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THE AMERICAN
wewiee CULTURISI
CONTAINING
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE PROPAGATION
-AND CULTURE OF ALL FRUITS ADAPTED
TO THE UNITED STATES
JOHN oe
First PRESIDENT OF THE FRuIT GRoweERS’ Society oF WesTERN NEw York;
Honorary MemBER oF MassacuHusetts HorticuLTuRAL SociETy ; OF PENN-
SYLVANIA Fruit Growers’ Society } WorcesTER HorrticuLTuRAL So-
c1IETY ; ASSISTANT Epiror ‘‘ Country GENTLEMAN ;”" AND FOR
Tuirty YEARS A PractricaL NURSERYMAN.
Twentieth Edition, Revised and Enlarged
BY
WILLIAM H. S. WOOD
ILLUSTRATED WITH NEARLV EIGHT HUNDRED
ACCURATE FIGURES
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NEW YORK one L312 oN
WILLIAM WOOD AND’ COMPANY
1897
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4 : CopryriGur 1875, 1885, 1897,
By WILEIAM H. S. WOOD. —
PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION.
THE first edition of the “ Fruit Culturist,” the basis of the
present work, was written more than thirty years ago, anda
year before the appearance of Downing’s first edition of the
“Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America.” It was subsequently
much enlarged through several revised editions. The rapid
progress made of late years in the culture of fruit has required
a still further revision, and the work is now brought down to
the present date. Being intended as a guide tothe practical
cultivator, its object is to furnish useful directions in the man-
agement of the nursery, fruit-garden, and orchard, and to as-
sist in the selection of the best varieties for cultivation. It
aims to give full descriptions only of valuable and promising
fruits suited to the country at large, or which may have been
popular in certain districts. Many sorts, however, which are
less known, or whose position or value is undetermined, and
several excellent new varieties, will be found noticed in the
general “Descriptive List and Index,” where their leading
characteristics are briefly described.
As some confusion would result from a promiscuous assem-
blage of all the different varieties, a systematic classification
has been adopted for the principal fruits. By placing them
under separate and characteristic heads, the cultivator is ena-
bled to distinguish and remember each sort with more readi-
ness than where all are thrown indiscriminately together.
The names of those varieties which have been proved of the
greatest general value, or which have received a large vote in
their favor, either in particular regions or throughout the
country, are distinguished by being printed in small capitals.*
One of the chief points for determining the classification is
the time of ripening; and the principal fruits are separated
* In this edition by an asterisk following the name. [Eprror.]
iv PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION.
into summer, autumn, and winter sorts. Although the pe-
riods of ripening vary several weeks in different parts of the
country, these divisions of time will be sufficiently exact for
general purposes.
The distinguishing characteristics of this work are the fol-
lowing: 1. The arrangement of the chapters. 2. The syste-
matic classification of most of the large fruits, and more espe-
cially of the apples and pears. 3. The condensed descriptions
of fruits, which have been mostly taken from the ripened spe-
cimens. 4. The copious illustrations of the various operations.
The reader will understand the comprehensive character of
the “ Descriptive List and Index” by referring to the note at
its head.
Joun J. THOMAS.
EDITOR’S PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION.
IN presenting the present edition of “ Thomas’ American
Fruit Culturist,” it seems necessary briefly to state the reasons
for the numerous changes which will be found, and also to
offer an apology for whatever shortcomings may be noticed.
Mr. Thomas was my lifelong friend, and, when the infirmities
of his later years prevented him from making the needed re-
vision himself, he requested that I should personally under-
take it. Though the cares and responsibilities of an active
business life seemed to forbid so arduous a task, congenial as
it was to an amateur for thirty years in horticultural work,
nevertheless, the great value of the book, and its probable con-
tinued usefulness to all interested in fruit-culture in America,
were so apparent, that I consented to undertake it under Mr.
Thomas’ supervision. Unfortunately, almost before it was
begun his death deprived me of the support upon which I had
so greatly calculated. The work has, therefore, been com-
pleted under disadvantages which those only who personally
knew its gifted author can appreciate.
John J. Thomas, the son of David Thomas, the chief engi-
neer in building the Erie Canal from Rochester to Buffalo,
was born at Ledyard, Cayuga County, N. Y., January 8th, 1810.
He was chiefly educated at home, and early developed an in-
tense interest in natural science, especially devoting himself
to botanical study. After some years spent with his father in
the nursery business, he established a nursery of his own in
Wayne County, and for over thirty years continued in the
business, earning a reputation which placed him in the front
rank as a practical pomologist and authority in everything
pertaining to the propagation and raising of fruits of all kinds.
He was an industrious writer, both of books and as contributor
to journals. He was an associate editor of the Country Gentile-
man, from its foundation until 1894, when failing strength
vi PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION.
prevented him from continuing his connection with that paper.
On February 22d, 1895, hedied. Mr. E. W. Lincoln, secretary
of the Worcester County (Mass.) Horticultural Society, wrote
of him: He “ was ever the peer of Barry and the Downings,
and survived them to take his proper place, unchallenged, at
the very head of the pomologists of America.”
The changes which have been made in this edition of
Thomas’ work are such only as seemed to confine its matter
strictly to the propagation and cultivation of fruits in the open
air, and to bring it in all respects fully up with our present
knowledge. The few sections which treated of raising or
ripening under glass, of preserving fruit, and the lists of such
as could be grown only in houses, have been omitted. The
selected list of fruits recommended for different parts of the
United States has also been omitted, because now the agri-
cultural experiment stations of each State afford a more re-
liable guide. The “Monthly Calendar of Work” has been
dropped, on account of its unsuitableness for every locality.
The cultivation of fruit in California and the Pacific States
is not especially treated of, there being already a voluminous
work upon this subject. *
On the other hand, numerous chapters have been added
upon subjects which have become of practical value and of
almost vital importance to the would-be successful fruit-
grower.
The chapter on “Insects and Diseases” has been greatly ex-
tended, the investigations of the past ten years having added
much to our knowledge upon these important topics.
The second section of the book, treating of the varieties of
the “ Different Kinds of Fruits,” has been very thoroughly re-
vised, and it is believed will be found to embrace practically
complete descriptions of all the acknowledged standard and
approved newer sorts; while the “ Descriptive Index,” as here-
tofore, includes also very many kinds now nearly or quite
superseded, and others which have been so recently intro-
duced that their real value is not yet established.
An entirely new chapter has been added on “ Nuts.”
The new chapter on “ Wild Fruits” closes this section.
The third section has been expressly prepared for this work
by Mr. E. H. Hart, of Florida, upon the recommendation of Mr.
PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION. Vil
P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., the veteran and learned ex-
president of the American Pomological Society. It covers all
the sub-tropical fruits which can be successfully cultivated,
save, perhaps, in the limited extreme southern part of Florida.
One of the most unsatisfactory points in connection with
illustrations of fruits, wherever found, is the uncertainty as
to the actual size of the variety represented, while it is pretty
generally understood that the engravings in nurserymen’s
catalogues are usually of abnormally large specimens, and too
often, especially with the smaller fruits, the same cut is made
to do duty in different lists for several sorts.
In this work all illustrations of fruit are from average-sized
specimens, and are life-size, unless otherwise definitely stated.
The importance of this feature in identifying varieties has
been considered so great that, in certain chapters, as, for in-
stance, that upon “ Grapes” and that on “ Strawberries,” illus-
trations have been wholly omitted, from the impossibility of
obtaining photographs in the time allowed me by the publish-
ers. In future editions, it is hoped these and other omissions
in the same line may be supplied.
I am indebted to Prof. L. H. Bailey, of the Cornell State
Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y., for the chapter on “ Spray-
ing;” to Prof. J. L. Budd, of the State Experiment Station at
Ames, Iowa, for descriptions of Russian apples, incorporated
in the chapter on that fruit; to Mr. E. H. Hart, of Federal
Point, Fla., for the entire section on “Sub-Tropical Fruits;”
to the Directors of all the experiment stations of the country
for their courtesy in sending me, as far as possible, complete
files of their publications, of which I have made copious use,
especially in the way of illustrations.
For kind permission to copy wood-cuts, I have also to thank
Prof. C. C. Georgeson, of Manhattan, Kan.; and William
Parry, of Parry, N: ‘J.
I must also acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. S. B.
Heiges, pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C., for courtesies received.
WILLIAM H. S. Woop.
New York, JANuaRy 2d, 1897.
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ostice
TABLE’ OP=CONTENTS:
PART 1.
CHAPTER I.
LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES.
PAGES
Germination—The Root—The Stem and Branches—The
Process of Growing —Flowers—Species and Varieties, . I-15
CHAPTER II.
PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES.
New Varieties by Crossing, . . A : . % « . .¥6-28
CHAPTER III.
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING, BY LAYERS AND BY CUTTINGS.
I. Cuttings—II. Layers—III. Grafting—IV. Budding—
Limits of Budding and Grafting, . , ° : - 22-48
CHAPTER IV.
SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES.
_ Manures—Situation—Enclosures—Hedges, . : : » 49-59
CHAPTER Y.
TRANSPLANTING.
Mi Laying Out Orchards—Distances for Planting Trees, . - 60-76
CHAPTER VI.
CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.
as Renovating Old Trees—When to Manure Orchards—Ar-
rangements to Facilitate Cultivation—Implements for
Tilling Orchards, . , f ; ‘4 : P . - 77-85
x TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII.
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING.
Pruning Young Trees at Transplanting—Pruning the Tops
—Proper Time for Pruning — Pruning, as Affecting
Fruitfulness—Summer Pruning—Giving Desired Form
to Trees by Pruning—Pruning Young Apple-trees—
Pyramids—Pruning Apple Orchards in Bearing—Prun-
ing the Peach—Pruning the Cherry—Pruning the Roots,
CHAPTER VIII.
IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS.
Knives and Saws—Fruit Pickers—Reel— Ladders—Syringes
—Garden Engines—Labels, . : . : : °
CHAPTER IX.
THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, AND MARKETING.
Thinning—Gathering—How to Pick Apples—Assorting and
Packing for Market—Packing Grapes for Market—Pack-
ing Strawberries and Other Small Fruits—Keeping Fruit
—Keeping Grapes, : . :
CHAPTER X.
FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY.
Plan of a Fruit Garden—How to Obtain Fruit Quickly on
New Places, . . . . :
CHAPTER XI.
MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES.
Soils—Laying Out—Shelter—Seeds and Stocks—Planting
Seeds—Cultivation—Budding and Grafting—Digging
or Lifting the Trees—Packing for Transportation,
CHAPTER XII.
INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Destructive Insects: Tent Caterpillar—Forest Tent Cater-
pillar—Yellow-necked Caterpillar—Round-headed Borer
—Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer—Apple Maggot—Apple
Worm or Coddling Moth—Aphis— Woolly Aphis—Apple-
PAGES
86-107
108-117
+ 118-135
. 136-142
» 143-155
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
root Aphis—Oyster-shell Bark Louse—Peach Worm—
Black Peach Aphis—Cherry Slug—Curculio—Rose Bug
—Currant Span Worm—Imported Currant Worm—Na-
tive Currant Worm—Grape Phylloxera—Canker Worm
—Bark Lice—San José Scale—Plum Scale—Grape-vine
Flea-beetle. Dzseases: Blight, of Pear, Apple, Quince
—Leaf-spot of Cherry—Black Knot of Plum and Cherry
—Leaf-blight of Strawberry—Yellows of Peach—Peach
Curl of the Leaf—Mildew of Peach—Powdery Mildew of
' Gooseberry ; of the Grape—Black Rot of Grape—Bitter
Rot of Apples—Black Rot of Apples—Brown Fruit Rot
of Plum and Peach; of Cherry—Rots of the Quince—
Anthracnose of Grape; of Raspberry and Blackberry—
Sun Scald—Red Rust of Raspberry and Blackberry—
Quince Rust—Apple Scab—Pear Scab—Mice and Rab-
bits; = ‘ , ; : : : : : °
CHAPTER XIII.
THE SPRAYING OF FRUIT.
History and Description—The Apparatus, Materials, and
Formulas—Spray Calendar, :
CHAPTER XIV.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUIT.
- Growth of the Tree, Shoots, and Leaves—Form of the Fruit
. 210-221
—Texture of Fruit—Flavor—Quality,
CHAPTER XV.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Act of 1887 Establishing—Extract from Act of 1895—List of
Experiment Stations, . : : : .
CHAPTER ANI.
RULES ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
FOR NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS,
xi
PAGES
- 156-193
» 194-209
233
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS,
PART II.
On the Different Kinds of Fruit.
CHAPTER XVII.
THE APPLE.
PAGES
Nursery Management — Planting Orchards — Cultivation—
Renovating and Pruning Old Orchards — Changes
Wrought by Climate and Soil—Dwarf Apples—Age at
which Apple-trees Begin to Fruit—Varieties, . 237-300
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE APRICOT.
Cultivation and Soil—Varieties, . 5 “ A 5 « 301-305
CHAPTER XIX.
THE BLACKBERRY.
Cultivation—Covering from Cold—Varieties, > : - 306-310
CHAPTER XX.
THE CHERRY.
Propagation—Soil—Dwarf Cherries—Varieties, . : - 311-327
CHAPTER XxXI.
THE CRANBERRY,
Soil and Cultivation—Setting the Plants—Flooding—Gath-
ering—Varieties, : : : : r . . 328-330
CHAPTER XXII.
THE CURRANT.
Propagation—Pruning—Varieties, ; ~ F ° + 331-337
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE GOOSEBERRY.
Propagation and Cultivation—Varieties, - - - 338-341
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE GRAPE.
PAGES
Propagation—Grafting — Training—Transplanting—Trellis
—Training on the Trellis—Modifications of Training—
Spraying Grapes—Bagging Grapes—Soil for Vineyards
—Distances for Planting—Raising Grapes from Seed—
Varieties, . - ‘ : ; F A - . » 342-370
CHAPTER XXV.
THE MULBERRY.
Propagation and Cultivation-- Varieties, - F ° + 371-373
CHAPTER XXVI.
NECTARINES.
Cultivation—Varieties, . ' : : : es + 374-376
CHAPTER XXVII.
NUTS.
Propagation — Grafting — Chestnuts — Chinquapin—Hazel.
nuts. Azckorzes: Pecans —Shellbarks. Wadnuts:
Butternuts—Black Walnut—Persian Walnut, : « 377-405
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE PEACH,
Propagation—Raising in Pots—Winter Protection—Varie-
ties, . ; é ; : - - z : c - 406-431
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE PEAR.
+ Propagation— Wintering—Budding—Dwarf Pears—Pruning
Dwarf Pears—Varieties, . - : . 3 : - 432-485
CHAPTER XXX.
PLUMS.
J- Propagation—Grafting and Budding—Cultivation—Varie-
ae be RR a) 1 . P oe 486-877
xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXI,
THE QUINCE,
PAGES
Propagation—Pruning—Varieties, : 3 ° » 518-522
CHAPTER XXXII.
THE RASPBERRY.
Propagation—Planting for Market—Propagating by Seed—
Rules for Culture—Varieties, . ; 2 - . + 523-533
CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE STRAWBERRY.
Requisites for Cultivation—Soil—Transplanting—Cultiva-
tion—Runners—Early Strawberries—Setting Out Plants
—Selection of Varieties—Staminate and Pistillate Sorts
—Varieties, - : = : ‘ < “ - » 534-546
CHAPTER XXXIV.
WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS.
Buffalo Berry—Eleagnus Longipes—Huckleberries—June
Berry—Medlars—Paw-paw, . é E ‘ - » 547-554
PART. iT,
Sub-Tropical Fruits,
CHAPTER XXXV.
CITRUS FRUITS.
The Orange: Evolution—Propagation—Budding and Graft-
ing—Transplanting—Cuttings and Layers—Soil—Ferti-
lizers—Distance of Planting — Cultivation—Pruning—
Frost—Insects—Diseases—Selection of Varieties—Vari-
eties. Zhe Lemon: Cultivation—Varieties—Marketing
the Orange and Lemon. The Cztron: Cultivation—
Varieties. The Shaddock: Description — Varieties.
The Lime: Description—Propagation—Varieties, - 557-588
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
THE BANANA.
Cultivation and Propagation, - : - . ° .
CHAPTER XXXVII.
THE DATE.
Cultivation, . 3 A ; : ‘ : F ‘
°
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE FIG.
Description—Propagation—Cultivation—Varieties,
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE GUAVA.
Description—Propagation, . ‘ : c : .
CHAPTER XL.
THE LOQUAT.
Description—Propagation, . : . : . :
CHAPTER XLI.
THE PERSIMMON.
Cultivation— Japanese Improvements—Insect Enemies—
Varieties, . ‘ - : 5 : j .
CHAPTER XLII.
THE PINEAPPLE.
Description — Cultivation — Propagation—Diseases—Varie-
ties... ‘ ‘
CHAPTER. Xn iit,
THE POMEGRANATE,
Description—Propagation—Varieties, . é 5 ° .
DeEscrieTIVE LisT AND INDEX OF FRUITS, e 3 =
GLOSSARY, : ; ‘ d A 3 ‘ -
GENERAL INDEX, . - - Fi A 5 - - -
xV
PAGES
589-590
591-593
594-600
601-602
603-604
- 605-613
. 614-624
622-623
- 625-744
- 745-750
751-758
THE AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST.
COAL PERL
LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF
TREES.
THE formation of a large tree from a minute seed is one of
the most interesting and wonderful occurrences in nature. It
is important that the fruit culturist should so understand the
process as to know what will hasten it on one hand or retard it
on the other. By understanding these principles, the neces-
sary rules will be greatly simplified, and the directions ren-
dered more clear and obvious.
GERMINATION.
The first movement of the seed towards forming a new
plant is termed germination. After the plant is formed, and
its growth is carried on through the agency of its leaves, the
process is termed vegetation ; the latter immediately following
the former.
To produce germination seeds require heat, moisture, and
air, but not light. It will be observed that these three requi-
sites are present when seeds are slightly buried in moist,
warm, mellow earth. Heat, although essential to all seeds,
varies in the degree required by different species. The chick-
weed, for instance, will vegetate nearly down to the freezing-
point; while tropical or hot-house plants often need a blood
heat. Nearly every person has seen proofs of the necessity of
moisture for the germination of seeds—indicated by the prac-
tice of watering newly-sown beds. The florist is aware that
I
2 PRINGIPLES OF THE GROWDH OF PREES.
minute seed, which cannot be planted deep, as the portulacca,
must be kept moist by a thin covering or shading. It is often
requisite to bury seeds to a considerable depth, in order to
secure a proper degree of moisture to start them. On the
other hand, they will sprout on the surface unburied, if kept
constantly showered.
The third requisite, av, is an important one. Seeds may be
kept dormant a long time by deep burying. Nurserymen
have often retained the vitality of peach-stones fora year or
two, by burying them a foot or more in compact earth. Other
seed might doubtless be kept fora time in the same way.
Planting too deep is often fatal to the success of acrop. The
seeds of noxious weeds remain many years buried beneath the
soil, until cultivation brings them up, mixes them with the
soft mellow surface, accessible to air, when they spring up in
profusion over the ground.
As a general rule, seeds germinate and grow most readily
when buried to a depth of from three to five times their
diameter, in soils of ordinary moisture.
In order to produce germination, moisture must find ready
access to the interior of the seed. It is often excluded, if the
coats have been allowed to become too dry. The thick cover-
ings of the chestnut, horse-chestnut, and many seeds of sim-
ilar character, if left a few days exposed to the air, become
so hard as to prevent it. To secure success, they must be
kept moist by imbedding them in moist sand, leaf-mould, or
moss, from the moment they separate from the tree until
planted in the earth. Apple seeds and some others, which
have been allowed to become too dry, may frequently be
started by scalding and then exposing them to the action of
the frost; and by repeating the process several times, there is
greater certainty of germinating. As the scalding and cool-
ing must be quickly done, portions not larger than two or
three pounds should be taken atatime. The object in crack-
ing peach and plum-stones before planting, is to admit air and
moisture—a process which is also hastened by subjecting
them to freezing and thawing.
The Structure of the Plant or Tree.—Al\\ plants, in the first
place, are manufactured or built up of innumerables little
cells, sacs, or cavities. These are usually not over a five-
PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 3
hundredth part of an inch in diameter, and in many plants
they are still smaller. Fig. 1 exhibits a section of the wood
of the maple cut across—presenting many thousands of these
little vessels, only visible under a good microscope. The
branch of an apple-tree, an inch in diameter, cut across, shows
about one million. This cellular structure exists throughout
the roots, stems, shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit.
The cells of plants usually vary from 1-300th to 1-500th of an
inch in diameter, and it is obvious that during vigorous
growth the plant forms them with great rapidity. A shoot of
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Fic. 1.—Cross Section of Tree Trunk.
asparagus increases the length of one cell every ten seconds;
and as its diameter embraces many thousands, from fifty to a
hunred million are formed every day. The building up of the
plant of these cells has been compared to the erection of a
house by the successive addition of bricks; but if as many
bricks were daily added to a structure, they would be enough
to make a building daily larger than the great pyramid of
Egypt, or the Coliseum at Rome. Yet every one of these
cells is as perfect and finished as the finest work of art.
THE ROooT.
The root consists of several parts (Fig. 2). The mazn root,
called also the fap root, is the large central portion, extend-
ing downward. In many plants or trees, however, it is
4 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES.
divided as growth advances, until lost in J/afera/s or side
branches. The fibres or rootlets are the small thread-like
roots proceeding from the laterals; and lastly, the smallest of
all, the new fibres are furnished with vvot-hairs, scarcely visi-
ble without a
microscope.
The . whole
striace sof
roots continue
to. abs@eb
moisture from
the. s'0 if sae
long as they
are fresh and
new; and the
newer por-
tions, near the
tips, absorb
most freely.
Old stop ts,
covered with
a hard or hor-
ny bark, imbibe almost none. ‘The root-hairs convey mois-
ture into the fibres with rapidity. Young trees, when dug
up for transplanting, have most of the fibres and root-hairs
torn from them, and they would suffer serious injury or die, »
but for the power which they possess of rapidly reproducing
them under favorable influences. ;
The collar is the point of union between the root and the
stem, but its place may be easily changed in many young
plants by banking up the stem, which will emit new roots
above. Or, a branch may be buried, as in layering grape-
vines, honeysuckles, gooseberries, and many other woody
plants. Small portions of roots attached to a graft will often
produce a new plant; this is especially the case with the
grape and rose, which are extensively propagated in this way;
and also in some degree with the apple, of which, however,
when thus root-grafted, larger portions should be employed of
the roots of one-year, or at most two-year, seedlings.
=
Fig. 2.—Root System of Two-year-old Apple.
PNiGte erie Ol THE “GROW Tit OF) TREE S- 5
THE STEM AND BRANCHES.
As roots are annual, biennial, or perennial, as they continue
living ove, two, or more seasons ; so the stem is herbaceous or
woody, as it grows only one year or more—in the latter in-
stance hardening into wood. Woody plants, when small, are
called shrubs, as the rose, gooseberry, and currant. When
large, they are trees, as the apple, pine, and oak. A dwarf
apple, made small by budding any common variety on the
small Paradise stock, becomes a shrub. Suckers are branches
springing up from underground stems; some times they come
from mutilated roots. Runners are creeping stems, which
strike roots at the tips and form leaves there, as in the straw-
berry. A single strawberry plant will in this way produce a
hundred new ones or more in a summer; and by care ten
thousand by the end of the second year, a million the third,
and so on.
Stated in general terms the stems or trunks of hard wood
trees (dicotyledons) are formnd of bark, cambium layer, wood,
and pith. The outer bark on some trees gradually forms into
a thick, hard, corky substance, termed cortical /ayers, but while
young itis the green bark of growing shoots. The inner layer
of bark, next the cambium, is called the bast layer or “ber,
from the resemblance of the concentric plates of which it is
formed to the leaves of a book.
The cambium layer is the active, cellular agent in the
growth of the tree; through it the sap more freely circulates.
From its inner surface is produced the growth of wood, and
from its outer the bark is formed. Thus the newest bark is
inside, and the newest wood outside.
Wood.—The outer wood, which is the youngest and freshest,
is called the alburnum or sap-wood. The heart-wood is the
older, harder, and usually more dried portion; and it bears
the same relation to the sap-wood as the cortical layers do
to the liber.
The Zth, in young plants, performs a useful office by re-
taining moisture; but in old trees it becomes dry, shrivelled,
and useless, and trees grow as well where it has been cut out.
Lranches.—These consist of main branches, or limbs; second-
ary or smaller branches; and shoots, or the extremities, being
one year’s growth. TZzorns are a modification of branches,
6 PRIN CIPEES (OF “THE iGROW 1A SOL UBLLES.
and are sometimes simple, as in the common thorn, or
branched, as in the honey-locust. Ungrafted pear-trees often
present all the intermediate forms between perfect branches
and perfect thorns. Prickles grow only from the bark, and
when the bark is stripped off they are all taken off with it;
but thorns remain attached to the wood.
Buds are of two kinds, leaf and fower. The former grow
into branches, the latter produce fruit. To distinguish these
buds is of great importance to the cultivator of fruit-trees.
Fig. 3 represents a portion of the branch of a pear-tree;
b, 6, 6 are flower or fruit-
buds on the extremities of
short spurs termed fruit-
spurs, and ¢ is a leaf-bud on
a one-year’s shoot. Fig. 4
exhibits these two kinds of
buds as seen on the cherry,
6, 6, being the round fruit-
buds, and ¢,¢, the sharper
leaf-buds.
Causes of this Difference.—
When young trees grow
rapidly, all their buds are
leaf-buds; when they be-
come older and grow more
feebly, many of them be-
come flower or fruit buds.
One is the result of rapid and the other of slow growth. Check
the growth of a young tree by transplanting it, or by root-
pruning, or by neglecting cultivation, or allowing it to grow
_ with grass, and many fruit-buds will be found upon it, and it
will bear early. But as the growth is unnaturally enfeebled,
the fruit is not always of the best quality. The natural di-
minution of vigor from increased age furnishes better fruit.
Fruit-buds are likewise produced by checking the free flow of
the sap in grafting on dissimilar stocks; as, for example, the
pear on the quince, producing dwarf pear-trees. The fruit-
spurs shown by 4, Fig. 3, are nothing more than stunted
shoots, originally produced from leaf-buds, but which, mak-
ing little growth, have become fruit-bearers. The vigorous,
one-year shoot of the cherry, Fig. 4, is mostly supplied with
Leaf and Flower Buds. 42, 4, Flower-
buds ; ¢, c, leaf-buds.
PRINCIPLES OF ALLE, CROW TE -OF TREES, ii
leaf-buds, but the short spurs on the second year’s wood,
which are but dwarfed branches, are covered with fruit-buds,
with only a leaf-bud in the centre.
It is not, however, always the slowest-growing kinds of
fruit-trees that bear soonest. There appears to be a constitu-
tional peculiarity, with different sorts, that controls the time
of beginning to bear. The Bartlett, Julienne, and Howell
pears, vigorous growers, bear much sooner than the Dix and
Tyson, which are less vigorous.
By pruning away a part of the leaf-buds the fruitfulness of a
tree may be increased; and by pruning away the fruit-spurs,
bearing may be prevented, and more vigor thrown into the
shoots.
Buds are /ateral, when on the side of a shoot; and ¢erminal,
when on the end. Terminal buds are nearly always leaf-buds,
and, usually being larger and stronger than others, make
stronger shoots. All buds are originally formed as leaf-buds,
but the more feeble are generally changed to fruit-buds.
Now, it happens that on many kinds of trees the feebler buds
are on the lower parts of shoots (by /ower is meant furthest
from the tip), and these consequently often change to fruit-
buds. This change in some kinds of trees, as cherry and
plum, takes place the year after they are formed; and in
others the same year, as, for instance, in the peach and apri-
cot. This transformation is a very curious process, and is
effected by the embryo leaves changing to the organs of the
flowers. A contrary change of stamens to flower-leaves pro-
duces double flowers.
Latent Buds.—Only a small proportion of all the buds
formed grow the second year; the rest remain dormant or
latent for years, and are made to grow and produce shoots
only when the others are destroyed.
Adventitious Buds are produced by some trees irregularly
anywhere on the surface of the wood, especially where it has
been mutilated or injured; and they form on the roots of some
trees which are cut or wounded. In these cases such trees
may be usually propagated by cuttings of the roots.
Leaves.—These are commonly made up of two principal
parts, viz., the framework, consisting of the leaf-stalk, ribs,
and veins, for strengthening the leaf, and supplying it with
sap; and the green pulp, which fills the meshes or interstices.
8 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROW TH OF TREES.
The whole is covered with a thin skin or epidermis. The
green pulp consists of cells of various forms, with many air
spaces between. The cells are commonly placed very com-
pactly together on the upper side of the leaf, and more loosely,
or with air-spaces, on the lower side—hence the reason that
leaves are usually lighter-
colored below. Fig. 5 is
a highly magnified sec-
tion of a leaf, showing the
green cells, air-spaces,
and epidermis above and
below. Leaves have also
breathing pores, through
which moisture and air
are absorbed, and vapor
given off. They are so
small as to require a good
microscope to discover
them; and they vary in
different plants from 1,000
to 170,000 on a square inch of surface. The apple and pear
have about 25,000 or 30,000, and the white lily about 60,000 to
thesquareinch. They are most-
ly on the lower side of the leaf.
Fig. 6 represents the pores on
an apple-leaf. Leaves are a con-
trivance for increasing the sur-
face exposed to the air and sun.
Professor Gray says the Wash-
ington elm at Cambridge was
estimated to bear “seven million
leaves, exposing a surface of
200,000 square feet, or about five
acres of foliage.” A common
fully grown apple-tree has from
three to five hundred thousand leaves, and the breathing
pores they all contain must be more than a thousand million.
FIG. 5.
THE PROCESS OF GROWING.
Water is absorbed by the roots, and undergoes a very slight
change; matter from the cells of the root is added (as sugar,
PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 9
in the maple), and it is then denominated sag. It passes from
cell to cell upward, through the sap-wood, until it reaches
the leaves. The cells being separate, and not continuous
tubes, it is conveyed from one to another through a great
number of partitions; in the basswood, for example, which
has very long cells, it passes about 2,000 partitions in rising a
foot.
When the sap enters the leaf, it emerges from the dark cells
through which it has been passing, and is spread out to the
light of the sun. A large portion is evaporated through the
breathing pores, and it becomes thickened. The carbonic
acid of the air, and the small portion of the same acid which
the sap contained before it entered the roots, now forms a
combination with the oxygen and hydrogen of the sap, and
produces the triple compound of oxygen, hydrogen, and car-
bon, which constitutes woody fibre—the oxygen of the car-
bonic acid.escaping. This escape of oxygen may be seen by
placing leaves under water in the sunshine. Innumerable lit-
tle bubbles of oxygen form on the surface of the leaves, and
give them a silvery appearance. If continued, air-bubbles
rise in the water, and if a glass tumbler full of water is in-
verted over them, pure oxygen in small quantities may be
procured. NEALE
the small fibres. In the fol- “ati beg) oe Bet
lowing figure, a indicates [ 4 a zu
the trunk of the tree; 0 the ot ee
circle of roots cut off with ey aS 4 Ay
the spade in a hasty re- ? oe ay ‘3
moval; and without this 4) ~ S
circle, the rest of the roots ERS A
which are left in the earth
(Fig. 102). The same isshown by the dotted lines in Fig. 100.
In ordinary or even very careful practice, a part of this wide
network of fibres must necessarily be separated from the tree.
It is evident then, that the usual supplies of sap to the leaves
must be in part cut off. Now the leaves are constantly (dur-
ing day) throwing off insensible moisture into the air; and
good-sized trees thus give off daily many pounds. Reduce
the supply from below, and the leaves cannot flourish; and
if the reduction is severe, the tree withers and dies.
The remedy consists in lessening the number of leaves, so
as to correspond with the diminished supply. This may be
done by shortening back every shoot of the previous year to
one-quarter of its length, and in extreme cases every shoot
may be shortened back to one strong bud, just above the pre-
vious year’s wood. Cutting off large branches at random
often quite spoils the shape. Fig. 103 represents an un-
5
66 TRANSPLANTING.
pruned tree, and Fig. 105 the same with the shoots shortened
back.
Where peach and other trees have been once a year trimmed
up to a single stem, while in the nur-
sery, the mode of shortening is shown
by Figs. 105 and 106.
A few experiments only are needed
to convince any one of the advantages
of thus cutting in the shoots. Some
years ago an orchardist carefully
transplanted one hundred and eighty
apple-trees into good mellow soil.
The roots had been cut rather short
in digging. One-half had their tops
shortened back, so as to leave only one
bud of the previous season’s wood;
the heads of the
other half were
suffered to remain
untouched. The
season proved fa-
vorable. Of the
ninety which had
their heads
pruned, only fwo
died, and nearly
all made fine
shoots, many be-
ing eighteen
inches long. Of
the ninety un-
pruned, ezg/t died;
FIG. 103.—Three-Year-Old
Pear-Tree.
most of them made but little growth, and
none more than six inches. Both the first
=f =S—- and second year, the deep green and lux-
FIG. 104.—Pear-Tree uriant foliage of the pruned trees afforded
Pruned.
a strong contrast with the paler and more
feeble appearance of the others. A similar experiment was
made with seventy-eight peach-trees, of large size, three years’
growth from the bud. One-half were headed back ; the rest were
TRANSPLANTING. 67
unpruned. Theseason was rather dry, and /we/ve of the thirty-
nine unpruned trees perished; and only ove of those which
were headed back. The unpruned which survived lost parts
or the whole of the upper portions of
their branches; the pruned made fine
bushy heads of new shoots. In another
instance, trees only one year’s growth
j from the bud, transplanted in the
\ NZ usual manner unpruned, were placed
side by side with others of four years’
}) growth, and with trunks an inch anda
| half in diameter, the heads being
V/ pruned to one quarter their size. The
\ growth of the former was feeble; the
large trees, with
pruned heads,
N grew vigorously.
" The degree. to
which this short-
ening should be
carried must de-
pend much on cli-
mate. Inthe cool,
moist atmosphere
of England, the
leaves perspire
less, and a larger
number may re-
main without ex-
hausting the sup-
ply from the roots.
In this country the perspiration is more
rapid, and fewer leaves can be fed, until _ oe
new roots furnish increased supplies. Sete oe
Cutting back after the buds have swol- FIG. 106.—Peach-Tree,
len, or the leaves expanded, seriously on om
checks growth, and should never be performed except on
very small trees, or on such as the peach, which quickly re-
produce new shoots.
Trees which quickly reproduce new shoots, as the peach,
Fic. 105.—Yearling Peach-
Tree.
68 TRANSPLANTING.
may be more closely shortened back than others having a less
reproductive power, as the apple. The cherry throws out a
new growth still more reluctantly, and hence more care is
needed in digging up the roots entire.
Preparing the roots.—Before a tree is set in the earth, all the
bruised or wounded parts, where cut with the spade, should be
pared off smoothly, to prevent decay, and to enable them to
heal over by granulations during the growth of the tree.
Then dip them in a bed of mud, which will coat every part
over evenly, and leave no portion in contact with air, which
accidently might not be reached by the earth in filling the
hole. The bed of mud is quickly made by pouring into a
hole a pail of water, and mixing it with the soil.
Setting the tree.—-It should not be set deeper than it stood
before removal. Setting it upon the surface of the ground
without any hole, and placing a bed of fine earth upon the
roots to the usual depth, is preferable, and on shallow or un-
prepared soils, or such as are quite clayey and rather wet, has
been quite successful. When placed in the unfilled hole, if it
is found to be too deeply sunk, a mound or hillock is to be
made under the centre to raise it sufficiently, and the roots
separated and extended to their fulllength. Fine rich mould
is then to be sprinkled or sifted over, taking care to fill all the
interstices, and using the fingers to spread out all the fibres
during the operation. The mellow earth should rise two or
three inches above the surrounding surface, to allow for its
subsequent settling.
Stiffening against the winds.—Newly-planted trees, being
acted on as levers by the wind, often press aside the earth
about their stems, and make an opening down to the roots,
which in consequence suffer from both drouth and disturb-
ance. There are two ways to prevent this disaster. In au-
tumn transplanting, the best way is to embank a mound of
earth about the stems, from ten to eighteen inches high, as
the size of the tree may require, Fig. 107. This mound per-
forms the triple office of stiffening the tree, excluding mice,
and covering the roots from frost. Only a few seconds are re-
quired to throw up one of these conical heaps of earth. After
the tree commences growing, the mounds are removed.
Trees which have had their heads lightened by the shorten-
TRANSPLANTING. 69
ing process already described will not often need any other
protection.
But when the trees are large, or the situation is windy, staking
becomes necessary. If driven before the roots are covered, the
stakes may be erect, as in Fig. 108; if driven afterward, they
~~
BiG, x07. . Fic. 108, FIG. 109.
Transplanting Trees on the Surface.
may be slanting; andin both cases straw bands should be first
wrapped once round, to prevent the trees from chafing.
The accompanying figure (109) shows the mode in which the
stake is driven into the bottom of the hole before filling in.
* Transplanting trees on the surface.—On another page the ad-
vantages are pointed out of sometimes setting trees on the sur-
face of the soil. This mode
of transplanting is undoubted-
ly the best on all heavy soils
that cannot be thoroughly
drained. The annexed figure
(110) exhibits distinctly this
mode of planting, the dotted
line indicating the common
surface of the earth, on which
SSS the tree is set, and the low
(i SO eran mound raised upon the roots.
This not only gives the roots
a deeper soil, but prevents the later from settling among
them. By throwing the furrows occasionally toward the
rows, the raised surface will be maintained, and a furrow left
between for drainage.
7° TRANSPLANTING.
Watering.—A very common error is the belief that trees
need frequent watering before they are in leaf. Deluging the
roots while in a partially dormant state is as hurtful to trees
as to greenhouse plants, and a continued repetition of it is
almost certain death. Whena plant isina state of rapid vege-
tation, large quantities of moisture are drawn up by the leaves
and thrown off; but while the buds are unexpanded, the amount
consumed is very small. Fruit-trees sometimes remain with
fresh and green branches, but with unswollen buds, till mid-
summer. Instead of watering such at the roots, let the tops
be wet daily at evening, and it will in nearly all cases bring
them into active growth. When the tree is much shrivelled,
wrapping it loosely in straw, or better in moss, and keeping
the whole in a damp state, will in most cases restore it.
After the leaves are expanded, a more copious application
of water becomes useful; but it should never be performed,
as so frequently done, by flooding the tree at one time and
allowing it to dry at another; or by pouring the water on
the surface, which it hardens, and never reaches the roots.
Keeping the soil finely pulverized, and, if necessary, with
an additional shading of hay or straw thickly spread over
the surface, will preserve a sufficient and uniform degree of
moisture.
Watering the roots, even of fast-growing trees, will rarely
become needful if the soil is deep and is kept mellow. But
whenever it is performed, the surface earth should be thrown
off, the water poured in, and the earth replaced. This will
admit the water at once to the roots, and leave the surface
mellow; while by watering the top of the ground, the water
will perhaps fail to reach the dry soil below, but only serve to
harden and bake the surface.
Mulching, or covering the ground about a tree with straw,
coarse barnyard litter, or, what is still better, leaves from the .
woods, will in nearly all cases obviate the necessity of water-
ing. Itisan excellent protection against midsummer drouths,
which so often prove detructive to newly transplanted trees
after they have appeared in leaf, and is a good substitute for
mellow culture in places where good cultivation cannot be
given. It should never be omitted for newly set cherry-trees.
A correspondent of the Horticulturist mulched fifty trees out
TRANSPLANTING. 71
of one hundred and fifty, all of which had commenced growth
alike. Those which were mulched all lived. Of the hundred
not mulched, fifteen perished. The weather was hot and dry
at midsummer.
Trees recetved froma distance, and injured by drying, should
immediately have their roots coated by immersion in a bed of
mud; and then the whole stems and branches buried in moder-
ately moist earth fora few days. They will gradually absorb
moisture, through the pores in the bark, and resume their fresh-
ness. Plunging into water, as sometimes practised, is more
liable to induce decay by water-soaking.
Season for Transplanting.—Trees may be removed from the
soil at any time between the cessation of growth in autumn
and the swelling of the buds the following spring. The oper-
ation may be performed first in autumn with those which drop
their leaves soonest; but any tree, when not growing, may, by
stripping its leaves, be removed safely. If left on, they will
invariably cause the shrivelling of the bark, in consequence of
the large amount of moisture they are always exhaling, and
which cannot be restored through the roots while they are out
of the ground.
The rule must vary somewhat with circumstances. Tender
trees, as the peach and apricot generally succeed best if set in
spring, unless in a warm, dry soil in a sheltered place, and in
a climate not severe. It may be added, that soils rather wet,
or liable to become soaked with water before freezing, should
never receive trees in autumn. The rule should be carried
one step farther; such soil should never be set with trees at
all. They are unfit until well drained. Much of the “bad
luck” that occurs is from wet subsoils.
It. is commonly best to dig up trees in the autumn from
nurseries in any case, whether for fall or spring setting. If
sent long distances, they will be on hand and may be sent out
early. They may be heeledin, and be more effectually secured
from freezing, than if standing in the nursery rows. In heel-
ing in, select a dry, clean, mellow piece of ground, with no
grass near to invite mice; dig a wide trench, lay in the roots
sloping (Fig. 111) and cover them and half the stems with fine.
mellow earth; f//in carefully and solid all the interstices among the
roots; doing this work imperfectly often results in loss; if well
72 TRANSPLANTING.
performed, it nevercan. If much danger is feared from mice,
it is better to place the trees erect in the trench (Fig. 112), and
round up the whole surface about them; but, being more ex-
posed in this position, they should be placed in a sheltered
situation from the winds.
With the precautions above mentioned, it is, however, a
matter of small consequence at which season treesare put out,
provided the work is well done. It is at leasta hundred times
more important to give them good mellow cultivation afterward.
FIG. 111.—Heeling-in Sloping. FIG. 112.—Heeling-in Erect.
Here is where so many fail. Some dig little circles about
their trees, which is scarcely better. The whole surface must
be cultivated. It is for this reason that trees often do best set
in spring—because in one case the soil settles, hardens, and
crusts through winter, but is left mellow after spring setting.
This difference could not exist if the mellowing of the soil
were properly attended to.
When the soil is a heavy clay, and holds water like a tub,
tender trees are in great danger from autumn transplanting,
unless provision is made for draining the holes, which may be
effected by running a deep furrow from one hole to the other,
along the line of trees, and using brush, corn-stalks, or straw,
as a temporary underdrain for the water to soak away.
Transplanting may be performed in winter, whenever the
ground is openand the air above freezing; but roots which are
frozen while out of the ground will perish unless they are
buried before thawing.
The size for transplanting must vary with circumstances,
Five to six feet high is commonly large enough, but those
TRANSPLANTING. 73
much larger may be successfully removed if they have been
previously prepared by shortening the long roots to induce
the emission of a mass of smaller fibres near the centre or stem.
This is done one year previously, by running a spade into the
earth in a circle about the foot of the stem, if the tree yet
stands in the nursery, or by cutting a circular trench around
the tree if it is a large standard in open ground.
On a review of the essential requisites for successful trans-
planting, they may be summed up briefly as follows:
1. A previous preparation of a rich deep bed of mellow earth
to receive the roots, and land which cannot be water-soaked.
2. Removing the tree with as little mutilation of the roots
as practicable.
3. Paring off the bruised parts.
4. Shortening-in the head, in a greater or less degree (before
the buds swell), to correspond with the necessary loss of roots.
5. Immersing the roots in mud.
6. Filling the fine earth carefully among the roots, spread-
ing them all out with the fingers.
7. Planting no deeper than before.
8. Staking or embanking, when necessary, to prevent injury
by the wind.
9g. Watering the stems and branches only, before the appear-
ance of the leaf.
10. Mulching, where danger of midsummer drouth is feared.
The following additional rules, self-evident to men of expe-
rience, are continually disregarded by novices in setting out
orchards and fruit gardens:
1. If the roots of a tree are frozen out of the ground, and
thawed again in contact with air, the tree is killed.
2. Ifthe frozen roots are well buried, filling all cavities before
thawing any at all, the tree is uninjured.
3. Manure should never be placed in contact with the roots
of atree, insetting it out, but old finely pulverized earthy com-
post answers well.
4. A small or moderate sized tree at the time of transplant-
ing will usually become large and bearing sooner than a larger
tree set out at the same time, and which is checked in growth
by removal.
5. To guard against mice in winter with perfect success,
74 TRANSPLANTING.
make a small, compact, smooth earth mound nearly a foot
high, around the stem of each young orchard tree.
6. The roots of a tree extend nearly as far on each side as
the height of the tree; and hence to dig it up by cutting a cir-
cle with a spade half a foot in diameter, cuts off more than
nine-tenths of the roots.
7. Watering a tree in dry weather affords but temporary re-
lief, and often does more harm than good, by crusting the sur-
face. Keeping the surface constantly mellow is much more
valuable and important—or if this cannot be done, mulch well.
If watering is ever done from necessity, remove the top earth,
pour in the water, and then replace the earth—then mulch, or
keep the surface very mellow.
8. Shrivelled trees may be made plump before planting, by
covering tops and all with earth for several days.
9. Young trees may be manured to great advantage by
spreading manure over the roots as far as they extend, or over
a circle whose radius is equal to the height of the tree, in
autumn or early winter, and spading this manure in spring.
