vi ytator ata e's asa" eleteia ie} als fale Copyright N°. COPYRIGHT DEPOSET THE AMERICAN BRUIT. GULTURIST CONTAINING PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE PROPAGATION INGO (CIUICAROIRIS, OUR RUE IL, IDIRUIM DS VID Ye Iho) B) TNO) IMEUE, WINAMP GIO) ST VANMb Ios JOHN Je“THOMAS 4 . First PRESIDENT OF THE FRUIT GRoweERS’ SocIETY OF WESTERN NEw YoRK; Honorary Member oF MassacHuseTts HorrTicuLTURAL SocIETY; OF PENN- SYLVANIA Fruit Growers’ Society; WorcrsTER HorTICULTURAL So- ciety; Assistant Epitor ‘‘ Country GENTLEMAN ;”’ AND FOR Tuirty YEARS A PracricaL NuRSERYMAN. Twentyp=Ffirst Ldition, Revised and Enlarged BY WILLIAM H. S. WOOD ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER EIGHT HUNDRED ACCURATE FIGURES NEW YORK WILLIAM WOOD AND COMPANY £905 uw {e) > oo < a s —! ut x= = CONGRESS, Two Copies Received 1903 ight Entry re SA-o MAR 6 CLASS AQ : XXc. No Cop _COPY B. COPYRIGHT 1875, 1885, 1897, 1903. By WILLIAM H. S. WOOD. EDITOR’S PREFACE TO THE TWENTY-FIRST EDITION. PROBABLY no other work of its character has enjoyed the popularity of Thomas’ “ American Fruit Culturist”; first pub- lished many years ago. It has, unlike most books by other authors, been revised and kept up to date, both with respect to the newer varieties of fruits and also the improvements in cultivation—in all the details, in fact, pertaining to the science and art of fruit growing. In the preparation of the present edition the editor has had the valued assistance of Prof. M. V. Slingerland of Cornell University, who wrote the chapter on Destructive Insects; of Prof. Byron S. Halsted of Rutgers Coilege, who wrote that on Diseases of Fruits; and especially of Prof. L. H. Bailey, who supervised almost the entire book. The editor still feels that the time has not yet come to adopt absolutely the rule of the American Pomological Society with respect to the names of fruits. To doso before the nursery- men, the dealers, much more generally conform to it could only lead, as before stated, to uncertainty and confusion. Thomas’ “Fruit Culturist” has again been materially en- larged both in text and illustrations. While it is believed that this book will be found scientifi- cally accurate, it must be remembered that it is prepared especially as a practical working manual, for the amateur and > farmer. Witeiise H. 5, Woon), > »> New York, february, 1903. EDITOR’S PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION. In presenting the present edition of “ Thomas’ American Fruit Culturist,” it seems necessary briefly to state the reasons for the numerous changes which will be found, and also to offer an apology for whatever shortcomings may be noticed. Mr. Thomas was my lifelong friend, and, when the infirmities of his later years prevented him from making the needed re- vision himself, he requested that I should personally under- take it. Though the cares and responsibilities of an active business life seemed to forbid so arduous a task, congenial as it was to an amateur for thirty years in horticultural work, nevertheless, the great value of the book, and its probable con- tinued usefulness to all interested in fruit-culture in America, were so apparent, that I consented to undertake it under Mr. Thomas’ supervision. Unfortunately, almost before it was begun his death deprived me of the support upon which I had so greatly calculated. ‘The work has, therefore, been com- pleted under disadvantages which those only who personally knew its gifted author can appreciate. John J. Thomas, the son of David Thomas, the chief engi- neer in building the Erie Canal from Rochester to Buffalo, was born at Ledyard, Cayuga County, N. Y., January 8th, 1810. He was chiefly educated at home, and early developed an in- tense interest in natural science, especially devoting himself to botanical study. After some years spent with his father in the nursery business, he established a nursery of his own in Wayne County, and for over thirty years continued in the business, earning a reputation which placed him in the front tank as a practical pomologist and authority in everything pertaining to the propagation and raising of fruits of all kinds. He was an industrious writer, both of books and as contributor to journals. Hewas an associate editor of the Country Gentle- man, from its foundation until 1894, when failing strength vi PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION, prevented him from continuing his connection with that paper. On February 22d, 1895, hedied. Mr. E. W. Lincoln, secretary of the Worcester County (Mass.) Horticultural Society, wrote of him: He “ was ever the peer of Barry and the Downings, and survived them to take his proper place, unchallenged, at the very head of the pomologists of America.” The changes which have been made in this edition of Thomas’ work are such only as seemed to confine its matter strictly to the propagation and cultivation of fruits in the open air, and to bring it in all respects fully up with our present knowledge. The few sections which treated of raising or ripening under glass, of preserving fruit, and the lists of such as could be grown only in houses, have been omitted. The selected list of fruits recommended for different parts of the United States has also been omitted, because now the agri- cultural experiment stations of each State afford a more re- liable guide. The “Monthly Calendar of Work” has been dropped, on account of its unsuitableness for every locality. The cultivation of fruit in California and the Pacific States is not especially treated of, there being already a voluminous work upon this subject. On the other hand, numerous chapters have been added upon subjects which have beeome of practical value and of almost vital importance to the would-be successful fruit- grower. The chapter on “Insects and Diseases” has been greatly ex- tended, the investigations of the past ten years having added much to our knowledge upon these important topics. The second section of the book, treating of the varieties of the “ Different Kinds of Fruits,” has been very thoroughly re- vised, and it is believed will be found to embrace practically complete descriptions of all the acknowledged standard and approved newer sorts; while the “ Descriptive Index,” as here- tofore, includes also very many kinds now nearly or quite superseded, and others which have been so recently intro- duced that their real value is not yet established. An entirely new chapter has been added on “ Nuts.” The new chapter on “ Wild Fruits” closes this section. The third section has been expressly prepared for this work by Mr. E. H. Hart, of Florida, upon the recommendation of Mr. PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION. vii P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., the veteran and learned ex- president of the American Pomological Society. It covers all the sub-tropical fruits which can be successfully cultivated, save, perhaps, in the limited extreme southern part of Florida. One of the most unsatisfactory points in connection with illustrations of fruits, wherever found, is the uncertainty as to the actual size of the variety represented, while it is pretty generally understood that the engravings in nurserymen’s catalogues are usually of abnormally large specimens, and too often, especially with the smaller fruits, the same cut is made to. do duty in different lists for several sorts. In this work all illustrations of fruit are from average-sized specimens, and are life-size, unless otherwise definitely stated. The importance of this feature in identifying varieties has been considered so great that, in certain chapters, as, for in- stance, that upon “ Grapes” and that on “ Strawberries,” illus- trations have been wholly omitted, from the impossibility of obtaining photographs in the time allowed me by the publish- ers. In future editions, it is hoped these and other omissions in the same line may be supplied. I am indebted to Prof. L. H. Bailey, of the Cornell State Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y., for the chapter on “ Spray- ing;” to Prof. J. L. Budd, of the State Experiment Station at Ames, Iowa, for descriptions of Russian apples, incorporated in the chapter on that fruit; to Mr. E. H. Hart, of Federal Point, Fla., for the entire section on “Sub-Tropical Fruits;” to the Directors of all the experiment stations of the country for their courtesy in sending me, as far as possible, complete files of their publications, of which I have made copious use, especially in the way of illustrations. For kind permission to copy wood-cuts, I have also to thank Prof. C. C. Georgeson, of Manhattan, Kan.; and William Patry, of Parry, N. J. I must also acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. S. B. Heiges, pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C., for courtesies received. WILLIAM H. S. Woop. New York, JANUARY 2d, 1897. oP ts Le aati be a fe PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION. THE first edition of the “ Fruit Culturist,” the basis of the present work, was written more than thirty years ago, anda year before the appearance of Downing’s first edition of the “Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America.” It was subsequently much enlarged through several revised editions. The rapid progress made of late years in the culture of fruit has required a still further revision, and the work is now brought down to the present date. Being intended as a guide tothe practical cultivator, its object is to furnish useful directions in the man- agement of the nursery, fruit-garden, and orchard, and to as- sist in the selection of the best varieties for cultivation. It aims to give full descriptions only of valuable and promising fruits suited to the country at large, or which may have been popular in certain districts. Many sorts, however, which are less known, or whose position or value is undetermined, and several excellent new varieties, will be found noticed in the general “Descriptive List and Index,” where their leading characteristics are briefly described. As some confusion would result from a promiscuous assem- blage of all the different varieties, a systematic classification has been adopted for the principal fruits. By placing them under separate and characteristic heads, the cultivator is ena- bled to distinguish and remember each sort with more readi- ness than where all are thrown indiscriminately together. The names of those varieties which have been proved of the greatest general value, or which have received a large vote in their favor, either in particular regions or throughout the country, are distinguished by being printed in small capitals.* One of the chief points for determining the classification is the time of ripening; and the principal fruits are separated * In this edition by an asterisk following the name. [Epiror.] x PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION. into summer, autumn, and winter sorts. Although the pe- riods of ripening vary several weeks in different parts of the country, these divisions of time will be sufficiently exact for general purposes. The distinguishing characteristics of this work are the fol- lowing: 1. The arrangement of the chapters. 2. The syste- matic classification of most of the large fruits, and more espe- cially of the apples and pears. 3. The condensed descriptions of fruits, which have been mostly taken from the ripened spe- cimens. 4. The copious illustrations of the various operations. The reader will understand the comprehensive character of the “ Descriptive List and Index” by referring to the note at its head. Joun J. THOMAS. TABEE OF CONTENTS: PART, ol. CHAPTER I. LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. PAGES Germination—The Root—The Stem and Branches—The Process of Growing—Flowers—Species and Varieties, . I-15 CHAPTER II. PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. New Varieties by Crossing, . ‘ ; A : : ehO= 211 @EVAS PAPE, as lelsle PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING, BY LAYERS AND BY CUTTINGS. I. Cuttings. II. Layers. III. Grafting. IV. Budding— Limits of Budding and Grafting. Saving Mice-Gnawed Trees, é : ; ‘ 22-48 CHAPTER IV. SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. Manures—Situation—Enclosures—-Hedges, . : : - 49-59 CHAPTER V. TRANSPLANTING. Laying Out Orchards—Transplanting—Distances for Plant- ing Trees, . c ; ; “ : 5 ° 3 - 60-76 CHAPTER VI. CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. Renovating Old Trees—When to Manure Orchards—Ar- rangements to Facilitate Cultivation—The Modern Cul- tivation of Commercial Orchards—Fertilizers, ¢ - 77-89 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. Pruning Young Trees at Transplanting—Pruning the Tops —Proper Time for Pruning—Pruning, as Affecting Fruitfulness—Summer Pruning—Giving Desired Form to Trees by Pruning—Pruning Nursery and Young Trees—Pruning Single Shoots—Pruning Young Apple- trees—Pyramids—Pruning Apple Orchards in Bearing —Pruning the Peach—Pruning the Cherry—Pruning the Quince—Pruning the Roots, : : WEAR VE Rev slilole HAND IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT GROWERS. Knives and Saws—Fruit Pickers—Reel—Ladders—Syringes —Garden Engines—Labels, CHAPTER IX. THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, AND MARKETING. Thinning—Gathering—How to Pick Apples—Assorting and Packing for Market—Packing Grapes for Market—Pack- ing Strawberries and Other Small Fruits—Keeping Fruit—Keeping Grapes, CHAPTER X. FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. Plan of a Fruit Garden—How to Obtain Fruit Quickly on New Places, CHAPTER XI. MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES, Soils—Laying Out—Shelter—Seeds and Stocks—Planting Seeds—Cultivation—Budding and Grafting—Digging or Lifting the Trees—Packing for Transportation, CHAPTER XII. DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS, How Insects Eat— Woolly A phis— Round-headed Apple-tree Borer—Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer—Oyster-shell PAGES go-III - II2Z2-I21 . 122-139 - 140-146 - 147-159 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xill PAGES Bark-louse—Scurfy Bark-louse—San José Scale-—Leca- nium Scales—Apple Aphis—Bud Moth—Canker-worms —Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar—Apple Maggot —Apple-worm or Codling Moth—Pear Psylla—Pear or Cherry Slug—Pear Midge—Plum Curculio—Plum Gouger—Black Peach Aphis—Peach-tree Borer—Fruit- tree Bark-beetle—Cherry Aphis—Cherry Fruit-fly— Quince Curculio—Grape Phylloxera—Grape-vine Flea Beetle—Rose Chafer—Grape-vine Leaf-hopper—Cur- rant Borer—Imported Currant-worm—Currant Span- - worm—Raspberry Cane-borer—Snowy ‘Tree-cricket— Raspberry Saw-fly—White Grubs—Strawberry Root- louse—Strawberry-crown Borer—Strawberry Leaf-roller —Strawberry Weevil, : 5 : : E . 160-2I0 p CHAPTER XIII. THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. Apple: Rust—Scab—Ripe Rot—Black Rot—Fire Blight— Powdery Mildew. fear: Fire Blight—Leaf Blight— Seab. Quince: Rust—Black Rot—Fire Blight—Leaf 'Spot—Ripe Rot. Peach: Yellows—Leaf Curl—Fruit Rot—Secab. - 428-430 CHAPTER XXVII. NECTARINES. Cultivation—Varieties, . : f ‘ : : . - 431-433 CHAPTER XXVIII. NUTS. Propagation — Grafting—Chestnuts—Chinquapin — Hazel- Nuts. fzckorzes: Pecans—Shellbarks. . Wadnuts: Butternuts—Black Walnuts—Persian Walnut, : - 434-463 CHAPTER XXIX, THE PEACH. Propagation—Raising in Pots—Winter Protection—Varie- ties, . ‘ , ; 3 : é : 6 : . 464-490 CHAPTER XXX: THE PEAR. Propagation—Wintering—Budding—Dwarf Pears—Prun- ing—Dwarf Pears—Regrafting Large Pear-trees—Va- Tieties, : i : : 3 6 : 5 ; - 491-544 xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXxXI. PLUMS. ; ; ; PAGES Propagation—Grafting and Budding—Cultivation—Varie- IOS, : : c ‘ f : : ; c - 545-579 CHAPTER XXXII. THE QUINCE. Propagation—Pruning— Varieties, : : : : - 580-584 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE RASPBERRY. Propagation—Planting for Market—Propagating by Seed— Rules for Culture—Varieties, . : : ‘ ‘ - 585-595 CHAPTER XXXIV. THE STRAWBERRY. Requisites for Cultivation—Soil—Transplanting—Cultiva- tion — Runners — Early Strawberries — Setting Out Plants—Selection of Varieties—Staminate and Pistil- late Sorts—Varieties, 3 ‘i : : : é - 596-609 CHAPTER XXXV. WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. Buffalo Berry—Eleagnus Longipes—Huckleberries—June Berry—Medlars — Paw-paw — Strawberry-Raspberry— Japanese Wineberry, : ‘ : : > 2 . 610-618 JEAURIE INDE, Sub-Tropical Fruits. CHAPTER XXXVI. CITRUS FRUITS. The Orange : Evolution—Propagation— Budding and Graft- ing—Transplanting—Cuttings and Layers—Soil—Fer- tilizers— Distance of Planting—Cultivation—Pruning— Frost—Insects—Diseases—Selection of Varieties—Va- rieties. Zhe Lemon. Cuitivation—Varieties—Market- TABLE OF CONTENTS. ing the Orange and Lemon. Ze Cztron: Cultivation —Varieties. The Shaddock: Wescription—Varieties. The Lime: Description—Propagation—Varieties, CHAPTER XXXVI. THE BANANA, Cultivation and Propagation, . CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE DATE, Cultivation, CHAPTER XXXIX. THE FIG. Description—Propagation—Cultivation—Varieties, CHAPTER XL. THE GUAVA. Description—Propagation, . B o 2 2 CHAPTER XLI. THE LOQUAT. Description—Propagation, . : : ° . CHAPTER XLII. THE PERSIMMON. Cultivation—Japanese Improvements—Insect Enemies— ", 669-677 Varieties, CHAPTER XLIII. THE PINEAPPLE. Description—Cultivation— Propagation — Diseases—Varie- . 678-685 ties, . ‘ ; j : $ 4 5 C CHAPTER XLIV. THE POMEGRANATE. Description—Propagation—Varieties, . : < DESCRIPTIVE List AND INDEX OF FRUITS, 5 , GLOSSARY, ‘ : ; : ¢ 5 5 GENERAL INDEX, : : ; : 6 6 5 Xvii PAGES . 621-652 - 653-654 » 655-657 - 658-664 - 665-666 . 667-668 . 686-687 - 689-808 . 809-814 . 815-823 THE AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST. OavA EAT a Naa LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. THE formation of a large tree from a minute seed is one of the most interesting and wonderful occurrences in nature. It is important that the fruit culturist should so understand the process as to know what will hasten it on one hand or retard it on the other. By understanding these principles, the neces- sary rules will be greatly simplified, and the directions ren- dered more clear and obvious. GERMINATION. The first movement of the seed towards forming a new plant is termed germination. After the plant is formed, and its growth is carried on through the agency of its leaves, the process is termed vegetation ; the latter immediately following the former. To produce germination seeds require heat, moisture, and air, but not light. It will be observed that these three requi- sites are present when seeds are slightly buried in moist, warm, mellow earth. Heat, although essential to all seeds, varies in the degree required by different species. The chick- weed, for instance, will vegetate nearly down to the freezing- point; while tropical or hot-house plants often need a blood heat. Nearly every person has seen proofs of the necessity of moisture for the germination of seeds—indicated by the prac- tice of watering newly-sown beds. The florist is aware that I 2 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. minute seed, which cannot be planted deep, as the portulacca, must be kept moist by a thin covering or shading. It is often requisite to bury seeds to a considerable depth, in order to secure a proper degree of moisture to start them. On the other hand, they will sprout on the surface unburied, if kept constantly showered. The third requisite, av, is an important one. Seeds may be kept dormant a long time by deep burying. Nurserymen have often retained the vitality of peach-stones for a year or two, by burying them a foot or more in compact earth. Other seed might doubtless be kept fora time.in the same way. Planting too deep is often fatal to the success of acrop. The seeds of noxious weeds remain many years buried beneath the soil, until cultivation brings them up, mixes them with the soft mellow surface, accessible to air, when they spring up in profusion over the ground. As a general rule, seeds germinate and grow most readily when buried to a depth of from three to five times their diameter, in soils of ordinary moisture. In order to produce germination, moisture must find ready access to the interior of the seed. It is often excluded, if the coats have been allowed to become too dry. The thick cover- ings of the chestnut, horse-chestnut, and many seeds ‘of sim- ilar character, if left a few days exposed to the air, become so hard as to prevent it. To secure success, they must be kept moist by imbedding them in moist sand, leaf-mould, or moss, from the moment they separate from the tree until planted in the earth. Apple seeds and some others, which have been allowed to become too dry, may frequently be started by scalding and then exposing them to the action ‘of the frost; and by repeating the process several times, there is greater certainty of germinating. As the scalding and cool- ing must be quickly done, portions not larger than two or three pounds should be taken ata time. The object in crack- ing peach and plum-stones before planting, is to admit air and moisture—a process which is also hastened by subjecting them to freezing and thawing. The Structure of the Plant or Tree.—Al\ plants, in the first place, are manufactured or built up of innumerable little cells, sacs, or cavities. These are usually not over a five- PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 3 hundredth part of an inch in diameter, and in many plants they are stillsmaller. Fig. 1 exhibits a section of the wood of the maple cut across—presenting many thousands of these little vessels, only visible under a good microscope. The branch of an apple-tree, an inch in diameter, cut across, shows about one million. This cellular structure exists throughout the roots, stems, shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit. ° The cells of plants usually vary from 1-300th to 1-500th of an inch in diameter, and it is obvious that during vigorous growth the plant forms them with great rapidity. A shoot of —— asparagus increases the length of one cell every ten seconds; and as its diameter embraces many thousands, from fifty to a hunred million are formed every day. The building up of the plant of these cells has been compared to the erection of a house by the successive addition of bricks; but if as many bricks were daily added to a structure, they would be enough to make a building daily larger than the great pyramid of Egypt, or the Coliseum at Rome. Yet every one of these cells is as perfect and finished as the finest work of art. THE ROOT. The root consists of several parts (Fig. 2). The mazn root, called also the zp root, is the large central portion, extend- ing downward. In many plants or trees, however, it is 4+ PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. divided as growth advances, until lost in /atera/s or side branches. The fibres or rootlets are the small thread-like roots proceeding from the laterals; and lastly, the smallest of all, the new fibres are furnished with root-hairs, scarcely visi- ble without a. microscope. The whole Sir iaice an roots continue to. “a bistoms moisture from the soil so long as they are fresh and new; and the newer potr- tions, near the tips, absorb most freely. Old otokns: covered with a hard or hor- ny bark, imbibe almost none. ‘The root-hairs convey mois- ture into the fibres with rapidity. Young trees, when dug up for transplanting, have most of the fibres and root-hairs torn from them, and they would suffer serious injury or die, but for the power which they possess of rapidly reproducing them under favorable influences. The collar is the point of union between the root and the stem, but its place may be easily changed in many young plants by banking up the stem, which will emit new roots above. Or, a branch may be buried, as in layering grape- vines, honeysuckles, gooseberries, and many other woody plants. Small portions of roots attached to a graft will often produce a new plant; this is especially the case with the grape and rose, which are extensively propagated in this way; and also in some degree with the apple, of which, however, when thus root-grafted, larger portions should be employed of the roots of one-year, or at most two-year, seedlings. Fig. 2.—Root System of Two-year-old Apple. SEVIS ON CSS ALTERS MOVE eI Md SE NEHA ONG IS 2 6 NOW DNS AY Sel B.D 5 THE STEM AND BRANCHES. As roots are annual, biennial, or perennial, as they continue living ove, two, or more seasons ; so the stem is herbaceous or woody, as it grows only one year or more—in the latter in- stance hardening into wood. Woody plants, when small, are called shrubs, as the rose, gooseberry, and currant. When large, they are trees, as the apple, pine, and oak. A dwarf apple, made small by budding any common variety on the small Paradise stock, becomes a shrub. Swckers are branches springing up from underground stems; some times they come from mutilated roots. Runners are creeping stems, which strike roots at the tips and form leaves there, as in the straw- berry. A single strawberry plant will in this way produce a hundred new ones or more in a summer; and by care ten thousand by the end of the second year, a million the third, and so on. Stated in general terms the stems or trunks of hard wood trees (dicotyledons) are formnd of bark, cambium layer, wood, and pith. The outer bark on some trees gradually forms into athick, hard, corky substance, termed cortical layers, but while young itis the green bark of growing shoots. The inner layer of bark, next the cambium, is called the bast layer or “der, from the resemblance of the concentric plates of which it is formed to the leaves of a book. The cambium layer is the active, cellular agent in the growth of the tree. It lies between the bark and wood. From its inner surface is produced the growth of wood, and from its outer the bark is formed. Thus the newest bark is inside, and the newest wood outside. ‘Wood.—The outer wood, which is the youngest and freshest, is called the alburnum or sap-wood. The heart-wood is the older, harder, and usually more dried portion; and it bears the same relation to the sap-wood as the cortical layers do to the liber. The pith, in young plants, performs a useful office by re- taining moisture; but in old trees it becomes dry, shrivelled, and useless, and trees grow as well where it has been cut out. Branches.—These consist of main branches, or limbs; second- ary or smaller branches; and shoots, or the extremities, being one year’s growth. Thorns are usually a modification of 6 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. branches, and are simple, as in the common thorn; or branched, as in the honey-locust. Ungrafted pear-trees often present all the intermediate forms between perfect branches and perfect thorns. Prickles grow only from the bark, and when the bark is stripped off they are all taken off with it; but thorns remain attached to the wood. Buds are of two kinds, /eaf and fower. The former grow into branches, the latter produce fruit. To distinguish these buds is of great importance to the cultivator of fruit-trees. Fig. 3 represents a portion of the branch of a pear-tree; b, 6, 6 are flower or fruit- buds on the extremities of short spurs termed fruit- spurs, and ¢ is a leaf-bud on a one-year’s shoot. Fig. 4 exhibits these two kinds of buds as seen on the cherry, _ 6, b, being the round fruit- buds, and ¢,c¢, the sharper leaf-buds. Causes of this Difference.— When young trees grow rapidly, all their buds are leaf-buds; when they be- come older and grow more slowly, many of them be- come flower or fruit buds. One is the result of rapid and the other of slow growth. Check the growth of a young tree by transplanting it, or by root- pruning, or by neglecting cultivation, or allowing it to grow with grass, and many fruit-buds will be found upon it, and it will bear early. But as the growth is unnaturally enfeebled, the fruit is not always of the best quality. The natural di- minution of vigor from increased age furnishes better fruit. Fruit-buds are likewise produced by checking the free flow of the sap in grafting on dissimilar stocks; as, for example, the pear on the quince, producing dwarf pear-trees. The fruit- spurs shown by 4, Fig. 3, are nothing more than short shoots, originally produced from leaf-buds, but which, mak- ing little growth, have become fruit-bearers. The vigorous, Leaf and Flower Buds. 4, 6, Flower- buds ; ¢, ¢, leaf-buds. PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 7: one-year shoot of the cherry, Fig. 4, is mostly supplied with leaf-buds, but the short spurs on the second year’s wood, which are but dwarfed branches, are covered with fruit-buds, with only a leaf-bud in the centre. It is not, however, always the slowest-growing kinds of fruit-trees that bear soonest. There appears to be a constitu- tional peculiarity, with different sorts, that controls the time of beginning to bear. The Bartlett, Julienne, and Howell pears, vigorous growers, bear much sooner than the Dix and Tyson, which are less vigorous. By pruning away a part of the leaf-buds the fruitfulness of a - tree may be increased; and by pruning away the fruit-spurs, bearing may be prevented, and more vigor thrown into the shoots. Buds are /ateral, when on the side of a shoot; and ¢ermzna/, when on the end. Terminal buds are nearly always leaf-buds, and, usually being larger and stronger than others, make stronger shoots. The terminal buds are strongest, as a rule, because their leaves of the previous year were more fully ex- posed to air and light. Latent Buds.—Only a small proportion of all the buds formed grow the second year; the rest remain dormant or latent for years, and are made to grow and produce shoots only when the others are destroyed. The longer a bud re- mains dormant, the more unlikely it is to grow. It usually dies after two or three years, leaving a ridge or crease on the bark. Adventitious Buds are produced by some trees irregularly anywhere on the surface of the wood, especially where it has been mutilated or injured; and they form on the roots of some trees which are cut or wounded. In these cases such trees may be usually propagated by cuttings of the roots. It is usually from adventitious buds, not from dormant buds, that the shoots arise when a limb is severed. These adventitious buds do not exist in the bark, but are formed for the occasion. Leaves.—These are commonly made up of two principal parts, viz., the framework, consisting of the leaf-stalk, ribs, and veins, for strengthening the leaf, and supplying it with sap; and the green pulp, which fills the meshes or interstices. The whole is covered with a thin skin or epidermis. The 8 ILM CIMA ES. (OS UIELE, NGION VAI Yel (OWE DAE S. green pulp consists of cells of various forms, with many air spaces between. The cells are commonly placed very com- pactly together on the upper side of the leaf, and more loosely, or with air-spaces, on the lower side—hence one reason that leaves are usually lighter- colored below. Fig. 5 is a highly magnified sec- tion of a leaf, showing the green cells, air-spaces, and epidermis above and below. Leaves have also breathing pores, through which air is absorbed, and vapor and gases are given off. . They aretse small as to require a good microscope to discover them; and they vary in different plants from 1,000 to 170,000 on a square inch of surface. The apple and pear have about 25,000 or 30,000, and the white lily about 60,000 to the squareinch. They are most- ly on the lower side of the leaf. Fig. 6 represents the pores on an apple-leaf. Leaves are a con- trivance for increasing the sur- face exposed to the air and sun. Professor Gray says the Wash- ington elm at Cambridge was estimated to bear “ seven million leaves, exposing a surface of 200,000 square feet, or about five acres of foliage.” A common fully grown apple-tree has from three to five hundred thousand leaves, and the breathing pores they all contain must be more than a thousand million. Bb iy Fa a Fa FIG. 5. THE PROCESS OF GROWING. Water is absorbed by the roots, carrying in weak solution many earthy salts. When it is in the plant, it is denominated ‘PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 9 sap. It passes from cell to cell upward, through the sap- wood, until it reaches the leaves. The cells being separate, and not continuous tubes, it is conveyed from one to another through a great number of partitions; in the basswood, for ex- ample, which has very long cells, it passes about 2,000 parti- tions in rising a foot. ‘When the sap enters the leaf, it emerges from the dark cells through which it has been passing, and is spread out to the light of the sun. A large portion is evaporated through the breathing pores, and it becomes thickened. The carbonic acid of the air, under the influence of sunlight and in the pres- ence of the leaf-green, now forms a combination with the oxygen and hydrogen of the sap, and produces the triple com- pound of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, which constitutes woody fibre—the oxygen of the carbonic acidescaping. This escape of oxygen may be seen by placing leaves under water in the sunshine. Innumerable little bubbles of oxygen form on the surface of the leaves, and give them a silvery appear- ance. If continued, air-bubbles rise in the water, and if a glass tumbler full of water is inverted over them, pure oxygen in small quantities may be procured. A plant growing in car- bonic acid gas takes the carbon, and leaves the oxygen; in this way changing the acid to oxygen. Growing plants thus perform a most important office by purifying the atmopshere. Fires in burning, and animals in breathing, consume carbon, combine it with oxygen, and then throw off the carbonic acid thus formed. This acid, by excluding oxygen, might after a while become so abundant as to prove injurious to animal life, were it not for the wise provision by which plants con- sume it and restore the oxygen. Connected with this, there is another interesting proof of creative design. If there were no carbonic acid in the air, plants could not grow; but one- twenty-five-hundredth part, as now exists, supplies food for vegetation, and does not affect the health of animals and man. Leaves require sunlight to enable them thus to decompose carbonic acid. It does not go on in a dark room, or in the night. Anything which excludes light and air tends to make the product of the plant inferior or bitter. The fruits cannot ripen fully. Their juices do not reach their full chemical ma- turity. Thinning and pruning are therefore important. i fe) PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. Hence, strawberries and other fruits are more acid when hid- den by leaves or in cloudy weather; and apples on the thickly- _ shaded part of an unpruned tree are more sour and imperfect than where, by good pruning, the leaves which feed them are fully exposed to the light, and receive a proper share of car- bon. The sap, thickened, reduced in bulk, and containing organ- ized matter, then descends the branches and trunk, forming a layer of fresh substance, between bark and wood, called the cambium—most of which constitutes a new layer of wood—a small part making a new layer of bark. The annual deposits of new wood form distinct concentric rings, by which the age of the tree may be counted when the trunk is cut through. That this is the mode by which wood in exogenous trees is de- posited, may be proved by an interesting experiment, per- formed by slitting the bark of a young tree, lifting it up care- fully, and then slipping in between wood and bark a sheet of tin-foil, and binding the bark on again. The bark will deposit layers of wood outside the tin-foil, and none in- side; and after a lapse of years the concentric rings will be found to correspond exactly with the time since the operation was performed. The descent of the elaborated sap in the inner bark may be shown by tying a ligature around a growing branch, or by removing a ring of bark. The downward currents are ob- structed, like that of a stream by-a dam, and new material accumulates above the obstruc- tion, and not below, as shown in Fig. 7. Fic. 7.—Effects of #2 Grafting, it is essential that some portions a Constriction of the cut surfaces uniting the stock and shoot cena should be placed so accurately together that the sap may flow up through the alburnum or sap-wood from the stock to the shoot, and that the cambium of the shoot may grow to that of the stock. When this union takes place, the rest of the cut faces, even if some distance apart, are soon cemented by the newly-forming wood, which fills all the vacant space. ln budding, the newly-set bud is cemented to the wood of the stock by the cambium, which hardens and fastens it. The PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. It next spring the bud grows, forms a shoot, and the two por- tions become securely united by the new wood. Unless the cambium is vigorous enough to join the wood to the stock, the operation cannot succeed; and this is the reason why, with vigorously growing stocks, in which the sap is flowing freely, which are consequently rapidly forming new wood, budding succeeds better than with feeble growers, where but little of this natural cement exists. The rapidity with which leaves exhale moisture is shown by severing them from the stem in dry weather. They soon wither and become dry. Cutashoot from atree, and throw - it down in the sun’s rays, and it will quickly shrivel, in con- sequence of the rapid escape of its moisture through the leaves. But first cut off all the leaves, and the shoot will re- main plump along time. This is the reason that it becomes necessary to remove the leaves at once from scions cut for budding. Hence also the reason that plants and trees are so liable to: die if transplanted with the leaves on, a disaster which may be partially prevented in trees by removing the leaves; and. in plants or cuttings with leaves on, by covering them imme-. diately with a bell-glass which, by holding the watery vapor, keeps a humid atmosphere about them. It is for this reason,. also, that when young trees lose a large portion of their roots, a part of the top must be cut off, to prevent the heavy evap- oration which all the leaves would occasion. A sunflower plant, about three feet high, was found to ex- hale from its leaves in very dry weather between one and two. pints of water in a day. A bunch of growing grass placed be- neath a cool inverted glass, soon covered the sides of the glass. with condensed drops from the vapor, and in a few minutes the water ran down the sides. These experiments show the great amount of water needed by growing plants; and also. prove the mistake which some persons commit, by leaving weeds to grow to shade the ground and keep it moist, while these weeds are actually pumping the water rapidly up from. the soil, and dissipating it through their leaves. The absolute necessity of leaves to the growth of a tree is. shown by the fact that when they are stripped off by cater- pillars, the tree ceases to grow till new ones expand; and if 12 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. often repeated it perishes. When the leaves of young pear- stocks cease to act, in consequence of leaf-blight, the tree no longer grows; cambium ceases to form, and they cannot be budded. An interesting illustration of the office of leaves oc- curred to the writer a few years since: A yellow gage plum- tree set a heavy crop; but when the fruit was nearly grown all the leaves dropped. The fruit remained green, flavorless, and stationary, until a new crop of leaves came out. It then finished growing, acquired a golden color, and a rich, excel- lent flavor. Perfect fruit requires perfect leaves; and thick, crowded, half-grown leaves give small fruit with poor flavor. The great object of pruning, and of summer pruning especially, is to give plenty of good, healthy, and not crowded foliage, and the crop will also be good. The green bark of trees and plants performs an office similar to that of the leaves; and, in connection with the cells adjoin- ing, appears to fulfil sometimes an office which the leaves fail to accomplish. This is, perpetuating the identity of the species or variety. For example, bud a fearv-tree ona guince. All the wood above the place of union will be pear-wood; all below will be quince. All the supplies which come from the pear- leaves change to quince-wood the moment they pass this point; and if the budding is performed when the quince-stock is smaller than a quill, yet all the wood below, when it becomes a large tree, will still be perfect quince-wood, as is shown when any chance shoots or suckers spring up from below. Or bud, for example, the Northern Spy, which has dark bark. with the Bellflower, which has yellow; and again, bud the Snow-apple, which has dark-colored bark, on the Bellflower, and the light-colored Sweet Bough on this—each being an inch above the last budding. Successive dark and light bark, the peculiarity of each variety, will remain as long as the tree grows: showing conclusively that each part or twig has the power of maintaining its individuality. PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 13 FLOWERS. The object of the flower is the production of seeds, and through them the reproduction of new cee The protect- ing organs of each are, the calyx outside, which is usual- ly, notalways, green; andthe corolla, or flower leaves, of various colors, which are next withinthe calyx. The essen- tial parts of the flowers are the stamens and fistils. Fig. 8 represents an enlarged flower of the cherry, cut through the middle, showing the small calyx, the large corolla, the many stamens, and the single pistil. Fig. 9 isa magnified flower of the purslane, showing several pistils. The head of the stamen (4, Fig. 10) is called an Q\ PMG) TH ll oan Y Og) Fic. 8.—Flower of the Cherry. i i ae FIG. 9.—Purslane Flower. FIG. ro.—Stamen. FIG. 11.—Pistil. the anther. It contains a powder called follen, which is dis- charged by the bursting of the anther, the pollen being the fertilizing matter essential to the production and growth of the new seed. The thread-like stalk of the stamen, a, is called the filament. The pistil (Fig. 11) consists of the stigma, c, at the top; the s¢y/e, 5, its support; and the ovary, a, or future seed-. vessel. The ovules, d, are the rudimentary seeds. The pollen of the stamens falls on the stigma, and the egg-cells are fertil- ized or impregnated, and seeds are the result. Sometimes the stamens and pistils are in different flowers, on different parts of the plant. A familiar instance occurs in Indian-corn, the “silk” being the pistils, and unless these are: 14 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. impregnated by the pollen of the anthers at the top, no grains of corn will be produced. Sometimes the staminate and pistillate flowers are not only separate, but are on distinct plants, as the Buckthorn and Hemp. ‘The pistillate flowers are said to be fertile, and the staminate sterile, and both must be planted near each other in order to obtain fruit or seed. — [ie co. ihe, Sometimes the stamens, when not Staminate Flower. Pistillate absent, are so defective that they Flower. cannot fertilize the pistils, or but imperfectly. This is the case with some of the pistillate strawberries; such, for example, as Hovey’s Seedling and the - Crescent. In order to produce good crops, some other vari- ety that has perfect flowers or-perfectly-developed stamens, as the Scarlet, or Wilson, must be planted near, from which the wind may waft or the bees carry the pollen to the imperfect flowers. Fig. 12 represents the flower of a staminate straw- berry, or one in which stamens as well as pistils are perfect; Fig. 13 isa pistillate flower, the stamens being small, and con- FIG. 14.—Stamens of Scarlet FIG. 15.—Stamens of Hovey’s Strawberry. Seedling. taining but little pollen in the anthers. Fig. 14 isan enlarged view of the former, a being the stamens, and /the pistils. Fig. 15 isa flower of Hovey’s Seedling showing at a the dwarfed and useless stamens. Sometimes very favorable circumstances will enable these dwarfs to afford a portion of pollen, and berries will be produced. Some pistillate varieties are desti- tute of stamens. SPECIES AND VARIETIES. Plants and animals of cne species are supposed never to produce a progeny of a different one, no matter how many PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. T5 successive generations may intervene. Thus, for example, — the seed of a pear never produces an apple, these being dis- tinct species; but it gives many different sorts of pears, which are only varieties. So the apple produces innumerable varie- ties, but it can never yield a pear, a quince, or a peach. The knowledge of the character of species, and their affini- ties, would frequently prevent the tlunders which grafters commit, in trying to make the peach grow on the willow or butternut. While species reproduce the same species, varieties do not always reproduce themselves. Varieties have been called incipient species. By slow and gradual changes, varieties may in time give rise to other species. So it happens that whereas the species may not directly change into another species, it may gradually pass into another by successive variations. But in the lifetime of a man, specific limits are rarely over- passed. CAP Bixee PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. THE tendency is more or less common with all plants, when successively produced from seed, to depart from the character first stamped upon them. These departures give rise to new varieties. This tendency to vary is increased as plants are removed from their native localities; and in an eminent degree by cultivation. Planted in gardens, and sub- jected to high culture, repeated and successive sowings often develop striking changes in those which for previous centu- ries had remained unchanged. By a constant selection of seeds from the best, a gradual improvement on the original is _ effected. Most of our finest fruits doubtless owe their exist- ence to this improving process. While a few of the seedlings from such improved varieties. may become still further improved, a far greater number will probably approach toward the original or wild state. The more highly improved the fruit, the greater the difficulty to find one of its progeny which shall excel or equal the parent. In ten thousand seedlings from those high-flavored apples, the Swaar and Esopus Spitzenberg, it may be quite doubtful if any shall equal in quality those fruits themselves, while most may fall considerably below them. The improvements effected in former ages were doubtless the result of accident, as the ancients were ignorant of the means for their systematic accomplishment. The greatest progress in the art made in modern times was effected by Van Mons in Belgium and Knight in England. Van Mons, who directed his labors chiefly to the pear, ob- tained many new and excellent varieties, by a constant and successive selection of the best seedlings. He first made a large collection of natural stocks, or wild pears, choosing” 16 PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 17 those which, from the appearance of the wood and leaf, he had reason to believe would be most likely to give the best fruit. As soon as the first of these bore, he selected the best, and planted the seeds. Selections were again made from the first of these, and so on in continued succession, the best and soonest in bearing were uniformly chosen. He thus obtained fruit from the eighth generation; each successive experiment yielding an improved result on the preceding. He had, in the early part of this series of experiments, no less than eighty thousand trees; hence, in selecting from so large a number, his chance for fine sorts was far greater than from a small col- ’ lection; and hence too the reason why, after seven or eight improving generations, he had obtained so many good varie- ties. In the early stages of his operations, he found “that twelve or fifteen years was the mean term of time from the moment of planting the first seed of an ancient variety of the domestic pear, to the first fructification of the trees which sprang from them.” When his seedlings were at the age of three or four years, he was able to judge of their appearances though they had not as yet borne; such only were taken for further trial as exhibited the strongest probability of excel- lence. It is hardly necessary to remark that in all these trials the young trees were kept in the highest state of culti- vation. Van Mons maintained that by selecting and planting the seeds of the first crop on the young tree, the product would be less liable to turn back to the original variety than where the seeds were taken from the fruit of an old-bearing or grafted tree; and to this practice he chiefly ascribed his suc- cess. The many instances, however, of fine seedlings from old grafted sorts throw a shade of doubt over this theory. There is scarcely a question that the same extent of labor expended in crossing varieties would have given greater success. NEW VARIETIES BY CROSSING. New varieties are produced in crossing by pollinating the stigma of one with the pollen from another, as described in the preceding chapter. The simplest instance which occurs is that of the strawberry, the pistillate varieties of which 2 18 PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. must always be impregnated with pollen from staminate sorts. Thus the seed obtained from the berries of every pistillate strawberry are crosses, and if planted will produce new vari- eties. In fruit-trees, the stamens and pistils are in the same flower, but these two sets of organs often mature at different times. Crossing is mostly effected by insects, which, becom- ing thickly dusted with powder from one flower, plunge into the recesses of another, and effect a cross-pollination. Where Many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, cases of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring. The crosses thus produced are shown usually only by raising fruit from the seedlings. In the annexed figure of the pear-blossom (Fig. 16), the five Fic. 16.—Flower of the Pear. FIG. 17.—The anthers cut out. This a, Stigma; 6, anthers. should be done in the bud. central organs a@ are the gusts ; the upper extremity of each is the stigma. ‘The surrounding thread-like organs, 6, are the stamens, surmounted by the anthers. When the flowers open, the anthers burst, and discharge the pollen which may fall on the stigmas or be carried to the stigmas of another flower. The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by «cross-impregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety -with the pollen of another. This was performed with great “success by Knight. Selecting two varieties before the flowers ‘had opened, and before the anthers had burst and discharged ‘the pollen, he cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the sta- amens, leaving the pistils untouched (Fig. 17). When the stigma became sufficiently mature, which was indicated by its glutinous surface, he transferred the pollen of the other sort on the point of a camel’s hair pencil. Some propagators pre- fer the point of a knife for applying the pollen. The fruit, thus yielded, was unchanged; but its seeds partook variously PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 19 of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from them bore new and intermediate varieties. For the success of such experiments, several precautions are requisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens before it has fully expanded, or before the anthers have al- ready burst and scattered their dust; the pollen must be pro- cured from a bursting or fully matured anther, when it will be dry and powdery; the stigma must be inoculated as soon as it becomes adhesive or glutinous, otherwise it may be fer- tilized from another source, and then the intended pollen can- not possibly take effect. For astigma once inoculated can- not be inoculated again. It is safest, where practicable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inocu- lations of pollen floating in the air; and to prevent its spread by bees, to apply a temporary covering of gauze, or thin oil- cloth. A want of attention to these minutiz has led some ex- petimenters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when they had only natural seedlings. To obtain new varieties of certain desired qualities, select two which possess those qualities separately, and seedlings from crossing will be likely to exhibit these qualities com- bined. Thus, a very early pear deficient in flavor, as the Amire Joannet, might furnish one of superior quality by a cross with a better and later sort, as Dearborn’s Seedling. Or, a small and very rich pear, as the Seckel, might give us one of the larger size by fertilizing the Bartlett. A slow- growing and tender peach, as the Early Anne, might be ren- dered hardier and more vigorous by an intermixture with the Early York or Cooledge’s Favorite. But it must be remem- bered, that there is a tendency in such highly improved sorts to deteriorate, and that out of thousands of seedlings, perhaps only one or two may be fully equal to the original. The following mode of raising crosses of the grape is described by G. W. Campbell, who has experimented largely: ‘ “To be certain of success, the grape blossom must be opened artificially, before its natural period of flowering, and all the anthers or stamens removed before the pollen or fe- cundating dust is formed, leaving the bare germ, with the 20 PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. stigma unfertilized. To prevent the possibilities of impreg- nation by bees or insects, or the wind conveying pollen from other sources, the prepared blossom-bunch is inclosed in a tight, oil-silk case, and pollen supplied at the proper time from whatever variety it is proposed to cross, or hybridize with. When the berries swell, and commence growing, it is an indication that the process has been successful; and the oil-silk covering may then be removed, the bunch carefully labelled, and the seeds from these berries, when planted, are expected to produce crosses or hybrids having characteristics of both parents. “T have also tested the accuracy of my experiments in va- tious ways. In one instance I prepared a bunch, as if for crossing, by removing all the stamens, and inclosed it in the usual manner, but applied no pollen. Upon removing the covering some days after, every berry but one had blasted, and fell off at a touch. This one berry, being from some cause later than the rest, was just in condition to receive pollen, which I supplied from the Chasselas Musqué, and pro- duced a grape, from which I have a seedling that may prove. valuable. Other bunches, prepared at the same time, upon the same vine, and supplied with pollen at the proper time, were all fertilized, and produced full and perfect bunches. The Logan and Taylor’s Bullitt both set their fruit unevenly and imperfectly, and produce usually small, straggling, and unhandsome bunches. When fertilized in the manner above stated they have produced handsome and compact bunches, the only ones of that character upon the vines. “Seedlings almost uniformly indicate their parentage by their foliage. That of hybrids with ,the foreign vines is usu- ally deeply lobed; often having much more the form of the foreign than the native leaf, although grown from the seed of the native parent. Some have foliage intermediate or re- sembling both in some degree. Also, in the crosses between natives, some resemble one parent and some the other. Others again seem a mixture of both.” An easier process is to plant them in close contact, so that the fruiting branches may intermingle. Out of a large num- ber of seedlings thus obtained, there is a chance of a fair por- tion of them being crosses. it was in this way that Dr. Kirt- PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 21 land produced the seed of all his new and excellent varieties of the cherry. The interesting fact that fruit trees which grow alone and distant from any other sorts are more apt to reproduce these sorts from seed with but little variation, than seeds from the same sorts in mixed orchards, shows to what extent the spon- taneous crossing or mixture of varieties may be constantly going on in such orchards. When across is obtained between two different species, in- stead of between mere varieties, it is termeda Aydrid. But while varieties of the same species intermingle freely, the operation rarely succeeds between fruits of different species. The gooseberry, currant, and black currant, species of the same genus, and nearly related, have never produced a useful hybrid. Neither has any ever been obtained between the ap- ple and the pear, or the pear and the quince. But different species of other plants, as the Heaths, and some of the Cacti, -intermingle freely. Hybrids are frequently sterile; or if they possess the power of reproduction by seed, the progeny often returns to the state of one or the other of its parents. Amongst common fruits, there are some undoubted hybrids. Such are the Kieffer and LeConte types of pears, which are hybrids between the common pear ( Pyrus communis) and the oriental pear (Pyrus Sinensis). There are many hybrid grapes, and some of them, as Aga- wam, Salem, and others, are of commercialimportance. There is a large class of hybrid raspberries (uwbus occidentalis x R. strigosus), represented by the Shaffer and other Purple Canes. The Wilson Early blackberry is a hybrid of the blackberry (Rubus nigrobaccus) and the dewberry (A. villosus). In gen- eral, however, less is to be expected from hybrids than from the selected progeny of crosses between varieties. As a mat- ter of fact, most varieties of fruits are chance seedlings, no one knowing their exact parentage. Amongst fruits, purpose- ful plant-breeding has yet played a very small role. (See Bai- ley, “ Plant-Breeding.”) Chi A rales Remi: PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING, BY WAVE RS AND bY CULMNEGS: WHEN trees are raised from seeds, as before stated, there is no certainty that the same identical variety will be repro- duced. In many cases, the shade of variation will be scarcely perceptible; in others, it will be wide and distinct. It hence becomes desirable in preventing a return toward the original wild state, or, in other words, to perpetuate the identical in- dividual thus highly improved, to adopt some other mode of propagation, for the purpose of multiplying trees of such varieties as possess a high excellence, instead of constantly creating new ones, with the hazard of most of them proving worthless. It will be distinctly remembered that new varieties nearly always spring from seeds; but the same individual variety can be multiplied only by separating the buds, or shoots bear- ing the buds, of such individual plant. As an example, the Fall Pippin, when first produced from seed, was a single tree of anew variety. The myriads of Fall Pippin trees now ex- isting are only multiplications of the branches of the original. This multiplication or propagation of varieties is effected in several ways: 1, by Cuttings; 2, Layers; 3, Grafting; 4, Bud- ding. Without these means of propagation, such delicious sorts as the Green Gage plum, the Elton cherry, and the Seckel pear, could never have been tasted except as picked from the single parent tree. In the multitude of different modes of grafting and budding, success must depend on the observance of certain funda- mental principles; a brief recapitulation, in part, of some of these laid down in the second chapter may not be out of place. 22 PROPAGATION. 23 During the growing season of a fruit-tree, the sap enters at the fibrous roots, passes up through the alburnum or sap-wood, ascends to the extremities of the branches, and is distributed through the leaves. Emerging thus from the dark and minute vessels of the wood, it is spread out and exposed to the action of the light. It now becomes essentially changed in charac- ter, enters into new combinations, and is charged with the materials for the newly forming wood; it is distributed, not Fic. 18. FIG. 19. FIG. 20. FIG, et. FIG. 22, The Downward Flow of Sap, Causing Swellings, Callus, and Roots. through the sap-wood, but through the inner or living bark, and building up the new plant tissues. This new layer being soft and fresh, interposed between them, causes that separa- tion known as the Zeeling of the bark. The sap is capable of moving sidewise, laterally through the various vessels or microscopic tubes. Hence some trees may be cut at one point more than half through on one side, and at another point more than half through on the other side, without intercepting the upward flow of sap, as in Fig. 18. The lateral motion explains the reason why a graft set in the longitudinal cleft of a stock receives the sap from the split surfaces of the cleft, and succeeds as well as when cross sec- tions of both are brought into contact. 24 PROPAGATION. I. CUTTINGS. When a ligature is bound closely round a branch, the ob- struction which it imposes to the descending juices causes an enlargement or swollen ring above the ligature, as in Fig. 19. The same result is produced if a small ring of bark is cut out, as in Fig. 20. If a shoot is taken from the tree before the leaves expand, and plunged into moist earth till it commences growth, the elaborated materials build up at the lower ex- tremity a ca//us or ring, as in Fig. 21; and under favorable cir- cumstances, roots willform above or near this callus (Fig. 22), and thus a new plant is formed. Every leaf-bud on a fruit-tree may be regarded as an em- bryo branch, and capable of forming a tree when supplied with separate roots. But single buds do not contain within themselves sufficient nutriment to sustain vegetation till roots are formed, without a considerable portion of the sap-wood and cambium layer attached; hence the superior advantage of taking an entire shoot or cutting. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multiplying a variety. It consists in the in- sertion of a shoot ofone year’s growth into the soil; the moisture of the soil renews the sup- ply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices extend themselves in the production of new roots, which shoot downward into the soil, Fig. 23. Under ordinary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is only applicable to such species as readily throw out roots, as the cur- rant, gooseberry, quince, andgrape. Cuttings of the apple and pear can only be made to strike root in the Northern and Middle States by confining the moisture under glass, while artificial heat is applied. {t may be stated, in general, that cuttings made of the rip- ened wood of such trees as have a large pith succeed best when taken off with a portion of the preceding year’s wood, FIG. 23.—Rooted Cutting. PROPAGATION. 25 such as the gooseberry, currant, vine, fig, etc. With large and strong shoots, the best success may result if cuttings are separated at the point between the one and two year’s growth. When small side-shoots are used, they should be cut closely to the main stem, so as to secure the collar or enlarged portion of the wood at the base of the shoot, Fig. 24. Roots are more readily thrown out, if the cut is made immediately below a bud. : The best time to take off cuttings, in ordinary cases, isinautumn and winter. The autumn is pre- ferable, by giving time for the wounded section to callus, preparing it for the early emission of roots pa in spring. But where the soil is heavy or liable = to heave by frost, or where the cuttings are of tender trees, they should be kept in damp earth in a cellar, to be planted as soon as the frost disappears from the ground. If not taken off till spring, the operation must be performed as early as possible. In ordinary instances, to prevent dry- ing, about two-thirds or three-quarters of the shoot should be buried beneath the surface; and the moisture may be still further retained by a covering of manure, leaves, or moss, or by placing them under the shade of a wall or close fence. When long, like the grape, they should be placed sloping, so as not to be buried too deep or beyond the influence of the sun’s warmth. Failure often results from a neglect to press the soil closely about the cutting. To procure young plants of the gooseberry and currant with straight, clean stems at the surface, and free from suckers, it is only necessary to re- move every bud except a few at the upper end, Fig. 25. The length may be from eight inches to a foot. aeons: There are many plants easily propagated by © ting eae cuttings, if the two great requisites of vegetation, rant. namely, moisture and warmth, are increased by artificial means, as in a hotbed under glass; or in a propagating- house, under sash, or bell-glasses, with artificial heat gently applied beneath. 26 PROPAGATION. II. LAYERS. A layer is a low side-shoot bent down and buried at the middle in the soil, Fig. 26. The buried portion strikes root, when it is taken off and planted separately. Its advantages over a cutting is, that it is nourished by the parent plant while the roots are forming. Hence many plants which can- not be increased by cuttings, and indeed with great difficulty by budding and grafting, may be propagated readily by layers. When roots are freely emitted, as from the grape, simply bending the middle of the branch into the soil is enough to . “i See “STS et we FIG. 26.—Layering. FIG. 27.—Slitting layers. insure success. But in cases of difficulty, other expedients are resorted to; one of the most common is to split a portion upward, immediately under a bud (Fig. 27), which enables the newly forming roots to pass freely and at once into the soil without the resistance of the thick bark which they other- wise must pierce. Sometimes the branch is cut partly off to intercept the downward passage of the fluids, and induce the formation of roots. At other times a wire ligature, or the removal of a narrow ring of bark, effects the same pur- pose. Burying the layer several inches under the surface is necessary, to keep it in moist earth; and in drouth, mulching would be beneficial. A small excavation of the soil at the spot is convenient; and when the branch is stiff, it must be fastened down with a forked stick. The excavation should be made with a spade. Use both hands in bending the shoot, so that it may not be bent too short and break. If properly done, it will press against the PROPAGATION. 27 nearest side of the hole, rest on the bottom, and rise up, press- ing against the opposite side, when it should be fastened w- right, and, if necessary, toa smallstake. At the time of bend- ing, a sod or other weight may be laid on to keep it down till the hole is filled; and if the mellow earth be pressed firmly down with the foot, no forked stick will be usually neces- sary. The most favorable state of a plant for layering is when the bark is somewhat soft and not too ripe, and the worst shoots are those which are stunted, and with a hard bark. ‘There are, however, no shoots whatever, not actually diseased, that . will not root by layers, if sufficient time be given. Layers, like cuttings, may be made of the ripened wood in autumn or spring; or of the growing wood at ora little before midsum- mer, when the part intended to root is somewhat mature and firm in texture. The pear, the apple, and the quince, if lay- ered early in the spring, or the grape in summer, will usually be well rooted in autumn. A moist season is the most favorable to the rooting of layers, by preserving a softer bark. For this reason, many plants may be more easily propagated in England than in the United States; and more readily in Ireland than in England. Layering is largely made use of for propagating the grape, occasionally for the quince, and sometimes for the apple. It is also of very extensive application in propagating many or- namental trees and shrubs.. Suckers may be regarded as spontaneous layers, the new shoots being sent up from buds on the roots or portions of the stem beneath the surface of the ground. They are much employed in multiplying most species of the raspberry. The runners of strawberries may be regarded as layers or suckers above ground. Ill. GRAFTING. Upwards of twenty different modifications of grafting were mentioned by the ancient Roman writer, Varro; and Thouin, of Paris, has described and figured more than a hundred kinds. The great number of modes given in books has tended rather to bewilder than to enlighten beginners; the following 28 PROPAGATION. remarks, therefore, are more for the purpose of laying down reasons on which success depends, than for pointing out the peculiar modes of operation, which may be varied according to convenience, provided attention is given to the essential particulars. Propagation by grafting differs mainly and essentially from increasing by cuttings, by inserting the cutting into the grow- ing stock of another tree instead of directly into the soil. The stock thus supplies the sap, as the soil does in the case of a cutting; and the graft, instead of making roots of its own, becomes firmly united with the stock by means of the new- ‘growing wood. Hence there are two chief requisites for suc- ‘cess: the first, that the graft be so set in the stock, that the sap may flow up- ward without in- terruption; and the second, that the forming- wood may ex- tend downward uninterruptedly through the inner bark. To effect these two requisites, it is needful, fst, that the operation be performed with asharp knife or grafting chisel, Fig. 28, that the vessels and pores may be cut smoothly and evenly, and the two parts brought into immedi- ate andevencontact. Secondly, that the opera- tion be so contrived that a permanent and con- siderable pressure be applied to keep all parts of these cut faces closely together. Thirdly, Fic. 28.—Graft. that the line of division between the inner bark ing Chisel. and the wood coincide or exactly correspond in each; for ifthe inner bark of the one sets wholly on the wood of the other, the upward current through the wood and back through the bark is broken, and the graft cannot flourish or grow. And, fourthly, that the wounded parts made by the operation be effectually excluded from the external air, chiefly to retain a due quantity of moisture in the parts, but also to exclude the wet, until, by the growth of the graft, the union is effected. 1. The first requisite is best attained by keeping a keen, PROPAGATION. 29 flat-bladed knife to cut the faces, and another knife for other purposes. Fig. 29. 2. The second requires that the jaws of the stock, in cleft- grafting, press with some force, but not too much, against the: wedge-shaped sides of the graft. A stock one-third of an inch in diameter will sometimes do this sufficiently ; but three quarters of an inch is a more: convenient size. In whip-grafting, the tongue and slit should be firmly crowded or bound together. 3. The third requisite is attained by close examination with the eye. 4. The fourth is accomplished by plasters of grafting-wax, or by the application of grafting-clay. Graft- ing-wax may be purchased of any seedsman, or if preferred for any reason it may be made by melting to-- gether rosin, tallow, and beeswax. mete Geatting > Budding An excellent grafting-wax is made of and Pruning Knives. three parts of rosin, three of beeswax, and two of tallow. A cheaper com- position, but more liable to adhere to the hands, is made of four parts of rosin, two of tallow, and one of beeswax. These ingre- dients, after being melted and mixed together, may be applied in different ways. The wax may be directly applied when just warm enough to run, by means of a brush; or it may be spread thickly with a brush over sheets of muslin, which are afterward, during a cold day, cut up into plasters of conve-. nient size for applying; or, the wax, after becoming cold, may be worked up with wet or oiled hands, drawn into thin strips. or ribbons, and wrapped closely around the inserted graft. In all cases success is more certain, when the wax is pressed so as to fit to every part, and leave no interstices; and it is indispensable that every portion of the wound on the stock and graft be totally excluded from the external air. In cool weather, a lantern, or hot brick, or some other method of obtaining heat will be found necessary to soften the plasters. before applying them. 30 PROPAGATION. CuTTING GRaFTs.—Cut these in autumn if you have a good place to pack them, but if well kept they may be taken at any time between the cessation of growth in late summer or au- SS Se FIG. 31. FIG. 35.—Cleft- grafting. Ss Ss } Fy Dx tumn, and the commencement of vegetation in spring. Those cut in autumn, however, will have more vigor in spring than if exposed to the cold of any severe winter—this is especially the case with plums, pears, and cherries. Pack them in boxes PROPAGATION. 3! of damp (not wet) moss, or in small boxes of damp (not wet) sawdust—large boxes of sawdust will heat. Mark every sort carefully and plainly. Another good way to keep scions through winter is to place them snugly ina box till it is more than half full; next nail in two or three cross-pieces to hold them, and then bury the box inverted with several inches of earth over it, on adry spot or knoll. They will thus be kept from contact with the wet earth, and will receive enough moisture from below to keep them fresh and plump. Cuttings of currants, grapes, quinces, gooseberries, etc., are to be taken off in autumn, and they may be kept till early spring in the same way as grafts, or they may be set out at once, pressing the earth compactly against them and covering well till spring with manure, litter, leaves, or evergreen boughs. The accompanying en- gravings (Figs. 30 to 36), serve to show more distinct- ly than the directions given in the preceding part of this chapter, the details of the operations of budding and grafting. Fig. 30represents the appearance of a shoot of the pear, of one summer’s growth, at the time it is cut from the parent tree to furnish the buds, and will answer as an illustra- tion for the apple, cherry, or other fruit. The portion between the cross- ee 37- we 38. 2 ae e lines furnishes the best developed and ~~ kay acca ripened buds. Fig. 31 is the appearance of the shoot after LS the leaves are cut off. Fig. 32 FIG. 4o.—Grafts Packed for Sending shows the manner in which ates the budding-knife is inserted under the bud for its removal; and Fig. 33 the position in which the shoot is held during the operation. Fig. 36 shows a common method of making the buds by cutting upwards. 32 PROPAGATION. CARE OF GRAFTS.—In cutting, the name may be kept tem- porarily by writing with a common lead-pencil on a shaved portion of the shoot (Fig. 37); but for packing away perma- nently, write the name on both sides of a strip of shingle, say a foot long and half an inch wide (Fig. 38), and tie this up » with the scions, the outside writing readily showing the name, the inner to refer to in case the outside is erased (Fig. 39). Scions not fully hardy, as of most sorts of plums, should be FIG. 41. FIG. 42. FIG. 43. FIG. 44. cut early in winter, or before they have been exposed and in- jured by severe cold. In order to send scions by mail, they are best put up by enclos- ing them in cases of oil-silk (such as is used for hat-lining), by wrapping the oil-silk about the scions and over the ends, and then passing a fine thread repeatedly round from end to end, making the whole air-tight (Fig. 40). The natural moist- ure .is thus preserved, and they cannot shrivel. The names should be written with pencil on the ends, and no paper for this purpose wrapped around them, as it absorbs the moisture. PROPAGATION. 