore, American Bldg.; Philadelphia, Land Title Bldg., and Boston. Write nearest office. Permanent representatives available in districts surrounding Boston, Springfield, Lenox, Newport, Hartford, Stamford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Jamaica, Montclair, New York, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Chicago, Milwaukee, Canadian address, 252 Laugauchitere West, Montreal. , | | R | i I ee ee i] | Lhis tree was treated and re- stored to health in 1917. Note how concrete has been placed in the cavity, section on section, to allow for swaying and prevent cracking. Note also view of Pil- grim Monumentin the background. JOHN DAVEY Father of Tree Surgery "DAVEY TREE SURGEONS of genuineness, Every real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those . false representing themselves. An agreement made with the Davey Company and not with an individual is certain evidence tJ 502 AMERICAN FORESTRY A Trade Mutual Insurance Company WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION PUBLIC LIABILITY AUTOMOBILE TEAMS DIVIDEND RATE 20% We write Workmen’s Compensation Insur- ance on lumber and woodworking and kin- dred risks. : : We insure automo- biles and teams, and have been paying 20% DIVIDENDS _ : OUR PLAN WILL REDUCE YOUR INSURANCE COST We Paid Back 20% On Every Policy that Expired In 1919 Lumber Mutual Casualty Insurance Company 66 Broadway New York City BRANCH OFFICES: Philadelphia, Richmond, Rochester, Buffalo, Troy, Saranac Lake, Fort Plain. BOOKS ON FORESTR? ee C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American bert PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—B LUMBER MANUFACTURING FOREST VALUATION—By H. H. CHINESE FOREST TREES AND T. SUPPL TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE TREES’ AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and I Lo; THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET D NORTH AMERICAN meals Pe ester gy se eeeeeescesessee KEY TO THE TREE THE FARM WOODLOT-—E. G. Cheyney’ and J.P Wen sags 7 gees OF THE ECO IC WOODS OF THe UnItED. STATES—Samuel OCOTE 6... ec teandeubeTacv dp eannses PaCRbees Oude FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves, FOREST PRODUCTS—By Nelson Courtlandt Brown ORESTRY—B. * Bayan RST BOOK OF. ae TRY—Filibert Ri PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller - eke akesl Jarvis. AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, p: Half ene aT} Gebsantscvadccadstesceentesesrsunde wes ome parse fos ey REES OF THE pl Sits U. S. AND CANADA, EAST 0) KY MOUNTAINS—Konteyn B. Hough.. Boe Mofocco Binding.......00:c.055-descsveses GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES_J. Horace McFarland.. HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe.. TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and H Brooks... ort big ta! SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES—H. HE STA B. Elliott: . FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Raiph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes TYE aE a OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—Henry Solon Grave: SHADE TREES IN TOWNS aa ee aes Cee THE TREE GUIDE—B HERN W ran MANUAL FOR NOR oe ah ; Woops IMENTS OF FORESTRY— F. ¥. sqitoon and N.C R R ars sae THE aa Ran, wake OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss.. SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—By James Ww. Toumey.. FUTURE OF FOREST TREES—By Dr. ae Wm wie 55.55 csaisyersnees ; FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—F. Schuyler Mathews....... FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC—By F. Schuyler Mathews. ¥s FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD ihn rity | F. Schuyler Mathews.. FARM FOREST bol ee 2 #23 eer th = Sten bees THE BOOK OF FORESTRY—B OUR FIELD AND FOREST TR ES 5 ing. ced eqnesseae a HANDBOOK te A aoe AND WOODSMEN—By THE LAND WE L IN—By Overton Price. WOOD AND TOREST-B William Noyes . THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIM ER LAW. gr Pot con OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, Otte... 6c vapedcacavcraeans cesesbatusdsatven beedePousshadss ne einennne FRENCH FORES/8 AND FORESTRY —By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS—B . HW. Pammol. ...4:: istedasstnssveanvennee THE FOREST RANGER. AW SE—By ‘gh gon TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING By H. S. Betts.. THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—By J. R. Simmon TIMBERS—AND THEIR USES—By Wrenn Wi THE KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—By Harry D, Tiemann. * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any, books on or related subjects upon request.—EDITOR. BOOK REVIEWS “Our Northern Autumn,” by Harriet L. “Henry Esmond,” “we have a seaso Keeler. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New calmest and most delightful of the York, $1.75. which we call the Indian Summer.” i Just from the press, this book will be this typical and loved American season, it welcome in that it gives a study of the flowers, foliage, buds and fruits, that th characteristic flowers of autumn, its bril- author covers in this, her latest book, 4 liant foliage and its conspicuous fruits, with the inspiration and the completeness — some illustrations in color. “In our Trans- have distinguished her former works. Atlantic country,” wrote Thackeray in important section is devoted to the beautiful and characteristic feature of the ‘autumn landscape, autumnal foliage, the ‘reason for the change in coloration and the order in which it takes place in the dif- ferent species of trees, and there are sev- 1 interesting illustrations in color. Ns era — hat Bird is That?” by Frank M. Chap- _ man. D. Appleton & Company, New ~ York City, $1.25 net. ~ _ A new kind of bird book by a well wn authority, this not only shows color and chief markings of each bird also shows whether a bird is large or - Il. Moreover, by means of group pic- es, it shows all the birds arranged ac- ding to season. With these two features aid one, the identification of the various ds is easy, even for beginners. The hor, who is Curator of Birds in the American Museum of Natural History, has given us in this work a complete guide every land bird east of the Rocky Moun- ome three hundred species in all, they are all pictured. The text covers ° most interestingly the distinguishing marks, _ the range, nests, eggs and song of each bird, AMERICAN FORESTRY s and the localities where and seasons when it may be found. Every person who has ever wanted to know the birds should have: this book as it is the simplest and most authoritative work to be had! It is ex- tremely interesting and will hold the atten- tion of the bird lover from cover to cover. “Cornell Forester.”—Dressed in a striking campfire cover, the “Cornell Forester,” Vol I, June, 1920, is interesting from beginning to end. Put out arfnually by the Cornell Foresters, this publication has become an institution, and this particular issue, dedicated as an appreciation to Professor Ralph S. Hosmer, reflects honor on its editorial: staff, and the Club generally responsible for it. With articles from the pen of W. B. Greeley, re- cently appointed Chief. Forester of the United, States; George D. Pratt, Conserva- tion Commissioner of New York, and many of the well known teachers of forestry at the leading universities of the country, in- terspersed. with bits of characteristic verse and news notes, there is not a dull moment all the way through. The “Cornell For- 503 ester” may be had by application to the college at Ithaca for one dollar a copy. “The United States Forest Policy,” by John Ise. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., $5.00. ’ This is one of the important books of the year to’ the profession and to the people at large, as it is a non-technical treatment of the vital tonie, of. forestry. It discusses the development “Of an interest in forest conservation, the legislation dealing with. the forests, and the many unwise laws under which forest lands have been stolen or the forests destroyed. Several chapters are devoted to the results of our forest policy in the past and the final chapter gives suggestions for a wiser policy in the future. “AMERICAN Forestry and the Geographic magazine are the best publications in the country. A near neighbor in our small community takes them both and we recipro- cate with our “reading matter. Otherwise I should subscribe,” says J. F. Scott, in a recent letter to the editor. * * AG _. SOTA _ JOHN L. GILBERT, TEXAS _STEINWAY & SONS, NEW YORK MRS. C. H. DRAYTON, SOUTH CAROLINA THE FOLLOWING APPLIED FOR LIFE MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSO- ' CIATION IN JUNE, AND WERE ELECTED: a zi '] WAUSAU SULPHATE FIBRE COMPANY, WISCONSIN ‘| BOOREAM-POWELL LUMBER COMPANY, MINNE- JOHN WIDDICOMB COMPANY, MICHIGAN M. SCHULZ COMPANY, ILLINOIS BLAKESLEE, PERRIN %& DARLING, NEW YORK EDWARD L. "RYERSON, ILLINOIS NATIONAL WHOLESALE LUMBER DEALER’S ASSO- CIATION, ILLINOIS “ye BECOME A MEMBER Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association upon application and payment of dues. Fy PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. FILL OUT THIS BLANK: American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W. we WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- ciation and enclose check for $ INDICATE: CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership, per year. Contributing Membership, Sustaining Membership, per year. per year... Life Membership (no other dues) Annual Membership Name Street City Learn How Dirrerent Ciries ARE MEETING THE Housing Problem The Southern Pine Association has ac- cumulated the facts relative to the ways and means, provided by many Corpora- tions and Cities, for financing and en- couraging home building. These facts have been published in a small booklet which the Association will gladly send frge on application to any address. k contains much valuable information. —Write for tt today AMERICAN FORESTRY HOMES! The Vation’s Greatest Need Nothing contributes as much to peace and* con- tentmentas Homes. Home ownership—the natural creator of prudence, sane living and thrift—is the most potent combatant to recklessness, extravagance and speculation. National patriotism and civic spirit demand that every com- munity concentrate great- er attention on the build- ing of more homes. Help keep alive that apt and important slogan: “OWN YOUR OWN HOME.” FORESTER FOR FRANKLIN COUNTY interest which the HE dustries are taking in the problems of forestry as taught by the New York State wood-using in- College of Forestry at Syracuse has been 1s ae of the Department ‘of Forest shown by the engagement of Prof. Henderson, Utilization, to spend the summer with the 9 A (makers of the Franklin car) doing special Franklin Manufacturing Company work in the dry kiln department, sawmill and storage yards, Professor Henderson’s work in the short course for dry kiln engineers brought him in close touch with the Franklin Company, which sent four of its foreman and wood specialists to take some of the class work in this short course. Professor Henderson has closed arrangements to spend the sum- mer with the Franklin Company, which uses very large quantities of second growth white ash in the manufacture of the wood sill for the Franklin car, ' fornia are well stocked with young grow | therefore, will suffice to solve the — STATE NEWS ARIZONA ABANDONM ENT of unextinguished ca fires proved the undoing of two citize of Coconino County recently. The abandon- ment of the fires, in itself a violation of Ar’zona State Laws, was further ma fied by forest fires of a destructive c acter which broke out as a result of { neglected embers. This led to the e tual discovery of the cause of the fires additional evidence unearthed the culp who were tried and fined. - Both of the cases were handled by De uty Supervisor C. W. McKenzie, of the € conia National Forest. CALIFORNIA writes C. Stowell Smith, Secretary-Mana of the California White and Suatey Manufacturers Association to Aw Forestry. “This is illustrated by the that we have established in Californi committee to study forest problems ar recommend such measures as may be ne essary to meet the situation. This commit- tee is probably the most representative ganization of its kind in the country. includes the local District Forester of the Forest School, University of Calif the State Forester, a representative fre the Southern Pacific Railroad (which 4s large owner of timberland) and a repres tative from the California pine indus! These interests have employed a fores and he is now at work studying all a able information and from time to recommending policies to the committ “You are probably familiar with the sit ation in this region and the relative e with which our forests can be kept on producing basis. Statistics prepared by Forest Service show that 65 per ce the privately owned cnt-over lands in Cal timber. A few simple additional measut problem insofar as cerned,” California is KENTUCKY THE forestry situation in Kentucky outlined in the Louisville-Cour Journal as follows: a Entire abandonment of any forestry pe icy, notwithstand the act of 1920, putti the forester in the Department of Agricul ture, may be the outcome of the legislati Governor Morrow’s purpose was to abo! the office of forester entirely, but Repub- licans in the Senate balked at this, m coming from the mountains, where they a beginning to realize the importance reforestation and conservation. = —z a i - AMERICAN FORESTRY 505 od Superlative’’ Little Doors that Open (without sticking) after centuries of use. There are little doors—and hidden drawers—that were fabricated 200, 300, 400 or more years ago. Some of them are supposed to open at the light touch of a delicate finger (with rare jewels on it), Some of them may stick (Oh, heavens!). BUT—some of them are of WALNUT. The Walnut ones don’t stick, nor jam. Everybody is glad to know that cabinet-work of that supreme hardwood is still being made—by artisans who are indeed artists. Would you believe it? It is “ue/ Ask your furniture dealer—if you hope (as of course you do) that the furniture you buy today shall become the treasured heirlooms of your great-grandchildren. ‘Walnut is walnut’’—there’s no getting away from hat. The American Walnut Brochure, de luxe, is ready. May we have your written application? (Promptly answered). American Watnut Manuracturers’ AssociATION Room 1025, 616 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago » AN nc Rg ne i te tS ioe It is EAS to BLAST stumps Atlas Farm Powder is prepared especially for the use of inexperienced farmers who wish'to do their own blasting. It is as easy to use as the ordinary “‘gas’’ engine. Theodore Drake, Prattsburg, N. Y., writes regarding his first ex- perience with it: “After reading your book, ‘Better Farming,’ I am fully convinced of the value of explosives for farm work. 1 blew out some old apple tree stumps and smashed a rock with Atlas Farm Powder, though I had never shot any dynamite before."’ You, too, will be able to use Atlas Farm Powder successfully after you read the directions in “Better Farming with Atlas Farm Powder.” It tells how to remove stumps, blast ditches, smash boulders, plant trees and increase yields by subsoiling. Write for this book. It is free. ATLAS POWDER COMPANY _appropriation will be spent, unless for _THE SAFEST EXPLOSIVE he=0 Division F.D, 5 Philadelphia, Penna, Dealers everywhere . Magazine near vou “Ow de The present law was a compromise, carrying $6,000, of which $3,000 is for the salary of a graduate forester with practical and technical experience. Commissioner W. C. Hanna was not keen to have the de- partment thrust on him, especially when he learned that the appropriation, already in- sufficient, was to be cut down to little more than salary and expenses for his tech- nical man, Now, he finds himself with a tree nursery and a forest reserve on his hands, with the Government asking him to continue co-operative work in fire preven- tion, in which State Forester J. E. Barton had enlisted agencies in Tennessee, Vir- ginia and West Virginia to protect the borders. Mr. Barton is going with an Eastern Kentucky coal company. He is probably the only qualified man in the State: It is known that at one time Murray Bruner, now in Government service in Porto Rico, was offered the post, but he declined. He is a brother of Dr. Ben L. Bruner, of Louisville, former Secretary of State. J. A. Mitchell, Inspector of the Federal Bureau of Forestry, was here recently in the interest of co-operative work, but left without learning what the policy will be. It is probable that the nursery on State Fair property at Louisville will be aban- doned, The forest reserve of several thou- sand acres on Pine Mountain, in Harlan County, which Forester Barton obtained from the Kentenia-Catron Corporation, stands and probably will stand just as it was when it was deeded to the State. Another corporation was ready to deed to the State some 3,000 acres adjoining, but this project was dropped by the for- ester when it was seen that there was no hope of “carrying on” with the plan of demonstrating reforestation in the Eastern Kentucky watershed. Coal and timber operators of Eastern Kentucky had formed fire prevention asso- ciations, employed lookouts, established stations under direction of the forester and assisted in spreading propaganda against carelessness, which was responsible for most forest fires. One or two had engaged foresters and a large number had taken up necessary for reforestation of m sides. Demonstration and practical were considered essential to getting | sults. Efforts in this direction, howeve lapsed several months ago, and the in at that time keen, apparently has wan It is doubtful whether any of the for A ployment of a clerk or so. oa cheese Fin LOUISIANA ‘: (THERE are 12,000,000 acres of idle c over lands in Louisiana, and not 000 acres of land under cultivation, s; Henry Hardtner, president of the ] ana Forest Association. a Idle cut-over lands produce neither tit ber, farm crops, nor income to meet they must be put to work. Intention cut-over lands, for the purchaser to and cultivate, will not in itself mak lands productive nor excuse den While awaiting development, cut-o lands should be growing stock or crop of timber, preferably both. P: tive farmers want some timber on lands, otherwise they will be forced to | wood, even for fence posts and fuel, high prices, or go without. : Where are the people going to ¢g timber supplies when all the for Louisiana and adjoining States ha cut clean and permantly ruined? The leaving of seed trees on c pine lands is the first step in solvir problems. Without seed trees there be no natural reforestation of pine. Should the State spend large sums future to purchase and plant denude over pine lands when it can preven denudation by requiring pine seed 1 be left for natural restocking? Can Ia owners expect the State to relieve them the burden of cut-over land holdings they refuse to provide for this restock by leaving pine seed trees? . Cut-over pine lands on which seed | are left are worth twice what they we be without these trees, for they will earning an income; from the growth the seed trees, and from new -crop young timber, without diminishing prospective value for agriculture, or fering with grazing. Prospective — with some timber and a woodlot are valuable than skinned cut-over land pasture, because of desirable shade tree for revenue, because of income and he use of wood; for homes, because of g attractiveness. - The State Conservation Co should be given the power to enfo provisions of a law to protect the welfare of the people of Louisiana. ~ ‘ £ Oy be —— MICHIGAN pee HE co-operation of rural mail carri with the forest fire supervisors northern Michigan is a plan recently vised by one of the deputy fire marshal ’ THE SERVICE | A RESPONSIBLE | WHOLESALER D can render to the | LUMBER | MANUFACTURER enables him to market his product | THE | PHILADELPHIA WHOLESALE | LUMBER DEALERS j ASSOCIATION J. Ermer Troru, Sect. Harrison Building, | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania } Will furnish you a list of reliable Wholesalers of lumber on | request. AMERICAN FORESTRY 507 PENROD WALNUT AND VENEER (CO. KANSAS CITY, MO. Exclusive Manufacturers American Black Walnut Lumber and Veneers Write us for prices on Lumber and samples of Veneers You will be pleased with “PENROD SERVICE” it satishes Established 1905 STERLING LUMBER CO. GULF RED CYPRESS Long Leaf Yellow Pine, West Coast Products. Write Us. Finance Building, Philadelphia Piling Timber R. R. Ties Oak Yellow Pine S. B. BOWERS COMPANY 112 South Sixteenth Street Philadelphia, Pa. ing Sales ve Mailing ssTts - Your Prospective Customers are listed in our Catalog of 99% guaranteed Malling Liste, It also contains vital suggestions how to advertise and sell Counts and prices given on 9000 different national Lists, covering all classes} for instance, Farmers, Nood! Mines, etc, This valuable reference book free. Write for it, Send Them Sales Letters You cas produce sales or inquiries with personal letters, Many eoncerna allover U, p are prostably fe fiers wewrite, Send fo ve booklet, ' Value of Sales Letters." Ross-Gould rofitably by mall, @ Mirs,, Hardware Dirs., Zing eJreeinatruc St.Louis 508 the forest districts of that State. The fact that millions of dollars worth of standing timber and seedlings are annually destroyed by flames lead this fire marshal to arrange for a daily patrol of the regions imperil- ed by fires by using the services of the rural free delivery carriers. On their daily trips if a fire is discovered, the carrier will record on cards specially prepared for the purpose the name of the county, time of detection, location of flames, the name of the official notified (usually the fire super- visor) and any other pertinet particulars, with the signature and number of route of carrier. The supervisor, thereupon, organ- izes suitable fire-fighting forces and un- dertakes the extinction of the fire. The plan has already been adopted for trial in one country, and it is proposed to carry it into other counties of the territory. NEW YORE A. B. Recknagel, secretary of the Empire State Forest Products Association, in dis- cussing the work of the New York State Legislature in regard to forestry matters said: “The New York legislative session of 1920 was, with respect to forestry legisla- tion, largely one of ‘hope deferred.’ “There were before the legislature a group of bills introduced by Assemblyman Everett, which amended the present plan of taxing forests by substituting a permis- AMERICAN FORESTRY sive yield tax (Assem: Print Nos. 513 and 2132) and which provided for free trees from the State nurseries for private plant- ing on land dedicated to continuous forest production (Assem. Print No, 19138). “Of these, the last named, the so-called ‘free tree bill,’ became law with the gov- ernor’s signature on May 5. Of the former one, amending the tax law (Pr. No, 513), is in the governor’s hands; the other, ing the conservation law, ‘died’ in the Senate. One tax measure is of no value without the other, so that it matters little whether the governor signs the bill before him or not. “There was also before the legislature the so-called ‘ten district foresters’ bill (Assembly Print No 1264) fathered by the conservation commission. This bill ‘died’ in the Senate. “There remains, as the one substantial achievement of the session, the enactment of the free tree bill, sponsored by the con- servation commission and by the Empire State Forest Products Association. The text of this bill is as follows: “*The commission may agree with the owner of forest land, which is in need of reforestation, to provide for the reforesta- tion of such land under such safeguards as the commission deems necessary to insure the establishment and proper protection of such a plantation, and may furnish trees from any of the nurseries operated by such commission without charge at the nurse provided the owner of the land will agr that the land shall be held for continuous” forest production, and that no trees so planted shall be cut, except in accorda with the regulations of the commission. Such agreement shall be recorded in he office of the county clerk of the county where the land is situated, and the pro- visions thereof shall be deemed to be a be covenants running with the land.’” NORTH CAROLINA “ L UMBER is certain to lose its present i m= portance in North Carolina and become one of the minor industries if measures for conserving present timber supplie are not taken speedily, declared Assista Forester E. E. Carter, of the Uni States Forest Service, in an address fore the North Carolina Forestry Asse tion at Asheville, N. C., recently. Carter discussed the results of an vestigation of lumber conditions thro out the United States which the Fo: Service made in response to a resolv ' presented to the United States Senate by Senator Capper. Tliis resolution called a report on the timber supply of the co’ try, the effects of present depletion on ‘ high cost of materials, and the effects lumber exports on domestic industries. — Mr. Carter’s address showed that unl the young forests in North Carolina THE LARGEST SAWS IN THED facilities. this. ever, possible. This is one of the two Disston cut-off saws in use at the Coats Shingle Company‘s Mill. These saws are 108 inches in diameter and each one weighs, ready to run, 795 pounds. One hundred and ninety spiral teeth are inserted in each saw. The successful build- ing of these saws affords a striking example of the advantages of Disston experience and You may never need saws as large as You will be interested to know, how- r, that Disston workmen and Disston equipment are of the kind that makes the building of the largest possible saws in the world—and the best saws of all :kinds— HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. 4D Ty General Offices: Philadelphia, Pa. U. S. A. | ent States are protected from fire and ly managed, these regions which are iow shipping lumber to other parts of the soon would be forced to import ies for their own use. “question of adoption by the State _ definite forest policy came up for sion. The need for such a policy, ing an adequate organization for the tion and suppression of forest fires emphasized by the assistant forester, had also been emphasized in the For- ervice report to the Senate. igh North Carolina still has a con- amount of timber, cutting is ing at a rapid rate and the remain- d-growth forests are bound to dis- r unless a definite conservation pro- n is adopted by the State. On ac- ant of the mountainous character of a Be part of the State and the heavy said by foresters to be all take steps now to prevent of important watersheds. unt Se EY YORK STATE COLLEGE OF _ FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE © A NEW high mark was set in every ~~ form of college work by the first war year of the New York State Col- Forestry at Syracuse,” declared F. F. Moon to the trustees of the during their annual meeting. The advanced two professors in grade, gnition of long and efficient service, confirmed the appointment of two bers of the faculty, named during the Assistant Professor Carl J. Drake, the Department of Forest Entomology, has been doing notable research ‘work insects attacking trees, was ad- d to a professorship, and Assistant sor Reuben P. Pritchard, of the De- ent of Silviculture was advanced to professorship in the same depart- The appointments of H. L. Hankin- nm, as Professor of Ichthyology, in the posevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment at and of C. Earl Libby, as assistant sor in charge of the pulp and paper ig, were confirmed. ' the features of Dean Moon’s re- t were the following items: The New- State College of Forestry had the gest attendance the past year of any rican forest school; a freshman class broke all records; the demand for d men is phenomenal, there being 400 for fully or partially trained foresters permanent or summer work this year, | only fifty men available, these calls om about 80 prospective employers; in- ortant research work, particularly involving T ber industry, and the use of yellow reh is under way, and the call for lec- ares on forestry from the State has been ) great that the State can no longer bear “expense of sending the speakers free, ist ask that those desiring speakers y the expenses of the lecturers. 3 x ee < ie . in the East, 22% trees AMERICAN FORESTRY English New York. THOMPSON Northern Grown Spendid Possibilities for Culture in Northern State: for orchard or ornamental planting, Our North ern Grown English Walnuts have no superios. They are grown successfully as far north as Mass- achusetts, and there are several productive or- chards in this and adjoining counties in western Our trees are bred for health, hardiness and resistibility; are adaptable to any soil, and will succeed wherever peaches thrive. The Thompson orchard, near Rochester, is one of the largest commercial English Walnut orchards This orchard has flourished, bearing large and remunerative crops, under severe Walnuts orchard FAIRPORT climatic conditions—with occasional temperatures fifteen degrees below zero. HARDY FILBERTS unarpy Thousands of bearing trees growing in our Nursery You can grow Filberts as easily as you grow Apples, Pears and Plums and KENTISH CoB “our Glenwood G: Mr. John Roos, 9 W. under date of September, 1919, as follows: “The Filberts I bought of GREAT QUANTITIES this year.’ Our Catalog and Planti: rown” hardy trees will produce quickly great quantities of nuts each season, CosForpD 46th Street, Covington, Ky., writes i you in 1917-1918, are bearing in . Jad, Guide, i 2002 Main St., fo rsasesrtot irean and {-ctrakay and a complete assortment of ‘vergreens a cidous Trees, Shrubs, Roses, P: tals, 2 Trees and Small Fruits. Mailed FREE. RT ONES Pr atab GLEN BROTHERS, Glenwood Nursery (Established 1866), Wal Filberts, Rochester,N. Y, RARE ORIENTAL FLOWERING TREES FROM CHINA, JAPAN and PERSIA -. Catalogue .:. A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING | PINE SPRUCE CONIFERS ONLY : Write us for price list KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, KEENE, N. H. Or chids We, are specialists in ids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- pad + oe of freshly imported unestablished chids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Write for prices on large quantities THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANTS 2,000,000 EVERGREENS for Reforesting LEWIS & VALENTINE CoO., 47 West 34th Street New York City Originated and Introduced by The Elm City Nursery Company 4 i Box 205, New Haven’ Gacn. FORESTRY SEEDS Send for my catalogue containing full list of varieties and prices Thomas J. Lane, Seedsman Dresher Pennsylvania THE GUIDE TO NATURE Epwarp F, Bicztow, Managing Editor Published by The Agassiz Association, ArcAdiA, Sound Beach, Conn. A Profusely Illustrated Monthly Magazine Devoted to Commonplace Nature with Un- common Interest. Subscription, $1.50 per Year. Send for Box-Barberry Fold -3 pa yf areats & older and Gen. : BF OR WE TRANSPLANT FULL GROWN TREES LEWIS & VALENTINE CoO., 47 West 34th Street New York City Plant Nemarial Sieoa Single or Sample Copy, 15c. 510 AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL NOTES CORNELL SUMMER SCHOOL NSTRUCTION in forestry at Cornell during the summer session was mainly out-of-doors. From the windows of the Forestry Building, one can look out over a nearby woodland, to which the field trips are made. These trips afford prac- tical observation of the fundamental facts of forestry and its application and give background to the lectures. Two courses are offered by the Depart- ment of Forestry. One gives facts about trees and forests, fundamental to their right use, and the other covers the field of forestry, to reveal its nature, its scope, and the important place it holds in a national economy. The first lays emphasis on simple means of identifying the principal forest trees. It includes study on the characteristics of forest trees and forests, identification of some of the more important kinds of wood, and work leading to an understanding of the methods of handling forests to promote their growth and renewal. : The other course treats of the useful- ness of the forests of the United States in wood production, and the indirect influ- ences, such as that on the flow of streams. The principal branches of forestry are dis- cussed and the nature of Federal, State and private forestry is pointed out. Both courses afforded an insight into forestry knowledge and furnish information useful to teachers of nature study, history, geog- raphy, civics, and manual training. FOREST scaey UNIVERSITY OF AHO PARTY of foresters from the Uni- versity of Idaho are at Chatcelet, where they will make a reconnaissance study of Reyburn Park. The work is done at the request of Wm. J. Hall, Commissioner of Public Works for Idaho. The park is beautifully situated on Chatcelet Lake, an arm of Lake Coeur d'Alene. It comprises some twelve thousand -acres, including timberland and. water, and was purchased by the State in 1909 as a State park. A part of the timber has been sold, and is being cut unden such regulations as will safeguard forest renewal. The trees cut are first marked by the State agent in charge, and the purchasers are under con- tract to pile and burn the brush. The re- connaissance study and report to be made by the School of Forestry will include a topographic map of the area, a cruise of : 1 the timber, a silvicultural plan for the | = agement of the timber resources, a for the further development of the tional facilities of the park, sug, for fire protection, and a statemen' cost of maintenance and sources of ii In making recommendations for the agement of the park, it will be bor mind that it was purchased and set primarily for recreational uses rathe: for timber production. Every effor be made to preserve to the fullest possible the scenic value of the lake fr The study will be made under the d of Dean F. G. Miller and Dr. Schmitz. “" SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, OREG AGRICULTURAL COLLEG THE annual field trip of the Forestry, of the Oregon College was made in May. Forty n of the school went into the timbe: gion on the east slope of Mary’ fifteen miles west of Corvallis. The fit was divided into mess crews of th to five men each. These individual gro did their own cooking. An area of acres was carefully cruised and dz ta lected for topographic maps. The s method used by the Federal Forest S was employed in timber cruising. “ per cent of the area was actually crt the forties being “double run.” LOUISIANA LONG LEAF LUMBER CO. Fisher and Victoria, La. See Us. LOUISIANA SAWMILL CO., INC. Glenmora, La. Combined annual output 300,000,000 Feet Write Us. BALANCED SOUTHERN PINE SERVICE For Real Lumber Merchants Every merchant wants to include as much of his purchasing power in one account as is — consistent with profits and satisfaction. The Missouri Lumber and Land Exchange Company BALANCED SERVICE Combines in one source all the YELLOW PINE articles needed to round out retail stocks : and keep investments at the lowest practicable volume. - These Mills of the “Exchange” LOUISIANA CENTRAL LUMBER CO. Clarks and Standard, La. MANUFACTURE TIMBERS of the largest sizes in Southern Pine and MOULDINGS of the smallest pat- ~ terns, and all the items of yard, shed and manufacturing stocks in between, and the large | sales force of the Exchange is ready with valuable service and information to aid the dealer ~ in marketing and stocking problems. ‘ 4g Let Our Salesmen Call. Wire Us. LONG AND SHORT LEAF YELLOW PINE MISSO8RI LUMBER &=BAND EXCHANGE**GOMPANY R. A. LONG BUILDING WHITE-GRANDIN LUMBER CO. Slagle, La. KANSAS CIITY, MO. ‘ * a FOREST LUMBER CO. — Oakdale, La. a ade its spring field trip to the operations Coast Range Lumber Company at l, Oregon. “A section of timber was ly cruised and mapped. Logging ions for the area were planned. The sary railroad locations were made, s located, etc. In addition to do- g this work, the entire town site of the wn of Mabel was surveyed and mapped. his was practical work, which, when t ed, was turned over to the Coast nge Lumber Company for its use. tically every man connected with the 1 of Forestry has found summer em- nt, either with the Forest Service the woods and mills of the Pacific rthwest. The demand for labor is such t the school has been unable to furnish i¢ men needed for various kinds of work. AN MOON OF SYRACUSE ANKLIN MOON has been elected an of the New York State College of , at Syracuse, by the Board of es. By this action, one of the earli- embers of the College of Forestry fac- ty becomes dean of the College, for san Moon became Professor of Forest gineering in 1912, a few months after lege was founded. Dean Moon was from Amberst College in 1901, gree of Bachelor of Arts. From 1902 he was engaged in graduate study rd, and was for several years in THE ENG ¥85 C0. |. 1337-1339 F STREET,NW. WASHINGTON,D.. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND ILLUSTRATORS 3 CoLor Process Work _ SLECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY &SERVICE ? Phone Main 8274 - AMERICAN FORESTRY 511 FAIRBANKS “MORSE of 172 feet. Write for Bulletin H-7or1. Baltimore Office: 115 E. Lombard St. Shipment complete, ready to run. moved to any endangered section by auto, pack horses or boat. Forest Fire Portable, Lightweight Direct-Connected Gasoline Engines and Showing Exhaust Side of Engine, Built-in Pumps .For Fire Magneto, Suction Connection for Pump. Fighting FIGHTING OUTFITS are the Canadian Government and A MONG the large users of FAIRBANKS-MORSE FIRE the Canadian Pacific Railway. Will throw water to a height Can be quickly CONTRACTORS’ EQUIPMENT DEPT. FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 30 CHURCH ST. - NEW YORK CITY Boston Office: 245 State St. business life in New York City before he decided to take up forestry, and in 1909 secured the degree of Master of Forestry at Yale. During 1908 and 1909, he was engaged in forest reconnaisance in Con- necticut and for the Federal Forest Serv- ice in Kentucky, For the next two years forester for the New York State Forest, Fish and Game Commission under Com- missioner Whipple, having charge of the Highlands of the Hudson Forest’ Reserva- tion, the nucleus of what is now the Pali- sades Interstate Park, the world’s greatest park. Prior to coming to Syracuse, Dean Moon investigated forest conditions and forestry practice in France, Germany and Switzerland. He has written two noteworthy forestry books, one a text-book for fores- try students and the other a forestry book for boys. He is one of the Executive Com- mittee of the New York State Forestry Association, which has its headquarters in Syracuse, and has been honored by election to the honorary society Sigma XI and Phi Kappa Phi. CREOSOTE OILS IN WOOD PRESERVATION IGHT creosote oils properly injected into wood apparently will prevent decay until the wood wears out or until it checks so badly that the untreated portions are exposed. Such is the indication of service records collected by the Forest Products Laboratory on railway ties and telegraph poles preserved with low boiling creosotes. The railroad ties so treated lasted from 15 to 20 years, and failure was traceable in most cases to mechanical wear, such as rail cutting and spike killing. In no case was failure found to be the fault of the preservative. - Of 1,558 telegraph poles in the Mont- gomery-New Orleans line, which were pres sure-treated with a light creosote oil, 1,040 poles were still sound after 16 years. In OI per cent of the cases of decay, the fungi had entered the wood through checks and shakes. Representative sections in the Norfolk-Washington line showed that af- ter 17 years’ service, of the 1,614 poles in- spected, 1,469 were sound, 92 decayed at the top, and 105 decayed at the ground line. The decay at the top was caused chiefly by cutting off the poles. In those decayed at the ground line, the causes c failure, as determined in 88 per cent of the cases, were checks or shakes. Here again as in the ties, the preservative outlasted the mechanical life of the wood. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES 512 School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS Publications, advertisers, printers, users of engravings of all kinds have learned that Gatchel and Manning plates reproduce faithfully, from the simplest one-color to elaborate full-color plates. We would welcome a chance to send to anyone not familiar with our work proofs of what we have done along lines similar to his requirements, GATCHEL & MANNING, INC. C.A. STINSON, PRESIDENT é Photo éngravers PHILADELPHIA Opposite Independence Hall AMERICAN FORESTRY Forestry Training in the Heart of the Rockies The Colorado School of “= w Forestry “” ™ A Department of Colorado College Colorado Springs, Colorado. Professional Courses in Technical For- estry, leading to degrees of Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Master of Forestry. Spring and Fall Forestry teaching at Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- ing to the College) and the winter term at Colorado Springs. Write for announcement, giving full in- formation. WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Ager Technically trained forester, 35 years ol Practical experience along all lines include under the duties of the above positions. mer Captain, Field Artillery. Address care American Forestry, Washington, A FORESTRY graduate ie marera year perience in forest wor! a Lato re en Roce: daiives *retpenpiblg. pact eoaae ines desires sible concern rating in outside the States. dress care d of cal ; Coe z ye Box Forestry Magazine, Washington, DISCHARGED SAILOR would like posi assistant forester or a permanent posi surveyor with some lumber company chance for advancement. ary is of sect consideration. Married, so would hat locate in some small town. Have had eee practical espariente in general fore and some tree 5 dress Box of AMERICAN FORESTRY V Washington, D. C. $ XY SARGENT’S HANDBOOK OF American Private Schools An annual Survey and Review describin private schools of all classifications an summer camps for boys and girls. A Compendium for Educators. : A Guide Book for Parents, supplying in- timate information, which makes possible a discriminating choice. Comparative Tables give the relative Cost, Size, Age, Special features, etc. . Introductory Chapters review interesting Developments of the Year in education. Educational Service Bureau will be glad to advise and write you intimately about any school or camp in which you are interested. Write full particulars. Consultation by appointment Circulars and Sample Pages on Request. PORTER E. SARGENT 14 Beacon Street Boston, Mass. | FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years ex ence along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and pape pony ame ds work; three years area ence in city forestry, tree sur; and landsca: work. Forester for the North Shore Park Dis. trict of bom City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference. Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year’s experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 675, Care American Forestry Magazi Washingto: D. C. RECENTLY discharged from U. S. Army, young man wants position with a firm who has use for a lumber tallyman and inspector. Has a good education, 11 years’ practical experience in lum- ber and can furnish good references. Address Box 880, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. ARBORICULTURIST is open to an engaremeent to take aa of, or as assistant in City For- estry work. Experience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field—from planting to expert tree surgery—including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. SUPERINTENDENT retail lumber — ing material establishment desires com with progressive lum concern in where there is opportunity for growt! Southwest or Middle West prefe: essential. Several years experience manufacturing, also eighteen mon’ with Forestry Engineers. Available fst. 15th. ddress Box 930, care CAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, POSITIONS OPEN “CIVIL ENGINEER TO SURVEY AND TERMS. Address Box AMERICAN FORESTRY & ington, D. C = MAN WANTED with technical practical experience sufficient to thoroughly competent as a developer plans, and also Park Superintenden' road construction, planting and landse: —and Director of Forestry Service pie Eales and on of the city. < ox 910, erican Forestry Magazine, W ington, D. C. (6-9-20)- WANTED—Man Cy of Supervising and Tight Barrel Plant; Purchase and Cooperage Stocks; Develop Boxes, Crate: other Packages for miscellaneous articlés. experience, salary wanted and references | letter. Address Box 123, care of AME FORESTRY MAGAZINE. Washington, WANTED—An assistant forester. Good p fered for a recent graduate who would get in business for himself in an excellent” cation. Address Box 920, American Forest MaGazine. f (8- SAA anes = Sly TAT ten it DY MISS adi STS TU UU TOUT he SAMA “AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WASHINGTON, D. C. _ PERCIVAL:SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 30c A COPY—$3.00 A YEAR line ee ce SEPTEMBER, 1920 CONTENTS VoL. 26, No. 821 ccc Ht Sill Hall of Fame—The Lincoln Memorial Tree—Frontispiece.............. 514 ELGitorighiee kek Favre are ie we eae oes OUT e beh he kab te pate She 515 New York’s Forests and Their Future—By A. B. Recknagel........... 518 With four illustrations. A Grateful Acknowledgment from France......... .... eres on eae 521 The Forests of a New Republic—By E. F Prantner...............-.- 522 With ten illustrations. Fire-Prevention. Sloganwy saa cetis tte tes soo Plas Ma era eS athe eb kk -. 525 Fire Protection and More Public Forest Land—By Charles Lathrop Pack 526 Split Wood Section Reveals Initials Cut. Almost a Century Ago........ 528 No Substitute for High-Grade Woods........6... 605. e cece eee cece eens 528 The: Cacdanut: Palinc i foots coir he Aik soc oii seatstche gunerieleie,« gua Wels = its «Oa 529 With three illustrations. : Heart Rot in Western Hemlock............-...+-.5. bate iced e Sines os 531 Ai Novel Seats: soci soviet hall areialy Fa bre Gasca vinipldin sg tid sig oe CaO wierae ea alas aod 531 With one iluustration. The Uses of Wood—Wood for Musical Instruments—By Hu Maxwell.. 532 With sixteen illustrations. Forest School Notes. ... res cg 'de opitis sine alee an oe sche ges wha side oe es CHANGE OF ADDRESS A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty : days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. Be . sure to give your old address as well as the new one. Publication Office, 522 East Street, Baltimore, Md. Headquarters Office, Maryland Building, Washington, ‘D. C. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by the American Forestry Association. 7 + 4 Rate IESE PALM ted for mailing at special rate 0 THIS BOY IS A PROFESSIONAL CEYLONESE PALM Acckpie A 1017, authecized February 27, 1920. TREE CLIMBER (See Page 529). “MUTUAL Tramps Through the Gulf States (II)—By R. W. Shufeldt..:... By pees hs 540 With ten illustrations. f Longleaf Pine Has Heavy Seed Crop......0-.esseeeereeeeceees Mika io a 547 A Forest Tragedy—By John D. Guthrie.........-.-0s sees reer teense 547 Another Word on “Light Burning”—By [ilidert Roth,..:......-+.-+-+5 548 The Department of Forest Recreation—Sy Arthur Carhart. Vacation Opportunities in Your National Forests.......-..+3.---+- 549 With six illustrations. : Auto Camp Conveniences...... See rT ee Oe b, Sia ya 553 With six illustrations. i Home Forest Pays Dividend......0......0-eseeeere eres BIC Aey 6 o8 2 . dd7 What the Tree Teaches Us—By E. T. Meredith a Aree tr Re Ee Sah aks 558 With one illustration. Only Dead Timber Used—By Marie Dickore....0..0.--. 95+ eee Lon aed 559 With one illustration. J Wanted—Facts About Shade Trees......-..+-+-. sheer see eeenetnsee es 559 Forestry Editorial Digest...........:.0s sess aee ee tetesernsre tienes sees 560 National Honor Roll, Memorial Trees..........+--+++0+++0 peerreseces 562 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilsons stun oe ty eet ee BAN eR ce 564 Forest Guard Killed... 2.000. g.0 cers weneecet fH0g cere bt glee hers ree 568 Book ReviewS......+ is seeeeeeeescees Bee SS Fmt eRe ee 2 Sah pa Mahtrnta 570 Topiary Being Revived in England. .... 1: cesses et ie Eee LA Mae's 573 Bamboo for Paper Pulp.:......--+--+ sess denenee ees set renee ees eees 574 575 f’ postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of ; “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES he nem a Ge seca THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL TREE 2 This tree, the only one in the world as far as known planted in memory of Abraham Lincoln, ts nomi- | nated for a place in the Hall of Fame by A. S. Bailey, of Decorah, lewa, where the tree now stands. The . tree was planted by John Finn, who is still living. He was in Chicayo when Abraham Lincoln was assassi- nated and he returned home much depressed. April 27, 1865, Governor Stone, of Iowa, declared as a day of mourning for Lincoln. Finn went into the woods and dug up a small huckberry shoot which he trans- planted on the street in front of his home. The shoot took root and today is one of the most magnificent trees in the state of Iowa. It is now 110 feet high and nearly 12 feet in circumference. Mr. Finn is seen ¢. standing at the foot of the tree. ~ ‘ | ¥ SEPTEMBER, 1920 cK EDITORIAL NO. 321 Aus HE National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, through its Forestry Committee and its Board of irectors, has gone squarely on record as favoring the y development of an American forest policy which substitute for indifference or accident an intelligent, ctical, equitable, and concerted program for the mation of forest supplies.” The Association’s indicated by its suggestions for national legislation. In on to the efforts already being made by the Federal ‘ment to perpetuate the forests and to bring about ablishment of a National Forest policy, the Asso- n urges the following legislation by Congress: $ An appropriation of not less than’ $1,000,000 ally for co-operation by the Forest Service with : ‘and forest owners willing to bear an equal or wreater share in the costs of locally applicable systems for protecting from fire both forests and forest lands yhich are restocking. ‘An appropriation adequate for prompt survey of nation’s forest resources by the Forest Service, ring the facilities of the forest producing industries, ‘States and other sources of information, to determine quantity, location, and suitability for various com- al uses of our remaining timber, to determine the timate area, location and condition of lands chiefly ble for fimber growth, and to obtain other informa- bearing on the future of forest supplies. Adequate provision for research by the Forest ice, through necessary experiment stations and in peration with available agencies, to determine de- ble methods of wood utilization, wood: preservation, st reproduction, and the control of insects, disease, id Fetlier forest enemies. 74 Liberal provision for the selection and acquisition, by purchase and by exchange, of such lands as should e added to the National Forest system to assure their protection and management in the public interest. _ Provision for replanting such denuded areas in National Forests as are evidently not to be restocked natural processes. Since State legislation is regarded by the Association Properly a matter of local self-determination, it offers _ on behalf of the industry as a whole no suggestions be- a the expression of certain broad principles.. The Beeeanental of these is that practical methods of | protection and perpetuation are questions pri- of local interest and should therefore be the sub- LUMBERMEN ENDORSE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY ject of State legislation, if of any. In other words, the Federal Government should be authorized to co-operate financially with States and private forest owners in the protection of forests from fire, but should be given no power either to prescribe how such protection should be effected or to require other measures necessary for the perpetuation of the forest. In line with this position is the Association’s statement that “the Forest Service should be the recognized leader of public forestry thought and effort along general lines, because of its impartial position and broad education facilities, but vested with no regulatory control over State or private lands not mutually agreed to by the owners thereof for specific -purposes in connection with the general policy herein suggested.” ; Other points of interest in connection with the general statement of principles put forth by the Association in- clude the declaration that the growing of future timber crops must be largely, but by no means wholly, a Gov- ernment and State function; and that both Government and State should therefore acquire, by purchase and by exchange of stumpage for land, much larger areas of permanent forest land than they now possess. If private owners refuse either to sell their cut-over lands or to take reasonable steps themselves to keep them in timber crops, the Government and States should be permitted to condemn any deforested land classified as suitable chiefly for forest growing and not suitable for agriculture, pay- ing for it at prices comparable to those paid in voluntary transactions. The reimbursement of local taxing units for the loss of taxes on Government-owned land is sug- gested, as is also the assistance by the Federal Govern- ment in the development of a State policy in forest improvement, protection, and tax reform as to make conditions favorable for State and private forest growth. The development of a wise, consistent policy for the marketing of publicly-owned timber, to the end of - permanent public good, uninfluenced by considerations of temporary revenue, is urged. So far as the forest owners themselves are concerned, the Association states that “public-spirited lumbermen will support such steps along the foregoing State and Federal lines as are practicable. Equally with the public such lumbermen should be pro- tected against the consequences of short-sighted policy either within their own industry or elsewhere.” Much difference of opinion will doubtless exist as to the wisdom of certain specific features of the program proposed by the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Asso- cr 16 ciation. Be this as it may, it is a significant and en- couraging fact that for the first time a national asso- ciation of forest owners and timber producers has defi- nitely committed itself to the principle that both national and industrial welfare demand the éarly development of an American forest policy which shall substitute for in- difference and accident a comprehensive program for the perpetuation of our forest supplies. Much yet remains to be done in translating the prin- ciples advanced by the Association into a concrete pro- gram for Federal and State action. In passing, it may be remarked that in the development of such a program much more emphasis will have to be laid on measures to keep forest lands productive and to provide for the utilization of existing forests in such a way as to secure AMERICAN - FORESTRY ES natural teprodin ee without the Reon of 1 to planting. Fire protection, both of mature and forests, is obviously essential, but it must be mented by the proper silvicultural handling of the ent forests if their perpetuation is to be effected econc cally. In general there is a tendency not to lay’ too 1 stress on the measures necessary to restore defor lands to production, but rather to lay too little si 1 the measures necessary to prevent deforestation, Now that the lumbermen have definitely - themselves to the support of a national forest p to be hoped that more rapid progress can be working out the details of such a policy, pa with respect to the knotty problem as to the r jurisdiction of Federal and State authorities FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH TO THE FORE HE decennial celebration of the United States For- est Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, on July 22-23, was an event that is unique in the history of Government institutions. The celebration was planned, arranged for, and financed by friends of the Laboratory as a mark of appreciation of its ten years of service in industrial research. So far as our knowl- edge goes, no other Government institution has ever been similarly honored. The event was decidedly na- tional in character, the nearly 300 visitors who partici- pated in it coming from all over the country and even from Canada and Porto Rico. No stronger testimonial could be offered of the regard in which the Laboratory is held by those who have benefited from its activities. The celebration was mtich more, however, than an exchange of congratulations on results already accom- plished. To a much larger extent, emphasis was laid upon the steadily increasing need for further research regarding the properties and uses of wood and other forest products and.the opportunities that lie ahead of the Laboratory in its particular field of industrial re-- search. It is safe to say that those attending the cele- bration came away with a more vivid idea than ever before of the value of the scientific research in forest products by an organized force of trained iny tivities in the development of a national forest Too often in our discussion of the need for refor is the fact overlooked that the economical use of products is fully as important as their production. — ing the same amount of wood go twice as far as" is as effective a means of conservation as produ twice as much material per acre as before. It is that the recent celebration of the Forest Products atory, by emphasizing this fact, will lead to a n expansion of our present program of research in for products, not merely as a commercial venture whict hs enable the timberland owner, the lumberman, or 1 manufacturer to squeeze a few dollars more out of f product, but as an integral part of the movement for t protection and perpetuation of our forest resources. — WOOD-USERS ORGANIZE TO SAFEGUARD THEIR SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIAL QO* July 23, the wood-using industries of the country took action fully as significant as that taken by the ‘National Lumber Manufacturers Association earlier in the month. For the first time in their history representa- tives of some 21 wood-using industries got together to discuss the future supply of the raw material on which their industries are dependent. As a result of this con- ference, which was called by a voluntary committee from the industries, a resolution was unanimously adopted authorizing the chairman to appoint a committee to formulate a definite plan for the organization of a committee representing all the associations of wood- users for the purpose of considering present or proposed legislation dealing with reforestation and for formulating a program of Federal and State legislation which will - supply its own needs for wood and other forest pr represent the views and interests of the wood-using dustries. ‘a It is a highly significant fact that the depletion the timber supply of the country has now reach point where the industries dependent upon it feel then selves forced to organize for the purpose of tak action to safeguard their future supplies. Nothing co indicate more clearly the extent to which our “ine haustible” forest resources have been dissipated and 1 need for prompt action if this country is to conti That the seriousness of the present situation is fully ized by the wood-users is indicated by the remar unanimity of sentiment which prevailed at the cc ference, The shortage of many woods needed by ~ Bee industries represented was strongly emphasized, and not a single voice was raised in opposition to the plan _ of organizing a committee through which the wood- _ using industries as a whole could.make themselves fel: _ in the development of a national forest policy. Of equal significance with the action of the wood- ers in organizing themselves for action was the hearty orsement of the movement by the representatives of ber companies and lumber manufacturers associa- Is present at the conference. Dr. Compton, secre- manager of the National Lumber Manufacturers ociation, voiced the general sentiment of those pres- t when he said, “I am sure that I speak for timber ers and manufacturers as a whole when I say that movement which you contemplate will have the hearty endorsement of the manufacturers and the mber owners, who would be glad to have created among the machinery by which you can carry into effect a tical plan which will preserve and largely main- EDITORIAL 517 tain the perpetuity of the forests in which we are ali interested.” The point has now been reached, therefore, where both the lumber manufacturers and the wood-users are working through their own organizations, but in com- plete harmony, for the development of a nation-wide forest policy which will result in the protection and perpetuation of our forest resources. It is particularly encouraging that the wood-using industries, whose re- lation to the forest, while intimate, is sometimes re- garded as less so than that of the lumbermen, should have organized on their own initiative to take an active part in formulating and securing the practical applica- tion of a forest policy. There is no question but that the wood-users, connected as they are with’ practically every phase of our industrial life, can exercise a most potent and much needed influence in bringing about the adoption of a definite and effective program. NHE new Forest Act passed at the last session of the Massachusetts Legislature is in reality a substitute the bill presented by the Massachusetts Forestry ociation which was based upon an initiative peti-- salth, which provided for the purchase and replanting 250,000 acres of land during a period of ten years, d was.to be financed by a serial bond issue with inter- t compounded during the period of production, the wal cost of maintenance to be paid out of current « rdial and earnest support given it by many prominent 1 of the State who appeared before the Com- ee on Agriculture and Ways and Means, and urged signed by more than 31,000 citizens of the common- - bond feature. MASSACHUSETTS’ NEW FORESTRY BILL ‘the importance of the measure as the only means of preventing a serious lumber famine in the near future The support of these men was especially welcome be- cause of their apparent indifference to ore legis- lation in the past. The Committee of Ways and Means, after many con- ferences with the friends of the measure, reported a bill considerably modified, reducing the amount of land to be acquired to 100,000 acres; also eliminating the The cost of land acquired under this act must not exceed an average price of $5 per acre. If how- ever, it is found that a sufficient amount of land cannot be acquired at this price, the Legislature may from time to time increase the rate. This act went into effect on August 5. -. oe ‘ta > 4 HE Eastern Shook and Wooden Box Manufacturers poration has come forward with a decidedly pro- sressive contribution to the development of a nation-wide forest policy in approving forward-looking measures for protection, conservation in lumbering operations, re- ‘station and taxation. The Association emphasizes particularly the importance f more adequate fire protection and compulsory slash sposal and top lopping. It recommends additional State ropriations for the work and the development of watch yer and patrol systems in those States where they are already installed. The responsibility of the private owner in fire prevention and protection is clearly recog- mized and the belief is expressed that private owners be required to participate to a reasonable extent vith the State in the cost of fire protection. _ The Association expresses the belief that “the time has __ come when all stands of forest growth, whether on pri- 4; BUSINESS MEN FAVOR FOREST CONSERVATION vately owned lands or on publicly owned preserves, must be regarded as an asset of the State in the preservation of watersheds, protection of the public health, and con- servation of public resources in other ways, as well as the preservation of the lumber supply.” Recognizing these facts, it believes that private timberland owners and operators should be willing to submit cheerfully to a reasonable amount of regulation under the supervision of the Forest Departments of the various States in order to assure the perpetuation of the timber supply of the country. In addition to action by private owners, it favors the establishment of State and municipal forests and endorses heartily a campaign of public education on the entire question of the preservation of our forest resources, As one means of promoting such a’ campaign it has continued its Forestry Committee with instruc- tions to co-operate with other associations and civic bodies which are interested in the forest problem. NEW YORK’S FORESTS AND THEIR FUTURE BY ARTHUR BERNARD RECKNAGEL FORESTER AND SECRETARY, EMPIRE STATE FOREST PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION HE trouble is not, as President Hadley, of Yale University once remarked, that figures will lie, but that liars will figure. And such liars are often the best meaning people in the world. So it is with any attempts to predict the future of the forest industries of New York State. Certain defin- ite tendencies may be Certain facts available supplies and present consumption noted. From these premises certain deductions may be made. But like the classic syllogism: “Brutus killed Caesar”— Caesar is a word of two syllables—therefore, “Brutus killed a word of two syllables,” the conclusions are apt observed. as to “ to be false unless correctly interpreted. The statistics of any industry—even of the forest in- dustry, are so dry that they may be passed over after extracting only the salient facts. These are that, as a wood-producing State, New York is falling further and further behind her sister states. For example, in the matter of lumber production, a recent government bulle- tin shows that New York now ranks twenty-fifth with a yearly cut of 335,000,000 board feet, out of a total cut of nearly 32,000,000,000 feet in the whole country. In other words, New York State produces about one per cent of the total lumber cut of the country, whereas ten years ago it produced 680,000,000 board feet out of a total cut of nearly 45,000,000,000 feet, or about one and a half per cent of the total. There is no need to pursue this phase of the subject. The tendency is evident. Now, how about its place as a timber consuming State? The Conservation Commis- sion, in its report for 1919, says that “New York is the greatest user of wood of any State, the total annual consumption amounting to over one and three quarters ‘billion board feet of lumber, in addition to one million cords of pulpwood, over one hundred and thirty thousand cords for wood alcohol and other products of distilla- tion, and enormous quantities of other material for ~ railroad ties, cooperage, poles and fuel wood. It has — quarters billion been estimated that the annu- al lumber bill of the State is over sixty mil- lion _ dollars, about two- thirds of which goes outside of the State.” Consider this just a minute. New York uses, each year, one and three- board feet of lumber. It ‘produces each year only 335,- 000,000 board feet, or about one-fifth of what is used! So, also in pulpwood, Each year New York State, the second greatest pulp and paper making State in the union, uses a million cords of pulpwood. each year only half a million cords. Thus it is evident that, “Brutus” (in the sense that “Brutus” is the public, as in Barrie’s play) is killing NEW YORK’S FORESTS AND THEIR FUTURE PULP WOOD CUT FROM A SINGLE SPRUCE TREE IN THE ADIRONDACK FOREST It produces 519 “Caesar.” But “Caesar” is a word of two syllables. The first syllable is the relation of what we use to what we pro- duce. The sec- ond syllable is the relation of what we pro- duce to our available sup- plies of wood and their re- plenish ment. In other words, regret- table as it is to find New York having to call on neighbor states for her manufactured forest products, it would not be so bad if the remain- ing forest areas of the State were being kept productive up to their maximum capacity. France and Germany, the leading exponents of proper forest management, have never been able to supply the national needs for wood without recourse to importation. But the “second sylla- Table showing, for the chief timber trees in New York State, the relation between the Actual Volume Cut (Col. II) and the Volume which could be cut without diminishing the Growing Stock (Col. III). between the Actual Volume cutting (Col. VI). Also showing the relation of Standing Timber (Col. V) and the Volume needed to support the present rate of Maple, Bd. Ft. I ra Ill Iv Vv VI vil Species Actual Cut = Allowable Cut oe abn Actual Volume Needed Volume Paepernes “Spruce{Gorae’ | 'san00 | asoio00 | + “4es;o00| —™4e-recoon| —at-ano00| “Stason Balsam {ord0" 4500 **13600| ~ 7°Et/000| "ars'000| “t'90e'000 | “S4se-000 Pine, Bd. Ft. 62,700,000 7,100,000 | — 655,600,000 353,600,000 3,133,000,000 | —2,779,400,000 Cedar, Bd. Ft. 230,000 301,000; + 71,000 21,100,000 16,000,000; + 65,100,000 Hemlock{G¢;as| e510; -20800| — ° e4'300| " xeee000| —"”-god.o00 | —*"s'1go'000 mee | ae) me] — aes] ames] amas — =a Beech, Ba, Ft. 37,200,000 20,500,000| —. 16,700,000| —_1,746,800,000| —_3,534,000,000| +_1.787,200,000 Birch, Bd, Ft. 25,500,000 17,000,000; — 8,500,000 1,441,000,000 2,423,000,000 | — 982,000,000 55,800,000 16,200,000 | — 39,600,000 1,374,000,000 5,300,000,000 | —3,926,000,000 520 AMERICAN ble” is that we are not even maintaining our present production by a proper care of our available supplies. Leaving out of consideration the State Forest Preserve with its available for relief as the salty ocean water was to the Ancient Mariner dying of thirst—leaving this paradox eight billion feet of standing timber, as un- of non-productive forestry out of consideration, there is, in the State of New York, on private forests of five hun- a total of 8,436 million board feet This is the available sup- dred acres or more, and 115,731 thousand cords. ply on about six million acres of private forest holdings. The figures including the woodlots and-the State Forest Preserve bring the total up to nearly twenty-six billion board feet and over 120,000,000 cords. But we deal here, primarily, with the problem of the FORESTRY forest industries of the State cut more than the growing stock will permit, there is a similar reduction of capital. This is precisely what, is taking place in New York State today. The accompanying table shows that the yearly cut of our chief commercial trees is; with the exception only of spruce, balsam and cedar, far in excess of what the growing stock will support. That is, we are using up our capital without adequate replace- ment. ‘This is particularly marked in pine and in hem- lock, and in the group of northern hardwoods where maple is the chief sufferer due to the great inroads of recent years for flooring and for various kinds of woodenware. The only reason why spruce and balsam fare better is due to the fact that many pulp and paper mills are i ey a ager: ae ae ye u 26S iON San GENERAL VIEW OF AN ADIRONDACK LUMBER larger and more productive forest properties—from these there is cut, annually, a certain amount of each species. This may be likened. to drawing the interest on a capital If a man has $10,000 in 4% per cent Liberty Bonds, the annual interest yield is $425. So, with a certain forest capital, or growing stock, the annual in- sum. terest or allowable annual cut should not greatly exceed 2% per cent if the rotation be 80 years. That.is, in a forest under management for continuous production, the actual cut of any species should not greatly exceed the tots] available volume of that species divided by one- half the rotation. This method of determining the allow- able annual cut is known as von Mantel’s formula. If the man with a capital of $10,000 draws out more than $425 yearly, he encroaches on his principal. If the CAMP buying all the wood they can get from Canada and else- where while holding their own standing spruce as a re= serve supply. To bring this out more clearly, consider what capital” a man must possess who wishes an annual income of $425 thereon at 4% per cent interest. The answer is, obviously, $10,000. Similarly one can determine what forest capital or growing stock is needed to support the present actual cut of our chief commercial trees. by comparing this with the available growing stock it will appear whether we have a sufficient, an excess or a deficient growing stock. In New York State, as the figures in the table show, the forest capital, or growing stock, is deficient in all but spruce and balsam and cedar (for reasons already Then, | NEW YORK’S FORESTS AND THEIR FUTURE explained). ‘or all the other main species there is a striking shortage. If we were to make a generalization from these figures, it would be that, to maintain our present cut in New York State, we need about twice as much standing timber as is available today. Or else our forests must be made twice as productive by the practice of silvicul- 521 duction is far below the consumption within the State and is far in excess of what the available supplies of standing timber will support. The syllogism is complete: Brutus (dear public) is killing Cesar. This Cesar (the forest industry) is bleeding from two wounds—under- production and over-cutting. Brutus (dear public) is demanding greater production and at the same time more THE CREW OF AN ADIRONDACK LUMBER CAMP READY TO. START FOR WORK ture. The curtailing of our present cut is not desirable; a better solution lies in having both an increased grow- ing stock and a greater growth of timber per acre through the application of proper silvicultural methods. _ And now we come to the point from which we started. There is a tendency towards decline in the production of forest products in the State of New York. This pro- conservative cutting. The conclusion, so far as our im- perfect knowledge goes, is that the public must co-operate with the timber producer and grower so that they may fulfill their mutual obligation to maintain the forest in- dustries unimpaired and .the forest itself .continuously productive . But that, as Kipling says, is another story. A GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FROM FRANCE Bl January of this year, presentation of an enormous ‘ quantity of forest tree seed was made to France, Bel- gium and Great Britain by the American Forestry Asso- ciation, for the rehabilitation of the war-torn forest areas in those countries. The gift was deeply appreciated and the Association is just in receipt of the following letter from France: Paris, July 5, 1920. “My dear Mr. President : “T have the honor to acknowledge receipt of the seeds, the sending of which was announced in your letters of January 19 and March 22, 1920. ° “These seeds reached France at the beginning of June in excellent condition. “T shall be grateful to you if you will act as my in- terpreter to the American Forestry Association, express- ing to them my sincete thanks for their generous de- cision to co-operate in the rehabilitation of the forests of France which were devastated by the war. “The seeds which you were kind enough to send will be planted as soon as the season permits in the nurseries of the North, the Aisne, the Ardennes, the Oise, the Vosges, and the Meuse, and the plants from these seeds will be transplanted to the devastated forests in the vicinity of each nursery, at the most interesting points and with due regard for the requirements of each species. “Seeds of certain species that are little known in France, especially those of the Western Larch, which are to be given special care and study, will be planted in the nursery of the Forest School of Barres, and when the plants from these seeds are large enough they will be sent for planting to those portions of the devastated regions, which appear to be especially suited to them. “Accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest regard. Le Conseiller d’Etat, Director General des Eaux et Forets. (Signed) Dabat. “The President, The American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C.” THE FORESTS OF A NEW REPUBLIC BY E. F. PRANTNER, EDITOR, CZECHOSLOVAK REVIEW JORESTRY in the new Czechoslovak k Republic is receiving the serious attention its importance as an eco- nomic factor warrants. About 12,500,- 000 acres are given over to forest culti- vation, or, in other words, approximately 30 per cent of the republic’s whole area of over 55,000 square miles. The pro- portion of the forests differ in the vari- ous sections—Moravia boasts of 28.6 per cent, Bohemia has 29.6 per cent, Slovakia shows 34.5-per cent, and Silesia leads with 34.8 per cent. It is significant that of late years for- ests have decreased throughout the world to an appreciable extent. Nevertheless, FOREST AND FARM Between forest areas are numerous stretches of farm land, well cultivated by thrifty, intelligent farmers. noteworthy that the leaf forests prevail, forming about 67 per cent of the whole, and the needle forests make up the bal- ance, or 33 per cent. Ownership of these forests is singular. The state owns about 1,400,000 acres, charitable institutions own 600,000 acres, municipalities hold 2,500,000 acres and the large estates, held by private owners, cover 8,000,000 acres. It must not be taken for granted that the extensive Czechoslovak forests were given over to the uses of the whole people. On the contrary, all the bene- » WELL FORESTED HILLS fee ines and firs cover most of the land in Bohemia, 3 * : : co-operation of all concerned it. will prove possible to — translate these two foremost measures, which together ng form the keystone to our national forest policy, ciao iy the realm of academic discussion into a program action based on the solid foundaney of legislative ‘ enactment.” . SPLIT WOOD SECTION REVEALS INITIALS CUT ALMOST A CENTURY AGO — T the suggestion of Mr. Alfred Gaskill, State Forester of New Jersey, I enclose a photograph of a section from a beech tree cut along the bank of the Delaware River in January, 1885, which shows a most interesting development,” writes Henry T. Moon, of Morrisville, Pennsylvania. Careful examination and count at the laboratories of the New Jersey Forestry Department shows the growth rings would in- the tree was cut in 1886—not 1885, though it is possible that your record is more trustworthy than our co “Tt has been observed that on the opposite side of th section are two other initials which show through th ‘bark. By careful sectioning they might be revealed. | a “My suggestion that you publish this material is re newed, because it furnishes the best example I ever saw of the trustworthiness of a record of this kind, as ¥ dicate that the tree was cut in 1886 instead of 1885, but the only record available con- cerning the sec- tion, is taken from a former resident as fol- lows: “A section of a tree cut from the bank of the PETE determine s1 sequent de velopment ' ‘nation in cates that initials we cut when tree wds al sixty- Ss 1 Delaware River in Penn- sylvania, one mile above Morris ville. The tree was cut in January, 1885, and this piece acci- dentally split open while being cut into firewood.” Mr. Gaskill, in commenting on the section, writes as follows: “Our count of the growth rings indicates that Photograph by Grant Castner. AN INTERESTING SECTION CUT FROM A BEECH ON THE DELAWARE RIVER The initials were cut, as indicated, many years ago, and were only revealed when the piety split open after the tree was taken down and when it was being cut up for fire woo years old.” The spe peci- men is | th property o Mr. Henry T Moon, Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, havin; been given to him in 1918 by Mrs. Mary W. Ridge i. whose property the tree was cut, and who disposed of i when breaking up her home and leaving the farm, NO SUBSTITUTE FOR HIGH-GRADE WOODS N substitute has been found for the high-grade hickory and ash required by handle makers and the vehicle and agricultural implement industries. The supplies came principally from the South where the most accessible supplies have already been cut. So scarce has the supply become that large firms are literally combing the territory to secure material. It is said that five years more will see the end of the supply of the northern up!and ash, which is preferred to the swamp-grown variety of the lower Mississippi Valley. The demand for handles is so great that manufacturers can not meet it. Any price ~ necessary for raw material is being paid. Competition © with other industries using the same woods, particularly yo the manufacturers of automobile wheels, is keen. Whole- sale prices have more than doubled and retail prices are in about the same proportion. The small handle factory is being gradually eliminated, and there is said to be a steady drift toward the concentration of handle manu- — facture by large concerns and the disappearance of local industries. THE COCOA-NUT PALM HE cocoa-nut palm (Cocos nucifera) more properly 4g coco, also mentioned under cacao and chocolate, is one of the most useful trees in the world. It is said by the people whom it furnishes with nearly all the necessaries of life that it has as many uses as there are days in the year; but that seems to be an under estimate; for surely three hundred and sixty-five necessities would never meet the demands of a modern up to date man or woman of the temperate zone. The cocoa-nut palm is a magnificent tree often reaching a height of one hundred palm plantations. The Malay peninsula is fringed with these graceful trees. They are everywhere over both the . East and West Indies and tropical America. The huge triangular nuts are water proof, as though made to navigate the seas and reach every shore, which they surely have done, for on every island and coral islet of the Pacific Ocean they are found. They reach their greatest vigor by the sea; on the sea-shore they lean to- wards the water as though to send their seed adrift for other lands. The spathe or flower case is of a hard THE UNIQUE BEAUTY OF THE COCOANUT PALM MAY BE FULLY APPRECIATED IN ITS NATIVE HOME, CEYLON, WHERE IT FRINGES A HUNDRED MILES OF SEACOAST feet and crowned with wide-spreading fronds often twenty feet in length. The frond consists of a strong mid-rib which terminates iri long slender leaflets, giving the entire frond the appearance of a gigantic feather. Among the massive leaves growing from the main stem is the fruit, usually in clusters of from ten to twenty nuts, from eight’ to twelve inches in length and from six to eight inches in diameter. This palm is so generally Spread over the tropical world that its original habitation is not known. It luxuriates in the sea air, and abounds along the east and west coasts of Southern India. The west coast of Ceylon from Colombo southward for over one hundred miles is a dense wilderness of cocoa-nut woody substance from four to five feet in length, and when this case bursts to release the blossom it is like the report of a gun. I first heard the bursting of cocoa- nut flower cases when hunting in the jungles of the Amazon. I asked my Indian guide if there were other hunters near. Of course he replied: “The bursting of cocoa-nut flower buds.” These huge flower cases are tapped at the base for the sweet sap they contain. The sap is boiled down into an excellent sugar; it is fer- mented into arrack, the apple-jack of the tropics. The flower bursts out in branching spikes five and six feet in length. The flower stalk when dried is used for torches; the leaf stalk for fencing, the leaves for thatch, for 529 530 AMERICAN umbrellas, for table ware (plates and other dishes). The nut when green is food and drink; when ripe, its husk yields the coir fibre from which mats, ropes, cordage, brushes and. woven coir matting are made. The inner hard shell is made into cups, dippers and other vessels; the kernel is the copra of commerce used in making confections. From it the valuable commercial product