10. Never set young trees in a grass field, or among wheat,
or other sowed grain. Clover is still worse, as the roots grow
deep, and rob the tree-roots. The whole surface should be
clean and mellow; or if any crops are suffered, they should be
potatoes, carrots, turnips, or other low-hoed crops.
11. Constant, clean, and mellow cultivation is absolutely
necessary at all times for the successful growth of the peach-
tree, at any age; it is as necessary for a young plum-tree, but
not quite so much so for an old one; it is nearly as essential
for a young apple-tree, but much less so for an old orchard; and
still less necessary for a middle-aged cherry-tree.
Registering Orchards.—Much inconvenience and often many
mistakes arise from not preserving the names of varieties in
young orchards. The trees are received, correctly labelled,
from the nursery; the labels are left on till the wires cut the
limbs, or until effaced by time, and the sorts are forgotten.
Always draw on paper a plan of the orchard, marking the place
of each tree and its name; it saves much subsequent confu-
sion when labels are lost.
TRANSPLANTING. 75
DISTANCES FOR PLANTING TREES.
Persons about to plant orchards and fruit-gardens are often
at a loss to know the most suitable distances to place the trees.
The guiding rule should be to allow space enough that when
the trees attain full size, the sun’s rays may freely enter on each
side. The roots as well as the tops should have free space.
As a general rule, the tops should never approach nearer than
one-half their diameter.
Some varieties of the same kind of fruit grow to a much
greater size than others, but as an average the following dis-
tances may be adopted:
Apples.—In fertile districts of the country, where the trees
may attain great size, and where there is plenty of land, forty
feet is the greatest distance required. The usual distance is
two rods or thirty-three feet. Where the most is to be made
of the land, and where thinning-in the limbs is practised when
the trees become too large, twenty-five feet distance may be
adopted. It is an economical plan to set apples thirty feet
apart anda pear between; for ten or fifteen years, at least,
they can all grow together, and if then too thick such as are
least desirable may be cut out. It saves much room and gives
more fruit to the acre while growing. For pyramids on apple-
stocks, fifteen feet for pyramids or dwarf standards on Dou-
cin stocks, ten feet; for dwarf round-headed trees on Paradise
stocks, eight feet. E
Pears.—Large growing standard varieties, on pear-stocks,
twenty to twenty-five feet; dwarf standards on quince (with
stems pruned up, two or three feet, the heads with natural
growth, or slightly thinned by pruning but once a year, for
orchard culture), twelve feet; pyramids on pear stocks, twelve
to fifteen feet; on quince, ten or twelve feet. It should never
be forgotten that pears on quince should be so placed as to
admit of high or enriching cultivation.
Peaches.—It is usual to allow about twenty feet for peach-
trees that are never shortened-in, but permitted to spread out
and take their natural course. But if shortened-in annually as
they should be, or even triennially, by cutting back three-year
branches, they may occupy only twelve or fifteen feet. Peach-
76 TRANSPLANTING.
trees budded on the plum, which reduces their growth a little,
may be kept cut back so as to require a space of only eight or
nine feet.
Cherries. —Common standards, twenty feet apart; pyramids
on common stocks, fifteen feet; on Mahaleb stocks, ten feet.
Dukes and Morellos require only three-fourths of this space.
Plums.—Standards, fifteen feet; pyramids, eight to ten feet.
Apricots,—One-fourth more space than for plums.
Quinces.—Six to eight feet.
Grapes.—Most vigorously growing native sorts, on enriched
soils, may be ten to fifteen feet apart; on a poorer soil, moder-
ate growers may be six to eight feet apart.
Gooseberries and Currants.—Four to five feet.
Raspberries.—Three or four feet in rows five feet apart.
Blackberries.—In rows five feet apart.
For the above distances, the following is the number of trees
required for an acre:
40 feet apart, . . : > ; 27 trees.
33 bs 2 . z ‘ : HO.
25 a - ° . : ‘ 65) -
20 7: 2 : - : TOOT ue
ae . : . : : 10% 25
ne “" A ° - A : S02
10 “ . % : : ; Meee an
8 “ if : - 680 “
6 wi : : 4 : T2050
4 A “ = ; , &2,7205
CHAPTER VI.
CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.
In passing through the country, and visiting the grounds of
fruit-growers, and examining the exhibitions of pomological
societies, a marked difference is observed in the same variety
as grown on different grounds. In one case itis small and
poor flavored; in another it is large, beautiful, rich, and excel-
lent. The owner of the poor fruit is much disappointed in
what he expected to see, and considers himself as “ badly
humbugged” by the nurseryman who sold him the trees. The
successful cultivator takes his specimens to a fair, and sweeps
off the premiums by their delicious quality and excellent ap-
pearance. Now, this question at once arises: What is the
cause of this difference? And it is just such questions as we
like to hear asked.
The first, and perhaps the most prominent cause, is cw/tiva-
tion. Place a tree in grass-land, or give it no cultivation—let
the surface become baked hard, like flagging, or allow weeds
to cover the surface—and the tree will have a feeble growth,
and the fruit, as a necessary consequence, will partake of the
condition of the tree. A feeble tree will, of course, bear small
fruit. Hence, one reason why young trees often produce larger
and finer specimens than old and stunted trees. Cultivation
alone has often changed both size and quality in a surprising
degree. Some years ago a few trees of the Seckel pear were
observed to bear very small fruit—they were then standing in
grass. Subsequently the whole surface was subjected to good
cultivation. The next crop had pears at least triple the size
of the former. A St. Ghislain tree, on another place, bore at
first when standing in grass-land, and disappointment was felt
by the owner at the small size and poor quality of the fruit.
A herd of swine accidentally rooted up the grass and reduced
the ground to a mellow surface. The pears that year were
77
78 CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.
greatly increased in size, and so much improved in flavor that
they would not have been recognized as the same sort. The
d’Angouleme when large and well grown, is an excellent
fruit. When small, itis perfectly worthless. T.G. Yeomans,
of Walworth, N. Y., who has been eminently successful in its
cultivation, and obtained thirty-five dollars per barrel for it,
has found high culture of vital importance, and has remarked
that when the specimen does not weigh over four ounces, it is
no better than a raw potato; and this, we think, has generally
been foundtrue. There is no question whatever that this fine
pear, as well as many other fruits, has been placed on the re-
jected list by some planters for want of good management and
proper cultivation.
Good cultivation and thinning the crop cause all the difference
between those superb specimens of the pear which often grace
the extended tables and fill the vast halls of our finest fruit
exhibitions, and such miserable fruit as we sometimes see
borne on the grass-grown, weed-choked, mice-gnawed trees of
the slipshod farmer’s grounds—planted out with hardly the ex-
pectation, but rather with a sort of dim hope that they would
grow and take care wholly of themselves.
One of the best things that a horticultural or pomological
society could do, would be to place conspicuously on exhibi-
tion a collection of such fruit as might be raised with every
advantage resulting from good culture and judicious thinning;
and another collection beside it with all the marks of small
size and scabbiness which might be expected from utter neg-
lect. Onecollection should be marked, “ FRUIT RAISED UNDER
THE EYE OF VIGILANCE AND INDUSTRY:” the other labelled,
“ FRUIT GROWN UNDER NEGLECT.”
Cultivation is the more important, because it is not com-
menced and finished in a day, but needs constant attention for
years; and in ordinary practice it receives greater neglect.
For, of the thousands of trees which are every year trans-
planted in all parts of the country, the assertion may be made
with safety, that more are lost from neglected after-culture than
Srom all other causes put together.
To purchase and set out fine fruit-trees of rare sorts, in a
baked and hardened soil, whose entire moisture and fertility
are consumed by a crop of weeds and grass, might very aptly
CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 79
and without exaggeration be compared to the purchase of a
fine horse, and then perpetually to exclude him from food and
drink.
Here is the great and fatal error with a large portion who
attempt the cultivation of fruit. We may not incorrectly
divide these into three classes:
1. Those who, having procured their trees, destroy them at
once by drying them in the sun or wind, or freezing them in
the cold, before setting out.
2.. Those who destroy them by crowding the roots into small
holes cut out of a sod, where, if they live, they maintain a
See ie
FIG. 113.—Neglected Trees. FIG, 114.—Well Cultivated Orchard.
stunted and feeble existence, like the half-starved cattle of a
neglectful farmer.
3. Others set them out well, and then consider their labors
as having closed. They are subsequently suffered to become
choked with grass, weeds, or crops of grain—some live and
linger, others die under the hardship; or else are demolished
by cattle, or broken down by the team which cultivates the
ground.
The annexed illustrations are a fair exhibition of the differ-
ence in results between neglected management, as seen on
the left, and good cultivation, on the right, as seen in trees
five or ten years after transplanting (Figs. 113 and 114).
A neighbor purchased fifty fine peach-trees, handsomely
rooted, and of vigorous growth; they were well set out ina
field containing a fine crop of heavy clover andtimothy. The
following summer was dry; andaluxuriant growth of meadow-
grass nearly hidthem from sight. What was the consequence?
Their fate was precisely what every farmer would have pre-
dicted of as many hills of corn, planted and overgrown in a
thick meadow—very few survived the first year.
Another person bought sixty, of worse quality in growth; he
80 CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.
set them out well, andkept them well hoed with potatoes. He
lost but one tree; and continuing to cultivate them with low-
hoed crops, they now afford yearly loads of rich peaches.
Another neighbor procured fifty good trees. Passing his
house the same year late in summer, he remarked: “I thought
a crop of wheat one of the best for young peach-trees!” “Just
the reverse; it is one of the worst—all sown crops are inju-
tious; all low-hoed ones beneficial.” “ Well,” answered he, “I
have found it so—my fifty trees all lived, it is true, but I have
lost one year of their growth by my want of knowledge.” On
examination, they were found in excellent soil, and had been
well set out. All the rows were ina field of wheat, except
one, which was hoed with a crop of potatoes. The result was
striking. Of the trees that stood among the wheat, some had
made shoots the same year an inch long, some two inches, and
a very few, five or sixinches. While on nearly every one that
grew with the potatoes, new shoots a foot and a half long could
be found, and on some the growth had been two feet, two and
a half, and even three feet. Other cases have furnished nearly
as decisive contrasts. An eminent cultivator of fine fruit,
whose trees have borne for many years, remarks: “ My garden
would be worth twice as much as it is if the trees had been
planted in thick rows two rods apart, so that I could have cul-
tivated them with the plough. Unless fruit grows on thrifty
trees, we can form no proper judgment of it. Some that we
have cultivated this season, after a long neglect, seem like zew
kinds, and the flavor is in proportion to the size.”
The thick rows here alluded to may be composed of trees
from six to twelve feet apart in the rows. This mode admits
of deep and thorough cultivation, and the team can pass freely
in one direction, until close to the row, where the soil need not
be turned up so deeply so as to injure the roots. Fig. 115 ex-
hibits this mode of planting, and Fig. 116 another mode, where
the trees are in hexagons, or in the corners of equilateral tri-
angles, and are thus more equally distributed over the ground
than by any other arrangement. They may thus be cultivated
in three directions. For landscape effect, this is undoubtedly
better than any other regular order.
Trees are frequently mutilated in cultivating the ground
with a team; to obviate this difficulty, arrange the horses
COLLTIVALION (OF LAL SOIL: 81
when they work near the line of trees, one before the other,
or fandem. Let a boy ride the forward one, use long traces
and a short whiffictree, and place the whole in the charge of a
careful man who knows that one tree is worth more than fifty
hills of corn or potatoes, and no danger need be feared. In
eee RK KKK * * * * * *
* * * Oe &
eee ee * * * * * @
i |
ee eK KH He HG a a i a
FIG. 115. FIG, 116,
the absence of this arrangement, oxen will be safer than horses.
A strong single horse will be sufficient for working near the
rows, where the plough should run shallow, provided the soil
is not hard.
The annexed cut (Fig. 117) shows a mode of constructing
whiffletrees for this purpose, so as to pass the trees freely.
It is made as short as the free action of
the animals’ legs will allow (about six-
teen inches for a single whiffletree).
An iron strap is riveted so as to bend
round the end of the wood, turning in
and forming a hook inside.
In very small trees, most of the roots
FIG, 117.—Orchard Whiffle- are within a few feet of the stem, but
wee their circumference forms an annually
increasing circle. Hence the frequent practice of applying
manure, or digging the ground closely about the base, as ex-
hibited in the annexed figure (118), is comparatively useless.
Hence, too, the practice of ploughing a few furrows only on
each side of a row of large trees in an orchard, is greatly in-
ferior to the cultivation of the whole surface.
Among the crops which are best suited to young trees are
potatoes, ruta-bagas, beets, carrots, beans, and all low-hoed
crops. Indian corn with its shallow and spreading roots, and
the culture usually given it, is a good crop for orchards. All
sown crops are to be avoided, and grass is still worse. Mead-
OWS are ruinous.
A chief reason of the fatal effects of sown crops isin the
6
82 CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.
impossibility of mellowing the ground by repeated cultivation.
For this reason, a low crop of peas has been found much worse
than a heavy growth of Indian corn.
Renovating Old Trees.—When old trees become feeble, there
Fic. 118.—Faulty Manuring.
is no better way of imparting to them vigor than by manuring.
Instead of adopting the more common practice of digging a
circular trench around them and filling this with manure, the
operation may be performed in a more perfect and efficient
manner by digging narrow radiating trenches from within a
few feet of the trunk, directly from it—this will prevent cut-
ting many of the roots. The an-
nexed diagram (Fig. 119) will show x \ /
the position of these trenches. ~ Y
These may then be filled wth a —, \ (4
compost made of turf, stable manure, “= IS
ashes, and perhaps a little bone ~_———
manure—the turf to be the chief
constituent, say one-half or two- as
thirds— and the ashes say one- Oe
thirtieth. The bone manure is not /
essential, as its constituent parts are
in common manure in small quan-
tities. If this is done in autumn,
the roots will be prepared to penetrate it early in spring, and
if the tree is not past recovery, it may make anew growth.
FIG. 119.—Diagram for Trenches
for Renovating Old Trees.
CULTIVATION OF “THLE “SOTL. 83
The roots probably reach as far each way as the height of the
’ tree, and the trenches should extend about the same distance.
They need not be cut very near the tree, as the roots are all
large there, and would be more likely to be injured and
would be little benefited. The trenches should be only the
width of a spade, and be from two to four feet apart.
Old apple orchards always grow and bear best when kept
under cultivation. If the soil is, however, naturally or arti-
ficially fertile, they succeed well in grass continually grazed
short by sheep and swine. These animals are useful-in de-
vouring the insects of the fallen fruit, and assist in manuring
the surface. An annual autumn application of yard or stable
manure, with a small portion of ashes—or, in the absence of
ashes, of lime—will commonly be useful. If the orchard is
only top-dressed, the application in autumn is of great impor-
tance, that the soil may be soaked in winter or spring. If
ploughed in it should be done in spring, after the manure has
remained all winter on the surface.
When to Manure Orchards.—Inquiry is often made as to the
frequency and amount of manuring or cultivation for trees.
The answer must be: act according to circumstances. The ques-
tion again recurs: how shall we know what our soils need?
The answer is: observe the results of growth. An examination
or analysis of the soil will be of little use. But the trees will
telltheirown story. Ifthesoilis sorich that they make annual
shoots of two or three feet or more in length, without any cul-
tivation or manuring at all (which, however, is rarely the case),
then it will be needless to give additional care. The annual
growth ts the best guide to treatment. There are very few apple
or other orchards which, after reaching a good bearing state,
throw out annual shoots more than a foot or a foot and a half
long, and many not half this length. The owner may lay it
down as an unalterable rule, that when his trees do not grow
one foot annually, they need more manuring or cultivation,
or both. By observing the growth he can answer all questions
of the kind referred to, without difficulty.
Management of Western Orchards.—Lewis Ellsworth, one of
the most successful and intelligent fruit-growers in Illinois,
says that the loss in fruit-trees in that State within the last
three years is millions of dollars—that it is attributed to the
84 COLTIVATION, OF LIES SOL:
cold winters and drysummers. But he asserts that, to a great
extent, this result has arisen from their standing wzprotected
in a soil underlaid with a retentive clayey-loam subsoil, which
characterizes most of the prairie land. He has adopted the
practice of ridging his land, by repeated ploughings, com-
mencing at the same ridges and ending at the same dead fur-
rows; and where nursery-trees were formerly thrown out by
freezing, after ridging they stand throughout the winter with-
out injury, and make a better growth insummer. He recom-
mends the ridging system for all orchards, each row of trees
being placed on the centre of the ridge.
We have no doubt that drainage would lessen the effects of
severe winters on fruit-trees in other regions than the West.
Arrangements to Facilitate Cultivation.—The following is an
arrangement of kinds of different sizes, into rows for cultiva-
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FIG. 120.—Fruit-Garden.
tion both ways with horse-labor (Fig. 120). The larger sorts
are in wide rows, as explained on page 139. Fruits which are
stung by the curculio are planted at one end, and when the
fruit is forming, pigs and geese are confined to that part by
the hurdle-fence @ a, run across for the occasion.
A plan of a fruit-garden, arranged in a similar manner, with
full details, is given on page 138.
Implements for Tilling Orchards.—\t is important, after trees
have begun growth in spring, to injure the roots as little as
possible in cultivating. On this account a harrow which will
ride over the roots without tearing them up is indispensable.
A smoothing harrow operates in a similar way, forming a
very smooth surface, and is therefore successfully employed
CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 85
toward the latter part of the season for giving the ground a
finish, to fit it for receiving the falling fruit, or for driving a
wagon easily among the trees for gathering the crop. . 5 a ae
distance from the point will baa
prevent the cloth from slipping too far down. Then take
another rod sharpened at both ends, with a length equal to
the breadth of the sheet, and insert it crosswise, placing it
atop the other two rods, and bringing up the edge of the
sheeting to receive its points. A notch cut near each end of
the rod for the others to drop in, will prevent them from
springing in; or a small nail may be driven through for the
same purpose. The thing is now complete, and one person,
taking the cross-piece as handle, will carry the sheets readily
from tree to tree, and place them on the ground beneath,
without any waste of time.
By jarring with a hammer
or sledge, and pinching be-
tween thumb and finger, he
will destroy hundreds ina
short time.
If these sheets are quite
large, it will be best to
place stiffeners at each end,
as shown in Fig.235. These
rods, if nothing better is at hand, may be made by cutting long
green poles or shoots of bushes, and peeling the bark off. One-
half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter will be large enough.
FIG. 235.
172 INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Should the insects be very abundant, they may be destroyed
by throwing them into a pail of hot water, or, still better, into
a small tin vessel of kerosene, by varying the contrivance as
follows: Instead of the stiffeners across the ends, formed by
single rods, let them be two short rods meeting in the middle.
When the middle rod is pulled out, these will form a sort of
hinge, so that the two sides of the sheet may be folded up like
the covers of a book, and the insects thrown down into the
trough thus formed, and thence into the vessel. In dislodg-
ing the insects from the tree, much depends on a sharp, stun-
ning blow. It may be given by the stroke of a mallet, upon
the short stump of one of the smaller limbs, sawed off for this
purpose, and which prevents bruising the bark. Or a mallet
may be thickly covered with woollen cloth encased in India:
rubber, to prevent injury to the tree; but the jar is less sud-
den in this case. More recently the practice of inserting iron
spikes in the tree, on which to strike, has been adopted with
great success. The spikes should be blunt where they
enter the tree, so that striking will not drive them in
oy, further. Short pieces of iron rod answer well. Holes
ii being bored for them, they are inserted part-way as
shown in Fig. 236. On the heads
Fic. 236, Of these a blow of a large ham-
mer will bring down every cur-
culio. When the trees are small, one spike
in each tree is sufficient; when they be-
come quite large, it will be best to insert
one in each of the larger limbs, as shown |
at b, b, Fig. 237. The late David Thomas
(who first proposed jarring down on
sheets), ina communication to the Genesee
Farmer, in 1832, says: “Not three days
ago I saw that many of the plums were
punctured, and began to suspect that
shaking the tree was not sufficient. Under
a tree in a remote part of a fruit-garden,
having spread the sheets, I therefore made the following ex-
periment: On shaking it well, 1 caught five curculios; on
jarring it with the hand, 1 caught twelve more; and on striking
the tree with a stone, eight more dropped on the sheets. I was
FIG. 237.
aa
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 078
now convinced that I had been in an error; and calling in the
necessary assistance, and using a hammer to jar the tree vio-
lently, we caught in less than an hour more than two hundred
and sixty of these insects.” With large trees, it may be nec-
essary to jar each limb separately, by means of a pole.
The best time for this work is in the cool of the morning,
when the insects are partly torpid with cold, and drop quickly.
At mid-day they retain their hold more tenaciously, and more
quickly escape. The work should be commenced very early
in the season, as soon as the fruit begins to set, or is not
larger than a small pea. With properly stiffened muslin-
frames, a few minutes are sufficient for many trees, and labor
equal in the aggregate to that of a single entire day may save
large and valuable crops.
2. The other class of remedies includes the different means
of destroying the fallen fruit as soon as it drops, and before
the larvee escape to the earth. One of these consists in beat-
ing the ground smooth or paving beneath the tree, sweeping
up the fallen fruit daily, and feeding it to swine, or otherwise
destroying it.
But more easily applied than the last, is the confinement of
swine beneath the trees. They immediately pick up and de-
stroy the punctured fruit. Experience has thoroughly es-
tablished the efficiency of this method, where a sufficient
number of swine has been allowed the run of the orchard.
Geese and hens are, to a limited extent, useful in repelling or
destroying the curculio.
To apply this remedy most efficiently, all the trees of the
apricot, nectarine, and plum should be planted apart from
the rest of the orchard, so that swine may be exclusively con-
fined among them, where they should be allowed to remain
the whole season, except during the period of the ripening of
the fruit. It will be quite necessary, however, to protect all
the young trees from these animals by encasing them in board
boxes, or by tying round them a mass of sweet-brier limbs,
or other densely prickly or thorny plant.
Dr. Kirtland says: “This insect, in one season, destroyed
every plum on my farm, except the crop of one tree in my
swine lot; that tree is bending under its load of fruit.” A
cultivator in western New York, by the large number of hogs
174 INSECTS AND DISEASES.
kept in his plum-yard, had abundant crops for more than
twenty successive years, while his neglectful neighbors lost
the greater part of theirs. It may, however, happen in thickly
planted neighborhoods, that swine may not prove a sufficient
protection; but we know of no instance where abundant crops
have not been obtained by combining the two remedies of
swine and jarring down the insects.
The curculio appears to prefer the nectarine to all other
fruits for the lodgment of its eggs, and next to this the plum
and apricot. A large portion of the cherry crop is frequently
more or less injured, and sometimes wholly destroyed; and
for this reason it may usually be expedient to give it the bene-
fit of the protection of swine in the same enclosure with other
smooth-stone fruit. The peach is sometimes destroyed, and
some varieties of the apple are much stung, as indicated by
the crescent-shaped incisions; but the larve rarely reach so far
as the core, and usually perish within the flesh of the fruit.
It was formerly supposed that the instinct of this insect
would prevent it from depositing eggs on branches hanging
over water; but recent experiments prove that it possesses no
such sagacity. The only benefit resulting from the water
beneath the tree, was the destruction of the egg or larva by
drowning. A partial preventive, known as the Matthews
Remedy, consistedin deeply spading the
ground beneath the tree at the first ap-
pearance of the perfect insects when
about to emerge from the soil. This
turned them back, at least for a time,
and lessened their numbers.
The Rose Bug (Macrodactylus subspino-
sus).—This beetle suddenly appears in
great numbers in portions of the country
and in occasional years, proving exceed-
ingly destructive to the flowers and foli-
age of various plants, more particularly
of the rose, apple, and grape. It has been
known to devour the young fruit of the
apple early in summer for successive years, entirely destroy-
ing the crop. It attacks and devours the flowers of the grape.
It is one-third or half an inch long, sometimes varying in color,
FIG, 238.—Rose Bug.
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 175
but usually a mixture of gray and yellow (Fig. 238). The only
effectual remedy is to examine the trees morning and after-
noon while in flower, and until the fruit is one-sixteenth of an
inch in diameter, and crush every beetle between the thumb
and forefinger; if this is too disagreeable, carry in one hand
any sort of a receptacle, in the bottom of which is a little kero-
sene oil and water, and drop them in one by one as they are
picked off.
In garden culture,—and it is here that rose-bugs are most
annoying,—cheap mosquito-netting may be spread over the
trellis and drawn together below the vines, before the flowers
begin to open. The grapes are safe after they are an eighth
of an inch in diameter, and the netting may then be removed.
There are three distinct insects which commit depredations
on currant and goose-
berry leaves, namely,
the Currant Span Worm,
which comes out in the
form of a miller or moth,
the Imported Currant
Worm, and the Native
Currant Worm, both of
the latter forming four-
winged flies in the per- §
fect state. |
The Currant Span
Worm (£llopia ribearia) .
is represented in the
annexed figure (Fig.
239), the natural size
and appearance. It is
about an inch long,
bright yellow, with
numerous black spots.
The head is white, with
eye-like spots. It devours the early leaves of the gooseberry
and currant, and when about to change, hides under rubbish,
clods, or descends into the ground and changes to the chrysa-
lis, No. 3. In two weeks it comes out in the form of a moth
or miller, of a dull yellowish white, with dark-colored spots
FIG. 239.—Currant Span Worm.
176 INSECTS AND DISEASES.
towards the ends of the wings. The spread wings measure
about an inch and a quarter. The figure (Fig. 240) repre-
sents its appearance, but is too dark.
Where the larve have been numerous,
and have stripped the currant-row,
this miller may be often seen in con-
siderable numbers, flying over the
3 bushes and laying its eggs on the
Fic. 240.—Moth of Currant twigs. Here the eggs remain till the
ee following season, and hatch out about
the time the gooseberry and currant leaves expand, ready for
devouring them.
As the eggs remain on the bushes during the time that
nurserymen dig and pack them for distant conveyance, care
should be taken that the insects are not thus carried to places
where they were previously unknown.
FIG. 241.—Imported Currant Worm.—Larve.
The Imported Currant Worm (Nematus ventricosus) is
represented in Fig. 241; aa, the larve in the act of devour-
ing gooseberry leaves; 4, an enlarged view of one of the
abdominal joints, to show the position of the black spots.
In Figs. 244 and 245 is a magnified representation of the male
and female, the cross lines showing the natural size. The
perfect insect makes its appearance as soon as the leaves of
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 177
the gooseberry and currant are fairly expanded, and lays its
eggs on the under-side of the leaves, along the principal
veins, and not, like the span worm, on the young twigs. If
the latter deposited eggs on the leaves they would fall to the
ground, as they remain unhatched till the following season,
as already stated.
The eggs of the imported worm soon hatch into twenty-
legged worms, of a green color, having at first black heads
and numerous black dots over the body; but after the last
moulting they are entirely green, except the large eye-dots
and the three yellowish joints, one next the head, and the
others at the rear. They are about three-fourths of an inch
FIG. 242.—Male. FIG. 243.—Female.
Perfect State of Imported Currant Worm.
long when full grown. When, as usually happens, they are
in large numbers, they rapidly consume the leaves, and whole
rows of bushes have been entirely stripped in forty-eight
hours. Hence the importance of close watching and prompt
attention in applying the remedies to destroy them. A single
defdliation, while it does not kill the bushes, retards growth,
and commonly greatly injures or prevents the ripening of a
crop; and if often repeated, so that the bushes remain bare
for a long time, or for successive seasons, the bushes neces-
sarily perish.
When the larve attain full size, they burrow underground,
or hide under scattered leaves, and spin an oval brown cocoon.
After some weeks the perfect insect comes out, lays eggs as
before, produces larvez, which pass to the pupa state, and re-
main so till the following season.
The Native Currant Worm (Pristiphora grossularia) is
12
178 INSECTS AND DISEASES.
smaller than the preceding, or about two-thirds its size, and
otherwise resembles it somewhat in general appearance. Un-
like that worm, the male and female differ but slightly. The
larve are of a uniform
pale green color (Fig.
244), without any black
dots, which readily dis-
tinguishes it from the
two others already de-
scribed, the head be-
coming black. Itspins
its cocoons among the
FIG. 244.—Larva. FIG. 245.—Female. twigs and leaves. It
Perfect State of Native Currant Worm. appears later than the
Imported Currant Worm, or near midsummer, and the
second brood early in autumn. Unlike the last named, the
second brood also passes to the state of winged insects (Fig.
245) the same autumn, and lays its eggs on the twigs of the
bushes, where they remain till the next season.
The remedy for the three species of currant worms is the
same for each—namely, killing by poison. Unlike many
other insects, this remedy is comparatively cheap, easily ap-
plied, and entirely successful if used promptly. It consists in
dusting powdered white hellebore from a finely perforated
dredging-box, or from a box covered with fine muslin, so as
to give the leaves a thin dusting of this poison. It may be
had at drug-stores. Do it in the morning when the dew is
on, but do not wait for dew if the first worms have made their
appearance. To prevent inhaling the dust, fasten the box to
a short stick, apply it when there is only a faint breeze, and
stand on the windward side. As soon as the insects devour it
with the leaves, they curl up and die. It is desirable to give
the leaves a very thin coating, and not to apply it in masses.
Grape Phylloxera.—Within a few years a small aphis has
caused much injury to grape-vines in this country, and great
destruction to the vineyards in France. The delicate exotic
vine appears to be more extensively injured by it than the
stronger and more robust American sorts. It attacks the roots,
causes excrescences on the smaller fibres, and the vines ulti-
mately die. During the first year of its attack its effects are
INSECTS AND DISEASES. 179
not conspicuous in the vines above ground; about the third
year the vine dies, at which time the insects have left it, and
are not discovered. Various remedies have been proposed,
but none that are completely satisfactory. Probably the best
preventive is to plant only strong healthy sorts, as the Con-
cord, or those which have been grafted on these healthy sorts,
and to adopt long instead of short pruning. Among imper-
fect remedies are soaking the soil before planting, with strong
soapsuds or weak lye; sprinkling the surface with lime, ashes,
sulphur, or salt; or applying carbolic acid, added to water at
==
FiG. 715.—Pond’s Seedling (English). FIG, 716.—Prince Englebert.
Peach Plum.* (Prune Péche.) Very large, roundish-oblate, regu-
lar, flattened at ends, suture distinct, shallow; color varying from
salmon to light brownish-red; stalk very short, cavity narrow,
shallow; flesh rather coarse, juicy, sprightly, free from the nearly
round, very flat, much furrowed stone. Shoots smooth. Quality
not very high, moderate bearer, tree somewhat tender. Matures
about ten days before the Washington. Shoots smooth, vigorous.
Pond’s Seedling. (English.) Very large, ovate, slightly tapering
to stalk; skin thick, reddish-violet, with numerous brown dots,
and covered with a handsome bloom; rather coarse, juicy, moder-
ately rich. Middle of September. Tree vigorous, branches
smooth, grayish.
varieties, and sometimes a branch of the latter is grafted with
a scion of the other, so that a few of the wild figs may be grown
among the improved ones, with the object of securing a better
fertilization from the pollen of the staminate flowers, which
eS CC
TEE IG: 599
are abundant in the wild variety. In Europe this is effected
by an insect called blastophaga, which travels about over the
trees. Repeated attempts have been made to naturalize this
insect here, but so far without success. Many cultivators
have no faith in the theory of caprification, but Mr. Roeding,
of California, introduced some pollen from the Capri figs into
the fruit of a Smyrna tree by means of a toothpick. Every
fig thus treated reached maturity, being full of well-developed
seeds and finely flavored, while all the others fell off. Similar
experiments were made by J. L. Normand, of Louisiana, with
the same results. Perhaps when we understand better how to
secure perfect fertilization of the young fruit, its untimely
falling off, which renders so many fine sorts worthless, may
be prevented.
Drying.—In drying, the figs are carefully gathered in slatted
trays and dried like raisins, being turned occasionally and
covered at night. If not suificiently dried they will ferment
and spoil, and if over-dried their fine flavor will be permanently
injured. They are then dipped for a moment in boiling brine,
to be worked over afterward with the fingers and pressed
tightly into boxes. The dipping into salt water seems to be
essential, and during the manipulations the fingers must be
occasionally moistened to keep them from adhering. A little
of the salt is absorbed by the fruit, improving its flavor and
preserving it from the attacks of insects.
In the old fig-producing countries, the varieties are very
numerous, but here only a few are generally cultivated, being,
as it were, a survival of the fittest. Inthe Southern States we
find the following list in common use as the most hardy and
productive:
VARIETIES.
Angelique. (Early Lemon.) Small, greenish yellow, early.
Brunswick. (Madonna.) Very large, pear-shaped; stem short and
thick ; skin violet-brown, or greenish-yellow in shade; flesh tinged
with red in centre; rich and sweet. Medium to poor bearer; one
of the hardiest.
Black Ischia. Of medium size, roundish-obovate; skin dark chest-
Aen dark red or purple; sweet and rich; very hardy and
prolific.
Brown Turkey. Large, pear-shaped; stem thick; skin brownish or
600 THE FTG.
purplish red, with blue bloom; flesh tinged with red in centre,
sweet and rich. Early and hardy; one of the best for field culture.
Black Genoa. Large, oblong; bluish-black with heavy bloom;
Apa au rich, and juicy. Very hardy, strong-growing and
prolific.
Celestial. Small; pale violet with heavy bloom ; exceedingly sweet
and prolific; dries easily. The hardiest of all.
Green Ischia, Fruit small; skin greenish-yellow, thin and delicate;
flesh deep red, juicy and rich; excellent flavor and productive.
Moderate grower.
Lemon. Of large size; skin yellow; rich and sweet.
Madeleine. Small size; light color; good flavor.
White Marseilles. Fruit medium to small; skin pale greenish-
yellow, without bloom and ribbed; flesh white, sweet, and rich.
Excellent for preserving. Well known in the Southern States.
Strong growing, hardy, and productive. Cuttings often bear the
first season.
In addition to the above-described kinds and the Bulletin
Smyrna, the following are grown in California:
California Black. (Mission.) Large size; dark purple; very hardy
and prolific. Considered by many when dried to fully equal the
imported Smyrna in all respects except the objectionable dark
color. Even at a lower price, profitable on account of its great
productiveness.
San Pedro. Large upright grower; fruit very large, roundish or
flattened ; skin greenish or bright yellow, very tender; pulp light
clear amber, sometimes slightly tinted with red. Sweet and good
when fresh, but not adapted to drying. In the Southern States
casts its fruit badly.
White Adriatic. One of the finest ; a great favorite and widely dis-
tributed. Medium size; rounded or pear-shaped, sometimes oval ;
short thick stem. Fine for dryingor eating fresh; begins toripen
in July and continues until frost. A beautiful shade-tree, forming
a dense umbrella-shaped head; of rapid growth and very hardy.
There are some other excellent varieties cultivated, whose
nomenclature is still unsettled. As much attention has lately
been directed to fig-culture in this hemisphere, a few years’
further experience will greatly add to our knowledge of the
different sorts and the various idiosyncrasies of the family.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE GUAVA.
THE Guava (Psidium guayaba) may be called the apple of
the tropics. From its original home in tropical America, it
has become dispersed over all equatorial regions. As the
tops, which succumb to several degrees of frost, are promptly
renewed from the roots and bear in a few months, it is often
grown in a small way in subtropical climates. As soon as
the repugnance to its penetrating and rather unpleasant odor
has been overcome, it is accounted one of the most fascinat-
ing of fruits, either fresh or made into jelly, marmalade, pud-
dings, and pies.
In productiveness it exceeds almost any known fruit-tree.
In subtropical regions the regular crop ripens gradually from
August to October, but there are a few scatttering specimens
to be found maturing at all seasons. If the whole ripened at
once the branches would bend to the ground with their load,
of which there is a perennial renewal and no barren years.
In the tropics it is often a pest, springing up everywhere from
seeds dropped by the birds, and overrunning abandoned plan-
tations till they become transformed into impenetrable
jungles. In Southern Florida it is an inmate of every garden,
and some of the large white-fleshed kinds brought from the
East Indies are among the most delicious and fascinating
fruits in cultivation.
The leaf, resembling that of a cherry, is rounded at the end
and of a wine-color while young. Flowers white, axillary,
fragrant, and produced in great abundance.
The fruit is round or pyriform, with a white or yellow skin,
and a most refreshing sub-acid pulp, of the same color or
sometimes crimson, containing many small seeds. It ranges
from the size of a cherry to that of a large pear or apple.
Two kinds, P. Cattleyanum and P. lucidum, are very dis-
601
6ae THE GUAVA.,
tinct, with thick, shining, dark-green leaves like the camellia,
but smaller. These are subtropical and almost as hardy as
the orange. The first, sometimes called Strawberry guava,
bears a dark crimson fruit, from an inch to an inch and a half
in diameter, while that of the latter is lemon or cream-color.
If the fruit were not produced in such enormous quantities
it would be larger, as it always is whenever there is a light
crop, which rarely happens.
PROPAGATION.
It is easily grown from seed, cuttings, or layers, and, where
there is a little frost, may be safely carried through the winter
by bending down and covering the branches with straw and
earth. }
Chir PER XL.
THE LOQUAT.
THE Loquat (Zriobotrva or Photinia Japonica), sometimes
called Japan plum, a small evergreen tree, with long and
broad, serrated, dark green, roughened, and wavy leaves, is
one of the most desirable both for ornament and fruit. The
blossoms, freely produced in terminal panicles, are white and
deliciously fragrant.
They begin opening
in August, and from
that time until De-
cember the air is
laden with their rich
pertume, The fruit,
of a creamy yellow,
resembling in shape
a small apple, round
or pyriform, and
growing in compact
bunches like grapes,
ranges from an inch
to an inch and a half
in diameter, and con-
tains several large
seeds surrounded with a most piquant, juicy, and refreshing
sub-acid pulp. Ripening from February till May, when other
small fruits are scarce, and bearing transportation well, it
ought to be plentiful in our Northern markets, where it is
as yet scarcely ever seen. In Louisiana and other Gulf
States it forms a good substitute for the cherry, which does
not bear well in that latitude, and which it somewhat re-
sembles in flavor, but to which it is superior for jellies, pies,
and preserving, having all the richness of the cranberry with-
out its asperity.
FIG. 786.—Loquat.
603
604 THE LOQUAT.
While generally hardy as far north as Charleston or farther,
where it is a favorite for ornamental purposes, it cannot be
depended upon to bear fruit except in the middle of the
orange-growing districts, on account of the habit of ripening
in winter.
PROPAGATION
is generally effected by seeds, but cuttings are easily rooted.
The best method is to bud or graft upon seedling stocks scions
taken from trees producing the largest and best-flavored fruit.
As it belongs to the Rosacee, stocks appertaining to that
genus, or any of the closely allied Pomacee, may be used.
Soils.—Although growing well almost anywhere, some
soils are unfavorable for the production of its fruit. Perhaps
the best is a moist and well-drained sandy loam with clay
foundation. In sucha situation, trees at the age of ten years
have borne over a barrel of fruit. Full crops every year are
the rule. For culinary purposes the fruit need not be quite
ripe, but for eating fresh it is unpleasantly acid unless fully
matured. Some are.much more acid than others. No atten-
tion has been paid to varieties beyond the importation from
_ Japan of an improved sort called the Giant, which is said to
have fewer seeds, but otherwise is no better than our selected
seedlings. It improves very fast by selection, from due at-
tention to which great possibilities are probable.
The same distance apart in orchard as for the peach will
answer for the loquat, which does not appear to live to a great
age, and forms a dense and compact head of a rounded and
symmetrical shape.
Beyond a few specimens, the loquat has only come into
prominence in this country during the past twenty-five years.
From being indigenous to Japan and China it is often called
Japan plum, although not a plum at all.
|
:
CHAPTER:: XLI.
THE PERSIMMON.
THE Persimmon, or Date Plum, belongs to the genus os-
pyros, which includes about one hundred and fifty species of
trees, natives of tropical or temperate regions, many of low
growth, and others rising to a lofty height. The fruits are
round or pointed berries, vaying from the size of a cherry to
a large apple, and, though disagreeably astringent while
green, by reason of the excellence of some when fully ripe
have won from botanists the generic name, which literally
means “food of the gods.”
VARIETIES.
D. Mabola. A garden favorite in the Isle of France; fruit as large
as a quince and of delicious flavor.
D. Texana. The persimmon of Texas and Mexico. A low tree,
bearing a large round luscious berry of a dark color.
D. Virginianum. (American Date Plum.) The common persimmon
of the United States, sometimes called American Ebony. A tree
of moderate size, occasionally rising to sixty feet or more in thick
forests; very abundant throughout the Southern and Western
States, especially those bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and oc-
curring more sparingly as we approach the latitude of New York,
its northern limit. Wood close-grained and hard, dark yellow or
almost black. Trees often dicecious, with ovate oblong leaves and
pale yellow flowers. Fruit reddish-yellow, resembling a plum,
containing eight or ten flattened oval seeds; sweet, melting, and
delicious when ripe, but horribly astringent previous to maturity.
In the latitude of Virginia it does not ripen before frost,
hence the belief that the action of frost is necessary to its
amelioration, but farther south the long warm summers ac-
complish the same result, bringing it to the highest degree of
perfection before cool weather. So far nothing has been done
in the United States to improve this fruit, except the oc-
605
606 THE PERSIMMON,
casional selection of a wild tree whose product was of better
quality than usual.
[The illustration (Fig. 786) shows the usual appearance of
the wild persimmon, and Fig. 787 of one which has been care-
FIG. 786.—Virginia Persimmon.
fully cultivated. The American persimmon is entirely hardy
at least fifty miles north of New York City, and will bear
full crops annually. While in the Southern States it is said
to be easy to transplant, it is farther north quite different.
It is not an easy tree to transplant, its long tap-root be-
ing intolerant of molestation; saplings two to three feet
high may be moved, however, with fair prospect of success.
The hole in which they are
to be placed should be dug
out fully three feet deep,
and the original earth re-
placed with good surface
soil. Do not give them up
if they do not put out a leaf
the first season. I have
had them start and grow
well the second summer.
The tree is dicecious, and
unless one has a number
of them, the only sure way
Fic, 787.—Effect of Cultivation on to get fruit is to insert a
Persimmon,
graft from a male tree on
a female, which will in a year or two furnish sufficient pollen
to fertilize the entire tree. It bears at six to eight years
from seed. (Grafting on the persimmon is usually done
in winter, as in apples, by collar-grafting.) As there is
THE PERSIMMON. 607
no way of distinguishing a male from a female tree, until they
have blossomed, and nurserymen are therefore unable to tell
what they are selling, it is rather a drawback to the cultiva-
tion of the fruit beyond its native habitat.—Ep.]
By fermentation an excellent beer and by distillation an in-
ferior spirit is made from the persimmon. The fruit is also
greedily devoured by birds and by the opossums, insomuch
that an abundant crop is interpreted by the country people
as a sign of fat ’possums and a hard winter.
The Japanese have worked upon their own native diospyros
till it has become the most highly esteemed of all the fruits
of the island empire, and the original little berries have not
only improved in flavor but increased in size till some exceed
a pound in weight. Planted everywhere, it is now a con-
spicuous feature of their landscape, and, aside from its value
as food, travellers unanimously agree in extolling the beauty
of the broad; glossy leaves, and the brilliant crimson and
golden tints of the fruit clinging to the branches after the
foliage has fallen. This species, D. Kaki, although brought
into Europe from China over a century ago, has only within
a few years been known here. In the spring of 1863 the first
seeds were received and planted in the garden of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Washington. These grew off well,
but were killed by frost in winter. The experiment was re-
peated with the same results, proving the climate of that lati-
tude to be too severe for the varieties thenintroduced. About
ten years later, some grafted trees of the best varieties were
imported and distributed throughout the Southern States. A
more extended experience proved them to be about as hardy
as Magnolia grandifiora. Some are more tender than others,
but all are perfectly safe where the mercury does not fall be-
low ten degrees for any considerable length of time. In the
coast region from Norfolk southward, and all through the
cotton-belt, they seem to be perfectly at home and vie in
vigor and productiveness with the nativespecies. From parts
of New Jersey we hear reports of their survival during mild
winters and of satisfactory fruitage, and it is possible that
when varieties from the more northerly and colder parts of
Japan have been tried here, some may be found even more
resistant than any we now have. Much about the same time
608 THE PERSIMMON.
large importations were made by Rev. Henry Loomis, of San
Francisco, and sent all over the country. His circulars, with
descriptions and brilliantly colored full-size illustrations of
several varieties, astonished and fascinated fruit-growers, in-
citing them to try this, the most interesting pomological
novelty ever brought forward. Many of these imported trees
began to bear in two or three years, and, encouraged by the
beauty, size, and excellence of the fruit, a large demand for
the trees sprang up wherever the winter climate was found
sufficiently mild.
As ageneral rule, the imported trees proved short-lived and
unsatisfactory. They were for the most part deficient in
roots, and did not take kindly to our soil like the native per-
simmon, which, after being tried as a stock with complete
success, showed a better adaptation even than seedlings of the
kaki grown here. To insure good crops it is necessary to bud
or graft from the best and most prolific varieties! Seedlings,
usually having few perfect flowers and sometimes none, are
unproductive and inferior.
Bearing begins early—often at two years—and the fruit sets
so freely that, unless judiciously thinned, the trees become
dwarfed by the taxon theirenergies. Treesfrom seed planted
in the fall may be budded the following summer, and by an-
other year will often reach a height of six feet and be ready
for planting in orchard. Ten to fifteen feet each way is
recommended as a suitable distance apart. After getting into
regular bearing. there is but a slow and gradual increase of
wood, the strength being absorbed in the production of fruit.