33 Grafts have been shrivelled and spoiled by mistakenly placing dry cotton batting among them before thus encased. To send grafts in larger quantities, or by “express,” pack them in alternating layers of fine, slightly dampmoss. Itisalways important, whether packing grafts for keeping or for distant conveyance, to preserve the natural moisture precisely, and no more. If the packing is too wet, they will become water- soaked and rot. Grafts which have become dry may be restored if the moisture is applied so gradually that its absorption may require several ‘weeks, by burying them as above stated. The following figures represent the two most common modes of grafting fruit-trees: Figs. a1 to 44 representing successive stages of whip or tongue grafting, from the sloping cut of the scion and stock, to the completion of the operation by _ the covering with the wax plaster. Whip-grafting may be employed for largeas well as small stocks. In order that the line of separation be- tween the bark and wood may coin- cide in both, unless the graft be as large as the stock it must be placed at one side (Fig. 45), a, sloped and tongued for the reception of the graft, 6, their union being represented by Fig. 46. To facilitate the wrapping FIG.45. _ FIG. 46. of the wax plasters, one side and the ee aire tea upper point of the stock are pared off with a knife, before the two are joined, as shown by the dotted line. This is a good mode of grafting any stocks not over three-fourths of an inch in diameter, in the nursery row. Fig. 47 shows a stock cut off for cleft-grafting, with the upright cleft separated by the grafting-chisel ready for the graft; Fig. 48, the graft cut wedge-form to fit it; Fig. 49, the graft in its place, and Fig. 50 shows a cross-section illus- 3 34 PROPAGATION. trating the fitting of the pa The exposed parts are then thoroughly waxed. Whip-grafting is Beales applicable to small stocks, or where the graft and stock are nearly of equal size; and cleft- grafting to stocks considerably larger than the graft. In all cases, where the stock is any degree larger, the graft must be placed toward one side, so that the line between the bark FIG. 47. FIG. 50. FiG. 48. Cleft-grafting. and wood may exactly coincide at one point at least in both, as in the cross-section of cleft-grafting, Fig. 50. A useful implement for the rapid and perfect performance of cleft- grafting is the grafting chisel, here shown. In SADDLE-GRAFTING, the stock is sloped off on each side, giving it the form of a wedge, Fig. 51, @,; the graft is splitin the middle, and each side thinned away with the knife, as in Fig. 51, 4, until it will closely fit when placed like a saddle upon it. The most perfect way to fit the graft is to make a long sloping cut from the outer edge or bark, by drawing the blade from heel to point, till it reaches the centre of the graft; and then another simi- FIG. 51. FIG. 52. lar cut completes the acute Sane cert oa, cavity for fitting the wedge of the stock. A sharp, broad, and PROPAGATION. 35 thin blade is needed for this operation, A wax plaster, drawn closely round the place of union, completes the work. When the stock and graft are very nearly of equal size, this is a very perfect mode of grafting, as large corresponding surfaces are made to fit, and the graft receives freely the ascending sap. In all these modes of grafting, whenever a wedge is made to enter a cleft, it should be thickest on the side where the fit is made between the two parts, so as to receive the full pres- sure of the cut faces at that side, as shown in Fig. 50. A modification of saddle-grafting, very successful in its re- sults, is thus performed: Late in spring, after growth has - commenced, the scion, which is much smaller than the stock, is split up, nearer to one side, more than half its length (Fig. 53). The stronger side is then sharpened into a wedge at its point, and introduced between the bark and the wood, a slight longitudinal slit being made through the bark of the stock, that it may open slightly and admit the graft. The thinner division of the graft is fitted to the opposite sloping side of the stock. The whole is then covered with wax. ‘The great length of that portion of the graft in contact with the bark and fresh wood greatly facili- tates their union; while the cut face of the stock is speedily covered with anew growth by that part of the graft which rests upon it. Veneer-grafting is still another method, strongly ad- vocated bysome. Mr. E. 5. Crandall of Michigan thus describes the process. Fig. 54 will explain the veneer- graft: A shows the cuts upon stock and scion; these cuts . are not to extend into the /_ wood, but simply through the back,so that when placed in position the exposed broad surfaces of cambium come together; B shows stock and scion in contact, and bound with raffia or other material; C shows a veneer-grafted apple-tree after one season’s growth. f aii IA FIG. 54.— Veneer-grafting. 36 PROPAGATION. While the cuts are easier to make than those of the whip-graft there is this disadvantage, which to men who graft in quantity is an important consideration—that it requires more care in the tying. The band must be strong and should be firmly adjusted, to insure keeping the scion in place until union is effected. It seems almost unnecessary to remark that in grafting, when cut surfaces of hard wood are placed together, no union takes place between them, and yetI have not unfrequently met practical men, who could graft well, who were not clear on this point, but supposed that union took place over the whole cut surface. It isin the cambium and young sap-wood, and there only, that the power of union and growth lies. Now, in the veneer-graft, the only cut surfaces of wood are the oblique end-cuts, and as stock and scion are placed together, the oblique cut on the scion is covered by the tongue of bark on the stock, so that if the work is well done union takes place all around the cut wood, and it is securely pro- tected from outside influence. The oblique end-cut on the stock being surrounded by growing tissue is usually imbedded in new growth the first season. The union between the side- cuts, which should be of the same width, and from an inch to an inch and a half in length, is complete throughout. This I have proved by making transverse and longitudinal sections of a large number of grafts. In grafting the peach, which, from its large pith and spongy wood, scarcely ever succeeds as commonly performed, it is found advantageous, in selecting the grafts, to leave a part of the wedge portion of the more compact two-years’ wood at the lower extremity. . In grafting the plum and cherry, success is found to be much more certain when the work is performed very early in spring, before the buds commence swelling, or even before the snow has disappeared from the ground. Apples and pears may be grafted later, and if the scions have been kept in good condition in a dormant state, they will mostly grow if inserted even after the trees are in leaf. After a graft is inserted, and as soon as the tree commences growth, the buds on the stock must be rubbed off, in order to throw the rising sap into the scion. If large trees are grafted, the buds need only rubbing: off the branch which holds it. Where it becomes desirable to preserve rare sorts, which PROPAGATION. 37 have been grafted late in spring, a loose wrapper of white paper round the graft will protect it from the drying and scorching rays of the sun; or shrivelling and failure will often be prevented by covering the whole graft with a wax plaster; or by encasing it in moss kept damp by occasional applications of water. Root-GRAFTING. This is done by whip or tongue grafting, ‘already described on a previous page. It is wholly performed FIG. 55. within doors, and consequently the seedlings must be taken up the preceding autumn. Root-grafting is well understood by nurserymen; but there are many who desire information on the subject, and espe- cially on the expeditious performance of this operation. A grafter may work hard a whole day, and by an inconvenient arrangement of tools and materials, insert not a third as many as another, who gives careful attention to all these particulars. The following method is the result of long practice, and by it we have known a skilful workman to insert three thousand grafts, with an assistant to apply the wax plasters, during ten hours in a single day, in the best manner, and three thou- sand five hundred on another occasion, in eieven hours. The tools consist, first, of a sharp, thin-bladed knife, of which the best is made from the blade of an old scythe, ground to its proper form on a grindstone; second, a bench or table placed in front of a light window, and on which the work is done; third, an apron, worn by the grafter, the two 38 PROPAGATION. lower corners being hooked fast to two sharp nails on the near edge of the table, for holding the scions while cutting them; fourth, strips of waxed paper, about an inch wide, made by brushing over sheets of thin, tough paper a melted well-stirred mixture of four parts of rosin, two of tallow, and one of beeswax, and then cut into strips when precisely ata proper degree of coldness to separate well by means of a knife cutting upon a smooth board. A sufficient number of FIG. 59. these for immediate use should be hung near enough to the stove which heats the room, to keep the wax upon them about the consistence of butter on a summer day, so as to fit and ad- here to the grafted root, without melting and running. The first operation is to cut up the grafts from the shoots or scions. It is performed by holding the scion in the left hand, the thicker end pointing toward the right hand, which holds the knife. Such a shoot is represented of diminished size by Fig. 55, the points, a, a, a, the places where it is cut into grafts, and the dotted lines show how the cuts are made. Fig. 56 shows a portion of the shoot the natural size; 1, the first cut nearly directly across; 2, the second or sloping PROPAGATION. 39 cut, and 3, the slit for the tongue; and the whole finished and separate in Fig. 57. Three strokes of the knife are thus required to cut and prepare each graft, and a rapid and skil- ful operator has done one hundred and twelve in the manner described, in five minutes. Each shoot is thus cut up while yet held in the left hand, and the grafts, as fast as they are severed, drop into the cavity of the apron already described. The counting is done during the process of cutting, and at no other time. The second operation is setting these grafts into the roots. Each root is held in the left hand precisely as the scion has _been (Fig. 58); the three cuts are given it (shown by the FIG. 62.— Piece Roots. dotted lines in Fig. 59), to prepare it for the graft (as repre- sented in Fig. 60). The grafts having been placed directly - under the operator’s fingers, and in the right position, each one is successively taken and firmly fitted to the prepared root, as shown in Fig. 61, and as soon as this is done, another cut of the knife, three inches lower down the root, severs it, and the root-graft is finished, and drops off obliquely on the table. Another sloping cut on the same root, anda slit for the tongue, are quickly made, and another graft picked up and inserted, the root being held all the while in the left hand, until worked up. The great point is to perform much with little handling. A single root will sometimes make but one graft, which is then called whole-root graft; but more 40 PROPAGATION. commonly two or three, and sometimes more, which are called piece-root grafts. Each portion of root should be about three inches long, and the graft about five inches. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of whole- root and piece-root grafting have been subject for controversy ever since Thomas A. Knight introduced the latter in 1811. It is apparent that the economy of piece root-grafting, in that one root is made to serve as the foundation for several trees, must commend it upon commercial grounds—but it has advo- cates who also strictly maintain that it produces as many and as good roots as the whole-root process. The weight of evi- dence, however, appears against it—and there are few, prob- FIG. 63.—Whole Roots (Budded). ably, who at the same price would not prefer to try stock which had been grafted or budded upon whole roots. Figs. 62 and 63 by Mr. L. H. Bailey show the characteristic appearance of both processes. Root-grafting may be performed at any time during winter, and those who have much of it to do often continue the pro- cess the winter through. The roots when taken up in autumn should be well washed, the tops cut off, and the roots packed ‘in boxes with alternate layers of damp moss. Thrifty one- year roots. are better and more easily worked than two-year ‘roots. Side roots, or branches, should never be used. ‘The ‘scions may be kept in the same way. This is better than packing them in sand, which imparts a grit to them and dulls PROPAGATION. 4I the knife. Different modes are adopted for packing away the grafts. The best is to place them fiat in boxes, in alternate layers with sand, like miniature cord-wood, keeping the outer or graft-ends very even, and carrying up each layer separately and one at a time, so that one may be taken up for setting out, without interfering with the next succeeding pile. The sand should be slightly moist but not wet. The varieties ‘should be distinctly marked on strips of board separating each kind, where there is more than one in a box; and in ad- dition to this, a card should be nailed on the outside, naming the kinds, at the point of separation between them. A record should also be made as they are deposited, of the sorts, their - order, and the number of each. Boxes two feet long, a foot wide, and six inches deep, are a convenient size, and will hold from one to two thousand each. If furnished with bow han- dles, they are easily carried at once to the field for setting out. Boxes holding twenty thousand or more keep the grafts equally well, but require additional labor in unpacking when set. They should be set out in spring as soon as the soil is suffi- ciently dry, and there is no further danger of its freezing se- verely. Special pains should be taken to pack the earth well about them, as they are dibbled in. The tips of the grafts should project about half an inch above the surface. The proper depth of setting is controlled somewhat by circum- stances; if deep, the soil may be too cold to start them well; if not deep enough, the drought of summer may destroy them. An active hand will set two or three thousand in a day, and in rare instances five thousand. IV. BUDDING. Budding consists in introducing the bud of one tree, witha portion of bark and a little adhering wood, beneath the bark of another, and upon the face of the newly forming wood. It must be performed while the stock is ina state of vigorous growth. An incision is made lengthwise through the bark of the stock, and.a small cut at right angles at the top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T, Fig. 64. A bud is then taken from a shoot of the present year’s growth, by shaving off the bark an inch or aninch andahalf in length, witha 42 PROPAGATION. small part of the wood directly beneath the bud, Fig. 65. It is not a common practice in this country to take the thin shield of wood out of the butt, but it is sometimes done ad- FIG. 64. FIG. 6s. FIG. 66. FIG. 68. Successive Stages of Budding. vantageously when this portion of wood is too old or hard to fix the stock readily. The edges of the bark, at the incision in the stock, are then raised a little, Fig. 66, and the bud held FIG. 67,—One Manner of Holding Bud. as shown in Fig. 67, pushed down- ward under the bark, Fig. 68 and Fig. 70. A bandage of raffia bass, or other substance, is wrapped round, covering all parts but the bud. The pressure should be just sufficient to keep the inserted por- tion closely to the stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark, Fig. 69 and Fig. 71. The shoots containing the buds should be cut when so mature as to be rather firm and hard in texture; they are usually in the best condi- tion after the terminal bud has formed. To prevent withering, the leaves must be immediately cut off, as they withdraw and exhale rapidly the moisture from the shoot; about one-quarter of an inch of the footstalks of the leaves should remain, to serve as handles PROPAGATION. 43 to the buds while inserting them, Fig. 72. After being thus divested of leaves, they may be safely kept a week in a cool, damp place, or sent hundreds of miles in damp moss, or en- FIG. 7o.—Bud being Inserted. cased separately in thin oil-cloth. When, by growth of the stock, the bandage cuts into it, usually in ten days or more, it must be removed. The budremains dor- mant till the following spring, when the stock is cut off two inches or more above it, before the swelling of the bud. If cut closer, the end of the stock be- comes too dry, and the bud often perishes. All other buds must be then removed, and all the vigor of the stock or branch thrown into the remaining bud, which immediately commences Fic. 72.—Stick a rapid growth. Jeng es h 4 with Buds. Young Shoot. ' To secure a straight and erect See Fig. 134. -44 PROPAGATION. -tree, the new shoot, when a few inches long, is sometimes -tied to the remaining stump of the stock, Fig. 73. By another -month, no further support will be needed, and the stump may be wholly cut away, and the wound allowed to heal by the rapid formation of new wood. Buds inserted by midsummer may be made to grow the same season by heading down the stock when adhesion has taken place; but although often attempted, no advantage has resulted from this practice, as the growth is comparatively feeble, and in consequence of its badly matured wood often perishes the following winter. Even where it escapes it does not exceed in size at the close of the second season the straight and vigorous shoots of the spring. TERMINAL BUDDING.-—It sometimes happens, where buds are -scarce, that the terminal bud on the shoot may be used to ad- vantage. In this case, the wood is cut slop- ing downward, and the insertion is made as usual, Fig. 74, except that it becomes nec- essary to apply the whole of the ligature below the bud. The buds on small side- shoots which are not more than an inch or two long, may be successfully used in this way, as the terminal eyes are stronger than any oftheothers. This practice may some- times be adopted with advantage with the peach, where scions of feeble growth only can be obtained, as terminal buds usually Fic. 74—Terminal B 5 Eradisinee, escape the severity of winter when most of the others are destroyed. SPRING BUDDING is successfully practised as soon as trees -are in leaf, the buds having been kept dormant in an ice-house -or cool cellar. As soon as they have adhered, the stock is headed down, and a good growth is made the same season. The peach, the nectarine, the apricot, and the mulberry, all difficult to propagate by grafting, may in this way be easily increased by budding. Fora description what is called “ June budding” see chapter xxviii. on the peach. If the buds are kept -in a cellar, it will be found important to preserve with them as uniform a degree of moisture as possible, and in as small .a degree as will keep them from wilting. PROPAGATION. 45: ANNULAR BUDDING is applicable to trees of hard wood, or thick or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring of bark is removed from the stock; and another corresponding. ting, containing the bud, slit open on one side, is made to fit the denuded space (Fig. 75). The essential requisites for success in bud- ding are, frst, a thrifty, rapidly growing stock, so that the bark will peel very freely. Second- ly, a proper time; not so early that there will be too little cambium or mucilaginous cement ‘between the bark and the wood, for the adhe- ™™® Loong sion ofthe bud; nor so late that the bark will not peel, nor the subsequent growth sufficiently cement the bud to the stock. Z/irdly, buds sufficiently mature. Fourthly,. a keen, flat knife, for shaving off the bud, that it may lie close in contact upon the wood of the stock. /7/thly, the ap- plication of a ligature with moderate pressure, causing the bud to fit the stock closely. When stocks are in the best condition, it is unnecessary to raise the bark any further than to admit the lower point of the bud, which as it is pushed downward, performs this op- eration in the most perfect manner. When the bark does not peel freely enough for this purpose, success becomes uncertain. Budding is performed in summer, grafting in spring, and both have their advantages. Budding is a simpler operation,. and more successfully performed by a novice. It is the best means to multiply the peach and nectarine, grafting rarely proving successful at the North. It is more rapidly per- formed, and at a season not crowded with the labors of trans- planting. It admits a repetition the same summer, in cases. of failure, the stocks remaining uninjured. But in all cases. thrifty stocks are needed, while grafting will succeed on those older and less vigorous. Grafting requires less care subse- quently, as no ligatures need removing, nor stocks heading down, and may be conveniently employed as a remedy for failures in the previous summer’s budding. | LIMITS OF BUDDING AND GRAFTING. In former ages of the world, it was erroneously supposed that grafting could be performed between every species of 46 PROPAGATION. tree and shrub. “Some apples,” says Pliny, “are so red that they resemble blood, which is caused by their being at first grafted upon a mulberry stock.” Roses, it was said, became black when grafted on black currants, and oranges crimson if worked on the pomegranate. But the operation is never suc- — cessful unless the graft and stock are nearly allied, and the greater the affinity the more certain the success. “ Varieties of the same species unite most freely, then species of the same genus, then genera of the same natural order; beyond which the power does not extend. For instance, pears work freely upon pears, very well on quinces, tess successfully on apples or thorns, and not at all upon plums or cherries; while the lilac will take on the ash, and the olive on the Phillyrea, because they are plants of the same natural order.” There are, however, some exceptions to this rule. Thus, the cultivated cherry, and most species of wild cherry, though of the same genus, will not agree. ‘The pear succeeds better on the quince than on the apple, although the apple and pear are within the same genus, and the pear and quince are by most regarded as of distinct genera; the superior firm- . ness of the wood of the quince, a quality so important to successful grafting, more than compensates the difference in affinity. ; Lindley mentions also some exceptions which are apparent only. In one case, the fig was supposed to grow on the olive. But the graft, being below the surface of the soil, rooted independently of the fig-stock. “I have seen,’ says Pliny, “near Thulia, in the country of the Tiburtines, a tree grafted and laden with all manner of fruits, one bough bearing nuts, another berries; here hung grapes, there figs: in one part you might see pears, in another pomegranates; and to conclude, there is no kind of apple or other fruit but there was to be found; but this tree did not live long.” This is explained by the process now sometimes performed in Italy, for growing jasmines and other flexible plants on an orange-stock, by the ingenious trick of boring out the orange stem, through which the stems of the other plants are made to pass, and which soon grows so as to fill it closely, and to appear as if growing together. Such a crowded mass of stems must, of course, soon perish. PROPAGATION. AT SAVING MICE-GNAWED TREES.—A MODIFICATION OF GRAFTING. Young orchards which are kept perfectly clean by cultiva- tion, are seldom injured by mice under snow. ‘There are some instances, however, where mice will attack those which ' stand near the boundary fences or in proximity to grass; and sometimes a hard crust of ice or snow may be formed on the surface, over which mice will travel beneath a second fall of snow, in committing their depredations. Many young orch- _ ards are more or less encumbered with grass and weeds, and the trees are often found girdled in spring. A preventive that tarely fails, that of embanking small mounds of smooth earth Bridge-grafting over a Wound. round the trees in autumn, is not often adopted, and hence we have frequent inquiries, “ What shall we do to save our mice- gnawed trees?” Fig. 76 represents the stem of a young tree entirely girdled near the surface of the ground. The tree will, of course, per- ish unless a connection is made between the two portions of bark. An easy way to repair this damage is represented in Fig. 77. It consists merely in fitting into openings, made with a half-inch chisel, short pieces of round wood sharpened at both ends to fit the chisel-cuts. These cuts are made by placing the chisel, when making the lower cuts, nearly upright or slightly inclining outward from the tree, and then placing the point upward in a corresponding direction when making 48 PROPAGATION. the upper cuts. The sharpened pieces or shoots are then bent outward in the middle until the points will enter the open- ings, when they are firmly crowded in with the hand until brought nearly straight, as shown inthe figure. Fig. 78 ex- hibits a section of the tree and the exact position of these pieces when inserted. Where a large number of trees are in- jured, four or five pieces to each tree are enough. They will rapidly enlarge as the tree grows, and in a few years become confluent. If a few choice trees have been girdled, a larger number may be inserted, so that they may be nearly in con- tact—thus securing a complete cure in a year ortwo. The work may be covered with grafting wax or with a small mound of earth—perhaps the operation would be successful without any covering. It is notnecessary that it be performed very early in spring—it will even answer after the buds have begun to swell. CRAP IRE Nea SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. THE soil for fruit-trees, as well as for farm crops, should be of good quality. Whatever will produce a vigorous growth of corn and potatoes will in general be the best for fruit- trees. Sterile soil is unfavorable for both; but doubly so for the latter; for while it only lessens in guantity the growth of farm crops, it lessens the quantity and greatly injures the guality of fruit. Good soils vary in many particulars; but as a general rule, one which is dry, firm, mellow, and fertile, is well suited to this purpose. It should be deep, to allow the extension of the roots; dry, or else well drained, to prevent injury from stag- nant water below the surface; firm, and not peaty or spongy, to preclude injury or destruction from frost. Few soils exist in this country which would not be much benefited, for all decidedly hardy fruits, as the apple and pear, by enriching. Shallow soils should be loosened deeply by heavy furrows; or if the whole surface cannot be thus treated, a strip of ground eight feet wide, where the row of trees is to stand, should be rendered in this way deep and fertile for their growth. Manure, if applied, should be thoroughly in- termixed with the soil by repeated harrowings. An admir- able method of deepening soils for the free admission of the fine fibrous roots is, first, to loosen it as deeply as practicable with the subsoil-plough; and then to trench-plough this deeply loosened bed for the intermixture of manure. The previous subsoiling admits the trench-plough to a greater depth than could be attained without its aid. The only trees which will not bear high fertility are those brought originally from warmer countries, and liable to suffer from the frost of winter, as the peach, nectarine, and apricot; for they are 4 49 50 SOLL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. stimulated to grow too late in the season, and frost strikes them when the wood is immature. It however happens, in the ordinary practice of the country, that where one peach or apricot tree is injured by too rich a cultivation, more than a hundred suffer by diminished growth from neglect. Clayey and light soils in some cases require opposite man- agement. The former, for instance, is much benefited by the admixture of chip-dirt, which renders it looser, lighter, and more retentive of moisture. But on light soils the effect is not so beneficial, and is sometimes positively injurious. Peaty and spongy soils are particularly unfitted for tender fruits. They are very likely to suffer from summer droughts. If the season is propitious, the plants are likely to make a long, soft growth and to be injured by the succeeding winter. It is a cardinal principle that all tender fruits should go into the winter with well-hardened wood. MANURES. Nothing for general use is equal to stable manure, and in ordinary cases it will be found to give the most uniform and satisfactory results—more especially if it is made the basis of FIG. 79.—Draining Orchards. a compost with peat, muck, or turf from old pastures, with 4 tenth or a fifteenth of leached ashes, and half that of bone- dust. If these are thoroughly mixed with the soil down toa depth of a foot or more, by subsoiling, trench-ploughking, and cross-ploughing, in connection with repeated harrowings, fine trees and excellent fruit may be confidently expected even on SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 51 soils of naturally moderate fertility. Many parts of the Western States possess a soil quite rich enough, provided good cultivation is given. SUPEPEN “A AMnve THE question is often asked, “What shall I plant in order to obtain a full supply of fresh fruit for a family the year round?’ It is difficult to give a precise list, as in some sea- sons the crop may be many times greater than in others; and again, some will bear abundantly and others fail in the same season. The following, however, will serve as an approxi- mation: The earliest fruits, about the first of summer, will be straw- berries. A selection of the most productive sorts, well culti- vated, with the runners kept cut off, will afford several quarts a day from each square rod for a month. Three or four square rods will, therefore, give an abundant supply for a family. Four or five hundred plants wiil be sufficient for this extent of ground. These will be followed by the earliest cherries, and by currants, raspberries, and gooseberries. Fifty bushes of each of the two best sorts of currants, one hundred each of two varieties of raspberries, and twenty-five bushes of Industry or other good gooseberry, will, if well cul- tivated, furnish an abundant supply. There are some other goosebetries now as good or better. One dozen cherry-trees will be enough. One hundred bushes of the blackberry will supply several quarts a day for some weeks toward the close of summer. Apricots, early apples, and early pears, and a few of the earliest plums, will commence the season of abundance which, with the later varieties of these fruits, will last till near winter. Winter apples and pears, and all the good-keep- ing varieties of the grape, will continue the supply until spring. Long-keeping apples, such as the Northern Spy, Roxbury Russet, and other sorts, if placed in a good, cool fruit-room or cellar, will continue often until the commence- ment of the new,supply of strawberries. To obtain this supply there may be five or six apricot-trees, ten or twenty of plums, ten or fifteen of summer and autumn 140 PONG Mia INO) S(OLPAPIE NA AL ATG, NZ I4t pears, and as many more of winter varieties, the same num- ber of summer and autumn apples, and from twenty-five to fifty trees of winter apples. Forty or fifty peach-trees and the same number of well-managed grape-vines will contribute materially to the variety and excellence of the supply. One hundred grape-vines in a well-cultivated vineyard will be suffi- cient to furnish all the fresh grapes wanted by a large family through the autumn and early winter months. The extent of ground required will be about ten or twelve square rods for the different summer fruits, and an acre anda half or two acres more for all the others except the winter apples. PLAN OF A FRUIT GARDEN. The accompanying plan (Fig. 202) of an acre fruit garden shows the number and disposition of the trees of each kind. It is represented as a sguare, but may be varied in form to an oblong shape, planting about the same number of trees in fewer or more rows, asthe case may be. Itisso arranged that although the trees are of different sizes and at different dis- tances, the rows run both ways, and admit readily of horse- cultivation. The plums are placed in a row at one side, in order that pigs and poultry may be confined exclusively among them during the season of the curculio, which proves one of the most efficient means for its destruction; and in connection with knocking on sheets, will afford good crops under any cir- cumstances, if fully and efficiently applied. A movable or hurdle-fence, separating the plums from the rest of the trees, renders the remedy many times more efficient than if these animals were allowed the whole range of the fruit garden. In some places, where the curculio is particularly destructive, cherries and early apples are also attacked; in which case, as these fruits are next to the plum row, all may be included in the pig-yard, if desired. Autumn and winter apples are not required in an enclos- ure of this kind, and the early sorts are placed here only to protect them from being stolen, besides the reason last named. Pears may be planted with standards and dwarf together in the same row, the dwarfs bearing and flourishing while the others are coming forward; or they may be placed in separate 142 PUM IES, INO) SOULAIL NE Al SPALL WV rows. ‘The peaches, if in rows twenty feet eae and twelve and a half feet in the row, will have quite enough room at any age, provided the long limbs are ¢hinned-in from the outside every two or three years. With this care, apples may be planted much nearer than usual. None of the trees stand on exact squares; the importance of preserving straight rows for cultivation being greater than the form of the space oc- cupied by each tree. When rows are wide apart, less room is needed between the trees in the rows. a Bi paneled aia Ds Ges Me oa 2. a id CS Cherries. > me gy G @ & & BG we Lon ny ce m7 “ey WS Pa : al a fan eas fae f fons as} Early apples. Ce ee | Bie aaGaraae ee | Sarvs, Be wR it 2G fm @ wm & B ai ia fee | BARR EMRE AD BARS @ | Si fit fea Oh GA GR TR RR GR He Ge HR AH || Peaches. sx | ie Rh MAAR Ae ee ARK CEDRNGAEDPPSABRSABOHFULUYBP PAU EL Raspberries. A@2SAROBHDEDAMASRABABESHYSUWRAs EC FPeraAg Gooseberries. SIS TEI eS CS ' Currants. : Tee <2 Grapes. FIG. 202. Pee of Fruit Garden. By the arrangement we have here planned, the following trees may be planted on an acre, namely: I5 plum-trees, . 1 row, occupying 20 ft.—13 ft. in the row. 16 cherry-trees, . Dees a Hoy AG ; Siearhy apples eet a 1 PAG oe PASS cae . 16 standard pears, fe a) ae “ 29 dwarf do. t 3 Salts ss = 48 peach-trees, Bunt ‘ Conan Bon 45 raspberry, Vivi e Aas Aves: . 45 gooseberry, Tiles v7 AS A lneae “ 45 currant, kas Ao Awe i. LOmMative Srapesu sane y, T2j0) SSO Ounis i In all 132 trees, besides, the raspberries, currants, goose- berries, and grapes. IVE (OM IMS, THO) S(QUPIBIL Vl, SEV ES 143 As every cultivator would make a different selection, and different sections of the country will make this necessary, see page 142 for directions upon this point. It is hardly necessary to occupy space here on this subject, except to re- mark that varieties r7fening in succession should be sought, when a family supply is the object. It may occur to some as an objection, that too much space is given to cherry-trees. There will be, however, a decided advantage from the abundance of light and air for the trees, in diminishing the tendency to rvof in the fruit, one of the most serious drawbacks in cherry culture. More room is given to dwarf pears than usual, on account of their proximity to the standards. All kinds of trees may be made to conform in some degree to the room allotted to them, by thinning in the exterior oc- casionally. It may be stated that each side of a square acre is about 209 feet, and that the preceding measurements of distances will all come out in accordance with the plan. There are many who would like a larger fruit garden. The following numbers and distances are accordingly given, the mode of arrangement being the same as in the preceding plan—each side of the two-acre lot being 295 feet. 40 plums, nectarines, | and apricots, 2 rows, occupying 40 ft.—15 ft. in row. 4o cherries, . Disverg S GOK Winns i 1o early apples Tay Z ZO. 1) Ou 5 40 standard pears, Bom = AON an The - 80 dwarf dowry. Dee is 20 Oe Te - 80 peaches, u Hig : SO. TS aba io I1 raspberries, 50 currants, Bnet e 12, ANN a 25 goosebetries, LOVMALIVErSTApeS, =. oT ie ‘ 10: 7. 420mm ne Strawberry-bed, 13 feet wide, 295 feet long. The grapes are near the wall or fence, and, having the strawberry-bed and small bushes in front, are not shaded. A fruit garden in this size furnishes 290 trees, ten grape- 44 FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. vines on a trellis, and 216 raspberry, currant, and gooseberry bushes, with ample space for a strawberry-bed, a portion of which should be prepared each year for planting anew, say four feet wide, which will leave eight feet for bearing-beds, and give new plantations every third year. How TO OBTAIN FRUIT QUICKLY ON NEW PLACES. This is an inquiry that often cecurs in the minds of many owners of new places, or who have built new houses on un- improved spots. We can inform such residents that much may be done toward an immediate supply with proper selec- tion and management, and that the assertion which they often hear, that “it will take a lifetime to get fruit” from a new plantation, is an absurd error. The quickest return is from planting Strawberries. Tf set out early in spring, they will bear a moderate crop the same season. We haverepeatedly obtained afew ripe berries seven weeks from the day they were set out. The second year, if the bed is kept clean, the product will’ be abundant. Good varieties will safely yield any year a bushel from a square rod, or about two quarts a day for half a month. Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, and Blackberries all bear at about the same period from the time of setting out. Good-sized gooseberry plants, say a foot and a half high, will give a good crop for bushes of their size the second year. We have had a bushel of Cherry currants the third summer after setting out quite small plants, from a row thirty feet long. A bush of Brinckle’s Orange raspberry has been known repeatedly to bear about a hundred berries the same year that it was transplanted—the fruit, however, was not full size. Dwarf Pears of the right sorts, and under right manage- ment, come quickly into bearing. The most prolific sorts give some returns the second year, and more afterward. ‘Among the dwarf pears which bear soon are Louise Bonne of Jersey, Doyenne d’Eté, White Doyenne, Giffard, Angou- léme, Clairgeau, Josephine de Malines, etc. The following sorts bear nearly as early on pear stock, viz.; Bartlett, Seckel, Winter Nelis, Washington, Onondaga, Howell, Passe Colmer, Julienne. TLGOLLE S| LOS OPPIEVAA HA MIL Va 145 Grapes afford fruit soon—usually beginning to bear the second and third year. ‘The Concord, the Niagara, and Dela- ware are particularly recommended. Dwarf Apples should not be entirely overlooked in the list of early bearers. Half a peck per tree is often obtained the third year from the most productive sorts. Standard apples vary greatly in the matter of the age at which the trees bear fruit, some producing a few at as early as four or five years, while others rarely do so until ten or twelve years old. For a record of a number of sorts see page 295. A good supply of all the preceding will be sufficient to furnish a family with these wholesome luxuries from within a el m '> 1 \> 0 i= Im ia FIG. 203.—The Circle of Fruits. year or two of occupying entirely new premises; and will not only add greatly to the comforts and attractions of home, but contribute materially to the uniform health of the occupants. The accompanying Circle of Fruits, Fig. 203, shows at once to the eye what kinds make up the yearly supply through the several months, varying of course with a difference in lati- 10 146 FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. tude, and, through winter and spring, with the skill employed in preserving from decay. . As some varieties of all kinds of fruit do better in one sec- tion of the country than in others, it is important that intend- | ing growers should select the proper sorts for their locality. This book aims to describe all of the fruits grown in the United States, of any value, and while in very many cases the places where they are sure to do well is given, it is manifestly im- possible to treat this matter satisfactorily. In all cases, therefore, it is advised that parties apply to the Agricultural Experiment Station of their State, for information and advice. Such applications are always courteously received and promptly answered. A full list of these stations will be found in chapter xv. Successful fruit-growers and reliable nurserymen, living in the given region, should also be con- sulted. After one has received and pondered all advice, his individual tastes must make the final decision as to varieties. CHAPTERG2XI- MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. Ir is impossible in a work like this to give full directions for the raising and management of young trees in the nur- sery. Every one who buys trees should know when they have been properly cultivated; and assome planters prefer to raise their own trees, a few leading directions will be laid down for the guidance and assistance of such as wish to become more fully acquainted with nursery management. Soils.—The first great requisite is the selection of a suit~ able soil. More depends upon such selection than at first glance would seem possible. At least ten thousand good trees may be raised on an acre—worth, at twenty cents each, two thousand dollars. If the soil is perfect in every respect, and the other requisites of good stocks, transplanting, and cultiva- tion, are attended to, there will be no difficulty in raising this number. But if the soil be wet or sterile, or otherwise un- suited to the purpose, none of the trees can be good; one-half or nine-tenths may be stunted, crooked, and unsalable; the rest will perhaps not sell at half-price. While, therefore, a poor soil should not be accepted on any terms, it would be better to pay a hundred dollars yearly rent, if necessary, to secure one in perfect condition. A light or sandy soil will raise peach and cherry trees and often apples, and it may be worked with great ease andin all kinds of weather; but for standard pears and plums a stronger or more clayey soil is absolutely essential, and if properly underdrained, is often as good for all other trees. Every complete nursery, therefore, should either consist wholly, or in part, of a strong loam or loamy clay, which in general will require previous thorough tile draining. The necessary fertility given to such a soil will be retained several times longer than by light gravel or sand. Nothing is commonly better than old pasture for the com- 147 148 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. mencement of a nursery. It should be ploughed twice or more until made perfectly mellow, which should be done the previous autumn if for planting in the spring. Or if turned over in the spring with the largest double plough to a depth of a foot or more, by means of three yoke of oxen, it will gen- erally be found in a fine condition. If the soil is not rich enough without manuring, it is better to apply the manure a year or two beforehand to other crops, or else to apply old rotted or composted manure. An appli- cation of wood-ashes at the rate of forty or fifty bushels per acre, if fresh, or a hundred or two, if leached, is often useful and sometimes eminently so. These ashes are well applied if mixed with the compost at the rate of one-tenth or one-twen- tieth of its bulk. Laying Out.—Nurseries should be laid out so as to admit of horse cultivation. For this purpose strips of land twelve feet wide should be left on opposite sides of the nursery, at the ends of the rows, for the horse to turn about upon. Cross alleys should be left at convenient distances for carting out the trees and for the registry of the different kinds in the rows. The length of the rows between these alleys will de- pend somewhat upon the size of the nursery, varying from one hundred to three hundred feet. Shelter.—In selecting a site for a nursery, the sweep of prevailing winds should be avoided; as in very windy places the young shoots from buds and grafts are apt to be blown or broken off, and the young trees bent or inclined. If neces- sary, belts or screens of evergreens may afford shelter from strong winds, not being placed, however, near enough to shade the trees, nor to injure their growth by the extension of their roots. On the other hand, low and sheltered valleys, being more liable to sharp night-frosts, are objectionable for the site of a nursery. Fences and other barriers which cause large snow-drifts and a consequent breaking down of the young trees, should be avoided as much as practicable. Seeds and Stocks.—The successful growth of the young nursery-trees depends essentially on good, vigorous, and healthy stocks. Seeds from healthy and vigorous trees, should, therefore, be always selected. It is common, in rais- MANAGEMENT. OF NURSERIES. 149 ing apple-seedlings, to procure pomace from cider-mills; wash out the seeds and plant promiscuously. If the strongest seedlings only, thus obtained, are selected for setting out good trees would be the result; but it would be better to obtain apples for this purpose from trees of known hardiness and fine growth. The same remarks will apply to the selection of pear-seed and cherry, plum, and peach stones. Different modes are adopted for obtaining apple-seeds easily from the pomace. The following is similar to that used by most nursery- men. Make a box five feet wide, eight or nine Bete te home, mand: ten inches deep (Fig. 204) ; leave the lower end, /, one inch lower than the sides, for the water to flow over. Place this box in the bed of a brook or stream, on cross-bars or scantling, with a dam above to collect the water into a trough carrying the water into the box, and project- ing six inches over it. This trough would be made of boards twelve inches wide nailed together, and the stream should be large enough to nearly fill it when flowing genily. To prevent the water from dashing into the box too furiously, two boards are first nailed together as shown at J, one board being eighteen inches by two feet, and the other eighteen inches by one foot. The longer board is placed on the top of the spout, and the shorter at right angles across the lower end of the spout. Thisserves to throw the water perpendicularly downward into the box, and at the same time to spread it out into a thin sheet. By moving this board up or down the spout, the quantity of water pouring into the box may be easily controlled. One man stands on the board ¢, which extends across the box; and the other carries and deposits the pomace (well pounded to pieces) into the box at d, one or two bushels at a time. The man on the box then stirs the pomace rapidly with a four-tined fork, and throws out the straws. The pomace floats over the lower end (which is an inch lower than the sides), and the seeds fall to the bottom. A few back-strokes FIG, 204.Apple-seed Washer. 150 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. from the lower end of the box assist in the separation of the remaining pomace. In washing a “cheese” that contains a bushel of seed, it is usual to wash it two or three times, by using a scoop-shovel. Afterward, the last cleaning process is — given to it by placing the whole in a box, and then scratching a four-tined fork through it afew times. A little experience will enable any one to judge accurately of the proper quantity of water to turn on, so as to make rapid work and not carry the seed over the box. The pomace, fresh from the cheese, should be drawn and placed on a board platform beside the box, and then plenty of water thrown upon it, until it is thoroughly soaked. This will render it easily beaten to pieces witha hoe. The pomace should never remain in the cheese over twenty-four hours, as it soon ferments and the seed is spoiled. The best stocks for raising standard cherries suited to the eastern portions.of the Middle States are procured from the Black Mazzard, which is the original type of the heart varie- ties. The fruit is to be collected when fully ripe by shaking or beating off on sheets placed below—the pulp washed off and the stones mixed with alternating layers of sand, and kept exposed to freezing and thawing until early the foliow- ing spring. They are then to be planted out in nursery beds or thick rows. The spring following they may be trans- planted to the permanent rows of the nursery. If the stones, after being washed from the pulp, are to be carried to a dis- tance, they should be dried in the shade for a few days to prevent moulding. But the drying process should not be continued, as a few weeks’ exposure to air will lessen or de- stroy their power of vegetating. Plum and peach stones may be similarly treated; but peach-stones do not as soon become injured by exposure to air as those of the smaller fruits. Plum and cherry stones keep well through winter, after being mixed with sand, by placing them in shallow pits only a few inches deep, and covering them with flat stones. They start very early in spring, and should be planted the moment the frost is out of the ground. For dwarf cherries the seeds of the Mahaleb are used, and are treated precisely as those of the Black Mazzard already described. In the Western States the Mahaleb succeeds bet- MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 151i ter as a stock than the Mazzard; and the Morello stock, which is still hardier, answers the purpose well where the others fail, although the heart varieties, when buddedinto it, do not take readily unless these stocks are in the most thrifty con- dition. Dwarf apple-trees are obtained by budding the common varieties on the Paradise or Doucin stock. The small Para- dise apple, which grows but little larger than a currant-bush, reduces the size of the apple-tree worked upon it so as not to grow more than six or eight feet high, and to bear in two or three years. The Doucin stock is larger, and forms an apple- tree intermediate between the dwarf and the common stand- ard. Both of these stocks are raised by layers or stools, and are commonly imported from Europe by nurserymen. The French quince, which is employed as a stock for work- ing such varieties of the pear as succeed well upon it to form dwarfs, is obtained by stools, layers, and cuttings. When cuttings are wanted they should be made in autumn, about ten inches or a foot long, and either planted out the same autumn or very early the following spring. They should be set in a compact soil, the earth closely pressed about them— the tips projecting an inch or two above the surface. They often fail in some kinds of soils. If set out either in autumn or spring they should be covered with an inch or two of fine fresh manure. This protects them from the cold through winter, and preserves the moisture of the ground in hot weather. Many of them will take root and grow, and should be taken up in the following autumn, and heeled in and covered, ready for setting out in the nursery rows in spring. Planting Seeds.—Seeds are usually planted in thick seed- beds for the first year—especially those of the apple, pear, plum, and cherry. The ground should be rich, mellow, and in perfect condition. Asa general rule, the depth should be from three to five times the length of the seed—heavy soils requiring less depth than light ones. If there is much clay the surface should receive a sprinkling about half an inch thick of fine manure to prevent the formation of acrust. The seedlings should not be so thick as to retard each other’s growth. The ground should be kept constantly mellowed 152 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. throughout the summer to promote as free a growth as possible. ' The seedlings should be taken up in autumn, and either heeled in or packed in boxes with fine compact moss. Be- fore setting out they should be carefully assorted, so that a uniform size may be in each row and no irregularities or gaps occur. Before setting out, the tap-roots should be shortened and the tops reduced. All imperfect or doubt- ful plants should be rejected, in order to save the useless labor of transplanting those which will not grow or take the bud. Seedlings which have a single slender root, as the apple, may be transplanted expeditiously with a dibble, which may be easily made of an old spade-handle shod with sharp iron as in the annexed cut (Fig. 205). Other forms of this handy tool may be purchased as Fig. 206. Or, they may be set in a furrow. The soil being previously deep and mellow, this instrument is thrust down by the side of the stretched line, finishing the whole bya fewslight lateral motions of the hand, then thrusting in the ees seedling held in the left hand and pressing the earth very com- pactly about it with the same tool. Great care is to be taken that the hole be entirely and closely filled, and that no cavities are left among the roots below. If the weather be dry, it will be well to immerse the roots previously in mud; and in any case but few plants should be left exposed to the air at a time. If the seedlings be valuable, as those of the pear, or have broad branching roots like the French quince, they should be set out with a spade—a trench being previously cut by the line for this purpose, or a straight furrow made by a skilful ploughman before the line is stretched. One man holds each successive seedling with the hand, placing it close to the line, while the other covers the roots with a spade, moving back- ward in the row. Seedlings may be set out in the nursery row in autumn if FIG. 206.—Dibble. MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 153 perfectly hardy and the soil is not subject to heaving by frost; but, as a general rule, it is safer to do all the transplanting in spring. Pear stocks should be set out very early in the spring, to prevent check in their growth, and to admit of budding the same season. The age for setting out seedlings must depend on circum- stances. Yearlings, if strong and vigorous, are always the best, and it is extremely desirable that they grow with suffi- cient vigor to be budded the same season. If the budding has to be deferred, a whole year of time, cultivation, and care is lost—more than enough to overbalance the additional cost of the best stocks. Cultivation.—The soil in the nursery should be kept per- fectly clear of weeds and ina state of constant cultivation— especially during the early growth of the seedlings and young trees.. Hand-hoeing is expensive, and is only needed for the extirpation of weeds, and occasionally, when performed with a pronged hoe, for loosening the clayey soil between the trees. The horse should be kept constantly going, either with the plough or cultivator. Careful hands should be employed for this purpose, who can run closely te the rows without injuring the trees. Short whiffletrees should be used with the strap- traces passing the ends as figured in a previous chapter. If the plough is used it should run shallow when near the rows. It is a useful implement for turning the soil away from trees before hoeing out weeds; and it may be also used for throw- ing a slight covering of mellow soil against them to cover up weeds as they are just appearing at the surface. Ludding and Grafting.—Root-grafting is extensively prac- tised in the West for the apple. The mode of its performance is described in Chapter III. In setting out the root-grafts great care should be taken to pack the earth closely around them. Leaving cavities below, which is not unfrequently done by careless workmen, is sure to result in their failure. Root-grafting the pear only succeeds when strong seedlings, with well-branched roots, are taken, and the whole plant is used, inserting the graft at the collar and wrapping with muslin plasters. In the East, apples are budded. Nearly all other stocks are budded. The time for budding varies much with the kind of tree, and with its condition. To 154 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. prove successful, it must be done when the bark of the stock lifts freely from the wood, and also when the inserted buds have been sufficiently matured. The cherry, in general, re- quires budding on the Mazzard stock, about midsummer; but sometimes the growth of the stock continues so late that it may be done near the close. The Mahaleb continues to grow later, and the budding may be correspondingly deferred. On the common stock the plum requires early budding; the wild or Canada plum, used for dwarfing, continues to grow much later. The operation may be performed on the apple at any time between the maturity of the inserted buds and the de- crease in the growth of the stocks. The same remark will apply to the pear on pear stocks; as the latter is frequently struck with leaf-blight, which at once checks growth, it is safest to bud the standard pear only. The peach and the quince are worked from the middle to the close of summer and the beginning of autumn. As the removal of leaves froma tree in full growth always checks it, the stocks should have the side-shoots cut away to facilitate the operation of budding when necessary, some weeks before it is done, that they may recover entirely from its effects and be in a vigorous condition for the lifting of the bark. If this has not been seasonably attended to, it may be performed without detriment the same day the buds are inserted, cutting away as little as may be convenient. It is hardly necessary to remind the operator of the impor- tance of securing good, well-ripened, strong buds; of keeping the shoots well shaded and fresh during the day; and of care- fully registering every variety, both by tally stakes at the ends of the rows and in a book kept for the purpose. The best and handsomest trees are made when the buds are inserted within two or three inches of the ground. Dwarf pears should be budded at the surface. Crooked growers are sometimes worked on straight stocks three or four feet high. Where buds fail they should be rebudded if the. stocks will admit; but if not, they may be worked the following year, although this rarely pays. In heading-down budded stocks in spring it is important that it be done quite early or before the buds swell, especially for the pear, plum, and cherry, which are severely checked in MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 155 growth by the loss of growing buds or foliage. For the same reason all other sprouts, except from the inserted bud, should be kept constantly and closely rubbed off. About midsummer or a little later the projecting stubs (already mentioned in Chapter III.) should be carefully pared down to the growing shoot. The sooner this work is done the better, that the cut surface may heal over, provided the shoot has become strong enough to prevent the danger of breaking out. © Digging or Lifting the Trees.--When nursery-trees have grown sufficiently for removal and transplanting, they may be taken up any time between the cessation of growth in autumn and its recommencement in spring, when the air is not freez- ing and the ground is open. If a whole row is to be lifted at a time, the labor may be be lessened by first ploughing a fur- row away from the row on each side. Then two spades made of steel and strong enough to bear the full weight of a laborer are placed on opposite sides of the tree at a distance of a foot or more fromit. The blades, which are at least fifteen inches ‘long, are thrust downward to their full length into the soil under the tree. A lifting motion raises it with the principal roots entire. Spades for this purpose, costing several dollars each, are manufactured only by the best edge-tool makers in the country. Before or at the time of removal the trees should be marked with wooden labels furnished with copper wire to fasten them to the limb. They are made of pine or other suitable wood, about half an inch wide, three inches long, and one-twentieth of an inch thick. A very thin coat- ing of white-lead paint applied just before writing the name with a common black-lead pencil renders the letters perma- nent; but they will last a year or two if the letters are written on a moistened surface. If written dry they wash out in a few weeks. Packing for Transportation.—Millions of fruit trees are every year purchased by the farmers of our country. A large ma- jority of these are conveyed long distances from the nursery by railway. Much of their safety from injury on the road, and their consequent sticcess when set out, depends on the manner of packing. Trees may be packed so as to open from the bundle or box, after being tumbled over iron rails a thou- 156 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. sand miles or more, as fresh, plump, healthy, and uninjured, as the moment they were lifted from the mellow soil; and they ave sometimes packed so as to become bruised, barked, and hopelessly shrivelled before they have travelled a tenth part of that distance. Whether encased in bundles or boxes, it is absolutely es- sential that trees be protected from bruising, and that the roots be kept constantly moist from the moment they are dug up till they reach their destination. The first-named object is accomplished by sprinkling straw through every portion of the mass of trees; and the latter by first dipping the roots in an artificial bed of thin mud, and then imbedding them in damp moss. Themud or the moss alone may answer for very short distances (the moss should, however, never be omitted) ; but as there are frequently unexpected detentions, the best nurserymen always pack about as well for a journey of fifty miles as for two thousand. The additional labor is but small —the benefit may be great. Packing in boxes, which is always best for long distances, does not require so much practice, although as much care, as in bundles. If the trees are all well encased in straw, or prop- erly protected by it on every side and through every part; the roots shieded from the dry air as already stated; and suffi- cient pressure given to them to prevent chafing and rattling, they cannot become easily injured. The boxes need the additional strength of iron hoops at the ends and, if eight or ten feet long or more, at intervals between. To pack a bundle or bale, first provide two simple blocks of wood, like that shown in Fig. 207, into which two diverging stakes are inserted, loosely, so as to be withdrawn easily. Place these a few feet apart, to form the trough for building the bundle. Lay the trees in this trough, perfectly parallel, and with the roots together, sprinkling straw among the stems and branches, and damp moss among the roots as the bundle progresses, until enough are ready. Fifty me- dium-sized trees will makea fair-sized bundle. Then tie it up with twisted-straw or willow bands, as tightly as one man can conveniently draw. This may be facilitated by using first a broad leather strap to draw the bundle together. The strap FIG. 207. MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 157 may be two inches wide, eight feet long, with a buckle. The bundle is then ready for receiving the straw. Next, place upon and across the little truck or wagon repre- sented in Fig. 208, four strings or cords, then a layer of rye- straw, to form the outside coating. As the bundle is longer than the straw, the latter must be spliced, which is effected by first placing a layer toward the place for the roots of the trees, and then another layer overlapping this, toward the FIG. 208. tops. Place within the side-boards other portions of straw, and finally cover the top, observing now to lay the straw first on the tops, and lastly on the roots. Then tie together the ends of each of the four strings, which will hold the straw in place. Raise the bundle a few inches by placing beneath it short pieces of scantling, to admit the passing the cord under Then apply the rope connected with the windlass, as shown in Fig. 208, by simply passing it once around the trees. A few turns of the crank will draw the bundle with great force compactly together —at which place pass a strong cord (one-fourth or one-third of an inch in diameter) and secure it by tying. Slacken the rope; move truck a foot, tighten the rope again, and add another cord. In this way proceed from bottom to top, till the straw is so firmly secured by the cords, that no handling, how- ever rough, can displace it. By tying each coil, the rest will hold the straw if one happens to beconie worn off or cut. Add moss to the exterior of the FIG. 209. roots, encase the moss in damp straw, and sew on a piece of strong sacking or gunny-cloth, and the bundle is completed, as shown in Fig. 209. The former practice among nurserymen was to draw the 158 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. bundle together by stout pulling by hand; but the mode here shown, by the use of a windlass, is not only many times more expeditious but much better—as it was formerly almost impossible to bind on the straw in so firm and secure a man- ner as to withstand all the thumps and rough-and-tumble handling of modern railway hands without displacement. The following dimensions may be useful to those who wish to construct this packing machinery; windlass three feet high to top; posts fifteen inches apart inside; cylinder four inches in diameter; rope about eighteen feet long. The truck is about two feet wide between the wheels, eight feet long; the axles six feet apart; wheels seven inches in diameter. When trees are always boxed, they may be secured advan- tageously in small bundles by this mode for placing in the boxes. Convenient dimensions for boxes, where large quantities are to be packed, are two anda half feet square and nine feet long. ‘They should be made of light and strong boards, and if sound half an inch in thickness will answer. Four series of battens will be necessary for the length—two at the ends, and the others at intervals of three feet between. Good bat- tens are made of elm or other wood of equal hardness and toughness, which may be sawed for this purpose into strips two and a half inches wide and an inch and a fourth in thick- ness. When the boards are well nailed to these battens, the whole forms a stout box. When closely and solidly packed the lid is nailed on, and iron hoops are nailed on the outside against every batten, and extending around the box. The direction is then written distinctly with a mixture of lamp- black and turpentine, or of lamp-black and rock-oil. The following materials should be procured beforehand for pack- ing: Boxes, with iron straps or hoops for the corners; moss, for the roots; straw, for the tops; labels, for designating the sorts; flag, oziers, or rye-straw, for tying bunches; large labels of cloth, parchment, or wood, for designating bunches; lamp-black and turpentine or rock-oil, and brush for marking boxes. If the trees are to be packed in bales or bundles, pro- vide long straight rye or other straw, baling-cord, gunny- cloth or Russian mats, sewing-twine, large packing-needles, directing-labels, white-lead paint, and soft pencil. MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 159 After the crop of nursery-trees is removed from the ground another one should not be planted in the same place until the soil has fully recovered from the exhaustion of the first. An intermediate crop of clover turned under for manure is found useful. There should be an interval of at least two or three years before occupying the ground again with nursery; al- though a less time is often given in connection with heavy manuring, The reasons for the failure of trees to grow well on “treed” land has been the subject of much discussion. By many it has been supposed that the first crop of nursery trees exhausts the land of some element which trees need. This notion is mostly givenup. It is no doubt true that the trees use first that part of the plant-food which is most readily available, but the amount of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid which they consume is small as compared with that required by wheat. Probably the largest factor in the matter is the loss of humus in the soil consequent upon three to five years of clean tillage without the addition of manure or the turning under of green material. It has been found that a thorough dressing of manure will sometimes make it possible to follow trees with trees at a profit. CHAPTER XII. DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. INSECTS are among the most formidable enemies to success- ful fruit-culture. The losses occasioned by the plum curculio alone amount to more than a million of dollars annually. Orchardists are sometimes deterred, by the attacks of this in- sect, from attempts to raise the apricot, nectarine, peach, and plum; and the market supply of apples and pears is often much disfigured by it. The apple-worm, or codling-moth, is even a more formidable insect pest. New York fruit-growers alone yearly furnish $2,500,000 worth of apples and $500,000 worth of pears to feed this insect; and other similar apple-growing States report nearly as large an annual loss from its ravages. The depredations of many other insect pests, like the apple- tree and the peach-tree borers, the canker-worms, the tent- caterpillars, the apple maggot, and the pear psylla, each causes annual losses amounting to several hundred thousand dollars. As a general rule those remedial measures are of little value, which attempt merely to repel insects without destroy- ing them. Experiments show that rarely is an insect repelled from attacking any part of a plant by the application of odor- ous substances, like carbolic acid, tar, etc. Flow insects eat.—Another very important fact which fruit- growers must understand is that all insects do not eat in the same manner. Many, like the currant worms or the plum curculio, have two pairs of horny jaws, which they work from side to side and bite off or chew and swallow solid particles of their food; while several of our worst fruit-pests, like the scale-insects or pear psylla, have mouth-parts built on an en- tirely different plan. Their jaws are modified into long, fine 160 DE SILT CAMA AEN SE, CLuS.. 161 bristles which are worked along a groove ina supporting beak or elongated lower lip. These insects place the point of this beak on the surface of the plant, force the bristles into the tissue, and then, by the help of a muscular box in the throat, they draw or suck up along the beak the liquid juices from the interior of the plant. One can readily see how the biting or chewing insects are killed by putting a poisonous powder or spray on the surface of the plant attacked; particles of the poison wouid be taken into the body with the solid food in eating. But a sucking in- sect can eat only liquid food, which it gets from the interior of the plant; hence it could not eat a poison put upon the surface. And as it is not possible to poison the internal tis- sties or juices, one is forced to use something besides poisons to kill sucking insects. They can be killed by suffocating them with a gas, like hydrocyanic acid gas, or with a powder, like pyrethrum, which stops up their breathing-holes, or with some liquid, like kerosene or a soap solution, which kills by soaking into their body or in the same way as the powders. Many pounds of Paris green have been wasted in trying to feed it to sucking insects. Fruit-growers can readily determine if an insect is chewing or sucking its food. If of the former class, then aim a poison spray at the part of the plant where it is feeding; but if it is a sucking insect, then aim an oil or soap spray at the insect itself. There are a hundred or more different kinds of injurious insects, and equally as many diseases, which sometimes seri- ously interfere with the growing of a profitable crop of fruit. Most of the serious or standard insect pests and the more common diseases which are met with by the fruit-grower will be found treated of in this chapter; the others which occur less frequently, or become serious in their effects in restricted localities, it has not been considered necessary to treat of here. In all such cases advice should immediately be sought from the State Agricultural Experiment Station. (For list see chap- ter Xvi.) : In previous editions of this work no logical plan was fol- lowed in discussing the destructive insects. We have thought _ it advisable to change this and first discuss the apple pests, II : 162 DESTRUCTIVE INSE GAS: beginning with those affecting the roots. then the trunk and bark depredators, following with those feeding on the buds and leaves, and finally discussing those which infest the fruit. The insects which affect the pear, plum, peach, cherry, quince, FIG. 212, whe FIG. 210. FIG. 211. The Woolly Aphis. FIG. 210.—Root illustrating deformation by the aphis. FIG. 211.—Portion of root with aphids on it. FIG. 212.—The Root Louse, female. Figs. 210 and 211 natural size; Fig. 22 much enlarged. (U.S. Div. of Entomology.) grape-vine, currant and gooseberry, raspberry and blackberry, and strawberry will be discussed in the order in which they are named, and in each case the method outlined for the apple insects will be followed. The Woolly Aphis (Schizo- neura lanigera).—This red- dish - brown plant - louse, covered with a flocculent waxy secretion (Figs. 211 and 212) works both on the roots, where it forms knotty enlargements (Fig. 210), and on the branches, where it causes roughened scars. It attacks the apple only, and some varieties, the Northern Spy, for in- stance, are quite immune from it. Nursery stock and young trees are often seriously damaged, while in most parts of the coun- try well-established bear- ing trees are rarely notice- ably injured. It has quite a complicated life-history. Most of the lice are wingless, but in the fall many winged forms appear, and these are one of the means by which the insect is spread. It is also widely distributed on nursery stock. The aérial or branch form of the insect does little injury, DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 163 and is easily killed with kerosene emulsion, a strong soap so- lution, ora tobacco decoction applied ina forceful spray. The root form is much more difficult to reach. Badly infested nursery stock should be destroyed. The roots of slightly affected stock should be dipped for a few seconds in water kept at a temperature of 130 to 150 F., or in a warm, strong soap solution, before it is planted. Recent experiments show that finely-ground tobacco dust is very effective if placed in a small furrow along either side of nursery rows or distributed at the rate of from two to five pounds per tree for a distance of two feet from the crown, after first removing from four to six inches of soil. The tobacco dust is cheap, and has consid- erable fertilizing value. The Round-Headed Apple-Tree Borer (Saperda candida). —This insect enters the tree and burrows into the solid wood near the surface of the earth. Itisa dangerous enemy; for while only a few small holes are visible in the bark outside, it may have perforated the wood internally in all directions. Not only the apple- tree, but the quince, mountain-ash, and haw- thorn suffer greatly from the attacks of this in- sect. The parent insect is a beautiful, brown-and- FIGS. 213 and ar4. FIG. 215. FIG. 216. white striped beetle The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. . S FIGS. 213 and 214.—The grub. FIG. 215.—The 2 re 2) (Fig. 255) about three beetle. FIG. 216.