called cocoa-nut oil is pressed, and from the oil candles, FORESTRY butter and soap are made. An average yield of a tree is sixty nuts. A thousand nuts will produce five hundred pounds of copra, or twenty-five gallons of oil. The cli- mate of Ceylon is well adapted to all kinds of palms and embraced in her many plantations there are said to be over thirty million trees. The wealth of the Ceylonese is usually estimated by the number of cocoa-nut trees they own. Native boats from the Maldize Islands some- A COCOANUT PLANTATION PROTECTED AGAINST NUT THIEVES. NOTE THE DRIED FRONDS | > Sa tae bl mia NE? ~ 7 ~ y mh ha = . a r : S PLAC ED ON THE TRUNKS OF THE TREES, WHICH WILL CRACKLE UNDER THE FEET OF THE MOST NIMBLE CLIMBER AND ATTRACT THE ATTENTION OF THE GUARD times arrive in Ceylon, built, rigged, provisioned and laden with the produce of the cocoa-nut palms. A ship- wrecked crew was cast upon the South Sea Islands where the party remained for several months living solely on cocoa-nuts and a little broiled fish; when they returned they had all increased in weight. The by-product is oil-cake which is of great value. The trunks of the trees are used for innumerable purposes besides house building and furniture, and the wood in Europe is called porcupine wood because of the vascular growth resembling the quills of that animal. Mature cocoa-nuts fall from the trees ; but planters cannot always THE LEAF, BUD, BLOSSOM AND FRUIT OF THE COCOANUT PALM “wait for them to fall, and there is no pole or ladder to » teach one hundred feet; climbing is the only way, and _ . cocoa-nut tree climbing is a trade in cocoa-nut countries. ' Professional tree-climbers have the speed and agility of monkeys. To facilitate the operation they place a strong ) loop of coir rope around the feet near the ankles; this > enables them to grip the tree securely and ascend the highest trees with amazing alacrity. The climbers are | also tree tappers, that is, tapping the cocoa-nut bud for the sap from which arrack is made. Coctoa-nuts being the native wealth, cocoa-nut thieves _ are not uncommon. The owners of plantations have a * nique system of thief alarm: dry fronds are bound to > the tree from the ground upwards for about twenty feet; and it is impossible for the thief to remove or climb over _ these without making a great noise which arouses the — Watchman who is never far away. There are many | other kinds of palm trees in Ceylon of great economic . — THE COCOA-NUT PALM 531 value ; next to the cocoa-nut palm comes the palmyra, the value of whose exports alone reach half a million dollars, while those of the cocoa--nut exceed five million dollars, and the export value is but a fraction of the value in the domestic uses. Iam referring now to the small island of Ceylon. Marvelous as are the many varied uses of this tree I have yet to dispute its claim to the first place in economics, and that when I consider the bamboo. —James Ricalton. HEART ROT IN WESTERN HEMLOCK cigs United States Department of Agriculture is in- terested in the conservation of the timber supplies of the country and is urging preventive measures against decay which is prevalent to an alarming extent in the hemlock forests of the west. “It has been generally supposed,” says a bulletin issued recently by the Department, “that lumber from western hemlock is likely to decay rapidly after it has been sawed. Such early decay is usually due to heart rot present in the growing tree before it is cut; its effects are particularly noticed as the lumber dries out, even though there is no progress in the decay itself. “This heart rot is known to sawmill men as stringy brown rot, and to the woodsmen generally as Indian Paint fungus, mainly because the Indians of the North- west used to use the powdered orange red fungus for war paint, and also made dyes of it.” A NOVEL SEAT A LONG WHILE AGO A HUGE MILLSTONE THAT HAD BEEN USED IN A NEW YORK VILLAGE WAS DISCARDED. IT LAY ON THE GROUND FOR MANY YEARS UNTIL ONE DAY A TENDER TREE POKED ITS HEAD THROUGH THE HOLE IN THE CENTER OF THE STONE. THE TREE CONTINUED TO GROW AND SOON FILLED THE HOLE SO TIGHTLY THAT THE MILLSTONE WAS HELD UP BY THE TREE. THIS EFFECT WAS NOT PRODUCED, AS SOME HAVE THOUGHT, BY THE TREE LIFTING THE STONE TO THIS HEIGHT, A THING WHICH IS IMPOSSIBLE WHILE A TREE GROWS. THE STONE HAD BEEN HELD UP HIGH ENOUGH TO SIT ON COMFORTABLY BY OTHER MEANS, AND WHEN THE TREE ONCE HELD IT UP, THE SUPPORTS WERE REMOVED, ANUFACTURERS of musical ments select wood objects view, depending upon the kind of instrument and the particular part of that in- strument which the wood The maker of one kind may want a wood of extra strength and with several is to supply. THE USES OF WOOD WOOD FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS BY HU MAXWELL KIND WORDS FROM THE MAKER OF THE FAMOUS STEINWAY PIANO in “We desire to become life members of the American Forestry Association and hand you herewith our check for $100.00 in payment of dues. “As manufacturers in wood products of the highest quality, we feel that you are doing a splendid work towards the preservation of our trees and forests and we sincerely hope that the splendid propaganda that you are making in this good cause will eventually bear good fruits.” WILLIAM R. STEINWAY. instru- unusual stiffness in order to give the necessary rigidity. “Another may desire a kind that behaves well in joinery and is not inclined to excessive shrinkage and warping. Sometimes a wood is wanted which possesses high resonance. Or, perhaps, the maker of veneers intended for use in the bodies of large musical instruments, looks for a wood for the cores or inner sheets of built-up panels, and he selects one which holds glue well and is not much inclinedto warp and check dur- ing changing conditions due to heat and moisture. Beauty of fig- ureorattractive color may bethe chief quality sought by the maker of the outer parts of instruments, the portions which are seen and by which many purchas- ers judge the merit and value of the instru- ment. If this is the manufac- turer’s purpose, he is interested in none but beautiful woods and selects those which are most pleasing. Few indus- tries are more 532 ONE OF AMERICA’S FINEST CABINET WOODS An ordinary observer would probably pronounce this piano to be of Circassian walnut, so nearly is that wood resembled. It is, however, red gum from the forests of the South, Its grain and figure are so much like those of Circassian walnut that one often passes for the other. Some insist that red gum is America’s finest cabinet wood. If not the finest, few surpass it. the forest. One wood may be highly colored and richly — > figured, another as plain as basswood. Those strong, — like maple and birch, are in demand, and next to them — such weak species as buckeye and white pine may find a a place, and it cannot be justly claimed that the one ‘is more essential than the other. sound and are known as resonant woods, like spruce and exacting in choice of ma- terial, yet many qualities and kinds are employed. — Some are rare and costly, others cheap and common, but each has its proper place to fill for the manu- facturer of instruments — ranging in size and scope — from the piano to the har-— monica, utilizes something from nearly every part of — Those which transn mit southern w cedar, are em- ployed in the same work wi dull - soundin; woods like oal and gum, Selecti ion ys goes much fa ther even chau this in the — choice of ma ¥ terial for the manufacture of — musical instru-_ tents. The an- — nualdemand by — all makers +in~ the United States exceeds 260,000,000 feet, and if a thespecies vere carefully s et apart ant counted, the number would probably ex ceed one hun- dred. In sta tistics the- “ woods are gen- , _ erally grouped © according to sf THE USES genus rather than species, several being included under one name, as oak, ash, elm, maple, and spruce. Both softwoods and hardwoods are employed in this industry. Ten of the former are on the list, all of which are native of the United States. Not a foot of imported softwood is used, unless possibly a little spruce from Canada for sounding boards, but none such is shown by the records. The total annual demand for softwoods exceeds 43,000,000 feet, as follows: Spruce, 29,144,150; white pine, 9,394,820; yellow pine, 2,107,994; sugar pine, 1,004,400; hemlock, 615,600; Douglas fir, 480,400; redwood, 286,200; balsam fir, 101,400; cypress, 70,000; Cedar, 17,500, total, 43,222,464 feet. In quantity spruce exceeds ~ the other soft- woods in the above list. Though it is named as though it were _ asingle species, _ several spruces are included in the group, the principal being the eastern red spruce that grows from the mountains of West Virginia to northern " Maine, the largest supply coming from the two states named ; and Sitka spruce of the northern Pacific coast. Some spruce of the black and the white spe- cies, from New England and mite Lake States,and (F from the adja- | == Oe : a2 OF WOOD wood’s long fibers and in their uniform and regular arrangement. The fibers vibrate like so many taut cords. Comparison might be made to a group of tightly-stretched strings, parallel and of equal length, each vibrating free from interference by the others, and all in unison, having been acted upon by the same impulse. Wood consists of fibers which may be compared to strings either parallel or interlaced. The most of those of spruce are parallel, hence their fine musical qualities. Most other woods have shorter fibers and they may not be arranged so that they can vibrate freely, one interfering with another. Oak is a wood of that kind, and it is very poor material for sounding boards for pianos. Apparatus has been used to test and de- termine the vi- bratory quali- ites of wood, and formulas and equations involving high- er mathematics have been worked out to express val- ues; but no scientific pro- cess has found out much more than has been ascertained by simple experi- ments with dif- ferentiwoods by practical’ mak- ers of musical 533 cent regions of Canada, con- tribute to the musical instru- ment industry, the total spruce exceeding 29,000,000 feet annually. The value of spruce in this industry is due chiefly to its resonant qualities. It is a musical wood. Peculiari- ties of growth make it so. It takes up and transmits vibrations more perfectly than any other wood that can be had in adequate quantities. The scientific explanations of spruce resonance have not all been alike, neither are they all consistent. Agree- ment is pretty general, however, that the cause lies in the constructed wholly of California redwood. it compares with mahogany. THE INTERIOR OF A PIPE ORGAN This view behind the scene is in the First Universalist Church in Detroit, Michigan. The fine organ is It is a rather new material for large musical instruments, ‘and it has been selected because of the well-known unshrinkable qualities of redwood. instruments. When Philadel- phia was a vil- lage of small housesand wooden roofs, Gottlieb Mittelberger listened to the patter of the rain on the thin roofs of white cedar shingles and from the tones thus produced, he worked out the invention of the cedar pipes for his organ. He declared the musical sounds of that. wood superior to those emitted by metal. The most highly specialized use of wood, due to its resonance, is found in the piano sounding board. The finest spruce goes there, though occasionally other woods In that respect 534 AMERICAN have held the place. Southern white cedar was once more popular than spruce as sounding boards, but it is not so now. The piano is not the only musical instrument which profits by the resonance of wood. probably not so much as formerly. Most pipes [he pipe organ does it, but are now made of metal. violin has much to do in determining the value of the instrument. The old like Stradivari, Amati, and Guarneri, selected their wood and The quality. of wood in a master makers of violins, prepared it with as much care as they bestowed on the actual shaping and joining. Maple has always been one of the finest violin woods, and it is nearly always com- bined with some softwood like pine or spruce. Some of the finest working in wood is done in pro- ducing high class horns for talking machines and music boxes. The horn is a sort of sounding board, correspond- ing to that of the piano. There are very fine instruments which are made without wooden horns, but many persons claim that the wooden horn gives a softness and richness of the tone which is extremely rare. The xylophone is a small musical instrument which does not rank very high in science or art. Its name is a FORESTRY combination of two Greek words meaning “wood sound.” The music which it produces is caused more by the vibra- tions of wood than is the case with most musical instru- ments which utilize the resonant qualities of that material. In most of them the sound is transmitted to the wood from some other medium, and is taken up and increased or purified, and is then passed on; but in the xylophone, short rods of wood, graduated as to length, are struck with a hammer, or in some other way are made to vibrate, Rods of different lengths The manufac- and the tones are the result. are arranged to produce different tones. turer’s success with this instrument, as with most others where the resonance of wood has an important function to perform, depends upon the care with which the wood for the rods are selected, shaped, seasoned, and mounted. Formerly some very large bells were: not provided with clappers to strike in the usual way, but as a sub- stitute, beams of wood were swung on the outside, so geared as to strike the bells, end on, and produce the sound. It is not quite certain how much of the sound came from the beam and how much from the bellmetal; but the metal perhaps deserves most credit though the = — fi hi ial l a aS 5 te “y eS ae * A oom : et fous ie 4 A PIPE ORGAN The cabinet work of this f pilasters. Such are usually this country. of veneer, BUILT OF RED GUM s of red gum, with little effort to display figured wood. with gum as the visible part. sp r f Gum_ lends itself well to large panels and The wood’s tone is brownish, and it is one of the handsomest in of the bell. Such apparatus is said not to be used outside of China at the present time. Most softwoods listed in- this in- dustry do not owe their place to their resonance. For instance, much white pine and sugar pine are manufactured into keys for organs and pianos, but they are preferred for those places on account of their lightness and small tendency to warp, and not for any quality of resonance which they may frame stock. THE USES OF WOOD kind of wood and the shape of the beam were quantity. Maplerectsczi re 2 carefully looked Yellow poplar..... after as if they Chestnut........... had much to do Oa io ce ieinacéyne ra ‘ Blt NGeveen te .~ _ Light ena near CROWN cnomiesl Drees Heartwood {inactive) . Bives strength Sapwood carnes sap from root to leaves The breathing pores of bb las the entire tree a twigs. branches,trunk and RS take in oxygen ass ing. poIsonous orsmoke may killa tree Cambium (microscopic) builds the cells. inner Dark carries prepared food from leaves to Cambium la Outer bark protects tree fram injuries. Root tips or root haira take up weter containing smet quantity of minerals ta solution. U.S. DEPT OF AGRICULTURE | ; l FOREST SERVICE | Taproot//7 hi J HOW THE TREE GROWS The buds. roor pS. ano cembium layer are the growng parts of she tree Water containing 8 smal! quantity of mingratsin solution is absorbed by the Foots Carmeo up Through the sapwood 10 The leaves and there. combmed with carbon trom the airto make food This food is carmad by the inner. berk to att Rrowing parts of the tree. even down To the root-Tips the be Lassen . A >) an in our attitude to- — our states, and our Nation. It is a substantial citizen. The out, certainly we are able to serve and to “carry on” and do the things that constitute real service to our cities, ‘ Then, again, from this tree, with a small beginning, — some great results may be expected. The same is true of — forth, the tree is- strengthened, In “J fact, it needs that bending back and — forth to develop its powers of resistance _ just as we in our — lives are made bet- ter because of our ~ difficulties and hard- ships. If we meet them and overcome them, we are strong- er and better in our everyday lives and ward others. We — are of better fibre. If you plant a tree too close to others” where it is shady it >. is deprived of its light—and to us education is light. — Such a tree is either” stunted or grows up | in a narrow sort of way. It does not — have a wide outlook, It is narrow in its view. The same is true with you and ~ me. Unless we get — light, unless we study and are edu- ~ cated, unless’ we broaden out and see — the problems of oth- — ers, we are likely to be narrow in our — views. ; ie The tree which is — planted in the light ~ spreads out and serves with its shade — and beauty. The — same with you and — me. If we broaden — ‘ .WHAT THE TREE TEACHES US e ts, since from a small beginning, with proper study and light, we also grow and broaden. This very idea of tree planting originated with Secretary Morton, who thought out the plan simply as a means of beautifying the plains of Nebraska. The movement has grown until nearly eyery State and Territory in which you and I, as citizens, are interested has taken it up. It has also been adopted in the British possessions all over the world and in China and Japan, all which have their Arbor or tree- planting days. All that came from this suggestion of Secretary Morton, which was a small idea in the be- ginning. Now it has spread, and its leaves and branches have reached all over the world. Then you and I also can take these suggestions from the tree that starts with such a small beginning. Those are some of the things I have told the school children. ‘I hesitate to say them to you because as we grow older we feel that we do not need these suggestions; yet I do not believe they are lost upon you because I think even my telling them to the children did me good, and a reflection upon the tree as a model for us in our own lives will not be harmful to any of us. If in this matter of spreading the idea of tree planting, there is any service the Department of Agriculture can -. render you, I know every person in the department will be glad to do so. (Extract from remarks by Secretary Meredith at the Tree Planting Exercises by the District of Columbia Federation of Women’s Clubs.) ONLY DEAD TIMBER USED BY MARIE DICKORE Asset College, at the foot of the Cumberland Moun- tains, has the unique distinction of owning two mountains, four thousand acres of forest, its own saw- ONLY DEAD TIMBER IS USED IN THIS SAWMILL OF BEREA COLLEGE, WHICH IS RUN BY THE STUDENTS OF THE SCHOOL mill but never cutting a sound tree. The photograph » shows the sawmill with the two mountains in the back- | ground. In the foreground are logs with great hollows 559 indicating that only fallen or dead timber is used in this sawmill. This wood is used for the college, for power, for heat and in the many cozy fireplaces in the dormitories and in the great open fireplace which delights every traveler who stops at Boone Tavern. , The sawmill, as well as the four thousand acres of forest reserve are under the direction of the Forestry Department and provide not only ample practical experi- ence for the students of the department but also actual labor for those students who work for their education. The sawmill is operated by steam and, like every other industry at Berea College, is run by students who work at least two consecutive hours per day under the super- vision of a superintendent of labor, who in turn, is responsible to the Dean of Labor. Students at Berea are given the opportunity to earn their expenses and they may select the work which is paid for at the regular rates according to the student’s ability and efficiency. As every student in the college must work the minimum of two hours per day, suitable occupation must be provided by the Dean of Labor, and in the Forestry Department the students are very happy patrolling the forest, marking the dead timber, hauling the fallen timber to the sawmill, cutting it there for the required lengths, and then hauling the logs to wherever needed on the campus. No sound timber is cut as there is enough of the other to supply all needs. WANTED—FACTS ABOUT SHADE TREES Gomer very interesting facts are coming to light through the investigation being made by T. E. Snyder, of the office of Forest Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, of the number and value of shade trees throughout the country. Mr. Snyder is diligently collect- ing data on this subject, which will doubtless ultimately be compiled and issued as a bulletin by the Department. The inventory and valuation of trees on streets and in the city parks of Newark, New Jersey, as of December 31, 1919, gives rather startling figures. The estimated totals read 134,232 trees, worth $4,038,971, to which Superin- tendent of Trees Bannwart says must be added one hun- dred thousand. dollars worth of trees (about 2,000) in the six hundred acres of “County Parks” within city limits. From the City Park Department of Washington, Mr. Lanham is sending interesting information. He. says it is a most difficult thing to estimate the great value of the trees on the streets of Washington, some 105,000 in number, but that often five hundred to a thousand dollars more is charged for a real estate lot with a tree on it than for an adjacent lot without trees. Park superintendents, city foresters and others in a position to co-operate with Mr. Snyder in the collection of this information should communicate with him directly here in Washington, at the address given above. All data and estimates of this kind will be very helpful to him and such co-operation will be much appreciated by the Department. 560 AMERICAN FORESTRY a ee er hens won Oat “THE TIME IS COMING WHEN TIMBER WILL 3 OMMENT by editors of the coun- try on the article in American Forestry in regard to the possibilities of cattle raising and reforestation in the South was wide spread. The edi- torial co-operation with the American Forestry Association in its campaign for a national forest policy continues to grow and as a result the nation is being aroused to the great need for action. The report of the Committee on Forest Conservation of the Ameri- can Paper and Pulp Association also called forth much editorial comment calling for action. Some of the ex- pressions of opinion follow: Tampa Tribune: In a recent issue of the American Forestry Magazine, Thomas P. Ivy says that “in casting about for a solution to the problem of the future sup- ply of cattle and timber, one naturally visits the South, where our great coastal plains are today being denuded of trees and turned into range lands for cattle.” He finds that vast areas of these lands are available for both timber and cattle growing, and the question immediately arises whether it will be better husbandry to reforest these cutover places and protect them from the burnings which cattle rang- ing indulges in, or to turn them into ex- clusive cattle countries, He says: “That part of the Southern States known as the coastal plain has con- ditions which are most favorable for the development of the cattle industry in con- junction with reforestation, provided there is applied to the problem a well defined national policy that will enable the owners of these lands through governmental finan- cial aid to develop their holdings in accor- dance with their best possibilities.” Just what are “their best possibilities” is matter for the forestry, agricultural and livestock departments of our various‘ uni- versities and state institutions to decide on and make known to the people. The time is coming when timber will be just as much a necessity as beef is today. It is more valuable, in point of dollars, to the grower now than is beef. It would be a shortsighted policy which would pursue ’ the old course of the farmer of a few years ago who grew the thing that came first to hand, whether it paid best or at all, because he had been growing that and his father and grandfather had been growing it. The Times-Union dhskrved some time ago, if we mistake not, that “our uncleared lands are not our best grazing lands.” It is true. There are areas of timbered range in Florida where a cow would starve to death on less than ten acres. And yet there are those among us who persist in burning the grass with its possible young tree trying to fulfill nature’s duty in refor- estation, for the sake of getting this grass on ten acres to support a fifteen dollar bull. Scientific and systematic cattle ‘raising and reforestation are both much needed in the South, where we have reveled in the wanton prodigality of nature until her ONE WEEK, EVERY WEEK! Continuing the hearty co-operation with the American "Serestty Association in its cam- paign for a national forest policy, the News- paper Enterprise Association sent this edi- torial to hundreds of newspapers: This is forest preservation week. Why? Charles Lathrop Pac resident of the American Forestry Assoc: nm, calls our for- ests the backbone of all industry some figures to prove it. Take a look at these facts and then indorse the Association’s move it have forest preservation week multiplied hen ago the United States produced its entire supply or by but now two- thirds of it mpo: aoa freight rates to be added To the purchase Indications are that s' nd Nev Ee pelnweed timber in New England as New York will be exhausted in 10 to 20 Ten years ago the inited States grav: its entire newsprint supply—now we impo MESS yon wondas teak fighti 0 you wonder newspapers are ng for their lives? Do you wonder what makes the cost of building a home so high? ag Ae reer saw-log lumber will be gone The bulk a “the original supplies of yeas pine in the south will be Loy in 10 and, within seven years, 3, manufac plants there will go out of existence. White pine in the pale Rdg on is aie exhaustion, and these paying 000, a year in Peigme tenis to port timber, New England, self-sw; eepretns in lumber ” years ago, now has to import one-third of th amount used. Fire destroys over $20,000,000 worth of timber every year and kills the reproduction upon thousands of acres of forest lands. Within 50 years the present timber shortage will have become a blighting timber famine. Forest devastation must stopped; senna now in forest must be kept continuously ductive; forest lands now devastated and dle must be put to work. strength is nigh spent before we have ob- served that her ration to us is growing short. Speaking along this line the other day, the Montgomery Advertiser, which is in a state having great coastal plains being denuded of timber, and burned over for grazing every year, says: “Western farm- ing interests are slowly encroaching on the preserves of the cattle breeders. The great grazing areas are being plowed under and sown to one crop or another. This is re- ducing the available cattle growing area of the country. At the same time we have steadily diminished the remaining supplies of virgin timber in the United States. The timber problem will one day be acute. Re- forestation is essential.” > Common sense, therefore, would indicate that at the earliest possible day this, and other States, should set aside certain areas - “re for reforestation and keep from them any _ possible danger of damage by cattle or fire. Other areas should be set aside for cattle growing and should be protected from every- thing that makes for the injury of that in- dustry. That would include cattle ticks, y dogs and buzzards, which destroy new dre ped calves, and scrub bulls. In other wo it points conclusively to the day of the o n range and the free tick being at an end. Christian Science Monitor: Just | everybody long ago came to understa that the prairies of the western central d tricts of the United States were synony- mous with great herds of cattle, so n practically every one has come to rea that the steady encroachments upon t western cattle ranges for farming p o% has decreased the size of the herds. most everybody has apparently accepte ~d as inevitable that the number of cattle ing raised should decline as the w lands were taken up by farmers. But one phase of the matter which apparently ° few people in the country have yet preciated is the neglected opportunity © at least partial counterbalancing of herds displaced in the west by the rais of new herds on lands that are at pres neither used nor occupied back east. The most valuable of these neglected lands are in the south, They represent great ar which have been cut over by the lumb interests, and are now lying idle, virtua as waste land. Lumber companies still hold great tracts of this kind, without ¢ ing anything to make them producti And it is due largely to Charles Lathro; Pack, president of the American Forest Association, that general attention is being directed to the possibility of making these lands in the south contribute in a large way to the raising of cattle. These lands are capable of feeding tho sands of them at the same time that are made to grow new timber. Use th in this way, he declares, and you can, addition, provide new forests to su the wood needed by the country when forests that are now standing shall been swept away by the ruthless mei now characteristic of lumber producti All these purposes are desirable in highest degree. The shortage of pulp and the high cost of building ma rials, now only too obvious as items the daily news reports, are convincing dence that- the nation’s forests, as wel its grazing lands, have been reduced below the margin of national safety. And if the southern states can readily be made to sup-— ply the lack, there is only one more oppor tunity for the south to hasten an industrial reclamation which has been going forwa ‘+ ay EDITORIAL DIGEST Pe SO Sea ee AM. 561 swiftly in that part of the country within last two decades. To anyone judging conditions in the ~d States purely on the basis of the ve density of population, it may be ising to find that there are great ‘ of land practically unoccupied and mit of use in sections where the population es run high. We speak of “the popu- east,” having the Atlantic seaboard ipally in mind, and often not even : ieee most familiar with actual popu- n conditions there stop to realize what of practically unproductive land ill existent there, or what isolation is ill easily to be found in the blank spots etween the population centers. Massa- setts, for example, as the State having ‘greatest density of population of all states, has still whole townships of ant and virtually unproductive land. what Mr. Pack now points out is worth wg, that the cutover lands, which mark * of what was once an enormous of pine timber covering the coastal ' of the southern states, constitute 30 er cent of the total area of these states, I ran acreage greater than the combined _ of Alabama, Florida and Georgia; ‘it may be, as the forestry. people are , that in this unproductive acreage “locked up the most important economic jlem that now confronts the people of “United States. srtainly there is general interest in the lates of those who are calling atten- to this matter, They say that these utover lands of the south, on the lowest basis, would provide annual pasturage for r 10,000,000 head of cattle. That would sor a basis of about ten acres per head. i all the cattle now in existence in the ed States number only about 68,132,000. if the southern states can carry one-sixth Many cattle as there are now in the tire country, apparently somebody should getting busy about it, not only for the of the country, but for the sake of the And if three-fifths of these cutover ds that are now idle can be made to ; y timber at the rate of 10,000 board et per acre at the end of a timber rota- bn Of fifty years, provided lumber and not wood is desired, it is time something done to start this new growth on its What can be gained meanwhile from tine operations, it appears, would ve some additional momentum to the in purpose. course the general direction and pro- n of this sort of thing should enlist ition and best activities of popular icreag government. Federal and State authorities have the best kind of opportunity for co- operative action, first in a comprehensive survey of the field, then in promoting the occupation and use of the land by those qualitied to handle it intelligently, and then in such protective legislation and law en- forcement as would foster development in accordance with the general economic pur- pose. Som thing has been accomplished by private iuitiative in this territory within the last few years. Thirty per cent more cattle and 75 per cent more hogs are being raised there now than were raised there ten years ago. But these efforts are small in view of the vast potentialities of the op- portunity. Government co-operation seems necessary if the waste lands of the south are to be given their full economic effect. Richmond Journal: As news of it spreads about, the country’s interest in the “Hall of Fame for Trees,” now being compiled by the American Forestry Association, steadily grows. candidates, among the more recently nomi- nated being the “Great Tree on Boston Common,” around which the colonists as- sembled for battle with the British, and which was blown down in a storm in 1918. “The Green Tree Hotel” at Le Claire, Iowa, is also of receptive fame. This is an his- toric elm, well known on the Mississippi River, because it was a waiting place for river men out of jobs and looking for trips. Its age is believed to be 120 years. Many Virginians to whom the old tree is a familiar sight, will be interested to learn that the Octopus tree, in Charles City County, has been mentioned for a place as the oldest and largest tree in the Old Do- minion, and other candidates for this novel hall of fame include the De Soto oak, at Tampa, Florida, from which De Soto started for the Mississippi; the two oaks at Marlintown, West Virginia, marked in 1751 by General Andrew Lewis, and the tallest tree in the Balkans, at Podgoritza, nominated by the Red Cross, which had headquarters near it through the war, and from the naming of which it may be seen that the American Forestry Association does not intend to limit the honored ones to native products. This is but just, though America has enough to fill a respectable list exclusively her own if we will but take the trouble to look them up. For example, the first citrus fruit tree ever planted in Southern California, which now stands in the courtyard of the Mission Inn at River- side, protected by a tall iron railing from the predatory instincts of unconscionable The Hall has, by this time, many - tourists. Trouble necessitates interest, and that interest, it must be said, seems to be rapidly coming up to the mark, so that we may expect in time a Hall of Fame for Trees of actual historic value, even greater than its appeal to sentiment. Jamestown, New York, Post: As the forests disappear before the increasing pop- ulation and the demands of industry, the science of forestry is developing rapidly. The national and State governments are encouraging the study of trees as means of preserving and distinguishing them. Trees are the largest and finest product of vegeta- tion; therefore, in addition to mere utili- tarian purposes they are desirable for their beauty. The American Forestry Associa- tion is registering all memorial trees in a national honor roll. This encourages plant- ing of memorial trees. Those who cannot visualize the future beauty of these roads may wait long years to be impressed with their magnificence. Then, perhaps, others will begin to follow their example. Every new highway of importance is an oppor- tunity for expression of civic pride. in this way. Patriotic organizations of Jamestown and Chautauqua County have not yet been impressed with the idea of memorial trees, yet there are opportunities on every hand to place memorials to the honored dead, so that every traveler cannot fail to see and know and remember why the trees are there. Ogden Standard: The announcement of the American Forestry Association at Washington to the effect that officers of the American Legion and of the Service Star Legion in every State are planning to plant memorial trees, recalls the claim made by an Indian town that it has the most famous street. There are five houses on Lincoln Street in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and from those five houses went nine boys to the war for humanty. There is a big tree on that street, It is called the Dumont Kennedy elm and all those nine boys played under that tree, In commemoration of the service thése boys rendered in volunteering for trouble at the Mexican border and later going to fight abroad this tree has been dedicated as a memorial. Senator James E. Watson made an address in connection with the celebra- tion held in the street. The American Forestry Association wants to know if there are other trees with a history for its Hall of Fame. After all is said a tree makes a beautiful memorial and the move to plant thousands of trees in memory of brave men and women is highly commendable. St Ol ee A as AMERICAN FORESTRY Site eo eee NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES | Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, Rees : desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to. “a each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree to the. fae: : SANTA BARBARA, CAL. By Friends of John Black Clarke: John Black Clarke. GUILFORD, CONN. By Darrow Post. No. 48, American Legion: Burton Monroe Lee, Herbert Hamilton Hall, Charles W. Darrow, Frank H. Bishop. CLAYTON, DEL. By Mrs. Alice F. Sinex: David Clouds Har- rison, Bailey Stuart Ashby. CHICAGO, ILL. By Irving Park Women’s Club: Sergt. Alex- ander J. Dunn. CHICAGO HEIGHTS, ILL. By St. Ambrose Episcopal Church: Norman E. Gilbert. FREEPORT, ILL. By Daughters of the American Revolution: Capt. Arthur F. Mosley. OAK PARK, ILL. By George Rogers Clark Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution: Lloyd Havns Ghislin. Lieut. ROCKFORD, ILL. By Harlem Consolidated Schools: C. C. Burns, Earl Pallott, Irving Pearson, Harry Thomas, Walter Collins, Lester Miller, Clar- ence Cusson, Willard Clarke, George Collins, Julius Faust, Curtis Lovejoy, Seymour Malt- press, George Easton, Wesley Morgan, George Evans Burritt, Honore Cusson, Harry Lee, William Mullens, Ward Fabrick, Clyde McFar- land, Gene Heldridge, Sergt. Alfred Pickard, Lieut. Paul Conklin, Carlyle Corson, Mr. Love, Arthur Shrom, William Budd, Walter Budd, Ralph Blackinton. BLOOMFIELD, IND. By Wednesday Afternoon Reading Club: Rev. Merritt Owen, Rev J. A. Spencer. SULLIVAN, IND. By Women’s Club: Sullivan Boys who died in the Service. MARION, LIMA COUNTY, IOWA By the Cary Club: Sergt. Joseph H. Bar- noske, Everett J. Leasure, Leo G. Marchant, Justin M. Lillie, George L. Foulk, Clifford Murphy, Howard B. Brenneman, Earl B. Dodds, Cecil Harlan Biggs. LEXINGTON, KY. By University of Kentucky: Dr. J. H. Kastle. NORTH BERGEN, N. J. By North Bergen Public Schools: Betsy Ross, George Washington, Henry Clay, Wil- liam McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Old Faithful, Victory, Gen. John J. Pershing, Fifth Grade Beauty, Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson, William Penn, Christopher Columbus, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert Fulton, Alexander Hamilton, Liberty, Benjamin Franklin, Henry W. Longfellow. CRAWFORD, NEBR. By George H. Adams: V. H. DeBolt. By Mrs. T. F. Golden: Hugh Golden, Victor Gol- den. By Mrs. Ervin D. Heltzel, Dr. Ervin D. Heltzel. By Mrs. G. V. Higgins, William E. Higgins. By Nannah Kennedy: Virgil C. Kennedy, Earl D. Kennedy. King: Harold King. By Mrs. Harold By Commercial State Bank: Cecil Lyon. By Esther McDowell: Robert E. McDowell. By Mrs. James Nestor: Francis Nestor. By Mrs. Harry Strohmeyer: Harry Strohmeyer. By Mrs. Page Francis: Frank Francis. By Mrs. J. A. Habagger: Edmund Habagger. By Mr. and Mrs. C, L. Leithoff: Merlin Remington, Thomas Rem- ington. By Mrs. Henry Rennau: Claude Rennau. By Mrs. Bessie Wallin, Sergt. Thomas H. Smith. By Mrs. H. Lindeman: A. A. Lindeman. By Mrs. Laura Howe: Ar- thur P. Howe. By Mrs. J. A. Wolverton: Sergt. Frank Wolverton. By J. H. Barnum: George Barnum. By Mrs. W. O, Barnes: Homer Barnes. B. Porter, Lieut. O. W. Percy. By Dr. D. F. Richards: Frederick W. Hymes. By Mrs. J. W. Burleigh: James E. Smith. By Tha. Sli- der; Lawrence Arthur Slider, Clarence Ever- ett Slider. By F. A. Diehl: Frank Andrew Diehl. By Mrs. B. F. Johnson: Corp. Archie F. Johnson. By Eula Barton Ivins: Lynne S. Barton. By Ray Moss: Roy Moss. By Mrs. Martha Ela Cullers: Arch Cullers. By Ellen Juden Sleeper: Lieut, Louis K. Juden. By Albert Lindeman, George E. Lindeman, Henry Lindeman. By Gwenn Wiggins Mc- Dowell: Verne Wiggins, Ernest Wiggins. By J. H. Ballengee: Paul F. Ballengee. By Ralph McHoes: Wayne C. McHoes. By C. A. Minick: Charles A. Minick, Jr. By Altar Society: Chaplain J. P. McMahon. GUIDE ROCK, NEBR. By Commercial Club: Our Living Soldiers Who Have Returned From the Great War. By Woman’s Club: Our Soldier Boys Who Paid the Supreme Sacrifice in the World War. BINGHAMTON, N. Y. By Civic Club: Kenneth Ashton Copeland: James K. Nichols. BUFFALO, N. By Hutchinson- Central’ High ee Hut- chinson-Central High School.Boys Who Gave Their Lives to Their Country During the Late War. MINEOLA, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. By the Agricultural Society: Soldiers Who Died at Base Hospital Here, Theodore Roose- velt, Effingham Lawrence, John Harold, Thom- as H. Bacon. HERKIMER, N. Y. By South Side School: Carey J. Walrath, Toney George, John Myers, Leroy Foltz, Carl- ton Walrath, Joseph Kessler, Leslie Hellonack. PENN YAN, N. Y By Penn Yan Board of Education: Lester Chisholm, Valentine P. Allen, Roy Bassage, Gerald Fisher, Warner Psynesr, Alfred Will- iams, Harold Johnson, Frank Waddell, Charles Costello, Fred Moran, Gerald McAdams, Carl Bromley, Philip Rilling, Sidney Vermilyea, Wesley Benedict. NEW YORK CITY By David W. E. Allen Post, American Le- gion: David W. E. Allen, Attileo Minarvini, Lester Brown, Peter Lonergan, Walter H. Lawrence, John A. Bickhardt, Ralph R. Mal- colm, Albert P. Kovar, George T. Davis, Will- iam Wolfberger, Michael J. Ressner, Victor Guarini, Thomas F, Donovan, Sidney Fortner, Arthur Boyce, Glen E. Walter, Arthur H. By Mrs. J. E. Porter: W. J. of Commerce: For Those Who | f James’ M. E. Church, For Those Who rved, Mount Morris Baptist — Church, Fi . Who Served, Reformed Church For Those Who Served, Holy Trinity copal Church, For Those. Who anisesir Francis Pea: Cons Thomas. George C. Webster: Churchill ‘Pryer By Parents Association: Alfred John Vincent Daniels, Johnathan — Lieut. James J, Hoffman, John ( shaw, Edward J. McNulty, Edward tin, James J. Roman, ‘William: Albert | David A. Seery, Harry , Emanue derporten, Matthew John ‘Weldon Scott, Tony Tanalo. ; WANTAGH, LONG I By Wantagh "Memorial gen Raynow Seaman. CANTON, OHIO By Mrs. Mary E. Bowman: Sergt. | S. Bowman. By Lincoln ‘Highway A iation: Fallen H of Stark Co - MARTINS FERRY, OHIO By Service Star Legion: Miss Neville Eberly, Miss Loretta A. Reasbeck, Willi Boehm, Harry King Cochran, Ellsworth Con-_ ley, Charles Criswell, Job Reese Harris, Stephen Claire Haughton, John Perry Holly, — Maurice M. Kinsey, Alfred Lawfield, Clarence William Marquardt, Alfred H. Miller, a McKay, Joseph Pisano, Carl Rossler Pra a Edward Tate, Bertrance Taylor. . MASSILLON, OHIO , By Lincoln Highway Memorial Association: Lieut, Murray K, Spidle. By Junior Order of — American Mechanics: Walter Wolf. By Knights of Columbus: Lieut. Walter Clements. — By Post Office: Melville Hose. NORTH INDUSTRY, OHIO By Lutheran Church: Sergt. Stanley S. Bowman. XENIA, OHIO By. Mrs. Charles Jabe: Rev. John Ely. CORVALLIS, OREGON By Oregon Agricultural College: E. B. Black: den, Owen W. Johnson, Richard W. Wilmot. CLARENDON, PA. a By Miss Bessie M. Driscoll: Franklin Ts i, Mattison, Marshall O. Larsen, Raymond § Bines, Raymond W. Wesling, Hugh McGovern. i DUNMORE, PA, By Dunmore High School: Anthony Anger- son, Thomas Bonavoglia, Everett J. Bush- an weller, John M,. Clark, Salvatore Colimino, Joseph Ambrose Collins, William Cupple, — Peter Demko, Joseph Dombrowski, George E. Dornhein, Jerome F. Dougherty, John J. | Ferguson, Anthony Edward Gettings, Leo Cray Healey, A. Pierson Hurd, John H. Mc- — Hugh, Benjamin McLean, Michael Medico, Anthony Mooney, Patrick J. O'Hara, Leonard J. Preston, Andrew Oliver Reynolds, Benja- — min Richards, Joseph P. Ryan, Duane S. Salsberry, William Santarsiero, Jerome Simon- | son, Charles Skipper, Samuel Smith, Andrew | Summo, Howard Swingle, Lloyd Gail Wilcox, be Webster Altemose, Raymond Kunz. 4 AMERICAN FORESTRY 563 [The Maximum Silencer In World Busincse= The Noiseless Typewriter is making a name for itself in the world of letters. Quietly, without great hurrah or blare of trumpets, it has proved that it s possible for a typewriter to speak softly without sacrificing speed or fine quality of work. Haven’t your nerves been pleading more and more for this whispering typewriter? -... NOISELESS Write for this Booklet rece Meine, prin TYPEWRITER applies to improve econ: hceld reed THE NOISELESS TYPEWRITER CO,—253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK “The Typewriter Plus’ Offices in leading cities of the United States and Canada Ta —"), —_— st.” + « . Pe eines ee mat. > | wae . Sapte yt 44. v - = ’ — é ho J f AMERICAN FORESTRY eae ‘CANADIAN DEPARTMENT — BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT, CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS es ; : ; mal, ATE_in 1919, Mr. Robson Black, of the , Canadian Forestry Association, wrote Sir John Stirling Maxwell, suggesting an Imperial Forestry Conference. The Brit- ish Forestry authority took up the matter and invited the British Dominions and Colonies to send delegates, and 35, from. all parts of the world, met in London on the fifth of July. There were present 54 associate delegates. Canada was repre- sented by Messrs. E. H. Finlayson, Forestry Branch, Ottawa; Clyde Leavitt, Commis- sion of Conservation; Robson Black, Can- adian Forestry Association; Mr. Kilbey, Canadian -Government Railways; M. A. Grainger, Chief Forester British Columbia; Avila Bedard, Assistant Chief Forester, Quebec, and Ellwood Wilson. The meet- -. ings were held under the Chairmanship. of The Lord: Lovat, K. T., K.C.M.G., D.S.0., Chairman of the British Forestry: Com-: , mission. The first day was spent in visit- ing the British Empire Timber Exhibition, and the second, in a visit to Kew Gardens, the celebrated Royal Botanic Gardens and Aboretum in London. The opening session of the actual work of the conference was held in the morning of the seventh of July, in the historic Guild Hall, and address- es were made by the Lord Mayor of Lon- don, Lord Milner, the Lord Lovat and several of the delegates. The Forestry Commissioners entertained the delegates at lunch and in the afternoon in the Couricil Chamber of the Guild Hall, the delegates presented their reports on the forest re- sources of the various Dominions and Colonies. These meetings were very im- pressive and especially the afternoon ses- sion when a mass of inforniation on the forest conditions and resources of so large a part of the world was brought together. No such authoritative statements had ever been prepared and the conference had before it up-to-the-minute data for the study of forestry and timber supplies the world over. In the evening the delegates were entertained by the Forestry Students Society of Oxford, Cambridge and Edin- burgh Universities. At this banquet, Sir William Schlich spoke most interestingly. The next day the delegates left for a trip through the Crown Forests of Dean, High- meadow and Tintern, as the guests of the Forestry Commission and spent three. de- lightful days in tramping through Dean Forest situated in the West of England and in getting acquainted with one another. The Forest of Dean lies between the Rivers Severn and Wye in the west part of the County of Gloucester. This forest contains 18,700 acres under. management and also a freehold of 15,594 acres, but, owing to the legal position, only 11,000 acres of the forest can be enclosed at any one time, so that the whole area cannot be placed under management. has been reserved as a forest since the earliest time the term “forest” originally meaning an area set apart for hunting and having little’of its present meaning. This forest was originally oak and was used for supplying timber for wooden ships, — The greater part of the actual forestry work was first undertaken in 1808, and by about 1832, 11,000 acres: had been planted up. In the early days the -trees, on ac- count of naval requirements, were grown. with large spreading crowns in order to obtain knees for ships. ships were discontinued an éffort was made to grow the trees taller and straighter. A “great many plantations of exotic species have been made, including Douglas fir and Sitka spruce. These two. species make remarkable growth and those of the dele- gates who were familiar with British Col- umbia said that the growth was certainly equal if not greater than that in their native habitat. \ _Oak is perhaps from one to one hun- ‘dred years old, and the coniferous species from ‘one to eighty years old. The delegates were quartered i in Speeche Housé, still belonging to the Crown, and in which in early times the old Verderer’s court was held for trying cases of crimes against the Forest Law. These were very severe in the early days, and a man would lose his life or be mutilated for killing a deer and often a hand was cut off for killing rabbits or smaller animals. The prices received for wood cut in these forests are rather interesting: Oak over te~ inches, forty cents per cubic foot felled, lying in the road. Oak under six inches to ten inches about twenty-four cents per cubic foot felled. Beech, seventeen cents per cubic foot felled; Larch, thirty cents per cubic foot felled; Spruce, twenty-two cents per cubic foot felled; wood, for use in the mines, hardwood, $10.00 per ton; free on rail and coniferous species, $12.00 per ton, free on rail. Hardwood, cut into cord wood $5.00 per ton, free on rail. The forest is in charge of a deputy sur- veyor, with a head forester and thirteen foresters with definite beats and charge of gangs working in these beats. The aver- age number of workmen employed is 140 to 160. The receipts in the Forest of Dean, for about 3,580 acres, of which 3,349 are u This -area - ~ surrounding oaks were tending” After wooden the period 1908 to: “ious ambonbel %6 38! 000, and the expenditure SHO, a deficit for ten years of about $ ) The Forest of High Meadow ‘com timber. This was purchased by the C in 1817 and further purchases. were in 1824 and 182s, At the time of p the timber was between 50 and 60 y old, and about a thousand acres. planted with oak between 1825 and Larch has been freely introdi groups among the oaks to rep matured standards cut out, but in cases the groups were too sma over the larch. In 1911, a sys cutting and replanting at the proximately a hundred acres per begun. A new _working | plan is course of preparation for these wo best of the soil will be given over and the remainder will be pits V conifers and ash. . f The prices ruling in the wo practically the same as those in the of Dean, but there is a larger « quan good oak timber which sells up to 52 ¢ per cubic foot in the woods. a The excess of receipts over expendit for the period of 1908-1918 about $1,000. The Forest of Tintern, situated | 3 left bank of the River Wye, betwe towns of Monmouth and Chepstow purchased from the Duke of Beau 1901 and contain 3,200 acres. The ob management since 1914 has been the p duction of coniferous and hardwood t ber of good quality and also a supply small wood for local turnery industry. — great bulk of the material which is cut the wood is used for mining purpose This applies to both hardwood and smal coniferous poles. The better class lz poles are sold for telegraph purposes. ‘ smaller hardwood material is utilized the manufacture of chair legs, et cet Practically all the material is felled the Crown and is disposed of to tim merchants. The prices run somewhat hi er than in the other two woods. The balance of receipts over expen tures for the ten-year period has bi $36,000. \ On July 10, the main body of the d gates returned to London while a 06 committee of thirteen remained at Tin Abbey to discuss the policy and gener: conduct of the conference just in This meeting was held in the B AMERICAN FORESTRY INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY Holds in Fee and by Lease, in New York, New England and Canada, nearly 4,500,000 ACRES OF WOODLANDS At an average of only 5 cords to the acre, this represents a stand of approximately 22,500,000 cords of pulpwood. If the Canadian forests, held by leases which convey all rights of property to the timber, could now be regulated and scientifically protected and operated as are the Company’s forests in the United States, there is ample authority for an annual increment of at least 4%, which would yield 900,000 CORDS A YEAR As the Company’s pulpwood requirements are about 700,000 cords a year, this would mean a perpetual supply of raw material, with no impairment of the forest asset. The ideal forest situation provides annual growth equal to the annual requirements. Forest Conservation and Forestation will procure this ideal con- dition in time and the movement is under way. INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY 30 BROAD STREET - - NEW YORK CITY AMERICAN FORESTRY A Trade Mutual Insurance Company WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION PUBLIC LIABILITY AUTOMOBILE TEAMS DIVIDEND RATE 207% We write Workmen’s Compensation Insur- ance on lumber and woodworking and kin- dred risks. $ We insure automo- biles and teams, and have been paying 20% DIVIDENDS OUR PLAN WILL REDUCE YOUR INSURANCE COST We Paid Back 20% On Every Policy that Expired In 1919 Lumber Mutual Casualty Insurance Company 66 Broadway New York City BRANCH OFFICES: Philadelphia, Richmond, Rochester, Buffalo, Troy, Saranac Lake, Fort Plain. Craig-Becker Company, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York City Bleached, Easy Bleaching, Unbleached Sulphites, Spruce and Poplar Ground Wood Pulp DOMESTIC EXPORT Piling Timber R. R. Ties Oak Yellow Pine S. B. BOWERS COMPANY 112 South Sixteenth Street Philadelphia, Pa. Established 1905 STERLING LUMBER CO. GULF RED CYPRESS Long Leaf Yellow Pine, West Coast Products. Write Us. Finance Building, Philadelphia ruins of the famous Abbey of that nan and the beautiful valley of the Wye River. On Monday, July 12, the delegates in the morning to elect a president and decide on the procedure and form of ; address to the King. After that there a general discussion of the responsibility of the States for forest policy and it seemed to be the general opinion that forestry was a long time business, \ the State was certainly responsible for t management of forest lands owned by it and there was also the opinion that a cer- tain amount of supervision over privat forest holdings was the duty of the State. — In the afternoon a description and dis: cussion of the Forestry Departments « all the various countries represented wi: held and much interesting information o these points was secured. aa) On the 13th, methods and problems o technical forestry ware discussed, in ‘lu : ing fire protection, reforestation, utiliza tion and so forth. Te In the afternoon the subjects of edu tion and research were talked over, was the concensus of opinion that — England, at least, it would be better to hay only one forest school, rather than th three which exist at present. It was also decided that a central Forestry Bur for the exchange of information to sort of clearing-house for all sorts forestry matters should be set up in don and also that some Central Burez Research which did not trench on an} the work being done by similar orga tions should also be established. On the 14th of July, the resources the British Empire and the consumption of forest products were also discussed to gether with the scope for Imperial dev opment. As different parts of the Ex have different kinds of timber and 4 ~ Your Prospective Customers a er ree ra) are listed in our Catalog of 99% guaranteed Mailing Lists, It also contains vital suggestions how to advertise and sell profitably by mail, Counts = prices given on 9000 greg Lists, covering all + for ¢ Mfrs., Hardware Dirs., Zi Mines, etc. This valuable reference book free. Write forit. = Send Them Sales Letters You can produce sales or inquiries with personal letters. Many concerns allover U. S.are profitably using Sales Letters we write. Send for/reeinstruct- ive booklet, “* Value of Sales Letters.” Ross-Gouid ia Mailing RastS St.Louis ro Tr i ent needs, it was hoped that there could be an interchange of products between them so as to make the Empire self-supporting in its forestry needs. _ From the 14 to the 20th of July, a tour Scottish forests was made, and ca re- ing the committee which had been ap- nted at the previous meeting presented “report, resolutions were discussed adopted and on the 21st an address was esented to the King at Buckingham Pal- from the conference. In the afternoon, there was a discussion the foundation of an Imperial Forestry u and the session concluded by a net to the delegates given by His esty’s Government. i the 23rd a visit was made to Windsor Forest with a luncheon at the Royal Hotel every way the conference was a great ess and should be one of the brightest tones in the history of forestry. The t that the British Empire sees the need for proper forestry management of its tim- De: ‘resources and that men were gathered ether from all parts of the world to discuss these questions in common is of @ very greatest importance. To sum up generally one’s impression A ‘this conference, the first thing was the did hospitality of the Forest Author- ity’s ‘members to the delegates. The meet- ings were conducted in the most business- ike way that the writer has ever seen and ved more smoothly and a greater amount F work done per unit of time than it has sr been his experience to witness. delegates were promptly in their ss at the opening of the sessions; es were short, business-like and with- oratorical efforts and when anyone nenced to get oft the subject which was discussed by the conference he was AMERICAN FORESTRY promptly brought back to the matter in hand. Lord Lovat, as chairman, handled these sessions in a most masterly manner, and to him is due a great part of the success of the conference. The English Authorities did all in their power to encourage the delegates from overseas to express their opinion and to take the major part in the debate and in all the proceedings, and their fine hospi- tailty will never be forgotten by any of those present. The problems confronting foresters in all parts of the world were found to be practically the same; lack of money, lack of continuity of policy, lack of trained per- sonnel, lack of definite information in re- gard to forest resources, interference by | political authorities, lack of definite forest policy and an insufficiently formed public opinion were found to be common to all the countries represented. The setting up of a Forestry Commis- sion in Great Britain has been a wonder- ful step in advance and this commission has been given a free hand and an appro- priation of 15,000,000 pounds to be spent in reforestation of waste land and to en- courage private planting for the next ten years. Great Britain learned a lesson dur- ing the war in its lack of timber supplies, and the necessity of importing everything from overseas. The present policy will be to establish sufficient forests to fill the needs of Great Britain for three years should any future war occur. The situation in India was perhaps the best of any country because there Forest Authority has the full backing of the In- dian Government and as this great domin- ion is not a democracy, the necessary power to establish a definite policy and to insure its continuity is present. Eileen Timber Tracts _ Canadian restrictions on exportation of crown licensed timber and talk it over. New York _ 4 vanishing source of pulpwood supply in the United States have cat to the buying of many large tracts of freehold pulpwood, both _ for immediate operation and for reserve, within the last few _ years. Is your supply insured? There are now available a few _ desirable tracts, one of which may meet your requirements. Let’s arabe: dik { James D. Lacey & Co., * Service—Stability— Standing 7 East 42nd St, NEW YORK CITY Seattle Portland, (Oregon) 567 PULPWOOD TIMBER eae: gee Alaska, California and Montana The United States Forest Service wishes to invite the attention of paper manu- facturers and other inter- _ ested persons to several available areas of pulp timber with possible water power development, located within the Tongass Nation- al Forest, Alaska; the Plu- mas and Tahoe National Forests, California, and the Blackfeet National Forest, Montana. Information re- garding these areas and the conditions under which the timber may be purchased will be furnished upon re- quest by the District For- ester, Missoula, Montana, with respect to the Mon- tana area; the District For- ester, San Francisco, Cali- fornia, with respect to the and the District Forester, Portland, California areas, Oregon, with respect to the Alaskan areas. 1337-1339 F STREET,NW. WASHINGTON,D&. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND ILLUSTRATORS 3 COLOR PROCESS WORK ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 SALE OF TIMBER EKLAMATH INDIAN RESERVATION CALIMUS-MARSH UNIT EALED bids in duplicate, marked outside “Bid Calimus-Marsh Unit,” and addressed to the Superintendent, Klamath Indian School, Kla- math Agency, Oregon, will be received until two o'clock P. M., Pacific time, Wednesday, October 27, 1920, for ‘the purchase of the merchantable timber on the tract in Townships 31, 32, 33 and 34, Ranges 8, 9 and 10, Williamette meridian, Kla- math Indian Reservation. The said unit includes about 67,000 acres with a total stand of approxi- mately four hundred fifty million feet of tim- ber, principally western yellow pine, of which about fourteen million feet is on about 2,500 acres of allotted land, as to which separate approved contracts with the Indian owners may prooably be made. Each bid shall state the price that will be paid per thousand for yellow pine, sugar pine and incense cedar, and for other kinds of timber that will be cut and scaled prior to April 1, 1924. Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for three-year periods. No bid will, be accepted for less than $4.00 for yellow pine, sugar pine and incense cedar and $1.60 for other species during the period ending March 31, 1924. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check on a solvent national bank drawn in favor of the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School to the amount of $40,000.00. The deposit will be returned to unsuccessful bidders, but retained as liquidated damages if the successful bidder shall not execute contract and furn‘sh satisfactory bond for $50,000.00 within sixty days from the acceptance of his bid. Jhe right is re- served to waive technical defects and to reject any or all bids. For copies of contract and regu- lations, fuller description of the sale area, and other information, apply to the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School, Klamath Agency, Oregon. Washington, D. C, August 10, 1920. CATO SELLS, Commissioner, AMERICAN FORESTRY With only one exception, all the for- esters present, except those from Canada, were in favor of establishing and main- taining forests by plantation rather than by natural reproduction. The general rea- son for this was that under natural repro- duction many undesirable and weed species take the place of valuable species or seed in along with them, making their manage- ment difficult and it was felt that planting was cheaper and a better means towards establishing forests. This conference was so successful that it has been decided to hold one every three years and the next one will be held in Canada in 1923. Messrs Clyde Leavitt, Avila Bedard and Robson Black made a trip through Holland and Belgium to the battlefields of France and some of the French forests after leav- ing the Forestry Conference in London. The Society of Northeastern Foresters held their annual meeting in Canada this year, arriving in Montreal on the 27th of July and proceeded by train to Berthier where they were the guests of Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec, and after lunch visited the Government nurseries and plantations on the sand dunes along the C. P. R. Railroad. They were much impressed by the good results obtained on the drifting sand, especially in regard to the spruce’ trees. On leaving Berthier, they went to Grand ’Mere and from there to Proulx, the head- quarters of the reforestation work of the Laurentide Company. Wednesday and Thursday were spent in inspecting the plantations, and Wednes- day night a business meeting was held. On Thursday night there was a general meet- ing in which the eighteen members of the Northeastern Forestry Society were joined by fourteen Canadian foresters and a joint discussion of the demand for the removal of the embargo placed by the Quebec, On- tario and New Brunswick Governments on wood cut from Crown lands for export was thoroughly discussed. On Friday morning, the party proceeded to Grand’Mere and inspected the planta- tion of the Laurentide Company and the mills and were the guests of the com- pany at lunch. In the afternoon, fifteen of the members proceeded to Lake Edward as the guests of the Commission of Con- servation and Doctor Howe, of the Uni- versity of Toronto, where the experimen- tal station of the commission, in co-opera- tion with the Laurentide Company, was visited. Here they saw the sample plots and sample cuttings that have been made and were much interested in the results obtained. Mr. Austin Cary, who represented the United States Forest Service at the meet- ing, afterwards proceeded t6 Quebec to discuss the work of the Provincial Gov- ernment with the Chief Forester. He expects after that visit to go to Montreal to talk over the work of the Riordan Paper Company with Brigadiet-General Ri White. Captain H, A. Peck visited the Aviati Station of the Laurentide Company in der to inspect the work done in many the forests by aerial photography and a took a-flight over the limits of the Laure tide Company to have our method plained to him. Captain Peck has investigating the subject of airplanes seaplanes for use in forestry and log work for the Riordan Company and he was much impressed with the photographi work done by the Laurentide Company. — Mr. Roland D. Craig and Doctor Swaii of the Commission of Conservation — the Dominion Entomological Branch, at the meeting of the Northeastern ] m esters and afterwards took a trip. in Laurentide Company’s seaplane, n‘lote Lieutenant Stuart Graham, in order to for themselves what kind of work be done in reconnaissance on a large such as the Commission of Conserv: doing in a forest survey of Ontario. were much pleased with the results. ‘ flight and very enthusiastic about the sibilities of the machine. FOREST GUARD KILLED W FIGHTING FIRE ys directing from the air the wo _of 100 or more fire fighters, batt blazes raging in the Lassen National F ests at Alturas, California, three men, t non-commissioned army officers and a ernment forester, fell over 1000 fe: their death on July 10, when their ai: went into a tail spin and plunged t ground. News of the fate of thestiig W: received by officers of Mather field, a go ernment flying field in California. ‘The ex? tims were: ce Sergeant Wayman T. Haney. = Corporal —— Salcida. P Forest Guard Benjamin H. Robie. — Since July 4 flames have been swe the Lassen timber district. Aviators foresters of the United States forest pat service have been directing the wo volunteer fire fighters, circling over blazing area in planes. When the fir peared to be fairly under control, burst out anew in several places and on the night of the 1oth, the volun’ busily attempting to stem the fire’s prog were startled to see the plane sud go into a tail spin and shoot downy The machine landed at .a spot the flames were burning fiercely and the occupants were not killed outright undoubtedly were burned to death. in BOUQUET “You are engaged in a magnificent the.saving of beautfful trees and beaut landscapes, as well as a work which i utterly vital to the prosperity of our cot try, and I wish you and the American For estry Association the greatest success i carrying on that work.” io Cuartes Nevers Hoimes. AMERICAN FORESTRY 569 DISSTON DISSTON MADE STEEL os The Foundation of Tay ‘ e CROSS-CUT SAW QUALITY The first important Hy =y A} thing to consider about Ky Vy Disston High-Grade Cross-Cut Py Saws is the material used,—the fam- ous Disston-made Steel. In 1855, because he could not rely on outside ‘ steel to meet his strict specifications regularly, Henry “Wy, BT moore Disston built his own Steel Mill. Since that time the good Wn, ~ quality of Disston-made Steel has become famous wherever Bid. Wy 2 saws are used. at Vary ae It is this steel—its edge and set hoiding qualities, its exceptional uni- formity, its keeness, its freedom from flaws and. seams—that is an important factor in building the present preference by lumbermer everywhere for Disston Cross-Cut Saws. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. ~ General Offices: Philadelphia, U.S. A. THE PRINTED MESSAGE HE Printed Message, not carrying with it the persuasiveness of Personal Contact, must possess certain attributes to offset this obvious disadvantage. The skill in the wording of the text, the choice of plates and type, the color scheme,—all have important bearing on the effectiveness of the appeal, yet if there is not an intelligent selec- tion of the medium of conveyance, Paper, the finished product, though showing evidence of intention, will lack the artistic finish and consequent appeal to the eye so essential in achieving the results expected of it. Dill & Collins Co.’s Papers, possessing as they do the reputation of being the best of their class made, give to the printed message that perfection of detail and refinement: that insures its elevation from the common-place to the consequential. DILL & COLLINS CO. 140 NORTH SIXTH STREET PHILADELPHIA Actual Makers of High Grade Printing Papers With and Without a Coated Surface NEW YORK ROCHESTER BALTIMORE BOSTON 570 earn How Dirrerent CIrtigs ARE MEETING THE Housing Problem The Southern Pine Association has ac- cumulated the facts relative to the ways and means, provided by many Corpora- tions and Cities, for financing and en- couraging home building. These facts have been published in a small booklet which the Association will gladly send frge on application to any address. kt contains much valuable information. —Write for tt today AMERICAN FORESTRY The Nation's Greatest Need Nothing contributes as much to peace and con- tentmentas Homes. Home ownership—the natural creator of prudence, sane living and thrift—is the most potent combatant to recklessness, extravagance and speculation. National patriotism and civic spirit demand that every com- munity concentrate great- er attention on the build- ing of more homes. Help keep alive that apt and important slogan: “OWN YOUR OWN HOME.” N BW Johnson & Wimsatt WASHINGTON, D.C. We ship by rail or cargo UR lumber has a character of its own, is perfectly milled, uniform- ly graded and offers dealers the best THE GUIDE TO NATURE Epwarp F, Bicetow, Managing Editor Published by The Agassiz Association, ArcAdiA, Sound Beach, Conn. Profusely Illustrated Monthly -Magazine Devoted to Commonplace Nature with Un- common Interest. Subscription, $1.50 Single or Sampie A r Year. py, 15c. buy on the East Coast. Your cus- tomers will be delighted with the natural qualities of our Goldsboro N. C. Pine Give it a trial today. Telecode used | WE TRANSPLANT FULL GROWN TREES LEWIS & VALENTINE CoO., 47 West 34th Street New York City _forest. BOOK REVIEWS. VACATION DAYS IN COLORADO'S . NATIONAL FORESTS " BOOKLETS with good information con-_ cerning the out-of-doors are -always sought by those who are looking for some attractive place to spend their vacation. The government puts out some of most interesting of pamphlets describi the many vacation lands of the National Forests. It is planned to keep the readers — informed of these as they come out and where they may secure copies for their , “Vacation Days in Colorado’s Nation Forests” is one of the first of these book lets to be issued and if those which follow show improvement it will be only because this one first publication has given an in-— centive to publish something that is dis- tinctly worth while. ~~ The booklet is bound in an attractive cover inside of which there is a directo of all the National Forests found in rado. Following that there is a gene! introduction to the idea of forest recre tion and the National Forests. Then f low descriptions of all of the forests 3 Colorado which tell in each case of som of the more striking scenic features of Trips are outlined, camps : located for the tourist and the height the greater peaks in each area is no Information as to how to reach each est is given and that with the directory forests in the front of the book insu 1 ready source of information to all tho 2 vho possess the booklet. me; In the back part of this booklet is found 1 short sketch telling how the forests are idministered and of the great wealth found there. A short discussion of fire preven ‘ion and camp sanitation is found follo his and the remainder of the booklet riven over to lists of equipment for ‘rips, the rations needed for men in camp, che tree. zones of the mountains, a phot graphic exposure table for Colorado and map of the State showing the forests, cities and railroads. ‘ This will prove a very interesting booklet to anyone who is planning on visiting # west or who has spent time in the Rockies. There are many fine pictures printed in its” pages and the reading matter is far from dull. A copy will be sent free of charge anyone if they will write the District Fi ester, Denver, Colorado, and ask that be sent “Vacation Days in Colorado's National Forests.” . * HE Report of the Forest Service, made in response to Senate Resolution 3} introduced by Senator Capper, on “Tin Depletion, Lumber Prices, Lumber Expor and Concentration of Timber Ownership,” together -with a summary of this report, containing the recommendations in full, now available. Application should be n to the Superintendent of Documents, Go ernment Printing Office, Washington, + 2 Pa. D. C., the full report costing 25 cents and the summary five cents (stamps not ac- cepted). _ With regard to these reports, the For- est Service is calling especial attention _ to the first of the recommendations for _ Federal legislation. This recommendation is for a substantial increase in the existing co-operation between the States and the _ -Federal Government in the work of forest fire prevention. If we are to have timber _ in the future, we must stop burning our forests now. At present the Federal Gov- ernment is co-operating with 25 States in _ fire protection work, but on a very inade- _ Quate scale. Therefore, the recommenda- ‘tion for increased co-operation was placed first as being most urgent. The public _ interest in these matters is intense and the _ demand for the publications insistent. THE Forest Club Annual for 1920 is now 4 available. It is the official publication _ of the Forest Club of the University of _ Washington and comprises a 100-page book _ covering the activities of the College of _ Forestry, containing scientific and popular well as a complete roster of the students, | €x-students and alumni. Owing to the pres- ent urgent need for putting our forests on AMERICAN FORESTRY exh FAIRBANKS MORSE Forest Fire Portable, Lightweight Direct-Connected Gasoline Engines and Showing Exhaust Side of Engine, Built-in Pu mps_ For Fire Magneto, Suction Connection for Pump. Fighting HEN such large users of tested fire-fighting outfits as the Canadian Government and the Canadian Pacific Railway, employ FAIRBANKS-MORSE FIRE-FIGHTING OUTFITS, others can rest assured of their dependability. Will throw water to a height of 172 feet. Shipment complete, ready to run. Can be y moved to any endangered section by auto, pack horses or boat. Write for Bulletin H-7orz. CONTRACTORS’ EQUIPMENT DEPT. FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 30 CHURCH ST. — NEW YORK CITY Baltimore Office: 115 E. Lombard St. Boston, Office: 245 State St. BALANCED SOUTHERN PINE SERVICE For Real Lumber Merchants Every merchant wants to include as much of his purchasing power in one account as is consistent with profits and satisfaction. The Missouri Lumber and Land Exchange Company BALANCED SERVICE Combines in one source all the YELLOW PINE articles needed to round out retail stocks and keep investments at the lowest practicable volume. These Mills of the “Exchange” LOUISIANA E , LOUISIANA CENTRAL LUMBER CO. FOREST LUMBER CO. Padee cer Vict ee sa Clarks and Standard, La. Oakdale, La. LOUISIANA SAWMILI CO., INC. WHITE-GRANDIN LUMBER CO. Glenmora, La. Slagle, La. Combined annual output 300,000,000 Feet MANUFACTURE TIMBERS of the largest sizes in Southern Pine and MOULDINGS of the smallest pat- terns, and all the items of yard, shed and manufacturing stocks in between, and the large Sales force of the Exchange is ready with valuable service and information to aid the dealer in marketing and stocking problems. See Us. Write Us. Wire Us. Let Our Salesmen Call. LONG AND SHORT LEAF YELLOW PINE MISS@8RI LUMBER é BAND EXCHANGE=*€OMPANY R. A. LONG BUILDING KANSAS CIITY, MO. 572. AMERICAN FORESTRY BEARS FIRST YEAR EES planted in spring, 1918,,bearing 150 to1200 p hes this nm "THE EARLIEST FREESTONE PEACH KNOWN Originated in Rochester, New York, tree is a strong, upright grower, has got aixteni degrees below zero and produced a full crop, while the Elberta and Crawford, under the same conditions. in the same orchard produced no blossoms and consequently no fruit. Mr. Yarker, Greece, N. Y., who has an orchard of 500 trees reports 17 peaches picked in August from a tree planted the previous spring. Mr. C. M. Thomas, 215 W. 40th St., Savannah, Ga., purchased a Rochester Peach from us last February, and picked the first fruit in July. : For dessert, for canning, it is the best and greatest peach in the world today. Our stock is limited, the demand is tremendous, order at once. IMPORTANT—For descriptions and prices of a com- plete list of Glenwood products, send for a copy of our 1921 catalogue of Dependable Trees and plants—it’s free. - GLEN BROS., Inc., Glenwood Nursery, Established 186 2008 E. Main Street, Rochester, N. Y. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting 2,000,000 TREE SEEDS EVERGREENS TRANSPLANTS . re ag al gh a age for Reforesting THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY C0. LEWIS & VALENTINE CO., CHESHIRE, CONN. 47 West 34th Street New York City — aK RARE “ : ORIENTAL Originated and Introduced by FLOWERING TREES The Elm City Nursery Company FROM CHINA. JAPAN and PERSIA pogdmont Nurseries, Inc. ‘4 .1. Catalogue .:. Send for. Bom paxbor Folder and Gen- 3 A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA Sa Pee Su et una PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD | TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING é : PINE : SPRUCE Orchid pba specialists in eo" 8; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. ~ CONIFERS pico F f Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Write us for price list reas ae 4 a on application. Also spe- KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Orchide’ ne ete eee KEENE, N. H. LAGER & HURRELL |_ Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. if College of Forestry. It is full of inter ing material and may be had by applying — to the Forest Club, University of Washing-— ton, Seattle, Washington, at seventy-five — cents per copy. z ANOTHER WORD ON LIGHT — K BURNING ; - (Continued from Page 548.) E berry. If we are to have timber, and surely we shall need it, nature‘s way is not sufficient ever if we could leave alone in her work. We need to do the forest as we do with the field of farmer, we need to have every acre forestland bearing a crop worthy of care and attention. ‘ oS But the fact remains that while gress is unwilling to spend more about one-tenth the sum required to car for the peoples’ forest properties; v i the States and individuals do practicalh nothing, as is still the case, in spite 0 the “big talk,” so long it must seem t many people, just as it does to Mr. Wh What is the use of this partial protect which merely piles up the stuff for the n big fire? To this we can only say: H a little patience; remember that the For Service is only 15 years old; that it I stopped hundreds of bad fires and that Co gress and the people are learning, ‘ That we need the change is evident beech logs which 25 years ago had no value at all, can now be sold for $120 thousand board feet here in Mich when ash brings $150 and oak flo $300, and a single white pine tree sold $250 onthe stump. “2% We in Michigan and the East are om ing to California for our lumber now an what will be ithe situation ‘50 y hence? It is encouraging to see men Senator Capper of Kansas see the pr ing needs of our country and start movement of promise. : < What will the campaign for “light bur ing” in California accomplish? Hard | say. The first thing it will do is to sta incendiarism; the wholesale burning every feeble-minded or evil-minded herde rancher, etc.; it will educate the people | the same position so often met in So and North, where the jury refuses to all guilt because of the doctrine; it will « California millions; it will lessen the est supplies of the Nation; it will prey millions of young trees and thousa’ ds fine young stands of pine from grow into anything fit to cut; it will delay start for real forestry by half a cent and it may spread the evil doctrine 0 t rest of Western forests and revive it in # South and East. What to do? Stop ¢ paigning until we really know. Thi be settled by experiments and the F Service, as I understand, is now pl nn for. just such experiments where the ad cates of light burning can be on hand ; help on the job. In the meantime, resj and enforce the law and lock up the fi bug. TOPIARY IS BEING REVIVED IN ENGLAND TRAVELERS on the great highway which leads through Staines by the Belfont church can see two ancient yew trees cun- ningly trained and clipped to represent pea- cocks, which stand on either side of the wicket gate. - They are large trees, ages old, and how ‘many years of care and skill with the _ pruning knife they stand for none can tell. _ These are, perhaps, the most familar ex- amples of the topiarists’ art near the _ metropolis, but in formal gardens of many Stately old country houses their like may _ be seen in abundance. They are accepted __ as curiosities, survivals of times past when men had more leisure on their hands than today. ' The shaping of living trees into birds and beasts, into spirals, pillars, cannon - balls, and any other fantasy chosen, still exists as a British industry. In the Royal ' Kew nurseries, close by Richmond town, is the largest collection of topiary in the world—nearly 3,000 trees, each one of ' them trimmed to some animal or bird or architectural form. The work has been done in this open air studio, and it has | the rainbow may be found in the AMERICAN FORESTRY 573 Have a “Fleur De Lis” Iris Garden Is there. a little nook in your garden where you can rest and “chum” with the glorious flowers named after the Goddess of the Rainbow? Truly, every color of hardy Iris, or Fleur de Lis, a flower whose fascinating beauty must have been meant to bring peace and rest to humanity. Learn to know Irises at their best by planting Childs Select Named Irises Like glowing velvet and scin- tillating precious jewels, Iris, in their season, eclipse in beauty every other flower in the hardy border. To enable you to know Iris as we love them, we offer postpaid, 20 best named Garden Iris, all different, for $2.50; 10 best named Japan Iris, all different, for $1.50; In superfine mixture, 20 Garden or 10 Japan, for $1.25. We grow acres of Irises, Peonies, Lilies and other hardy bulbs and plants for all planting. We also specialize in Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Crocus, Freesias, etc. Shrubs, Vines, Berries and winter flowering plants in great variety. Large Catalog Free. JOHN LEWIS CHILDS, Inc., Floral Park, L. I. N. Y. BECOME A MEMBER Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association upon application and payment of dues. PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- ciation and enclose check for $ INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership, per year. $ 3.00 Contributing Membership, per year 10,00 Sustaining Membership, per year. 25.00 Life Membership (no other dues) 100.00 Annual Membership. 