Some heavy-bearing sorts remain permanently dwarfed, but
there are instances of isolated trees reaching a height of
twenty-five or thirty feet, with a corresponding spread of:
branches, and a yearly record of thousands of fruit. The
roots extend to a great distance, like those of the fig, but gen-
erally strike deeply enough to cause little interference when
among other trees. Much of the nourishment seems to be
drawn up from the subsoil. Native stocks in low-lying pine
barrens, where the land is sour, filled with roots of the most
persistent wild grasses and shrubs, and never cultivated, have,
when topped and grafted with choice varieties of kaki, made
fine heads and produced a profusion of beautiful, high-colored
— as ee Te
THE PERSIMMON. 609
waxy fruit every year. From this it might be inferred that
but a minimum of culture is really needed. Still, knowing
that something cannot come of nothing, it is evident that the
continued removal of large quantities of fruit from the ground
must finally end in exhaustion and barrenness, and that a re-
cuperative system of fertilizing must be adopted. Perhaps
the best soil is a well-drained clay or sandy or gravelly loam,
but the trees appear to succeed on any soil not too wet, par-
ticularly where the native persimmon flourishes.
There are but few diseases or enemies. The most trouble-
some is the twig-girdler (Oncideres cingu-
lata) (Fig. 788), which can be checked by
gathering and burning the girdled branches
as they fall, thus destroying the eggs of the
insects which have been deposited in them.
In some places the damage caused by this
beetle has been so great as almost to discour-
age planters. There are several species of
borers that work in the wood, sometimes
killing the tree to the roots, which however
always sprouts up again and may be re-
grafted. Kerosene applications will destroy
them. ‘They often come from hickory-trees,
and the trouble may be lessened by the re- Fic. 788.—Twig-
moval of the latter. If the red spider or pa iaa
other allied mites attack the foliage, causing it to curl, or
soft-shell scales appear, they may be easily disposed of by
applying the common insecticides.
The earliest varieties of the persimmon begin to ripen in
August or September, and mature gradually, so that, in order
to gather the fruit atthe right stage, a tree must be gone over
several times. For shipping, persimmons should be picked
two or three weeks before softening, or they will not reach
market in sound condition. Some experience is required to
know just when they should be taken off. When fully ripe
the color varies from bright crimson to yellow, and the out-
Mines from flat or tomato-shaped to forms elongated like an
acorn. Those having clear orange-colored pulp are more or
less astringent at first, and unpleasant for eating till they
become soft. The round or flattened forms, with dark flesh,
39
610 THE PERSIMMON.
being sweeter and less astringent, can be eaten sooner, or just
before softening. As with all new fruits, however good, the
public is slow in acquiring ataste for them. At first they
were eagerly bought by dealers for purposes of display, but
as they became more common a liking for them sprang up,
and the demand is yearly increasing. A light frost improves
the flavor, but at the expense of keeping qualities. If the late
fruit is gathered before frost and stored in the house, much of
it will remain sound for several months.
The texture of the fruit is soft and mealy; some are very
sweet and juicy, without any decided acid. Their mild,
wholesome, and nutritious properties recommend them to the
most delicate persons.
Among the many varieties cultivated in China and Japan
some are eaten fresh, and others made into a sweetmeat or
dried like figs, to which they are much superior.
All fruit-loving birds are extravagantly fond of persimmons.
Jays, mocking-birds, sapsuckers, and blackbirds destroy much
of the ripening crop. If one doesnot care to kill them, which
appears to be the only way of escaping their depredations,
nothing remains but to plant enough for both ourselves and
the birds.
Owing to carelessness of the Oriental nurserymen, the no-
menclature of the Japan persimmon was at first badly confused.
Sometimes half a dozen lots, differently labelled, would turn
out to be all alike. Efforts have been made, with much care
and study, to classify and name some of the best varieties,
such as are now offered by our own growers. The following
list includes the most valuable, and may be relied upon as
correct. The varieties are arranged in the order of ripening,
beginning with the earliest:
VARIETIES OF JAPANESE PERSIMMONS.
(The illustrations are reduced one-half in diameter. )
Zengi. One of the earliest, beginning to ripen in August or Sep-
tember according to latitude, and continuing in season two months.
Round or oblate in shape, with a diameter of two inches and depth
of one and three-fourths. Flesh very dark brown, solid, sweet,
and containing many seeds. ‘Tree prolific andvigorous, Fig. 789.
Taber’s 129. Round, slightly flattened, and pointed at the apex.
Diameter two and one-half inches; color dark reddish-yellow ;
skin a little roughened; crisp, light brown flesh, sweet and excel-
oa
THE PERSIMMON. 611
lent. One of the best early shippers; a free grower and regular
and heavy bearer.
Okame. Round or oblate, with dark lines about the apex. Vertical
diameter two and one-half inches, cross-section three or more.
Clear waxy skin of a deep yellow color, changing to red and
mantled with bloom. Interspersed in
the light flesh are a few brown patches
enveloping the seeds. Ripens in Sep-
tember, and lasts a month. One of the
handsomest; quality excellent; tree
strong and productive.
Hachiya. (Yamato, Imperial.) One of
the largest and most showy. Slightly
lengthened, conical and pointed; three
and three-quarters inches vertical by
three and one-quarter transverse di-
ameter; skin bright crimson with lines
and markings at apex. Flesh light, with :
dark spots enveloping the few seeds. F!6- 789.—Zengi-Maru.
Very good when ripe after losing astrin-
gency. Tree vigorous and handsome, and a moderate bearer.
Last of September. Fig. 790.
Yemon. (Among.) Flattened like a tomato, with depressed apex;
occasionally deeply ribbed; two and one-half inches vertical by
three transverse diameter; often much larger; skin dark yellow-
FIG. 790.—Hachiya. FIG. 791.—Yemon,
ish-red; flesh dull red with brown spots around the seeds, of
which there are sometimes a few; clear yellow when seedless.
Very sweet, juicy, and one of the best. Tree of moderate size,
robust, and bears well. Ripens last of September; good keeper;
very desirable. Fig. 791.
Hyakume. Large, round, generally flattened, but sometimes slightly
°
612 THE PERSIMMON.
elongated; three to four inches in diameter; skin yellow with net-
work of lines around the apex; flesh dark, solid, and sweet with-
out astringency. Very desirable for market; tree strong-growing
and prolific. Last of September. Fig. 792.
FIG. 792.—Hyakume. FIG. 793.—Tanenashi.
Tanenashi. (Seedless.) Often very large, slightly conical and
pointed; diameter three and one-half inches or more; skin clear
bright orange; flesh golden yellow; soft and rich without seeds.
Tree of moderate size, good grower and bearer. Fruit generally
perfect and handsome, making it one of the most profitable market
varieties. Last of September. Fig. 793.
FIG. 794..—Yeddo-ichi. FIG. 795.—Tsuro-no-ko,
Yeddo-ichi. (Maru-gata.) Round or slightly oblong; depressed at
apex; skin very dark red, with heavy bloom; flesh dark brown,
almost purple; sweet, crisp, and juicy; edible while hard. Strong
upright grower, producing fruit abundantly in clusters. Fig. 794.
THE PERSIMMON. 613
Kurokume. Round or flattened; three to three and one-half inches
diameter; from three-quarters pound to one pound in weight;
flesh yellowish-red. Late keeper and of upright habit.
Mazelli. (Miyotan.) Spherical or slightly elongated; diameter two
and one-half inches; skin orange-red; flesh dark reddish-brown;
edible before softening. Moderate growerand heavy bearer. Ri-
pens in October and keeps late.
Costata. Socalled from its ribbed exterior; medium; pointed at
apex ; vertical diameter two and one-quarter inches, transverse two
and one-half; skin buff-yellow; flesh light, good when soft. Ripens
late and keeps well. Strong, upright, and very handsome tree.
Tsuro. (Minokaki.) Extremely elongated and pointed; vertical
diameter three and one-half inches, transverse two and one-half;
skin deep crimson, sometimes mottled with black at the apex ; con-
tains a very few seeds enclosed in a dark pulp; astringent until
soft. Tree very vigorous and productive, with long glossy leaves.
The latest of all to ripen its fruit, which clings to the branches
long after the fall of the leaves. Fig. 795.
COAPTER.;.00us
THE PINEAPPLE.
The Pineapple (Amanassa sativa), which Lindley says “is
universally acknowledged to be one of the most delicious fruits
in existence,” was found by the early discoverers growing wild
in tropical America, from whence it has spread over all the
warmer regions of the globe. As we naturally expect to find
fruits upon trees or bushes, it seems an anomaly to see two of
the choicest, this and the banana, growing like vegetables, the
former on a stalk from one to three feet high, much after the
fashion of an humble and unpretending cabbage; yet these
two have risen so greatly in popular estimation as to be re-
garded only second in importance to the orange and lemon.
Europe draws its chief supply of pineapples from the Azores
or Western Islands as the nearest source, and the United
States from the Bahamas and Florida, although some come
from greater distances. Since the advent of steam-carriage
they reach these markets in a more matured and better con-
dition than was possible by the sailing-vessels of former
days. Then they were considered rarities, and many were
grown with much labor and expense in hot-houses, a branch
of horticulture which attained the importance of a science by
itself, and no large establishment was considered complete
without its pinery.
Few people in temperate climates have an adequate concep-
tion of the surpassing excellence of a pineapple ripened on its
stalk and eaten just at the turn, when the deep yellow pulp
becomes almost as deliquescent asan orange. A pine is more
easily eaten and tastes better when sliced perpendicularly in-
stead of transversely, but a perfectly ripe one is almost too
mellow for slicing.
In addition to possessing remarkably nutritive properties,
scarcely inferior to those of lean beef, the juice is a wonder-
614
THE PINEAPPLE. 615
ful digester, and has been made the basis of an extract of un-
doubted efficacy in relieving stubborn cases of dyspepsia. It
will also quickly dissolve and disperse the obstructions in the
throats of diphtheritic patients. Thin people who do not
properly assimilate their food soon gain flesh and strength on
a diet of ripe pineapples. The long, narrow leaves contain an
abundance of one of the best fibres known, being strong, flex-
ible, soft, and silky.
On the Florida Keys the regular crop becomes ripe enough
to cut in April, the season lasting for several months; but a
few are coming in at all times. Those that mature under
sheds in the winter often bring five times the price of others.
The fruit is taken off with long, sharp knives, and carried out
in baskets holding four or five dozen. The first crop is con-
sidered the best for size and quantity, except under intensive
cultivation, which causes progressive improvement. It is
packed for shipment in crates the size of a barrel, which
when full weigh about one hundred and sixty pounds. One
hundred crates to the acre is called an average, and one hun-
dred and twenty-five a large yield of the common kinds,
which run fifty to eighty in a crate; but some fancy varieties,
like Porto Rico, Smooth Cayenne, Queen, or Abbaka, are
much larger. Often twelve Porto Ricos will fill a crate, and
specimens. of twenty pounds in weight have been gathered.
Those too small for shipment are canned and preserved, or
made into cider and vinegar. As before remarked, a valuable
medicine is prepared from the juice, which may also be dis-
tilled into brandy. The pines grown on the mainland of
Florida are more tender, sweet, and succulent than most of
those from other countries.
PROPAGATION,
Like the banana, the pineapple originally produced seed
freely, but renewal by offsets through a long course of years
has caused these seeds nearly to disappear. Of a dark color,
and about half as large as those of an apple, they may be found
interspersed in the pulp near the crown. New varieties are
started from these or from the offsets of cross-fertilized plants.
The writer once saw a Black Jamaica apple on a smooth Cay-
616 THE PINEAPPLE.
enne stalk, the result of crossing, the effects of which prob-
ably extended to the crown above and the slips immediately
below it. Plants are multiplied by the crown ‘at the top of
the fruit, the slips which cluster about its base, the suckers
near the foot of the stalk, or the ratoons from the root. If the
variety be scarce and va-
luable, additional plants
may be produced from
cuttings of the stem,
which contain dormant
axillary buds, but these
are slow in sprouting
and require a long time
to become established.
as being much the
strongest and soonest
to arrive at maturity.
Ripe apples may be
expected from them in
twelve months, and
from slips and crowns
.inside of two _ years.
Each stalk bears but
once and is renewed by
the suckers, which, ex-
cept in a plant of extra-
ordinary vigor, should
be thinned out to one or two; if more are left the fruit will be
small and inferior. The natural increase of the pineapple is
exceedingly rapid. Starting with a single fruiting plant, and
using all the slips and suckers as they mature, it has been
estimated that, if all grew, the number in a dozen years would
occupy more than sixteen acres, allowing ten thousand plants
to the acre.
FIG. 796.—Manner of Growth of Pineapples.
CULTIVATION.
Exemption from frosts in winter, combined with a season of
prolonged heat in summer, are requisites to success. From
seventy degrees to seventy-eight degrees may be considered
Suckers are preferred
THE PINEAPPLE. 617
a happy mean. Countries, even through frostless, where
summers are cool, are unfavorable. Where there is sufficient
heat, but occasional frosts and even light freezes of a few
hours duration in winter, pines have been found to do very
well when planted under partially open screens. In parts of
Florida where such conditions prevail, they are successfully
and extensively grown under these structures, composed of a
cover of thin slats set a few inches apart, and supported by
posts and cross-pieces six feet above the ground and eight or
ten feet apart from each other. Thus sheltered, no effects of
frost will be seen, even when a thin glaze of ice forms out-
side, and in a hard freeze the damage will be greatly lessened.
The covering also serves as a protection against the rays ofa
sometimes too ardent sun, besides preventing excessive evap-
oration of moisture from the ground. Even where there is
no need of erecting these sheds to keep off frost, the plants
have been found to grow more luxuriantly under them than
in the open air. This seems reasonable when we reflect upon
their surroundings in a state of nature, where they flourish
under the shade of lofty forest-trees, falling over as the fruit
ripens, and the offsets rooting in the cool and mellow soil.
Farther north, where these screens would be inadequate, a
temporary scaffold, built lower and just over the plants, and
covered with straw or matting during cold weather, will be
found an effectual safeguard. During intermediate warm
periods, this can be partially removed or lifted to let in light
and air, and after winter has passed taken away entirely. Such
an arrangement will answer a good purpose where one does
not care to go to the expense of glass, and it is surprising how
easily, in mild latitudes, a liberal supply of exelent fruit
can be thus obtained.
Soils.—Although the pineapple seems to prefer a light and
well-drained sand, rather poor than naturally rich, it will grow
in a great variety of soils. Dampand heavy ground is uncon-
genial. It flourishes on the rocky limestone formation of the
Bahama Islands and Florida Keys, and in the loose sands of
the interior, but does not thrive where there is a large admix-
ture of small or broken shells. Like a air-plant, it is able to
endure long-continued droughts without much harm, but
plenty of water is necessary while the young sets are rooting,
618 THE PINEAPPLE.
or they may become stunted or seriously retarded. Being a
voracious feeder, a liberal dressing of strong nitrogenous fer-
tilizers will promote an astonishing luxuriance of growth,
causing the leaves to stand often six feet high, and the fruit
to swell with fatness. From one to two thousand pounds per
acre every year of blood and bone, fish guano, or cotton-seed
meal are recommended as continually improving the quan-
tity, quality, andsize of the fruit. Even three times the above
amount has been used to advantage, and the results are better
if the materials are made into a compost and well rotted be-
fore application. The Florida soft phosphate, combined with
kainit or potash salts and cotton-seed meal, makes a very
effective and complete fertilizer. There are also some excel-
lent formulas gotten up expressly for the pineapple by manu-
facturers of the best commercial manures. By this course of
liberal feeding, plantations do not become exhausted in a
few years as they otherwise would, but steadily improve, bid-
ding fair to last for an indefinite period. The first year’s crop
should average ninety per cent and that of the second year
one hundred per cent, or more if several suckers are left toa
stalk. Some water is needed, and this is generally supplied
by the rains. Much is drawn up by the tap-roots from below,
and no small quantity is caught in the shape of dew by the
long concaved leaves, and conveyed by them directly to the
stalk and roots.
Setting.—Before setting, the ground should be thoroughly
loosened and fertilized. The offsets are prepared by stripping
away a few of the leaf-butts and paring the ends smoothly,
which helps the formation of tap-roots. This brings the em-
bryo roots into close contact with the soil and encourages them
tostrike at once. If not done, they will be slower in starting,
and some may not start at all. This is the general practice,
but a few growers deem this cutting and trimming to be un-
necessary, and plant with the lower leaves spread out and
covered with soil, which is firmly tramped around the stalk.
The sets should be planted on a level—slips about three
inches deep; suckers four to six inches. The centre or bud
must be left high enough above the ground to avoid as much
as possible the washing in of sand, which may check or even
kill the plant. A pinch of cotton-seed meal dropped in as-
THE .PINEAPPLE. 619
sists in keeping out the sand, and helps to fertilize. Eighteen
to twenty inches apart is considered a good distance, with a
wider space at short intervals for convenience in passing
through and gathering the fruit. Farther apart they do not
support and shade each other, and the fruit is liable to fall
over and break off, or spoil and sunburn. From twelve to
twenty thousand plants are set to the acre. The offsets are
planted as fast as they become large enough, preferably dur-
ing the summer and fall months, when the moisture needed
for root development is supplied by showers. It is of great
importance that they should strike quickly and grow off at
once; should they become stunted the fruitage is correspond-
ingly diminished and retarded.
While the plants are young the cultivation must be thor-
ough and shallow, care being taken not to cut the feeding
roots, which run near the surface. A wheel-hoe is an effec-
tive implement before the leaves begin to spread. Until
some length of stalk is made, sand will be liable to wash into
the bud during heavy rains, and if not removed check the
growth. It may be forced out by pouring in water from the
height of a few feet, and a little cotton-seed meal dropped in
afterward will assist in keeping it out for some time. By the
second year the leaves cover the ground and no further culti-
vation is needed. Fertilizers can be applied by sowing broad-
cast.
Mulching is not recommended for the reason that it in-
creases the liability to injury by frost. After producing for
six or eight years, a pineapple-field does better to be entirely
reset with fresh young plants.
DISEASES.
Spike or long leaf is a condition sometimes produced by rank
unfermented manures, or other causes, and recognized in
stunted plants with long and very narrow leaves. ‘These will
never fruit, and should be replaced by young and healthy
suckers. It is well for a pineapple-field to be laid out in
squares, with alleys between broad enough to head off fire,
which, should it get in during a dry time,.could not otherwise
be checked and would lay waste the whole.
620 THE PINEAPPLE.
If there is trouble from mealy-bug, red spider, or white scale,
spray every week with a good insecticide until the pest disap-
pears. The red spider works around the base of the stem,
causing it to decay and break off.
VARIETIES.
Among the numerous varieties, those which have been se-
lected for extensive planting as being the most delicious,
hardy, and best shippers are Red Spanish, Smooth Cayenne,
Porto Rico, and Queen.
Abbakacha, called Abbaka for short, and sometimes Brazilian, from
the country of its introduction. A tall-growing plant, with narrow
dark-green purple-tinged leaves. Fruit a rich golden yellow:
weighs five to ten pounds; in quality fully equal to Cayenne, but
more tender and difficult to ship.
Porto Rico. (Trinidad, Pitch Lake.) A very robust plant, produc-
ing perhaps the largest fruit of any; generally averaging eight to
fifteen pounds, and sometimes larger. Of fair quality and flavor,
and a good shipper.
Queen. This is the Queen far excellence, and the mother of the
whole family of Queens, many names of which, as Lemon, Vic-
toria, Golden, Egyptian, and Gipsy Queen, are synonyms. One
of the first seedlings raised in England. The family is distin-
guished by an indescribably peculiar aromatic flavor, and pointed
conical shape of the pips, which are usually flattened in other
sorts. Next to the Spanish it is the most extensively cultivated,
being every way desirable, and perhaps the best for general
purposes. The plant is free growing, compact and hand-
some, coming quickly to maturity. Fruit of an attractive yel-
low color, very juicy, of exquisite flavor and a good keeper;
weighs three to eight pounds, and brings about double the price of
the Spanish.
Red Spanish. (Key Largo, Red Pine, Havana, Cuban, Black
Spanish, and Strawberry.) Size of plants medium; leaves broad
and sharply serrated; fruit short and rounded; large pips or pro-
tuberances, of a very dark color, changing to a reddish-yellow
when ripe. Usual weight two to six pounds; sub-acid, juicy, and
good; hardy and early. This is the favorite for market and
more largely planted than all others put together.
Smooth Cayenne. Flowers purple; fruit cylindrical and slightly
conical; dark orange, with pale yellow, rich and highly flavored
flesh. Excellent for winter fruiting and one of the most juicy;
weight six to ten pounds. Of robust growth, with long and broad
dark-green leaves, nearly free from spines, which is a great con-
venience in handling and working. Makes few offsets, and can
THE PINEAPPLE. 621
therefore be increased slowly. Very extensively cultivated in the
Azores and Sandwich Islands.
Besides the above are many cultivated on a small scale by
way of experiment. The best are Prickly Cayenne, Enville,
Prince Albert, White Antigua, Black Jamaica, Charlotte Roths-
child, etc.
CHAPTER XEN.
THE POMEGRANATE.
THE Pomegranate (Punica granatum) in flower, fruit, and
foliage is one of the most graceful and beautiful shrubs in
existence. A native of Persia or Northern India, and often
alluded to in Scripture, it has been admired and cultivated
from the earliest times. At the present day it is met with in
most of the warmer parts of the globe, but does not appear to
be grown for commercial purposes to any great extent, per-
haps because it is not a profuse bearer, and the fruit, enclosed
in a thick and bitter rind and containing many seeds, is less
easily eaten than most others. Asan ornamental shrub it is
a great favorite, and the dwarf double-flowering varieties
make a gorgeous display when in full bloom.
The crimson pulp enveloping the seeds is always agreeable
and refreshing, besides being extremely cooling and grateful
to patients suffering from fever. The astringent skin pos-
sesses tonic properties, while the bark of the tree is used for
tanning morocco leather, and that of the root is an effective
vermifuge.
PROPAGATION
is readily effected by seed, layers, or cuttings. The branches
are slender, sometimes thorny, and clothed with narrow, light
green leaves two or three inches long. Flowers of good size
with a thick, fleshy calyx, and petals of a delicate texture and
curled or crimped; the whole of a deep scarlet color. The
fruits often grow to the dimensions of a large apple, and are
exceedingly handsome and attractive; the leathery rind being
golden yellow, or nearly pure white with a light or dark
blush. The tree is hardy generally all over the Gulf States
and a little farther north, and is perfectly at home in Arizona,
New Mexico, and California. The sour varieties seem able to
622
THE POMEGRANATE. 623
bear more cold than the sweet. There is no doubt that if the
best sorts from the Orient were naturalized here, they would
become very popular; especially as the trees are so easily
grown and seem to have no diseases or enemies. We are told
of kinds.in Persia and Asia Minor almost seedless and nearly
as large as a human head.
At present in Southern California and the Gulf States, be-
sides the common sweet and sour varieties, we find the follow-
ing, thus described:
VARIETIES.
Caribbean Coral. Large, yellow, with crimson blush; skin thick
but soft and leathery; a good shipper; pulp pink and aromatic.
Ripens in June.
Paper-Shell. A new variety of extra fine quality, with a very thin
skin; valuable for home consumption.
Spanish Ruby. (Purple Seeded.) Fruit as large as the largest ap-
ple; skin yellow with crimson blush; pulp deep rich crimson;
very sweet and aromatic. Good grower, bearer, and shipper.
4
oT
TAWA ee aE Dios Ss
sie ber O- at Aaekeeel
DescRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS,
[The following list contains the names of most of the varieties
of fruits cultivated in the United States, either local or widely dis-
seminated, with brief notices of new sorts not described in the body
of the work and older varieties which are superseded and are pass-
ing out of cultivation, but are retained in the lists as a matter of
pomological history. “References from one name to another are al-
ways to synonynis. |
APPLES.
Abbott, or Abbott’sSweet. Me- Alerson’s Early. Medium,
dium, roundish, striped; of round, yellow, good. Sum-
moderate flavor. Winter. N. mer.
Ee Alexander, p. 258.
Abram. Rather small, round- Alfriston. Large, roundish-ob-
ish, yellow and red; sub-acid,
good. Winter. Va. and N.
(Oe
Acuba-leaved Reinette. Me-
dium, oblate, red and yellow;
tender, sub-acid, good.
Adams. Large, oblate, faintly
striped; flesh greenish-white,
of pleasant flavor. Winter.
Union County, Pa.
Adams Pearmain. Medium, con-
ical, greenish-yellow and gray
russet; flesh yellowish, aro-
matic. Early winter. For-
eign.
Agnes. Rather small, flattened,
striped; spicy, sub-acid, good.
Late summer. Pa.
Ailes, p. 272.
Albemarle Pippin of Va.
Yellow Newtown Pippin.
See
40 625
long, ribbed, green; sub-acid,
of moderate quality. Autumn.
Foreign.
All-summer Apple. Rather
small, roundish, greenish
white ; flesh white, crisp, pleas-
ant. July, August. Pa.
Allen’s Choice. Medium, round-
ish-oblate, striped ; coarse, aro-
matic, good. Winter. Pa.
Allum. (Hallum, Rockingham
Red.) Medium, oblate, irreg-
ular, red; brisk acid. Long
keeper. North Carolina.
American Beauty, or Sterling
Beauty. Medium, roundish,
deep red; rich, vinous. Win-
ter. Mass.
American Golden Pippin. See
Golden Pippin of Westchester
Co.
626 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
American Golden Russet. See
Bullock’s Pippin.
American Pippin, or Grindstone.
Medium, roundish-oblate, reg-
ular, dull red; very hard, dry.
Long keeper.
American Red Juneating. See
Early Strawberry.
American Summer Pearmain, p.
249.
Angle. Medium, roundish,
striped; sweet. September.
Anglo-American. Medium,
roundish-conic, striped ; sweet,
aromatic, very good. Late
summer. Canada West.
Anis, p.272.
Anisim. Medium, yellow,
splashed and striped crimson.
Very hardy and sure bearer.
Russian.
Anisovka, p. 272.
Antonovka, p. 286. The varie-
ties of this family received
from different parts of Eastern
Europe vary somewhat from
each other, and are difficult
to separate from the apple im-
ported under thisname. Rus-
sian.
Api. See Lady Apple.
Arabskoe, p. 287.
Arbroath Pippin. See Oslin.
Arkansas Black, p. 272.
Arnold’s Beauty. Medium,
bright yellow, flesh firm, juicy,
rich. Late winter. Ontario.
Aromatic Carolina, p. 252.
Ashland. Medium, roundish-
oblate, striped dull red; mild
sub-acid. Early winter.
Ashmore, or Red or Striped
Ashmore. Rather large,
roundish-oblate, red; crisp,
sub-acid. Autumn. Showy
—market. Ohio Valley.
August Apple. See Early Pen-
nock.
Augustine. Large, roundish-
conic, striped; sweet, dry.
August.
Aunt’s Apple. Rather large,
roundish, striped; sub-acid,
musky, good. Early winter.
Aunt Hannah, p. 287.
Austin Sweet. Medium, round-
ish, yellow, rich, sweet, very
good. Autumn. Pa.
Autumn Bough. See Autumn
Sweet Bough.
Autumn Pearmain, or Winter
Pearmain. Rather small,
roundish-oblong, dull _ red,
stripes small; crisp, dry, rich,
and high flavored. Autumn
and early winter.
Autumn Pippin. Rather large,
oblong conic, with a brown-
ish cheek; pleasant, sub-acid.
Early winter.
Autumn Seek-no-further. Me-
dium, roundish-oblate, green,
faintly striped; juicy, tender,
sub-acid, very good. Octo-
ber.
Autumn Strawberry. See Late
Strawberry.
Autumn Swaar, p. 256.
Autumn Sweet Bough, p. 257.
Averill. Rather large, conic,
irregular, ribbed, _ striped;
pleasant, sub-acid. Long
keeper. Conn.
Babbitt, p. 272.
Bachelor. See Buckingham,
Bachelor’s Blush. Rather large,
oblate, stalk very short, green-
——
APPLES.
ish-yellow witha blush; rather
acid, good. August.
Baer, p. 272.
Bagby Russet, or Egyptian
Russet. Medium, slightly
conic, light russet on yellow;
tender, fine-grained, juicy, sub-
acid, aromatic, rich, excellent.
Winter.
Bailey’s Golden. Large, ob-
long, yellowish, slightly rus-
seted; flesh white, pleasant,
sub-acid. Winter. Maine.
Bailey’s Spice, p. 265.
Bailey Sweet, p. 269.
Baker. Large, roundish, striped
crimson, rather coarse; pleas-
ant, sub-acid, very good. Pro-
ductive and profitable. Conn.
Baker’s Sweet, or Winter Golden
Sweet. Medium, roundish,
rich yellow; rather coarse,
rich. Early winter. Conn.
Baldwin, p. 272.
Baltimore. Medium, roundish,
striped purplish red; sub-acid,
very good. Winter.
Baltimore Pippin. See Falla-
water.
Baltzby. Large, oblate, yellow-
ish-white; firm, almost sweet.
October. Va.
Barbour. Medium, roundish-
oblate ; striped; pleasant, very
good. Pa.
Barrett. Rather large; conical,
striped red on yellow; pleas-
ant, aromatic, nearly sweet.
Winter. Conn,
Bars. Rather large, roundish,
pale yellow, marbled red;
mild, pleasant, rich. Late
summer. Rhode Island.
Basil the Great, p. 287.
627
Bean Sweet. Medium, oblong
ovate, white, handsome; crisp,
juicy—baking. Autumn and
winter. Little known.
Beautiful Arcad, p. 248.
Beauty of Kent, p. 258.
Beauty of the West. Large,
roundish, regular, striped;
sweet, pleasant, of moderate
flavor. Autumn.
Bedfordshire Foundling. Large,
roundish, green; pleasant, acid
—cooking. Autumn and win-
ter. English.
Beefsteak, or Garden Apple.
Medium, oblate, somewhat
oval, striped; mild, pleasant,
sub-acid. Autumn. Mass.
Belden Sweet. Rather small,
conic, angular, yellow with a
blush; flesh white, pleasant,
aromatic. Winter. Conn.
Belle de Boskoop. Above me-
dium, roundish, shaded and
obscurely striped red on yellow
skin; crisp, juicy, brisk sub-
acid, rich, very good. Late
winter. Russian.
Belle et Bonne, p.287. [Another
Belle Bonne (called also Billy
Bond) is cultivated in Western
New York, and is a medium,
roundish-conic, striped apple,
rather coarse, and good for
cooking. ]
Belle-Fleur. See Bellflower.
Belle-Fleur Rouge, or Red Bell-
flower. Large, oblong conical,
striped; of moderate or poor
flavor. Winter.
Bellerdovskoe, p. 265.
Bellflower. See White and Yel-
low Bellflower.
Bell’s Early. See Sops of Wine.
628 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Bell’s Scarlet Pearmain. See
Scarlet Pearmain.
Belmont, p. 287.
Belzer. Medium, striped red on
greenish-yellow; flesh white,
sub-acid. August. Ohio.
Ben. See Eustis.
Ben Davis, p. 273.
Benoni, p. 252.
Bentley’s Sweet, p. 269.
Bergamot, p. 287.
Berkshire Spy. Medium, round-
ish-conical; red striped, good.
Early winter.
Berry, or Red Hazel.
ajack.
Bethlehemite, p. 273.
Betsey’s Fancy. Rather small,
oblate, yellow, shaded dull
red; mild sub-acid. Winter.
Better than Good, or Juicy Bite.
Medium, oblate, pale yellow;
tender, mild, sub-acid. Early
winter. Pa.
Bevan, or Bevan’s’ Favorite.
Medium, _ roundish-oblate,
striped red and yellow; flesh
firm, sub-acid. Late summer.
See Nick-
N. J.
Bietigheimer, p. 265.
Biggerstaff. Large, striped;
flesh yellow, sweet. Autumn.
N.C.
Billy Bond. See Belle et Bonne.
Billy’s Pippin. Large, round
ovate, red on yellow; sub-acid,
rich, very good. Autumn.
Black Apple. See Jersey Black.
Black Coal. Rather large,
roundish, irregular, dark red
with white dots; flesh white,
a little stained, rather acid.
Early winter. Western. See
Hoover.
Black Gilliflower, p. 273.
Black Lady Apple, resembles the
Lady Apple in size and form,
but is nearly black, and has a
poor flavor.
Black Oxford. Below medium,
roundish-oblate, dark red;
flesh compact, not juicy, mild
sub-acid. Valued as a good
bearer and keeper. Maine.
Black’s Annette. Small, round-
ish, darkred. Autumn. Ken-
tucky.
Black Twig. Medium, oblate,
yellow shaded with red, ten-
der, mild sub-acid, very good.
Early winter. Tennessee.
Blackwood. Medium, roundish-
conic, green with red blush;
cavity large, stem medium,
slender, basin medium; flesh
yellowish, juicy, sub-acid.
Winter.
Blake. Rather large, roundish,
greenish-yellow; crisp, juicy,
good. October to January.
Maine.
Blakely. Large, oblate, regular,
yellow with a sunny cheek;
flesh mild, sub-acid, pleasant.
Winter. Vt.
Bledsoe, or Bledsoe Pippin.
Very large, oblate, regular,
somewhat conic, striped; flesh
white, fine-grained, pleasant,
sub-acid. Winter. Ky.
Blenheim Orange, or Blenheim
Pippin. Large, roundish,
striped dull red; flesh yellow,
breaking, flavor moderate.
Autumn. English.
Blockley. Rather large, round-
ish, oblate, ribbed, yellow;
flesh yellowish, compact.
——ee
APPLES.
Blood. Medium, roundish,
ribbed, striped dullred; break-
ing, mild, good. Winter.
Ohio.
Blue Pearmain, p. 274.
Blue Sweet. Medium, roundish,
slightly conical, striped dull
red; flesh white, fine, not
juicy. Along keeper. Mass.
Blush June. See Carolina Red
June.
Blushed Calville, p. 265.
Boalsburg. Large, oblong,
slightly conical, striped; flesh
yellow, with a very good re-
freshing flavor. Winter. Pa.
Boardman, p. 274.
Boas. Medium, roundish, ob-
late, striped; good. Late
winter.
Bohannan. Medium, roundish,
slightly conic and flattened ;
yellow with red cheek; tender,
juicy, sub-acid, of moderate
flavor. July and August.
Southwestern. Popular.
Boiken, p. 288.
Bonum, p. 258.
Borovitsky. Medium, roundish,
striped; firm, sub-acid. Au-
gust. Russian.
Borsdorff. Small, roundish-
oval, yellow with a red cheek ;
flesh firm, crisp, rich, brisk,
perfumed. Early winter.
German.
Boston Russet.
Russet.
Bough. See Sweet Bough.
Bourassa. Medium, roundish-
conic, rich orange russet,
tender, aromatic, good. Early
winter.
Bowen.
See Roxbury
(Bowen’s Favorite.)
629
Medium, roundish-oblate, red.
Autumn.
Bower’s Nonpareil. Large, ob-
late, yellow and red. Good.
Winter.
Bowker. Medium, roundish-
oblate, yellow and crimson;
tender, sub-acid. Autumn.
Bowling’s Sweet. Medium,
roundish, dull red; rich,
sweet. October to January.
Va.
Boxford. Medium, oblate,
striped, not juicy nor high
flavored. Autumn.
Brabant Bellflower. Large,
roundish-oblong, striped; rich,
sub-acid. Late autumn. Hol-
land. :
Brenneman. Medium, striped;
flesh white; sub-acid — cook-
ing. Late summer. Pa.
Breskovka. Medium, conical,
yellow; red blush, cavity
broad, stem long; basin nar-
row, ribbed; flesh white, sub-
acid, good. Autumn. Rus-
sian.
Brewer. Very large, roundish,
yellow ; flesh yellowish ; pleas-
ant, sub-acid. Autumn.
Mass.
Brier Sweet Crab. See Van
Wyck.
Briggs’ Auburn.
light yellow; sub-acid.
tember, October. Me.
Brightwater, p. 274.
Brittle Sweet. Rather large,
roundish; crisp, sweet, very
good. Autumn.
Broadwell, p. 270.
Brookes’ Pippin, p. 288.
Bryant, p. 274.
Large, oblate,
Sep-
639 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Brown. Large, oblate, red
striped, good. Late autumn.
Buchanan’s Pippin. Medium,
oblate yellow, shaded maroon ;
flesh greenish; crisp, refresh-
ing, sub-acid. Late winter.
Ohio.
Buckingham, p. 258.
Buckley. See Chenango Straw-
berry.
Buck Meadow. Above medium,
roundish, streaked; sub-acid,
rather rich. Winter. Conn.
Bucks County Pippin. Large,
roundish, slightly oblate and
oblique, greenish-yellow;
firm, slightly sub-acid. Pa.
Buff, p. 274.
Buffington’s Early. Rather
small, oblate, light yellow;
fine, sub-acid, excellent. Sum-
mer. A poor bearer.
Bullet, p. 274.
Bullock’s Pippin, pp. 288.
Buncombe or Bunkum. See Red
Winter Pearmain.
Burlington Pippin. Full me-
dium, roundish-oblate, striped,
flesh white, mild sub-acid, very
good. Early winter. Vt.
Burnhap Greening. Medium,
roundish, greenish-yellow;
crisp, sub-acid. Early winter.
Vt.
Burr’s Winter Sweet. Medium,
oblate, striped; aromatic.
Winter. Mass.
Bush. Rather large, oblate,
greenish-yellow; pleasant.
September. Pa.
Butter. Rather large, roundish-
oblong, yellow, fair; sweet,
rich—cooking. Autumn. Pa.
Several of this name.
Byer’s. See Buckingham.
Byram’s Sweet. Medium, ob-
late, yellow; sweet, pleasant
flavor. October.
Cabashea. Very large, oblate,
striped dull red; coarse; sub-
acid. Early winter.
Cabbage-head. Large, yellow,
coarse, crisp, sub-acid. Good.
Vigorous and_ productive.
NI
Cadwallader. (Cadwallader’s
Golden.) Medium, roundish-
oblate; yellow. Winter.
Cain, or Cane. See Kane.
Calef’s Sweet. Very large,
roundish, yellow; sweet, rich.
November to January. N. H.
Valuable.
Calkin. (Calkin’s Pippin.)
Large, roundish conical; yel-
low and red. Winter.
Callasaga. See Cullasaga.
Camak’s Sweet, p. 270.
Campfield, or Newark Sweet-
ing. Medium, roundish-ob-
late, smooth, striped; firm,
not juicy; rich,sweet. Keeps
long. N. J.
Canada Baldwin. Medium,
roundish oblate, striped rich
red on a white skin; flesh
white, with a mild sub-acid,
quince-like flavor. Winter.
Quebec.
Canada Pippin. See White Pip-
pin.
Canada Reinette, p. 288.
Cane Creek Sweet. Medium,
round, yellow. Summer.
Cann, or Sweet Cann. Large,
conic, greenish, dull cheek;
sweet, pleasant. Winter.
APPLES.
Cannon Pearmain, p. 274.
Capron’s Pleasant, p. 265.
Carnahan’s Favorite, p. 274.
Carnation, p. 258.
Carpenter’s Sweet. Medium,
roundish -conic, yellow and
red, flesh white, sweet, pleas-
ant, rich; mid-autumn, valua-
ble for market. Conn.
Carolina Red June, p. 252.
Carolina Red Streak. See Ben
Davis.
Carolina Spice. See Nickajack.
Carolina Watson, p. 252.
Carolina Winter Queen, p. 274.
Caroline. Medium, oblate,
ribbed, maroon, mild sub-
acid. Winter. N. J.
Carter, p. 274.
Carter of Virginia. Medium,
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleas-
ant.
Carter’s Blue. Large, round-
oblate, striped dull red on a
greenish skin, with a blue
bloom; crisp, rich, aromatic,
good. Autumn. Ala. Pop-
ular.
Carthouse, p. 274.
Cash Sweet. Medium, oblate,
conic, whitish; flesh sweet,
dry. September.
Cat-head. Very large, round,
pale green, sub-acid. Value-
less except for cooking. Au-
tumn. Foreign.
Cat-head Greening. See Cat-
head.
Cat-head Sweet. Large, round-
ish conic, © greenish-yellow ;
sweet, not rich. October.
Catline. Small, oblate, striped ;
rich, sweet. Autumn. Del.
Catooga. Quite large, irregular,
631
yellow; sub-acid. Winter.
Southern.
Cat Pippin. Rather large,
greenish; sub-acid. Winter.
Western Pa.
Cattall Apple. See Meyer’s
Nonpareil.
Cayuga Red Streak. - See
Twenty Ounce.
Caywood. Medium oblate,
bright yellow; firm, not juicy,
nor rich. Keeps intosummer.
Ulster Co., N. Y.
Challenge. Large, oblate, deep
yellow; crisp, tender, sweet.
Good through winter. Great
bearer. Ohio.
Champlain. See Summer Pip-
pin.
Chandler, p. 275.
Charles Apple. See Male
Carle.
Chattahoochie. Rather small,
greenish-yellow; crisp, sub-
acid, pleasant. Winter.
Georgia.
Cheeseborough Russet. Large,
conical, greenish russet; sub-
acid, dry. Of little value.
Autumn.
Chenango Strawberry, p. 258.
Cherry Crab, p. 208.
Chester. Medium, oblate, whit-
ish yellow, carmine dots;
crisp, tender, sub-acid. Good.
Early winter. Pa.
Chief Good. Rather large,
roundish, red on light yellow;
flesh white, sub-acid, aromatic.
September, October. Ky.
Churchill Greening. Large, ob-
late conic, ribbed, dull red on
yellowish-green; rich, vinous.
Winter.
632
Claremont Pippin. See Easter
Pippin.
Clarke’s Pearmain, p. 288.
Clark’s Prolific. Medium, oblate-
conic, pale yellow; flesh white,
fine, tender, juicy, sub-acid.
Early winter. Tree hardy,
very productive. Iowa.
Clayton. Large, conical, yellow
and red. Winter.
Cloth of Gold. See Drap d’Or.
Clyde Beauty, or Mackie’s Clyde
Beauty, p. 259.
Cocklin’s Favorite. Small,
roundish, flattened at ends.
Good. Pa.
Cogswell, p. 275.
Cole, or Scarlet Perfume. Large,
roundish-conic, crimson; qual-
ity moderate. Summer. Eng-
lish.
Cole’s Quince, p. 253.
Colvert. Large, oblate, striped;
sub-acid, quality moderate—
culinary. Autumn. Succeeds
well Northwest.
Conant’s Sweeting. Medium,
light yellow; good. Produc-
tive.
Congress. Large, yellow and
striped; coarse, acid. Good.
November, Mass.
Connecticut Seek -no- further.
See Westfield ditto.
Connett’sSweet. Large, round-
ish-oblate, dark red on rich
yellow; sweet. Very good.
December to March.
Conway. Medium, oblate,
greenish-yellow; crisp, rich,
aromatic. January to Febru-
ary.
Cooper, p. 259.
Cooper’s Early White. Medium,
DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
roundish, pale yellow; crisp,
sprightly. Autumn. West-
ern.
Cooper’s Red, Cooper’s Mar-
ket, or Cooper’s Redling, p.
275.
Corlies’ Sweet.
yellow; firm, sweet.
Great bearer. October.
Cornell’s Fancy, or Cornell’s
Favorite, p. 259.
Medium, light
Good.
Cornish Aromatic. Medium,
roundish, ribbed, red; rich
sub-acid, aromatic. Autumn.
English.
Cornish Gilliflower, or Red Gilli- .
flower. Rather large, conic,
ribbed; dull stripes; flesh yel-
low, firm, very rich, aromatic.
Winter. English. A poor
bearer. ;
Corse’s St. Lawrence. See St.
Lawrence.
Cos or Cass. Large, roundish-
conic, one-sided, striped;
mild, agreeable. Winter.
Kingston, N. Y.
Court Pendu Plat. Medium, ob-
late, regular, deep red; rich,
brisk sub-acid. Early winter.
French.
Court of Wick. Small, roundish
ovate, approaching oblate,
greenish-yellow and orange;
crisp, juicy, rich. Fails here.
Autumn. English.
Cox’s Orange Pippin. Medium,
roundish-oblate, yellow with
some red over the surface; rich
sub-acid, very good. Autumn.
Very popular in England.
Cracking, p. 265.
Cranberry Pippin. Medium,
oblate, with a handsome scar-
APPLES. 633
let cheek; sub-acid, poor—
cooking. Productive. Au-
tum. INDY.
Cranford, p. 275.
Creek. Medium, roundish-
conical, greenish-yellow with
some red stripes, mild, pleas-
ant sub-acid. Tree very pro-
ductive. Winter. Pa.
Crimson Pippin. See Black De-
troit.
Cross, p. 275.
Cullasaga, p. 275.
Culp. Medium, conic, ribbed,
irregular, yellow with a blush ;
firm, vinous. Winter. Ohio.
Cumberland or Cumberland
Seedling. Large, roundish
oblate; flesh white, sub-acid—
market. Pa.
Cumberland Spice, p. 289.
Curtis Sweet. Large, oval,
ribbed, striped red on pale yel-
low; tender and pleasant.
August to October.
Dansic Pepka, p. 289.
- Danvers Winter Sweet, p. 271.
Darlington Russet. Medium,
roundish ; of moderate quality.
A good keeper. Ohio.
Dartmouth. Medium, yellow;
sweet, good. October. Mass.
Dartmouth Crab, p. 208.
Davis. Small, oblong, flattened,
crimson; crisp, sub-acid.
Good keeper. Mich.