—The pupa. Allnatural size. fourths of an inch long, (U.S. Div. of Entomology.) which flies at night. It deposits its eggs in June and later in slits cut in the bark, usually near the surface of the ground. The egg-stage is said to last about twenty days. The first indication of the work of the larva is the appearance of a small round hole, made visible by the ejected dust. The young larve tunnel under the bark and feed upon the sapwood, gradually working their way upward and afterward downward. During the second season the larve attain about 164 DE SALLGCLL VLE MN STEACTAS: half their growth, still living on the sap-wood. They cease feeding during the winter and remain in their burrows beneath the surface of the soil. By the end of the second year they have penetrated deeper into the solid heart-wood, and their burrows are closely packed behind them with their castings. After another winter's rest they continue their work in the solid wood, and toward the end of the season gnaw outward to the bark. With the aid of its castings a cell is then formed in which the full-grown larva (Figs. 213 and 214) remains until spring, when it transforms toa pupa (Fig. 216). The pupal stage is said to last about twenty days, and in May or June the pretty beetles emerge through a smooth, round hole cut with their powerful jaws. This borer is a very difficult insect to control. It is nearly impossible to save a young tree. When small, the larva may be cut out with the point of a knife. If deeper in the wood, it may be extracted or punched to death in its hole with a flexible wire. It will avail nothing to inject any substance into the large round holes made by the beetles in emerging from the tree. But it is reported that if kerosene be applied wherever the castings of the larva are seen sticking through the bark, the oil will permeate the burrow and kill the larva. Some have successfully destroyed similar borers in their burrow by injecting carbon bisulphide from an oil-can into the openings from which castings are protruding and then plug- ging the hole with putty or hard soap; the deadly fumes of this liquid penetrate all through the burrow and quickly kill the borers. It is a difficult matter to prevent this borer from getting intoatree. Several thicknesses of newspaper or tarred paper carefully wrapped about the base of the tree and tied often forms quite an effective barrier. The many different washes recommended afford but little protection in our ex- perience. Examine the trees twice each year, in May and September, and dig out or destroy all larvee which can be lo- cated. Clean culture will help in the warfare against borers. The Flat-headed Apple-tree Lorer (Chrysobothris femo- rata).—This is usually a much less dangerous, though more abundant, insect than the preceding species. The pretty beetles (Fig. 218) are day-fliers. They attack by preference DESTR OCDE UINSEC LS: 165 sickly trees; they inhabit both the trunk and limbs of a tree, and, besides apple, pear, peach, and apricot trees, they also attack a variety of forest trees. They are chiefly injurious to young trees. The eggs are laid in crevices of the bark, and the larve (Fig. 217) get their growth in one year, living mostly just beneath the bark. The pupal stage (Fig. 220), lasting about three weeks, is passed in a cell made in the solid wood. The beetles emerge in May and June through ellip- tical-shaped holes. Trees badly infested with this borer should be burned at once. The remedial measures ad- pic. ory. FIG. 218. FIG. 219. FIG. 220, vised for the round- The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. headed borer may also Fic. 217.—Larva or grub. FIG. 218.—Beetle. be applied against the Epa ne (U.S. flat-headed species. SCALE-INSECTS are minute sucking insects, which now rank among the most destructive fruit pests in many parts of the country. We can here discuss only a few of the more com- mon ones. The Oyster-shell Bark-louse (Mytilaspis pomorum).—This scale (Fig. 222) is very common on apple-trees all over the country; it also attacks many forest trees, and it is found all over the world. It is shaped somewhat like an oyster-shell, and is nearly the color of the apple bark. In northern latitudes there is but a single annual generation of the insect; in the South there are two. It usually confines its attacks to the bark of younger branches, but sometimes occurs on the fruit in the North. If the scale be tipped over during the winter, it will present the appearance seen at @ in Fig. 221; that is, the shrivelled body of the female is tucked away at one end, and from 30 to 90 white eggs occupy the rest of the scale. The winter is passed in the egg, and the young lice usually hatch in the 166 DIE SRC, TLV AED SLINGS ECGS = latter part of May. They travel about over the bark for a few hours, and when a suitable place is found to insert their beak, they begin feeding, and never move from the spot during the test of their life. They soon begin to secrete the scaly cover- ing, which gradually increases in size with the growth of the tender body of the insect underneath. When fully grown early in the fall, the female deposits her quota of eggs under the scale and dies. The male insect is provided with wings, and F is developed under a much smaller scale (Pig. 222,"2). The old scales may remain on the bark for a year or more, and oftentimes the living scales may be so numerous as nearly to cover the bark, as shown in ¢ in Fig. 223. Young trees are often much weakened from its attacks, but it rarely kills apple-trees. One should scrape off all of the scales practi- Fic. 221. FIGS. 222 and 223, Cable when the tree is The Oyster-shell Bark-louse. dormant, thus removing Fic. 221._Female scale from below, showing the Egss, which are dit- eggs. FIG. 222.—The same from above, ficult to reach and kill greatly enlarged; @, male scale, enlarged. with any wash Then FIG. 223.—Female scales. (U.S. Div. of En- tomology.) wait until about May I5th, or as soon as the young lice can be seen crawling on the bark, and drench the bark with kerosene emulsion, or a whale-cil soap solution of one pound in five gallons of water, or use a kerosene-water pump with ten per cent. of kerosene. A second application may be necessary a week or ten days later. The Scurfy Bark-louse (Chionaspis fur furus) is another scale very commonly met with in orchards, especially on apple and pear-trees. As shown in Fig. 224, it is shaped somewhat like the oyster-shell bark-louse, and has a similar life-history, but DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 167 its scaly covering is nearly white in color. It is two-brooded even in New York, and from ten to seventy-five purple eggs winter under each female scale. This scurfy scale is best controlled by the same methods as the preceding species. San José Scale (Aspi- diotus perniciosus), Fig. 229.—This insect first appeared in California many years ago. About 1887 it was in- troduced into the Eastern United States on nursery stock; and it has since attained international import- ance, and has been widely distributed throughout this coun- try. It is recognized re aS a most everywhe FIG. 224.—c, Female; d, male. FIG, 225._Female destructive and dan- gcales. Fic. 226.—Male scales, Figs. 225, 226, gerous fruit pest. It natural size; Fig. 224 enlarged. (U.S. Div. spreads all over the Pel ae ayers tree and fruit, at times literally covering it—in such cases often killing it, if undisturbed, in afew years. It thrives on all kinds of fruit-trees, and on the small fruits as well as on most other deciduous trees or shrubs; peaches usually suc- cumb to its attacks more quickly than any other fruit-trees. It can spread only by direct contact of the living female with a live tree, either from the interlocking of the branches of an infested tree with others, or by being carried from one to another by birds or insects. Infested | nursery stock is the most fertile source of .FiG. 227.—San José distribution. While it is often found on the Seale. (Greatly fruit, there is yet no definite evidence that magnified.) 6 7 A such fruit was the source of any infestation. The reason this scale is somuch more dangerous than either of the two bark-lice just discussed is because of its greater FIG. 224. FIG. 225. FIG. 226, The Scurfy Bark-louse. 168 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS, power of multiplication. The insect winters in the form of small round black scales scarcely larger than a pin's head. These become full grown in May or June, when they are of a grayish color and nearly an eighth of an inch in diameter. There is no egg stage, the young lice being born alive, and they may become mothers in about forty days. Thus there are from three to five generations of the scales during a season, and as one mother may rear from one hundred to five hundred FIG. 228. FiG. 229 FIG. 228.—San José Scale:-—Female insect which lives under the scale, greatly enlarged. (Adapted from Howard’s figures.) FIG. 229.—San José Scale, natural size. ‘ young, it is easy to understand how a few scales may soon cover a tree with their progeny. If one of the scales be tipped over at any time, there will be found the soft, yellow body of the insect itself, as shown in Fig. 228. Much legislation has been enacted to prevent the spread of or to exterminate this pernicious pest, and much good has re- sulted from the systems of inspection of nurseries and or- chards, but eventually every fruit-grower will have to work out his own salvation. Fruit-growers should understand that the insect can never be exterminated in any seriously infested orchard or locality without destroying the trees, but it can be, and some are controlling it as effectually as they are some other fruit pests. It can best be treated when the trees are dormant, but much DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 169 can be done also by spraying the trees several times during the growing season with a kerosene-water pump, using about 20 per cent. of kerosene, or with whale-oil soap, about one pound in four or five gallons of water. For a winter wash a solution of good whale-oil soap, two pounds in one gallon of water, has been found very effectual. Pure kerosene is also effective, but often injures the tree. Crude petroleum applied asa winter wash, in a 25 to 4o-per-cent. mixture, with a kerosene- water pump, is also proving a valuable addition to the insecticidal batter- ies that may be directed against this pest. Very effective work has also been done in the East with the California wash of lime, sulphur, and salt. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gasis the most perfect method of controlling the San José scale, but it requires expensive appa- ratus for orchard work. Nursery : stock, however, can be cheaply Fic. 230.—The Peach Lecanium fumigated, and when properly eee Hauibals size "andy en: done, it will prove a great safe- guard to the fruit-grower against, not only this scale, but many other injurious insects often sent out by nurserymen. Lecanium Scales.—These are large, soft-shelled, brown scales about the size and shape of a half pea. There are many species, some of which, like the Black Scale of California, are very destructive. A few years ago one of these Lecaniums appeared in overwhelming numbers in several plum orchards in western New York, and many bearing trees were killed. Climatic conditions and its insect enemies, however, soon turned the tide, and the pest may remain in its former obscur- ity for many years. Such scales can often be successfully controlled by spray- ing the trees when dormant with kerosene emulsion, one part to four of water; doubtless a kerosene-water pump, using 20 or 30 per cent. of kerosene, or whale-oil soap, one pound in two to four gallons of water, would prove equally effectual. 170 DESTRUCTIVE ANSE CIES: The Apple Aphis (Aphis mali) is the little green plant-louse which often appears in large numbers on the opening buds of apple in early spring. These hatch from shining black eggs laid on the bark in the fall. Usually but little damage is done by the lice on bearing trees, but in nurseries it often proves a serious pest by badly curling the leaves and checking the growth of the stock. Winged forms may leave the apple-tree and start a series of summer generations on June grass. They may be destroyed by a solution of whale-oil soap, or even by common soap-suds. It may be applied with a spray pump; or young trees in the nursery and their branches may be bent over and im- mersed in the liquid contained in a large pail. It should be repeated as often as they reap- pear. The Bud Moth (Tmetocera —— FIG. 231 —The Bud Moth, twice FIG. 232.—Work of a bud moth cater- natural size. pillar in an opening leaf bud, nat- ural size. ocellana).—This insect does much damage in many sections of the country. A little brown caterpillar comes from a silken home, in which it hibernated, and proceeds to eat into the opening buds. It soon ruins the opening flowers and ties them and the leaves together into a nest, as shown in Fig. 232. The brown caterpillars get full grown in June, when they measure about half an inch in length, and then soon undergo their transformations to the adult insect, the moth, shown in Fig. 231. The moths soon lay their eggs on the leaves and the young caterpillars mine in the leaves until time to go into winter quarters in their silken homes on the branches near the buds. It requires intelligent and persistent work with a Paris DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. fae green or other poisonous spray in the spring to control this serious pest; it is usually necessary to make two thorough ap- plications before the blossoms open. Canker-worms are among the most destructive of apple pests. They are measuring-worms from an inch to an inch and a half FIG. 233.—Spring Canker-worm.—Larva; female; male. in length, and finally develop into small moths, the females of which (Fig. 233) have no wings. There are several differ- ent kinds of canker-worms, and they often work together in the same orchard. They consume the foliage, except the larger leaf veins, and give the trees a scorched appearance from a distance, so that the insects are known as “ fire-worms” in some localities. We have seen thousands of acres of apple FIG. 234.—Fall Canker-worm.—Female; male; larva. orchards in Western New York defoliated by these pests in a single season. They spread rather slowly from orchard to orchard. In some localities the kind known as the fall canker-worm (Anisopteryx pometaria) (Fig. 234) is the most numerous, while in other sections the spring canker-worm (/Paleacrita vernata) (Fig. 233) far outnumbers any others. At least two other kinds may also occur in injurious numbers; they are the lime- tree winter-moth Aybernia tiliaria, and Bruce’s canker-worm Rachela bruceata. 172 VOR SIMA CIONIE, JEMSVIO 10S. The moths of the fall canker-worm and of the two last- named species emerge in the fall, while the spring canker- worm moths appear in March and April. In each case the wingless females have to crawl up the tree, where they lay their eggs on the bark. The eggs of each species hatch about the same time in the spring, as the leaves begin to unfold, and the caterpillars feed ravenously for about amonth. They then disappear into the ground a short distance, where they transform to pupe, finally to emerge as moths in the fall or spring. Canker-worms are not difficult pests to control when one understands their habits, so that the warfare can be waged at the proper time. The caterpillars can be killed after they have begun work in the spring by thorough, honest efforts with a spray of Paris green or some similar poison at the rate of one pound in one hundred gallons of water or Bordeaux mixture. It will require several applications where the pests are very numerous, and it is all-important to apply the poison before the caterpillars get two-thirds grown; it always takes much less poison to kill a small caterpillar than one nearly full-grown. Orchards which are well cultivated from year to year are rarely seriously infested with canker-worms. Doubtless many of the pupz in the soil are destroyed by the cultivation. As the female cannot fly, various expedients for preventing it from ascending the tree from the ground in the fall or early spring have been devised. Bands of sheath- ing-paper six or eight inches wide are often tacked around the trunks of the trees, and then smeared with tar, or any | : other sticky substance which will not lose its viscidity. Before putting on the bands smooth off the bark, so that there shall |) be no crevices under the paper through a which the tiny moths may crawl. Another simple patented device, shown in Fig. 235, has been extensively and suc- " cessfully used in Western New York. FIG. 235.-Common- This Common-Sense Wire Trap, when sense Wire Trap for : A Content orm: = properly put on and cared for while the IDES TUR OC TIN TE: SIMS ROLOS, 7/33 moths are ascending the trees, forms a simple, cheap, and very effective barrier. We have seen such a trap filled with the moths crowding and pushing each other until many of them were killed; in a badly infested orchard we have seen at least a thousand moths trying to as- cend a single tree in one evening. Tent-caterpillars are serious enemies to ap- ple-trees and some for- est trees in most parts of the country. They have their seasons of increase and decrease. FIG. 236.—Apple-tree Tent-caterpillars on FIG. 237. _Egg-mass of Tent- their Tent, natural size. caterpillar. Some years they nearly strip whole orchards; and again they diminish in numbers in successive years, till few can be found. The species which usually does the most damage to fruit- trees is shown in Fig. 236, and it is known as the American or Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar (Clisiocampa americana). In the spring, as scon as the leaf-buds of the apple begin to open, the little hairy caterpillars hatch from their varnished egg-ring (Fig. 237), where they have spent the preceding eight or nine months. They feed for five or six weeks and attain the size 174 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. shown in Fig. 236. Those we have watched fed mostly at night, early morning, or at midday. They are social cater- pillars, and each family or colony lives together in a silken tent or nest, which they begin in a near-by crotch soon after they hatch, and gradually enlarge as they need larger quar- ters. These tents or “signboards” are conspicuous objects in an FIG. 238.--Female Moth of Apple-tree FIG. 239.—A Forest Tent-cater- Tent-caterpillar on Cocoon, natu- pillar, natural size. tal size. orchard. The tent serves as a home from which the cater- pillars issue at feeding times and forage over the tree, spin- ning a silken thread wherever they go. When they get their growth early in June, they find some secluded cranny in a near-by fence or elsewhere and spin about themselves a coarse, white, silken cocoon intermixed with a yellow powder (Fig. 238). In this cocoon they change to pupe, and finally trans- form to reddish-brown moths (Fig. 238) in about three weeks. The moths emerge and lay their peculiar rings of eggs (Fig. 237) around the smaller branches early in July; each egg- mass contains about two hundred eggs, which are covered by DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 175 a vesicular, water-proof varnish. There is thus but one brood of the caterpillars each year, and by far the largest portion of the insect’s life is spent in the egg, usually from July until the following April. Maple shade trees and sugar-bushes, as well as some other forest trees, sometimes suffer severely from hordes of large hairy caterpillars, which are closely allied to the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, and have been called the Forest Tent-cater- pillar (Clisioscampa disstria). One of them is shown in Fig. 239. Sometimes this insect invades orchards and proves a more serious enemy than its near relative. Its life-history is practically the same as that of the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, but the two species are easily distinguished in the egg, cater- pillar, and moth stages. The egg-rings of the forest species are shorter and blunter at the ends; the caterpillars have a row of whitish spots down the middle of the back instead of a continuous white stripe; the moths have an oblique band of a deeper tint across each front wing, while those of the apple-tree tent-caterpillar are crossed by a similar band bordered with narrow white stripes. The popular name of forest tent-caterpillar is misleading, as the caterpillars do not make a tent, but simply spin a thin silken mat or carpet on the bark where the whole cet rests when not feeding. Several parasitic and predaceous insects prey upon this forest species and usually keep it in subjection. In sugar- bushes and other forest lands man must depend largely upon these enemies to control the pest. The best and cheapest method of combating both the apple- tree and the forest species of these tent-caterpillars is to cut off the small branches which bear theeggs, during autumn or winter, and burn them ; do not leave them on the ground, for they will often hatch as readily there as on the tree. A most convenient implement for this work is a tree-pruner (see page 102). The eggs are seen at a glance aftera little practice. Every ring of eggs thus removed, whichis done in a few seconds, totally prevents a nest or colony of caterpillars in the spring, and is far more expeditious and effectual than the usual modes of burning the nests, or brush- ing off the caterpillars with poles ata laterperiod. Enlist the 176 LD STRAT CLL VLE, LIN SE CLS. children in this work by prizes, or by paying a certain amount for the collection of unhatched egg-rings at any time between August 1st and the following April; this is especially appli- cable in villages where shade trees are infested. Where orchards are thoroughly sprayed with poisons for other pests, the tent-caterpillars are usually destroyed at the same time. The caterpillars of the forest species quickly drop from the tree when it is suddenly jarred, thus offering a very prac- ticable method of collecting and killing them in orchards, and especially on village shade trees. When the apple-tree tent- _caterpillars and their nests or “signboards” are small, a whole family can be quickly wiped out and destroyed with an old mitten or rag in one’s hand. These nests should be looked upon as signboards of shiftlessness, for not many injurious insects can be so easily controlled. Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar (Datana ministra).—The larva of this moth, which usually appears in July or August, when full grown, is from an inch and a half to two inches long. A family of them is so voracious that if undisturbed they will soon defoliate a small tree. Though they spin no web, they have a peculiar habit of collecting together in masses in the noticeable position shown in Fig. 240. At such times they may easily be destroyed by burning, or by brush- ing them off on to the ground and killing them. The perfect insect is shown in Fig. 241. The Apple Maggot (Trypeta pomonella) Fig. 242, lives in the pulp of the apple and tunnels it in winding channels, ruin- DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 15 /9/ ning it except for feeding to stock. It is a footless maggot, one-fifth of an inch long, and changes to a pretty two-winged fly. It prefers the thin-skinned summer and fall apples to the winter varieties, but no varieties are exempt from attack. It has spread over the Eastern and Northern States, where it has become a very serious pest, and is sometimes called the “railroad worm.” The flies begin to appear early in summer and insert their eggs through the skin of the partially grown apples. The fact that the maggots rarely, if ever, leave the fruit while it remains on the’tree affords practically the only vul- nerable place in the insect’s life. After the apple falls or is picked, the full-grown maggots crawl out and change to the pupal state in the ground, or in the receptacles in which the fruit may be stored. It hibernates in the pupal stage. The insect is thus out of the reach of the spraying pump, and the most efficient remedy isto turn sheep or other stock into the or- FS ere eee ae % chard, which will devour the fruit (atter Harvey.) pis) as soon as it falls, or to pick up at once and feed out or bury deeply the fallen fruit in gar- dens. The Apple-Worm or Codling-Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella).— This insect has become the most formidable enemy of the apple in the United States. It also does much damage to the pear, and rarely attacks some of the stone-fruits. In many orchards it ruins nearly the whole crop. “ Wormy” apples, most of which are caused by this insect, have been mentioned in agricultural writings as far back as the time of Cato, nearly two hundred years before the Christian era. The insect is now a cosmopolitan pest, occurring in nearly every corner of the globe where apples are cultivated. It doubtless appeared 12 178 DESTROCTIVE INSECLS. in America some time before 1750, and now occurs in nearly every apple-growing section. The codling-moth appears in the spring about the time the blossoms are falling from apple trees, and after a few days glues its tiny scale-like eggs (Fig. 246) on to the skin of the young fruit, or even the adjacent leaves, where they hatch in about a week. The little apple-worm usually finds its way into the blossom-end, where it takes its first meal and where it remains feeding for several days, finaly eating its way to FIG. 243.—The Codling-moth, natural size. (From Lodeman’s “ Spraying of Plants,” by permission of The Macmillan Company.) the core (Fig. 243). In about three weeks it gets nearly full- grown and makes an exit tunnel to the surface, closing the out- side opening of the tunnel for a few days while it feeds inside. Emerging from the fruit, it usually makes its way to the trunk of the tree, where it soon spins a cocoon under the loose bark. Usually the first worms thus to spin up in June or July soon transform to pupe, from which the adult insect emerges in about two weeks, and eggs are soon laid on the leaves or the skin of the apples, from which asecond brood of the worms hatches. In mostof the more northern portions of the United States only a part of the worms of the first brood pupate or transform to moths the same season, but in the central, western, IOIR SIM AOC NIG JON SVHOTAS 179 and southern portions there is a complete second brood, and in some portions possibly even a third brood of the worms annually. Inthe fall all the worms spin cocoons wherever FIG. 244.—Just the Time to Spray FIG. 245.—Calyx Cup Nearly Closed. for the Codling-moth. . they may be, either in the orchard or in storerooms, and remain curled up in them as caterpillars until spring opens, when they transform, through the pupa, to the moth (Fig. 243), thus completing their yearly life-cycle. No panacea for the codling-moth has yet been found, but by thorough work with a Paris green spray one can often save at least 75 per cent. of the apples. that would otherwise be ruined by the worms. Where two or more broods of the insect occur during the season, as in Kan- sas, Nebraska, Oregon, New Mexico, and neighboring localities in the West, and) me. 246—Calyx Cup in the South, the poison spray is not so Closedand too Late effective, for, although 75 per cent. of the ‘° 5Pray Effectual- 7 f ly (note the tiny egg first brood of worms may be killed with on skin of apple). 180 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. the spray, the few worms left will form a sufficient nucleus for a large and very destructivve second or third brood; in these localities the best that can be advised at present is to supplement the poison spray with the old banding system. Various methods of trapping the worms when they are about to spin their cocoons have been practised with some degree of success. The most simple and as effective as any is to wrap a band of straw, or two or three folds of old burlap around the trunk of the tree. Put onthe bands about the middle of June and examine and destroy the cocoons found in them every ten days until about September 1st when they need not ‘be examined again until after the fruit is gathered. To use the poison spray the most effectually one must un- derstand that it is necessary to fill the blossom-end of each apple with poison within a week after the blossoms fall, for this is where the little apple-worm gets its first few meals, and it is practically our only chance to kill it with a spray. Watch the developing fruit after the petals fall, and be sure to apply the poison before the calyx lobes close (as shown in Figs. 244 and 245), for while the falling of the blossoms 1s the signal to begin spraying, the closing of these calyx lobes a week or two later is usually the signal to stop spraying. The Pear Psylla (Psylla pyricola), one of the jumping plant-lice, has recently attained first rank as a pear pest in the eastern United States, and it occurs westward to the Mississippi River. It attacks only the pear-tree and has nearly ruined some pear orchards in New York; trees of all ages and varieties are attacked. Most of the damage is done by the nymphs (Fig. 248), which are only about one-tenth of an inch in length, but they often appear in incredible num- bers, and congregating in the leaf-axils or on the fruit stems they soon sap the life of trees to such an extent that but little growth is made and the fruit sometimes drops when half- grown. The nymphs secrete large quantities of a sweet, sticky liquid, called “honey-dew,” which spreads over the branches and leaves, sometimes even dripping from the trees. All through this honey-dew a black fungus grows, so that the bark of badly infested trees has a black, sooty appearance; this is usually good evidence at any time of the year that a pear-tree has suffered from the psylla. The adult insects (Fig. DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 181 247) are active creatures, quickly jumping and flying out of reach when approached; they feed, but not enough to do no- ticeable damage. The insect hibernates in the adult stage, hidden in the crev- ices under the loosened bark on the trunk and large limbs of the pear trees. During warm days they often crawl about on the branches and trunk. They are not easily seen as they are so small, and their color so closely imitates the bark. In FIG. 247. 3 FIG. 248. The Pear Psylla. Adult and nymph, much enlarged. April these adults lay their curious, orange-yellow eggs in the creases of the bark about the bases of the terminal buds of the preceding year’s growth. By the middle of May, or about the time the first leaves are expanding, most of the eggs have hatched, and the little nymphs are at work sucking out the life of the tree. In about a month these nymphs have devel- oped into adult psyllas, which are smaller than those which hibernated, and they-soon lay eggs on the leaves for another brood. At least four broods of the insect develop in a season in New York and probably five in Maryland. Many pear-trees are so much weakened by the drain of so many little pumps sucking the sap that they do not have enough vitality to sur- vive the winter. The insect is thus both a serious menace to the tree and to the crop of fruit. It is very important that this pest should be checked early in the season, as the psyllas can be more easily hit with a 182 DE SALT CLIVE. WINGS EACTas: spray then, and every member of the first brood that is killed greatly reduces the numbers of the following broods. In badly infested pear-orchards it would pay to drench the bark of the trees in winter with a spray of whale-oil soap, dissolving about one pound in two or three gallons of water, and to each hundred gallons of this add ten gallons of crude petroleum. With this spray, or with a kerosene-water pump, using 30 or FIG. 249._The Pear Slug. a, Adult saw-fly; 8, slug with slime removed; c, same in normal state ; @, infested leaves, natural size ; a, 6, c, much enlarged. (U. S. Div. of Entomology.) 40 per cent. of kerosene, most of the hibernating psyllas could be killed, and thus the pest be checked for the coming season. The nymphs and many of the adults can be killed in summer by thorough work with a spray of whale-oil soap, one pound in five gallons of water, or with a kerosene-water pump, using about 10 or 15 per cent. of kerosene. Sometimes the nymphs become covered with honey-dew, and it is difficult to hit them with a spray. Hence, just after a hard shower isa good time to make the application, as much of the honey-dew will be washed off. Prompt and thorough work in May or early June on the first brood is necessary if one is to control this pest. It is a very difficult matter to check it if it is let alone until later in the season. The Pear or Cherry Slug (Eriocampoides limacina).—This LIIRSHUSAGE MINE, JON STR CTES, 183 European pest has now made its way into practically every civilized country. It is one of the saw-flies, the adult (Fig. 249 a) being glossy-black and not quite so large as a house-fly. These flies emerge from the ground in May and insert their eggs into the tissues of the leaves from the under surface. The eggs hatch in about two weeks. The dark green larve (Fig. 249 6c) are snail-like in form, and their body is covered with a slimy olive-colored liquid; these characteristics have given them the popular and apt name of “slugs.” The slugs feed on the upper surface of the leaves, skeletonizing them, as shown at din Fig. 249. Although very sluggish in movement, the slugs have an enormous appetite, and often do much damage, especially to young trees. They get their growth in about twenty-five days, go into the ground, and there transform in about two weeks to the saw-flies. A second brood of slugs results in August from eggs soon laid by these flies. This is a very easy pest to control. The old method was to dust ashes, lime, or road-dust onto the slimy slugs, and it was sometimes quite effectual; but many of the slugs would simply moult off their dusted skin and thus escape. They feed so openly on the upper surface of the leaves that a dose of poison can be easily included in their menu. Dust on some hellebore if only a few young trees are infested, or spray in- fested trees with Paris green or some similar poison at the tate of one pound in one hun- dred and sixty gallons of water, or use it in Bordeaux mixture. The Pear Midge (Diplosis pyrivora).—This insect was apparently introduced into America from Europe about 1677, Detmeemirst. noticed in Connecticut. It has slowly spread into the near-by States, and has become in many locali- ties the most destructive enemy to the fruit of pear; it attacks pee Se ee Saher aa no other fruit. larged. (Adapted from Riley.) 184 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. The aduit insects, which resemble miniature mosquitoes (Fig. 2502), emerge from the soil beneath the trees early in the spring when the blossom-buds are just bursting. Before the blossoms get open, the little flies or midges insert their long FIG. 251.—Work of the Pear Midge. Section of pear showing maggots at work, enlarged ; an infested, misshapen fruit ; fruit from which the maggots have emerged, natural size. ovipositor through the closed petals and calyx and lay a dozen or more eggs on the anthers of the flowers. The eggs hatch in four or five days, and the orange or reddish-colored maggots (Fig. 250) enter the open ovary of the embryo fruit, where. they feed upon the growing tissues, usually destroying the core and seeds and causing the young fruits to become dwarfed and misshapen, as shown in Fig. 251. The maggots get their growth about June 1st and remain in the fruit until a rain or DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 185 other moist conditions cause a rapid decaying and a cracking open of the infested fruit, as shown in Fig. 251. Through the openings thus made the maggots emerge and enter the soil an inch or two, where they make oval, silken cocoons, in which they remain until spring, when they change to pupe, and soon afterward to the adult flies or midges. The Lawrence variety of pear, which blooms early, seems to be a favorite with the midge. The pest seems to be invulnerable to any insecticidal oper- ation, which does not involve the loss of the fruit, until the maggots leave the fruit and enter the ground. Where only a few trees are infested, one could readily distinguish most of the infested, misshapen fruits, and pick them off and destroy them; this should be done before May 15th to beeffective. It would pay in certain cases thus to destroy all the fruits on a few trees for a season if an orchard could be thereby ifreed from the pest. Experiments give considerable hope that many of the midge maggots can be destroyed in loose sandy soils by an applica- tion of kainit, at the rate of one thousand pounds to an acre, about the middle of June. Other experiments on clay soils indicate that such heavy applications of potash salts each year injure the trees, and that thorough cultivation is far prefer- able to the fertilizers. The Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar).—This native American insect is the cause of most “ wormy” plums, prunes, apricots, peaches, nectarines, and cherries. It is usually by far the most destructive insect with which growers of these fruits have to contend, as it often ruins the whole crop unless promptly checked. It also breeds in apples and pears, but not so freely as in the stone-fruits; during years when the latter fruits are a light crop it often becomes a serious pest on apples. The insect is widely distributed throughout the coun- try east of the Rocky Mountains, but has not yet invaded the Pacific Coast States. The adult insect (Fig. 252) belongs to a family of beetles known as curculios, weevils, or snout-beetles. It is a small, rough, blackish beetle, about one-fifth of an inch long, with a black, shining hump on the middle of each wing-case, and behind this a band of dull ochre-yellow color, with some 186 DE STRTCTLVLE, TINS Gdes: whitish marks near the middle. These curculios hibernate in any sheltered location, as in hedge-rows, rubbish piles, old stone-walls, or a near-by forest; in consequence of this, fruit- growers often notice that the portion of their orchard nearest FIG. 252.—The Plum Curculio. Adult; larva; pupa; all enlarged. such places suffers the most from the insect. The curculios come from their hiding places soon after the fruits are set, or when they are not larger than peas, and soon egg-laying begins. ; This is an interesting operation. Alighting on a fruit, the mother beetle, with her jaws, which are situated at the end of the long snout, makes a small cut through the skin of the fruit and runs her snout ob- liquely into the flesh just under the skin and gouges out a cavity large enough to receive her egg. Then turning around, an egg is dropped into the hole, and again turning, she pushes it into the cavity with her FIG, 253.—The Plum Curculio’sCres- snout. Just in front of this hole ae Mark ton ay Chery natural the mother now detthy wmeles a crescent-shaped slit (Pig. 253), which she extends obliquely underneath the egg- cavity so as to leave the egg in a sort of a flap of flesh, apparently her object being to prevent the growth of the fruit from crushing her very tender egg. This whole opera- tion requires about five minutes. One female is said to de- posit from fifty to one hundred eggs—a few each day. One DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 187 ean readily see the eggs with the naked eye by carefully removing the skin of the fruit behind the crescent cut. The eggs hatch in from three to seven days, and the little white grubs burrow into and feed upon the flesh around the stone for about a month. | Infested fruits, cherries excepted, usually fall to the ground before the grubs mature. When full grown (Fig. 252), the FIG. 254.—A Cart Curculio-catcher in Operation. white, footless grubs leave the fruits, burrow into the soil for three or four inches, where they form a little earthen cell, in which they soon change to white pupe (Fig. 252). In from three to six weeks the pupze transform to the curculios which emerge from the soil in July and August or later, and perhaps feed a little before seeking a place to pass the winter. There is thus but one brood of the insect in a year, although the cur- culios which “sting” or lay their eggs in the young fruits in the spring are developed and emerge from the soil during the latter part of the preceding summer. 188 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm weather, or in the heat of the day. The insects mostly con- fine themselves to certain trees. But the fact that newly bearing and isolated orchards are soon attacked clearly shows that in occasional instances they must travel considerable dis- tances. Indeed, they have been known to be wafted on the wind for a half-mile or more, the windward side of orchards being most infested immediately after strong winds from a thickly planted plum neighborhood. Their flight appears to be never more than a few feet from the ground, and successful attempts have been made to shut them out of fruit gardens by means of a tight board fence, nine or ten feet high, entered by a tight gate. The remedial measures suggested for the curculio are various. Those which merely repel without destroying the insect, and which are consequently inefficient, including such as spraying the young fruit with tobacco or lime-wash, or applying salt, offensive odors, etc. If practicable, avoid setting fruits liable to attack from this insect near woods, hedges, or other places where it can easily find such good shelter during the winter. As infested fruits, except cherries, often drop before the grubs mature, the gathering and destruction or feeding to stock of all fallen fruits daily will materially aid in reducing the numbers of the insect. It has been found that if swine are allowed to run in infested orchards, or where the trees are grown in poultry yards, good crops are often secured. Several years ago it was discovered that the adult insects. did considerable feeding both on the foliage and fruit of their food-plants. This led to extensive experiments in spraying with Paris green to kill the beetles, and the results were very encouraging, especiaily on cherry trees. Many fruit-growers. now spray their trees two or three times, early in the season when the beetles are abroad, with Paris green or some similar poison at the rate of one pound in one hundred and sixty or two hundred gallons of Bordeaux mixture or water, and they are convinced of the effectiveness of the method so far as se- curing a profitable crop is concerned. Other extensive plum- growers claim that when the curculios are plentiful and there - is not an abundant setting of fruits they have been unable to save the crop by spraying, and hence have discarded this DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 189 method altogether. Theoretically the poison spray should kill many of the curculios, for there can be no question about their feeding habits, as any one can soon convince himself by confining several in a box with fresh fruits or leaves. Many who have been fighting this pest for years are satisfied that the jarring method is the only way tocircumventit. Ap- parently this method was : first proposed by David FIG, Ta aaa Curculio- Thomas, themtather of the author of this volume. In _acommunication to the Genesee Farmer, in 1832, he said: “Not three daysago I saw that many ofthe plums were punc- tured, and began to suspect that shaking the tree was not suificient. Under a tree in a remote part of a fruit-garden, having spread the sheets, I therefore made the following ex- periment: On shaking it welll caught jive curculios; on jar- ring it with the hand 1 caught twelve more; and on striking the tree with a stone, exght more dropped on the sheets. I was now convinced that I had been in an error; and calling in the necessary assistance, and using a hammer to jar the tree violently we caught in less than an hour more than two hundred and sixty of these insects.” Several contrivances have been proposed for spreading sheets under the trees on which to jar down curculios for the purpose of killing them. Thomas found nothing better, and none so cheap and quickly made, as the contrivance represented in Fig. 255. In Fig. 256 is shown a modern circular frame which can be made by any one handy with carpenter’s tools. It should be about ten feet in FIG. 256.—Goff’s Circular Frame for Curcu- lio-catcher. (After Goff.) wee DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. diameter for large trees. Cover the whole frame with the sheeting, after which cut it open. along one of the wood strips to the centre, where a small hole is cut to accom- modate theyiqunkwor the tree, —ihepiteescdse of thesclesm flap thus formed is then tacked to a light strip of wood of sufficient width so that it will cover the seam formed by cutting the cloth and rest by its own weight on the frame be- yond. In extensive Eastern orchards a wheelbarrow “curculio Cart sor catcher” (Pig. 254) is much used) itis not tound necessary, as was formerly advised, to insert iron spikes into the trees or to leave short stumps of limbs on which to strike when jarring the trees. Long-handled mallets with the head well padded answer every purpose and do not noticeably in- jure the bark of the trees. The best time for jarring is in the cool of the morning, when the insects are partly torpid with cold, and drop quickly. At mid-day they retain their hold more tenaciously, and more quickly escape. The work should be commenced very early in the season, as soon as the first fruit begins to set, or is not larger than a small pea. It may be necessary to continue the work every day for three or four weeks in some seasons. Usually the cost of jarring trees in this manner a season is from to to 20 cents per tree, which is a small amount to ex- pend to ensure a crop worth many times as much. After being captured on the sheets, the curculios may be destroyed by throwing them into boiling water, into kerosene, or some burn them in small charcoal furnaces. A few minutes’ work is often sufficient for many trees, and labor equal in the agegre- gate to that of a single entire day may save large and valu- able crops. The Plum Gouger (Coccotorus scutellaris).—In the northern portion of the Mississippi Valley this insect is often equally as destructive to plums as the plum-curculio, which it closely resembles. The female gouger deposits her eggs in the young fruit, making a round hole, but no crescent cut, and the grub feeds upon the kernel of the pit, in which it also transforms to the beetle. The rest of its life-story is much like that of the plum-curculio. Poisonous sprays do not seem to check it, but otherwise it DT SACS CLL VES ENS LLG LS. Igl is amenable to the same remedial measures as the plum cur- culio. The Llack Peach Aphis (Aphis prunicola) is a brownish-black piant-louse (Fig. 257) infesting the leaves, twigs, and roots of peach-trees. Trees less than three or four years old suffer most from its ravages. Thousands of such trees have been killed by it in Eastern peach-grow- ing districts, and the pest has in- vaded Northern orchards. Peach stocks should be care- fully examined before setting, and if there are any indications of plant-lice on them, they should be dipped in a strong kerosene emul- sion or whale-oil soap solution. It is a difficult matter to destroy the lice on the roots after the tree is FIG. 257.-The Black Peach set. Tobacco dust well worked in ge ere pens around the base of the trees has given relief in some cases. The lice which work on the tree above ground can be killed with a spray of kerosene emul- sion diluted ten or twelve times or with a kerosene-water mixture containing 15 per cent. of kerosene. The Peach-tree Borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa) “has killed more peach trees than all other causes combined,” says J. H. Hale. It is an American insect and has been a serious menace to peach-growing for more than a hundred years. It sometimes also attacks plums, prunes, cherries, apricots, and nectarines, and has to be fought by nearly every peach-grower. The borer is a white, grub-like caterpillar (Fig. 258 ¢), which feeds on the inner bark, forming a tunnel or burrow, usually on the trunk or large root below the surface of the soil. Infested peach trees are easily distinguished by the large mass of a gumniy substance exuded from the wound and mixed with particles of bark and excrement. The adult in- sect is a beautiful, blue, wasp-like moth, the male (Fig. 258 ) differing remarkably from the female (Fig. 258 a). In the latitude of New York the moths begin to appear in the latter part of June and continue to emerge until Septem- ber. A few hours after emerging the females lay their small, 192 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. oval, brown eggs on the bark of the trunks of the trees from six to eighteen inches from the ground. From the egg there hatches in a week or ten days a minute larva—the young borer—which at once works its way into a crevice of the bark, and soon begins feeding on the inner layers of the bark. It continues to feed in this manner, gradually enlarging its bur- row under the bark, until winter sets in, when it stops feeding and hibernates during the winter, either in its burrow or ina thin hibernaculum made over itself on the bark near the surface of the soil. The winter is always spent as a larva or borer, a few of them being nearly full-grown, but most of FIG. 258.—The Peach-Tree Borer. .a2, Female moth; 6, male; c¢, full-grown Jarva; d, female pupa; é, male pupa; /, cocoon with pupa skin partially ex- tended ; all natural size. (U.S. Div. of Entomology.) them being considerably less than one-half grown. In the spring, usually about May ist in New York, they break their winter’s fast and grow rapidly for a month or more, most of them getting their full growth in June. They then leave their burrows and spin about themselves a brown cocoon (Fig. 258 /) at the base of the tree, usually at the surface of the soil. A few days after its cocoon is made the borer changes to a pupa (Fig. 258d, e), in which stage it remains for about three weeks, usually in June in New York. From the pupa the moth emerges, thus completing its life-cycle in a year, fully ten months of which are usually spent as a borer in the tree, the remainder or a little more than a month being spent in the egg, pupa, and adult stages. About the middle of July all stages of the insect may be found in some orchards. The above brief sketch of the life of the peach-tree borer will apply \ DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 193 in general to most localities in the United States north of Washington, D. C. In Canada the moths do not begin to fly until about a month later, while in the South they appear a month or more earlier, so that the dates in the above sketch will not apply to these regions. The insect is open to successful attack only in its larva or borer stage, and in its pupa stage; the pupe are reached only by searching for the co- coons and destroying them. After four years of careful experimenting with most of the meth- ods recommended to control this pest, we are led to the following con- clusions: The “digging out” method is the only thoroughly successful and safe way of killing the peach-tree borer. This method is expen- sive in time and labor, _ but our experience leads us to believe that any other equally as suc- cessful method will cost just as much. To make FIG. 259.—Work of a Single Borer in a Peach- Peaceece eine: © dice tree, natural size. w 4, Burrow of borer ; g 2 = & gummy mass; 2, pupa projecting from ging out” should be cocoon. thoroughly done, not only on every tree in the orchard, but also on all “old relics” of peach-trees in the immediate neighborhood. A half-dozen such “old relics” left untreated near by will serve thoroughly to restock an orchard with borers every year, so that the “ dig- ging out” method, although practised each year, will never reduce the numbers of the borers below the danger limit. LS 194 LE SHIA G CHI IR, SOM SIECTN Sy. This is a very important factor in the success of the “ digging out” method. Dig out the borers:in June or in June and September in northern peach-growing districts. We kept out about two-thirds of the borers with tobacco stems wound around the tree just below the surface of the soil. The old “mounding” method evidently has considerable value as a preventive, and is, perhaps, the cheapest method yet devised. It is the most practicable method yet suggested for combating the insects in nurseries. Paper protectors, when carefully put on and kept intact during the danger . period, will prove a valuable and very cheap preventive measure, especially when combined with the “digging out” method. Wooden boxes or wire cages did not prevent the entrance of the borer. The favorite method of preventing the ravages of the peach- tree borer has been, for at least a century, by the use of a wash of some kind. More than fifty different washes have been concocted, most of which are valueless as preventives, and some of which will injure or kill the trees. Soap, lime, or clay proved useless ingredients of washes in New York’s climate. Paris green did not add to the effectiveness of a wash, and is a dangerous ingredient to use on a tree. Car- bolic acid or other odorous substances did not repel the in- sect. Gas tar proved to be the best application we tested. We used it freely on the same trees for three successive years without the slightest injury to the trees, and it kept out nearly all the borers. Go slow with it, by first testing it on afew © trees in your orchard, as trees have been killed with it. We believe it will prove equally effective whether the borers are dug out or not, and from no other application yet devised would we expect to get such results when used independent of the “digging out” method. The following substances injured or killed our young trees, and are, therefore, classed as dangerous: Paris green and glue, traupenleim, dendrolene, white paint (with or without Paris green), and printer’s ink. The following is a list of the things we found to be practi- cally zneffectual or useless: Wire-cages, carbon bisulphide, asafoetida and aloes, lime, salt and sulphur, resin wash, hard DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 195 soap, tallow, tansy plant, whale-oil soap, lime and linseed oil, hydraulic cement wash, pine tar, and one application of Hale’s wash. The following methods proved to be gute effecteve—that is, FIG. 260.—The Fruit-tree Bark-beetle. a, Beetle; 0, same in profile; c, pupa; d, larva; all enlarged about ten times. (U.S. Div. of Entomology.) most of them kept out over one-half of the borers: Hale’s wash (two applications), mounding, tarred paper,. tobacco FIG. 261.—Work of the Fruit-tree Bark-beetle in Twig of Apple, natural size. (U. S. Div. of Ento- mology.) stems, digging out, and gas tar. In regions less moist than in Central New York it is possible that some of the methods, listed above as unsatisfactory, will prove good preventives against this serious pest. Washes should be applied about June 15th in Northern orchards, and must remain in- tact for over two months. The Fruit-tree Bark-beetle or Shot-hole Borer (Scolytus rugulosus).—The bark of plum, peach, cherry, and apple-trees may appear thickly “peppered” with holes, as though by fine bird shot (Fig. 261). These are the en- trance and exit holes of a small beetle (Fig. 260 @) whose grubs (Fig. 260 @) excavate narrow galleries in various directions under the bark, and often kill the tree or some of its branches. Usually only sickly or un- thrifty trees are attacked by the insect. It is avery difficult insect to combat. Bad- ly infested trees should be burned at once. Keep the trees in good health and they will 196 | DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. be less liable to attack. Deterrent washes have not been very successful; probably applications of kerosene-water, tar, or crude petroleum would be as helpful as anything. The Cherry Aphis (Mysus cerast) is a blackish plant-louse which often appears on the leaves of cherry-trees in immense numbers, causing the leaves to curl badly. It often checks the growth of the trees, and is sometimes a serious pest in nurseries. It winters over on the twigs as minute black eggs. “Lady-bugs”’ and other enemies often aid materially in checking its injuries. It will succuinb to the same remedial measures as the apple-aphis; it is important to spray early in the season before the leaves are so badly curled that one cannot readily hit the lice. The Cherry Fruit-fly or Maggot (Rhagoletis cingulata) is a new fruit pest which has recently appeared in the cherry orchards of New York and neighboring States. It is closely allied to the apple maggot, and has a similar life-history. It has ruined from one-third to one-half of the crop in some orchards. It will prove a very difficult pest to control, for in- fested fruits do not drop from the tree, nor do they show any external evidences of their being inhabited by a maggot until they are overripe. Cherry-growers should be on the lookout for this new enemy. No successful remedial measure has yet been found. The Quince Curculio (Conotrachelus crategi), as its name in- dicates, is a near relative of the plum curculio. It is the cause of most “ wormy” and “knotty” quinces, and often mars or nearly ruins much of the crop. The beetle resembles the plum curculio, except it is broader just back of the head, and has no humps in its back. It lays its egg in a pit in the flesh and makes no crescent slit, and it also differs much in its life-history, as it winters in the grub stage in the soil. This quince pest can best be controlled by the jarring method, as described for the plum curculio. As quince trees are usually branched much lower than plum trees, it will be nceesary to use lower “ curculio-catchers” in collecting quince curculio. The Grape Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix) is asmall plant- louse, one form of which works on the roots, causing excres- cences on the smaller roots, and eventually killing suscepti- DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 197 ple varieties (Fig. 262); another form of the insect works on the leaves, forming irregularities on the under sides. The in- sect has always existed on American wild vines, yet it was not until it had been introduced in Europe, where it has wrought incalculable damage, that it attracted attention asa vine pest. It rarely does serious damage in this country, ex-’ cept in California, where European vines are grown. “The use of American vines, either direct for the produc- FIG. 262.—The Grape-vine Phylloxera. a, Root-galls; 0, enlargement of same, showing disposition of lice; c, root-gall louse, much enlarged. (U.S. Div. of Entomology.) tion of fruit or as stocks on which to graft susceptible Euro- pean and American varieties, has practically supplanted all other measures against the insect in most of the infested vineyards of the world.” Grape-vine Flea-Beetle (flaltica chalybea (Fig. 263).—This is a small shining beetle about one-sixth of an inch long, usually of asteel-blue color, but often varying from green to purple. Many grape-growers have awakened some morning to find all of their prospective crop of grapes literally “nipped in the bud” by this pest. It has recently thus devastated hundreds of acres of vineyards in the great grape-growing regions of New York. Sometimes the insect apparently attacks a certain variety in preference to others, and it also works on the Vir- ginia creeper. After the beetles have satisfied their appetites, keen from 198 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. their long fast in hibernation, on the opening grape buds, they then lay their yellow eggs in the crevices around the buds. From these eggs hatch small brown grubs which eat irregular holes in the leaves (Fig. 265) in June. These grubs (Fig. 264) go into the ground and transform to the pretty blue beetles in about ten days. The beetles emerge and feed upon ‘various plants during the rest of the season, but lay no eggs FIGS. 263, 264. FIG. 265. The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. FIG. 263.—Beetle. FIG. 264.—I.arva. FIG. 265.—Beetles and larve at work on leaves, natural size. Figs. 263 and 264 much enlarged. (U. S. Div. of Ento- mology.) for another brood of grubs until the next spring. They hiber- nate in any sheltered place around the vines. This serious pest of the grape-growers can be easily con- trolled by the thorough use of a poison spray on the bursting buds in early spring; use Paris green at the rate of one pound in fifty to seventy-five gallons of water, to which two pounds of freshly slaked lime are added, and be sure not to let the beetles get the start of youin the spring. Orthe beetles may be jarred from the buds into pans of kerosene, or on to sheets ‘soaked in kerosene; the beetles quickly drop when the vine DESTROCTIVE INSECTS. 199 is jarred. Follow up this treatment in the early part of June by spraying the infested portions of the vines with Paris green (one pound to one hundred and fifty gallons of water) to kill the grubs then feeding on the upper surfaces of the leaves; every grub killed then means one less beetle to hibernate and attack the buds the next spring; it is thus very important to kill these grubs in June. The Rose-Chafer or “ Rose-bug” (Macrodactylus subspinosus).— This beetle suddenly appears in great numbers in portions of the country, and in occasional years proves exceedingly de- structive to the flowers and foliage of various plants, more par- ticularly of the rose, apple, and grape. It is an awkward, long-legged, light-brown beetle (Fig. 266) about a third of an inch in length. By the end of July the unwelcome hordes often disappear as sud- denly as they came. The insect is par- ticularly destructive in New Jersey, Dela- ware, and in sandy regions in New York and neighboring States. Its early stages are passed in grass or meadow land, usu- ally where the soilis sandy. The grubs feed on the roots of grasses. The beetles lay their eggs in the ground in June and July, and the grubs get their growth by autumn, and transform to pupe, and then to beetles the following spring. It is a most difficult pest to control or : : : FIG. 266.— The Rose- kill, as they sometimes come in hordes (helen, Ciena of thousands. Substances applied to the vines to render them obnoxious to the beetles have proved of little value. The arsenicals usually will not kill them quickly enough or in sufficient numbers noticeably to reduce their ranks. When they come in swarms, the only hope is in collecting them in nets or in an inverted umbrella-shaped apparatus provided with a vessel of kerosene and water at the bottom to wet and kill the beetles. A few valu- able vines or trees could be covered with netting to protect them. Their numbers may be considerably reduced, espe- cially where tney are a local pest over a limited area, by devoting their breeding grounds, usually a sandy locality 200 DES PIGS ETAVAE ADS 3 CLES near by, to the growth of annual crops which require frequent cultivation. The Grape-vine Leaf-hopper ( Typhlocyba comes).—When grape leaves have a blotched appearance, or are covered with little yellowish or brownish patches, as at fin Fig. 267, and event- ually dry up and fall, it is usually the work of little jumping insects, called leaf-hoppers (Fig. 267). They are minute in- sects about an eighth of an inch in length, and havea peculiar habit of running sidewise when disturbed, and dodging to the FIG. 267.—The Grape-vine Leaf-hopper. 6, Adult; @ and e, nymphs; /, work of insect on leaf; 9, cast skins of nymphs on leaf; 6, d, and e, much enlarged. (U. S. Div. of Entomology.) other side of the leaf. The adults jump or fly away quickly when the vine is disturbed. Their wings and back are vari- ously colored with red, yellow, and brown, while the body color is light yellowish-green. In May they begin to appear, and continue on the vines until the leaves fall. The adult hoppers spend the winter in masses of rubbish or leaves ac- cumulated against fences or other obstruction, where thou- sands of them may be seen on warm winter days. The eggs are thrust under the skin of the lower side of the leaves of the vine in June. The nymphs (Fig. 267 ¢@ and e) live on the under sides of the leaves and suck out the substance of the leaf. As the nymphs grow they shed their skins four times, DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 201 and the empty skins often remain attached to the leaves in large numbers (Fig. 267 ¢). The nymphs run rapidly but do not jump like the adult hoppers. Apparently there is but one full brood annually in New York. All varieties of grapes are attacked, but the thin-leaved sorts suffer the most. The adult hoppers are so active that it is difficult to hit them, and insecticides that will kill them damage the vine leaves. We have killed many adults in June by knocking them off and down to the ground with a 5-per-cent. kerosene- water spray and then quickly hitting them on the ground with a 25-per-cent. kerosene-water spray. Another practicable method is to catch them on sticky shields. Make a shield by stretching a cloth over a frame and treat it with tar or resin and castor oil (‘tanglefoot”), then in the warm part of the day, when the insects are most active, carry the shield along near the vines and shake the vines. Thousands of them will fly or jump against the shield and be caught. Practise this every day or two until relief is gained. In July the nymphs or young hoppers quickly succumb to a spray of whale-oil soap (one pound in ten gallons of water), but it requires thor- ough and intelligent work to hit them on the under sides of the leaves. Currant Borers often work considerable havoc by burrow- ing up and down the stems, usually killing them. There are two species of insects engaged in this nefarious work. One is the caterpillar of a moth allied to the peach-tree borer and known as the /mported Currant Borer (Sesia tipuliformis); the other species is the grub of a beetle known as the American Currant Borer (Psenocerus supernotatus). The two kinds have similar habits, and remain in the stems over winter. It is thus an easy matter to stop their depredations by cutting out and burning all sickly or hollow stems either in the autumn or early spring. The Imported Currant Worm (Pteronus ribesit) must be seri- ously considered when one attempts to grow currants or gooseberries in most parts of the country; it defoliates mil- lions of these bushes every year. | The adult insect is a pretty little yellow-bodied saw-fly (Fig. 268) which emerges from its cocoon in the soil in the spring when the first few currant leaves have expanded, and at once 202 DDI RSI AG EMI NAA’ SOM SY HEIN SS proceeds deftly to place its white eggs along the principal veins on the under sides of the leaves. The eggs soon hatch into twenty-legged larve or “worms” of a green color, with black heads and numerous black dots on the body (Fig. 270). They are about three-fourths of an inch long when full grown. When, as usually happens, they occur in large numbers, the leaves are rapidly consumed, and whole rows of bushes have been entirely stripped in forty-eight hours. Hence the impor- tance of close watching and prompt attention in applying the remedies to destroy them. A single defoliation, while it does not kill the bushes, retards growth, and commonly greatly FIG. 268.—Male. FIG. 269.—Female. Adults of imported Currant Worm. injures or prevents the ripening of a crop. When the larve attain full size, they burrow underground, or hide under scat- tered leaves, and spin an oval brown cocoon. After some weeks the perfect insect comes out and lays eggs, from which a second brood may appear in Southern localities. The win- ter is passed as larvee in their cocoons in the soil beneath the bushes. Fortunately this currant pest is easily destroyed by the ap- plication of poisons. White hellebore has been the standard remedy for many years. It is either dusted on to the bushes or a water mixture of it sprayed on. It is the only safe thing to use after the fruit is over half-grown. But extensive currant- growers now use a Paris-green spray (one pound to one hun- dred and fifty gallons of water) freely when the larve first ap- pear, and often so effectually destroy the first brood that the insect is not a serious menace to the crop during the rest of the season. DES TRG GL VEE SHUN ESE CIES. 203 The Native Currant Worm (Gymnonychus appendiculatus) is now rarely seen on cultivated currants or gooseberries; hence need not be discussed here. The Currant Spanworm (Hujitchia ribearia) (Fig. 271), is occasionally destructive to currants and gooseberries in cer- tain localities. It is a bright yellow looping caterpillar with black spots, that hatches in the spring from eggs laid on the twigs in the fall by a pale yellowish moth with several dusky spots ‘onits wings. Hellebore or Paris green, used as recommended for the green currant worm, will destroy these span- worms. The Raspberry-cane : Borer (Oberea bimacu- lata) is sometimes a se- rious pest in raspberry and blackberry planta- tions. The adult insect isaslender dark-colored Fic. 270.—Imported Currant Worm.—Larve, beetle, about one-half an inch long, and with a yellowthorax. The beetles appear in June, and the female with her mandibles makes two rows of punctures, about an inch apart, around the growing cane near the tip. She then deposits an egg in the cane midway be- tween the punctures which serve to girdle the cane and cause it to droop and wither. The little white grub soon hatches from the egg, and proceeds to tunnel its way down the pith of the cane. Recent observations indicate that the grub lives in the cane for two seasons, often extending its tunnel down to the ground, where it transforms through the pupa stage to the beetle. This borer is easily controlled by cutting off when first no- ticed all canes with drooping tips several inches below where they are girdled; this will destroy the young grubs. Later, when harvesting the fruit, the infested canes can often be detected by their sickly appearance or the drying of the 204 DESTRUCTIVE INSEECLS. leaves; all such canes should be cut off near the ground and burned. The Snowy Tree-Cricket (Gcanthus niveus) sometimes seri- ously injures raspberry canes by depositing its eggs in longi- tudinal rows in the canes, forming a long ragged scar, as FIG. 271. FIG. 272. FIG. 271.—Currant Span Worm. FIG. 272.—The Snowy Tree-cricket. @, 0, Stems of raspberry with eggs; c,d, egg, enlarged with details. shown is Fig. 272. These eggs are laid in late summer or fall and do not hatch until the early part of the next summer. Except for the injury caused by the female in laying her eggs, this tree-cricket is not an injurious insect, but is said to feed upon plant-lice and other insects. Canes containing these ragged slits full of eggs should be cut off and burned, especially in the fall and winter. The Raspberry Saw-fly (Monophadnoites rubi) attacks the foliage of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries, and often occurs in sufficient numbers nearly to ruin the crop. The DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 205 black-bodied, four-winged saw-fly emerges from its cocoon in the soil in May, and the female, with her saw-like ovipositor, inserts her eggs into the tissue of the under side of the leaf near the veins. The eggs hatch in from seven to ten days. Although the insect is closely allied to the common currant saw-fly, the larve differ remarkably in having their body pro- fusely ornamented with spiny tubercles. When full grown in June, the larve of this raspberry saw-fly are about three- fourths of an inch long and are nearly the color of the rasp- berry leaf; the spines on the back are blackish and those on the sides pale green. ‘They devour the whole leaf except the mid-rib and larger veins. During the latter part of June they enter the ground two or three inches and make an almost waterproof brown cocoon, in which they remain all winter, gradually changing through the pupa stage to the adult or saw- flies the next spring. There is thus but one brood of the larvee each season. The larve are easily jarred or shaken from the leaves, and some have reported success in controlling this pest on small areas by hiring boys and girls to jar off the little feeders by giving the canes light blows with a heavy, leafy switch, as a light pine branch with a bunch of needles at the end; the larvee find it difficult to return to the bushes, especially if the ground between the rows be left well cultivated and crumbly, and if the jarring be done in the heat of the day. An easier, cheaper and more effective method is to spray infested bushes with Paris green or some similar poison, using one pound in one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons of water. One thorough application is sufficient to destroy most of the larve. After the fruit is more than half formed, use hellebore, either as a spray (one ounce to one gallon of water) or dusted on when the dew is on. White Grubs (Lachnosterna sp.) (Fig. 273) are often a very serious menace to successful strawberry culture. They are the larve of the large brown beetles (Fig. 274), commonly known as May Beetles or “ June-bugs.” White grubs live upon the roots of plants, and their usual feeding grounds are grass lands. Hence, when strawberries are set on land which has been in sod for several years, it often follows that they are attacked by the grubs which had been living on the grass 206 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. roots. Affected plants present a peculiar wilted appearance, readily distinguished by the practised eye. The grubs feed during three seasons, finally transforming in the soil through the pupal stage (Fig. 275) to the May beetles early in the autumn; the beetles, however, remain in the soil and do not emerge until the next May or June. Most of the damage is done in strawberry beds by the nearly full-grown grubs. The first precaution for the strawberry-grower to observe in trying to escape the ravages of white grubs is to avoid setting FIG. 273.—The Grub. FIG. 274.—Beetle. FIG. 275.—Pupa. The White Grub and its Parent, the May Beetle. (U.S. Div. of Entomology.» his plants on old sod lands. If this must be done, then plough and thoroughly pulverize or cultivate such soil in the fall, thus disturbing and killing many grubs, pupez, and recently- formed beetles. It will also pay to stir the soil frequently be- fore and after setting the strawberries in the spring or summer,. as thorough cultivation is a great discourager of white grubs. Salt or similar applications to the soil around the plants. rarely give relief. Experienced strawberry-growers can usually detect an infested plant, and they often practise the sure and not difficult method of digging out the culprit; the relieved plant often pays for the trouble later on. The Strawberry Root-louse (Aphis forbes’) is a very small greenish-black plant-louse which attacks the roots of straw- berries. In Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware, it is said that hundreds of acres of vines have been rendered valueless. by these lice. The insect also occurs westward through Ohio, Illinois, and into Wisconsin. It is a comparatively new pest, DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 207 but it usually becomes a serious one wherever it gets thor- oughly established, especially in light soils. The wilting of the vines, as if for want of water, is said to be an indication of the presence of the insect on the roots. One should dig up and carefully examine the roots of such wilted plants. If the insect is found, the most stringent measures should be taken to prevent its spread. It is said to be accompanied by ants, which may spread it from plant to plant. It is spread into new localities on the roots of the plants sent out by dealers. - Thus far, no one has succeeded in devising a practicable method of killing the lice on the plants after they are set. Some claim to have been successful with tobacco dust, but others have failed. Badly infested fields had better be plowed under at once and other crops grown there for a year or more. The only sure way to avoid the insect is to buy plants entirely free from it (doubtless plants which had been properly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas would be safe to use), and then set them on land where the louse has never existed. The Strawberry-crown Borer (Tyloderma fragart@) is one of the most destructive strawberry insects in the Mississippi Valley. The adult insect is a small brown snout-beetle allied to the plum curculio. It cannot fly, as its wings are rudi- mentary. The female lays her eggs onthe crown of the plant in the spring, and the thick, footless, white grub which hatches therefrom excavates the crowns during the summer. In its subterranean cavity the grub transforms to a pupa, and finally, in August and September, to the beetle, which emerges from the crown, and, after feeding on the leaves, hibernates in the strawberry field. Old fields are especially liable to injury. As the beetles cannot fly, it is desirable to isolate the new plantations from the old ones. If new plants must be taken from an infested field, use those which started after July and dig them early in the spring, to avoid carrying the eggs or larvee of the insect with the plants. The plowing under of the infested field about July 1st will destroy the insect. The frequent rotation of other crops with the strawberry patch usually prevents the ravages of this crown borer. 