1.00 Name Street City = WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. , ; Spe Br as AMERICAN FORESTRY PS a x e Lamia - _ ACCEPT FOREIGN JOBS Ne THE United States Forest Products Lal ratory at Madison announces that of its experts in kiln drying have resi | Digging holes stunts trees —blasting insures growth Blasting beds for trees with Atlas Farm Powder overcomes every disadvantage that goes. with ordinary planting. It breaks up the soil to a depth never reached by digging, frees the plant - food stored below, enables roots to grow in all directions unhindered and provides better drain- age and moisture storage. J. A. McLain, of Fredericktown, Pa., provides proof of what Atlas Farm Powder AS does toward insuring tree growth. *"I planted 225 apple trees with Atlas Farm Powder and 20 apple trees with a spade. I lost only 1 out of the 225, but I lost 4 out of the 20 spade The dif- ference in growth made from April to October the same year was 6 to 8 inches.” Our book, ‘‘Better Farming with Atlas Farm : - Powder,’” has shown thousands of farmers how to have better trees and fruit. It also tells how to blast stumps, shoot ditches, break boulders, etc. Write today and get a copy free. ATLAS POWDER COMPANY Division F. D. 6 Philadelphia, Penna. , Deaters everywher~ Magazines near you Lrowde: ST EXPLOSIVE = QUANT TTT TTT required exemplary patience. The trouble about establishing a formal garden in years past has been that you do not live to see it. The next generation may enjoy it; but with forms that take 40 or 50, even in cases 80 years, to bring to maturity, it is only the grandchildren who can hope to witness their full perfection. In the Royal Kew nurseries are speci- mens that have had 45 years’ care and at- tention. Cock pheasants, sitting hens, pea- cocks with spread wings, dogs, geese and ducks, all growing, thickly cumber the ground. It must be a nightmare of a place to stumble upon unexpectedly on a moonlit night, with all these immobile forms about. Holland for centuries has assiduously cultivated this art, but .in England it has experienced cycles of favor, followed by neglect. Topiary has revived under conditions which make it no longer necessary to spend a lifetime in cultivating and prun- ing a tree into forms that others may en- joy. The science of horticulture has made great strides. By transplanting each three or four years the main root is kept in check and fibrous roots encouraged. The roots thus form in a close cluster, and the en- tire tree, having had from 15 to 40 years’ shaping in the nursery, may be transplant- ed bodily to its permanent place in the newly laid*out garden. Possibly some of the extravagances of the topiarist’s art are best avoided, but simple pillars, or cones, or spirals, or round clumps, spaced well apart, give dignity to a terrace or lawn which few other growths can equal. “I wish to let you know that I have found AMERICAN Forestry a most beauti- ful and educational book of knowledge, serving the people in many ways.” Joun E. Srertorr. “I am very much interested in the maga- zine and heartily in accord with the con- servation of our timberlands, which the American Forestry Association is so ably advocating.” G. H. Woonrorre. to accept positions in foreign count Mr. C. V. Sweet and Mr. L. V. Tees who have been with the laboratory nearly two and a half years, will enter Forest Service of the Indian Governm Mr. Sweet will have his headquarter: Dehra Dun, India, in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains. Mr. Teesdale wi be located at Rangoon, Burma, which situated in the lowlands bordering the S of Bengal. rh Both men will be engaged in the invest gation of commercial methods of sea: timber. Their work will differ or geographical conditions affect the ter and availability of the timber, involve travel and exploration int cessible parts of the provinces as ¥ laboratory research at the institutions ready established. _ ae _ India and Burma are heavily forest with exceedingly valuable woods, whic like all the other natural resources, < the property of the Government. In | art of silviculture and its development t East leads the West, but in commerci processes of utilization of the wood p ucts the East has much to learn fr Western countries, especially America. ” availability of the wood products for mercial use depends largely on p methods of kiln drying, and it is as t cal experts in this subject that Mr. Sw and Mr. Teesdale enter the far ‘ service. 0 t BAMBOO FOR PAPER PULP _ HE scarcity of newsprint paper giv special interest to the statement that edible and timber bamboo are both ad to the climate of the Gulf States and a position to aid materially in the prod tion of paper, poles for many purposes fe _which growing timber is now cut and a an excellent and nutritious vegetable f This statement is the gist of a report eight years of experimental work, cluded by E. A. Mcllhenny on his p tation at Avery Island, Louisiana, m July first to the United States Bureau o Plant Introduction. q The difficulties which exist. in tran forming tropical grasses, reeds and rushe: into paper are said not to apply to bamboe and bamboo, unlike the great forests of th temperate zone, grows rapidly so that th supply of paper material would renew it- self from season to season. Burma is on of the tropical countries where bamboo i very abundant and it has also necess facilities for transportation. & Not only is the bamboo of rapid growtl and some species attain a great size, ever 70 to 100 feet in height with trunks a foot in diameter, but it is often found in ari localities which would otherwise be dest tute of vegetation. a oe ss ee in i ee AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL NOTES SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, COLORADO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE = INCE June 9g forestry students of Colo- ' rado Agricultural College have been .cupying the Forestry Lodge 45 miles west Fort Collins in the heart of the Rockies, es Professor W. J. Morrill. There six students in the summer course, ch is optional, but of great importance : Preparation of foresters for western itions. Lodge is rather inaccessible, thirty from a post office and ten miles the end of possible auto transporta But it is well equipped with hot and old water, two bath rooms, screened ying porches, a large stone fireplace, kitchen and the inevitable game of Eight miles by trail and half distance by air line is the top of wes Peak, 13,562 feet elevation, and ell’s Glacier, in the Rocky Mountain Park. The night air is direct the glacier, which causes one to nt for all the bedding available. The » is at an elevation of 9,027 feet, in ee Park. ‘The college owns 800 acres of Lodge- e and Engelmann spruce near the Lodge about the same acreage some nine east of here. Timber cruising, map- surveying, forest entomology, field 0 and silvicultural operations, to- her with trout fishing and hiking take f oe time. And soon we shall move, by packing, over the Continental Divide study logging and milling in Middle ] ssnoes. ICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COL- GE, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT ‘HE Forestry Summer School was held Saxg year on the lands of the East n Lumber Company, near East Jor- eOikichigan. There were twenty-six lents enrolled and the courses given forest mensuration and lumbering. camp was located in a tract of virgin ‘ood, hemlock and pine timber which ered excellent facilities for the work. ee ball games were played by the stu- mts during the course of the school, two t! th East Jordan and one with Charlevoix. men graduated from the Forestry of the Michigan Agricultural in June and one more graduated at e end of the summer course in August. of the freshmen agricultural students ‘college take a course in farm fores- y which this year was given to one hun- ed and seventy-five students. These were addition to the students specializing in irtmen ie Forestry Department of the College ed 105,000 trees this spring. These > he : were mostly two-year old seedlings and four-year old transplants. They were sold to farmers of the State at practically cost for forest planting. NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF : FORESTRY HE summer of 1920 has seen all records broken in calls for practical trained foresters for field work in every part of the country, according to the figures given by the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse. Part of the work of the col- lege has come to be an employment de- partment for its men, under which an effort will be made to properly place, according to their qualifications, foresters and under- graduate students in actual field work along professional lines. The system was worked ont definitely this spring, through a faculty committee, of which O. M. Porter, former Forest Serv- ice man, a returned captain of Forest En- gineers, was the executive man, and this work will be continued permanently as a function of the extension department of the college. Laurance Lee has taken over the work of Mr. Porter, who has become assistant secretary of the American Paper and Pulp Association, under Dr. Hugh P Baker, former Dean of the New York State College of Forestry, and has begun a plan of checking up with employers on the work of the men who were sent out by the college. There were calls for about 400 men for practical forestry or lumbering work re- ceived by the college this spring, of which about eighty were for permanent employ- ment for graduates, and the other for sum- mer work for students who have not com- pleted their work. The calls came from about seventy-five sources, ranging from the Federal Forest Service to private lum bering companies, and places as counsel- lors in boys recreational camps. This great demand was a surprise even to Syracuse foresters who had seen the demand for foresters increase with the growth in America of the forestry idea. Some of the work being done by these foresters is as follows: Two men are in parties cruising pulp wood lands in north- ern Ontario. A party headed by Prof. Reuben P. Pritchard, and. including one graduate student, one alumnus, of an early class, two graduates of this year’s class and two freshmen, is working for the James D. Lacey Company, near Cheat Bridge, West Virginia. Five men are in Wyoming driv- ing tie timber on the rivers, under a new plan by which a lumber corporation is em- ploying college men instead of the old “river hogs” to drive the rivers. One of this year’s class has gone to management plan work for the Federal Service’s new 575 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment — to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITIONS OPEN “CIVIL ENGINEER TO SURVEY AND MAK DETAIL MAPS anout aoe a ye NEAR NORWICH, CONN ELLENT BOARD ND LOpGn NG. " STATE TIME AND TERMS. _ Addr ‘Box care of ~AMERICAN FORESTRY. MAGAZINE, Wash- ington, D. C. MAN WANTED with technical training and practical experience sufficient to make him thoroughly competent as a developer of Park plans, and also Park Superintendent—both in road Gonstruction, planting and landscape work —and Director of Forestry Service upon the public streets and parks of the city. Address Box 910, American Forestry Magazine, Wash- ington, D. C. (6-9-20) POSITION OPEN for Forest School Graduate. Work along practical and technical lines. Lo- cation, Southern Appalachians. Answer in own handwriting and state age, training and ex- pects and salary desired.. Address Box 950, re ae Forestry Magazine, Washing- ton, D. C, WANTED-—An assistant forester. Good place of- fered for a recent graduate who would like to get in business i a himself in an excellent lo- cation. Address 920, AmERICAN Forestry MaGaziNe. (8-10/20) POSITIONS WANTED WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Agent. Technically trained forester, 35 years old. Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of the above positions, For- mer Captain, Field Artillery. Address Box 840, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. A FORESTRY graduate with several years ex- perience in forest work and at present em- loyed along technical and administrative ines desires responsible position with private concern operating in and outside the United States. Address Box 870, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. DISCHARGED SAILOR would like position as assistant forester or a permanent position as surveyor with some lumber company with a for adv: t. Salary is of secondary consideration. Married, so would have to locate in some small town. Have had four years’ practical experience in general forestry, and some tree surger: Address Box 900, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. SUPERINTENDENT retail lumber and build- ing material establishment desires connection with progressive lumber concern in locality where there is opportunity for growth. West, Southwest or Middle West preferred, but not essential. Several years experience retail and manufacturing, also eighteen months overseas with Forestry Engineers. Available after _Au- gust 15th. ddress Box 930, care of AMERI- oo FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wasting POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; ee years experi- ence in city iaccogy wl ‘hg sur; and landscape Forester for the hore Park Dis- trict of Chi . City het Ee and land eferr but will be glad to consider other fines. Can furnish the best of reference. Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. 576 al —— a School of Forestry Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and rest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address | Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho Forestry Training in the Heart of the Rockies The Colorado School of yw w Forestry “ ™ A Department of Colorado College Colorado Springs, Colorado. Professional Courses in Technical For- estry, leading to degrees of Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Master of Forestry. Spring and Fall Forestry ‘teaching at Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- ing to the College) and the winter term at Colorado Springs. Write for announcement, giving full in- formation. AMAGAPAGAVAPUUTOOUADEANASNONGUOQUOVOGEOGOLANASOGAOOUOUOUOEObELACGLAAOUOOLOL OH OENNEEA EAE Uusnngennangaesencassnecasntanengereageesnaesee arena nn ere | i : 5 FORESTRY forest in Tennessee, another to the Forest Service at Lander, Wyoming, while an- other, is assistant manager of the Mam- moth Hot Springs Camp on the Yellow- stone National Park. Another alumnus of the college will be camp director this year for the Syracuse Boy Scout council, which maintains a permanent camp for two months on Crooked Lake, near Syracuse. The wide scattering of foresters shows that the industries are realizing the need for forest trained men in manufacturing concerns and industries using wood. In addition to this list of men in field fores- try, another long list could be given of men who have gone to saw mill and similar cou- cerns for the summer work. Prospects for next fall are that thers will be a record-breaking class, indications being that there will be 150 accepted for entrance into the new class, as against 120 last fall, that being a record to that time. The students at the State Ranger School at Wanakena, a department of the New York State College of Forestry at Syra- cuse, have planted 50,000 trees this spring on the school forest, making a total of 150,009 trees now planted and under ob- servation. The school also made surveys and plans for the reforesting of a 1,700-acre tract for the National Paper Products Com- pany at Streeter, New York, on which a start was made this year with 60,000 trans- plants. A. E. Fivaz, a senior, will be president of the Forestry Club next fall, with G. E. French as secretary, Ralph E. ‘Frobisher was made the school representative in the International Association of Forestry Clubs. Six foresters were included on the Syra- cuse University lacrosse team which won the northern intercollegiate championship this spring, and of.these three seniors were given the university Block “S” as a trophy, the same honor given to players on the football and oher major sports teams. - AMERICAN YOUNG MAN recently discharged from the U. S. Navy, wants employment with wholesale lum- ber manufacturer; college graduate; five year's experience in nursery business; can furnish best of references. Address Box 675, Care American. Forestry M: i Washingt D.C SARGENT’S HANDBOOK OF American Private Schools An annual Survey and Review describin private schools of all classifications an summer camps for boys and girls. A Compendium for Educators. A Guide Book for Parents, supplying, in- timate information, which makes possible a discriminating choice. * Comparative Tables give the relative Cost, Size, Age, Special features, etc. Introductory ae Ae review interesting Developments of the Year in education. Educational Service Bureau will be glad to advise and write you intimately about any school or camp in which you are interested. Write full particulars. Consultation by appointment Circulars and Sample Pages on Reqnest. PORTER E. SARGENT 14 Beacon Street Boston, Mass, RECENTLY discharged from U. S. Army, young man wants position with a firm who has use for a lumber tallyman and inspector. Has a good education, 11 years’ practical experience in lum- ber and can furnish good references. Address Box 880, care of American Forestry Magazine. Washington, D. C. ARBORICULTURIST is open to an to take charge of, or as assistant in estry work. engagement ity For- xperience and training, ten years, covering the entire arboricultural field—from planting to expert tree sur, ery—including nur- sery practice, and supervision in the care and detailed management of city shade trees. For further information, address Box 700, care of American Forestry. PLANT MEMORIAL TREES - him you can prevent friction.” Ye graduation ected e Clas: 1920, of the Philippine Forest § at Los Banos, were held in the Mal Plantation, hereafter to be known 2 h Commencement Grove, Bp? The class marched to seats steers trees where the Juniors and visitors 4 assembled. Forester Zschokke ga short talk on “Put Yourself in His P emphasizing the need of understandin the point of view of the men with who the graduating ‘class would soon ha deal. ; The diplomas. were then handed o t, 8 the honor graduates were as follo Highest scholarship, Tin Me Hai, : Li Gien Ying; winner of the Ahern Luis Adona; first honor man, Juan tanoza; second honor tees Amand aming. eh Professor Harold C. Cisne Dean o College of Agriculture, made a few marks. He said he was delighted present and while he had no spe sage to give, still he felt that not come amiss to emphasize the understanding the other man, say one can do his best work if he friction and animosity and the or to avoid unnecessary misunder: and opposition is to put yourself other man’s place and when you t Mr. Harry T. Edwards, former of Agriculture, gave them some g vice and ended by saying, “Conce of your energies upon the essentials success upon this ney trail that today starting upon.” : The Forest School orchestra fur music during the exercises. After ercises were over, Director Fische with the students and bade them f WISCONSIN REGISTERS FAR NAMES , NDER a new Wisconsin law, eff for the past two years, farmers now in a position to register t their farms, a system that appeals both the senses of beauty and utility. The : may well become a _ trademark fo farmer’s products. A large numb farmers in Marinette County have tal advantage of the law and the love of is as much reflected in the names — any other sentiment, Such names as ~ Oaks,” “The Poplars,” “The Pines,” common. The name “Oak Ridge Farn once calls up the picture of a lon surmounted probably by a jsingle ¢ “Maple View Farm” may have a gro} maples in the prospect that the farm faces. “Forest View” offers a simila gestion. “Twin Oaks Farm” or * Maples Farm” hardly need additi directions to guide the seeker. groves have given names to farms at tree motif is also seen in “Beech “Cedar View” and “Elmhurst.” - A “AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ‘WASHINGTON, D. C. PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 7 f = = = = a = ia PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 30c A COPY—$3.00 A YEAR _ OCTOBER, 1920 CONTENTS VoL. 26, No. 322 | UIT HOUTA TTT MPMEER ES liigs Ong Soo Slee x'a'e'ek cise Seeks does ce eee AACE a a RSA oe Rego ong egos ie icics, SIC 579 ~ Forests in the Sand Hills—By Fred R. Johnson..............+-..5. eS FS eS ae ee 582 With four illustrations. ; ’ Seemetnoe Gremmcin, Mari Gullieg.22').... « 65-< sev oa ce va cues 60 traces noah wasneeials casbacsbeosece REESE shinies Oe 584 Fish in Forest Streams and Lakes—By R. W. Shufeldt............. ccc ccceeccccceccccccvceesteucceacvstertes 585 With thirteen illustrations, EERIE SU MERCIOERTY ASattit “IA OCHS < 2., 3.034 «\a'p + 5-04 ogc ol alelany Sd baa mae eSNG Pole Cele Meee RS rea y rae eee beers 592 What is Recreation’s Next Step?—By Arthur H. Carhart............ccccescecceceececeucversees aA oatceen meee 593 With seven illustrations. = = The Uses of Wood—Wood’s Place in the Honey Industry—By Hu Maxwell.............0ccceeceee eeeeeeeees 599 YS _ With eighteen illustrations. : = mune Siret Algaroba Tree in Hawaili—By C.S. Judd: ..28 coo iss ses es wee env'c cada ceusccedveetcnvcedvctssuseceaee 605 ' With two illustrations. ; The Chestnut Blight in the Southern Apalachians—By G. F. Gravatt ...........ccceeeeee cece esee teeeeeeeee 606 MMESTEINIES: O1L.) OTOGETY, «55.5 2 5 50.050'2'5'5 F ners a v's ve ved slau a dan Daiheaw ee on Tuuts oee meee e eae POSS eee 607 . Autumnal Woods—Poem by Charles Nevers Holmes.............ccccceveccuccscttucevevesecuseucteveeeuceses 607 S “Hall of Fame” for Trees................0.csceececseceeeees pe Oe ION, RR Mees one Senne Pe 608 ieee With six illustrations. : a a Pa SSS enna sora ov aie cl SG Oop oe a. w'eing oe 0,0 LOO DOMES Mande oe Mae Oe Conese eda altos keane 610 2a War Memorials—Poem by Abigail F. Taylor....... Taig TOWER ae HOO ee EOE Soins Se em bats 610 - A Veteran Giant of Elms—By R. S. Maddox........... GP PN Py A at OO Pre PIS AE rr OP Al 611 With two illustrations. What Our National Forest Policy Should Be—By Lt. -Col. W. B. Greeley...... oa epee a asm an eee aea ce ds ¢ 612 Living Stumps of Trees—By C. C. Pembertom..............seeecesevesesedscceessecteevenseesseeseeseereeeeets 614 With six illustrations. The Old Tree in the City Square—Poem by Garnett Laidlaw Eskew..................ccceeceeeess exon Oe 616 APMIS AE LOMNC SC IS Yo. 5 e's vic.sin's bien dias cee aice's cd vebpaniemait a tie Beale Oeaeyy eOae OUT TP aeic cx et wanes 617 ae Went Trees in Landscape Work—By O. C: Simonds............2.ccdveclees cats cesteeseeceseseveccsecceecieees 618 With seven illustrations. RRR DE cc Ba oi pong» ie eisicos-s'« se o's on, 8 doh wopieity 4 Coe kIS oF ERM come AN aE See ale radene es 621 MOREEEED UIOMOTIA DIGGS < cn ec cee sic cecrencccewens Pree AT AN ee Il sec VT COR SIE DEE tee eer 622 With one illustration. Old Man of the Mountain—By Guy E. Mitchell......... ate cr epic er NCE COC ERG. eee 624 = With one illustration. * Irrigation an Ancient Practice—By James R. Preddy...........cccceecccccece cet ee crescent eeceseetesereneeee 624 Unique Example of the Propagation of Sugar Maple from a Cutting—By George B. Sudworth.............. 625 With two illustrations. ESM Oars MSS Sag ele « o.0.d' 0's od 8 6 w4.eb e baleta ge Weis MEBIe RE ONO Ren ation tio cTEecwan Tee oan 625 Furniture Making in Brazil.........-......:eeseeeeeeee d ckd a atheas Meter eetine Meva as Toe ATG od edu eter iaies 626 MCE SERA 2s di yid gp As oi ev ns 0's» vs. 0 0 vo 6-oce'bhgsinles Relea Ralels taedteNe Ge Roce ee te atks wat ieell ee cate ka 626 With one illustration. “5 METAR PMRISOUT TE AMNATICH 6. 6:5 boo sue nce snc c oasis or Cavin dean tue sale Web ohn Sapaiecs tans tesa es s.s,6 Wileins 626 o rn PnEreRsee CUB AIR ERCOMG o 6 6c o's 65 t's. laos ed bine conipanea tens Er uugecs pis cka ns WOE pe can Pele tels es ta 626 MENEUOUN oda 5 soc cvbee dss cacccviecdccsesveccnscsccrsesbecseen Pat Heme ee MR aae eat eae hs Gone aay SHON s ors (6.0 5 630 Migratory Birds on the Increase...........--...seeeeeeeerecnwes te OCEAN Ae tne acme elas aan Vaeie ee Uy veh vaeon 632 Pennsylvania’s State Forester’s Conference. ..........2.c0sceeccreccacteeseteceetesessecteescestuecduvscenecns 632 EMME TE SUI oie ig 5 ois saab ks 2 3.) s2)0 Sane Sse oe VOUS TERED NEUSE pecael SONS ey Sev hse txt se cena oboe 632 I I LAME Nate Gets ikaw bioce'4 Se a,0.4 0 9 5's 0.6 0,005 (courant AR URES ERLE TELE alauig abigail be pete nieed pd oie oi 92 632 IE SEIRIET A ONO HURUG TGCS oo. soc oes 00» one Vacs oe Kw ees OMNES ER des Cerep Rule Paes alec sEHRDE ce mee ee oe 635 ME rene Baier aie ai oo so bo HiG5 oud oo 60 0% eins bile LOeAE UMD cha Tk RAED Res wae cite whalcocds weak ete 637 I ea tre EME Socal Ss 5 5 ecele tee. pc's 4.cind 86 v ROP PRMD RN al ha RUS ees eles wala para ans vigtle Methce aiphs 638 SURIMMMUIAL OLOSL POLMCY ca b.. s 5ie'0% 5 2 ic 5 Sos ven a oie os 3p Rep Reb eeemeees tae dadine ye kep ence tees eres ore we 639 Timber from Dead and Live Trees 639 NR et eR Bl dah s ec cp. cc vs oo odo s viewis'an «nd epi pnintee aay eesngtapsnaa tenes esate -> 689 MMMM IIMOMELON Sore aE Gs > wteehs 55 sic oe kc ose Fe) Haictibn og abegpasnah te Rtreeod mingles ¥5.6 6 tnosis wae c ted sees ses oi 640 CHANGE OF ADDRESS A Fomnest for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. wit : j Publication Office, 522 East Street, Baltimore, Md. Headquarters Office, Maryland Building, Washington, D. C. ed as second-class mail matter December %, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by the Ameri- Forestry eeociation. Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. / Fruiting bodies of fun- gus on end of —_ pile, which was cut off at end without bein . subsequently recookat with hot creosote ‘ x * ef a - ailroad stock pens built of creosoted lumber ( pressure process) : coa, dock, decayed as the result of treating green timbers wil mn part of which was framed after treatment exposing a crude creosole ‘of doubiful cual lity. untreated wood to decay Caution—Use as Directed eee a } Pe: ; eZ ae ce yy {4 | cule | ail <= ile Gy 0 A vl ; ola my G Cis i ul a = e Liq ea il Ieicosore) Oil 1. Timber must be seasoned. century, in both Eur- 2. Timber should be com- ope and America, has pletely framed, cut to fit in ecutht RR EL eerie place, and all bolt holes drilled | before treatment. fact that coal-tar creosote yo: ee 3. If framing and fitting are oil is the most effective necessary after treatment, caus- vood preservative known. 3 wood pres ing the exposure of untreated But creosote is not a ze surfaces, all abrasions must re- “cure-all,” nor is it “fool-proof.” ceive at least two brush coats of Carbosota before the parts are finally assembled. Its effectiveness depends upon the er 3 ‘cal fi ployment of proper grades of oil and proper Because of its absolute physica tness methods of application. Otherwise, fail- and perfect uniformity, Carbosota Wa ures like those shown in the accompanying equalled for both Open Tank and Surface illustrations are very apt to result. treatments. One of its special advantages For all non-pressure processes, Carbo- is its low liquid point (41°F.) which means sota Creosote Oil is the universal standard, it can be used unheated m the field when and when properly used, is thoroughly the atmospheric Teper is not below dependable. : tls; In order to insure the proper application of Carbosota and maximum benefits to users, we maintain a technical service, prepared to give special specifications and to make personal surveys when desired. This service is free and is available to both large and small users of lumber. Full information may be had by address- ing our nearest office. iN y4 The Gounit Company Where the Oper Tank treatment is employed the following rules must be strictly adhered to if satisfactor y results are to be obtained: New York Kansas City A dee a Buffalo Cleveland Seattle Toledo St. Louis Birmingham Bangor Elizabeth New Orleans Syracuse Milwaukee Boston Nashville Salt Lake City Bethlehem Detroit Duluth Youngstown Philadelphia Dallas Lebanon Latrobe Pittsburgn Atlanta Richmond . Chicago Panneenons Johnstown Baltimore r. Cincinnati Pe Columbus THE BARRETT COMPANY, Limited Montreal Toronto Spraying sills and floor Joists with Carbosota. Winnipeg Vancouver St. John, N. B: Halifax, N.S. Sdyney, N.S. AMERICAN I reine nee aE FORESTRY hn | scl . OCTOBER, 1920 UNUSUAL EDITORIAL Sa A NO. 322 “4 Nae summer fire season of 1920 is, it is to be hoped, ea now a matter of history. So far as the western _ National Forests are concerned, the season has been an __ unusual one in several respects. A wet spring delayed _ the occurrence of any really serious fires until early in July, and gave rise to the hope that they were to be few and far between. Then came a period of dry weather which resulted in a rapid increase in the number of fires. _ The situation was particularly critical in Montana, Idaho, _ Washington, Oregon and California, where the develop- ment of widespread conflagrations was threatened. _ Fortunately, unusually high winds were not prevalent and rather general rains toward the end of August and _ the first of September virtually put an end to the danger i: _ of a catastrophe. One of the interesting features of the season was the _ large proportion of fires caused by lightning. In western Montana and northern.Idaho, for instance, lightning set ~ no less than 1,200 fires, or approximately 80 per cent of the total number. These were so scattered and fre- quently so inaccessible as to render their control ex- tremely difficult. So serious was the situation that in early August some 500 extra patrolmen and 1,200 fire- fighters were on duty at the same time. High winds and still drier conditions than those which actually existed might easily have resulted in a repetition of the holo- _ eaust of 1910. i Lightning was also responsible for many fires in Wash- ington, Oregon and California. Here the experiments undertaken last year with the airplane as a means of fire patrol and fire reconnaissance were continued. While _ it is still too early to reach any final judgment as to _ the value of the airplane for these purposes, it has to its 4 credit many instances of service rendered. In addition ; ‘to detecting the occurrence of fires, it has been able to determine their exact location and area, the general ___ character of material in which they were burning, and the Je THE FIRE SEASON best means of approach. Information of this sort has made possible the selection of fire-fighting crews of the right size and has saved valuable time in getting them to the scene of the fire. Information is not yet available as to the acreage burned and damage done. It is known, however, that in less than three months it has been necessary to incur emergency liabilities aggregating about $700,000. This is over and above the much larger amounts spent annu- ally by the Forest Service from its regular appropriations for the maintenance of a fire protection organization, the development of means of communication and transpor- tation, and the purchase of supplies and equipment. The | maximum expenditure, amounting to considerably more than half of the total, has been in western Montana and northern Idaho. Washington and Oregon come next, and California third. Wyoming and Colorado have es- caped with the remarkably small total of approximately $3,500, To meet a situation of this sort, Congress, in the face of a request from the Forest Service for an appropria- tion of $1,000,000 for emergency fire fighting, actuallv appropriated $250,000. A deficit of $450,000 has there- fore already been incurred which must be met from funds appropriated and badly needed for other pur- poses, unless and until Congress sees fit to provide a de- ° ficiency appropriation. Last year, with a special appro- priation of only $150,000, a deficit of nearly $3,000,000 was incurred. Under less favorable conditions, the situation this year, which passes for a relatively good one as fire seasons go, might easily have been equally bad. Will Congress never learn that in so vital a matter as the protection of our National Forests from fire it is true economy to appropriate at least reasonably near the amount. that experience has indicated will actually be needed? ¢ ie E of the lumber trade journals comments editorially 25 as follows: “In spite of all that is heard about the difficulties of the manufacturers there always is lumber— AND THERE ALWAYS WILL BE LUMBER.” Prob- _ ably there will. We hope so at any rate. But the ques- _ tion is will there be enough lumber; what will be its = “THERE ALWAYS WILL BE LUMBER” quality ; how far shall we have to transport it; and what will it cost? Somehow, we cannot feel entire confidence as to the abundance of future supplies of lumber when we reflect that. we are now cutting or otherwise destroying our forests more than four times as fast as they are growing. The steadily increasing shortage of raw material in many important wood-using industries does not help to re- assure us. We cannot be blind to the fact that the disap- pearance of our virgin forests, unaccompanied by any real attempt to replace them by trees of equal size and quality, is resulting in a progressive decrease in the amount of high grade material available. We cannot help feeling that a community such as Minneapolis, which formerly cut 500,000,000 board feet of lumber a year, would be better off today if all of its sawmills had not disappeared and if it did not have to import from 80 to 90 per cent of the lumber which it now consumes from the Pacific Coast. We cannot avoid a suspicion that there is some connection between the depletion of eastern softwoods and the fact that redwood siding last summer retailed at $43 per thousand board feet in Eureka, California, and for $130 per thousand AMERICAN © asl. Ra Rd Bh 7 in Wakltigion: D.C; in spite of the fact that ; rate between the two places was only $8.50 per tl It even strikes us as significant that the same take hi contained the editorial already referred to many ican markets for foreign lumber,” and to the f “imports of lumber have doubled and, in many i more than trebled in volume and value within The signs of the times are too clear to be m But it is equally true that it will be available’ insufficient quantity, of poor quality, and at prices, unless we mend our ways. If we are unpleasant consequences we shall have to take action to substitute for our present hit-or-miss productive. HARDING FOR CONSERVATION ONE of the noteworthy developments in the Presiden- tial campaign has been Senator Harding’s unequi- vocal support of forestry and other forms of conserva- tion. Speaking to a delegation of Ohio editors on August 13, he urged the importance of forest conservation as a means of insuring an adequate supply of newsprint paper. The fact that we now import from other countries two- thirds of the print paper that we consume, whereas ten years ago we were self-supporting, emphasizes the sound- ness of his plea for “a forest policy which shall make us self-reliant once more.” Particularly gratifying is his recognition that “permanent and ample relief must come by going to the underlying causes.” It is a superficial view which attributes the present shortage of newsprint paper priniarily to such factors as inadequate mill capac- ity and restrictions on the export of Canadian pulpwood. The fundamental cause lies deeper. In the last analysis depletion of the forests, both American and Canadian, from which the pulp and paper industry draws its sup- ply of raw materfals is the real root of its difficulties. A few days later, at a picnic of retail lumber dealers, Senator Harding showed his appreciation of the effects of timber depletion on other industries and on the nation asa whole. After calling attention to the steady decrease in the forest resources of the entire eastern United States and to the effect of high lumber prices, due i in fact that we have been drawing. on our atu timber supply without a thought of the future. . But we have learned the lesson now and we have n to conserve, but we ought to have a national poli conservation and reforestation. . . . I can th no forward look in relation to the good fortunes ¢ America which does not contemplate a forest which will assure us the essentials in the lumber I all our constructive activities.” —- maar All of this is admirably and strictly it in line wih formal declaration to a group of Governors on 31, in favor of the conservation of all of our resources. It is also gratifying that Senator H does not attempt to make a political issue out of vation. There is no reason why this should not be ot subject on which both the Republican and the Demo- cratic candidates are in perfect accord. Opinions may differ as to details of procedure, but the need for th protection and perpetuation of our forests is so clear so urgent that every forward-looking American, spective of party, should find himself in.agreement the essential principle of preservation through wise u AN UNSOUND DOCTRINE OVERNOR PHILLIP’S interesting address at the Decennial Celebration of the Forest Products Labor- atory on “Legislative Measures for Forest Conserva- tion,” contained one important recommendation with whith foresters and conservationists disagree. In effect this was a disclaimer of any responsibility on the part of the individual States to conserve their forests, on the ground that forest production involves a long-term in- vestment of doubtful financial return which it is un- reasonable to expect the States to undertake, and that forest products are not for the use alone of the State in which they are grown, but of the entire nation. If this view were generally accepted and applied i would effectually put an end not only to all State forestry activities, but to all private forestry activities. For if the States cannot afford to practice forestry and aré without responsibility in the matter, private owners are still less so. The entire task is thus shifted to tk shoulders of the Federal Government, practically all o the forestry programs now under discussion are kno in the head, and any effective attempt at the conser tion of the great bulk of our forests, four-fifths of | whic ch are in private ownership, is postponed until an indef it future. Fortunately, Governor Phillip’s statement was im- _ mediately challenged by other speakers both at the de- cennial celebration and at the reforestation conference. _ of the wood-using industries. Thus Colonel Greeley came out with the flat-footed statement that, while the growing of timber is a duty of the National Govern- _ ment, “it is a responsibility that the States also share. It seems to me that Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan E- have an obligation to their own citizens, to their own esis. their own future taxable property, and future _ industry to take an active hand in this proposition of ‘growing timber. I am for State Forests as well as Fed- 4 _ eral Forests.” _ This is sound doctrine. Leaving altruism out of con- sid ation altogether, the States, from a purely selfish point of view, have a profound interest in keeping their forest lands productive. Idle lands create no riches. "Productive lands support a host of forest and wood- using industries, and contribute in countless ways to ¢ * the welfare of the entire community. All experience EDITORIAL 581 contradicts Governor Phillip’s assumption that forestry is an unprofitable venture. Certainly those States which have tried it have not found it so. Pennsylvania, with its present State forest area of some 1,100,000 acres is making active plans to increase this to 6,000,000 acres. Massachusetts has just embarked on an ambitious pro- gram of forest acquisition. New York is steadily in- creasing its holdings. To claim that State forestry is an unwise venture and that the States have neither interest nor responsibility in the conservation of their natural resources is to fly in the face of both history and logic. To attempt to put such dangerous doctrine into practice is-to threaten the prosperity of the very people whom it pretends to protect. If Wisconsin is wise it will heed the experience of other States and other countries by embracing the first opportunity to enlarge its present holdings of State forest lands and to adopt a comprehensive and progres- sive program of State forestry in general. YHE recent bulletin on North American Forest Re- t search compiled by the Society of American Fores- _ ters and published by the National Research Council constitutes a real contribution to our forest literature. _ Prepared primarily to serve as a clearing house of in- formation on current investigative projects, it serves also as a record of progress and a promise of future accom- plishment. Systematic forest Feabirels in North America had its beginning as recently as 1908, when the Fort Valley _ Experiment Station was established near Flagstaff, _ Arizona. In 1909 came the establishment of the Forest _ Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, and in 1915 _ of the Forest Products Laboratories of Canada at Mon- treal. Today, some 520 projects, covering the entire field of forestry are being conducted by a wide variety a of agencies. These include not only the Federal depart- ments of Canada, Newfoundland and the United States, but from 40 to 50 State, provincial, college and corporate __ organizations and individuals. The comprehensive state- _ ment of investigative activities furnished by the bulletin WHERE WE STAND IN FOREST RESEARCH will be indispensable to those actually engaged in the work, and of marked value to all others interested in the progress of forestry, While the bulletin contains no mention ae expendi- tures, the results already accomplished and the extent of the work now under way will be a source of wonder to those who are familiar with the very limited funds available for research. The action of Congress last spring in reducing by 36 per cent the already meagre appropriation for experiment stations and other forest in- vestigations is a striking example of the way in which research has been crippled by a niggardly and unprofit- able economy. It is to be hoped that the more thorough understanding of the character, importance and possi- bilities of forest research which will undoubtedly be stimulated by the present bulletin will lead to its sup- port on a more adequate scale. It will be of little avail to adopt the most progressive possible national forestry policy if its practical application is. not based on thorough reseatch in silviculture, forest products, forest economics and related lines. ~ “A DOCUMENT WHICH EVERY MINHE editor of the Lumber World Review refers to the Forest Service report on Senate Resolution No. 31 I, more commonly known as the “Capper Report,” as a “document which every lumberman in the United States who has a lick of interest in his affairs—as _ related to the Government—should purchase and read.” _ AMERICAN Forestry would like to enlarge the editor’s ‘circle of readers to include every one interested in the welfare of the nation. The review of the report which _ appears elsewhere in this issue gives some idea of the La. principal conclusions reached. Nothing less than a com- - 7 LUMBERMAN SHOULD READ” plete reading however, is sufficient to give the average citizen an adequate conception of our present timber situa- tion. Unlike many Government publications, it is clear, concise and thoroughly readable from cover to cover. It ‘is the most thorough study of the problem of our timber supply and timber depletion from an economic point of view which has not yet been made, and the facts pre- sented furnish an incontrovertible argument in favor of. the immediate adoption of an adequate forest policy for the nation. “ FORESTS IN THE SAND HILLS BY FRED R. JOHNSON U. S. FOREST SERVICE, DENVER, COLORADO HE weary traveler passing through the uninteresting sandhill region in western Nebraska on the Billings Branch of the Burlington Railroad is astonished after hours of gazing at bare sandhills, occasional sod ranch houses, and groups of cattle, to see before him green hills covered with evergreen trees. There is a rush to the south side of the train, a series of questions, and then a sign looms in view: “Bessey Nursery, Nebraska National Forest.” Are those trees natural growth; were they planted; what kind are they; why should we have a forest in these desolate hills, etc? For years a greater part of western Nebraska was known as the Great American Desert. A few ranchers occupied the river valleys and lower lying land close to lakes where they could cut enough hay to adjacent hills. Other parts of the hills were used by herds of long horned cattle that trailed country from Texas and then sold in the fall at Missouri River markets. winter their cattle, which grazed in the were across But this business proved unprofitable and twenty years ago there was very little use of the sandhills. About that time a movement, led by Dr. Charles E. 3essey, Dean of the Botany Department of the Univer- sity of Nebraska, was started to utilize a portion of these sandhills for the purpose of raising timber for the prairie states. This was shown to be practicable from the growth made by a plantation of jack, Scotch and yellow pins established in 1891 on Bruner Brothers’ ranch in Hot County, Nebraska, by the Federal Division of Forestry. It was felt that the production of timber and the grazing of cattle might be carried on together, as in much of the mountain country, and the land would thus be put to a higher use. Nebraska has almost as small a forest area as any state in the Union and large quantities of material are needed anually for use on ranches and on the excel- lent farms in the eastern part of the state. Accordingly, in 1902, after an examination of the land in this region by forest experts, an area of 206,000 acres was set aside by Presidential Proclamation—o.4 of 1 per cent of the total area of the state, reserved for raising timber. In 1903 the first plantation was established with jack pine seedlings pulled from the forests of Minnesota. These trees now range from 20 to 25 feet in height and forest conditions prevail, the grass having been shaded out and replaced by a litter of pine needles, and the lower limbs of the trees are falling off. A comparison with the jack pine plantations in Holt County, previously men- VIEW FROM LOOKOUT TOWER, NEBRASKA FOREST This shows the system of fire breaks, the nature of the country, and yellow pine planted in 1914 in the foreground, with older planting in the distance, 1e plantations are divided into units of about 160 acres each. 582 FORESTS IN THE SAND HILLS 583 JACK. PINE PLANTATION Established in 1911 in Nebraska Forest. tioned, indicates that three or four posts can be cut from each tree twenty-five years after planting. If 800 trees per acre reach maturity out of 1,500 planted and posts are worth four cents each on the stump, receipts from the sale of the posts would amount to $128. Assuming a cost of $16.00 per acre for planting and that it costs 15 cents annually per acre for protection on this intensively The rows of jack pine are now rapidly closing. Yellow pine planted in 1911 in the foreground. has an annual output of from one and a half to two mil- lion trees. Western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) and jack pine (Pinus divaricata) are the most successful trees for this region, many’ others having been tried out and found not suited. Seed is sowed in the nursery in beds four feet wide.and the little trees grow here for two years. Then.they are transplanted or set out in nursery YELLOW PINE A high survival has resulted and the trees are making a wonderful growth. managed tract and compounding these costs for the period, net receipts of $89.00 result, or $3.56 per acre annually for each year of the life of the stand. This is a much higher return than can be secured from this land when used for grazing cattle. In 1903 a nursery was started near Halsey, which now PLANTED IN 1909 This is also in Nebraska Forest. rows for another year’s additional growth before they are ready to plant in the hills. The success of the work near Halsey resulted in Nebraska people requesting Congress to establish a nur- and to extend to the Niobrara of the secured the forestation work Forest. A sery Division site was on 584 AMERICAN Niobrara River and in 1915 ground was broken for nursery purposes. The work here will be rapidly pushed along the same lines as at Halsey. The trees are dug in the spring and hauled immediately to the planting site. Temporary camps are established throughout the hills. A barn accommodating forty horses, a mess house in which fifty men can be fed, and bunk houses accommodating twelve men each, are built in sections so that they can be moved conveniently every four years. Wells, 100 to 150 feet deep, must be sunk FORESTRY small trees with the dirt they push out from their run- ways and also eat the roots of the larger trees. To protect the plantations from fires they are divided by fire lines into units of about 160 acres. These con- sist of two plowed strips—a rod wide—placed from 100 to 150 feet apart. In the fall the grass between the plowed strips is burned off. This system has proved * very effective and there have been no fires in the plan- tations since I9I0. The remnant of Nebraska’s once large herds of deer LOOKING DOWN ALONG THE FIRE LINE Jack pine, established in 1913, to the right of the fire line; yellow pine, established from 1907 to 1909, to the left of the fire line. A few single for water. One section (640 acres) is planted annually and the camps are arranged so as to be centrally located. The trees are planted in furrows, a side hill or reversi- ble plow being used for this purpose. A machine called a trencher, which consists of a V-shaped piece of iron attached to a plow beam, follows the plow and makes a slit in the middle of the furrow into which the roots of the trees are placed. The planter closes the slit with a thrust of his foot. A crew of six planters will set from twelve to fifteen thousand trees per day. About 35 horses and 45 men are used in the average camp during the planting operation. In addition about fifty men are em- ployed at the nursery digging trees, transplanting, sowing seed, etc. The spring operation lasts from a month to six weeks. Approximately 3,500 acres have been planted success- fully at a cost of about $16.00 per acre. From 1,500 to 1,800 trees are set per acre. At present survivals of fifty to sixty per cent can be expected in the driest season, while under favorable conditions ninety per cent of the trees will live. Losses have been caused by drought, pocket gophers and fires. The pocket gophers bury the Nebraska Forest. re lines have been constructed for use in back firing or for stopping ground fires. are to be found on this forest. Frequently they are to be seen taking advantage of the shelter afforded by the young forest. Thus the future forést, located in the midst of a treeless country, will be a game refuge, a future playground for people in the prairie country, and a source of timber. PLANTING TREES IN FARM GULLIES P2ERENG trees in farm gullies is a reclamatory measure advocated by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. The results are of two-fold advantage, as not only are the trees valuable in themselves but their presence stops the gully erosion. In the north Atlantic and mountain states and in the Mississippi Valley the locust is well adapted for this use as it has a large root system, grows rapidly and makes one of the most lasting woods for fence posts. The little trees may be dug up in locust thickets or obtained from commercial nurseries. In other sections the native shortleaf pine is one of the best varieties for reclaiming gullies as it exerts even when young a marked influence in holding the soil. When set out in gullies, its growth is fairly rapid and in a few years it forms a complete protective cover. Ae atts ROR Oy reg lane lenny FISH IN FOREST STREAMS AND LAKES BY R. W. SHUFELDT (PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) ERE it not for our forests there would not be many fresh water fish—or to carry the illustra- tion further, if our forests disappear, so will, in large part, those fine streams which fish frequent and fishermen love. The subject of recreation in our forests, which is coming more and more to the fore, includes fishing, and this article is written to give some account of some of the fish which are caught in streams that run for miles through forest areas, or in lakes and ponds located in the very depths of timbered country. Beyond a brief description of the Striped Bass, which runs far up some of our larger rivers to spawn, no mention of marine fishes will be made here; of these there are many hundreds of kinds inhabiting the coastwise waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as the Gulf of Mexico. The writer has caught many of these all the way around the coast line from Long Island Sound to Galveston Harbor, Texas. But they do not interest the lover of the forest, while an account of our trout, our pikes or pickerel, our catfishes, basses, and others that he knows more or less about from having taken them and handled them himself, would naturally appeal to him. With but few excep- T . Figure 1. Evening on the borders of an Adirondack Lake with a mess of fish tions, all of our fresh- Fiz bala for dinner, water fishes are repre- sented by several species making up any particular genus; for example, the catfishes, sunfishes, and trout all illus- trate this fact, as well as the herring group and others that do not particularly interest us here. Dr. David Starr Jordan, our greatest authority on American fishes, long ago published the fact that “the catfishes abound in all the fresh waters of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The species of the three genera, Channel Cats, Horned Pout, and Mud Cats, which con- stitute the bulk of the family as represented in North FOREST LOVERS IN CAMP America, all reach a length of from one to five feet, and all are food fishes of more or less importance. One of the Catfishes, the Mississippi Cat, is our largest fresh- water fish, weighing upwards of one hundred and fifty pounds; and two of the others, the Mud Cat and the Great Lake Catfish, reach a very considerable size.” In quoting this paragraph, the liberty of substituting the common names for the scientific ones has been taken. Our “Bull-head” is the best known species of the family, and it is the com- mon form of cat of the New England and North- ern States. Many know it as the “Bull-pout,” “Horned. Pout,” and sometimes as the “Minis- ter.” A number of years ago they were successfully introduced into the rivers of California, where they are now quite abundant; an excellent picture of one is here produced in Figure 3. It is great sport to fish for catfish on a rainy night, using small pieces of raw beef -for bait, scented with a drop or so of the tincture of assa- foetida to attract them. Among the water-lilies is a great place to try it—a bamboo pole and line is all the rig necessary; but to keep dry, one should be dressed in rubber from head to foot. ‘When the catch runs at three or four pounds to the take— to get a good mess doés not carry one very far into the night; and if properly cooked over the camp- fire, they are more palatable than some people represent them to be. Speaking of catfish, a great place to fish for them is in any suitable locality in the Potomac River (Fig. 4); indeed, that stream is noted for the great variety of fishes that are indigenous to it. Among others may be mentioned two or three species of sunfishes (Figs. 6 and 7); white and yellow perches; black bass; striped bass, and shad in the spawning season; crappie, eels, 585 586 AMERICAN FORESTRY carp, and many others. As most people know, the black bass are of two species—the Small- mouth Black Bass (Fig. 2) and the Large- mouth Black Bass; both belong to the genus Micropterus, and are readily distinguish- ed through the fact that in the last-named form the angle of the gape of the mouth is back of the imaginary vertical line from the center of the pupil of the eye upon either side. So gamy are these fish that, on the Figure 2. lakes in the Northwest water game fish than t Virginia, who deserves the credit of having planned and carried out the enterprise of trans- ferring this fish from the Ohio River to the Potomac. This was as long ago as 1853, and the present generation of fishermen should re- member this fact. The published history. of the Black Bass is quite extensive and in- teresting; but at this point we must pass to the notice of some oth- er fishes. In doing so, however, it will be well to note that we have, in the inland waters of THE BLACK BASS In a large part of the United States thefe is’ no better known fresh Re, Black Bass, nor one more generally sought after. There are two species of Black Bass in this country, namely the large and the small- and elsewhere, they are mouthed. known as the “game- fish of the North,” and most of our anglers prefer $0": fish for them above all other kinds. In 1868 the writer landed many a one from his boat on either of the united lakes, La Belle and Fowler’s, in central Wisconsin,—that is, at Oconomowoc. They made superb fishing there, for the waters of those lakes are deep and clear; the fish are wonderfully gamy; and to catch one weighing “six pounds happened often enough to make the sport most exhilarating. The one here figured is the small-mouth, and it may be identified by the angle of the jaw being below the eye and not reaching back of it. the United States, a long list of fish that are known under the name of bass of one kind or other. Not only is this true, but those fishes as a rule all belong in ‘very different families, and in most instances are not especially. closely affined. The bass of the South is the Red Fish; then we have the Striped Bass (Fig. 5), which has several vernacular names besides. All of our sunfishes, of which the common Pumpkin-Seed or ‘Pobacco: Box is an example, have all been designated as various -kinds These fish have received many English names —so many in tact; that’. tt would be a waste of time and space to attempt to enumerate them here. Both have a wide range over the great- er part of east- ern United States, and at this time both have been in- troduced into western waters. be despised. This is one of our smaller “cats,’ of the Great Mississippi Catfish, for example, Black basses are very satisfactory fishes to introduce into new habitats. Dr. Goode has pointed out that “a few young bass will multiply so rapidly as to stock a large lake in five years. The Potomac and its tributaries swarmed with them ten years after their first introduc- tion.” It is Mr. W. W. Shriver, of Wheeling, West THE CATFISH Figure 3. Catfish are eusually caught with hook and line at night, and, of its kind, for some of the species are giants in their way, specimens weighing as much as 150 pounds. of basses; and there is the Brassy Bass, often confused with the Crap- pie; the Silver Bass is another _ name for the “Moon - eye,” and many other examples could be given. Many people —and forest- lovers among them—by no means despise such sport as there may be in angling for any of the various species of our common Sunfish (Figs. 6 and 7); although be it known, as a rule these species are generally regarded as the game fish of our small boys. The common sunfish is an abundant form in most lakes and rivers, from the Great Lakes to southern Georgia. Dr. Kirkland has given us some very the sport is not to the Calico Bass, . eT Term FISH IN FOREST STREAMS AND LAKES 587 mteresting points on the breeding habits of this species, which he very truly says “prefers still and clear waters. In the spring of the year the female prepares herself a circular nest by removing all reeds or other dead aquatic plants from a chosen spot of a foot or more in diameter, so as to leave bare the clean gravel or sand; this she excavates to the depth of three or four inches, and then deposits her spawn, which she watches with the greatest vigilance; and it is curious to see how carefully she guards this nest against all intruders. In every fish, even those of her own species, she sees only an enemy, and is restless and uneasy until she has driven it away from her nursery. We often find groups of these nests being in shallow water, as Doctor Kirkland observes, we may say this only holds true where there is no great rise and fall of tide. For example, those who have studied the breeding habits of the Common and Long- eared Sunfishes (Fig. 6) in the Potomac, near Wash- ington, know very well that, in such localities as the inlet at Four Mile Run and similar places, the tide may rise many feet; and that at high tides, where the sun- fishes have built their nests close to the edge of the pond or inlet in shallow water, these will often be far from the shore and in comparatively deep water. So far as known, all other species of our sunfishes of this and closely allied species possess the same breeding-habits. WHERE WASHINGTON FISHED r : Figure 4. One of the finest rivers in which to fish for Black Bass is the Potomac-River. The scene here shown is at Miller, Virginia, less” than a mile west of Mount Vernon. General Washington and his friends fished off this point—more than a century before the little boathouse was built there. p-aced near each other along the margin of the pond or fiver that the fish inhabits, but always in very shallow water; hence they are liable to be left dry in times of great drought. These curious nests are most frequently encircled by aquatic plants, but a large space is invari- ably left open for the admission of light.” The writer has seen these sunfishes breeding in many waters in a number of the States east of the Mississippi, and their habits in this respect vary considerably, although essentially similar. Occasionally it will be observed that the female fish, where the bottom is pebbly, has the habit of pushing the pebbles away from the area she has chosen for a nest, and in so doing forms a circlet of them about the latter that causes it to appear more like a “nest.” As to the latter always It may be of interest to the readers of AMERICAN For- ESTRY to know that the beautiful Long-eared Sunfish here shown in Figure 6 inhabited one of the large tanks in “The Grotto” at the United States Fish Commission Building in Washington as long ago as 1900. It is by no means an easy matter to photograph active fishes like this Long-eared Sunfish while it is swimming at large in a tank containing three or four hundred gallons of water. The day the photograph was taken was a very warm and sultry one in July, and the lens of the camera had to be focussed on some imaginary spot near the center of the-tank, with the hope that the fish might come to rest there sooner or later as it swam about its home. After waiting for an hour or more, this actually happened, and an instantaneous exposure FORESTRY . a 588 AMERICAN accomplished Of all our the desired re- best known | sult. Several fishes—that is — years thereafter food fishes—no the writer was well repaid for his patience and labor, as_ this photograph, grouped with others of fish and various living crea- tures, was one is a greater — favorite than the White ~ Perch—Roccus americanus of science. It is ape of the best “pan - fishes” ~ known, and the awarded a prize at the Exhibit of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, held at Liverpool. The Com- mon Sunfish shown in Figure 7 was secured by the writer in one of his own aquaria the day after it was caught in the Potomac River. When properly cared for, these sunfishes may be reared in aquaria from little bits of specimens less than Figure 5. specimens seldom range over half of that. THE SUNFISH Figure 6. This long-eared Sunfish is one of the most beautiful species of its genus. Though not an ear, it receives its name from the black flap above the gill-slit. All the streams in this country that empty into the Atlantic and the Gulf are abundantly supplied with this species of sunfish. two centimeters long. Two such fish are at hand at this writing, swimming contentedly about in a medium- sized aquarium; each is now more than three times the size it was when taken from its river home, and each has begun to assume the pretty colors of the adult of the species. In fact, an old male sunfish of the Common variety, when in full color, is really an exceptionally beautiful fish. Rarely do they exceed a pound and a half or two pounds in weight, being easily captured with angling worms and the simplest sort of rod, hook, and line, with the usual float and light sinker. THE STRIPED BASS It is said that this fish—the Striped Bass—may attain a weight of forty pounds, while market Naturally, there is a large literature on this famous f fish, which is a species ranging all the way rourid the eastern and southern coasts of the United States. kets of New England and northern Adlai tic States! Economically, our Striped Bass is doubtless - the most important fish where it ranges; but beyond. question this White Perch stands next on the list. (Fig. 9). It is wonderfully abundant in the streams — that empty into the bays along the Atlante Coast, as far south as Florida. As long ago as 1878, we read in the Report of the United States Fish Commission that “after the middle of June ats White Perch are found in localities wide and vigor—spots where the Rockfish could not liye a day. Still later in the summer, as the’ young Perch become quite strong and of some size, the river, alone ry ANOTHER SUNFISH Another beautiful Sunfish is the common species—the _ “game fish” of boyhood days. It has many other names, as “Pumpkin Seed,” “Tobacco Box,” and “Sunny.” Sunfish of this species are found as far south as the streams of Georgia “nd westward to the Great Lakes, As a “pan-fish,” it has furnished many a forester a breakfast. Figu re 7. in and about tide-water, fairly teems with them. At this — season they go in schools, sometimes of large size. Twelve, fifteen, and twenty dozen August Perch have” been known to be taken with a line in as short a time as from three to five hours. Fishing in this way, a ; FISH IN FOREST STREAMS AND LAKES line with a half dozen hooks is used, and worms, sturgeon spawn, or live minnows are used as bait. These schools of small perch were supposed to be the broods of the preceding May, and that they kept together until late in November. They pass down to the salt water and there separate. Larger adult fish are not as restless as these smaller ones; are found in deeper water, and usually in tide- 589 perch, and that is the Yellow Perch. This favorite of anglers everywhere has quite a wide range, occurring as it does in nearly all the streams of New England, west- ward to include the system of the Great Lakes; while east of the Allegheny Range and southward to northern Florida, it is very abundant in certain localities. At the proper seasons of the year we may note many of them for sale in the waters.” markets of the A two-pound cities, in the White Perch is northeastern a big one; and, parts of the as a rule, they run more than half that weight to the catch. Where forest lovers are most likely to meet with — this fish will be during certain seasons of the year in those streams along the Atlantic Coast running soon into brack- ish water, and where exten- sive timber- lands exist. They are easy fish to capture, for they eager- ly take the right sort of bait, and few kinds make a better breakfast for the hungry woodsman. White Perch, when taken in salt water creeks, are found to be of a much darker color; but it must be re- membered that it is identically the same spe- , cies as the silvery white ones caught in clear ponds and streams of fresh water. From the viewpoint of one who possesses the neces- sary knowledge of the science of fishes, together with their structure and true affinities, the fact is patent, upon comparing all these species we call “perch” in this coun- try, that we really have in our fish fauna but one true connected with some clear, though sluggish river. A HAUNT OF PIKE AND PICKEREL Figure 8. Pikes and some other fishes love such a,pond as the one here shown, especially should it be where the leaves of the pond lilies float, is an ideal retreat for a pike or pickerel. country. This perch rarely ex- ceeds two pounds in weight or measures much over a foot in length, the average being rather under than over these figures. Where they exist in numbers, it re- quires but a short time to catch a good mess for break- fast, as they are voracious feeders and bite eagerly when minnows or angling - worms are used as bait. In many localities over their range, these perch are very abundant and much sought after, the largest fish being caught in various locali- ties inthe Great Lakes, where a two-powinder is notararity. As a rule they are heavier when taken in the Lakes than those obtained in the rivers running into them. The example of the Yellow Perch here shown in Figure 10 was a Potomac River specimen and purchased in the Center Market of Washington. It weighed but half a pound; and, although the markings were not very pronounced, still it gives an excellent and correct Dowri in the dark, right hand corner of this pond, 590 AMERICAN idea of the appearance of this widely known fish. Passing to the Pike family, we have a very interesting member of it in our common Pike or Pickerel—a fish indigenous to both Europe and America, and familiar to anglers in all parts of its habitat; it also occurs in some of the waters of northern Asia. It is a relative of the mighty Muskellunge, and still other species are members THE WHITE PERCH Figure 9. One of our most important food fishes is the White Perch; in fact, in oF White Perch (Roccus americanus) make attractive aquarium fish; the one here represented is from a photograph made by the writer at the United States Bureau of Fisheries, this respect it is only exceeded in the East by the Striped Bass. where it occupied one of the large tanks. of the same genus, as the Common Pickerel and the two species of Brook Pickerel. These last two are so small that fishermen pay them but scant attention. Muskellunge sometimes run up to one hundred pounds in weight, and to land one with rod and line is a feat not to be forgotten in. a lifetime. The writer once witnessed a fight with one on Silver Lake in Wisconsin, which, when captured, was found to-weigh but 25 pounds. The gentleman who took it was in an open, light canoe, and handled a delicate steel rod with the finest sort of a reel and line. To witness the skill with which he finally brought that big fish to gaff was ‘a:sight never to be forgotten; all of ‘three-quarters of an® hour -was required to do it. The writer has taken Common Pike in many waters, as in the streams of New England, in the lakes of the Catskills, and in various sections of the Northwest.. Sometimes, when afield without a rod, a fine fish has occasionally been taken with a shotgun; for, as we all know, a pike has the habit of resting near the surface of the water as motionless asa stick, so that it is an easy matter to shoot it; but, it must be admitted, it is not a very sportsmanlike procedure. » Still, with no tackle at hand, and one has no fish for breakfast in a forest camp, we must believe that such an act would be more or less justifiable and that the forester would be forgiven for it. Pike are usually found—especially in New England— in deep, still mill-ponds, where the water is quiet and water lilies grow in patches of greater or less extent. ~ FORESTRY Behind these an old pike will lie in ambush a few inches below the surface, awaiting the passage of minnows or “shiners ;” upon these he has no mercy, seizing them in his powerful jaws, and devouring probably several dozen in the course of twenty-four hours. During the spawning season the fish are found in pairs; but at other times they live singly and at greater or less distances apart. They may be taken with the trolling-line, or, better still, with live minnows and any ordinary tackle. On a big mill-pond that has not been over-fished, six or eight big pike may be taken with the rod from a boat in the course of a forenoon’s fish- ing. One should scull cautiously through the open water, and cast the bait over into the places where the lily-pads are, and where the pike are in concealment. It is remarkable to note the voracious manner in which one will rush through the water to seize a minnow struggling on the hook; and when hooked, the fish, if a big one, will put up a lively fight in its efforts to escape being taken, often springing clear of the water in its attempts to shake the hook out of its mouth. An even more gamy fish is our common Brook Trout—a species known to anglers throughout the world. An excellent picture of this famous game-fish, and the sort of brook wherein it may be found are here shown in Figures 12 and 13. : With respect to the distribution in this country of the Speckled Trout—the Salvelinus fontinalis of science—Doctor Goode has said that the “Speckled Trout has its home between latitudes 32%° and 55°, in the lakes and streams of the Atlantic watershed, near the sources of a few rivers flowing into the THE YELLOW PERCH a Figure 10. Although not an especially gamy fish, the Yellow Perch is one of the anglers’ standbys from hoyhood up. During the fishing season, this perch is exposed for sale in great numbers in our markets, and it is esteemed very highly as a food fish. Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, and in some of the southern affluents of Hudson’s Bay. Its range is limited ~ by the western foothills of the Alleghenies, and nowhere ~ extends more than three hundred miles from the coast, — except about the Great Lakes, in the northern tributaries _ of which Trout abound.” It is a fish with remarkable habits, and a long and more than remarkable history. No ~ end of books have been written about its natural history : FISH IN FOREST STREAMS AND LAKES 591 THE QUICK AND FIGHTING PIKE Figure 11. A gamy group of fishes are the Pikes, Pickerel and their various congeners of the lakes and streams in many parts of the country, = so far as animal food is concerned, the Pike is practically omnivorous, as it will devour anything it captures, even small-sized specimens of its own kind. : and the art of angling for it. The distribution of the his creel by many sly devices. The most skillful fisher- species is largely controlled by the temperature of the: man is he who places before them least obtrusively the water, and they constantly change their habitats to main-! bait which their momentary whims demand, or a clever 45 y g | y tain the degree of heat most agreeable to them. “Their! imitation thereof.” In many places Trout become daintiness, shyness, cunning, and mettle,” says Goode,! domesticated, and come as fully under the control of y § J ’ a “render them favorites of the angler, who lures them into’ their Owners or caretakers as do cats and dogs; this is ! a A TYPICAL TROUT STREAM Figure 12. Brook Trout are often found in little inland Streams, such as the one here shown, in many parts of the New England and Middle States, and trout fishermen acclaim the sport as the best that can be had with rod and reel. 592 AMERICAN largely practiced by fish-culturists in England—at least this was the case in earlier times, and it is fair to pre- sume that it is still maintained. Trout vary greatly within the species, according to the nature of the waters they inhabit, the variations being FORESTRY : teen pounds, while as a rule they do not run over three or four pounds, Through the energies of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and similar establishments under the control of several of the States, many of our inland waters are kept abund- THE BROOK TROUT Figure 13. There is quite a long list of Trout that inhabit the streams and lakes of the United States; but among them all, no greater favorite thax the Brook Trout. Brook Trout have often a beautiful specimen of one photographed there by the writer. manifested in their color, size, form, and fin-development. As to their weight, Mr. Hallock, a famous American fish- erman, claims to have known of one that weighed seyen- been kept in the aquaria of the United States Fish Commission at Washington, and here is antly stocked with this valuable game fish as they are, as 4 a rule, captured by anglers everywhere, although by no means a regular fish of the markets. a BEWARE OF THE EUROPEAN SATIN MOTH AN insect not heretofore reported in the United States has been found at the Medford and Malden line by the employes of the Metropolitan’ Park Commission. This insect is known as Stilpnotia salicis, or the Satin Moth of Europe. This name was undoubtedly given because the moths are pure white and the wings have a satin-like lustre. Specimens of the caterpillars of this insect were brought to the Gipsy Moth Laboratory by Mr. A. N. Hubberly, Superintendent of the Middlesex Fells Reser- vation, with the statement that they were feeding heavily on poplar trees along the parkway. The insect was ap- parently not a native species, and proved to be the European species above mentioned. The center of ‘the infestation is in the triangle at the Malden and Medford line bounded by Pleasant Street and Fellsway East and West. recently, but the caterpillars are now full-grown and The full- grown caterpillars are about an inch and a half in length The trees in the Fellsway -have been sprayed many of them are entering the pupal stage. and of a yellowish color with prominent white blotches on each segment of the back, which makes them very conspicuous on account of the colors, and they are quite different from any caterpillars that are found in this region. The injury to the trees is caused by defoliation — by the caterpillar and the amount of damage likely to a é occur cannot be accurately measured at this time, as no areas are now heavily infested, though the insect was found in thirty towns north of Boston during a three week period. a European writings indicate that this species attacks poplar, willow, oak and other trees and that it occurs — in the British Isles, Italy, Spain, Germany, Southern Europe and Eastern Asia. The poplars have been eaten more freely than any other trees in the Medford infes- tation. There is danger, however, that this insect might seriously attack other valuable shade or forest trees if it becomes firmly established. The moths fly well and immediate efforts are being made by the Metropolitan — Park Commission and the State Forester’s Office to destroy as many of the caterpillars and pupae as possi-— ble, so as to prevent large numbers of moths emerging — and heavy migration to adjoining territory. : The United States Bureau of Entomology will make a study of the life-history and habits of the moth and an attempt to determine the extent of the infestation. WHAT IS RECREATION’S NEXT STEP? BY ARTHUR H. CARHART MERICA is recreation hungry. The appetite of A the public seems so whetted for outdoor play that to satiate it has become a Herculean task. Ten years ago going on a pack trip in the mountains was a hardship braved only by bolder spirits, but the taste for the outdoors has so developed among all peoples that girls and women, clad in sensible khaki outfits, are almost as generally present in the vacation camp of a pack outfit as are men, Auto trips of a thousand miles a decade past were material for feature stories in the newspapers. Today Bill Smith packs his wife, children three, tent, dog, skillet, fishing tackle and safety razor in the family gasoline chariot and goes, not one, but several thousand miles, visiting many cities, camps and playgrounds on the way. And the present time is not the end of this chasing of the rainbow of recreation, Unlike the spectrum colored bow with its never-found pot of gold at the end the recreation lure leads one to true treasure. Health, happiness, knowledge, appreciation of God’s outdoors, and a love of our own native land are but a few of the rewards for the man or woman who goes into the field of outdoor play to there be re-created. Each year the numbers thus getting from under roof and outside of brick walls are greater. It is easily ex- plained. Everyone who has once tried the life never quite gets away from its appeal and as a missionary converts others to try it just once. So every season sees the older gypsies on the road with an added number of converts. Where is this leading us to? As.a people, what will be the result? There is little need of speculation. No THE MORE SPECTACULAR TIMBER-LINE LAKES OFTEN OFFERING EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE ANGLER. HOLY CROSS NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO SERVE ADMIRABLY AS CLIMAX POINTS ON PACK TRIPS, AS WELL AS THIS IS A BEAUTIFUL SPOT ON SNOWMASS LAKE IN THE 593 594 AMERICAN one can make camp among the tall trunks of spruce or fir or stand on the top of a massive mountain peak without being the better for it. The magnificent moun- tain land, the lakes of the North, the great sweep of the ocean coast whether bordered by rugged cliffs or sandy beach. all have some touch of the Infinite in them that, if he be kindred of Nature whatever, calls to man with an irresistible voice and makes him a better citizen, mentally, physically and spiritually for having lived in their pres- ence even if only for a few hours. Grant that recreation of this type is a thing good for the Nation; that every year will see a greater mass of people leaving their city environs to play in the woods, FORESTRY especially adapted to outdoor play and right now 1s not too soon to start taking stock so we may have the greatest return from these areas without loss of effort, funds and scenic values. Decided steps in advancing the organization of the recreation resources of the country have been made in the last four or five years. And these are the more en- couraging because the thing that is most needed today in the field of national recreation is organization of plan- ning, administration and development. First among these is the organization of the National Park Service which has charge of the administration and development of the great areas within the borders of A VACATION LAND WHERE YOU CAN UTTERLY LOSE YOURSELF AND FORGET THE WORLD OF MEN NATIONAL FORESTS. WITH PACK TRAIN AND GUIDE VISIT SCORES OF PLACES THAT WILL SATISFY YOUR LONGING FOR THE IS FOUND IN THE YOU CAN LOAF ALONG THROUGH FORESTS AND MEADOWS AND GREAT, UNSPOILED WILDERNESS. THIS IS A SPOT NEAR OBSERVATION POINT ON WHEELER TRAIL, ON THE RIO GRANDE NATIONAL FOREST IN CCLORADO mountains, lake-lands and beach-places. Again comes the question: Where is this leading us to? Are we ever going to face a recreation famine? The idea seems absurd. Some would believe it enters the sphere of the ridiculous. Today the putting of such a question would seem unwarranted. But scoffers not long ago said that our timber supply was inexhaustible. It was said also that our farm land was unlimited. Our coal supply was reckoned adequate for every need for scores of years to come. Today recreation stands in. the same position that these other great National resources did some few years ago. It seems unlimited. But there is a limit to the recreational use of our great areas, these national scenic centers. Under this head have been gathered together the many units which at present make up the system of National Parks and which before were without any centralized direction. This new Service is still comparatively young but its creation alone is a step forward. Of no less importance is the advancement of the recre- ational use of the forests and it’s recognition by the United States Forest Service as a major use. Within the National Forests in such isolated tracts of small size as to not merit a separate administration are many spots of beauty equal to any found in other parts of the country. Besides these spots of exceptional beauty there ee — a oe Mee ‘au Ut. eta r* WHAT IS RECREATION’S NEXT STEP? are many natural wonders such as caves, curious rocks and unusual waterfalls which are of sufficient interest to be preserved and protected so they may be capital stock of the scenic wealth of the nation. Further, there is but little of the great National Forest System which does not lend itself to recreational use. And the best feature of all in the case of the recreational use of forests is, THIS UNUSUAL BIT OF WHITE WATER COMES TUMBLING DOWN WITHIN A QUARTER OF A MILE OF THE CABIN AT GREEN RIVER LAKE IN THE BRIDGER NATIONAL FOREST, WYOMING there is but slight interference with any of the older established economic uses and the gain through the use is almost pure profit. Here we have the two great capitular recreation resources of the country. In the case of the parks they are deyoted to recreation alone. There is at the present time an unfortunate move in some quarters to reap com- mercial profit from the economic resources found within these great national areas. This move is diametrically opposed to the fundamental idea-of the National Park System. These should be kept from the inroads of com- merce for there is little question but that the less in aesthetic qualities, the detriment to the parks, would far overbalance any gain to the nation from commercial exploitation and no individuals should be allowed to injure the parks for private gain at the expense of the public. The parks should be sanctuaries where nature 595 will remain supreme and the only development that is a rational one in these areas is a plan which follows good landscape principles in presenting the beauties of the park and that should be established only after a complete and comprehensive scheme has been carefully worked out by a competent artist. As opposed to the park idea the recreational use of the National Forests is not paramount but coincident. The economic uses progress without interference on the part of recreation except in unusual cases. Actually this added use to the ones established in the forests helps the older ones in many ways. Roads built for recrea- tion also serve in opening new timbered areas, reaching isolated homesteads in the forests in allowing fire patrol to reach hitherto remote fire hazards and in administra- tion of the forests. The reverse is as true. Roads built for any one of the economic uses serves too for recre- There will be no interference with economic ation. GOOD PLANNING OF RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WILL UTILIZE ALL RECREATION VALUES SUCH AS ARE FOUND AROUND THIS LITTLE LAKE IN THE COLORADO NATIONAL FOREST WITHOUT LOSS OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES uses in the forests on the part of recreation except where greed may attempt to destroy beauty and scenic wealth which is of so much greater aesthetic value than com- mercial value that the loss would be wholly unwarranted. But the recreational use of these two great systems follows almost identical fundamental principles. The recreation found in the forest, that is just without the boundary of a park, is of as great value as that found across the imaginary line. But the forests are in the Department of Agriculture and the parks’ are in the 596 AMERICAN Department of the Interior. The simplest manner of bringing these two services under one executive head would seem to be to place them both in the same depart- ment. But at present they stand in separate organiza- tions. With all of the good will possible under the cir- cumstances, with all of the desire to co-operate that may be present, the functioning of the recreational work of these two departments cannot be as well correlated as though there were some central policy-making body of single executive group that could organize the recreation of the nation without regard to map lines, with no con- sideration of imaginary boundaries and which would think primarily of returning the greatest aggregate rec- reational wealth to the nation and the world that is pos- FORESTRY problems extending from the most compact of home grounds to the organic plan of whole cities, park systems and the organization of a schematic development of entire regions. There is no question but that the American Society of Landscape Architects, the official organization of the profession, would lend all aid that is necessary to put the planning and development of our national recre- ation system on a sound basis. The foresters as represented in the Society of Ameri- can Forestets and the American Forestry Association could give inestimable assistance to the forming of a recreation policy and system which is to grow up in the areas which will in most cases be found to have forest cover. There is little question but that the most enthusi- * A LAKESIDE CAMP UNDER PERMIT IN THE PIKE NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO. A REALLY SUBSTANTIAL CABIN, WITH A BRICK FIREPLACE, ASSURES COMFORTABLE HOUSEKEEPING AND ONE CAN LOOK FORWARD TO LONG DAYS OF PLEASURE AND NIGHTS OF .INVIGORATING REST IN sible from our magnificent areas in the National Parks, Forests, Monuments and Reservations. Would it. not then be a further step forward if there were to be formed such a body with any power that seems fit to organize this recreation resource of the nation? There are a number of organizations of national scope that would lend their support to any such move. The best talent in the land could thus be brought into consultation on the problems facing the recreation organi- zation insuring the best possible development. And this group could continue to function as an advisory body in the event the two services were at some time placed in the same department. Foremost of all, the professional landscape architects of the country have a deep interest in the: development of our national recreation grounds. Fundamentally, the art practiced by this group has to do with the-fitting of earth surfaces to human use, the- magnituderof their ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS " astic kind of support of a plan for general organization of recreation would come from members of this pro- fession. Engineers are needed to aid in those problems which are primarily based on engineering. Roads are to be built, sanitary systems are needed at many points to safe- guard health and many technical engineering problems will be present. Engineers wherever they may be are ever progressive and their support as represented in the many national socities may be counted on. The architecture which will be found within these areas serving the public is as much in need of the skill and artistry of the architect as the forests of the forest- man or ground surfaces and covers need intelligent plan- ning: by landscape architects. By all means there should be architects in such a group as may be formed and the National Society: should be: counted on for the same strong support-as the other professions. (ei MEL satis | * £ ‘* + ¥ ee ie oo a a WHAT IS RECREATION’S NEXT STEP? 597 In those professions named are found the principal ones which have to do with the planning and development of the areas which are adapted to recreation. There is another group that should have ample representation. They are the commercial men, who, after a scheme is worked out by competent artists and engineers, take hold of the running of the organization which is to make the plan function. The executive phase of this work should be repre- sented by men that have had experience in the work. Hotel men, transportation men, advertising men and those pioneer spirits who have been in charge of the first “tourist bureaus” of the country should be heard in this national recreation organization. Dias One is as necessary as the other of these two groups, If the professional men would not turn out a good-work- ing plan there would be little use of the commercial group taking charge of it. And if there were not the men to take over the organization and running of a scheme so that it would properly function there would-be little use of making a scheme. The discussion of the organization of our recreational resources could go on and take ‘up the developments which some states have been able to accomplish .in their parks and forests. This system within the states, sec- ondary in magnitude only to the great areas of the nation and equal or surpassing them in use is as potent a factor in national life as those great systems mentioned earlier. And more than ever is there needed here some guiding light for the men who are trying in the several common- wealths to organize the best recreational territory there is in the state for the use of their citizens. A national commission would serve as an inspiration, and model for the state organizations and the good ‘council. of the national advisory body could be extended to ‘aid the states. Of equal importance although of lesser size are the county parks. So far the county system has been éstab- lished in but few localities but where such has ‘been. the case the development has justified its existence. This group of public grounds rounds out what might be termed the national recreation system. Today what is. needed most is good sound judgment and true artistry in planning and an organization which will back up that judgment and artistry so that it becomes living facts. The general recreational usé of the great outdoors is upon us and the first wave has but touched the great areas of nation, state and county. “Far in the future may come a time when there will be no place which will offer the type of recreation we can now offer in our national system. Are we then truly facing ’a future famine in recreation? The answer lies:in what happens in this field within the ‘next decade. With _~GOOD ROADS AND A UNIFIED TRAFFIC SYSTEM ARE NEEDED IN ANY RECREATION SCHEME. ROADS BUILT FOR RECREATION ALSO SERVE IN OPENING NEW TIMBERED AREAS, REACHING ISOLATED HOMESTEADS IN THE FORESTS AND ALLOWING FIRE PATROLS READY ACCESS TO REACH REMOTE SPOTS QUICKLY AND EASILY. THIS ROAD OVER COCHETOPA PASS IN COLORADO IS A GOOD EXAMPLE 598 AMERICAN FORESTRY -” o 7 mas ts. it yd wii vane Heh thik “a8 gg Wa ue Ei 2 Pines € MANY DELIGHTFUL TRIPS MAY BE TAKEN BY MOTOR BOAT—TO THE INDIAN CAMPS ALONG THE BANKS DURING THE BERRY SEASON, TO BEACHES WHICH LURE ONE TO TAKE A DIP IN THE CLEAR WATERS OF THE LAKE, OR TO FISHING GROUNDS THAT HOLD FIGHTING GAME FISH OF LARGE SIZE, ADDING ZEST TO THE LIFE OF THE SPORTSMAN proper planning and far-sighted policies established we will be able to meet the oncoming years without any chance of not satisfying our demands for recreation. Only through unorganized conditions and ill founded plans can we lose our great heritage in the scenic wealth of our land. But this wealth is so easily dissipated through what is often believed to be and mis-named development that the time may easily come when there will be no last wilderness where one may go to view God’s handi- work without the chance of viewing also a hideous struc- ture or the marring of scenic beauty by the grossest commercialism. Now is the time for the beginning of an amply organ- ized, properly planned, well executed system of national recreation. Today we are but partly organized. There is a lack of correlation of all agencies working toward the development of this resource. There is a lament- able lack of competent artistry in these developments. Never again will there be the opportunity to start with so few mistakes made as at present. The great un- touched wealth of many areas but remains to be planned and developed to offer recreation, Health and joy to thou- sands. The movement to the outdoors has no more than started and ten years hence will see all forces scrambling frantically to stay ahead of the tide unless count of the future is taken today. Are we facing a new kind of a famine—that of avail- Yes Yes! If we do not now start to fully organize and adequately plan for the able recreation? and no. future developments and now systematize. our present efforts. No! If we can start now to look far into the future when the population of our country has perhaps doubled and people demand governmentally owned open spaces where they may go each.year to live their vaca- tion time. No! If we can but see the vision and now start a really comprehensive plan for each unit within the national system and as well an ordered plan for- “the whole. Many men of great vision and ability stand ready to help in any plan for the betterment of our recreation system. Today we have unexcelled material for such a system based on the great National Forests, Parks, Monu- ments and Reservations. . State and county parks are being developed in widely separated regions heralding a day when they will be universal. The future promises a use of these areas that today can be but conjectured, Are we going to make the most of this opportunity and meet the coming demand? Will our recreation areas meet the exacting requirements in the future or will people longing for-outdoor life have to continue to live hungeringr Correlation, organization, well founded and artistic planning and vision can solve the problem and the foundation stands today waiting for master builders to rear thereon a structure of splendid proportions which will give our land for all time a truly national recreational system. Proper action now assures the future of such a system that will be more than evenin the coming years a national asset of inestimable value, Sop CO Caw cpr rages A ds Beget ae — ie THE USES OF WOOD WOOD’S PLACE IN THE HONEY INDUSTRY BY HU MAXWELL HE forest holds a place of two- ‘| fold importance in the honey industry. First, the bloom of trees constitutes a valuable pasture whence bees collect honey; and, sec- ond, the wood derived from the for- est supplies most of the material of which hives, frames, stands, boxes, houses, and other appurtenances, ure made. This holds true of few other industries, for it is unusual that a tree supplies a product and also sup- piies the receptacle in which the product is placed for storage or for shipment. It is proper that wood be given due credit for the contribution it makes in both of these lines. Scientists have made a closer study within the bee hive than in the home of any other creature of animated nature, for the reason that BLACK CHERRY These dainty sprays of sweet bloom are special favorites of the bees. was well stung for his pains, but the vicious sting of the bee never afford- ed complete protection against rob- bers, though it is generally .ample protection. So tempting is the sweetness, that a painful. sting is necessary to safeguard it from all manner of marauders. It is believed that the earliest food store laid aside for his wants. by man, and which is still in existence, is a jar of honey found in an Egyptian tomb, and probably placed there for the sustenance of the dead during the journey across the Sty- gian River. When found, the honey had changed into a very dry candy and it had lost its sweetness, though it could still be identified as honey. As a side issue it may be stated that in the bottom of the jar, well the habitation is a combina- tion of the home and the workshop. The inhabitant lives in it and works there, and those who wish to in- vestigate the labors and social habits of these indus- trious workers must peep in- side the hive and there glimpse the remarkable ac- tivities of these wonderful insects which have amused, instructed, astonished, and fed some of the wisest of the human race. No other creature works. so hard and so persistently for man, and few others so well repay care and good treatment. But it is not the purpose here to praise the bee or to dilate on its remarkable worth as a teacher and a worker ; rather it is the purpose to speak of the uses of wood in provid- ing for the wants of the bee and at the same time for the wants of man. Doubtless the earliest wild man that made the discovery. that going out of use. THE BEEGUM OF THE PIONEERS This is a section of a hollow cottonwood log-in which bees are storing honey on a Kansas farm. It is a relic of former days and is fortunately honey was good to eat (Photograph by Frank C. Pellett, Hamilton, Illinois.) covered with honey, was a dead flea of precisely the same sort as those which plague Egypt to this day. Apparently, the insect had hopped into the jar while the last rites over the dead were being abserved, and when the jar was corked, the little fellow was shut up within, and, like the true patriot, he probably could have declared that death was sweet. Any- way, he sank to the bottom while the honey was still soft, and there the archz- ologists found him after a good many thousands of years. Bees are naturally wild, and have been tamed by man who has provided homes for them in exchange for the food which they furnish him. If he relaxes his care and attention, they speedily re- lapse into a wild state, and often they elude him and fly away in a swarm, and’ to all intents and purposes they are as wild as their ances- 599 600 ‘AMERICAN tors were before they first made the acquaintance of men. A swarm bred and reared in the highest civiliza- tion, will escape and take up its abode in a hollow tree or in a hole under a rock, or in a crevice in the face of a cliff, and there the bees set to work to store honey for ae to i} tha a ea Ali i pips : i ty UP-TO-DATE BEEHIVES This shows the latest and most approved home for bees where safety and comfort are provided for the industrious workers. Extremes in hive construction, the large Dadant hive and the small Langstroth hive, show comparative sizes. (Photograph by Frank C. Pellett, Hamilton, Illinois.) their own wants, and they appear not to miss the care and attention of men. In a forest, wild bees nearly always find hollow trees for homes and as storage places for honey, but in some regions, they use holes in the ground. Man makes shelters, hives, and other appliances of wood when he provides for his bees. For these pur- poses nothing is better than wood. It has all the good quali- ties and few of the bad. The more highly the bee business is developed, the greater the use of wood and the more carefully the wood is prepared for the various places in the industry which it is expected to serve. It was formerly customary in this country to provide hollow logs for hives, which were called gums. into lengths of two or three feet, The logs were crosscut and the receptacles thus pro- vided were stood on end in some out-of-the-way place, and a board was nailed on the top of each gum for a roof, and it was ready for the home coming of the swarm of bees which. was.to make a domicile of it, Fre- Se ee FORESTRY gum contained no partition, no loft, no basement. The bees stored their honey in it, fastening the comb to the dirty walls, and there they worked in the dark during the whole season, provided they were not eaten out of house and home by moths, mice, and other enemies. All the ventilation they got was what they provided with their own wings, fanning the air in by efficient team work, arranging themselves in long rows for the purpose and working their wings for fans. When the owner came round in the fall of the year for his share, after the work of the bees for the season was over, he pried the board from the top of the hive, scooped out a few pails of honey, guessed at the quantity he was leaving for the swarm during the coming winter, and nailed the lid on again. If the bees did not starve or freeze during the winter, they began in early spring to fill the old gum again, preparing another haul for their inconsiderate owner. Bees' do not hibernate, as most insects do, and they must have food and warmth during the winter, or they will perish. They provide food enough, if permitted to retain a fair portion, and their bodies furnish sufficient heat, if the hive is protected in a measure against ex- treme cold, The world has seen many strange sorts of bee hives. A lion’s dry skeleton answered that purpose, as is in- ferred from the famous riddle propounded by Samson to his enemies. Pictures in old almanacs represent hives built of straw rope, wound round and round, narrowing to the top, and shaped like Eskimo huts. Such hives belonged in Europe where some of the people called them “bee baskets ;” but they never had much of a foothold in America, where nearly everybody used wood in some form. During early times in the southern - roa ei AAP IY ee ae “ Nee quently the hive stood out of doors with no covering other — 1e A BEEHIVE IN SOUTHERN TEXAS sees took possession of a common box with one side wholly open and proceeded to store their hone ‘than the board on the top. The in it. This is a freak hive and is not common, but it shows that the little workers are easily satisfied. (Photograph by Frank C. Peilett, Hamilton, Illinois.) THE USES OF WOOD states hollow cypress knees served as bee hives on some of the plantations where negroes had charge of the bees and saw to it that the honey was periodi- cally collected and made use of. Similar cypress knee hives were in use. in southern Illinois in 1820, as is learned from the book of an Englishman who traveled in America during that year. The cypress knee is a peculiar growth or excrescence rising from the roots of the tree where the ground is covered with water most of the time. The knees are slender, hollow cones six inches or more in diameter at the base and tapering to a point. The largest may have capacities of six or eight gallons, or even more, and bees accepted them as domiciles, if placed within reach. They were rather poor excuses and were less convenient even than hollow logs which were often used side by side with the knee hives. As the hollow log gums and the cypress knees went out of use they were succeeded by a bee hive made of boards nailed together to form a box, which was a little better than the hollow log; at least, it looked better. The next im- provement consisted of a little box set on top of the large one. The top box was called a “cap.” The bees Loadin hundre is up-to-date. BEE BUSINESS WELL CONDUCTED This is a Kansas scene and shows how bees are cared for by the owner who takes pains to provide for the safet C. Pellett, Hamilton, Illinois. hives. of bees at the Dadant apiaries near Hamilton, Illinois, for a thirty mile haul. colonies were hauled on trucks and in 1919 they (Photograph by Frank C. Pellett, Hamilton, Illinois.) and comfort of his bee workers. Hives are made of high class wood. TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM SOLVED Five roduced twenty tons of honey. Everything filled it with honey after the hive was full—sometimes before. The owner took the honey in the cap, as his portion, and left the swarm in possession of that in the main hive. A vigorous swarm in the climate of the northern states wants thirty pounds or more of honey as the winter supply, but a little less will do in the South where the winters are shorter. When the owner took one cap he set another in its place, if he believed that the swarm could fill another before the close of the season, and thus he doubled his share. Bee keepers now do much bet- ter than formerly for their faith- ful workers. Decent hives are provided for the swarms, and the larger amount and _ better grade of honey received pays well for the attention bestowed on the workers. Frames which are sometimes called honey boxes, are made for the comb, each frame four or five inches square. One fits beside another in such a way that when one set of frames has been filled with honey, they can be lifted out and empty frames can be inserted in their places without disturbing the others. This arrangement is advantageous in more ways than one. The clean, fine squares of (Photograph by Frank} oneycomb may each be handled 602 AMERICAN separately without the loss and waste that was inevitable when the honey was cut and torn out of the old style hives. Machines have been invented and put to use by which the liquid or rendered honey can be removed from the comb without breaking it, and when thus emptied the frame and the comb may be replaced in the hive ready to be filled again, and thus the same combmay be: used two or - FORESTRY those suitable for honey frames. White pine is a favorite — wood for hives, but many others are in use, both soft- woods and hardwoods. Bees make full use of the forests. No class of workers derives greater benefit from the trees and their products. To begin with, the hive and most of the apparatus of the honey business is of wood. Bees live in wooden homes in most instances, and have always done so, wi2tlcr those homes have been hollow trees or hives made of lumber. They resort to the bloom of plants for honey and for the wax with which they build their comb, and also for the special food which plays so vital a part in the hive economy. Bees collect a little honey from sources other than flowers, but not much; and what they THE WILD CRAB Blossoms most beautiful and fragrant, and in May time, when the flowers are at their best, they attract the bees by the hundreds. more times. The bees are thus spared the labor of making new comb and can devote their whole energies to honey making. It is believed that the manufacture of comb involves as ge LZ honey, but the honey resources are” fre \) EDs not the same in all regions, nor is*> XR aS) the honey made in one district always le NV of the same quality as that made in — Y OA ¥) another district. It depends on the ~ KR ANY, a3 sources of the honey. Persons accus- take from other insects, mostly origi- nates in flowers, even if the bees do _ not take it firsthand from the bloom. — Bee raisers who engage intelligently in their business must be well ac- quainted with the principal sources of © tomed to the honey of the Allegheny — pointment when they taste that pro- duced in the prairie country where a wholly different kind of pasture sup- plies the bees. The tree bloom of the ~ much work on the part of bees as the gathering of the honey that fills it, and the use of the same receptacle a Comb manufactured of aluminum has been found practicable and manufacturers of bee supplies advertise it, but the use of aluminum comb promises neither to increase nor’ diminish the use of wood in the honey business. The small frame in which the bees build their comb requires little wood. Perhaps a cubic inch suffices for a frame, for the stock is quite thin and the strips are little more than an inch wide; yet, in the aggregate, a rather respectable bill of lumber is required to supply bee keepers with honey frames for a single year. A wood of white color and light weight is wanted, and basswood is one of the best, but pine, yellow poplar, spruce, and cottonwood are in demand, particularly that species of cottonwood known as balm of gilead. The number of woods suitable for hives is larger than are FLOWER Wild’ cherry bloom, tame cherry, too, second time is economical. not too small. for the harvest. THE INDUSTRIOUS BEE KNOWS THIS WELL and ; for that matter, be listed with the most reliable pasture for bees, provided the ‘supply of trees is. The tree blooms profusely and at a time when bees are very anxious the bloom of may mountains im- parts’a richness and flavor to the honey made there that is not recognized in some regions where the bees { have resorted to other sources. Most flowers furnish something to the bee, and no small part of the annual ~ crop of honey comes from plants which live but a single 7 year, or which, at least, spring up each year from the ~ roots. But the industrious insects work the same trees | year after year. Of course, the same bee never works ~ the same tree or plant the second year, for the working ~ a i THE WILD PLUM The bees love the beautiful white blossom: sprays of the wild plum. THE USES OF WOOD 603 APPLIANCES FOR HANDLING HONEY This illustration shows a modern beehive ready for the reception of bees, and beside it is an extractor for removing honey without: breaking the comb. By revolving the honey frames rapidly, the honey + is oes out by centrifugal force.. The frames are of wood, and so is the hive in which the frames are placed. Back View of Mele. Showing Space For Heating Knives ip p_Pesces EXTRACTING HONEY AND PRESSING WAX Here is shown the bee keeper’s arrangement for extracting honey. The regulation press for re- ducing the comb to solid cakes of wax. Profit in bee-keeping depends upon saving the wax as well SUPPLIES FOR BEE-KEEPERS as the honey. Both are in large demand. The keeper of bees turns to wood for many of his su plies in addition to hives. Here is shown the outfit for removing Goacy and comb. Shipping boxes are of wood also, and are made in particular patterns and in special sizes to meet the needs of the trade. PACKING BEE SUPPLIES FOR SHIPPING Not only are bee hives and other supplies made of wood, but the packing and boxing for shipment are likewise done with wood. Wooden crating is more convenient, more dependable, and less expensive than crating of any other kind, and wood is nearly always used when shipments are made. PROTECTING HONEY DURING SHIPMENT The insinuating ant lies in wait at all advantageous points ready to make raids on shipments of honey, and as a precaution against that danger the cases in which the honey frames are packed are made insect proof by matching and joining the lumber of which the packing cases are made. The protection thus Rtorded is ample. ~~ — ee TS ee - = “- 604 AMERICAN bee’s life usually does not extend into the second year. Without forest flowers bees would often fail absolutely in their work, and could not lay up enough for the following winter. Apiarists make charts of “bee pastures,” meaning thereby the area and flora which supply the workers. Few hardwoods fail to contribute a generous share to the hive’s store, for most hardwoods are rich in bloom and the bloom is rich in honey; but some are worth more than others as bee pasture. The more abundant the hardwoods in a region, the better honey district it ‘is likely to be. The task of picking out the best honey trees would be difficult, because several have claims well sup- ported by evidence; yet if all things are taken into con- sideration, it would probably be found that basswood is at the head of the list, or at least so near the head that it would not be easy to name a tree entitled to a higher place in the estimation of an in-. dustrious bee. In some European countries the linden is planted and maintained as bee pasture. Our basswood with its three species and ‘at least one variety is the Ameri- can representa- tive of the European lin- den, and in rec- ognition of that relationship, we sometimes shorten the name to linn, lin, or lyn. The three American basswoods are all luxuriant bloomers, and their fiowers are among the few that are work- able by bees in wet weather as well as in dry. The pecul- iar arrangement of the leaves on this tree produces a sort of thatch by the overlapping of the edges, and this thatch shelters the bloom and keeps it dry during showers which dampen all else. If a bee is overtaken by a sudden rain and can fly under the umbrellalike shelter of basswood foliage, it is safe from the rain. After the shower has passed, and while all other leaves and bloom are wet, the bee can work the dry bloom of the basswood, thus losing little time and finding new opportunity. It is not certain just how this peculiar leaf canopy is taken advantage of by bees in rainy weather, but there is reason to believe that the situation is well understood by them. Among some of the hardwood regions, bee keepers claim to be able to pick out from a full hive the combs which are filled with basswood honey. They judge by the color and also by the taste. In their parlance it is known as “poplar honey.” Basswood has an undisputed place in importance among wild trees as a source of BASSWOOD BLOOM FOR HONEY GATHERERS Perhaps no other blooming vegetable genus in the world furnishes bees with so much honey as basswood, which is known in Europe as linden, and in some parts of America as lin. The tree grows in nearly all parts of the eastern Bait of the United States, and it is frequently found in great profusion. FORESTRY a See honey, but it is only one of several good sources © : bees are able to make use of among the trees of the Sores est. Yellow poplar is visited quite eagerly by bees, but — this species blooms less luxuriantly than basswood. ae Sourwood, which is known also as sorrel tree, sour gum or lily of the valley, is not abundant in the ticena wherever a tree is found in bloom, there will beech found also, busy with the small, bell-shaped flowers. tree is found in most of the country east of the Mis sippi River, except in the extreme northern part. four of the sumacs, including the poisonous furnish loads of honey for bees. All of the locusts rich in nectar, and during their brief periods of ble the buzz of bees may be heard about the showy flowe: The flowers of yellow or black locust are so filled * Spe: peated. During tt Thousand” through menia, as the count is gi by partaking of native honey which had been made by bees pasturing on laurel which grow in that country. C turies after that time the emake: remembering experiences of the Greek army under Xenophon, refu to receive the honey from Armenia, fearing poison. aS flowers of our kalmia laurel and also of the rhododen- dron, are reputed to yield poisonous honey; but since bees collect it and store it, and as no well authenticate case seems to be known where persons have been poison-— ed by eating laurel honey, it would appear that the honey cannot be very dangerous. a: Among the other trees considered valuable as pro- ducers of honey in this country are holly, judas tree, — the maples, black gum, chestnut, willow, service, and t fruit trees of most varieties, but particularly apple “a peach, plum, and cherry. It is well known that too much honey i is not good for the health and that a diet of honey is apt to cloy in a short time. The claim is made, however, that if it is eaten in connection with milk, that is, a mixed diet o of milk and honey, the undesirable effects are not notic THE FIRST ALGAROBA TREE IN HAWAII BY C. S. JUDD, SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTRY O introduced tree has been of greater benefit to the Hawaiian Islands than the algaroba (Prosopis juliflora, D. C.), one of the mesquites, or kiawe, as it is locally called. It is also known as the honey locust, honey pod, cashaw, and July flower, and our name for the tree of alga- stock, but the small, horny seeds are not crushed while passing through the alimentary system but rather are prepared for quick germination by the action of the digestive fluids. The spread of the tree in these islands has, therefore, been due solely to stock and by this means the algaroba has become a roba comes from “Al-kharrubah,” the Spanish name of the carob tree, or St. John’s bread, the pods of which it re- sembles in flavor. The native home of the algaroba is from California to Texas and through parts of Mexico, Central and South America, as far south as Buenos Ayres. While the history ofvits introduction to Hawaii is not defi- nite, the conclusion seems to be that the first tree planted in the islands was raised from _ seed brought by Father Bachelot when he started out from Bordeaux in the early part of 1827 on his first trip to the Islands, and that the seed came from the Jardin du Roi de Paris and not from Mexico or Chile. This original tree was planted by Father Bachelot in December, 1828, in the north corner of the Catholic Church yard in Honolulu. Certainly, no man could have left a greater or more abiding monument, for the algaroba now covers vast areas on the different islands of mostly stony, arid, and precipitous land, which formerly was utterly worth- less for other purposes. The original tree is still growing on Fort Street, near Beretania Street, and although it was severely topped in 1906, to make room for the Fred Harrison block, it has today a diameter at breast height of 3 feet 3 inches, and is still good for a great many years. The accompanying illustration shows the _ tree when it was in its full splendor about twelve years ago. The value of the algaroba in Hawaii has been en- hanced by the ease with which it can be propagated and its ability to grow in arid regiogs. The tree belongs to the leguminous family, and begins to bear pods when six years old and even younger. These are eaten by THE ORIGINAL ALGAROBA wild forest tree. It is estimated that it would have cost at least one million dollars to plant by human agency the 80,000 odd acres in these islands which have been covered with more or less density by algaroba forests. And this wonderful and comparatively rapid spread of the tree has been accomplished without the expendi- ture of one cent for planting. The algaroba in Hawaii seems to excell in growth the tree in its original ‘habitat. In Arizona, trees 75 years old are from Io to 12 inches in diameter, and near Tucson trees measure 3 feet in diameter at the ground and 50 feet in height. On the Punahou grounds a tree not yet 70 years old measures 41 inches in diameter at breast height and 85 feet in height, while trees on the Dillingham place, which are 50 years old, average over 2 feet in diame- ter. The» tree in these islands is a comparatively rapid grower, and takes hold of waste land in a surprising man- ner. It has few natural enemies ; the caterpillars of two introduced and very common moths af- fect the bloom and occasionally reduce the size of the bean crop, and the grubs or four beetles bore into the sapwood of dead or felled trees. The uses of the tree, in addition to being a forest cover for waste land, are too well known to need much elabo- ration here. The following, however, are some of the AND ALL THAT IS LEFT OF IT $ nat ee) on ” - ale main products of the algaroba and the chief uses to which it is put in Hawaii. Wood for fuel, charcoal, timbers, and posts. Pods for fodder in their natural state and crushed into meal. Blossoms for bee pasturage. Trees for reclamation of waste land, ornament, and shade. ‘3 Young trees for hedges. The wood of the algaroba is a dark reddish brown in the heart, is as heavy as and harder than ash, elm, or white oak, but not so strong or elastic. For fuel it is equal, cord to cord, to hickory or white oak. Its dura- bility is highly in its favor, and the heartwood used as fence and foundation posts will last in the ground for a great many years. The sapwood is a clear yellow and AMERICAN | is apt to be riddled by borers if not ‘weds cutting. The smaller wood makes Gxeeltens ch while in Honolulu the best quality of fuel wood S for $14 per cord in enormous quantities annually. The honey industry in Hawaii is dependent a entirely on algaroba blossoms, and the clear honey ane duct is most delicious. The exports of honey and be wax from the islands in 1915 were worth $49,169. “ value of waste land has increased manifold on ac of the algaroba, and what would Honolulu be y 1 the algaroba as a shade tree? The young he thickly together, have been successfully grown as he which are quite protective on account of their A boon to stockmen, the standby of the apiarist, an chief support of the wood dealer, the algaroba has earned its place as the most valuable tree in Hawaii to THE CHESTNUL BLIGHT IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHI BYG.F.GRAVAIT one ge N 1904 the chestnut blight, a fungus mmpoceation from Japan and China, was recognized as a serious disease around New York City. Since then the disease has spread steadily from New York as a ecne center, rapidly killing the chestnut trees. The chestnut growth of northern Virginia and of the three northeastern counties of West ‘Virginia in 1915 had numerous spot infections of the bark disease but it was not generally infected. A brief inspection trip in the fall of 1919 showed that the chestnut growth from Nelson County in central Virginia northward to Wash- ington, D. C., and westward to a line running through Albemarle, Green, Rappahannock, Frederick and Hamp- shire Counties, had an average of 5 to.15 per cent of the trees killed by the disease and go per cent of them in- fected. The infected trees will die in a few years. This is a general average for the above section as some tracts of chestnut timber have a large. per cent of the trees infected and dead, and other tracts a much smaller. The most southern natural infections known are in Vir- ginia in Patrick and Henry Counties, which border on North Carolina. Undoubtedly the disease extends con- siderably further south and west; as only a brief inspec- tion was made, the limit of extent was not determined. The zone which is heavily infected with the bark dis- ease, has been spreading southward from New York at an average rate of over twenty miles per year. The disease has been spreading westward across the mountain ridges somewhat more slowly. In the spread of this disease in the past, infected nursery trees were quite a factor, being much more important than they will be in the future. However individual cankers enlarge at a much faster rate in the south than in the north. There has been hope that the progress of the disease would be retarded by the higher per cent of tannin in the bark and a comparatively few years in order to prevent seri ond of the chestnut of the south or by some factor. No indications of any decrease in the vi of the disease have been noted so far and the exp is that the chestnut growth of the Southern Appal will be killed off just. as the growth from New south to southern Virginia is being killed. In the Southern Appalachians it is expected the loss to private owners through deterioration of k chestnut timber before it can be marketed will amoun to a very large sum. Local markets become glutted and local sawmill men become swamped with work as th practically impossible task of cutting over the entire forest area of a large region must be accomplished wi thin deterioration. Dead timber is more difficult to cut saw than live timber, in addition to the greater bre in felling and the difficulty in selling. Chestnut of pole and timber size can, of course, be utilized for tannit acid extract wood after deterioration makes it unfit other purposes. Owners of tannin extract chestnut do not cut their trees within a few years after they ar killed should figure on a decrease in volume of wood chiefly to fungus decay. It is a pity that so many of individual owners of woodland do not consider forest growth as a crop, as a business to which attent must be given if profits are to be secured. Already northern Virginia thousands of acres of chestnut gro need to be cut quickly if deterioration is to be forestalled especially in the case of trees suitable for poles. Many owners make no effort to market their dying chestnut, not realizing that it is decreasing in value. In ma cases where chestnut does not constitute a large per ¢ of the stand, it suits the owners better to allow the ch nut to deteriorate while waiting for the time when th + entire stand can be cut over, or waiting for other reason: 23 nd (> coke ee oP eet", " , c It is important though for owners to realize present con- ditions in regard to their chestnut growth and make their plans accordingly. - On a brief inspection trip in North Carolina in July, 1920, advance infections of the chestnut blight were - found in the following counties: Stokes, Surry, Yadkin, SENATOR HARDING ON FORESTRY ys = 607 Wilkes, Ashe, Watauga, and Avery. The disease is rapidly spreading southward along the Blue Ridge Moun- tains. An infection in Linville Gap, North Carolina, is at an altitude of 4,000 feet. The blight is probably now present in Tennessee, as it has been found in three coun- ties in North Carolina, which border on Tennessee. — - & FP HERMANENT and ample relief must come by co P going to the underlying causes. No forest con- 3 sumption like ours can go on indefinitely without -_imperilling our pulpwood supply. Competent authority tells us that the pulpwood in New York State will be exhausted in ten years ; that New England will be denuded of its supply in twenty years. _ we imported nearly one and a half million tons of pulp- wood from Canada in 1918, and the Canadian price ee =» atlvanced from ten to twenty-five dollars per.cord. It is obvious that we must have a forest policy which shall make us self-reliant once more. We ought to be looking k 2 and also our timber for our lumber needs. Forest con- _ pansion, and a matter of common concern to all He =) “Three-fifths of the original timber in this ‘country is gone, and there are eighty- million idle acres in which we ought to be growing forests for the future. Planning for the future, with added -protection of our present forests from fire is a matter of deep concern to publishers _ in particular, but all of constructive America as well.” _ Extract from Senator Harding’s speech to lumbermen ___ at Marion, Ohio, August 18: _ “The realization of our highest hopes lies in the con- i: tinental construction and improved character of our homes,” Senator Harding continued, “because they have _ the first influence in the standard of American living. _ Quite apart from furnishings and the almost limitless _ numbers of varied utilities, lumber is the first requirement ____ of the prospective home builder. _ “At the present time there is a notable halting in the ‘construction of homes because of the almost*prohibitive Our needs are so vast that. _ ahead to produce our timber for our pulpwood needs. servation is a necessary accomplishment to printing ex- SENATOR HARDING ON FORESTRY EXTRACT FROM ADDRESS TOjEDITORS BY SENATOR HARDING, REPUBLICAN NOMINEE FOR PRESIDENT, P AT MARION, OHIO, AUGUST 13, 1920: cost. Lumber plays its very conspicuous part therein. Much of this, of course, relates to the increased cost of production, which dates from the changed conditions. since our entrance into the World War, but there is a- permanent inclination to advance the cost because of the very manifest diminution of supply. “We ought to have a national policy of preservation and reforestation. No one disputes that lumber prices are in large part responsible for the halting in the housing building movement. Lumber prices have increased very sharply since the war and prices in many instances have gone tp 300 per cent above those of the pre-war period. “The one thing which the government may do is to. adopt that policy which will assure to future generations the timber which is necessary to our lumber needs. There remains a large supply on the Pacific Coast, but the problent of transportation makes this supply unavail- -able to the East and Middle West, unless we contemplate a cost of transportation which will continue to discourage building enterprise. “Tt is a common knowledge that there is ample land in this country of ours, not adapted to other uses, to pro- duce a sufficient supply of timber for all our needs if it is only stocked with trees and nature is allowed to con- ° tribute toward our necessities. We must begin to think - of timber crops as we do other cultivation in this land of onrs, and we must put an end to that carelessness and neglect to which we trace our destructive forest fires. “With timber growing on the one hand, and forest preservation and protection on the other hand, there isn’t any reason why the United States should not be self- reliant in the great essential of lumber for construction purposes.” : _ - When summer voices cease amidst the trees _ And all is hushed except a whisp’ring breeze, _ The Woods of Autumn don, anear and far, A gorgeous raiment and regalia. _ In silent splendor, ’neath unclouded skies, he. Each woodland like a vivid painting lies _____ Resplendent in the sun, each hillside seems 4" a: Like visions we behold in realm of dreams. AUTUMNAL WOODS In russet and in gold! Half-fresh, half-sear, Fall’s foliage is shining far and near, Yet here and there some pine trees, ever green, — . Subdue the splendor of a sylvan scene. Autumnal Woods! Which fade ere Frost’s fine pen Draws frozen frets on window-panes again. —Charles Nevers Holmes. This sycamore, which was only a sapling during the War of 1812, has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame by Mrs. John Locke, of Tiffin, Ohto. The sapling stood just inside Fort Ball and it has been marked by __ the Dolly Todd Madi- son Chapter of the Daughters of the “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES AMERICAN FORESTRY American Revolu- tion. Mrs. C. H. Van Tine’s home now stands beside the tree. Just op- posite the ° syca- more is the site of the home of Gen- eral W. H. Gibson, widely known as a soldier and orator. Quite near is the monument erected to the soldiers and sailors of the War of 1812 and the Civil War. This tree at Mar- shall, Michigan, has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame for trees be- cause it saw the birth of the school system of the State of Michi- gan. The nomination 4s made by Mrs. James Metcalf Redfield, of La Jolla, California, Marking a treaty of peace with Indians long ago this tree has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame by C. A. Ingraham, of Cam- bridge, New York. It is the Witenagemot Oak. in the town of Schaghti- coke, Rensselaer County, New York, : AMERICAN FORESTRY 609 z : “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES 5 The first flag ever thrown to the breeze in the South, on which was printed “Immediate Separate State Action” was girded to this Red Oak, writes Because a tract of forty acres was set aside by A. E. W. D. Craig, of Chesterfield, South Carolina, in Wiltse, a mining man of New York City, that this tree nominating this tree for a place in the Hall of | might be saved, it has been nominated for a place in the Fame of the American Forestry Association. The 4 Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Association by flag stayed there, Mr. Craig adds, until General J. R. Prince, of Tuolumne, California. Sherman burned the court house and the jail. The Women’s Club of Fort Myers, Florida, of / which Mrs. Thom- as A. Edison ts a member, saved this tree when there was talk of cut- ting it down at the ae | time the court § house was built. E The tree is nomi- & nated for a pee in the Hall of Fame by Mrs. Carolyn A. Bran- don. (Photograph by Hunt.) ROM Mrs. Elizabeth Stephenson Bentley, of the Calhoun County Historical Society, comes the in- — io)... = i eo FAMOUS TREES formation about and a picture of the sycamore which hundred years. was a baby during the War of 1812. (See page 608.) Un- der this tree some time in 1831 or 1832, General Isaac E. Crary and Rev. John D, Pierce planned and worked out the present school system of the state: ‘Sunday afternoon the men sat beneath the tree on a hill near the Calhoun County Court House. This hill is now occu- pied by the home of CG. +E. Gorham and the tree stands near the house. It has a spread of sixty feet and is in a good state of preservation. Crary afterward became the first Congressman from Michigan and Pierce the. first superin- tendent of public instruction. The Witenagemot (meaning assemblage of the wise) Oak (page 608), was planted in the spring of 1676. by Governor Andros as an emblem of peace between the Colonial govern- ment and several neighboring tribes of Indians, the Schaghti- cokes, among the rest. One. thousand warriors were pres- ent at the ceremonies and many prominent representatives of the Colonial government added to the impressiveness of the occasion. This venerable oak stands a short distance in the rear of the old Knickerbacker mansion, on the south bank of the Hoosac River at the place where it ‘is joined by the Tomhannac Creek, and the flats which prevail here were called “The Vale of Peace,” or Schaghticoke Meadows. Wash- ington Irving was entertained in the Knickerbacker man- sion at different times, and it was here that he obtained his idea of the character, Diedrich Knickerbacker, which figures in his “History of New York.” A fine lesson is taught in such an act as that of A. E Wiltse when a tract can be set aside for one oak tree in a State like California, famous for trees. (See page 609.) Some claim this tree rivals the famous Sir Joseph Hooker Oak at Chico, California, which was pictured in AMERI- CAN Forestry some time ago. 610 this oak is 31 feet and the spread of its Paes is 130 - feet while the age is estimated at between six ang’ seven 4 The Red Oak at Chesterfield i is one of the most historic” trees in the State of South Carolina (see page 609), a and — takes its place beside the famous Bluffton Oak underwhich — 4 It was on a_ the “Bluffton Movement” was born, which had a direct WAR a A tree, a stone, A church, a bridge, A star, a cross 7 And flags— O valiant ones Who seek today Adventure still and far— What is there now . More fitting than a tree—_— A strong young tree— To keep your memory green? A tree that sings Of home and youth, Of love And loyalty; A tree that has its roots — In cherished soil, A tree whose branches Wrestle with the storms; © A tree that makes an altar For the sun, and knows, dear lads, Even as you must know, The thrill of life, The urge of growth - And struggle, The peace of jeweled night— And the wonder of awakening To find the Morning Star. —Abigail F. Taylor. ference in the tree now and th 2 _ way it looked i in a He con-- tinues: - traveler could hardly resist tl refreshing shade of this old _and I have many pleasan ‘sad memories connected y slaves found this a favorite ~ evenings ; when passing the oak “rooster day” - months; there weré always bar- The circumference of made them fight. on this spot, and such cider is not known in these days r it had the sparkle of champagne and’ the kick of esqua-_ *¥ laugh. It first cheered the men up to all kinds of fun for — the drill, then settled into the opposite direction and — If there were no old grudge to be — settled, some bully would make a mark across this court and dare any one to cross the line; some other bully would soon accept the challenge and at it they would go. No weapons were ised in these fights, so there was rarely ever any serious injury inflicted.” a bearing on the Civil War. Of — the oak at. Chesterfield, Mr. ~ Craig says he can see no dif- “My father’s house was just across the street from this tree and the open court around it —a well of good water almost under its long limbs. The weary besides ang, handed ‘down b tradition. ‘ The ~ last tribe of Indians in this _county, whom the stream just — und er the hill was named, found t this a place after their own hearts after trading their pelts fo jug of grog. For a long tim you could find around this s evidence of their stay such as” arrowheads, pipes, ete. The place to spend their Sunday ‘, I can yet hear their carefree songs and laughter. And oh! the frolics and fights I have witnessed under this old oak—_ in antebellum times we had every three rels of home-made cider for sale A VETERAN GIANT OF ELMS BY R. S. MADDOX EW ENGLAND is noted for her elms, and well she may boast of their magnificence. But thanks to the bountifulness of nature there is no particular monopoly on elm tree growth. At Kingsport, Sullivan County, Tennessee, on the holdings of the Kingsport Farms, Inc., of which Mr. J. Fred Johnson is president, are some of the most magnifi- cent elms in the country. Some were set out probably one hundred years ago on residence sites and others are growing where they happened to start. One of these elms is shown in the accompanying picture. It is near the water’s edge of the north fork of the Holston River near Kingsport, Tennessee. Decades ago, in 1790, I believe, a company of Frenchmen traveling through this section of the State camped at dif- ferent places, making a record of their trip and ‘ — THE BEAUTIFUL KINGSPORT ELM Not only a magnificent specimen but one with a most artistic setting— beside the old brick silk mill on the Holston River. noting objects of particular interest. In writing of some of his observations after returning to France, one of the men mentioned particularly a wonderful elm and spring, the spring flowing from the roots of the elm, which description fits this magnificent old tree. He also is said to have given the measurement of this elm as 22 feet in circumference. The circumference of the spread- ing elm tree here shown is 2514 feet today, taking the measurement a foot from the ground on the uphill side. The elm and spring described by the Frenchman are in all likelihood the same as that on the farm of 2,300 acres now owned by the Kingsport Farms, Inc. The tree has a very symmetrically shaped crown and pendant lower limbs, with a spread which some have estimated at about 150 feet. If in 1790 this tree was 22 feet in cir- cumference and is now 25%4 as above stated, the probability is that it is more than four hun- dred years old. This magnifi- cent old tree through a mis- fortune of its own brought it- self into promi- nence recently. During the sum- mer its foliage was attacked by red spider and a fungus which defoliated it se- verely. During August a second crop of leaves began to put out and they are re- ported to have been attacked in the same way. Every effort has been made to get the tree sprayed but without success to date, and although late in the season it will be sprayed if it can be done within reason. Incidentally, an interest- ing feature of the landscape connected with the old elm is the building shown in the background. This old brick structure shows the remains of one of the first, if not the first, silk mill that was put up in Tennessee, if not in the entire South. Its builder and operator was Frederick K. Ross, who came originally from Virginia. COMPARISONS ENLIGHTEN This near view of the great elm gives a very comprehensive idea of its massive proportions. be sent in promptly. CHANGE OF ADDRESS It is urgently requested that all changes of address, whether temporary or permanent, Both the old and new address must always be given. Such co-operation will be helpful in avoiding the loss of magazines. 611 WHAT OUR NATIONAL FOREST POLICY SHOULD BE I: BY LT.-COL. W. B. GREELEY, CHIEF FORESTER, U.S. FOREST SERVICE principles of what a National Forest policy should be. I think that whatever disagreement we may per- sonally feel in regard to particular figures, as to par- ticular states or regions, we are all convinced of the fun- damental fact that something definite and tangible must be done to restore the timber supply of the United States. I think we all recognize that the big objective of this effort must be to get growth on forest land that is not in demand for other uses than the production of timber. Starting from that basis, it seems to me-that our forestry program in the first place must fit our existing forms of government; it must fit our existing and habit- ual ways of doing things ; it must fit the recognized fields of jurisdiction of the different public agencies who should participate and of the private individual. We cannot nationalize all of the forest land in the country. At the same time, the public has a very large and important place in any program of reforestation; the public has, I think, very definite responsibilities. There are certain things that the public only can do. It is impossible to bring the forest fire hazard under control without public action, because you can never control forest fires without a vigorous exercise of the police powers lodged in the public. : At the same time, as I see it, there is a very definite, necessary place in this program for the private forest owner and the private forest industry. I do not want to see individual initiative eliminated. I want to see the enlightened timber interest of the lumber owner and the manufacturers of forest products given just as large a part in this forestry program as possible. I think at the same time that the forest owner must recognize that he has a responsibility as well as the public; that in the long run the forestry movement will increase the value of his land; that in the long run he has a responsi- bility not only not to permit the condition of his property to be a menace to his neighbors but not to permit the con- dition of his property to be a menace to the industrial welfare of his country. In recognizing any such responsibility as that we must immediately couple with it the principle that what is required of the private owner must be equitable and fair in consideration of the conditions under which he is operating. Taking these three angles then, the federal angle, the State angle, the private angle—it is my conception that a forestry program which will be effectual, which will accomplish results, must be built up dn the principle of co-operation in which all three of these elements par- ticipate. That leads at once to one of the important points, more or less fundamental, as to what the relations should be between the Federal Government and the States. Very strong arguments have been advanced in favor of outright, positive federal control of the handling of forest lands. | Fee we have had enough discussion of general 62 — wee tae To 2 se Se ee alll ba _ State; that it should seek to correlate action aa Many of those arguments in principle cannot be a a swered and I do not take issue with them. The question — as it appeals to me is the practical toad, the ae accomplishment. It does not seem to me wise to a # a theory in attacking this great problem that is bets, lead us through 10 or 15 years of controversy, of tion over the constitutionality of enterprises arising 7 conflicting jurisdiction between the Federal Gove nment — and the States. = I feel that we will get results measured in weal terms of timber growth—and that is the only way that you can measure results—much more rapidly if we at least — begin on a basis of co-operation that undertakes to. give | a fair recognition to the existing ways of doing tl to the American idea of handling locally the things \ one—that as far as possible it should deal throug ship ; it should give liberal financial assistance. - I think as a necessary correlary of this principle Federal Government working with the State th the State organizations—we must recognize th of the Federal Government to insist as a conditi its co-operation, where it deems necessary, that certain standard requirements be met by the states. That is ‘the only way in which you can make federal leadership anc correlation between the states effective. As it beco clear in dealing with this or that set of conditions th certain standard requirements must be met, those quirements must be made a prerequisite a3 federal. operation. Now, beginning with those general ideas, our leg tive program in forestry, as I see it, must aim at big things. The first of these is to iting the forest fire under cor trol. That represents 75 or 80 per cent of the who problem. I would, if necessary, say for the next 10 to 20 years, forget everything else and concentrate all ou energies upon that one thing of bringing our for fire losses down to a basis where they can be figure on more or less as a fixed hazard or a fixed liability. — That must include all classes of forest land. It must in- A clude the cut over land, the land that has been denude by forest fires, the land once in timber but now cut and unimproved and now being made no use of; it must iy clude in my conception, every class of forest land that land is economically in demand for some other use. I think that we must do a great deal along the — line of studying the use of land, the practical classifica~ tion of land to determine the types of land which in the long run we anticipate will be devoted to farm crops” rather than timber growth, but the actual test which I — would apply—and I would apply it as a matter of law— ‘ . < n ess. 2 “WHAT OUR NATIONAL FOREST POLICY SHOULD BE is that we would eased any particular tract of land as - forest land, to be protected as such, until that land is actually converted to other uses. In other words, a classification of land by actual use rather than by soil examination. _ Our forest protection plan must include the disposal of slash. I have become convinced that there is no half-way measure ; that we have got to make as a definite plank in our forestry program the practical fireproofing of our woods as far as we can within reasonable cost limits. The disposal of slash must, the country over, be _ recognized as a part of the logging operations. These ‘things I would accomplish under the police powers of _ the State, applying the principle I stated a few moments ago, the Federal Government working as a co-operator _of the State, and looking to the State to carry these re- _ quirements out with the private owners. fe I said that forest fire control in my judgment would accomplish 75 or 80 per cent, possibly more, of the task ‘of getting our lands back in timber growth, but there : e will be cases, there will be regions, where we must go ____ beyond that, and as those cases and regions become clear, ___ and as we know with certainty what should be done in ___ addition to keeping out the forest fires, we should have ___ the legal authority to make those essential things a re- ae quirement on the timber owner. Again, that principle _ must be coupled with a correlary that such requirements |= = ‘must be fair and equitable in consideration of the actual co-operating conditions; that they must be framed and _ enforced by local authority in which the interests who are affected can be locally represented and which will 3 _ have the maximum opportunity to know the local condi- tions with which they are dealing. In connection with these two planks—the first two _ commandments, as I see it, in our forestry program— ___ the control of fire and the following of fire control with _ such other measures enforced by local authority as may be necessary actually to prevent the denudation of forest _ lands, I believe we should undertake to largely extend _ the existing public forests, for we have many areas of cut-over land which will come back into timber very _ slowly, perhaps not at all, unless planting is resorted to. _ I think that it is up to the Federal Government and the states to shoulder a considerable part of that work. I think that the Federal Government and the states in the forested regions should both embark on a policy of the acquisition of public forests. The next point which I think everyone who has con- sidered this question recognizes is a mighty important one is that of forest taxation. It is too big a subject to _ spend any time on here. It seems to me that the best __ way to tackle that problem is for each state whose forest _ ‘resources are important, to work for the designation of a legislative commission which would be instructed to _ make a thorough study of the subject of existing methods _ of taxing forest lands upon the denudation of such lands _ __ and to report suitable legislation. The Federal Govern- ___ ment might, if it were enabled to by Congress, co-operate _ with these states in malcing such a study of taxation. a | | an tg | = * { | a . 613 Lastly, our forestry program should provide for get- ting much more accurate information on many of the questions that are involved. We need a much more ac- curate census or inventory of our timber resources, not only our standing stumpage, but our timber growing resources, than we have ever had. We need with that much better information than we have ever had on what our national requirements for timber are, region by region—what the requirements of our principal industries are, region by region. We need to get those two sets of figures to see how far we can fit them together, seeing how much land the- -country ought to have perpetually in timber. These are the five main points which it seems to me our forestry program should aim at. There are, of course, others, but I have sheared them down to what seems to me to be the five essentials. How should we go atit? In the first place, we should have, sooner or later, sooner if possible, a comprehensive federal forestry law. Its first plank should be an appropriation, which I have put at not less than a million dollars, to enable the Forest Service to co-operate with the states in forest fire prevention, in working out the methods of handling various classes of timber land, in addition to fire pre- vention, which are necessary actually to keep them in timber growth, and in other phases of forestry. The expenditure of this million dollars would be regu- lated on the same basis as the expenditures under the Agricultural Extension Act and under the Federal Aid Road Acts,—that is, that the states must put up at least dollar for dollar with the Federal Government. The ex- penditures under that act should be further limited to states which meet what the Federal Government regards as essential minimum requirements in fire protection and methods of cutting; but I want to say right here that if such an act as that were passed and I were responsible for administering it, I would say to the states that the thing we want to get across first is fire protection. The second plank should be one for extension of the federal forests by purchase and by consolidation through exchanges. The third plank should be one that will enable the Federal Government to assist the states in working out this question of forest taxation. The fourth plank should be a provision for a general survey of forest resources that I spoke of, and in that I would include, where it is necessary, co-operative studies with the state in regard to classes of land that should be devoted to forest purposes. So much for federal legislation. Now, concurrently with that we need state laws which will carry out the state end of this game, because the plan that I have outlined is not going to be effective unless we get the states in it. My idea as to state legislation is that you don’t want to attempt too much in your law; that you have got to put your confidence in a commission, or a board, or some . (Continued on page 617) LIVING STUMPS OF TREES BY C. C. PEMBERTON HEN a tree is cut down it ordinarily dies or sends up sprouts from the stump or roots. Only a few conifers can sprout from the stump. In others the stumps usually die. In some species, however, instances are found of stumps which do not sprout but, nevertheless, do not die. On the contrary they retain their vitality to a surprising extent and apparently with- DOUGLAS FIR An example of remote and indirect root graft and consequent hesiing of stumps. A and B are healed stumps whose tap roots have grafte with the underlying roots of a large, foliage possessing fir tree fifty feet distant. D.DD. are the roots of the large tree spreading laterally at a depth of two feet below the surface. C is another small fir stump healed over, having only indirect union of roots. out the aid of foliage. There has been much controversy as to the cause of this remarkable state of affairs. Some aver that union of roots of the stumps with those of adjacent standing trees accounts for the phenomenon. Others contend that it is due solely to the reserve material in the stump, and in support of their contention point to instances of stumps apparently isolated and remote from other trees which nevertheless can make bulky formations of new annual rings. According to a letter recently appearing in the Victoria Daily Colonist, Victoria, British Columbia, from Mr. A. D. Webster, Inner Circle, Regents Park, London, Eng- land, the healing over of these stumps had attracted attention in England early in 1800, and Grigor, an English botanist who died in 1848, had described them in his “Agriculture.” French reviewers of the book, 614 however, expressed doubts on the subject, saying that it was “as likely for a pump to draw water without a piston as for a tree devoid of leaves and branches to con- — tinue to produce annual layers of woody matter.” Grigor, nevertheless, had been able to prove by “occular demon- stration,” the truth of his assertion, although no decision was reached as to the cause. : Professor Somerville, of Cambridge University, Eng- land, has lately expressed the opinion that though the phenomenon is usually attributed to the natural grafting of roots of the stump with those of adjoining trees left growing, the subject has not been sufficiently investi- gated, He distinctly states that, in larch, a certain amount of growth can take place in a stem that has been served, and that if such a stem is laid in a cool moist place, the cambium becomes active in the spring and a ten per cent annual ring can be formed in the ensuing season. The matter seems to have received consideration also in Germany. In the Kew Bulletin (1917, Nos. 9 and 10, DOUGLAS FIR : This is an example of a natural root graft between two Douglas fir trees. To the left is portion of the trunk of the tree which retained its foliage and to the right the stump. The center of the stump is decayed, but the rim of live wood around the outer edge is plainly to be seen. p- 303), Mr. W. Dallimore, in his instructive article, “Natural grafting of branches and roots,” referring to these stumps, quotes Sorauer, Handbuch der Pflanzen- krankheiten, Berlin, 3rd ed., 1919, vol. I, p. 774, to the effect that while root union may often be the solution of the enigma, there are stumps too remote for such a possibilty which nevertheless show bulky over-growth. In the latter case, he thinks reserve material is responsi- LIVING STUMPS OF TREES 615 ble for the com- mencement of the overgrowth, but that it is subse- quently stimulated by the chlorophyll present in the cor- tex of the callus. Professor Jep- son, a California authority, referring in “Trees of Cali- fornia” (1909, p. - 33, Fig. 29) to the presence of these stumps in Cali- fornia, expresses the opinion that the phenomenon is un- doubtedly due to natural grafting of roots. Professor H. S. Newins, of the Oregon Agricultural College, in the Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters for grafted to standing trees in the vicinity. SCRUB PINE This shows how the three trees are welded together in a natural graft of the roots and base of stems. Union of roots does not in this species (pinus contorta) enable a tree possessing foliage to keep the stumps of another alive by means of root graft. October, 1916, cites a number of cases in which he proved by actual excavation that living stumps which were apparently isolated were as a matter of fact con- nected by natural root grafts with standing trees. I have made a number of such excavations and have never been able to find an instance in which uncovering all the roots did not disclose root unions, direct or indirect. One example of the latter was particularly note- worthy. On Langford Plains, near Victoria, there were DOUGLAS FIR Remarkable manner in which stumps of the Douglas fir tree heal over when their roots are i After this cap was removed a renewed healing took place, as seen in the small piece in the center of this photograph. Another healing is now occurring in the cap from which the small piece was cut. a number of scat- tered Douglas fir trees of large size and well branched through growth in the open. Abotit fifty feet away from one of. the largest stood a group of nine small Douglas fir stumps completely capped over. No indica- tion of root graft between the stumps and the big tree was to be seen. Chinese felling timber in the vicinity for firewood cut down the big tree, and as soon as they did so the vitality in the stumps ceased. I em- ployed the Chinese to dig up the intervening ground between the tree and stumps and then the fact was dis- closed that the spreading roots of the big tree, at a depth of two feet below the surface of the ground and at a distance from the tree of fifty feet, had formed a union with the tap roots of one or two of the group of stumps. These stumps, so united with the underlying root from the big tree, were in turn root grafted with the others GRAND FIR In the foreground are seen the living roots of a stump which has decayed away. The trunk of the big tree from which the live roots obtain their vitality through root graft is seen at the back of the photograph. These are Grand fir (Abies grandis). of the group further away. It was, therefore, apparent that the wood forming material from the foliage of the big tree was transmitted by means of the root graft directly to some of the stumps, that they passed it on to 616 AMERICAN others more re- mote, and that as soon as the foliage possessing tree was killed the source of the vitality of the stumps was gone and they too died. This power to pass on by a series of successive and indirect root grafts, the vitality and wood forming ma- terial from the growing tree is in my belief the solu- “SCRUB PINE” ‘ when roots are di- tion of the problem The only scrub pine Mr. Pemberton could have Lodgepole Pine, which is locally called “scrub pine.” This section of the three trees shows a of how very remote how Soniplotary they are joined together by natural grafting. Most pines do not appear to gether. I have seen 3 possess the power to heal stumps by root graft. stumps are able to show healthy overgrowth; especially as there are cases in which the major part of the stumps decay and the roots only remain alive. Not all species. possess this power; and those which do not are unable to support living stumps no matter how closely the roots of the stumps may be intermingled with those of adjacent standing trees. The practical value of the characteristic still lies within the realm of speculation. Is it possible that some day we shall make use of it for the produc- FORESTRY a - v5 tion of living fence posts or telegraph poles? 7 While in some species such unique consequences fol- low the joining — together of roots, which takes place so readily in con- ifers, in other spe- cies it is quite dif- ferent and they do not possess the power of transmit- ting vitality even worked on in B. C. ig the coast form of the - rectly joined to- an instance proving — § this. At the first Camp in France of No. 34 Company, Canadian Forestry Corps, intergrafting of the roots of the pine trees was found to be of frequent occur- rence. In one instance three trees were very closely = united. The bases of the stems and the roots of the a three trees were all welded together. One tree had been cut down some time previously, and though its stump was charged with resin there was absolutely no sign of vitality. 