Dawes. Medium, light yellow,
tender, sub-acid, very good.
Autumn. Vigorous and hardy,
and productive alternate years.
Mass.
Dean. Medium, oblate,
streaked, good. Autumn.
red
De Bretagne. See Canada Rei-
nette.
Decaire. Medium, oblate coni-
cal, dark rich red on white
skin, tender, juicy, sub-acid,
with a quince-like flavor. Au-
tumn. Quebec.
Delaware. See Lawver.
Delight. Medium, roundish-
oblate, russet and crimson;
flesh firm, nearly sweet. Very
good. Winter. Southern
Ohio.
Democrat. Medium, roundish-
conical, striped with crimson ;
mild, pleasant, sub-acid. Very
good, productive. Western
New York.
D’Espagne. See White Spanish
Reinette.
Derrick’s Graft. See Richard’s
Graft.
Derry Nonsuch. Rather large,
oblong, conic, angular, striped ;
sub-acid, agreeable. Winter.
NN. A:
Detroit, p. 275.
Detroit of the West. See Ortley.
Devonshire Quarrenden. Me-
dium, roundish-oblate, crim-
son; crisp, sub-acid. Late
summer. English.
De Witt. See Doctor.
Dickson’s Emperor. Large, ir-
regular, red; good. Winter.
Scotch.
Dillingham. Medium, roundish-
conic, greenish-yellow; sweet.
Early winter. Sandusky, Ohio.
Disharoon, p. 266.
Doctor, p. 259.
Dr. Walker. Large, roundish,
red, sub-acid. Winter.
Dominie, p. 275.
634. DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS,
Douse or Dowse. See Hawley.
Downing’s Paragon. Rather
large, oblong, oval, light yel-
low; sweet, aromatic. Au-
tumn. Iinois.,
Downton Pippin. Small, round-
ish-oblate, yellow; rich, sub-
acid. Autumn. English.
Drap d’Or, p. 266.
Duchess of Oldenburgh.
Oldenberg.
Duckett, p. 266.
Dutch Codlin. Large, roundish-
oblong, irregular, yellow; sub-
acid—cooking. August and
September.
Dutch Mignonne, p. 275.
Duzenbury. Medium, striped;
crisp, tender, mild sub-acid.
Very good, productive, keeps
into spring. Putnam County,
Ney.
See
Dyer, p. 266.
Early Crofton. See Irish Peach.
Early French Reinette. See
Early Harvest. *
Early Harvest, p. 253.
Early Joe, 252.
Early Long Stem. Small, ob-
long conic, greenish-yellow ;
sub-acid, aromatic. August.
Early May. See White Juneat-
ing.
Early Norfolk, p. 251.
Early Pennock, p. 251.
Early Red Juneating. See Early
Red Margaret.
Early Red Margaret, p. 251.
Early Ripe. Medium, roundish-
oblate, yellow. Summer.
Early Spice. See Early Long
Stem.
Early Strawberry, p. 251.
Early Summer Pearmain. See
American Summer Pearmain.
Early Summer Pippin. See
Drap d’Or.
Early Sweet. Medium, round-
ish, oblique, yellow; tender,
sweet. Very good. July and
August. Ohio.
Early Sweet Bough. See Sweet
Bough.
Easter Pippin. Medium, green;
firm, dry, sub-acid, good.
Keeps two years.
Eckel’s Summer. Large, dark
red, sweet. N.C.
Edgar Red Streak, p. 276.
Edgerly Sweet. See Bailey
Sweet.
Edwards. See Nickajack.
Egg-Top. Medium, oblong oval,
striped, handsome; sub-acid,
of moderate quality. Autumn.
Egyptian Russet. See Bagby
Russet.
Eighteen Ounce. See Twenty
Ounce.
Elgin Pippin. Medium, yellow,
conical; flesh white, crisp.
Ala.
Elkhorn, p. 276.
Ellis. Small, roundish, greenish-
yellow; firm, pleasant—long
keeper. Conn.
Elton Pippin. See Downton
Pippin.
Emperor Alexander. See Alex-
ander.
Enfield Pearmain. Rathersmall,
round, deep red; mild, rich.
Early winter.
English Codlin. Rather large,
oblong conic, yellow; sub-acid
—cooking. Summer and au-
tumn.
APPLES.
English Golden Pippin. Small,
roundish, yellow ; flesh yellow,
with a rich, sub-acid flavor.
Winter. English.
English Nonsuch. See Non-
such.
English Red Streak. See Red
Streak.
English Russet, p. 289.
English Sweeting. See Rams-
dell Sweeting.
English Vandervere.
Smokehouse.
See
Episcopal. See Fall Pippin.
Epse’s Sweet. See Danvers
Sweet.
Epsy. Small, long conic, deep
red; sweet, rich, handsome.
Productive. Early winter.
Vt.
Equinetely, p. 289.
Ernst’s Pippin, p. 266.
Esopus Spitzenburgh.
Spitzenburgh.
Esten, p. 266.
Etowah. See Cooper’s Red.
Eustis, p. 276.
Eve. See Early Red Margaret.
Evening Party, p. 276.
Ewalt. Medium, flattened,
greenish-yellow, and a red
cheek; tender, pleasant, per-
fumed, very good. April. Pa.
Excel. Large, oblate, ribbed.
red on yellow; rich, sub-acid,
Winter. Conn.
Exquisite. Below medium, ob-
late, striped ; juicy, rich, pleas-
ant. Autumn. Il.
See
Fairbanks, p. 259.
Fallawater, p. 289.
Fall Bough. See Autumn Sweet
Bough.
635
Fall Harvey, p. 266.
Fall Jenneting. Rather large,
oblate, greenish-yellow; sub-
acid, pleasant—cooking. No-
vember. A great bearer.
Fall Orange, p. 266.
Fall or Summer Cheese. Re-
sembles Winter Cheese, but
earlier. Va.
Fall Pearmain. Medium, round-
ish-conic, striped; rich sub-
acid. Autumn. Ct.
Fall Pippin, p. 266.
Fall Queen of Kentucky. See
Buckingham.
Fall Seek-no-further, p. 259.
Fall Stripe. See Saxton.
Fall Wine, p. 260.
Fameuse, p. 260.
Fameuse Sucrée. Nearly me-
dium, roundish-oblate, rich,
red, delicate, very good. Au-
tumn. A handsome and excel-
lent dessert apple. Montreal.
Family. Medium, striped;
mild sub-acid, very good.
August. Ga. Productive.
Fanny. Large, roundish, deep
crimson; pleasant, sub-acid,
very good. August. Pa.
New.
Farley’s Red. Oblong oval,
striped; firm, pleasant Win-
fer. Ky.
Father Abraham. Small, flat,
red; flesh white, pleasant.
Keeps well. Va. and Ky.
Father Apple.
Pippin.
Faust. Medium; sub-acid, good.
November. N. C.
Fay’s Russet. See Hunt’s Rus-
set.
Fenley.
See Pittsburgh
Large, oblate, irregu-
636 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
lar, yellowish- white ;
good. September. Ky.
Fenouillet Gris. Small, round-
ish, yellow and russet; firm,
very
rich, perfumed. Winter. For-
eign.
Fenouillet Rouge. Small,
roundish, rough, brownish-red ;
firm. Autumn. Foreign.
Ferdinand. Large, oblate, irreg-
ular, greenish-yellow. Winter.
ia OF
Ferris.
ther.
Fink. Medium, oblate, red and
yellow. Late winter.
Fisk’s Seedling. Medium, ob-
late, oblique, deep red; flesh
See R. I. Seek-no-fur-
greenish-white, tender, rich.
Autumn. N. H.
Flake’s Fall. Large, striped;
mild sub-acid, aromatic. Mar-
ket. October. Pa.
Flat Pippin. See Pittsburgh
Pippin.
Fleiner. Medium, oblong, yel-
low; sub-acid, of moderate
quality. Agreatbearer. Au-
tumn. Foreign.
Florence Crab, p. 298.
Flower of Kent. Large, round-
ish conic, red and yellow; sub-
acid—cooking. Late autumn.
English.
Flushing Seek-no-further.
Green Seek-no-further.
Flushing Spitzenburgh, p. 276.
Ford Apple. Large, roundish,
yellow; rich, ratheracid. Au-
tum Ne Os
Formosa Pippin.
Pippin.
Forney. Rather large, roundish,
striped light and dark red, mild
See
See Ribston
sub-acid, good. Lateautumn.
North Carolina.
Fornwalder. See Fallawater.
Fort Miami. Medium or large,
roundish-oblong, ribbed,
brownish and russeted; sub-
acid, spicy. Winter. Ohio.
Foster, p. 248.
Foundling, p. 251.
Fourth of July, p. 251.
Frank. See Chenango Straw-
berry.
Franklin Golden Pippin. Me-
dium, oval, regular, deep yel-
low; rich, aromatic. Au-
tumn.
French Pippin. See Newark
Pippin.
French’s Sweet. Large, round
ovate, greenish-yellow; firm,
perfumed, very good. Late
autumn, Mass.
Fronclin. Medium, round,
brightred; ratheracid. Great
bearer. Pa.
Fulton, p. 290.
Gabriel, p. 260.
Garden. Small, striped;
acid, good. November.
Garden Royal, p. 251.
Garden Sweet. Medium, oblong,
yellow; juicy, tender, sweet,
good. September, October.
Hardy and productive.
Garretson’s Early, p. 253.
Gate. See Belrnont.
Genesee Chief. Large, roundish-
conic, ribbed, whitish with red
cheek ; sub-acid—cooking.
Geneva Pippin. See Winter
Pippin of Geneva.
Gibb Crab, p. 2098.
Gideon Crab, p. 208.
sub-
APPLES,
Giles. Medium, conic, dark red.
Ct.
Gillet’s Seedling. See Rome
Beauty.
Gilpin.” See Carthouse.
Gipson’s Kentucky Seedling.
Rather small, round ovate,
dark red and greenish-yellow ;
sub-acid. Productive. Long
keeper. Ky.
Gloria Mundi. See Monstrous
Pippin.
Glory of York. See Ribston
Pippin.
Gloucester Cheese. See Fall
Cheese.
Gloucester Pearmain. See
Clark’s Pearmain.
Gloucester White. Medium,
roundish-oblate, yellow: rich,
aromatic. Autumn. Va.
Goble Russet. Medium, oblong,
russet, reddened; dry, sweet.
Autumn.
Goff. Full medium, whitish,
tender, brisk sub-acid. Late
summer. Ohio.
Golden Ball, p. 290.
Golden Dixie. Medium, round-
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow,
good. Summer.
Golden Goss. Round-oblate,
ribbed, yellow; good.
Golden Harvey. Small, round-
ish, rough, russety orange;
rich sub-acid. Winter. Eng-
lish.
Golden Pippin.
Golden Pippin.
Golden Pippin of Westchester
Co., p. 290. [Another Golden
Pippin, called also Pound
Royal and Mammoth, is very
large, yellow; coarse, good.
See English
637
Late autumn. There are still
others of this name. ]
Golden Pearmain. See Clarke’s
Pearmain.
Golden Reinette. Small, round-
ish, regular, yellow and or-
ange striped; ich, mild
sub-acid. Late autumn. Eng-
lish,
Golden Russet of New York. See
Golden Russet.
Golden Spice. See Dyer.
Golden Sweet, p. 240. ;
Golden Wilding. Medium, ob-
late, rich yellow; crisp, acid,
good. N.C.
Good Peasant, p. 277.
Grandfather. Medium, round-
ish, oblate-conic, striped and
whitish; pleasant, sub-acid.
Autumn.
Grandmother, p. 277.
Granniwinkle. Medium, round-
ish-oblong, red; sweet—for
cider only. Autumn. N. J.
Granny Earle. Small, roundish-
oval, greenish, striped. Early
winter.
Grand Sachem. See Black De-
troit.
Granite Beauty, p. 277.
Grape Vine. See Camak’s
Sweet.
Gravenstein, p. 260.
Gray Apple. See Pomme Grise.
Gray Pippin. See Buel’s Favor-
ite.
Gray Vandevere. See Vande-
vere.
Greasy Pippin. See Lowell.
Green Abram. See Bullet.
Green Cheese. See Winter
Cheese.
Green Domine. Medium, oblate,
638 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
dullred; firm, pleasant. Early
winter.
Greening.
Greening.
Green Mountain Pippin, of Ga.
See Virginia Greening.
Green Newtown Pippin.
Newtown Pippin.
Green Seek-no-further, p. 290.
Greenskin. Medium, oblate,
greenish-yellow; tender, rich.
Early winter. Southern and
Western.
Green Sweet, p. 271.
See Rhode Island
See
Green Vandevere. See Vande-
vere.
Green Winter Pippin. See New-
town Pippin.
Green's Choice. Medium,
roundish-conic, striped; nearly
sweet. Late summer. Pa.
Gregson. See Catline.
Greyhouse. Medium, roundish,
dull red; firm, dry—for cider.
Winter. N. J.
Grimes’ Golden Pippin, p. 291.
Grindstone. See American Pip-
pin.
Groton. See Foundling.
Gully. Rather small, white with
ablush. Pa.
Haas or Fall Queen. Medium,
oblate conic, striped with red;
flesh white, juicy, acid, rich,
very good. Autumn. Popu-
lar atthe Southwest. Distinct
from Horse Apple.
Hagloe Crab. Small, distorted
—for cider only.
Hague Pippin. Large, conical,
striped deep red, handsome.
January. Western.
Hain. Large, roundish-oblong,
striped; sweet, aromatic.
Winter. Berks County, Pa.
Hall, p. 277.
Hall’s Red. See Hall.
Hallum. See Allum,
Hames. Large, round oblate;
whitish-striped and blotched
with red; flesh whitish, firm,
juicy, sub-acid. Summer.
Ga.
Hamilton. Large, round, yellow
and red. Autumn.
Hargrove. Medium, oblate;
yellow with carmine cheek;
flesh white, crisp, sub-acid,
very good. Autumn. N.C.
Harmony. See Early Pennock.
Harnish. Medium, oblong oval,
dark red; compact, rather dry,
sweet. Autumn. Pa.
Harrigan. See Milam.
Harris. Large, oblate, yellow;
coarse, pleasant, sub-acid.
Early autumn. For cooking.
NG.
Harrison. Medium, roundish-
oblong, yellow; dry, tough,
rich—for cider. N. J.
Hartford Sweeting, p. 269.
Harvest Red Streak. Medium,
oblate, striped; coarse, acid—
cooking. Late summer.
Haskell Sweet, p. 257.
Hawley, p. 267.
Hawthornden. Rather large,
oblate, regular, pale yellow;
pleasant, sub-acid—for cook-
ing. Great bearer. Autumn.
Hay’s Apple, or Hay’s Winter.
See Wine.
Heart’s Pippin. Medium,
roundish, yellow; tender, acid
—cooking. November.
Hector. Large, oblong conic,
APPLES.
striped; pleasant, very good.
Winter. Pa.
Heicke’s Winter Sweet. See
London Sweet.
Helen’s Favorite. Medium,
roundish, dark red; flesh
white, good. Winter. Ohio.
Henrick Sweet. See Sweet
Pearmain.
Henry. Large,
yellow; rich, pleasant.
autumn. Vt.
Henwood Seedling. Large, ob-
long oval, greenish - yellow;
good. January. Western.
Hepler. Medium, oblate conic,
light yellow, shaded dull red;
sub-acid. Winter. Pa.
Herefordshire Pearmain, p. 277.
Herman. Medium, oblong conic,
striped; flesh greenish, sub-
acid, very good. Winter. Pa.
Herren, p. 277.
Hess, p. 277.
Hewes’ Virginia Crab, p. 298.
Hewitt’s Sweet. Large, oblate,
yellow and red; sweet. Au-
tumn.
Hicks. * Medium, roundish, yel-
low, slightly striped; juicy,
rich, sweet, very good. Au-
gust. Long Island.
Higby’s Sweet, p. 271.
Highlander. Medium, oblate,
slightly conic, green, striped
with red; pleasant. Autumn.
Vt.
Hightop Sweet, p. 249.
Hill’s Favorite. Medium, round-
oblong conic,
Late
ish, red; compact, sub-acid,
aromatic. Autumn. Mass.
Hilton. Large, roundish, yel-
lowish-green; sub-acid—cook:-
ing. Autumn. N. Y.
639
Hinckman. See Newark King.
Hoary Morning. Large, oblate
conic, striped; sub-acid—cook-
ing. Autumn. English.
Hockett’s Sweet, p. 269.
Hocking, p. 250.
Hog Island Sweet. Medium,
oblate, fine red; sweet, rich,
very good. Autumn. Pro-
ductive. N.Y.
Holden Pippin. See Fall
Orange.
Hollady’s Seedling. Medium,
oblate, yellow; rich, aromatic.
Winter. Va.
Holland Pippin, p. 267.
Hollow Core Pippin.
ley.
Hollow Crown, p. 277.
Holly. Medium, roundish ob-
late; yellowandred. Winter.
Holman. Large, roundish-conic,
splashed red, sub-acid, good.
Early winter. N.C.
Homony. See Sops of Wine.
Honey Greening, p. 271.
Hooker. Medium, conic, striped ;
flesh greenish; sub-acid. De-
cember. Conn.
Hoover. Large, roundish, rich
crimson with large whitish
dots; brisk acid. Early win-
ter. s/SC:
Horn. Small, oblate, green with
dark red cheek; flesh firm,
See Ort-
crisp; good keeper. Winter.
Ala.
Horse, p. 254.
Horse Block. See Manomet
Sweet.
Housom’s Red. Large, oblong,
striped ; tender, aromatic, very
good. October to February.
Pa.
640 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS,
Howe’s Russet. Closely resem-
bles Roxbury Russet. Mass.
Hubbardston Nonsuch, p. 277.
Hubbardton Pippin. Large,
roundish, ‘variable, striped;
crisp, pleasant, sub-acid.
Winter. N. H.
Hughes, p. 291.
Hunge, p. 267.
Hunter, Medium, roundish-
conic, striped bright red; flesh
white. October. Pa.
Hunt’s Connecticut. Large,
round oblate, yellow and dull
red; dry, breaking; sub-acid,
good. Winter.
Huntsman, p. 291.
Huntsman’s Favorite.
Huntsman.
Hunt’s Russet. Small, conic,
russet and dull red; fine, sub-
See
acid. Winter. Mass.
Hurlbut, p. 260.
Hutchison. Medium, roundish,
yellow and red, mild sub-acid,
or nearly sweet. Good. Win-
ter. A handsome long keeper.
Ky.
Hyde’s Sweet. See Wood’s
Sweet.
Hyslop’s Crab, p. 298.
Indian Queen.
nock.
Indiana Favorite, p. 278.
See Early Pen-
Indiana Jannetting. See
Rawle’s Jannet.
Indiana Vandevere. See Van-
devere Pippin.
Iowa Blush, p. 291.
Irish Peach Apple. Medium,
roundish,
red;
gust.
striped, brownish-
flavor tolerable. Au-
Irish Pippin. Medium, round,
ted streaked; good. Early
winter.
Jabe. Medium, flattened, yel-
low with a red cheek; tender,
juicy, melting, rich. Hardy
and productive. September to
November.
Jabez Sweet. Medium, round-
ish, dull red; sweet. Winter.
Conn.
Jackson. See Chenango Straw-
berry.
Jackson Red. See Nickajack.
James River. See Limber Twig.
Jefferis, p. 260.
Jefferson. Rather large, round-
ish-conic, splashed dull red;
sub-acid, very good. Good
keeper. Ky.
Jefferson County, p. 260.
Jeniton. See Rawle’s Jannet.
Jenkins. Small, roundish ovate,
red with white dots; pleasant,
aromatic. Very good. Win-
bers: APA:
Jenette. See Rawle’s Jannet.
Jersey Black, p. 278.
Jersey Greening. See Ortley.
Jersey Pippin. Medium, oblong
conic, striped; sub-acid, good.
December. Foreign.
Jersey Sweeting, p. 256.
Jewett’s Best. Large, roundish
or. oblate, deep red, flesh yel-
low, juicy, rich, sub-acid.
Early winter. Vt.
Jewett’s Fine Red. See Jewett’s
Red.
Jewett’s Red, p. 261.
Joe Berry. See Newtown Spitz-
enburgh.
John’s Sweet. Medium, oblong
APPLES,
or conic, striped red on whitish-
yellow; sweet, of a peculiar
flavor. Winter. N. H.
Johnson. Rather large, round-
ish-conic, striped; tender,
sweet, becoming mealy. Late
summer. Conn. Another
Johnson, in Illinois, is oblate,
pale yellow and crimson, mild
sub-acid, rich, very good.
Winter. Productive, and val-
uable for market.
Johnson’s Fine Winter. See
York Imperial.
Jonathan, p. 278.
Jones’ Pippin. See Fall Orange.
Jones’ Seedling, p. 278.
Juicy Bite. See Better than
Good.
Julian, p. 250.
Julin. See Julian.
July Cluster. Medium, yellow,
sub-acid. Va.
July Pippin. See Early Harvest.
Junaluska. Large, roundish-
conic, yellow; flesh yellow;
sub-acid. Winter. N.C.
Kaighn’s Spitzenburgh. Large,
oblong, approaching ovate,
red; coarse, crisp, sub-acid.
Early winter.
Kaiser, p. 278.
Kane, p. 261.
Kansas Queen. Large, yellow,
nearly covered with crimson.
Early autumn.
Keim. Rather small, oblong
oval, yellow, sub-acid, aro-
matic, delicate, very good.
Winter. Pa.
Keister. Small, roundish-conic,
striped; pleasant, very good.
October. Pa.
AI
641
Kelly’s Sweet. See Moore’s
Sweet.
Kelly White. See Belmont.
Kelsey. Medium, roundish-
oblate, greenish-yellow; flesh
greenish-white, tender, pleas-
ant, aromatic, very good.
March. Pa.
Kenrick’s Autumn. Large,
roundish, striped; sprightly
sub-acid. September.
Kentish Fill-Basket. Very large,
roundish, yellow, slightly
streaked; sub-acid—cooking.
October, January. English.
Kentucky. Large, roundish,
yellow and dull red; juicy,
tender, sub-acid, good. Great
bearer. October.
Kentucky Cream. Medium or
above, roundish, largest at
apex, yellow and red; mild
sub-acid, good. Winter. N.Y.
Kentucky Queen. See Bucking-
ham,
Kentucky Streak. See Ben
Davis.
Kernodle’s Winter. Medium,
yellow, blotched and striped
red; flesh white, juicy. N.C.
Kerry Pippin. Medium, oval,
yellow; crisp, rich. Autumn.
Irish.
Keswick Codlin, p. 267.
Ketchum’s Favorite. Medium,
oval conic, yellow with a blush ;
mild, rich, very good. Au-
tumn. Vt.
Key’s Fall. Medium, round,
russet; good. Early winter.
Kilham Hill. Rather large,
roundish, striped ; good at first,
becoming mealy and worthless.
September. Mass.
642
King of Tompkins County, p.
279.
King of the Pippins. Medium,
roundish-oblate, striped;
rather poor. English.
King Philip. See Jonathan.
Kingsbury Russet. See Cheese-
borough Russet.
Kingsley. Medium, roundish-
oval, striped; sub-acid, very
good. Winter and. spring.
Monroe County, N. Y.
King Sweet. Rather small,
round-conical, yellow, rich,
sweet. Autumn. Maine.
Kinkead. Large, roundish-
oblate, striped red, juicy, mild
sub-acid, very good. Septem-
ber. Ohio. New.
Kinnaird, p. 291.
Kinnaird’s Choice.
naird.
Kirkbridge White, p. 254.
Kirk’s Lord Nelson. Rather
large, roundish, striped; qual-
ity moderate. Autumn. Eng-
lish.
Kittageskee. Rather small, ob-
late, yellow; crisp, tender,
sub-acid, very good. Winter.
Southern.
Klaproth, p. 250.
Knickerbocker.
See Kin-
Medium, round-
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow,
brisk sub-acid, good. Au-
tumn.
Knight's Golden Pippin. See
Downton Pippin.
Kohl. Small, roundish—good
keeper. German.
Krowser. Medium, roundish-
conic, striped; flesh white,
mild sub-acid. Winter. Pa.
Productive and popular,
DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Lacker, p. 279.
Ladies’ Blush. See Gabriel.
Ladies’ Favorite of ‘Tenn.
Buckingham.
Ladies’ Sweeting, p. 269.
Lady Apple, p. 291.
Lady Crab, p. 298.
Lady Finger. See White Para-
dise.
Lady Finger Crab, p. 2098.
Lady Fitzpatrick. See Carter’s
Blue.
Lady’s Fancy. Above medium,
oblong conical, yellow and red;
agreeable, sub-acid. Early
winter. Vt.
Lady Washington. See Cooper.
Lake. Small, ovate conic,
striped; sub-acid, very good.
A great bearer. Ohio.
Lancaster Greening. Medium,
roundish-conic, greenish-yel-
low ; sub-acid—cooking. Good
keeper. Ba.
Landon. Medium, roundish,
yellow and red; flesh yellow-
ish, firm, crisp, aromatic, very
good. Winter. Vt.
Landrum Medium, conic, deep
crimson; rather coarse, rich.
Autumn. Southern
Lane’s Red Streak. Large,
roundish-conic, yellow, with
small stripes; sub-acid, good.
October. Illinois.
Lane Sweet. Medium, oblate,
yellow; sweet, aromatic.
Winter. Mass.
Lansingburg. Medium, roundish
conic; yellow, with a hand-
some red cheek; flesh firm.
sub-acid, moderately rich—
keeps through spring. Ohio.
New.
See
APPLES.
Large Anis, p. 279.
Large Romanite. See Pen-
nock.
Large Striped Winter Pearmain.
See McAfee’s Nonsuch.
Large Summer Queen. Quite
large, roundish, yellow and
red; mild, rich, sub-acid, good.
Late summer. N.C.
Large Yellow Bough. See Sweet
Bough.
Late Baldwin. See Baldwin.
Late Bough. See Autumn Sweet
Bough.
Late Golden Sweet.
Sweet.
Late Queen. Large, roundish
conical, pale red on yellow;
sub-acid, good. Autumn.
Ohio.
Late Strawberry, p. 261.
Lawver, p. 279.
Lead, p. 291
Ledenets, p. 291.
Ledge Sweet. Large, roundish-
oblate, yellowish-green with a
blush; sweet. A good keeper.
N. H. .
Leicester Sweet, p. 271.
Leland Spice, or Leland Pip-
pin, p. 262.
Lemon Pippin. Medium, oval,
greenish-yellow; sub-acid.
English.
Lewis. Medium, oblate conic,
skin yellow, striped; flesh yel-
low, compaét, rich, sub-acid.
Early winter. Indiana.
Liberty. Rather large, oblong
conic, striped; flesh yellow;
firm, mild sub-acid. Long
keeper. Western.
Lieby. See Recumbent.
Limber Twig, p. 279.
See Baker’s
643
Lippincott’s Early. See Sum-
mer Rose.
Lippincott’s Sweet. Rather
large, greenish-white. Produc-
tive, keeps till spring, good.
Ne J:
Little Pearmain.
Pippin.
Liveland Raspberry, p. 254.
London Sweet, p. 271.
Longfield, p. 291.
Long Island Russet. Medium,
round, russet. Winter.
Long Island Seek-no-further, or
R. I. Seek-no-further, p. 262.
Long John. Large, conical,
green, with adry flesh; a great
keeper.
Long Stem of Conn. is roundish,
yellow. Long Stem of Mass.
is oblate with a blush. Long
Stem of Ky. is oblate, striped.
Long Stem of Pa., p. 276.
Long Stem Sweet. See Baker’s
Sweet.
Looker Winter Crab, p. 299.
Lord Nelson. See Blenheim
Pippin.
Lorne. See Marquis of Lorne.
Loudon Pippin, p. 291.
Lowell, p. 267.
Lubsk Queen, p. 2or.
Lyman’s Large Summer, p. 254.
Lyman’s Pumpkin Sweet, p.
257.
Lyscom, p. 262.
See Bullock's
Mackay Sweet. Medium, round-
ish-conic, yellow, sweet, good.
Winter. Mass.
Mackie’s Clyde Beauty. See
Clyde Beauty.
Macomber. Medium, oblate,
ribbed, striped; flesh white,
644 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
tender, sub-acid. Early win-
ter. Maine.
Magnolia, p. 262.
Magnum Bonum. See Bonum.
Magog Red Streak. Medium,
roundish-oblong, faintly
striped on a light yellow skin;
mild sub-acid. Winter. Very
hardy. Vt.
Mahomet. Medium, roundish-
oblate, yellow and red; good.
Autumn. ,
Maiden’s Blush, p. 267.
Maiden's Favorite. Rather
small, oblong, whitish-yellow
and crimson; pleasant, very
delicate. Winter. N. Y.
Major. Large, roundish, red;
flesh yellowish, crisp, pleasant,
rich. Pa.
Male Carle, or Charles Apple.
Medium, regular, smooth yel-
low with a fine cheek, hand-
some; notrich, pleasant. Au-
tumn. Succeeds South. For-
eign.
Mallett, p. 279.
Mamma Beam. See Belmont.
Mangum, p. 262.
Manks Codlin. Medium, round-
ish-oblong, yellow—cooking.
August. English.
Mann. Large, nearly round,
greenish-yellow with a brown-
ish cheek, mild sub-acid, good.
Valuable as a late keeper.
Manomet Sweeting, p. 249.
Mansfield Russet. Small, oblong
conic, cinnamon russet; rich,
aromatic. Good bearer and
keeper. Mass.
Marengo Crab, p. 299.
Maria Bush. Large, round ob-
late, striped; flesh white,
tender, sub-acid. Autumn.
Pa.
Marks. Medium, roundish conic,
light yellow; flesh whitish,
fine, perfumed, very good.
Winter. Pa.
Marquis of Lorne. Large,
roundish-oblate; green, red
streaked; good. Winter.
Marshall. Rather large, round-
ish, green—market. April to
July. Vigorous and produc-
tive.
Marshall Red Crab, p. 2or.
Marston’s Red Winter, p.
279.
Martha Crab, p. 299.
Martin. See McLellan.
Mary Wornac. Large, roundish-
oblate; yellow and red; good.
Winter.
Mason’s Orange. Very large,
oblate, yellow. Winter.
Mason’s Stranger. Medium ob-
late, yellow and red; good.
Winter.
Masten’s Seedling. Medium,
round ovate, greenish-yellow ;
mild, pleasant sub-acid, agree-
able. Dutchess County, N. Y.
Winter. New.
Mattamuskeet. Medium, yellow
and red; brisk sub-acid. Win-
ter. Good keeper. N. C.
Maverack’s Sweet, p. 269.
Maxey. Full medium, striped;
sub-acid, good® rather dry.
Long keeper. Ky.
Maxfield. See Mangum.
May, or May Apple of Virginia,
p. 256.
McAfee’s Nonsuch. Large,
roundish - oblate, striped;
pleasant sub-acid. Early win-
APPLES. 645
ter. Ky. Valued in many bearer. August and Septem-
localities. ber.
McCoy’s Pippin. Large, oblate, Methodist. Medium, oblong
greenish-white; pleasant sub-
acid, good. Autumn. Pa.
McDowell’s Sweet. Medium,
roundish-oblate, striped;
sweet, very good. Autumn.
N.C.
McHenry. Resembles American
Summer Pearmain—keeps till
winter. Growth free.
McIntosh Red. Full medium,
roundish, rich red on light yel-
low skin; juicy, sub-acid.
Early winter. Very hardy.
Ontario.
McKinley. Large, dull red,
showy; good, sub-acid. Early
winter. Mo.
McLellan, p. 279.
McMahan’s. White, large,
roundish-obovate, yellowish-
white; a good cooking apple.
Wis.
Meach. Large, roundish,
striped, light red; rich, mild
sub-acid, aromatic. Autumn.
Vt.
Meigs. See Red Winter Pear-
main.
Mellinger. Medium, roundish-
conical, red striped; good.
Winter.
Melon, p. 262.
Melt-in-the-mouth, p. 262.
Melvin Sweet. Medium, round-
ish, striped pale red; rich.
December. Mass. :
Menagere. Very large, flat,
pale yellow—cooking. Ger-
man.
Merritt’s Sweet. Medium, ob-
late, yellow; very sweet— good
oval, greenish, striped; mild
sub-acid, notrich. November.
Conn.
Mexico, p. 263.
Michael Henry Pippin, p. 292.
Michigan Golden Pippin. See
Lowell.
Mickel, p. 280.
Mifflin King. Small, oblong
oval, dull red; very good.
Autumn. Pa.
Milam, p. 280.
Milden. (Milding.) Large, ob-
late, yellow and red; good.
Early winter.
Millcreek. See Smokehouse.
Millcreek Vandevere. See
Smokehouse.
Miller Apple. Large, ovate,
striped; mild sub-acid, rich.
Autumn. N.Y. [Another
Miller Apple, in Pa., is rather
small, striped, with white flesh.
October. }
Miller’s Best Sort. See Progress.
Minister, p. 280.
Minkler. Medium, conic, red;
acid, good, long keeper. III.
New.
Missouri Pippin. Above me-
dium, roundish-oblate, striped
with red on pale yellow skin;
crisp, breaking, sub-acid,
good; keeps through winter.
Molasses. There are several of
this name, all medium in size,
striped, and sweet.
Monarch. Medium, roundish-
oblate, striped; sub-acid.
Autumn.
Monk’s Favorite, p. 280.
646 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Monmouth Pippin, p. 292.
Monstrous Pippin, p. 292.
Montreal. See St. Lawrence.
Montreal Beauty, p. 299.
Moore’s Extra. Abovemedium,
striped, fine grained, mild sub-
acid, very good. Winter.
Ohio.
Moore’s Greening. Medium,
round, greenish-yellow; brisk
acid, good. Productive. Win-
ter. Conn.
Moore’s Sweeting. Medium,
oblate, deep red; sweet, dry—
good keeper.
Moose, or Mouse. Large, round-
ish-oblong, greenish; flesh
yellow, fine grained, light, del-
icate." N.Y:
Morrison’s Red. Medium, conic,
light yellow and red; mild,
pleasant. Winter. Mass.
Moses Wood. Medium, round-
ish, yellow and red; tender,
juicy, pleasant, sub-acid.
September. Vigorous, pro-
ductive.
Mote’sSweet. Large, roundish,
light yellow; rich sweet, very
good. Autumn. Ohio.
Mother, p. 280.
Mountain Pippin. See Falla-
water.
Mrs. Bryan. Large, orangered ;
good. Autumn. Ga.
Munson Sweet, p. 257.
Murphy, or Murphy’s Red.
Large, roundish-oblong,
striped; tender, agreeable.
Early winter. Mass.
Murray. Medium, oblong,
conic, rich orange yellow;
brisk sub-acid. Winter.
Southern.
Muskmelon. See Toccoa.
Musk Spice. See Fall Wine.
Myers’ Nonpareil, p. 263.
Mygatt’s Bergamot. See Dyer.
Naigle’s Winter. Medium, yel-
low and red; crisp, juicy, sub-
acid, very good. Productive.
Early winter. Mo.
Nantahalee. Medium, oblate,
conic, pale green; sprightly
and good. Summer. Ala.
Nansemond. (Nansemond
Beauty.) Medium, roundish-
oblate, red streaked; good.
Winter.
Ned. Medium, striped; pleas-
ant sub-acid, very good. Early
winter. Pa.
Ne Plus Ultra of Georgia. See
Buckingham.
Nequassa. Large, oblate,
striped; flesh white, very
sweet. December. N.C.
Neverfail. See Rawle’s Jannet.
Neversink. Large, roundish,
red on yellow; very good—
pineapple flavor. Winter.
Pa;
Newark King, p. 281.
Newark Pippin, p. 292.
Newark Sweeting. See Camp-
field.
New England Seek-no-further.
See Westfield ditto.
New Jersey Red Streak. See
Early Pennock.
Newtown Greening. See Golden
Pippin of Westchester County.
Newtown Pippin, p. 292.
Newtown Spitzenburgh. See
New York Vandevere.
New York Greening. See Golden
Pippin of Westchester County.
——
APPLES. 647
New York Pippin. See Ben roundish-oblate, yellow ; lively
Davis. sub-acid, aromatic, very good.
New York Spice. See Leland Resembles Disharoon. Win-
Spice. tet, ~ Ga.
New York Vandevere, p. 281.
Nickajack, p. 281.
Nix Green. Medium, oblate,
greenish-yellow; sub-acid,
good. Early winter. Ga.
Nodhead. See Jewett’s Red.
Nonpareil, or Old Nonpareil.
Rather small, roundish ovate,
greenish-yellow; rich, acid.
December. English—of little
value here.
Nonsuch. Medium, oblate, reg-
ular, striped light red; soft,
sub-acid. English. See Red
Canada.
Norfolk Beaufin. Large, oblate,
dull red; flesh firm, poor—
cooking. Goodkeeper. Eng-
lish.
Northampton. Medium, oblate,
red streaked; good. Early
winter.
North Carolina Greening. See
Bullet.
Northern Golden Sweet. See
Northern Sweet.
Northern Spy, p. 281.
Northern Sweet. Medium,
roundish-conic, yellow ; sweet,
rich, very good. Autumn.
Vermont.
Norton’s Melon. See Melon.
Nottingham Brown. See
Brown.
Oakland. (Oakland County
Seek - no - further.) Medium,
roundish-oblate, yellow and
red; good. Winter.
Oconee Greening. Very large,
Oglesby. Medium, oblate, yel-
low; crisp, sub-acid, good.
Va.
Ohio Favorite. See Ortley.
Ohio Nonpareil. See Myers’
Nonpareil.
Ohio Pippin. See Ernst’s Pip-
pin.
Ohio Red Streak. Medium, ob-
late, striped; compact, rich,
sub-acid. Winter. Ohio.
Ohio Wine. See Fall Wine.
Oldenburgh, p. 263.
Old English Codlin. Rather
large, oblong conic, yellow;
sub-acid—cooking. Summer
and autumn. English.
Oldfield. Medium, oblate conic,
yellow; mild sub-acid, pleas-
ant. Winter. Conn.
Old Nonsuch. See Red Canada.
Old Town Crab, or Spice Apple
of Va. Rathersmall, greenish- ©
yellow ; crisp, sweet, pleasant,
aromatic. Winter.
Old Town Pippin.
bardston Nonsuch.
Orange, p. 299.
Orange Pippin. Medium, round-
ish, whitish-yellow; fine-
grained, mild sub-acid, good.
Early autumn. N. J.
Orange Sweet. Several of this
name.
Orndorf, p. 263.
Orne’s Early. Rather large,
pale yellow. September. For-
eign.
Ortley, p. 293.
Osborn’s Sweet.
See Hub-
Large, round-
648 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
ish, yellow; sweet. October.
Western.
Osceola, p. 281.
Osgood’s Favorite. See Lyscon.
Oslin. Rather small, oblate,
yellow; firm, rich, aromatic.
August. Scotch.
Ostrokoff. Medium, round, yel-
low, cavity deep, stem me-
dium, basin shallow, ribbed;
flesh greenish, acid. Good
for cooking purposes. Early
winter. Russian.
Otoe Red. (Otoe Red Streak.)
Medium, roundish-oblate, yel-
low and red; good. Winter.
Overman’s Sweet. Medium,
conic, striped; sweet, very
good—baking. October. II.
Ox Apple. See Monstrous Pip-
pin.
Ox Eye. See N. Y. Vandevere.
Paradise, Summer Sweet, p. 257.
Paradise, Winter Sweet, p. 272.
Park Spice, or Park Apple. Me-
dium, roundish, striped; mild
sub-acid, aromatic, very good.
Winter. Productive. West-
chester County, N. Y.
Patterson Sweet. See Bailey
Sweet.
Paul’s Imperial, p. 299.
Pawpaw. Medium, striped;
mild, sub-acid. Mich.
Peach of Montreal. Resembles
Porter, but with a bright red
cheek. Very productive and
hardy. September.
Peach Pond Sweet. Medium,
oblate, striped light red; ten-
der, sweet, agreeable.
tumn. N.Y.
Pearsall’s Sweet. Large, light
Au-_
red, shaded and striped;
coarse, sweet, good. Early
winter. Productive, good for
baking. Long Island.
Peck’s Pleasant, p. 293.
Pennock’s Red Winter. Large,
roundish, slightly oblong, deep
dull red; rather coarse, mild,
pleasant. Affected with bitter
rot. Good keeper. Pa.
Pennsylvania Vandevere.
Vandevere.
People’s Choice. Medium, ob-
late, bright red; brisk sub-
acid. Winter. Pa.
Perry,, p. 282.
Petersburgh Pippin.
town Pippin.
Pewaukee. Above medium,
roundish, oblate, striped with
red on a bright yellow skin;
sub-acid, moderately good in
See
See New-
quality. Very hardy. Late
winter. Wis.
Philadelphia Sweet. See Au-
tumn Sweet Bough.
Philippi. Large, oblate conical,
greenish-yellow; tender, fra-
grant, very good. January.
Ba:
Phillips’ Sweeting, p. 269.
Picard. (Picard’s Reserve.)
Medium, roundish-oblate, red
and yellow. Winter.
Pickman Pippin. Medium,
roundish-oblate, yellow; acid
,
—cooking. Winter. Mass.
Pilot, p. 282.
Pine Apple Russet. Medium,
conic, whitish-yellow; sub-
acid—of little value. Au-
tumn.
Pink Sweeting. Small, greenish
and bright red; rich, pleasant,
APPLES.
sweet. Great bearer. Septem-
ber, October. Pa.
Pittsburgh Pippin, p. 293.
Pittstown. Rather large, round-
ish, slightly oblong, light yel-
low, with a brown blush; ten-
der, mild, sub-acid, good.
October. Pittstown, N. Y.
Pleasant Valley. (Pleasant Val-
ley Pippin.) Medium, round-
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow;
good. Winter.
Plumb’sCider. Medium, round-
ish, greenish-yellow with some
stripes, juicy, mild sub-acid.
Autumn. Wis.
Polhemus of Long Island. See
Moore’s Sweet.
Polly Bright. Oblong conic,
light yellow, with a red cheek ;
tender, pleasant. September,
October. Va. and West.
Pomeroy. Medium, regular,
ovate; shaded and striped red.
Flesh whitish, crisp, sweet.
Winter... N.Y.
Pomme d’Api. See Lady Apple.
Pomme de Neige. See Fa-
meuse.
Pomme Grise, p. 293.
Pomme Royal. See Dyer.
Porter, p. 267.
Potter Sweet.
Sweet.
Poughkeepsie Russet.
lish Russet.
Pound Royal, p. 293.
Pound Sweet. See Lyman’s
See Leicester
See Eng-
Pumpkin Sweet. Several
others of the name.
Pownal Spitzenburgh. Rather
large, oblate, slightly conic,
striped; sub-acid. Winter.
Premium. Medium, roundish-
649
conical, yellow; good. Win-
ter.
President. Large, roundish;
yellow with red on sunny side,
slightly sprinkled with gray
dots.
Pres. Ewing. Medium, round-
ish, striped; firm, agreeable,
sub-acid. Winter. Ky.
Pride of September. See Sep-
tember.
Priestley. Medium, roundish
oblong, striped dull red; spicy,
good. Winter. Pa.
Priest’s Sweet. Medium, round-
ish conic, striped dull red;
tender, pleasant. Good
keeper. Mass.
Primate, p. 254.
Princely. Rather large, round-
ish-oblate, striped; sub-acid,
fine. Autumn. N. J. and Pa.
Prince’s Harvest. See Early
Harvest.
Progress, p. 293.
Prolific Sweeting, p. 257.
Prother’s Winter. Medium,
conical, yellow and red. Late
winter.
Pryor’s Pearmain.
Red.
Pryor’s Red, p. 282.
Pumpkin Russet, p. 257.
Pumpkin Sweet. See Lyman’s
Pumpkin Sweet. There are
several varieties under the
name Pumpkin Sweet.
See Pryor’s
Putnam Harvey. Medium,
roundish-oblate, pale green;
tender, sub-acid, agreeable.
August and September.
Putnam Russet. See Roxbury
Russet.
Pyle’s Red Winter. Large,
650 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
roundish, greenish-yellow
shaded with pale red; crisp,
juicy, pleasant, very good.
Winter. Pa.
Quaker Beauty, p. 299.
Queen Anne. See Lowell.
Queen’s Choice, p. 299.
Quince. Rather large, roundish-
oblate, yellow; mild, sub-acid,
aromatic. November.
Ragan, p. 282.
Rainbow. Large, conical, yel-
low, striped with red; flesh
yellow, solid, juicy, sub-acid.
West.
Rambo, p. 263.
Rambour d’Eté, or Summer
Rambour. Medium, fiat,
striped; sub-acid. September.
French.
Rambour Queen, p. 282.
Ramsdell’s Sweeting, p. 269.
Randel’s Best. Medium, round-
ish, striped; sweet. Decem-
ber.
Raspberry, p. 250.
Rawle’s Jannet, p. 283.
Rawle’s Jenneting. See Rawle’s
Jannet.
Ray Apple. See Munson’s
Sweet.
Rebecca. Large, roundish-
oblate, whitish-yellow and
crimson; tender, pleasant,
spicy. August, September.
Del.
Recumbent, p. 283.
Red and Green Sweet. Large
oblong conic, ribbed, striped ;
quality moderate—baking.
End of summer.
Red Astrachan, p. 254.
Red Bellflower. Large, oblong
conic, striped; mild, sub-acid,
becoming mealy. Worthless,
French.
Red Bietigheimer. See Bietig-
heimer.