208 DESTROCLLVL, AN SECTS: The Strawberry Leaf-roller (Phoxopteris comptana) is in many localities the most injurious insect pest of the straw- berry. A small greenish or brownish caterpillar folds the leaflets of the strawberry by bringing the upper surfaces to- gether and fastening them by silken cords (Fig. 276). In this retreat the insect spends its whole larval life, feeding upon the leaf, and ultimately causing it to turn brown and shrivel up. The transformation through the brown pupa to the adult insect—a pretty little brown moth—takes place within the folded leaf. There are two annual broods of the pest in the FIG. 276.—Strawberry Leaves Folded by the Strawberry Leaf-roller. North, and at least three in Kentucky and southward. The winter is passed as a pupa in the rolled leaves. Spraying with poisonous mixtures is impracticable while there is fruit on the plants, and experiments indicate that such applications are not very effectual at any time, so se- curely protected are the feeding-grcunds of the caterpillars. However, it is claimed that the pest can be almost exter- minated in a field by mowing it after the crop is gathered, and after leaving it a day or two to become dry, burn it over, per- haps with the aid of a little straw or rubbish. This can usually be done without the slightest injury to the plants. This will destroy the leaf-roller as well as several other kinds of insects, DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 209 and also the spores of some serious fungous diseases. On small areas it is practicable to crush by hand the insects in the rolled leaves. The Strawberry Weevil (Anthonomus signatus) is a little snout-beetle, measuring only a tenth of an inch in length (Fig. 277), which deposits an egg in a strawberry bud and then punctures or cuts the stem below it (Fig. 278) in such a way that in a few days the bud drops tothe ground. Within the severed bud the grub hatched from the egg develops and transforms to a pupa, and soon to the beetle, which hibernates. Fic. 277.—Strawberry FIG. 278.—a, 6, Strawberry spray, showing work Weevil. in bud and stem, natural size; d, larva; 7, pupa; @, 7, muchenlarged. (U.S. Div. of En- tomology.) The beetles often feed upon the pollen and petals of the flowers, but the insect never attacks the fruit or foliage. This pest is widely distributed throughout the Eastern United States; Maryland and Virginia strawberry-growers have suffered severely, half the crop in the former State being destroyed in 1896, it is estimated. The insect restricts its work to the staminate varieties and to the pistillates which furnish a considerable quantity of pollen. It also attacks the buds of the wild strawberry, the blackberry, and the red-bud tree. 14 210 DESTRUCTIVE INSECES. This weevil is an extremely difficult pest to control. Poi- sonous and other sprays have not thus far given very encour- aging results. It would be practicable to cover small areas or valuable plants with a muslin protector, put on about a week before the first blossoms appear. Grow as few staminate plants as practicable. CHAP TE Re? cine THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. FRUIT growing is frequently interfered with by various dis- ‘eases. So serious have these become in many instances that considerable attention of late years has been paid to them by the United States government and the various Experiment Stations. It is the purpose in the following few pages to con- sider the leading diseases of those fruits that are described under their separate heads in subsequent pages of this book. By way of introduction, it may be stated that these diseases are generally due to very small plants known as fungi that prey upon the substance of leaf, flower, stem, or root, and thus check the activity of the parts or destroy them alto- gether. These fungi are, perhaps, best known to the people generaliy in the conspicuous forms they assume as toadstools, puff-balls, and the various hard shelf-like outgrowths often seen upon the trunks of standing trees or fallen logs. Those forms that are charged with doing injury to crop plants are so small as to be entirely microscopic. The mould that comes upon bread when left too long in a moist, warm place is more like the destructive fungi of the orchard and fruit garden than the mushroom or toadstool. These fungi consist of very slender threads, which absorb nourishment from the substance they penetrate and reproduce their kind by means of minute bodies that are usually produced in great abundance. These spores bear the same relation to the fungus that seeds do to flowering plants; they are, in short, the offspring, and being microscopic, their distribution, chiefly through the moving air and flowing water, takes place unobserved by men. These fungi are creatures of circumstance, and the spores do not germinate and grow unless there is the proper food at hand and moisture and warmth abound. It is during the moist warm days of August, for example, that the provisions BibT 22 MTL MDT SEEA SES) (OF Lhe Ons in the pantry quickly spoil, while those kept at a low temper- ature in the ice-box may be wholesome for a much longer time. | Fungi are divided into two groups as regards the nature of the substances upon which they thrive. Thus there are a great many sorts that live only upon dead organic matter, as in the case of the mould upon bread and cake, while others grow only upon substances that are alive. These are called parasites, and to this group the fungi producing the diseases of plants belong. With this short general introduction the subject in hand will be entered upon, and it is hoped that with the aid of the pict- ures the text will be clear to ali those who seek these pages for help in coping with one of the most serious of the groups of enemies to cultivated plants. It is the purpose to consider each of the leading fruits, giv- ing a brief description of the most prominent of its diseases, and follow immediately with any suggested remedies. The Pomaceous Fruits. THE APPLE: “ust, One of the leading enemies in the apple orchard is the Rust caused by a fungus with a long botanical name, which it is well to give here that any interested reader may thereby have a means of looking up this rust in other places. The rust of the leaves, stems, and even fruits of the apple, is due to Gymnosporangium macropus Lk. It is not our purpose to enter into a discussion of the literal meaning of these botanical names. It is usually from some microscopic characteristic; but however that may be, the botanical name of a fungus, like that of any other plant, is the same in all languages and lands, and removes the doubt and confusion that constantly arise when only the local name is used. In further justification for giving the botanical name of each fungus herein considered (when the species is described, and therefore known to science, it may be said that the apple rust in question is fully treated under its botanical name in the re- port of the chief of the Section of Vegetable Pathology for 1888, with a colored plate, showing its forms and structure. The apple rust appears upon the foliage in oval patches con- Lie I MOVES BSA SIS) (OP SMAOM IES BRB sisting of a few deep cups in which the spores are produced. In connection with this fungus there is an interesting life cycle, a knowledge of which is essential for the rational ap- plication of the necessary remedies. The common red cedar —> a= th: LW LA Le i Le SSSR VEE, (Vy TV E2> EES SSS Ne —' Wika S ON Lz) SE FIG. 279.—Branch of Cedar with Gall, showing the soft horns that produce the spores in springtime. (From Galloway.) , 214 LEED UES EASES (OARS. is associated with the apple in the propagation of the rust fungus. In autumn small chocolate galls form upon the cedar branches, which may increase in size until an inch in diameter when mature in spring. When the moist days of April and May come, these galls have long, orange-yellow, gelatinous horns develop from them, and then the galls become conspic- uous, resembling somewhat a small chrysanthemum bloom, and from this showy appearance they are often considered the flowers of the cedar (see Fig. 279). In the golden jelly spores are produced by the million, and as the horns dry down, the spores are carried away by the winds, and falling upon the young tender, unfolding apple leaves, soon grow and produce the rust spots above mentioned. As the rust matures upon the apple, the spores are set free from it, and these, finding their way to the cedar trees in mid- summer, start a new crop of galls for the propagation of the trust upon the apple the following spring. Remedies. It is seen from the nature of this fungus that, when it is destructive in the orchard, the cedar trees near by shouid be either cut away or the galls upon them picked off and destroyed before the spores are matured. It should be said that some varieties of apples are more susceptible than others, and the Russian sorts seem to be exempt. It goes without saying that orchardists should be upon the watch for this difference in susceptibility, and in regions where the rust is destructive be governed accordingly. The Scab (Fusciladium dendriticum Fcl.) is perhaps the most common destructive enemy of the apple. The fungus attacks both the foliage and the fruit, producing upon the former brown patches, with the leaf somewhat distorted at the place of attack. The fruit is often attacked just as it is passing out of the flower stage, and may cause a dwarfing of the speci- men, and giving it a blotched and misshapen appearance (see Fig. 280). Unlike the rust, the scab fungus is not a deep feeder; but growing close beneath the skin of leaf or fruit produces vast numbers of brown spores, thus giving the dirty discolor- ation to the affected parts. The spores are disseminated by winds and water and germinate quickly when the conditions are favorable, all of which is a full explanation of the rapid development of the scab at certain times. THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 215 Remedies. Several of the Experiment Stations have been making extensive tests of remedies for the apple scab, per- haps none more satisfactorily than the one at Geneva, New York. Three sprayings with the Bordeaux mixture are rec- ommended: the first between the breaking of the bud and the opening of the blossom, followed by the second shortly after FIG. 280.—An Apple, showing the blotches and distortions produced by the Apple Scab. the petals have fallen, and the last about two weeks later. It is seen by this that the attack of the fungus, upon the fruit at least, is chiefly while it is young. Later on the skin be- comes smooth and tough, and a foothold is not likely to be obtained. The Bordeaux mixture now generally employed, after ex- tensive experiments extending over several years, is as fol- lows: Copper sulphate (bluestone), . ; . 6 pounds Quicklime, . ; : f : : oheag sacra Water, : : j ; : : . 60 gallons Slake the lime with hot water and strain through coarse cloth or sacking. Place the copper sulphate in a bag of sim- ilar material and suspend it over night near the surface of a 216 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. tub or other wooden vessel filled with water. Hot water will greatly hasten the solution if it is desired. In preparing the full formula of sixty gallons, slowly pour a ten-gallon solution of the copper sulphate into twenty gallons of the lime wash, stirring thoroughly, after which the mixture is to be diluted to sixty gallons. For the application a force pump of some durable kind at- tached to a tank and mounted upon wheels is necessary. FIG. 281.—An Apple, showing the decayed spots of the Ripe Rot. (From Alwood.) There are several reliable manufacturing firms paying special attention to spraying machinery, and bulletins upon the sub- ject of fungicides and their application are published by the Experiment Stations, while information in abundance and proper form may be obtained of the general government through the Department of Agriculture at Washington. The Ripe Rot (Gleosporium fructigenum Berk.), as the name suggests, is confined more particularly to the maturing fruit or after it is stored. The first suggestion of the disease is a circular spot upon the surface of the apple, slightly sunken and pale-brown colored. The diseased area increases rapidly, and soon the pimples containing the spores appear, often in concentric circles. When several rot spots appear at nearly the same time, they will shortly coalesce, and the fruit decays rapidly (see Fig. 281). THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 217 Remedies.—From the fact that the fungus comes late in the development of the apple and often grows most rapidly after the fruit is picked, it is evident that the early sprayings recom- mended in the case of the scab will be sufficient. The subject has been extensively studied at the Virginia Experiment Station and from the bulletins therefrom published it is clearly shown that the Bordeaux mixture is an effective rem- edy, but the sprayings need to extend through the season. It seems to be a fact that this fungus is much aided in its en- trance into the fruit by an injury that may have happened to it. A worm hole may provide the open door, or the scab fungus furnishes a place for the lodgment of the spores upon an otherwise smooth impervious skin. In the same manner -any bruising, especially if the surface is broken, will give an opportunity for the ripe rot germs toenter. It follows from this that early sprayings that keep off the scab and any in- secticide to keep away destructive insects will indirectly have a good effect. It goes without saying that in the harvest care should be exercised that the fruit is gathered without any rough handling, and of course any specked fruit must be discarded, as the ripe rot propagates rapidly by contact. The Black Rot (Spheropsis malorum Berk) is similar to the ripe rot in coming late in the development of the fruit, but is distinguished from the latter by the great difference in micro- scopic structure, by the dark color of the diseased flesh, and by the production of innumerable pimples of considerable size upon the surface of the affected parts in which the brown spores are borne. Remedies.—Thetre is nothing under this head to add to that given for ripe rot, with which this fungus is often closely associated. Sometimes a single tree or variety in an orchard will have the black rot much worse than others, and if it is an early variety it may furnish a source of infection; in such cases the rotten fruit should be gathered up and burned. The Fire Blight (Bacillus amylovorus Burl.) 1s sometimes common upon the apple, causing the young twigs to die and the leaves to hang lifeless for the remainder of the season. This is much more vigorous and destructive upon the pear and will be treated later with the suggested remedies. The Powdery Mildew (Podosphera oxycanthe D C.) is often 218 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. met with upon apples, but it is more destructive to the cherry, and will be considered with remedies under the latter fruit. There are several other diseases of the apple, as, for exam- ple, some leaf-spot fungi, Phyllosticta ponee Sacc., etc., that injure the foliage, but the sprayings recommended will suffice for them. THE PEAR.—Firve Blight (Bacillus amylovorus Burl.). This old, widespread, and dreaded disease in the pear orchard is easily recognized by the brown dead leaves clinging to dying branches, giving the appearance of having been scorched by fire. Sometimes only a single branch or even a small twig is blighted, and in other cases the whole tree may have been destroyed, seemingly all at once or in a very short time. This is one of the bacterial diseases and the fungus is very different from any previously treated in this paper. Instead of long slender filaments, as with ordinary fungi like mildews and moulds, there are only exceedingly minute organisms that multiply with great rapidity in the substance of the pear tree. These germs winter over in the growing layer of the twig and may ooze out through a rift in the bark along with the juices of the stem. This exudation attracts insects; by means of these busy creatures the disease is carried tc the opening buds of the pear, and particularly the blossoms. The nectar glands of the flower furnish a very acceptable food for these germs, and in it they thrive and multiply with astonishing rapidity, a single individual producing thousands in a few hours. From the blossom the disease is carried to other flowers and soon begins to spread down the twig from the point of inoculation, the tender tissue and rich juices of the shoot forming a suitable, well-protected place for the disease. As it works its way down the stem, the line of march is along the growing layer and protected from the outside world by the overlying covering of bark. The amount of infection varies with the years and is some- what dependent upon the weather. When, for example, there are a rainy May and June there is apt to be an excess of the blight. Fungi as arule are favored by abundant moisture and the bacteria are no exception to this rule. After the germs are deeply seated in the older stems. the amount of rainfall may not have so much influence as the temperature. THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 219 There are three points of attack, namely, the flowers, the opening leafbuds, and, thirdly, any exposed portion of tissue upon the main branches and stem, and asa result there are as many varieties of fire blight in common speech. However, the “ flower blight,” “twig blight,” and “body blight” are all caused by the same organism and differ only in the place of invasion. The blight of the apple, previously mentioned, is chiefly of the blossom sort and rarely more than a few inches of the stem bearing the flowers with its leaves becomes killed by the germs. Occasionally all the blossoms are de- stroyed and the crop is lost, but as frequently the result is a natural thinning of the fruit before it forms and no great harm is done. With the pear the blight is most at home, and here the whole tree may be invaded and destroyed. Some varieties are more susceptible than others, but some that were considered immune are now badly afflicted. In setting out new orchards the fruit-grower should consider among the most important things the liability of the variety to the fire blight. In connection with this fatal disease there is not much to show in a picture; the blighted tree is unmistakable. The germs themselves are exceedingly small, and each organism is provided with whiplash-like motile organs, by means of which they are usually in motion. Remedies.—Mr. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture, who has made a prolonged study of this subject, is of the opinion that the germs live over winter in the margins of blighted places, where the diseased cambium joins that which is healthy, and not in the dead twigs or the soil. While blighted twigs should be removed whenever seen, autumn is the best season to go over the orchard in a searching manner and remove all of the blight. The branches should be cut off a foot or more below the least sign of the blight or else it will hold over in the stump and the neighboring new shoots may be killed the next season. The greatest difficulty in removing the germs in a tree is when there is the so-called body blight, but in many instances this dies out of its own accord. It is evident from the nature of the disease that spraying as for ordinary fungi will be of very little avail. If the inocu- lation is chiefly through the flower it comes at a time when 220 LEE DIGS IEA SLY; S\\ (OL ia is spraying is in itself injurious and is generally proscribed. Therefore but little remains but to use the knife judiciously. It has been determined that the vigor and growth of the tree have their influence, and any highly nitrogenous manures that stimulate to an undue growth of succulent wood is con- ducive to blight. When it is remembered that the long withy water sprouts are the most certain to blight, it suggests that the feeding and culture should be such as to give a medium growth of strong healthy wood; in fact, the orchardist should strive for the development that is the most likely to bring the best crop of fruit. . The Leaf Blight (Entomosporium maculatum Lev.) is one of the most common and destructive of the diseases of the pear. It is recognized by the ashy spots upon the foliage and the premature falling of the leaves. Sometimes whole orchards will become bare of foliage in midsummer, and the half-grown fruit shrivels and becomes worthless. The pears are not ex- empt from the disease, the fungus causing at first blotches that may be purple or brown, followed by a cracking of the fruit and a failure to develop to useful size. The difference between the appearance of the blight upon the foliage and fruit would suggest unlike causes, but under the microscope the fungus is seen to be the same. This is a good illustration of the influence of the infested substance upon the appearance of the fungus, there being a much firmer tissue in the fruit than in the leaf and a consequent cracking of the former while the latter is sooner killed and turns to an ashy gray. Remedies.—There have been many extended trials of fun- gicides for the Leaf Blight, and they all show that the disease can be controlled. At the Geneva, New York, Experiment Station the results have been favorable with Bordeaux mixt- ure, the formula for which is given under the head of reme- dies for apple scab. (See Fig. 282, where the scab is shown upon the unsprayed fruit and the pears are nearly free when sprayed.) \ The writer has had excellent results with Cupram, made according to the following formula: Copper carbonate, . : : : 7) 5 ounces Strong ammonia, : = + 3 quants Water, ; . : : : : . 50 gallons LTE DISHA SES VOR Hie OLS. 221 This mixture is easily made by dissolving the copper com- pound in the ammonia and diluting with water to the required strength. With this mixture there is no lime to clog the sprayer and coat the fruit, the latter being a serious objection when Bordeaux is used after the pears are nearing maturity. FIG. 282._From a photograph of average fruit of sprayed and of unsprayed white Doyenne Pears. (From Beach.) It is often the practice to use the Bordeaux for the first three sprayings, one before the flowers open and two at intervals of two weeks thereafter, and follow these with cupram. Some varieties are much more inclined to the “ fruit crack,” as the disease is sometimes called. The Flemish beauty and 222 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. Clairgeau are among the most susceptible, but fine crops of fruit may be gathered of these sorts from trees that formerly were worthless after thorough spraying has been adminis- tered. : It only needs to be said in passing that the blight foliage and diseased fruit are sources of contagion, and the progres- sive pear grower will see to it these are burned so far as prac- ticable and thus reduce the number of germs of the disease. There is an orchard sanitation as essential to good health cf trees as that which should obtain around the house for the well-being of its inmates. Pear Scab (Fusicladium pirinum Fcl.) is a very conspicuous fungus and one that is easily confused with the Entomosporium FIG. 283.—Microscopic view of a section through scab spot upon pear fruit showing spores at s, erect tips at 7, cuticle at c, epidermis at e,and corky cells atk. (From Duggar.) previously treated, but under the microscope the appearance is strikingly different. Instead of the compound spores of the Entomosporium, which curiously resemble the form and vari- ous body parts of an insect, and hence its generic name, the Fusicladium has simple oval brown spores that are produced singly upon the ends of short irregular threads (see Fig. 283). The fungus, by means of a network of fine threads, makes a firm attachment to the tissue of the fruit or leaf. The twigs THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 223 are likewise sometimes attacked, and by means of these the fungus is carried over the winter season. Remedies.—In the first place let it be understood that the scab fungus may be in the twigs, and it follows that any dead stems and branches should be removed by pruning before the growing season opens. ‘That the scab starts early is also well known, and fruits may be attacked before the blossom stage is past. , The sprayings with Bordeaux or cupram should begin early and be timed as for the leaf blight above mentioned. Some varieties are more susceptible than others, and in the setting of orchards the selection should be made with this in mind. There are several other fungous diseases, as an anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.), but they need the same treatment as men- tioned above. THE QUINCE.—Lust (Gymnosporangium sp.) of the quince is quite destructive in some places. It infests chiefly the stems FIG. 284.—Two rusted young Quince fruits. The left-hand one is attacked at the blossom end and the other at the stemend. (From Bailey.) and fruit, upon the latter producing contorted forms with an orange fringe-like coating (see Fig. 284). It isa close relative of the apple rust, and like it has its corresponding winter form also upon the cedar trees. Practically all that has been said re- garding the life cycle of the apple rust applies with equal force. 224 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. Remedies.—It goes without further writing that the cedar trees need to be removed from quince trees that are suffering from the rust. As the quince twigs may become infested and it is possible that the rust will live over winter, then it be- comes essential that the diseased stems are destroyed. In orchards where spraying has been carried out for other dis- eases it is observed that the rust is less abundant, and it there- fore seems probable that with the Bordeaux mixture the rust may be held in check. The Black Rot (Spheropsis malorum Pk.) is the same fungus as previously mentioned with the same name under apples and need not be considered further here. It is quite apt to begin its destructive work at the blossom end of the fruit and fur- nishes a good illustration of this place as being a favorite one of attack. The Fire Blight (Bacillus amylovorus Burl) is frequently met with upon the quince, and is demonstrated as being the same in nature as that of the pear, under which head it has been considered, with remedies. The disease as a ruie is confined to the upper parts of the twigs and rarely descends to the larger stems. The Leaf Spot (Entomosporium maculatum Lev.) is another quince enemy that is more frequently met upon the pear and has been considered under the latter. It is interesting to note in passing that plants when closely related are apt to have the same diseases. The same thing will be observed under the next groups, namely, the stone fruits, when a list of enemies is met with quite different from those thus far considered. The Ripe Rot (Gleosporium fructigenum Berk.) is the same as that upon the apple, and requires the same precautionary measures. It is not unusual for an old neglected quince bush to be the source of infection for diseases of both the apple and pear trees that are grown with good care near by. There are various leaf blights of the quince which will need the Bor- deaux mixture or cupram for holding them in check. THE STONE FRUITS. THE PEacnH.— Vellows.—There is no disease that is more disastrous than the Yellows, which in general is recognized THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 225 by the premature ripening of the fruit which, enlarging to more than the normal size, takes on an unnatural spotting of purplish and red, with the flesh streaked with pink. The fruit when apparently mature is bitter in taste and worthless. This “forcing,” as it is sometimes called, may be confined to a yy at oy Q Aas Buell s eal Oe Be fe tio i ty ig MD ies Mstioe FIG. 285.—A four-year-old Peach-tree, with yellows showing as “ brooms” or ““pennyroyal sprouts’’ upon the main branches. (From Smith.) few fruits upon the tree or a single branch; but when at its worst the whole crop is highly colored, full-sized, and soft some weeks before the natural time for maturing. The trees show the disease even before they come into bear- ing, and of course in years when there is no fruit other char- acteristics than the prematuring need to be considered. The yellows is recognized in the tree itself by the presence of small shoots that spring from the main branches and bear long, nar- 15 226 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. row leaves, often of a yellowish color, the latter fact giving rise to the common name by which this trouble is known throughout the United States. The tufts of fine-leaved branches are sometimes spoken of as “brooms,” or “ penny- royal sprouts,” and trees that show these are victims to the disease (see Fig. 285). The yellows is a very contagious affliction of the peach and will spread rapidly through an orchard. Professor Smith, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has made a prolonged study of the yellows, and concludes that it is quite general over a wide range, first becoming prominent in the peach belt of Michigan, where it threatened the leading industry in that section. It is now thought that the yellows is closely related to the phenomenon of variegation, which may be due to an oxydizing enzyme; that is, a substance not asso- ciated directly with any fungus or micro-organism, but capa- ble of inducing a sort of ferment of some chemical change, the result of which is the destruction of the green of the foliage and rendering the parts unhealthy. It is possible that this ferment may be present to a limited amount in all peach trees and only increases to a destructive extent when certain condi- tions obtain. That it is contagious is abundantly demon- strated by the scientific expert who has transmitted it by bud- ding, and this agrees with the practical working of the disease in the orchard. There is a disease somewhat similar to the above, called Peach Rosette, that threatens destruction in some localities. Remedies.—As yet under this head nothing can be recom- mended in the way of sprays. The contagion may come into the orchard in the trees from the nursery, and therefore great care needs to be taken in the purchase of healthy stock. The grower should be able to reccgnize the disease in its incipient stages and take heroic measures to remove it from the orchard. In many States laws have been enacted for the protection of orchards from this dire pest, and in some localities trees of all ages and by the thousands have been uprooted and burned until at present in such regions the yellows has been checked and peach-growing is restored to its former importance. There are many yellow peach trees that are so from lack of congenial soil, situation, and adequate foodsupply. Manure THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 227 and fertilizers do much toward removing the “starvation yel- lows”; but such is not contagious. It goes without saying that profitable peach growing is a high art that only the care- ful student of the subject is able to understand.. When the genuine yellows is suspected, appeal should be made at once to all the many sources of information upon the subject, and even then the orchard may need to be destroyed for the sake of future crops of peaches there and elsewhere in the neigh- borhood. The Leaf Curl (Exoascus deformans Fcl.) is perhaps the most conspicuous of the well-established fungous diseases of FIG. 286.—Branch of Peach, showing the Leaf Curl. the peach. The presence of this enemy is quicky recognized by the distortions it causes in the foliage, some of the leaves becoming highly colored, yellow and red (see Fig. 286). The curl usually comes with the first leaves if it comes at all, and in the worst cases all the foliage is affected and largely falls away, as later leaves unfold. The fungus hibernates in the 228 THE DISEASES (OF FIFCLTES, buds and young twigs, and its development evidently depends largely upon the conditions of the weather during winter or spring, or both. It has been observed that a wet May is par- ticularly favorable for the development of the leaf curl, while in other years, when the spring months are comparatively dry, the disease is almost absent. Remedies.—Spraying of the peach trees in winter with the Bordeaux mixture has often had a remarkably good effect, as it prevented the disease from destroying the foliage and blast- ing the flowers. At other times the early spraying of the trees has had very litle effect. It should be borne in mind that no other tree is so tender as the peach, and its foliage is quickly burned by a mixture that is harmless to the apple or pear. A half-strength solution of Bordeaux is recommended for the peach. The Fruit Rot (Monilia fructigena Pers.) is the disease that carries off a large fraction of the peaches, especially in a sea- son with much wet weather at the time of maturing the fruit. The Monilia is sometimes called gray mould, because it covers the affected fruit with a gray layer with the feel of powdered soap-stone. Thefungus, after destroying the fruit, will spread to the less congenial stems, sometimes causing them to die. These twigs furnish a place for the wintering of the mould, as also do the fruits which dry down and frequently adhere as mummies to the stems or fall to the ground and harbor the fungus there. Remedies.—From the fact that the Monilia is a very rapid grower in the soft pulp of a maturing peach and favored greatly by moist weather, it follows that spraying has not al- ways given the most satisfactory results. In the first place, as a preventive measure, all mummy fruits should be destroyed during the winter season, along with any twigs that are dead or affected with the mould. At the same time the trees may well be sprayed with Bordeaux to cleanse them of thousands of adhering spores. Some good results have been obtained from the spraying of the trees at the time when the trees are in bearing, but this should be with cupram or other clear mixt- ure, bearing in mind that the peach in leaf is a very tender subject. The Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.) appears as dark THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 229 spots upon the fruit, usually the upper side being the most affected, which is often dwarfed, and the flesh may crack and expose the inner substance to the inroads of the gray mould previously mentioned (see Fig. 287.) The growth of the scab fungus seems to depend largely upon the conditions which obtain upon the upper side of the fruit, whether this be the greater heat upon the sun-exposed side, or the fact that the spores are more apt to find lodgment there than elsewhere. This scab is similar in its results to that of the apple and pear, but not the same as either of them, and therefore no spreading of the disease may be expected from the pomaceous fruits to the stone fruits. This fungus, when upon the foliage, produces spots of Fic. 287.—A half-grown Peach, dead tissue which, falling out, leave pees Nee Sean se ee round vacant places, sometimes (from Smith.) called “shot holes.” The same ap- pearance is often caused by Cercosfora persica Sacc. Remedies.—It has often been observed that overladen trees are more affected than those with only a proper amount of fruit, and this suggests that one of the best methods of hold- ing the scab in check is by judicious thinning, which shoula be done as soon as the time for the natural dropping (“June drop”) is past. It is likewise true that the best way to thin the fruit is by using the pruning shears early in the season. The young peaches, when attacked by the scab, are so thickly coated with fuzz that it almost prohibits any close contact of a liquid fungicide with the fruit. Sulphur dusted through the trees has been recommended, but the satisfactory method of dealing with the scab is yet to seek. THE Apricot.—Rust (Puccinia pruni Pers.) of the apricot is. very destructive to the orchards in California. It attacks al- most all the drupaceous fruits from prune to almond, but it is only in the warmer portions of the United States that it isa serious pest. Remedies.—This is one of the few genuine rusts that have 230 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. been _ satisfac- torily held in check by spray- ing with fungi- cides. The or- chardists upon our western coast may well seek . the information available mop jwavesael Aol jee 15 S, IDS= partment of Agriculture. THE PLuM.—Slack Knot (Plowrightia morbosa Sacc.) is the most conspicuous fungous enemyoftheplum. The attack is made upon the young twigs in the spring, which soon begin to swell, the bark cracks, and upon the surface of the fissure the fungus produces an olive coat- ing of spores by means of which the disease is spread. This is one of the very deeply -seated fungi, its threads being located chiefly in the growing layer be- neath the bark, and when the final spores are produced they are located in sacs embedded in a hard black crust of the distorted branch, from which the common name is naturally derived (see Fig. 288). The black-knot fungus attacks a number of kinds of wild plum and cherry trees. It is not infre- quent that the hedge row sur- rounding an afflicted orchard con- yg. 298A portion of a Plum tains many wild shrubs and trees Branch with the Black Knot in conspicuous, especially during the ™#!ure Sonn Gone a winter, for the many black excrescences upon their branches. THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 231 Remedies. —Owing tothe fact that the fungus lives from year to year in the growing layer of the branch, it is evident that when once a tree is infested, ordinary spraying is not effective asacure. The only successful method of treatment thus far determined is the knife and saw, by which the diseased parts are removed, care being taken to cut several inches below any signs of the knot, or otherwise a new excrescence will form upon the stump. The spores are abundant in such knots, and they need to be burned, for if thrown into a brush heap the germs will escape as well from there as when upon the tree. All similar knots upon wild plants should be treated in the same way, and this is not the only case where the fruit grower needs to go beyond the garden fence to stay an enemy lurking close at hand. os Experiments have been made with some success in checking the fungus by using fungicides. Spraying at a time when the trees are most susceptible in early spring, and the painting of the knots with a destructive liquid, have given some encour- agement; but the only reliable method thus far suggested is that of cutting away the diseased parts as soon as they are found by careful search. , Plum Pockets (Exoascus pruni Fcl.) are well named abnormal fruits that become many times their natural size and usually very spongy and often hollow (see Fig. 289). The same fungus attacks the twigs sometimes so extensively as to de- stroy all the young branches. These affected tips become like the young fruits above noticed, and dying give the tree an ap- pearance similar to that caused by the fire blight upon the apple. The “pockets” are often abundant during moist or wet springs, and some varieties seem more susceptible than others. Remedies. —Experimental tests for the control of this fungus have not been extensive, and while spraying may prove suc- cessful it can only be suggested for trial. The fungus is of the same class as that causing the black knot, and like it may require the heroic method of severe pruning. Asthe Exoascus attacks the young portions, the removal of the parts is an easier matter than with the black knot, especially if the latter has been upon the tree for some years. The Leaf Blight ( Cylindrosportum Padi Karst) produces brown 232 ax THE DISEASES OF FROULTS. patches upon the leaves and causes the premature falling of the foliage. In general appearance the work of this fungus resembles that of the leaf blight of the pear. Remedies.—Fairly good results have been obtained by the use of fungicides, and plum growers who suffer from a defoliation of their orchards should see to it that sprayings are resorted to, beginning early in the season. The Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.) is the same as that upon the peach treated above, to which the reader is referred. The Fruit Rot (Monilia fructigena Pers.) is also the same as that of the peach, and is another illustration of acommon enemy to plants that are closely related. THE CHERRY.—Slack Knot (Plowrightia morbosa Sacc.) of the cherry is the same as that of the plum, and the peculiarities of the species and method of treatment _need not be again given here. The Leaf Blight (Cyhin- adrosporium Padi Karst.) is the same enemy as men- tioned above for the plum. FIG. 289.—Portion of Plum branch, show- This “shot hole” fungus is ing both the normal fruit and the en- very common upon cherry larged “ pockets” due to the Avoascus i Prunti Fel. (From Galloway.) foliage. THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 233 The Fruit Rot (Monilia fructigena Pers.) isacommon fungus of the stone fruits generally and one that has been considered under the diseases of the peach. It is perhaps most rapid in its development upon the cherry, because of the thinner skin and softer pulp of the latter fruit than that of the peach, and this may account for the unusual rapidity with which it will work ruin to a maturing crop of cherries when the days are rainy. The Mildew (Podosphera oxycanthe D C.) is frequently met with upon the peach, plum, and cherry, and is mentioned be- cause most destructive to the latter plants. It works particu- larly upon the young stems and their leaves and causes the latter to become coated over with the fungus when Epsy coil up and are comparatively worthless. Remedies.—Thisis a superficial fungus, and like many others of its class is easily controlled when spraying isresorted to. It is particularly destructive to nursery stock, and a few applica- tions of Bordeaux sometimes make all the difference between a good healthy growth and a stunted plant. THE VINE FRUITS. THE GraPe.—Slack Rot (Lestadia Bedwell Ell.) of the grape is a fungus that attacks both the leaves and the fruit and oc- casionally is met with upon the young canes, producing there dark sunken spots. Upon the foliage the disease assumes the form of reddish-brown, oval blotches situated between the veins, and greatly interferes with the activity of the leaves. The greatest injury is done to the fruit, which becomes dis- colored, then turns black, shrivels upon the stem, and is cov- ered with the spore-bearing pimples similar to those upon the dead areas of the leaf (see Fig. 290). The fungus remains alive over the winter in the mummy fruits, the dead fallen leaves, and the injured canes. Remedies.—The ordinary pruning and burning will dispose of the greater portion of the disease present upon the canes and berries that may remain attached. It is well to rake up and burn the leaves and any fallen fruit in any vineyards where the rot has been injurious. Some growers of grapes take the further precaution of removing the clusters while they are still green when the rot has ruined them. During 234 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. the winter the vines and trellises may well be treated with a wash of copper sulphate, one pound to thirty gallons of water. This use of the plain bluestone solution is of special value as a cleansing solution, and can be safely employed upon stems not leaf-bearing at the time. Last, but not least, is the use of Bordeaux upon the vines during the growing season, with cupram as the fruit nears maturity. In this way there is usually ample opportunity for the removal of the lime in the Bordeaux by natural causes and the fruit will be acceptable in the mar- kets. Should the Bordeaux only be used it can be re- moved from the fruit by dip- ping ina very weak solution of vinegar. The bagging of the clusters while quite small will prevent theaccess of the germs and help to save the fruit, and protect them as well from the loss of the deli- _-. cate bloom that adds to their FIG, 290.—A Cluster of Grapes ruined Lael by the Black Rot. (From Galloway.) attractiveness. The Anthracnose (Sphaceloma ampilinum DeBy.) causes a serious disease of the grape, easily distinguished from the black rot by producing sunken spots and lines upon the new growth of canes developing a purplish border anda gray centre. The fruit spots are usually circular, and with the deep depression and reddish border they some- what resemble bird’s eyes. Similar spots and patches are often found upon the main veins of the leaves. Remedies.—The distribution of this fungus is similar to that of the black rot, and the same precautionary measures there given hold good with the anthracnose, which is, how- ever, not so easily controlled by spraying as the black rot, THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 235 and the burning of the diseased parts is all the more impor- tant. The Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola B. & C.) is a fungus quite different in appearance from any thus far considered. As its name suggests it produces a downy coating upon the affected part, usu- ally the under side, with a yellow discoloration of the upper side of the leaf. The 24 affected fruits while half grown turn brown prema- turely, and for this reason the term “brown rot” is sometimes given to this disease. The browned ber- ries remain hard and never become edible and rarely show the fungus upon the surface. Sometimes the canes are infested, when they are coated with the downiness common to the | leaves. The filaments of the fungus come to the surface through the stomates and FIG. 291.—Shows threads of Grape Mildew then they branchandsubdi- “Sine through | brenthing pore of ent vide, producing the spores upon theirtips. (From Scribner.) upon the tips (see Fig. 291). Remedies.—The same treatment is recommended here as for the diseases of the grape already considered. As all these troubles may be upon the same vine, or even single leaf, it follows that the remedy applied for one will answer for all. The Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator Schw.) is another fungus of the vine that while the leading enemy in Europe is of secondary consideration here. This is a superficial mildew— that is, it grows upon the leaf and does not penetrate the tissue, and on this account may be easily controlled as by sul- phur dusted over the vines. The sprayings recommended for the other vine diseases will be sufficient for this one. 236 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. The Ripe Rot (Gleosporium fructigenum Berk.), previously mentioned under apple, is a common trouble with the matur- ing grapes. It need not be further considered here, except to note that in this instance widely different plants are affected - with the same fungus. It should, however, be kept in mind that this is a disease of a substance—namely, the flesh of a maturing fruit—that is more of the nature of a lifeless tissue and has lost its specific vital qualities. In the same way the common bread mould will thrive upon mature sweet potatoes and turnips, while the living leaves and stems of the same plants are not attacked by it. THE BUSH FRUITS. THE BLACKBERRY.—Aust (Puccinia Peckiana Howe) is the leading fungus of the blackberry and is quickly recognized by the more upright dwarfed canes with multitudes of blisters upon the leaves which upon rupturing expose orange colored spores that give an appearance of iron rust to the affected parts. The disease threads extend all through the plants, and when the rusted cane is cut down to the ground it is soon fol- lowed by a new growth that shortly shows the rust throughout. The same disease is frequently found upon the wild brambles, and it is also observed that some of the cultivated varieties are more susceptible than others. Remedies.—From the deeply seated nature of the disease it is evident that spraying will not effect acure. Like the black knot the knife and burn heap need to be resorted to when plants are badly diseased, and should be removed root and all. It would be folly to attempt successful blackberry culture in- places where the wild brambles are badly rusted until these have been destroyed. The grower needs to be assured that the waste land is not a place for the propagation of a fungus that may destroy the garden plants. The Anthracnose ( Gleosporium venetum Speg.) is similar to the one upon the grape and like it is found upon leaves and canes, forming oval patches with gray centres and purple borders. Remedies.—The winter treatment of the canes with a solu- tion of copper sulphate as mentioned under grape is recom- mended. The experiments made in spraying the plants dur- DHE DISEASES OF \HROLLS: 237 ing the growing season have not shown that this anthracnose is easily checked; but further tests need to be made before a conclusion in the matter is reached. THE RASPBERRY.—The chief diseases here are the rust and anthracnose mentioned already under blackberry, with which the raspberry is very closely related. There are some leaf- spot fungi also common to these two species of brambles. THE CURRANT.—Cane Llight (Lectria cinnabarina Fr.) is one of the newer diseases, but is becoming quite abundant in some localities. Thisaffectsthe whole cane, causing it to die some- times when bearing fruit of nearly full size. Along with the shriveling of the berries and fall of the leaves the diseased canes show numerous bright pink pimples (see Fig. 292). This disease is related to the black knot of plum and cherry, and like it has taken a firm grip upon its victim before its presence is observed. Remedies.—The whole plant should be removed and burned as soon as the blasted canes are found. Spraying is too slow _a treatment, even if it were effective, with a disease so contagi- ous as this upon plants that are small and easily rooted out and the ground occupied with some other crop. The Anthracnose (Gleosporium ribis M. & D.) causes minute dark spots upon the leaves, followed by yellowing and their dropping from the canes. When very severe, the green fruit is left to shrivel upon the defoliated branches, but usually the fall of the leaves is shortly after the crop is harvested. Remedies.—This fungus is closely related to other anthrac- noses previously considered and may be controlled by the use of the standard fungicides. The Leaf Spot (Septoria ribis Desm.) is a fungus that pro- duces effects similar to those of the anthracnose, while its microscopic structure is quite different. Remedies.— Spraying should be thorough and begin early in the season. The currant is well adapted in size for the ap- plication of fungicides, and any adhering lime upon the smooth fruit is easily removed. To avoid this coating a clear mixture may be used instead of one containing lime. THE GOOSEBERRY.—The diseases of the currant are practi- cally the same as those of the gooseberry, and all that has been remarked above regarding them generally applies here. 238 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. The Mildew (Spherotheca mors-uve Schw.) is a fungus that is very destructive to the gooseberry, but is rarely met with upon the currant. The European varieties are particularly FIG. 292.—Currant Canes, showing the Blight as projections from the surface. (From Durand.) : susceptible and usually are considered not worthy of cultiva- tion because of the prevalence of this disease. This mildew produces a felt-like brown coating upon the young growth of stems, including the leaves and fruit, which are much dwarfed and distorted. The fungus is entirely superficial and consists of filaments lying upon the surface with ‘upright branches that THE DISRASES OF FRUITS. 239 bear the spores. There is asecond form of spore produced in spherical thick-walled bodies, designed for preserving the mildew through the winter. These form later in the season than the small naked spores previously mentioned. Remedies.—Satisfactory results are obtained from spraying the gooseberry plants, partly because the mildew is upon the surface only. With a similar fungus upon greenhouse roses flowers of sulphur has long been in use, dusted upon the plants FIG. 293.—A Leaf of the Strawberry showing the Spot. (From Bailey.) or placed upon the heating pipes where it givesoff fumes. At some Experiment Stations sulphide of potassium has been found effective against the gooseberry mildew, the formula being one ounce to a gallon of water. This isa solution easily _. made and applied and is a comparatively clear liquid. Good results follow the use of Bordeaux, but this of course tends to coat the fruit. THE GROUND FRUITS. THE STRAWBERRY.—Leaf Spot (Spherella fragarie Tul.) is the most conspicuous and common of the fungous enemies of the strawberry. This causes purple spots upon the leaves, the 240 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. centres becoming ashy gray (see Fig. 293). The fungus also attacks the fruit-stalks, cutting off the supply of nourishment and thereby injuring the crop. During winter the fungus ‘remains in the affected parts, particularly the old leaves. Remedies.—Many remedies have been used upon the straw- berry, some of them with indifferent results, probably because of the difficulty of reaching the under surface of the foliage. Bordeaux, however, is recommended, and cupram at times when the fruit might be defaced with the lime of the former mixture. Some growers with scythe and rake remove the blighted leaves in the autumn and burn them, while others have employed a weak solution of sulphuric acid as a spray, and thus destroy the foliage, letting the new spring growth supply the fresh healthy leaves for the production of the com- ing crop. There are other fungous diseases of the strawberry, but they are indistinguishable from the leaf-spot except by close in- spection. THE CRANBERRY.—Sca/¢d.—There are several fungous dis- eases of the cranberry, but as this crop demands peculiar con- ditions, is limited to few localities, and does not admit of the ordinary, methods of treatment, only a word need be said. The Scald, or Rot, as it is sometimes called, attacks the fruit and other parts of the plant, causing upon the former a soften- ing of the fruit, usually first upon the sun-exposed side. Remedies.—All attempts to check the Scald by the use of fungicides have failed. The fact that the land is under water for much of the time, and a bog at best in the dry period of the year, renders it difficult to apply fungicides satisfactorily. Besides, the cranberry bogs are often large low-priced areas, with many weeds, and the industry is extensive instead of intensive, making spraying improfitable no matter how effec- tive the applications might be. Root GALuts.—As a last word, and going to the root of the subject, it may be said that of late years much complaint has been made of galls upon the roots of various orchard plants, especially the peach. The subject has been studied by Prof. J. W. Toumey, of the University of Arizona Agricultural Ex- periment Station, with the result that the disease has been found to be caused by a species of slime-mould living in the THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 241 tissues of the root and causing the development of the galls. Careful experiments were made which showed that the disease was easily communicable, thus demonstrating the great neces- sity of avoiding its introduction into the nursery or orchard, especially since no very effective remedy for it was found. It seems wise, therefore, for all growers to reject all peach, plum, apple, or other plants whose roots are in any degree malformed. The fact that the trouble is underground adds much to the difficulty of checking it, and therefore all diseased roots should be excluded at the time the trees are set. ‘In conclusion, it is remarked that only the leading sorts of fungi have been considered, but enough, it is hoped, is pre- sented so that the fruit grower will find some clew to any disease that is serious. It may be said, as a final word, that there are several experts at work upon fungous diseases, and further information upon the subjects, herein considered, may be obtained of the division of Physiology and Vegetable Pathol- ogy, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., or through the Experiment Stations of the various States. ; The fruit-grower should not hesitate to make complaint and call for information through the avenues created by the Gov- ernment for the special help of the crop-growers of this coun- try. It may be that an old and well-known enemy has made its first appearance in a community, and methods for its treat- ment are well worked out. Should it be a new disease, or of recent importation from some other country, it then becomes of special interest to the expert as it is to the plaintiff, and it is an advantage to all that the call is made for help. In this age of the world, all obstacles to successful fruit-growing as far as possible should be removed. It is argued that the person who is sufficiently wide awake to observe fungous troubles as they arrive and strive to remove them at the out- set will not fail because of oversight in selection of orchard site, or varieties of fruits, through careless pruning, neglect of thinning, improper feeding, or any such thing. He will do his best and take pride in his work along with the profits as they come to him. : 16 CHAPTER XIV. THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. THE most important advance in the management of fruit plantations within the past quarter-century has been the re- markable increase in the means of checking the ravages of insects and fungi by the use of liquid sprays. The spraying of orchard trees with poisons for the purpose of destroying insects is, at least in its modern development, of American origin. Arsenic in the form of Paris-green was early used against the potato-beetle, and in 1872 Le Baron, State ento- mologist of Illinois, suggested its use upon trees for the de- struction of the canker-worm.* As early as 1876, this poison had attained to some popularity as a means of combating the canker-worm in Illinois and in Michigan, in the latter State under the advocacy of Prof. A. J. Cook. It appears to have been as late as 1878 that the first record was made of its use in New York, but a most important discovery followed the experiment there. In the spring of that year, J. S. Wood- ward, of Lockport, advised Edward P. Haynes to spray his apple-trees with Paris-green to destroy the canker-worm. In the fall, Mr. Haynes observed that the apples upon the sprayed trees were less wormy than those upon the others. The results of the experiments were reported the following winter before the Western New York Horticultural Society at Rochester. It isa curious fact that similar results were ob- served in this very year in Iowa in sprayings made with London-purple, under the auspices of Prof. J. L. Budd and * See Lodeman, ‘“‘ The Spraying of Plants,” for a complete history and dis- cussion of spraying. 242 THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. 243 John M. Dixon. Fruit-growers were at first incredulous as to the value of the arsenites for the destruction of the larva of the codlin-moth, but by 1885 sufficient experience had ac- cumulated to entitle the practice to the careful consideration of every progressive farmer. Spraying for the codlin-moth aud many other orchard insects is now demonstrated to be of the greatest value, and it is a practice which every intelli- gent pomologist must employ. The practice of spraying for fungous diseases had a sepa- rate origin. It originated in Southern France, in an attempt to check the mildew of the grape, a disease which had been introduced from America. The first definite efforts to treat. plant-diseases by sprays in this country were made in 1884 and 1885, by Saunders and Goff. In the latter year, the De- partment of Agriculture began to publish advice, at first gleaned largely from French sources, respecting the treat- ment of these serious disorders; and it has prosecuted the work up to the present time with a persistence and eificiency which should win the admiration of the world. The kerosene emulsions, and like compounds used for the destruction of various scales and other sucking insects, were of still independent origin. The kerosene emulsion is an American invention. The first successful emulsion with soap was probably made by Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Michigan Agricultural College, in 1877 and 1878. It was soon after rec- ommended independently by Hubbard and Riley as the result of investigations upon the scale of the orange; and emulsions with milk were at the same time perfected by Barnard and Hubbard as the result of work upon the cotton-worm. Vari- ous soaps and oils have long been known to be effective in- secticides. As early as 1840, whale-oil soap was used in this country for the destruction of the rose-chafer, although its application to that insect is no longer considered to be effica- cious. Spraying is only one of several practices which are of fun- damental importance in the care of fruit-plantations. Tillage, fertilizing, pruning and other care are cardinal methods in pomology, and their importance is none the less because spraying has been lately proved to be so essential. Spraying is a wholly secondary operation, and its importance is the 244 THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. greater in proportion as the other care of the plantation is efficient, for the value of the product is thereby heightened. Many old and neglected orchards are scarcely worth the trouble and cost of spraying. The operation of spraying is not always necessary, and it does not, therefore, always give beneficial results. Unless insect or fungous troubles are present, there is no occasion for the operation; but inasmuch as these enemies are nearly always troublesome, and as no one can definitely prognosticate their absence, spraying comes to be an insurance. The risk is too great to allow the practice to be omitted in any year in apple and some other orchards; and the practice is efficient only when it anticipates the trouble. The amount of spraying which shall be done in any par- ticular case, as well as its kind and seasons, depends entirely upon the conditions and the enemies which it is desired to reach. The operator must first of all make a diagnosis of what his trouble is or is likely to be. If fungous troubles are present, or are likely to be, some of the compounds of copper or sulphur must be used. If leaf-eating or chewing insects— like canker-worm, codlin-moth larva, bud-moth larva, tent- caterpillar—are at work, some arsenical poison is to be used. if seale-like or lice-like insects—as bark-louse, San José seale, aphis—are present, soap, oil, or emulsion should be em- ployed. In some fruits the operator can prognosticate given troubles with tolerable certainty. For instance, it is safe to assume that the apple will be attacked by the scab-fungus— except in very dry regions—and by the codlin-moth larva. Bordeaux-mixture is a specific for the former, and Paris- green for the latter. These materials may be combined and applied together with as good results as if each were applied separately. As a rule, two insurance sprayings are advised for the apple-orchard, the first one just as the blossom buds have opened, but before the flowers themselves have begun to expand, and the other about as soon as the last petals have fallen. The grower must determine if more sprayings are needed. If insect or fungotus enemies are threatening, spray again. The fungous diseases are commonly most serious in wet seasons. As a general rule, there should be two spray- ings for codlin-moth larve on the apple and pear (the apple- _ THE SPRA VYING OF FRUITS. 245 worm) after the petals have fallen; but in average years the two early sprayings of Bordeaux-mixture advised above are sufficient for the scab-fungus. This first spraying will be too early to reach the codlin-moth larve, but inasmuch as vari- ous leaf-eating insects are common upon trees at this time, it will be well to add the Paris-green to the Bordeaux-mixture, particularly as the poison is cheap and does not in any way interfere with the application of with the fungicidal action of the Bordeaux-mixture. It is a prevalent notion that spraying is bound to make orchards productive. Nothing could be more fallacious. The causes of unproductiveness are many. When such cause is insect or fungous injury, then spraying is a specific; but when the cause of unproductiveness is poor soil, lack of tillage and other care, poor varieties, and the like, spraying can have only a secondary and incidental effect in correcting the bar- renness of the plantation. The general efficiency of spray- ing is well tested. The practice is now beyond the experi- mental stage, and the fruit-grower who does not resort to it is far behind his opportunities. There is still much to learn about mixtures, machinery, and the habits of insects and fungi; but spraying as a feature in the management of fruit- plantations rests upon as solid a basis of fact and demonstra- ‘tion as tillage or pruning does. This proof has been so un- equivocal and so widely published, that it is doubtful if it is any longer incumbent upon the experiment stations to urge farmers to spray. The facts and methods are all accessible, and if, in the face of this evidence, the fruit-grower does not care to spray, he should be allowed to reap the harvest which he desires. It is very doubtful if laws designed to enforce spraying can be made of any service, for such laws always de- pend upon enlightened public sentiment for their support, and any mere perfunctory performance of the operation would profit nothing. Spraying must be deliberately and very thor- oughly done if any benefit is to come of it, and such spraying is possible only when the operator is unreservedly convinced of its importance for his own plantations. The efficacy of a spray depends upon hitting the enemy or in placing poison upon every portion of the surface upon which it works. Effective spraying, therefore, must cover 246 THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. the entire surface of the plant. One completely thorough spraying, in which the plant is drenched, is more useful than a half-dozen perfunctory or half-hearted operations. The spray should be applied until the liquid begins to drip from the tree. If the operation is stopped as soon as this dripping begins, it is considered that there is no danger of turning stock into the orchard to feed upon the grass. At least, no cases of injury from such practice are on record. The num- ber of sprayings can never make good the lack of thorough- ness. Prepare for the operation in advance, preferably dur- ing the winter season. Be sure to know what the spray is to be applied for. Secure strong pumps and a variety of noz- zles. Be on time with the work, do not be in a hurry while doing it, and consider that the spray protects the ghee in proportion as the plant is well covered. THE APPARATUS. There is no one best pump or nozzle for all purposes. The operator needs different styles of tools for spraying as much as he does for working his land. The first requisite is that the pump be strong and capable of throwing much liquid. It FIG. 204.—Knapsack Sprayer. should be brass-lined, have a long, strong handle, a large (two inches in diameter or upward) cylinder, and it should be low and compact, so as not to catch in the limbs, or be top-heavy when mounted on a barrel or tank. As a rule, from ten to fifteen feet of hose should be used for each delivery, and one LM EWI MS ASAVAIUNG (OLR EIRROIETE'S: 247 man should manipulate only one hose. In large orchards one man should give his entire attention to pumping and driving, allowing the operator of the spray to give his entire thought FIG. 296—_Improved Vermorel Nozzle with Disgorger. inch to three-quarter-inch con- FIG. 298.—Another form of nection. Vermorel Nozzle. FIG. FIG. 300.—Y-Fixture for Vermorel Fic. 301.—Y-Attachment for using Nozzles. Two Nozzles. to his work. In tall trees the nozzle may be elevated upon a bamboo fishing-pole, or the operator may stand upon.a plat- form above the tank. The exact form of the rig must depend 248 THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. wholly upon the lay of the land and the character of the or- chard. If the trees are high, far apart and well pruned, some kind of a high platform-rig will be useful. In thick orchards of low trees, a stone-boat may be used, the operator standing on the ground and raising his spray into the trees by means of a pole. This pole, with the hose secured near its top, is FIG. 302.—Barrel Outfit Complete with Wheels. often used. Many persons use a length of light gas pipe in the place of so much hose. There is now a pipe-lined bam- boo pole which answers the purpose very well. The various illustrations show some of the kinds of pumps which can be confidently recommended. For spraying or- chards and vineyards, they should be mounted upon large casks or tanks, and these placed upon a wagon; but for limited plantations of small fruits, various cart and wheelbarrow sprayers are useful. It is generally advisable to mount the pump on the side of the cask, for the rig isthen not top-heavy, the cask is easily filled with water, and the movement of the liquid in the barrel insures more perfect agitation than occurs LAE, SPRAIN G VO SiRIOL Tins. 249 if the cask stands onend. Some agitator should be employed, however, for, if the material settles, the work is likely to be very unsatisfactory. For cask-outfits it is quite as well to stir the liquid with a stick just before spraying each tree as to depend upon some of the agitating devices which are in the market. Power pumps—unless run by steam—are ineffi- cient in orchards of large trees, because sufficient liquid can- not be thrown while the machine is passing the tree. For vineyards, dwarf pears, small fruits and potatoes, however, the power sprayers are often very satisfactory. The knap- sack sprayers are useful only for small areas or small plants, or where hand-labor is cheap. | Barrel Outfits with Agitators. The best general nozzle for tall trees is probably the Mc- Gowen. It is a self-cleaning device and can be adjusted for coarse or fine spray. It throws more liquid than some other nozzles, but for this reason it allows of very expeditious work. Every orchardist should provide himself with the Vermorel, Bordeaux, and various other nozzles, however, and he will find them all useful for particular purposes. Some of the smaller of these nozzles, like the Vermorel, may be used twin by placing them upon a Y-fixture, as shown in the engraving. 250 TLL SPL CA AN GAO LE PaO las MATERIALS AND FORMULAS. Paris-green.—This compound of arsenic (aceto-arsenite of copper) is the standard insecticide for all chewing and biting insects, such as larve (“worms”) and most beetles. A pound of it is used in two hundred to three hundred gallons of water for fruit-plants. For apple and pear and plum trees, the denser strength is generally preferred, but for peach-trees (upon which it is seldom necessary to use it) the weaker strength is recommended. If this mixture is to be used upon fruit-trees, one pound of quicklime should be added, for re- peated applications will injure most foliage, unless the lime is used. Paris-green and Bordeaux-mixture can be applied together with perfect satisfaction. Use at the rate of four ounces of the arsenite to fifty gallons of the Bordeaux mix- ture. The action of neither is weakened, and the Paris green loses all caustic properties. Paris-green itself has slight fun- gicidal properties. It sometimes happens that material which is’ obtained as Paris-green contains no arsenic. If the materialis genuine Pa- ris-green, it will quickly and completely dissolve in common strong ammonia, giving a beautiful, rich, dark blue, clear liquid, while any of the compounds which would ordinarily be substituted for Paris-green on account of their color and tex- ture, will not behave in this manner in ammonia. Any insol- uble residue is impurity. Chrome-green, which may be pro- cured for Paris-green, wiil not dissolve in ammonia. London-purple.— This is used for the same purposes as Paris-green, and in the same proportions. It is an arsenite of lime. Its advantages over Paris-green are its cheapness and the greater ease with which it is held in suspension in water, but these are not important merits. As itis very caustic, it should be applied with two or three times its weight of lime, or with the Bordeaux-mixture. The composition of London- purple is variable, and unless good reasons exist for suppos- ing that it contains as much arsenic as Paris green, it is better to use the latter poison. Do not use London-purple on peach or plum trees unless considerable lime is added. Substitutes for Paris-green.—Paris-green is still the standard THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS, 251 insecticide for spraying purposes, yet it has several serious defects: it is costly, does not remain long in suspension when applied in water, often burns the foliage of tender plants, and is variable in composition. This has led several manufacturers to offer substitutes, chiefly compounds of white arsenic, lime, and copper sul- phate, a few of which appear to be decidedly superior to Paris-green for spraying purposes. None of these trade arsenites, however, has been tested long enough to warrant a recommendation that it supplant the older insecticide. The only arsenite which has been thoroughly tested in many States and has given universal satisfaction is arsenite of lime. Two different compounds have been passing under this name. One is the “ Taft Mixture,” made by boiling together for forty- five minutes— White arsenic, ; ; : . I pound. Stone lime, ; : ; : 2 pounds. Wivenueie, : : ; : . I gallon. This makes a stock solution which may be kept indefinitely in a stoppered vessel. One quart of the stock solution to 50 gallons of water will be sufficient for most insects. The “Kedzie Mixture” is an arsenite of lime made by boil- ing together until the arsenic dissolves— Sal. soda, ; : : : . 8 pounds White arsenic, . : : : 2 pounds Water, . ; : ; : . 2gallons One pint of this stock solution and two pounds of slacked lime will make a barrel of spraying mixture equal in insecticidal value to one-quarter pound of Paris-green. The comparative merits of the two compounds are not yet determined, but both have given satisfaction. The chief advantages of both over Paris-green are cheapness and efficiency. The same insecti- cidal effect may be got for one-third the cost of Paris-green. Neither one will injure the tenderest foliage at the ordinary strengths. Both of these compounds can be made at home by a careful man. They seem to be destined to replace Paris- green in many parts of the country. White Hellebore.