2 THE OLD TREE IN THE CITY SQUARE rains Q 4 BY GARNETT LAIDLAW ESKEW a The ringing clank of the axes Sounds through the spring time day; The saw eats into the tree trunk; The old trees totter and sway. There is a moment of rending Like the breaking of old home ties, Then a thudding sound on the soft wet ground— Another old resident dies. Time was when the old tree blossomed And made through the summer’s heat For the old time folk on the benches, A leafy and cool retreat ; When each year broadened and added To the mighty expanse of bough— But the gaunt arms there up above the square Are barren and colorless now. And I wonder, when my fight is over And I have lain wearily down, Will someone step for a moment From the rush of the noisy town And count all my life time over, And say, “Loads are lighter a bit, And the world goes. by more happily Because he has lived in it?” Time was when the mad throngs passing _ — Along through the city’s glare Us Saw the huge old tree, and remembered Bey That God had his temple there— a Remembered the hills and the moorlands a All dressing in green again— .. And who shall deny that they all passed by Ag Better and worthier men? a ' Today I paused in my passing And looked where the old tree lay— z A mighty and fallen warrior . Hewn through at the end of the fray. ; And I counted them slowly over— Re” The rings that have marked each year— = Oh our sires were young when that tree first sprung! And now, it lies quietly here. o"§ 5 Feeaeaed from page 613) — form of state authority dealing with forest questions that will have authority behind it in the laws of the state to determine what is necessary within reasonable limita- tions; to apply these regulations and. requirements to the private owners of the state subject to some provision for appeal, or review in cases where an individual pri- vate owner feels that the state commission has been arbitrary or has exceeded its authority. I would authorize that state commission, in the first __ place, to establish a sufficient fire protection organization ; s to control the fire situation of the state; with a sufficient _ appropriation to carry that out, but with the provision __ that every private owner who benefits from that protec- x _ tion must contribute a fair and proper share to its cost. I would authorize the commission to levy the cost of fire _ protection upon the lands of private owners who will not _ contribute voluntarily—to make that a lien upon the property ; but I would put, probably in the law itself, me some limit as to cost per acre, some equitable limit, be- yond which your commission cannot go. I would authorize that commission to. deal with the _ question of slash disposal in the same way, giving them E authority to prescribe the methods of slash disposal ap- tions. Don’t limit them in the law to details, limit them as to a total cost ; put the protection to your timber owner _ method should be employed in the way of restrictions in cutting timber in order actually to prevent the devastation of the forest lands of the state. I would make that commission non-partisan in character. I would pro- _ vide definitely for the representation of other interests in _ the state upon it, in accordance with whatever the best arrangements may be in each state, to get a representative non-partisan commission that will hold the confidence of _ the public and the state. That is the first and biggest _ feature, in my judgment, of any effective state forestry law. Saget Now I would follow that, in outlining a complete or ideal state program, with some provision in each state, _ even on a small scale, if. necessary, for building up state - forests. Personally, I cannot agree with the proposition expressed by Governor Philipp here yesterday, that the duty of growing timber is entirély'a duty of the national ' government. It is a duty of the national government _ and they should go at it, but it seems to me that it is a responsibility that the states also share. It seems to me _ that Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan have an obli- "gation to their own citizens, to their own welfare, their own future taxable property, and future industry to _ take an active hand in this proposition of growing tim- ber. I am for state forests as well as federal forests. The third point is the question of taxes, upon which the only suggestion I can make is one of investigation _ and publicity through the designation of a legislative _ gommission. There are a good many other things, thot VS | WHAT OUR NATIONAL FOREST POLICY SHOULD BE 617 would be desirable in this or that particular state. I have not touched on state nurseries and I think that it is important in some prairie states to go into that phase. The things which I have mentioned are the essential things. There is only one way to get this program accom- plished, and that is by all taking hold of it; by creating a public demand for this kind of legislation that Con- gress in Washington will have to recognize, and that your state legislatures in the various states will have to recognize. I want to see the men and business interests who are most directly -interested in this take the leader- ship in this fundamental public task. The American Pulp and ‘Paper Association has already formulated and ap- proved definite forestry proposals, many of which are quite in line with what I have outlined. The National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, through a Forestry Committee, which recently held a meeting in Chicago, has also formulated-a set of principles and certain pro- posals for federal legislation which represent, by and large, an advanced position, a creditable position, for that industry to take, It seems to me that all that we can add to the con- sideration of these questions, all the support and im- petus we can put behind this proposition, means that we will get a definite somewhere that much sooner. I would like very much to see the interests represented here take some action which will enable them collectively to give the proper consideration to these proposals and to other proposals, and to be prepared when the proper time comes to make their voice and their influence flelt. (Extracts from an extemporaneous address delivered -at the reforestation conference of the wood-using industries -held at Madison, Wisconsin, July 23, 1920. This is the clearest resentation of the Forest Service program that has yet been presented. NEW METHOD OF TAGGING TREES | Pasa cloth is now being used in some of the experi- mental work of the United States Department of Agriculture in tagging trees and has been found to be very successful. Writing on wooden tags, which were formerly used, soon becomes illegible, white copper tags are not only expensive but are not large -enough for sufficient data. The linen tags are first soaked several days in water to remove the sizings and then dried and smoothed with a hot flat iron. Data is written with India ink using a round-pointed pen. The ink soaks in but does not run. Such tags will last a year or longer. When they are to be used for-longer periods or under conditions where the tags come in contact with the ground, they are coated with paraffin after labeling. One method.is to dip them in a mixture of gasoline and paraffin (proportion 1 quart of gasoline and one-half pound paraffin). The gasoline evaporates leaving a film of paraffin. If the tags become coated with mud they can easily be washed and the ink shows up clearly. Such tags may be used in a variety of ways, for when ‘reated in this manner they last exceptionally well. ~~. NUT TREES IN LANDSCAPE WORK BY O. C. SIMONDS, LANDSCAPE GARDENER LL trees are beautiful and should serve in some place in landscape work. Some are more beautiful than others and where but few trees can be used the more beautiful would naturally be chosen, Much attention is now being given the black walnut would come about in the center of the list for most locations. The list itself would vary for different situations and climates. I should advise using biack walnuts plentifully along the highways, especially country roads, and some- to the planting of nut trees on home grounds, high- ways, parks, city streets, boulevards, country roads and elsewhere. Not long ago a lawyer was talking to me about the beauty of black wal- nuts. To his mind there was no tree more beautiful, and, from what he said, he would use it almost to the exclusion of other trees. My own judgment does not fully coincide with his, al- though I consider a black walnut a very attractive tree. It grows to a large size and is generally healthy. Its shape is good and its foliage attractive in summer. The leaves usually drop early and they are not especially attractive in autumn coloring. Black walnuts are strong in appearance. They THE EXQUISITE BEAUTY OF AN. ALMOND ORCHARD IN FULL BLOOM what sparingly in home grounds and the other loca- — tions which I have named. By plentifully I do not mean to the exclusion of other trees, for, in most places, there should be more elms and maples than black walnuts, but high- ways are so extensive that many kinds of trees could be used in abundance to give shade. In woods there might be places where black walnuts could be used in profusion. The objections that one might raise to the use of black walnuts would be, first, the comparatively short season of the leaves. These come out rather late in the spring and drop early. Probably these trees can not be improved very much in this respect. Second. Boys \ BEAUTIFUL AND EFFECTIVE PLANTING OF ENGLISH WALNUTS ON A BROAD AVENUE cack the gracefulness of the elm and if I were making a list of trees in the order of their appearance, placing the most beautiful first and the least attractive last, I should place several trees ahead of the black walnut, among them sugar maples, elms and several of the oaks. Perhaps 618 will sometimes throw sticks at the trees to bring down the nuts. If a boy comes in home grounds to do this he will be considered a nuisanse. Branches are sometimes brok- en and trees disfigured from this cause. Along highways this objection might perhaps be lessened somewhat by NUT TREES IN LANDSCAPE WORK planting enough trees so that there would be more nuts than the boy would want, or by im- proving the manners of the boy. Third. The trees. are often attacked by great numbers of caterpillars. This objection can usually be obvi- ated by spraying or destroying the pests in other ways. What has been said about the black walnut would apply in many ways to the butternut, its nearest relative. But- ternuts have a range extending farther north and they are more subject to disease than the black walnuts. Like the walnut, their leaves come out late and drop early. They are subject to the attacks of boys. When healthy they are attractive in appearance and deserve to be planted in most places where trees are used for landscape effect, but in the list suggested they would come below the black walnut. There is a time in the year when the shag bark hickory, which produces such sweet nuts would be more attractive than any neighboring tree. It is when the big buds swell and send out yellowish-green leaves surrounded by large red bracts. At this time they are as showy and beautiful as any flower. The bracts soon fall, but the leaves turn a rich green and are attractive until early fall, when they are sometimes yellow, and sometimes THE DISTINCTIVE BLOSSOM OF THE HORSE CHESTNUT 619 drop without any marked coloring. The trunk of this hickory is unique in appearance as the bark separates from the tree in long plate-like strips which hang on at one end and give the scraggly appearance from which the tree derives its name. All of the hickories are attractive in appearance, but some of them drop their leaves early.- The hickories are difficult to transplant but this is nothing against the beauty of the tree. An established tree is more valuable on this account. In some places hickories are quite subject to disease or to the attacks of borers. A CHESTNUT, HEAVY WITH FRUIT. SUCH A TREE IS A COMMANDING FIGURE IN ANY LANDSCAPE Like the walnuts, hickories which produce edible nuts are subject to the attacks of boys, but, on account of the toughness of the wood and the roughness of the bark, they are usually quite well able to withstand these attacks. Hickories are suitable for use in all landscape work so far as their appearance is concerned. The fact that they are not so used is due to the difficulty of transplanting them. In the fall ‘when a maple tree has colored up beautifully and.a hickory near it has drop- ped its leaves, we are apt to com- pare the two unfavorably to the latter, but we should remember the appearance in. summer and especially when the leaves first unfold.’ Hickory trees are beau- tiful also when the off, their branches making beau- leaves are tiful-etchings against the sky in winter.. The pecan, which is the largest of ‘all the hickories, is an exception to the general rule be- cause it is planted quite exten- sively, especially in the South. It is a beautiful tree and where itis hardy there is no reason why it should not, be used as a DELIGHTFUL LANDSCAPE EFFECT SECURED THE CURBING OF A STREET THROUGH USE OF IN PASADENA, CALIFORNIA street tree, a tree in home PEPPER TREES ALONG grounds, in parks, or any other 620 NUT TREES It is raised hickoris place where deciduous trees are needed. while the other are raised very sparingly, and some not at all. extensively in some nurseries, the beech the most beautiful of all the Its comparatively smooth, bluish-gray bark Its branches, Many consider nut trees. makes it a distinctive tree at all seasons. spreading straight out from the trunk, give it an appear- ance of strength. Its fine branches from a specially sharp buds are trim and neat in appearance, its leaves are beautiful in shape and texture Their fall coloring, while not as brilliant as that of the maples, is really beautiful, being either yellow or a rich The leaves are apt to hang on all winter, espe- cially on the younger growth, and then they often turn a beautiful straw color. If a list of beautiful trees for February were to be made, I am rather inclined to think that the beech would stand at the head of the list. A young beech, with its bluish-gray bark, its straw-colored leaves, and flecks of snow here and there, seems to me the most beautiful of all deciduous trees m winter. The young leaves also are especially attractive when they first appear and the blossoms are sometimes objects of interest, although not showy in color. Often in old pastures one finds forlorn, scraggly look- ing bushes and is told they are hazel nut bushes. One would not pick out bushes like these to plant in his front yard, and yet, when given a chance, there is scarcely a more attractive shrub than the hazel. It is one of the first shrubs to blossom, the staminate flowers hanging in slender graceful yellowish-brown catkins, while the pis- tillate flowers are little points of purplish-red protruding from the buds. These blossoms appear long before the leaves. The latter, when fully developed, are beautiful in outline and soft in texture and they have a rich coloring in the fall including various shades of yellow and red. The hazel should certainly pleasing skyline, its brown. , be used extensively in land- scape work. The nuts, with their leaf-like involucres, IN LANDSCAPE WORK ger: THE INCOMPARABLE BLACK WALNUT, ALWAYS BEAUTIFUL are attractive in appearance in August and September. In connection with our own hazel one would naturally think of the filbert, which is a European relative. The filbert is often planted for ornament, and a variety with purple leaves is quite popular, Of all our native trees I think the oak excels in beauty of foliage. By many, oaks might not be considered nut trees, but nearly all of the acorns are eaten. by squirrels or other wild animals and so.it would be proper to mention oaks when speaking of nut trees in the landscape. In. the — northern states we have two groups known as the white oak group and the red oak group. The trees of the former -have -soft, dull green leaves with rounded lobes, while those of the latter have shiny leaves with lobes ending in points or filaments. The former mature their acorns in one year, while the latter require two years to bring them to maturity. The acorns of the white oak group are sweet, while those of the red oak group are more or less bit+ FINE EFFECT OF HORSE CHESTNUT PLANTING ON A WASHINGTON STREET ter. The foliage of all oaks is attractive when it first appears, ohertie the small leaves varying in color from almost white, -through pink, yellow and red to the deepest purple. Per- haps the red oak excels all other trees in the beauty of its summer foliage and its leaves are also richly colored in autumn. The Bur Oak, in addition to having attrac- tive foliage, has a rough dark bark that gives it an attrac- tive appearance in winter. The white oak, especially when young, holds many of its leaves until spring, and these, with their brown color, give a warmth to the snowy _ landscape. One could make a most beautiful park by _ planting nothing but oaks and they should rank with __ maples and elms as street trees. _ The chestnut is a tree which a few years ago would have been considered along with the oak in landscape _ work, but which now would not be thought of in certain regions on account of a disease which has practically destroyed it. It grows to a large size and, if it were mot for the chestnut blight, would be worthy of a < place in any park. Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent without success in endeavoring to : =e exterminate the blight. Some of the introduced varie- _ ties are apparently exempt from this disease, but only _ the future can tell whether the chestnut will again become "valuable in landscape work as well as in the raising of ____ food and lumber. Im designing landscapes we think first of open spaces and then bound these spaces with trees and shrubs having pleasing shapes and foliage. The tops of these trees form the skyline and the lower growth a margin of lawns, or perhaps of walks and drives. For these purposes the __ beeches, hickories, hazels, walnuts and butternuts are all valuable, their value being approximately in the order named. There may be some question about including the horse chestnuts and buckeyes in a list of nut trees. The seeds _ of these trees have, however, been used for feeding stock and perhaps some way may be found for making them available as food for men and women. There is no question about their usefulness for ornamental trees. In - Europe the horse chestnut has been used extensively for park and boulevard planting and it is also largely used in the United States. There are several varieties. The leaves appear very early, the blossoms coming out later. Our own buckeyes are handsome in appearance and all are adapted for use in landscape work. The arguments for and against the use of nut trees in landscape work would be somewhat similar to such argu- ments regarding fruit trees. The tree with luscious fruit, like the snow apple, would be omitted from the list of trees for a park, not because it lacks beauty, but because its fruit would lead to its destruction. Apple trees might, however, be very appropriate for private grounds. They have sometimes given a name to a home, as “The Orchard.” The same is true of certain nut trees, “Wal- nut Hill” and “Hickory Grove” being not uncommon, The hazel, too, is frequently used in naming home ss NUT TREES IN LANDSCAPE WORK 621 grounds, streets or localities. A name used in this way has a real and intimate meaning. I am glad there is a movement to encourage the raising of nut trees and hope to see such trees used extensively for the purpose of developing attractive scenery as well as for food pro- duction. : THE SOAP NUT TREE ee Y attention has been called to an article in AMERICAN Forestry on the subject of the soap nut tree,” writes Dr. M. B. Carleton, of Wooster, Ohio. “I suppose it is the same tree that is indigenous in India along the outer ranges of the Himalayan Mountains about the latitude of the middle of Florida. I was born in that country and lived most of my life there. I have often seen the tree and used the skin of the fruit, or nut, in washing clothes and even used it in bathing. It makes a splendid lather and is highly prized in the wash- ing of woolen clothes, for the garments do not shrink as they do when . the ordinary soap is used. “The tree is a symmetrical and handsome one, with many fine dark green leaves and grows to the height of 40 or 50 feet. One tree in my gar- den _ supplied enough fruit for the laundry of my family of seven per- sons for a year. “The outer skin only is used. When the fruit is dry it is easily broken into small pieces by hand and then mixed in plenty of hot water. There is a round black’ ._- within the outer skin which moves and rattles when ripe. The tree is easily grown from this black seed which is as large as a good sized cherry. *It is not best to use the lather in washing the face for if it enters the eye, there is much smarting and irritation though I never heard of any permanent injury to the eye and the irritation soon passes off, as I have experienced. “The fruit, or nut, is nearly the size of a small walnut and is bulky to carry, but the shell can be removed and broken into small pieces to make it compact and more easily transported.” SOAP NUTS—FRUIT OF THE SOAP NUT TREE These curious nuts resemble the peculiar Li Chi (Chinese) nuts of childhood, but in appearance only, as the Chinese nut_has a delicate, delicious flavor, while the Soap Nut is unfit to eat, its value lying in an entirely different direction. i ae 622 . or - AMERICAN FORESTRY ee HE continued drive of the Ameri- can Forestry Association for a national forest policy and for better fire protection for our forests is “found, in almost every paper that comes to hand” according to the edi- tor of the Burlington Hawk Eye who has a fine editorial on the way the newspapers are co-operating in keep- ing this all-important subject before the readers. Every phrase of the situ- ation is being discussed by the editors all of whom demand action by the Government. The Literary Digest has just devoted two pages to the Asso- ciation’s work. Burlington, Iowa, Hawkeye: There has come, within quite recent times a notable change in the attitude of the American press toward the question of forestry. Not sO many years ago, many papets spoke of forestry slightingly. They opined that- it was something that might be useful in foreign countries, but of which there was no need here. The majority ignored for- estry entirely. Today, it is impossible to run through | twenty or thirty papers without finding at least,one article on the subject of forestry, and sometimes almost every paper that comes to hand has something dealing with the subject. - Now, it would not be fair to assume that this change has been wrought simply be- cause paper is made of wood pulp and newsprint paper is now very scarce and very expensive. That may have helped, but jt is not the only cause, nor the princi- ple cause. Not even the high price of lum- ber may be assigned as the cause. It is rather that the men who study public questions and public needs have’ ar- rived at the conclusion that it is high time that the subject was receiving some atten- tion and that it was found by this time that the agitation should have begun years ago. For a need such as exists in the country now cannot be filled in a few short years. It may require a century to give this country the wealth of forest which it requires. ’ But the main thing, the outstanding thing, the thing’ that guarantees results, is that the press of the whole country is awakening to the fact that a crying need exists. And that means that the politicians who are always anxious to please the peo- ple, will take up and study the problem. The legislatures of the different states and the National Congress may be depended upon to take the hint and to follow where the press leads. Especially, as they will soon learn that the people stand behind the press in this matter. San Diego Union: Two measures of vital importance to the future economic welfare of the nation were presented for Boston Traveler: Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, head of the American Forestry Association, congratulates the nation upon the fact that the next President of the United States willbe a newspaper publisher, For Mr. Pack believes,. probably with reason, that the forestry needs of America will, be apt to receive their due share of attention from a chief executive who has known what it is to wonder where his next cargo .of newsprint was coming from, It is certainly true that the news- ' paper publisher, whenever you meet him, is concerned in a special degree, if not over his supply of newsprint for current needs, at any rate over the continuance of that supply for himself and other publishers in the coming years. To be interested in the matter of pulpwood for paper making is to be interested in the entire problem of timber for the building and manu- facturing requirements of the nation. At the present rate of consumption and without a policy of reforest- tion, the timberlands of the United States will be depleted in sixty to seventy-five years. With’ proper co- operation of national and state gov- ernments and private owners of for- est areas, experts tell us, our for- ests may be made to renew them- selves in time to meet domestic needs for many years to come. No wonder, then, that the people who have been devoting time and energy to the forestry campaign are cheered by the assurance that the next President will be a man with a practical interest already awakened in the perpetuation of the nation’s timber supply. consideration by the resolutions committee of the Republican convention, both of them pertaining to the conservation of our for- ests. One of the propositions provides for reforestation as a precaution against a famine in all wood Products within fifteen years, and the other was in the form of a weakened by the allegation of exper Protest from the American Forestry As- sociation against President Wilson’s “pock- et veto” of the water power bill, = The two measures are virtually to t same purpose. Conservation of the f is the chief factor in conservation of power. If the forests are cut away streams will rush in floods to the sea ing the rain period, and go dry in the mer and autumn. If there is no water the streams, there will be no source water power. -This is the plain logic | the impending emergency. ae As to the “wood famine” predicted in fifteen years, the statement might | sustained in the dact that there is a 5 city of wood pulp for the making of pri paper; but this. argument is son servers that there is a vast quan the timber material used for this ? still standing in the forests of the west. However, that may be, it wot be necessary*to preserve the spruce. T can be done without affecting the to the paper mills, by scientific legi regulating the harvest and by refores : The same policy should be pursu all others forest legislation. Preservatic and conservation go hand in hand. Buil ing lumber is high in price, whatever tt cause, and it will be much higher if i cut out indiscriminately and wastefu is being done at présent. Every matur tree in a forest should be replaced as soot as it is converted into marketable lun Closely allied with the two Propositior mentioned is the plan proposed for f ores planting on unforested areas. This pr sition is particularly applicable to the n of Southern California, and should in ite attentive consideration by the business an industrial interests of San Diego. Ow water power could be imnieasurably in creased if the water sheds of our mo tain regions were more thickly forested, the timber line brought nearer to the va’ le} and coast region. Water power for th generation of electrical energy is certai to be of paramount- importance to Sa Diego industry as the oil fuel supply dim inishes. Our municipal water supply and water for irrigation are also matters of great concern to us, and closely related t the propositions for reforestation and con. servation of existing forests. bY, During the war we were forced to prac- tice a thrift with which most of us ¢ sadly unfamiliar; since the war conditi have been such that thrift is again fo upon us in the universal necessity of m ing the demands of the high cost of li Here are two lessons: which we should take to heart with the resolve that the ex perience shall serve all future econom pe“ a~,.* - "oo % tt AMERICAN FORESTRY 623 x 4 TO HAND HAS SOMETHING ON FORESTRY” purposes. We can never hope to prosper _ by wasting our substance. Our forests are = _ national wealth and one of our most val- _ wable assets of future prosperity. We must not waste them. Let them be not only erved, but multiplied. We shall sorely eed them by and by. Rochester Herald: W. B. Greeley, chief sre are in the United States a hundred jon acres, or about 5 per cent of the il area, capable of producing trees, and for nothing else, that are not being put ~ to any sort of use. On much of this land x 2 “vast area cannot be brought under e cultivation by viewing the future with n or by scolding the past for its waste- i The work of forestation on Gov- hensive and continuous programme, ked up by a sufficient appropriation, and lands privately owned, by agitation and tion. In our treeless wastes there is t potential wealth, and we owe it to generations coming after us to make rt on an extensive plan for the fores- ion of these areas, that the wealth may > made real. We have had about enough tion on the subject. It is time now _Iniiianapolis News: The report of the committee on forest conservation of the _ American Paper and Pulp Association is gnificant largely because it agrees in the main with other reports made by other : lations having various objects in iew. The paper and pulp interests inves- tigated the forest situation with a view to Stiggesting means of providing for a per- peerent supply of raw material for the in- ustry. Their committee found that this Ba best be done by adopting a conserva- 1 and reforestation plan similar to that ‘ gested by the American Forestry Asso- ation and various State organizations in- Siarelted: i in forests. _ The forests now existing must be cared and their products distributed with due regard for conservation. They must be surveyed so that the Government will _ not have to depend on vague estimates as to the forest resourcés of the country. New - forests must be planted, and not only _ planted, but constantly watched by ex- _ perts and developed under expert super- _ Vision. Means for research should be _ provided, and the Federal Government should encourage the States to adopt State _ forest policies to conform to the national dlicy and to harmonize with the Federal forest policy. The States can aid in en- couraging the planting of poor farm land in forests. As to how far the Federal Government should go in acquiring forests and land suitable for developing into forests is a question that must be considered. Mani- festly, it is unwise to give the Federal Government a monopoly of the raw mate- rial for print paper. In the hands of dishonest politicians, such a monopoly might be used with telling effect. TO POVERTY OR PROSPERITY THE SIGNBOARDS One road leads to destroyed penerieret lost lives and boar diminished pay rolls, dwindlin markets, her taxes; the other to life an property mae market for crops, pleasant camp- ing places, fish and game preserved, community wealth. Which shall it be? So says the Pueblo Colorado Chieftain. tional forest policy item in the report lacks a suggestion as to how this danger can be obviated. It is probable that strict supervision and regulation of privately owned forests is to be preferred to Gov- ernment ownership of vast tracts, but the Government should own forests for ex- perimental and park purposes. Waterbury American: “The Next Step in the Forestry Program” is the title of the last report of the committee on forest con- servation of the American Paper and Pulp Association, which has just been published in pamphlet form. All persons interested in the forests of this country, either as a source of raw materials for our industries, or for other purposes, will be interested in what this committee has to say. The report says that wood pulp is the chief constituent of approximately 90 per cent of the paper manufactured in this country today, and that the amount of news print paper and other papers manufac- tured from wood has been increasing tremendously for the past 10 years. The The na-. increased production of paper from pulp has resulted naturally in increased de- mand for timber, followed of course, by diminishing supply and increasing cost of raw materials. The committee whiclr pre- pared the report believes that the timc has now come for definitely drawn acts of 1:g- islation and recommends that authoriza- tion be given the committee to proceed im- mediately in the formulation anu introduc- tion into Congress of a bill embodying an adequate national forestry policy upon the _ general theory that in addition to the direct ‘activities of the National Govern- ment, a comprehensive forest policy re- “quires. co-operation of the States, since - State forest reserves will contribute to national wealth and the products of such “reserves will be used by States that are non-contributory. Hence, aid in the State development of forest wealth available for interstate consumption should be con- tributed by the National Government. An annual appropriation of $6,Uuu,lvv for for- est extension, care of forest resources and for research, is asked for, the amount to be expended in each State to bear rela- tion to the amount appropriated for the same objects by the State itself. The recommendations, the committee says, can not be criticised on the basis of the expense involved, which is exceed- ingly moderate in view of the magnitude of the problem to be solved, and represent true economy in the treatment of a basic national resource. : Paterson News: The American Forestry Association has issued an appeal to every school in the country to plant a tree. Tree- planted schoolhouse grounds will serve several ends. If every schoolhouse could be made a center of pretty landscape gar- dening, the idea would spread from the children to the homes. People would want the grounds around other public buildings impreved. The unsightly railroad stations and other structures which now serve the public so shabbily would be given a setting of foliage. Children who acquire this idea of beauti- tion will keep it when they grow up. hen they move to a newly laid out street they won’t be content with treeless land and shrubless soil, but will want a nest of verdure around their homes. This will im- prove property, make real estate more ‘valu- able and give a town a reputation for im- provement spirit. These children would be apt to become more interested in trees, learn how much value they add to waste land, and perhaps do some reforestation if they ever own land. AMERICAN OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN 624 BY GUY ELLIOTT MITCHELL NE of the most remarkable human faces in-stone is a giant profile which rears its head above the eternal glaciers near the topmost slopes of Mount Ra- nier. This enormous face, fashioned with most singular fidelity in the image of man, is a remnant of the cone of Ranier when the mountain was an active volcano. | It is a precipitous mass of rock and is known as “Gibraltar.” ‘the Pueblo Indians constructed the peculiar ditches about — -in\1540 when he was pushing toward the North. Thess . practice of irrigation was continued under the Franciscan %| gation delayed, although many a man with an eye to the — | the gulf. Texas’ lands were probably worked for irriga- | one considers intensive cultivation of the last twenty . GUARDIAN OF THE MOUNTAIN TOP The head of the recumbent giant, easily pictured by the imagination stretched at length and calmly guarding Ranier’s slope through the ages. The face is perfect in every lineament, chin, lips, nose, deepset eye, and overhung brow and forehead. The back of the head is covered with a thick hood. The face is set at an angle of about 45 degrees, apparently gazing up into the heavens, and it requires the exercise of but a slight imagination to conceive the giant recumbent body below the head, the trunk and the huge limbs lying at full length on Ranier’s slope, a thousand yards from head to feet, and covered by the white blanket of the eternal glacier. Surely this is the most gigantic natural sculpturing of our continent. ee hemlock and spruce are the standard mechanical and sulphite pulpwoods for the United States mills in the Pacific Northwest, the hemlock being consumed in greater amounts than any other single Hemlock forms 60 per cent of the merchant- able stand of timber on the Tongass National Forest, Alaska. species. FORESTRY IRRIGATION AN ANCIENT PRACTICE BY JAMES R. PREDDY [RBG ATION began in Texas many years before the lands embraced within its boundaries became a part — of the United States, years before these same lands made up what was known as the Lone Star Republic. To bring the time down to a more tangible date, the first irrigation work was done—according to tradition—when El Paso and the Pecos country, which authorities of — today claim were built for irrigation purposes. Another tradition coming out of the past tells that these ditches — were built by the Yuma Indians when they were driven — westward by the Comanches and Apaches, and not by — the Pueblos. When Coronado, the roving explorer, — opened ihis country to the Spaniards he found wells worked irrigation systems among the Indians; this was Fathers, who constructed the five mission ditches that ~ were found near the present city of San Antonio. Even under Mexican rule the work did not stop, and grants by the Mexican government often read as follows: “In the name of the Mexican Nation, grants him one — day of water with its corresponding labor of land.” Little advantage was taken of the early start made by the forefathers of Texas until a comparatively recent — date. Too long was the statutory encouragement to irri- — future saw the great possibilities stored up in the waters — of the Texas torrential streams as they wasted out into tion before those of almost any other State, but when : years, it must be admitted that the Lone Star State hes been backward. é Irrigation first came into recognition of the law ina = 1875, but the acts passed at this time were of no more — practical value than were the acts passed thirteen years — later. Ten years after this the need for better irriga- — tion began to be felt in certain sections of the State, and this led to the passage of acts which recognized the need — for irrigation works in these specific sections. In 1913 the. Thirty-third Legislature became impressed with the — gravity of the conditions throughout the State, and ~ enacted a statute which created a Board of Water Engi- neers, into whose keeping the water resources of the State were given. At the present time this board may be said to be the trustee for the State of all _ water resources. 3 When the three members ied on. the board came — together for the first time and looked the situation over, — they found that the field before them was set with diffi- culties, and yet that it was a field rich in possibilities. Each of the three members on the boazd were appointed as representatives of one of the three water divisions — into which the State had been divided by the Legislature Later legislation declared certain waters State propertyigg determined the purposes for which water may be stored, (Continued on page 636) nny Roa Ser Pe v / nee et bata a Mw = = ’ Te “layers and cut- - cuttings. The fancy garden - not know of UNIQUE EXAMPLE OF THE PROPAGATION OF SUGAR MAPLE FROM A CUTTING BY GEORGE B. SUDWORTH ERE has recently come to my notice through Major Edward K. Campbell, of Clermont, Florida, a most interesting story of how he propagated a sugar maple, now a large tree, from a cutting. As is known, practically all of our: native maple trees, and many, also, of the important exotic species, are grown from seed. A few of the fancy, shrubby maples of foreign origin, such as Acer palmatum, A. cissifolium, etc., may be propagated by tings. It is probable that our native vine maple (Acer circinatum) could be grown from layers or red-f oliaged and cut-leafed and other forms of Japa- nese maples are commonly grafted on the root-stock of a closely related species. Per- sonally, I do @ potato to root. another in- Stance in which the sugar maple was grown from a cutting. Major Campbell informs me that in 1859 when he was a lad of 15, living on a farm in Windham County, Ver- mont, he cut a twig from a mature sugar maple tree, and sticking the cut-end of the twig into a potato he planted the slip, potato-end down. He said it was common talk THE SUGAR MAPLE WHICH WAS SUCCESSFULLY PROPAGATED FROM A CUTTING This is the tree which Major Campbell grew from a twig cut from a sugar maple in 1859 and stuck into It is now 60 years old—a magnificent specimen 90 feet high, and the pride of the owner. among farmers that slips of fruit and other trees could be ° rooted in this way. Being curious to know if a maple could be so grown, he planted the maple slip in early spring, before the buds had opened. The twig took root, and for three years (1859-1862) he protected and other- wise cared for it. Leaving the locality in 1862, Major Campbell said he had seen his maple thereafter more or less regularly every few years, up to the present . time. At an age now of 60 years, the tree is about 33 in- ches in diame- ter and go feet high, The pho- tographs taken by Miss Lydia B. Franke, of New York City, show dis- tart and near- by views of the tree. Major Camp bellis standing in the nearer view. The tree is growing at the foot of Lede M ountain, in Windham County, Vermont, the old farm on which it was planted now being known as “Fairmont Farm,” owned by Mr. H, A. Bennett, South Londonderry, Vermont. While I personally know of no other instance of sugar maple having been grown from a cutting, it is, of course, quite possible that some one else may have accomplished this feat. FEATHERED SENTRIES eid soon after the beginning of the war it was noticed that cats, dogs, pet and even wild birds, as well as chickens, ducks and geese were aware of distant battles or of the approach of enemies,” writes Ladd Plumley in the January number of Boys’ Life. “All over the north of England the keepers on game preserves noticed that the pheasants became excited and squawked their alarm when a naval engagement was ‘taking place in the North Sea. In France the approach of hostile airplanes was foretold by the uneasiness shown by bird pets. Early in the war parrots were placed in the Eiffel Tower to give warning, long before human eyes and ears could detect the fact, of the ap- proach of enemy planes. Very soon, however, the par- rots became useless, as they became familiar with hostile airplanes and no longer showed the least interest. “Of all the animals and birds that gave their warn- ings as sentries, during the initial stages of the war, the bird that by some strange mixup in ideas is supposed to represent stupidity showed the most amazing instinct in detecting coming danger. In August, 1914, through- out Belgium and northern France the village geese 625 626 AMERICAN hissed and screeched their warnings long before the enemy appeared. Possibly the geese felt in their broad webbed feet the vibrations of the earth caused by distant gun and cannon fire, or, perhaps, they detected the air vibrations.” . FURNITURE MAKING IN BRAZIL HE American Consul at Rio de Janeiro reports that before the European war furniture and other manu- factures of wood were imported into Brazil to the value of more than a million dollars annually but now Bra- zilian and Italian workmen in that country are able with Brazilian woods to imitate imported furniture so perfectly that the resulting article is often more beau- tiful than the model. While the Amazon district and the extreme north are famous for their dyewoods and Parana is the home of Brazil’s soft wood, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo are the great woodworking centers. Furniture making in Brazil has now reached the stage where its product can compete with the most particular of world markets. In some of the factories the lumber used is all kiln-dried before working. The workshops are equipped with modern machinery, including American machines for veneering purposes. The artisans work on the hardest and most beautiful of Brazilian woods; they do hand carving and inlaid work with a wonderful degree of ex- cellence.. Handsome inlaid trays and table tops may be had at a moderate price containing twenty or more varieties of wood. “Imbuya” is the finest wood for furniture making. It comes in a large variety of colors and grains, is hard but easily worked and after kiln- drying, is almost indestructible. A number of proprietors and foremen in furniture factories have learned their trade in the Lyceo de Arts e Officios, at Sao Paulo, a school that teaches industrial arts and manufactures various articles. The students work in the shops for three or more years, then leave to become foremen in other factories or do special order work on their own account. There are more than three hundred varieties of woods in the Sao Paulo region alone and as a whole Brazilian forests not only abound in the finest of woods, but are of enormous extent. Except for a few plateaus, the forests of Brazil stretch from the Atlantic to the heights of the Andes. slowly and the labor supply is a constant probelm in every Brazilian industry but with its enormous resources Brazil should become one of the world’s principal sources of lumber. RAILROAD Tiks IN SOULH AMERICA STRIKING iliustration of the depletion of our woodlands and doubtless also of the lack of labor in work on those which remain is contained in a state- ment by Hermann von Schrenck, of St. Louis, a railroad tie expert, that while oak ties cost $2.00 each in this country, serviceable ties costing only $1.40 each are being imported from South America. eee oc Transportation facilities are developing. Oe FORESTRY pai eh ae ek A RAILROAD PLANTATION in the limits of a railroad right-of-way is a rare sight, and is somewhat of a surprise to those who suppose that a railroad marks one continuous line of forest fires and of the right-of-way of the Greenville branch of the Boston — and Maine Railroad, although in these days this branch was a tiny independent railroad, known as the Shirley and Peterboro, apparently because it ran from Ayer, Massa- idea that a double row of pines On the north side of the track would serve as an efficient snow-break. Acting on and eight feet apart in the row. A few sections of this snow-break were apparently burned out, but the greater part is growing today, a fine monument to the foresight Chief Forester, Boston, Massachusetts. A magnificent plantation of white pine growing directly. devastation. About sixty years ago, the official in charge — et) Bf chusetts to Greenville, New Hampshire, conceived the — this idea, he planted in Townsend, Massachusetts, about — three miles of white pines in two rows eight feet apart — and courage of this pioneer railroad man.—H. O. Cook, By Ha . i io is ; 1. Making waste lands yield a profit by growing timber — on poor soils, steep slopes, rocky lands, wet lands, unused corners, gullied or eroded lands. during the winter. 3. Utilizing timber better on the farm and avoiding tute woods in construction, treating nonlasting woods. breaks. for cutting the mature, defective, overcrowded, and inferior kinds of trees, and leaving the straight, thrifty, and better” kinds; planting to fill up openings in woodlands. 6. Marketing the higher grades of wood products direct to consumers at fair prices in the form of saw logs, poles, piling, cooperage bolts, handle bolts, posts, pulp wood, firewood, spoke blocks, tannin wood and bark. MAKE YOUR WOODLAND PERMANENTLY PROFITABLE FORESTRY INCREASES THE FARM INCOME BY— ; 2. Furnishing paying employment for men and teams | waste by cutting low stumps and small tops, using substi- a f 4, Increasing crop yields by planting forest tree wind- r 5. Growing more and better timber on the farm through | protecting the woods from fire and overgrazing; selecting | Df \- f AMERICAN FORESTRY 627 Deiman Angeloff, gardener on estate of the late Otto Huber - View of the Rock Island estate of the late Otto Huber. Many of the splendid trees on this estate were preserved for future generations by the skill of Davey Tree Experts The Tribute of Deiman Angeloff to Davey Tree Surgery THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc.. KENT, OHIO Gentlemen: Your system of Tree Surgery is the best that I know of. It saves trees. Your men know their business thardnghiy: They are courteous, gentle- manly and industrious. They work all the time and their work is fine. Deiman Angeloff The saving of priceless trees is a matter of first importance on every estate. Davey Tree Surgery is a fulfillment of the maximum expec- tations of those who love and value trees. A careful examina- tion of your trees, will be made by appointment. THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 2110 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio port, Hartford, Stamford, Albany, Pough- keepsie, White Plains, Jamaica, Montclair, New York, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Balti- more, Washington, Richmond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Branch offices with telephone connections: New York City, Astor Court Bldg.; Chicago, West- minster Bldg.; Baltimore, American Bldg.; Philadelphia, Land Title Bldg., and Boston. Write nearest office. Permanent representatives available in districts Chicago, Milwaukee; Canadian address, surrounding Boston, Springfield, Lenox, New- 252 Laugauchitere West, Montreal. JOHN DAVEY Father of Tree Surgery DAVEY TREE SURGEONS Every real Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of the Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely representing themselves AMERICAN FORESTRY The Maximum Silencer In World Business- The Noiseless Typewriter is making a name for itself in the world of letters. Write for this Booklet Every one interested in the progress of science, particu- larly as it applies to improved business methods, should read this good booklet. Write for “The Typewriter Plus*’ Quietly, without great hurrah or blare of trumpets, it has proved that it 7s possible for a typewriter to speak softly without sacrificing speed or fine quality of work. Haven’t your nerves been pleading more and more for this whispering typewriter? ™ NOISELESs TYPEWRITER THE NOISELESS TYPEWRITER CO.—253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Offices in leading cities of the United States and Canada STP MEN TOpe ‘epypomomtn gt ay Lame nm he | SN ele Ree AMERICAN FORESTRY Douglas Fir Northern White Pine Idaho White Pine Western Soft Pine a 2 oe ee Arkansas Soft Pine Washington Red Cedar Red Fir and Larch Norway Pine WHY THIS TRADE-MARK MEANS A NEW SERVICE IN THE LUMBER BUSINESS N nearly everything we buy or use we have become accustomed to look fora standard article of known merit. We want to know where it comes from, who is back of it, what can be expected of it, and how it compares in quality and ee with similar merchandise sold for a € purpose. This is a busy world. We cannot take the time to learn solely by our mistakes; we may learn too late. We cannot wait to test every coin we accept in payment for goods or services. So we have a standard currency—the Government’s stamp or trade-mark to certify its worth. W For like reasons we insist on products with the stamp or trade-mark of responsible manufacturers to assure us the value we pay for. Some of these makers’ stamps are almost as dependable as the mint-mark on a coin, Yet when it comes to lumber most of us know very little about it; what species or grade of wood is best for the purpose we have in mind, where it comes from, who manufactures it. As substantial factors in the lumber busi- ness, the Weyerhaeuser people want you to think more about the wood you use. To this end they will supply to lumber dealers and to the public any desired information as to the qualities of different species and the best wood for a given purpose. WwW This service will be as broad and impartial as they know how to make it. They are not partisans of any particular species of wood. They advise the best lumber for the purpose, whether it is a kind they handle or not. What they advocate is conservation and economy through the use of the right wood in its proper place. From now on the Weyerhaeuser Forest Products trade-mark will be plainly stamped on their product. You can see it for your- self at the lumber yard or on the job after . it is delivered. When you buy lumber for any purpose, no matter how much or how little, you can look at the mark and know that you are getting a standard article of known merit. WEYERHAEUSER FOREST PRODUCTS SAINT PAUL* MINNESOTA Producers of Douglas Fir, Washington Red Cedar and Cedar Shingles on the Pacific Coast; Idaho White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Red Fir and Larch in the Inland Empire; Northern White Pine and Norway Pine in the Lake States; and Arkansas Soft Pine in the South, a oe a a Oe ee Ce ee “Your magazine has wonderfully im- proved in the last few years, and it is greatly needed in America, especially in California.” Georce Ropertson. “We enjoy AMERICAN Forestry so much. I lend them and then put them in the Public Library. Here’s wishing you every success.” Mrs. WILLIAM Fotcer. “What fine, potent champions of the trees you fellows are. I take off my hat to you. May your shadows never grow less.” Cart BANNWART. “T find your journal, AMERICAN Forestry, most interesting and instructive.” T. E. C. Turner. “We heartily approve of the purposes of this Association and are very glad to be identified with it. Wish you every success in the good work you are undertaking.” SpoKANE Cutvert & TANK CoMPANY. “We think this is a very good cause in- deed and take pleasure in accepting the membership.” Pace & Jones. AMERICAN FORESTRY BOUQUETS “We are greatly interested in this propo- sition, and believe your organization is doing a very timely and effective work.” F. E. CoLeswortHy. “I have received your forestry magazine and wish to state that I am very much pleased with it.” Epwarp SHIELDs. “I enclose check for contribution to the wonderful work your association is doing. I derive much aid from your ’ splendid magazine, AMERICAN- Forestry, and am heartily in favor of the great work you are doing for the preservation and per- petuation of our forests and miss no op- portunity to arouse the men I call upon. in my travels to a realization of the fearful destruction of our forests by fire.” G. A, ANDERSON. “T am very fond of your magazine and know that you are doing lots of good.” D.-F. Crarx. | | WHAT THE “EXCHANGE” MEANS THE MISSOURI LUMBER AND LAND EXCHANGE COMPANY is the sales department of nine large associated yellow pine mills. stock manufactured by these mills. WHAT THE “EXCHANGE” REPRESENTS Capacity—A combined annual output of 300,000,000 feet. mills enable us to fill straight cars of almost any item or mixed cars of almost any variety of items. Quality—The “Exchange” mills admit no superior. From some of our mills is shipped the finest shortleaf finish; from others, the closest grained longleaf timbers in all sizes. Service—Promptness” has ever been the keyword with orders handled by the “Exchange.” With the existing car shortage, our mills can give you as good service as can be had anywhere. Louisiana Long Leaf Lumber Co., Fisher, La., two plants. Vic- toria, La., one plant. Louisiana Central Lum- ber Co., Clarks, La., two plants. Stand- ard, La. one plant. LONG AND SHORT LEAF YELLOW PINE MISSOBRI LUMBER &é BAND EXCHANGE=GOMPANY R. A. LONG BUILDING Forestry.” eet The “Exchange” sells only the The large stocks carried by our KANSAS CITY, MO. “It is not a library without . Mas. Jennie Lynne Kyte. “I am enjoying American Forestry very much and wish you all success.” b “+ ~ Prov, WM. Morris. — “The effort to perpetuate our forests and. provide a supply of lumber and oth products for our future needs is a me important work and we appreciate your efforts in that direction.” >. ‘Weaver Piano Company, Inc. — es. “We are enclosing our check for ty ent} ; five dollars for sustaining membership ¢ ues. It strikes us that this is work along very important lines and should merit the sup- port of many people.” : s, Tue Pacxarp P1ANo Company. ae “Tt affords me pleasure to enclose check for membership. I most heartily ap prove preserving our forests, refores and educating the public to plant shad trees. May you educate the public ¢ Americanism, Conservation, and Utiliza tion.” Ss Cartes P. Heywarp, i. ae ee eee i ae eS Forest Lumber Co., Oak- dale, La., one plant. Louisiana Sawmill Co., Inc., Glenmora, La., one plant. White-Grandin Lumber Co., Slagle, La., one plant. AMERICAN FORESTRY — 631 TREES For Memorial Purposes Costing from 50 cents to $50. Special catalogue and price-list on appli- cation. For Reforesting Millions of trees for making idle land pay dividends. For Street and Avenue Planting Costing from $1 to $20 each. We move and plant, with patented apparatus, big trees, from 10 inches up to 24 inches in diameter. We build roads, tennis courts, and gardens. LEWIS & VALENTINE COMPANY 47 W. 34th Street New York ROSLYN, L. I. RYE, N. Y. ARDMORE, PA. CHARLOTTE, N. C. NEWARK, N. J. DETROIT, MICH. HAVANA, CUBA Largest organization for landscape and tree planting. Mee eee TUM UOT SOUTHERN CUT-OVER LANDS | The whole world depends upon America for its sustenance, and Southern cut-over lands constitute the largest contiguous areas available for cultivation in the country. Our DEPARTMENT OF CUT-OVER LAND UTILIZATION, the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, and other agencies are endeavoring to determine methods of utiliz- ing this vast idle domain to its best advantage. An informative and reliable book describing in full the opportunities afforded on the cut-over pine lands of the South has been published, and is distributed free to all request- ing it. SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIATION NEW ORLEANS, LA. POTTS LLL LLL LLL CLL CLL CELLO PLL CLLR LeLCLLCOcLLULO MOOT TTT TTT 2 —E es Forest Fire Pumping Outfit Portable, Lightweight Direct-Con- nected Gasoline Engines and Pumps For Fire Fighting USED by the Canadian Government and the Canadian Pacific Railway. Will throw water to a height of 1 feet. Shipment compiete, ready to run. Can be quickly moved to any endangered section by auto, pack horses or at. Write for Bulletin H-7013. CONTRACTORS’ EQUIPMENT DEPT. FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 30 CHURCH ST. - NEW YORK CITY BALTIMORE OFFICE BOSTON OFFICE 115 East Lombard Si, 245 State Street SALE OF TIMBER KLAMATH INDIAN RESERVATION CALIMUS-MARSH UNIT EALED bids in duplicate, marked outside “Bid Calimus-Marsh Unit,” and addressed to the Superintendent, Klamath ‘Indian School, Kla- math Agency, Oregon, will be received until two o'clock %. M., Pacific time, Wednesday, October 27, 1920, for the purchase of the merchantable timber on the tract in Townships 31, 32, 33 and 34, Ranges 8, 9 and 10, Williamette meridian, Kla- math Indian Reservation. The said unit includes about 67,000 acres with a total stand of approxi- mately four hundred fifty million feet of tim- ber, principally western yellow pine, of which about fourteen million feet is on about 2,500 acres of allotted land, as to which separate approved contracts with the Indian owners may probably be made. Each bid shall state the price that will be yee per thousand for yellow pine, sugar pine and incense cedar, and for other kinds of timber that will be cut and sealed prior to April 1, 1924. Prices subsequent to that date are to be fixed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for three-year periods. No bid will be accepted for less than $400 for yellow pine, sugar pine and incense cedar and $1.60 for other species during the period coding March 31, 1924. ach bid must be eran ae by a certified check on a solvent national bank drawn in fayor of the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School to the amount of $40,000.00. The deposit will be returned to unsuccessful bidders, but retained as liquidated damages if the successful bidder shall not execute contract and furnish satisfactory bond for ,000.00 within sixty days from the acceptance of his bid. The right is re- served to waive technical defects and to reject or all bids. For copies of contract and regu- lations, fuller description of the sale area, and other information, apply to the Superintendent of the Klamath Indian School, Klamath Agency, Oregon. any Washington, D. C., August 10, 1920. CATO SELLS, Commissioner. AMERICAN FORESTRY PENNSYLVANIA’S STATE FOREST- ER’S CONFERENCE OX" of the important features of the reorganization of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry under the leader- ship of Gifford Pinchot was a conference - at Mont Alto from July 23 to August 6 for all foresters in the employ of the State. The foresters were called together to discuss the various phases of forest activity within the State, particularly those relating to the administration and protec- tion of State forest land, and to formulate policies and procedure for the conduct of the Department’s work. The conclusions of the conference will be incorporated in a manual of regulations and instructions for the guidance of State forest officers. In addition to the State foresters there were present, during the course of the con- ference, representatives of other State de- partments, the State Forest Commission, the United States Forest Service, and the forestry staff of Pennsylvania State Col- lege. : oe The spirit of the conference was that the Pennsylvania forest problem is a large one and can be met adequately only by earnest and self-sacrificing effort. One of the earliest moves of the new Commissioner had been to secure more adequate compen- sation for the State forest personnel. In order to do so with the limited funds available the separation of a number of foresters from the service pending more liberal appropriations had been decided up- on in a general conference with the for- esters, who suggested this course as the wise one to take for the good of the ser- vice. The reduction in personnel neces- sarily resulted in increasing the area of State forest land under the administration and protection of each forester from ap- proximately 25,000 acres to from 50,000 ‘to 70,000 acres. : The Mont Alto conference also decided upon the redistricting of the State into twenty-five units, termed districts, each to be in charge of a forester. The district areas vary from 45,000 to 600,000 acres, depending upon the quantity of State forest land included and the intensity of the problems presented. Under the plan -all timberlands within the State are covered by the protective system of the Department. The Department’s policy, with which the Governor is in full sympathy, is to ac- quire ultimately six million acres of tim- berland within the State or about one- half of the State’s potential timberlands. It is striving also for more liberal appro- priations, particularly for fire protection, in order to more effectively meet its re- sponsibilty for protecting the timberlands of the State. Its program is said to be meeting with increased support on the part of timberland owners and citizens of the State in general, who are more and more appreciating the disastrous results which attend forest fires and the need for intel- ligent management of timberlands. TIMBER IN NEW ENGLAND THE output of lumber in the next decade in Maine, Vermont and New E shire will be greatly reduced because of heavy inroads on the timber made by th pulp and paper industry. The paper manu facturers are making an effort to get all available pulp stock before it is necessar to abandon their plants. The resul that much of the timber that would o wise be cut into lumber has been m into wood pulp. If it were not for th pulp and paper interests, the New Enj land States, says a recent investigator « timber conditions, could keep up their pres ent rate of lumber production for a lon “period. It is estimated that the prod in Maine will shrink a quarter of a feet in the next ten years although it ha been said that Maine would hold her from now on. The same situation in a proportionate degree in Verm: New Hampshire. PS +. - The Forest Service has been investi production, timber stand, etc., in these England States this spring in prep: for the report required by the Sena’ der the Capper Resolution. iy _ MIGRATORY BIRDS ON TH INCREASE .. A MARKED increase in migratory wile fowl throughout the United States, i stead of the alarming decrease which le to steps for their protection, is note reports received by the Biological Surve United States Department of Agricultu from all parts of the country during | past few months. The change is attr to the good effects of the migratory-b treaty. _ Friends of the migratory birds that the first important step for the petuation of the birds has been made, b that another one equally vital remaii be taken. This consists of the cons tion and perpetuation of a sufficient nu ber of small inland lakes, as well as island and coastal swamps and marsh areas, t provide the birds places for feeding ant resting and rearing their young. ; It is absolutely necessary, they point that the birds during migration and | winter have proper places in which to live It is a mistaken idea, they say, that draniage of almost any area is a benefit t the community. Under proper conditions “water farming” of many lakes and pond: and of swamp and marsh areas will yi ld distinctly larger return than would the sam area if drained and used for agricultu They summarize the productiveness of suck farms as follows: ; aM Food and game fishes. Wild fowl to be shot for sport food. Furs from such fur bearers as muskrats, skunks, and raccoons which f quent their borders. A natural ice supply. ce Du! ale Se a AMERICAN FORESTRY 633 DISSTON You will soon find evidence of the superior quality of the Disston-Made steel used in Disston Cross Cut Saws. You can file the teeth to a keen, fine cutting edge and they will hold the edge given them. That is because of the flawless material and the ex- clusive Disston processes used in hardening and temper- ing the saw. You will notice that Disston Cross Cut users when speaking of the easy and fast cutting they have done, will usually also mention the way Disston Saws take and hold a good cutting edge: HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. General Offices: Philadelphia, U. S. A. rR, PHILADELPHIA Actual Makers of High Grade Printing Papers With and Without a Coated Surface NEW YORK ROCHESTER BALTIMORE BOSTON 634 AMERICAN FORESTRY Have a “Fleur De Lis” Iris Garden Is there a little nook in your garden where you can rest and “chum” with the glorious flowers named after the Goddess of the Rainbow? Truly, every color of the rainbow may be found in the hardy Iris, or Fleur de Lis, a flower whose fascinating beauty must have been meant to bring peace and rest to humanity. Learn to know Irises at their best by planting Childs Select Named Irises Like glowing velvet and scin- tillating precious jewels, Iris, in their season, eclipse in beauty every other flower in the hardy border. To enable you to know Iris as we love them, we offer postpaid, 20 best named Garden Iris, all different, for $2.50; 10 best named Japan Iris, all different, for $1.50; In superfine mixture, 20 Garden or 10 Japan, for $1.25. We grow acres of Irises, Peonies, Lilies and other hardy bulbs and plants for all planting. We also specialize in Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Crocus, Freesias, etc. Shrubs, Vines, Berries and winter flowering plants in great variety. Large Catalog Free. JOHN LEWIS CHILDS, Inc., Floral Park, L. I. N. Y. “HAND POWER peng ¢ump || BECOME A MEMBER Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association upon application and payment of dues. PLANT TREES FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— PROTECT FORESTS : ° ° USE FORESTS American Forestry Association 1410 H STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- ciation and enclose check for $ INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership, per year. Contributing Membership, per year. 10.00 Sustaining Membership, per year... 25.00 Life Membership (no other dues) 100.00 Annual Membership Name This is the only Popular National Magazine de- Street voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. City WHEN MEMORIAL TREES ARE PLANTED PLEASE INFORM THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. AMERICAN FORESTRY 635 ST, PAUL PLANTS 4,280 SHADE = TREES HONEY SWEET BLACK RASPBERRY HE city of St. Paul, through its For- —“Sweet as Honey” estry Division, undertook and finished The berry for the million and the millionaire—there’s millions in it a single job of tree planting this season : of 4,280 street trees in one of its new resi- dence districts. This makes a double row of trees 15 miles long. The season was not long and the manipulation of the various phases of the work deserves some mention, as even a thousand trees is considered a large order to plant on streets in most Cities. _ The trees were dug from the nursery by a tree digging machine and shipped into the city in car load lots, averaging about 430 trees per car. The trees for each car ~ load were dug and loaded in the car and started on its way for the city the sam ' day. The following day the car load o! trees would arrive in the city and a crew of men supplied with two trucks would start unloading the trees from the car. In one day the car would be emptied and the trees placed in the holes along the streets to be planted. The trees were “heeled in” each one in the hole where it _ was to be planted. While the nurse crew and the crew un- The berries are the most delicious fruit you ever tasted. Ripens in July—sweet and delicious— a: zo hl — oy Black Raspberry. Honeysweet is extremely hardy, passing through the severe oading were working, a much larger crew Sensis aoe ds Fd pa ed pecans He ig a single aoe on_any plant in a four-acre patch. J Pras — er been a slacker. arge size—Glossy Black—Delicious. i was at work digging holes. along the Greatest Black Cap. ¥ icious. The World’s streets to have them ready for the trees. Ca The big een of big, black raspberries literally cover the bushes. ‘Twelve of our vigorous, as rsery grown plants, will produce many quarts of fruit the first season—Twelve plants will fit into The hole digging crew was always 500 pias page or ae: No Garden should eat bes Honeysweet. . t ~ ‘ j Fi . . holes ahead of the crew hauling the trees a fruit ft foraKing beigten asrthipg like it) | Peaiyey from the cars. Still another crew with Honeysweet has now found its way into every State in the Union and many parts of Canada. Wherever it goes it is a winner. Planted commercially we know of nothing that will pay such ten teams was busy hauling black loam immense returns per acre as this new and- wonderful variety. Many growers received $1.05 per pound for this year’s crop of dried Black Raspberries. = . Picking Honeysweet. Sold on local market, summer of 1920, Fifty cents per quart 4 the tree planting, as each tree was Visitors are cordially invited to visit qur nurseries during the fruiting season. j . ant Honeysweet—it has been called “The most elicious Black Raspberry.” 3 nally planted in one cubic yard of black Price for strong, fruiting plants: $2.50 per 6—$4.00 per 12—$15.00 per 50—§25.00 per 100—$200.00 per 1,000. loam. The planting crew followed the GLEN BROTHERS, Inc., Glenwood Nursery (Established 1866) hauling crew and planted the trees which had been “heeled in” in the holes along the 2009 E. Main St. Rochester, N. Y Streets. By this method a steady “stream” of trees came from the nursery to be ° N planted on the streets and in such a man- rcni We are specialists in ursery Stock for Forest Planting ner that ‘sg Sag of om trees were always port, grow, sell and pet ringl eg Perper ants hai TREE SEEDS moist. Furthermore the trees were planted CRCIUBEVERY- aes Write for prices on TRANSPLANTS ar: ° 0 I d and : with the least amount of handling, as the Orchids sey be had os apeeatione nates ome large quantities Tnursery is supplied with a spur track from | fil ;list of freshly imported unestablished THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. the railroad that extends directly in the LAGER & HURRELL CHESHIRE, CONN. nursery. Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. After the trees were set in the holes ; RARE and properly planted, two men trimmed them with pruning hooks while the crews HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT OF ORIENTAL cleaned up around the trees and mulched SELLING DEPENDABLE NURS- FLOWERING TREES _ them with grass cut off the boulevards. ERY STOCK? WE OFFER A FROM CHINA, JAPAN and PERSIA > Plans for tree planting on a job of any SPLENDID OPPORTUNITY TO , st: Catalogue: «t a Size must be drawn by an engineer and THE RIGHT MEN. WORK A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA a“ the stakes set ahead of the planting crews IS PLEASANT AND PROFITABLE = by a surveyor, in such a way as to miss THE YEAR AROUND. COMMIS- all sewer connections. The job was finish- SION WEEKLY TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING éd in one month. The trees were Ameri- oe Teoh can elms, ten to twelve feet tall and two WRITE TODAX PINE :-: SPRUCE to two and one-half inches in caliber and BROWN BROS. COMPANY CONIFERS, ONLY cost the property owners less than $5.00 CONTINENTAL NURSERIES : Write us for price list per tree. To date, July 20, there are only ROCHESTER, N. Y. ; RERAE, FORRSTEY. ASSOCIATION; ) 7 dead trees in the whole job. ; speek erat “ie work was under the supervison of the City Forest f St. Paul, E. L. Fi /, MEE Bepactesent-cf Paris, Playgrounds PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD and Public Buildings. “147, 000, 000 F eet NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER For Sale Location and Amount—All the mer- chantable dead timber standing or down and all the live timber marked or designated for cutting on the Old Miners Ditch Logging Unit embracing about 4,680. acres in Townships 4 and 5 N., R. 18 E., and Township 4 N., R. 17 E., M.D. M., Middle Fork of Stanislaus River Watershed, Stanislaus Na- tional Forest, California, estimated to be 52,000,000 feet b. m. of western yellow pine, 43,900,000 feet b. m. of sugar pine, 24,700,000 feet b. m. of white fir, 26,000,000 feet b. m. of in- cense cedar and 600,000 feet b. m. of Douglas fir, a total of 147,200,- 000 feet b. m. sawtimber, more or less. Stumpage Prices—Lowest rates con- sidered, $4.25 per M feet for west- ern yellow pine, $5.50 per M feet for sugar pine, $150 per M feet for white fir and incense cedar, $2.00 per M feet for Douglas fir, and for material unmerchantable under the terms of the contract, to be removed at the option of the purchaser, for which payment is required by the Forest Service, $0.50 per M feet. Deposit—$10,000.00 must be deposited with each bid to be applied to the purchase price, refunded or re- tained in part as liquidated dam- ages, according to conditions of sale. Final Date for Bids—Sealed bids will be received by the District For- ester, San Francisco, California, up to and including October 19, 1920. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Before bids ‘ are submitted full information con- cerning the character of the tim- ber, conditions of sale, deposits, and the submission of bids should be obtained from the District For- ester, San Francisco, California, or the Forest Supervisor, Sonora, California. a ee i H a : 2 g : = = a PERPETUAL pulp- wood output will solve future paper problems. The Canadian Pulpwood Corpo- ration, Ltd., on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, which we have recently financed, assures this by encouraging natural spruce reproduc- tion and preventing fires. This is a real public ser- vice combination of timber utilization and forestry, We believe in both. Per- haps we could help you. James D. Lacey & Co. 7 East 42nd Street NEW YORK CITY CHICAGO -. SEATTLE PORTLAND (Oregon) AH HHA ATA HA Hl Established 1905 STERLING LUMBER CO. GULF RED CYPRESS Long Leaf Yellow Pine, West Coast Products. Write Us. Finance Building, Philadelphia Craig-Becker Company, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York City Bleached, Easy Bleaching, Unbleached Sulphites, Spruce and Poplar Ground Wood Pulp DOMESTIC EXPORT - constructing a dam across the Big Wich a4 (Continued from page 624) and determined the purposes for water may be appropriated. Great waste of valuable waters ch ways taken place in Texas during periods of periodical floods of the variou rivers. In some parts of the State the: floods take place as often as two or three times during the same year, while in others. the overflows come only every-two or thr years. Conservation of this flood flow one of the expressed duties of the Board « Water Engineers. The policy in the has been to encourage the people along su flooding rivers to build dams and reservoit so that the water may be- impounded ar distributed for use at the time that it most needed by the farmers. Another in this conservation was taken when plans were completed with the Ur States Geological Survey for investigation of the water resources of State which led to a system of st: measurement by gage stations, forty-two which were in operation by August 31, 1 Big irrigation projects are always couraged by the Board of Water Engine Any person or company by depositing fee of $250 may obtain the priority to his irrigation project if he can s: the Board of Water Engineers that quate engineering force is available. ing the past three years presentments D co-ope! the Frio River in Uvalde County, on ¢! Pecos River in Reeves County, and on Colorado River in Matagorda and the joining counties, YJ One of the big irrigation. projects th has been ‘completed within recent years the Medina River dam system. This one of the greatest pieces of engine work in the State. The water is impoun ed into lakes or reservoirs by three dan The main dam is 128 feet wide, 1,580- long, and 180 feet high from crest to ¢ bottom of the foundations. It is equipp with machinery and appliances for letting the water gradually into the second reservoir through discharge pipes five f in diameter. The lake formed is 152 fee deep at the dam, 16 miles long, 1 and ¥ miles wide, and has a shore surface of: 03 miles. The distribution of the water takes place through canals and la als, and the primary purpose of the entire wo! " is irrigation. Probably the largest irrigation project b fore the State today is the Big Wichita River irrigation project which is to be constructed in north Texas, where the land to be irrigated is 1000 feet above sea level. The proponents of the proj plan to build a large storage reservoir River about fifty miles above Wichita Falls. A diversion dam is to be baile fo throw the water into canals on each s of the river. The principal work then will be to construct the storage dam, the diver- sion dam, and the distributing canals. Th - Big Wichita at certain times during the ___year is a torrential stream, carrying. some silt, and an analysis shows that except at very low stages the water is of very goo“ quality, being practically free from alkali. It has an annual discharge of from 200,000 to 1,000,000 gallons, and the mean rainfall - for the vicinity for a number of years is 27 inches. The country to be irrigated surrounds the hustling oil and gas city of _ Wichita Falls, and irrigation means that the crops of cereals, cotton, and fruits that are now grown will be produced in more abundance and with a greater degree of certainty of success. _ Success as it has come to the big irriga- tion constructions in the last few years is due largely to the Board of Water Engi- neers, and to it goes the credit for the advancement in this work that has taken place throughout the State. Since the war __ resentments have been filed for a various - number of projects, especially from the _ lower Rio Grande valley; projects begun Zz ore the war are being renewed; in _ short irrigation instead of decreasing in _ Texas seems to be entering upon a period of great advancement. SHADE TREE LAWS Es | i ‘THE man who recently wrote to the Sec- _" retary of the New York State Forestry _ Association at Syracuse, New York, -and _ told him that the authorities in charge ot en- forcement of the shade tree laws of the State _ were “saving at the spiggot and losing at _ the bung” may go on record as the citizen who precipitated the action that led to the “needed reform in the matter of shade trees. _ An editorial in the August issue of New York Forestry, official journal of the New _ York State Forestry Association, argues that this so-called bung leakage is not in the bar- _ rel of any one organization or State Depart- “ment; that it is a loss sustained by the whole ' people of the State, and one which the peo- _ ple themselves must remove by driving in _ the bung with a brand new shade tree law. It appears that a land owner residing on any country road may cut down noble oaks, and other trees along the highway cord wood, plow the land to the very e of the road without interference, and the law has permitted him to set out lings in the spr* z and get 25 cents in reduction of taxes. Public Service porations also have certain rights under law which seem to work to thé disad- lage of private cifizens seeking to beau- the highway adjoining their property by; planting valuable trees. _ The State Forestry Association will sub- "mit a proposition to its entire membership ‘this fall by letter ballot, with a view to determining whether codification and re- ision of the State’s shade tree laws shall be one of the objectives in the winter cam- for necessary forestry legislation. Association is appealing for the sup- of all citizens who are interested. AMERICAN FORESTRY ‘ordinary planti e Digging holes stunts trees —blasting insures growth Blasting beds for trees with Atlas Farm Powder overcomes every disadvantage that goes with It breaks up the soil to a depth never reached by digging, frees the plant food stored below, enables roots to grow in all directions unhindered and provides better drain- age and moisture storage. ‘ J. A. McLain, of Fredericktown, Pa., provides proof of what Atlas Farm Powder really does toward insuring tree growth. “I planted 225 apple trees with Atlas Farm Powder and 20 apple trees with a spade. I lost only 1 out of the 225, but I lost 4 out of the 20 spade planted. The dif- ference in growth made from April to October the same year was 6 to 8 inches.” « Our book, ‘‘Better Farming with Atlas Farm ’ Powder,’” has shown thousands of farmers how to have better trees and fruit. It also tells how to blast stumps, shoot ditches, break boulders, etc. Write today and get a copy free. ATLAS POWDER COMPANY Division F. D. 7 Philadeipnia, Penna. , Magazines near you 1as Form Lowdae! ig 637 THE PULP AND PAPER TRADING 21 East 40th Street DEALERS IN DOMESTIC CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PULPS AND PAPER AGENTS FOR J. & J. Rogers Company, Ausable Forks, N. Y. co. New York City WASHINGTON, D. C. buy on the East Coast. We ship by rail or cargo OUR lumber has a character of its own, is perfectly milled, uniform- ly graded and offers dealers the best Your cus- Johnson & Wimsatt . tomers will be delighted with the natural qualities of our ter & Gamble Distributing Co. Proc Mills at Augusta, Georgia and Memphis, Tenn. Canadian Kraft Limited, Three Rivers, Canada Dealers in Wayagamack Kraft Pulp EASTERN AGENTS for Sulphite Pulp. Made by Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. Goldsboro N. C. Pine Give it a trial today. Telecode used Piling Timber R. R. Ties Oak Yellow Pine S. P. BOWERS COMPANY 112 South Sixteenth Street Philadelphia, Pa. R. R. Ties, Switch Timber, Piling Chestnut and Cedar Poles Oak—Ash—Poplar COOK TIE & POLE COMPANY Successor to Cook & Beck Co. 15th & Market Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 638 —_——_—— BOOK REVIEWS HE Fungal Diseases of the Common Larch, by W. E. Hiley, 204 pages, pub- lished by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1919. This treatise attempts to discuss the dis- eases of the European larch (Larix Euro- pea) and their economic importance in terms understandable by the layman, while at the same time including thoroughly scientific descriptions of the characteris- tics and life history of the fungi described. Nearly a quarter of the entire volume is devoted to a discussion of the larch canker (Dasyscypha calycina), which is described as exceedingly common, very destructive, and likely to become even more disastrous in the future than it has in the past. At present the canker is prevalent only. in Europe, but it has been réported from Newfoundland so that the danger to Amer- ica is imminent. The cankeg works both in dead wood and in the cambium, which it gradually kills until eventually the tree is girdled. Eradication of the canker, which is one of the most virulent diseases of forest trees, is practically impossible. After it has once become established, the maintenance of optimum silvicultural con- ditions is emphasized as the best means of prevention. Considerable space is devoted to various heart rots and the honey fungus (Armil- laria mellea). The latter is characterized as probably the most destructive disease with which British forestry has to contend. It can kill all species of conifers and a great many broadleaf trees, and in many. woods is so common that its eradication is well- nigh impossible. The proper silvicultural treatment and particularly the correct choice of site, soil and mixture are recom- mended as the best preventives. for this disease, as well as for the larch canker. In the case of heart rots, frequent sam- ple boring with a Pressler’s increment borer are recommended as a means of de- tecting heart rot in its incipiency, so that the affected trees can be removed before they have been seriously damaged. Leaf diseases are dismissed rather briefly as less harmful than the needle diseases of other conifers on account of the deciduous habit of larch. The brought out that larck is more prone to disease than any other conifer commonly grown in British woods and attention is called to the fact that Douglas fir and Sitka spruce from Western America are now being widely used in sit- uations which would formerly have been occupied by larch. Both trees are faster growing than the larch and good returns may be expected from them on suitable point is _- -_ =. —-_ -"F™~ _~=e eae oe ae 7. fe eee « AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who ib We books on a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Fo! Prices are by mail or express prepaid. Association, Washington, D. C, FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth........ FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth . Elbert ORE H. CHINESE FOREST TREES AND T TREES, else VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE TREES AND S R AND ITS U KEY T THE FARM WOODLOT-—E. G. Cheyney and J.B fling... esses eo esscseccsscccsen ae ay rims nae OF THE ECONOMIC W ODS Or Cy UNITED: ‘SEAHES~Seaiel be PLANE “SURVEYING ohn C. Tracy FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon FOREST PRODUCTS—By Nelson Courtlandt Brown.. THE Fernow.... FIRST BOOK OF Ee ik Go aan Roth OE aos see0es ae PRINCIPLES OF To aty oS FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green.......-.... lakeslee and C. ‘arvis AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B, Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume...... Half Morocco ee Nous divas Sabo eat goa wast ECONOMICS OF FORES TRY—B. E. PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. TREES IN WINTER—A. S. B HANDBOOK OF T ROCKY MOUNTAINS Romeyn B. Half Morocco Binding HANDBOOK OF TIMB TREES OF NEW ENGLAND-L. L. D TREES-H. Marshall Ward OUR NATIONAL PARKES—John PRACTICAL hla cg? le Sigp Gifford... LOGGING—Ralph C. B THE IMPORTANT TIM FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND. Ral hh C. Bawley and Austin F. OODLAND SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND Leila Solotaroff...........-..- THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING THE TREE GUIDE—By Julia Ellen Ro. MANUAL at NORTHERN oe ‘RY—Alfred Akerma ELE STUDIES OF TREE ru J. Levison TREE PRUNING—A. FUTURE OF FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TR FARM FORESTRY— ohn Arden Fe’ L ud Going... HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND W' ODSMEN By Jay LIVE Moae-- ree Prices. \Sccacsisvee bdGeldes THE LAND WE WOOD AND FOREST—B THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW_B 4 a; HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, METHO SRE! 3 i AND FORESTRY —By Theodore S. S. Woolsey, Jr. URAL MATERIALS Chas, H. Snow..... RENCH FORE MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS— WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRU se eeeeee nee eee eeee nee e ene eeeweeeee tenet ee wwenne Beets, «.csestecovevaect CCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones.. ER SUPPLY. Norman Shaw... em John Kirkegaard... ols. Parts to a Vol exited Charles Sprague > Per Part es THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER Gittora S—R. S. Kello LUMBE FORESTS, WOODS AND. TREES > RE RELATIC THE TREES—Collins a gem secceve REES OF THE ri asec te U. S. AND CANADA, EAS GETTING AC UAINTED WITH THE TREES~J. ER PRESERVATION—Samuel *. Rowe. ame and He: ime yr AND Edoialeses OF bie SORTaE Cars . THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss.. SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—By. Jam w FOREST TREES—B: 4 Dr. Harold Unwin ES AND SHRUBS—F. — ee FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC—B FIELD BOOK OF ac ange WILD Lt dns aaah F. Preeeeee eee OCeee ee erOCer eer esos dete e eee enenee ee ennee aeeeee eee meee na tensnareeeseee HYGIE ‘Wentiing Poee eee eee Ee eee POeeeee eee eee errr errrs Brooks.. ec part Hawes. inte Henry Solon Graves...... EN—Austin 5 Cary... Mae Nis OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon ‘and N. C. Brown.. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF hele a to oo J. Record.. Schiyier i P. Kinney are DS AND COST—By ‘Halbert BP. EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark............... OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—H. D. Boerker MANUAL O DISEASES—Howard Rankin THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKLS--By Robert Ste ng ¥ F TREE THE FOREST pret AN TIMBER, ITS TRENGTH, SEASONING AND THE HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—By J. R. TIMBERS—AND THEIR USES—By Wrenn Wi THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. the. Senne THE UNITED STATES FOREST POLICY—By THE KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—By Harry CO Ee oe ee ant. <4 eS > RAOMRUN « civn o's conccdactonc nwa sRageerheseen ? distant. j cubic meters of beech or 1700 board feet of this heavier wood was trans- ported in each load. Two round trips were made per day in the winter time and ~three during the summer when the roads were in better condition. The consumption of charcoal in Italy has always been very heavy because of its almost universal use for domestic purposes, both for cooking and heating. At » ~ Vallombrosa a large quan- tity had always been made, even in the time of the monks during the Middle Ages. Prior to the war, this forest alone produced annually about 220,000 pounds of char- coal. This forest had al- ways contained a great deal of beech, and up to recent years the only method. of utilizing this wood was by means of converting it into ery » considerably higher _ As noted above, the fir — this forest was transported by motor truck to Pontas- sieve, the closest point on the railway about twelve miles Six cubic meters of fir or approximately 2,500 board feet were considered a load whereas only four VALLOMBROSA FOREST IN ITALY SILVER FIR FOREST IN ITALY A view over the silver fir forests of Vallombrosa showing the areas of mature forests cut clear for war purposes and the little settlement near the Monastery in the distance. As a summer resort this is a fayorite vacation place for the diplomatic corps and government officials from Rome. From the cool forests. one can look 2,000 feet below in elevation to the hot, dry valley of the Arno, with its pic- turesque vineyards, olive groves and cypress-dotted hills about Florence. inches in diameter. share of the material. A TWELFTH CENTURY TOWER The picturesque old bell tower of the Monastery at Vallombrosa. One of the most pleasing and attractive features of the little woodland settlement at Vallombrosa was the periodic ringing of the Monastery bells. This is the oldest part of the in the Twelfth Century Monastery, which was built 653 charcoal, thus reducing this wood in weight so that cheap transportation ‘to market was _ permissible. The principal centers of consumption were at Flor- ence, Pontassieve and many cities in the thickly settled lower valley of the Arno. The best wood for char- coal in Italy is beech on account of its density, but during the war limbwood, stumps and defective pieces of fir, chestnut and, pine were used as well in spite of the fact that they were considered much inferior. The process of making charcoal consists of cutting the wood into small'sizes by splitting. The best ‘size was considered to be one meter or about three ‘and one-third feet long and pieces from two to three It was seldom possible to have all the sizes of this shape inasmuch as tops, chunks of stumps, slabs, and edgings constituted a large A level round space about 60 limbwood, feet in diameter is cleared and the pieces are built up in the form of an obtuse cone. No standard-sizes of piles were used, although the usual size consisted of a quantity of forty cubic meters or forty sters. Over the pile is placed earth and- sod to prevent too rapid combustion, and the pile is lighted from the outside, a chimney being left at the top in the center to form a draft. The reduction of the wood to charcoal form requires about a week, but this varies considerably de- pending upon the amount of wood, its size and dry- ness and the state of the weather. When the wood is of average dryness the resultant charcoal consists of only about 20 per cent of the original weight of the wood and only about one-half of its original size. The charcoal is trans- 654 AMERICAN ported by ox-carts or by motor truck to the railroad. The average load in the case of a motor truck is three tons. Years ago, charcoal was transported to market entirely on mule back, each mule carrying a sack of one quintal, which is equivalent to about 220 pounds. The slow moving of a few mules, each with its heavy load of charcoal on its back, is a common sight even today throughout the mountainous sections of Italy. Prior to the war, this charcoal brought about two dollars per quintal of 220 pounds, whereas during the fall THE ANCIENT SAW MILL Log yard at the old saw mill of Vallombrosa. This saw mill was estab.” lished by Monks of the Benedictine Order several centuries ago and is still in operation. In the winter when the water supply is sufficient the mill is driven by direct water power, whereas in summer by electricity furnished by a large power plant near Florence. of 1918, it was bringing $8.00 for the same amount. In all of the above values, the normal rate of exchange, that is, approximately five lire to the dollar, has been used. During the war, the rate of exchange fluctuated so greatly that this is the only fair basis for arriving at approximate values. A great deal of experimental work in the replanting of the Italian forests has been carried on at Vallombrosa. Seven excellent nurseries, comprising about 20 acres, have been developed, and they have an annual capacity of about 1,000,000 plants. However, a good portion of the area is devoted to experiment stations so that is not a fair estimate of its total productive capacity. The prin- cipal results of their experimentation is that silver fir has been demonstrated to be the best free for planting on their higher mountain levels. It is especially desirable on account of its rapid rate of growth, ease of planting, freedom from insects and other diseases, the high quality of the wood produced and the fact that it will grow in dense stands and to large size, that is, it continues its rapid rate of growth up to an age of ninety to one hun- dred years. Norway spruce has been tried as well as European larch and other species, but they have FORESTRY not proven to be nearly as successful as the silver fir. The general practice is to retain the seedling in the seed beds for two years, after which they are transplanted into so-called transplant beds for a period of three years. It is estimated that these five year plants cost $1.20 per thousand to grow under normal conditions, prevailng before the war. It costs from $4.00 to $4.80 for plantng alone so that the total cost runs from $5.20 to $6.00 per thousand for the total cost of reforestation. The plants are placed in the cut-over forests or in the open field one and one-half meters apart each way, where- as pine is planted two meters apart each way. Rectangu- lar planting such as we use in this country is not used in Italy, the alternate method—making each tree an equal distance from every other tree being used. Planting is done both in the spring and fall of the year, but for general purposes, spring planting is considered the best. March and April are considered the best months, whereas in the very high elevations, on account of the frosts, planting is done sometime as late as in May. When ~ CORD WOOD IN ITALY cord wood in the city. The two-wheeled cart is the usual — form used for delivering fuel wood and this was a common sight in all — of the Italian cities during the war. Prices of from $30 to $50 per cord for fuel wood were received during the year 1918. Deliverin chestnut is planted it is also placed two meters apart. Beech has been regenerated entirely by natural means, ~ but the Italian forestry officials are planning to cut all beech off at maturity or before and reforest with silver fir. As the young trees develop the plans of management call for an improvement cutting, that is to weed out the — more defective and inferior specimens and give the better trees an opportunity for greater development and growth. OREGON’S SLOGAN CONTEST = pas following slogan was awarded first prize out of — a total of 1,150 submitted, in the recent fire protec- tive slogan contest in Oregon: “Lumber, fuel, beauty, joy, Forests furnish, fires detroy.” PROGRESS OF FORESTRY IN CHINA ‘THINK the best evidence that interest in forestry in a practical way is increasing in China is the large number of hsien magistrates, agricultural. societies, agricultural and forestry companies, and other individu- als who have bought either seeds and seedlings for nur- series, or trees for forest planting this last spring from the various forestry stations and institutions from which they could be purchased. It is interesting to note, and it argues well for the future, that forestry in China seems to be developing from the bottom upwards, from the lower and smaller political units to the higher and larger "ed 25 HAAR A ALT TRE et units; with the Central Government doing practically - 2 BY JOHN H. REISNER, . DEAN OF COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, THE UNIVERSITY OF NANKING the Central Government takes hold of the problem, but that can and will function independently in the meantime. I have not been able to gather complete data except from Mr. Soong Ding-moo, of the First Provincial For- estry School and the University nurseries, but between the two, seeds and trees were supplied this last spring for nurseries or forest planting, mostly for nurseries, to 159 district magistrates, agricultural societies, companies, experiment stations, and individuals. In addition to these, the “Educational Forest Enterprise,” which I shall mention again later on in more detail, supplied seeds and trees to the amount of about $2,500, and the Yangchow VFB RB oy Hr RRP Lhe College of Agriculture and a ae at Nanking, Due mainly to the untiring zeal of D. fact. It was celebrated on April 5, nothing at all. his is in marked contrast to forestry in Western countries, where the work is usually carried on by and is dependent upon the Central Government. One has frequently heard the criticism that there can be no hope for forestry in China until the Central Government takes hold, organizes, and provides an adequate budget for the prosecution of the work on a national scale, and until national laws can be passed and adequate adminis- tration provided guaranteeing protection to those who plant trees. I do not believe this is true. From what I have seen and personally experienced, I believe that in and through the smaller government units and semi- political agencies, such as agricultural societies, forestry can be placed on a good working basis—on a progressive basis, that naturally will be greatly strengthened when . Lin, a graduate of the Yale Forest School, 1926, and the above photograph was taken just after the near the center of the picture, and a little in front of him to his left is the Governor of Shantung. CHINESE NOTABLES ENTHUSIASTICALLY PARTICIPATE IN ARBOR DAY PLANTING is doing laudable work to accomplish the reforestation of China’s deforested hills. Arbor Day in China is now practically an accomplished rbor Day ceremonies. Mr. Lin is seen standing nurseries, probably the largest private nurseries in the province, if not in any province, which have a capacity of several million seedlings, are reported to have had a good year’s business. Seventy-five per cent of the seeds and trees supplied by the First Provincial Forest Station were distributed within the province. Only about 12 per cent of those sent out by the University nurseries stayed in the province, while eighty-eight per cent were dis- tributed in Anhwei, Honan, Chihli, Shantung and Cheki- ang, in the order of importance named. This is an en- tirely new development, and with education, demonstra- tion, and experience will rapidly increase. The First Provincial Forestry Station of Kiangsu, situ- ated close by the famous Ming Tombs at Nanking, was established in 1916, by the Provincial Department of In- BSA 656 AMERICAN dustry, with a budget of $6,000. This was increased to $20,000 during the first year, under the present director, Mr. Soong Ding-moo, a graduate of the Philippine School The station has under its control and supervision two sub-stations, of Forestry, and to $27,000 the second year. where large planting operations are being carried on. The central station has about 1,100 mou of land, a good part of which is in nurseries. Last year, the central station raised in its nurseries 1,800,000 seedlings, and The Mo Fusan sub-station contains almost 20,000 mou of had 1,200,000 transplants, or a total of 3,000,000. land, and by the end of this season will be entirely reforested. The second station is at Pao San, where FORESTRY of land (over 100,000 mou) just northwest of and across the river from Nanking and west of Puchen. Funds to carry on the work are provided from a small proportion of the budgets of certain provincia! schools. Extensive nurseries are maintained, which not only fur- nish their own planting stock, but from which they sold this past spring, as noted above, $2,500 worth of stock. The forest planting which they are carrying on is the largest in Kiangsu province, and ranks high among the very largest in any part of China. This spring already they have planted several millions of trees. The work is under the supervision of Mr. Y. Chen. Large nurseries have also been started this year by the AN ANCIENT CHINESE TREE planted by Emperor Yung Lo (1360-1424), this ancient gingko stands in one of the courtyards of T’an Che Ssu, a monastery i D. in the vicinity of Peking, built 400 A. considerable planting has been done on several of the more important dykes. Young trees are not only pro- duced at these stations for the government’s own use, but for sale and distribution. Tree seeds for nurseries and young trees for forest or nursery planting have been supplied as follows, this year: Im Kiangsu province, to fourteen district magistrates, twenty-three agricultural societies, twenty-four other agricultural or forestry estab- lishments, and twenty-nine individuals. Outside of Kiangsu province, supplies were provided for eighteen agricultural and forestry establishments and sixteen indi- viduals. The Educational Forest. Enterprise was established in 1916, and has secured a very extensive mountainous tract Peking-Hankow Railway at Huang Shang Pi (station), Honan, under the direction of Mr. Ngan Han, formerly co-director of the Forest Service organized in 1916 in Peking, but later disbanded. This is more or less of a private enterprise on the part of this Government Rail- way to make provision for its own supply of ties and other timber needed for construction and repair work. It is a wise and commendable undertaking on the part of the railway, and I understand some agreements in this connection have been negotiated between the Minis- tries of Communication and Agriculture and Commerce, looking forward to the extension of such work. The Lung-Hai Railway has also started a large nursery at Chengchow, Honan, looking forward to a future PROGRESS OF FORESTRY IN CHINA 657 permanent supply of timber to meet their needs. The work is under the care of Mr. J. Hers. The Tcheng-Tai Railway, which connects the capital of Shansi province with the Peking-Hankow line, started a nursery and reforestation work several years ago in order to furnish certain of their equipment supplies. Governor Yen Hsi-shan, the able and progressive Tuchun of Shansi, this spring distributed 350 pounds of Robinia pseudo-acacia (black locust) seed for nurseries throughout the province, as the beginning of aa extended forestry policy which he is inaugurating. The Kiangsi Provin- cial Government carries an annual budget of $20,000 for forestry. work and has three for- est stations, one at Kuling specializing in tea and Tung-yu, one at Tungting Sz specializing in Tung-yu, and one at Fu Kuo hsien, devoted Pal to forest plantings. Wi rest planting UML EELS ae 7m Pr PPR) In Chekiang, a number of leading citizens have or- ganized the “Yuin Yao Company” with a capital of $80,000, and fully subscribed, and being paid in at the rate of 10 per cent a year, the annual payments of $8,000 being used for forestry work, mostly planting, This large company was an outgrowth of one of Mr. D. Y. Lin’s lecture trips to Hangchow at the invitation of Governor Treh. Mr. Y. Chen, who is managing the Educational Forestry Enterprise is also directing the work of this company. The colonization work which Mr. Joseph Bailie (now A MAGNIFICENT AVENUE OF PINUS BUNGEANA A BEAUTIFUL SPECIES OF THE PINE FOUND ONLY IN CHINA Dating back to the Eighth Century, this wonderful pine stands at Chieh T’ai Ssu, in the courtyard of a monastery, and the beautiful avenue of these remarkable trees, seen at the left, is found at a temple-mausoleum near Peking. This is said to be the finest avenue of these pines in China and consequently in the world, as the species is found nowhere else. on colonization work in Manchuria) started on Purple Mountain at the time of the last famine, in 1912-13, has developed very largely into afforestation. . This past spring (1919), about 700,000 trees, mostly pines, were planted out by the Colonization Association. A large part of this famous old mountain is now planted with trees, and is beginning to show “green” instead of its centuries-old “brown.” With its favorable location along the Shanghai-Nanking Railway, where it is seen by thousands of passengers, daily, and as the trees grow larger, Purple Mountain will become increasingly import- ant as a practical demonstration of what can be done with many thousands of mountains similar to it. In addition to the teaching work of the College of Agriculture and Forestry, extensive nurseries and a seed department are being developed. Both nursery stock and seeds are sold as cheaply as possible. Material was fur- nished, this last spring, as noted above, for thirty-four nurseries under Chinese direction and six under foreign direction, the latter mostly in connection with’ mission schools. In addition to seeds about 300,000 seedlings 658 AMERICAN were sold. This spring’s nursery planting is treble that of last year. The afforestation work commenced by the Germans at Tsingtao and which is being carried forward by the Japanese is probably the largest piece of forest planting as yet accomplished in China. In Chekiang and Kiangsi there is one forestry school each, of, middle school grade. In Kiangsu, some forestry ANOTHER VIEW OF THE ANCIENT GINGKO This gives a good idea of the dignity and beauty of the old tree as it stands in the monastery courtyard, the massive trunk and base of which is shown in an accompanying illustration. is taught in the First Provincial, Agricultural School (middle school grade). The University of Nanking, through its College of Agriculture and Forestry, offers a college course of five years in forestry. This latter is the only college-grade forestry school in China, and from its beginning has received support from a number ‘of pro- vincial governments, as well as the Central Government, and the Forestry Fund Committee of Shanghai. The above evidences of progress along practical for- estry lines are only those that have come ‘to my’ notice. There are doubtless others, but these are sufficient to show the increasing interest in this ‘work. . The :actual FORESTRY results, in point of all the work that is waiting to be done are relatively small, but in view of what was being done but five years ago, they show a tremendous progress both in interest and actual work accomplished. “As of possible interest to your readers,” writes Forsy- the Sherfessee, Forestry Adviser to the Chinese Govern- ment, from Peking, China, “I enclose four photographs, two each of rather remarkable specimens of Ginko biloba, and of Pinus bungeana. The Gingko is well known abroad, where it has been successfully introduced. Its special interest is not only in’ the rare beauty, form and delicacy of its foliage (whence its name in English of “maidenhair tree’), but also in its remote geological antiquity. You are familiar, of course, with the success- ful use which has been made of it in Washington for street and park planting. It survives naturally only in the Far East and even here (with one possible exception, reported by Meyer) is confined to graves, temple grounds and gardens. The Chinese name, Pai-kuo shu (“white fruited tree”) is derived from the appearance of its fruit, the kernel of which is said to have medicinal value and is extensively used by the Chinese as an ingredient in soups. The Gingko is said to represent the sole surviving link between trees and ferns. '; “Pinus. bungeana is much less known to the outside world being restricted to a very narrow habitat in north- + ern China’ (principally in Central Chihli, the province in which Peking is situated, and in a few places in the neighboring provinces). It is one of the most remark- able of all trees on account of the dazzling whiteness of its bark, a feature which renders it wholly and strikingly unique. In addition, its form is graceful and picturesque, and its: foliage unusually delicate. As in the case of the - Gingko it occurs naturally rarely if at all, but is exten- sively planted around grave-mounds, in temples and in gardens. It is known among foreigners as the “white- barked pine” or else as the “white lace-barked pine,” the latter on account of the delicate lace-like tracery left on the trunk as the outer bark peels off. But above all, it is the extraordinary whiteness of its bark to which it owes its high interest—a whiteness as though it had been newly white-washed or carefully painted.” FAMOUS TREE SUCCUMBS TO OLD AGE N Associated Press dispatch from London says that a famous old mulberry tree in North London under which 144 years ago it is said the American Declaration of Independence was first read in England, has fallen under the weight of its age. American Boy Scouts attending the International Scout Conference there visited the tree only a few days before it crashed and its history was told to 300 of them, who had their photographs taken beneath its branches. The tree stood on one of the lawns of the Mildmay Conference Hall. Many religious leaders have addressed meetings in its ample shade. Hundreds of requests for chips from the tree are being received. FOREST RECREATION—THE MIGHTY ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT BY S. E. DOERING the most active time of outdoor play is in the summer and fall. At the end of the season it is right that stock should be taken of resources which go to make up any activity. Especially in the fall of the year the fact is brought home to people closely in touch with recreation out of doors that we are fast losing some of the recreation values found in the wild life of the forests. are depleting ranges that are now under-stocked with game and a terrific demand for fishing is reducing the fish population in certain streams to a point where years will be needed to bring back the former conditions, in the Department of Forest Recreation a discussion of these problems when they are still fresh in the minds of all recreation users of forest lands. Game and fish play a very important part in all recreational use of our forest lands and the Nation today is facing a big problem in preservation and propagation so wild life of forest areas may continue to be one of the attractions which lure people to the woods, lakes, peaks and canons.—Arthur H. Carhart, Editor, Recreation Department. In the field of recreation Open seasons It is proper then that this number of ‘‘American Forestry” have ee ESS go campin’.” “Pa” spoke the magic words which set Billie’s . heart a-flutter and brought a glad smile to the wan, tired features of Mother. Pa needed a new suit— everybody knew that but—he “guessed the money would go for gas and a new tire” for that ever dependable family'servant—“Tin Lizzie.” That night, well toward wee hours, the kitchen table was cluttered with poles, “flies,” and much tangled line while Pa and Billie, be- tween tasks, waxed enthusi- astic and caught bigger and bigger ones, bringing to silent mother a waft of air from cool, cloudless, azure skies; projecting on _ the screen of her memory a delicate picture of flowers growing amidst rocks where haughty pines stood constant guard; of rippling waters and golden sunshine; songs of twittering birds, and timid, wondering’ wood- dwellers. Best of all there was Peace—a harbor of rest far removed from the turbu- lent sea of humanity. Where away? That was a mighty question, ‘one which they debated far into the night for, “whoever, any- way, ever heard teil of go- ing camping where there was no fishing?” It was a problem because, today, there are so many places depleted of stream and forest life that it is difficult indeed to find the “heart’s mecca.” Fifteen years ago the streams and lakes of the Rocky Mountains abounded with leaping, black-spotted trout. While in their native state they are not overly prolific, there were many, very many, in those days. Today, the FIFTEEN YEARS ROCKY SPOTTED TROUT, AGO THE STREAMS AND LAKES OF THE BLACK- BUT WHILE THIS STREAM IS CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING MANY FISH, IT IS BARREN NOW MOUNTAINS ABOUNDED WITH LEAPING, fisherman faces a far different problem—a serious one. The streams and lakes are being depleted at a rate that not only astounds the native mountaineer, but places him in a situation which may be met only by herculean efforts on his part if the former status of nature is: to be maintained. It is up to him to solve this problem: The stocking of all. lakes and streams with young fish in such manner as will in- sure a constant supply with- out exceeding the capacity of the waters. In this, he will meet the enormous de- mand of our continental public that the “Tin Lizzie” (with due respect to all oth- er utility claimants) has placed within reach of the mountains. This scope, you will doubtless agree, includes all of the United States. Fifteen. short years have brought changes here that are staggering in their mag- nitude. The Federal Govern- ment, the Forest Service and co-operative citizenry have built thousands upon thou- sands of miles of auto road into the farthest reaches of forest and mountain. Then, there was only the bounding deer and crag-loving Big Horn in a wilderness of soli- tude. Now, there is a con- stant stream of travel in luxurious autos; people a- foot ;people on horse. Every- where it is people, people. Where there was nothing before but solid rock walls and impenetrable forests, the Forest Service has built hundreds of miles of beau- tifully engineered trails that the most timid may travel in safety. Today, fishermen are tangling lines and quib- bling over a small trout in waters that, ten years ago, seldom felt the twirl of a line. There are tent-pins, 659 660 AMERICAN crude stone fire-places, and dried “bough-beds” in un- counted numbers where before only a coyote paused now and then to yap in his nightly prewl. In the last five years, cabins—summer homes where people will come to live a few weeks each summer, have existence by leaped into FORESTRY that there are just a few thousand Forest men to keep the streams free from pollution, keep them stocked with fish, keep the forests abounding with natural life for the benefit and pleasure of yourself and posterity, main- tain the endless miles of road and trail, and preserve.the timber that is fast becom- scores. Small colonies and ’ “all summer” camps have sprung up in most romantic and remote regions where the ring of an ax was un- known __ lest native blazed his way into moun- where he some tain meadows might keep a flock of sheep tions. All this through or herd of cattle. has come about public clamor for play and recreation grounds. The the basis of the invasion it alone made pos- sible. We cannot decry the trout. car was Recreation Department. While this number of “American Forestry” is in the printing or being carried to you in the mail, men will be standing hip-deep in icy water netting fish from which eggs will be taken and sent to the hatcheries so some years hence you or your friends may angle in some trout stream with a reasonable chance of having a tussle with a member of this season’s hatch. At this season when most people seek a cozy fire-side these men who love the work are active under the most trying weather condi- Mr. Doering is the possessor of first-hand knowl- edge of how fish are raised so they may lure some fisher- sportsman to a forest vacationland. Few people realize the rigors of carrying on this raising and planting of In this, the writer sketches briefly the methods followed and barriers overcome. every recreation user of every forest land and carries information of value to all—Arthur H. Carhart, Editor, ing our most valued asset. In this gigantic garden which you have given these Service men to protect, 115,000,000 people are en- titled to come and play whenever they may choose; there is no feature closed or forbidden. In caring for all this, the Service has to depend upon very limited funds alloted us by an austere and solemn Con- gress. These men do not criticize Congress. Con- gress must feel the pulse of the whole nation and It is of interest to great American public their God-given impulse to clamor for and demand beauty, rest, peace, and recreation. It is as natural that people play as it is natural that cub bears frolic. A wise Creator touched the soul of each of us that we might crave these things and have them. They are a bath for the soul that might otherwise warp and narrow in the conflict of human exist- ence. T here fore, we of the mountains would say to you: “Come, it’s your play- ground — your haven of soul- rest:” The mighty moun- tains must ever remain the Vacation land of America’s democratic populace. God meant it so; so be it. The folk of the mountains and Service have been entrusted You of the north, the east, the south, the west, should know and realize that the task is one of stupendous magnitude. Perhaps you will grasp its enormity when I tell you Forest with the guardianship of this priceless treasure. AFTER ALL, THEIR’S WAS AN INGLORIOUS END—BUT USEFUL. SPIRITS HAVE PASSED SAFELY TO THEIR HAPPY SWIMMING GROUNDS must prescribe accordingly. They work on with the hope that the American citizen will, before long, come to a fuller realization that the Forests need his earnest co-operation and fore-thought. Time and space forbid that I go into the many phases of this work with which the Forest Service is entrusted. I can tell you here, very con- cisely, of one phase of the work ; one very essential and necessary phase of which little is known or practiced at present, name- ly, fish culture. What is fish culture? It is a term applied to the art of raising fish from the egg or “spawn” to the marketable product. Why the need for fish culture? Because the trout family in their natural environment and habit, do not reproduce sufficiently to meet, anywhere neat, the fast increasing and already enormous demands of the public. There are three species of trout living within the higher reaches of the Rocky Mountains; the native, the LET US HOPE THAT THEIR FOREST rainbow and eastern brook. The native is so-called be- cause of its having been, as its name im- plies, native to these waters. The other spe- cies have been “planted” here from points east and west. The native is usually the smaller of the three species and more wiry ; penetrat- ing farthest into mountain fastness head- RECREATION—THE MIGHTY ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT WHEN TRAPPING IS NOT READILY ACCOMPLISHED—AND IT IS SOMETIMES RATHER DIFFI- 661 appetite. Hog- like, he feeds on most any- thing. Getieral- ly he is found in stiller waters where no great effort need be expended in collecting vital necessities of life. Very of- ten, when found in high, cold waters, he will bite quite snappily and occasionally put up a game fight, The na- tive and rain- bow remain the choice of the CULT, THE OLD TIME SEINE, OR DRAG-NET, WILL PROVE QUITE EFFICIENT waters. He is also the greater fighter, or “game fish,” of the trio. Following him closely in “game” spirit is the rainbow which, however, grows faster and heavier. Third is the eastern brook, more content to be lazy, take the world with a smile, wax fat and grow a pound a year in waters ° containing foods suitable to his not at all discriminating IT IS HIGHLY IMPORTANT THAT EVERY BARREN WATER BE ST PROCESS. NETTING THE FISH WITHIN T mo untaineer. They are far more venturesome, are inveterate explorers and discriminating in their food. They are, so to speak, quite American, All three trouts belong to the salmon family and gen- erally bear the salmon color. In a day’s fishing one will often find a variation in color from light red to a very CKED, AND THIS IS ONE OF THE FIRST STEPS IN RAP TO BE STRIPPED FOR “PLANTING” 662 AMERICAN dark red. This coloring is due to water temperature and character and quantity of food available and not at all to sex or species as a great many people believe. A fish taken from one water to another will, in all likeli- hood, change color of meat. I would say that the redder or darker the meat, the more healthy and nourished the trout. In waters where there is an abundance of feed, a min- now trout will make an average growth of seven inches STRIPPING THE FISH FOR ARTIFICIAL HATCHING. THIS SHOWLD BE DONE ONLY BY SKILLED OPERATORS, FOR WHILE IT IS SIMPLE, THE FISH MUST BE HANDLED VERY QUICKLY AND CORRECTLY IN ORDER TO SAVE THEM AND SECURE THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF EGGS in two years, most of the growth being made the second year. If he continues in good» waters a period of five years, he will test the strength of your rod and. tax your skill to the utmost. to tell that old, old yarn about the “big one” that got He will doubtless cause you away. and perhaps the minister will call to expostulate the need Your friends will wag their heads ominously for more regular attendance at church. The trout abounds and thrives in waters varying in Fahrenheit. Cold! Yes, Just consider a moment that his body tem- temperature from 45° to 55 it’s cold. perature is around 45° lower than that of the human body and you will realize that cold water is very essential to him. It must be more than cold, it must be clear and uncontaminated and running freely all the time. FORESTRY Trout demand a great deal of oxygen and they find a sufficient quantity only in fast moving, tumbling waters. The motion of the water keeps it aerated and charged with ‘this element. Ask any old fish raiser what a trout lives on and he will tell you—“air.” A trout placed in a bucket of water will live only until all the oxygen is exhausted. An hour will render him torpid, in less than two hours he will be dead. For this reason, trout placed in brackish or sluggish waters with a temperature of 65° or greater, will not survive. Not much space can be given here to the food of the trout although it is a matter of utmost importance and one which must be thoroughly understood before one embarks upon the troubled sea of fish culture. The known “good waters” are all gone, but there are many remaining barren. waters that must come under cultivation through some means or other. It must be understood that the trout does not feed upon plant life, he feeds upon the insects which cluster — + SSE IN ARTIFICIAL HATCHING THE “MELT” IS THOROUGHLY MIXED WITH THE EGGS BY PLACING BOTH IN A SHALLOW PAN CONTAINING WATER AND GENTLY MIXING THE CON- TENTS BY ROTATING THE PAN upon and feed upon plant life. Now, to introduce the species of plant life which will in turn collect the certain species of insect life conducive to the life and well being of the trout, is a field of study that is almost wholly unexplored, yet every fish man will tell you that it must come to pass before we can materially increase our fish supply. The trout, I regret to say, is cannabalistic, feed- ing upon its own kind when necessity compels and in numerous instances when necessity does not compel. The ry FOREST RECREATION—THE MIGHTY ROCKY MOUNTAIN: TROUT absence of small fishes or minnows along the thin water ef streams and in the inlets, is a pretty good indication that the waters do not contain enough plant life to keep the older fish in good condition. Thus, in stocking the streams with young fish, or “fry” as they are known, it is necessary to exercise great care and no little skill in the selection of waters. The various State and Federal hatcheries are engaged in producing fry, not in raising them. From the time the little fellows leave the hatcheries until they. are freed in the waters, they receive divers kinds of bad handling. Usually it is up to the citizenry to see that they are planted. Too often these tiny fish are taken and dumped into the waters headlong where they come suddenly in contact with an entirely different temperature and surroundings where there is, possibly, no feed at all. The conse- quent loss is easily appar- ent. In the ordi- nary season the rainbow trout will begin lay- ing eggs asrar- ly as April 15, continuing un* til as late as May 15, de- pending upon the elevation of their waters and climatic condi- tions. The na- tive follows closely here, spawning from May 15 to June 663 his deposit in the empty nest, then hie away to other fields of conquest. Should, however, the eggs be prop- erly fertilized and covered, there may be many things yet happen-them, The water may raise and wash them out, or it may ‘recede and leave them on dry land, or diving birds or snakes may eat them. There are a hun- dred and one things that may happen to the eggs in course of incubation and something generally happens. It is doubtful if one per cent of the naturally laid eggs pro- duce minnows that reach maturity. Reproduction of the trout is a complicated affair for which nature did not provide very carefully. Hatching of trout from eggs is a process covering about three months’ time. The method of incubation in artificial state is the same as that in natural state ex- cept that artificial hatching is made highly. successful through the re- moval of natu- ral enemies and barriers en- countered in natural incuba- tion. In study- ing the ~artifi- cial method of hatching, it will be readily seen how almost im- possible it is for eggs to hatch success- fully in native state. The eggs are very ten- der, being com- posed of an amber colored liquid. They 15. The eastern brook delays spawning until late fall, some- times extending the operation well along into December. The procedure in natural spawning is the same with all three species. The femate will settle somewhere in shallow water where there is sand and slow moving bits of moss and water slime. At a selected spot she sets her fins in motion with the result that, after a time, a small hole is made in the sand, mud, and bits of moss, fn which she will deposit a few eggs. The action is called “fanning” by local men. hence a few may be laid at each fanning point. After depositing eggs the female will depart, where- upon a male fish will pause over the fanning nest, deposit- ing a quantity of white, slimy substance which fertilizes them. This done he will fan awhile in order to slightly cover them with bits of moss and slime floating about in the water. It happens though, quite often, that this knightly male will eat the eggs, fan until he has made WET WHILE THE EGGS ARE IN SHIPMENT Trout eggs are not adhesive, BEFORE THE EGGS ARE FERTILIZED THEY MAY BE. SHIPPED IN CRATES. NOTE THE SNOW AND ICE IN THE PANS WHICH WILL are round and about one eighth inch in diameter. Any sudden change of temperature, any rough usage, any Then, BE USED IN KEEPING THE MOSS COOL AND abrasion will almost surely result in their loss. following this chance, there is a disease, or animal life, very contagious, which is attacking them constantly. In- fection on one egg will spread rapidly to all eggs in connection in the fanned hole where native hatching is taking place. Just how this feature is overcome in the hatcheries will be explained later. During spawning time the male and female fish will crowd into inlets of lakes or follow up the streams in search of suitable hatching grounds that the rough deep waters do not provide. to speak. Man has discovered that, in this period, they may be easily trapped and stripped of their eggs. By In spawning they “swarm” so going up the stream a hundred yards or so above a lake, or into the reaches of some stream where it traverses a meadow-like country in which the fish gather, traps may ie SD ere = - r 664 AMERICAN be built quite inexpensively of strips of lumber set perpen- dicularly in the water and about an inch apart. This al- lows the smaller fish to continue their way up the stream and keeps back only the larger, which are the most valu- able from a productive point of view. A similar fence is then constructed at the entrance with a triangular shaped hole provided where the oncoming fish may enter. During the day the trap is closed and the fish stripped in turn and thrown into the waters above the trap, thus pre- venting them from mixing with those awaiting stripping. Usually the trap is left open at night and the catch “worked” the day following. Trapping as described above cannot always be reverted to. In many instances, generally in lakes, it is necessary to adopt the old time seine or drag-net if the fish are not gathering at some inlet. A description of this method is not deemed necessary since almost anyone knows how to operate a seine. Stripping consists of holding the fish by the head in the right hand, belly and tail downward over a pan in which is a small quantity of water. left hand close round the body of the fish in such man- ner as to massage the belly until the eggs have been ejected. When ready to spawn the trout is very sensi- tive, and a slight touch will often cause them to eject one or more eggs. The stripping, while simple, should be done by some one skilled in the operation since the fish must be handled rapidly and correctly in order to get them back in the water before harm has resulted and obtain the greatest amount of eggs possible. A new operator will often fail in getting all the eggs or will damage the fish. In the hands of a skilled stripper the loss will seldom exceed one per cent of the number. fish handled. They are stripped in a ratio of three to one or, for every three females stripped, one male fish is stripped of his “melt” or fertilizing sperm cells which have been previously described. To add, though, in this instance: A microscopic examination of the trout egg will reveal two tiny holes opposite each other and penetrating approximately one-third the way through. This male fertilizer immediately collects in these tiny holes and is at once sealed in by nature. Thus is the egg made fertile. The collected eggs are called “green” in their first stages and may be safely handled and shipped to distant points with proper care. Boxes, or crates, about two feet deep by two feet square are provided with an open space at the bottom to allow the escape of water: The first crate is lowered into the box and held two inches off the floor by means of cleats. On the crate there is first placed a sheet of gauze, following this, a layer of water-soaked lake moss is placed and a thousand to fifteen hundred, or possibly four or five times as many, eggs spread about over the wet moss. In this manner crates are inserted one on top of the other until the last crate is reached, which is filled with cracked ice and this, melting, serves to keep the whole mass below wet and . cool at all times. After collection the eggs are taken to various hatch- eries where they are placed in hatching troughs. These BS oF tee ah a attacked by disease or otherwise in jured. They « are The fingers of the f spot, a head and tail will form, gradually exte: _~ sree are placed parallel about two feet apart in a susie is kept at the proper trout temperature by means of an ordinary stove. It should be kept just warm enough so that the water will not freeze. Into each of these troughs is turned a stream of constantly flowing water, The end of the trough where the water enters is raised a couple of inches im order to give the water a short, sh drop into the trough, thus thoroughly aerating it. 1 the eggs are placed in hatching trays, from three five thousand per tray. The trays, just fitting in trough, are then submerged and may be placed on: top the other as long as they are under water. Next follows the work of “picking” the eggs. — consists of taking the trays from the trough in turn closely examining them for infertile eggs and easy of detection since a few days in water. will te i‘ whiten those which are infertile, diseased, or in The fertile, healthy egg is a pure transparent Every tray should come under close inspection least once every day and oftener if time is available. I vitally necessary to keep them cleanly picked in prevent the spread of ever-present disease. oon The first intimation of embryo will come in few days after being placed in the troughs. By he the egg lightly between the thumb and fore-finger turning it toward a strong light, veins, or, “bloodsh will be plainly visible, spreading from the center of egg. Gradually this bloodshot appearance will work ward the center where a spot will form. Later, fro until it has protruded through the egg. The born now has a strikingly odd appearance—a head and appended to a sac. This is as it should be. The contains the food which will keep the little fell alive as it gradually stretches out in an oval shape for ing his body. From this stage on he realizes his im- portance as a fish, taking his chances against the cur in the bottom of the trough and his living from. microscopic water life. After a month, although a pearing as little else than an eye and a tail, they swim vigorously, play, and suck blood from tiny bits liver placed within their troughs. After another mo they will eat. greedily and do well on the stronger me: of beef heart. They may be, and often are, placed in the public streams in this period of infancy although 4 sf a decided loss. ; Without question it is better to keep these young trout, yi or fry, in retaining ponds for a period of from two to six months before placing them in the public waters. Thus, may you learn of the problem. In the stre of the Rocky Mountains there are many places whe spawn may be taken; there are many, very many, ha ery sites. The construction of traps and hatcheries = the work of hatching does not take a very large outlay in money. Comparing the outlay in cash to the benefits derived, the cost is insignificant indeed. Fifteen hundred (Continued on page 688) + eas. re ens i SCENTED WOODS BY SAMUEL J. RECORD PROFESSOR OF FOREST PRODUCTS, YALE UNIVERSITY ITH the woods of the world to choose from one can easily arrange a whole scale of scents from the sweetest and most delicate of perfumes. at one extreme to rank and overpowering odors at the other. The stores of the perfumer’s shop will not yield a greater varie- pie : ty than one can : bee find in woods. There too are to be found distinct impres- sions of flavor- ing essences, spices and con- diments, of crushed fruits, of various kinds of vege- tables and of nuts, and a host of other things often too vague for ex- pression.., Were our sense of smell more highly developed and better- . trained we should find — that every wood has its.own pe- culiar scent by which alone it could be distin- guished from all the rest. How often do we say. that a wood: is odor- No one fully appreciates the inadequacy of language— written. or spoken—until he has. attempted to express in words some unusual odor or. taste perceptions. It is then he. realizes that they are of the fourth dimensional stuff of which- dreams are. made. Often the best one can do is to in- dicate whether the sensation is pleasant or dis- agreeable, mild or pronounced, and sum up the rest by saying it is peculiar. Many defini- tions of an odor violate the first law of definitions by describing it in terms of itself or of some de- rived product. We say that> red cedar smells like a lead pencil or a clothes chest, Spanish cedar like a cigar box, western cedar like a shingle, and that white birch tastes like a spool! Eng- lish writers have a_ habit of saying pine smells like deal, in other words less when we mean that the impression we get is too subtile or vague for definite perception. Both odor and taste are purely subjective. Our per- ceptions of them do not admit of expression and com- parison by means of figures as in the case of other observations. Moreover, smell and taste are quite differ- ently developed faculties in each individual. The im- pressions we get depend not only on our keenness of scent but also upon a whole train of past experiences and previous impressions. What does “sweet as the breath of kine” mean to the average city dweller? A, MAGNIFICENT INCENSE CEDAR, NEAR PASADENA IN CALIFORNIA. TREE IS VALUED BOTH BECAUSE OF ITS FRAGRANCE AND EXCELLENT WORKING QUALITIES that pine smells ‘like a pine plank! Such comparisons, however, have the merit of conveying a pretty definite meaning because they are in terms of things with which we are all more or less familiar. .They will have to stand until someone invents an odor scale! Names of woods are often derived from their odor: Anything that has a frangrance akin to that of our com- mon cedar is forthwith a cedar without any regard to the botanical relationship. In the real cedar family we have not only a great many different species but also various genera of trees scattered all over the world. THE WOOD OF THIS 665 WESTERN RED CEDAR IN CALIFORNIA. IS KNOWN ALSO AS SHINGLE WOOD AND IS NOTED FOR ITS FRAGRANCE red cedar or juniper, the western red or shingle cedar, southern white cedars, the yellow cedars or There is our eastern the northern and cypresses, the incense cedar, the true cypresses, the deodar, the atlas cedar, the Clanwilliam cedar and the fam- ous cedar of Lebanon. They are among our most valued woods not only because of their fragrance but also because of their excellent work- ing qualities and their great resist- ance to decay and to insect. pests. The Spanish or cigar box cedar, known locally as cedro, is not a co- LARGE ISLAUS NATIONAI WESTERN RED CEDAR, ON STAN- FOREST, CALIFORNIA AMERICAN FORESTRY niferous wood but belongs to the mahogany family. In fact it finds its way into the market as mahogany and may not be readily distinguished from that wood except by its odor. Other aromatic woods of this family are the toon or Indian red cedar, the ca- Photo-micrograph by S. J. Record. CROSS SECTION OF RED CEDAR (JUNI- PERUS VIRGINIANA) SHOWS THE’ RESIN CELLS IN ZONES THROUGHOUT THE GROWTH RING. IT IS IN THESE CELLS AND THE CELLS OF RAYS THAT THE RESIN IS FOUND WHICH GIVES THE PECULIAR ODOR TO CEDAR WOOD AND ADDS TO ITS DURABILITY lantas of the Philippines, the margosa or neem of India, and the bead-tree, Persian lilac or white cedar of Aus- tralia. Here, too, may be classed the Australian rosewood with its scent of cedar rather than of rose. The Borneo cedar or seriah belongs to the dipterocarp family from which Philippine mahogany comes. In British Guiana are two woods, the yellow silverbally and the kretty, with cedar-like odor, though they belong to the sassafras family and are closely related to the green- heart used so extensively in building the Panama Canal. The narra of the Philippines and the Malay Peninsula, a wood of the locust family, has a our so-called faint sweet odor when fresh. Just as these woods are commonly called cedar because of their odor so other woods without odor are sometimes called by the same name because of their resemblance, fancied or other- wise, to the woods that smell like cedar. The writer has in his pos- session a cigar box made of “Michi- gan cedar” which in reality is eim. A certain natural similarity in grain with a touch of color added produces a passable substitute for Spanish cedar for a not too discriminating LARGE WHITE CEDAR, FRAGRANT AND ALMOST IMPERVIOUS TO INSECT ATTACK trade. Certain South American woods are called cedro though they have only the slightest resemblance to the real cedar. Other woods such as yellow poplar and _ basswood, which have neither odor nor grain, may be printed in the color and figure of Spanish cedar or they may ee “ee eee be covered with ; : SCENTED WOODS 667 but it takes more than a printed paper. Cedar is used for cigar boxes because the aroma of the wood is sup- posed to add to the bouquet of a cigar and the trade cus- tom _ requires that cigar box- es at least ap- pear to be made of cedar. Cedar is used in various forms for re- smell of cedar to keep the eggs, once laid, from hatching or the larvae from pursuing their destruc- tive feeding. Cedar chests are usually well made with tight fitting covers and if articles are free of moths and eggs when they are pelling insects. The chips from pencil factories are distilled for their oil or ground up and sold for use in protecting rugs and woolen garments from moths. Chests made of Ten- nessee red cedar and also of Spanish cedar are widely Photograph by G. E. Mitchell. CEDAR OF LEBANON—A GIANT OF THE GROVE WHICH HAS LOOKED WITH TOLERANCE ON THE THE POWERFUL OF THE EARTH RISE AND FALL OF advertised and used for protection of furs and woolens from moths. Their efficiency is limited, however, and too much faith should not be placed in them. Adult moths are repelled by the odor if it is strong enough, A RAFT OF CEDRO LOGS ON THE PARANA RIVER, ARGENTINA. OR CIGAR BOX CEDAR AND BELONGS TO THE MAHOGANY FAMILY placed therein they will not Photograph by H. M. Curran. suffer attack. THIS IS THE SPANISH About five per cent of the pro- tection afforded by a cedar chest is due to the odor and the other 95 per cent to the fact that it is physically exclusive. We can pass by easy stages from the cedar odors to those of sassafras and camphor of the laurel family. The santol and melasantol and the tucung-calao of the Philippines belong to the mahogany or Spanish cedar AT ORANGE CITY, A TWENTY-TWO YEAR OLD CAMPHOR TRE FLORIDA, SHOWING CHARACTERISTIC DEV GROWN IN THE OPEN t-LOPMENT WHEN family and have a more or less pungent aromatic odor resembling both cedar and camphor. Two leguminous woods widely. distributed in South America are much alike in every way except that one is a rich red and the other brown. They are variously known in Brazil as cabriuva, oleo vermelhbo and oleo pardo, and in Colombia and Peru as balsamo, and have an aromatic fragrance suggesting a combination of cedar, camphor and chloro- form. One feels the desire to inhale deeply when smell- ing these woods, 668 AMERICAN Our sassafras has a pleasant odor which is much more pronounced in. the twigs, leaves and inner bark than in the wood. The spice bush or benzoin is of the same The California laurel or pepperwood has a sweet The embuya of Brazil and various class. peppery fragrance. other laurels or FORESTRY True camphor is obtained from trees growing in Formosa and adjacent regions. Some is collected as exudations of gum but mostly it is obtained by cutting the wood into chips and distilling it. There is great demand for this wood for the manufacture of chests, drawers and insect- proof cases, lauros of South America are more or less highly scented and find many uses on that account. The Brazilian sas- safras. has a heartwood that fairly is often saturated with an oil with an almost over- powering odor of sassafras. The kalingag of the: Philip- pines is full and cabinet makers find it difficult to get enough of the genuine wood for their work. Accordingly they make imi- tations, using some light cheap wood af- ter first treat- ing it with camphor oil. tion camphor- wood chests are not durable and the effect brother of the camphor tree but the odor of the wood, which is strong and lasting, is almost exactly like sassafras. The Borneo camphorwood or kapor has a pronounced camphor odor when fresh. It belongs to the dipterocarp nearly all of the trees, of which are resinous. family, ROWS OF CALIFORNIA PEPPER TREES BORDERING A COUNTRY ROAD ON THE HILLS OUTSIDE OF LOS ANGELES of the oil is soon lost. Cam- phor can be produced artificially from the resin of pine trees. There are many flower-scented woods. The rosewoods are the most common and there are several kinds on the market. The Brazilian rosewood is known locally. as jacaranda, with various qualifying terms to indicate the A DELIGHTFUL SPOT IN THE MUIR WOODS, SHOWING CALIFORNIA LAUREL BENDING OVER A LITTLE STREAM RUNNING THROUGH THE FOREST. THE WOOD OF THIS TREE HAS A SWEET PEPPER FRAGRANCE These imita-— Se a a ee ee a ~ a SCENTED WOODS color or other special prop- erty. There is still con- fusion about the botanical status of these woods though they are generally referred to the genera Dal- bergia and ~Machaerium. There are so-called rose- woods in all parts of the Tropics, but some of them get the name from their rose color. The sweet- scented mimosa of India, Burmah and Ceylon, the griting of Borneo and the blackwood of Africa have a more or less pronounced odor of rosewater. It is said that the wood of the common European elder has a like fragrance when freshly cut. Myall or violetwood of Australia, the product - of two species of Acacia, has the delightful scent of vio- lets which becomes very pronounced when the mate- rial is being worked. If one wishes to retain a high ; opinion of this wood it is well not-to taste it. . The hackia of British Guiana and the West Indies is-said to give off an odor when worked distinctly résembling: the tube- rose, while the manchineel of Central America and the THE BLACK LOCUST., ITS TIMBER, WHEN FRESH, TASTES. AND SMELLS: LIKE GREEN BEAN. PODS berry jam: wood because of 669 Antilles is lavendar-scented. The oil of guayac wood, ob- tained from a South Ameri- can tree closely related to the lignum-vitae, is used in- the perfume industry for the purpose of producing a tea-rose odor.. A distinct scent of musk is imparted by the woods of the musk- tree of the Fiji Islands and the muskwood of Australia. The cumuru or tonka bean of South America is the source of a material used extensively in flavor- ing snuff. Most of this comes from the pods, but enough is contained in the wood to impart a mild odor of vanilla. Sometimes very oily specimens are some- what rancid and the per- fume obscured. The um- burana of Brazil is a soft yellow wood so delightfully scented with vanilla that one is‘tempted to eat it. In western Australia is a spe- cies of Acacia called rasp- its odor which is powerful and-dlmost overpowering ‘when the wood is freshly cut. Then there are vegetable and nut odors. » authority says that the fresh wood of the horsechestnut, An English Photographs by C. H. Pearson. A GROUP OF BRAZILIAN ROSEWOOD, KNOWN THE CUMURU OF SOUTH THE MANCHINEEL TREE OF CENTRAL AMER- LOCALLY AS JACARANDA AMERICA ICA, HAS A DELICATE SCENT OF LAVENDAR 670 AMERICAN a tree often planted along our streets, smells like “rubbed The wood of the red bean of Australia is said This potatoes.” to smell just like Swedish turnips when newly cut. turnip odor is also more or less pronounced in our Nootka Black smells like green bean pods. cypress. locust timber, when fresh, tastes and ‘he ipil and tindalo of the Philippines have a peculiar oily odor Fre- FORESTRY and very disagreeable odors when drying. The oily heartwood of our viburnums has an extremely disgust- far-reaching when the material is The Australian sandalwood is like burning joss sticks, overpowering and sickly when in quantity. ing smell which is fresh and never completely leaves it. There are a number of so-called sneezewoods. The Zulu_ sneeze- wood has a sembling tha t of raw peanuts. The West In- dian satinwood suggests cocoa- nut oil and the paperbark tree of Australia is said to smell like Brazil nuts being The kulim of the while worked. Philippines and Malay Penin- sula gives forth a strong aroma of onions, while the pao dalho of B zil is properly known as gar- lic wood. The New Zealand black pine has a faint aroma suggesting new mown hay. A Dutch East In- dian w gives a distil- 00 d late which re- minds one of ‘Sinnamon -and rhubarb. Slippery elm lls less wood sme more or like licorice, the catalpa like 1 L) kerosene, the pinon pine and peppery smell which often excites sneez- ing and run- ning of the eyes when worked. The acle of the Philippines and the blue mahoe of the West In- dies are pep- pery and are said to excite violent sneez- ing when the dry wood is be- ing worked by machinery. Many woods have an un- pleasant odor when fresh and during the sea- soning process but later lose it partially or en- tirely. Our hemlock and certain kinds of fir, and the Philippine cu- pang are in this class. Oak, par- ticularly red oak, has a pe- culiar acid smell when curing. The blue gum and certain other sometimes the A HORSE CHESTNUT IN FULL BLOOM. AN sugar pine, like OF THIS TREE, WHEN beeswax. Dark, FRESH, resinous specimens of our own southern cypress have a mildly unpleasant odor of rancid butter. The wood of the celery pine of New Zealand is said to have a faint smell when worked, like bad cheese. The pagatpat of the Philippines has a fishy or “swampy” odor, especially when fresh. The cupang and batino of the same country and the so-called stinkwood of South Africa have strong ENGLISH AUTHORITY SAYS THAT THE WOOD SMELLS LIKE “RUBBED POTATOES” eucalypts of Australia smell like acetic acid when freshly worked. The malacadois and tuai of the Philippines suggest aromatic vinegar when newly cut. The urung of the same source has when fresh “a distinet aromatic and somewhat acid odor reminding one of cider.” Teakwood, according to one authority, has a “smell characteristic and powerful, like old shoe leather, very offensive when being worked,” but another says it — ie 9 aa SCENTED WOODS has “a pleasant and strong aromatic fragrance.” The dry specimens examined by the writer had a mild rancid Some woods give off a very disagreeable odor when _ burned. Among these may be mention- odor. 671 Java, one from Australia and another from the West Indies and Venezuela. The Philippine agaru has “a distinct characteristic odor; when fresh, reminding one of sandalwood; it soon disappears superficially, but is again perceptible on merely scraping the surface.” The Venezuelan wood is now generally imported as amyris Photograph by C. H. Pearson. TRUE LIGNUM VITAE, QUEEN’S PARK, BARBADOES, B. W. I. ed the Indian tamarix, the Philippine bantino and the palo verde of our desert Southwest. The most famous of all scented wvods~ is the incomparable sandal- «vod. The true sandalwood (Santalum album) is an viiental tree whose use for perfumery and incense began BARK OF THE ODORIFEROUS SLIPPERY REMINDING ONE ELM, FRESH LICORICE PINION PINE GROWING IN CRACK OF ROCKS IN COLORADO. THE WOOD HAS A DISTINCT ODOR OF BEESWAX thousands of years ago and whose popularity remains undiminished. The later Greeks considered it one of their greatest luxuries and no festivities were complete without it. There are many false sandalwoods, at least three from India, one or two from the Philippines and wood and the oil distilled from it bears not the slightest resemblance to the sandalwood. Fragrant woods have always been held in highest esteem among primi- tive people and were considered es- pecially pleasing to the gods. Ac- cordingly, they have figured promi- nently in their religious ceremonies and burial rites. Sandalwood is of ALWAYS OF the first rank in i A SECTION OF WOOD OF THE CATALPA China and other yi WitH AN ODOR PECULIARLY LIKE countries where it KEROSENE gan be obtained. In Borneo there is a large tree called kayu gharu which occasionally forms a small black- ish and highly resinous heartwood highly valued for in- ARBORVITAE GROWING IN A TEMFLE COURT IN CHINA AND BELIEVED TO BE BETWEEN 800 AND 1,000 YEARS OLD. ITS WOOD IS CONSIDERED SACRED BY THE ORIENTALS 672 AMERICAN cense wood in Malay and China: The roots of a legumi- nous plant related to the rosewood, produces a low grade incense wood called kayu laka in the Malay region. In some parts of the Himalayas and in the Khasia Hills the yew tree is called deodar (God’s tree), the name that is elsewhere applied to a true cedar. The wood of the yew is burnt as incense as is also that of the cypress. One of the favorite woods for incense in the Buddhist temples of India is the juniper. In parts of South Amer- ica a wood closely related to the lignum-vitae is, called palo santo (sacred wood), because of its use for incense in churches. There are numerous curious or superstitious beliefs regarding fragrant woods. The Burmése-have a supér- stition that beams of balances should be ‘made of the Thitman or prince of woods (Podocarpus. neriifolia); FORESTRY while a peg of it driven into a house post or boats will avert evil. The Shinto temples are always constructed from the wood of the Japanese aborvitae or hinoki tree.. Water pails and other vessels made of our southern white cedar were long held to have a wholesome effect on the contents because of supposed medicinal ‘properties of the wood. It ‘wa8'even believed that water issuing from.a white ceddr spigot had ‘its healthfulneéss in- creased... The northwestern Indians nearly always made their totem poles. out of western red cedar, but. ‘this choice"“was probably due more ‘to the fact that the wood, tis easy to work and extremely durable, rather than to its fragrance. It may be taken as a very good general tule that woods that are scented are’ resistant ~ to decay and. insect “attack, ‘and have good cabinet qualities. This very unusual photograph was taken-of.a‘section of partially decayed wood from an old white oak stump and shows, better than he has ever seen it, the structure of oak wood, writes George N. Lamb, secre- tary of the American Walnut. Mantifacturers. Association, from Chicago. section, as is the cut of “quarter sawed”. wood. The medullary rays that make the “flake” in quarter sawed oak are here shown as upright ‘bands or ribbons of various widths that extend from center to The above specimen shows this characteristic structure almost better than In this case, at least, the rays proved to be harder and more durable bark in ripples or waves. would a diagramatic drawing. than the rest of the wood. The surface shown is a radial FOXES—AND . WHAT WE KNOW OF THEM BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, C. M. Z. S., MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS ARIOUS kinds of foxes are found in the Old World; but as‘a matter of fact, in no quarter of the globe are they better represented than in North America. And of all the mammals that have been talked and written about, no single group has received one-tenth part the attention that foxes have. Apart from the tales of tradition, the history of foxes dates back to the day when printing presses first came into use—when history came to be a matter of printed record— and today the volumes ‘devoted to this family would form a very extensive library. Sever- al hundred books have been written upon the sub- ject of fox hunting in Great Britain alone, and a similar litera- ture is now coming into being in this country. Foxes have figured in the fables of every race of men on earth since the dawn of history, and even at the present writing they continue to be rung in by writers of every ilk in exemplification of all that is cunning, shrewd, sly, and artful in the ways of men and all other mammals. “Sly and cunning as a fox” is an expression common to the language of our race the world over. For example, take what the fox did out of the fables of Asop and other writers of fables, and their works would be robbed of four-fifths their interest. These animals are, as an independent group, very dis- tinct from the dogs, wolves, and jackals, and in general characterized by light, though well knit frames, erect ears, markedly pointed muzzles, and eyes of which the pupils contract to mere slit-like apertures in the day- time—much as we see it in the cats. The fur of a fox is very thick and its tail bushy. In some species the pelts are of great value commercially, and in all cases they are of more or less worth. In some the fur is almost Figure 1. CUBS OF THE COMMON FOX ‘ They are usually born early in the spring, being ‘reared principally. upon ‘young rabbits, which are produced in numbers at the same season. C. Reid, who obtained several negatives of this group. black, in others white, and in still others silvery, a light red, gray, or brown. We find large foxes in certain parts of Asia that are of a yellowish-red color—the Chinese and Japanese species being a light red—while in India we meet with the Bengal fox and the small species known as the Desert fox. The latter feeds upon grapes, and may have been the one responsible for the fable of the “Fox and the Grapes,” though some say that it refers to those extraordinary little big-eared foxes of Africa called 2 Fennecs that also eat grapes. The Fennecs are very ele- gant little crea- tures, one of them measur- ‘ing only nine inches in length; their hearing is said to be most WE tee LHe common fox (Vulpes vulga- ris) of Europe is too well known to re- quire any spe- cial descrip- tion; it has figured in_ his- tory ever since printing came into vogue, and is a remarkable animal, occurring not only in Europe but in Asia and Africa as well. ; Coming to the foxes of North America, not a little has likewise been written about them; but we have yet a great deal to learn about their anatomy and habits. Zoologists have, as a rule, divided them into two.genera —Vulpes and Urocyon. The true foxes are characterized by rather short bodies, short legs, and long tails that are bushy and more than half the length of the body. Their fur is long and soft; their erect ears of moderate length, while the muzzle is elongate and tapering. Up to a few years ago there were some eight species recognized by zoologists; these are distributed over various regions of North America, Harriman’s fox being found on Kadiak Island, Alaska; the common American fox from Canada to Georgia, westward to the plains. The This is a copied photograph by the writer after 673 674 AMERICAN boreal species known as the Silver Fox and Long-tailed Fox are found in Nebraska, westward to California, and southward to Arizona and Oklahoma, and to these must be added the Hall Island fox, the Arctic fox (Fig. 7), the Great-eared fox of southern California, the Kit fox (Fig. 6), and the Nova Scotian and Newfoundland Red foxes—forms closely resembling the common species. These have all been described in various books, as weli as the forms contained in the genus Urocyon, which are the “short-muzzle” foxes, further characterized by a concealed mane of stiffish hair down the dorsum of the tail—that is, not intermixed with the ordinary fur. Urocyon contains all the Gray foxes, as the Gray fox, and the Florida, Texas, California, Townsend’s, Wis- consin, and the Dwarf Gray foxes. The American Red fox is found in many localities from Canada to Georgia, and westward to the great plains. When it exhibits a dark cross onthe back and shoulders, it is known as the Cross fox, and when the animal is all black with a white-tipped tail, it is called the Black fox. As has been shown, three well- known subspecies of the red fox are recognized, and they extend the genus over a large part of North America. Where these do not occur we meet with other distinct species, as the Newfoundland red fox in Newfoundland, and others. At different times the writer has had opportunity to study a large number of these species and_ sub- species, in nature as well as in confinement, in regions where they were more or less abundant, and it has been noticed that foxes vary greatly. In England, where they have been chased for many generations, they have become so wily and cunning that it is no uncommon thing to have an old fellow com- pletely outwit both men and hounds and make good his escape; this is especially true of the foxes in Leicester- shire, which is the best fox-hunting country in all Eng- land. This fact is mentioned because of late our more experienced fox-hunters in New England have begun to notice the same change taking place in our red foxes. Having been hunted for many years past, they, too, are becoming better educated in the ways of hunters and hounds, and ere long they will, no doubt, be as good at getting away from their pursuers as are the foxes of England; in fact, no wild animals profit more success- fully by their experience in the matter of avoiding danger than foxes do. Out West, years ago, the writer noticed that the foxes there had none of this educated caution and intelligence; their audacity and boldness was due placements of the teeth. THE SKULL OF OUR DESERT FOX Figure 2. This is the left side view, designed to show the forms and Lower jaw detached. collected in Arizona, and is here shown to invite attention to the close resemblance it bears to the skull of some species of dogs, examples of which are to be seen upon the streets every day. FORESTRY to an utter lack of knowledge of their arch enemy, man, and not to a confidence in their power to escape him in critical situations. On one occasion he was out on foot hunting, and he carried a shot-gun loaded with heavy shot. Passing over the prairie and along the foothills, he came to place where there were several large burrows in the ground, and at the entrance to one of them stood three nearly full-grown long-tailed foxes. They stood there staring just as though they had never seen a man with a gun before. No New England fox would have done it—he would have been down the burrow in a minute. As it was, it went very much against the grain to fire upon them, but nevertheless two of their number fell to the writer’s gun, while the third disappeared down the bur- row as quick as a flash, unhurt. g At another time, the writer was out hunting rabbits , and there was already sey- — eral inches of it on the — ground. As the flakes — were large and the wind was blowing, they were prevented from seeing ob-— jects at any great distance. j In those days they owned ~ Bruno, who was very fond of going out hunting ina snow- f storm. This was usually — objected to, as Bruno knew — than a woodchuck, and was often in the way; moreover, he conceived it to be his — duty to commence violent- ly barking at all sorts of — critical moments. As they trudged along a narrow — path by a piece of woods, _ the writer chanced to look back, when, lo and behold! there was an animal trotting coolly along after them, about forty feet in their rear. It was at once taken for Bruno, and they yelled at him to go home, which only had the effect of halting the newcomer, who stood looking at them in the most saucy manner imaginable, Then it flashed on them that the animal was not Bruno at all but a fox—and a splendid, red animal at that. But before they could say “bip” he was off and out of sight in the storm, at a rate that would have filled an old coyote with envy. His color had saved his life, as they certainly thought he was Bruno. This, it was learned afterwards, is an old trick of Reynard’s, and frequently practiced by him to baffle his arch enemies—dogs and men. He is seldom caught at it, however, as he watches the hunter with the greatest keenness, literally keeping in his footsteps, knowing full vell that it is the very last place he will be suspected of being in by his pursuer. He is ready instantly to put himself out of sight when in danger of being discovered. This specimen was ® FOXES—AND WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THEM Foxes were very common in the neighborhood of the writer’s home in New Canaan, Connecticut, where a great deal of poultry was kept. They frequently raided the hen-roosts, and that with marked success. One old fox in particular lived with his family in a deep burrow in the middle of a meadow about a quarter of a mile from the barn; he had a special predilection for ducks, of which a good many were kept, and he seemed to know just when to come for them. At night, most of the ducks came home and remained in the big barn-yard, enclosed by a solid, high board-fence, where they thought them- selves perfectly safe from any prowling marauder that might take it into his head to make a meal of one or more of them. In this, however, they were mistaken; 675 that had attracted the writer’s attention. When they caught sight of him they were off at a great pace. Again the writer failed to make out how the fox had managed to enter the barnyard; but in any event he managed it, and the writer is convinced that the vixen stood outside on guard as he performed the operation. Over at the burrow next morning there were scattered all about the entrance brown, white, and green feathers—the indis- putable and aggravating evidence of the fine feast they had enjoyed. Old Reynard has been pursued on horse and with hounds in nearly every State east of the Mississippi, where he is found in sufficient numbers to render his hunting an object of sport. In New England and in the COMMON RED FOX Figure 3.- He has unexpectedly come across a rabbit. Foxes, both old and young, are very fond of rabbits, and in the course of a year they capture and feed upon a great many of them. for; upon one very dark Naight. ‘nine half-grown duck- lings. were missing, and the tracks.about the wet places in the yard plainly told the story of the fox’s success in reaching them. How he got over the fence, or under it, the writer has never been able to understand. For 2 week he laid for him with a gun, then gave it up. Several nights after.that he chanced to be at the barn one moonlit night, and, as luck. would have it, without a gun. “Low, gurgling noises caught his ear, which were evidently coming from a duck in deep distress ; and, al- most immediately, who should come trotting across his path in the moonlight but the old dog-fox, with the vixen following close at his heels. He had the biggest drake thrown cleverly over his shoulder, and was crunching on its neck in his efforts to quiet the sounds northeastern section generally it is considered legitimate to shoot the pursued fox at the finish, or during any part of the chase; while in Kentucky and Tennessee and other southern districts, such a practice is considered highly unsportsmanlike, and would subject the perpe- trator to the severest criticism from every member of the guild. Strange as it may appear, it is nevertheless true that experienced old foxes, and those that have become familiar with the ways of men, horses, and hounds, seem to enjoy the fun quite as much as the hunters do. Frequently they have—and justly so—the utmost confidence in their powers to elude the hunters, and this they demonstrate upon numerous occasions. Then an old fox in the enjoyment of good health is more than a match, in a fair fight, for any average 676 AMERICAN It is only when run by packs in relay, exhausted by long chase, and hound—sometimes for two or three of them. overpowered by numbers, that he is vanquished. There are those who believe that the red fox is not indigenous to: this country, but that it was introduced here by the English during the early history of the Colonies. Certain it is that the red fox of Great Britain and the red fox of New England are very similar. In some sections the red fox is hunted in the snow in winter, and his schemes to avoid the hunters and. the dogs at that season are quite as craftily laid as during the autumn. -His pelt, however, when in prime condition, is always in demand, and furriers handle thousands of them as they handle the skins of other species of Vulpes. Unlike the gray fox which lives chiefly in hollow trunks of trees, the red fox prefers a good’ burrow for his home. five or six young, and cares for them until they are old enough to shift for themselves. Besides such poultry as they capture, foxes are very fond .of ‘field mice and destroy thousands of them; in this: way ‘they area posi- tive benefit to the agriculturist. They also catch ‘and eat many woodchucks—the latter standing in the utmost fear of them. Rabbits, some birds, game, rats, frogs, occasionally insects and fish, all come the way of old Reynard during the course of the season. It is rare that he is driven to partaking of. carrion, though it sometimes -hap- pens. Fo the best of the writer’s recollection he has never seen a litter of very young cubs of the Here, in the spring, the vixen brings forth her FORESTRY red fox, though they are not.infrequently secured. They very closely resemble the whelps of the red fox of Eng- land, and a litter of these latter was most successfully photographed by C. Reid, published both in Animal Life and in Living Animals of the World. Through the courtesy of the publishers, we are permitted to repro- duce one of these results here. Another of the red fox’s accomplishments is his ability to.climb certain trees, where the inclination of the trunk and the accessibility of the lower limbs admit of it. His being able to perform this feat often saves his life, as does also his knowing how to swim. As a rule, he is not very fond of the water; and, in crossing a stream when undisturbed, he is careful not to wet his feet—if he can avoid it—by jumping from one dry stone to another. Foxes are about at any time during the day or night, and one of them is just as likely to jump the feathered denizens of the barnyard at midday as under the cover of night, making off. with his capture while the farmhands are at work in the meadows. If the weather be not very inclement, he prefers to sleep out in the open air, shel- tered from the wind by some friendly rock or fallen tree. Often he will select the.lee side of a hill for his snooze; tas Mist ‘ moreover, he can detect : the approach of a pack of hounds better under*such conditions, although he is likely to do this under al- most -any circumstances, as his sense of hearing is remarkably acute, ‘while his. sense of sight is by no means poor.:: His. extreme’ cunning renders him a very dif- PORTRAITS OF THE GRAY FOX Figure 4. Mr. Herbert K. Job succeeded in obtaining this fine series of pictures of this widely known animal; they are from life, and show well the habit this species has of closing its eyes when subjected to any annoyance. Penh ee, . ee ee ee ee Ce ee en oe ne ae wore ‘pins ‘,j FOXES—AND WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THEM - HUNTING THE RED FOX ON SKI IN NORWAY igure 5. This Norse boy has shot a Red Fox in the hills of his ., and is proudly exhibiting it. The photograph was made by the late Professor Robert Collett, of Christiania, curator of the Museum of Natural History in that city, and presented to-the writer. The species very closely resembles our American Red Fox. ficult animal to trap, especially in the casé “af foxes in the northeastern sections of the couritry,, where they are becoming so knowing that they: may steal’ the-traps, set for them some day, and use them on: their>own: account to catch woodchucks with—thus gaining yaluable time for play and for serious thought upon: the ‘subject of outwitting dogs and men. If by chance he is caught by the leg in a steel trap, a fox will free himself by - biting off the leg—quite as readily’ as a toon or a muskrat does it. *\ described by science. 