Red Calville, or Red Winter
Calville. Medium, roundish-
conic, ribbed, red; mild, sub-
acid. Winter. Foreign.
Red Canada, p. 283.
Red Cat-head. Large, roundish-
conic, yellow, shaded red,
brisk, pleasant. Autumn.
Va.
Red Cheek. See Fall Orange.
Several others of the name.
Red-Cheeked Pippin. See Mon-
mouth Pippin.
Red Detroit.. See Detroit.
Red Doctor. See Doctor.
Red Everlasting. See Simmon’s
Red.
Red Fall Pippin.
ter Pearmain.
Red Gilliflower.
Gilliflower.
Red Hazel. See Berry.
Red Ingestrie. Small, ovate,
yellow and red; firm, rich.
See Red Win-
See Cornish
Autumn. English. Of little
value here.
Red June. See Carolina Red
June.
Red Juneating. See Early
Strawberry.
Red Pearmain. See Kaighn’s
Spitzenburgh.
Red Pumpkin Sweet. See
Ramsdell’s Sweeting.
Red Quarrenden. See Devon-
shire Quarrenden.
Red Queen, p. 294.
Red Rance. Medium, roundish-
see | ee ot lS ee
APPLES.
oblate, red striped; good.
Winter.
Red Republican. Large, round-
ish-oblate, striped; coarse;
sub-acid. Autumn. Pa.
Red Romanite. See Carthouse.
Red Russet, p. 294.
Red Seek-no-further. See
Keiser.
Red Siberian, p. 299.
Red Spitzenburgh. See Rich-
ards’ Graft.
Red Streak. Medium, round-
ish, streaked; rich, firm, dry—
for cider. English.
Red Stripe. Rather large, ob-
long, conical, striped; mild,
sub-acid, very good. Late
summer. Ind.
Red Summer Calville, p. 263.
Red Sweet. Medium, roundish-
oval, striped; tender, sweet,
very good. December. Ohio.
Red Vandevere. See Vande-
vere.
Red Warrior. See Yates.
Red Winter Pearmain, p. 283.
Red Winter Sweet. Medium,
roundish, striped deep red;
coarse, rich, very sweet.
Early winter. Va. and Ky.
Reinette Blanche d’Espagne.
See White Spanish Reinette.
Reinette de Canada. See Canada
Reinette.
Republican Pippin, p. 263.
Rhode Island Greening, p. 294.
Rhode's Orange. Medium,
roundish-oblate, yellow and
red. Summer.
Ribston Pippin, p. 263.
Richards’ Graft, p. 263.
Richfield Nonsuch. See Red
' Canada.
651
Richland Sweet, p. 300.
Richmond, p. 256.
Ridge Pippin. Large, roundish-
conic, yellow; mild, aromatic.
Spring.
Riest. Large, roundish, yellow ;
pleasant, very good. August.
Pa.
Ritter. Medium, roundish-
oblong, striped, good. Au-
tumn. Pa.
River. Rather large, oblong
ovate, striped; coarse, pleas-
ant, sub-acid. Autumn.
Mass.
Roadstown Pippin. Large,
oblate, greenish-yellow;
sprightly sub-acid—market
and cooking. N. J.
Roberson’s White, p. 268.
Robey’s Seedling, p. 283.
Robinson. Rather small, round-
ish-conical, greenish-yellow ;
very mild sub-acid, good.
Winter. Iowa.
Rock Apple. Large, roundish,
striped; sub-acid, very good.
Autumn. N. H.
Rockingham Red. See Allum.
Rockremain. See Rawle’s
Jannet.
Rockport Sweet. Medium, ob-
late, yellow, with a red cheek ;
sweet, aromatic. Winter.
Mass.
Rock Sweet. Rather small,
roundish, oblate conic, striped ;
sweet, riche September.
Mass.
Romanite. See Carthouse.
Romanite of New Jersey. See
Rainbow.
Roman Stem, p. 294.
Rome Beauty, p. 283.
652 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Romna, p. 295.
Roseau. Large, irregular, dark
red; of little value. For-
eign.
Rosenhager, p. 295.
Rose Red. Medium, oblate,
striped and shaded red; lively
sub-acid, very good. Autumn.
Western N. Y.
Ross Nonpareil. Small, round-
ish, thin russet; rich sub-acid,
aromatic. October. Trish.
Of little value.
Rosy Red. Medium, striped;
mild sub-acid. Early winter.
Michigan.
Roxbury Russet, p. 295.
Royal Pearmain. See Hereford-
shire Pearmain.
Royal Pippin. See Carter.
Royal Table, p. 283.
Rum Apple. Medium, oblate,
yellow, shaded crimson; sub-
acid. Winter. N. H.
Runnels. Medium, green,
rough; flesh firm, very good.
Late keeper—market.
Russet Pearmain, p. 283.
Rymer. Large, oblate conic,
yellow, shaded crimson; sub-
acid. December. Foreign.
Sailly Autumn. Medium, oblate
conic, greenish-yellow, with
a reddish cheek; tender,
rich, aromatic. September.
Nays
Saint Lawrence.
yellow and red; good.
tumn.
Salome. Medium, roundish,
slightly conical, striped and
shaded light and deep red on
a pale yellow skin; flesh ten-
Large, oblate,
Au-
der, mild sub-acid, slightly
aromatic, very good. Long
keeper. A valuable new west-
ern apple.
Sandy Glass, p. 295.
Sapson. See Sops-of-Wine.
Sarah. Large, oblate, red
striped; good. Autumn.
Sassafras Sweet. See Haskell’s
Sweet.
Saxton, or Fall Stripe. Bright
red, sub-acid, crisp, pleasant.
September.
Scarlet Nonpareil. Medium,
roundish-conic, striped; sub-
acid. November. English.
Scarlet Pearmain. Medium,
ovate conic, crimson; flesh
white, good. Autumn. Eng-
lish.
Scarlet Perfume. See Cole.
Schoonmaker. Large, roundish-
oblate, greenish-yellow; brisk
sub-acid, good. Winter.
Scollop Gilliflower. Rather
large, roundish-conic, much
ribbed, striped, firm. De-
cember. Ohio.
Scott’s Winter. Medium, round,
deep red, rather acid, good.
Is very hardy and a long
keeper, and a good substitute
at the North for Roxbury Rus-
set.
Seager. Large, roundish-conic,
red striped; good.
Seago. See Mangum.
Seek-no-further. See Green do.
and Westfield do.
Seever’s Red Streak. Medium,
roundish, striped, sub-acid.
Autumn. Ohio.
Selma. Rather large, roundish-
oblate, yellow, russet, and dull
APPLES.
red; mild sub-acid, good. De-
cember. Ohio.
Senator, p. 268.
September. Large, roundish,
yellow; agreeable sub-acid.
October. Pa.
Settle Pippin. Medium, white
shaded light red; flesh white,
crisp, juicy, pleasant. Au-
tumn. Va.
Shackleford. Large, roundish,
oblate, red; flesh yellow, mild
sub-acid. Said to be hardy and
free grower. West. Winter.
Shakers’ Yellow. See Early
Pennock.
Shannon. See Ohio Pippin.
Sharpe’s SEarly. See ummer
Queen.
Sharp’s Spice. See Fall Wine.
Sheep Nose. See Bullock’s Pip-
pin. Other sorts of the name.
Sheppard’s Sweet. Medium,
ovate, ribbed, striped; sweet,
pleasant. Autumn. Conn.
Sherwood’s Favorite. See Che-
nango Strawberry.
Shiawasse Beauty, p. 264.
Shippen’s Russet. Large, round-
ish-oblate; spongy, acid.
Winter.
Shirley. See Foundling.
Shockley, p. 284.
Simmon’s Red. Medium, oblate,
yellow with red blush; flesh
yellow, good. Tree vigorous;
profuse bearer. Summer.
Ala.
Sinclair’s Yellow. See Early
Harvest.
Sine Qua Non, p. 255.
Skrnishapfel, p. 284.
Slingerland Pippin. Rather
large, conic oblate, yellow,
653
shaded red; rich sub-acid.
Early winter. N. Y.
Small Romanite. See Carthouse.
Smalley, or Spice. Medium,
oblate conic, yellow; brisk,
aromatic. Autumn. Conn.
Smithfield Spice. See Dyer.
Smith’s Cider, p. 284.
Smokehouse, p. 264.
Smoky Arcad, p. 257.
Snow. See Fameuse.
Snyder, p. 300. _
Sol Carter. See Equinetely.
Somerset. Large, roundish, yel-
low and red; tender, juicy,
sub-acid. September.
Somerset of New York.
Small, roundish-conical, yellow
russeted; good. Autumn.
Sonoma. Large, irregular, yel-
low striped with red. Winter.
Cal.
Sops-of-Wine, p. 250.
Soulard, p. 264.
Sour Bough. See Summer Pip-
pin.
Southern Porter. Medium,
ovate, bright yellow, rich sub-
acid. Ripens several weeks
after Porter, or in September
in Carolina.
Southern Striped June. See Ear-
ly Red Margaret.
Spencer Sweeting. See Hartford
Sweeting.
Spice Apple of Virginia.
Old Town Crab.
Spice Russet. Small, round ob-
late, yellow russet; aromatic,
good. Winter.
Spice Sweeting, or Berry Bough.
Medium, oblate, smooth, pale
yellow ; sweet, aromatic; often
knotty. August.
See
654 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Spitzenburgh, p. 284. Several of
this name.
Sponge. Large, roundish,
striped red on light green;
rather acid. December.
Sprague. Rather small, oblong
ovate, yellow, sub-acid. Oc-
tober.
Springport Pippin. Medium,
roundish, yellowish-green ;
sub-acid, very good. Winter.
Cayuga County, N. Y.
St. Lawrence, p. 264.
Stanard. Large, roundish, yel-
low and red; rather coarse,
sub-acid. December. Erie
County, N. Y.
Star, p. 268.
Stark. Large, striped, coarse;
mild sub-acid, good. Valuable
asakeeper. Ohio.
Starkey. Medium, roundish-
oblate, nearly all rich red, mild
sub-acid, very good. Early
winter. Me.
Starr, p. 255.
Steele’s Red Winter. See Bald-
win—also Red Canada.
Steel’s Sweet. Medium, round,
ribbed, yellow. Winter.
Conn.
Stensi]l. Rather large, oblate,
striped; sub-acid. January.
Early bearer. N. C.
Sterling Beauty. See American
Beauty.
Stevenson’s. Medium, green,
russeted; flesh firm, juicy.
Winter. Southern.
Stevenson's Winter, p. 268.
Stillman’s Early. Small, round-
ish-conic, yellow; tender,
pleasant, sub-acid. July and
August. Oneida County, N.Y.
Stillwater Sweet. Medium,
greenish-yellow, tender, sweet,
very good. Autumn. Ohio.
Straat. See Stroat.
Strawberry. See Late Straw-
berry and Chenango Straw-
berry.
Streintown, p. 295.
Striped Ashmore. See Ashmore.
Striped Belle Fleur. See Red
Bellflower.
Striped Gilliflower. Roundish-
conical, striped bright red on
white skin, brisk sub-acid.
Tree avigorous grower. Win-
ter.
Striped Harvest.
Red Streak.
Striped June. See Early Red
Margaret.
Striped Pearmain, or Striped
Winter Pearmain. See
McAfee’s Nonsuch.
Striped Sweet Pippin. Rather
large, roundish, striped rich
red on bright yellow; very
mild sub-acid, very good.
Early winter.
Stroat. Medium, roundish,
ovate, yellowish-green; rich,
very good. Autumn. N. Y.
Stump. Medium, oblong coni-
cal, striped bright red, hand-
some; sub-acid; very good.
Productive and profitable.
Autumn. Monroe County,
Ne.
Sturmer Pippin. Small, oblate,
yellow and red; rich, sub-acid.
Winter. Ky.
Sudlow’s Fall Pippin. See
Franklin Golden Pippin.
Sugar Loaf Pippin. Medium,
oblong conic, smooth, whitish-
See Harvest
a
APPLES. 655
yellow; sub-acid, poor. Sum- Surprise. Small, roundish,
mer. English. yellow; flesh red. Of little
Sugar Sweet. Large, conic, value.
ribbed, yellow, shaded red;
rich, very sweet. Winter.
Mass.
Summer Bellflower. Medium,
ovate, yellow; flesh white,
rich, sub-acid, very good.
August. Dutchess County,
Nie Ye
Summer Golden Pippin. Small,
ovate, yellow; rich. August.
English.
Summer Hagloe, p. 253.
Summer Horse. See Horse.
Summer King. Medium, oblate;
yellow, red blush; good.
Summerour. See Nickajack.
Summer Pearmain. See Autumn
Pearmain.
Summer Pippin, p. 255.
Summer Pound Royal.
roundish-conic, greenish-
white; fine-grained, tender,
sub-acid, very good. End of
summer. Profitable. Grown
in Ohio and Mich.
Summer Queen, p. 253.
Summer Rambo. (Acorruption
Large,
of Summer Rambour.) See
Western Beauty.
Summer Rambour. See Ram-
bour d’Eté.
Summer Rose, p. 253.
Summer Seek-no-further. Me-
dium, oblate conical, yellow;
very good.
Summer Sweet of Ohio.
High-top Sweeting.
Summer Sweet Paradise, p. 257.
Superb Sweet. Large, roundish,
yellow and red; tender, rich,
sweet. Autumn. Mass.
See
Susan’s Spice. Medium, oblate,
yellow andred. Autumn.
‘Sutton Beauty. Rather large,
roundish, yellow and crimson ;
sprightly sub-acid. December.
Mass. Proves valuable.
Sutton’s Early. Medium,
slightly conic, light yellow;
tender, juicy, rich sub-acid.
September. Nova Scotia.
Swaar, p. 295.
Sweet and Sour. Rather large,
with green acid ribs, and yel-
low insipid hollows between
them—a curiosity only.
Sweet Baldwin. Medium round-
ish, deep red; firm, sweet—of
little value. November.
Sweet Belleet Bonne. Medium,
roundish-oblate, yellow rus-
seted; good. Early winter.
Sweet Borovinka, p. 248.
Sweet Bough, p. 249.
Sweet Fall Pippin. Large, ob-
late, greenish-yellow; sweet,
rich. October, November.
Nas:
Sweet Golden Pippin. See Au-
tumnal Swaar.
Sweet Golden Russet. Rather
large, conical, yellow, rus-
seted; rich, sweet. Septem-
ber, October. Hardy, produc-
tive.
Sweet Harvest.
Bough.
Sweet Harvey. See Sweet Van-
devere.
Sweet June of Illinois.
High-Top Sweeting.
Sweet Longfield, p. 257.
See Sweet
See
656 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Sweet Nonsuch. See Sweet Ro-
manite.
Sweet Pear. Medium, roundish-
conical, yellow. Autumn.
Sweet Pearmain, p. 270.
Sweet Pepka, p. 258.
Sweet Pippin. See Hog Island
Sweet; also Moore’s Sweet.
Sweet Rambo. Medium, round-
ish-oblate, yellow, shaded red
with large dots; tender, juicy,
tich, aromatic. Late autumn.
Pan
Sweet Red Streak. See Sweet
Vandevere.
Sweet Romanite, p. 270.
Sweet Russet. See Pumpkin
Russet.
Sweet Russet Crab, p. 300.
Sweet Swaar. SeeAutumnal
Swaar.
Sweet Vandevere, p. 270.
Sweet Wine. See Fall Wine.
Sweet Wine Sap. Medium, ob-
late, splashed deep crimson;
tender, juicy, sweet, rich.
November. Pa.
Swiss, or Switzer Apple.
Pittsburgh Pippin.
Sylvan Sweet, p. 300.
See
Tallman Sweeting, p. 271.
Tallow Pippin. See Lowell.
Tart Bough. See Early Harvest.
This name is also applied to
two other sorts, one of which
resembles Early Harvest, but
is later, more acid, and the tree
of more rapid growth; the
other isasmall, whitish, round-
ish, conical apple, with a pleas-
ant sub-acid flavor; ripening
in August.
Taunton, Large, oblate conic,
greenish-yellow and striped;
aromatic, acid, good. Au-
tumn. Southern.
Tenderskin. Small, yellow, and
striped; tender, pleasant, sub-
acid, very good. Early win-
ter. Southern.
Terral’s Late. Large, striped;
sub-acid, good. Autumn.
Great bearer. Southern.
Terry. Medium, oblate, dark
red; flesh yellow, crisp, sub-
acid. Good keeper. Winter.
Ga.
Tetofsky. .Medium, roundish or
oblate conic, striped; flesh
white, sprightly, agreeable.
August. Succeeds at the
North and West. Russian.
Tewksbury Blush, p. 295.
Tibbett’s Seedling. Large,
conic, whitish ; sub-acid, pleas-
ant. Michigan.
Tifft Sweeting, p. 258.
Tillaquah. Medium, roundish-
oblate, yellow with red stripes.
Winter. .
Tinmouth, or Teignmouth.
Rather large, oblate, whitish
yellow, shaded red; mild sub-
acid. Early winter. Very
hardy. Vt.
Titovea. Large, striped with
bright red on a greenish-yellow
skin; coarse, sub-acid, good.
Late summer. Russian.
Titus, p. 264.
Titus Pippin. Large, oblong
conic, light yellow; not high
flavored. December.
Toccoa. Rather large, conic,
irregular striped; with a rich
Spitzenburgh flavor. August.
Ga.
APPLES.
Tolman’s Sweeting. See Tall-
man Sweeting.
Tompkins. See Dyer.
Tompkins County King. See
King.
Toole’s Indian Rareripe. Large,
roundish, light yellow, reddish
cheek; sub-acid, good—culi-
nary. Early autumn.
Townsend. See Hocking.
Transcendent, p. 300.
Transparent Zoar. Large,
roundish, regular, white with
a carmine blush, flesh tender,
mild sub-acid. Late autumn.
Ohio.
Trenton Early, p. 255.
Trumbull Sweeting. Rather
large, round oblate, yellow;
sweet, good. Autumn. Ohio.
Tares;, or Tatts Baldwin
Large, red on yellow ground,
handsome; flesh dry, with
a moderately good, sub-acid
flavor. Autumn. Mass.
Tulpahocken. See Fallawater.
Turkey Greening. Large, ob-
late, green with a dull blush;
flesh greenish, sub-acid, not
rich. Winter. Conn.
Turner’s Green. See Winter
Cheese.
Tuscaloosa Seedling. Medium,
yellow, almost covered with
dark red; flesh yellow, tender,
good. A good keeper. Ala.
Tuttle, of Conn. Large, round-
ish, regular, striped dark red;
pleasant sub-acid, good.
Twenty Ounce, p. 264.
Twitchell’s Sweet. Medium,
conic, red and purple; flesh
white, stained; sweet, pleas-
ant flavor. November. N.H.
42
657
Uncle Sam’s Best. See Fall
Wine.
Utter. Rather large, oblate,
striped with red on a yellow
skin; pleasant sub-acid, good
in quality. Early winter. A
hardy, popular, Wisconsin
apple.
Vandevere. (White Vandevere,
Green do.; Little Vandevere
of Ind.; Vandevere of Pa.}
Medium, oblate, striped ; com-
pact; rich, sub-acid flavor.
October to January. Del.
Superseded. Distinct from N.
Y. Vandevere, and Vandevere
Pippin.
Vandevere Pippin, p. 264.
Vandyne. Large, roundish,
yellow; sub-acid, agreeable.
October.
Van Wyck, p. 300.
Vasili’s Largest.
Great.
Vaughan’s Winter. Medium,
oblate oblique, whitish-yellow,
See Basil the
shaded red; agreeable. Win-
ten p iGy,
Vermont. See Walworth.
Vermont Pippin. See Tin-
mouth.
Victoria Red. See Ben Davis.
Victorious Reinette. Large,
roundish, oblong, pale yellow;
pleasant, aromatic. Winter.
German.
Victuals and Drink. Large, ob-
long, dull yellow; rich, sweet,
very good. Early winter and
later! IN) J:
Vine Apple. Medium, oblong
conical, golden yellow; flesh
yellow, sub-acid. Fall. Va.
658 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Virginia Greening, p. 295.
Vorontsh Rosy. Large, round-
ish-conic; yellow, striped red;
flesh yellow, sub-acid. Mid-
winter. Russian.
Wabash Bellflower. Large,
ovate, orange red on yellow;
sub-acid, good—handsome.
November. Pa.
Waddel’s Hall. See Shockley.
Wagener, p. 284.
Walbridge, or Edgar Red Streak.
Medium, round-conic, pale
yellow with a pale red cheek ;
crisp, tender, sub-acid, moder-
ately good. Late winter.
Very hardy. Ill.
Walker’s Yellow. Large, conic,
golden yellow; rather acid.
Winter. Pa.
Wallace Howard. Large, coni-
cal; orange red, with crimson
stripes; flesh crisp, nearly
sweet. Fall. Ga.
Walpole. Medium, roundish,
striped; sub-acid. Late sum-
mer. Mass.
Walworth. SeeSummer Pippin.
Warfield, p. 256.
Warren Pennock. See Early
Pennock.
Warren Pippin. See Ortley.
Washington. See Sops-of-Wine.
Washington Royal. Rather
large, round oblate, yellowish-
green ; fine flavored—keeps till
July. Mass.
Washington Strawberry, p. 264.
Water. Medium, ovate, whitish-
yellow with crimson cheek;
pleasant sub-acid, very good.
Autumn and winter. Hand-
some and valuable. Pa.
Watermelon. See Melon.
Watson’s Dumpling. Large,
roundish, red on yellowish-
green; sub-acid—cooking.
Late autumn. English.
Watson’s Favorite. Medium,
roundish-oblate, red on yel-
low; pleasant, rich, juicy,
very good.
Watson’s Vandevere. See Van-
devere Pippin.
Wattaugah. See Hoover.
Waxen of Coxe. Medium,
roundish-oblate, pale yellow;
mild sub-acid. November.
Va.
Wealthy, p. 268.
Webb’s Winter. Medium,
round, yellow.
Wellford’s Yellow, p. 285.
Wellington Apple. See Dume-
low’s Seedling.
Wells’ Apple. Medium, round-
ish-oblate, red on yellow; sub-
acid. .Tree vigorous, stems
slender, prolific. Good keeper.
Origin Pa., but disseminated
from Ohio. See Dominie.
Wells’ Sweeting, p. 272.
Westchester Seek-no-further.
See Long Island Seek-no-fur-
ther.
Western Beauty. Large, round-
ish, shaded with bright red on
pale yellow; coarse, crisp,
tender, mild sub-acid. Early
winter. Ohio.
Western Baldwin. See Babbitt.
Western Spy, p. 295.
Westfield Seek-no-further, p. 285.
Weston. Medium, roundish-
conical, striped on light yel-
low; mild, pleasant. October.
Mass.
APPLES.
Wetherell’s White Sweeting.
Large, yellow. September.
a
Wheeler’s Sweet. Large, coni-
cal, ribbed, yellow, with a red
cheek; sweet, pleasant. Octo-
ber. Ohio.
White Astrachan. Medium,
roundish, very smooth ; tender,
delicate, rather dry. August.
Russian. Of little value.
White Bellflower. See Ortley.
White Detroit. See Ortley.
White Doctor. Large, roundish-
oblate, greenish-yellow; acid,
not rich. Autumn. Pa.
White Golden Sweet. See
Baker’s Sweet.
White Hawthornden. See Haw-
thornden.
White Juneating, p. 255.
White Paradise. Medium,
roundish-oblate; yellow,
streakedred. Good. Winter.
White Pippin, p. 296.
White Rambo, p. 296.
White Seek-no-further.
Green do.
White Spanish Reinette, p. 296.
White Spice. See Dyer.
White Sweeting. Medium,
roundish-oblate, white with a
red cheek; very sweet—culi-
nary. Autumn. Great bearer.
Me.
See
White Vandevere. See Vande-
vere.
Whitewater Sweet. Medium,
round, yellow; sweet—long
keeper. Southern Ohio.
White Winter. Small, round,
light yellow, with a red cheek ;
juicy, mild, sub-acid, not rich.
Spring. Pa, .
659
White Winter Calville. Medium,
roundish-conic, ribbed, yellow ;
coarse, pleasant. December.
French. Valueless here.
White Winter Pearmain, p.
296.
Whitney’s Crab, p. 300.
Whitney’s Russet. Medium,
oblate, russeted; flesh fine-
grained, rich, spicy. Winter.
Canada.
William Penn. Rather large,
round oblate, grayish stripes
on greenish-yellow; juicy,
rich, aromatic, very good.
February. Pa.
William Tell. See Pittsburgh
Pippin.
Williams’ Early Red. See Wil-
liams’ Favorite.
Williams’ Favorite, p. 253.
Williams’ Red. See Williams’
Favorite.
Willis Sweet. Rather large,
roundish, light yellow with
some red; sweet, rich, very
good—productive. Early au-
tums eee.
Willow Twig, p. 285.
Windsor, p. 285.
Windsor Chief.
Wine, p. 285.
Wine of Conn.
Ounce.
Winesap, p. 285.
Wine Strawberry. See Richard’s
Graft.
Wing Sweeting, p. 270.
Winn’s Russet. Large dark rus-
set, striped; sub-acid. Good
keeper. Me.
Winslow. Large, round, striped ;
sub-acid. November and De-
cember, Va.
See Windsor.
See Twenty
660
Winter Aport, p. 286.
Winter Cheese, p. 296.
Winter Genneting. See Rawle’s
Jannet.
Winter Harvey. Large, round-
ish-conic, pale yellow.
Winter King. See King of
‘Tompkins County.
Winter Pear, p. 265.
Winter Pearmain. See Autumn
Pearmain. Some other sorts
of the name.
Winter Pippin of Geneva, p.
296.
Winter Pippin of Vermont.
Large, round, yellow with red
cheek; tender, agreeable.
Winter.
Winter Queen. Medium, conic,
crimson; mildsub-acid. Early
winter.
Winter Queen.
of Kentucky.
Winter Seek-no-further. See
Fall do. Winter Strawberry.
Above medium, roundish,
juicy, with peculiar aromatic
sub-acid flavor. Montreal.
Winter Sweet Paradise, p. 272.
Winter Wine. See Wine.
Winthrop Greening, p. 268.
Winthrop Pearmain. Large,
round ovate, striped; spicy,
pleasant. Autumn. Me.
Wolf River, p. 286.
Wolf's Den. See Averill.
Wolman’s Harvest. See Sum-
mer Rose.
Wood’s Greening, p. 296.
Wood’s Sweet. Large, oblate,
irregular, striped; tender,
juicy, rich; very good. Au-
tumn. Vt.
Woodstock. See Dyer.
See Fall Queen
DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX .OF FRUITS.
Woodstock Pippin. See Blen-
heim Pippin.
Woolman’s Early. See Summer
Rose.
Woollman’s Long. See Ortley.
Woollman’s Striped Harvest.
See Summer Rose.
Wormsley Pippin. Medium,
roundish, greenish-yellow,
sharp sub-acid. September.
English.
Wright Apple. Medium, round-
ish-oblate, yellow; tender,
juicy, aromatic, almost sweet.
Autumn. Vt.
Wyker Pippin. See Golden
Reinette.
Wythe. Medium, oblate, red
streaked; good. Winter.
Yacht. Large, roundish, striped ;
sub-acid. Winter. Pa.
Yacob, p. 286.
Yates, p. 286.
Yellow Bellflower, p. 296.
Yellow German Reinette. See
Golden Reinette.
Yellow Harvest. See Early
Harvest.
Yellow Horse. See Horse.
Yellow Ingestrie. Small, yel-
low; spicy—valueless. For-
eign.
Yellow June. See Kirkbridge
White.
Yellow Meadow. Large, oblate,
greenish-yellow; compact,
rich, very good. November.
Southern.
Yellow Newtown Pippin, p. 297.
Yellow Pearmain. See Golden
Pearmain.
Yellow Siberian Crab, p. 300.
Yellow Sweet. Very similar to
APRICOTS.
the Smoky Arcad. Hardy in
the far North.
Yellow Transparent, p. 297.
Yopp. See Yopp’s Favorite.
Yopp’s Favorite. Large, round-
ish, greenish-yellow; juicy,
sub-acid, very pleasant. Ga.
York Imperial, p. 286.
York Pippin. See Fall Pippin.
York Russet. See Pumpkin
661
Young’s Long Keeper. See
Easter Pippin.
Yost. Flat, striped; coarse,
pleasant, sub-acid. Decem-
ber. Pa;
Zachary. (Zachary Pippin.)
Large, oblate, red striped ;
good. Early winter.
Zane, or Zane Greening. Large,
Russet. roundish, green; poor. Win-
Yorkshire Greening. Large, ter.
round ovate, dull green, Zieber. Small, yellow, striped;
striped; acid. Winter. Eng- dry, good.
lish. Zukoft’s Winter, p. 297.
APRICOTS.
Abricot. See Red Masculine. Briancon. A small tree or
Abricot Blane. See White Mas- shrub, a native of the Alps.
culine. Fruit small, round, scarcely
Abricot Common. See Roman. eatable. Ornamental.
Abricoti. See Red Masculine. Brown Masculine. See Red
Abricotier Hatif. See Red Mas- Masculine.
culine. Brussels, p. 303.
Abricot Péche. See Peach. Bud, ‘J Lr."p. 303:
Alberge, p. 302.
Alberge de Montgarnet. See
Alberge.
Albergier. See Alberge.
Alexander, p. 302.
Alexis, p. 302.
Amande Aveline. See Breda.
Anson’s. See Moorpark.
Anson’s Imperial. See Peach.
Black, p. 302.
Blanc. See White Masculine.
Blenheim. See Shipley’s.
Bourgoume. (Hubbard.)
Large, round, compressed, yel-
low; juicy and very acid.
Early. Of not much value.
Breda, p. 302.
Burlington, p. 303.
Catharine. Medium, yellow;
mild sub-acid; good. July 25.
Russian.
Dartmouth, p. 303.
D’Alexandrie. See Musch.
D’Hollande. See Breda.
Double Flowering. Ornamental
—rare here.
Dubois Early Golden.
Golden.
Du Luxemburg. See Peach.
Dunmore’s Breda. See Moor-
park.
See Early
Early Golden, p. 303.
662
Early Masculine. See Red Mas-
culine.
Early Moorpark, p. 303.
Early Orange. See Orange.
Early White Masculine.
White ditto.
See
Germine. See Roman.
Gibb, p. 303.
Gold Dust. Large, round,
reddish-yellow.
Harris, p. 303.
Hemskirke, p. 303.
Japan. Small, greenish-yellow ;
clingstone; flesh hard and
acid; poor.
Lafayette, p. 303.
Large Early, p. 303.
Large Red. Large, roundish
oval, orange with red cheek ;
very good. Ripens about first
of August.
Large Turkey. See Turkey.
Moorpark, p. 303.
Musch, p. 304.
Musch-musch. See Musch.
Nicholas. Medium, white,
sweet, melting. July. Rus-
sian.
Noir. See Black.
Oldaker’s Moorpark. See Moor-
park.
Orange, p. 304.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS,
Péche. See Peach.
Péche Grosse. See Peach.
Peach, p. 304.
Persian. See Orange.
Precoce. See Red Masculine.
Purple Apricot. See Black.
Red Masculine, p. 304.,
Ringgold, p. 304.
Roman, p. 304.
Royal, p. 305.
Royal Orange. See Orange.
Royal Peach. See Peach.
Royal Persian. See Orange.
Shipley’s, p. 305.
Shipley’s Large.
Smith’s Early.
See Shipley.
Medium size,
oval, sides flattened, suture
very distinct. Early. Resem-
bles Harris. N. Y.
St. Ambroise. Large, roundish,
compressed, yellow, shaded
dark orange. Prolific, good.
Temple’s. See Moorpark.
Texas, p. 305.
Transparent. See Roman.
Turkey, p. 305.
Turkish of Western New York,
Pp. 305.
Violet. See Black.
Walton Moorpark. See Moor-
park.
White Apricot.
culine.
White Masculine, p. 305.
Wurtemburg. See Peach.
See White Mas-
BANANAS.
Abyssinian (17. Ensete), p. 589.
Baracoa (red), p. 589.
Dwarf Jamaica, p. 589.
Hart’s Choice, p. 589.
Jamaica (Martinique), p. 589.
Orinoco, p. 589.
~ BLACKBERRIES.
663
BLACKBERRIES.
Adair’s Claret. Medium, pale
red; soft, pleasant. Not quite
hardy. Ky.
Agawam, p. 307.
Albion. Large, light red, im-
perfect, poor, not productive.
Ancient Briton. Medium, ob-
long, with high flavor; growth
upright, very thorny, hardy,
productive. Late.
Barnard. Medium, high flavor,
has tendency to dry before be-
coming fully ripe. Canes
strong, very prickly.
Bartel Dewberry. Variously
described as large and small.
Vine is vigorous, not very
spiney. Finds favor mostly in
the West.
Cape May. Large, black; sweet,
soft; loses color.
Carlo. Small, juicy, sub-acid.
Canes vigorous, drooping, few
thorns.
Crystal White. Medium, oblong
oval, light creamy white,
sweet. Onlyacuriosity. Not
hardy. Ill.
Cumberland. Medium, black;
sweet, early. Hardy. N. J.
Cut-leaved. Small, roundish,
black; an old European sort.
Cutter’s Mulberry. Long, slen-
der; sweet. Mass.
Dewberry, or Low Blackberry.
A wild bush, producing sweet,
excellent fruit.
Dorchester, p. 307.
Early Cluster. Medium, juicy,
nearly sweet. Canes upright,
not very strong, thorns small
and few. Very early. Good.
Early Harvest, p. 307.
Early Mammoth. Medium, ir-
regular, bright black, juicy,
sub-acid. Canesred, vigorous,
drooping, thorny. Not very
hardy.
Eldorado. Medium, oblong con-
ical, juicy, sweet. Canes not
very vigorous, thorny. Good.
Erie, p. 308.
Evergreen. Small, hard core,
sub-acid. Canes straggling,
vigorous, stout thorns. Win-
ter kills.
Farley. Large; sweet. Early.
New.
Felton. Large, oblong; sweet,
good, often defective. Early.
Ne Je
Holcomb. Large, roundish-oval,
black; sweet, very good. Vig-
orous and productive. Conn.
Kittatinny, p. 308.
Lawton. See New Rochelle.
Lincoln. Small, juicy, sweet,
imperfect. Canes vigorous,
upright, thorny. ,Not good.
Logan Berry. Large, purple,
rather acid, nocore. A hybrid
of blackberry and raspberry,
originating in California.
Vigorous growth, but canes do
not stand up very well. Its
664 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
hardiness not yet proven in the
Eastern States.
Lovett. Small, juicy, nearly
sweet, many imperfect. Canes
vigorous, upright, thorny.
Lucretia Dewberry, p. 308.
Luther. Medium, juicy; nearly
sweet. Canes vigorous,
arched, pale red; thorns slen-
der and numerous.
Mayes’ Hybrid Dewberry. A
very large berry disseminated
from Texas. It is quite new.
Fifty-three berries are said to
have filled a quart box.
Minnewaska, p. 309.
Missouri Mammoth, p. 309.
Newman’s Thornless, p. 310.
New Rochelle, p. 310.
Rathbun. Medium-sized berry,
good flavor, coreless. New.
Sable Queen. Medium or large,
black. Mass.
Snyder, p. 310.
Stone’s Hardy. Small, produc-
tive, extremely hardy.
Taylor. Medium, oblong, sym-
metrical, shining black, of ex-
cellent flavor. Canes of mod-
erate growth; very productive.
Very hardy.
Thompson’s Early Mammoth.
See Early Mammoth.
Wachusett. (Wachusett Thorn-
less.) Small, oblong oval,
juicy, sweet. Canes moder-
ately stout, purplish thorns
few and small.
Oregon Evergreen. See Ever- Wilson’s Early, p. 310.
green. Wilson, Jr., p. 310.
CHERRIES.
Adam’sCrown. Medium, round-
ish, pale red; flavor pleasant.
Late June.
Afghanistan, p. 315.
AmberGean. Small, oval heart-
shaped, pale yellow; sweet,
pleasant. Great bearer.
Late.
American Amber. Medium,
roundish heart-shaped, light
amber anf red; flavor moder-
ate.
American Heart, p. 318.
Anne. Rather small, roundish,
red; sweet, very good. Ky.
Ansell’s Fine Black. See Black
Heart.
Apple Cherry. See Gridley.
Archduke, p. 324.
Arden’s Early White Heart.
See Early White Heart.
Baumann’s May. See May Bi-
garreau.
Belle de . Bavay.
Hortense.
Belle de Choisy, p. 325.
Belle d’Orleans, p. 318.
Belle de Sceaux, p. 325.
Belle Magnifique, p. 325.
Belle Vezzouris. Rather large,
light red; sub-acid. Late.
Bessarabian. Medium, round,
heart-shaped, dark red, acid
See Reine
CHERRIES. 665
slightly astringent. Hardy oval, heart-shaped, black ; bit-
and prolific. Russian. ter. Only valuable for raising
Bigarreau. See Yellow Spanish. stocks.
Bigarreau, Black. Medium,
heart-shaped, black; flesh
firm, ratherdry. See Medium.
Bigarreau Blanc. See White
Bigarreau.
Bigarreau, China, p. 319.
Bigarreau Couleur de Chair.
See Elton.
Bigarreau Gaubalais. See Mezel.
Bigarreau de Mai. See May
Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Gros Cceuret. Large,
roundish heart-shaped, suture
raised, becoming reddish-
black; flesh firm, flavor mod-
erate.
Bigarreau Gros Noir. See Elk-
horn.
Bigarreau, Large Red. Large,
oblong heart-shaped, dark red :
flesh firm. Season medium.
Bigarreau, Royal and Bigarreau
Tardif. See Yellow Spanish.
Black Bigarreau of Savoy.
Large, heart-shaped, black;
flesh purple, firm. Late.
Black Caroon, or Carone.
Rather small, intermediate in
character between the Mazzard
and Biack Heart—of little
value.
Black Circassian. See Black
Tartarian.
Black Eagle, p. 315.
Black Hawk, p. 315.
Black Heart, p. 315.
. Black Honey. See Black Maz-
zard.
Black Mazzard. The wild or
original type of the Heart vari-
eties of the cherry. Small,
Black Republican. See Snelling.
Black Russian. See Black Tar-
tarian.
Black Tartarian, p. 316.
Bleeding Heart. Medium, long
heart-shaped, dark red; flavor
moderate. Late June.
Bloodgood’s Amber, or Blood-
good’s Honey. See American
Amber.
Bower’s Early, Medium. Sweet,
Cooking. Southern.
Bowyer’s Early Heart. Medium,
obtuse heart-shaped, amber
and red; flavor pleasant.
Middle of June.
Brandywine, p.316.
Brant, p. 316.
Brenneman’s Early. See Cum.
berland Seedling.
Bristol Cherry. See Black Maz-
zard.
Brusseller Braune. Large, glob-
ular, heart-shaped, very dark
red; flesh firm, red, acid, as-
tringent; pit large. Tree vig-
orous, prolific. Middle of July,
good. Russian.
Burr’s Seedling, p. 318.
Buttner’s Black Heart. Large,
nearly black; flesh firm, flavor
moderate. German.
Buttner’s October Morello.
Small, acid. Late; of little
value.
Buttner’s Yellow. Medium,
roundish, clear yellow; flesh
firm, sweet, of moderate qual-
ity. late.
Carmine Stripe, p. 319.
666 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Carnation, p. 325.
Caroline, p. 319.
Centennial, p. 319.
Cerise de Ostheim. Medium,
nearly black; flesh firm, ten-
der, juicy, rich; pit small;
juice high-colored.
Cerise Induile. See Early May.
Champagne, p. 319.
China Bigarreau, p. 319.
Cleveland, p. 319.
Cluster. Quite small, round,
red. Two to six in a close
cluster on a common stalk; of
little value.
Coe’s Late Carnation, p. 325.
Coe’s Transparent, p. 319.
Common English. See Black
Mazzard, and Black Caroon.
Common Red. See Pie Cherry.
Conestoga, p. 317.
Cumberland Seedling, p. 317.
Davenport’s Early. See Black
Heart.
Delicate, p. 319.
Doctor, p. 319.
Dr. Wiseman, p. 321.
Donna Maria, p. 324.
Downer, p. 319.
Downer’s Late Red.
Downer.
Downing’s Red Cheek, p. 320.
Downton, p. 320.
Duchesse de Palluau, p. 325.
Dutch Morello. See Morello.
Dyehouse. Resembles Early
Richmond but a week earlier.
Kentucky.
See
Early Black. See Black Heart.
Early La Maurie. Medium,
heart-shape, purple, sweet.
Early. Southern.
Early May, p. 326.
Early Morello, p. 324.
Early Prolific, p. 320.
Early Purple Guigne, p. 317.
Early Richmond, p. 325.
Early White Heart, p. 320.
Early York. Medium; flesh
greenish-white, tender, juicy,
sub-acid.
Elizabeth. Rather large, heart-
shaped, rich dark red; flesh
half tender, pleasant. Late
June. Ohio.
Elkhorn, p. 317.
Elliott’s Favorite, p. 321.
Elton, p. 321.
English Morello. See Morello.
Eugenie. (Empress Eugenie.)
Medium, roundish-obtuse,
heart-shaped, very dark red.
Tree vigorous.
Favorite. Rather small, pale
yellow and red; sweet, deli-
cate. Late June. Ohio.
Flemish. Rather large, oblate,
red; sub-acid, not rich.
Flesh-colored Bigarreau. See
Elton.
Florence, p. 321.
Four-to-the-Pound. See To-
bacco-Leaved.
Fraser’s Black Heart. See Black
Tartarian.
Fraser’s Black Tartarian. See
Black Tartarian.
Fraser’s White Tartarian. See
White Tartarian.
Gascoigne’s Heart. See Bleed+
ing Heart.
George Glass. See Bessarabian.
German Mayduke. See Early
Purple Guigne.
CHERRIES.
Gifford’s Seedling. Smallround
heart-shaped, lightred; sweet.
Governor Wood, p. 322.
Graffion. See Yellow Spanish.
Great Bigarreau. See Mezel.
Gridley. Medium, roundish,
black; flesh firm, flavor mod-
erate. uate June. Great
bearer. Mass.
Griotte du Nord. Medium,
round, dark red; acid, slightly
astringent. Hardy, vigorous,
dwarf, slow grower. Rus-
sian.
Griotte Précoce. Belongs to
same family as June Morello;
ripens ten days later.
Guigne Noir Luisante. Medium,
round heart-shaped, reddish-
black; rich, acid. Late July.
Guigne Noir Tardive. See Elk-
horn.
Hative. See Early May.
Hildesheim. Medium, heart-
shaped, yellow and red; sweet,
agreeable.
Hoadley, p. 322.
Holland Bigarreau. See Napo-
leon Bigarreau.
Holman’s Duke. See Mayduke.
Honey. Small, roundish, yellow
and red; very sweet. Late.
Hoskins, p. 317.
Hovey, p. 322.
Hyde’s Late Black, p. 322.
Hyde’s Red Heart. Medium,
heart-shaped, lively red;
pleasant.
Imperial Morello. Medium,
roundish, dark purplish red;
acid. Late.
Intorka. Medium, round, yellow
667
and red; flesh firm, yellowish,
sub-acid. Russian.
Jeffrey’s Duke, p. 326.
Jocosot, p. 317.
June Morello. Small, round
oblate, red, firm; flesh meaty.
Kennicot, p. 317.
Kentish Red. See Early Rich-
mond.
Keokuk. Large, heart-shaped,
dark purple, rather coarse,
poor. Strong grower; produc-
tive. Ohio.
King’s Morello. Fruit of the
Richmond type, but larger and
better.
Kirtland’s Large Morello.
Large Morello.
Kirtland’s Mammoth, p. 322.
Kirtland’s Mary, p. 322.
Knevett’s Late Bigarreau.
Florence.
Knight’s Early Black, p. 317.
See
See
Lady Southampton’s Yellow.
Medium, heart-shaped, all yel-
low; firm, poor. Late.
Large Black Bigarreau.
Elkhorn.
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau.
See Bigarreau Grosse Cceuret.
Large Montmorency. Medium or
large, dark rich red, tender;
rich acid. A week later than
Early Richmond. French.
Large Morello, p. 326.
See
Large White Bigarreau. See
White Bigarreau.
Late Archduke. See Archduke.
Late Bigarreau, p. 390.
Late Duke, p. 324.
Late Honey. See Honey.
668 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Late Kentish. See Pie Cherry.
Leather Stocking, p. 317.
Lemercier. See Reine Hortense.
Lewelling, p. 324.
Lieb. Rather larger than Early
Richmond, slightly later and
less acid. Supposed to be
German.
Lithaur Weichsel.
ern Russia.
value.
Logan, p. 317.
Louis Philippe, p. 324.
Lundie Gean. Medium, round-
ish, black. July.
From South-
Of not much
Madison Bigarreau. Medium,
roundish, yellow and red;
pleasant, moderate flavor.
Manning’s Late Black, p. 317.
Manning’s Mottled, p. 322.
May Bigarreau, p. 317.
May Cherry. See Early May.
Mayduke, p. 324.
Mazzard. See Black Mazzard.
Mercer. Medium, heart-shaped,
dark red, sweet, good ship-
per.
MerveilledeSeptembre. Small;
rather dry, sweet. Of little
value. August, September.
French.
Mezel, p. 318.
Milan. See Morello.
Minnesota Ostheim. Smaller
than Griotte de Ostheim.
Monstreuse de Bavay. See
Reine Hortense.
Monstreuse de Mezel. See
Mezel.