—An ounce of the perfectly fresh material is applied in three gallons of water. Apply when thoroughly 252 THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. ‘mixed. This poison is not so energetic as the arsenites, and may be used a short time before the sprayed portions become edible. For insects which chew, but chiefly used for the cur- rant-worm. Tobacco Water.—This solution may be prepared by placing tobacco stems in a water-tight vessel, and then covering them with hot water. Allow to stand several hours, dilute the liquor from three to five times, and apply. For soft-bodied insects, especially for plant-lice. Whale-oil Soap.—Used for various scale insects, in the pro- portion of one pound to five gallons of water. Some tender plants may be injured by this strength, if it is applied when they are in active growth. For San José scale, in winter, two pounds to the gallon. Kerosene Emulsion.—Hard soap, one-half pound; boiling water, one gallon; kerosene, two gallons; dissolve the soap in the water, add the kerosene, and churn with a pump for five to ten minutes. Dilute four to twenty-five times before applying. Use strong emulsion for all scale insects, including the San José scale. For such insects as plant-lice, mealy- bugs, red spider, thrips, weaker preparations will prove effec- tive. Cabbage-worms, currant-worms, and all insects which have soft bodies, can also be successfully treated with this emulsion. It is advisable to make the emulsion shortly before it is used. Crude Oil and Water Mixture.—This is rapidly superseding kerosene emulsion for combating sucking insects. It is more economical than the emulsion and is easier toapply. Forscale insects use a 15-per-cent. to 25-per-cent. mixture; for plant lice and thrips the 5-per-cent. strength is strong enough. Cabbage-worms, currant-worms, and other soft-bodied insects may also be treated successfully. This mixture, or emulsion, is made by pumps (of several patterns), which mix it auto- matically. Bordeaux Mixture.—The leading fungicide, made of six pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol or blue-stone), four pounds of quicklime, forty to fifty gallons of water. This is the normal or 1.6 per cent. mixture. Dissolve the copper sul- phate by putting it in a bag.of coarse cloth and hanging this in a vessel holding at least four gallons, so that it is just cov- FHE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 253 ered by the water. Use an earthen or wooden vessel. When dissolved, pour the solution into the spraying barrel and fill the barrel half full of water. Slake the lime, dilute it to 10-15 gallons, and pour this milk of lime into the barrel through a wire strainer. Do not mix the copper sulphate and lime when less dilute than this, or the resulting Bordeaux will settle quickly. Add enough water to make forty to fifty gal- lons. Itis then ready for immediate use. If the mixture is to be used on peach foliage, it is advisable to add two pounds of lime in the above formula. When applied to glossy-leaved plants, it will adhere better if about a pound of hard soap be dissolved in hot water and added to the mixture. Instead of weighing out the ingredients, the operator may simply add lime to a sulphate of copper solution and add occasionally a drop of a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium. When this ferrocyanide ceases to give a red or red-brown color upon being added to the mixture, the operator may know that suffi- cient lime has been added. Five cents’ worth of this ferro- cyanide (or yellow prussiate of potash) may be dissolved in a quart or two of water. The tendency now is to use a weaker strength of Bordeaux than the 1.6 per cent. mixture, especially on plants with tender foliage, as peaches and plums. Three pounds of copper sul- phate and four pounds of lime per barrel seems to give as good results in many cases as the stronger mixture. Prepare stock solutions for the Bordeaux-mixture, rather than to make each batch in the quantities called for by the formula, if large quantities are needed. The sulphate of copper may be put into solution and kept in this condition in- definitely, ready for use. A simple method is to dissolve forty or fifty pounds of the sulphate in as many gallons of water, pulverizing the material and hanging it in a coffee-sack in the top of the barrel. A gallon of water, therefore, meansa pound of sulphate. The lime may also be slaked and kept in readi- ness for use. Slake it into the creamy condition familiar to masons, cover lightly with water, and then close the box or vessel to prevent the water from evaporating. When making the Bordeaux-mixture, pour the requisite quantity of the stock solution of sulphate of copper into the barrel, and then dilute with four or five times the quantity of water. Now add the 254 THE SPA VIN G VOL SEPALS: creamy lime, and then add enough water to satisfy the formula. If the ferrocyanide test is used, place aspoonful of the mixture in a saucer or plate, and add a drop of the test solution. If a red color appears, the mixture needs more lime. If the test solution is added directly to a tank or barrel of the mixture, the color reaction is apt to be lost in the mass. An excess of lime insures the safety of the mixture, and it is always advis- able to add a little more lime even after the ferrocyanide tes is satisfied. If the lime is thoroughly slaked and is allowed to settle be- fore being used (only the thick, creamy portion being dipped off for making the mixture), the sediment will fall to the bottom of the slaking-box, and if the McGowen nozzle is used, the material will not need to be strained. Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate.—Copper carbonate, one ounce; ammonia, enough to dissolve the copper; water, nine gallons; before making the solution the ammonia should be prepared as follows: Use 26° ammonia and dilute with seven to eight volumes of water. Then gradually add the necessary amount to the copper carbonate until all is dissolved. It is best treated in large bottles, and in them it will keep indefi- nitely. Dilute as required. For same purposes as the Bor- deaux mixture, and used chiefly upon fruits after they are nearly grown, and upon ornamental plants, to avoid the dis- coloration which follows the use of Bordeaux mixture. Gen- erally considered to be inferior to the Bordeaux mixture in fungicidal action. Copper Sulphate Solution.—The simple solution of copper sulphate is now being used more extensively as a substitute for Bordeaux in spraying dormant trees and in place of the ammoniacal carbonate of copper for spraying ripening fruit. For the first purpose it may be used at the rate of one pound to 15-25 gallons. This strength should never be applied to trees which are in foliage. For spraying fruit (especially for the plum rot) the strength should be one pound to 200-300 gallons. Use the weaker solution on peaches and Japanese plums. It does not stick like Bordeaux, and must be applied about twice as often in order to be effective. THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 255 Potassium Sulphite Solution. Potassium Sulphite, . : Pato: TOZs Water, : ; : : : I gal. This loses strength on standing and should be used at once. The standard fungicide for gooseberry mildew, but scarcely superior to Bordeaux for this purpose. Iron Sulphate and Sulphuric Acid Solution.—Water (hot) too parts; iron sulphate, as much as the water will dissolve; sul- phuric acid (commercial), 1 part. The solution should be prepared just before using. Add the acid to the crystals, and then pour on the water. Used for grape anthracnose, the dormant lines being treated by means of sponges or brushes. SPRAY CALENDAR. (Adapted from Lodeman, Bulletin 114, Cornell Experiment Station.) In the following directions, only the most common and serious orchard pests—both insects and fungi—are mentioned. The number and sequence of the sprayings are indicated by the figures. The sprayings which are commonly of least im- portance in parentheses. No absolute rules can be given for the spraying of plants. The fruit-grower must be able to diagnose his trouble and to judge for himself how the weather, abundance of the enemy, and other conditions should modify the treatment. The calendar gives simply a few general suggestions. The operator must fill in all the details. 1. Zhe Orchard. APPLE—Scab.—1, Copper sulphate or Bordeaux before buds swell; 2, Bordeaux mixture when fruit-buds are opening, but before flower-buds expand; 3, repeat as soon as blossoms have fallen; 4, Bordeaux mixture ten to fourteen days after the third; (5, 6, repeat 4 at intervals of about two weeks). Two or three sprayings are usually sufficient. Canker-worm.—t, When first caterpillars appear, apply arsenites very thor- oughly; 2, repeat 1 after three or four days; (3, 4, repeat 256 THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. every few days if necessary). Everything depends upon being on time. Sticky bands or straps placed around the trunks of the trees are effective in keeping the female moths from ascending. Bud-moth.—1, As soon as leaf-tips appear in buds, arsenites; 2, repeat 1 before the blossom-buds open; (3, repeat 2 when blossoms have fallen). Codlin-moth.—1, Arsenites immediately after blossoms have fallen; 2, repeat 1, seven to ten days later; (3, 4, arsenites at intervals of one to three weeks, after 2 especially, if later broods are trouble- some). Arsenites may be added to the Bordeaux mixture and the two applied together with excellent effect. Two sprayings are commonly sufficient for the codlin-moth larva. Case-bearer.—As for bud-moth. PrEar—Leaf-blight or Fruit-spot.—i, Just before blossoms open, Bordeaux mixture; 2, after fruit has set, repeat 1; 3, the same two weeks later. If further applications are neces- sary, use copper sulphate or ammoniacal carbonate of copper. Leaf-blister.—i, Before buds swell in spring, kerosene emul- sion, diluted five to seven times. /sy//a.—1, When first leaves have unfolded in spring, kerosene and water, 5-10 per cent.; 2, 3, etc., at intervals of two to six days repeat 1 until the insects are destroyed. S/ug.—Treat the same as for cherry slug. Codlin-moth.—Treat the same as for apple. The true pear-blight (or fire blight) cannot be controlled by spraying, so faras known. This disease is distinguished by the uniform dying of the entire leaf, and the leaves hang upon the tree. The leaf-blight, mentioned in the last paragraph: causes the leaves to become spotted and to fall. PLuM—Svown-rot.—As for peach, which see. Lea/-blight. —1, Copper-sulphate solution, before buds swell; 2, When fruit has set, Bordeaux mixture; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at in- tervals of two or three weeks; use a clear fungicide after fruit is three-quarters grown. Slack-knot.—1, During first warm days of early spring, Bordeaux mixture; 2, repeat I when buds are swelling; 3, during latter part of May, repeat 1; 4, repeat 1 during middle of June; (5, repeat 1 in July). All knots should be cut out and burned as soon as discovered. Curculio.—Spraying is not always satisfactory; jar the trees after fruit has set, at intervals of one to three days during. two to five weeks. Plum Scale.—1, In autumn when leaves: THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. 257 have fallen, 25 per cent. kerosene and water mixture; 2 and 3, in spring, before buds open, repeat 1. PrEacH—4rvown-rot.—t, Before buds swell, copper-sulphate solution; (2, before flowers open, Bordeaux mixture); 3, when fruit has set, repeat 2; 4, repeat after ten to fourteen days; 5, when fruit is nearly grown, amoniacal copper carbonate; 6, 7, etc., repeat 5 at intervals of five to seven days if necessary. Curculio.—See Plum. CHERRY— Black-knot.—As for plum. Aof.—1, As for plum. Aphis.—t, 10 per cent. kerosene and water when insects first appear; 2, 3, repeat at intervals of three to four days if neces- sary. Itis essential to be ontime with this treatment. S/ug. --I, When insects appear, arsenites, hellebore or air-slaked lime; 2, 3, repeat 1 in ten to fourteen days if necessary. Curculio.—See Plum. Quince—Lea/-blight or Fruit-spot.—1, See under Pear. Rust. —Same treatment as for leaf-blight. Cwrculio.—See under Plum. ROSE-CHAFER or RosE-BuG.—A very difficult insect to com- bat. There is no good remedy. Spraying thick lime white- wash on the plants is a fairly good repellant. Kerosene emul- sion is also partially etficient. Hand-picking and bagging the fruit, where these means can be employed, are always to be ‘recommended. The insects breed in sandy lands. These breeding places shculd be kept in constant tilth, and never seeded down. SAN JOSE SCALE.—For nurserymen with infested stock, fumi- gation with hydrocyanic-acid gas; for those with infested growing trees, a crude oil and water mixture from 60 to 80 per cent., dependent upon the specific gravity of the oil. Details on the methods of application may be obtained from many experiment station bulletins. -Whale-oil soap and kerosene emulsion are no longer practicable remedies, because they are so costly and disagreeable to apply. Resin washes are used with success in California. 2. The Vineyard. Anthracnose.—1, Before buds break in spring, sulphate of ‘ron and sulphuric-acid solution; 2, repeat 1 after three or wy) 258 THE SPRAVING Ol FRUITS. four days to cover untreated portions. Ifspraying for rot, no further treatment is necessary; if not, two or three applica- tions of Bordeaux will be beneficial. No treatment is wholly satisfactory. lack-rot.—(1, as soon as first leaves are fully expanded, Bordeaux mixture); 2, after fruit has set, Bor- deaux mixture; 3, repeat 2 at intervals of two to three weeks until fruit is three-quarters grown; 4, ammoniacal copper car- bonate when fruit is nearly grown; 5, 6, etc., repeat 4 at intervals of seven to fourteen days as required. Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew.—The first application recommended under Black-rot is of especial importance. zipe-rot.—Apply very thoroughly the later applications recommended under Black-rot. Steely-bug.—i, As buds are swelling, arsenites; 2, after ten to fourteen days, repeat 1. //ea-beetle.—1, Arsenites as the buds swell. 2, Arsenites when worms appear on the leaves. ; 3. Small Fruits. CurRRANT—Leaf-blights.—1, When injury first appears, be- fore the fruit is harvested, ammoniacal copper carbonate, to avoid staining the fruit; 2, after fruit is harvested, Bordeaux mixture freely applied; 3, repeat 2 whennecessary. IJVorm.— 1, When first leaves are nearly expanded, arsenites; 2, after ten to fourteen days, hellebore; 3, repeat 2 if necessary. GOOSEBERRY— A/1/dew.—1, Before buds break, Bordeaux mixture; 2, when first leaves have expanded, Bordeaux mix- ture or potassium sulphite; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of seven to ten days, if necessary, throughout the summer. Avoid staining the fruit. Thorough and timely spraying will keep the mildew completely in check. JVorm.—See Cur- rant, above. RASPBERRY, BLACKBERRY, and DEWBERRY—Authracnose.—l, Before buds break, copper-sulphate solution; also cut out badly infested canes; 2, when growth has commenced, Bor- deaux mixture; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of one to three weeks; avoid staining fruit by use of clear fungicide. Only partially successful; better treatment is short rotation, clean- - ing off the old patch as soon as it becomes diseased. Ovange- rust.—Remove and destroy affected plants as soon as dis- covered. Sazw-fy.—1, When first leaves have expanded, THE SPRAVING OF FRUITS. 259 arsenites; 2, after two to three weeks repeat 1, or apply kero- sene and water (unsatisfactory). STRAWBERRY—Lea/-blight.—1, When growth begins in spring, Bordeaux mixture; 2, when first fruits are setting, repeat 1; 3, during fruiting season, ammoniacal copper car- bonate; 4, after fruiting, or on non-bearing plants, Bordeaux mixture at intervals of one to three weeks. Short rotations are best preventives of disease. Select resistant varieties. Saw-fly.—Spray plants when not in bearing with arsenites, repeating application if necessary. Chiat kay: TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. IT is only by a uniform and definite use of terms that de- scriptions can be made intelligible to the reader. Hence a full explanation of these terms becomes a matter of impor- tance. Distinctive characters should be permanent, and not liable to variation with a change of locality, soil, season, or climate; or, if variable, the nature of such variation should be distinctly pointed out. To assist the cultivator the more fully to understand written descriptions, the devotion of a few * pages to aclear explanation of the terms used in this work may prove useful. I. GROWTH OF THE TREE, SHOOTS, AND LEAVES. The form of growth often affords a good distinctive char- acter of varieties, not liable to great variation. Young trees, only afew years old, usually exhibit peculiarities of growth more conspicuously than old trees of irregular spreading branches. Hence, in all cases where this character is men- tioned, it refers to young trees not more than three or four years from the bud or graft, unless otherwise expressed. 1. Shoots are erect, when they rise nearly perpendicularly from the main trunk or stem, as in the Early Strawberry apple and Bartlett pear (Fig. 305). Diverging, when they deviate from the perpendicular at an angle of about forty-five degrees, considerable variation being found in the same tree; as in the Domine and Ribston Pippin (Fig. 306). Spreading, when they more nearly approach a horizontal direction, as in most trees of the Rhode Island Greening (Fig. 307). 260 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 261 Drooping, when they fall below the horizontal, a form which many spreading shoots assume, as they become the large branches of older trees. Ascending, when they curve upward, as in the Gravenstein apple, and small Red Siberian Crab (Fig. 308). Erect trees. usually partake more or less of this quality, but the Early Harvest is free from it. Irregular, when they assume no very distinct growth, but more or less a mixture of the preceding, as Black Gilliflower and Summer Bonchretien pear. TG: gee. EYE! sap. FIG. 307. FIG. 308. Showing Forms of Growth. Straggling, similar to the next preceding, but with shoots more slender and curved, as Winter Nelis and Black Worces- ter pear (Fig. 309). Shoots are straight, as in the Early Harvest and Northern Spy apples; /exwous, or more or less deviating from a straight line, as in the Swaar and Roxbury Russet. This distinction is very apparent and uniform in young and very thrifty trees, but not in older ones of feeble growth. They are stout, asin the Red Astrachan; s/ender, as in the Jonathan apple and Winter Nelis pear. Trees with erect straight shoots when young, usually form more regular and compact heads in older trees; and those of a spreading habit, more irregular or drooping heads. Some trees which grow very rapidly when young, are small when of full size, examples of which are found in the Late Strawberry and Tallman Sweeting. Others at first grow more slowly, but ultimately become large, as the Esopus Spitzen- burgh. Some varieties, again, continue to increase rapidly 262 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. in size at all. periods, as the Northern Spy; while others of feeble growth when small, never attain much magnitude, as the Early Joe and Sine Qua Non. 2. The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety at different periods of the year, as well as with different de- grees of exposure to the sun, and with a change of soil, cli- mate, and season. When fresh or very young, all have a greenish color, but gradually assume various shades of yel- low, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly black, as the season advances, and as they become bare and are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason, in describing the color, the terms must be relative, and can only be correctly applied by a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts. Dur- ing winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees become so much darker than at other times, that it is only by practice and by placing the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be attained. Skilful culturists will readily dis- tinguish, by a glance at the color of the shoots, many of the kinds they cultivate; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe in words, in the same way that it is impossible to describe the handwriting of an individual, so as to be known from fifty others, although many can, at a glance, know the penmanship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color, which form useful points of distinction. No one, for instance, could easily mistake the ye//ow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown or purple of the Tyson and Forelle; or the light greenish cast of the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin; nor the downy or grayish appearance of the Ladies’ Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburgh, for the clear shining brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan. Nearly all shoots are more or less downy at first, but the down disap- pears as they grow older. Hence the term must be used relatively. In plums, the smooth or downy shoots afford in most cases good distinctive points. 3. The Buds sometimes afford distinct characteristics. As examples, the large, compact, and projecting buds of the Summer Bonchretien always contrast strongly with the smaller, more rounded, and softer buds of the Madeleine. TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 263 Buds are large on the Swaar and Golden Sweet, small on the Tallman Sweeting and Rhode Island Greening. 4. The Leaves, in a large number of instances, are of use in distinguishing different varieties. They are even (not wrinkled), as in the Bartlett pear and Baldwin apple (Fig. 310). FIG. 310.—Even Leaf. FIG. 312.—Waved Leaf. Fic. 312.—Wrinkled Leaf. Waved asin the Tallman Sweeting and Beurre d’Aumalis pear (Fig. 311). Wrinkled, when the waves are shorter and more irregular, as in Green Sweet (Fig. 312). Flat, as in the Madeleine and Skinless pears (Fig. 313). Folded and recurved, as in the Easter Pear and Bonchre- tien (Fig. 314). of GF f oe i 4 FIG. 313. FIG. 314. FIG. 315. FIG. 316. Flat Leaf. Folded Leaf. Erect Leaf. Drooping Leaf. Large and wide, as in the Red Astrachan and Huling’s Superb. Narrow, asin the Dyer apple, and Van Mons’ Leon le Clere pear. Frrect, as in the Early Strawberry (Fig. 315). Drooping, asin Domine (Fig. 316). But these two last are indistinct characters, and only to be resorted to in a very few remarkable instances, as most leaves are erect on new shoots, and become spreading or drooping as they grow older. The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description, 264 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. as light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo; deep green, as in the Rhode Island Greening; and b/wish green, as Peck’s Pleasant. Color varies with soil and tillage. The serratures, or saw-teeth markings on the margins of leaves, are characteristics of importance, in many varieties of the apple, and on the peach they are so well defined as to form a basis of the classification of varieties. The latter will be found particularly described in the separate chapter on the peach. FIG. 417.—Sharply Serrate. FIG. 318.—Double Serrate. FIG. 319.—Crenate. Leaves of apples are— Serrate, or cut with teeth like those of a saw. Sharply serrate, when every serrature ends in a sharp point, as in the Fall Pippin (Fig. 317). Doubly serrate, when the serratures themselves are again minutely serrated,as in the Vandevere and Drap d’Or (Fig. 318). Coarsely serrate, as in the Swaar. Crenate, when the teeth are rounded, asin the Esopus Spitz- enburgh (Fig. 319). Obtusely crenate, when the teeth are unusually rounded, as in the Bough. TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 265 Finely crenate, when the rounded teeth are small, as in the Summer Queen. When the serratures are partly rounded, and irregularly and rather deeply cut, they become toothed, asin Ladies’ Sweeting (Fig. 320). Many varieties present inter- mediate degrees, as— Serrate-crenate, partaking some- what of both, as the Jersey Sweet- ing and Summer Rose. Crenate- toothed, as in Bevan’s Favorite. Serrate, slightly approaching toothed, as in Rambo. 5. Lhe Flowers.—In apples, pears, cherries, plums but little external difference exists in the flowers. FIG. 320.—T oothed Leaf. In the peach and nectarine, how- ever, an important division in classification is made by the great difference between those with large and small petals; one class, including the Early Ann, Grosse Mignonne, and others, having large, showy flowers; and another class, com- prising the Early Crawford, George IV., and many more, having flowers with small, narrow petals. Il. FORM OF THE FRUIT. In the following pages, the dase of a fruit or any other part of production of a tree is the portion toward the branch or ; root. This is in accordance with the lan- OBE ye guage universally adopted in describing plants. It has, however, been more or less departed from in the common language used to describe fruits, and especially so as ap- plicable to the pear. This deviation from scientific accuracy tends to confusion, and if simplicity of expression is sought, am- biguity must be avoided. The apex of the stalk of a fruit, however, where it joins the fruit, may, in all cases, be termed the zzsertion, base FIG. 321. 266 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING. FRUITS. The term afex should be understood as applying to the part most remote from the branch or root. In fruits, it is the part opposite to the insertion of the stalk. In pears, this part is usually denominated the crown. The axis is a line connecting the base and apex (Figy 330). A longitudinal section is made by cutting an apple from base to apex. A transverse section, by cutting it at right angles to the axis. The /ength is the longitudinal diameter; the breadth the transverse diameter. FIG. 322.—Oblate. FIG. 323.—Conical. FIG. 324.— Ovate. A fruit is round when nearly spherical, as the Fameuse and Green Sweet. Roundish, when varying slightly from round, or when the length and breadth are nearly equal, as the Dyer and Graven- stein. Oblate, flat, or flattened, when the height is much less than the breadth, as the Rambo and Maidens’ Blush (Fig. 322). Conical, when tapering from the base to the apex, as Bul- lock’s Pippin (Fig. 323). Ovate, or egg-shaped, when the length rather exceeds the breadth, with a rounded taper from base to apex, as in the Esopus Spitzenburgh (Fig. 324). Obovate, or reversed ovate, is when the smaller end of an egg-shaped fruit is at the base, as the Buffum and Dearborn Seedling pears (Fig. 325). Oblong, when the length exceeds the breadth, and the sides are nearly parallel, as Kaighn’s Spitzenburgh (Fig. 326). Obtuse, when the parts are rounded or blunt. Acute, when any part as the neck of a pear, tapers to nearly a point (Fig. 327). Fruits may partake of forms variously combined, as— TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 267 Round-ovate, when nearly round with a slight rounded taper to apex, as Ladies’ Sweeting (Fig. 328). Round-conical, nearly the same as the last, but with the taper less rounded. Oblong-conical, as the Yellow Bell-flower. Oblong-ovate, as the Black Gilliflower. Oblate-conical, as the Rhode Island Greening and Hawthorn- den (Fig. 329), 18 @ FIG. 325. . FIG. 326. FIG. 327. FIG. 328. FIG. 3209. Obovate. Oblong. Acute. Round-ovate. Oblate-conical. Depressed, pressed down, sunk or shortened, applied to the apex of peaches, strawberries, etc. Flattened at the ends, when the base and apex only are flat-. tened, as the Winter Pearmain. An oblong fruit, though not flat, may be flattened at the ends; a conical fruit may be flat- tened at base. Compressed, pressed together, when the sides are flattened, as in some apricots, plums, etc. The Cavity is the hollow in which the stalk or stem of a fruit is placed (Fig. 330). The BASIN is the depression which contains the calyx, eye, or remains of the blossom (Fig. 330). A cavity may be shallow, narrow, deep, or broad. It may be obtuse, or somewhat blunt or rounded, at bottom, as in the Petre pear and Pomme Grise apple (Fig. 331). Acute, when simply ending in a sharp point at bottom, as the Baldwin (Fig. 332). Acuminate, when ending in a long-drawn-out taper, as the Fall Pippin (Fig. 333). The Holland and Fall Pippin are dis- 268 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. tinguished from each other by the rather obtuse cavity of the former, and acuminate cavity of the latter. The BASIN is always narrow in any fruit having a narrow or pointed apex (Fig. 336); it is usually wide in fruits having a FIG. 331. FIG. 332. : FIG. 333- Obtuse Cavity. Acute Cavity. Acuminate Cavity. wide or obtuse apex, as the Rambo (Fig. 334); but where the rim or boundary is broad and obtuse, the basin may be nar- row, as in the St. Lawrence and Gravenstein (Fig. 337). It is distinct when well defined. Abrupt, when the depression breaks off suddenly from the Tim (Fig. 335). FIG. 334.—Wide Basin. FIG. 335.—_Abrupt Basin. ae Fic. 336.—Narrow Basin. FIG. 337.—Narrow Basin. £ven, when not furrowed or wrinkled. Angular, with several corners. Wrinkled, having small irregular hollows and ridges. Waved, with gentle and irregular undulations of surface. Furrowed, when more regularly channelled. Plated, having small, straight, and regular ridges. kibbed, with larger and more obtuse or rounded ridges. PEARS have peculiar forms which render some additional terms necessary : Many pears have a zeck, or narrower part toward the stalk, and a éody, or larger part toward the crown (Fig. 338). They are distinctly pvrzform when the sides formed by the TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 269 body and neck are more or less concave or hollowed, as in Fig. 338, shown by the dotted lines. Turbinate, or top-shaped, when the body is nearly round and a short rounded acute neck, as in the Bloodgood (Fig. 339). The form of different pears is further distinguished by the form of the different parts: The neck may be long, as in the Calebasse. NVarrow, as in the Bosc (Fig. 340). -. Short, as in the Glout Morceau (Fig. 341). Obtuse, as in the Bartlett. Acute, as in the Jargonelle (Fig. 342). Distinct, as in the Bosc. Obscure, as in the Seckel. Oh04 FIG. 338. FIG. 339. FIG. 340. FIG. 341. FIG, 342. Pyriform. Turbinate. Narrow Neck. Short Neck. Acute Neck. e The body may be Aeavy or Jarge, when greatly exceeding in Size the neck, as the Catillac. Light or small, when not much larger than the neck, as the Washington; in which case the fruit approaches oblong in form. Oblate, or flattened, as in the Frederick of Wiirtemburg. Round, as in the Jargonelle. Conical, as in the Vicar. Ovate, as in the Marie Louise. Cultivation influences considerably the form of pears. Thus, on a young, thrifty tree, the Seckel pear has a slight neck; on an old, heavily laden tree, the neck is obsolete. The body, when ovate or slightly conical on young trees, becomes rounded on older trees, and even flattened in rare instances. CHERRIES may be round, cordate or heart-shaped, or ovate. STONE FRUITS usually have a furrow on one side, extend- 270 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. ing from the stalk to the apex, termed a suture (literally mean- ing a seam), which sometimes occurs on both sides. It is large, when wide and deep; dstinct, when clear or well de- fined; obscure, when faint; obsolete, when not existing, or only a faint line on the surface. COLOR OF FRuIT.—The lightest-colored fruit is white, as the Snow peach; next, yellowish-white; pale yellow; yellow; and deep yellow. ‘The addition of red produces, successively, orange yellow, orange, orange red, rich warm red. Shades of red—clear red, crimson when darkened, purple when blue is added, violet less blue than in purple. Amber is a very light yellowish-brown. Fawn color is a light reddish-brown- with a slight admixture of gray. A fruit is str7fed, when in alternating broad lines of color. Streaked, when the lines are long and narrow. Marbled, when the stripes are wide, faint, irregular, or wav- ing. Blotched, of different abrupt shades, without any order or regularity. Clouded, when the blotches are broader and more song shaded. Stained, having the lighter shades of a blotched or clouded apple. Splashed, when the stripes are much broken and of all sizes. Mottled, covered with nearly confluent dots. Dotted, when these dots are more distinct. Spotted, when the dots become larger. TEXTURE OF FRuUIT.—AHard, those which need the artificial aid of cooking to soften them sufficiently, as the Catillac pear. Lreaking, when tenderer than the preceding, but not yield- ing to the simple pressure of the mouth, as the Summer Bonchretien. Buttery, when the flesh forms a soft mass, yielding to the pressure of the mouth, asin the White Doyenné and Seckel pears. Melting, when the flesh becomes nearly or entirely liquid by this pressure, as in the Madeleine. These qualities may be combined, as breaking and melting, in the Washington; breaking and buttery, in the Onondaga; buttery and melting, in the Tyson, and in most of the best varieties of the pear. TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. PTY The texture may be fine, granular, coarse, gritty, fibrous, tough, crisp, or tender. THE FLAVOR may be sweet, neutral, slightly sub-acid or mild sub-acid, swb-acid, acid, very acid, or austere; aromatic or spicy ; perfumed, or possessing odor, and with more or less of a shade of musk; astringent, usually a defect, but sometimes an excellent quality, if in a very minute proportion; rough, astringent and austere; vzzous, rich, high-flavored, and rather acid; sugary, or saccharine, sometimes nearly sweet, possessing the qualities of sugar, which may be mixed with acid. THE Quatity is designated by jirst, second, and third rates: and fruits perfectly worthless by still lower grades. A second- rate fruit, to be worthy of cultivation, must possess other good qualities in a high degree, as hardiness, productiveness, fair appearance, etc. Very few fruits as low as third rate, can ever be worth retaining, and only for extreme earliness or other uncommon quality. Fruits that possess desirable qualities are usually designated by three degrees of flavor; the lowest, including the best of second-rate fruits, or “ good second rate,” are termed good; the lower grade of first-rate fruits are termed very good, or fine; and the highest quality of all are Jdest, very fine, or excellent. Examples—Maiden’s Blush apple, Napoleon pear, Lombard plum, and Crawford’s Early peach, are good; Rhode Island Greening, Bartlett pear, Graffion or Bigarreau cherry, and Red Gage plum, are very good or fine; and Swaar apple, Seckel pear, Downton CBE and Green Gage plum, are excellent or best. Cli ABRs aye AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. In the year 1887, President Cleveland signed an act then known as the “ Hatch bill,” passed after long discussion, pro- viding for the establishment in each State and Territory of a station for scientific investigation and experiments respecting the principles and applications of agricultural science, and for diffusing among the people such useful and practical informa- tion. Up to the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1898, 54 sta- tions had been established. In Canada there are five experi- ment farms under government control. The results already attained by the hundreds of able and painstaking men con- nected with these institutions are of the utmost value. The bulletins constantly emanating from them, embodying the results of their enlightened research, conveying information and advice of the greatest practical value to every cultivator of the soil, cannot fail to add to their successes, to lessen the possibilities of disappointment, and to increase the comfort and enjoyment of the individual and the wealth of the nation. These bulletins are sent, on application, free to the resi- dents of every State in which the station is located. From these stations may be obtained the most reliable suggestions and advice as to the varieties of fruit of every kind, suited for cultivation in their State. No one should plant large orchards without first corresponding with his Agricultural Experiment Station. In consequence of the greater knowledge and accuracy concerning the adaptability of various fruits to the different States thus at the command of every one, the lists of fruits recommended for special States, which previous editions of this work contained, have now been omitted. 272 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 273 The Acts of Congress establishing Agricultural Experiment Stations, and a full list of them, are here given, together with their post-office address. Communications should in all cases be addressed “Director, Agricultural Experiment Station,” followed by the post-office and State. AcT OF 1887 ESTABLISHING AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. An Act to establish agricultural experiment stations in con- nection with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July second, eigh- teen hundred and sixty-two, and of the acts supplementary thereto. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agri- cultural science, there shall be established, under direction of the college or colleges or agricultural department of colleges in each State or Territory established, or which may hereafter be established, in accordance with the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled “ An act donating public lands to the several States and Terri- tories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,” or any of the supplements to said act, a department to be known and designated as an “ agricultural experiment station:” Provided, That in any State or Territory in which two such colleges have been or may be so established the appropriation hereinafter mace to such State or Territory shall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the legislature of such State or Territory shall otherwise direct. Sec. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experi- ment stations to conduct original researches or verify experi- ments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their dif- 18 274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS, ferent stages of growth; the comparative advantages of rota tive cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natural or artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the tespective States or Territories. SEC. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity of methods and results in the work of said stations it shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of Agriculture to furnish forms, as far as practicable, for the tabulation of results of investigation or experiments; to indi- cate, from time to time, such lines of inquiry as to him shall seem most important; and, in general, to furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote the purpose of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before the first day of February, to make to the governor of the State or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations, including a statement of receipts and expendi- tures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, to the said Commissioner of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. SEc. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be pub- lished at said stations at least once in three months, one copy of which shall be sent to each newspaper in the States or Territories in which they are respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged in farming as may request the same, and as far as the means of the station will permit. Such bulletins or reports and the annual reports of said sta- tions shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States free of charge for postage, under such regulations as the Post- master-General may from time to time prescribe. SEc. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary ex- AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 275 penses of conducting investigations and experiments and printing and distributing as the results as hereinbefore pre- scribed, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars per annum is hereby appropriated to each State, to be specially provided for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year, and to each Territory entitled under the provisions of section eight of this act, out of any money in the Treasury proceed- ing from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quar- terly payments, on the first day of January, April, July, and -October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive the same, the first payment to be made on the first day of October, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven: Provided, how- ever, That out of the first annual appropriation so received by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be ex- pended in the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building or buildings necessary for carrying on the work of such sta- tion; and thereafter an amount not exceeding five per centum of such annual appropriation may be so expended. Sec. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of the Treasury from the annual statement of receipts and ex~ penditures of any of said stations that a portion of the preced- ing annual appropriation remains unexpended, such amount shall be deducted from the next succeeding appropriation to such station, in order that the amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and neces- sarily required for its maintenance and support. SEc. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or modify the legal relation existing between any of the said colleges and the government of the States or Territories in which they are respectively located. Sec. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this section to the benefits of this act and having also agricultural - experiment stations established by law separate from said col- leges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations so established by such States; and in case any State shall have established under the provisions of said act of July second, aforesaid, an agricultural depart- ment or experimental station, in connection with any univer- sity, college, or institution not distinctively an agricultural 276 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. college or school, and such State shall have established or shall hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected therewith an experimental farm or station, the legislature of such State may apply in whole or in part the appropriation by this act made to such separate agricultural college or school, and no legislature ‘shall by contract express or implied disable itself from so doing. SEc. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the purposes of said grants: Provided, That payment of such instalments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State before the adjourn- ment of the regular session of its legislature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. SEc. to. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as binding the United States to continue any payments from the Treasury to any or all the States or institutions mentioned in this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all the provisions of this act. Approved, March 2, 1887. EXTRACT FROM AN ACT MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR END- ING JUNE THIRTIETH, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY- FIVE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS: To carry into effect the provisions of an act approved March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, * * * and to enforce the execution thereof, seven hundred and forty-five thousand dollars, twenty- five thousand ‘dollars of which sum shall be payable upon the order of the Secretary of Agriculture to enable him to carry out the provisions of section three of said act of March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; and the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial statement required by section three of the said act of March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; shall ascertain AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 277 whether the expenditures under the appropriation hereby made are in accordance with the provisions of the said act, and shall.make report thereon to Congress; and the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to employ such assistants, clerks, and other persons as he may deem necessary, and to incur such other expenses in travelling, stationery, and office fixtures as he may find essential in carrying out the objects of the above acts, and the sums apportioned to the several States shall be paid quarterly in advance. And the Secretary of ‘Agriculture is hereby authorized to furnish to such institu- tions or individuals as may care to buy it copies of the card index of agricultural literature prepared by the Office of Ex- periment Stations, and charge for the same a price covering the additional expense involved in the preparation of these copies, and he is hereby authorized to apply the moneys re- ceived toward the expense of the preparation of the index. LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ALABAMA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, AUBURN, ALA. Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station, UNIONTOWN, ALA. Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station, TUSKEGEE, ALA. ALASKA. Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station, SITKA, ALASKA. ARIZONA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Arizona, Tucson, ARI. 278 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ARKANSAS. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK. CALIFORNIA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, BERKELEY, CAL. COLORADO. Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort COuuins, COL. CONNECTICUT. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CONN. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, STORRS, CONN. DELAWARE. The Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, NEWARK, DEL. FLORIDA. Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida, LAKE City, FLA. GEORGIA. Georgia Experiment Station, EXPERIMENT, GA. . HAWAII. Federal Station, HONOLULU, Hawall. Sugar Planters’ Station, HONOLULU, Hawali. IDAHO. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Idaho, Moscow, IDaAHo. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 279 ILLINOIS. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, URBANA, ILL. INDIANA. Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana, LAFAYETTE, IND. IOWA. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, AMES, Iowa. KANSAS. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, MANHATTAN, Kan. KENTUCKY. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, LEXINGTON, Ky. LOUISIANA. No. 1. Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon Park, NEw ORLEANS, LA. No. 2. State Experiment Station, BATON ROUGE, LA. No. 3. North Louisiana Experiment Station, CALHOUN, LA. MAINE. Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station, ORONO, ME, MARYLAND. Maryland Agricultural Experiment 5tation, COLLEGE PARK, MD. MASSACHUSETTS. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, AMHERST, MASs. 280 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. MICHIGAN. Experiment Station of Michigan Agricultural College, ; AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH. MINNESOTA. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota, ST. ANTHONY PaRK, MINN. MISSISSIPPI. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Miss. MISSOURI. Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, CoLuMBiI4, Mo. Fruit Station, MOUNTAIN GROVE, Mo. MONTANA. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, BozEMAN, MON. NEBRASKA. Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, LINCOLN, NEB. NEVADA. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, RENO, NEV. NEW HAMPSHIRE. New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment Station, _ ; DuRHAM, N. H. NEW JERSEY. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations. NEw BRUNSWICK, N. J. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 281 NEW MEXICO. Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico, MESILLA Park, N. M. NEW YORK. New York Agricultural Experiment Station, GENEVA, N. Y. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, ITHaca, N. Y. NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, RALEIGH, N. C. NORTH DAKOTA. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, N. D. OHIO. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, WOOSTER, O. OKLAHOMA. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, STILLWATER, OKLA. OREGON. Oregon Experiment Station, CORVALLIS, ORE. PENNSYLVANIA. The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experi- ment Station, STATE COLLEGE, PENN. | PORTO RICO. Agricultural Experiment Station, MaAYAGUEZ, PorRTO RICO. RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, KINGSTON, R. I. 282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA TIONS. SOUTH CAROLINA. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, CLEMSON COLLEGE, §&. C. SOUTH DAKOTA. South Dakota Experiment Station, BROOKINGS, S. D. TENNESSEE. Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, KNOXVILLE, TENN. TEXAS. Texas Agricultural Station, COLLEGE STATION, TEx. UTAH. Agricultural Experiment Station, LoGAN, UTAH. VERMONT. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, BURLINGTON, VT. VIRGINIA. Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College Experi- ment Station, BLACKSBURG, VA, WASHINGTON. Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, PULLMAN, WASH. WEST VIRGINIA. West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, MorcGantown, W. Va. WISCONSIN. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, MADISON, WISs. WYOMING. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, LARAMIE, WY. CHAPTER XVII. RuLES ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL ASSOCIA= TION FOR NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS. Rule z.—The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit. Rule 2.—The society reserves the right, in case of long, in- appropriate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, modify, or wholly change the same when they shall occur in its discussions or reports; and also to recommend such changes for general adoption. Rule 3.—The name of a fruit should preferably express, as far as practicable by a single word, a characteristic of the variety, the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordinary circumstances should more than a single word be employed. Rule 4.—Should the question of priority arise between dif- ferent names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given precedence. Rule 5.—To entitle a new fruit to the award or commenda- tion of the society, it must possess (at least for the locality for which it is recommended) some valuable or desirable qual- ity or combination of qualities in a higher degree than any previously known variety of its class and season. Rule 6.—A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, ex- amined, and reported upon, as a new fruit, by a committee of the society, will not thereafter be recognized as such so far as subsequent reports are concerned. A rule governing the revision of names was authorized by the society at its meeting in Washington in September, 1891, as follows: : 283 284 NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS. Prefixes, suffixes, apostrophic terminations, and secondary words, together with words whose significations are expressed in the descriptive columns of the catalogue, are eliminated from the names of fruits, save in a few cases in which they may be needful to insure the identity of a variety and in a few time- honored names. The anglicising of foreign names is resorted to only in the interest of brevity or pronounceability. In questionable cases, subsidiary words are retained in parentheses. Part Two. ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUIT. The synonyms on all the following pages are given in parentheses. The dates for the ripening of fruits given in this book are mostly adapted to the Northern States; they should be about three weeks earlier for the latitude of Southern Virginia, and six weeks earlier for the Gulf States. CHAPTER XVIII. APPLES. “THE APPLE,” says Downing, “is the world-renowned fruit of temperate climates.” Although less delicious than the peach or pear, it possesses, from its great hardiness, easy cultivation, productiveness, its long continuance through the whole twelve months, and its various uses, an importance not equalled by any other fruit. Nursery Management.—The mode of raising the seedlings or stocks, and of Budding and Grafting has been already de- scribed in Chapter III. of the first part of this work. Theseed- lings are treated in three different ways. They may be set out into nursery rows in the spring, when a year old, to be budded the second summer; they may be taken up and root- grafted as soon as large enough; or they may be planted into rows and grafted at any subsequent period. The following figures exhibit the difference between good and bad planting-out. Fig. 343 represents a graft well set out, the earth packed closely around the root, which is sending out new fibres, and the leaves expanding above. In Fig. 344 the work has been carelessly done, the earth being closed around the top, but left with a cavity below. Grafts set in this way rarely grow. Fig. 345 represents the usual form of the dibble, and Fig. 346 the appearance of the root-graft when ready to be set out. The most favorable soils are rich, well-pulverized, and rather strong loams. If light or gravelly, there is more dan- ger from midsummer droughts, which often prove quite de- structive. Grafting the whole root entire will much lessen the difficulty. The chief care afterward is to keep the ground constantly cultivated, and perfectly clean, which will increase the growth during summer, and exclude mice in winter; the trees are to be trained up to one leading-stem, not trimming so closely as to make them slender; they are to be kept straight, by tying 287 288 BUM AIS S. them when necessary to upright stakes; and all destructive insects must be watched and destroyed. FIG. 343.—Root-Graft, set out well, with FIG. 344.—Root-Graft, badly set earth compactly pressed against its roots. out, with a cavity below. If the ground is rich and kept perfectly clean, they will grow from one and a half to two feet the first summer after grafting; to three or four feet the second summer; five to six or seven feet the third summer, when many of them will be large enough for removal to the orchard, and most of the re- mainder in one year more. FIG. 345.—Dibble. FIG. 346.—Root-Graft ready for setting. Root-grafting is extensively performed in large nurseries; but on unsuitable soils, budding is found the most certain of success, the buds being rarely destroyed, and only by the most unfavorable winters. The bud remaining dormant the first summer, the growth is one year later than on grafted stocks of the same age; but this difference is made up by the more rapid growth of the shoot from the bud, which is usually twice as great as that of a graft on the root. To obtain APPLES. 289 handsome and good trees, the bud should be set within two or three inches of the ground. Budded trees usually have better roots than root-grafted ones, and are the common stock in the East. PLANTING ORCHARDS. Soil.—The apple is a vigorous and hardy tree, and will grow upon most soils. It does best, however, on those that are deep, rich, and fertile, such as will give good crops of Indian corn. Hard, shallow, and wet grounds are to be avoided. Improvement by manuring and deep cultivation is desirable, as a great difference in quality and productiveness results from a difference in fertility. Distance.—Where the quantity of ground is limited, and in rare cases, trees may fora time stand within fifteen or twenty s * + *£ * * * * * * * = 2 ¢* * * *© * * # x * * * ® = + * * # * # * * * * * 2 = 8 * * # * * * * * * * #* es *£ * * # * = * * * * * = FiG. 347.—Diagram of Rows for Tree Planting. feet; but for large and permanent orchards they should not be nearer than forty feet. There is, however, a material difference in the size of varieties, hence a variation may be allowed. But this variation in distance should not break the rows which are to be preserved for convenience in cultivation. The rows may be kept entire, by varying the distance in one way only, as in the annexed figure (Fig. 347). The middle portion is for trees of the largest size, as the Esopus, Fall Pippin, and Rhode Island; those of smallest size, as Bough, Yellow Harvest, and Sine Qua Non, are on the left; and those of middle growth, as the Swaar, Black Gilliflower, and Tol- man Sweet, are on the right. On the plains, the trees may be planted somewhat closer, as the trees do not attain such great size as in the Northeastern States. Transplanting.—F ull directions have been given in a pre- _ceding chapter, where the superior advantages of broad, deep, and loose beds of earth, made by heavy subsoiling and manur- ing, have been pointed out; orin the absence of this excellent preparation, by digging large holes to be filled with rich mould, or manured surface-soil. 19 290 eo APPLES. CULTIVATION. The importance of thorough cultivation has been already noticed, and cannot be too well understood. If two speci- — mens could be exhibited side by side, the one showing the stunted, lingering, mice-eaten, and moss-covered trees, caused by neglect; and the other, the vigorous and thrifty growth, and the fair and abundant crops, resulting from fine and clean culture,—none could fail to be satisfied of the superiority of the one and impolicy of the other. RENOVATING AN OLD ORCHARD. It is not an easy matter to outline treatment for an old and barren orchard. One cannot often tell just why such an or- chard does not bear. Through long years of neglect the trees have got into a non-bearing habit, and it may be next to im- possible by any kind of treatment to thoroughly renovate and recuperatethem. The one safe thing always to advise is better care and good tillage. If the orchard has not been ploughed for many years, it is probable that the roots are so high that ploughing is practically impossible. In that case it is well to make a surface mulch by cutting up the sod when rather moist and soft with a spading harrow, spring tooth harrow, or _other strong surface-working tool. After the sod is once broken, it can be got into fine and mellow condition, and thereafter surface tillage may be employed to hold the mois- ture. In most cases it will be necessary to prune the lower limbs in order to allow a team to work in the plantation. If the heads are so low that a team cannot work in the orchard even after the trees are pruned, it may be well to apply an annual mulch of straw or litter. After the ground is once mellow on top, it may pay to add stable manure cr commer- cial fertilizer. If one has only a few such trees, he may dig a- trench around the tree somewhere near the edge of the spread of limbs, and put manure therein. The trees should be pruned. Heavy pruning of the top in- duces wood growth. This pruning therefore will tend to reinvigorate the trees and to correct any of the mistakes of earlier years. Heavy pruning is not a direct means of setting trees into bearing; in fact, it is rather a means of setting them into growing. But after they have been renovated by APPLES: 20) this means, they may be expected soon to slow down and to come into bearing condition, after which time a moderate or light annual pruning should keep them in shape. Scrape off the hanging bark. Spraying with fungicides and insecticides should be begun with the other treatment. The way to make apple-trees bear well is to give good and thoughtful treatment from the time they are set. To begin with such treatment late in life is necessarily only corrective, and too much should not be expected of it. Bearing orchards commonly lose their vigor, and give small and poor fruit, when allowed to grow in grass-land, without any cultivation. Ifthe soilis naturally rich, a shallow plough- ing and an occasional harrowing will restore their vigor. Or if ploughing cannot conveniently be given, they may be much improved by being converted to pasture for sheep, adding occasionally a top-tressing of manure in autumn. These ani- mals will serve in part to enrich the land, keep the grass grazed short, and pick up the prematurely fallen fruit, in- fested with worms or insects. The amount of cultivation or top-dressing to be given to such orchards must be determined by the annual growth of the shoots. If less than a foot in length, more vigor must be imparted to them. If more than a foot and a half, they are quite thrifty enough. Pruning.—The mode of treating large trees has been already adverted to in the chap- LEGO Pau oebinene are some owners of or- chards who most errone- ously suppose that when trees become old, heavy * pruning will restore their vigor in the ab- sence of good cultiva- tion; while the correct mode of treatment is very moderate and grad- ual pruning, in connec- tion with the best of cul- tivation. The forego- ing correct portraits of actually existing specimens of bad FIG. 348.—Illustration of Bad Pruning of Old Trees. 292 eee APPLES. pruning unhappily have too many originals over the country (Fig. 348). This most unsightly mode of trimming is often adopted when a removal of the top by grafting is intended. Grafting New Tops on Old Trees.—lt often happens that fruit on large trees is worthless, and it becomes an important object to change the top by grafting or budding it with some better variety. In this case, instead of cutting off large branches and grafting them at once, it is better to prune the top in part, NY / , as shown by Fig. 349, which will I) cause an emission of vigorous JN /\\ Xd | shoots. These are then budded or “hy poss grafted with ease and success. And, \ as the grafts gradually extend by growth, the remainder of the top may, by successive excisions, be en- an tirely removed. Where trees are 3 3 BAIN ie not too old, and the ground is kept FIG. 349.-Proper Pruning to Cultivated, good-sized trees are thus form New HeadsonOld Trees. obtained much sooner than by set- ting out young ones. To give a well-shaped head to such newly formed trees, and to prevent the branches from shooting upward in a close body near the centre of the tree, the old horizontal boughs should be allowed to extend to a distance in each direction, while the upright ones should be lopped. This is distinctly exhibited in Fig. 349. The following judicious mode of renewing the old tops of trees formerly regarded as worthless, was given by the late George Olmsted, of Hartford, Conn., in the Horticulturist : “ These trees I commenced grafting:six years ago last spring. L began on the top, and grafted one-third of the tree each year. It therefore required three years to complete the entire heads of Cal TAKES “TI like this method better than any I have ever tried for grafting large trees, as it gives the grafts a good opportunity to get well started. Cutting off and grafting the top first gives the grafts there the best possible chance, while the necessary reduction of the top throws the sap into the remain- ing side-branches, which fits them well for grafting the fol- lowing year; and the third year, the lowest branches being APPLES. 293 made ready in the same way, may be grafted successfully. By this mode, it will be seen that when the grafts are put in the side-branches, they are not shaded by the heavy shoots above them, and they have an unusual supply of nourishment to carry them forward. Those who have attempted to graft the whole head of a large tree at once are best aware of the great difficulty in the common mode of getting the grafts to take on the szde-limbs. “One of these large trees so treated is probably more than seventy-five years old, and has now an entirely new and vigorous head, grafted with this excellent variety. When I began with it, the fruit was only fit for cider, and it was ques- tionable.whether the tree should not be cut down. By graft- ing it in this manner, I have added surprisingly to its value. Two years ago (the bearing year), I obtained from it ten bushels of apples; last year eight bushels; and this year (only six years from the time I began to graft it), I gathered twenty- eight and a half bushels of excellent fruit! “T consider this tree now worth one hundred dollars; the cost of grafting it was about five dollars; and the latter was all repaid two years ago—the first season the grafts bore fruit.” The bearing year of apple-trees which yield excessive crops is only every alternate year; but by thinning out a large por- tion of the fruit while yet small, the exhaustion will not be so great as to render the tree barren the second season, and it: will bear annually. By picking off all the young fruit, the bearing year may be entirely changed, or one bough may be made to bear one year, and another bough the second year. Depredators.—The insect enemies of the apple have been already described. Mice, which sometimes girdle and destroy young trees, especially such as are neglected and allowed to grow in grass, may be excluded by a small mound of earth, thrown up about eae eee AG ten inches high around the stems late in Banking up Trees autumn. This earthshould becompactand to Protect from smooth, and not consist of turf, which is Mic liable to cavities, instead of repelling the depredators. Fig. 350 shows the mode of performing this operation. If well 294 Daas APPLES, done, it has never failed to protect the trees. One man will go over some hundredsinaday. In the following spring this earth is again levelled. Rabbits are excluded by tying woven wire netting or stiff painted paper around the stems eighteen inches high, or, easier, by rubbing fresh blood upon the bark every few weeks during winter, which may be done: by using a piece of fresh liver for this purpose. CHANGES WROUGHT BY CLIMATE AND SOIL. This subject has been treated, as applied to fruits generally, in a former part of this work; a few brief remarks on the vari- ations in the apple may be interesting. The winter apples of the Northern States, when cultivated farther south, are changed to autumn apples; and as far south as Georgia, some of our good keepers ripen nearly by the end of summer. The Baldwin and Rhode Island, at Cincinnati and at St. Louis, cease to be winter fruits. ‘There are few or none of the northern apples which succeed well as keepers as far south as Carolina. This is owing to the long southern summers. It has been found that varieties originated in the Southern States are generally best adapted to the climate of that region. : Some varieties are greatly influenced by a change of cli- mate and others but slightly. The Ribston, so excellent at Montreal, is of little value a few degrees further south. The Rhode Island and the Roxbury, on suitable soils, through- out New York and New England, present the same charac- teristics of flavor and appearance; the Baldwin, so fine at the east, greatly deteriorates in northern Ohio; and the Belmont, which has been pronounced the most valuable of all apples at Cleveland, is unworthy of cultivation at Cincinnati. These changes, in the latter instances, may perhaps be ascribed to a difference in soil; and the applica- tion of special manures, as lime, potash, etc., on those unfavor- able soils, has improved the quality. The periods of ripening, given in the following pages, are intended to apply to the Northern States. A difference of about two or three weeks exists between fruits cultivated at Boston or Rochester, and APPLES. 295 in central Ohio and southern Pennsylvania, and other differ- ences of latitude nearly in the same ratio. Dwarr APPLES. For summer and autumn sorts, dwarf apples are valuable in affording a supply to families. They begin to bear in two or three years from setting out, and at five or six years, if well cultivated, will afford a bushel or so to each tree. A portion of a garden as large as the tenth of an acre may be planted with forty or fifty trees, without crowding. All the different varieties of the apple may be made Dwarfs by working on the Paradise or Doucin stock—the former are smaller and bear soonest; the latter are large and ultimately afford the heaviest crops. Among the handsomest growers as dwarfs are Red Astrachan, Jersey Sweet, Porter, Baldwin, Dyer, Summer Rose, Benoni, and Bough. THE AGE AT WHICH APPLE-TREES BEGIN TO FRUIT. To those who wish fruit at the earliest time after setting out trees, the following results of observations at the New York General Agricultural Experiment Station is of interest and value. Probably most trees obtained from nurseries are two to three years old, and the time of fruiting after this will no doubt vary somewhat with the location, soil, and cultiva- tion given them. The list is by no means complete, and from it are here quoted only those in general cultivation: Baldwin . : F 5 ; <) onyvears Ben Davis : : : P Bes Carolina June . ; ; Be ih pie ¥ Cooper’s Market . : : 5 e Dominie ‘ ‘ : : H Oldenburg 3 ‘ ‘ Early Harvest , t ‘ Early Strawberry had not fruited at Esopus Spitzenburgh . Bm OwmooO FNM uM Fallawater 5 4 ; ; 3 Fall Pippin . : : : ; i; Fameuse . : : B i Gideon . : 5 : : ‘ 2 296 APPLES. Golden Russet. Golden Sweet Gravenstein 6 Green Newtown Pippin : Haas Jefferis Jersey Sweeting Keswick . : King, Tompkins Gotiaey: Lady Sweet Longfield . : . Maiden’s Blush ; - McMahon’s White . 5 Melon : 3 5 : Monmouth 2 5 5 Mother . 4 6 4 Munson’s Sweet ‘ : Northern Spy . : Peck’s Pleasant é 3 Pewaukee 4 A ‘ Pomme Grise . Fi ‘ Primate 4 ‘ Pumpkin Russet Pumpkin Sweet Rambo had not fruited = Rawle’s Janet . Red Astrachan : 5 Red Beitigheimer Red Russet : Rhode Island Greene Rome Beauty . Sops of Wine . Stump Sutton’s Riccar Tallman’s Sweet Tetofsky . ; : 3 Twenty Ounce. Vandevere é : : Wagener . : Westfield Seek- Ho -rupRnee APPLES. 297 William’s Favorite . 3 years Winesap . é - : ae eG ae Yellow Bellflower . ; 0 Sr Oat hae Yellow Transparent Ae ie VARIETIES. SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. Division I. SUMMER APPLES. Class I. Sweet Apples. Section I. Color striped with red. Section II. Color not striped. Class Il. With more or less acidity. Section I. Color striped with red. Section II. Color not striped. Division II. AuTUMN APPLES. Class I. Sweet Apples. Section I. Color striped with red. Section II. Color not striped. Class IIl.. With more or less acidity. Section I. Color striped with red. Section II. Color not striped. Division III]. WINTER APPLES. Class I. Sweet Apples. Section I. Color striped with red. Section II. Color not striped. Class Il. With more or less acidity. Section I. Color striped with red. Section II. Color not striped. Division IV. CRAB APPLES. - The characteristics which constitute these divisions and subdivisions are not in all cases perfectly distinct. Summer apples gradually pass into autumn, and autumn into winter apples. A few, but the number is extremely small, possess nearly a neutral flavor between a dead sweetness and slight acidity. Again, apples classed with those that are striped 298 ganda APPLES. sometimes present a nearly uniform shade of red; and in rare instances, the brown cheek of a green or yellow variety ex- hibits faint stripes. But these may be regarded rather as exceptions to general characters, which are on the whole as clearly defined as any other distinctive points of the different varieties. Controlling circumstances will produce changes in all fruits, and descrip- tions are not founded on extreme exceptions, but on average characteristics. The sIzZE is designated by comparison;—for example, the Swaar and Baldwin are /arge; Herefordshire and Tolman Sweet are medium; English Golden Pippin and Lady are small, Qualifying terms give a more precise meaning—as the Fall Pippin and Monstrous are very large; Hawley and Mig- nonne are guite /arge,; Bullock and Early Strawberry are rather small ; and the Siberian Crab is very smal. The illustrations in this chapter are all taken from average sized specimens of the fruit, and uniformly reduced in size one- half. The more valuable varieties are indicated by an asterisk, thus *. DIVISION I.—SUMMER APPLES. Crass I1.—Sweet APpPLEs. Section I.—Striped with red. Beautiful Arcade. Medium, oblong, truncated, angular; white, yel- low splashed with crimson on side. A marked characteristic is the roughened surface; cavity slightly abrupt, slightly wavy, stem very short; basin wide, corrugated; flesh yellow, firm, fine- grained, sweet, andrich; bestquality. Summer. Fig. 358. Rus- sian. Foster. Large, roundish; indistinctly striped, pale red on yellow; stalk short, calyx open; basin deep, ribbed, sweet, rich. August. Massachusetts. Sweet Borovinka. Medium, roundish, oblate; yellow, striped, and splashed with red; cavity acute; stem short; basin wide, shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, firm, juicy, mild, quality good. Sum- mer. Fig. 355. Russian. APPLES. 299 Section II,—Noi striped. Golden Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish, slightly flat- tened; greenish, becoming pale yellow; stalk an inch or more long, slender; cavity acuminate; basin moderate; flesh very sweet, good, of moderate quality. The fruit is always fair, the tree a free grower, and very productive. Buds large; leaves sharply serrate. Late in summer. Valuable for culinary pur- poses. ‘lender far West; succeeds well Southwest. Connecti- cut. Fig. 359. Hightop.* (Summer Sweet of Ohio, Sweet June.) Rather small, roundish, regular; skin smooth, light yellow; cavity deep, nar- row; calyx small, in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin; flesh yellowish, very sweet, rich; tree upright, productive. A valua- ble summer sweet apple at the West. Massachusetts. Fig. 353. FIG. 351.—Sweet Bough. FIG. 353. FIG. 354. FIG. 352. Hightop Sweeting. Early Harvest. American Summer Pearmain. Manomet. (Manomet Sweeting.) Size medium, roundish; yellow, with a rich cheek; stalk rather slender, cavity shallow; basin shallow, furrowed; flesh tender, sweet, rich. Late summer. Massachusetts. Sweet Bough.* (Large Yellow Bough, Early Sweet Bough.) Large, roundish, remotely conical-ovate, sometimes distinctly conical; pale greenish yellow, stalk one-half to an inch long; basin narrow, deep; flesh white, very tender, with an excellent sweet flavor. Ripens from the middle to the end of summer. A moderate and regular bearer. Shoots yellowish, somewhat irregular, ascending; tree round-headed; leaves obtusely crenate. EGR, BST. Cuass I].— WITH MORE OR LESS ACIDITY. Section I.—Striped with red. American Summer Pearmain.* (Early Summer Pearmain, of Co.ve.) Medium in size, oblong, slightly inclining to truncate-conical ; nearly covered with fine broken streaks and dots of red; stalk 300 Mee) APPLES. nearly one inch long; basin round, even, distinct; very tender, often bursts in falling; sub-acid, flavor fine. Continues to ripen for several weeks in late summer and early autumn. Needs good and rich cultivation. Growth rather slow. This is distinct from the English Summer or Autumn Pearmain, in its larger size, higher red, more oblong form, and superior quality. Fig. 352. Aromatic Carolina. Large, oblate-conic, oblique; pale red with heavy bloom; fiesh tender and melting, flavor aromatic and ex- cellent. July. Tree spreading. An abundant bearer. South- ern. Benoni.