677 along other lines. Dr. John Strong Newberry says of this fox: “We had'no opportunity of observing the: ani- mals in confinement, nor of testing by actual experiment the truth of the report which gives to this small, short- limbed fox such fabulous speed. All those who were familiar with them, however, agreed in saying that ‘its swiftness has been greatly overrated; that it is even less swift than its congeners, the red and gray foxes; all of which the appearance and structure of the animal fully confirms.” The writer has seen the Kit fox a number of times in zoological gardens, but only. a few times on the plains. That this species possesses remarkable powers. of speed, when it has the opportunity to exert them on compara- tively level country, there can be no question. The Arctic fox is found in the boreal region of not only North America but of Europe and Asia as well; it is rarely found below the soth parallel of latitude. This species was described by Linnzus as long ago as 1766, and possibly a few subspecific forms yet remain to be Professor Gibson says of it that “it is somewhat smaller than the European fox, its ears being less pointed and the muzzle shorter. The soles of its feet are densely furred, resembling those of a hare, hence its specific name, lagopus. As with many Arctic animals, the color of its fur changes with the season, being in most cases of a pure white color in winter, with the exception of a few black hairs at the extremity of the tail. Toward the end of April, when the Arctic snows begin: to: disappear, the long white fur gives place to shorter hair of a dark brown or sooty color. Occasionally a,dark-colored fox may be seen in winter and a white one in summer,. and‘ in Iceland, according to Professor Newton, the. winter coat differs very slightly from that Red foxes have a very strong odor that appears to be especial- ly offensive to dogs; this is not so much the case with the gray fox, the latter being a tidier ani- mal in some respects. The bark of the gray fox can readily be distinguished from that of the red one, being more husky, faint- er, and thinner, and it is heard principally in the spring during the mating season. The red fox will, when occasion calls for it, give vent to a kind of high- pitched screech, that when heard at night, is quite awe-inspiring ; and this is its purpose, as it often serves as a protection for its young. Not very much has been: writ- ten upon the life history of the Kit or Swift fox, the energies of most modern mammalogists apparently having been directed THE KIT OR SWIFT FOX Figure 6. One of our smaller vulpine species, so named for its extreme swiftness when running. This is one of the most beautiful of all American foxes,, and by no means an easy one to capture. 678 AMERICAN of summer, probably owing to the comparatively mild character of the Icelandic winter. The Arctic fox has little of the proverbial cunning of its kind, having been seen to walk unsuspiciously into the trap which has - been baited in its presence. It is an exceedingly cleanly animal, and the fetid odor, characteristic of the entire genus, is almost absent in this species. It differs also from the common fox in being gregarious, living, accord- ing to Richardson, in little villages consisting of twenty or thirty burrows placed near each other. The Arctic foxes seek their food, which consists of lemmings, birds, eggs, and carrion, at night, and their first impulse, says Captain Lyon, on securing it is to hide it, even though suffering severely from hunger. It was suggested, some years ago, by Professor Newton that this species sup- ported itself during winter on a store of provisions laid up during sum- FORESTRY two forms are identical. Writers of the present, how- ever, make no distinction between the blue and the white fox, having discovered that the two pelages are simply seasonal changes. Nelson found the “White Stone Fox” wonderfully abundant in some localities, it being resident in some places. This was the case along all of the belt of open country north from the peninsula of Alaska around all of the Behring Sea and Arctic shores of the territory. When connected by ice, they were also found upon the islands of the Behring Sea and those of the Behring Straits. They were found to be extremely numerous in all the open country lying between the Lower Yukon and Kuskoquim Rivers. In support of the fact that Nelson and True took the “Blue Stone Fox” to be an entirely different form from the “White Stone Fox,” they say in their account that “although mer, and cap- tain Fielden was able dur- ing a polar ex- pedition to con- firm this. Even in Grinnell Land, he and his companions came upon Arctic foxes, and were great- ly surprised on discovering numerous de- posits of dead lemmings. ‘In one nook,’ says Captain Field- en, ‘under a the White Fox isunknown upon the Aleu- tian Islands, the Blue Fox is found through- out the chain, the Fur Seal Islands. Onthe latter it is very numerous ; and as these foxes have a particu- larly fine fur, great care is exercised to kill any stray speci- mens of the White Fox rock, we pulled out over fifty; we disturbed numerous caches of twen- ty or thirty, and the ground was honeycombed with holes, each of which contained several bodies of these little animals, a small quantity of earth being placed over them.’ (A Voyage to the Polar Sea, by Captain. Sir G. Nares.)” John Murdoch gives a short account of the Arctic fox in the Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, and he speaks especially of the great speed of this species when alarmed. “They seem almost to fly over the ground instead of running.” A still better account than Murdoch’s is to be found in Nelson’s Report upon the Natural History collections made in Alaska between the years 1875 and 1881. Here the two color phases of the species are described as though they were two subspecies of the Arctic fox. They are spoken of as the “White Stone Fox” and the “Blue Stone Fox,” although it is stated that the habits of the on the canine species o THIS IS THE ARCTIC FOX OF AMERICAN BOREAL REGIONS Figure 7. It is white in winter and bluish-gray in summer, and both pelages are here shown. figure and the sroceiing one were copied by the writer from Professor St. George Mivart’s great work the world, they being excellent likenesses of the living animals. that the ice may bring over over in the winter, and thus prevent any crossing between the two forms.” In summer, before the animals lose their pure white coats, they are very conspicuous, especially when they cross any dark area of ground. In winter, the very reverse of this is the case, and their snowy coats not only protect them against their arch enemy, the gray wolf, but gives them opportunity to stalk ptarmigan and other game almost unnoticed until the moment of cap- ture. Arotind camps in winter they make their presence known by their feeble and querulous barking, and if hungry they will steal anything eatable they can get hold of, from game to snow-shoe thongs. The Esquimaux trap a good many of the foxes with a “figure-of-four,” or with steel traps. Thousands of their pelts have been sold in the English markets, and a good blue fox skin is a thing of great value at any “Blue foxes are bred and kept for the sake of This time. and also upon. ~ FOXES—AND WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THEM 679 their fur on some of the islands in Behring Sea; they are fed on the seals killed on the neighboring islands, and are, like them, killed when their coat is in condition.” (Living Animals of the World.) In short, the life- history of this little fox is extremely interesting. Stone and Cram, who appear to be of the opinion that there are several geographic forms of the Arctic Fox, relate of the species that in “summer they hunt for lemmings in the moss-grown tundras and barren grounds, digging them out of their holes, or pouncing on them as they traverse their runways in the thick, wet sphagnous beds that cover the swamps and boggy places. At this season FEW EQUAL THIS FELLOW FOR SLYNESS Figure 8. As pointed out in the text, the Swift or Kit foxes stand among the most interesting species we have in the fox family. This is the Big-eared one, and those familiar with the animal in the Southwest will never question its swiftness afoot. (This figure, as well as Figures 9 and 10, were kindly loaned by the New York Zoological Society, and secured through the courtesy of Doctor Charles H. Townsend, Director of the New York Aquarium.) the Arctic fox lives in luxury; for besides the lemmings there are numberless wild fowl nesting by the margin f every stream, and on the ridges willow grouse and snow bunting hide their eggs in the reindeer moss and low brushes, or in warm hollows where the short-lived blossoms of the northland crowd together in dense borders of bright colors. The lemmings are so numerous and easily caught that a very few hours each day spent in hunting would easily keep the fox supplied with meat. “But the little, stub-nosed blue fox, though he lacks something of the wily shrewdness of the long-headed red fox of the woodland, is nevertheless a very intelligent beast. Knowing that summer will soon be over, the lemmings safe in their hidden runways beneath ice and snow, and the birds all driven north before the cold, he hunts diligently while game is yet abundant, and brings home load after load of fat-bodied lemmings, to be packed away in cold storage for the winter. “Where the blue fox lives, the frost never wholly leaves the ground; so he digs down in the moist turf until he reaches a temperature only just above freezing, and packs down several dozen lemmings in a place, cover- ing them with moss and sod. These caches of frozen lemmings are his principal food-supply for the greater part of the year.” Many of the habits of the grey fox are quite different when compared with those of the red fox. Where the gray fox is more or less abundant, the red one is scarce —and vice versa. They are opposed to each other in not a few respects, and in the long run the reds are the winners. The reasoning powers of the latter are finer; they are better plotters and schemers, and far more frequently plunder the poultry yards without paying penalty for it. Still, a gray fox is by no means a fool, and he has a number of physical advantages over his congeners ; his inconspicuous ‘gray pelt is an advantage to him, as is his smaller size. He can run quite as well, and is not so easily exhausted; moreover, the gray fox is a better tree-climber than the red, and so more fre- juently escapes in that way. His skin is not worth much, and therefore he is not especially hunted; and he REYNARD OF THE CHASE. THE AMERICAN RED FOX Figure 9. Foxes are, as a rule, not very tolerant of confinement, however regardful we may be of their welfare and comfort. This fellow does not appest to be having a very happy time, although entirely safe from hounds or gun, and all his wants well looked after. will eat almost anything he meets with, from a mush- room to a quail. Then, being more or less of a southern species, his living is surer in the winter—and all this combines to favor his existence and perpetuation. It is rare that one finds a gray fox living in a burrow— they much prefer hollow trees or stumps, or a long, hollow log stretched upon the ground. To such places they are often chased by the hounds, and in them they take refuge when it is stormy and the weather unfit for a sensible gray fox to be out in. When it is pleasant, 680 AMERICAN they follow the example of other species of foxes and take their naps in the open air, sheltered from sun, wind, and: observation, among the bushes. The vixen may have as many as five cubs at a birth, and these she rears in some hollow trunk, on a nest composed of dry leaves and other soft materials of the woods. When able to. shift for themselves, they are taught in ways that are foxy by their maternal parent; but after a very little while, they are compelled to make their own living and take their own chances in life. Years ago, old General Buford, of Kentucky, owned an elegant pack of fox-hounds, and there is a good story told about one of his fox hunts. This gives such an accurate account of some of the habits of the gray fox, FORESTRY and Bourbon counties, between which there was much — = good-natured rivalry, a young nephew of the General thought he would settle for good and all the mystery of the cunning, old gray’s disappearance. From the un- usually bold depredations, likewise from the various kinds of feathers around and about the cliff that had been plucked from the domestic poultry, it was pretty certain she had a litter of cubs somewhere near.. So, on this day of the big hunt, Reggie Buford was on hand, con- cealed near the big oak and cliff, to solve the mystery. Promptly, on time, the packs started old “White-tail,” for thus she was known because of a small white tuft of hair at the tip of her brush. She took the usual course, and gave the visiting and local packs a good run. OUR GRAY FOX IS A WONDERFULLY HANDSOME ANIMAL AND FULL OF SPIRIT Figure 10. We might almost imagine that this beautiful and intelligent species had grown gray in studyin and comprehending the ways of men. It is hunted most unmercifully in all parts of the country, and the five here shown very well exhibit the characters of this species of fox: that I take pleasure in repeating a few paragraphs of it. There was a gray fox which the General’s pack invari- ably started in a ravine about three miles from the plantation-house where he resided. “This gray would run as long as it cared to, and then would disappear very near the place where it started and close to a high limestone cliff, near which there was a huge burr oak tree. The General was convinced that somehow this tree had something to do with the invariable disappearance of this cunning gray fox; but just how, or in what manner, he could not discern. The oak was certainly fifteen if not twenty feet from the cliff, near which the gray made her last appearance in a day’s run. “One day when there was about to be a field-day among the fox-hunting gentry of Woodford, Fayette, Then, thinking she had done enough to vindicate the hospitable spirit of sport in her native “country, she started for her usual point of disappearance. Directly, Reggie Buford saw her coming in easy lope, swinging her tail from side to side, with the pack at least-a third of a mile behind. She mounted the limestone cliff, and, stooping to give herself the necessary impetus, leaped for the body of the great burr-oak tree. She caught it just below the nethermost limbs, and nimbly climbed up the shaggy trunk to a distance of about sixty feet from the ground; there she entered a hole just large enough — to admit her. Young Buford went home and told his uncle what he had seen. “That tree’s hollow,’ ejaculated the General, ‘I am sure of it. Tom, tomorrow morning you and Mose take — “runs out from under the Tote have it dug capture the cubs. I want that den of foxes up, as we can never catch that old cunning e negroes willingly enough obeyed orders. After a ter of an hour’s chopping, down came the mighty : ae was hollow for sixty feet from the ground and there was a well-worn entrance to a den t the frit of the tree—the General’s fox-hunting knowl- had stood him in good stead. The den ran off ght to the right for about fifteen feet, four or five under the ground, and terminated under the roots a huge, yellow poplar, long dead, with its tall, spar- trunk standing limbless in the air. It was no easy to dig out this den of young foxes; it was evidently old one ‘that had sheltered many generations of ine kind. There were five cubs within it, just to walk and to eat meat, for we found many e: , turkey, and goose bones in the den, and what a the thigh-bone of a lamb or kid—it was im- to tell which. Of the young foxes three were and two females. Two of the three males were ite as snow, the third was gray, and the other two evidence of being perfectly black when they had shec their first coat of hair, which they do at the same é Buford did his best to bring all of this j y marked den. of foxes up to full seeee but : was apparent, s so we simply had to put it down list of casualties, cause unknown. Thus was up one of the most famous fox-dens in central € gray fox is one of the species we are most faruifliar in the South; somehow we think it represents, in _ the highest degree, the lowest cunning and rascality of Mi ) the fox race. Time after time we have heard well- “authenticated instances of the gray fox pursuing and " crawling after a covey of partridges, very much as a badly broken pointer would that had the hunting in- Stinct, but had not been properly trained. Then, in audacity, the gray fox exceeds the red, for it will make _ its raid absolutely up to the barnyard, if it can thereby seize a fat hen or goose. The latter would seem to be _ its especial quarry—probably because the geese wander farther afield to the lakes and bayous that are around and pgabont almost every plantation in the farther South. ‘ie distemper in sporting dogs, atid died, at 681 Probably the habits of the Florida gray fox and other southern subspecies are quite similar to the species just described; they may differ a little, owing to the nature and conditions of their several environments; but it is not likely that these differences are very marked. The dwarf gray fox is the smallest animal of the family in North America—even smaller than the kit fox. CHINESE FOREST TREE SEEDS AVAILABLE LIST of Chinese tree seeds which are available this year has been received from Mr. D. Y. Lin, of the College of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Nanking, Nanking, China. The list contains quite a few new species for which orders will be taken up for the 1920 crop, subject, of course, to the usual condi- tions. Descriptions of these species can be found in Bailey’s Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Inquiries for any other kinds of Chinese seeds will be welcome. The seed collection this year totals tons, the largest share of which will be demanded by forest nurseries managed by Chinese, and by extensive Chinese nurseries. The profits . from the business are all devoted to the furthering of forestry in China. Prices are quoted in gold, per pound: Acer buergeranium..........:seeeeesenees KE ee ET $ .80 Acer trididum...:...... 80 Aleurites . cordata.... 0. 00.secness 30 Camellia chinensis...............5 40 Castanea vulgaris, 1920— Cedrells~ sient g cua dsc ves sccor sever ders sense thus avg cvaveddvnec sone. 2.00 PORAtAG: | CUINORBIR. Coos cipcimes tnd sill cache teats ts tas teda bes tivaswis tae 40 Cinnamanum camphora Pry hae: 2 Dalbergia hupeana. wees 1,00 Meme RN CSOs ac cvth crs Go Redes Pc.ene vPUUNSAGS bo Cadine catp o0as voesab en 15 SePITAI Ay MIMMDSTR Thy teks airs) hi ta URES ON Ren siuriee web vougeuusssonee’ -50 Pagans _ Tegis—VAF. SINENSIS oo. i. ces eves usa cec ans svedcendeenses 15 MOC Ptrehr tn AIMOMIACRy sca veda He Sick otiem BTaoeloaen ses hedsetbnests 1.00 MOIST CE ELIOT Sy Sas Picea oF ue secaenls wacedideudsentesveesebe -10 MIA SINORE TOLMIORAN Gy sey a Sarin dacns a yeseds esos twenedtnesscccdvapecs 1.50 ERDAS REMABLBOM TG faci cae hat be aH ened oN cd shove Ue oeEKaD SIRNA TES REDS 20 I I Oe, a TE TE LOE Ree ere cao Pore 30 PRPOC ALIS SECHOPRET A oie sags ccna: ood cnnesqispiasac spa nccdan géues ¥en 0% 40 Quercus, 1920— Sapium sebiferum...........+-0sseceeseceeereceeteeeetereseseeeees .20 ADEE TE SENODICR TE oo fee San ent aries cols bE Uns thaw deduce eNannge ce aiee 40 MESECGlid PDIGMTGN MOM Biss sss agp cies ndeue as ocatee fetes cestanyee cevoees 80 PEAS» BALW ISON Gs 05 foie oe onnky oo suite np ceess wees ys tne se rev orgvecs 1.00 MeO V te BOUIN RU csc ches csc hss Borgata casesetsibensmabateteresa -60 (ryptometia “japonica: a ae A) Pee) Sb a alii MAPLE SUGAR IN pee rt content varies as to year and the time of the season it is _ produced. The sap can be gathered in wooden or gal- _ vanized buckets. The latter with covers are considered the best. As soon as you can estimate the number of buckets and spiles you will need, your order should be placed for them in order to be sure they can be had _ when needed. a The producer of maple syrup usually gets from $1.50 — to $1.75 per gallon for his product. At the present price i of sugar, no doubt the price next year will be greatly increased. The profit of the industry depends upon the amount of help that must be Hired. If one who has a sugar orchard is not busy during the period of syrup production and has home help sufficient to run a camp, _ the making of maple syrup is profitable. We have a re- _ port from one man who tapped 175 trees which made it aw wh Se. ns COLONIAL TIMES 691 75 gallons of syrup, which he sold for over a hundred dollars. Now it is the duty of every one who has sugar trees to make sugar or syrup this year, for this would do much to relieve the sugar famine. If you cannot tap your own trees, possibly a neighbor would be glad to dé so. It is not an infrequent thing to haul maple syrup several miles; thus one operator could work all the small woods in his neighborhood. The injury to trees from tapping is negligible. If you have sugar trees and can- not work them this year yourself, do not wait for some one to come to you to ask to work them. Get busy and hunt up some one who would be willing to work them on shares. Remember that “sugar” will not only catch flies, but without it we couldn’t have caiight “the Kaiser.” j} OLLOWING are salient points from the very fair, ‘moderate and well formulated recommendations of “the Forest Service to the United States Senate with ref- "erence to desirable forest legislation. 1. Co-operation with States in Fire Protection, Forest Renewal and Classification of Lands as between timber _ production and agriculture with initial annual appropria- tion of not less than $1,000,000 expendable in co-opera- __ tion with the States. 2 Extension and Consolidation of Federal Forest : _ Holdings, continuing the purchase of forest or cut-over _ lands with annual appropriation of at least $2,000,000. a The Reforestation of Denuded Federal Lands, " sia be — in not more than twenty years, FEDERAL LEGISLATION NEEDED this being most urgent on denuded watersheds. 4. A study of Forest Taxation and Insurance with devising of model laws on forest taxation, co-operation with State agencies in promoting their adoption and _ development of forest insurance. 5. Survey and Classification of Forest Resources to determine the present volume and production of each class of timber in every important forest region, and ascertain the requirements, as to quantity and character of timber, of each state and of every important wood- using industry. 6: Current Appropriations for Forest Research to maintain Experiment Stations in all the principal forest- ed regions of the United States—The Lumber Bulletin. ig i FOREST CONSERVATION (Continued from page 683) industries which promise possiblities of developing bet- ter utilization. if a general survey could be made of _ the wood-using industries sufficient to bring together an ee intelligent and analytical summary of utilization possi- i bilities and if this summary were stripped to what appears “Sanely practicable, we all would undoubtedly be some- & what staggered at the opportunities lying at our very = doors. In the few instances cited a saving of well over 10 billion feet was indicated, but assume that in the whole : field the most that could be hoped for by good business tion amounts to 10 billion feet annually. That would mean 10 billion feet of ripe timber saved ach year. It would save one year’s supply every fourth ear. It would prolong by 25 per cent the timber reserve 4 —the forest insurance assets—of the wood-using indus- tries. To accomplish that by planting new forests and growing new timber will require annually almost half a million acres, a cash outlay of some 10 million dollars followed by 80 to 100 years of upkeep and protection. | Furthermore, in the working out of the forest problem, She most critical times will come in the period between _ the exhaustion of the present forests and the maturity of new forests. The possible saving annually of 10 billion _ feet of timber on the stump is worth looking into and _ the wood dependent industry that doesn’t see it is blind _ to its own interests and to its opportunities. -_* +? if «J BY BETTER UTILIZATION Without minimizing in any degree the importance of forest production, the field of conseryation by better utilization stands out therefore as an intensely practical means of accomplishing immediate results in reducing the drain upon the timber we already have—timber produced _ in the course of hundreds of years of growth and renew- able only in the same way. Immediate steps towards forest production are needed to provide timbér for the future ; conservation by better utilization accompanied by adequate forest protection is needed to keep timber be- hind your factories and to bridge the critical gap of an intervening shortage which already impends. This organization now in process of formation has before it this great field of possibilities for service to itself and to its customers—the public. Once thoroughly organized with all wood-using industries represented, the field could be critically and intelligently surveyed and a definite program drawn along those lines promising greatest return. That program will necessarily be one of research—research in the sense of collecting and co-ordi- nating information which although now available is so widely disseminated as to prevent intelligent and con- structive application and research of the more intensive kind which seeks to yield new information needed in developing the most productive measures of conservation by better utilization. COX FOR A FOREST POLICY. A STATEMENT BY GOVERNOR JAMES M. COX OF OHIO, DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT, ‘ON THE at NEED OF A NATIONAL FOREST POLICY FOR THE PERPETUATION OF OUR FOREST RESOURCES HE proclamation by President Wilson of Fire Prevention Day, October 9, brought before the ’ country, in a striking way, the necessity of con- serving the nation’s resources, which is one of the great- est internal questions of the country. Millions of dollars are invested in business dependent on forest products. Our forest fire bill is $30,000,000 annually. The mount- ing cost of print paper and lumber is enormous. “The report of the Forest Service, in response to the Senate resolution calling for information’ on forest deple- tion, discloses facts that must bring to every one a realizing sense of the great importance and necessity for conserving our forest resources. There are now in the United States, this report shows, 81,000,000 acres of waste forest land, devastated by cutting and by fires. Nothing of value is growing on these lands, or likely to grow without a huge expenditure for reforestation. Be- sides this we have an area of comparatively unproductive second-growth forest three times as great as the waste land area. Each year we cut off 5,500,000 acres and burn on the average no less than 9,400,000 acres, “And the destruction proceeds. Of the vast primeval forest that constituted so considerable a part of the great natural wealth of our country, only two-fifths remain, and this remainder is being consumed four times faster than it is being replaced. : “The conservation of our timber resources involves the two-fold consideration of replacement and protection. We have been neglectful in both respects. “There are 315,000,000 acres of state and privately, owned forest lands in the United States, in the protection of which the Government should co-operate. Half of this vast area at present is wholly without protection, accord- ing to estimates of the American Forestry Association, is moving toward the Pacific Coast. > rs Wn = and the other half is protected but inadequately. If the lands are to be kept productive, there must be greater more efficient efforts by the Federal Government, the si and private owners in the direction of fire prot “Many industries have been unable to obtain supplies of timber at any price. In other industrie output has been reduced by as much as fifty per Anything that adversely affects the lumber and w using industries of the country naturally reacts to th advantage of consumers. The Lake States, once center of the lumber industry, now pay millions of dol. lars in freight rates on lumber to keep their wood. industries going, and the center of the lumber i in “The movement upward of wholesale prices on grades of soft wood lumber in one state through a of years is illustrative of what confronts other states consequence of a neglectful policy of conservation. New York these prices were from $20 to $25 per 1,0 feet prior to 1865, when mills in the state supplied market ; between 1865 and 1917, when most of th ply came from the Lake States and the South, the had advanced to from $35 to $45. These prices are entering a general level of $130 per 1,000 feet, wi large part of the material coming from the Pacific C “Seventy-five per cent of the difficulties confronting in the task of keeping our forest lands productive will overcome by adequate fire protection of our forest lan The necessity of fire protection, not alone for the manu factured products but for the source of the raw mate! of these products,can hardly beoveremphasized and shot be kept always prominently before the nation. Action requisite to the solution of ,conservation problems an it is one of the things I will strive ior early if elected BRITAIN PLANTS AMERICAN TREE SEED A DYARES received from British forestry officials re- garding the distribution of the forest tree seed which was presented to England last year by the American Forestry Association show that the seeds have been sown in nurseries managed by the English Forestry Commission. One hundred and sixty pounds, or almost all of the Douglas fir seed sent to England, was sent to Ireland, where the climate seems to be particularly favor- able to its growth. When the young trees have atts a sufficient size, they will be planted out in the fores ts which the Commissioners are establishing in variou: parts of the United Kingdom. The Secretary of he Commission writes of their appreciation and ‘says: : “They will be of real assistance in helping to increase our timber resources, which were so greatly depleted fo war purposes.” ey PORTUGESF APPRECIATION OF TREES In many places where timber trees are to be found in Portugal, one sees the following inscriptionsin woods, parks and gardens: To The Wayfarer. Ye who pass by and would raise your hand against me, hearken ere you harm me. I am the heat of your hearth on the cold winter nights, the friendly shade screening you from the summer sun, 692 t 4 and my fruits are refreshing draughts quenching yout ; thirst as you journey on. is I am the beam that holds your house, the board of — your table, the bed on which you lie, and the timber that] . builds your boat. I am the handle of your hoe, the door of your homed stead, the wood of your cradle, and the shell of your coffin. I am the bread of kindness and the flower of beauty. Ye who pass by, listen to my prayer: harm me not. i eer AMERICAN Py FORESTRY e # © & @ +2 +] Douglas Fir Northern White Pine Idaho White Pine Western Soft Pine Western Hemlock Washington Red Cedar Red Fir and [Larch Norway Pine AN INDUSTRY IS NO STRONGER THAN ITS SERVICE TO THE PEOPLE *, eal have heard men say that good lum- ber is searce. They say that lumber isn’t what it used to be, and that we must soon come to use substitute materials. Doyouknow how much good lumber there is in this country today? With the possible exception of the hardwoods, there is as much g lumber available for construction pur- poses as there ever was at any time since America became a nation. There is more standing timber today in the United States than ever was made into lumber since the Pilgrims landed on Ply- mouth Rock. An industry is no stronger than its service to the people. As substantial factors in the lumber busi- ness, the Weyerhaeuser people wish to render real service to you and to everyone who uses lumber. Whether you are a home-builder planning a beautiful residence; a workman who wants a couple of boards or a bunch of lath; a farmer building a cow-barn or a corn-crib, or a great industrial corporation specifying 10,000,000 feet in one order—we want you to know the facts about lumber. To this end we will supply to lumber dealers and to the public an desired infor- mation as to the qualities of different species and the best wood for a given purpose. This service will be as broad and impar- tial as we know how'to make it. We are not eae of any particular species of wood. e advise the best lumber for the purpose, whether it is a kind we handle or not. What we advocate is conservation and economy through the use of the right wood in its proper place. If we could insure your getting the wood you ought to have, it faighe mean a differ- ence of years in the life and service of the lumber—fifty years, perhaps, as against a few months. So important is the selection of the right wood or grade of wood for a given use. From now on the Weyerhaeuser Forest Products trade-mark will be plainly stamped on their product. You can see it for your- self at the lumber yard or on the job after it is delivered. When you buy lumber for any purpose, -no matter how much or how little, you can look at the mark and know that you are getting a standard article of known merit, WEYERHAEUSER FOREST PRODUCTS SAINT PAUL* MINNESOTA Producers of Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, Washington Red Cedar and Cedar Shingles on the Pacific Coast; Idaho White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Red Fir and Larch in the Inland Empire; ; Northern White Pine and Norway Pine in the Lake States. 693 E ‘TOUTE Ni} tit t a HTT A PERPETUAL pulp- wood output will solve future paper problems. The Canadian Pulpwood Corpo- ration, Ltd., on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, which we have recently financed, assures this by encouraging natural spruce reproduc- tion and preventing fires. This is a real public ser- vice combination of timber utilization and forestry. We believe in both. Per- haps we could help you. James D. Lacey & Co. 7 East 42nd Street NEW YORK CITY CHICAGO - SEATTLE ‘PORTLAND (Oregon) MNT TT Established 1905 STERLING LUMBER CO. GULF RED CYPRESS Long Leaf Yellow Pine, West Coast Products.. Write Us. Finance Building, Philadelphia Craig-Becker Company, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York City Bleached, Easy Bleaching, Unbleached Sulphites, Spruce and Poplar Ground Wood Pulp DOMESTIC EXPORT. AMERICAN FORESTRY a CANADIAN DEPARTMENT BY ELLWOOD WILSON PRESIDENT CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FOREST ENGINEERS — i is interesting to note the increasing use of aircraft in forestry work. Besides the two Canadian companies operating their own fleets, one of two seaplanes and the other of three, the Air Board in co-opera- tion with the Department of Lands and Forests of Quebec, has established a sta- tion on Lake St. John and will patrol for forest fires and take photographs of un- explored country. The same work will be done in British Columbia in co-operation with the Forestry Branch. A flight to de- termine roughly the areas in western Que- bec and eastern Ontario infested with the spruce bud-worm was made by the Air Board, carrying representatives of the En- tomological Branch of the Commission of Conservation. A flight has also been made from Cochrane to James Bay and moving pictures were taken of the country passed over, the time occupied by the flight being about two and one-half hours. It will now only be a short time before we shall have reconnaissance maps of eastern Canada which will show conclusively where our timber lies and of what species it consists. An interesting study is being carried out jointly by Price Brothers and Company and the Laurentide Company. The former have had made a contour map of fifty square miles of timberlaid ahd from this con- structed a relief map or model, showing the types and quantities of timber, drainage, contours, etc. The Laurentide Company is taking photographs of this same territory which will be built up into a mosaic which can be studied in conjunction with the model. Interesting results are expected Photographs of many different types of country and timber have been taken by the Laurentide Air Service, many showing pure stands of white and jack pine, spruce, etc. To add to the collection, the Lord Lovat, K. T., K. C. M. G., D. S. O., Chairman of the British Forestry Gommission, is ar- ranging to have the British Air Service take photographs of pure stands of-oak, larch, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Corsican and Scots pine and also typical English forests. The Quebec Forest Service has arranged to send four forestry students to Europe, some to Scandinavia and some to France to study foreign methods. The appropria- tion for the Forest Service will also be increased. A long step in forestry progress has been made in Ontario by the appointment of E. J. Zavitz, Chief Forester to the posi- tion of head of the Woods and Forest Branch. Heretofore the work of timber sales, superintending cuttings, etc., was _forests has increased markedly. we under a non-technical man, leaving Chief Forester only the fire protection nursery work. All forestry matters now come under him. This will bring On- tario into line with the other Province and good results are looked~for. 4 Hon. Dr, E. A. Smith, Minister of Lan ms and Forests of New Brunswick, has re- signed, due to a difference of opinion be- tween himself and his colleagues as the new stumpage dues and the location « a game preserve. This is lamentable, a: Doctor Smith organized the present F try Department, which is a model org: zation, and under it the revenue from This season the white spruce has seed heavily for the first time since 1917, | 4 much seed has been collected. The Pr ince of New Brunswick collected 1, bushels and the Laurentide Company, Ltd., 600 bushels. } * The Brown Corporation of Berlin, New Hampshire, have plans for a nursery w will enable them to plant five trees every one they cut. This should point ' way to other American companies whose pulpwood supplies are running low. oo Mr. A. D. Otty has been engaged as Fo: ester by the reorganized Dryden Pulp a Paper Company of Dryden, Ontario. The meeting of the Pacific Logging gress was held this year in Vancouver, © tober 6, 7, 8 and 9th. Lord Glentanar, of Glen Tanar, Ab e deenshire, Scotland, was recently in ada. He owns a large forest propefty and has the misfortune to have had the only dis- astrous forest fire in Scotland for fear} one hundred years. Twelve hundred acre of forest were burnt. The fire was prob ably caused by carelessness and burnt for a long time, owing to the character of the — soil. _ Before returning to Scotland, Lord — Glentanar purchased a gasoline forest fire pump and hose for use in case of emer-_ gencies. ‘3 Professor Leslie, of Aberdeen Univer- sity, Scotland, is at present studying fores- try conditions in Canada, and gives the following account of the planting activities of the British Forestry Commission along nursery lines in that section. In the Craib- stone, about five miles from Aberdeen, iz 1918, 800,090 seedlings were grown and planted out in areas acquired by the C mission. In 1919, 2,000,000 seedlings: w lifted and transplanted. Last spring, 2,000,- 000 seedlings were transplanted.. These were mostly Scots Pine, larch and S$ spruce. In the spring of 1919, extensiy sowings were made in the Improvemen . om Park and in the Woodlands Field nur- _ series. Woodlands Field now has 1,300,000 spruce and 1,000,000 larch two year -seed- _ lings and the Improvement Park 5,000,000 larch,-4,800,000 Scots pine, 1,000,000 Japan- ese larch, 1,500,000 Sitka spruce, 100,000 American white spruce, 1,500,000 Douglas fir and 10,000 Austrian pine. Double the _ above quantities were sowed this spring. a The Laurentide Company, Ltd., is cutting one thousand cords of hardwood to be used in the manufacture of ground wood ~ pulp. The species being cut are poplar, _ white birch, yellow birch and maple. The two first will be floated and the two latter will be transported in barges. AMERICAN FORESTRY The following is interesting; Represen- tations having been made to the Queens- land Government that the export of large quantities of softwoods—hoop pine and bunya—from the state, principally to the other states of the Commonwealth, had created a serious shortage of pine in Queensland and at the same time had the effect of causing increased prices, a proc- lamation has been issued which will have the effect of seizing all logs arriving with- in 25 miles of Brisbane or Maryborough, and owners of such logs will have to apply to the Government before same can be ex- ported. - MINNESOTA f ORE than $375,000 will be derived from the sale of stumpage from state school nd swamp lands this year as a result of the cuttings completed during the 1919-1920 - logging season, according to the state au- ditor. The money derived from the sale of this stumpage is paid into the state trust funds, the majority being credited to the swamp _Jands fund and the balance into the school ' fund of the state, both of which are included in the trust fund. _ The amount of timber stumpage cut in the season recently closed, falls a trifle short of that cut in previous seasons, be- , of the labor shortage and the early sn owfalls which hampered the work of cut- ting in woods and swamps in the northern of the state, according to Otto Diercks, “Superintendent of the land and timber de- "partment in the office of Auditor Preus. _ The prices received for stumpage during the past season have been more than dou- _ bled over those received during the past _ four years, and the market at this time com- mands up to $15 per thousand feet on pine “stumpage; on spruce stumpage the state _ receives up to $10 the thousand feet. Ties are sold for up to 25 cents each and cedar "posts are sold at the rate of three cents @ach. Cedar poles command a price of m 30 to 40 cents each. he approximate value of timber re- ‘ining to be cut on state lands during the tt decade of years is estimated at from 0,000,600 to $15,000,000, according to Mr. Diercks. « t & NORTH CAROLINA YN connection with the approach of the ~ fall fire season, the Forestry Division “the North Caroina Geological and ic Survey announced that it suc- ed in securing the services of an ex- mceed forester who will devote practi- his whole time to the prevention of ‘forest fires in North Carolina. ono Re ve . — STATE NEWS Mr. William D. Clark, the new Assistant Forester, comes from New England, where fire prevention has been developed’to a science, and is a graduate of the Yale School of Forestry, probably the leading institute of its kind in America. Mr. Clark combines the enthusiasm of the North with the tact and courtesy of the South, which eminently fits him for dealing with the varied problems which are inevitably con- nected with the work of fire prevention. The Federal Government has for the past few years been contributing from two to three thousand dollars a year towards for- est protection in North Carolina, and the State has been spending a somewhat great- er amount. Satisfactory results have been secured on certain restricted areas, but the funds have been sadly inadequate. Con- gress will this winter be asked to greatly increase its appropriation, so that at least $10,000 will be available for fire protection in this State. The work of extending and making more effective this forest fire prevention will be largely left to Mr. Clark, who will do the work of a State Forest Fire Warden. OREGON (GOVESNOR OLCOTT, of Oregon, has appointed a committee to look into possibilities of preserving tree growth along highways of the state. The subject has recently received considerable atten- tion in the press of Oregon, but is by no means a new subject. It has been up locally in many sections of Oregon and Washington and probably in other north- western states also. The public takes kindly to the idea of having highways bounded by forest trees which it has taken 300 years to grow. There is every rea- son why this should be the case for tim- ber lands freshly cut or burned over are unsightly. But there are other sides to the question also. Narrow strips of timber, except in very sheltered places, will not be wind Forest Fire Pumping Outfit Portable, Lightweight Direct-Con- nected Gasoline Engines and Pumps For Fire Fighting USED by the Canadian Government and the Canadian Pacific Railway. Will throw water to a height of 1 feet. Shipment compzete, ready to run. Can be quickly moved to any endangered section by auto, pack horses or boat. Write for Bulletin H-7013. CONTRACTORS’ EQUIPMENT DEPT. FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 30 CHURCH ST. - NEW YORK CITY BALTIMORE OFFICE BOSTON OFFICE 115 East Lombard S., 245 State Street THE PULP AND PAPER “TRADING CO. 21 East 40th Street New York City DEALERS IN DOMESTIC CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PULPS AND PAPER AGENTS FOR J. & J. Rogers Company, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Procter & Gamble Distributing Co. Mills at Augusta, Georgia and Memphis, Tenn. Canadian Kraft Limited, Three Rivers, Canada Dealers in Wayagamack Kraft Pulp EASTERN AGENTS for Sulphite Pulp. Made by Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. GOLDSBORO N.C. PINE possesses all of the qualifications that have made N. C. Pine the favored building mate- rial in the East since the days of the Pilgrims. We’ve steadfastly upheld its quality through perfect milling and careful grading; and the modern equipment of our mills today, together with vast holdings of virgin timber, insure you a quality of lumber for many years to come in every way - to the past standards of “Golds- boro N. C, Pine.” TELECODE USED JOHNSON & WIMSATT Washington, D. C. AMERICAN FORESTRY | Bis Money In Stump Land mht siti ALG. Hunzicker, of Foster, Wash. palling 24-inch fir stump. with > This mae made $35 Land _Worth #200 | | Pulling Bis stines Ae kanal LEAR your stump land cheaply—no digging, no expense for teams or powder. Your own right 1 arm on the lever of the “K” Stump Puller can rip out any stump that can be pulled with the best inch steel cable. I guarantee it. I refer you to U. S. Gov- ernment officials. I give highest banking references, HAND POWER 1K } ¢ump Puller ‘One man With a “K” can outpull 16 horses. Works by leverage—same principle as a jack. 100 Ibs. pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pull on the stump. . Made of best steel—guaranteed against break- %, age. Has two speeds—60 ft. per minute for » hauling in cable or for small stumps—slow speed for heavy pulls. Works equally well on hillsides or marshes where horses cannot go. Write me today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing, PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD . Orchids We are specialists in Orchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- oe of freshly imported wunestablished chids. . LAGER & HURRELL Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Write for prices on large quantities THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY C0. CHESHIRE, CONN. SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANTS firm and leaving such strips to blow down | can only result in loss and an unsightly — tangle.along the highway. i Then again, there is the even more seri- ous obstacle of acquiring the land» and — timber. A strip of timber 200 or 300 fe wide and ten miles long on each side of a highway would represent even at very — low stumpage rates, a -value of quite z a few thousand dollars and there are many ten mile strips it would be desirable to have lined with trees. ; Obviously the state or county could n expect an owner to donate to the co munity a considerable amount of ti on which he has paid taxes, protec’ against fire and against which many ot charges have been piled up over a series years, Just as obviously the state prob could not invest a large sum in timber a’ highways for, as stated, unless conditions were unusual a large part of it would prob- ably blow down. eth. It is believed that everything possib le consistent with sound public policy should be done to preserve the beauty of high-— ways. But it is thought too that this can best be done by working out a careful plan with this in view. Such a plan Gove; Olcott’s committee will doubtless pre: in due time. One thing is certain; if 4 is kept out of cut-over land for a years sufficient young growth will-c in so that it is no longer unpleasant look at. This will doubtless be the so tion along many miles of highway. Gr of wind firm trees or even individual wi firm trees can possibly also be found along certain stretches of road to form a nucl for future forests. The problem is an interesting and i portant one and like all important prob: lems will take time to work out in best interests of the public and with pro regard for property rights—The For Patrolman, ; “A fresh memorial, as each year New life and buds and leaves appear. A living monumental tree True type of immortality.” RARE ORIENTAL FLOWERING TREES |} FROM CHINA, JAPAN and PERSIA wt. Catalogue .:. |e A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. NURSERY GROWN WHITE PINE Sizes from one to six feet; all transplanted Attractive quotations now for Spring delivery Box E - . BRECK-ROBINSON NURSERY CO. LEXINGTON, MASS. TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING |} PINE :: SPRUCE | CONIFERS ONLY ot Write us for price list KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, KEENE, N. H. a Pulp and Paper Making, A Prac- tical Treatise,” by G. S. Witham, Sr. _ Published by The Chemical Catalog Com- pany, New York, N. Y. _ This book is a comprehensive account of pulp and paper manufacture from the saw- ill to the finished product. It is perhaps of particular significance because it is the rst really complete, non-technical de- cription of the pulp and paper industry as is conducted in America. The industry developed along quite different lines : from what it has in Europe, so that European literature on the subject has en inadequate, even for those who could read it, to give any clear idea of just how ulp and paper are made in this country. Mr. Witham’s book therefore meets a dis- tinct need. _ The publication is, as its title indicates, “practical” one. While enough of the ry of pulp and paper making is given furnish a background for the study of cific processes and methods, there are 0 learned discussions of the rather com- chemistry involved. Some of the 1 chemical reactions are explained, the reader who wishes to probe deeper is referred to scientific works along this line and particularly to Griffin’s and Lit- tle’s “Chemistry of Paper Making.” ' The book is intended primarily for the ctical paper maker. It is, therefore, iply written and no attempt is made to cuss the history of paper making, to go 9 details regarding the chemistry- in- ed, or to describe every piece of equip- sent ever used in the industry. It does, er, contain a strikingly complete de- ‘ription of the various processes by which and paper are made and the equip- used. A chapter is devoted to the sonnel of a pulp and paper concern, which the necessity for co-operation imong the employes and between the em- ¢s and the management is strongly em- zed. Many tables and other useful ormation are included, and practically only thing lacking to make the work is a bibliography of other litera- -e on the subject. ‘Taken all in all, the book is an excellent which should fill a long-felt want. It ll undoubtedly prove useful not only to practical paper maker, for whom it is ily intended, but also to many tech- tal men not intimately in touch with the dustry who desire to know the salient acts concerning it. th i ee WNJORTH American Forest Research,” >* compiled by the Committee on Ameri- in Forest Research, Society of American r Published by the National Re- h Council, Washington, D. C. Price, : \ ( : ye AMERICAN FORESTRY 697 BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. These may be ordered through the American Forestry $1.50 i LUMB 2.10 FO ‘ ; + (250 CHINESE ’"Norman Shaw -» (2.50 tee SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE tie g pa Kirkegaard. odanke 2.50 TREES AND SHRUBS—By ee Sprague parerst— Noi I and | Parts to a Volume— ae4 one 5.00 1,35 2.15 5.25 1.50 1,15 1.15 PLANE “SURVEYING— ohn C. Tracy...... sates Shand wastelea hee osy 3.00 FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves...... 40 FOREST PRODUCTS—By Nelson Courtlandt, Brown. 3:85 THE ECONOMICS on ORESTRY—B. E. Fernow... 1.61 FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth. 1,10 PRACTICAL FORESTRY A. EE A ay a Ee Pee 1.50 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green 2.00 TREES IN WINTER —A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis........ 2.00 AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume. 7.50 Frais | Merecce, Bindings. civegs base's sda ch Ganas cab deeds tev etadedhvcadbesgsudsens ves ts Cevpeavied etic wees 10.00 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE . hr age wot A alge nop B. Hough..... ry Perec erty aie Tee Poe 8.00 Fialf ~ Morocco. Binding «io ois. ooo ao sescrsesssarctecnccsccccocsvenasserectceseesonssess sc eee vine 2 5 ALOE GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland 1,75 HANDBOOK OF TIMBER Aig gd ae Shaper ag 7 — aa alas coe 5.00 TREES OF NEW ENGLAND-L. L. Dam BOnte i BIOOKS, <5. nics svascapactepetos tances 1.50 be en SHRUBS AND VINES OF ae NORTHEAS RN ONITED STATES—H. E. Par “ NATIONAL FORESTRY N New York on October 15, for the first time after many years of agitation and controversy, a definite proposal for a national forest policy received the pre- liminary endorsement of the several elements chiefly concerned, which promises well for its adoption and for ‘its success through their co-operation and through fair : sharing of public and private responsibility. At this conference accredited representatives of the Ber De wation-wide lumber and paper industries which control Z most of the commercial forests in private ownership met with similar representatives, speaking in behalf of the _ general public, and of the wholesale lumber distributors, _the newspaper organizations vitally interested in the aper supply as well as in general economic welfare, and _ the great wood-using industries such as furniture and vehicle manufacturing, railroad operation and the like. _ These organizations included the following: __- National Lumber Manufacturers Association, National Lumber Dealers Association, American Pulp Paper Association, American Newspaper Publish- srs Association, Association of Wood Using Industries, “v Vestern Forestry and Conservation Association, United _ States Chamber of Commerce, American Forestry As- Unanimous agreement was reached on all essentials a federal legislative program, more specific in detail substantially in accord with the recommendations last June to the United States Senate by Chief ‘orester W. B. Greeley. Colonel Greeley was also at ‘conference by invitation and gave its conclusions his approval on behalf of the United States Forest Serv- It is expected that this preliminary agreement, being is so significant of accomplishment through its full sideration of the public welfare, will receive the rati- ion of all the public and private agencies represented, olesa ding the forestry departments of the several states. The primary provisions are two-fold—for a con- erable extension of direct federal activity in forest ship and production, and for the development with aid and encouragement of such systematic poli- in the several forested states as, being consistent local conditions, will bring about adequate forest rotection and reproduction in the interest of these states nd of the public at large. ith these aims, the program provides specifically, rough co-operation between the Government, the states owners of timberlands, for adequate protection ast forest fires, for reforestation of denuded lands, : obtaining essential information in regard to timber timberlands, for extension of the National Forests, i for other steps all essential to continuous forest 7p mc roduction on lands chiefly suitable for this purpose. ¥ ~ Much of the responsibility thus outlined lies with - states and with private owners. To define that which lies wi the Government and hence is properly for the con- eS ee ae aes ein og ~~ PROGRAM APPROVED sideration of Congress, the following legislation is pro- posed. 1. Authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture after consulting appropriate local agencies to approve an ade- quate policy for each state, covering the essentials of fire protection on timbered and 1estocking lands, reforestation of denuded lands, and, where and to the extent necessary, the cutting and removing of timber crops so as to pro- mote continuous production of timber on lands chiefly suitable therefor, and authorizing his co-operation in the work required, provided there is also satisfactory local compliance in state legislation or administrative practice. Chief, although not entire emphasis for the time being on fire prevention, as the most important single step, and not less than a million dollars annually available for such co-operation with states. 2. A survey to obtain necessary information as to forest resources, forest production and forest require- ments of the nation. 3... Provision for studies and experiments in forest re- production methods, wood utilization, timber tests, wood preservation, development of by-products and other steps to bring about the most effective use of the nation’s forest resources. 4. Provision for a study of forest taxation, to assist states in devising tax laws which will encourage the conservation, and growing of timber. Also methods of insuring against forest losses by fire. : 5, Provision for more rapid replanting of the vast areas of denuded lands within the National Forests. 6. Appropriation of ten million dollars a year for five years for the purchase of lands which should be added to the National Forest system, whether or not ‘on the headwaters of navigable streams as such pur- chases are now limited. 7. Authorizing acquisition of similar lands by ex- changes of land or timber when clearly in the public interest. 8. Authorizing the adiiden to National Forests of lands now in other forms of government ownership but found chiefly suitable for permanent forest production. Some of these features of a complete Federal pro- gram will doubtless be covered in whole or in part by recommendations to Congress by the Secretary of Agri- culture in connection with the agricultural appropria- tion bill. It was felt by the conference, however, that they shoud be presented in a comprehensive measure clearly setting forth the picture of an adequate national forest policy and proper Federal participation therein. By this means, with other efforts, the necessary private and state participation can best be shown and obtained. The American Forestry Association, representing the public, was delegated to take charge of the educational campaign in the endeavor to secure the passage of the bill and will call upon the public and every interest con- 721 AMERICAN ea a i 722 cerned for their approval of the bill and support in the endeavor to have it passed. A week following the meeting of October 15, a con- ference of state foresters and forest educators was -held for the purpose of discussing and working up a state forestry program. A fundamental statement was pre- pared and this will be submitted to foresters and edu- cators not able to attend, for suggestions, and will then be considered by various organizations interested and concerned in the movement for a forestry program. They will give the state program the assistance needed to secure its enactment by state legislatures. At this conference those present were: Alfred Gaskill, State Forester of New Jersey; C. R. Pettis, State Fores ¢ - New York; Forrest H. Colby, State Forester of Maine; Philip W. Ayres, Society for Protection of New Hamp- shire Forests; Dr, J. W. Toumey, Dean, Yale Forest. School; Prof. F. F. Moon, Dean, State College of For- ie estry, Syracuse; Ralph S. Hosmer, Department of Fores- fe try, College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York; J. Ge Ss Peters, Acting Chief, Branch of Forest Management, 2 United States Forest Service; R. S. Kellogg, News Print Service Bureau; O. M. Porter, Assistant Secretary, — American Paper and Pulp Association, and Hugh att Baker, Secretary, American Paper and Pulp Association, STATE FOREST POLICIES HE Committee on Forest Conservation of the Ameri- can Paper and Pulp Association presented at a meet- ing in Chicago, November 11-13, a report on state forest policies adopted after conferences with state for- esters and educators. It was approved by the meeting and is as follows: “The responsibility for the carrying out of a National Forest Policy, aside from the administration of govern- ment-owned lands, rests upon the State authorities and private owners, since under our form of government the control of corporate and private’ activities is retained primarily by the States, and is not delegated to the Fed- eral Government. “In order, therefore, to link up National, State and private activities in an effective program, it is necessary that the States in which forest land constitutes any con- siderable factor shall establish essential requirements in protecting timbered and cut-over land from fire, in re- foresting denuded lands, and, where and to the extent necessary, in the cutting and removing of timber crops by such methods as will promote continuous production. of timber on lands chiefly suitable therefor. “With due regard for all interests concerned, based upon its own experience and study of the question, to- gether with suggestions received from many prominent foresters, your Committee believes that an adequate and effective State Forest Policy should include the following principles and provisions : “1, That all soil shall be made productive of the crop to which it is best adapted or for which there is the greatest public need. “2. That while agriculture and forestry are based upon soil production, the methods necessary in forestry and the time involved are so different from those of ‘agriculture that forestry demands an entirely different form of administration. “3. That State Forest Policies shall be initiated and carried out in co-operation with the National Govern- ment and with private owners wherever and to the full- est extent possible. “4. That State Forest Legislation shall establish gen- eral principles and procedure only and vest in a properly constituted daa non-political body, acting ‘aieaeh te cally qualified representatives, the responsibility for fixing of regulations and enforcing them. - all forest lands of whatever ownership, and that owner of forest land shall be can to conduct oJ fire menace to adjacent property. “6. That forest surveys, land Giaskifeationt for research and forest education shall be provided for, — in prevailing systems of taxation as will enable all for lands to be equitably taxed thereunder, yet will not courage the holding of private forest land for f crops without impairing local revenues. “8. That the state, upon request, shall assist the p vate owner of forest lands to make them continuousl productive through the preparation of working pla supplying of planting material and supervision of siti cultural operations free of charge or at cost. “go. That the state be empowered to take over at a fair valuation and administer as part of the system af public forests any land, which, after competent examina-_ tion, is classified as suitable only for timber growth, in , case the owner refuses to avail himself of the oppor- tunities and assistance provided by the public to en- — courage forestry upon private lands. 4 “to, That the acquisition of forest land by the Sa is eseentien to a sound forest policy. “tr. That all State-owned forests shall be utilized for continuous production, both for direct returns in forest products and indirect returns in soil protections game and recreation. ; “12. That all State-owned forest property shal Be capitalized upon the records of the adminiaecnee Dea fi so that all expenses in connection with the pies thereof and returns therefrom may be accounted for on a business basis to the people of the state who furnish | the funds for the undertaking and enjoy its results.” ‘ LIVE GAME AND FOREST RECREATION BY ARTHUR H. CARHART URPLE-GRAY shadows crept into the lake basin. Dusk’s domain was invading the land that a moment since had been gorgeous with the flash of the sun’s rays the instant before he climbed down behind Marvine peak. In silence the Traveler and I sat while he smoked his pipe and dreamily watch- the Traveler I realized that it was his true valuation of a glimpse of a flock of bighorn. . Since the night the Traveler made this remark many like remarks have come to notice. Men have taken hard trips just for the chance of seeing a band of deer or elk. Others lucky ed deep black shadows come up out of the depths of the lake to hide under the over- hanging spruce trees until next day’s sum should drive them back to watery fast- nesses behind deep reefs in the lake. “Saw some grouse today,” remarked the Traveler, after a long meditative puff. Another long pause en- sued. A trout leaped des- perately after a moth or fly and smacked the glassy water surface in his fall. Then the Traveler made a remark which has come to my mind many times since and under many different condi- tions. “You know,” he said softly, “if I could only see a bunch of wild elk or one flock of mountain sheep while I am out here and see noth- ing else all the time I am here I would. feel that every cent I have put in this trip was Photograph by Hosmer. > RERr Ae A BIGHORN BUCK IN THE UNCOMPAHGRE NATIONAL FOREST —SEEN AT HIS BEST, POISED ON A ROCK IN HIS NATURAL SETTING AMONG THE CRAGS AND PEAKS OF THE MOUNTAINS in seeing a band have told, jubilantly, of their good for- tune and still others have been disappointed deeply when they have failed to see any large game whatever in some of the mountain re- gions visited. So there has been present- ed a problem in calculation which cannot be solved. by rule of thumb nor by any one individual. And_ that problem is the actual value of living game as one of the features one may enjoy when visiting forest land on a vacation. For years the keen enjoyment of the hunt lured many men from desk and shop to spend days fill- ed with long tramps, lively appetites and the joy of living. Game in the forest meant a motive for ee came wm en dt ae y spending time each year in an outdoor life that netted not only trophies but better health and clearer vision. 4 ” repaid. Photograph by Christopher. ‘ ' bi i i ‘ie a s Figuring oN& GREAT RECREATION VALUE OF THE FOREST IS FOUND IN THE PRESENCE OF LIVING Today big what I knew GAME, AND SOME MEN WOULD GLADLY TRAVEL FAR FOR A GOOD LOOK AT THESE game may be MOUNTAIN SHEEP ON THE UNCAMPAHGRE NATIONAL FOREST tlent sullcan the Traveler was spending on his little outing quickly brought to me his value of that one look at a flock of native mountain sheep. It is hard to believe that a man would pay more than a dollar or so to see a wild bighorn in a cage or an elk in a zoo but the Traveler by his statement had valued that one glimpse of the sheep in their native set- ting at no less than five hundred dollars and knowing many parts of the country but it has decreased in num- bers to a point where it is a real task to bring home a set of antlers. The lake at which the Traveler camped was twenty years ago the very center of a population of elk, deer, sheep and other large game that literally over- ran the.country. That remark passed the evening last fall when I sat at the door of the Traveler’s tent meant 728 AMERICAN FORESTRY ee THE URGE TO SEE WILD ANIMALS IN THEIR NATIVE HAUNTS IS CERTAINLY INBORN IN MOST OF US AND MANY MEN HAVE TAKEN HARD TRIPS JUST) FOR THE CHANCE OF SEEING A BAND OF DEER OR ELK OR STARTING A FAWN IN AN OPEN ASPEN PATCH that after a ride which had covered every possible hiding place over a course of twenty miles for the day he had not seen one head of large game. Many elements go to make up the values found in live game in recreation territory. The urge to see wild animals in their native haunts is certainly inborn in most individuals. There is a certain modern parks are bears, deer, © bison and many of the wild things of our native land which are kept there not only because of the interest from an educative and scientific standpoint but be~ cause of the livening of a certain section of the public grounds. It must be said in all candidness that with little or no exception the average park zoo falls far short of what could be accom- plished in this particular field of use. The conventional iron fenced cages so detract from this effect that such people as the Traveler who any day in his home town might have, for a few cents street carfare, viewed the entire zoo of one of the parks of the city, will spend hun- dreds of dollars and feel fully repaid to see only one flock of sheep or a herd of elk for only a few moments. The sprightliness of a scene which comes from the presence of wild life in the outlook cannot be over emphasized. I recall the pleasant thrill I received while visiting the Yellowstone when a big black bear mother with two cubs came to the edge of the river opposite the road on which we were traveling and leisurely looked us over. As I write, my eye glancing from the window of this feeling of brotherhood when one is out in the field, knowing that he will not fire on game if he sees it, and suddenly surprises a doe and fawn comfortably housed in an aspen thicket. The life battle of the deer family is suggested when the mother deer starts, quick as a flash, to get the fawn and herself from harm’s way. One cannot help but feel sympathy for an existence spent in protecting life itself. To one thus finding a wild thing which is harmless and yet mortally afraid of all living things of predatory nature comes a pro- found yearning for good fortune to follow the wilding. Life in the landscape brightens the out- look. Many years ago in the private parks of long forgotten princes peacocks preened and in the broader open spaces deer fed in peaceful security. In our TPL Tee TRG BG DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE THAT BIG GAME MAY STILL BE TAKEN IN SOME SECTIONS. BUT THIS RANGER HAS MADE A BIG KILL AND SUCH SKINS AS HE HAS TO SHOW ARE A RATHER UNUSUAL SIGHT TODAY home in the hills, spies a little chipmunk, his mouth stuffed with grass, springing from one stone to another. The very snap of his motions adds a twinkle of life to a field already pleasing with asters, golden-rod and black-eyed susans. It matters little then whether the life in the scene is a chipmunk, a heard of elk, a black bear or a camp- robber jay, the essential feature is the presence of flesh and blood living things in scale with the outlook. Greater outlooks re- quire big game in numbers to be in proportion while more inti- mate ones may be livened by small animals and birds. Forest lands that will be most used in the near future for rec- reation are the most accessible. On the edge of great areas that are still in a more wild state are broad stretches of land which have been used by local residents as hunting grounds for many years. stopped there because of the areas being readily reached. It is natural then that these lands first encountered and THE FALLEN MONARCH. HE WAS A BEAUTY OF Aj CINNAMON BEAR, ONE AND A HALF YEARS OLD, AND MET HIS END ON THE SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST IN CALIFORNIA Visitors too have stocked with game. HUNTING AND ITS ATTENDANT OUTDOOR LIFE APPEALS TO ALL SPORTSMEN AND IS THE MOTIVE FOR A GREAT USP OF THE FOREST LANDS. IT IS A FINE, CLEAN TYPE OF RECREATION, AND HAS AN ENTHUSIASTIC FOLLOWING now the first to be used for recreation are not well The lack of wild game living in these areas reduces the recreational use directly in pro- portion to the aggregate return that might have been received by all visitors to this region in any given period if they had been able to see during this stay sev- eral species of the larger wild animals in their native homes. Like the wild flowers that are prey of all recreation users who unthinkingly pull them out by the roots, even the lesser animals of the forest are disappearing. Chipmunks fall before the vali- ant rifle of some man out for a day of sport and a continual open season on squirrels and rabbits depletes their once plenti- ful ranks. In their place the timber squirrel and water ouzel are as important landscape values as a whole herd of deer. So there is today a lack in some places of this livening of the view by wild things. Rec- reation grounds have their values in the total of the appeal they offer to the visitor. One great value is found in the presence of living game in the woods, not alone for the sport of hunt- 726 AMERICAN ing but for the use it may serve as interest points in an outlook. And it is a regrettable fact that the pursuit of game for sport has in many places reduced the pres- ence of living game to a point where it no longer can be counted as an asset of any magnitude, economically, from a sport standpoint or in recreational value. This is not in any sense an outburst against hunting in No better fun can be had than a good clean hunting trip. There are still places where good hunting may be found and should be allowed with proper restrictions. The purpose of this is rather to call atten- tion to a fact that has perhaps not been universally recog- a general sense. NEAR TWIN SISTERS LOOKOUT STATION, ON THE NORTH PEAK OF PHOTOGRAPH OF A CONY TAKEN BY GUARD HUPP TWIN SISTERS MOUNTAIN nized. Game living has a direct landscape value and as such is a part of the recreation resource of the Forests. A live buck seen a dozen times a season by a score or more of people has a greater total value in the nation than a mounted head with dead eyes staring over a den full of skins, weapons and other mounted heads. Especially is this true in areas that are now more de- pleted of game than others for these are the areas that have been more used by man im the past and will be more used in the future for recreation. All encouragement should be given to rational preser- vation and propagation of game animals in forest re- gions. The transplanting of large game from one for- est to another where it formerly was plentiful but since has been killed out is worthy of universal commendation the Forest Service in this field The establishment of National and the work done by merits good support. FORESTRY BIG GAME OF THE LONG AGO. THIS SHOWS A BUFFALO COW AND HER CALF, ONE DAY OLD, ON THE WICHITA NATIONAL FOREST IN OKLAHOMA and State game preserves in those sections where game naturally propagates should be pushed more rapidly but only after a really thorough study of location of such areas is made. Too often local politics play no small part in the establishment of such a preserve. The service of the National Parks as game sanctuaries is of the finest sort and there truly one may see unafraid wild things. True sportsmen will welcome the work that will preserve species from extinction and will again stock the ranges where formerly game was plentiful. It is ROBBER IS MAKING HIMSELF THOROUGHLY AT YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, THIS CAMP HOME ON THE PREMISES. WYOMING 7 Vass i ' ini PP ASS Babi ae ri * the “game-hog” who. wishes to SOP a region of all g pve life. outdoor play. Those most used today and those which will be used more in the future now lack a great value at is found i in the presence of living game. The estab- make no smaller part of the value in an area from a eational standpoint. then thinking of game do not always think at the e time of a high-power rifle. Think a part of the of the fun of jumping a bunch of deer from an n flat and have them stand and stare at your in- ion before they trot away to another place of hiding. ink of the morning in the fall when the frost has lipped the aspen and has left a tingle in the atmosphere id the hike that morning which has as its outstanding ature the whirring flight of a flock of grouse. Live ame has a charm, a grace that never is possessed by a greatest joy to the beholder is where it is truly wild d not trammeled by iron fences. Game i in forest land offers two major appeals to the - recreation user. Hunting and its attendant outdoor 1 ats appeals to all sportsmen and is the motive for a use of the forest lands for that type of recreation. féae the less present and important in the simple enc of living game in the ers and there is ‘THE MASQUERADING MAPLE is one tree in the Arnold Arboretum which bably has been the subject of more good-natured than all the rest of the foreign and domestic in the big collection put together, says Mr, E. I. on, in the Boston Evening Transcript. It is an ely narrow tree, shooting straight up into the id with the branches hugging the trunk as closely igh they were strapped in that position. The argu- iefly indulged in by visitors concerns the identity tree, many of them contending that it is a Lom- poplar, while others, somewhat more fully versed jreal lore, assert that it doesn’t possess the charac- es of the poplar at all. The argument is not always even when the little aluminum label attached to ‘of the lower branches is read, because the words er saccharum monumentale” may not mean much to average person. Being interpreted, though, they the fact that the odd-shaped tree is a sugar . It is often spoken of as the fastigate sugar , meaning that its growth is upright. It is, in point > of fact, one of the narrowest trees known, and its ap- is strikingly distinct. Standing in a somewhat * Sa ok eer aes LIVE GAME AND FOREST RECREATION carcass or stuffed heads, and the place it presents ~ pe td eae Cty ee ah ee | ti Oty ag st ah a 727 isolated position, although within the maple group, it looks like a sentinel on guard, and is so tall that it is readily observed by motorists on the main highway. Not infrequently remarks about its unique character are made by those who pass by and glance over the vine-covered stone wall. The tree is fully fifty feet high, but only‘a few feet in diameter, and it looks so little like an ordinary sugar maple that it is difficult for anyone to realize its claim to imitate kinship with that well known New England tree. The parent tree was found growing in a cemetetry in Newton in 1885, and this, like all other similar trees now known, came as grafts from this Newton specimen, which seems to have appeared as a spontaneous freak of nature, it being understood that a natural freak is not always something unpleasant or amusing to look upou. This maple is really handsome, especially in the fall, when it takes on a brilliant coat of red and yellow, Trees of this form might well be substituted for the better known Lombardy poplar, for they have a much longex life, although not growing so rapidly. (See illustration shown on Contents page.) FOREST FIRES IN NORWAY QO* June 19 one of the worst fires on record in te country broke ‘out in the forest of Rendalen, Nor- way, about 180 miles northeast of Christiania. The fire started through the carelessness of some men who were in the woods. Swept by a heavy southern storm the fire spread rapidly over an extensive area. Fifteen hundred to two thousand men, both civilians and military, fought the fire and for over fifteen hours their efforts seemed in vain, but, owing to the practical skill and tireless energy of these men, it was at last checked and then heavy rains setting in completely ex- tinguished it. The devastated area is estimated to be over six thou- sand acres and the damage is, unofficially, estimated to be sixty thousand pounds, sterling. Other forest districts have been visited by fires lately, but on a more limited scale. “TRIBUTE WHERE TRIBUTE IS DUE” a D) ESPITE the heavy turnover in recent years there is more genuine esprit de corps in the Forest Service than in any organization, public or private, of like size in existence. For fifteen years the Service has thrived on it and there have been times when it has had little else to exist on. Esprit de corps to the Service might be likened to the rim of the wagon wheel, taking the knocks and bumps as they come, warding off the rocks, yet holding the structure firmly together and leav- ing a clear-cut, squared-edged imprint in the roadbed over which it travels.”