Montmorency, p. 324.
Morello, p. 324.
Mottled Bigarreau.
ning’s Mottled.
See Man-
Napoleon Bigarreau, p. 322.
Ohio Beauty, p. 322.
Olivet. Large, deep red, rich,
vinous, early. French. New.
Orel. Large, black, quite acid.
Tree very dwarf and hardy.
Orel Sweet. Medium, black;
flesh firm and very sweet;
juice colored. East Europe.
Osceola, p. 318.
Ostheim, p. 324.
Ox-Heart (of the English).
Large obtuse heart-shaped,
‘dark red; half-tender, of sec-
ond quality. The nameof Ox-
heart is erroneously applied
here to the White Bigarreau
and toseveral worthless sorts.
Pie Cherry, p. 326.
Pierce’s Late. Medium, heart-
shaped, amber and dark red;
flesh tender, sweet, rich. Late.
Mass.
Plymouth Rock. Medium,
heart-shaped, amber -colored,
overspread with red. New,
highly spoken of.
Plumstone Morello, p. 326.
Pontiac, p. 318.
Portugal Duke.
Powhatan, p. 318.
See Archduke.
Précoce. See Early May.
President. Large, dark red;
half tender, sweet. Late
June.
Proudfoot. Large, heart-shaped,
dark purplish-red; flesh firm,
sweet. Late. Ohio.
Red Jacket, p. 322.
Reine Hortense, p. 327.
Remington White Heart.. Small,
;
)
.
.
:
CHERRIES, 669
heart-shaped, yellow; flavor Small May. See Early May.
poor. Very late. Worthless. Smidt’s Yellow. Medium, yel-
Richardson, p. 318.
Rivers’ Early Amber. Resem-
bles Early White Heart, but
later.
Rivers’ Early Heart. Medium,
heart-shaped. Rather early,
but poor. English.
Robert’s Red Heart. Medium,
round heart-shaped, pale
amber and pale red; with a
good flavor. Late June.
Mass.
Rockport Bigarreau, p. 322.
Rocky Mountain, p. 327.
Ronald’s Large Black Heart.
See Black Tartarian.
Ronald’s Large Morello. See
Morello.
Royal Anne. See Napoleon.
Royal Duke, p. 325.
Rumsey’s Late Morello. Large,
roundish heart-shaped; rich
red, juicy, acid. Late August,
Of little value.
Sand Cherry, p. 327.
Schmidt. Very large, deep
black; flesh dark, tender,
juicy, sweet. Prolific.
Schmidt’s Bigarreau. Medium,
light yellow.
Shadow Morello. Large, nearly
black; juice highly colored.
Said to be valuable for can-
ning. ‘Tree bush-like.
Shannon, p. 325.
Shubianca. Large, black, acid,
juice colored. Tree bush-like
and very hardy.
Sklanka. Large, yellow with
red cheek, sub-acid, produc-
tive, good. Russian.
low, marbled red. Prolific.
Early. Good Southern variety.
Spanish Black Heart. See Black
Heart.
Sparhawk’s Honey. Medium,
round heart-shaped, regular,
pale and bright red; sweet.
Late June.
Strauss Weichsel. Medium,
roundish-oblate, short stalk;
flesh dark red, firm, juicy,
slightly astringent; pit small.
Good.
Street’s May. See Early White
Heart.
Swedish.
Heart.
Sweet Montmorency, p. 323.
See Early White
Tecumseh, p. 318.
Tobacco-leaved. Leaves large,
fruit small. Worthless.
Townsend, p. 323.
Tradescant’s Black Heart. See
Elkhorn. :
Transparent Guigne, or Trans-
parent Gean. Small, oval
heart-shaped, pink and red,
pellucid; tender, slightly bit-
ter, becoming rich and good.
Rather late. Tree vigorous
and productive.
Triumph of Cumberland.
Cumberland’s Seedling.
See
Utah Hybrid, p. 327.
Vail’s August Duke, p. 321.
Vilne Sweet. Large, sweet.
Russian.
Virginian May. See Early Rich-
mond,
670 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Wax Cherry. See Carnation.
Wendell’s Mottled Bigarreau, p.
318. '
Werder’s Early Black Heart, p.
318.
Western Dwarf.
Mountain.
White Bigarreau, p. 323.
See Rocky
White Oxheart. See White
Bigarreau.
White Tartarian. Rathersmall,
wholly pale yellow, somewhat
pellucid, with a moderate,
rather bitter flavor. [A spuri-
ous White Tartarian, but of
better quality, is light pink
and red, with a sweet, good
flavor. |
Windsor. Quite large, nearly
black, with a high flavor and
solid flesh. Vigorous and pro-
ductive. Late. Origin, Wind-
sor, Canada.
Wragg. Medium, round, dark
purple. Vigorous and produc-
tive.
Yellow Glass. Large, bright yel-
low; flesh firm, fine-grained,
juicy, sweet. Russian.
Yellow Honey. See Honey.
Yellow Spanish, p. 322.
CITRON.
Fingered Citron, p. 585.
Lyman, p. 585.
Lemon, p. 585. Orange, p. 585.
CRANBERRIES.
Dennis, p. 330. Gould, p. 330.
Early Black, p. 330.
Early Red, p. 330.
Franklin, p. 330.
Lewis, p. 330.
Makepeace, p. 330.
McFarlin, p. 330.
CURRANTS.
Attractor, p. 334.
Belle de St. Gilles. See Red
Dutch.
Black English, p. 337.
Black Naples, p. 336.
Blanc Transparent. See Trans-
parent.
Bertin No. 1. See Knight’s
Sweet Red.
Bertin Novos Seenied
Dutch.
Champagne. Medium, pink or
very pale red; rather acid.
Champion, p. 336.
Chenonceaux.
Dutch.
Cherry, p. 334.
Common Black, p. 337.
See Red
=
CURRANTS.
Danen’s Selected. See Knight’s
Sweet Red.
Fay’s Prolific. An improve-
ment of the Cherry currant,
neatly as large, with longer
bunches and greater produc-
tiveness. N.Y.
Fertile. See Red Dutch.
Fertile Currant of Paluau.
Paluau.
Fertile d’ Angers.
See
See Versail-
* Jaise.
Fertile d’Angleterre. See Red
Dutch.
Fertile de Bertin. See Red
Dutch.
Fielder’s Red. See Knight’s
Sweet Red.
Giant Ruby. (Moore’s Ruby.)
Large, dark crimson, vigorous,
productive, new.
Gloire des Sablons. Medium,
. bunches long, loose, white,
striped red; acid. Unproduc-
tive.
Goliath. See Knight’s Sweet.
Gondoin Red, p. 334.
Gondoin White, p. 335.
Grosse Rougede Boulogne. See
Red Dutch.
HAative de Bertin. See Red
Dutch.
Houghton Castle. See Victoria.
Imperial Yellow, or Imperial
White. See White Grape.
Knight’s Early Red. Possesses
no distinctive merits, being
scarcely earlier than other
sorts.
671
Knight’s Large Red, p. 335.
Knight’s Sweet Red, p. 335.
La H&ative. See Red Dutch.
Large-Fruited Missouri. A
large-sized variety of the Mis-
souri Currant (Rzbes aureum),
possessing a pleasant flavor.
Large Sweet Red. See Knight’s
Sweet Red.
Lee’s Black Prolific. An im-
provement of the Black Naples,
larger and more productive.
Le Fertile. Large, deep red,
vigorous, very productive.
Long-Bunched Red. Resembles
Red Dutch, but rather larger
in clusters and fruit.
Macrocarpa. Nearly resembles
the Cherry Currant, but more
productive.
May’s Victoria. See Gondoin
Red.
Missouri. See Large-Fruited
Missouri.
Moore’s Ruby. See Giant
Ruby.
Morgan’s Red. See Red Dutch.
Morgan’s White. See White
Dutch.
North Star, p. 335.
Palmer’s Late) Red.» See
Knight’s Sweet Red.
Paluau, p. 335.
Pitmaston Red.
Sweet Red.
Pitmaston Prolific. See Knight’s
Sweet Red.
Pleasant Eye.
pagne.
Prince Albert, p. 335.
See Knight’s
See Cham-
672
Queen Victoria. See Red Dutch.
Raby Castle. See Gondoin Red.
Red Cherry. See Versaillaise.
Red Cross, p. 335.
Red Dutch, p. 335.
Red Grape. See Red Dutch.
Red Provence. Late, acid; vig-
orous, shoots reddish.
Reeve’s White. See White
Dutch.
Rouge d’Holland. See Gondoin
Red.
Striped Fruited. Small, striped,
of little value. German.
‘Transparent, p. 336.
Versaillaise, p. 336.
Victoria. See Red Dutch.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
White Antwerp. Large, bunches
' rather long; sweet; very pro-
ductive.
White Clinton. Closely resem-
bles or is identical with White
Dutch.
White Crystal.
Dutch.
White Dutch, p. 336.
White Grape, p. 336.
White Leghorn.
Dutch.
White Provence. Large white;
the most vigorous of the white
sorts, hut moderately produc-
tive. Leaves often edged with
white. New.
Wilmot’s Red Grape. Resem-
bles May’s Victoria; good and
productive.
Zante. See “Grapes.”
See White
See White
DATE. —See p. so1.
FIG.
Angelique, p. 599.
Black Genoa, p. 600.
Black Ischia, p. 599.
Brown Turkey, p. 599.
Brunswick, p. 599.
California Black, p. 600.
Celestial, p. 600.
Early Lemon. See Angelique.
Green Ischia, p. 600.
Lemon, pp. 600.
Madeleine, p. 600.
Madonna. See Brunswick.
Mission. See California
Black.
White Adriatic, p. 6vo.
White Marseilles, p. 600.
GOOSEBERRIES.
Chautauqua.
Large, yellowish-
Columbus, p. 338.
white, smooth, very sweet and Crown Bob, p. 338.
rich.
promising variety.
Vigorous, prolific.
rich; excellent. October, No-
vember. Belgian.
Hanners, p. 471.
Hanover. Small, roundish-
obovate, green ; melting, juicy,
pleasant. October. N. J.
Hardenpont. See Glout Mor-
ceau.
Hardy, p. 471.
Harrison’s Large Fall. Large,
yellow—valued only for bak-
ing.
Harvard, p. 461.
Hawes’ Winter. Larger, round-
ish, dull yellow; coarse; juicy,
rich, vinous. December. Va.
Hazel. See Hessel.
Heathcot, p. 471.
Héléne d’Orleans, p. 469.
Héléne Grégoire. Medium,
pyriform, greenish-yellow;
juicy, melting, sweet; very
good. October. Belgian.
Henkel, p. 471.
Henrietta. See Edwards’ Hen-
rietta.
Henri Bivort. Large, Doyenné-
form, greenish-yellow and
brown; melting, buttery,
juicy, sweet, perfumed. Sep-
tember. Belgian.
Henri Quatre. See Henry IV.
Henri Van Mons. Medium,
pyriform (nearly Tyson-
shaped), yellowish with a
blush; buttery, vinous, per-
fumed, agreeable. October.
Henry IV., p. 471.
PEARS.
Heri. Medium, roundish, green-
ish-yellow with a blush; juicy,
tender, with an anise-like
flavor. Autumn and winter.
Hericart, p. 471.
Hericartde Thury. Large, pyri-
form (Bosc-shaped), rough,
light brown; buttery, rich.
January. Belgian.
Hessel. Small, obovate, yellow-
ish-green—of little value.
September. Scotch.
Holland Bergamot. Rather
large, roundish, greenish-yel-
low, partly russeted; crisp,
very juicy, sprightly, agreea-
ble. Keeps till spring.
Hooper’s Bilboa. See Golden
Beurré of Bilboa.
Hoosic. Large, obovate; green-
ish-yellow, russeted; flesh but-
tery, juicy, spicy, good. Tree
erect, vigorous, prolific. Oct.
Hosenshenck. See Moore’s.
Hovey. Medium, pyriform, yel-
low; melting, juicy, rich, vi-
nous. French.
Howell, p. 471.
Huguenot. Medium, roundish,
pale yellow, dotted red; break-
ing, sweet, rather dry. Octo-
ber. Mass.
Hull, p. 472.
Huntington, p. 476.
Hunt’s Connecticut. Medium,
oblate, yellowish-green ;
coarse, sweet, dry--culinary.
Huyshe’s Prince Consort. Me-
dium, pyriform, greenish-
yellow; buttery, alittle coarse,
half melting; very good. No-
vember. English. New.
Idaho, p. 477.
45
795
Imperatricede France. See
Flemish Beauty.
Inconnue Van Mons, p. 48o.
Indian Queen. Rather large,
long pyriform, greenish-yel-
low, a brown cheek; a little
coarse; half melting, sweet,
not rich, soft. A market sort.
September. Maine.
Ives’ Bergamot. Rather small,
roundish, greenish-yellow;
juicy, melting, aromatic.
Larly September. Conn.
Ives’ Pear. Small, turbinate,
irregular, greenish and brown-
ish-red; juicy, melting; good.
Early September. Conn.
Ives’ Seediing. Rather small,
round, greenish-yellow and
crimson; granular; juicy,
melting, perfumed. Early
September. Conn.
Ives’ Virgalieu. Small, pyri-
form, greenish and dull crim-
son; granular; melting, vi-
nous, refreshing. October.
Conn.
Ives’ Winter. Medium, short
pyriform, yellowish, russeted ;
coarse. December. Conn.
Jackman’s Melting. See King
Edwards.
Jackson. Medium, oblate ap-
proaching turbinate, greenish-
yellow and russet; juicy,
brisk, vinous. September.
IN. Ft.
Jalousie. Rather large, round-
ish-obovate, slightly pyriform,
russeted; coarse; sweet, defi-
cient in flavor. Handsome
and worthless. Septem-
ber.
706 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Jalousie de Fontenay Vendée, p.
472.
Jaminette, p. 480.
Japan Golden Russet. (Taihe,
Canner’s Japan.) Medium,
russeted yellow. Worthless
for fruit, but tree very orna-
mental.
Jargonelle, English, or Epargne.
Rather large, long pyriform,
acute, greenish-yellow and dull
brown; flesh rather coarse;
juicy, pleasant, refreshing,
sub-acid. Three weeks earlier
than Bartlett. French origin.
Jargonelle, French. Medium,
obovate, greenish-yellow, with
a red cheek; breaking, sweet;
rots at core. Handsome, but
poor. Early August.
Jean de Witte, p. 484.
Jersey Gratioli. Medium, conic
oblate, greenish, rough, partly
russeted ; juicy, brisk, vinous.
September. .
Joanette. See Amiré Joannet.
Johonnot, p. 472.
Jones’ Seedling, p. 484.
Josephine. See Jaminette.
Josephine de Malines, p. 485.
Jules Bivort, p. 472.
Julienne, p. 452.
July Pear. See Sugar Top.
Keiffer. Rather large, oval,
contracted toward stem and
crown, rich yellow tinged with
red; flesh varying from coarse
to fine, and from good to quite
poor in quality. Lateautumn.
Tree vigorous and very pro-
ductive. Fruit good for can-
ning. Across of Bartlett and
Sand. Penn.
Kennes, p. 461.
Kenrick. Medium, greenish-
yellow; juicy, buttery, sweet.
September. Flemish.
King Edwards. Large, pyri-
form, yellow with a red cheek;
buttery, sometimes good. Oc-
tober.
King’s Seedling. Medium, ob-
late, yellowish-green, rough;
granular; juicy, aromatic, per-
fumed. October.
Kingsessing, p. 472.
Kirtland, or Kirtland’s Seckel, p.
472.
Knight’s Monarch. Large, obo-
vate, yellowish-brown. Does
not ripen in the Northern
States. Winter. English.
Knight’s Seedling. Medium,
oblate, turbinate, rough, ye l-
lowish-green; juicy, sweet.
October 1.
Knox. Large, oblong obovate,
pale green; juicy, sweet, not
rich. September. Flemish.
Koning. Medium or large,
roundish-oblate, yellowish-
green and russet; juicy, melt-
ing, vinous, delicate. October.
Belgian.
Koonce. Medium, obovate pyri-
form; golden yellow with red
cheek ; flesh juicy, sweet. III.
Kossuth. Large, variable, tur-
binate, yellowish-green; but-
tery, very juicy; faintly sub-
acid, very good. September,
October. French.
Krull. Medium, lemon yellow
with bloom; skin thick; flesh
melting, and juicy when ripe,
sweet. Late keeper.
PEARS.
La Herard. Rather large, pyri-
form, pale yellow and brown;
melting, juicy, sub-acid, pleas-
ant; very good. October.
Belgian.
La Juive. Medium, turbinate,
green and brown; melting,
juicy, rich, perfumed. No-
vember. Belgian.
La Motte. Medium, roundish,
light green, strongly dotted ;
flesh fine grained, buttery,
mild, pleasant.
Langeleir, p. 480.
Las Canas, p. 480.
Latch. See Philadelphia.
Laure de Glymes, p. 472.
Lawrence, p. 480.
Lawson. (Comet.) Medium to
large, crimson or yellow; flesh
crisp and juicy. Early sum-
mer. Comes in bearing at 8
or to years. Valuable South.
Lebanon. See Pinneo.
Le Conte. Large, yellow, mod-
erate in quality; exceedingly
productive, vigorous and prof-
itable at the South; of no
value North. Mid-summer.
Le Curé. See Vicar of Wink-
field.
Leech’s Kingsessing. See King-
sessing.
Lee’s Seckel. Medium or rather
large, obovate, rich russet;
buttery, rich, perfumed, excel-
lent. September.
Leon le Clerc. Rather large,
obovate, greenish-yellow, rus-
set at the end; flesh crisp,
firm, of moderate quality—
cooking. Winter.
Leopold First. Large, turbi-
nate, pyriform, green; melt-
7°7
ing, sweet, perfumed. Decem-
ber. Belgian.
Lewis, p. 484.
Liberale. Rather large, long
pyriform, greenish-yellow,
partly russeted; juicy, sweet,
rich, aromatic. October.
Lieutenant Poitevin. Large,
greenish-yellow; juicy, half
melting. Late: winter.
French.
Limon, p. 454.
Lincoln Coreless. Large, pyri-
form, yellow. Late winter.
Linden d’Automne. See Glout
Morceau.
Little Muscat. Quite small, tur-
binate, yellow with brownish
cheek; breaking, sweet,
slightly musky. Middle of
July. French. Tolerably
good,
Little Musk, or Primitive. See
Little Muscat.
Locke’s Beurré. Medium,
roundish, obovate, dull green;
juicy, vinous. November.
Mass.
Lodge, p. 461.
Long Green, p. 461.
Long Green of Autumn, p. 462.
Louis Dupont. Medium, obo-
vate, green becoming yellow;
melting, juicy, sweet, per-
fumed. October.
Louise Bonne, p. 462.
Louise Bonne d’Avranches. See
Louise Bonne.
Louise Bonne of Jersey. See
Louis Bonne.
Louise d’Orleans. See Urba-
niste.
Lucy Duke. Large, pyriform,
russet, rough surface; flesh
708 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
buttery, juicy, sweet. Octo-
ber.
Lycurgus, p. 480.
Lyon, p. 472.
Mabille. See Beurré Diel.
Madame Ducar. Medium, oval,
green becoming yellow; very
juicy, rich, perfumed. Au-
gust. Belgian.
Madame Eliza, p. 462.
Madame Henry Desportes. Me-
dium, yellow, melting, juicy.
Mid-autumn.
Madame Millet. Medium, obo-
vate, rich russet; half melting,
rich, perfumed, agreeable.
March. French.
Madame Treyve. Medium, obo-
vate, pale greenish-yellow;
flesh greenish-white, juicy,
melting, and rich; very good.
Last of August. Great bearer.
French.
Madeleine, or Magdalen, p. 453.
Madotte. See Amadotte.
Malconnaitre d’Haspin. Large,
roundish-obovate, dull yellow,
with a brown cheek; juicy,
rich, melting, sub-acid, per-
fumed. October.
Malines. See Winter Nelis.
Manning’s Elizabeth, p. 455.
Mansuette. Large, short pyri-
form, greenish-yellow; juicy,
astringent—baking. Septem-
ber.
March Bergamotte. Rather
small, green, partly russeted ;
coarse, flavor moderate. Eng-
lish.
Maréchal de la Cour. See Con-
seiller de la Cour.
Maréchal Dillen. Large, some-
what obovate, very irregular,
pale green; buttery, juicy,
rich. November. Belgian.
Maréchal Pelissier. Medium,
ovate, yellow and red. Late
September. French.
Margaret. See Petit Marguerite.
Marianne de Nancy. Large,
pyriform, yellowish-green,
thickly dotted; coarse, juicy,
often poor.
Marie Louise, p. 462.
Marie Louise Nova. Rather
large, pyriform, yellow, with
a brown cheek; melting;
sometimes good, quickly de-
cays. September. Belgian.
Marie Parent. Large, pyriform,
rich yellow; juicy, rich, per-
fumed; very good. October.
Belgian.
Mars. Rather small, roundish-
obovate, dull yellow with rus-
set; melting, juicy, perfumed.
October. French.
Martha Ann, or Dana’s No. 1.
Medium, long obovate, yellow ;
juicy, sub-acid, pleasant. No-
vember. Mass.
Martin Sec. Small, somewhat
pyriform, deep yellow, russet
and crimson; granular, half
breaking, agreeable—cooking.
December.
Mather. Rather small, obovate,
russeted and reddish; buttery,
pleasant. August. Pa.
Mauxion. Medium, roundish-
oblate, yellow and thin russet ;
melting, sugary, aromatic, and
perfumed; very good. Sep-
tember.
Maynard. Medium, obovate
pyriform, yellow with a red
PEARS.
cheek ; juicy, rich.
McLaughlin, p. 480.
Late July.
McVean. Large, obovate pyri-
form, yellow; juicy, astrin-
gent. October. Monroe Co.,
Ny.
Meil de Waterloo. See Duc de
Brabant.
Melting Bonchrétien. See Bon
Chrétien Fondante.
Merriam, p. 477.
Messire Jean. Medium, turbi-
nate, yellow and russet;
gritty; juicy, breaking, sweet.
November. French.
Michaux. Medium, round, yel-
lowish-green; sweet, of mod-
erate quality. Early October.
Miel de Waterloo. See Duc de
Brabant.
Mignonne d’Hiver. Medium,
obovate pyriform, rough, rus-
set; granular, rich, brisk, as-
tringent. November. Bel-
gian.
Miller’s Early. See Summer
Portugal.
Millet of Angers. Medium,
conic, angular, greenish-yel-
low and brown russet; but-
tery, very juicy, vinous, some-
times astringent. December.
Millot de Nancy, p. 462.
Mitchell’s Russet. Rather small,
inclining to conic obovate,
dark russet, rough; melting,
rich, perfumed. November.
Tl.
Moccas. Medium, obovate,
green; juicy, not rich. De-
cember.
Moire, p. 462.
Mollett’s Guernsey. Mcdium,
oval pyriform, yellowish-
799
green, somewhat russeted;
melting, rich, buttery, vinous.
December. English.
Monseigneur Affre. Medium,
roundish, rough greenish-rus-
set; granular; rich, perfumed.
November.
Monseigneur des Hons. Rather
small, pyriform, greenish-yel-
low with some russet; buttery
and melting, sweet, good, of
moderate quality. August.
French.
Monsieur le Curé.
Winkfield.
Montgeron, or New Frederick of
Wurtemburg. Medium, pyri-
form, yellow and orange;
melting, half buttery, rich,
See Vicar of
perfumed. Late September.
Montigny. See Countess of
Lunay.
Moore’s, p. 472.
Moore’s Pound. See Moore’s.
Moor-fowl Egg. An incorrect
name for Swan’s Egg.
Morgan. Large, oblate, green-
ish-yeliow ; flesh white, a little
gritty; sweet, juicy, vinous.
October. N.C.
Mount Vernon, p. 473.
Moyamensing, p. 455.
Muscadine, p. 455.
Mulky. See Idaho.
Muscat Petit. See Little Musk.
Muscat Robert. Rather small,
greenish-yellow; juicy, pleas-
ant. Late July.
Musk Summer Bon Chrétien.
See Summer Bon Chrétien.
Muskingum, p. 456.
Musque. See Montigny.
Nabours. Rather large, green-
(19 DESCRIPTIVE LIST ANDVINDEXVOP EERO TS:
ish-yellow; juicy, buttery,
sweet. Strong grower. Ga.
Nantais, p. 462.
Nantes. See Nantais.
Napoleon, p. 462.
Naumkeag. Medium, roundish,
yellow russet ; melting, astrin-
gent. October. Mass.
Navey, p. 467.
Negley. Rather large, obovate
pyriform, yellow and bright
crimson, fair and handsome;
firm; juicy, rich. September.
Pittsburg, Pa. New.
Ne Plus Meuris. Rather small,
roundish, irregular, dull yel-
lowish-brown, partly russeted ;
agreeable. Winter. Belgian.
Newtown Virgalieu. An early
winter baking-pear. L. I.
Nickerson. Rather large, re-
sembling Louise Bonne of
Jersey; very good. ‘Tree vig-
orous, hardy, productive. S.
L. Goodale. Me. New.
Niell. Large, obovate, slightly
pyriform, pale yellow; juicy,
sweet, agreeable. Late Sep-
tember. Belgian.
Noisette. Medium, obovate,
yellow, dotted brown; melt-
ing, sprightly; very good.
Foreign.
Nouveau Poiteau, p. 463.
Oliver’s Russet. Rather small,
roundish, yellow and rich
brown russet, rough; coarse,
flavor moderate. Late Sep-
tember.
Omer Pacha, p. 473.
Onondaga, p. 463.
Ontario, p. 463.
Orange Bergamot.
Medium,
broad turbinate, yellow,
rough; firm; acid—baking.
September.
Orleans, p. 460.
Orpheline Colmar. Large, pyri-
form, green becoming yellow-
ish, with some russet; melt-
ing, juicy, sweet, perfumed;
handsome and very good. Oc-
‘tober. Belgian.
Osband’s Summer, p. 455.
Osborne. Medium, short pyri-
form, yellowish-green; juicy,
brisk. September. Indiana.
Oswego Beurré, p. 473.
Oswego Incomparable. Very
large, obovate pyriform, taper-
ing to crown, yellow; coarse;
pleasant, of moderate quality.
September.
Ott, p. 455.
Oudinot. See Andrews.
Pardee’s Seedling. Small,
roundish, greenish-yellow,
much russeted; granular;
melting, vinous, perfumed.
October. Conn.
Pailleau. Medium, turbinate,
greenish-yellow, partly rus-
seted, rough; coarse; juicy,
sweet. Early September.
Belgian.
Paquency. See Payency.
Paques. See Easter Beurré.
Paradise d’Automne. See Au-
tumn Paradise.
Parsonage, p. 463.
Passans du Portugal. See Sum-
mer Portugal.
Pater Noster, p. 481.
Paul Ambre. Medium, obovate,
sometimes pyriform, greenish-
yellow and gray russet; but-
PEARS,
tery, melting, aromatic. Oc-
tober.
Paul Thielens. Large, conic
obovate, yellowish; melting,
slightly coarse, pleasant. No-
vember. Belgian.
Payency, properly Payenche, p.
464.
P. Barry. Long pyriform, pale
greenish-yellow, juicy, melt-
ing, rich. December. Ori-
gin, California.
Peach Pear. Medium, conic,
turbinate, yellow; melting,
rich, vinous. Late August.
Belgian.
Pendleton’s Early York. Rather
small, obovate, slightly pyri-
form, yellow; melting, sweet.
Late July. Conn.
Pengethly. Medium, oval, light
green, thickly dotted; coarse;
juicy, sweet; good. Febru-
ary. English.
Pennsylvania. Medium, obo-
vate, brown russet on dull yel-
low; rather coarse; half melt-
ing; moderately good. Late
September. Phila.
Perpetual. (Beurré Perpetual.)
Medium, yellow, juicy. Bears
two crops a year.
Petit Marguerite. Rathersmall,
short obovate, pale yellow;
juicy, melting, perfumed;
good. August. French.
Petit Rousselet. See Rousselet
de Rheims.
Petré, p. 473.
Philadelphia, p. 473.
Philippe Delfosse. Medium or
large, varying from oblate to
pyriform, rich yellow, shaded
light red; buttery, melting,
711
very juicy, rich, perfumed.
December, January. Bel-
gian.
Philippe Goes. Medium, tur-
binate pyriform, rough, rus-
seted ; juicy, sweet, perfumed;
very good. November. Bel-
gian.
Pinneo, p. 455.
Piquery. See Urbaniste.
Pitmaston Duchesse. Large,
obtuse pyriform, uneven, yel-
low, with some red and russet ;
half melting, vinous; good.
October. English. New.
Pitt’s Prolific. Medium, oblong
pyriform, yellow; coarse;
sweet; rather poor. Septem-
ber.
Pius IX. Large, conic oblate,
somewhat pyriform, yellow;
granular; rich; good. Late
September. A good market
pear, of moderate flavor.
Plombgastel. See St. Michel
Archange.
Pocahontas. Medium, obovate,
or turbinate pyriform, yellow;
melting, sweet, musky. Early
October. Mass.
Poire d’Abondance. Rather
large, oblong pyriform, pale
yellow; melting, juicy, sweet,
good. October.
Poire d’Albret or Beurré d’Al-
bret. Medium, pyramidal,
rough, brown russet; coarse;
juicy, vinous, rich, perfumed.
October.
Poire d’Avril. Large, roundish-
conic, greenish-yellow; gran-
ular; juicy, sweet, agreeable
—baking. November to Feb-
ruary.
712
Poire de Cadet.
Cadette.
Poire de Chasseurs. Medium,
short pyriform, greenish-yel-
low ; juicy, buttery, perfumed,
vinous. October. Belgian.
Poire de Lepine. Small, oblate,
yellowish and red; granular;
melting, vinous, perfumed.
November.
Poire Guillaume. See Bartlett.
Poire Neige. See White Doy-
enné.
Pope’s Quaker. Medium, oblong
pyriform with yellow russet ;
_ juicy, pleasant. October. L. I.
Pound, p. 481.
Pratt, p. 464.
Preble, p. 473.
Précoce. Large, pyriform,
greenish becoming yellow,
melting, not rich. Early au-
tumn. Productive. French.
President Mas. Large, pyri-
form, orange yellow with rus-
set; juicy, melting and sweet.
Early winter. French.
Prevost. Medium, rich yellow
with a red cheek; sweet, per-
fumed. Winter. Belgian.
Primitive. See Little Musk.
Prince Albert. Medium, pyri-
form, yellowish; melting, rich.
February. Belgian.
Prince’s St. Germain, p. 484.
Princess Charlotte. Medium,
short pyriform, greenish; of
little value here. October.
Belgian.
Princess Maria. Rather small,
pyramidal, yellow, mostly rus-
seted; coarse; sweet, agreea-
ble. October. Belgian.
Princess of Orange. Medium,
See Bergamotte
DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FIsGdiss:
roundish, russeted; crisp,
juicy, astringent. October.
Flemish.
Pulsifer, p. 453.
Queen of the Low Countries, p.
464.
Quenast. Obovate, yellowish;
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant.
Quessoy (or Caissoy) d’Eté.
Medium, round oval, russeted,
rough; juicy, half-melting,
rich, perfumed. September.
Quinnipiac. See St. Ghislain.
Rallay. Medium, short pyri-
form, yellow, thinly russeted ;
buttery, melting; good. Win-
ter.
Rance. Medium, obtuse pyri-
form, dark green; melting,
sweet, rich. Winter. Fine in
Europe—mostly fails here ex-
cept at the South.
Ranz. See Rance.
Rapelje. Medium, varying from
obovate or turbinate to pyri-
form, yellowish, russeted ;
juicy, varying from a rich aro-
matic to a poor flavor. Sep-
tember. L. I.
Raymond, p. 473.
Read’s Seedling. See Oswego
Beurré.
Reading, p. 481.
Red Doyenné.
enné.
Reeder. See Dr. Puder.
Reine Caroline. Medium, nar-
row, pyriform, yellow with a
red cheek; crisp, dry, poor.
November.
Reliance, p. 456.
Retour de Rome.
See Gray Doy-
Medium, ob-
PEARS.
late, yellowish, partly rus-
seted; granular; melting,
vinous. September. Bel-
gian.
Richards. Rather large, obo-
vate, yellow; granular; melt-
ing, vinous. October. Dela-
ware.
Richardson’s Seedling. Rather
large, obovate, yellow; melt-
ing, sprightly, pleasant. Oc-
tober.
Richelieu. Large, obtuse pyri-
form, greenish-yellow; but-
tery, sweet, aromatic, some-
times astringent. December.
Ridelle’s. Medium, oblate tur-
binate, yellow and bright red;
of moderate quality. Septem-
ber. Belgian.
Robin, p. 477.
Roe’s Bergamotte, p. 477.
Romain. Medium, obovate,
greenish-yellow ; juicy, sweet,
agreeable. September, Octo-
ber.
Ropes. Medium, obovate, rus-
seted; rich, perfumed; good.
October. Mass.
Rosabirne. Medium, pyriform,
greenish, russeted; juicy, vi-
nous, somewhat astringent.
October.
Rose Doyenné. Rather large,
obovate, yellow and crimson;
coarse, granular; flavor poor;
rots at core. October.
Rostiezer, p. 453.
Rouge. See Brown Beurré.
Rousselet Esperen. Pyriform,
turbinate, yellow; juicy, vin-
ous, perfumed. September.
Rousselet de Meester. Medium,
roundish, yellow with a red
713
cheek ; coarse, not rich. Octo-
ber. Belgian.
Rousselet de Rheims. Small,
ebovate pyriform, yellowish-
green; sweet, aromatic—rots
at core. EarlySept. French.
Rousselet Hatif. See Early
Rousselet.
Rousselet Stuttgart. Below me-
dium, conic, greenish with a
brown cheek; juicy, sweet,
aromatic—rots at core. Late
August.
Rousselet Vanderwecken.
Small, roundish or obovate,
yellow; juicy, aromatic, per-
fumed ; very good. November.
Royale. See Diel.
Rutter. Medium, round obo-
vate, greenish-yellow; partly
melting, sweet; very good.
October. West Chester, Pa.
Sabine. See Jaminette.
Salisbury Seedling. Short pyri-
form, partly russeted; coarse;
rather poor. October. N. Y.
Sam Brown. Medium, roundish,
pale yellow, thin russet; juicy
and melting, vinous, rich; very
good. September. Md.
Samoyeau. Medium, yellow, red
cheek; buttery, juicy. Mid-
autumn.
Sand Pear. Medium, roundish-
pyriform, yellow, with rough
russet. September. Only
valuable for cooking. The
Japan pear resembles the Sand,
but ripens later, and is a vig-
orous grower and abundant
bearer. Fine for cooking.
Sanspareil. Large, irregular,
obscure pyriform, yellowish-
714. DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
green; coarse, juicy, buttery,
vinous. November.
Scheidweiller. Medium, obovate
pyriform, dull green; buttery,
sweet, rich. October,
Scotch Bergamot. See Hamp-
den’s Bergamot.
Seckel, p. 473.
Selleck, p. 464.
Seneca, p. 464.
Serrurier, p. 474.
Seutin. Medium, oval pyriform;
irregular, green. A late cook-
ing-pear.
Sheldon, p. 477.
Shenks. See Hosenshenck.
Shepard, p. 474.
Sickel. A corruption of Seckel.
Sieulle, p. 485.
Simon Bouvier. Small, pyri-
form, green; melting, per-
fumed. September. Belgian.
Six. Large, pyriform, green;
buttery, melting, rich, per-
fumed. November, December.
Skinless, p. 453.
Smith’s Bordenave. See Lodge.
Snow Flower. See Fleur de
Neige.
Soldat Laboureur, p. 464.
Sophia. Medium, long pyriform,
lemon yellow; buttery, melt-
ing, vinous, rich. Early Octo-
ber.
Soulange, p. 464.
Souvenir d’Esperen, p. 465.
Souvenir du Congress. Very
large, long pyriform; yellow;
buttery, melting, quality mod-
erate. August and September.
French. New. Variable,
often excellent.
Souveraine d’Eté. Medium,
conic obovate, light yellow,
crimson dotted; melting, rich,
vinous. Early September.
Souveraine d’Hiver. See Passe
Colmar.
Souveraine de Printemps. Me-
dium, oblate, ribbed, yellow;
‘granular; melting, vinous,
somewhat astringent. March.
Spence. Medium, short pyri-
form, yellow and dull crimson ;
juicy, melting, rich, vinous.
September. Belgian.
Spice, or Musk Pear. See Rous-
selet de Rheims.
St. Andre, p. 474.
St. Dennis. Small, turbinate,
ribbed, yellowish and red;
sweet, aromatic. Late August.
St. Dorothée. Large, pyriform,
tapering to crown, greenish-
yellow; juicy, melting, rich,
sweet, perfumed. October.
St. Germain, p. 481.
St. Germain, Brande’s, p. 309.
St. Germain, Prince’s, p. 484.
St. Ghislain, p. 464.
St. Lambert. See English Jar-
gonelle.
St. Menin. Large, long, pyri-
form, yellowish-green; melt-
ing, juicy; very good. Sep-
tember.
St. Michael. See White Doy-
enné.
St. Michael Doré. See Gray
Doyenné.
St. Michel Archange, p. 464.
St. Nicholas. See Orleans.
St. Vincent de Paul. Small,
russet. January. French.
Sterkman’s, p. 465.
Sterling, p. 474.
Stevens’ Genesee, p. 478.
Stone. Large, pyriform, yellow ;
PEARS.
buttery, slightly astringent.
August. Ohio.
Stver. Medium, roundish,
greenish-yellow; buttery,
melting, very rich, perfumed.
September. Pa.
Styrian. Large, pyriform, deep
yellow with ared cheek ; crisp,
rich. October. English.
Sucrée de Hoyerswerda. Small,
obovate, yellowish-green ;
juicy, sweet, sprightly. Late
August. German.
Sugar Top. Medium, obovate
turbinate, yellow; of rather
dry, sweet flavor; moderate or
poor. Late July.
Sullivan. Medium, oblong pyri-
form, greenish-yellow; juicy,
sweet, pleasant. September.
Belgian.
Summer Aremberg. Rather
small, short pyriform, pale
greenish-yellow, with some
nettings of russet; a little
coarse; melting, sweet; very
good. Mid-autumn. English.
Summer Bell, or Windsor.
Large, pyriform, regular, yel-
lowish-green; tender, coarse,
astringent—rots atcore. Tree
a handsome grower and great
bearer. Late August.
Summer Bergamot. Small,
round, greenish-yellow ; juicy,
rich, becoming dry. Early
August.
Summer Bon Chrétien. Large,
pyriform, ribbed, rich yellow
with a reddish cheek; break-
ing; very juicy, sweet. For-
merly much valued, now gen-
erally destroyed by black mil-
dew. Early September.
715
Summer Doyenné, p. 455.
Summer Franc Real. Medium,
obovate, slightly pyriform,
yellowish-green ; fine-grained,
buttery, sweet, pleasant.
Early September.
Summer Portugal, p. 456.
Summer Rose. Medium, round-
ish, yellowish; of poor quality,
Late August.
Summer St. Germain. Medium,
obovate, green; juicy, slightly
acid. Late August.
Summer Thorn. See Epine
d’Eté.
Superfin, p. 474.
Superfondante. Medium, obo-
vate, pale yellow; buttery.
melting; good. October.
Supreme de Quimper, p. 453.
Surpasse Crassane. Resembling
the old Crassane, but more
productive, healthy and vigor-
ous. Belgian.
Surpasse Meuris. Medium,
conic, rough, russeted; melt-
ing, vinous. October.
Surpasse Virgalieu, p. 474.
Suzette de Bevay, p. 481.
Swan’s Egg. Small, oval, pale
green; juicy, sweet, slightly
musky. October.
Swan’s Orange. See Onondaga.
Swiss Bergamot. Medium,
roundish, slightly turbinate,
pale green and palered; melt-
ing, sweet, agreeable. Octo-
ber.
Sylvange. Roundish-obovate,
pale green; melting, sweet,
agreeable. October. Keeps
well.
Taihe. See Japan Golden Russet.
716 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Tarquin des Pyrenées. Large,
pyriform, green; quality poor
—great keeper.
Taylor Pear. Medium, roundish-
oblate, green; buttery, vinous,
with vanilla flavor, Early
winter. Va.
Tea, p. 474.
Theodore Van Mons, p. 465.
Therese Appert. Medium, pyri-
form, deep yellow with some
russet, a rich brown cheek;
juicy, melting; very good.
September. New. French.
Thompson’s, p. 474.
Thuerlinckx. Very large, but of
little value. Belgian.
Tillington. Small, obovate, dark
green, rough; coarse, of mod-
erate quality. October. Eng-
lish.
Totten’s Seedling. Rather
small, turbinate pyriform, pale
yellow; buttery, melting,
vinous, perfumed. Early Oc-
tober. Connecticut.
Triomphe de Jodoigne, p. 465.
Trout Pear. See Forelle.
Tyler. Small, turbinate, yellow ;
granular; melting, brisk, vi-
nous. October.
Tyson, p. 453.
Upper Crust. Rather small,
obovate, green, partly rus-
seted; buttery, melting; very
good. July at the South—not
good North.
Urbaniste, p. 465.
Uvedale’s St. Germain. See
Pound.
Vaet. Medium, obovate, yel-
lowish-green, rough; juicy,
sweet, perfumed. Decem-
ber.
Vallée Franche. Medium, obo-
vate, greenish-yellow; juicy,
sweet, flavor rather poor.
Early September.
Van Assche, p. 474.
Van Buren. Large, obovate,
yellow with a blush; crisp,
sweet, perfumed. Handsome
—of moderate quality. Anex-
cellent culinary sort. New
Haven, Conn.
Van Marum. Large, pyriform
with a long neck, bronze-
colored; coarse, fibrous; not
juicy, pleasant—baking. Late
autumn.
Van Mons’ Leon le Clerc, p.
465.
Vauquelin. Rather large, obo-
vate; juicy, sub-acid. Winter.
Vermillion d’en Haut. Medium,
pyriform (Tyson-shaped), pale
yellow, a red cheek; fine,
juicy, sweet; very good. Sep-
tember. French.
Vermont Beauty, p. 474.
Verte Longue. See Long Green.
Verte Longue of Angers, p. 465.
Veterans. Large, obtuse pyri-
form, light yellow, some rus-
set; flesh firm—cooking.
Winter.
Vezouziere. Rather small,
roundish-oval, yellowish;
juicy, melting, sweet, agreea-
ble. September.
Vicar of Winkfield, p. 481.
Vicompte de Spoelberch, p. 484.
Virgalieu. See White Doyenné.
Wadleigh. Rather small, round-
ish-obovate, yellow; melting,
PEARS. 717
juicy; very good. Early Sep- ish, turbinate, bright yellow,
tember. N. H. dotted red ; juicy, rich, slightly
Walker. Large oblong, pyri- musky. EarlySeptember.
form, greenish-yellow; a little Mass.
coarse; half melting, sweet; Williamson. Medium, obovate,
good. October. Belgian.
Walker’s Seedling. See Mount
Vernon.
Washington, p. 474.
Waterloo. See Duc de Brabant.
Wendell. Medium, pale yellow,
often with a red cheek; melt-
ing, juicy, not rich. Late Au-
gust. Belgian.
Westcott, p. 475.
' Wharton’s Early. Rather large,
obovate pyriform, yellowish-
green; melting, juicy, sweet.
Late August.
Wheeler. Medium, roundish-
obovate, yellowish-green;
coarse; juicy, perfumed.
Early September. R. I.
White Beurré. See White Doy-
enné.
White Doyenné, p. 475.
White’s Seedling. Medium,
roundish - obovate, greenish-
yellow; juicy; good. New
Haven, Conn.
Wiest. Medium, roundish, oval,
green; melting, sub-acid,
pleasant. September. Pa.
Wilbur, p. 475.
Wilder, p. 453.
Wilkinson, p. 475.
Willermoz, p. 481.
William Edwards. Medium, ob-
tuse pyriform, yellow, thickly
dotted; buttery, sweet. Sep-
tember. Conn.
Williams’ Bonchrétien. See
Bartlett.
Williams’ Early. Small, round-
rich yellow, thicky dotted; fine
grained ; juicy, rich. October.
1 ee is
Wilmington, p. 465.
Wilkinson, p. 475.
Windsor. See Summer Bell.
Winship’s Seedling. Medium,
conic pyriform, yellow; juicy,
pleasant. Late summer.
Mass.
Winter Bell. See Pound.
Winter Bergamot. See Easter
Bergamot.
Winter Beurré. Medium, long
pyriform, greenish, rough;
flesh buttery, melting, vinous.
January.
Winter Nelis, p. 482.
Winter Seckel. Medium, oblate,
yellowish-brown, partly rus-
seted; juicy, rich, sweet, aro-
matic. February. Va.
Wolaston. See Glout \Mor-
ceau.
Worden’s Seckel, p. 465.
Woronson. Medium, yellow.
Great bearer. October.
Wredow. Medium, oblate ap-
proaching pyriform, greenish-
yellow and russet ; juicy, melt-
ing, rich, vinous. October.
Yat. Small, turbinate, brown
russet; juicy, perfumed—rots
at core. September.
Yellow Butter. See White Doy-
enné.
York Bergamot.
Bergamot.
See Autumn
718 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Zephirin Gregoire, p. 485.
Zephirin Louis Gregoire. Me-
dium, turbinate, yellow with a
red cheek; very juicy, slightly
Zoar Beauty. Medium, pyri-
form, light yellow, with a red
cheek; partly melting, sweet ;
moderately good—rots at core.
perfumed. December.