* Medium in size, roundish, sometimes obscurely conical ; deep red on rich yellow, in distinct broken stripes and dots; stalk half an inch long; basin small; flesh yellow, tender, rich; mild sub-acid, ““very good.” Late summer. Tree erect, good bearer. Has not succeeded well in all localities. A native of Dedham, Mass. Fig. 364. FIG. 355. FIG. 356. FIG. 357. FIG. 358. Sweet Borovinka. Sweet Pepka. Smoky Arcad. Beautiful Arcad. Carolina Red June.* (Red June, Blush June.) Size medium, ob- long, very red; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, with a sprightly, agreeable flavor; quite early, and continues to ripen for four weeks, and will keep long after ripe for a summer apple; profitable for market. The tree is a fine erect grower, very hardy, bears young and abundantly. The most valuable early apple in northern Illinois and adjacent region. Hardy at the West. North Carolina. Fig. 360. Carolina Watson. Large, greenish yellow, red, striped; flesh white, tender, sub-acid; tree vigorous. Alabama. Summer. Early Joe.* Size medium or rather small; oblate, sometimes ob- scurely approaching conical; smooth and regular; color, with numerous short, broken, red stripes on yellow ground, a nearly uniform deep red to the sun, with conspicuous white specks; stem three-fourths of an inch long, rather thick; cavity shallow, acute; basin small, even; flesh fine grained, very tender, slightly crisp, juicy, sub-acid, spicy, quality “best.” Ripens the last two weeks of summer. Shoots dark, growth slow. A profuse bearer. Fig. 362. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. APPLES. 301 Early Norfolk. Medium, oblate; yellow striped and blotched red; flesh white, sub-acid. Said to bear transportation well. July. Virginia. Early Pennock. Fruit large, roundish, conical; striped bright red on greenish yellow; stem long; cavity deep; irregular; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, of rather poor quality. Esteemed at the West for its hardiness and productiveness. August and September. Early Red Margaret. Medium, round-ovate; striped with dull red, somewhat russeted; stalk half an inch long, thick; basin plaited, narrow, very shallow; flesh sub-acid, tender, good when fresh; ripens at wheat harvest, scarcely earlier than Early Har- vest. Shoots erect, downy; moderate bearer. England. FIG. 359.—Golden Sweet. FIG. 360.—Carolina Red June. Early Strawberry.* (American Red Juneating, of Manning.) Rather small, roundish, varying to round-ovate, and sometimes quite conical; surface indistinctly and finely striped with bright and deep red, tinging faintly the flesh; stalk slender, three-quar- ters to an inch anda half long; basin small and narrow; flesh white, tender, sub-acid, rather brisk, pleasant, not very rich. Ripens one to three weeks later than Yellow Harvest. Growth, very erect; leaves erect, finely crenate. Productive. Good in all localities. New York. Fig. 361. Fourth of July. Above medium, roundish oblate, often slightly conic; striped red on pale yellow, with a white bloom; flesh yellowish, tender, rather acid, of moderate quality; ripens very early, productive. Valuable for cooking and profitable for market. Cultivated at the West. Of foreign origin. Foundling. Rather large, oblate-conic, ribbed; striped red on yel- lowish green; stalk short, slender, cavity large, basin small, furrowed; flesh yellow, tender, with a rich, sub-acid flavor. Late summer. Massachusetts. Garden Royal. Below medium, roundish, slightly flattened at ends, even and regular; surface with small, broken, red stripes on yellow ground, deep red to the sun; stalk short, or half to three- 302 Poi APPLES, fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity acute; calyx large, open; basin very shallow; flesh yellowish white, exceedingly tender, and fine-grained; flavor mild, sub-acid, fine. A poor grower, but a first-rate dessert fruit. Late summer. Origin, Sudbury, Mass. Hocking. (Townsend.) Rather large; striped red on yellow; cav- ity wide; basin shallow, slightly ribbed; flesh fine-grained, tender, mild sub-acid. August. An upright, vigorous, produc- tive tree. Valued atthe West. Pennsylvania. Julian. (Julin.) Fruit medium, roundish, conical; calyx small in a narrow basin, stem short in a moderate cavity; striped with fine red on yellowish white; flesh white, tender, and fine flavored. One of the finest summer apples at the South, where it ripens at midsummer. FIG. 361.—Early Strawberry. FIG. 364.—Benoni. FIG. 362. FIG. 363. FIG. 365. Early Joe. William’s Favorite. Summer Rose. Klaproth. Size medium, oblate; streaked and stained with red on greenish yellow; stalk short, cavity deep; basin wide, even; flesh white, crisp, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Tree a strong grower and great bearer. Fruit bears carriage well. A good market sort. Lancaster County, Pa. August to October. Raspberry. (Red Cheek.) Small, oblong truncated; yellow, cov- ered rosy red; cavity narrow; basin wide, almost flat; flesh white stained with red; sub-acid, juicy, sprightly, best. Resembles Red June. Tree hardy and healthy. Russian. Fig. 394. Sops of Wine.* Medium size, round-ovate, dark red; stalk long, slender; flesh white, often stained red, moderately juicy, sub- acid, of good flavor. Valuable for its free growth and fair fruit. Late summer. The Safson is smaller, firmer in flesh, and less valuable. Fig. 392. THI ETEILID oS Summer Hagloe. Size medium, roundish conic; streaked with bright red on yellow ground; stalk rather short and thick; flesh very soft, rich, of fine quality. Ripens at the end of summer. An excellent culinary variety. Shoots dark, strong, thick; termi- nal buds very large. This is wholly distinct from the Hagloe Crab, a late, small, ill- shaped, ovate fruit, cultivated only for cider. Summer Queen. Rather large, roundish-conical, somewhat ribbed ; striped with bright red on rich yellow ground; stalk an inch and a half long; cavity small, acute; basin small, furrowed; flesh yellowish, rather acid, spicy, very rich. Fine for cooking. Late summer. Good on warm, sandy soils, poor on cold clay. Shoots light colored, leaves finely crenate. Hardy far West. Summer Rose.* (Woolman’s Early, Lippincott’s Early, Wool- man’s Striped Harvest.) Medium or rather small, roundish-ob- late; yellowish, blotched, and streaked with red; stalk rather short; basin round, slightly plaited; flesh very tender, slightly crisp, texture fine, mild sub-acid, juicy, excellent. Begins to ripen with wheat harvest, and continues a month. Tree a slow grower but productive. ‘Too small for market but good for home use. NewJersey. Fig. 365. Williams’ Favorite.* (Williams, Williams’ Red, Williams’ Favo- rite Red. Size medium, sometimes rather large; oblong-ovate, remotely conical, very smooth; color mostly fine dark crimson stripes; stalk three-quarters to one inch long, enlarged at inser- tion, cavity shallow; basin small and shallow, even, or some- what ribbed; flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, with some- times a tinge of red near the surface, mild, agreeable, fine. Ripens for several weeks late in summer. Jts handsome appear- ance has partly contributed to its high reputation. Requires a rich soil and good cultivation. Fig. 363. Origin, Roxbury, Mass. Sectzon 11.—Not Striped. Cole’s Quince. Large, round, oblate, ribbed; yellow; mellow when ripe, mild, rich, high quince flavor. Cooks well before ripe. Productive. Maine. Hardy far West. Early Harvest.* (Yellow Harvest, Prince’s Harvest, Early French Reinette, July Pippin. Size medium, roundish, usually more or less oblate, smooth; bright straw color when ripe; stalk rather short and slender; calyx moderately sunk; flesh nearly white, flavor rather acid, fine. Ripens at wheat harvest, and for three weeks afterward. Shoots erect, slightly diverging, straight, often forked. Productive. Needs rich cultivation to be fine. Good throughout the northern States and Southwest, tender North- west. Fig. 354. Fanny.* Fruit large, roundish; skin deep crimson; flesh tender, sub-acid, very good. Season, August. Popular in the East. Pennsylvania. Garrettson’s Early. Size medium, roundish-conic; skin greenish yellow with numerous dots; stalk short, cavity shallow; basin small, furrowed; flesh white, crisp, tender, sub-acid, fair. July and August. Tree vigorous, productive. New Jersey. Switzer.* Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive; fruit me- dium, roundish-oblate; skin pale yellow, striped and blushed 304 APPLES. with light crimson; very handsome flesh, white, fine grained, juicy, very good. Russian. Valuable for market or culinary. - Tetofski.* Medium, roundish, or oblate conic, handsomely striped with red and covered with a whitish bloom ; flesh white, sprightly, sub-acid, pleasant. ‘Tree a moderate grower, very hardy and productive. Valuable for market. July and August. Russian. Horse. Large, varying from oblate to round, ribbed; yellow; stalk short ; cavity and basin shallow; flesh yellow, rather coarse, sub-acid. Tree vigorous, productive, valued at the South and West as a summer cooking and drying apple. North Carolina. FIG. 366. FIG. 367. FIG. 368. Primate. Red Astrachan. Starr. Kirkbridge White. (Yellow June.) Size medium, oval, tapering to apex and base, equally blunt at ends with broad ribs, smooth; pale yellow; stem short; cavity and basin very narrow; flesh very tender, fine-grained, with a moderately “good” sub-acid flavor. Ripens soon after Early Harvest and for six weeks. Tree a slow grower, but a great and early bearer; valuable at the West. Too tender for long transportation. Lowland Raspberry. Medium, roundish, conic, ‘clear; waxen, white, shaded and marbled crimson; cavity narrow, acute; stem medium; basin small; flesh snow-white, tinged with pink next the skin; tender, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, almost sweet, quality good. Fig. 397. August. Russian. Lyman’s Large Summer. Large, roundish, flattened at ends; pale yellow; sub-acid, high flavored, rather fine in quality. Ri- pens atthe end ofsummer. Tree a poor bearer untillarge. Conn. Primate.* Above medium in size, roundish-conical, somewhat ribbed ; light green, becoming light yellow, often with a slight blush; fine grained, very juicy, with a very agreeable, mild, sub-acid flavor. Ripens for several weeks through the latter part of summer. Often water-cores. Valuable for home use. New York. Fig. 366. Red Astrachan.* Rather large, sometimes quite large, roundish- oblate, slightly approaching conical, rather smooth ; nearly whole surface brilliant deep crimson, with a thick bloom like a plum; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long; calyx in a small slightly uneven basin; flesh white, rather crisp; good, rather acid, slightly austere. A few days after Early Harvest. Excel- lent forcooking. Shoots stout, dark brown, diverging and ascend- ing; leaves broad. This apple, although of second-rate flavor, ALPE EDS: ; 305 because of its earliness.and very handsome and fair appearance, by the vigor and productiveness of the tree, and its excellent culinary qualities, is now in general cultivation. It should be picked a few days before fully mature. Hardy far West. Rus- sian. Fig. 367. Sine Qua Non. Size medium, roundish, inclining to conical; smooth, pale greenish vellow, shaded with reddish brown to the sun; stalk quite slender, nearly an inch long; basin smooth or very slightly plaited; flesh greenish white, fine grained, delicate, very tender, moderately juicy, of a fine, agreeable, sub-acid flavor. Shoots greenish yellow, growth slow. Ripens two weeks after Early Harvest. Origin, Long Island. Starr. Large, roundish oblate, regular, smooth; pale green, often with blush on sunny side; flesh yellowish, firm, sub-acid, good. Summer. New Jersey. Fig. 368. FIG. 369.—Broadwell. FIG. 370. -Munson’s Sweet. FIG. 371.—Porter. FIG. 372.—Hawley. FIG. 373.—Pomeroy. Summer Pippin. (Sour Bough.) Rather large, oblong, oval, irreg- ular; skin paie yellow, with greenish dots and a crimson blush; stalk variable, deep set; basin abrupt, furrowed; flesh white, tender, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. End of summer. A regular, handsome grower and good bearer. Westchester County, NOY. Trenton Early. Size medium, roundish-oblate, ribbed; color yel- lowish, somewhat marked with green; surface smooth, cavity wide, basin furrowed; flesh light, tender, with a pleasant sub- acid flavor. Late summer. Valued at the West. White Juneating. (Ve//ow May.) Small, round, sometimes slightly oblate, smooth, very regular ; pale greenish yellow, or light yellow ; very thin russet round the stalk; stalk slender, three- quarters of an inch long, set shallow; basin very shallow; ten- der, sub-acid, not rich, becoming dry. Ripens a little before Yellow Harvest. Growth upright, rather stout. Productive. For cooking only. Old English sort. 20 306 BS ty APPLES. The May apple, of Virginia, is a fruit similar to or identical in char- acter and quality with the White Juneating, where it ripens about the first of summer, bearing every year. Large quantities are sent to Baltimore for tarts. Warfield. Medium, very round; fair, with a light blush; tender, pleasant acid; may be used for cooking in July when two-thirds grown. An excellent latesummer marketapple. Origin, Musca- tine, Ia. Yellow Transparent.* Medium, round conic; skin yellow,, almost transparent; basin shallow, regular, cavity acute; flesh crisp, sub-acid, good. Largely grown all over the country as an excel- lent early market apple. Especially valuable for the kitchen. Russia. DIVISION II.—AUTUMN APPLES. Cxiass I.—SweeT APPLES. Section 1.—Striped with red. ‘ Jersey Sweet.* Size medium, round ovate, often oblong-ovate, somewhat conical; thickly striped with fine red on greenish yel- low ; stalk one-half to an inch long; cavity rather irregular; basin wrinkled, distinct; flesh whitish, very sweet, juicy and tender, good flavor. Succeeds well in most localities. Early and mid-autumn—immediately follows Golden Sweet. Shoots stout, short jointed; leaves crenate-serrate. New Jersey. Fig. 376. FIG. 374. FIG. 375. FIG. 376. Rambo. Prolific Sweeting. Jersey Sweet. Richmond. Large, roundish-oblate, slightly ribbed; splashed and striped with crimson on yellow ground, with numerous dots; stalk short, cavity large; calyx large, open; basin large, fur- rowed ; flesh white, tender, sweet, rich. Late autumn. Origin, Sandusky, O. Section L1.—Not striped. Autumn Swaar. (Sweet Swaar.) Large, oblate, sometimes very slightly ribbed ; rich yellow; stalk an inch or more long, varying from long and slender, to thick and fleshy at insertion; cavity APPLES. 37 \ and basin wide and slightly ribbed; flesh tender, yellowish, not juicy, with a very sweet, spicy, agreeable flavor. Mid-autumn. Growth vigorous, shoots diverging, tree spreading. A large, roundish-conical apple, with a good, mild, sub-acid flavor, is grown under this name at the West. Autumn Sweet Bough. (Autumn Bough, Fall Bough, Late Bough, Philadelphia Sweet.) Size medium, conical, angular: pale yel- low ; stalk slender, deep set; basin deep, furrowed; flesh white, tender, with a very good flavor. Early autumn. ‘Tree vigorous. and productive. Haskell Sweet. Large, oblate, regular; greenish, a warm brown cheek ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, moderately sunk; basin rather deep, nearly even; flesh tinged with yellow- ish brown, very tender, sweet, good. Munson Sweet.* Size medium, oblate, smooth, and regular; pale yellow, with a brown blush; stalk short, in a broad cavity; calyx in small basin; flesh yellowish white, tender, with a very good, sweet flavor. Tree a strong grower and uniform bearer. Last half of autumn. A valuable sweet apple. Mass. Fig. 370. Prolific Sweet. Medium, oblate conical, base and apex very irregular ; smooth yellowish white, lined green ; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet, with clear water spots. Good. September in Ver- mont. Fig. 375. Russian. Pumpkin Russet. (Sweet Russet.) Large, round, slightly flat- tened ; yellowish green, partly russetted ; cavity wide, shallow; basin small; flavor rich and sweet. Through autumn. Distinct from the Sweet Russet cultivated through western New York, which is a more conical fruit. Connecticut. Pumpkin Sweet. (Lyman’s.) Very large, roundish, ribbed most toward the stalk; pale green; stalk short; calyx small, basin abrupt ; flesh white, sweet, tender, not juicy, of moderate qual- ity. Ripens through autumn, into winter. A valuable culinary sort. Connecticut. Stump.* Fruit medium, oblong-conic; yellow, striped bright red ; sub-acid, very crisp, excellent. Resembles Chenango. Remark- ably prolific. A very desirable home or market variety. Monroe County, N. Y. Summer Sweet Paradise. Large, roundish, sometimes remotely oblong, and slightly flattened at the ends, regular; pale green; stalk rather thick, three-quarters of an inch long; basin large, distinct; flesh tender, sweet, rich, aromatic. Ripens first of autumn. Shoots spreading, leaves sharply serrate. Origin, Pennsylvania. This is totally distinct from the Dwarf Paradise, used for stocks, - which bears a small, poor, sweet, summer fruit. Sweet Longfield. Large, regular, oblong-conic; truncated green- ish yellow, usually blushed on sunny side; cavity regular, acute; stem medium; basin small and abrupt; tlesh white, fine-grained, rich, very sweet, quality good. Late autumn. Fig. 381. Rus- sian. 308 an) APPLES, Sweet Pepka. Small, oblong-conic, angular; yellowish white; cavity regular, narrow; stem short; basin wide, shallow, wrin- kled; flesh white, juicy, fine-grained, sweet, quality fair. Au- tumn. Fig. 356. Russian. : Tifft Sweet. Medium in size, flat; greenish yellow with rus- set network and a warm, light brown cheek; stalk one inch long; cavity wide, obtuse; flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, fine in flavor. A light bearer. New England. Cuass I].—Wirh More or Less Acipiry. Section 1.—Striped with red. Alexander. Very large. oblate, inclined to conic, regular; streaked with bright red on greenish-yellow; stalk small, cavity rather deep; calyx large, basin deep, even; flesh rather crisp, sub-acid, good ; a coarse sort, only for cooking. A moderate or poor bearer. Late autumn. Very showy, its chief recommendation. Russian. Beauty of Kent. Very large, rounding, somewhat flattish-conical, fair, smooth, and rather obtuse; nearly the whole surface striped with rich purplish red; stalk three-fourths to an inch and a half long, slender; cavity acuminate ; calyx small, basin deep, nar- row; flesh tender, slightly sub-acid, of rather poor flavor. One of the most beautiful and magnificent in appearance of all apples, but of little or no value, except for cooking. Late autumn. Growth strong and upright, shoots dark. English. Bonum. Large, oblate; red; basin cavity shallow; stem medium length; flesh yellow, sub-acid, rich, delicious. An early and abundant bearer. North Carolina. Buckingham.* (Bachelor. Equinetely, Fall Queen of Kentucky, Kentucky Queen.) Medium to large, oblate, inclining to conic; striped, shaded and splashed with crimson on greenish yellow, with many light brown dots; cavity large; stalk short; basin wide and deep, somewhat furrowed; flesh yellowish, tender, breaking, mild sub-acid, very good in quality. Late autumn and early winter. A popular and profitable sort in the southwestern States. ‘Tree hardy and healthy, and moderately productive, forming a round-headed top. Virginia. Fig. 383. Carnation. W.N. White, of Georgia, gives the following descrip- tion of this apple: Medium size; a delicious, sub-acid apple, fully first rate; dark red, splashed with russet ; flesh white, brittle, and very juicy; both stalk and calyx are sunk in deep depressions ; no autumn apple is superior. Ripe August roth. Chenango Strawberry.* (Frank, Buckley, Jackson, Sherwood’s Favorite, Strawberry.) Rather large, oblong-conic. angular; striped and splashed with light crimson on whitish yellow ground ; cavity narrow and deep; basin narrow; flesh white, very tender, with a pleasant, mild, sub-acid flavor. September, October. Growth upright, vigorous, shoots light colored. Origin, Chenango County, N. Y. An excellent dessert or market variety. APPLES. Joy) Clyde Beauty. Large, roundish-conical, slightly ribbed; striped and mottled red on greenish yellow; stem short, slender, deep set; basin furrowed; flesh white, fine-grained, sub-acid, fair. Late autumn. Wayne County, N. Y. Cooper. Rather large, round oblate, sides unequal; greenish yel- low and pale red; stalk slender, deep set; basin deep; flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, but not very high flavor. Mid-autumn. Cultivated in Central Ohio. Cornell. (Cornell’s Fancy.) Medium, oblong conic; shaded and splashed red on yellow; stalk medium, cavity large; basin abrupt, furrowed ; flesh white, tender, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. September. Originated and valued in central Pennsyl- vania. FIG. 378. FIG. 380. Red Summer Calville. Lubsk Queen. FIG. 379. FIG. 377- FIG. 38:1. Basil the Great. » Longfield. Sweet Longfield. Doctor. (De Witt.) Medium in size, or large; regular, oblate; yellow, clouded and streaked with red; stalk and calyx deep set; flesh breaking, tender, aromatic, brisk, fine flavor. Late au- tumn and early winter. Succeeds well in Pennsylvania and Ohio; less esteemed farther north. Origin, Pennsylvania. Fairbanks. Size medium, rather oblate, inclining to conic; skin light yellow, striped with red, with patches of russet; stem long, set in a broad and shallow cavity; flesh yellowish, juicy, with a rich sub-acid and vinous flavor. September and October. Ori- gin, Winthrop, Me. Fall Seek-no-further. Very large, oblate; shaded and striped with red on yellow; stalk long; cavity large, russeted; basin broad, uneven; flesh whitish, tender, pleasant, sub-acid. Productive. Connecticut. 310 ; APPLES. Fall Wine.* Medium to large, roundish-oblate; color a rich red, faintly striped ona rich yellow skin; stem slender; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild, rich, scarcely sub-acid flavor. Mid-autumn till winter. Fig. 382. Succeeds best in the West— often scabby at the East. Fameuse.* (Snow-apple, Pomme de Neige.) Medium in size, round, often oblate, even; handsomely striped and blotched with fine deep red on whitish ground—where much exposed, a deep, nearly uniform red; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity small; basin quite small, slightly wrinkled; flesh very white, juicy, sub-acid, a little spicy, exceedingly pleasant, but not very rich. Late autumn. Shoots dark, diverging, some- what flexuous. Much admired as a table fruit for its handsome appearance and pleasant, refreshing flavor. Fig. 388. Gabriel. Size medium, roundish-ovate, regular; striped and splashed with pale red on yellow; stalk slender; calyx and basin small; flesh yellowish, sub-acid, of excellent flavor. FIG. 382. FIG. 383. , FIG. 384. Fall Wine. Buckingham. Soulard. Gravenstein.* Rather large, roundish, slightly oblate, obtusely and obscurely ribbed, surface a little wavy; striped and splashed with bright red on a yellow ground; stalk three-quarters of an inch long; cavity rather deep; calyx large; basin deep, narrow; flesh tender, juicy, very rich, sub-acid or rather acid, high flavored. Mid-autumn. Productive, handsome, and excellent. Fine in all localities. Shoots strong, becoming smooth and shin- ing, ascending. Fig. 391. German. Hurlbut. Size medium, oblate, conic; yellow striped with red; stalk small; cavity large; basin shallow; flesh white, crisp, tender, with a mild sub-acid flavor. Connecticut. Jefferson County. Medium, roundish, regular; striped and shaded red on yellow; cavity deep; calyx small; basin deep, smooth; flesh crisp, tender, with a very good mild sub-acid flavor. Late autumn. Tree vigorous, productive. Jefferson County, N. Y. Jefferis. Medium or rather large, round oblate; yellow, red, and deep red, striped; stalk very short, slender; cavity and basin APPLES. 311 deep; flesh yellowish white, remarkably tender and juicy; flavor very pleasant. Ripens first of autumn. Fig. 390, Origin, West- Chester, Pa. Hardy far north. Jewett’s Red. (Jewett’s Fine Red, Nodhead.) Medium or rather large, roundish, slightly oblate; striped red on yellow or slightly greenish yellow ground, with conspicuous white dots; stem nearly an inch long; cavity acuminate; basin rather shallow; flesh remarkably tender, fine grained, mild sub-acid, slightly aromatic. Mid-autumn into winter. Cultivated in the northern parts of New England. Hardy at the West. New Hampshire. Fic. 386.—Late Strawberry. FIG. 388.—Fameuse. FIG. 387.—Oldenburg. FIG. 385.—Twenty Ounce. FIG. 389.—Melon. Kane. (Cane, Cain.) Size medium, roundish-oblate, often ob- scurely conical, regular; surface fair and beautiful, highly pol- ished, indistinctly striped with brilliant light crimson, gradually merging into delicate blush color on the shaded part; stalk often very short; cavity acute, narrow; basin regular; flesh yellow- ish white, with a pleasant, good flavor. Hardly of the highest quality, but much admired for its beauty. Late autumn. A native of Kent County, Delaware. Late Strawberry.* (Strawberry, Autumn Strawberry.) Size me- dium; roundish, slightly conical, sometimes faintly ribbed ; nearly whole surface with small broken streaks of light and dark red; stalk slender, about an inch long; basin ribbed; flesh yel- lowish white, slightly Abrous, very tender and juicy, with a fine, very agreeable, sub-acid flavor. Young trees of remarkably thrifty growth, leaves sharply serrate, which at once distin- guishes them from the crenate leaves of the Early Strawberry. Ripens early in autumn, and often keeps till winter. Very pro- ductive. Fig. 386. One of the best early autumn apples. Suc- ceeds wellin the West. New York. 312 | APPLES. Leland Spice. (Leland Pippin.) Large, roundish, obscurely coni- cal, slightly ribbed; whole surface with brilliant red streaks on yellow ground, dotted with yellow; stalk half an inch long; cavity and basin ribbed; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, spicy, rich, fine. October. Origin, Sherburne, Mass. Long Island Seek-no-further. Large, oblate, conical; skin yellow, striped and splashed with red; flesh tender, with a good sub- acid flavor. October to February. An old variety. Tree pro- ductive. Origin unknown. Lyscom. Large, round, with broad, broken, distinct, pale red stripes, on yellowish or greenish yellow ground; stalk three- fourths of an inch long, slender; calyx deep set; flesh fine grained, mild, slightly sub-acid, moderately rich, good flavor. Middle and late autumn. Massachusetts. FIG. 390. FIG. 391. FIG. 392. Jefferis. Gravenstein. Sops of Wine. Magnolia. Size medium, oblate-conical; striped and mottled with crimson on yellow; stalk short; cavity: broad, uneven; basin small; flesh white, tender, with a brisk aromatic favor. Growth moderate, productive. Mid-autumn. Mangum. (Guiley.) Medium, oblate, slightly conic, ribbed; shaded and striped with red on yellow with numerous dots; stalk small, in a broad, russeted cavity ; basins lightly furrowed ; flesh yellow, very tender, with a mild sub-acid excellent flavor. A valuable Southern apple. ‘Treethrifty, productive. Alabama. Melon.* (Watermelon, Norton’s Melon.) Medium or large, round- ish, often slightly conical, frequently a little irregular; color, with stripes and dots of bright red on yellow ground, or clear red on pale yellow; stalk an inch long, slender; cavity acumi- nate; basin deep; flesh white, tender, very juicy, fresh, and pleasant, spicy, sub-acid or slightly sub-acid, fine flavored. Growth rather slow. Late autumn and early winter, but often keeps longer. Fig. 389. An excellent table apple, but a moder- ate bearer. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Melt in the Mouth. Medium or rather small, roundish, slightly flattened; skin greenish yellow, indistinctly striped and shaded with red, with russet dots; stalk short; cavity shallow, obtuse; calyx open; flesh yellow, with a rich, aromatic, rather acid, and very good flavor. Ripens through autumn. Pennsylvania. APPLES. 313 Mexico. Size medium, roundish; striped light and dark red; stalk large and long; cavity broad, shallow, russeted; calyx large, in a narrow basin; flesh whitish stained with red, tender, with a very good flavor. A handsome New England fruit. Tree very hardy, productive. Myer’s. (Ohio Nonpareil.) Large, roundish, slightly oblate; marbled and splashed red on yellow; cavity and basin medium ; flesh yellowish white, with an excellent sub-acid flavor. Autumn. Growth strong and straight, forming a compact head. Produc- tive, and much valued at the West. Oldenburgh.* Medium or rather large, roundish, a little flattened at the ends; light red in broad broken stripes and splashes on yellow ground; stem short, in an acuminate cayity; basin deep and narrow; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, very handsome. Good for cooking. Early autumn. Shoots dark, ascending. Very hardy. Suceeds well at the West and North. The strong growth of the tree, its early bearing and endurance of severe win- ters, and the fair and handsome appearance of the fruit, render it one of the most valuable sorts for the West. Russian. Fig. 387. Orndorf. Size medium, roundish; slightly striped and shaded red on yellow; stalk slender; cavity and basin deep; calyx open; flesh yellowish, crisp, with an excellent sub-acid flavor. A mod- erate bearer. October and November. Ohio. Rambo.* (Romanite of New Jersey.) Size medium, oblate, smooth; streaked and marbled with dull yellowish red on pale yellowish ground; dots large; whitish; stalk aninch long, rather slender; basin broad, slightly plaited; flesh tender, rich, mild sub-acid, fine flavored, often excellent. Fine in nearly all local- ities. Late autumn and early winter. Known bythe erroneous name of Seek-no-further in Philadelphia market. Pa. Fig. 374. Tender far West. Red Summer Calville. Medium, regular, oblong-conical; yellow- ish white, mostly covered with rosy red, mottled and splashed with darker red, basin very shallow, almost wanting ; flesh white, fine grained, spicy, sub-acid, quality good. Harly autumn. Fig. 378. Russian. Republican Pippin. Large, round-oblate; striped with red on a mottled reddish ground, greenish yellow in the shade; stalk an inch long, slender ; cavity sometimes with radiating russet rays ; flesh tender, sub- acid, with a pleasant, peculiar, somewhat walnut flavor. Ripens early and mid-autumn, but isa good cooking apple in summer. Excellent for drying. Treea strong and crooked grower—moderate bearer. Origin, Lycoming County, Pa. Ribston Pippin. Mediumor rather large, roundish conical; clouded and striped with yellowish red, on a yellow and slightly russeted ground; stalk slender, often short; cavity rather wide; basin nar- row, angular; flesh yellow, crisp, granular, juicy, with a very rich and rather sharp or acid flavor. First-rate as far north as Maine, often second-rate farther south; butits quality is usually suffered to deteriorate needlessly by remaining too long on the tree. Late autumn and early winter. Shoots diverging or spreading; buds and young shoots rather hoary. English. 314 APPLES. Richards’ Graft. (Derrick’s Graft, Red Spitzenburgh.) Rather large, roundish-oblate; striped red on yellow; cavity large; basin deep; flesh fine grained, tender, with a refreshing, sub-acid, very good flavor. September and October. Cultivated on the Hudson River. : Shiawasse Beauty. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth; deep bril- liant red on greenish yellow ground; stalk very short,deeply sunk; basin small, regular; flesh white, tender, crisp, sub-acid and aro- matic. ‘October and November. Resembles Fameuse, but tree a stronger and more upright grower and fruit larger. Michigan. Smokehouse.* Medium or rather large, oblate, regular; mottled, and indistinctly striped with red on yellow ground; a slight green- ish cast at the crown; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity wide, acute; basin rather distinct; flesh yellowish white, rich, aromatic, fine sub-acid flavor. Mid-autumn to winter. Origin, Chester County, Pa. Succeeds in the Middle States. St. Lawrence. (Corse’s St. Lawrence.) Large, roundish, slightly oblate, and sometimes a little conical, obtuse; whole surface broadly and very distinctly striped with very dark red, on light greenish yellow ground; stem rather short and slender, cavity wide; basin round, deep, with a very obtuse rim; flavor rather acid, moderately rich, agreeable. A very handsome, hardy, and productive apple, of good flavor, ripening about mid-autumn. Canadian. Soulard. Medium, round oblate, slightly angular; whitish, striped bright red, dots few, brown; stalk short, cavity large; basin me- dium, corrugated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Very good. Late autumn. Fig. 384. Missouri. Titus. Large, round; greenish yellow, striped with red; cavity deep, stem medium; basin wide, shallow; flesh fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid, the best of the Titus family of Russian apples. Late autumn. Fig. 434. Russian. Twenty Ounce.*. (Cayuga Red Streak, Twenty Ounce Pippin erroneously.) Very large, roundish, remotely conical; surface sometimes smooth, often very wavy; color striped rich yellowish red on greenish yellow or yellowish white ground; stalk three- fourths inch long; sub-acid, rather coarse, second quality. Very showy, fair, and productive. Fig. 385. A profitable market sort. Late autumn and early winter. Growth in large trees becoming straggling. Connecticut. The Twenty Ounce Pippin is a large, green, third-rate fruit. Vandevere. (Watson’s Vandevere, Indiana Vandevere.) Large, oblate, remotely conic; striped and blotched with light red on yellow; stalk short, cavity large; flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, brisk sub-acid. Culinary. Western. November and De- cember. Delaware. Washington Strawberry. Rather large, roundish-conic, slightly oblate ; striped and splashed with deep crimson on yellow ; cavity deep ; flesh yellow, a little coarse, brisk sub-acid. Growth vigor- ous. September, October. Origin, Washington County, N. Y. APPLES. ~ Bins Winter Pear. Rathersmall; yellow striped, splashed and marbled with red; cavity rather deep; stem medium, basin narrow, regular ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, very spicy, mild sub-acid with a decided pear flavor. Early autumn. Fig. 393. Russian. Section [1.—Not Striped. Bailey Spice. Fruit medium, roundish-conic; light yellow with a faint blush; stalk large, deeply set; calyx closed, basin moder- ate; flesh fine-grained, tender, spicy, rich, sub-acid. Mid-autumn. Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Bellerdovskoe. Large, round, regular, smooth; greenish yellow, bronzed in the sun; cavity regular, acute; stem short, basin wide, shallow; flesh white, juicy, sub-acid, good. Early autumn. Fig. 396. Russian. FIG. 393-—Winter Pear. FIG. 394.—Raspberry. FIG. 395. FIG. 396. FIG. 397. Blushed Calville. Bellerdovskoe. Liveland Raspberry. Bietigheimer. (Red Bietigheimer.) Very large, round, oblate; dark yellow, covered with purplish crimson ; flesh firm, sub-acid, good. Tree a vigorous grower and free bearer, hardy. German. Blushed Calville. Medium, roundish oblate; yellow, blushed on side; cavity large, oblique; basin narrow, corrugated; flesh red- dish white, fine-grained, sub-acid, quality good. Season August, following Yellow Transparent. Fig. 395. Russian. Capron’s Pleasant. Rather large, roundish-oblate; greenish yellow ; stem rather stout; calyx large; cavity and basin medium ; flesh yel- low, tender, mild, sub-acid, agreeable. September and October. Cracking. Large, roundish; light yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun; stalk slender, ina deep, narrow, acuminate cavity ; basin deep and narrow; flesha little coarse, yellow, with a pleasant breaking texture, and a good sub-acid flavor. Valuableat the West. Ohio. 5 316 APPLES. Disharoon. Rather large, roundish-oblate, slightly conical; yellow- ish green; stalk short, cavity large, calyx small; basin rather deep and narrow; flesh white, with a fine sub-acid, aromatic flavor, resembling that of NewowEe Pippin. November, December. Georgia. Drap d’Or or “Cloth of Gold.” Large, roundish, sometimes slightly oblong-conical, more frequently rather oblate ; - bright yellow, with numerous black specks; stalk short; basin shallow, plaited ; sub- acid, mild, agreeable. Early autumn, extending to mid-autumn. Tree regular, spreading; leaves doubly serrate. Duckett. Rather large, roundish-oblate; light greenish yellow, slightly ribbed; stalk short, deep set; basin deep; flesh fine- grained, mild, sub-acid. Late autumn. A good southern fruit. Dyer.* (Pomme Royal, which is the original name.) Rather large, roundish, often approaching round oblong, sometimes slightly flat- tened, obscurely ribbed; light yellow, rarely a faint brown cheek, and sometimes a slight russet network over the skin; stalk three- fourths to one inch long; basin often deep and large, ribbed ; flesh very fine-grained, tender, very juicy, with arich, sub-acid, or rather acid, excellent flavor, having but few equals. Fig. 365. Season variable; November, December. Productiveness variable. An early bearer. Ernst’s Pippin. Large, oblate, smooth; pale greenish yellow, with a brownish cheek ; cavity wide, basin wrinkled, calyx open; flesh tender, sub-acid, very agreeable. Mid-autumn. Cincinnati. Esten. Large, oblong-ovate, slightly ribbed, smooth; yellow, some- times a blush; dots large, green and red: stalk one inch long, slender ; cavity very deep; basin shallow ; flesh white, fine- grained, mild sub-acid. Tree vigorous, very productive. Rhode Island. Fall Harvey. Large, roundish-oblate, nearly regular; pale yellow; stalk slender, one inch long; cavity moderate; basin medium in size, furrowed ; flesh fine-grained, juicy, good, mild sub-acid flavor. Moderate or poor bearer. Essex County, Mass. Fall Orange.* (Holden Pippin.) Large, roundish-ovate, or oval; light greenish yellow, becoming pale yellow, rarely a brown cheek ; stalk half an inch long, cavity narrow ; basineven-rimmed, slightly plaited; sub-acid, tender, good, best when fresh from the tree. Shoots very stout, dark colored. ‘Tree very hardy, bears while very young, fruit always fair. Massachusetts. Fall Pippin.* (Holland Pippin, erroneously.) Very large, round- ish, obtuse, somewhat oblong-conical, a little flattened at the ends, sometimes with large obtuse ribs; color greenish, becoming a high rich yellow when ripe, with some large shades of green about the crown before fully ripe; stalk large, in an acuminate cavity, basin deep; flesh yellowish, rather firm, becoming tender, rich, aromatic, excellent. Leaves sharply serrate, shoots vigorous, rather dark, diverging, becoming spreading; tree large. Late autumn, keeping into mid-winter. Mostly a moderate bearer— fruit sometimes water-cored. Excellent for cooking. Fine in nearly all localities. Fig. 368. AV ZZ ILE Sy. 317 Hawley. (Dowse.) Quite large, roundish, slightly conical, some- times nearly round, with a broad obtuse apex, and slightly flat- tened, smooth; pale green becoming yellow, sometimes a very faint orange cheek ; stalk one-half to one inch long,slender ; cavity wide, deep, acute, sometimes slightly obtuse; basin deep, slightly furrowed; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, quite tender, with a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor. Ripens at mid-autumn. Shoots of rather slow growth. Origin, Columbia County, N. Y. Liability to dry rot and water-core has rendered it of little value. Fig. 372. Holland Pippin. Very large, roundish, somewhat oblong, and flat- tened at theends, sometimes slightly oblate; greenish yellow, be- coming pale yellow or whitish yellow, with a brownish red cheek ; stalk variable in length, usually short; cavity wide, acute; basin slightly plaited; flesh nearly white, rather acid, with a moderate flavor. Ripens early and mid-autumn, but ise good cooking apple some weeks previously. Wholly distinct from the Fall Pippin. An excellent culinary sort. Hunge. Rather large, roundish, somewhat irregular and oblique; skin smooth, bright yellow, with a faint delicate blush ; stem half an inch long; basinrather deep, slightly ribbed; flesh fine-grained, tender, sub-acid, “very good.” Cultivated in North Carolina. September and October. Keswick Codlin.* Rather large, somewhat conical, and ribbed; greenish yellow, becoming light yellow; stalk short, deep set; calyx rather large; juicy, pleasant acid, quality moderate. Suc- ceeds well at the West. Fine for cooking; very productive, bears early. Ripens in September but may be used for cooking in sum- mer. English. Lowell.* (Orange, Tallow Apple, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne, of Northern Ohio.) Large, roundish-oblong, obtuse, slightly conical ; green, becoming rich yellow; surfaces lightly oily; stalk one inch long; basin deep, furrowed or plaited inside, rim obtuse, even ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, rich sub-acid, or rather acid ; hardly first quality, but valuable for its fair surface and great and early productiveness. Early autumn. ‘Tree rather slender and a mod- erate grower. Maiden’s Blush.* Rather large, oblate, smooth, and regular; with a fine, -evenly shaded red cheek or blush on a clear pale yellow ground; stalk short; cavity rather wide; basin moderate, even; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, pleasant sub-acid, but not rich. . Mid-autumn. Tree spreading. Although deficient in richness, it is valued for its fair, tender, and beautiful fruit, and uniform pro- ductiveness. Fig. yoo. Valuable at the West. New Jersey. Porter.* Above medium, oblong-ovate-conical, regular, often ribbed at apex; bright yellow, sometimes a dull blush in the sun; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity rather small; basin narrow; flesh tender, rich, rather acid, of fine flavor. Fair and productive. Early autumn. Succeeds in the Northern and Middle States. Leaves sharp,serrate. In some localities this fruit proves too acid for the table. Fig. 371. Massachusetts. 318 AP PIRES: Roberson’s White. Medium, oblong, flattened at ends; green, with dark dots; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, with a sub-acid, aromatic flavor. Late autumn. ‘Tree vigorous, upright. A good bearer. Formerly grown in Maryland and Virginia. Oliver. Medium, red on greenish yellow ground, with grayish dots ; flesh yellowish white, stained with pink, crisp,sprightly, sub- acid. Arkansas. Star. Medium, flat, slightly conical, unequal, regular, smooth; greenish yellow; dots numerous, dark, prominent; basin shallow, regular, eye small, closed, cavity shallow, regular, russeted; stem short; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, rich. FIG. 398.—Dyer. FIG. 399.—Am. Golden Russet. FIG. 400. FIG. 401. FIG. 402. Maiden’s Blush. Fall Pippin. Monmouth Pippin. Stevenson’s Winter. Medium, roundish oblate; greenish yellow and dark red; vigorous and prolific. Autumn. Alabama. Wealthy. Medium, roundish, oblate; yellowish shade with dark red, oily; flesh tender, white, juicy, sub-acid, very good. Tree hardy, vigorous and productive. A standard commercial variety in the plains region, and valued as an excellent culinary and market sort elsewhere. Minnesota. Fig. 469. Winthrop Greening. Large, oblate, remotely conical, slightly ribbed, nearly regular; skin yellow, when ripe, with a little green, sometimes a faint red shade to the sun; stem short, cay- ity shallow, basin moderate; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, very good. Mid-autumn. A valued sort in Maine. APPLES. 319 DIVISION III.—WINTER APPLES. Ciass I—SweetT APPLES. Section [.—Striped with red. Bailey Sweet.* (Patterson Sweet, Edgerly Sweet.) Large, regu. lar ovate, often slightly and sometimes considerably ribbed; the whole surface frequently a full bright red, in small, broken, indis- tinct stripes and dots, on light ground; stalk slender, one inch long ; cavity small, narrow, slightly ribbed ; basin small, plaited ; flesh very tender, not juicy; flavor mild, rich, ‘sweet; fine. _ Early winter. Fig. 4o4. Origin, Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y. Bentley’s Sweet. Rather large, roundish-oblong, striped and blotched with red on yellow ground; stalk in a deep, narrow cavity, calyx large, open; basin deep; flesh rather coarse, firm, of moderate quality. Keeps long. Virginia. Hartford Sweet. (Spencer Sweeting.) Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened; striped with fine red on greenish yellow ground ; stalk slender, cavity rather shallow, round; calyx large, basin shallow; juicy, tender, rich, agreeable. Keeps through winter and spring. Productive. Although hardly first-rate in quality, valuable for its productiveness and long keeping. A native of Hartford, Conn. Hockett’s Sweet. Large, roundish oblate, smooth; lightly shaded and obscurely striped with light dull red on a dull rich, yellow skin; flesh yellowish, coarse grained, somewhat crisp, compact, with a very sweet and rather rich flavor. Early winter. North Carolina. . Ladies’ Sweet.* Medium, roundish-ovate, apex narrow ; striped with red on pale yellow ground, a nearly uniform shade of fine red to the sun; faintly marbled or clouded with white over the red, and cavity faintly rayed with white; stalk short, cavity small; calyx and basin small; tender, juicy, agreeable, fine. One of the best winter sweet apples.’ A profuse bearer. Growth feeble. Fig. 403. Newburgh, N. Y. Maverack’s Sweet. Large, roundish-oblate, approaching conical ; striped and shaded with bright red on yellow skin; stalk short, cavity rather large; calyx open; flesh fine-grained, tender, of sweet, very good flavor. Early winter. South Carolina. Phillips’ Sweet. Medium or large, roundish, slightly flattened and conical, regular; mottled red, yellow, and dark red; flesh rich yellow, tender, juicy, crisp, sweet. Very handsome; resembles Ladies’ Sweeting, but more showy and not equal in flavor. Early winter. Growth upright, vigorous. Central Ohio. Ramsdell’s Sweet. (Ramsdell’s Red Pumpkin Sweet.) Rather large, oblong, obscurely conical, regular; dark rich red, with a blue bloom ; stalk short ; basin rather deep, even; flesh yellow- ish, tender, sweet, rich, good second quality. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Late autumn and early winter. Connecti- cut. 320 APPLES, Sweet Pearmain. (Henrick Sweet.) Medium size, roundish or ovate-conical; dark rich red, with rough dots; stalk an inch long, slender, cavity wide, round; calyx woolly, basin very small ; flavor sweetandrich. Through winter. Introduced from England before the Revolution. Much valued in central Ohio and farther West. Sweet Romanite. (Sweet Nonsuch, of Illinois.) Size medium, roundish oblate, regular; striped and shaded with bright red on greenish yellow; stalk short; calyx large, open; basin shallow, furrowed; flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Keeps through winter. Fig. 405. Valuable at the West. FIG. 403. FIG. 404. ! FIG. 405. Ladies’ Sweeting. Bailey’s Sweet. Sweet Romanite. Sweet Vandevere. (Sweet Redstreak, Sweet Harvey.) Size me- dium, oblong, slightly conical; shaded and striped dull red on greenish yellow; stalk small, cavity large, irregular; basin wide; flesh tender, juicy, with a rich aromatic flavor. Growth crooked, a profuse bearer. Through winter. Wing Sweet. Medium, roundish, slightly oblong, ribbed; color bright red in small stripes and shades on yellow skin; stalk slen- der, basin and apex very sharply ribbed; flesh whitish yellow, sweet, good. A good bearer, and when well grown on strong soil, a handsome and fine sweet winter apple. Sectzon L1.—Not Striped. Broadwell.* Rather large, slightly conical, somewhat oblate; skin thin, smooth, greenish yellow; stalk short, small, deep set; flesh white, tender, sweet, juicy, fine—and one of the best winter sweet apples. Keeps through winter late into spring. Ohio. Fig. 369. Camak Sweet. Size medium, roundish-conical; light green witha - warm cheek; stem short or long, cavity narrow; calyx open, © basin deep; flesh firm, sweet, very good. North Carolina. APPLES. 321 Danvers Winter Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish, re- motely oblong or conical, obscurely ribbed; greenish yellow, be- coming a rather dull rich yellow, sometimes an orange blush; stalk three-quarters to one inch long, cavity acute ; basin smooth, narrow ; flesh yellow, sweet, rich. Fig. 408. Growth vigorous, tree pro- ductive. Massachusetts. Green Sweet.* Large or medium, nearlyround, slightly approach- ing ovate-conical, regular; surface green, with greenish white dots ; stalk about an inch long, moderately thick, cavity rather small and narrow, round, acuminate; basin small, slightly furrowed; flesh greenish white, with a very sweet, spicy, good flavor. Fair, productive, anda long keeper. Fig. 407. Massachusetts. Higby’s Sweet. Size medium, roundish, slightly oblate; pale yel- low ; stalk short ; basin deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh white, tender, with a good, sweet flavor. Early winter. Northeastern Ohio. FIG. 406. FIG. 407. FIG. 408. Tallman Sweet. Green Sweet. Danvers Winter Sweet. Honey Greening. Large. oblong, oval; greenish yellow with green and gray dots; stalk long, slender, deeply set; basin broad, deep; flesh tender, mild, sweet, slightly aromatic. Grown at the West. Tree vigorous, upright, an early and constant bearer. November and December. Jacobs Sweet.* Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate ; light yellow with numerous large greenish dots, occasionally blushed; flesh white, crisp, somewhat coarse, but good. November to late winter. An excellent winter sweet. Medford, Mass. Leicester Sweet. (Potter Sweet.) Ratherlarge, oblate; greenish yellow and dull red; tender, rich, excellent. fine for dessert or bak- ing. Winter. Tree vigorous, not very productive. Origin, Leicester, Mass. London Sweet. (Heéeicke’s Winter Sweet.) Rather large, oblate; pale yellow; stalk very short, deeply set; basin abrupt; flesh whitish, tender, with a fine, sweet, aromatic flavor. Early winter. Tree upright, a good annual bearer. Tolman Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish-oblate slightly conical; clear light yellow, with a clear brownish line from stalk to apex ; stalk nearly an inch long; calyx in a distinct, slightly 322 APPLES. wrinkled basin; flesh white, firm, rich, very sweet. Excellent for winter baking. Keeps into spring. Young tree vigorous, upright, shoots becoming spreading; leaves wavy. Fig. 406. Productive. Hardy. Rhode Island. Wells Sweet. Medium in size, roundish, tapering slightly to base and apex; color light green, wtih a brownish cheek ; stalk short ; basin shallow; flesh very white, tender, rich, agreeable. Early winter. Newburg, N. Y. Winter Sweet Paradise. Rather large, roundish; skin pale green- ish yellow with a brown blush; stalk short; calyx and basin small; flesh white, with a sweet, ‘very good” flavor. Ripens through winter. Origin, Pennsylvania. Succeeds well at the West. Cuiass I].—WitH More or Less Acipiry. Section 1.-—Striped with Red. Ailes. Large, oblate; striped and shaded red on yellow; stalk short, cavity narrow, basin medium; flesh yellow, crisp, firm, with a rich, sub-acid, “very good” flavor. Keeps throughspring. Chester County, Pa. Anis. Small, oblate conical, ribbed; yellow, nearly covered with dark crimson in strips and splashes ; cavity deep, stem short, stout ; basin wide, shallow; flesh firm, fine grained, sub-acid, aromatic; quality best when properly ripened. ‘This apple belongs to a family grown on the upper Volga in Russia, on a large scale, all of which are valuable for cultivation in the northern limits of fruit culture. Fig. 432. Russian. Anisovka. Large, oblate; yellowish, striped and splashed with red; flesh yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid ; cavity large, stem medium, basin wide, deep. This belongs to the Oldenburg family and re- sembles the Oldenburg in the tree and in the size, shape, and mark- ings of the fruit. It has also proven hardy in the Northwest. Fig. 451. Russian. Arkansas Black. Medium, slightly conical, regular, smooth, glossy ; yellow, generally covered with deep crimson, small light-colored dots; basin shallow; eye small, closed; cavity shallow, russeted ; stem medium ; flesh very yellow, fine-grained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, rich, very good. Late winter. Arkansas. Fig. 477. Babbitt. Large, oblate conical, angular, smooth; greenish white, shaded and striped with red, dots light, few; cavity large, deep, regular ; stem short ; basin medium, regular, furrowed; calyx shal- low; eye small, closed; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk, sub-acid; excellent cooking apple. Strong grower, hardy, productive. Baer. Rather small, roundish-oblate; striped red on greenish yel- low; stalk long, cavity wide and deep; basin small, plaited ; flesh tender, fine grained, pleasant, very good—keep stillspring. Berks County, Pa. Identical with Hiester. APPLES. 323 Baldwin.* Rather large, roundish, with more or less of a rounded taper towards the apex; shaded and striped with yellowish red and crimson on yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths of aninch long, rather slender, calyx in a narrow, slightly plaited basin ; flesh yel- lowish white, with a rich, sub-acid flavor. Young tree vigorous, _upright, shoots dark brown, diverging and ascending. Fig. 380. Very productive. Ripensthrough winter. A first-rate winter apple in New England, New York, and Michigan; mostly unsuccessful at the West and South. Too tender, and mostly fails. as far north as Maine, unless grafted standard height. Massachusetts. The Baldwin is liable to vary in character; the Late Baldwin ap- pears to be identical, but modified by external causes. Ben Davis. (New York Pippin, Kentucky Streak, Carolina Red Streak, Victoria Red.) Large, roundish-ovate, slightly oblique, regular, smooth, striped red on yellow ; stalk long, deep set; basin deep, wrinkled; flesh whitish, tender, with a mild, good, but not rich, sub-acid flavor. Fig. 409. Succeeds well at the West, where it proves one of the most profitable winter apples for market; does not mature well at the extreme North. An early and abundant bearer. The leading commercial variety of America to-day. Kentucky. FIG. 409.—Ben Davis. FIG. 410.—Dutch Mignonne. FIG. 411.—Prior’s Red. FIG. 412.--Dominie. FIG. 413:-—Bald win. Bethlehemite. Medium, roundish-oblate, remotely conical; striped red on yellow; stalk short, deeply set; basin deep; furrowed; flesh yellowish white, tender, witha mild, sub-acid, very agreeable flavor. Ripens through winter. Growth strong, upright. Obhio. Black Gilliflower. Rather large, oblong-ovate, long conical, regu- lar, obscurely ribbed; surface dark, dull, reddish purple, inclining to greenish yellow where densely shaded; cavity very narrow, acuminate; basin very small, ribbed; flesh greenish white, with a rich, good, slightly sub-acid flavor, becoming dry when ripe. Keeps through winter and late into spring. Shoots dark, rather crooked, fruit always fair; very productive. Rejected by most cul- tivators on account of its very dry flesh, but a good baking variety. Totally distinct from the Red or Cornish Gilliflower. 324 APTPICESS. Blue Pearmain.* Very large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly and obtusely conical; dark purplish red in large broken stripes on lighter ground; bloom conspicuous; dots large; indistinct; stalk three-fourths of an inch long ;-calyx deep set; flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid, good. Early winter. A thin bearer. Boardman. Medium, roundish; light yellow,splashed, streaked and dotted crimson; stem short; cavity open and rather deep; basin large, deep; flesh very white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, good. Winter. Maine. Brightwater. Large,round,conical; greenish yellow, mottled russet, splashed and striped dull red, dots minute yellow and brown; skin thick; flesh greenish yellow, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid, good. Arkansas. Bryant. large, roundish oblate; greenish yellow, shaded with dull red and striped darker, dots numerous, large, gray, many with rough prominent centres, gray over all color; flesh yellow, coarse, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. Virginia. Buff. Large, round, oblate, smooth; distinctly striped with light and dark red; cavity broad and deep; basin round, furrowed; flesh white, tender, sub-acid, mild, agreeable, “good,” or perhaps “very good,” sometimes poor. Much valued at the South. Bullet. (North Carolina Greening, Green Abram.) Rather small, roundish ; striped with light and dark red on greenish yellow ; stalk short, often with a lip at base, cavity small; basin deep; flesh ten- der, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Valuable in Virginia and North Carolina as along keeper. Tree productive. Cannon Pearmain. Rather large, roundish or oblong-conical; red on yellow ; cavity small, basin abrupt; flesh yellowish, firm, rich, spicy, mild sub-acid. Keep stillspring. Tree vigorous, spread- ing, productive. ‘North Carolina. Carnahan Favorite. Large, roundish conic; red on yellow; cav- ity and calyx large, basin furrowed; flesh fine-grained, pleasant, sub-acid. Tree vigorous, productive. Keeps till spring. Ohio. Carolina Queen. (Carolina Winter Queen.) Rather large, round- ish, slightly oblate, smooth and regular; greenish yellow shaded and striped with light dullred; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity wide and rather inclining to obtuse, basin ribbed; flesh yel- lowish white, sprightly sub-acid, of an excellent flavor. Early winter. Popular in North Carolina. Carter.* (Mangum.) Medium to large, roundish-ovate; red on orange yellow; stalk rather short, cavity deep, caiyx large, open, in a wide, deep, somewhat furrowed basin; flesh tender, mild, pleas- ant. One of the best apples in the Southern States. Alabama. Carthouse.* (Gilpin, Romanite, Red Romanite, and Small Roman- ite, of the West.) Medium or rather small, roundish-oblong, nearly regular, apex flattened; striped and shaded deep red on greenish yellow ground; stalk one-half to an inch long, slender; basin slightly furrowed, wide, distinct; flesh tough, crisp, fresh, ALE TTESs 325 agreeable, mild sub-acid, nearly sweet, of moderate quality. Keeps fresh till late in spring. Much cultivated as a long keeper at the West. Virginia. Chandler. Large, roundish, slightly flattened, somewhat angular; . striped and shaded red on greenish yellow; stalk short, cavity large, calyx small, in a wide, plaited basin; flesh greenish white, tender, with a moderately rich, sub-acid flavor. Early winter. Connecticut. Cogswell. Rather large, roundish-oblate, regular; striped rich red on yellow; stalk smail, cavity large, russeted; calyx short, basin small; flesh yellowish, compact, tender, scarcely sub-acid, with a fine, rich, aromatic flavor. Through winter. An excellent dessert fruit. An abundant bearer every other year. Connecticut. Cooper’s Red. (Cooper’s Market.) Size medium, oblong conical ; shaded and striped with red on yellow; stalk short, cavity deep, narrow ; basin small; flesh white, tender, with a brisk sub-acid flavor. Through winter. Shoots long, slender. Profitable, al- though not of highest quality, New Jersey. Cranford. Large, oblate; yellow, covered with brownish red, splashed and streaked with light crimson ; stem short, thick; basin broad, deep, russeted ; calyx wide, deep; flesh yellow, juicy, sub- acid, sprightly. Tree good grower, fair bearer. Winter. Arkansas. Cross. Medium, regular, oblate; yellow, splashed and striped with crimson, much like Fameuse; cavity deep; basin shallow; flesh white, sub-acid, very good. Fig. 412. Midwinter. Russian. Cullasaga. Rather large, roundish; slightly conical, striped crim- son on yellow; stalk short, slender; cavity deep, russeted; calyx open; basin shallow, furrowed; flesh yellow, tender, very mild, aromatic, rich. A well-known, long-keeping, valuable Southern fruit. North Carolina. Detroit. (Red Detroit.) Medium or rather large, roundish or slightly conical; skin thick, smooth, dark purple when mature; cavity deep; basin shallow, plaited; flesh white, often stained with red, crisp, of an agreeable sub-acid flavor. The Black Detroit, or Grand Sachem, is a larger apple, more irreg- ular; rather dry fruit of inferior quality. Domine.* (Wells, of Ohio.) Rather large, roundish oblate; sur- face with narrow and distinct stripes of light red, on whitish yellow ground; dots or specks large, rough; stalk three-fourths of an inch long; cavity wide, deep, acute; basin deep, obtusely tibbed; flesh white, firm, mild sub-acid, spicy, fine flavored. Fig. 412. Shoots very long, vigorous, diverging, leaves drooping, coarsely serrate. Productive. Keeps through winter. ‘Tender at the West. New York. Dutch Mignonne. Quite large, roundish, reguiar; rich orange, dotted, mottled, and obscurely striped with bright red, slightly 326 APPLES. russeted ; stalk nearly an inch long, slender; calyx large, open; basin large, round, even; flesh firm, becoming tender, with a high, rich, rather acid flavor. Fig. 410. Early winter. Native of Holland. A large, handsome, high-flavored, but coarse fruit. Walbridge. Large, roundish, oblate; red streaked; flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid, vigorous, hardy. Tree prolific bearer, good. Winter. Elkhorn. Large, oblate, regular; yellowish, striped red and brown, dots light gray, large, and numerous; basin large; eye closed; cavity wide, deep, russeted ; stem very short, slender; flesh yel- lowish, coarse, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant, good. Arkansas. FIG. AI5. Belle de Boskoop. FIG. 416.—Herren. (Swall.) FIG. 417-—Cross. Grandmother, FIG. 419.—Sandy Glass. Eustis. (Ben.) Rather large, roundish, very slightly ovate; striped and dotted with light rich red on rich yellow; stalk very short; basin narrow, rather deep; flesh yellowish, rich, sub-acid, fine. Origin, Essex County, Mass. Evening Party. Rather large, oblate, slightly oval; yellow, striped with red; stalk short, inserted in a round, deep cavity, often russeted; calyx closed, basin large; flesh juicy, tender, crisp, with a vinous, aromatic flavor. An excellent dessert fruit. Tree health, vigorous, a good bearer. December and January. Penn- sylvania. 2 Flushing Spitzenburgh. Medium, roundish conical; rich red on yellow, with large whitish or fawn spots; cavity, basin, and calyx small; flesh whitish yellow, crisp, with a very mild sub-acid, mod- erate flavor. Early winter. Shoots strong, brown, unlike the slender, gray shoots of Esopus Spitzenburgh. Gano.* (Ozark Reagan.) Fruit medium large, oblate, irregular ; red striped, handsome; sub-acid, brisk, good; season medium to late. Grown for market in Middle West. APPLES. S27, Good Peasant. Medium; greenish yellow, splashed and striped red on the sunny side; cavity russety; basin deep, wrinkled; stem medium; flesh fine-grained, sub-acid, very good; season, mid- winter. Russian. Grandmother. Medium, regular, roundish oblate; green, striped and splashed with red; calyx broad, large; basin narrow; stem short, stout; flesh firm, juicy. Fig. 418. Mid-winter. Russian. Granite Beauty. Large, roundish-ovate, longest at middle, ribbed; skin yellow, striped bright red; stalk short, slender; cavity rather small, ribbed; basin medium, furrowed; flesh juicy, rich sub-acid, quality medium. Early and mid-winter. Growth rather spread- ing. New Hampshire. Hall.* Rather small, roundish, slightly oblate; striped red on greenish yellow, with russet dots; stalk slender, curved; cavity round, medium; basin small, plaited ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, with a very rich, mild sub-acid, aromatic favor. Through winter. A widely cultivated and highly esteemed Southern variety. Growth moderate, upright, shoots slender, reddish. Fig. 420. Hardy. North Carolina. Herefordshire Pearmain. (Royal Pearmain, Winter Pearmain, erroneously.) Medium in size, round-oblong, approaching obtuse- conical; surface mostly covered with indistinct stripes and soft clouds of light red on greenish yellow, which on ripening becomes a pale clear yellow; stalk half an inch long, cavity small; calyx large, open; basin narrow, plaited; flesh yellowish white, fine grained, with a pleasant, mild sub-acid, aromatic, fine flavor. Early winter. Best on light soils. Distinguished from Winter Pearmain by its stronger shoots, less oblong form, and by the soft shades and clouds of fine red, which cover the surface. Fig. 424. Herren. Medium, regular, oblate; yellow, nearly covered with dark red, splashed crimson ; basin wide ; stem medium ; flesh white, sub-acid. Early winter. Poland. Fig. 416. Hess. Medium, roundish or conical; striped with red; stalk short. rather stout; cavity narrow, deep; basin deep, narrow; flesh green- ish white, tender, with a very good, aromatic flavor. Through winter. Pennsylvania. Hollow Crown. Size medium, oblong, oval, flattened at crown; skin yellow, striped and splashed with red; stalk short, in a moderate cavity ; calyx closed, basin broad; flesh yellowish, witha sprightly excellent flavor. October, January. (Downing.) Hubbardston.* Large, round-ovate, largest at the middle, nearly regular ; color with small broken stripes and numerous dots of light rich red on arich yellow ground; stalk three-fourths to one inch long ; cavity acute, russeted; calyx open, basin ribbed; flesh yel- lowish, very rich, slightly sub-acid, with a strong mixture of a rich sweet flavor, excellent. Early winter. A famous New England sort—fine at the North and Northwest. Shoots rather slender, gray. A native of Hubbardston, Mass. Loses flavor by keeping. Coming into favor as a commercial sort. 328 APPLES. Indiana Favorite. Medium, oblate, regular, handsome; shaded and striped with red on rich yellow, with large yellow russet specks; stem short, cavity wide, calyx open, in a moderate even basin; flesh yellowish, crisp, a mild sub-acid, agreeable flavor, “very good.” Treespreading, excellent bearer. Keeps remarkably well. It is a seedling of the Vandevere Pippin and resembles it, except in being of a deeper red and much less acid, and superior in flavor. Ingram. (Ingram Seedling.) Medium, roundish conical; yellow, splashed and striped crimson ; cavity regular, medium depth, stem short and stout, basin medium; slightly leather cracked; flesh yellowish, fine, tender and juicy when fully ripe, sub-acid, good. Late winter. Seedling of Ralls. Good South. - Missouri. Jersey Black. Size medium, round, somewhat irregular; striped blackish red on lighter red, with numerous small dots; flesh often stained; stalk variable, cavity deep; basin shallow, plaited; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, mild sub-acid, agreeable. Early winter. Tree vigorous, but does not grow large; spreading, productive. A valuable market apple at the West. FIG. 420.—Hall. FIG. 421.—King. FIG. 422.—_Jonathan. FIG. 423.—Smith’s Cider. FIG. 424.—Herefordshire Pearmain. Jonathan.* Medium in size, round-ovate, or approaching truncate- conical ; regular, nearly covered with brilliant stripes of clear red on a pale yellow ground; stalk slender; basin very distinct, rather deep; flesh white, very juicy, spicy, sub-acid, moderately rich. Keeps through winter. Shoots slender, diverging; tree very pro- ductive; fruit always handsome and fair. Fig. 422. Kingston, N. Y. The slender growth of the tree is an objection with cul- tivators. It succeeds well in most localities and is a popular market variety in many sections, both East and West. Jones’ Seedling. Medium, round conical; light yellow, striped red ; flesh sub-acid, almost sweet. Winter. Tennessee. Kaiser. (Red Seek-no-further.) Size medium, roundish-oblate, often slightly oblique ; shaded and obscurely striped with red on greenish yellow; stalk short, cavity large; basin shallow, some- times deep, furrowed; flesh fine-grained, mild sub-acid, slightly APPLES. 329 aromatic, with a very good flavor. Small specimens have a small cavity and are smooth, regular, and are free from ribs. Early winter. Southeastern Ohio. Growth resembles Rambo. King.* (Tompkins County King.) Large, sometimes quite large, roundish, ribbed; color a deep red, in stripes; flesh tender, juicy, rich, high flavored. Tree a strong grower with few branches. Shoots slightly flexuous: a good but not heavy bearer. Drops its fruit rather early, and should be gathered soon. Early winter, and keeps through winter. Fig. 421. Succeeds East and West at the North, but not so well farther South. New Jersey. Lacker. Rather large, oblate, somewhat irregular; striped light and dark red on greenish yellow, with conspicuous whitish specks ; stalk half an inch long; basin furrowed ; flesh white, fine-grained, firm, crisp, fresh, mild, agreeable, sub-acid. Keeps through winter. Cultivated in Western New York; originally from Lan- caster, Pa. Large Anis (Cross.) Large, irregular conic; yellowish green, splashed and striped with red; cavity deep, stem medium, basin regular, deep; flesh fine-grained, mild acid, good. Will prove valuable north of parallel 43°, where it will keep through the win- ter. Fig. 433. From the Upper Volga, Russia. Lawver. Large, roundish, regular; with surface handsomely striped with red, sub-acid, good. It is not very productive and does not promise well for a market variety. Winter. West. Fig. 468. Missouri. Limbertwig.* (James River.) Large, roundish, slightly conical; striped and splashed with red on yellow; stalk long, slender, calyx rather small; flesh yellowish, very compact, not high flav- ored, but cultivated in the South and West for its keeping prop- erties. ‘The tree is ill shapen, with pendent branches, whence itsname. Distinct from the Willow Twig. North Carolina. Long Stem of Pennsylvania. Rather small, roundish-oval; shaded and slightly striped with red or crimson on yellow; stalk long, slender, curved, cavity large; basin somewhat furrowed; flesh tender, crisp, with a rich, aromatic, sub-acid, excellent flavor. Berks Co., Pa. A fine dessert fruit. McLellan. (Martin.) Medium insize or rather large, nearly round, smooth, regular; striped and mottled with lively clear red on yellow ground; stalk three-fourths of aninch long, slender; cavity narrow; basin narrow, waved; seeds small; flesh nearly white, fine grained, very tender, slightly sub-acid, agreeable, but not very tich. Early winter. Very productive. Connecticut. Fig. 420. Mallett. Large, roundish oblate; greenish yellow, marbled red with crimson slashes ; cavity shallow, stem medium; basin wide, wrinkled; flesh white, coarse-grained, juicy, sub-acid, quality good. October. In Minnesota it keeps well into the winter. Fig. 435. Russian. Marston’s Red Winter. Large, roundish-oval, regular, slightly narrowed to each end, smooth; striped with bright red and crimson on yellow ground; stalk half an inch long, slender ; cavity 330 APPLES. russeted; basin abrupt, round, smooth; flesh yellowish, fine- grained, tender, juicy, high flavored. Ripens through winter. Origin, New Hampshire. Mickel. No. 1. Large, oblate, smooth; glossy, greenish white, striped light red, dots few, white; cavity large, very deep, slightly russet; stern short, slender; basin medium, deep, abrupt, folded; eye small, closed; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, slightly sub-acid, good. Wisconsin. Milam. Rather small, roundish; greenish, shaded and striped with red; flesh rather firm, with a pleasant, sub-acid, moderate flavor. A good keeper. Although not of high flavor, it is widely culti- vated at the West and Southwest on account of its hardiness, pro- ductiveness, and good keeping qualities. Does not succeed well farther North. Fig. 425. FIG. 425.—Milam. FIG. 426.—Mother. FIG. 427.—Roxbury Russet. FIG. 428.—Rawle’s Janet. FIG. 429.—Mcluellan. FIG. 430.—Nickajack. Minister. Large, rather irregular, oblong-conical, ribbed, surface more or less wavy, base broad, apex very narrow; very distinctly stripéd with red on greenish yellow ground; stalk one inch long, slender; cavity usually wide, shallow, and irregular; flesh yellow- ish, moderately rich, sub-acid, flavor second quality. Productive, fair, and showy. Early winter. Apt tobe warty. Mass. Mother.* Rather large, oblong-ovate, approaching conical; slightly and obtusely ribbed; color a high warm rich red on yellow ground; deep red to the sun—in obscure broken stripes and spots; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity moderate; basin small, plaited; flesh yellow, more so toward the outside, moderately juicy, rich, very spicy, very mild sub-acid, with an admixture of sweet. Somewhat resembles the Esopus Spitzenburgh in external appearance, and in its rich yellow flesh and spiciness. Growth slow. Fig. 426. Late autumn and early winter. Worcester County, Mass. ; Monk’s Favorite. Large, roundish, slightly oblate, ribbed: mot- tled and striped red on yellow; stalk short, cavity wide, calyx APPLES. 331 = small in a broad basin; flesh yellowish white, with a very good snb-acid flavor. A long keeper. Newark King. Size medium, conical; skin smooth, red in streaks on yellow ground; flesh tender, rather rich, pleasant. Early win- ter. Origin, New Jersey. New York Vandevere.* (Newtown Spitzenburgh, Ox Eye.) Me- dium in size, round-oblate, regular; color light red in indistinct streaks on yellow ground, often ahigh red where exposed; dots numerous; stalk uniformly about half an inch long, cavity and basin wide; flesh light yellow, with arich, mild, sub-acid, excellent flavor. Early winter. Not always fair—succeeds best on light soils. Shoots spotted; leaves doubly serrate-crenate. New York. Nickajack.* (Summerour, Berry, Edwards, Carolina Spice, Red Hazel.) Rather large, smooth, handsome, roundish, slightly ob- long; splashed, striped, and mottled with deep red, and with large whitish spots; stalk short, deep set, basin moderate, rim obtuse, calyx open; flesh yellow, rather firm, sub-acid, spicy, very good. Fig. 430. Keeps till spring. Growth irregular—a good bearer. A standard Southern variety, and a good market sort in lower Ohio valley. Georgia. FIG. 431.—Recum bent. FIG. 432.—Anis. FIG. 433.—Large Anis. FIG. 434.—Titus (Riga). FIG. 435.—Mallett. Fic. 436.—Rambour Queen, Northern Spy.* Large, roundish-conical, often flattened, slightly ribbed; handsomely striped with red; stalk and calyx deep set; flavor rich, aromatic, mild sub-acid, fine. Keeps through winter and late into spring; preserves its flavor remarkably fresh. Shoots dark, spotted, erect, stout. Atardybearer. To afford fine fruit, the tree must be kept thrifty by good cultivation. A native of East Bloomfield, N. Y. A fruit of the highest quality, and profit- able for market under proper cultivation, and with care in picking, assorting, and packing. Succeeds throughout the North and Northwest, but less valuable farther South. Fig. 439. Osceola. Size medium. roundish-oblate, angular; skin yellowish, shaded and striped with red; stalk small; cavity large, russeted ; 332 APPLES. basin deep ; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, mild sub-acid, “very good.” A good keeper. Indiana. Resembles New York Vandevere. Perry. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth; yellow shaded and striped © bright red, dots numerous, large, russety; cavity large, deep, russet; stem short, medium; basin medium, folded ; calyx short; flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, good. A good bearer and long keeper. Ohio. Pewaukee.* Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate; striped with dark red on a bright yellow ground; flesh white, tender, brisk sub-acid. Seedling of Oldenburg. Valued for its hardiness. Wisconsin. Pilot. Medium, round, regular, smooth; yellow covered by dull red, with brighter splashes of lighter red, dots numerous, large, gray, sometimes star-shaped; basin deep, regular; eye small, closed; cavity shallow, narrow, slightly russeted, stem short; flesh yellow, fine-grained, firm, juicy, mild sub-acid, rich; very good. Fig. 440. Virginia. FIG. 437-—Willow Twig. FIG. 438.—Winesap. FIG. 439.—Northern Spy. FIG. 440.—Pilot. FIG. 441.—Rome Beauty. Pryor’s Red.