—District 2 Review. A CHINESE trust. controls the dye used on fire- crackers, made from cibucao, a Philippine wood. The same dye is used for sealing wax and Chinese ink. BLACK WALNUT FOR BEAUTY AND UTILITY €¢ HN connection with the most commendable campaign of memorial tree planting being so effectively con- ducted by your Association,” says C. A. Reed, nut culturist of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, in a. recent letter, “may I call attention to the special fitness of the black walnut for such planting, for two reasons; its use- fulness and value as a tree and because of the important part it played only member of the Juglans group which has thus far proven its adaptability to any considerable portion of the United States. The Persian or so-called English walnut annually produces a crop on the Pacific Coast valued at from ten to fifteen million dollars, but east of the Rocky Mountains it is of little importance, succeeding only under the most favorable conditions in certain restricted locali- ties. The Japa- in winning the war? “The walnut: is one of America’s black most useful trees. It is also one of the most widely distributed spe- cies, being found _ either native or plant- ed from Mid- dle New Eng- land to North- ern Florida and from Montana to Texas. West of the Rockies and in the Southwest, wherever con- ditions of soil and are favorable, relatives of the Eastern black walnut are the moisture among more common indigenous spe- cies. The East- ern black wal- dwarfish in habit of growth, and while it has a wide range of adapta bility andcertain oth- er commend- able character- istics it rarely grows large enough to make a desirable shade tree. “In time of war the black walnut, espe- cially the East- ern species, is one of the first to be called into active par- ticipation. « In- deed, we are informed that for many years before the re- cent conflict Government stealthily drew upon the American black walnut for gun nut has been very success- fully trans- planted to the same sections, where it freely hybtidizes with the ones already there, resulting in a very interesting type of crosses. In the interior valleys of California not infre- quently brief stretches of macadam or concrete highways of handsome trees either of the pendulous California black walnut species or of the typical Eastern black walnut or of the more vigorous are shaded by rows and luxuriant type which is the offspring of these two when crossed together. The native black walnut is the 728 A MAGNIFICENT SPECIMEN OF THE EASTERN BLACK WALNUT This tree stands in Montgomery County, Maryland, and is believed to be over a hundred years old, and the largest of its kind in all the surrounding country. Fortunately, it was not called upon for “war” service. stock material. During the pe- riod of Ameri- can participa- tion this species not only took part in the making of gun stocks but also in the manufacture of airplane pro- pellers, which proved to be a far more important use. Walnut shells were used in the manufacture of carbon for gas masks, and to an unknown extent the kernels of the nuts were among the delicacies sent from home to the boys at the front. “Both on the land and in the sky the black walnut played a most important role. It was probably employed nese walnut is_ the German eee ny ‘ ye ; , Eee ee ee ee ee oe ern ae in a greater variety of ways and for special purposes more exclusively than was any other single species. It may well be ranked with the heroes of the war, and as such it should not be forgotten in connection with the monuments being establish- ed for those who did not come back. So well did it per- form its duty, and so impor- tant was its BLACK WALNUT FOR BEAUTY AND UTILITY 729 underlayed with firm but not overly hard clay subsoils, moist yet well drained, it is one of the most 1apid growing of America’s more valuable forest trees. It should never be planted in coarse, gravel- ly, stiff heavy clay, or thin sandy soils. Preferably it should have only the most fertile soils, such as are A MAGNIFICENT AVENUE OF BLACK WALNUT AT CHICO, CALIFORNIA The native California black walnut is often effectively used along roadways and private driveways on A the Pacific Coast, as its pendulous beauty gives dense and grateful shade. This is a beautiful planting. typical of the alluvial sections duty, that it might appropriately be called the Liberty tree. in the Mississippi Valley. It is perhaps most common in “On the beautiful capitol grounds in Sacramento, Cali- the States of Kansas and Missouri, east to Michigan, fornia, there is a group of trees set out because of Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. Splendid specimens are their historical interest. There is a red maple from Antietam, Maryland; a white elm from near McKin- leys tomb, Canton, Ohio; a white ash from Vicks- burg, Missis- sippi,and many others from equally distinc- tive points. These trees are studied with surpassing in- terest by visi- tors from many states and for- eign lands. Could anything be more befit- ting to the memory to a fallen soldier reported from Western North Carolina. Rec- ords and’ pho- tographs are on file in the ‘Department of Agriculture offices of indi- vidual trees on Long Island and on what is known as the Niagara Penin- sula of On- tario, not far from Niagara Falls, which have trunk diameters at breast height of from three to four feet. Equally large or even larger A beautiful tree for roadside planting. This is the Eastern form and it is one of the most widely distri- s p ecimens buted of America’s better class of native trees. With fertile soil and congenial climate, single specimens could doubtless often develop trunk diameters of from three to four feet at breast height. be found in THE BLACK WALNUT—FRIEND OF MAN BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD than to plant a walnut tree grown from a nut produced many other localities. During recent years nut tree at such historical points as these? nurserymen have developed and are now propagating “There is a popular prejudice that the black walnut is three promising varieties of the Eastern black walnut. a slow grower, but the fact is that in fertile, loamy soils These are the Thomas, Stabler and Ohio, from Pennsyl- 730 AMERICAN vania, Maryland, and the State after which the last was named, respectively. The first was brought out during the early go’s, and where given intelligent care and attention it has produced liberal crops of nuts. The Stabler and Ohio are new sorts, but both are showing remarkable evidences of early bearing. All of these varieties are handsome in habit of growth, and have fine and rather dense foliage. The nuts are of average size and quality. Their chief point of superiority lies in the ease with which the kernels may be released from the shells after the nuts are cracked by ordinary methods. A very high percentage of the kernels may be extracted in unbroken halves. Frequently kernels of the Stabler are removed intact. “Wherever the black walnut’ will succeed, it can be planted with entire propriety in private lawns, THE CALIFORNIA BLACK WALNUT The majestic beauty of this tree, as well as its high utilitarian value, is responsible for its selection as one of, if not the representative American tree. The planting of walnuts is earnestly urged. public parks, along highways, in fence corners on the farm, and about farm buildings. Except for tim- ber purposes, they should under no circumstances be planted nearer than twenty-five feet in any direction from large trees, and unless other trees nearby are to be subsequently removed, the young walnuts should be allowed fully fifty feet. “Where nut production is desired, budded or grafted trees of the improved varieties will be found much more satisfactory than will seedlings or unbudded trees. Trees of the former type are available from but a few nurseries only. When they cannot be had, well grown seedlings three or four years of age and from three to six feet in height above ground may well»be used. If for any reason trees of this class cannot be had, it will do to plant plump-meated nuts where the trees are to be grown. They will not all succeed, but if enough nuts aré planted some trees will undoubtedly result and the returns will be incalculable. In transplanting the tap-root can safely be cut from two and one-half to three feet below the surface. trees and Texas a land of. trees. FORESTRY . “It is not probable that the Forestry Association will need to be reminded of the importance of the part in winning the war placed upon this species by President Wilson, when he officially called upon the Boy Scouts of America to locate black walnut trees suitable for logs wherever they might be found. Surely readers have not forgotten the part the Forestry Magazine took in adver- tising the call and in recruiting the black walnut for duty overseas. Let us have more black walnut trees-as memorials, not only to the men, but also to the trees which went to France and did not return; also let us have more of the spirit of the late Governor Hogg, of Texas, who, when on his death bed, expressed the wish that no monument of stone be erected to his memory, but that a walnut tree would be planted at the head of his grave and a pecan at the foot, and that when the trees matured and bore nuts they might be planted by the children of Texas, in order that there might be more While we are planting let us select useful trees best suited to our locality.” 2 IN THE PINE WOOD Where the pines make network Of arms across the sky, Here, dear love, the place to live, Here, dear God, to die. Blue the heavens sift to me, Soft the wind sings of the sea, Life is incense—Earth is good— In the deep primeval wood. Where trees hold attainment Of growth up to the sky, Home I come from crowded streets When toil lets me by; Here, dear love, we know life best. When death comes to bid us rest, Let us sleep where silence trod Through the woods to speak with God. —Edith Livingston Smith, HOW A FOREST SERVICE MAN GOT RICH HE started poor as the proverbial church mouse ten years ago. He has now retired with a comfortable fortune of $50,000. This money was acquired through industry, economy, conscientious effort to give full value, indomitable perseverance, and the death of an uncle who left him $49,999.50.”—Laboratory Bulletin. fh Re appointment of T. W. Norcross as Chief Engineer of the Forest Service, has been announced by Colonel W. B. Greeley, Chief of the Forest Service. Mr. Nor- cross succeeds Mr. O. C. Merrill, who resigned a short time ago to become Executive Secretary of the Federal Power Commission. ce THE USES WOOD IN ANY toys are made partly or wholly of metal, rubber, or celluloid, yet the use of wood for that purpose shows no tendency to decrease, but it probably increases from year to year in this country. The principal consideration which holds wood in its place as toy material is not cheapness, though that has something to do with it. Articles of large size would be too heavy if made of cast metal, and if of sheet metal, there is constant danger that the raw edges will become exposed and cut the OF WooD THE TOY INDUSTRY BY HU MAXWELL order, or division, yet this is far from. the fact. Toys fall into groups. The groups are net many, and the dis- tinctions between them are prettv clear. Children are the arbiters of toy kinds and style: They imitate what they see around them and toy make:s recognize this fact and conform to it. At school the chi!d sees objects of a particular kind and learns their u-e. The manufacturer supplies what the child wants by n.aking a class of objects which may be designated as educ:tional. Another class, imitating things hands of the child that plays with the toy. Many §articles ‘are made of wood because it is best, irre- spective of cost or weight. Sleds are a good example of such. Some very handsome and serviceable sleds are of metal, but a visit to toy stores in win- ter will show that dozens of wooden toy sieds are sold to one of metal. The story of seen in real life, is recog- nized as archi- ectural. A third has te do —§ with trades and the tools and ma- chines for car- rying them on, and toys’ in that line are listed as be- lenging to that class. A well de- fined group is based on the use of musical instruments. Boats, rafts, canoes, and such things as float and are useful have this industry, told by statis- tics, is instruc- tive. The fol- lowing list gives the woods and their amount used annual- ly in the United States in the manufacture of toys: of how they are made is a very interesting one. Wood Feet Used Wood Feet Used Basswood ........... 8,739,242 Red gum ........... 523,000 ties S455 Lot. 3 3,904,400 Cottonwood ........ 257,000 UCI occ, bre'nse4 + oo « 3,221,506 Hemlock ........... 241,000 REA e aan WEAR ORO. Fe COVDTOSS. “ia a0 3s classe « 150,000 White pine ......... 2,367,131 Sycamore ........... 91,343 EES aidgiy' yta'e'o o's «3 2,042,055 Butternut ........... 10,000 Me sisldey ce oc e'e 1,444,057 Tupelo ............. 5,000 BEPSUNIGE. 90s 025.0... 906,208 _ Cherry) .'....0:.6.-... 2,000 MMMM Sav ioicies ccc oss BOEAOO? KSPTHCE vessels rete 1,300 Yellow poplar ...... 2,000 —_ LOLA Ast Aac3s coeNS 28,926,552 At first thought, it might seem that toys make up an aggregate mass, a miscellaneous collection without rank, THINGS THAT ROLL It is easily seen that the toys which are passing through this factory are intended to do much rolling as part of their duty in furnishing amusement for children in all parts of the country, and the story been responsi- ble for toys based on water craft. Children are familiar with furniture and they early recognize two classes, one for the kitchen and one for the living room, and these go under the list of furni- ture toys. Animals, birds and creeping things form another class grouped as natural history. Still another kind which is clearly defined is very com- mon, and it belongs in the list of games and amusements. Each of these classes is entitled to special considera- tion, for they show the lines along which the child and its furniture thinks and acts. The schoolhouse 731 AMERICAN ase) | sd 9 PO eS = * * = BS, PSD: THE DELIGHT OF THE ABECEDARIAN The A B C blocks and the children’s work bench go together in pro- viding work and play, and the beginnings of education. The outfit depends almost wholly upon wood, for ‘nothing else has been found to take wood’s place. Blocks are of basswood, red gum, tupelo, white pine, cedar and others that are light. afford and apparatus are successfully imitated by the manufac- turer of wooden toys.’ Most children who enjoy, toys of that kind are not much, if any above the primary grades. The desk and the blackboard appear to be most fre- quently copied, and they are made in all sorts and combina- tions. Charts, of course; come in for liberal consideration, with their maps, pic- tures, and numbers, and color schemes, all patterned after the real objects that do service in the school- room. Sectional maps which are made by pasting on thin blocks of wood, cut in prop- er shape, maps print- ed on paper, are popu- lar and possess con- siderable educational value, for the child is expected to fit each section in its appro- priate place. But this toy comes above the primary grade. Rul- ers, erasers, and chalk boxes, all in minia- ture, go with the charts and bDlack- AN IMITATION WINDMILL A toy windmill may run by the force of the wind or it may not; but it affords amusement, and that is one of its chief urposes when it comes into the child’s ife. It suggests scenes on ranches where the wind blows and where horses and cattle roam at will about the ranges, and everything is outdoors. Nothing is better than wood as material for toys intended to teach the art of building. Such to +o amusement to the child and at the same time teach useful habits and create a i \ knowledge of more important things in the affairs of life. FORESTRY boards. Devices useful in learning the simple principles and fundamental operations of arithmetic are numerous, consisting generally of geometrical blocks. The young child amuses itself with these and gains some knowledge __ of their names and shapes. The abacus, a toy useful in learning addition, subtraction, multiplication, and divi- sion, is a favorite with children who find amusement while they learn arithmetic by the Chinese method. Some of the more pretentious toys based on the child’s interest in school, are complex and include not only & the funiture and appliances in the school- room, but the entire school- ao TOYS FOR BUILDING “<< Children are natural builders. ae re house, outside and in, with the pedagogue at his desk and the classes before him: The complete schoo!house just described might fall in another class which may be desig- _ nated as architectural, for toys of that kind are intended to illustrate house and similar structures. Wood lends itself exceptionally well to toys of this kind. The struc- — tures are often made in sections, and the children find t both amusement and instruction in placing the various d , parts together. The field is wide and the toy maker has fully occupied it. Nearly all kinds of structures have been copied, from the simplest footbridge or hut to the sa elaborate capitol and castle. Windmills are modeled upon ys the clumsy and archaic originals of Holland, and water-_ 5 ov THE LAWN SWING FOR CHILDREN This is one of the larger toys in which children find amusement. It is not restricted to any particular size or age of the child. Except a few bolts and screws, the article is made wholly of wood, and a ~ little paint adds the finishing touches. The toy maker puts to use | many scraps of wood which otherwise would go to waste. ‘4 Sg - ~« a” —as =" Are were. THE USES OF WOOD 733 mills are built like the old frontier affairs, once common but now rare. Farm houses, barns, granaries, and other buildings suggest country life; and the coun- terpart of these is the village, with its streets, schools, churches, and stores. The railroad station, the wharf, the tunnel, and the bridge are duly copied or imitated. They are sometimes placed in the child’s hands in complete form, but usually they are in blocks, and the child sorts out the blocks, fits them together, and constructs the objects in their entirety. He thus has the double pleasure of building and of seeing the work after it is done. The toy maker studies carefully the psychology of the child, and instruction and amusements are provided in healthful proportion. Styles of architecture are worked out in wood, finely shaped and _ nicely fitted. Norman towers, Gothic arches, Greek columns, Egyptian doorways and temples, Turkish ° minarets, Hindu pagodas, and the sagging roofs of Chinese edifices are all shown in the list of archi- tectural toys. Color schemes are , Poa ee A CARRYING CASE FOR TOOLS The boy sees a workman carrying a tool chest and he wants one for himself. Boy Scouts are the greatest tool carriers not overlooked and woods of dif- among children. The chest here shown is designed for carrying. . It is of chestnut wood which is light, attractive in appearance, ferent tints and shades are com- and has all the strength needed for practical purposes. . , é Children do not always get as much bined- to give pleasing effect to blackboard at school as they want, and finished buildings. The child’s contact with work as it is carried on about him they je iar us gencieny Dy ails every day, sharpens his desire for something in imitation of the machines em- somevhal, Hie the rea Oe anoothe ployed in trades and in business. Wagons are the most common objects in real faijly hard wood that, olds paint wer life, and the most common in toyland. In size and fashion they are almost infinite, but every one is a model or an imitation of a vehicle used for business or pleasure. Though a toy cart may not weigh a quarter of a pound, it is intended to be a copy of a real vehicle. It is so with all sorts of little wagons. These are modeled after the delivery wagon which-the butcher drives, or ° the grocer’s, the express, or the heavy truck, and it would be difficult to find a child with a wagon who could not tell what kind it is. Most toy wagons are of wood, but it does not appear that the toyman has yet succeeded in making a wooden automobile, though he has provided rail- road locomo- tives wholly of wocd, from tender to cow- catcher; but they are not made to do much running under power other than a push or a pull. FOR THE KINDERGARTEN CLASS Fire fighting Toy furniture may be highly useful, and a pretty large class of that kind is on the market and evidently finds buyers. It is a sort of connect- outfits lend ing link between the home and the school. The principal difference A BLACKBOARD FROM TOYLAND between it and regular furniture is in size, Similar patterns and themse lves like materials prevail in both. readily to wooden imitations, and toyshops are full of them. The engines are generally of metal, but the ladders and carts are of wood. Toy makers TEACHING ORDERLY PLAY study the wants of the village or city child, rather than of those of the Toy makers are generally careful to provide both rural districts. That is doubtless because the largest sale of toys is in er cies besincss dt nl aeka tae bays towns. The surroundings of country children may have something to do eeeery ry Percnte: 86 well oes ap a with the relative smallness of toys there. They need fewer artificial _ gener Nebel Fae rain thereby: keep- playthings because they have more real ones, such as lambs, cats, ducks, i tr TO ° 734 AMERICAN colts, calves, and real wagons and sleds in which they are privileged to ride with real horses to pull them. Toy tools are made more for the town child. The rakes, hoes, spades, lawnmowers, snow shovels, and hatchets are such as the town child sees about the yard and garden. No toy store exhibits miniature plows, harrows, cultivators, fanning mills, seed sowers, threshing machines, corn shellers, horse rakes, hay tedders, and other farm ma- chines now so common in all rural communities. The reason why they are not made is that city children do not know what such things are, and would not buy them; but they are well acquainted with yards and gardens and take readily to tools the use of which they. know. The same idea is carried out by the toy manufacturer in making barns and stables. They are such as are found £ ‘ 5 e 4 ie ee DRIVING SCREWS BY MACHINERY Business comes before pleasure in the toy business, for while the toys are intended for pleasure after they reach the hands of the children, the manufacturing comes first, and that is a matter of the most serious business. Observe the power screw drivers. in the city, not on the farm. The stores are full of toy stalls that hold one or two cows or a single horse, with the small hayloft above, and the small grain bin at the side; but the country barn with its more ample mows of hay, larger and more numerous stalls, and the dairy with its rows of stanchions for cows, are not found. The list of wooden toy instruments is not long, for metal holds principal place, yet large num- bers of ea few kinds are Pianos lead, and toys of that kind range in size from the smallest that can be made to a sound from a_ vibrat- ing string, up to instruments which approach the line which separates toys from real pianos. Wood, by its rigidity, lends itself well to taut cord instruments. A common one is the violin, and harps are occasionally seen. The wooden whistle, though it cannot justly claim to be a musical instrument, is quite common and is a favorite with children. It is made in styles.almost innumerable, and the toy maker has exercised his ingenuity in pro- ducing tones and noises as numerous as the styles. A common class of toys which pretend to be musical, are based on the resonous qualities of small bars of dry, musical made. emit FORESTRY straight-grained wood, when struck with mallets. kill. This erect and bouquet of snow- fe hair is truly a beau- i ct likely to be for- » antelope puts these e patches to another da very different use. raising them and flash- Pittemn, they are used as s, and are so recog- horns of the male at birth, but not those of the female. As a rule, a female bears a pair of kids at a birth, but she may have only one; all of those I have seen leading young have had two. Doctor Rothrock,many years ago, found in the ute- rus of a slain female twins that were largely united, as is sometimes the case with animals and plants; but he saved only the skulls, and these were joined together just back of the orbits, On one occasion, I was hunting antelope some five or six miles north of Fort by others within when a man or any y times on the plains; the shedding of the old horns. Fetterman, in Wyoming. Such a signal is INTERESTING PHASES IN THE FORMATION OF THE HORNS It was early in October, AV Zs in times of danger, Figure 3. These are photographic copies by the writer from drawings by and my success during the = J. Smit, illustrating a paper by the late William Alexander Forbes, day had been wretched, for published in 1880. The upper left hand cut is a horn the day after the Thad b ; enemy approaches, shedding of the old one, and the cut on the right is the same horn a een tantalized sey- . : one month later.. The head of the animal, which is drawn a little too eral times by the sight of this fact I have noticed elongate, shows the left side view of a male antelope one day after y § many antelope but had 750 AMERICAN THE HEAD OF AN OLD MALE AMERICAN ANTELOPE Figure 4. This is the right side view, reduced, reproduced by photography from a brush sketch by the author. In this specimen the horns are not as high as they sometimes grow to be. (Compare with Figures 5 and 6.) shot never a one. Being mounted on an excellent hunt- ing horse, I came to the top of a low, rolling hill. Upon looking down into the shallow valley beyond, there lay nine antelope on. the ground—all within two hundred yards. At the sight of me they all jumped up together, and the reader may imagine my surprise when I saw that the largest buck, a full-grown and splendid specimen, had jet black head and shoulders, while the coloration of the hair of the rest of his body was normal My brain reeled with excitement, for I would risk almost anything to obtain such a prize. Now, they were rested, while I and the horse were nearly tired out with the day’s ride; so I hardly knew what to do, especially as they began to walk off at a rapid pace. Having often succeeded in a charge under such circumstances, I resolved to try it, and the spurt I made surprised the antelope, diminishing the distance between us in a trice by a hundred yards. Here I rapidly dismounted and let my horse go. Mean- while my game had taken start, and actually flew up the side of a low, long, and narrow hill, some hundred and fifty yards beyond, where, instead of passing over its crest, they tore along at a steam-engine rate down the middle path of its summit. The black-headed buck was in the lead, the other eight following in single file. I had a heavy rifle, calibre .45, and with it I drew a fine sight on the object of my desire, who was going at such a pace that one could not keep his legs individualized. FORESTRY Then, holding fully three yards ahead of him, I pulled. — Imagine my disappointment when I saw a noble doe immediately in his rear plunge to one side and roll down, stone dead! Dismounted as I was and completely leg- weary, my last chance was gone; and from that dav to this I have never seen or heard of such a specimen; indeed, a case of apparent melanism in an antelope— where the condition was confined to the head and shoul- ders—must certainly be one of the rarest occurrences in nature. Once I was out with Lieutenant Merriam, of the Fourth Infantry; he was on foot and armed with a carbine. which, however, he could not see, some one beyond had started a bunch of fifty or sixty antelope. They rushed along the top of the hill immediately in his direction, — reaching him just as they came to its summit. The surprise was profound—and mutual. Upon ascending the slope of a low hill, over — The antelope, — s closely crowded together, whirled to one side, and he was not ten feet from them when he fired at the one directly in front of him. The ball not only killed it — DIRECT FRONT VIEW OF THE SKULL OF AN OLD MALE ™ AMERICAN ANTELOPE Figure 5. From a stuffed specimen prepared Lv the Arapahoe Indians collected by the Bureau of Ethnology and kindly loaned the writer by the United States National Museum. Note the asymmetry of horns and projecting orbital cavities. ely om Wee 0. S De 2) el eee - “outright, but passed through the bodies of two others, and these fell dead within a few feet of the first one. There they all lay—a buck and two does! ___ I had another experience with antelope when I was a ‘stationed at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, as post surgeon. _ Some ten or eleven miles from the fort we come to _ Laramie Peak—an isolated mountain known throughout the country. Beyond lay the Laramie Plains, noted in those days for the number of antelope found there, and ever visited the locality. It was in the autumn ; we had not tasted venison for quite a while, and only a few of _ the officers cared to hunt very much. Lieutenant Rufus _ Brown, of the Fourth Infantry, and F-did, however, and % ‘Figure 6. Both cuts, as well as Figure 7, reproduced from photographs by the author. Note the marked circularity of the orbit, and the remark- ably long coronoid process of the lower jaw. ne fine afternoon we arranged to go over to the Laramie gins early the next morning, to see if we-could not az a few antelope, and, perhaps, a black-tail or two. ” Sergeant Conrad was ordered to accompany us—an ex- cel ent man and a fine shot. The poor fellow was shot ; ‘some time afterward by road agents, when he was in charge of the squad with the paymaster’s outfit—a most dastardly murder, several other men being ambushed _ with him on the same occasion. _ We three left at peep of day next morning, well mounted, well equipped, and with a fine lead mule. The _ early part of the afternoon found us on the other side of “the mountain where the broad Laramie Plains begin, "with weather and everything in our favor. We did little - for the rest of the day beyond exploring in the im- Eeetiate neighborhood of our camp. Plenty of antelope 4 be seen over the plains—single ones and bunches sof them. We had determined not to do any serious "antng until next day, when we would make an early pear, with fresh horses and all hands thoroughly rested. Although we had left hot weather behind us at the fort, i it was a different story where we now found ourselves ; | and before sundown there was a very rapid decline in the temperature. So, after supper and about sundown, THE AMERICAN ANTELOPE _ for the fact that so few, either Indians or white men,” 751 having picketed and looked out for the animals and put out the fires, we made up the bunks on the ground. After the fashion of an old soldier, the sergeant rolled himself up in his blanket about twenty feet from where Brown and I turned in together. We had a roll of gray army blankets, with a rubber one next the ground; and we needed both, for it fell below freezing-point before morning. Sleep? Oh no, we did not sleep! Like two rocks—that’s all. It was a superb, starlit night, but no moon, and where we lay it was dark as pitch. I do not think I moved at all from the time we turned in until toward morning, and I am very sure the lieutenant did not. I awoke as daylight slowly crept upon us, and was instantly wide awake with all my faculties on the alert. Brown was flat on his back, snoring like a good fellow; and I expect his joints were quite as stiff as my own from the cold and the ride the day before. I felt for my carbine and revolver; they were close alongside where I had placed them when we turned in. Cautiously rais- ANOTHER SKULL OF A MALE ANTELOPE Figure 7. This shows the horn-cores, as they appear when their sheaths are removed. Loaned the writer by the United States National Museum, and photographed by him. Collected at Fort Griffin, Texas, by Dr, H. McEldery. A bullet-hole is seen in the forehead between and just in front of the horn-cores; the latter are sharp in front and rounded behind. ing myself on my elbow, I saw that Brown’s guns were where they belonged, too; and the sergeant looked in the dim light like an old walrus, rolled up in his blankets and sleeping on his side. Pretty soon my eyes became accustomed to the early morning light, and I could, without much difficulty, distinguish objects that were not too far off. I sat up and gave my eyes, face, and stiffened limbs a good rub, and this put the blood into circulation again. Brown never moved but kept on snoring. I was about to try for another snooze, and had come down on my elbow before lying down, when I thought I saw three whitish objects out on the prairie, which certainly appeared to be moving. Antelope, I AMERICAN A BUCK AND TWO FEMALE AMERICAN ANTELOPES This is as they appear on the open prairie. by the late Mr. A. C, Gould, Figure 8. said to myself—and antelope they were, not over fifty yards off. Quietly I reached for my carbine and cocked it, but to shoot I would have to fire directly over Brown's body—use him as a rest, in fact. Two or three times I sighted, and finally I was sure I could plug the leading animal, an unusually fine buck. Glancing at my com- panion’s face to make sure he would not bite his tongue off when the report came, I cracked away. Down went the buck! Off went the other two! Clean off the ground jumped Brown! On his Photographed from life and presented to the author FORESTRY “single stalks ;” the serena re ed several more; but Brown said anything. The cutaneous glands mention-_ ed earlier in the present article ble for the indescribable and from these animals. tions may be, but it would seem one way: to protect the animals” ful on the plains sometimes. have yet to see an antelope an-— noyed by them, while I have tracted. The secretion does not affect or taint the animal, however, and antelope meat seems to be highly relished by everyone who has ever s partaken of it. = are found in both buck and doe, ~ and are, at all seasons, responsi- he I had given him such a shock at ss : daylight that he could not hit pungent odor which emanates — I am un-_ able to state what the exact use of the glands and their secre-_ that the odor might be useful in — from the swarms of meee ? some insects, such as gnats, mos- — quitoes, and flies. Its short tail — is useless for such purposes, — and these pests are truly fright- i seen horses driven nearly dee 2 In their feeding, prong-horns seem to confine them- — selves to the various grasses growing on the prairies, and — never eat leaves or any kind of fruit. They are fond of “soda licks,” so abundant in most of the regions they inhabit; but they will take common salt in lieu thereof. They make extremely engaging pets, and in reality this feet in an instant was the ser- geant—in fact, the camp was awake! A few words, however, soon explained things, and we all three walked over to where my game lay. He was not dead, while his immense eyes seemed to look defiantly at me. I took one of his horns in each hand with the view of moving him, so I could put him out of pain with my hunting-knife, to my surprise, he sprang to his feet, and with a twist of his powerful neck flying head over when, sent me heels. Then he stood and looked us over, but soon began to quiver at the knees, his body swayed, the white areas were raised on his rump, and in another moment I killed all he pitched over dead. “ Figure 9. six more antelope that day, while the others are feeding. BUCK AND DOE A very spirited and life-like picture showing the animals in the foreground alert and watchful Courtesy of the United States Cartridge Company. Wi e u est ni, willy way we can fully study them. As the habits id morphology of the species have as yet by no means exhausted, it is to be hoped that both science and vate individuals will make constant endeavors to study em by such methods. Every one who has ever hunted the antelope is aware of its fleetness for a short spurt, and how it then be- a eo fatigued and is even sometimes captured alive. _ While at Fort Laramie, I often saw these animals run c renting taken with a pack of gaunt and vigorous grey- ) ds. In the chase they. make some truly wonderful rizontal springs, “but they fail utterly when they come ‘a a over anything a yard or more in height. During the rutting season the old bucks fight each other with = oy the lusty courage of yore, while the does never lack THE ‘AMERIC AN ANT EKLOPE 753 peste, where the grass grew to a considerable height. They surrounded the animals and soon closed in upon them, which caused them to become so bewildered that they were at a loss to know what to do. All they could do in their fright and amazement was to huddle together, or wheel about in circles, or stand and stamp their feet, , as the danger they were in became more and more ap- parent to them. “In the meanwhile, taking care to keep our bodies concealed in the long grass, we had continued to approach; and being now within sixty yards of the panic-stricken animals, I rose upon my feet, took delib- erate aim, and fired into their midst. Sykesey and Tuo- lumne followed the example, and the Indians discharged their arrows. I reloaded as quickly as possible and fired a second shot, then, dropping the rifle, pulled my re- volver in my right and my bowie-knife in my left hand, ees the early 30’s. - idaaues that threatens. Hunters also know how to se advantage of the almost insane curiosity these ani- } show when approached by any strange object on feeding-grounds. The endeavor to inform himself ‘the salient points of a red flannel shirt waving in the ag a few of the early accounts of antelope hunting very interesting, while others are, in some respects, " quite remarkable. Here is one from an old work en- ti led, “Adventures of James C. Adams,” which is quoted in The Antelope and Deer of America. It seems at Adams, together with a hunting-party of fifty men, ick a bunch of some fifty antelope out on the open THOSE LIVING OF THE PIONEER SURVEYORS OF THE “TERRITORIES” WILL RECALL THIS SCENE _ Figure 10. It is the right-hand third of a panoramic view of the “Glacial Lake and Moraines, on the New Fork of Green River—Wind River tains. Photograph by the author from Hayden’s Twelfth Annual, United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. ially selected to show the excellent running attitudes of the antelopes. From one. of the most famous of the Government surveys, published rushed into the thick of the hérd, which continued wheel- ing and tramping around in a circle, seeing themselves surrounded on all sides, and too much alarmed to fly. At the same time my comrades rushed forward, and we were all soon mixed up together—myself, the Indians, and the antelopes. Having discharged the shots of my pistol, I began plying my knife, and as the Indians used theirs, we wounded several that escaped our fire-arms. In the midst of the excitement a buck broke away from the herd, and was immediately followed by all that were able to get away, some dragging lamed limbs after them. As, however, six dead and five wounded lay before us, there was no use pursuing the flying band, and they were allowed to escape, See we night easily have pro- cured a dozen more.’ Until late in the 70’s the Indians on the plains de- pended to no little extent on the antelope for meat— 754 AMERICAN FORESTRY A “BUNCH OF ANTELOPE” ON THE OPEN PRAIRIE Photographically copied by Incorporated, of New York City. Figure 11. when deer, elk, or prairie-dogs were not available. In those times nearly all the Indians possessed fire-arms, and many of them were excellent shots; but formerly they hunted them with bows and arrows, as referred to by Caton in the following words: “Our antelope was an essential article of food among the aborigines in- habiting the country which it frequented before the intro- duction of fire-arms among them. They had various modes of capturing it, chief among which was the bow and arrow. This mode involved the necessity of getting a very close range. This could only be done by some kind of artifice, or by the most skilful and cautious stalking, always remembering its defective eyesight, its acute of hearing and smelling, as well as its in- ordinate curiosity. The latter infirmity was taken ad- vantage of by the savage, who, approaching the game as nearly as he safely could from behind the sage bushes senses or other concealing object, exhibiting in irregular motion a piece of the tanned skin of the animal, colored red or white, or some other attractive object, would attract the game. When the attention of the,antelope is attracted by such an object alternately appearing and disappearing, its curiosity becomes excited, and an interesting struggle the author from a colored plate The original is an elegant canvas by the famous animal painter, Carl Rungius. in “Mammals of America” commences between that and its timidity ; it will approach cautiously, then retreat a little, then prance around, — drawing towards the object gradually, till it is finally Then it was that the Indian brought within bow-shot. would let fly his arrow from his concealment, or spring — to his feet, the arrow to the string, and the bow partly drawn, and strike his victim before his fleetness could — carry him beyond reach.” On a number of occasions our antelope has been kept in the paddocks or otherwise at the National Zoological — Park with varying success. As a rule they do not © breed under such conditions, and they frequently do ~ not seem to either possess the desire or the pov to. have young. antelope still further are referred to the interesting con- tributions to the subject by Dr. Murie, of England, and ~ Dr. Canfield, who made his observations and experiments as long ago as April, 1828. Since his time many of our naturalists have devoted more or less literature to the life-history of this animal ; while upon the other hand, various parts of its anatomy stand sadly in need of thorough examination and the results duly published. courtesy of The University Society, “g Those who desire to carry the natural history of our © ON ACCOUNT OF THE UNUSUAL DEMAND FOR THE EARLY ISSUES OF THIS YEAR’S MAGAZINE, YOUR ASSOCIATION WOULD APPRECIATE BACK COPIES OF 1920 NUMBERS FOR PURPOSES OF BINDING AND REFERENCE USE. PLEASE SEND THEM TO 1214 SIXTEENTH STREET, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. AMERICAN FORESTRY 75 on BB fice HUMINT | re LL Tn nn International Paper Company The International Paper Company has al- ways been an earnest advocate of Forest Con- servation and Reforestation. Its policy is to harvest the pulpwood growth and not to denude its woodlands. It was the first large company using forest products and owning extensive forest tracts to establish nurseries and to practice reforestation. Its nursery at Randolph, Vermont, has been maintained since 1909 and eash year has con- tributed a substantial quota of young trees to cut-over and barren lands suitable for silvicul- ture in New York, Vermont and New Hamp- shire. About 100,000 Norway Spruce trees have been planted each year, and the present plans contemplate the production of 500,000 Norway Spruce transplants from seedlings annually. International Paper Company 30 Broad Street : : New York NNR MR MBB Pct 756 AMERICAN FORESTRY enh i BOOK REVIEWS A Guide to the Identification of Our More Useful Timbers. Herbert Stone, Uni- versity Press, Cambridge. A manual for the use of advanced for- estry students, it gives information on cer- tain points which are not-eastly accessible elsewhere. Two objects are kept in view —the observation of the characters of the different species and the utilization of those characters to discriminate between one species and another. The illustrations are restricted to figures which are deemed nec- essary where the critical detail can be seen only by means of the microscope or where such detail is a difference of degree and not of kind. The Generic numbers attached to the species correspond to the system by which the specimens of wood in the collec- tion of the Harvard School of Forestry are arranged, thus making comparison ready and easy for the student. Manual of the Timbers of the World. By Alexander L. Howard. The Macmillan Company, New York. In his preface, the author says: “This book ‘is not intended -to supersede any of the works on timber hitherto published, but rather to supplement them. It has been put forward to meet a distinct want for a clearly-arranged handbook which shall contain information concerning all the tim- bers encountered in commerce, including those which have only of recent years ap- peared in the European market. The aim has been to treat the subject from its com- mercial, technical, and industrial aspects. In compiling this work-I have adduced the practical experience of over forty years’ work in the timber trade.” The book itself is interestingly and practically arranged and beautifully made, and is a distinctly valuable addition to the forest literature. A Tour of America’s National Parks. By Henry. Ottridge Reik, E. P. Dutton & Company, New York. Price, $4.00. While not a guide book in the ordinary sense, this book contains much valuable in- formation about railroad routes and sug- gested hotels, and it is as well a charming- ly written description of America’s great national playgrounds. The parks are treat- ed separately, and very interestingly. The object of the book, as explained by the author in the preface, is to “attract more widespread attention to the wonderful natural beauty of our country; to point out the possibilities of a ‘Grand Tour’ here at home that shall embrace more of scenic beauty and more marvelous natural phe- nomena than was ever included in a ‘Grand Tour’ of Europe, and to make clear to those who have but a limited vacation period what is to be seen in the different parks and how best to see it.” BOOKS ON TOR AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on a lst of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American F Association, Washington, D. ©. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth.... FOREST REGULATION—Filibert PRACTICAL TREE REP. 9 pf COUNTS—By Arthur be BR bce H. Chapman CHINESE FORBES T TREES AxD TIMBER SUP Ty Sy NIALS—B Kirk ei kega TREES’ AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and iL, z Parts to a Volume Par’ THE “TRAINING OF A’ FORESTE LUMBER AND ITS USES-—R. § THE FARM WOODLO T—E. G. Cheyney a andj. P. ‘Wentling TEN TCA OF THE ECO Ic Ad ODS OF T Records ..4s ag: 3355 wens PLANE SURVEYING— Cc. FOREST MENSURATION—Henry So! FOREST PRODUCTS—B THE ECONOMICS OF FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth. PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller......... PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY Samuei B. Green TREES IN WINTER -A. S. B Jarvieit:.«- 2 AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough, 14 “Volumes, ‘per Voiume. Half Morecee BinGings. 26056 6-00 eras sus cvcne: cides Vaceustennk dans ek tateskes veh akan HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE > ROCKY. -MOUNTAINS—Romeyn > B. Hough: .....0cccccvcsscccevos cosovdeccssessesvovacceddnseds Half Morocco Binding...............seseseecsses Pe, ot GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE “TREES_J. ber ar McFarland. HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel Pare $A TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Hen seat e nett ere n ees eeeeneenaes Perree errr en REES—- . Marshall Ward ........... OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir Ley TS ae Pi br tay heh age Gifford LOGGING— alec aca THE IMPORT NT TIMBER T e TE FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— ge Eaiey tnt Austin F, we: TNE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING ODLAND Henry pen Graves SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND peg a aa Solotaroff.. THE TREE GurDE By HeRN Ellen Rogers4...........-:..0: ae MANUAL FOR NOR Hai cat ‘EN—Austia Cary. +3 aes e4 FARM FORESTRY Alfred ese ves pabeve'eccencnaey ebdedcendgeveeeas siponsadus (it inne et THE THEORY AND PRACTICE "OF WORKING PLANS (in forest CRAs. B. Reck- ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY_F. F. Mocn and N. C. Brown.. io MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD-—Samuel J. Record.. STUDIES on TREES—J. J. Levison.. “ NING—A. Des Cars ....... TREES AND SHRUBS—F. Schuyler Mathews.. BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC—By F. Schuyler Mathews... K OF AMERICAN WILD mina alates F. Schuyler Mathews.. GOR OF Ame John Arden Fer; THE BOOK a batt} me Frederick c F. OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—By Maud Going HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND W ODSMEN—By THE LAND WE LIVE IN—By i ae WOOD AND ee A William THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN Tr [BER LaW-“ay OR Kinney Sig ie vas CLEARING AND GRUBBING, ME ODS AND” COST—By Halbert 45 The odore S. Woolsey, J . pet lh ! POISONOUS PLANTS— Be. Patel... cnc. vsecceperhoingeateatea trae WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRU TURAL MATERIALS—Chas. H. Snow ....... EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark. dencacdugeaen OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—H. D. ke MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howaré Rankin uate THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARIS -By Robert Sietiing Vad... 5 .:.sacacteoaae THE STORY OF THE asi feigt ae J. Gordon Dorrance ............. BRITAIN : = ead LOVAT gave me an interesting account of the purchasing and de- veloping of the National Forests in Bri- tain,” writes Miss Emily Exley, who is well known as a landscape artist in Phila- delphia, and who visited England last summer to learn at first hand of conditions and possibilities there. She continues: “At the outbreak of war National Forests did not exist in Britain. About 98 per cent of all woodlands were privately owned, with about 2 per cent owned by the King, known as Crown Lands. In Ig19 the British Government made an appropriation of 3,500,000 pounds to be expended over a period of ten years—to buy and establish ‘the National Forests, and in that same year about 500 acres had been bought and plant- ed. The kinds of trees most generally used were the oak, ash, and beech in hard- __ woods and Norway spruce, Douglas fir, _ Japanese larch, thuga gigantia and Scotch firs in the evergreens. Lord Lovat also told me of the establishment of the For- _estry Commission in Britain and the work - they are planning to do on educational lines and the re-establishment of forests in Britain. A systematic scheme of education is felt to be the primary duty of all for- estry authorities throughout the Empire.” ' Miss Exley also said that the Roads of Remembrance Association of Great Britain __ was very pleased with the sample tree marker used by the American Forestry Association in marking memorial trees. ~ URGES REFORESTATION _ PEFORESTATION of state forests to ¢ take the place of the natural growth that _ has been removed by the lumber industries - by General C. C. Andrews, a pioneer in ’ forestry and the only one of Minnesota’s 22 colonels in the Civil War now living. He stresses the need of new forest growth and, in an interview to the Duluth _ News Tribune, said: _ “While there is still much pine timber of natural growth in Minnesota and al- _ ways will be, the greater part has been re- _ moved. Under the amendment to the con- stitution adopted in 1914 about 300,000 acres _ of the state’s public land have been set / apart as state forest. Of the state’s re- ‘maining public land perhaps twice as much ' more will be so set apart. Most of the ‘timber on the land, however, has been sold or soon will be, and removed. “To have state forests on a proper scale Our state must buy third and fourth rate _ land and plant it with pine as rapidly as | the work can be done in a business like ' way. Only about five per cent of the area Of cut-over pine land that is third or fourth " fate, will be found well restocked with | Valuable kinds of trees, by natural growth. The bare part should be planted with three ‘or four year old nursery grown pines. To "grow tall pine trees free from limbs to a AMERICAN FORESTRY 759 TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING PINE :: SPRUCE CONIFERS ONLY Write us for price list KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, KEENE, N. H. EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS We are equipped to grow EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS in million lots on contract, for REFORESTING PROJECTS. All standard varieties grown by experts. We save you money. Write for information. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO., INC. Evergreen Specialists—Largest Growers in America. Box 501 Dundee, Illinois, U. S. A. AM AWAL NURSERY N buying trees, does it not pay to get the very best? Specimen deciduous, and Evergreen trees. Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. Tel., Yorktown 128 NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 103 Park Avenue Tel., Vanderbilt 7691 RARE ORIENTAL FLOWERING TREES FROM CHINA, JAPAN and PERSIA «. Catalogue .:. A. EMIL WOHLERT, NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA “A fresh memorial, as each year New life and buds and leaves appear. A living monumental tree True type of immortality.” Orchids We are specialists in Orchids; we collect, im- port, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- pod aa of freshly imported unestablished rchids, LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Write for prices on large qua: THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANTS BRECK-ROBINSON NURSERY CoO. TREES - PLANTS. - PLANTING BOX E, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS and farm development, is strongly urged | PLANT MEMORIAL TREES Mines, etc. Mailing Your Prospective Customers are listed in our Catalog of 99% guaranteed Mailing Lists, contains vital suggestions how to advertise and sell profitably by mail. Counts and prices given on 9000 different national Lists, covering all classes; for instance, Farmers, Noodle Mfrs., Hardware Dirs., Zinc This valuable reference book free, Write for it. Send Them Sales Letters You can produce sales or inquiries wi letters. Many concerns allover U. S.ar using Sales Letters we write. Send forjréeeinstruct- ive booklet, “ Value of Sales Letters.” Ross-Gould RaestS St.Louis. It also personal rofitably Forest Fire Pumping Outfit Portable, Lightweight Direct-Con- nected Gasoline Engines and Pumps For Fire Fighting USED by the Canadian Government and the Canadian Pacific Railway. ll throw water to a height of 172 feet. Shipment compete, ready to run. Can be quickly moved to any endangered section ty auto, pack horses or boat. Write for Bulletin H-7013. CONTRACTORS’ EQUIPMENT DEPT. FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 30 CHURCH ST. - NEW YORK CITY BALTIMORE OFFICE BOSTON OFFICE 115 East Lombard S\, ” 245 State Street THE PULP AND PAPER TRADING CO. 21 East 40th Street New York City DEALERS IN DOMESTIC CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PULPS AND PAPER AGENTS FOR J. & J. Rogers Company, Ausable Forks, N. Y. Procter & Gamble Distributing Co. Mills at Augusta, Georgia and Memphis, Tenn. Canadian Kraft Limited, Three Rivers, Canada Dealers in Wayagamack Kraft Pulp EASTERN AGENTS for Sulphite Pulp, Made by Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. AMERICAN FORESTRY height of from 40 to 60 feet they must be crowded when young and must therefore be planted about six feet apart, using 1,200 per acre. When about 80 years old they will have an average diameter of about 14 inches five feet from the ground. After that age the pine grows too slowly to earn good interest and is therefore cut in a normal forest. “A normal forest is one from which enough timber can be removed every year for interest on the capital it represents, without impairing the capital. Nature will maintain it considerably by natural growth, but the areas not so restocked must be re- planted. Before the great war, the Ger- man states planted annually, in the aggre- gate, 100,000 acres to maintain their state forests in normal condition.” TREES FROM SOUTH AMERICA WING to the unprécedented levels to which prices of railroad cross-ties have risen in this country, the Pennsylvania Railroad has decided to investigate the adaptability of the hard woods of Central and South America for this purpose. In- quiries have been started along several lines, not only to ascertain how much more cheaply ties, or the material for ties, can be purchased in those countries, but also to investigate the question of the longer life of ties made from the Southern hard- woods, as compared with those made from the North American native woods here- tofore chiefly used. Under normal condi- tions, the Pennsylvania’ Railroad System uses from five million to six million cross- ties’ annually. White oak, the most de- sirable North American wood for this pur- pose, is becoming rapidly scarcer. The other available woods in this country have a very short life as ties, unless creosoted, which adds to their cost. The average net cost of railroad ties ready for placing in the roadbed has risen fully 100 per cent since the beginning of the war. Existing conditions now compel the railroad to seek out other markets for the purchase of its supply. No. 35 increase your income. breakage. Increase your acreage and thereby $ Clear your stump land cheaply. No expense for teams or powder. One man with a ee can outpull 16 horses. Works by leverage—same principle as ajack. 100 Ibs. pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pull on the “7x stump. Made of the finest steel—guaranteed against ay Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. Turn stump land into Money Stump 9," Puller Write today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing Works eqally well on hillsides and marshes where horses <2 cannot operate The Fitzpatrick Products Corp. Box 43 99 John St., New York Box 43 16th and Kansas Sts., San Francisco THINGS “We take this opportunity to cong you upon your October issue of A Forestry, which has just been rec and we wish you abundant success.” — Gren Bros. NurseRIe! “% “I am with the Association with a! heart, and always was.” : H. E. Scr “Our forests certainly need ¢ protection and I am pleased to know thi there is an endeavor to watch over thet This is aenoble work.” one Dr. F. C. H “We appreciate your magazine, wh filling a real need and is doing n educate people to the proper utili our forests than any other instru now have, as far as I have any kno CG. mc “I wish to add an expression of adm tion of your magazine, which we h taken so long.” wee : Miss Louisa P.— OF “The arrival of publication di AMERICAN Forestry is looked fo with keen interest by us here at the nu and we wish to congratulate you on splendid work you are doing.” Tue Evm City Nursery Comp “It would seem to me that your A ciation should have the hearty supp every progressive farmer with a woe J. Forp Se “T feel guilty of an unfairness to1 for not sending in my check for m« ship before, for the architect cannot too much about the source of the constantly uses, and we all should scribing members at least.” G. W. Burka about saving the forests of Ameri I am right this minute, when IT havi finished reading an issue of this wond magazine.” he Eprror, San Diego, California, “T am glad to continue my subseri as I consider your efforts to keep fore before the country fully as important as. issue that is now or likely to be in t future before the country.” (3 Grorce C, JoHNs “I have just looked over and enjoyed November issue of AMERICAN FORESTRY very much value the magazine and pass on for others to read.” : ’ Henry B. A BBC a Te ee ie Pee hn eT Ree le ee PS 9) pel , ye A ‘ AMERICAN. KORESTRY 761 <2: OXFORD PAPER CO. ~~ = ¥? GAS PUMP USEFUL IN FIGHT- |. Me ING FIRE G the sessions of the Northeastern States Forest Fire Conference, held at y last February, several references ere made by various speakers to the value ie gas pump in forest fire work. Mr. -. G. Peters, an official of the United States Forest Service, said: “Last summer we ie sad for the first time one of the Fairbanks- Proce pumps. It was very satisfactory.” Mr. Peters then proceeded to quote from a ; ae eport he had on the large fires at Brown’s LLU eek in Idaho: “For the next two weeks Mills at Executive Offices gas pump ran splendidly and almost ¢ Seautinnously day and night for the frst | = /@ RUMFORD 200 Fifth Avenue o or three days. Undoubtedly the gas mp saved the day on Brown’s Creek and MAINE NEW YORK evented the loss of the plank road, the ir 15 million feet of timber. The road tt possibly have been held with hand ps, but it is doubtful. . . . Un- tedly the gas pump can be used to tage wherever a line’is being held mg a stream paralleled by a road, trail fire line.” _ The use of such portable fire fighting uipment is quite general in Canada, two three hundred of the Fairbanks-Morse utfits now being in use by lumber com- panies, railroads and the Dominion Gov- ie ‘ernment, and it is claimed that under _ Severest tests they have given excellent The necessity for a lightweight | = table pumping outfit, which can be ¥ easily carried to the nearest water supply Sin fighting forest fire is readily conceded. feeven ss cn sto's wt || Goldsboro N.C. Pine |||) *> Timbertana Pactors, _ dampen down the fire so that the men can we consider it good business get closer up. Mr. Henry Sorgius, manager MANUFACTURERS OF HIGH GRADE MACHINE FINISH AND SUPER CALENDERED BOOK PAPER CAPACITY OF MILL, 275 TONS OF PAPER PER DAY I eT TT NSRP FTES NN EME TET is manufactured to meet our long established standing of ||| to support a national forest of the St. Maurice Forest Fire Protective quality and is a big trade : PP ; ; oe | Association, said that when they learned || —builder_ for retail yards. policy, founded on facts, not that experiments with mechanical pump- Every foot runs uniform to fancies. lity, llwork and grad- apparatus for fighting forest fires were ine eee ye and Wee out der way, they immediately acquired such Try a mixed car today. Mr. Lacey ,from the back- Inenting the wld fashioned cauigment. vie || JOHNSON & WIMSATT, || || Stound of 40 years’ experi- said that they found it necessary after the Washington, D. C. ence in timber, has clearly season to have some minor changes Bene erie pate outlined his views on for- : sed. Hp d 4 ie pump sat oor since see ae rieaty ly Apnea br se est utilization and perpetu- : : : ‘ : SE ie keep ides Shey finve ‘now a ation in a recent issue of ony several of these outfits and count THE LACEY TIMBER m as one of their lar,est assets in fire Z f equipment. Mr. Sorgius said: Nominate Your Friends for DIGEST. ‘On two occasions last summer these pumps May we place your name vere a great help in saving two large store- : MEMBERSHIP on the mailing list for this hi when a bush fire was threatening $ L h 5 to destroy them. We find it also very in the acey house organs: “€conomical to run, as it will run for one ; F t ‘ hour on a gallon of gasoline.” The pump American Forestry JAMES D. LACEY & CO. _ can be used for backfiring and controlling es _ Slash burning operations as well as actual Association 7 East 42nd Street re fighting. New York City CHICAGO ' SEATTLE PLANT MEMORIAL TREES FOR OUR HEROIC DEAD eeu ac : Ps 762 AMERICAN FORESTRY te’ A AR = I ordinary pulpwood. Of course, ‘the c ‘ E struction of a mill should be indetsen | = only upon the advice of a competent mill 5 engineer after a careful survey of loc: EB conditions. ZION NATIONAL PARK DEDICATED 4 HE formal dedication of Zion National Park, Utah, to the American people was” held on September 15, Stephen T.. Mather, Director of the National Park Service pre- + siding. Congress created the Zion Parl November 19, 1919, making it the ni teenth member of the National Park S tem. The area has been reserved sinc 1909, and was first known as the Mukun- tuweap National Monument, and later as as the Zion National Monument. a Simon Bamberger and United States Senators Reed, Smoot and William H. King solemnized the occasion with appro- priate addresses. Zion National Park is in extreme Sout ar! western Utah. It is reached by rail from 5 both Salt Lake City and Los Angeles by the Salt Lake Route to Lund, thence by at motor stage a distance of a hundred miles. Le It is also reached by motor from either Salt Lake City or Los Angeles over the Arrowhead Trail. rr The park contains 120 square miles , “There’s the whole operation in a nutshell” ‘*That’s the big advantage of this book. ‘© There’s no beating around the bush, “Tt tells you just what you want to know in a few words—and it tells you right, too. “Blasting with ATLAS Farm Powder , is easy enough in itself, but this book * Better Farming” 4 makes it all so simple and safe that any man can get perfect results. *And what’s more, I’ve found it a safe book to follow on all questions of tillage—as safe as ATLAS Powder. “and that’s saying a lot—for ATLAS Farm Powder is the easiest handled explosive that I know of. * Better write for your own copy of * Better Farming® to-day. You'll find it the most Profitable investment of a postage stamp you ever made.”” ATLAS POWDER CO.,, 140 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. F.D.9 76,800 acres. Zion Canyon is the mo important scenic feature, bisecting the par on from north to south, it is 15 miles in length ———— oo oon a so i? varying in width from 50 to 2,500 f ATLAS POWDER CO., Philadelphia,\F.D.9 Send me your 120-page book ‘Better Farming.’ I am interested in the use of explosives for the purpose before which I mark X; © STUMP BLASTING ) DITCH DIGGING © BOULDER BLASTING O ROAD BUILDING | | : C O SUBSOIL BLASTING O TREE PLANTING | OU PON Fame SS Address. | a with walls 800 to 2,000 feet high. A well known writer says: “This canyon, wind- — ing like a snake, abounding in enormou peaks and domes, and glowing like a Re man sash, is one of the most striking spec- tacles which even America has to offer.” Because of its gorgeous coloring, Zion ha been called the “Rainbow of the Desert.” a ; Although the newest of our National Parks, Zion is only new in presentation as af PAPER FROM VENEER WASTE an attraction for the traveler and lover . N the wood waste from veneer factories the marvelous in nature. Geological C [ a ‘ g . B @ C k e l I the United States Forest Products Labo- speaking, it is perhaps millions of years ratory sees considerable raw material suit- °!4, historically probably thousands. Only" Ht TT Tiana HUMINT FN > lll able for the manufacture of high grades of this year ruins of the Cliff dwellings of a — Co il p a ny lnc paper. The cores of many kinds of veneer PT -historic race have been discovered in ’ . logs, now used in a large part for fuel, almost inaccessible places in the canyor 52 Vanderbilt Avenue would make excellent pulpwood. In addi- walls, The Mormon pionetrs WEES the firs tion,.a large part of the clippings and of our time to discover the region, ent New York City small veneer waste, which amount to one- ‘8 1858. In 1861, Brigham Young vi ed the region and named the canyon Little ~ Zion. Captain C. E. Dutton, the cele- ~ brated geologist, wrote, “No wonder the a Bleached, Easy Bleaching, pepe THE EERE went whose waste ferce Mormon zealot who named ate has papermaking possibilities are red gum, reminded of the Great Zion on which his Unbleached Sulphites, yellow poplar, cottonwood, birch, tupelo, fervent thoughts were bent, of houses not ~ basswood and beech. Many veneer fac- pyilt with hands, eternal in the heavens.” fifth of the total ‘veneer’ cut, probably could be turned into pulp stock with profit. Spruce and Poplar tories cutting these species are already Major Powell, noted explorer of the Grand within shipping distance of pulp’ mills. In Canyon, visited the region in 1870. Cap- H Ground Wood Pulp certain other cases, veneer factories are tain Dutton studied it several years later, ~ so grouped that they might furnish pulp However, until the coming of the rail- wood enough to warrant the erection o” toad and the motor road, few persons had © DOMESTIC EXPORT a centrally-located mill; Other economic ever seen the region. Elevated to park- — factors being favorable, such a mill could hood, Zion has come into its own. rags AMERICAN FORESTRY 763 More strokes per minute. More logs per day. Fewer trips to the filer. Less strain on the back and arm muscles. This is a simple explanation of the enormous demand for Disston Cross Cut Saws HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. General Offices: Philadelphia, U. S. A. DISSTON a "S35 PHILADELPHIA newer a Actual Makers of High Grade Printing Papers With and Without a Coated Surface NEW YORK ROCHESTER BALTIMORE BOSTON & u 764 1337- 1339 F STREET,N.W. WASHINGTON,DS. ENGRAVERS DESIGNERS AND [ILLUSTRATORS 3 COLOR PROCESS WORK ELECTROTYPES SUPERIOR QUALITY & SERVICE Phone Main 8274 Established 1905 STERLING LUMBER CO. GULF RED CYPRESS Long Leaf Yellow Pine, West Coast Products. Write Us. Finance Building, Philadelphia Fourdrinier Wires Save money by using our .durable fourdrinier wires. We supply them in éither brass or phosphor bronze in meshes from No. 50 to IIo. These wires will give you greater service, save you money and cause you less worries. Let us convince you of these facts. JOS. O’NEILL WIRE WORKS Port Chester, N. Y. ESTABLISHED 1906 Pant 3) (Prorser 4 ieee AMERICAN FORESTRY STATE NEWS ALASKA Tn the turning to Alaska on the part of pulp and paper manufacturers seek- ing a new source of pulp wood will not only hasten the development of the terri- tory but will greatly stimulate timber saie business on the two National Forests lo- cated in Alaska is the belief of United States Forest Service officials, as expresséd in a recent bulletin sent out by the Service from its Alaskan station. The official rec- ords show. that during the past 15 years more than 444 million feet of timber has been sold from the Alaskan National For- ° ests. Including the fiscal year ended last June, a total of $178,918.98 has been re- | ceived by the territory from forest business on the two National Forests since the Forests were established. Twenty-five per cent of this money may be used for road and school purposes. An increase in these funds which would come from increased forest business, will be of great benefit in the development of the territory. "THE $26,730.37 which has-come to Alaska. from the receipts from forest business on | the Chugach and Tongass National Forests for.the fiscal year ended June 30 makes a total amount of $178,918.98 received by the _ territory from this source since the forests were established, according to figures just furnished by Forest officials. This money, 25 per cent of the total re- ceipts from National Forest business, goes into the road and school funds of the coun- ties in which the forests are located; but in the case of Alaska, which has no coun- ties, the funds may be used for road or school purposes by the territory in any part of Alaska. That the turning to Alaska on the part of pulp and paper manufacturers seeking a new source of pulp wood. will not~only hasten the development of the territory, but will greatly stimulate timber sale busi- ness on the two National Forests located in Alaska is the belief of the Forest officials. The official records show that during the past fifteen years over 444 million feet, board measure, of timber has been sold from the Alaskan National Forests. In- ‘creased forest business will return to the territory more money for roads and schools, and these annual payments constitute one of the continuous benefits assured Alaska by the location of National Forests within her boundaries. , KENTUCKY C. HANNA, State Commissioner of * Agriculture, who has recently come in charge of the Forestry Department, has announced that several kinds of trees may be had free from the State nurseries for the digging and removing. If any wishes to have trees shipped to hi may receive them by paying the actual ping and wrapping costs. This is a opportunity for Kentuckians to beautiful trees for their roadways lawns. ; The following species of trees are fered: White maple, sugar maple, bi dogwood, redbud, elm, white oak, oak, walnut, wild cherry, willow, ca locust, cherry oak,. pine, tulip poplar. one desiring information concernin trees may write to W. C. Hanna, Co sioner of Agriculture, Frankfort. : MICHIGAN ‘ MICHIGAN'S ninth forest presery Lake Michigan State Forest, in Emmet County—was formally o October 1, according to Marcus S state forester. This tract is loca Cecil Bay, seven miles from Carp and comprises 3,000 acres. Mr. whose headquarters are at Gray! now searching for a practical wo to take charge of the preserve. The is resuming its pre-war policy th of opening two new preserves ai The other preserve to be establish year is a 9,000-acre tract in Montmo County. The state now has 600,000 in its preserves. NEW YORK TMHE New York State Forestry As tion is planning a big forestry d which is to be held at the Waldorf-. in New York City on December 1 large, enthusiastic gathering is e: and “A Guide to Action” is to be the ¢ eral subject of discussion, for it is ed that the dinner will develop suggesti to be followed later in the formula’ the Association’s legislative program brought before the coming session o Legislature. The organization’s slog “New York’s Forests—A Heritage a Hope” is inspiring, as indicating th thusiastic spirit behind the enterprise. FOREST FIRE LOSSES DURING N° loss.of timber or equipment has red in the territory comprising s million acres protected by 66 wardens tained by the Western Forestry and C servation Association, and in general forest fire loss in the Northwest has be less this year than last. Washingto: had 754 fires in 1920 against 847 in and lost less than 42,000,000 feet of tim! compared to 60,000,000 feet last year the 754 fires, 120 were due to campers, 7 to lighting, 60 to cigarettes. There ha been an unusual number of lightn fires in Oregon this year but less loss th last year. The same is true of Mon and of other western states. | ‘| | 4 i} | AMERICAN FORESTRY LOUISIANA CENTRAL LUMBER LOUISIANA LONG LEAF LUMBER COMPANY COMPANY Clarks and Standard, La. Fisher and Victoria, La. FOREST LUMBER COMPANY Oakdale, La. LOUISIANA SAWMILL WHITE-GRANDIN LUMBER COMPANY, INC. COMPANY, INC. Glenmora, La. Slagle, La. | Long and Short Leaf Yellow Pine yard stock. Long leaf timbers and car material a ihre LONG AND SHORT LEAF YELLOW PINE MISS@#8RI LUMBER & BAND EXCHANGE**GOMPANY R. A. LONG BUILDING KANSAS CITY, MO. Do You Know That: Fully a third of the people of the Southern States are directly or indirectly engaged in the production of Southern Pine lumber. Five hundred thriving prosperous communities are” maintained entirely by the sawmills producing Southern Pine lumber. SOUTHERN PINE ASSOCIA TION NEW ORLEANS, LA. 766 AMERICAN FORESTRY — ware ee FOREST SCHOOL NOTES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA A GENERAL study of fire damage to forest land in California has been con- ducted during the last six months under the auspices of a committee representing all of the forest interests of the state. Professor Donald Bruce, the University representative, reports that definite prog- ress has been made towards a knowledge of the fundamentals of the fire problem in California as a result of trips taken by the members of the committee to investigate burned-over areas in the pine region. The committee at its first meeting went unanimously on record in favor of keeping all fires out of forests during the dry sea- son and announced that its objective is the formulation of a protective system that will both prevent material loss to mature timber and result in a minimum of damage to the productive capacity of forest soil at a minimum expense. Toward that end, it proposes to analyze and weigh all exist- ing evidence on the following points: Effect of fire on mature timber. Effect of fire on young timber and on its rate of growth. The value of advance reproduction. The damage to timber by insects and the effect of fire thereon. The cost of protective measures. Another co-operative project of great in- terest is the one in connection with the proposed Redwood. Park. A committee consisting of representatives from the For- est Service, the State Board of Forestry and the Forest School is to investigate and report on the lands in the coast redwood region most suitable for inclusion in a national Redwood Park. The Save the Redwoods League and the National Park Service have requested that this examina- tion be made in the near future. Professor Woodbridge Metcalf is the Forest School representative on this committee. : COLORADO AGRICULTURAL § COL- LEGE, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY [THE new ranger course in the Colorado Agriculture College has been introduced this fall with seven.students entering, The ‘course is of high school grade under the administration of the Preparatory depart- ment of the college. The object is to fit men to be forest rangers or as woods foremen. The stu- dents may enter college and take the pro- fessional forestry course, or agriculture, upon completion of their three year’ pre- at Syracuse has been asked by th paratory course and one extra preparation. But the majority of s in the preparatory department come | rural districts, take elementary co chiefly in agriculture, and return | farm at completion of the course. Those taking the ranger course ¥ trained in agriculture as a major a forestry as a minor, since at pres ranger usually graduates from f into ranching after some years of on the National Forests. The prep for forestry work offered in the Agriculture should yield fine result facilities for this instruction in the © rado Agricultural College are exce NEW YORK STATE COLLEG FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE THE United States Forest Ser need for 2,500 forest rangers and the United States Board of Vi Education has been asked to supply service as many partially disabled as are fitted for this rigorous out work, particularly those who, hay gassed, need out door air if they regain their strength. The New York State College of Fo re BECOME A MEMBER Any person may become a member of the American Forestry. Associatio: a upon application and payment of dues. PLANT TREES PROTECT FORESTS USE FORESTS This is the only Popular National Magazine de- voted to trees and forests and the use of wood. FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— American Forestry Association 1214 SIXTEENTH STREET N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- ciation and enclose check for $ INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP Subscribing Membership, per year. $ 4.00 Contributing Membership, per year 10.00 Sustaining Membership, per year 25.00 Life Membership (no other dues) 100.00 Annual Membership. 1.00 Nawne't2 a ae Street City “any good typewriter. i ee See peer) eee rat. (ees te AMERICAN FORESTRY p> J—It is durable-- -- -- 2—It is speedy - -- - 3—It does beautiful work 4—It is noiseless -- -- HREE of the four reasons given _above might be called common to But the fourth is exclusively a Noiseless feature. It is the feature that sets this wonder machine above and apart from any other and makes it indeed “The Type- writer Plus.”’. After all, in these days of progress, why should any one buy a noisy typewriter ? Sometimes a business man will say that he realizes the value of The Noise- less Typewriter but his only question is—* Will it stand up”? In answer, we need but point to the _ thousands of machines that have been in constant daily use for four, five and six years! And to the list of users! Reasons No. 2 and No. 3 are quite easily demonstrated. As a matter of THE SNOISELESS TYPEWRITER COMPANY fact, stenographers who use The Noise- less Typewriter will tell you that they can do more work and better work on it than on any other machine they have ever used. The Noiseless Typewriter brings you all the speed and efficiency of the ordi- nary typewriter and something more— the blessedness of quiet. And it is on exactly that basis that we commend it to your attention. As we have frequently stated, a fifteen-minute demonstration will tell you more about its value to you—to your nerves—to your stenographer— and to your business, than we could write in ten pages. Our representatives stand. ready to make that demonstration at any time that suits your convenience. 253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Sales Offices in Leading Cities of Send for Illustrated Booklet—* THE TYPEWRITER PLUS” the United States and Canada 767 - Four Reasons Why You Should Buy The N Sac less Typewriter fF 768 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will gladly print free of charge in this column advertisements of for- esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, discharged or about to be discharged from military service, who want positions, or of persons having employment to offer such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. POSITIONS WANTED WANTED—Position as Forester and Land Agent. Technically trained forester, 35 years old. Practical experience along all lines included under the duties of the above positions. For- mer Captain, Field Artillery. Address Box 840, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. A FORESTRY graduate with several years ex- perience in forest work and at present em- loyed along technical and administrative ines desires responsible position with private concern operating in and outside the United States. ddress Box 870, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. RECENTLY discharged from U. S. Army, young man wants position with a firm who has use for a lumber tallyman and inspector. Has a good education, 11 years’ practical experience in lum- ber and can furnish good references. Address Box 880, care of American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. GRADUATE of the Ranger Course of the Lin- coln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, wishes to secure work as a forest ranger or guard. Twenty-four years old. Address Box 965, care American Forestry, Washington, D. C. (11-1-21) POSITION wanted by technically trained For- ester. Have had fourteen years experience along forestry lines, over five years on the National Forests in timber sale, silvicultural and administrative work; three years experi- ence in city forestry, tree sur, ’ and landscape work. Forester for the Nor ore Park Dis- trict of ean i City forestry and landscape work preferred, but will be glad to consider other lines. Can furnish the best of reference. Address Box 600, Care American Forestry Magazine, Washington, D. C. POSITIONS OPEN WANTED an Assistant City Forester, must have had some technical training and sufficient prac- tical experience to direct the work in a city of 150,000. Answering. give all information necessary for immediate consideration of ap- plication. Box 970, American Forestry Magazine. WANTED—Two technically trained foresters. One as Assistant Forester for technical work with headquarters at Trenton, New Jersey, and one as Division Firewarden with headquarters in northern part of State. Firewarden to own and operate automobile for which liberal ‘mileage charge is paid. Salary to start $1,500 and field expenses. If unwilling to apply at this figure submit applications stating minimum salary. ddress Department of Conservation and Devel- opment, C. P. Wilber, State Firewarden, State ouse, Trenton, New Jersey. POSITION OPEN in one of the fastest growing cities of the South West for a trained City Forester. State age, salary expected. Answer in own handwriting. Box 3000, American Forestry Magazine. WANTED—An assistant forester. Good place of- fered for a recent graduate who would like to get in business for himself in an excellent lo- sation. Address Box 920, American Forestry Macazine. (8-10/20) AMERICAN FORESTRY School of Forestry UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO Four Year Course, with op- portunity to specialize in General Forestry, Log- ging Engineering, and Forest Grazing. Forest Ranger Course of high school grade, cover- ing three years of five months each. Special Short Course cover- ing twelve weeks design- ed for those who cannot take the time for the fuller courses. Correspondence Course in Lumber and Its Uses. No tuition, and otherwise ex- penses are the lowest. For Further Particulars Address Dean, School of Forestry University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho tional education board to assist in training large numbers of these men, both in sec- ondary and collegiate courses. The trustees of the college have author- ized courses for these men, both at the col- lege at Syracuse, and at the state ranger school at Wanakena, a school giving sec- ondary forestry education, but this assist- ance, to the soldier is contingent upon the approval of the state legislature of a build- ing program to house the men in the woods at Wanakena. CONFERENCE ON FORESTRY EDUCATION N. important conference on education in "~~ forestry will be held in New Haven on Dicember 17 and 18 of the present year. The work of the conference will take the form of reports from a number of com- mittees, each reporting on a certain phase of the subject. The entire subject will be covered by the various committees who are now working on their reports. All fores- ters and employers of foresters interested in this subject and who can arrange to do so, should attend the conference and parti- cipate in its activities. FIGHTING THE BLISTER RUST Fy XPERIMENTS in the warfare against the white pine blister rust, which are being carried on both in the east and in the central west, begin to point the way to better methods of attack. Such is the report of E..G. Cheyney, head of the for- the ribes crew of plants should estry division of the Department of culture, University of Minnesota. The white pine blister rust, like the bl stem rust of wheat, is kept alive and sprea by a plant ally of the disease. The gro of plants aiding the blister rust is kno’ as ribes and is made up of the vario species of currants and gooseberries. Spor from diseased pines cannot carry to o' pines and infect them. The spores n first find lodgment on a currant or go berry bush and there develop a new sp 0 This: may then be carried to pine trees infect them. If, therefore, the ribes can be eradicated or greatly reduced, danger to the pine areas will be remove or at least greatly reduced. Wa Understanding this situation, Mr. Cheyne: began at Rush Lake, Minnesota, a series Qf eradication investigations. In the cours of these investigations in 1919, he uncove the important fact that instead of pu up the ribes, plants, the best method sec ed to be to grub them out. The re was, that in the work of eradication it found that neither from pulled nor bed plants did there spring any root sp except where the root ends were exp to the light. The inference from this that the cutting off of the roots would s to be more effective than pulling, for on nary care would prevent leaving pieces crown in grubbing, while only extraord care could prevent the leaving of root ends after pulling. It is believed t the discovery of this fact will simplify, some extent at least, the problem of era cation. nr If, then, a high degree of efficiency i eradication can be maintained, the sprouting can be eliminated by impro methods, “the reduced leaf surface give a large measure of protection to w pine, if not complete exemption, from disease.” OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLL PROFESSOR W. J. CHAMBERLI of the Department of Entomolc Oregon Agricultural College, has for months been studying extent of insect festations in yellow pine and means their control. His field of operations southern Oregon. Special areas have been examined sample plots cruised in several instan and breeding experiments for paras which will prey on destructive beetles under way. Professor Chamberlin has als collected some valuable data regarding 1 tural enemies of the dendroctonus beetle Experiments looking to possibility of stroying beetles by use of electricity | being started and a demonstration on scale sufficiently extensive to indicate merits of this means of attack will sho be undertaken. Up to the present time only successful means for destroying immature beetles has been peeling burning the bark of infested trees. This i a slow and costly process. f ‘ A a ar y us y ne a SEP MOE ied he i a ee | American forests AUTHOR ISSUED TO — - —— A Picton, aera 2. SS re eae SM ee et fan i