August. Ohio.
PERSIMMONS.
American Date Plum. See Di-
ospyros Virginianum.
Among. See Yemon.
Costata, p. 613.
Diospyros Mabola, p. 605.
Diospyros Texana, p. 605.
Diospyros Virginianum, p. 605.
Hachiya, p. 611.
Hyakume, p. 611.
Imperial. See Hachiya.
Kurokume, p. 613.
Maru-gata. See Yeddo-ichi.
Mazelli, p. 613.
Minokaki. See Tsuro.
Miyotan. See Mazelli.
Okame, p. 611.
Taber’s 129, p. 610.
Tanenashi, p. 612.
Tsuro, p. 608.
Yamato. See Hachiya.
Yeddo-ichi, p. 612.
Yemon, p. 611.
Zengi, p. 610.
PINEAPPLES.
Abbaka. See Abbakacha. Lemon. See Queen.
Abbakacha, p. 620.
Pitch Lake. See Porto Rico.
Brazilian. See Abbakacha.
Black Jamaica, p. 621.
Black Spanish. See Red Span-
ish.
Charlotte Rothschild, p. 621.
Cuban. See Red Spanish.
Egyptian. See Queen.
Enville, p. 621.
Gipsy Queen. See Queen.
Golden. See Queen.
Havana. See Red Spanish.
Key Largo. See Red Spanish.
Porto Rico, p. 620.
Prickly Cayenne, p. 621.
Prince Albert, p. 621.
Queen, p. 620.
Red Pine. See Red Spanish.
Red Spanish, p. 620.
Smooth Cayenne, p. 620.
Strawberry. See Red Spanish.
Trinidad. See Porto Rico.
Victoria. See Queen.
White Antigua, p. 621.
PLUMS.
719
PLUMS.
The class to which the several varieties described in this Index
belong is added as follows :
Am.=Prunus Americana, Hortr.=
Prunus hortularia,; Cuick.=Prunus angustifolza; Dom.=Pru-
nus domestica, JAPAN=Prunus trifiora.
Abricotée Rouge. Medium,
oval, red and violet; sweet,
dry, poor. Dom.
~ Abundance, p. 516.
African. Medium, round, dark
red. Texas. Chick.
Agen Date. See Prune d’Agen.
Albany Beauty, p. 505.
’ Amber Primordian. See Primor-
dian.
American Wheat. Small, round-
ish, pale blue; juicy, sweet.
Late August. Great bearer.
Dom.
American Yellow Gage. See
Prince’s Yellow Gage.
Angelina Burdett. Medium,
round, nearly black, thickly
dotted; rich; excellent. Eng-
lish. September. Dom.
Apple Plum. Medium, round-
ish, reddish-purple; slightly
coarse ; sprightly. September.
Mass. Dom.
Apricot, p. 505,
Arkansas Lombard. Medium,
round, red. Ark. Chick.
Autumn Gage, p. 505.
Babcock, p. 516.
Bailey, p. 514.
Bassett’s American. Small,
round, dull red; skin thick;
little value. Am.
Bayfield. Small, round, light
yellow; good—clingstone.
August. Dom.
Beach, p. 489.
Beaty Choice, p. 489.
Beauty of Naples, p. 493.
Beekman’s Scarlet. See Lom-
bard.
Belgian Purple. Medium, round-
ish, purple; a little coarse;
juicy, sweet, rich. September.
Dom.
BelledeSeptember. Very large,
oval, reddish-brown ; culinary.
October. Dom.
Berckman’s, p. 516.
Bergen, p. 514.
Bingham, p. 506.
Black Damask. Medium, round-
ish, greenish-yellow; juicy,
sweet, rich. August. Dom.
Black Damson. See Damson.
Black Imperial. See Brad-
shaw.
Black Morocco. See Morocco.
Bleecker’s Gage, p. 505.
Bleecker’s Scarlet. See Lom-
bard.
Blood. See Satsuma.
Blue Damson. See Damson.
Blue Gage. Small, round, dark
blue; slightly acid; moder-
ately rich. Of little value.
August. Dom.
Blue Holland. See Holland.
Blue Imperatrice, p. 492.
Blue Perdrigon. Medium, oval,
reddish-purple; flesh firm;
sugary—clingstone. August.
Dom.
720 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Bolmar, or Bolmar’s Washing-
ton. See Washington.
Botan. See Abundance, Bab-
cock, Berckmans, Willard.
Botankio. See Babcock.
Bradford Gage. See Green
Gage.
Bradshaw, p. 493.
Brevoort, or Brevoort’s Purple
Bolmar, p. 493.
Bricetta. Medium, roundish-
oval, yellow dotted red; juicy,
rich; very good. September.
Dom.
Brill. Large, red, juicy. Chick.
Brunswick, p. 492.
Bruyn Gage. See Green Gage.
Buel’s Favorite, p. 506.
Burbank, p. 516.
Burbank No. 3.
Burbank No. 4. See Heikes.
Burgundy Prune. Medium,
ovate, necked, reddish-black ;
See Hale.
juicy, rich, pleasant — free-
stone. September. Dom.
Burrette’s. Large, long oval,
dull yellow; melting, sweet,
aromatic. September. Dom.
Caddo Chief. Small, round, red;
very early. La. Chick.
Caledonian. See Goliath..
Catalonian. See Primordian.
Chabot, p. 514.
Cheney, p. 489.
Cherry. See Myrobolan.
Cheston. Rather small, oval,
dark purple; flesh firm; sweet,
sprightly—freestone. July and
August. Dom.
Chickasaw Chief.
Chippeway, p. 489.
Clark. A variety of the Hortu-
laria group, said to have been
See Miner.
found growing wild in Mary-
land.
Cloth of Gold. See Drap d’Or
of Esperen.
Coe’s Golden Drop, p. 506.
Coe’s Late Red, p. 493.
Coletta. Medium, round ob-
long, light red. Very early.
Texas. Chick.
Columbia, or Columbian Gage,
Pp. 494.
Copper Plum. Rather small,
oval, deep copper color with a
blue bloom. Flesh juicy, acid,
adhering tothe stone. An old
culinary variety, very produc-
tive and profitable. Dom.
Corse’s Admiral. Rather large,
oval, light purple; juicy,
sprightly, moderate flavor.
September. Montreal.
Corse’s Field Marshal. Rather
large, oval, purplish-red;
juicy, sub-acid. August.
Montreal. Dom.
Corse’s Nota Bene, p. 494.
Cottrell, p. 489.
Cruger’s Scarlet,
Seedling, p. 494.
Cumberland. Medium, oblong,
yellow ; skin thin, juicy, sweet,
good. Midseason. Ga. Hort.
or Cruger’s
D’Agen. See Prune d’Agen.
Damask. See German Prune.
Damson, p. 494.
Dana’s Yellow Gage, p. 506.
De Caradenc, p. 506.
De Delice, p. 494.
Deep Creek, p. 489.
Delaware, p. 514.
De Montford, p. 494.
Denniston’s Albany Beauty.
See Albany Beauty.
PLUMS.
Denniston’s Red, p. 494.
Denniston’s Superb, p. 506.
De Soto, p. 489.
Diamond. Large, round oblong ;
apex distinct; black, dense
bloom ; flesh blue white, firm,
acid, free. For cooking pur-
poses. Dom.
Diaprée Rouge.
per.
Dictator. Very large, brownish-
purple; rich, juicy, high fla-
vored. Montreal. Dom.
Domine Dull, p. 495.
Douglas. See Munson.
' Downton Imperatrice, p. 506.
Drap d’Or, p. 506.
Drap d’Or of Esperen, p. 507.
Duane’s Purple, p. 495.
Dunmore. Small, ovate, green
becoming yellow ; juicy, sweet,
aromatic—freestone. October.
See Red Dia-
Dom.
Dutch Prune. See Domine Dull.
Dutch Quetzen. See Domine
Dull.
Earliest of All. See Yosete.
Early Cross. Rather small,
roundish, reddish-purple;
sweet; good—clingstone.
August. Mass. Dom. —
Early Damask. See Morocco.
Early Damson. See Damson.
Early Morocco. See Morocco.
Early Red. Large, oval, pur-
plish-red, with white dots;
flesh firm, fair. Hardy. Rus-
sian. Texas. There is alsoa
plum of the Chickasaw type of
this name from Texas.
Early Royal. See Royal Hative.
Early Royal of Nikita. Small,
roundish, reddish- purple;
46
721
juicy, sweet, high flavored—
partly freestone. August.
Early Scarlet. See Myrobolan.
Early Tours, p. 495.
Early Violet. See Early Tours.
Early Yellow. See Primordian.
Early Yellow Prune, p. 507.
Egg Pium. See White Egg.
Elfrey’s Prune. Small, oval,
blue; sweet, dry, firm—free-
stone. August. Dom.
El Paso. Medium, round, red.
Chick. Texas.
Emerald Drop. Medium, long
oval, yellowish-green; cling-
stone. August. Dom.
Emerson Early, p. 492.
English Wheat. Medium,
roundish-oval, reddish-purple ;
juicy, sweet, rich—clingstone.
August. Dom.
Excelsior, p. 514.
Fellenberg, p. 495.
Flushing Gage.
Gage.
Foote’s Early Orleans. Me-
dium, roundish, oval, black;
early; good, not rich; hardy,
productive. Mass. Dom.
Forest Garden, p. 490.
Forest Rose, p. 4g1.
Fotheringham, p. 495.
Franklin. See Washington.
French Apricot. See Apricot.
Frost Gage, p. 495.
Fulton, p. 507.
See Imperial
Galbraith. Large, oval, purple;
very good. Growth straggling.
A valuable early sort. Dom.
Garfield, p. 4gt.
Gaylord, p. 490.
General Hand, p. 507.
722 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
General Jackson. See Miner.
Georgeson, p. 516.
German Gage. See Bleecker’s
Gage.
German Prune, p. 496.
Giant Prune, p. 489.
Gifford’s Lafayette. Medium,
oval, purple; juicy, not rich.
August. Dom.
Gillett. See Miner.
Gold. Large, golden yellow,
overlaid red; juicy, sweet.
Hybrid of a Chickasaw and
Japan. Japan.
Golden Cherry Plum, p. 496.
Golden Beauty, p. 491.
Golden Gage. See Coe’s Golden
Drop.
Gohath, p. 496.
Green Gage, p. 507.
Gueii, or Blue Magnum Bonum.
Large, roundish- oval, dark
purple; flesh firm, a little
coarse, sub-acid; valuable for
culinary purposes, and profit-
able for market. First of au-
tumn. Lansingburg, N. Y.
Dom.
Gundaker Prune. Medium,
oval, purple; high flavored.
Good bearer. Pa. Dom.
Guthrie’s Apricot. Medium,
roundish-oval, yellow, crimson
dotted; coarse; juicy, sweet,
not rich. August. Dom.
Guthrie’s Late Green. Medium,
round, yellow; sweet, rich,
rather dry.” September.
Dom.
Guthrie’s Topaz. Medium, oval,
necked, rich yellow; juicy,
sweet, pleasant, not rich.
September. Scotch. Dom.
Gwalsh, Large, oblong oval,
deep purple; coarse; sweet,
pleasant. September. Dom.
Hale, p. 514.
Hampton Court. See Orleans
Early.
Harrison’s Peach. Medium,
round oblong; dull red; thick
skin; free. Minn. Am.
Hartwiss’ Yellow Prune. Me-
dium, oval, waxen yellow;
rich, sub-acid, fine. Septem-
ber. German. Dom.
Hattie. Medium, round oblong,
red; cling. Dom.
Hattonkin. See Kerr, Munson,
Georgeson.
Hattonkin No. 1. See George-
son.
Hattonkin No. 2.
Hawkeye, p. 489.
Heikes. (Burbank No. 4.) Re-
sembles Hale, but more flat-
tened on the ends, and darker
color; flesh acid. Japan.
Henry Clay, p. 507.
Highlander, p. 496.
Hinckley. See Miner.
Hoffman, p. 492.
Holland Prune. Roundish, pur-
ple; sweet, pleasant — free-
stone. September. Dom.
Honey Drop. See Missouri Apri-
cot.
Horse Plum. Medium, oval,
purple; dry, rather acid—free-
stone. August.
Howard’s Favorite, p. 508.
Howell’s Early, p. 496.
Howell’s Large. See Nectarine.
How’s Amber. Medium, round-
ish, light red; coarse, juicy—
clingstone. September.
Dom.
See Kerr.
PLUMS.
Hudson Gage, p. 508.
Hughes. Medium, round, cherry
red; flesh yellow. Chick.
Huling’s Superb, p. 508.
Hungarian Prune, p. 496.
Hytan. See Munson.
Hytan-Kayo. See Munson.
Ickworth Imperatrice, p. 496.
Ida, p. 490.
Idol. Medium, round, light crim-
son, splashed magenta; skin
thin, cling. Late. Ill. Hort.
Illinois Ironclad, p. 489.
Imperatrice. See Blue Impera-
trice.
Imperial de Milan. Rather
large, roundish-oval, deep pur-
ple with thick bloom; flesh
greenish, rich, sweet, very
good. Rather late. Am.
Imperial Diadem. See Red
Diaper.
Imperial Gage, p. 508.
Imperial Ottoman, p. 509.
Imperial Rouge. See Red Mag-
num Bonum.
Imperial Violet. See Red Mag-
num Bonum.
Indian Chief. Large, round,
dull red; skin thick. Hort.
Indiana Red. Large, round,
red; cling. Ind. Hort.
Iona, p. 490.
Iris. Medium,red. Hort. Ill.
Isabel. See Miner.
Isabella, p. 496.
Italian Damask, p. 496.
Italian Prune. See Fellenberg.
Itaska, p. 489.
Ives’ Seedling, p. 509.
Jaune Hative. See Primordian.
Jefferson, p. 509.
723
Jennie Lucas. Medium, round,
yellow. Early. Texas. Chick.
Judson, p. 509.
Medium, round, red;
Very pro-
Kanawha.
skin thick; cling.
lific. Late. Hort.
Kayo. See Munson.
Kelsey, p. 516.
Kerr, p. 517.
Keyser’s Plum.
Superb.
Kickapoo. Medium, round ob-
long, red in blotches; skin
thick; flesh firm; cling. Pro-
lific. Am.
Kirke’s, p. 496.
Knight’s Large Drying.
Large Green Drying.
See Huling’s
See
Lady Plum. Small, oval, light
yellow, spotted red; acid;
freestone. September. Great
grower and bearer—culinary.
Albany, N. Y. Dom.
Langdon’s Seedling. Rather
large, roundish-oval, reddish-
purple; juicy, sub-acid—
mostly clingstone. August.
Conn. Dom.
Langsdon. Medium, round,
light red; cling. Hort.
Large Early Damson.
Horse Plum.
Large Green Drying. Large,
round, greenish-yellow; rich;
See
very good. September. Eng-
lish. Dom.
Large Long Blue. See Man-
ning’s Long Blue.
La Royale. See Royale.
Late Blood. Small, round, dark
purple; flesh red; cling,
Japan.
724 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FROTLS:
Late Rollingstone. Similar to
Rollingstone, of which it is a
seedling; skin thicker, flesh
softer, later. Minn. Am.
Lawrence’s Favorite, or Law-
rence Gage, p. 509.
Le Duce, p. 490.
Leipzig. See German Prune.
Leptune. Medium, round, dark
red; skin thick; cling. Ark.
Hort.
Leudloff Green, p. 489.
Leudloff Red. Small, flattened
oblong, light red; thick skin.
Minn. Am.
Lewiston Egg. Medium, oval,
pale yellow; quality moderate.
August. Dom.
Lincoln, p. 496.
Little Queen Claude. See Eng-
lish Yellow Gage.
Little Seedling. Small, red.
Minn. Am.
Lombard, p. 496.
Lone Star. Medium, round ob-
long, red; very thin skin.
Texas. Chick.
Long Scarlet. Medium, oblong
obovate, red; acid, ripening
sweeter—clingstone. August.
Dom.
Louisa, p. 489.
Lucombe’s Nonesuch, p. 510.
Madison, p. 510.
Magnum Bonum. See White
Egg.
Majestic Damson. Medium;
free. Early. Productive.
Mo. Dom.
Mamelonnée. Medium, oval
with a distinct neck, tapering
to apex, light green; sweet,
pleasant, mild, not rich—free-
stone. Early August. French.
Valuable for its earliness.
Dom.
Manning’s Long Blue, p. 496. *
Maquoketa. Medium, round-
oblong, red, yellow specks;
skin thick; flesh yellow, firm,
juicy; cling. Iowa. Am. .
Marianna, p. 498.
Market Plum of Hoffy. See
Golden Cherry Plum.
Marten’s Seedling. Large,
oblong, yellow; brisk, spright-
ly flavor—freestone. Septem-
ber, Schenectady, Mis.
Dom.
Maru, p. 514.
McLaughlin, p. 510.
Meigs, p. 498.
Mimms. See Red Diaper.
Miner, p. 4oI.
Minnetonka. Medium, round
oblong, dull red; skin thick.
Minn. Am.
Mirabelle, p. 510.
Mirabelle Grosse. See Drap
d.Or;
Mirabelle Tardive. Small,
roundish-oval, greenish-yel-
low; sweet, juicy, agreeable—
freestone. Great bearer—
hangs long. October. Dom.
Miser Plum. See Cherry.
Missouri Apricot, p. 492.
Moldavka, p. 510.
Monroe, or Monroe Egg, p. 511.
Monsieur. See Orleans.
Monsieur HAatif. See Orleans
Early.
Monsieur Tardif. See Suisse.
Moore’s Arctic. Below medium,
roundish-oval, dark purple,
with a pleasant but not rich
flavor. Early autumn. ‘Tree
PLUMS.
healthy, vigorous, extremely
hardy, agreat bearer. Maine.
Dom.
Moreman. Medium, round,
dark red. Hort.
Morocco, p. 408.
Mulberry, p. 511.
Munson, p. 514.
Mussey, p. 490.
Myrobolan, p. 408.
Nectarine, p. 498.
Nelson's Victory, p. 511.
Newman, p. 492.
New Orleans. See Orleans
Early.
Newtown Egg. Medium, ob-
long, red; skin thick; flesh
firm, free. Mid-season. Minn.
Am.
New York Purple.
voort’s Purple.
New Ulm, p. 489.
Niagara. Medium, oval, dark
purple; flesh pale yellow,
juicy, sweet, free. Sept. Dom.
Normand, p. 517.
See Bre-
Ocheeda, p. 490.
Ogeechee. Small, round, red;
very early. Ga. Chick.
Ogon, p. 517.
Old Hickory. See Miner.
Old Orleans, or Orleans, p. 498.
Orange, p. 5II.
Orient. Large, roundish-coni-
cal, red; flesh yellow. Ja-
pan.
Orleans Early, p. 499.
Orleans, Smith’s, p. 504.
Oullin’s Golden Gage. Large,
roundish-oblong, greenish-yel-
low; tender, juicy, excellent.
Productive. German. Dom.
725
Oyon. See Ogon.
Parsonage, p. 5I1I.
Parsons. See Miner.
Peach Plum, p. 499.
Peffer Premium, p. 490.
Penobscot. Large, oval, yellow;
sweet, pleasant — clingstone.
September. Me. Dom.
Peoley’s Early Blue. Medium,
oblong, dark blue; flesh yel-
low; pleasant—clingstone.
August. Dom.
Perfection. Medium, oblong
conical bright red, white
bloom; flesh firm, sweet.
Japan.
Peters’ Yellow Gage, p. 511.
Pond’s Purple. See Pond’s
Seedling (American).
Pond’s Seedling, p. 499.
Pond’s Seedling of Massachu-
setts, p. 499.
Poole, p. 491.
Pottawattamie, p. 492.
Prairie Flower, p. 491.
Précoce de Bergthold, p. 511.
Précoce de Tours. See Early
Tours.
Priam, p. 492.
Primordian, p. 512.
Prince Englebert, p. 500.
Prince of Wales. Large, round,
slightly oblong, reddish-pur-
ple; sweet, sprightly, not rich
—clingstone. September.
Dom.
Prince’s Imperial Gage.
Imperial Gage.
Prince’s Orange Egg. Rather
See
large, oval, yellow; coarse;
sprightly, not rich. Septem-
ber. Dom.
Prolific. See Hale.
Prune d’Agen, p. 500.
726 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Prune d’Allemagne. See Ger-
man Prune.
Pruned’Ast. See Prune d’Agen.
Prune de la St. Martin. See
Coe’s Late Red.
Prune de Louvain. Large,
ovate, necked, deep purple;
coarse; melting, pleasant—
freestone. August. Dom.
Prune d’Giuf. See Egg Plum.
Prune, Manning’s. Long Blue,
p. 360.
Prune Péche.
Prune Suisse.
Prunus Simonsi. See Simonsi.
Purple Damson. See Damson.
Purple Egg. See Red Magnum
Bonum.
Purple Favorite, p. 500.
Purple Gage, p. 500.
Purple Magnum Bonum.
Red ditto.
Purple Yosemite, p. 490.
See Peach Plum.
See Suisse.
See
Quackenboss, p. 501.
Quaker, p. 490.
Queen Mother. Small, round,
pale red and purple; sweet,
rich—freestone. September.
English.
Quetsche. See German Prune.
Rachel. Medium, round oblong,
dullred; thick skin; cling.
Mid-season. Hort.
Red Diaper, p. 5o0r.
Red Egg. See Red Magnum
Bonum.
Red Gage, p. 501.
Red June. See Red Nagate.
Red Magnum Bonum, p. 501.
Red Nagate, p. 515.
Reed. Medium, round, dark
red; cling. Hort.
Reine Claude. See Green
Gage.
Reine Claude de Bavay, p. 513.
Reine Claude Diaphane. Me-
dium, roundish, clear green,
shaded red; juicy, sweet, aro-
matic. September. French.
Dom.
Reine Clauded’Octobre. Small,
roundish, greenish-yellow;
juicy, rich—freestone. Octo-
ber. Dom.
Reine Claude Rouge. Very
large, roundish-oval, red and
purple ; rich, slightly acid, aro-
matic. September. Dom.
Reine Claude Violette.
Purple Gage.
Reizenstein’s Yellow Prune.
Medium, oval, slightly necked,
yellow ; juicy, pleasant—cling-
stone. September. Italian.
Dom.
Rhinebeck Yellow Gage. Large,
oval, yellow; coarse; sweet,
pleasant—clingstone. Septem-
ber. Rhinebeck, N. Y. Dom.
Richland. Rather small, red-
dish-purple; flesh greenish-
yellow; good. A seedling of
the damson, ripening end of
August, and profitable for mar-
ket. Origin, Pa. Dom.
Rivers’ Early Favorite, p. 501.
Rivers’ Early Prolific. Medium,
roundish-oval, reddish-purple ;
See
juicy, sweet, pleasant—free-
stone. August. English.
Dom.
Robinson, p. 492.
Roe’s Autumn Gage.
tumn Gage.
Rollingstone, p. 490.
Roulette. Medium, round, red;
See Au-
PLUMS.
skin thin; cling. Mid-season.
‘Texas. Hort.
Royale, p. 5or.
Royal HAtive, p. 502.
Royal Tours, p. 503.
Saint Catherine, p. 513.
Saint Cloud. See Goliath,
Saint Martin’s Quetsche, p. 513.
Saint Martin Rouge. See Coe’s
Late Red.
Saint Maurin. See Prune
d’Agen.
Saratoga. Oval, brownish-red,
with few white specks; flesh
pale yellow; free. Late.
Dom.
Satsuma, p. 515.
Scarlet Gage. See Long Scarlet.
Schuyler Gage, p. 513.
Schenectady Catherine, p. 503.
Schley. (Schley Large Red.)
Medium, round, red. Ga.
Chick.
Sea. Small, round, brownish-
purple; flesh greenish-yellow,
sweet, juicy—freestone. Au-
gust. Dom.
Semiana. Medium, oval,
necked, deep purple; flesh
juicy, sub-acid, moderately
rich. Distinct from Blue Im-
peratrice, which see. Dom.
Shailer’s White Damson. See
White Damson.
Sharp’s Emperor, p. 503.
Sheen. See Fotheringham.
Shipper, p. 515.
Shiro-Smomo. See Berger, also
Red Nagate, and Ogon. Ja-
pan.
Siamese. Medium, obovate,
pale yellow; juicy, sprightly,
of moderate flavor. Fruit
427
often in pairs—tree a great
bearer. September. Dom.
Simiana. See Suisse.
Simon’s Apricot Plum. See
Simonsi.
Simonsi, p. 516.
Sloe. Ornamental, sometimes
used for stocks. Is a distinct
species (Prunus spinosa).
The fruit is small and black;
often called Blackthorn. Dom.
Small Green Gage. See Yellow
Gage. English.
Smith’s Orleans, p. 504.
Southern Golden Drop. Large,
golden yellow. Chick.
Spaulding. Medium, yellow,
green marbled; flesh pale yel-
low, very sweet; free. Dom.
Speer, p. 490.
Splendor. A large prune, cross
of Petite d’Agen and Pond’s
Seedling. Dom.
Stanton. Medium, round, pur-
ple, bluebloom. Late. Dom.
Stark Green Gage. Medium;
very prolific. A seedling of
Missouri Green Gage. Dom.
Steer’s Emperor. See Goliath.
Strawberry. Small, round ob-
late, dark red; flesh yellow;
cling. Veryearly. Japan.
Sucker State. Large, round,
red; skin thick; cling. Hort.
Sucrin Vert. See Green Gage.
Suisse, p. 504.
Sweet Botan. See Berckman’s.
Sweet Damson. See Damson.
Swiss Plum. See Suisse.
Texas Bell.
ted. Texas.
Thomas, p. 504.
Townsend. See Miner.
Medium, round,
Hort.
728 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Trouvée de Voueche. Medium
or small, oval, violet; juicy,
sweet; very good. August.
Turkish Quetsche. See German
Prune.
Van Buren, p. 490.
Vert Bonne. See Green Gage.
Victoria, p. 504.
Violet. See Blue Imperatrice.
Violet de Tours. See Early
Tours.
Violet Diaper. See Cheston.
Violet Perdrigon. See Blue
Perdrigon.
Violet Queen Claude. See Pur-
ple Gage.
Violette HAative. See Early
Tours.
Virgin. Medium, roundish, red-
dish-purple; juicy, sweet;
very good. September.
Dom.
Wangenheim, p. 505.
Warren. See Newman.
Washingtou, p. 513.
Wax, p. 505.
Wayata. Small to medium,
round, dull red; thick skin;
cling. Minn. Am.
Wayland, p. 4ol.
Weaver, p. 490.
Whitaker. Large, red. Seed-
ling of Wild Goose. Texas.
Hort.
White Apricot. Medium, round-
ish, yellow; flesh firm, pleas-
ant—clingstone. August.
White Egg, p. 513.
White Empress. See White Im-
peratrice.
White-flushed Botan.
Berckman’s.
See
White Gage.
Gage.
White Holland. See White Egg.
White Imperatrice. Medium,
obovate, bright yellow; juicy,
crisp, sweet, translucent—free-
stone. September. Dom.
White Imperial. See White
Egg.
White Magnum Bonum.
White Egg.
White Mogul. See White Egg.
White or Yellow Damson, p. 513.
White Perdrigon. Medium,
oval, pale greenish-yellow ;
sweet—clingstone. August.
Dom. —
White Plum. See Ogon.
White Primordian. See Primor-
dian.
Wickson, p. 516.
Wier, p. 490.
Wild Goose, p. 4o1.
Wild Rose. Large, round, yel-
low blush; skin medium; flesh
firm; cling. Minn. Am.
Wilkinson. Medium, oval,
slightly necked, reddish-pur-
ple; firm, sweet, not high fla-
vored. September. Dom.
Willard, p. 516.
William Dodd. See Miner.
See Imperial
See
Wilmot’s Green Gage. See
Green Gage.
Wtlmot’s Late Orleans. See
Goliath.
Winter Damson. See Damson.
Wolf, p. gor.
Woolston’s Black Gage. Small,
round, dark, rich. September.
Wooton, p. 492.
World Beater. Large, round
oblong, red; cling. Very late.
Tenn.
POMEGRANATES—RASPBERRIES.
Wyant, p. 490.
Yellow Apricot. See Apricot.
Yellow Egg. See White Egg.
Yellow-flushed Botan. See
Abundance.
Yellow Gage, English, p. 514.
Yellow Gage, Prince’s, p.
514.
729
Yellow Perdrigon. See Drap
d’Or.
Yellow Sweet, p. 4or.
‘Yellow Transparent, p. 492.
Yellow Yosemite. Said to be
same as Purple Yosemite. Am.
Yonemomo. See Satsuma.
York State Prune, p. 505.
Yosete, p. 516.
Yellow Magnum Bonum. See
White Egg. Zwetsche. See German Prune.
POMEGRANATES.
Caribbean Coral, p. 623. Purple-Seeded. See Spanish
Ruby.
Paper Shell, p. 623.
Spanish Ruby, p. 623.
QUINCES.
Alaska, p. 520. Orange, or Apple Quince,
Angers, p. 520. 521.
California. See Child’s. Paris Quince. See Fontenay.
Champion, p. 520. Pear Quince, p. 521.
Child's, p. 520. Portugal, p. 521.
Chi ) Pp. 521:
eh ns Rea’s Mammoth, p. 522.
Fontenay, p. 521. Rea’s Seedling. See Rea’s
Fuller’s, p. 521. Mammoth.
Johnson’s, p. 521. Van Deman, p. 522.
Oblong. See Pear Quince. Wist’s Mammoth, p. 522.
RASPBERRIES.
Ada. Small, round, black, firm,
sweet; productive. Late.
Addison. Medium, purple, firm,
juicy; vigorous, hardy, pro-
ductive.
Allen, p. 531.
American Blackcap, p. 530.
American Everbearing. Me-
dium, black, juicy, nearly
sweet. Mid-season. Va.
American Whitecap. See Golden
Cap.
Antwerp. See Hudson River
Antwerp, Red Antwerp, Yel-
low Antwerp.
Arnold’s Orange. Large, dark
730 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
orange; excellent. New.
Paris, C. W.
Bagley’s Perpetual. Medium,
oblate, red; sub-acid; poor.
Barnet. Large, obtuse, conic,
reddish-purple. English. Of
little value.
Belle de Fontenay, p. 527.
Belle de Paluau, p. 527.
Brandywine, p. 531.
Brentford Cane. Medium, ovate,
dark red. English. Of little
value.
Brinckle’s Orange. See Orange.
Burlington, or Prosser. Large,
firm, sweet; good. New. N. J.
Carmen. Medium, handsome,
black, firm, juicy, sub-acid;
productive; early. Conn.
Caroline, p. 533.
Catawba, p. 531.
Champlain. Medium, pale yel-
low, soft, juicy, nearly sweet;
good. Canes vigorous, pale;
not hardy.
Clarke, p. 527.
Columbian, p. 531. -
Colonel Wilder, p. 529.
Cope. Roundish, conical, red;
firm, good; growth moderate.
Phila.
Cretan Red. Small, deep red,
poor. Old foreign sort.
Crystal White. Medium, pale
yellow, firm, moderately juicy.
Cushing. Roundish, conical,
regular, red; quality good;
moderately vigorous and pro-
ductive. Phila.
Cuthbert, p. 531.
Davison’s Thornless, p. 530.
Doolittle, p. 530.
Double Bearing. A variety of
Antwerp, bearing a second
crop, now superseded.
Duhring. Large, crimson; soft;
good. Phila.
Early Prolific, p. 532.
Emily. Large; sometimes
shouldered; yellow.
Erie, p. 532.
Fastolff, p. 528.
Fillbasket, p. 528.
Franconia, p. 528.
French, p. 528.
Ganargua, p. 531.
General Patterson. Large, red.
Phila. Dr. Brinckle.
Gladstone. See Erie.
Golden Cap, p. 531.
Golden Mayberry, p. 529.
Golden Queen, p. 529.
Golden Thornless, p. 531.
Gregg, p. 530.
Hansel. Medium, round, bright
red; juicy; good. Said to be
very subject to disease. Very
early.
Harris. Medium, red, juicy,
nearly sweet.
Herstine, p. 532.
Highland Hardy. Rather small;
red; of poor quality. Very
early, which gives it value
for market. Sometimes un-
productive, but more com-
monly a good bearer. Ulster
Co..Na Ye
Hilborn, p. 530.
Hopkins, p. 530.
Hornet, p. 529.
.
RASPBERRIES.
Hudson River Antwerp, p. 528.
Imperial Red. Medium, round-
ish, scarlet; pleasant. N. J.
Japanese Wine Berry. Medium,
round, translucent red; each
berry enveloped in purplish red
calix. Ornamental, but of no
other value. Not hardy in
vicinity of New York.
Johnson’s Sweet. Black, hardy;
productive.
Joslyn’s Improved.
little.
See Doo-
Kansas, p. 530.
King. Large, bright red; pro-
ductive. Rio Vista, Va.
Kirtland, p. 532.
Knevett’s Giant, p. 528.
Large-fruited Monthly, p. 528.
London, p. 532.
Lost Rubies. Rather large,
ovate-conic; soft, witha pleas-
ant and good flavor. Berries
often defective, requiring fer-
tilizing by another sort.
Lovett. Large, pure black, firm ;
moderately juicy, sweet; vig-
orous; early. N. J.
Lum’s Everbearing. An autumn
fruiting blackcap. Sandusky,
Ohio.
Mammoth Cluster, p. 530.
Marlboro, p. 532.
Marvel of the Four Seasons, p.
529.
McCormick.
Cluster.
Meredeth Queen, p. 529.
Merveille des Quatre Saisons.
See Mammoth
731
See Marvel of the Four Sea-
sons.
Miami.
ter.
Miller’s Red. Large, round,
red; firm, good; very early.
Prolific, hardy.
Mills No. 7, p. 530.
Mills No. 15, p. 530.
Montclair, p. 532.
Muskingum. Medium, soft,
moderately juicy, mild sub-
acid; good. Canes vigorous.
See Mammoth Clus-
Naomi. See Franconia, which
it closely resembles, if not
identical.
Nemaha, p. 530.
New Rochelle, p. 532.
Northumberland Fillbasket.
See Fillbasket.
October Red. See Marvel of the
Four Seasons.
Ohio, p. 530.
Ohio Everbearing, p. 530.
Olathe, p. 532.
Older, p. 531.
Ontario, p. 531.
Orange, p. 529.
Palmer, p. 531.
Parnell, p. 473.
Pearl, p. 532.
Philadelphia, p. 532.
Pheenix. Large, round,
firm, juicy, rich.
Pilate. A dark red, new French
sort, of moderate value.
Pride of Kent. Large, red, very
soft; good. Canes strong,
vigorous.
Pride of the Hudson. Large,
roundish-conical; red; juicy,
red;
732
sweet, rich; too soft for mar-
ket. Not hardy nor reliable.
Prince of Wales, Cutbush’s.
Large, crimson.; firm; good.
English.
Purple Cane, p. 531.
Red Antwerp. Large, roundish,
dark red. Distinct from Hud-
son River Antwerp. English.
Reder. Rather large; bright
red, rich sub-acid. Vigorous;
a heavy bearer. Michigan.
Reliance, p. 532.
Royal Church, p. 532.
Rubus Flavus, p. 533.
Saunders, p. 469.
Seneca Blackcap, p. 531.
Shaffer, p. 531.
Silver Queen. Medium, pale
yellow ; very soft, juicy ; good.
Souchetti. Rather large; coni-
cal, pale yellow; firm; very
co
DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Stagman No. 5. See Olathe.
Stoever. Large, roundish,
conic, bright red; very unpro-
ductive. Vt.
Superlative, p. 52g.
Surry. Large, black, with
bloom. Va.
Susqueco. See Pearl.
Talbot, p. 532. ’
Thompson’s Early Prolific, p.
529.
Turner, p. 532.
Vermont, p. 530.
Vice-President French.
French.
See
Walker. Rather large, round,
crimson; soft; good; produc-
tive. Pa. Dr. Brinckle.
Yellow Antwerp. Large, light
yellow; good. Superseded.
good. French. New. Yellow Cap. See Golden
Souhegan, p. 531. Cap.
SHADDOCKS.
Aurantium, p. 587.
Leonardy, p. 587.
Marsh’s Seedless, p. 587.
May’s Pomelo, p. 586.
Royal, p. 587.
Triumph, p. 587.
STRAWBERRIES.
Imp.=Flowers imperfect; Prr.=Flowers perfect.
Aberdeen. See Roseberry.
Accomack. Medium, soft; good;
late. Per.
Admiral Dundas. Large, irreg-
ular, pale scarlet; firm; good,
not rich. English.
Advancer.
Agriculturist.
Medium, dark red;
firm; early. Md. . Per.
Very large,
nearly conical, sometimes cox-
combed, somewhat necked ;
deep scarlet; flesh firm, of a
STRAWBERRIES.
pleasant, moderately good
flavor. Astrong grower. N. J.
Fails in many localities. Old.
Per.
Ajax. Large, ovate, dark;
good. English.
Albany Seedling. See Wilson.
Albion White. -Large, round,
nearly white; good. Not pro-
ductive. Foreign.
Alice Maude. Large, conical,
dark glossy scarlet; juicy,
rich, excellent. Plant strong,
vigorous—requires deep and
rich cultivation. Foreign.
Per.
Alpha. Large, ovate conical,
dull red; sub-acid. Vigorous,
productive. Raised by
Charles Arnold, of Ontario,
from Wilson and Dr. Nicaise.
Per.
American Scarlet.
son.
Annie Forest.
See Hud-
Large, conical;
bright scarlet; firm. Mid-
season. Per.
Arnold’s Pride. Very large;
light red; rather soft, moder-
ate in flavor. Very produc-
tive. Canada. Per.
Aroma, p. 542.
Atkinson’s Scarlet. See Grove
End Scarlet.
Atlantic. Medium, conical;
bright dark crimson; firm,
strong grower. Mid-season.
Ber.
Auburn. Medium, regular,
round conical; dark red; flesh
scarlet; good flavor; not very
productive. Imp.
Austin. See Austin Shaker.
Austin Shaker. Very large,
733
roundish, light red; soft, usu-
ally hollow; poor. Per.
Austrian Scarlet. See Duke of
Kent.
Banquet. Medium, conical, light
red; sweet, rich. Per.
Barnes’ Mammoth. Large,
roundish-conical, dark crim-
son; sub-acid, good. An un-
certain bearer. Poughkeepsie,
Ne Yo Ber:
Bartlett. See Boston Pine.
Barton’s Eclipse, p. 545.
Beder Wood, p. 542.
Belle, p. 542.
Belle de Vibert. Large, conic,
crimson; handsome; firm, not
rich. Productive. Foreign.
Belmont. Medium, conical,
dark crimson; firm; not pro-
ductive. Per.
Beverly, p. 542.
Bicolor. Medium, oblong, crim-
son; sweet, good. Dwarf.
Productive. Foreign.
Bicton Pine. Large, roundish,
white tinged with pink; pleas-
ant but not rich. English.
Tender.
Bidwell, p. 542.
Bishop’s Orange. Large, regu-
larly conical; light scarlet,
approaching orange; flesh
firm, flavor rather acid;
growth low; leaves hairy.
Superseded. Imp.
Black Defiance. Large, deep
red, roundish-conical; flesh
firm, season medium. Has
not fulfilled its early promise.
Per.
Black Giant.
Soft... ber;
Large, regular,
7134 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
Black Imperial. See Black
Prince.
Black Roseberry. Medium,
roundish, dark red or purplish ;
pleasant; moderate bearer.
English.
Bomba, p. 542.
Bordelaise. Small, conical; very
dark reddish-purple; musky ;
vigorous. MHautbois type.
Foreign. Per.
Boston Pine, p. 543.
Boudinot. Large, roundish,
scarlet; good. Ohio.
Boyden. Medium, dark red; no
special value. Per.
Boyden’s Mammoth. Large,
roundish, dark crimson; poor
bearer. N. J.
Boynton. See Crescent.
Brandywine, p. 543.
Brewer’s Emperor. Medium,
ovate, dark red; good. Eng-
lish.
Bright Ida. Large, roundish-
conical; bright red; with a
mild, pleasant, sub-acid,
rather rich flavor. Vigorous
and productive. Raised by
Charles Arnold, Ontario. Per.
Brighton Pine. Large, conical;
deep crimson, with a rich, sub-
acid flavor. Early, hardy;
poor bearer. Per.
British Queen. Very large,
roundish, sometimes coxcomb-
shaped; color rich scarlet ;
flesh rich, tender, rather early.
A poor bearer. In England
productive and superb. Per.
Brooklyn Scarlet. Medium or
large, long, conical, necked;
sweet, flavor excellent. Pro-
ductive. Per.
Bubach (No. 5), p.549.
Buffalo Seedling. See McAvoy’s
Superior.
Burr’s New Pine, p. 545.
Burr’s Seedling. Medium, scar-
let; pleasant; hardy, produc-
tive. Ohio.
Caleb Cope.
scarlet; good.
Captain Cook. Large, resem-
bling British Queen, but
smaller; color dark; rich.
Captain Jack. Medium in size,
regular in form ; bright scarlet,
handsome; quality moderate;
rather acid. Mostly very pro-
ductive, sometimes fails. Prof-
itable for market in many
places. Missouri. Per.
Champion. See Windsor Chief.
Charles Downing, p. 543. This
variety rusts in some places of
late years.
Chorlton’s Prolific. Roundish,
necked, light red; good.
Staten Island.
Cinderella. Rather large, coni-
cal, regular; bright scarlet.
Moderately productive. For
home use. Per.
Cleveland. Large, cockscombed
and conical, deep red; firm,
Large, pointed,
rich. Staminate. Ohio.
Clyde. Large, scarlet, firm.
Mid-season.
Colfax. Small, round, poor.
Colonel Cheney. Large, round-
ish-ovate, bright scarlet; flesh
rather firm, of fine quality.
Sometimes very productive.
Imp.
Colonel Ellsworth. Large,
roundish, necked, dark crim-
STRAWBERRIES.
son; rather firm, flavor moder-
ate, dry. Early, productive.
Per
Columbus. Large, roundish,
dark red; tender, sweet.
Hardy, productive. Ohio.
Continental. Large, obtusely
conical, regular; dark red;
firm, good. Productive under
hill culture. Per.
Cornelia. Large, regular, coni-
cal, smooth; bright red. Pro-
ductive. Quite late. Ohio.
Imp.
Cornucopia. Large, conical,
scarlet; good. Flushing, L. I.
Covill. Large at first picking;
dark red; good; very early;
needs high cultivation. Per.
Cowing’s Seedling. Very large,
showy; productive. Ind.
Cox’s Seedling. Large, light
red, irregular; rather acid.
Late. English.
Crawford, p. 543.
Crescent, p. 545.
Crimson Cone. (Dutch Berry.)
Medium, uniformly conical;
bright crimson, rich, acid.
Varies much in productiveness.
(Fuller says flowers perfect.)
Imp.
Crimson Favorite.
round conic, crimson;
fine. Unproductive.
Crystal City. Small; moder-
ately firm; veryearly. Some-
times prolific, often unproduc-
tive. Valuable only for earli-
ness. Missouri. Per.
Crystal Palace. Large, conical,
regular, glossy scarlet; flesh
firm, fine grained; juicy, high
flavored. English.
Large,
flavor
(4)
Cumberland, p. 543.
Cushing. Rather large, round-
ish-conical; light scarlet; flesh
tender, pleasant, sprightly, of
moderate flavor. Phila. Per.
Cutter, or Cutter’s Seedling.
Medium or large, conical,
slightly necked; bright scar-
let; soft, sweet, good. Pro-
ductive. Per.
Cyclone, p. 543.
Daisy. Medium, obconical;
vermilion; soft; rather poor.
Imp.
Daniel Boone. Large; bright
crimson; ovate, necked;
glossy, firm; sub-acid, good.
Reliable. Kentucky. Imp.
Dayton. Large, round conical,
coxcombed; scarlet; flesh
pink, sweet; not very produc-
tive.
Deptford Pine. Large, wedge-
shaped, bright glossy scarlet;
solid, rich, sub-acid. Eng-
lish.
Diadem. Large, round, light
scarlet, showy; fine and pleas-
ant. Plant healthy and hardy.
L. I. Local. Imp.
Downer’s Prolific.* Medium,
roundish-ovate; dark red;
flesh soft, rather acid, moder-
ately agreeable. Very pro-
ductive. Old. Per.
Downton. Medium, ovate, with
a neck, dark purplish-scarlet ;
good flavor; poor bearer.
English.
Dr. Nicaise. Very large, red;
quality moderate. Unproduc-
tive. Foreign.
Duc de Brabant. Large, coni-
736 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
cal, scarlet; good flavor.
Early. Belgian.
Duchess. Full medium, round
conical, regular; bright crim-
son; firm, of fine quality.
Productive in hills or narrow
rows. Valuable for its earli-
ness. New York. Per.
Duke of Kent. Small, scarlet;
clear, rich, acid. Very early.
Superseded.
Duncan. Full medium; quite
early; excellent in quality. A
moderate grower and bearer.
Ulster Co,, N.Y. Per;
Dundee. Medium, roundish,
scarlet; firm, rich, acid.
Scotch.
Durand. Large, irregular, scar-
let. Good; not productive.
N. J.
Durand’s Superb. See Prince.
Dutch Berry. See Crimson
Cone.
Early Canada. Resembles
Wilson, and is a few days
earlier. Per.
Early Virginia. See Large
Early Scarlet.