* (Pryor’s Pearmain.) Medium or rather large, roundish, irregular, varying, apex often broad, sometimes narrow, considerably or slightly ribbed; color dull brick red on greenish yellow in dots, shades, and obscure streaks, slightly russeted ; stalk long or short, cavity small; calyx open, basin narrow; flesh very tender, mild, rich, sub-acid, agreeable. Highly esteemed in In- diana, Kentucky, and Virginia—where it keeps till spring—and succeeds well farther North. Often a poor bearer. Fig. 411. Va. Ragan. Large, roundish ovate; striped and marbled with red on light greenish yellow ground; stalk medium to long, cavity deep, basin deep; flesh yellowish white, of a rich, spicy, rather acid flavor. Early winter. Putnam County, Ind. AT PUI 333 Rambour Queen. Large. irregular oblate ; greenish yellow, splashed with crimson ; cavity medium, stem medium, basin wide, irregu- lar; flesh white with greenish veinings, very juicy, sub-acid, good. Late autumn. Fig. 436. Good for keeping in cold stor- age. Russian. Rall’s Genet.* (Rawle’s Jenneting. Neverfail, Rockremain.) Medium in size, roundish, approaching oblong or obtuse-conical, often oblique; color pale red, distinct stripes on light yellow ground; stalk half an inch long; flesh nearly white, fine, mild, ‘ssub-acid, fine texture, crisp, juicy. Growth slow; a profuse bearer, with a portion of the crop knotty or under size. Keeps through spring. Highly esteemed in the Ohio valley; does not - ’ succeed farther North. The blossoms open ten days later than usual, thus sometimes escaping spring frosts; hence the name Neverfail. Hardy far West. Fig. 428. France. Recumbent. (Lieby.) Large, irregular, oblate; yellow splashed red and crimson ; cavity deep, regular, basin wide; skin astringent, good for cooking. Fig. 431. Russian. Red Canada.* (Nonsuch, Old Nonsuch of Massachusetts, Richfield Nonsuch of Ohio.) Medium in size, roundish-conical, regular ; nearly the whole surface covered with red, and interspersed with large and rather indistinct whitish dots; stalk about an inch long, in a very wide and even cavity; basin nearly even, moderate; flesh fine-grained, compact, with a rich, sub-acid, high and excellent flavor. Keepsthrough winter. Shootsrather slender, leaves wavy. Productive. Succeeds in New England, New York, and Ohio. This is wholly distinct from the Nonsuch of England, to prevent confusion with which the name Red Canada is preferred. One of the finest table apples, often keeping late in spring. The slender growth of the tree, the frequent scabbiness of the fruit, and its moderate crops in some localities, are the chief drawbacks on its value. Fig. 4so. Red Winter Pearmain. (Red Lady Finger, Meigs, Red Fall Pippin, aud Red Vandevere of Tennessee.) Size medium, oblong conical; dark purplish red on yellow, with numerous whitish dots; stalk short, cavity narrow; basin small; flesh whitish, very tender and juicy, with a mild, slightly sub-acid, slightly aromatic flavor. Mid-winter. Growth moderate, upright; a regular bearer. Robey’s Seedling. Large, roundish conic; obscurely striped with lively red; flesh yellowish, juicy, with arich, high flavor. Early winter. Succeeds in Middle and Western States. ‘Tree vigorous and productive. Rome Beauty.* Large, roundish, very slightly conical; mostly covered with bright red on pale yellow ground; flesh tender, not fine-grained, juicy, of good quality. Ripensearly in winter. The large size and beautiful appearance of this Ohio apple render it popular as an orchard variety. Fig. 441. Royal Table. Medium, conical, ribbed, greenish yellow, red stripes on yellow side; cavity wide, shallow; basin wide; flesh greenish white, quality good. Early winter. Russian. 334 APPLES. Russet Pearmain. Size medium, roundish-conical ; faint red stripes on greenish yellow ground; flesh juicy, tender, rich, fine sub-acid flavor. ‘Through winter. ; Shockley. (Waddel’s Hall.) Medium, roundish-oblong, narrow- ing to the eye; yellow striped and clouded with red, with dark greenish russet blotches; stalk long, slender; cavity narrow, deep; flesh firm, of good but not high flavor. Georgia. Ripens from October to March. Wm. N. White. Siloam. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth; yellow, with dull red stripes and splashes, dots numerous, small, light gray; basin shal- low, regular; eye small, closed; cavity shallow, russeted; stem very short; flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid, rich, very good. Arkan- sas. Skrnishapfel. Medium; flat, conical, ribbed; yellow, flushed and striped with red; cavity and basin shallow and ribbed; flesh firm, sub-acid. Mid-winter. Belongs to Cross apple family, and may prove identical with the Russian Baldwin. Russian. FIG. 442. FIG. 443.—Westfield, FIG. 444. Esopus Spitzenburgh. Seek-no-Further, Wagener. Smith Cider.* Medium or rather large, roundish-oblong, some- what flattened at the ends; shaded and slightly striped with light red on pale greenish yellow, with a few conspicuous whitish, yellow dots; stalk slender, cavity rather deep, calyx large; basin shallow, wrinkled; flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a sub-acid, moderate flavor. Grown in Pennsylvania and the Ohio valley. Valued for its hardiness, productiveness, and handsome fruit. Pennsylvania. Fig. 423. Spitzenburgh, Esopus.* Rather large, round-ovate, slightly coni- cal; surface a high rich red, rather obscurely striped; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender; basin shallow, slightly furrowed; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, spicy, rather acid, nearly unequalled in its high rich flavor. Keeps through winter. Shoots ascending and erect, ratherslenderleavescrenate. Usually a moderate bearer. Fig. 442. Succeeds best in New York, its native State. Sutton Beauty.* Fruit large, roundish; skin waxen yellow, striped and shaded with crimson, very handsome; flesh white, tender, APPLES. 335 sprightly, very good. A late keeper. Tree a free grower and productive. Coming to be one of the most profitable market varieties in the East. Massachusetts. Wagener.* Medium, oblate, distinctly ribbed; shaded and indis- tinctly striped with pale red, and a full, deep red in the sun on warm yellow ground; often streaked with russet; stalk three- fourths of an inch long; cavity wide, rather obtuse; basin even, rather large ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, compact, mild sub-acid, aromatic, excellent. Ripens through winter. From Penn Yan, N.Y. Fig.444. Succeeds wellat the West. An early bearer. Wellford’s Yellow. Rather small, roundish oblate; faintly streaked with red on pale yellow; flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, witha rich, aromatic flavor. Rapid grower, great bearer, and long keeper. Cultivated in Maryland and Virginia. Westfield Seek-no-Further.* (Connecticut Seek-no-further, New England Seek-no-further.) Medium or large, roundish, often slightly conical; obscurely striped with hight dull red, more or less russeted, rarely covered wholly with russet; stalk slender; calyx partly open; flesh tender, rich, spicy, of fine flavor. Early and mid-winter. Tree productive, fruit always fair. Connecticut. Fig. 443. Succeeds well throughout the Northern States. FIG. 445.—Scott’s Winter. FIG. 446.—Windsor. FIG. 447.—Wolf River. Willow Twig.* Large, roundish, slightly conical, obtuse, very regular; greenish yellow, striped and mottled faintly with dull red ; stalk short; basin very wide and deep, rim obtuse; flavor sub-acid, or rather acid, not rich. A long keeper. Shoots slender. Culti- vated as a market apple in Southern Ohio. Fig. 447. Windsor. (Windsor Chief.) Small, oblate; greenish yellow suf- fused with red splashes, gray dots; flesh pale yellow, fine-grained juicy, sub-acid, good. Tree early bearer and prolific. Winter. Wisconsin. Fig. 446. Wine. (Hays’ Apple, Hays Winter.) Rather large, often quite large, roundish, slightly flattened ; obscurely striped and mottled 336 | APPLES. with red on yellow ground ; stalk quite short ; cavity deep, acumi- nate; calyx large, open; basin large; flesh yellowish white, with a rich sub-acid flavor. Early winter. ‘There are several spurious varieties under this name. Delaware. Winesap.* Size medium, round-ovate, slightly conical, sometimes obscurely flattened ; color a lively deep red; stalk slender, three- fourths of an inch long; cavity acute; calyx small, ina finely plaited basin; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, with a rich sub-acid or rather acid flavor. Keeps through winter. One of the best apples for baking. Growth rather irregular, fruit formerly always fair, of late years more imperfect. Widely cultivated at the West and Southwest. Fig. 438. Winter Aport. Large, flat, conical; greenish yellow, red striped; cavity deep; basin shallow, ribbed; stem medium; flesh yellow- ish, firm, sub-acid, good. Season, winter. Russian. Wolf River. Very large, round oblate, regular, smooth ; yellowish white, splashed with bright red, dots large, scattering, light gray; basin shallow, small; eye medium, open, segments re- flexed ; cavity deep, wide, very russet; stem short, stout; flesh yellowish white, coarse, tender, dry when ripe, sub-acid, not rich, medium quality only. Valuable in the Northwest. Winter. Fig. 447. Wisconsin. Fic. FIG. 450. : Fic. 448. 449. Yellow Transparent. York Imperial. Red Canada. Yacob. Large, oblate, smooth; yellow, striped and splashed crim- son, dots few, gray; cavity regular, deep, abrupt, green; stem short, slender, basin deep, calyx twisted, eye small, closed; flesh yellowish white, slightly tinged with red, fine-grained, tender, juicy, sub-acid, spicy, good. Pennsylvania. Yates. Small, oblate; yellow, covered with dark red stripes, small white dots; flesh yellow, spicy, sub-acid. Great bearer and good keeper. Georgia. York Imperial.* (Johnson’s Fine Winter.) Medium, oblong, angular, oblique, often varies in form, smooth; yellow, shaded red, indistinct red stripes; basin deep, wide; eye nearly closed; cavity deep, narrow, russeted; stem short; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sub-acid, good. Winter. Pennsylvania. An excellent shipping apple, always brings high prices. Fig. 440. APPLES. 337 Section 11.—Not Striped. Antonovka. Roundish oblate; yellow with white bloom: basin deep and cavity acute; flesh yellow, sub-acid, crisp, good. ‘Tree not so hardy as some varieties received from Northern Europe which much resemble it in form and fruit. Fig. 452. Russian. Arabsko. Large, conic; green covered with purplish red; cavity medium, stem medium, basin shallow ; flesh greenish white, sharp, sub-acid. Winter. Fig. 459. Russian. Often rots on the trees, Aunt Hannah. Size medium, roundish, approaching ovate; straw color, with a very pleasant mild sub-acid, fine flavor, resembling in character the Newtown Pippin. Origin, Essex County, Mass. Basil the Great. (Vasilis Largest.) Large, roundish, oblong, unequally truncated, irregular; yellow, mostly covered with dark red and crimson; cavity deep, acute; stem very short; basin wide, deep, abrupt; flesh coarse grained, red next skin, juicy, sub-acid, excellent for culinary use. Very showy apple and isa profitable market one. The trees are said to endure drought with- out lessening the size of the fruit. Russian. Fig. 379. FIG. 452.—Antonovka. FIG. 453.—lowa Blush. FIG. 451.—Bergamot. FIG. 454.—Anisovka. Belle et Bonne. Large, roundish, flattened at ends, obtuse; green- ish yellow; stem short; calyx ina wide, deep basin; flesh yellow, tender, large grained, sub-acid, agreeable, and very good. Early winter. A Connecticut apple; a strong growing and productive variety, much esteemed in the neighborhood of Hartford. Belmont.* Rather large, roundish-conical or ovate-conical, apex usually narrow, but sometimes quite obtuse; faintly ribbed, smooth; color clear pale yellow, with sometimes a light vermilion blush, and rarely with large thinly scattered carmine dots; stalk varying from half an inch long and stout, to an inch or more long and slender; basin in conical specimens, narrow and shallow; in obtuse specimens, narrow and deep, with an obtusely ribbed rim ; flesh yellowish white, compact, crisp, becoming quite tender, with a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor. Leaves crenate. Early win- ter. A profuse bearer. Excellent in New York, Michigan, and Northern and Central Ohio—worthless at Cincinnati. Tender at the West. Fig. 466. 22 338 | APPLES. Bergamot. Medium, regular, oblong, cylindrical; yellow with white bloom, has much the appearance of Grimes’ Golden; cavity regular, deep; stem very short; basin deep, ribbed; flesh yellow, crisp, sub-acid, good. Fig. 451. Russian. Boiken. Medium, roundish conic; yellowish green, reddened on sunny side, cavity large; stem short; basin large; flesh white, acid. Very late keeper, goodculinaryapple. Fig. 456. Russian. Brooke’s Pippin. Large, roundish, slightly conical; greenish yel- low, with a faint blush; stalk short and stout; cavity deep, rus- seted; basin small, shallow, furrowed; flesh crisp, aromatic. November to March. Productive. Maryland and Virginia. Bullock’s Pippin, or American Golden Russet.* (Golden Russet, Sheepnose.) Rather small, conical; light yellow, sprinkled and sometimes overspread with thin russet; stalk long, slender; basin very small and narrow, ribbed; flesh yellowish white, very fine grained, becoming very tender, with a mild, rich, slightly sub-acid flavor. Growth erect, shoots rather slender ; leaves sharply serrate ; tree overbears. Early winter. When well ripened, this apple is FIG. 455.—Longstem. FIG. 456.—Boiken. FIG. 457.—Rosenhager. FIG. 458.—Red Queen. FIG. 459.—Arabsko. exceedingly delicate and tender; sometimes it does not become soft in ripening, when the quality is poor, and often worthless. It is too small to become very popular. Generally rendered worthless at the East by black mildew, and becoming more affected with it at the West. Fig. 399. New Jersey. Canada Reinette. (Reinette du Canada, Canadian Reinette.) Quite large, somewhat conical and flattened; rather irregular, ribbed, apex obtuse; greenish yellow, sometimes a brown cheek; stalk short, cavity wide; calyx large; basin rather deep, irregular; flesh nearly white, rather firm, becoming quite tender, juicy, with a good, lively sub-acid flavor. Early and mid-winter. APPLES. 339 Clarke Pearmain. Size medium, roundish, slightly conical; skin inclining to rough yellow and russety in shade, light rich red in the sun, thickly dotted with whitish russet; cavity and basin medium; flesh yellowish white, with a very good sub-acid flavor. Tree productive. A well-known Southern variety. North Caro- lina. Cumberland Spice. Rather large, varying from roundish conical to long conical, the tapering sides being nearly straight and not rounded; color waxen yellow, with a slight vermilion tinge near the base, and with black specks on the surface; stalk half to three- fourths of aninch long; cavity wide, slightly russeted; calyx open, basin even; flesh yellowish white, breaking, rather light; core hol- ' low; flavor mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and agreeable spiciness, of good quality. Dansic Pepka. Large, roundish oblong; greenish yellow with blush; cavity very narrow, deep; stem short; basin small, wide, shallow; flesh white, juicy, sub-acid, fair. Late winter. Rus- sian. Fig. 460. English Russet.* (Poughkeepsie Russet.) Medium or rather small, roundish conical, regular; surface more or less overspread with brownish russet on light greenish yellow ground; in large ex- posed specimens, wholly russeted; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long ; cavity moderate, round; basin smooth; flesh green- FIG. 460.—Dansic Pepka, FIG. 461.—Lead. FIG. 462.—Zugoff Winter. FIG. 463.--Romna. ish or yellowish white, texture fine, rather firm, with an aromatic, sub-acid flavor. Keeps through spring, and often through sum- mer for twelve months. Growth upright, shoots lively brown. A profuse bearer. y S fia ‘ FIG. 613.—Juglans Sieboldiana. Fic. 614.—Juglans Manchuria, known, on account of the ease with which the meat shells out entire, when cracked. Fig. 612. NUTS. 462 FIG. 616.— Parisienne. FIG. 615.—Chabert. St. Jean. FIG. 618.— FIG. 617.—Prezparturiens Mayette. 620.— Fic. Franquette. FIG. 619. — NUTS. 463 Japan. (/uglans Sieboldiana.) Small, hard shell; sweet, rich kernel; grow in bunches of fifteen or twenty in an odd-looking husk. Tree hardy and vigorous grower ; round head ; ornamental. Fig. 580. Not grown commercially to any extent. Juglans Manchuria. A large, thick, rough-shelled nut from Eastern Asia. The tree is vigorous, entirely hardy, and fairly productive. Much resembles the butternut in appearance. Fig. 614. CaVVE Ta 2ONK. THE PEACH. THE PEACH, when in perfection the most delicious fruit of our climate, succeeds in favorable localities, from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. In the more northern regions, the ripen- ing of the earlier varieties commences only a few weeks before the close of the summer-months; in the extreme South, well- matured peaches are obtained nearly as early as cherries and strawberries at the North. The trees are more tender and of shorter duration than most fruit trees of temperate climates. In some localities they bear only two or three good crops, and then decline or perish. On favorable soils they continue for twenty or thirty years. In Western New York trees have in rare instances borne fruit for forty or fifty years. In France, according to authentic testimony, peach-trees which have been annually and freely pruned have lived to an age of one hundred years; and there -isno doubt that on favorable soils, and by a regular shorten- ing-in pruning, most of our orchards would endure much longer than the ordinary period. The most extensive peach-growing regions are in New Jer- sey, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, Southern Illinois, Michigan, California, thousands of acres being occupied with the planta- tions of single proprietors. Thenorthern portions of Ohio and Western New York, protected on the north by Lakes Erie and Ontario, and Western Michigan, afford a very favorable climate for this fruit. But throughout the country at large, the selec- tion of proper localities would doubtless afford good and regu- lar crops, even in districts where its culture is rarely attempted. The remarks on this subject in a previous chapter of this work are particularly commended to the attention of those who may attempt the peach culture in severe climates. 464 THE PEACH. 465 The destruction of the peach-crop is caused in very many cases by the intense cold of winter. Vernalfrosts often cause serious damage, but perhaps less than commonly supposed. If the fruit-buds remain unswollen, they will endure very severe cold. But it often happens that we have a few days of mild or warm weather during winter. This is suffi- cient to swell them slightly, or to throw moisture enough into them to render them tender; and if the thermometer should FIG. 621, FIG. 622, FIG. 623. Peach Buds (Magnified Twice). then sink several degrees below zero, there is scarcely a chance for their escape. Their condition may be soon ascer- tained by making a cross-cut with a knife through the fruit- buds. If destroyed, the centre will be dark brown; if unin- jured, they will present the fresh greenish centre of sound buds. The accompanying figures represent the branches and buds of the peach magnified twice in diameter. Fig. 622 shows the two flower-buds, with the usual leaf-bud between, before they have become swollen by warm weather. Fig. 621 represents the appearance of the same after the occurrence of several warm days after midwinter. Fig. 623 exhibits the dark and dead interior of a flower-bud cut through its centre, after it has been killed by the frost. Under ordinary circumstances, the peach crop is destroyed when the thermometer sinks about 12° below zero (Fahr.); but when the buds have been much swollen, the crop has sometimes been cut off when only 5° or 6° below; while in rare instances unswollen buds under 30 466 THE PEACH. favorable circumstances have passed uninjured through a temperature 20° below zero. PROPAGATION OF THE TREES. The peach-tree is of remarkably easy and rapid propaga- tion. In rare instances, seedling trees have borne the second year, or sixteen months from the planting of the stone. Stocks may be budded the first summer, affording trees five or six feet high the second autumn. Transplanted the second year from the bud, the trees, with good cultivation, usually come into bearing about the third year afterward. Some varieties reproduce the same from the stone with slight variation, but the only certain way to perpetuate deli- cious sorts is by budding. Grafting at the North rarely suc- ceeds; at the South it is often successful. It often happens at the North that the severe frost of winter destroys the inserted buds, which die and drop off, leaving the attached portion of bark adhering fresh and green to the stock. This disaster, which so often disappoints the hopes of the young cultivator, is to be prevented by selecting buds from the largest and thriftiest shoots. These usually possess sufficient vigor to withstand severe frosts. The triple buds on the older and more matured portions of the shoots of bearing trees generally survive when the single buds above them perish, as may be at once perceived by examining the shoots of bearing trees late in spring. When stocks are not budded till the second summer, it is very important to cut them down the previous spring, and suffer but one ascending sprout to grow, which will form a fine thrifty shoot for the reception of the bud. In raising stocks, select the seed of hardy and late varieties. The stones are not injured if kept dry in a cellar till winter. If they become water-soaked for a length of time, they are _spoiled. But soaking in water for a day or two and subse- quent exposure to freezing facilitate the cracking of the stone. ' They may be kept through winter mixed with moist sand, and exposed to freezing and thawing, or placed in a moist cellar till near spring, then soaked in tubs or barrels, till the shells are well swollen with moisture. They are then placed in thin THE PEACH. 467 layers on the surface of the ground, and exposed for two or three weeks to the action of the frost, being protected from drying by a covering of soil, leaf-mould, or muck. About the time the frost disappears from the ground, they are taken up and cracked by hand, placing the stone on the end of a wooden block, and striking a gentle blow on the side edge with a hammer. If well frozen, cracking may be unnecessary. They are then planted one or two inches deep (a light thin soil need- ing more depth than a heavy and moist one), and if they have been previously uninjured nearly every one will grow. Care is needed that the seeds do not become dried nor mouldy be- fore planting. When it is intended for them to come up evenly, as they are to remain in the nursery row, the most certain way to avoid vacancies or failures is to sprout them before planting. This is effected by mixing the kernels with sand and leaf- mould, and spreading them ina thin bed in the sun. When sprouted, a line or cord, permanently marked at equal dis- tances of eight inches with a touch of paint, is stretched on the ground, and a sprouted kernel carefully inserted at every mark of the line, by means of a transplanting trowel. This insures great regularity in the rows. Accidental vacancies may be filled from a seed-bed when the plants are not more than two inches high. To prevent drying, the sprouted seeds should be kept covered with a flake of wet moss or a wet cloth, until deposited in the ground; and if the weather be dry, watering the ground may be requisite. By planting the stones without cracking, a very small por- tion will grow and no regularity can be attained in the rows, unless the following mode is adopted, which, if the stones can be had fresh from the fruit before drying many days, and in large quantities, is perhaps the cheapest or attended with least labor. Mix the fresh stones with moist sand, spread them in a stratum about six inches thick over the ground, and cover them with a few inches of old straw or coarse manure to prevent drying. Remove this covering in winter, to ex- pose them freely to freezing and thawing. In spring, a large portion will be found sprouting; carefully select these and plant them immediately in drills made with the hoe, covering them by drawing on earth with the hand. One man will thus. 468 Ls SAA Cz |e plant four or five thousandinaday. Ina few days a second portion will be found sprouted, which plant as before; and so on, so long as the process continues. Those which do not open (often not more than one-third of the whole), will grow another year if kept moist and exposed. If the soil is good, and the cultivator is passed between the rows as often as once a fortnight—oftener is better—the trees will be large enough to bud by the close of summer. In cases where the ground cannot be prepared early for their reception, germination may be retarded by burying the uncracked stones a foot or two beneath the surface, till wanted. The distances of the rows asunder should be about the same as for apples and other trees in the nursery, or about three and a half feet. Plum-stocks for the peach slightly lessen their luxuriance of growth, render the trees smaller, thus slightly increasing their hardiness for the extreme North by favoring an early maturity of the young wood. It is, however, important to observe that this does not add to the hardiness of the fruit-buds. Small dwarfs are produced by budding on the Mirabelle, a diminutive variety of the plum. The plum-stock is also sometimes employed to guard against the peach-borer, a rem- edy often unsuccessful, as that insect frequently attacks the peach above the place of union. On the whole, the practice of working the peach on the plum is not regarded by fruit- culturists with much favor. Unlike most other fruit trees, the peach may be transplanted in the spring next after the insertion of the bud, with scarcely a check in its growth. Soils.—It may be observed, as a general rule, that soils affording good farm crops, and with a well-drained subsoil, . are well adapted to peach-orchards. On a strong loam, the trees grow with more uniform luxuriance and live longer than on light, sandy, or gravelly soils. Even acompact clay may be made suitable for the peach by regular and thorough underdraining and mellow cultivation. On the light sands of New Jersey and Delaware orchards succeed and bear well for a time, but they do not endure so long as where the soil has a considerable admixture of heavier ingredients. THE PEACH. 469 In transplanting for an orchard, the practice of shortening- im the shoots, described in the chapter on transplanting, should be invariably attended to, as it is of the greatest importance for the safe removal of peach-trees. Trees two years from the bud were formerly recommended, but only yearlings are now bought by good growers. Twenty feet apart is the common distance for orchards; but as bet- ter crops and better fruit is obtained where the heads are kept well shortened-in, and consequently within less com- pass, a distance of twelve or fifteen feet only will be found sufficient. While the trees are small, the intermediate spaces between the rows may be cultivated with low-hoed crops; but after- ward it will be found best to keep the ground perfectly clean and mellow by ploughing and harrowing. Where soils are very shallow, top-dressing with manure in autumn and fre- quent harrowing have been found best; the roots being thus brought near the surface, deep ploughing proves injurious. But where soils are deep and fertile, ploughing may be occa- sionally resorted to without injury. The principle on which rotation in crops is founded dictates that two crops of peach trees, whether in the nursery or orchard, should not be grown successively on the same piece of ground; diminished growth in nearly all instances being the result. One of the best manures for the peach-tree is wood ashes, whether fresh or leached; hence all composts with this mate- rial are eminently beneficial to peach orchards. When applied alone, half a peck of fresh and half a bushel of leached ashes to each tree are suitable quantities, spread broadcast over the suctaces |). The mode of pruning and shortening-in the peach has been already described in a previous chapter. ‘ Training the peach against walls and buildings, so essential to the successful culture of the peach in England, is rarely prac- tised in this country. It would doubtless hasten the maturity of the crop; but the warm exposure would at the same time, unless the branches were purposely protected, render the crop more liable to destruction by frost. Espalier training has been found to give excellent fruit, in consequence of the 470 THE PEACH. thorough pruning and full exposure adopted in the manage- ment of the trees. Figs. 624, 625, and 626 exhibit the fan training usually adopted in espalier and wall training, in its successive stages. The limits of this work do not admit full directions, but the following general rules may be observed as a guide and will apply to all other annual pruning of the peach: 1. The fruit being borne on the shoots of the preced- ing year, a good supply of annual bearing-shoots must be kept on all parts of the tree. 2. As the shoots, left unpruned, extend yearly in length, and become bare on the sides, it is necessary to cut them back, in order to keep up a supply of new shoots from their base. 3. Rub off or cut out all the FIG. 624. FIG. 625. FIG, 626. Fan Training of Peach-Trees. shoots which spring up from the bases of shoots thus cut back, leaving only a few strong ones at regular distances, so as to admit sun and air to the leaves, which distance may be usually about six inches. RAISING PEACHES IN POTS. Peaches are raised in pots to secure uniform crops every year in an uncertain climate, to test new sorts, to produce early bearing, and to obtain a supply of peaches where the grounds are too small for planting an orchard. Two modes are adopted—one without fire heat, the crop maturing a little earlier than in common orchards; the other, where, by the use of fire heat, the fruit is obtained two or three months earlier than in open ground. Among those who have most successfully adopted the first- named mode are Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester. P. Barry has furnished the following statement of their manage- ment, written when the trees were three years of age and in successful bearing: THE PEACH. 471 “ We have now fruiting, in wooden boxes ten by ten inches, fifty-three varieties of peaches, eleven varieties of nectarines, and seven of apricots. “ Age, Potting, and Soil.—The trees are now three years from the bud. They were taken up in the fall of 1861; heeled-in and covered during winter; potted early in spring— March, I think; soil a mixture of about three parts yellow sandy loam and one part of old hotbed manure. “ Summer Care.—After potting they were kept in a cool house, partly covered with glass, until they had made shoots four or five inches long and the danger of cold weather was over. They were then plunged to the rim of the boxes in an open border until the fall. They were carefully watered when necessary during summer, and the shoots kept as much as possible in uniform vigor by pinching. “ Pruning.—When potted, the yearling trees were cut back to six or eight inches, and in some cases to four inches, or only two or three buds above the union of bud and stock, the object being to grow them inthe form of bushes. We now find that those cut back farthest are the best trees. [Fig. 627 represents the yearling tree; Fig. 628, the same cut back; Fig. 629, the tree set ina pot; and Fig. 630, the same after a year’s growth. ] “ Wintering.—On the approach of very cold weather, or just before the freezing of the ground so as to prevent out- door work, they were removed to a shed, where they were plunged as they had been during summer, up to the edges of the tubs. “ Spring Treatment.—On the return of mild spring weather abundance of air was admitted, and they remained there till Ist of May, when they were placed under glass, the buds at this time being about to expand. Here they were kept till the 15th of June, at which time the fruits were set, and all danger of cold to affect the foliage past. “ Ventilation and Watering.—During the period they were under glass, May ist to June 15th, the principal points of management were ventilation, which was ample, and water- ing—the latter being one of the most important points in the treatment of all trees and plantsin pots. Careless watering will ruin any plants, no matter how skilfully or carefully 472 THE PEACH. other points may be managed. Daily watering is necessary, and as soon as out of bloom a free use of the syringe night and morning. “ Summer Treatment.—On the 15th of June, when all danger of cold was over and the fruits set, they were removed from the glass. covering and plunged in an open but sheltered border, and mulched with old hotbed manure. Since that y FIG. 628. FIG. 629. FIG. 630, Raising Peaches in Pots. time they have received no care but watering, except an occasional pinch, to regulate the growth of shoots. . “There has not been a single leaf curled on any one of all these trees, showing conclusively that the curl is due to un- favorable changes of weather. Each tree now is a bush about two and a half feet high, and occupies about three feet square of space. “The first winter we had potted trees we kept them in a cellar, but most of the buds dropped, and we changed to the cool dry shed, the boxes plunged, and this has been suc- cessful. “The uncertainty of our climate now, as to the peach crop, compelled us to adopt this mode of testing varieties, and we are much pleased with the results thus far. Astothe amount THE PEACH. 473 of labor required, it would not be possible to state it with any degree of precision, as it is made up of odds and ends.” WINTER PROTECTION FOR THE TREES. In the chapter on the Situation of Orchards, directions were given for the selection of sites for peach-orchards, to secure them against the destruction of the crop by the cold of winter. There are large districts throughout the more north- ern States where a selection of this kind cannot be made, and where the frequent and general failure of the crop indicates the necessity of some artificial protection. Various experi- ments for this purpose have been made, among which the following have so far proved most successful. I. Training the young trees very low or near the ground, so that the branches may be bent down in winter, and covered with straw, corn-stalks, or, still better, with forest leaves or evergreen boughs. It is important that the branches should be laid upon the earth, that they may receive warmth from below, and the covering should be thick enough to exclude the cold air. Attempts to protect the fruit-buds by encasing them in non-conducting substances, without bending down, have generally proved failures. Covering with earth has been tried, but the moisture often rots the buds. 2. As the limbs of the peach soon become quite rigid, while the roots are more flexible, a more successful mode has been adopted: When the young trees are set out, the principal roots are extended in opposite directions and the others are kept cut off. This enables the tree, when the earth is par- tially dug away, to turn as on an axle by a slight twisting of the roots, so that it may be easily laid upon the ground. If trained flat or fan-shaped, it is easily covered. 3. A third mode has been successfully adopted in some of the western States. The trees are planted in a row and the branches trained horizontally in opposite directions. Posts are set between the trees four or five feet high, and the tops connected by strong horizontal poles. On the approach of winter, rafters are placed on each side against these poles, so as to form a rather steep roof. The outer limbs may be bent under the rafters if necessary. The whole is then cov- 474 THE PEACH, ered with rough or cheap boards, and with two or three inches of earth. At the approach of warm weather in spring, the covering is partly removed to admit air and prevent the rot- ting of the buds, and the whole is taken off as soon as there is no danger from frost. The use of corn fodder laid on the rafters about two feet thick would be easier, and would prob- ably answer an excellent purpose. The earliest and hardiest sorts should be selected for these experiments, among which may be named Cooledge’s Favo- rite, Hale, Early York, Cole Red, and Barnard. VARIETIES. While the pear and apple are chiefly affected by the influ- ence of soil, the variations in the quality of the peach result mostly from the effects of climate. Fine American varieties are pronounced worthless in England. In this country, some, often delicious, are of little value in unfavorable seasons. Some which succeed finely as far south as Philadelphia lose much by removal to Western New York, from the slightly diminished warmth of the summers. A large number of seedlings of high quality have been pro- duced in this country, but as they vary but slightly and do not excel other named and known sorts, it becomes desirable not to extend the present list, unless by those decidedly supe- rior to existing first-rate varieties. ‘The similarity in quality and the comparative shortness of the fruit season render a small selection sufficient for ordinary collections. Hence the main object of the following descriptive list is to define the characters of described or well-known sorts, and point out those most worthy of cuitivation in our climate. While the foregoing holds true with respect to the varieties more particularly described in the pages immediately follow- ing, a very large number selected from the more recent introductions has been added in the present edition to the list given in the descriptive index. It is not pretended, how- ever, that even together the large number of varieties named embrace all that may be described or offered for sale by nurserymen, nor are included those which are more pecul- iarly adopted for cultivation in the Pacific States. THE PEACH. 475 SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. The fruit of different varieties of the peach is marked with but few distinctive characters. A similarity in outline, tex- ture, color, and flavor, more nearly than exists in the apple, pear, and some other kinds, renders it necessary to resort to other points of distinction. The peach presents characters for this purpose not found in other fruits. 1. The Divisions are founded on the adherence or séparation of the flesh from the stone, distinguishing ‘clingstones and freestones; or, more prop- erly, on the firm or melt- Ie texture Of the leshy indicated by the terms Za- vies and melters. 2. The Divisions are sub- divided into Classes, em- NI bracing pale or light-colored ~_N flesh and deep yellow flesh. 3. The Sections are found- \G ed on the glands of the Jeaves. Section I. compre- hends those whose leaves are deeply and sharply serrate (or cut like saw-teeth), and having no glands (or gum-like minute knobs) at the base (Fig. 631). Section II. contains those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate (with shallower and more rounded teeth), and having globose glands (Fig. 632). Section III. includes all those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate, having reniform or kidney-shaped glands (Fig. 633). “The form of the glands,” observes Lindley, “as well as their ‘position, is perfectly distinct; they are fully developed in the month of May, and they continue to the last per- manent in their character, and are not affected by cultiva- tion. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more on the foot-stalks, and one, two, or more on the és or points of the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also on the foot-stalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are placed zuthin the serrature, connecting, as it were, the upper FIG. 631. FIG. 632. FIG. 633. Glands of Peach Leaves. 476 THE PEACH. and lower teeth of the serratures together; their leaves, when taken from a branch of a vigorous growth, have more glands than the leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes happen that glands are not discernible on some of the leaves. especially on those produced on weak branches; in this case, other branches must be sought for which do produce them.” 4. The sections thus form- ed are each divided into two subsections; the first embrac- ing those which have large flowers, as in Fig. 634; and the second including such as bear small flowers, Fig. 635. The sub-sections are in most cases distinctly marked; but a few doubtful intermediate flowers may be immediately referred to one or the other by the color of the petals, the smaller being reddish or pink, and the larger nearly white, or with light margins. In the following revision, the leaf characters of some varieties have not been studied. FIG. 634. FIG. 635. Large and Small Flowers of the Peach. DIVISION I.—FREESTONES OR MELTERS. Crass I. FiesH Pate or Licut-CoLoren. Section I, Leaves serrated, without glands. Belle de Vitry. (Admirable Tardive.) Size medium, approaching oblate; apex depressed, suture deep; skin nearly white, tinged and marbled with bright and dull red; flesh rather firm, red at the stone, juicy, and rich. Flowers small. Quite late, or last of September. ‘This is quite distinct from the Late Admirable, which ripens two weeks earlier; and from the Early Admirable, often known by the name of Belle de Vitry, and which ripens six weeks earlier. Both of the latter have crenate leaves with globose glands. Double Mountain. (Double Montagne.) Medium insize, roundish, narrow at apex; surface pale greenish-white, with a slight soft red cheek, marbled darker; flesh white to the stone, delicate: stone ovate and rugged. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of summer. French. Eariy Anne. (Green Nutmeg.) Rather smail, round; surface greenish-white, becoming nearly white, sometimes faintly tinged with red to the sun; flesh white to the stone, sweet, pleasant, with THE PEACH. 477 a faint mingling of avinous flavor. Stone light-colored, small, un- commonly smooth. Shoots with a light green cast. Very early. The tree at the North is very tender, and the young shoots are often winter-killed, which, with its slow growth and deficient productiveness, render it unprofitable for general cultivation. Flowers large, white. English, old. Early Chelmsford. (Mammoth.) Large, roundish, suture clear round, deep on one side; white, with a bright red cheek; flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, excellent. End of August. Succeeds well North and South. Early Tillotson.* Size medium; round, or nearly globular; thickly dotted with red on a nearly white ground in the shade, dark deep red in the sun; flesh whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres; juicy, rich, high flavored, more of a nutmeg and less of a vinous flavor than the Early York, and ripening about the same time or a few days earlier, or the early part and middle of August. Flowers small. Its time of maturity is often somewhat variable, even on the same tree. The young trees are of slow growth, and the leaves liable to mildew, from both of which it gradually recovers as the tree advances in size. Origin, Cayuga County, N. Y, Succeeds well and is very valuable at the South, where it ripens in June. Early York.* (True Early York, Early York of Downing, Early Purple erroneously.) Size medium, roundish oval, suture slight ; dotted with red on greenish-white in the shade, dark red to the sun; flesh very tender and full of juice, rich, with a faint min- gling of acid. Quite early, or middle of August. Growth rather free for a serrate-leaved peach. Very productive and, from its earliness, of great value. Differs from the large Early York by its large flowers, cut leaves, oval fruit, and earlier maturity. Flowers large. English. Emperor of Russia. (Cut-leaved, Serrated, Unique.) Fruit large, approaching oblate, one-half more swollen; surface rather downy, dull yellowish-white, with a dark red cheek ; flesh yellowish-white, rather firm, rich, high flavored. Flowers small. End of summer. Although the flavor is first-rate, it is a poor grower and a poor bearer. Origin, New York. Fulkerson. Medium, obtuse, roundish; suture extending half round, sides unequal; skin whitish, with a rich red cheek; flesh whitish, red at stone, juicy, rich, sweet. Last half of August. Ohio. Gorgas. Rather large, roundish, apex pointed, skin yellowish- white, clouded with red to the sun, suture indistinct, cavity large; flesh whitish, stained at stone, juicy, rich, of excellent quality. Late in September. Philadelphia, Pa. Malta. (Italian.) Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened, su- ture broad, shallow; surface pale, dull green, blotched and spotted with dull purple next the sun; flesh greenish, slightly red at the stone, very juicy, melting, rich, with an excellent sub- acid, vinous flavor. Ripensend of summer. A moderate bearer. Shoots slightly liable to mildew. A spurious sort, with globose glands and of inferior quality, has been generally disseminated in this country. Flowers large. 478 THE PEACH. > ‘Mountain Rose.* Medium large, round; skin white with a dark lf red cheek; flesh entirely free, white, very juicy, sweet, best. Early to mid-season. One of the best early market or dessert varieties. Widely grown. New Jersey. Noblesse. (Vanguard, Mellish’s Favorite.) Large, round-oblong or oval, slightly narrower at apex, and terminated by a short acute point; skin pale green, clouded and shaded with light dull red to the sun; flesh pale greenish-white to stone, very juicy, with a very rich high flavor, Tree of rather slow growth and liable to mildew, the only drawback on the value of this excellent peach. Ripens end of summer and the beginning of autumn. English. Flowers large. Red Rareripe. (Early Red Rareripe, Large Red.) Rather large, globular, broad, and depressed, suture broad and deep, passing nearly round the fruit; skin nearly white, with red dots in the shade, and a rich dark-red cheek in the sun; flesh whitish red at the stone, juicy, rich, and high flavored. Ripens during the last two weeks of summer. Flowers small. Resembles the Royal George, but superior in quality. Both are subject to mildew of the leaves. Royal Charlotte. Rather large, approaching ovate, base slightly wider than apex, suture moderate; skin pale greenish-white, with a deep-red marbled cheek; flesh white, pale red at the stone, juicy, rich, fine. Flowers small. First of autumn. Royal George. (Early Royal George.) Rather large, globular, broad and depressed, or inclining to oblate; suture deep at apex, passing two-thirds round the fruit; skin nearly white, thickly dotted with red, with a broad, deep, rich red, slightly marbled cheek, flesh whitish, very red at the stone, juicy, and rich. Ripens a week or two before the end of summer. Flowers small. A moderate bearer. Shoots liable to mildew. _ # Stevens Rareripe.* Large, round-ovate; skin yellowish white / with a crimson cheek; flesh white, free, juicy, very good. Me- dium late. Considered a profitable market variety in the East. New Jersey. Sweetwater. (Serrate-leaved.) Is aseedling of the Early Anne but twice its size, resembling it in general character; ripening a week later, and, being too tender at the North and a miserable bearer, it is of little value. The Sweetwater of Downing has globose glands, and is a dis- tinct fruit—which see. Walburton Admirable. Large, roundish, greenish-white, dark-red in sun; flesh white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Middle and last of September. English. Section ll. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Alexander.* Medium, white, covered deep red; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet; pit nearly free; flowers large. An extra early variety. Good market peach. Very difficult to distinguish from Amsden; has many synonyms. Illinois. THE PEACH. 479 Amsden.* Size medium, roundish; shaded and mottled red; flesh melting, juicy, very good in quality, adhering to the stone. Tree vigorous, glands globose, flowers large. One of the earliest peaches, ripe at the North the latter part of July, and the last of May in the Gulf States. The Alexander closely resembles the Amsden in every particular. There are several other new sorts ripening about the same time, and similar in character and quality. Astor. Large, slightly oblate, apex slightly depressed, suture dis- tinct; surface nearly white, with a deep red cheek, stone small; flesh very juicy, sweet, good. Flowers large. Ripens end of summer. Origin, New York. Barrington. Large, roundish ovate, apex rather pointed, suture on one side, moderate; skin nearly white, with a deep red, marbled cheek; flesh slightly red at the stone, juicy, rich, and of high quality. Flowers large. Ripens early in autumn. Does not at- tain its full flavor north of New York City. English. Bellegarde. (Galande, Smooth-leaved Royal George, Violette Hative of some, Red Magdalen erroneously.) Size medium or large, round, regular; suture shallow, deepest at apex, with a slight projecting point; skin nearly white, with a faint tinge of green, and a rich red cheek, often streaked darker; flesh slightly ted at the stone, a little firm, melting, juicy, rich, and of fine flavor. Stone ratherlarge. End of summer. French. Flowers small. Carpenter’s White. Very large, round; white, slightly greenish; flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, rich, excellent. Middle _of October, promises well for market. Vigorous and productive. New York City. | Champion.* Medium large, roundish; skin creamy white with a beautiful red cheek; very handsome; flesh firm, white, juicy; very good. Early to mid-season. Quite hardy. Excellent for market or dessert. Illinois. Cole’s Early Red. Size medium, roundish; suture small; skin mostly mottled with red, with dark red on the sunny side; flesh juicy, rich, with a pleasant and fine flavor, hardly first-rate in quality. Flowers small. Valuable for its great productiveness and early maturity, ripening nearly as early as the Early York. American. Cooledge’s Favorite.* Rather large or medium, roundish, largest on one side; suture distinct at apex; skin nearly clear white, mottled with red dots in the shade, and with a brilliant deep scar- let cheek in the sun; flesh very melting and juicy, with a rich, faintly acid flavor. Ripens about the middle of August. Home use only. Flowers small. Origin, Watertown, Mass. Druid Hill. Very large, roundish, cavity rather narrow, suture slight, with a distinct but scarcely prominent point at apex; sur. face pale greenish-white, clouded with red toward the sun; flesh greenish-white, purple at the stone, juicy, with a rich, very good flavor ; stone long and rather compressed, much furrowed. Flow- ers small. Ripens quite late, or latter part of September. Ori- gin, Baltimore. Early Admirable. (Admirable, Belle de Vitry erronzously.) Size 480 THE PEACH. medium, nearly round, skin nearly white, with a red cheek; flesh red at the stone, juicy, rich, sweet, fine. Quite early, ripening immediately after Serrate Early York. Flowers large. French. Favorite. Large, oblong, or oval; skin rather downy, much coy- ered with red, very dark toward the sun; flesh red at the stone, a little firm, juicy, with a good, vinous, but not rich flavor. Flow- ers small. Hardy and very productive. Ripens medium or rather late, or about the second week of September. Glands of the leaves very small, obscure, or none. American. k Fay’s Early Ann. A seedling from the old Early Ann, glandular, thrifty, hardy, very productive; fruit greenish-white, rather small, of good and agreeable flavor. Ripens with the Tillotson, and valuable for its earliness. /Fox’s Seedling.* Medium, round, slightly compressed, cavity narrow; white, with a red cheek ; juicy, sweet, good. Flowers small. Season late. New Jersey. George the Fourth. Large, round, suture deep and broad, one- half slightly larger; skin nearly white in the shade, dotted red with a deep red cheek : flesh slightly red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, excellent. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of sum- mer. Branches rather more diverging than usual, leaves pale green, often glandless. Crops moderate, one cause of its excel- lence. Origin, New York. Green Catherine. Large, round, pale green, with a red cheek; flesh bright red at the stone, tender, juicy, rather acid. Season rather late; does not ripen rich as far North as the forty-third de- gree of latitude. Flowers small. Grosse Mignonne.* Large, roundish, slightly oblate, apex de- pressed, with a deep suture; skin tinged with greenish-yellow, mottled with red, and with a ’ purplish red cheek; flesh reddened at the stone, juicy, with avery rich, high, and somewhat vinous flavor; stone small, very rough. Early, the last two weeks of August. Of French origin. Flowers large. The peach usually cultivated in this country under this name, although an excellent variety, is not the genuine Grosse Mignonne, but differs in its small flowers. Haines’ Early Red. Medium, round; flattened at apex, suture dis- tinct; skin whitish, with a deep red cheek; flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, excellent. Middle to end of August. Flowers small. Hales’ Early.* Medium, nearly round; skin mottled red, dark red cheek ; flesh white, melting, juicy, and high flavored, semi-cling Flowers large. Last of July and first of August. Tree vigorous, healthy, an abundant bearer, ripening ten days or two weeks before any other good variety. Hastings Rareripe. Rather large, roundish, sometimes slightly flattened, skin yellowish-white, shaded purplish-red ; juicy, ex- cellent. Middle of September. Flowers small. Jones Early. Medium, roundish, suture shallow, distinct ; yellow- THE PEACH. 481 ish-white, with pale red; flesh slightly reddened at stone, juicy, rich, excellent. Twentieth of August. Staten Island, N. Y. Large Early York.* (Early York, Honest John.) Large, roundish, inclining to oblate in fully grown specimens, nearly white in the shade, with red dots, and with a deep red cheek to the sun; flesh nearly white, fine-grained, very juicy, with mild, rich, excellent flavor. Flowerssmall. English. The New York Rareripe * (a name which has been more or less applied to nearly all the early red peaches sent to New York mar- ket), or Livingston’s New York Rareripe, is usually regarded as identical with the large Early York, but the late T. Hancock, of Burlington, considered them distinct, the New York Rareripe being rather superior, and ripening three days later. Late Admirable. (La Royale, Bourdine, Téton de Venus, Judd’s Melting, Motteux’s, Late Purple incorrectly. ) Quite large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a deep suture extending nearly round, and an acute swollen point at the apex; surface pale yel- lowish-green, with a pale red cheek, marbled with darker red; flesh greenish-white, red at the stone, juicy, delicate, flavor excel- lent. Flowerssmall. Season rather late. Of French origin. Late Rareripe. Large, roundish oval, apex marked with a de- pressed suture and sunken point; skinrather downy, pale grayish- yellow, spotted and thickly marbled, deep dull red to the sun, and with fawn-colored specks; flesh white, deep red at the stone ; juicy, with a very rich and high flavor. The fruit is distin- guished by its peculiar evayzsh cast. Flowers small. Season, the first two weeks of autumn. American. Moore Favorite. Large, roundish; white, with a blush; flesh white, rich, vinous. Stone small, free. Early in September. Massachusetts. Morris Red. Large, roundish, apex slightly depressed, suture moderate, distinct; surface greenish-white, with a bright rich red cheek; flesh greenish-white, quite red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Flowers small. Season, end of summer. Origin, Philadelphia. Differs from George IV. in its darker leaves, heavier crops, more even fruit, inferior flavor, and in ripening a few days later. Morrisania Pound. (Hoffman’s Pound.) Very large, nearly round, surface dull greenish-white, with a brownish-red cheek ; flesh pale yellowish, juicy, tolerably rich. Late. Flowers small. Origin, New York. Nivette.* Large, roundish, sometimes slightly oval, suture slight, apex but little depressed; surface light yellowish-green, with a faint red cheek; flesh pale green, varying from pink to deep red at the stone, juicy and melting, and with a very rich flavor. Season medium, immediately preceding or ripening nearly with Morris White, and one of the best of its season for the North. Flowers small. Of French origin. Oldmixon Free.* Large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen; suture wisible only at apex; cavity shallow; surface a pale yel- 31 482 THE PEACH. lowish-white, marbled with red, with a deep red cheek when fully exposed ; flesh deep red at the stone, tender, rich, excellent. Season medium, orthe first of autumn. Flower small. Succeeds well in all localities, and has few equals as a variety for the North, to succeed the early peaches. President. Large, roundish oval, with little suture; skin very downy, yellowish-white, with a tinge of green, and a dull-red cheek; flesh nearly white, deep red at the stone, very juicy, and with a high flavor; stone rough, to which the flesh partially adheres. Flowerssmall. Ripens a little later than Morris White, or middle of September. Scott’s Early Red. Medium size, roundish, suture distinct, moder- ate; skin nearly white, mottled and covered with red; flesh very juicy, with a rich, fine flavor. Flowers small. Rather early, or end of summer. New Jersey. Scott’s Nectar. Large, roundish oblate; bright red on pale yellow; flesh white, sweet, excellent. Early in September. Stetson’s Seedling. Large, roundish, suture indistinct; crimson on greenish-white; flesh white, pink at the stone, juicy, rich, excel- lent. Last half of September. Massachusetts. Stump.* Large, slightly oblong, red cheek; flesh white, with an excellent flavor; free from the stone. Flowers small. Ripens middle of September, just after Oldmixon Free, which it re- sembles in size, appearance, and flavor. Popular in the East. _ New York. Sweetwater Early. (Downing.) Medium, roundish, suture slight; skin whitish, rarely with a faint blush; flesh white, slightly stained at stone; juicy, sweet, melting, agreeable. Ripens with Tillotson and Serrate Early York. Flowers large. Troth’s Early.* (Troth’s Early Red.) Small, round, red; flesh white, red at stone, not of first quality, but esteemed asa valuable early market variety; freestone. Flowers small. Early in August. New Jersey. : Van Zandt. Size medium, roundish, one-half larger, suture slight ; skin nearly white, with a beautifully dotted red cheek; flesh whitish, tinted with red at the stone; juicy, sweet, of fine pleas- ant flavor. First of autumn. Origin, Flushing, Long Island. Flowers small. Walter’s Early. Rather large, roundish; surface nearly white, with a rich red cheek ; flesh whitish, touched with red at the stone; juicy, sweet, of fine flavor. Ripens the last week of summer. Flowers small. A native of New Jersey, and is a valuable peach at the North. ; Ward’s Late.* Large, not quite of the largest size, roundish; surface dull yellowish-white, with a red cheek, nearly the color of the Oldmixon Free, but not so clear nor bright; flesh nearly white, of excellent flavor. One of the finest late peaches of the Middle States. Flowers small. Washington. (Washington Red Freestone.) Large, somewhat oblate, with a broad, deep suture passing nearly round ; skin thin, THE PEACH. 483 yellowish-white, with a deep crimson cheek; flesh nearly white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Stone small, to which the flesh slightly adheres. Rather late. Flowerssmall. Origin, New York. White Imperial. Rather large, roundish, often slightly oblate, de- pressed at apex, suture moderate; surface pale yellowish-white, often with a faint tinge of green; slightly tinged and sometimes striped with light purple to the sun; flesh very juicy, delicate, sweet, excellent. Flowers small. A uniform moderate bearer, and a valuable peach at the North, but worthless in Virginia. Ripens rather early, or latter part of August. Origin, Cayuga County, N. Y. Section III. , Leaves with reniform glands. Baldwin’s Late. Large, oblong, pointed at apex; greenish white, with a slight red cheek; flesh firm, juicy, good. End of October, keeping well. Flowers small. Southern Alabama. Baugh. Medium, roundish, slightly pointed, suture obscure; flesh yellowish-white, quite white at the stone; melting, juicy, with a sweet, pleasant flavor—free from the stone. First of October. Georgia. Brevoort.* (Brevoort’s Morris, Brevoort’s Seedling Melter.) Me- dium or large, round, and slightly oblate, suture distinct, deep at apex; skin nearly white or with a faint dingy hue, with a bright- red cheek; flesh rather firm, slightly red at stone, rich, sweet and high flavored. Flowers small. First of autumn. Moderately and uniformly productive. Origin, New York. Chancellor. (Late Chancellor, Noisette.) Large oval, suture dis- tinct; skin nearly white, with a dark crimson cheek; flesh deep red at the stone, with a rich, vinous flavor, stone oblong. Flow- ers small. Late. Of French origin. Columbus June. Medium to large, flattened at apex; skin pale yel- lowish-white, with a rich, red cheek; flesh slightly reddened at stone, melting, of excellent flavor. Flowers small. Georgia, where it ripens the twentieth of June. Early Newington Free. Size medium, roundish, one-half always larger, suture distinct; surface nearly white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red; flesh white, red at the stone, at first wholly adhering, but as it ripens partially separat- ing from it, juicy, rich, fine. Flowers small. A valuable early variety, ripening immediately after the Early York. Early Purple. (Pourprée HAtive, Pourprée HAtive a Grandes Fleurs.) Size medium, globular, depressed, a deep suture across the apex; skin light yellow, with a mottled, purplish-red cheek ; flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a high flavor; stone broad and rough; season early, or middle or latter part of August. Flowers large. Rare in this country. The Early York has been propagated under this name in portions of this country, and the Grosse Mignonne in Europe; from both of which it differs in the glands of its leaves. 484 THE, PEACH. Henry Clay. Very large, deep purple in sun; flesh grayish-white, delicate, tender, peculiar flavor. First of August at the South, September at the North. Mississippi. Jones Large Early. Large, roundish, flattened at ends, suture deep ; skin white, shaded deep crimson; flesh white, pink at stone, juicy, rich, excellent. Middle of August. Staten Island, N. Y. Kenrick. (Kenrick’s Heath.) Very large, oblong, suture slight, apex pointed; surface pale greenish-white, with a purplish red cheek ; flesh deep red at the stone, rather coarse, very juicy, sub- acid, often poor; when well grown in some localities, it proves a ‘good sub-acid peach. Flowers small. Season medium, or rather late. New England. Valued for drying. Lady Parham. Large, roundish, suture distinct, yellowish-white, downy; flesh pale, red at the stone, firm, with a rich, vinous flavor. October. Georgia. La Grange. Large, oblong, surface pale greenish-white, rarely tinged with red by the sun; flesh juicy, with rich, fine flavor. Flowers small. Quite late. Origin, Burlington, N. J., and does not attain a fine flavor much farther North. Montgomery’s Late. Large, round, skin downy, yellowish-white, with a dull red cheek; flesh whitish, red at stone, juicy, melting, very good. September. Georgia. Morris White.* (Morris’ White Rareripe, White Rareripe, Lady Ann Steward.) Rather large, roundish, or roundish-oval, often obscurely obovate or a little larger toward the apex, suture small; surface rather downy, of a pale creamy white at maturity, rarely tinged with purple to the sun; flesh slightly firm, wholly white, very free from the drab stone, melting, juicy, with a good, rich flavor; hardly of the highest quality at the North, better in the Middle States; very popular everywhere. Season medium, or early in autumn. Good for home use. Cole’s White Melocoton, as usually cultivated, is a synonym; but when genuine, is quite distinct, according to the late T. Hancock, being larger, heavier, and rounder, and ripening two weeks later. Flowers small. President Church. Large, roundish-oval, suture slight; pale red in shade, dark red in sun, handsome; flesh white, pale red at stone, very juicy, melting, and of delicious flavor. Middle of September. Georgia. Scott’s Magnate. Large, roundisb-oblate; pale yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh white, very good. Early in September. Snow.* Large, globular, suture distinct only at apex; skin thin, wholly white; flesh white to the stone, free, juicy, sweet, rich. First of autumn. Flowers small. Very variable, sometimes worthless for the table. A beautiful peach for preserving. Strawberry. (Rose.) Size medium, oval, cavity deep, suture passing half round; surface mostly marbled with deep red; flesh whitish, free, melting, rich, of fine flavor, Flowers small. Early. New Jersey. : THE PEACH. 485 Cuiass II]. FLesH DEEP YELLOW. Section 1. Leaves crenated, with globose glands. Baltimore. (Baltimore Beauty.) Rather small, round-oval; skin deep orange, with a bright-red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the stone, sweet, good; mealy when over-ripe. Quite early. Flowers large. Origin, Baltimore, where it is good, but it proves of third-rate quality at the North. Barnard.* (Early Barnard, Yellow Barnard.) Rather large, roundish, suture distinct, mostly covered with dark brownish- red; flesh deep yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, very good. Tree hardy and a great bearer. Flowers small. This is a seedling of the Yellow Alberge, which it much exceeds in quality. Brigdon.* (Garfield.) Medium, round-ovate; skin yellow, hand- somely cheeked; flesh juicy, rich, very good. Mid-season. A popular market variety in Central New York. Of the Crawford type. New York. Crawford’s Early.* (Early Crawford, Crawford’s Early Meloco- ton.) Very large, oblong-oval, sometimes round-oval; apex with a prominent point, suture shallow, surface yellow, witha red cheek; flesh very juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid, of good but not the highest flavor. End of summer and beginning of autumn. Productive. Flowers small. Ranks very high in the Northern, Middle, and Western States, as a market variety. Origin, New Jersey. Crawford’s Late.* (Crawford’s Late Melocoton.) Very large roundish, suture shallow, distinct; surface yellow, with a broad, dark-red cheek; flesh red at the stone, rich, juicy, vinous, good.. Quite late, or latter part of September. Flowers small. Origin, New Jersey. The common Red Cheek Melocoton is cultivated: in some localities under this name. Often a poor bearer. Crosby.* ‘Tree prolific, exceptionally hardy; fruit medium, round, orange-yellow, splashed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit juicy, rich. Mid-season. A popular market sort. Fruit apt to be small and inferior unless heavily thinned. Massachusetts. Elberta.* Medium to above average size, round-oval, strongly sutured ; lemon yellow, blush on sunny side; flesh pale yellow, tender, juicy. Tree vigorous, large leaves, hardy. A cross of Chinese Cling and Crawford Early. A good shipper. Can be gathered before it is ripe and will ripen up without rotting. Me- dium late. One of the best of the new varieties. Origin, Georgia. Foster.* Very large, roundish, slightly flattened; skin yellow ; flesh rich, juicy, quality very good to best. One of the finest varieties for general culture. Widely grown for market. Mid- season. Massachusetts. 486 THE PEACH. Jaques. (Jaques’ Rareripe.) Very large, roundish, slightly ob- late, suture distinct, one side slightly larger, surface a little uneven; surface deep yellow, variously shaded with red; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, of good but not of the highest flavor. Shoots diverging. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of summer. Origin, Massachusetts. Lincoln. Large, roundish, suture large; skin downy, mostly dark purplish-red; flesh tinged with red at stone, juicy, excellent. Through September. Massachusetts. ‘Merriam. Very large, roundish-oval, with a bright red cheek; melting, juicy, sweet, rich. First of October. Mrs. Poinsette. Large, globular; skin yellow, brown to the sun; flesh juicy, melting, rich, excellent. South Carolina, where it ripens early in August. Muir.* A very large, yellow fleshed freestone of finest quality. Mid-season. It is highly valued on the Pacific coast for drying and for market. California. Poole’s Large Yellow. Large, roundish, suture half round; dark red on deep yellow; flesh yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy, very good. Last of September. Near Philadelphia, Pa. Red Cheek Melocoton. Large, roundish oval, with a point at” apex; surface yellow, with a deep red cheek; flesh red at the stone, juicy, with a good, rich, vinous flavor, not of first-rate quality. Ripens rather late, or during the last half of Septem- ber; in the Middle States about the first of autumn. Flowers small, Formerly extensively cultivated as a market peach; now superseded by varieties of the Crawford type. Reeves Favorite.* Large, roundish oval, pointed, with a fine red cheek; yellow flesh, melting, vinous, good. Middle of Septem- ber. New Jersey. Excellent for home use. Salway.* Large, roundish ovate. Yellow, with a crimson cheek; flesh deep yellow, red at the pit; sweet, juicy, good. Late. Valued as one of the best late peaches for market where it will ripen. England. Scott Nonpariel. Large, roundish, slightly oblong; surface deep yellow with ared cheek, resembling Crawford’s Late, but sweeter. Flowers small. Origin, Burlington, N. J., where it ripens about the 12th of September. Tuft’s Rareripe. Medium, roundish, with a bright-red cheek, melt- ing, sweet, rich. Last half of September. Yellow Alberge. (Purple Alberge, Yellow Rareripe erroneously.) Size medium, roundish, suture distinct, passing half round; skin yellow, with a deep purplish red cheek; flesh deep red at the stone, juicy, sweet, pleasant, of moderate flavor. THE PEACH. 487 Yellow Admirable. (Abricotée, Admirable Jaune, Orange Peach, Apricot Peach.) Large, roundish oval, suture small, and on one side only, surface wholly yellow, or faintly reddened next the sun; flesh slightly red at the stone, firm, and rather dry; flavor sweet and agreeable, stone small; season very late. Flowers large. Of French origin. Adapted to the Middle States. Yellow Rareripe. (Large Yellow Rareripe.) Large, roundish, suture a little sunken, extending more than half around, witha small point at apex; skin deep orange yellow, with a rich red cheek with faint streaks; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, juicy, melting, with a very good vinous flavor. Stone small. End of August. Flowers small. Yellow St. John.* Medium large, round; orange yellow with a red blush on sunny side; flesh tender, juicy, very good. Popular in "many sections as an excellent yellow-fleshed freestone for the early market. Section I], Leaves with rentform glands. Bergen’s Yellow.* Very large, round, slightly oblate; suture distinct, passing more than half round; surface deep orange, with a broad deep red cheek; flesh juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens the first of autumn. Flowers small. This is perhaps the finest of all yellow-fleshed peaches. Origin, Long Island, N. Y. It differs from the Yellow Rareripe inits more oblate form, darker color, superior flavor, and later maturity, and in its reniform glands. ‘Tree of feeble growth. Columbia. Large, roundish-oblate; suture distinct, passing half way round; skin rough, rather thick, dull dingy red, with spots of darker red; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, of excellent flavor. Origin, Georgia. Ripens early in autumn. Shoots dark reddish purple. Flowers small. Hill’s Chili.* Tree unusually productive; fruit medium large, oval, yellow and red; flesh rather dry, good. Season medium to late. Esteemed for market and for drying, especially in New York. It comes nearly true from seed and there are several sub- varieties. New York. Smith Favorite. Large, roundish; suture deep, deep rich red on yellow ; juicy, rich, very good. LasthalfofSeptember. Valuable. Smock Free.* (Beer’s Smock.) Large, oval, base rather narrow; orange-red on yellow: flesh bright yellow, red at stone; moder- ately juicy and rich. Good drying variety. First of October. A standard late variety. New Jersey. Susquehanna.* Very large, nearly round; skin rich yellow, with a red cheek ; flesh sweet, juicy, rich, vinous, best. First to middle of September. Pennsylvania. Widely distributed and popular. Triumph.* Medium to large, round, yellow and red: flesh deep yellow, semi-cling, juicy, very good. Ripens near Alexander. © One of the best very early yellow-fleshed varieties, Popular in the South. Georgia. 488 THE PEACH. DIVISION II.—CLINGSTONES OR PAVIES. Crass I. FLesH PALE or LIGHT-COLORED. Section 1. Leaves serrated, without glands. Old Newington. (Newington, Large Newington.) Large, round- ish, suture slight; surface nearly white, with a fine red cheek, somewhat streaked with darker red; flesh nearly white, deep red at the stone; partly melting, juicy, rich. Season rather late, or middle of September. Flowers large. A sub-variety, cultivated to a considerable extent in this country, has globose glands. Smith Newington. (Early Newington.) Size medium, roundish oval, narrower at apex, one side slightly enlarged; surface pale yellow, with a lively red cheek, streaked with purple; flesh bright red at the stone, juicy, good. Ripens end of summer. Flowers large. This is of English origin, and is quite distinct from the Early Newington Freestone, a melting (not firm-fleshed) peach, often adhering to the stone. Section 11. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. Large White Cling.* Large, round, sutures light, point at apex small; skin white, dotted with red, or with a light-red cheek next the sun; flesh very juicy, sweet, rich, and high-flavored. Season, early in autumn. Flowers small. Origin, New York. Oldmixon Cling.* Large, roundish oval, suture distinct only at apex, fruit slightly larger on one side; surface yellowish-white, dotted with red, or with a red cheek; flesh juicy, rich, with a high flavor. Flowers small. Ripens first of autumn. This is one of the finest of clingstone peaches. Section Ill. Leaves with reniform glands. Catherine. (Catherine Cling.) Large, roundish oval, swollen most on one side, with a small point at apex; surface pale yellow- ish-green, thickly dotted and with a cheek of red, with darker streaks ; flesh firm, dark red at the stone, juicy, rich, fine. Season late. Flowers small. Of English origin. The fruit of this variety and of the Old Newington and Oldmixon Cling considera- bly resemble each other, but all differ in the glands of the leaves. Chinese Cling. Large, round-conic, suture shallow; fine red on yellowish white; flesh white, red at the stone, rich, vinous, good. Middle of September—middle of summer at the South. China. Donahoo Cling. Very large, roundish, suture deep on one side; creamy white. tinged red in the sun; flesh white to the stone, juicy, rich, excellent. Georgia, where it ripens middle of September. THE PEACH. 489. Hyslop. Large, roundish oval; crimson on white; juicy, rich, vinous. First of October. Heath.* (Heath Cling, White Heath, White English, Eliza Thomas, Potters’ September, Rany, White Globe.) Very large, oblong- oval, the largest specimens nearly round, with a large, conspicu- ous point at the apex; suture distinct on one side; surface quite downy, pale yellowish-white, sometimes faintly tinged with red next the sun: flesh exceedingly juicy, becoming melting, with a sweet, very high, rich, and excellent flavor; leaves large, wavy, deep green, slightly crenate. Flowers small. Season very late, about mid-autumn, and the fruit may be kept nearly till winter. At the North it matures fully in the warmest seasons only; and never attains its full size, which is about three inches in diameter, unless much thinned on the branches, to effect which a thorough shortening-in is the best mode. Origin, Maryland. Tree quite hardy and vigorous. In Southern Virginia, the Heath is rather an uncertain peach, but when perfect it ripens there the first fort- night in autumn. It is known also as Henrietta, but should not be confounded with a yellow peach of this name. Pavie de Pompone. Very large, roundish-oval, suture distinct on one side; a deep red cheek on yellowish-white ground; flesh deep red at stone, juicy, sweet, good. Flowers large. First of Octo- ber. French. Rodman’s Cling. (Red Cling.) Large, oblong; red next the sun; flesh whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Flowers small. American. Shanghae. Large, oval, flattened, suture distinct, deepened at apex; skin greenish-yellow, shaded pale red; flesh greenish-yel- low, melting, juicy, with a high, vinous flavor. First half of September. Crass II. FLesH DEEP YELLOW. Section I. Leaves serrate, without glands. Orange Cling.