Eberlein’s Seedling. Medium,
conical, dark scarlet; sweet.
Early, productive. American.
Edgar Queen. Large, obtuse
conical, scarlet ; vigorous ; pro-
ductive.
Elenora. Large, conical, scar-
let; acid. Poor bearer. Eng-
lish.
Eliza, Myatt’s. Large, obtuse
conical, glossy scarlet; excel-
lent. Not productive. Eng-
lish.
Ella. See Mitchel’s Early.
Elton. Large, acid, rich.
English.
Emma. Large, roundish, crim-
son; good.
English Red Wood. See Red
Wood.
Enhance. Large, handsome,
dark crimson berry; firm, vig-
orous, healthy plant. Per.
Enormous. Large, deep crim-
son running into the flesh;
very productive. Seedling of
Crescent; 131... Ber
Eureka. Very large;
ately productive. Imp.
moder-
Feast’s Fillmore. See Fillmore.
Fillbasket. Very large, round-
ish, dark scarlet, handsome.
Good bearer.
Fillmore. Large, of uniform
size, dark, glossy; solid,
sweet, aromatic—sometimes
poor. Often very productive
—frequently fails. Imp.
Finch. Large, round conical,
uniform ; rich scarlet; firm, of
medium quality. Sometimes
very productive. Ohio. Per.
Finch’s Prolific. See Finch.
First Season. See Gandy.
Forest Rose, p. 543.
French’s Seedling. Large,
roundish-oval, of uniform size;
light scarlet, handsome;
sweet, very good. Valuable
for market. Early. Vigor-
ous, productive. Per.
Gandy, p. 543.
Genesee. Rather large, round-
ish, somewhat oblate, gener-
ally necked; scarlet inclining
to crimson; tender, juicy,
STRAWBERRIES.
mild, pleasant. Hardy, vigor-
ous, -Koehester,: Ni Y.
Mostly superseded. Per.
General Scott. Large, roundish,
scarlet; not rich.
Georgia Mammoth. Medium,
conical; dark crimson; firm,
acid. Productive—valuable
for its lateness. Per.
Glendale, p. 543.
Glen Mary, p. 545.
Globe. Large, round, scarlet;
excellent. English.
Glossy Cone. Very handsome,
and poor in quality. Per.
‘Golden Defiance. Large,
rounded, conical, regular,
slightly necked; dark scarlet;
firm, rich, very good. Rather
late. Vigorous, productive.
Carlisle, Pa. Imp.
Golden Seeded. Large, dark,
early. Succeeds well in some
places.
Goliath. Large, irregular;
scarlet; rich, highflavor. Re-
quires much room and high
culture. English. Per.
Governor Hoard. Good form and
quality; dark red; _ poor
cropper.
Great American. Very large
at its best, regular in form;
good. Often worthless, and
requires high cultivation. New
jetsey.> Per.
Great Pacific, p. 545.
Green Prolific, p. 546.
Green Strawberry. Small,
round, whitish, tinged reddish-
brown; flesh solid, greenish,
juicy, rich. Late.
Greenville, p. 543.
Grove End Scarlet.
47
Medium,
73t
round, scarlet; acid. Early.
English.
Gypsey. Medium or large;
handsome, excellent. Plant
vigorous. A poor bearer.
Early. Imp.
Hallihan. Medium, obtuse con-
ical; dark scarlet; sub-acid;
vigorous ; productive.
Hampden. Medium, obconical ;
light scarlet; moderately firm ;
good ; late.
Hart’s Minnesota. Large,
round; rich dark red; of fine
flavor. Early. A moderate
bearer, succeeds well in some
places and failsin others. Per.
Hathaway. Large, roundish
oblong, deep scarlet ; flavor
rich, acid. Plant vigorous and
productive. Michigan. Per.
Hautbois, p. 448.
Haverland, p. 546.
Henry Ward Beecher. Medium,
irregular; dark crimson; fine;
early. | Fer.
Hervey Davis. Hardy, vigor-
ous, productive; of good qual-
ity. Massachusetts. Per.
Hilton Gem. Medium, regular
conical; light crimson; firm;
juicy; good. Per.
Hoffman, p. 543.
Hooker. Large, broadly coni-
cal, regular, large specimens
coxcomb-shaped; dark crim-
son; rather tender, juicy, with
a fine rich flavor. An excel-
lent sort, but rather tender, re-
quiring winter covering, and
for this reason is passing out
of cultivation. Per.
Hooper’s Seedling. Medium,
738 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
conical, deep crimson; rich,
sweet. English.
Hovey’s Seedling, p. 546.
Huddleston Favorite. Large;
soft. Late,.productive.
Imp.
Hudson. Rather large, ovate,
usually with a neck, often with-
out, dark rich red; flesh firm,
of a high brisk acid flavor, re-
quiring full maturity to be fine.
Rather late. Profusely pro-
ductive. Formerly the great
market variety of Cincinnati;
now nearly superseded. Val-
uable for preserving. Imp.
Hudson’s Bay. See Hudson.
Huntsman. Large, roundish,
scarlet ; poor.
Ida. Medium or smallish, nearly
round, dark red; flesh firm,
slightly acid, good in flavor—
quite early and continues till
late. Plant vigorous, produc-
tive. Fruit-stalks long and
erect. Imp.
Ideal. Large, heart-shaped ;
dark scarlet; flesh red. Per.
Indiana. Large, regular; light
crimson; good in quality. A
strong grower. A seedling of
the Charles Downing. Per.
Iowa. Rather large, roundish;
light orange scarlet; tender,
juicy, very acid. Early.
Hardy and vigorous. Western.
Per.
Iowa Beauty. Large, round
conical, glossy scarlet.
James Vick, p. 543.
Jenny Lind.* Medium, conical,
rich glossy crimson; firm,
juicy, rich sub-acid. Mass.
Olds» Per:
Jenny’s Seedling. Large,
roundish-conical; dark rich
red; firm, rich, sprightly sub-
acid. Excellent for preserv-
ing. Late. Hardy. Imp.
Jersey Queen, p. 546.
Jessie, p. 543.
Jewell, p. 546.
Jucunda, p. 543.
Jucunda Improved, p. 543.
Keen’s Pistillate. Medium,
conical, dark red; acid,
sprightly. English.
Keen’sSeedling. Large, round-
ish-oblate, often coxcomb-
shaped ; shining, dark purplish-
scarlet; firm, rich, high fla-
vored. Rathereariy. Of the
highest reputation in England,
but tender, unproductive, and
nearly valueless here. Per.
Kentucky. Large, roundish-
conical, dark red; moderately
firm; slightly acid, rich; good.
Plant vigorous, with strong
fruit-stalks; productive. Val-
uable for its lateness. Per.
Kirkwood. See Sharpless.
Kitley’s Goliath. See Goli-
ath.
La Constante. .Large, hand-
some, crimson; juicy, sweet,
high flavored. A fine straw-
berry, but of moderate produc-
tiveness, and not adapted to
general cultivation. Per.
Ladies’ Pine. Small, round,
pale red; excellent. Canada.
Pistillate.
Lady Finger. See Belle.
STRAWBERRIES.
Lady Thompson. Large, regu-
lar, conical; firm. N.C.
Large Early Scarlet. Medium,
roundish-ovate, regular;
bright scarlet; tender, rich,
excellent. Veryearly. Pro-
ductive at the North. Old.
Per:
Late Prolific.
Good, productive.
Leader, p. 543.
Le Baron. Large, obtuse conic,
dark scarlet ; sweet, rich, melt-
ing. Productive. L.I. Little
known. Per.
Lennig’s White, p. 544.
Lida. Medium, wedge-shaped ;
dark crimson; heavy cropper ;
good shipper. Imp.
Lincoln. Very large, irregular;
dark color; rich, sweet. Sea-
sonmedium. A feeble grower,
requiring high culture. Per.
Lizzie Randolph. Medium,
roundish, crimson; poor fla-
vor.
Longfellow. Large, long coni-
cal, necked; handsome; of
medium quality and moder-
ately productive. Kentucky.
Per.
Longworth’s Prolific.* Large,
roundish, broad at base; light
crimson; flesh scarlet, firm,
rich, brisk, acid. Vines vig-
orous, productive. Cincinnati.
Valuable at the South and
West... Old. « Per.
Lovet, p. 544.
Medium, scarlet.
Late.
Maggie. Large, ovate, pointed;
dull scarlet; rathersoft. Vig-
orous and productive. Per.
Mammoth, Large, roundish,
739
crimson,, Poor, unproductive.
English.
Mammoth Bush. Medium in
size; firm, of poor flavor.
Forms but few runners, and is
profusely productive. Per.
Manchester. Medium to large,
rounded conical, regular;
bright scarlet; quality me-
dium. Rather late. Profusely
productive. New Jersey.
Imp.
Marguerite. Large, long conic,
pale scarlet; rather insipid,
handsome, showy; feeble
grower. :
Marshall, p. 544.
Marvin. Large; dark red; firm,
of high flavor. Requires high
culture, often fails. One of
the latest of strawberries.
Per:
Mary, p. 544.
Marylandica. Large, dark crim-
son; firm. Staminate. Md.
Matilda. Large, conical, uni-
form, scarlet, firm—of excel-
lent quality. Plant a strong
grower, and very productive.
New. Ulster Co., N. Y. Per.
McAvoy’s Extra Red. Large,
irregularly oblate, generally
necked; color deep scarlet;
tender, juicy, acid, not rich.
Excellent for preserving.
Cincinnati. Imp.
McAvoy’s Superior. Large,
roundish-oblate, more or less
necked; light crimson becom-
ing deep crimson, flesh scarlet,
tender, juicy, very rich, vi-
nous. Tender, and will not
bear long carriage. Medium
season, Hardy, vigorous,
749 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
and productive. Ohio. Old.
Imp.
Mead’s Seedling. Medium,
long, conical; good. N. J.
Meek’s Early, p. 544.
Melon. Medium, round, dark;
worthless. Scotch.
Metcalf’s Early. Small, round-
ish; scarlet; mildacid. Mich-
igan.
Methven Scarlet. Large, round-
ish, dull scarlet; soft, of poor
flavor; discarded. English.
Miami. Large, round conical,
slight neck; bright, firm, hol-
low; early.
Michigan. A seedling of the
Wilson, ten days later.
Mineola. Medium, double
points; neck pronounced; un-
even; dark; rather late.
Miner’s Prolific, p. 544.
Mitchel’s Early, p. 544.
Monarch of the West. Very
large, bright red, showy, firm;
of moderate quality. Very
productive. N. J. Per.
Monitor. Quite large, roundish ;
bright scarlet; firm, good.
Vigorous grower. Productive,
and perhaps best of the three
“Tribune Strawberries.” Per.
Monroe Scarlet. Rather large,
roundish; light scarlet; ten-
der, juicy, of good flavor.
Rochester, N. Y. Little
known. Imp.
Montevideo Pine. Large, coni-
cal, late. Staminate. L. I.
Mottier’s Seedling. Large;
acid.
Moyamensing. Rather large,
broadly conical; deep crim-
son; seeds numerous and
deeply imbedded ;
firm, acid. Passing out of
favor. Phila. Imp.
Mrs. Cleveland, p. 544.
Mt. Vernon. See Shuckless.
Muskingum, p. 544.
Myatt’s. See British Queen.
Myatt’s Eliza. See Eliza.
flesh red,
Napoleon III. Large, irregular,
conical, sometimes coxcombed,
light scarlet; firm, of good
quality. Mostly a poor bearer.
Per:
Neck Pine. Large, with a slen-
der neck; color light red; flesh
nearly white, rather acid, of
fine flavor. Very productive,
early—much cultivated at Cin-
cinnati in past years. Imp.
Neunan. (Neunan’s Prolific.)
Size medium or small; light
scarlet; quality rather poor,
dry. Largely cultivated 1n the
vicinity of Charleston, S. C.,
for market. Per.
New Dominion. Medium in
size; bright red; moderately
firm. Vigorous, hardy, pro-
ductive. Canada. Per.
New Jersey Scarlet. Medium,
conical, necked, light scarlet ;
good. N. J.
Nicanor, p. 544.
Nigh. (Nigh’s Superb.)
Large, long conical, necked ;
light scarlet; good. Imp.
Ohio Centennial.
red. Per.
Old Hudson. See Hudson.
Old Iron Clad. See Phelps.
Old Pine. Medium, conical with
a neck, scarlet, solid, juicy,
Large; light
STRAWBERRIES.
rich. Old or Virginia Scarlet,
the original wild strawberry of
this country, is smaller, and
three or four days later. Old.
Per.
Oliver Goldsmith.
conical, necked.
Seth Boyden.
diam. ‘Ohio. Per.
Omer Pacha. Large, roundish,
bright red; solid, juicy, sweet.
Strong and prolific. Foreign.
Orange Prolific. Large, round-
ish, necked, crimson; acid.
Rochester, N. Y.
Oriole. Large; dark red run-
ning through the flesh. Early.
Imp.
Osceola.
Obtusely
Resembles
Season me-
See Mitchel’s Early.
Parker Earle, p. 544.
Peabody. Quite large, irregular
conic and coxcombed; deep
crimson; flesh firm, sweet,
rich, excellent flavor. Too poor
a bearer to be of value. S.C.
Hardy at the North. Imp.
Pearl. Medium, conical; bright
scarlet; plant strong. Per.
Pennsylvania. Rather large,
—broadly conical; deep crim-
son, flesh red, rather firm, acid.
Phila. Imp.
Phelps (or Old Iron - clad).
Large, irregular; dullincolor;
moderate in flavor. Vigorous
and sometimes productive.
Imp.
Phillips’ Seedling. Medium, ir-
regular, deep crimson; flesh
red, firm, sub-acid; vigorous;
productive.
Pioneer. Rather large, round,
conical ; good, sometimes poor.
741
Requires high culture and cut
runners; foliage sometimes
fails in the hot sun. A moder-
ate bearer. New Jersey. Per.
Piper. (Piper’s Seedling.)
Large, round, regular; dark
crimson; firm. Early. Very
productive, a strong grower,
and gives high promise in
some places West. Illinois.
Per.
Porter’s Seedling. Medium,
bright red; quality fair only;
very early. Per.
President Lincoln.
coln.
President Wilder, p. 544.
Primo. Large, conical, necked,
irregular; dark scarlet; firm;
rather late; quality moderate.
Vigorous and productive.
Newburg, N. Y. Per.
Prince (or Durand’s Superb).
Large, ovate, necked; firm,
rich, of excellent flavor. Plant
vigorous. Late. NewJersey.
Per.
Prince Albert. Medium, conical,
dark crimson; rich. Not pro-
ductive. English.
Prince of Orleans. Medium,
roundish, dark. Poor bearer.
Prince of Wales. Large, glossy
red; solid, delicate, acid.
English.
Prince’s Climax. Large, coni-
cal; bright scarlet; good.
Productive. Plant vigorous.
L. I. Little known. Imp.
Prince’s Magnate. Large,
round, searlet; rich. Produc-
tive, hardy, vigorous. L. I.
Princess, p. 544.
Princeton Chief, p. 544.
See Lin-
742, DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF, FRUITS.
Profuse Scarlet. Medium, scar-
let. Productive.
Pyramidal Chilian. Medium,
conical, scarlet. Bears long.
aN: fie
Racster. See Beder Wood.
Red Jacket. Large; bright
crimson; soft. Very early.
Productive.
Richardson’s Early. Medium,
conical, crimson; good. Early.
Unproductive.
Richardson’s Late. Large,
roundish, scarlet; sprightly;
good.
Rio, p. 544.
Rippawam. Large, round coni-
cal, sometimes irregular; scar-
let; barely good. Moderately
productive.
Rival Hudson (Burr’s). Me-
- dium, conical; deep crimson;
firm, brisk, sub-acid. Hardy
and productive. Columbus,
Ohio. Imp.
Roseberry. Rathersmall, ovate,
scarlet. Poor bearer. Eng-
lish.
Ross Pheenix. Large, usually
coxcombed or compressed,
dark red; flesh firm, of fair
flavor. Season medium.
Sometimes very productive,
but usually fails on heavy clay
and scorches on light gravel.
An uncertain variety. Now
superseded. Per.
Ruby. Medium, ovate, bright
red; juicy, rich, excellent; not
very hardy. English.
Russel.* (Russel’s Seedling,
Russel’s Prolific.) Very large,
roundish-conic, somewhat ir-
regular, slightly necked;
bright crimson; slightly acid,
rich, very good. Sometimes
very fine and productive.
Imp.
Saunders. Large, round coni-
cal, glossy crimson; flesh red;
vigorous, productive. Canada.
Per;
Scarlet Cone. Large, conical;
bright scarlef, beautiful. Vig-
orous and productive. Roches-
ter, N. Y... Little, knoayan-
Imp.
Scarlet Melting. Medium, coni-
cal, scarlet; tender, not rich.
Scarlet Nonpareil. Large,
roundish-conical, bright red;
rich, high flavor. English.
Schiller. Medium, conical, dark
red; rich, sub-acid. Unpro-
ductive. German.
Scotch Runner. Small,
scarlet; good.
Scott’s Seedling. Rather large,
elongated conic, regular; light
scarlet; flesh pale red, not very
juicy nor high flavored. Mass.
Superseded.
Seneca Queen. Large, round
oblate; dark red; early; soft.
Very productive. Excellent
for home use. Seneca Chief is
distinct, and of little or no
value. Per.
Seth Boyden (Boyden’s No. 30),
‘Di 5449 ber.
Shaker’s Seedling. See Austin
Seedling.
Sharpless, p. 545.
Shuckless, p. 545.
Shuster’s Gem, p. 546.
Sir Charles Napier.
oval ;
Large,
STRAWBERRIES.
roundish-coxcombed, scarlet;
musky. English.
Sir Harry. Large, coxcombed,
dark red; solid, juicy. Eng-
lish.
Southborough Seedling. Me-
dium, ovate, conic, scarlet;
firm; mild, rich. English.
Splendid. Medium, globular,
scarlet; rather soft; good.
Per.
Stinger’s Seedling. (Union,
erroneously.) Large, round-
ish-ovate or coxcomb-shaped ;
scarlet; stalk stiff. Penn.
Per.
Sucker State. Medium; firm.
Plant vigorous, often produc-
tive. Rather late. Per.
Swainstone’s Seedling. Large,
ovate, light glossy scarlet;
very good. A_ poor bearer.
English.
Thompson’s No. g. See Rio.
Timbrell, p. 546.
Triomphe de Gand, p. 545.
Triple Crown. Rather large,
oval conical, necked; crimson;
firm, rich, with high flavor.
Irregular bearer. Season me-
dium. Waterloo, N. Y. Per.
Trollope’s Victoria. See Vic-
toria.
True Chili. Large, ovate, red;
flesh firm, sweet, of indifferent
flavor. Late.
Tubbs. Large, regular, deep
crimson. Early, good shipper.
Ber
Turner. (Turner’s Beauty.)
Medium; very handsome ;
rather early ; excellent in qual-
ity. Productive. Per.
743
Union. See Victoria.
Unique Scarlet. Large, light
scarlet; sweet, rich. Poor
bearer.
Victoria. (Trollope’s Victoria,
Union.) Very large, nearly
round, regular; light red;
flesh pale red, tender, moder-
ately rich, juicy, sweet—often
nearly flavorless. Plant
hardy, moderately vigorous,
not very productive. English.
Per.
Vineland. Rather large; vigor-
ous, productive; rather acid,
good. Resembles Kentucky,
but darker. New Jersey.
Pes:
Walker’s Seedling. Rather
large, regular, conic; deep
glossy crimson, becoming ma-
roon; flesh crimson, tender,
juicy, with a fine, rich, brisk
flavor. Handsome, excellent,
productive. Roxbury, Mass.
Ber,
Warfield, p. 545.
Warren. Large, round conic;
dark red, handsome; firm,
good. Early. Plantvigorous,
sometimes very productive,
but uncertain at the North;
best in the Southwest. Ori-
gin, Kentucky. Per.
Washington. See Iowa.
Western Queen. Rather large,
roundish-conical; rich, glossy
dark red; flesh firm, juicy,
sub-acid, sprightly, agreeable.
Cleveland, Ohio. Imp.
Willey. Medium, roundish;
deep crimson; firm, sprightly,
744 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS.
acid — good for preserving.
Resembles Hudson. Improves
by hanging long. Imp.
William Belt. Large, irregular
conical; glossy, bright red.
Ohio, Per.
Wilmot’s Superb. Large,
roundish, scarlet; coarse, not
rich. English.
Wilson (Wilson’s Albany), p.
545.
Wizard of the North. Rather
large, dull red; soft, not rich.
Scotch.
Wolverton, p. 545.
Yale, p. 545.
Yellow Chili. Very large, irreg-
ular, yellow with a brown
cheek; flesh very firm, rather
rich.
York River Scarlet. See Hudson.
Young’s Seedling. See German-
town.
WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS.
Buffalo Berry, p. 547.
Eleagnus Longipes (Goumi), p.
547-
Huckleberries :
Bilberry, p. 551.
Black Huckleberry, p. 551.
Canada Blueberry, p. 551.
Highbush Blueberry, p. 551.
Highbush Huckleberry, p. 551.
Low Blueberry, p. 551.
June Berry (Service Tree, May
Cherry), p. 551.
Medlars:
Dutch, p. 553.
Nottingham; p. 553.
Monstrous, p. 553.
Royal, p. 553.
Paw-Paw, p. 553.
GLOSSARY OF THE MORE COMMON WORDS USED
IN PRUIT COETURE.
_Acerb, sour, bitter, harsh.
Aculeate, armed with prickles.
Acuminate, drawn out to a point.
Acute, sharp, pointed, or angular.
Adventztious roots, roots put out from the stem, as with straw-
berries, dewberries, etc.
Alburnum, the woody layer through which the sap still circu-
lates, as distinguished from heart-wood.
Alternate, one side and then the other.
Annual,a plant which germinates from seed, produces flowers
and fruit, and dies the same season.
Anther, that part of the stamen which bears the pollen.
A petalous, without a corolla.
Apex, that part of a fruit farthest from the stem.
Apprused, in close contact, but not united.
Awn, a bristle-like appendage.
Axil, the angle between the leaf and stem.
Axillary bud, a bud growing in the axil of aleaf. Axillary buds
may remain dormant indefinitely; when they begin to grow they
become terminal buds, that is, buds at the extreme end of growing
_ branches.
Barbate, bearded.
Barcate, like a berry.
Bark, the protecting covering of the stem or trunk; it is formed
of several layers of differing structure, and grows from the inside.
Base, lower end; that part of a fruit nearest the stem, or of a stalk
or any part of a plant nearest its supporting part or root.
Lasin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, in
which the calyx is situated.
Bast, the inner layer of the bark, commonly composed of long
wood-cells.
Beaked, ending in a narrow tip or beak.
Berry, a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout.
745
746 GLOSSARY.
Beurré, a buttery pear. The word is discarded by the American
Pomological Society.
Bezz, a natural seedling; a wilding.
Biennial, a plant which germinates from seed one season, and
produces flowers and fruit and dies the next.
Bifida, two-cleft.
Bifoltate, with two leaves.
Blade, the expanded portion of a leaf.
Bract, an altered leaf, from the axil of which the floral axes spring.
Border, an artificial bed of enriched earth.
Callus, the ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting
by the descending cambium.
Calville-shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples.
Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on
the apex of a pear or apple, are often called the eye.
Cambium, or cambium layer, the soft, usually mucilaginous,
layer of newly forming wood beneath the bark.
Canes, long bearing shoots, usually applied to such berry-produc-
ing plants as grapes, raspberries, blackberries, etc.
Canescent, grayish-white, hoary.
Capitate, head-like.
Capsule, a dry seed-vessel, which splits open in a regular manner.
Carpel, a simple pistil or one division of a compound pistil.
Caruncle, an excrescence at the scar of some seeds.
Catkin, a form of inflorescence in which the flowers are incom-
plete.
Caudate, tailed.
Cavity.
Chlorophyll, the green coloring-matter of plants.
Clipping, trimming down to a definite shape.
Cockscomb, applied to strawberries when niuch compressed at the
sides.
Colmar-shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, having a slender neck
and large body.
Cordate, heart-shaped.
Corzaceous, leathery.
Corol/a, the inner floral envelope; it is usually colored ; its separate
leaflets are the petals.
Cortex, the bark.
Corymb, a flat or convex flower-cluster, as in cherries.
Crenate, notched or cut like blunt saw-teeth.
Cross, a fruit produced by fertilizing the flowers of one variety with
the pollen of another; a hybrid.
Crown, the part of a fruit farthest from the stem; the apex.
GLOSSARY. 747
Cuttings, shoots of one year’s growth, inserted in the soil for
multiplying varieties.
Cyme, a flat-tipped flower-cluster, differing from a corymb in its
formation.
Deciduous, falling off—as leaves which fall in the autumn.
Dehiscent (fruits), opening at maturity.
Dentate, toothed.
Depressed, flattened vertically.
Diecious, plants which have staminate and pistillate flowers on
different individuals.
Drupe, a stone-fruit.
Duramen, heart-wood.
Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or.budding upon
stocks of small growth.
Echinate, armed with prickles.
Emarginate, notched at the apex.
Embryo, the germ or rudimentary plantlet in the seed.
Endocarp, the inner layer of the pericarp.
Endogenous, without the destinction of bark, wood, and pith.
Enquenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the
branches downward.
Epicarp, the outer layer of the pericarp.
Epidermzs, the outer covering, or skin.
Espalzer, a tree trained flat upon a trellis.
Exogenous, having bark, wood, and pith, each distinct from the
other.
Fascicle, a close cluster.
Fascicled roots, those which grow in a bunch or cluster.
Fibrous roots, the smaller branching thread-like roots.
Filament, the part of the stamen which supports the anther.
Flavescent, yellowish, or turning yellow.
Foltaceous, \eaf-like.
Forcing, the early ripening of fruits under glass.
Fore-right shoot, the terminal shoot of a branch.
Germ, the rudimentary plantlet in the seed.
Glabrous, smooth.
Glaucous, covered with bloom, a fine white powdery coating
which rubs off, as the bloom of the grape.
Habitat, the situation in which a plant grows naturally, without
cultivation.
Head back, to cut off the limbs of a tree part way down.
Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to
cut down to an inserted bud.
Aeeling in, burying the roots of a tree in a trench temporarily.
748 GLOSSARY.
Indehiscent, fruit not opening at maturity.
Inflorescence, the arrangement in which flowers are produced.
Involucre, a whorl of bracts about the base of a single flower; an
umbel or head.
Joint, that part of a stem from which a leaf or leaves spring; a
node.
Kernel, the seed or edible substance enclosed in a shell or nut.
Laverginous, cottony or woolly.
Layers, side-shoots bent down and buried in the middle in the
soil to take root. =
Lay in, selecting and fastening new branches or shoots to a wall
or trellis.
Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a
trench.
Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a tree.
Liber, the innner fibrous bark of exogenous plants.
Linear, narrow and flat.
Lobe, a prominent division, as of a leaf.
Lopping, cutting branches down to the main stem.
Mazden plant, a tree of one year’s growth from the bud or graft.
Mesocarp, the middle layer of the pericarp.
Monecious, a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers on the
same individual.
Naked, destitute of both calyx and corolla.
Node, that part of the stem from which a leaf or leaves spring.
Nut, a dry indehiscent fruit having a woody or bony shell.
Oddate, flattened, so that the least diameter is between the base
and apex.
Oblong, when the length exceeds the width and the sides are
nearly parallel.
Obovate, largest toward the apex or crown.
Odtuse, rounded or blunt, wide angle.
Ovate, egg-shaped, largest toward the stem.
Panicle, a compound raceme.
Peduncle, the flower or fruit stalk; the stem.
Perennial, a plant which lives several or many years.
Perfect, a flower which has both stamens and pistils.
Perzanth, the floral envelopes.
Pericarp, the matured ovary or seed-vessel.
Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored.
Petiole, stem of a leaf.
Pilose, hairy.
Pinch in, to stop the growth of a shoot by pinching off the tip.
Pistzil, the organ in a flower which is fertilized and bears the seed.
GLOSSARY, 749
Pippin, an indefinite term applied to various apples differing in
size, shape, color, and flavor.
Pistillate, flowers with pistils, but without stamens.
Pith, the central mass of cellular tissue of exogenous stems.
Pollen, the fertilizing powder or element of flowers.
Pome, the apple, pear, and similar fruits.
Pomology, the science of fruits.
Primary roots, roots growing directly from the seed, as the tap-
root.
Prostrate stem, one which lies flat on the ground.
Pubescent, hairy.
Punctated, dotted.
Pyramidal, like a pyramid, longer than conical.
Pyriform, pear-shaped, having a more or less drawn-out neck.
Raceme, an inflorescence with nearly equal secondary axes along
the primary one, as the currant and wild cherry.
Radical, proceeding from the root.
Ringing, to remove a ring of bark around a branch or stem to
prevent the descending of the sap.
Root, the descending axis of a plant.
Root hairs, elongated cells of microscopic size upon the surface of
the younger fibrous roots; produced during the growing season in
enormous numbers; absent in dormant plants.
Runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed.
Runner, a siender prostrate branch rooting at the end and joints.
Scabrous, rough to the touch.
Scandent?, climbing.
Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it.
Scion, a shoot of one year’s growth, for propagation of varieties;
a cutting.
Secondary roots, adventitious roots.
Sepals, the separate leaflets of the calyx.
Serrate, saw-toothed.
Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes.
Shorten in, to cut off more or less of the outer part of shoots.
Sinuate, strongly wavy.
Spathe, a tract which enfolds an inflorescence.
Spine, a thorn.
Sfongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root.
Sport, an unusual departure in variation in a new seedling.
Spur, a short stubby shoot, bearing fruit-buds or fruit.
Standard, a fruit-tree not dwarfed nor trained to a wall or
trellis.
Stigma, the part of the pistil on which the pollen is deposited.
75° GLOSSAR Y.
Stock, a seedling tree, in which a bud is inserted or grafted.
Stone-fruzt, a drupe; fruit having an outer fleshy portion enclos-
ing a stone.
Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its
further growth.
Strike, to emit roots.
Succulent, juicy.
Tap-root, the main descending root.
Tendril, a modified branch or leaf used for climbing.
Terminal bud, the bud terminating the main stem or growing
branch.
Trellis, an upright flat frame, for training fruit-trees or grape-
vines upon its face. .
Wilding, a natural seedling.
Work, a term applied to the budding or grafting of trees.
GENERAL INDEX.
Agricultural experiment stations,
fi 20a
act establishing, 223
Annual budding, 45
Anthracnose, 190
Aphides, 165
Apples, 237
age of fruiting, 245
changes wrought by climate
or soil, 244
characteristics of, 247
comparison of size, 248
cultivation of, 240
index of varieties, 625
nursery management of, 237
proper way to pick, 121
packing for market, 123
planting orchards, 239
renovating old orchards, 240
varieties, 247
I., summer, 248
II., autumn, 256
III., winter, 269
VI., crab, 298
Apple-seed washer, 145
Apple-trees, pruning young, 94
dwarf, 245
transplanting, 240
Apple-worm, 163
Apricot, the, 301
cultivation of, 301
index of varieties, 661
varieties of, 302
Assorting fruit, 122
Bagging grapes, 360
Banana, the, 589
index of varieties, 658
propagation of, 589
Bark, green, office of, 12
Bark lice, 181
Barrels, presses for heading up,
124
Blackberry, the, 306
covering the, 307
index of varieties, 663
pruning the, 306
varieties of, 307
Black rot, 189
Blight, 183
Borer® apple-tree, 161
peach-tree, 168
round-headed, 160
Branches, the, 5
divisions of, 5
Brown rot, 189
Budding, annular, 45
knives, 29, 109
limits of, 45
propagation by, 41
stages of, 42
terminal, 44
Buds, adventitious, 7
lateral, 7
causes of difference in, 6
flower, 6
kinds of, 6
latent, 7
leaf, 6
751
752
Buds, terminal, 7
Cambium layer, 5, 10
Canker-worm, 179
Caprification of the fig, 598
Carbonic acid, decomposition of,
by growing plants, 9
Caterpillar, forest tent, 159
tent, 157
yellow-necked, 160
Cells of plants, 3
Cherry, the, 311
budding the, 312
dwarf, 313
grafting the, 312
index of varieties, 664
propagation of, 311
pruning the, 105
slug, 169
soil for, 313
varieties of, 315
I., fruit heart-shaped,
315
II., fruit round, 324
III., native dwarf, 327
Chestnuts, 382 .
varieties of, 385
Chinquapin, the, 387
Citron, the, 585
varieties of, 585
Citrus fruits, 557
diseases of, 573
insects affecting, 571
propagation from cuttings
and layers, 564
Cleft-grafting, 33
sap, 381
Coddling-moth, 163
Collar, 4
Constriction, effects of, to
Corn-knife, 59
Crab apples, varieties of, 298
Cranberry, the, 328
cultivation of, 329
GENERAL INDEX.
Cranberry, gathering the, 330
index of varieties, 670
soil for, 329
varieties of, 330
Crops in orchards, 81
Cross-impregnation, 18
Cultivation of the soil, 77
arrangements to facilitate, 84
Curculio, 169
remedies for, 170
Curl of the leaf, in peach, 187
Currant, the, 331
bushes, improving old, 333
index of varieties, 670
locations adapted for, 332
propagation of, 331
pruning the, 332
span worm, 175
varieties of, 334
I., red and white, 334
II., black, 336
worm, imported, 176
native, 177
Cuttings, propagation by, 24
Date, the, 591
propagation of, 591
Destructive insects, 156
Dibble, the, 148
Dieback, 574
Diseases of trees, 183
anthracnose, 190
black rot, 189
blight, 183
brown rot, 189
mildew, 187
peach curl of the leaf, 187
rust, 190
scab, IgI
yellows of peach, 186
Distances for planting, 75
Dwarf cherries, 313
stocks for, 313
nets for, 314
GENERAL INDEX.
Dwarf cherries, fruit-trees, 98
pear-trees, 434
pruning, 437
varieties of, 435
Enclosures, varieties of, 54
Engine, garden, 114
Espalier training, for peach,
412
Fig, the, 594
budding the, 597
caprification of, 598
cultivation of, 598
drying the, 599
grafting the, 597
- index of varieties, 672
propagation of, 596
pruning the, 598
soil for, 596
varieties of, 599
’ Flowers, fertile, 14
parts of, 13
pistillate, 14
staminate, 14
sterile, 14
Forbidden fruit. See Shaddock.
Form of trees, giving desired, by
pruning, 91
Frost, destroys peach crop, 407
effect on the orange, 569
Fruit, houses for storing, 131
how to obtain quickly, 140
keeping, 129
to supply a family, 136
Fruit-boxes, piling, 133.
storing, 133
Fruitfulness, pruning as affect-
ing, go
Fruit-garden, plan of, 137
Fruit-pickers, 110
Fruit-pilferers, 54
Fruit-room, plans for, 131
Fruit-tree ladders, 112
48
753
Garden engines, 114
reel, 112
syringes, 114
Gathering fruit, 119
Germination, I
air in, 2
how produced, 2
moisture in, 2
requisites for, 1
Girdled trees, to repair, 47
Gooseberry, the, 338
index of varieties, 672
varieties of, 338
Grafting, chisel for, 28
cleft, 33
cleft sap, 381
knife for, 29
limits of, 45
modification of, 47
prong, 380
propagation by, 27
requisites for, 28
root, 37
saddle, 34
tongue, 33
veneer, 35
whip, 33
Grafting-wax, how made, 29
Grafts, care of, 32
cutting, 30
dry, to restore, 33
packing, 31
Grape, the, 342
bagging the, 360
cross-impregnation of, 19
distances for planting, 362
grafting in open ground, 350
index of varieties, 673
keeping the, 134
layering the, 343
' mode of pruning, 356
packing for market, 125
propagation of, 342
from cuttings, 346
754 GENERAL INDEX.
Grape, "propagation of, from
green cuttings, 349
from layers, 343
from single buds, 347
raising from seed, 362
root grafting, 349
spraying the, 360
summer pinching of, 358
training the, 350
transplanting the, 351
trellis for, 352
varieties of, 363
Grape-vine flea-beetle, 183
Grape-vines, soil for, 361
Growth of trees, 1
process of, 8
Guava, the, 601
propagation of, 602
Hazelnuts, 387
harvesting, 389
marketing, 389
propagation of, 388
varieties of, 390
Hedge, hook for trimming, 59
Hedge-shears, 59
Hedges, evergreen, 55
Osage orange, 55
to prune properly, 57
Heeling-in trees, 72-
Hickory nuts, 392
Hook to trim hedges, 59
Houses for storing fruit, 131
Huckleberries, 551
Hybrids, definition of, 21
Implements used by fruit culti-
vators, 108
budding-knives, 109
folding ladder, 113
fruit pickers, 110
fruit-tree ladders, 112
garden engine, 114
garden reel, 112
Implements used by fruit culti-
vators: garden syringes, 114
grafting chisel, 110
pointed ladder, 112
pruning-knives, 108
pruning-saws, I0g
pruning-shears, 110
tree-scraper, 113
tree-tags, 115
vine scissors, I1I
Insects, destructive, 156
and diseases, 156
affecting citrus fruits, 571
Keeping fruit, rules for, 135
Ladder, folding, 113
fruit-tree, 112
pointed, 112
Lakes and rivers, influence of, 53
Layer, cambium, 5
cortical, 5
Layers, propagation by, 26
Leaf-blight in pears, 432
Leaves, composition of, 7
necessity of, 12
pores of, 8
Lemon, the, 582
cultivating the, 582
diseases of the, 573
index of varieties, 679
marketing the, 583
varieties of, 583
Limb-blight, in citrus fruits, 573
Lime, the, 587
index of varieties, 679
propagation of, 587
varieties of, 588
Loquat, the, 603
propagation of, 604
Mal de goma, 573
Management of nurseries, 143
Manures, 50
GENERAL INDEX. 755
Manuring, faulty, 82
when necessary, 83
Medlars, 553
Mice, damage by, Ig, 243
Mildew, 187
Moisture. exhalation of, 11
Mulberry, the, 371
index of varieties, 679
varieties of, 372
propagation of, 372
Mulching, 70
Nectarine, the, 374
index of varieties, 679
varieties of, 374
Nests, wooden, for small fruit,
128
Net screens for cherries, 314
_ Nurseries, management of, 143
Nursery: budding and grafting,
149
cultivation of, 149
laying out, 144
liftingatrees, 151
seeds and stocks for, 144
shelter for, 144
soil for, 143
trees, pruning, 92
Nuts, 377
chestnuts, 382
chinquapin, 387
cleft sap grafting of, 381
‘ hazelnuts, 387
hickories, 392
index of varieties, 681
pecan, 392
prong grafting of, 380
propagation of, 378
shellback hickories, 397
walnuts, 39g
Orange, the, 557
budding the, 560
cultivation of, 567
Orange, diseases of, 573
distance of planting, 566
dwarfing the, 562
evolution of the, 558
fertilizers for, 565
frost, effects of, 569
grafting the, 560
index of varieties, 682
marketing the, 583
propagation of the, 559
protection against frost, 570
pruning the, 568
seedlings, 559
selection of varieties, 576
soil for, 564
stocks for, 561
transplanting the, 562
varieties of, 577
Orchards, implements for till-
ing, 84
laying out, 61
management of Western, 83
manuring, 60
preparing, 60
registering, 74
staking out, 62
when to manure, 83
Packing fruit for market, 122
Peach, the, 406
crop, destruction of, by frost,
407
espalier training, 412
index of varieties, 683
manures for, 411
propagation of the, 408
pruning the, 102
raising in pots, 412
soils for, 410
stocks for, 410
training the, 411
transplanting the, 411
varieties of, 416
I., freestones, 418
756
Peach, varieties of :
II., clingstones, 429
winter prctection for, 415
Pear, the, 432
classification of forms, 442
dwarf, 434
index of varieties, 692
propagation of, 432
quality of, 451
regrafting the, 439
training the, 438
varieties of, 451
I., summer pears, 451
II., autumn pears, 456
III., winter pears, 478
watering the seedlings, 433
Pecan nuts, 392
varieties of, 394
Persimmon, the, 605
cultivation of, 608
diseases of, 609
index of varieties, 718
Japanese improvement of,
607
varieties of, 605, 610
Phylloxera, grape, 178
Picking apples, proper way of,
121
Pineapple, the, 614
cultivation of, 616
diseases of, 619
index of varieties, 718
propagation of, 615
varieties of, 620
Pith, use of, 5
Plant, cells of, 3
structure of, 2
Plum, the, 486
classification of, 488
cultivation of, 487
grafting and budding, 487
index of varieties, 719
propagation of, 486
scale, 182
GENERAL INDEX.
Plum, varieties of, 489
American group, 489
Chickasaw group, 4g2
European group, 492
Japanese group, 514
Wild Goose group, 491
Pointed ladder, 112
Pomegranate, the, 622
propagation of, 622
varieties, 623
Pores of leaves, 8
Presses for heading-up apple-
barrels, 124
Process of vegetation, 1
Prong grafting, 380
Propagation, 22
by budding, 41
by cuttings, 24
by grafting, 27
by layers, 26
Pruning apple-orchards in bear-
ing, IOI
as affecting fruitfulness, go
cherry-trees, 105 @
giving desired form by, 91
grape-vines, mode of, 356
nursery and young trees, 92
peach-trees, 102
principles and practice of, 86
proper time for, 89
quince-trees, 106
roots, 106
single shoots, 92
summer, go
tools for, 102, 108
young apple-trees, 94
Pruning-knives, forms of, 87, 108
Pruning-shears, IIo
Pummelo. See Skaddock.
Pyramids, to train, 96
Quince, the, 518
index of varieties, 729
propagation of, 518
GENERAL INDEX.
Quince, pruning the, 106, 519
soil for, 519
varieties of, 520
Rabbits, damage by, IgI, 244
Raspberry, the, 523
index of varieties, 729
planting for market, 524
propagation of, 523
raising from seed, 526
rules for culture of, 526
soil for, 523
varieties of, 527
I., European, 527
II., American Black-
caps, 530
III., Natiye Red, 531
Registering orchards, 74
Renovating old trees, 82
Requisites for germination, I
Root, collar of, 4
hairs, 4
main, 3
parts of, 3
tap, 3
Root-grafting, 37
time for, 40
tools for, 37
Rootlets, 4
Roots and leaves, mutual rela-
tion between, 88
preparing for transplanting,
68
pruning the, 106
Rose-bug, 174
Rot, black, 189
brown, 189
Rules for naming and describing
fruits, 233
Rust, 190
Saddle-grafting, 33
San José scale, 181
Sap, circulation of, 9, 23
757
Sap, flow of, 23
functions of, 9
grafting, cleft, 381
Scab, Ig1
in citrus fruits, 574
Scions, how to send by mail, 32
packing, 32
Seed, planting, 147
raising grapes from, 362
Shaddock, the, 585
index of varieties, 732
varieties of, 586
Shears, hedge, 59
Shellbark hickory nuts, 397
Single shoots, pruning, 92
Sites, elevated, 52
Situation, 51
Small fruits, packing for market,
128
Soil, cultivation of the, 77
qualities of, 49
for nursery, 143
for vineyards, 361
Soils, management of, 50
Species, definition of, 14
Spray calendar, 205
Spraying, 194
grapes, 360
Stem, the, 5
Stiffening trees against wind, 68
Storing fruit, houses for, 131
Strawberry, the, 534
cultivation of the, 536
early, 538
garden culture of, 538
index of varieties, 732
packing for market, 128
perfect and imperfect flow-
ers, 539
rules for setting out, 538
runners, 537
selection of varieties, 539
staminate and pistillate
sorts, 539
758
Strawberry, transplanting, 534
varieties of, 541
I., flowers perfect, 542
II., flowers imperfect,
545
Structure of plants, 2
of trees, 2
Subtropical fruits, 555
Suckers, definition of, 27
Summer pinching for grapes, 358
pruning, go
Sunlight necessary for growth, 9
Surface, transplanting on the, 69
Syringes, garden, 114
Tags, tree, 115
Tap-root, 3
Terminal budding, 44
Terms used in describing fruits,
210
Thinning fruit, 118
Thinning-back hedges, 56
Thomery system of training
grapes, 359
Time for pruning, proper, 89
Tongue-grafting, 33
Training grape-vines, 354
modifications of, 359
Tree, structure of, 2
trunk, cross-section of, 3
Transplanting, 63
on the surface, 69
preparing the roots, 68
pruning for, 66
pruning young trees at time
of, 86
requisites for, 73
season for, 71
stiffening against wind, 68
setting the tree, 68
strawberry plants,
ment for, 535
instru-
GENERAL INDEX.
Transportation, packing trees
for, 151
Tree-scraper, 113
Tree-tags, 115
Trees, belts of, for wind-breaks,
54
distances for planting, 75
dwarf, 98
growth of, 1
heeling-in, 72
packing for transportation,
151
received from a distance, 71
renovating old, 82
saving mice-gnawed, 47
transplanting, 63
Trellis for grape-vines, 352
training vines on, 354
size of wire for, 353
Valleys, cold in, 52
Varieties, crossing, 17, I9
definition of, 14
new, production of, 16
Vegetation, process of, I
Veneer grafting, 35
Vineyards, soil for, 361
Water, amount needed by grow-
ing plants, 11
Watering, when necessary, 70
Walnuts, 399
black walnut, gor
butternut, 400
Persian, 401
varieties of, 402
Whip-grafting, 33
Wire for grape trellis, 353
Wood, alburnum or sap, 5
heart, 5
Yellows of peach, 186
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