* Large, round, suture distinct, passing nearly round with a point at the apex; surface deep orange, with a dark- red cheek; flesh rather firm, rich, juicy, vinous. Season, early in autumn. Flowers small. Largely grown in California. Section lI. Leaves with rentform glands. ‘Blanton Cling. Large, oval, pointed; skin rich orange, with a slightly reddened cheek; flesh orange-yellow, firm, vinous, good. Lemon Cling.* (Kennedy’s Cling, Pine-Apple Cling, Yellow Pine- Apple.) Large, oblong-oval, slightly narrowed at apex, termi- nated by a large prominent point; surface deep yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek; flesh firm, slightly red at the stone, with a rich, vinous, sub-acid flavor. Flowers small. Rather late. ‘Tree productive, hardy. Origin, South Carolina. 490 THE PEACH. Tippecanoe. Large, nearly round, slightly compressed; surface yellow, with a red cheek ; flesh yellow, juicy, vinous, good. Quite late. Flowers small. A native of Philadelphia; of little value much farther North. New. Washington Cling. Size medium, roundish; surface yellowish- green, with gray specks, and with a slight tinge of red to the sun; not handsome; flesh very tender, sweet, high-flavored. Flowers small. Quite, late. Cuiass III. FLesH PurrPLisH CRIMSON. Section 1. Glands rentform. Blood Cling.* (Claret Clingstone, Blood Cling.) Large, often very large, roundish-oval, suture distinct; skin quite downy, dark, dull, clouded, purplish-red; flesh deep red throughout, firm, juicy, valuable for culinary purposes. Verylate. Flowers small. The French Blood Clingstone, the parent of the preceding, only differs from it in its smaller size and large flowers. The Blood Freestone is somewhat smaller and of less value. CHAPTER XXX. THE PEAR. THE Pear, when grown to full perfection, is distinguished for its great delicacy, its melting and juicy texture, and its mild, rich, and delicious flavor. Excelling the apple in these particulars, it falls below it in importance in consequence of the less uniformly healthy habit of the tree. PROPAGATION. The best trees are raised from seedling stocks; suckers, unless unusually furnished with fibrous roots, are of crooked, one-sided, and stunted growth. Raising the Seedlings.—The seeds, after separation from the fruit, should be kept as already described for apple-seeds, by mixing with sand or leaf-mould. The soil for the seed-bed should be unusually deep and fertile, rather damp than other- wise, and should have a good manuring with lime and ashes and an abundant supply of peat or muck, if the soil is not already largely furnished by nature with this ingredient. The mode of sowing the seeds may be the same as that de- scribed for the apple, in drills from one to two feet apart. The more thinly they are sown, the less will be the danger of disaster from the leaf-blight; and for this reason, drills near together, with the seeds somewhat sparingly scattered in them, will be found best. The leaf-blight is the most serious evil met with in the cul- ture of pear-seedlings. It is more formidable in some seasons than in others. Commencing about midsummer, sometimes earlier, but more frequently later, it is first indicated by the leaves in certain parts of the seed-beds turning brown; in a few days they fall off; other portions of the beds are succes- 491 402 THE PEAR. sively attacked, till all the seedlings become more or less de- nuded, those last affected occupying the most favorable por- tions of the soil. AS a necessary consequence, growth immediately ceases; and if they are attacked early, and have made but little previous growth, they are nearly ruined, and few will survive the succeeding winter, for they never make ~ a second growth the same year of any value. But if their previous growth has been vigorous, and the blight appears late in summer, much less injury is sustained. The best remedy is high cultivation, on good new soil, and taking out daily every diseased tree. Wintering the Young Seedlings.—The frequent destruction of the trees the first winter is another serious evil. The danger is least with those that have made the best well-ripened growth; hence it becomes very important to secure healthful vigor by the adoption of the cultivation previously mentioned. But in many localities, pear seedlings, which are always re- markably free from fibrous or lateral roots the first vear, are drawn out by the freezing of the soil, and either destroyed or greatly injured. Several modes have been proposed to pre- vent this result, and have been tried to a greater or less ex- tent. One isto induce the emission of lateral roots, by taking up the young seedlings from the thickly sown beds early in the season, and, as soon as four leaves have appeared, cut off their tap-roots and reset them in the nursery-rows. Robert Nelson, of Newburyport, Mass., pursued this course with great success; but its general utility may be questioned, except dur- ing arainy period or on favorable soils, unless abundant water- ing is given. A more easy as well as safe mode would perhaps be to cut off the tap-roots, at the same age, by means of a sharp spade thrust beneath the soil, and without transplant- ing. Neither of these modes could be successfully applied except to large, vigorous seedlings growing in deep, rich soil. But where the growth of lateral roots has not been effected, and the consequent danger is greater of their being drawn upward by frost, much protection may be given them by covering the whole ground with forest leaves to a depth of several inches; and, if the rows are near each other and the trees several inches or a foot high, they will prevent the leaves from being swept off by the winds. The incursion of mice THE PEAR. 493 may be avoided by placing the seed-beds as near as practi- cable to the middle of a clean ploughed field, and by encircling the ground with a bank or ridge of fresh earth thrown up for this purpose, about afoot high. Mice will not pass such a boundary under the snow. Taking up the seedlings late in autumn, and burying them in a cellar, or laying them in by the roots and nearly covering the whole stems, will preserve them safely. Budding may be performed the first summer after transplant- ing if the stocks have made a good growth. The manage- ‘ment of the young trees is the same as for apples, by grafting or budding near the surface of the ground, and heading down, trimming, and cultivation. But as pear-stocks are valuable, budding is to be preferred to grafting, because it may be re- peated in case of failure. Pear stocks are usually imported, since it is cheaper to import than to raise them. They come chiefly from France. Root-grafting is not employed. DwarRF PEARS. For orchard culture, and in most parts of the country where the pear flourishes with great vigor and proves highly produc- tive, pear-stocks will doubtless always be found preferable to all others. The advantages of a dwarf growth on dissimilar stocks have been already pointed out under the head of stocks. Such trees are not so long-lived as on pear-roots, and they require more thorough and fertile culture, and care in prun- ing. But they have some important advantages, such as com- ing soon into bearing, occupying a fifth part of the ground, thriving in many soils where pear-stocks will not, and in a few instances improving the quality of the fruit. The only reliable stock is the French quince. Nearly all the experiments with the mountain ash have sooner or later proved failures. Budded or grafted upon apple seedlings, pears sometimes make a feeble growth for afew years; but unless the grafts themselves throw out roots, by planting beneath the surface, they sooner or later perish. It some- times happens that grafts of a few varieties inserted at stand- ard height grow and bear for a few years. The thorn has been used in England, and to some extent in this country, with 494 THE PEAR. partial success. But all other kinds of dissimilar stocks have given way to the guince, which is much superior for general use to any other. The varieties of the pear do not grow with equal facility upon the quince. A few, as the Angouléme, Louise Bonne, and Diel, are so much improved in quality that their cultiva- tion on pear-stocks is discontinued by most fruit-growers. A large number flourish well, but are little changed in quality, as White Doyenné and Dearborn’s Seedling. A few, on the other hand, succeed badly or wholly refuse to grow upon quince stocks, without double working, which consists in first budding some freely growing pear upon the quince bottom, and then budding or grafting the “refractory” sort into the pear-shoot. - As a general rule, double-worked trees do not flourish for a great length of time. Single-worked have done well for fifty or sixty years under favorable influences. The following list, made out chiefly from the combined ex- perience of European and American cultivators, may prove valuable to those commencing with dwarf pears: I. Pears succeeding better on quince than on pear stocks, and which should be mostly worked as dwarfs. Amalis. Easter. Angouléme. Glout Morceau. Autumn Long Green. . Louise Bonne. Diel. Vicar. Il. Pears usually succeeding well, both on pear and guin-e. Alencon. Colmar. Anjou. Dearborn’s Seedling. Bloodgood. Delices Hardenpont. Boussock. Dumas. Buffum. Early Rousselet. Cadette. Figue. Capiaumont. Figue Alencon. Catillac. Forelle. Chaumontelle. Germain. MIG, SILI. 495 Gratioli. Oswego. Jaminette. Poiteau. Jargonelle. Pound. Jodoigne. Real. Kingsessing. Rostiezer. _ Laboureur. Sterkmans. Lamy. Stevens. Langelier. St. Michel Archange. Madeleine. Superfine. Malines. Tyson. Napoleon. Urbaniste. Orleans. Van Mons Leon Le Clerc. Osband White Doyenne. Ill. Pears growing on quince but better on pear stocks. Aremberg. Lucrative. Bartlett. Onondaga. Eté. seckel. Gray Doyenné. IV. Pears usually failing on quince, unless double-worked. Bose. Paradise Dix. Sheldon. Dunmore. Washington. Gansel’s Bergamot. Winter Nelis. Marie Louise. The result is not always the same in different soils and in different seasons. ‘The Seckel, for instance, has wholly failed in one year, and in another, on the same spot of ground, has grown well. The White Doyenné grew finely one summer, and almost totally failed the next. Some sorts which in nearly all cases do well occasionally prove unsuccessful. A few uniformly, in all seasons and in all soils, make a rapid and vigorous growth, of which the Louise Bonne is perhaps the most striking example; some others, again, invariably fail (unless double-worked), the most prominent among which stands the Bosc. Indeed, so averse is this variety to a union 496 THE PEAR. with the quince, that it is by no means certain that it may not soon failif workedin whatever manner. Insome places, how- ever, double-working has given it smooth and fair fruit where it has been cracked and blighted on the pear. Both this and the Flemish Beauty, as well as the Marie Louise and some others, succeed well when grafted on the hawthorn. The changes wrought by the quince stock are often impor- tant and interesting. T. Rivers states that the Arembere FIG. 636. FIG. 637. a, Trunk of Dwarf Pear-Tree; 6, 6, Pear-Stocks Inserted into it for New Bot- tom; c, Cut for Receiving the Pear Stock; d, Pear Stock, Cut Sloping before Insertion. tipens several weeks earlier in winter; that the Easter is ren- dered more productive and matures its fruit, while on the pear it is a bad bearer, and does not ripen; that the Fortunée isa “perfect crab” upon the pear, but on the quince is melting and juicy; that the Glout Morceau is imperfect and ripens badly on the pear, but is always fair and attains a high and mature flavor on the quince. Asa general effect, the size of the fruit is increased, but in a few cases it is rendered more gritty in texture. Pruning Dwarf Pears.—Dwarf pear-trees are usually pruned into the pyramidal and conical form, the latter differing only in its broader shape. The principle to be adopted in pruning has been already explained on a former page; the extent to which it must be carried should be such as to keep the trees THE PEAR. 497 within ten or twelve feet in height, and six or seven feet in diameter at the base. A greater height increases the difficulty of pruning. The same reason forbids the adoption of a head with a clean stem below, as in common standards. The pyramidal mode of pruning may be applied to pear- trees upon pear stocks. Dwarf trees may be planted from ten to twelve feet apart. They will always need careful attention to pruning, and to thorough and enriched cultivation of the ground. In planting out the dwarf pear, the quince stock should be planted a little below the surface to elude the borer, which often attacks the quince, but rarely the pear. It is sometimes planted deeper for the purpose of causing the pear to throw out roots of itself, thus changing the dwarf to a standard. This practice is objectionable, as such roots are apt to be few or one-sided, inclining or prostrating the tree. It is also de- sirable to retain the bearing character of the dwarf. When dwarfs become old, or begin to decline, pear-roots may be given to them, and renewed vigor imparted, by plant- ing a small pear tree closely on each side, and, when these become established, by inarching them into the tree, as shown in the annexed cuts. It is performed as follows: Make a slit in the bark of the dwarf pear-tree, a few inches above ground, and across the lower end of the slit make a cross-cut, so as to form an inverted J. If the tree is large, make a notch instead of the cut, sloping downward, the better to admit the stock. Then bend the stock against this notch or cross-cut, and mark it at that point. Then, with aknife set with the edge upward at this mark, cut the stock off witha slope two or three inches long. It is then easily bent and in- serted into the slit (see Figs. 636 and 637). It may becovered with grafting-wax, but grafting-clay is much better. This is made of clay or clay-loam one part, and horse-manure two parts, well mixed together—the addition ofa little hair is an improve- ment. This is an Old World method which may be adaptable to a few trees in a garden, but is not applicable to commercial orchards. Horizontal training, for walls or espaliers, is very rarely practised or needed in this country. It is occasionally em- ployed in limited gardens, to form boundaries of walks, with- eut occupying much lateral space, and where it is desired to 32 498 TATE ee grow large and fine specimens of fruit by strong exposure to the sun. ‘The mode may be briefly understood by the accom- panying figure representing a partly grown tree (Fig. 638). As the tree advances, shoots will be produced from the sides of the horizontal arms; these must be stopped or pinched off early in summer, to prevent their drawing too hard on the rest of the tree, and a similar course pursued with them to that FIG. 638.—Horizontal Training of Pear-Trees, already described in a former chapter. The fruit-buds, and all the shoots or spurs supporting fruit-buds, are to be cut closely off wherever too thick for an even crop. Early in autumn the shortened shoots are to be cut down, leaving the fruit-buds only, to bear the next season. By this regularity of pruning, the tree will preserve a neat appearance, and bear regular crops. The horizontal branches may be about one foot apart for large pears, and eight inches for small; and the trees, if on quince-roots, may be about ten feet apart. kegrafting Large Pear-Trees.—Some of the varieties de- scribed in the following pages have already shown indications of becoming generally affected by cracking. In such cases it becomes desirable to regraft them with vaiuable sorts, or else thoroughly to spray each year with Bordeaux mixture. The old and common way is to cut off the trunk or a few of the larger limbs, and insert a few grafts, say four or five in all, and compel them to form the whole new head, requiring the lapse of many years. A much better and more expedi- tious mode is to scatter the grafts through the top—inserting THE PEAR. 499 so many that, each one forming a small branch of itself, the whole taken together will make a full top in a few years. In order to render the operation plain, Fig. 639 is made to represent the unchanged tree at an age of from ten to twenty years. Many smaller branches are cut away, and those of medium size left distributed at as regular distances as may be. As the tendency of the growth is upward, the top should be rather worked downward in this operation, and the side limbs near the bottom allowed a full chance. In the ends of these shoots some thirty or forty grafts are set, as shown in: Fig. 640. Trees of the Virgalieu or Doyenné, which had be- come worthless by cracking, and which were large enough to bear a bushel or two annually, have been entirely changed in: this way to better sorts, and yielding three years afterward larger crops than ever. If the labor of inserting so many grafts is too great for ordi- nary practice, one-third or less may be set, as shown in Fig. 641. Dwarf pear-trees of undesirable varieties may be readily changed in this way to other sorts—the more easily because they are lower, and accessible from the ground. Old dwarf 500 THE PEAR. trees, which have become enfeebled by long bearing and sparse pruning, may be thus rendered thrifty and vigorous. With trees of large size, it may be safest to change the upper half in one year, and the re- mainder the next, for the purpose of avoiding too great a check in growth. . Younger trees, or those but a few years old, of undesirable sorts, but of straight growth, may be used for stocks on which to work new heads of crooked or slow growers at stan- dard height. Fig. 642 represents a tree of the Virgalieu worked over to the Winter Nelis, the former being a straight and handsome tree, and the latter the most crooked grower known. A few buds of the Winter Nelis are inserted into the side limbs of the Virgalieu so as to form an even, well-balanced head. The same result may be obtained by grafting these limbs in spring. FIG. 642. SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. Division I. SuMMER PEARS. Crass I. Déstenct pyrzform. Crass Il. Obscure pyrzform, obovate, or turbinate. Crass III. Roundzish or oblate. Division II. AuruMN PEars. Crass 1. Destinct pyrdform. Cuass II. Obscure pyrzform, obovate, or turbinate. Crass III. Roundzsh or oblate. Division III. WiInTER PEARS. Crass I. Destenct pyreform. Cuass Il. Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate. Cuass III. Roundish or oblate. THE PEAR, 50% FURTHER CLASSIFICATION OF FORMS. In addition to the several general forms mentioned in the preceding synopsis, the shape is more particularly designated by comparison with well-known sorts. No fruit has so many forms as the pear inits different varieties; and to assist the fruit-grower in preserving a recollection of the distinctive characters of each, these forms are classified in the following pages. The distinction between pyriform, obovate, and oblate, which constitute the three principal divisions, has been already pointed out in the chapter on describing fruits; but there are many subdivisions, or less distinct modifications, which, if ac- curately observed, would additionally distinguish the differ- ent varieties. For example, PYRIFORM pears may be divided into Sartlett-shaped, where the general form is oblong, but both body and neck rounded and obtuse; Winkfield-form, longer and less obtuse; Bosc-shagfed, when the body is broad and the neck long and narrow; Zysou-form, similar to Bosc, but with a shorter and acute neck; Uvbaniste-form, shorter and less dis- tinctly pyriform; Djvzel-shaped, where the body is large and rounded, and the neck short and obtuse; Madeleine-shaped, similar to the last, but of smaller body and lighter form. Obovate pears may be either Doyenne-form, when they slight- ly approach pyriform; Luffum-shaped, or distinct obovate, when gradually rounded toward the stem with no approach toaneck; or Lloodgood-shaped, similar to the last, but often shorter and tapering, or rounded into the stalk. These forms are, of course, more or less variable in the same varieties, but those more eect prevailing are sCgpeG. The illustrations of fruits in this chapter are all reduced one- half in diameter. 502 THE PEAR. PYRIFORM.—Bartlett-shaped. FIG. 643.—Bartlett. FIG. 644.—Duval. Winkfield-shaped. FIG. 645.—Heyst. FIG. 646.—Winkfield. FIG. 647.—_Verte Longue, THE PEAR. 503 PYRIFORM.—Bosc-form. FIG. 648.—Bosc. FIG. 649.—Dupuy. \ FIG. 650.—Conseiller de la Cour. FIG. 651.—Pound. 504 THE PEAR. PyRIFORM.—Diel-shaped. Fic. 652.—Comice. Fic. 653.—Diel. FIG. 654.—Onondaga. : Fic. 655.—Worcester. THE PEAR. 505 PYRIFORM.—Tyson-shaped. ‘s i. Fic. 656.—Brandywine (two outlines). FIG. 657.—Canas. FIG. 658.— Wilmington. FIG. 659.—Rosabirne. FIG. 660.—Ghislain. 506 THE PEAR. OBOVATE-PYRIFORM.—Urbaniste-form. A FIG. 661.—Urbaniste. FIG. 662.—Pratt. FIG. 663.—Kingsessing. Fic. 664.—Kennes. FIG. 665.—Langelier. THE PEAR. 5°97 OBOVATE-PYRIFORM.—Madeleine-form. OOO FIG. 666.—Madeleine. Fic. 667.—Alpha. FIG. 668.—Inconnue Van Mons. OROVATE.—Doyenné-form. FIG. 669.—Boussock. FIG. 670.—Cushing. FIG. 671.—Defais. 508 THE PEAR. OxsovaTE.—Buffum-shaped. SA A F1G. 672.—Heathcot, FIG. 673.—Lewis. FIG. 674.— Dearborn. (( (q FIG. 675.—Cadette. FIG. 676.—Sieulle. FIG. 677.Hiver. SHORT OBOVATE.. THE PEAR. 509 OBOVATE-TURBINATE.—Bloodgood-shaped. FIG. 678. FIG. 679. FIG. 680. FIG. 681. Bloodgood. Henry IV. Dundas. _ Payency. OBLATE.—Bergamot-shaped. FIG. 682.—Beurré Goubalt. FIG. 683.—Gansel Bergamot. FIG. 684.—F ulton. 510 THE PEAR. The quality of pears is remarkably liable to change from external causes. A difference in soil and cultivation exerts so great an influence with many fine sorts, that while they possess the highest flavor when growing on favorable ground kept rich and mellow, they become greatly inferior or even worthless in poor soil with neglected culture. Besides these, there are other influences dependent on a change of locality, all of which taken together, have contributed to the great diversity of opinion which exists in relation to many cele- — brated varieties. The pomologist will hence perceive the difficulty of weighing evidence for and against the different sorts, and of expressing a degree of quality that shall coincide with the opinions of all. It will be understood, that the quality given on the follow- ing pages refers only to pears tested in this country. Some European varieties, which maintain a high character at home, prove of no value here. In describing pears, it may be well to repeat that the term base applies in all cases to the part nearest the tree; and afex, to the part most remote. Thisis in accordance with universal practice among eminent botanists. The apex is usually termed the crown; and it is sufficiently evident that the crown (upper portion or surmounting part) cannot at the same time be the base. DIVISION I.—SUMMER PEARS. Cuiass I. Distinct PyRIFoRM. Bartlett.* (Williams’ Bonchretien.) Quite large, obtuse-pyriform, somewhat pyramidal; surface wavy, clear yellow, sometimes a faint blush; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, slightly sunk ; basin little or none; apex slightly plaited, sometimes smooth; flesh nearly white, fine-grained, exceedingly tender and buttery, with a nearly sweet, sometimes faintly sub-acid, fine, moderately rich flavor. Ripens end of summer and beginning of autumn, and far North, is strictly an autumn pear. ‘The fruit, when not fully grown, ripens and becomes of good quality if kept in the house a week or two. Growth erect, vigorous, leaves folded, slightly recurved, shoots yellowish. Tree very productive, and bears very young. Although not of the first class as to flavor, the many fine qualities of this pear render it a general favorite. Fig. 643. England. ; THE PEAR, jit Brandywine.* Size medium; conic-pyriform (Tyson-shaped), neck acute; smooth, dull yellowish-green, partly russeted, crown thickly russeted; stalk three-fourths to an inch and a half long, fleshy at insertion; flesh white, very juicy and melting, of fine flavor. Leaves rather small, shoots pale olive, vigorous, up- right; tree not very productive. Ripensin August. A native of Delaware County, Pa. Grows wellonthe quince. Fig. 656. Clapp’s Favorite.* Large, pyriform, body large tapering to the crown, neck rather small; skin smooth, yellowish-green becoming yellow, dotted and shaded with red to the sun; stalk rather short, FIG. 685.—Madeleine. FIG. 686.—Tyson. FIG. 687. FIG. 688. FIG. 689. FIG. 690. Giffard. Pulsifer. Skinless. Rostiezer. stout; calyx partly closed, basin small-wrinkled; flesh greenish or yellowish white, juicy, melting, perfumed, of very good quality. Ripens just before the Bartlett. Young shoots dark purple, growth strong and vigorous, resembling that of the Flemish Beauty, with which and the Bartlett itis supposed to be across. The fruit should be picked before it is fully ripe, or it will decay at the centre. Popular everywhere. Massachusetts. Giffard.* Medium, pyriform, slightly Bosc-shaped, but shorter; skin greenish-yellow, marbled red on the sunny side; stalk rather long, calyx closed, basin small; flesh juicy, melting, slightly vinous, exceedingly agreeable. Middle of August. Shoots slen- der, reddish purple, growth straggling. Fig. 687. France. Julienne. Size medium; slightly pyriform, approaching obovate, regular; whole surface clear yellow; stalk an inch long, rather stout; cavity small; calyx small, erect, or closed; basin rather shallow; flesh half buttery, sweet, of good flavor, but often poor on heavy soils. Late summer. Shoots yellowish. Productive, and bears when very young. Proves fine at the South. 512 THE PEAR, Madeleine.* (Citron des Carmes, Magdelen, Green Chisel, zzcor- rectly.) Medium in size, slightly pyriform, conic-obovate; skin smooth, pale yellowish-green, rarely a faint brownish blush; stalk slender, an inch and a half long; cavity very narrow and smail; basin shallow; flesh juicy and melting, usually faintly acid, with an agreeable, delicate, fine, refreshing flavor. Matures about midsummer, or at the time of wheat harvest. Needs house-ripen- ing. Shoots stright, erect, greenish, growth vigorous; tree rather liable to blight. Leaves quiteflat. Fig. 685. France. Pulsifer. Medium or rathersmall, pyriform, Madeleine or Rostiezer- shaped; skin dull yellow, sometimes slightly russeted ; stalk short, curved, slightly sunk; basin shallow; flesh juicy, melting, and when well ripened of a very good flavor. Middle of August. Shoots greenish, rathererect. Illinois. Fig. 688. Rostiezer.* Rather small, sometimes medium in size; conic-pyri- form, approaching obovate, nearly Madeleine-shaped, regular; skin dull brownish green, with a dark, dull, reddish brown cheek to the sun, with whitish specks, and traces of thin russet; stalk an inch and a half to two inches long, slender, scarcely sunk; basin little or none; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, with a very high, per- fumed flavor, of high excellence. Ripens late in summer. For rich flavor, it has scarcely an equal among summer pears. Shoots dark, large, leaves broad. Fig. 690. Europe. Skinless. (Sanspeau.) Rather small, long pyriform, body conic- ovate, regular; skin smooth, very thin, yellowish green, often dotted with reddish brown in the sun; stalk about an inch anda half long, slender, curved, cavity very small; calyx closed or erect, basin minute, slightly ridged; flesh half melting, juicy, with a sweet, slightly perfumed, good flavor. Ripens immediately after the Madeleine, or two weeks after harvest. Growth very vigor- ous, erect, leaves flat, wavy. A profuse bearer; fruit always fair. Fig. 689. Supreme de Quimper. Medium or small, conic-obovate; yellow, -shaded with red; stalk short, obliquely set, not sunk; calyx partly open; basin shallow; juicy, melting, perfumed. First of August. Becomes dry if not picked early. Shoots dark purple, rather erect. Tyson.* Size medium, conic-pyriform, sometimes approaching obovate; bright yellow, with a reddish-brown softly shaded cheek, often some russet; stalk an inch and a fourth long, inserted into a fleshy prominence abruptly contracted from the rounded neck; basin very shallow, even; flesh of fine texture, buttery, very melting, juicy; flavor nearly sweet, aromatic, slightly perfumed, excellent. Ripens the last two weeks of summer. Shoots quite dark brown, erect, vigorous. The tree does not come soon into bearing. Pennsylvania. Fig. 686. Wilder. Large, pyriform; pale yellow. shaded dark russet red; dots small, numerous; flesh pale yellow, fine-grained, tender, sub-acid, juicy. A Fox seedling. Verw good. THE PEAR. 513 Ciass II. OsscureE PyrirorM, OBOVATE OR TURBINATE. Bloodgood.* Size medium, turbinate, approaching obovate, base contracted abruptly to the stalk; yellow, touched with russet; stalk fleshy at insertion, an inch and a fourth long, set on the rounded base without depression; calyx scarcely sunk; flesh yel- lowish white, buttery, and melting, with a fine, rich, aromatic flavor. Sometimes rots at the core. On some soils the flavor be- comes poor and insipid. Ripens middle of August. Like all FIG. 691.—d’Eté. FIG. 692.—Osband’s Summer. FIG. 693.—Diel. FIG. 694.—Ott. early pears, it is best if house-ripened. Origin, Long Island, N. Y. Pigs 678: Dearborn’s Seedling.* Scarcely medium in size, obovate or Buffum-shaped, regular, smooth; surface clear yellow, with minute specks; stalk an inch iong, sunk little or none; basin very shallow; flesh very fine grained, juicy, melting, and of fine flavor. Ripens nearly with the Bloodgood, or middle of August. Shoots straight, long, dark brown. Tree bears when young. Fig. 674. Massachusetts. Henrietta. Size, a little below medium; obovate, crown flat- tened ; stalk set on the rounded point of the neck; skin smooth, pale yellowish-green, dots few; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity small or none; calyx closed, basin shallow, faintly plaited ; melting, juicy, sub-acid, with a good second-rate flavor. Very productive. Latesummer. Origin, New Haven, Conn. Limon. (Hagerston.) Size medium; obovate, sometimes slightly pyriform ; light yellow, with a reddish-brown blush; stalk an inch and a half long; cavity round, even, shallow; calyx slightly sunk ; flesh buttery, melting, of fine texture, with a mild, sweet flavor 33 514 THE PEAR. slightly perfumed. Latesummer. Shoots long, slender, reddish- brown. Belgian. Manning’s Elizabeth.* Small, obovate, Seckel-form, smooth; sur- face yellow, with a lively blush; stalk one inch long, cavity round, shallow; flesh very melting, saccharine, sprightly, perfumed, ex- cellent. Early. Shoots diverging, dark reddish-brown. Does best on dwarf stock. Belgian. Moyamensing. Medium or large, sometimes quite large, variable; round-obovate, rather irregular; skin lemon yellow, sometimes marked with russet; stalk nearly an inch long, fleshy; basin fur- rowed; flesh buttery, melting, good, but not first-rate. Ripens from midsummer till autumn, quickly decays. Productive. Origin, Philadelphia. Muscadine. Size medium; short obovate, regular, sometimes silghtly oblique; surface a little rough, yellowish-green, thickly dotted; stalk an inch and a fourth long, rather stout; cavity very small, even; basin rather wide, shallow; flesh buttery, melting, a little coarse, rather rich, slightly musky, faintly astringent, mod- erately good. Late summer, and early in autumn. Shoots rather thick. Osband.* (Summer Virgalieu, erroneously.) Medium in size, often rather small, obovate, regular, smooth and even (Doyenné- shaped) ; sometimes remotely pyriform ; greenish-yellow becom- ing yellow, with a reddish-brown cheek, often faintly russeted ; stalk three-fourths to one inch long, slightly sunk in a nearly even cavity; calyx erect, in a round, nearly even, or slightly wrinkled basin; flesh white, granular, with a sweet, mild, and fine flavor; soon loses its flavor when mature. Ripens very early. Shoots yellowish-olive, thick. Origin, Wayne County, ING Yen bigO02) Ott.* Small, roundish-obovate, or short Seckel-form; greenish- yellow, russeted in part, rarely a mottled red cheek; stalk an inch and a fourth long, cavity small; calyx rather large, basin shallow ; flesh melting, rich, perfumed, aromatic, closely resem- bling that of its parent the Seckel. Ripens quite early, or by the first or middle of August. Shoots rather erect, brownish-green, leaves like Seckel. Origin, Montgomery County, Pa. Fig. 694. Pinneo, or Boston. Size medium, obovate, slightly oblong, smooth ; yellow when ripe, russeted around the stalk, which is long, straight, slightly sunk; basin moderate, wrinkled; flesh juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet, somewhat aromatic. Flesh dry, unless picked early. Late August. Shoots rather erect, light reddish- brown. Summer Doyenné.* (Doyenné d’Eté.) Small; round obovate, or short Buffum-shaped ; stalk an inch or an inch and a fourth long, rather stout, slightly oblique, not sunk; basin very shallow; skin a fine yellow, with a warm cheek brightly reddened at the crown, and with radiating stripes of greenish-yellow from the calyx; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, very good flavor. Skin thin; core small; seeds smai:, white. Ripens very early. Tree bears very young. Shootsslender, reddish-brown. Belgium. THE PEAR. ems Cuass III. RounpiIsH oR OBLATE. Duchesse de Berry @WEté. Small, roundish, sometimes oblate, oc- casionally approaching obovate; yellow, sometimes shaded light red; stalk short, slightly sunk, basin shallow; juicy and melting, flavor “very good.” End of August. Shoots stout, light greenish. Muskingum. Medium, roundish; greenish-yellow, thickly dotted; stalk long, cavity small; basin shallow; flesh melting, pleasant, perfumed. End of August. Reliance. Medium, oblate, brownish-red, russeted; flesh fine- grained, melting, juicy, good. A Van Mons’ seedling. ‘Tree vig- orous, prolific. Summer Portugal. (Passans du Portugal.) Size rather small, often nearly medium, roundish-oblate, regular; skin yellowish- green or pale yellow, with a handsome red cheek in the sun, formed of the reddened dots; stalk about aninch long; calyx stiff, erect; cavity and basin shallow; flesh white, breaking, tender, juicy, moderately good. Late summer. Very productive. Shoots upright, reddish-brown. DIVISION II.—AUTUMN PEARS. Cxuass I. Distincr PyrirorM. Adams. Large, pyriform; deep yellow, smooth, shaded red next the sun; stalk short, stout, wrinkled at base; scarcely sunk, eye small, closed, even with the crown; flesh white, fine, melting, tich, vinous, perfumed. September and October. Skoots dark brown, tree upright. Massachusetts. Alpha. Size medium, pyriform, obovate or Madeleine-shaped, smooth; pale yellowish-green, with a faint brown blush; stalk slightly sunk, basin moderate; fine-grained, buttery, and good. October. Belgian. Fig. 667, Ananas d’Eté. Rather large, obtuse-pyriform; skin smooth, clear yellow, with numerous small dots, often with a blush; stalk stout and fleshy; basin small; flesh fine-grained, buttery, and melting, sweet and very good. Early autumn. Growth somewhat irregu- lar, shoots brownish-purple. Holland. Andrews, (Amory, Gibson.) Medium or rather large, distinct pyriform, often slightly one-sided; skin thick, dull yellowish- green, with a broad, dull red cheek; stalk about an inch long, curved, scarcely sunk; basin shallow, sometimes deep; flesh greenish, very juicy, melting, of a fine, pleasant, agreeable flavor. On some localities not first-rate. Ripens early in autumn. Very productiveandfair. Shootsdiverging. Origin, Dorchester, Mass. Angouléme.* (Duchess.) Very large, very obtuse-pyriform, some- times oblong-ohovate, surface uneven; greenish-yellow, often some russet ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, very stout ; cavity deep, often wide; calyxsmall, basin uneven; flesh yellow- 516 THE PEAR. ish-white, melting, buttery, juicy, good when well grown, poor or worthless when small; succeeds admirably and is best on quince stock. It has been remarked that when this pear weighs less than four ounces it is worthless in flavor. Ripens mid- autumn and later. French. Mostly grownasadwarf. Fig. 696. Autumn Paradise.* (Paradised’Automne.) Rather large, distinct pyriform; surface uneven, yellowish-orange, with some thin rus- set patches; stalk an inch and a half long, not sunk; basin small, irregular; flesh melting, very buttery, with a rich, high, and ex- FIG, €95.—Jargonelle. Fic. 696.—Angouleme. FIG. 697.—Garber. cellent flavor. Ripens about mid-autumn. Shoots yellowish, at first upright, afterward becoming straggling, growth vigorous. This pear resembles the Bosc, but is less smooth, more irregu- lar in form, has a less narrow neck, and more vigorous growth. Shoots yellowish-brown, speckled, irregular, leaves finely ser- rated, slightly wavy. Belgium. Bachelier. Rather large, obovate, pyriform, irregular; green; stalk rather short, obliquely set; calyx partly closed, basin shallow; but- tery, melting, vinous, aromatic, flavor moderate. November, December. Shoots reddish-yellow, vigorous. Large, well-grown specimens are sometimes nearly Bartlett-shaped, small ones ap- proach roundish-obovate. Bark of the tree cracks. Baronne de Mello. (Adele de St. Denis.) Medium, conic-pyriform (often Tyson-shaped,) sometimes obovate or turbinate, variable; skin rough, much russeted ; stalk fleshy at insertion; flesh rather coarse, very juicy and melting, vinous or sub-acid, of moderate quality. October. ‘Tree vigorous, a great bearer. THE PEAR. 517 Bergen. Large, pyriform, sometimes approaching obovate or tur- binate, smooth; yellow, with a handsome cheek; stalk curved, slightly sunk; calyx and basinsmall; fine-grained, buttery, melt- ing, sweet, excellent. Last of September. Long Island. Bosc.* (Calebasse Bosc.) Large, very distinct pyriform, neck rather long and very narrow, acute, body broad; surface nearly smooth, deep yellow, russeted in patches; stalk an inch and a half long, slender, curved; basin very shallow; flesh juicy, but- tery, rich, perceptibly perfumed, sweet, excellent. Mid-autumn. Fails on quince stocks and is a very crooked grower. In order to obtain good dwarf or standard trees it should be double-worked. Belgian. Fig. 648. Canandaigua. Rather large, pyriform, somewhat irregular (Bartlett-shaped) ; lemon yellow; stalk rather short, oblique; basin small; flesh buttery, melting, rather rich. September. Shoots strong, erect, light purplish-red. Capiaumont. (Beurré de Capiaumont.) Size medium, conic- pyriform, or Tyson-shaped, quite acute, approaching turbinate, regular; skin smooth, yellow, with cinnamon red to the sun, dis- tinctly dotted, slightly russeted; calyx widely reflexed, not sunk; stalk about an inch long, but varying; flesh white, buttery, melt- ing, moderately juicy, sweet, often astringent, about second qual- ity. Hardy and productive. Leaves folded, recurved. Ripens about mid-autumn. Belgian. Comice.* Large, roundish-pyriform, somewhat pyramidal; green- ish-yellow, becoming fine yellow at maturity, often with a faint crimson blush, slightly russeted, thickly dotted; stalk short, stout.. set obliquely in a small cavity; calyx small, in a deep, uneven basin; flesh white, fine, melting, with a sweet, rich, slightly aro- matic flavor. Keeps long after fully ripe. October and Novem- ber. Young wood apt to be injured. France. Fig. 699. Comte de Paris. Size medium, pyriform, approaching obovate, regular; skin thick, somewhat rough, bright green, becoming: yellow at maturity; flesk nearly white, buttery, melting, juicy,. with a agreeable perfume. Ripens in October, and continues in: use along time. One of Van Mons’ seedlings. The tree is vigor- ous, with a stout erect growth, and appears to succeed well on the: quince. Chancellor. Large, obtuse pyriform, large specimens early Bartlett- shaped, small ones obovate; green; stalk an inch long, rather thick ; cavity small, irregular; calyx small, basin contracted; flesh melting, rich, agreeable. Mid-autumn. Germantown, Pa. Comte de Flandre. Rather large, pyramidal-pyriform, often oblique; skin yellow, with small dots and thin russet; stalk long,, set under a lip, with a little depression; basin shallow; flesh juicy,, melting, with an agreeable, refreshing flavor, very good. No-- vem ber. - Conseiller de la Cour. (Maréchal de la Cour.) Large, pyriform 518 THE PEAR. (somewhat Bosc form) ; greenish-yellow, slightly russeted; stalk slender, not sunk; basin small, calyx small, nearly closed; flesh white, melting, sub-acid, juicy, of fine quality. Late autumn and early winter. Tree vigorous, productive. Succeeds on quince. Foreign. Fig. 650. Countess of Lunay. Size medium, obovate-pyriform, somewhat conic; skin smooth, pale waxen yellow, with a thin red cheek; stalk about an inch and a half long, set without depression on the rounded point of the neck, which is slightly russeted; basin very FIG. 698.—Nantais. FIG. 699.—Comice. FIG. 700.—Dix. small, even; flesh white, very juicy, melting, fine, very good. Mid-autumn. De Tongres. (Durandeau.) Large, pyramidal-pyriform, surface uneven or knobby; yellow, with bronze russet and red stripes; juicy, melting, rich, sub-acid, perfumed. October, November. A large, handsome, and excellent pear, but the tree is rather tender. Shoots light brown, slender, spreading, leaves narrow. ‘Diel.* (Diel’s Butter.) Large, sometimes very large, thick py- riform, neck short, obtuse, body very large; small specimens approach obovate; skin dull yellow, with numerous conspicuous dots, and some russet; stalk an inch and a fourth to an inch and a half long, stout, moderately sunk; basin slightiy furrowed; flesh rather coarse, rich, sugary, buttery, juicy, fine. Late autumn and early winter. Shoots large, spreading, irregular; leaves roan dial or broad. Suceeds well on quince stocks. Belgian. ig. 693. Dix. Large, long pyriform, body round-ovate, tapering slightly THE PEAR. 519 to the often oblique and slightly flattened and obtuse crown; yel- lowish green, becoming deep yellow; dots numerous, distinct; stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout at each end, slightly sunk; basin small; flesh rather granular, rich, juicy, sweet, ofte1 excel- lent, sometimes rather acid. ‘The fruit often cracks. Middle and late autumn. A tardy bearer. Shoots yellow, rather slender, often thorny; leaves flat. A native of Boston, Mass. Fig. 700. Duc de Brabant. (Waterloo, Meil de Waterloo, Fondante de Char- neuse, Beurré Charneuse, Belle Excellente, Excellentissima.) Large, roundish-pyriform, tapering tocrown (somewhat Onondga- shaped), neck small; greenish, dotted green, shaded crimson on the sunny side; stalk long, curved, scarcely sunk; basin irregular, ribbed; flesh greenish white, buttery, and melting, with a refresh- ing vinous flavor. October, November. Duchesse d’Orleans. Large, often oniy medium, sometimes long pyriform, but usually obovate-pyriform, somewhat pyramidal; skin golden yellow, slightly russeted, sometimes nearly overspread with russet, with a red cheek; stalk thick, about an inch anda half long, scarcely sunk; basin small, even; flesh buttery and melting, rich; when well ripened, delicious. Ripens mid- autumn. A handsome, fine, French variety. Growth rather spreading, shoots yellowish green. Duval. Medium, obtuse pyriform or Bartlett-shaped; pale green; buttery, melting, with good flavor. October, November. Pro- ductive. Fig. 644. Dumas. (Belle Epine Dumas, Duc de Bordeaux.) Medium, long pyriform; greenish-yellow; stalk long, scarcely sunk; basin shal- low, regular; calyx partly closed; buttery, half melting, sweet, flavor peculiar. Late autumn. Growth vigorous, succeeds on quince. Shoots dark, speckled; leaves narrow. Emile d’Heyst. Large, long pyriform (like the Winkfield) ; light green with some brown russet; stem variable, rather long, some- times fleshy; calyx small, basin narrow, deep, and knobby; but- tery and melting, fine, perfumed. November. Shoots long, brownish-yellow, diverging and straggling. Fig. 645. Figue. Medium or rather large, pyriform-pyramidal, regular, body rounding to the apex; skin thin, green, partly russeted at crown, often a dull red cheek; stalk an inch long, stout, very fleshy at insertion, not sunk; basin none; flesh rather coarse, melting, juicy, rich, high flavored. Late autumn. Figue Alencon. Large, irregularly pyramidal or pyriform; green, spotted with russet; flesh melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, excel- lent. October to December. Tree vigorous, productive. Shoots readish-purple, leaves thick. Forelle. (Trout Pear.) Medium or rather large, pyriform, ap- proaching oblong-obovate; green, becoming clear yellow, witha deep vermilion cheek, dots margined with crimson; stalk an inch long, slender; cavity moderate; basin rather abrupt and narrow ; flesh buttery and melting, but not rich. Late autumn. Shoots 520 THE PEAR. dark, purplish; leaves small, nearly flat. German. A pear of great beauty, which has contributed to its reputation. Graslin. Large, pyramidal-pyriform, often tapering to the crown; skin thick, green, slightly russeted; stalk long, slightly sunk; basin furrowed, flesh coarse, buttery, melting, rich, vinous. Octo- ber, November. Harvard. Medium or rather large, oblong-pyriform; skin russety olive-yellow, and with a reddish cheek; stalk rather stout, sunk little or none, oblique; basin narrow; flesh juicy, melting, tender; rots at the core if not house-ripened. Firstof autumn. Very pro- FIG. 701.—Marie Louise. FIG. 702.—Comte de Flandre, FIG. 703.—Swan’s Orange. FIG. 704.—Louis Bonne. ductive, growth vigorous, fruit handsome, rendering it profitable for market, although only second-rate in quality. Origin, Cam- bridge, Mass. . Kennes. Medium, pyriform, somewhat Urbaniste-shaped; green- ish-yellow, russeted; stalk thick, fleshy at insertion; calyx partly closed; basin broad, shallow; buttery, melting, sweet, rich, per- fumed. Excellent. October. Must be house-ripened. Fig. 664. Lodge. Medium, pyriform, neck small, narrow, very acute, some- times ribbed and irregular; greenish-brown, much russeted; stalk long, rather stout, curved; basin varying from shallow to deep; flesh juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous, sub-acid, Brown Beurré flavor. Early and mid-autumn. Philadelphia, where it proves very good, but farther North does not stand so high. Shoots slender, yellowish-brown, erect, and diverging. Long Green. (Verte Longue.) Rather large, long-pyriform, the ends rather acute, stem oblique; surface wholly green; flesh very juicy, with a good and agreeable flavor. ‘The Striped Long Green is a sub-variety. THE PEAR. 521 Long Green of Autumn (Verte Longue d’Automne, or Mouth- water) is quite distinct, being smaller, much more rounded, stem long, and with a brown cheek; very juicy and pleasant; ripens late in autumn, a month after the preceding. Profusely produc- tive, and valuable. Louise Bonne.* (Louise Bonne de Jersey, Louise Bonne d’Avran- ches.) Large, pyriform, tapering slightly to obtuse or flattened crown; slightly one-sided; surface smooth, pale yellowish-green, with a brownish red cheek; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, often fleshy at insertion, little sunk; basin shallow; flesh yellowish-white, very juicy, buttery, melting, rich, faintly sub- acid, fine. Ripens mid-autumn; late autumn far North, early autumn at Cincinnati. Very productive; succeeds admirably and is mostly grown on quince stocks. Shoots dark brown or purple ; serratures of the leaves rather coarse. ‘This fine variety, like the Bartlett, is hardly of the highest quality, but is eminently valua- ble for its large, fairfruit, free upright growth, and great produc- tiveness. France. Fig. 704. Madame Eliza. Large, pyriform, approaching pyramidal; skin green, becoming nearly yellow; flesh buttery, melting, sweet, perfumed, agreeable. November. Shoots greenish-brown, erect. Belgian. Marie Louise. Large pyriform, a little one-sided, or with a curved axis; body somewhat conical; surface pale green, becoming yel- lowish, partly russeted; stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, often oblique; calyx small, basin narrow, plaited; flesh but- tery, melting, vinous, when well grown rich and fine—often second or third rate—variable. Needs rich cultivation or else the fruit will be poor. Mid-autumn. Growth very flexuous and strag- gling; shoots olive-gray, petioles very long, leaves narrow. Bel- gian. Fig. 7o1. Millot de Nancy. Medium or below, distinct pyriform; orange russet on dull yellow; stalk an inch long, not sunk; flesh buttery and melting, moderately juicy, and rich, sweet, aromatic. Octo- ber, November. Belgian. Moire. Rather large, pyriform, approaching obovate; greenish- yellow; stalk stout, curved, cavity uneven, basin shallow; flesh yellowish, slightly granular, buttery, melting, rich, variable, often very good. October. Shoots purple, leaves wavy. Nantais. (Beurréde Nantes.) Large, long pyriform or pyramidal; greenish-yellow, with a red cheek; stalk large, set under a lip, not sunk; calyx large, in a broad, furrowed basin; juicy, per- fumed, very good. October. Fig. 698. Napoleon. Medium or rather large; conic-pyriform, obtuse, vari- able; green becoming pale yellowish-green; stalk an inch long, stout, slightly sunk; basin rather large; flesh uncommonly juicy, melting, moderately rich, good, often astringent and worthless. From mid-autumn till winter. Needs ripening in a warm room. Very productive, thrifty, hardy. Shoots rather erect. Belgian. Best on warm, light soils. 522 THE PEAR. Nouveau Poiteau. Medium or large, conic-pyriform, sometimes approaching obovate, greenish, much russeted, and thickly dotted ; stalk rather short, often fleshy at insertion, not sunk; calyx closed, basin moderate; flesh buttery, melting, somewhat vinous, very good when well grown. November. A strong grower, shoots brownish red, and forms a handsome pyramid on quince. Belgian. Onondaga.* (Swan’s Orange.) Quite large, obtuse oval-pyriform, nearly in the form of a double cone, neck very short and obtuse, body large and tapering to obtuse apex; skin roughish, greenish- yellow, becoming rich yellow, dots numerous, often a slight brown cheek, crown often slightly russeted; stalk an inch to an inch and FIG. 705.—Ontario. Fic. 706.—Van Mons, FIG. 707,—Seneca. FIG. 708.—Worden’s Seckel. a half long, stout, slightly sunk; calyx small, closed, basin nar- row, ribbed; flesh slightly coarse, buttery, melting, sometimes a little breaking, juicy, rich, fine, but not of the highest quality, sometimes astringent. Ripens mid-autumn. Growth vigorous, shoots yellow, ascending. Productive. Connecticut. Figs. 654 and 703. Ontario. Medium or rather large, oblong-pyriform (somewhat Bartlett-shaped, but more obovate), sometimes faintly ribbed, somewht irregular; pale yellow, thickly dotted; stalk an inch long; cavity small, irregular; calyx open or partly closed; basin wrinkled; flesh buttery, melting, with a mild, pleasant, agreeable flavor. First of October. Shoots yellowish-red, rather erect. Geneva, N. Y. Fig. 705. Parsonage. Medium or large, pyramidal-pyriform, approaching conic-obovate ; skin orange yellow, partly russeted, thickly dotted; THE PEAR. 523 stalk short, thick; cavity small; calyx partly open, basin shallow ; flesh granular, melting, juicy, rich. September. New Rochelle, Payency. (Paquency.) Size medium; pyriform approaching obovate-conic (Tyson-shaped) ; skin dull yellow, slightly russeted, with a faint dull blush; stalk an inch long, stout; calyx erect, basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting, good. Mid-autumn. French. Fig. 677. Pratt. Medium or rather large, obovate-pyriform ; skin greenish- yellow, thickly dotted; stalk an inch long, slender and moderately sunk; basin wide, shallow; flesh tender, melting, juicy, excellent. Early autumn. Shoots yellowish, erect, leaves rather narrow, re- curved. RhodelIsland. Fig. 662. Queen of the Low Countries. Large pyriform, neck narrow, body broad or slightly oblate (Bosc-shaped) ; surface slightly uneven, dull greenish-yellow, crown russeted, with numerous, often con- fluent russet dots, and a slight blush; stalk an inch and a half long, curved, not sunk; calyx small, rather deep-set, basin ribbed ; buttery, melting, juicy, moderately rich, sub-acid, with a second- rate, Brown Beurré flavor. Mid-autumn. Belgian. St. Ghislain. Size medium, pyriform, neck narrow, acute, taper- ing; surface pale yellow, sometimes a faint blush; stalk an inch and a half long, curved with fleshy rings at insertion; basin very shallow; flesh white, buttery, juicy, with a fine favor. Growth upright, vigorous, shoots light brown. Somewhat variable in quality. Belgian. Early autumn. Requires high cultivation. Fig. 660. St. Michel Archange.* (Plombgastel.) Rather large, pyramidal- pyriform, greenish yellow, thickly dotted, partly russeted; stalk medium length, stout, fleshy at insertion, not sunk; calyx closed, basin small, uneven; flesh rather coarse, juicy, rich, aromatic. October. Shoots greenish,{quite erect, leaves narrow, light green. Tardy bearer. Selleck. Large, obtuse-pyriform (Diel-shaped), ribbed; fine yel- low, thickly dotted; stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertion; cavity moderate, calyx closed; basin small, uneven; flesh white, juicy, melting, rich, aromatic, excellent. September, October. Shoots slender, brownish-yellow. Seneca.* Large, obovate-pyriform; stem nearly two inchcs long, flattened at junction, with fleshy ridge; basin large, irregular, light yellow, bright green mottlings, black dots, blush on side; flesh white, fine-grained, melting, vinous, sprightly. Very good. September. Fig. 706. Soldat Laboureur. Rather large, pyriform; skin becoming yellow when ripe, slightly russeted; stalk rather stout, curved, slightly sunk; cavity small, abrupt; basin small; flesh granular, melting, juicy, and when well grown of a rich, vinous flavor; variable, often poor. Late autumn. Shoots erect, light greenish-brown. Belgian. Soulange. Rather large, acute or conic, pyriform, or with neck 524 THE PEAR. tapering into stalk, which is stout, curved, and fleshy; pale yel- low, with traces of russet; basin and calyx rather large; melting, very juicy, rich, aromatic. September, October. Souvenir Esperen. Large, pyriform, obovate, tapering to crown, dull yellow, with a mottled red cheek; melting, vinous. Shoots yellow, erect. November. Belgian. Sterkmans. (Doyenné Sterkmans.) Size medium, short pyriform, broad at the crown, slightly ribbed; skin greenish-yellow, dotted and shaded red to the sun; stalk an inch or more long; cavity small, uneven; basin rather large, uneven; flesh fine-grained, buttery, and melting, with a very good, slightly vinous flavor. Late autumn. Theodore Van Mons. Rather large, obovate-pyriform, sometimes long pyriform; greenish yellow, somewhat russeted ; stalk an inch long, scarcely sunk; calyx large, open; flesh granular, juicy, melting, varying from good to very good. September, October. Tree vigorous and productive on pear or quince. Fig. 706. Triomphe de Jodoigne. Quite large, obtuse-pyriform, irregular and uneven; skin rough, thick, greenish-yellow, with russet dots; stalk large; calyx partly closed in a small basin; flesh coarse, juicy, buttery, musky, of moderate quality. Late autumn, keeps into winter. Growth vigorous, spreading, irregular. Urbaniste.* (Beurré Piquery.) Medium or rather large, conic- pyriform, obtuse and short, often approaching obovate; skin pale yellow or greenish, faintly russeted; stalk an inch long, stout, moderately and sometimes considerably sunk; calyx erect or closed; basin distinct, even; flesh melting, buttery, with a fine, delicious flavor, and a perceptible shade of acid. in unfavorable localities, it is sometimes of moderate quality. Middle and late autumn. Does not come soon into bearing. Shoots slender, greenish-yellow, leaves narrow, recurved. Belgium. Fig. 661. Van Mons Le Clerc. Large, long pyriform, obtuse; surface yel- lowish-green, slightly russeted; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, little sunk; calyx small, basin very shallow; flesh fine grained, yellowish-white, buttery, melting, rich, fine. Ripens middle and late autumn. A native of Laval, in France. The value of this fine pear is nearly destroyed by its liability to crack and canker. Verte Longue of Angers. Large, distinct pyriform (nearly Bosc- shaped) ; green; stalk rather short, oblique, not sunk; basin rather small; flesh greenish-white, juicy and melting, agreeably per- fumed. October. Belgian. Resembles Long Green (or Verte Longue). Fig. 647. Wilmington. Medium, pyriform, approaching obovate; cinnamon russet on yellow ground; cavity slight, often none; basin rather large; flesh fine, melting, buttery, rich, aromatic. September. Philadelphia. Fig. 658. Worden.* Medium, conic-pyriform ; golden yellow, one side bright crimson ; stem, one and one-quarter inches long, not curved slight fold at base; basin shallow ; flesh dull white, very juicy, buttery, THE PEAR. 525 fine-grained, melting, excellent. A seedling of Seckel, which it surpasses in size, beauty, and keeping qualities. Ripe in Octo- ber, but will keep till December. New York. Fig. 708. Crass II. OxsscurE PyrirorM, OBOVATE, OR TURBINATE. Abbott. Medium in size, oblong-obovate (like the Washington) ; surface even, smooth, dark dull green, with a reddish-brown cheek changing to scarlet; stalk an inch long; calyx small, closed; melt- ing, juicy, rich. Early mid-autumn. Good and handsome, shoots purplish. Providence, R. I. Amalis. (Beurréd’Amanlis.) Large, obovate, often irregular, sometimes slightly pyriform, with a short and narrow neck; dull yellowish-green, with some russet, and a dull reddish cheek; stalk an inch and a quarter long, very slightly sunk; basin shal- low; flesh buttery, melting, and juicy, and rather rich, with a moderate, often astringent and poor flavor. Early and mid- autumn. A strong grower, great bearer, tree spreading, irregular; leaves sharp serrate. Anjou.* Rather large, obtuse Doyenné-form, regular; surface greenish-yellow, a dull red cheek to the sun, clouded with russet ; stalk quite short, or half an inch long, lightly sunk; cavity un- even, basin shallow, round, smooth; flesh yellowish-white, fine- grained, buttery, melting, with a high, rich, vinous, excellent flavor. Shoots light green, leaves recurved, wavy. Begins to ripen in the middle of autumn, and keeps long, sometimes into midwinter. The hardiness, uniformity, reliability, excellence, and long-keeping qualities of the Anjou render it one of the most valuable of all pears. French. Fig. 711. Augustus Dana. Medium or large, obovate; skin dull green, slightly rough, partly russeted, thickly dotted; stalk long, curved, scarcely sunk on the obtuse end; eye large, slightly sunk; flesh juicy, melting, rich, aromatic. October and November. Growth irregular, thorny, like Dix. Massachusetts. New. Auguste Royer. Medium, turbinate; skin russet-fawn, becoming orange; juicy, rich, perfumed. November. Vigorous and pro- ductive. Belle Lucrative.* (Fondante d’Automne.) Size medium, conic- obovate, sometimes remotely pyriform; surface pale yellowish- green, slightly russeted; stalk and inch and a quarter long, often fleshy, oblique; cavity very small and narrow; calyx short; basin smooth, sometimes furrowed; flesh very juicy, with a fine tex- ture, melting, rich, excellent. WVariable—when well grown and fully ripened, it has no superior and few equals, in its exceedingly rich, delicate, perfumed flavor—but sometimes of poor quality. Middle or last of September. Belgian. Growth moderate, upright, shoots yellowish-gray. Fig. 709. Bergamotte Cadette. (Beauchamps, Beurré Beauchamps, Poire de Cadet.) Size medium, round-obovate, or round-oval; surface greenish-yellow, often russeted, frequently tinged with reddish- brown to the sun; stalk an inch and a fourth long, scarcely sunk 526 THE PEAR. on the rounded base; calyx erect or closed, basin very shallow; - flesh melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, quite rich, slightly perfumed. Late autumn. Shoots greenish, slender, erect, and diverging; leaves small. Productive. French. Fig. 675. Berkmans. Medium, turbinate, or short pyriform; yellowish, rough, russeted; stalk fleshy, oblique, basin shallow, furrowed; buttery and melting, rich, and perfumed. November, December. B.S. Fox. Large, obtuse obovate, russet yellow; flesh fine-grained, very juicy, vinous. A Fox seedling from California. Very good. FIG. 709. FIG. 710. FIG. 711. FIG. 712. Belle Lucrative. Edmonds. Anjou. Buffum. Navey. Rather large, roundish obovate, obscurely pyriform; yel- low, with some russet; stalk large, often fleshy, cavity slight; basin moderate; flesh buttery and melting, rich, sub-acid, aro- matic, perfumed, very good. October, November. Beymont. (Beurré Bieumont.) Sizemedium, obovate (Bloodgood- shaped) ; crimson russet; stalk long, curved, calyx small, basin shallow; melting, very sweet, rich, perfumed. October to De- cember. Bon Chretien Fondante, or ‘“‘ Melting Bonchretien.’’ Size medium, roundish, slightly oblong, rarely short obovate, obtuse; surface dull green, partly russeted, numerously dotted; stalk an inch long, moderately or slightly sunk; basin small; flesh yellowish- white, or yellow and rather gritty, melting, very juicy, rich, pleas- ant, somewhat variable. Ripens about mid-autumn or later. Hardy,vigorous. Leaves conspicuously folded and recurved. Boussock.* (Doyenné Boussock, Doyenné Boussock Nouvelle.) TELE), PISA TS. 527 Large, thick obovate, sometimes slightly pyriform, slightly un- even; surface bright lemon yellow when ripe, partly russeted, sometimes a slight reddish cheek; stalk stout, about an inch long, varying, sometimes fleshy, often oblique; basin very shallow, even; flesh buttery, melting, very juicy, with a very good flavor. Ripens middle of September. Shoots diverging, purplish. A valuable and reliable pear; requires early picking. Belgium. Fig. 669. Brown Beurre. (Beurré Gris, Grey Beurré, Beurré Rouge, Red Beurré, Beurré Isambert.) Large, often only medium, oblong- obovate, with a rounded taper to the stalk; skin yellowish-green, russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, rather oblique, thickening into the fruit; basin rather shallow; flesh greenish- white, very juicy, melting, buttery, with a rich acid or vinous flavor. Early mid-autumn. Variable in quality. Buffum.* Size medium, obovate; skin yellow, with a broad, red- dish-brown cheek, somewhat russeted; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, stout; cavity and basin moderate or small; flesh but- tery, sweet, very good, slightly variable. Shoots strong, reddish- brown, very erect; tree very productive. Valuable for its fair fruit, and fine bearing qualities. Ripens end of September, but should be picked two weeks before, or it becomes mealy. Origin, Rhode Island. Fig. 712. Cabot. Size medium, round-obovate, slightly irregular, crown full, obtuse; stalk an inch long, set on the pointed base without depres- sion; surface rough, russeted, bronze yellow; basin round, smooth; flesh greenish-white, breaking, somewhat melting, juicy, sub-acid, good. Early mid-autumn. ‘Tree vigorous, very produc- tive. Hardy, reliable. Origin, Salem, Mass. Capsheaf. Rather small, short obovate, wide at crown, somewhat conic, or with a rounded taper to the stalk; surface deep yellow, mostly russeted; stalk.an inch long, stout, slightly sunk; calyx small, basin rather large; flesh melting, juicy, buttery, mild, sweet, good, of second quality. Ripens mid-autumn. Shoots erect, stout, yellowish-brown; very productive. Rhode Island. Collins. Size medium, obovate, approaching turbinate; greenish- yellow ; stalk short, thick, oblique, not sunk; calyx small, scarcely sunk; flesh juicy and melting; of medium quality. First of Octo- ber. Massachusetts. Comte de Lamy. Rather small, roundish-obovate (Bloodgood- shaped) ; yellow, with dots and thin russet; stalk an inch long, set under a lip, scarcely sunk; basin shallow; juicy, melting, re- freshing, agreeable. October. Shoots reddish, erect. Cushing. Medium or rather large, obovate, or Doyenné form; sur- face light greenish-yellow, rarely a dull red cheek; stalk an inch long, cavity abrupt; basin rather shallow; flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, with a fine flavor, nearly first-rate. Ripens in the early part of autumn. Shoots spreading. Very productive. Origin, Hingham, Mass. Fig. 670. Dallas. Size medium, obovate, slightly conic-pyriform; dull -yel- low, often much russeted; stalk an inch long, not sunk; basin 528 THE PEAR. round, slightly wrinkled; segments of the calyx rounded, stiff; flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, good. Ripens late autumn. Connecticut. Delices d’Hardenpont of Angers. Medium, obovate-turbinate, sometimes conic, approaching pyriform; greenish-yellow, with some russet; stalk short, thick, fleshy at insertion; cavity little or none; calyx and basin small; flesh slightly coarse, juicy, rich, perfumed. October, November. Defais. Size medium, obovate, or short Doyenné form, sometimes obscurely pyriform ; waxen yellow, with a bright red cheek; stalk curved, cavity broad and deep; calyx large, basin broad and deep; buttery and melting, sweet, rich, perfumed. October, November. Fig. 671. Dillen. Large, oblong-pyramidal, pyriform; fine yellow, russeted, dotted; stalk short, thick, fleshy; calyx rarely open; basin mod- erate; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich. November, keeping into December. Downing. Medium, roundish-ovate; green, becoming yellow, thickly dotted; stalk short, obliquely set; basin small; flesh a little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. September. Duchesse Helene. Large, obovate, somewhat pyriform, oblique; green, becoming yellow, slightly russeted, rough; stalk short, underalip; basinnarrow; buttery, melting, rich, vinous, slightly astringent. October, November. Belgian. New. Dumortier. Medium, roundish obovate; dull yellow, somewhat: russeted; stalk long, slender, not sunk; calyx and basin small; flesh greenish-white, juicy, melting, rich, aromatic, perfumed. Sepember.—quickly decays. Belgian. Dundas. Size medium, short turbinate, sometimes obovate,. base flattened; skin yellow, with a brilliant blush; stalk an inch long, stout, not sunk; calyx small, basin wide, deep, and even; flesh half buttery, tender, melting, rich, perfumed. Mid-autumn. A handsome Belgian variety. Fig, 680. Dunmore. Large, oblong-obovate; surface greenish, with dots of brownish-red russet; stalk an inch and a half long, stout, fleshy at insertion, scarcely sunk in the obtuse and rounded base; calyx small, deep set; flesh buttery, melting, rich, often acid, sometimes astringent. Early autumn. English. _ Edmonds. Medium to large, obovate; surface irregular; stalk long, stout and fleshy toward the base, set in a moderate, knobby cavity; basin ribbed or uneven; flesh yellowish-white, very fine- grained, melting, with a sweet, peculiar, excellent flavor. Sep- tember. Shoots very stout, greenish-brown; leaves thick, folded, recurved. Rochester, N. Y. Introduced by Ellwanger & Barry. New. Fig. 70: Figue de Naples. (Fig Pear of Naples.) Medium, or rather large, oblong-obovate, sometimes slightly obovate-pyriform, base verv obtuse; surface yellowish-brown, with a faint reddish cheek; stalk an inch long, fleshy at insertion; basin broad, shallow, smooth, THE PEAR. 529 flesh buttery, not rich, becoming dry unless kept from the air. Ripens late autumn. Hardy and productive. Flemish Beauty.* (Belle de Flandres.) Large, obovate, often obscurely tapering to the crown, very obtuse; surface slightly rough, with some reddish-brown russet on pale yellow ground ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, rather slender; cavity round, deep, narrow, often acuminate, rim obtusely rounded; basin small, round; flesh juicy, melting, often with a very rich, sweet, and excellent flavor, but variable, and sometimes not high- ‘flavored ; needs house-ripening. Early fall. Shoots dark brown, diverging, and ascending; growth vigorous. The fruit often cracks badly unless the trees are sprayed. Belgium. Fig. 715. FIG. 713.—Washington. FIG. 714.—Laure de Glymes. FIG. 715.—Flemish Beauty. FIG. 716.—Howell. FIG. 717.—Gray Doyenné. Fondante Malines. Medium, roundish-obovate; greenish, netted with russet, becoming rich yellow when ripe; stalk stout, long, curved, scarcely sunk; calyx small, closed; flesh buttery, melt- ing, sweet, perfumed. Late autumn. Frederick Clapp. Medium large, round-obovate; clear lemon yellow; flesh fine grained, melting, sprightly, rich, aromatic, very good. Mid-season, Excellent for dessert or market. Massa- chusetts. Golden Beurre of Bilboa. (Bilboa, Hooper’s Bilboa.) Rather large, obovate, slightly pyriform, rather obtuse, very regular; surface smooth, fair, fine yellow, russeted round the stalk; dots small, distinct; stalk an inch and a quarter long, slightly sunk ; calyx small, erect, basin shallow ; flesh fine grained, very buttery, melting, moderately rich—sometimes an obscure acid astringency. Ripens the first of autumn, and immediately follows the Bartlett. Shoots yellow, ascending. A native of Bilboa, Spain. Gray Doyenné.* (Doyenné Gris, Gray Butter Pear, Red Doyenné, 4 530 THE PEAR. Doyenné Rouge, St. Michael Doré.) Size medium, obovate, of- ten approaching turbinate; whole surface a handsome, smooth cinnamon russet; stalk half to three-quarters of an inch long; cavity quite narrow; calyx small, closed; flesh with a very fine texture, very buttery, melting, rich, perfumed, delicious, excel- lent. Middle of autumn to winter. Shoots yellowish or grayish brown, ascending. Fails by cracking in many localities. France. Fig. 717. Hagerman. Medium, or small, roundish ovate; yellow, with a brownish-red cheek ; stalk short, stout; basin shallow; flesh juicy, melting, quality very good. September. Origin, Long Island. Hanners. Medium, oblong-obovaie; yellowish-green, becoming pale yellow; stalk stout; flesh juicy, melting, very good. Sep- tember. Hardy.* Large, long obovate, sometimes obscurely pyriform; skin greenish, with thin brown russet; stalk an inch long, cavity small, uneven, oblique; basin shallow; buttery, somewhat melting, rich, slightly sub-acid, good. October. Tree a strong grower, succeeds well on quince. Heathcot. (Gore’s Heathcot.) Medium size, obovate, regular (Buffum form), base obtuse; surface greenish-yellow, partly over- spread with thin russet; stalk an inch long, rather stout; cavity moderate or small; calyx partly closed; basin small; flesh fine grained, buttery, with a rich, perfumed, and excellent flavor— sometimes hardly first-rate. Early mid-autumn. Shoots slender, upright, reddish-brown. Very productive and profitable. Origin, Waltham, Mass. Fig. 672. 5 Henkel. Medium or rather large, round-obovate, remotely pyri- form, with a very short neck, obtuse; surface yellow, often a clear pale yellow, sometimes partly russeted; stalk an inch anda half long, slightly sunk; basin small, even; flesh yellowish-white, buttery, melting, juicy, sprightly, fine, sometimes only second- rate. Shoots long, slender, erect, yellowish-brown; leaves small. Belgian. Henry IV. (Ananas, Henri Quatre.) Rathersmall, round-obovate, somewhat turbinate; surface greenish-yellow, often somewhat russeted, sometimes a dark reddish-brown cheek; stalk an inch and a fourth long, slender, usually fleshy at insertion, not sunk; basin shallow, abrupt; calyx closed; flesh juicy, melting, rich, perfumed, mostly first-rate flavor. Needs house-ripening. Early in autumn. Shoots diverging or spreading, yellowish-brown. Very productive. Fig. 679. : Hericart. Medium, obovate, somewhat oblong and irregular, yel- low, partly russeted; stalk slender, an inch or more long; cavity small, basin shallow; flesh fine-grained, buttery, often gritty and slightly astringent, not rich, but with a peculiar aromatic flavor. End of September. Howell.* Rather large, wide-obovate, sometimes with a short ob- scure neck; light yellow, frequently with a handsome cheek, dots minute; stalk rather long and stout, a little fleshy at insertion, scarcely sunk; calyx in a small, smooth basin; flesh white, melt- LD EVI NV a) Bed 5 531 ing, buttery, moderately rich, aromatic, somewhat variable in quality. Tree a strong grower, fruit remarkably fair, mid- autumn. Shoots brown, strong, erect, and ascending. New Haven, Conn. Fig. 716. Hull. Medium size, obovate, rounded at base; skin yellowish- green, some russeted; stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender, not sunk; basin shallow; flesh melting, juicy, slightly gritty at core, sweet, often fine, sometimes poor. Shoots yellow, - diverging, somewhat irregular. Origin, Swansea, Mass. A great bearer. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. (Fontenay Jalousie.) Size me- dium, conic-turbinate, approaching thick-pyriform ; surface a pale dull yellowish-green, more or less russeted, often a faint red cheek; stalk an inch long, often oblique, not sunk; calyx closed, stiff; basin small, round; flesh buttery, melting, mild, rich, fine flavored. Ripens at mid-autumn. Shoots greenish, rather erect, leaves long. French. Johonnot. Rather small, roundish-obovate, sometimes nearly round, irregular; skin pale greenish-yellow and yellowish-brown, faintly tusseted; stalk about an inch long, thick, oblique, fleshy at inser- tion, not sunk; basin round; flesh rather coarse, melting, buttery, tich, of fine flavor. Early mid-autumn. Origin, Salem, Mass. The value of this fine little pear is lessened by the slow growth of the tree. Shoots reddish. short, diverging. Jules Bivort. Rather large, obovate, or nearly Doyenné form; skin yellow, thickly dotted, and with much cinnamon russet; stalk long, inclined; cavity broad; basin small; flesh firm, buttery, juicy, very rich, excellent, perfumed. November. Belgian. Kingsessing.* Large, broad, obovate, or Doyenné form, approach- ing pyriform; greenish-yellow, thickly dotted; stalk medium or long, curved ; cavity broad, uneven; calyx closed; basin shallow, irregular; flesh granular, buttery, melting, with a sweet, very good flavor. September. Shoots rather érect, greenish; leaves recurved. Pennsylvania. A tardy bearer. Fig. 663. Kirtland. Rather small, roundish-obovate: covered with a rich russet, often reddened in the sun; stalk short, stout, often fleshy at insertion; calyx partly open, basin shallow; flesh buttery, very rich, perfumed, somewhat resembling its parent, the Seckel. Often rots at core, and does not always soften well; requires early gathering. First of September. Ohio. Laure de Glymes. Medium or large, turbinate, or nearly Blood- good-shaped ; whole surface nearly covered with russet, becoming rich orange-yellow at maturity; stalk nearly an inch long, fleshy at base, not sunk; basin shallow, smooth; flesh buttery, high flavored, perfumed, very good. Middle of autumn, sometimes continuing quite late. Belgian. Lyon. Size medium, Doyenné-shaped; skin yellow, thick, smooth, with a blush, finely dotted, russeted about the stalk; stalk scarcely sunk; calyx nearly closed; basin small; flesh coarse, a little gritty at core, vinous, very good. Resembles Buffum in tree and pro- ductiveness, but less dry and two weeks earlier. Newport, R. I. 532 THE PEAR. Moore. (Moore’s Pound, Hosenshenck.) Large, obovate or nearly round; skin smooth, green, becoming rich yellow, with a slight blush, thinly and minutely dotted; stalk short, not sunk; basin small, wrinkled; flesh juicy, melting, rich, vinous. Ripens in September, and keeps well. Tree vigorous, productive. Mount Vernon.* (Walker’s Seedling.) Medium, obovate, irregular ; dull brownish russet, with a red cheek; stalk very short, oblique, scarcely sunk; basin shallow, smooth; flesh greenish-white, a little coarse, rich, vinous, aromatic. October, November. Rox- bury, Mass. Omer Pacha. Medium, turbinate, smaller specimens roundish- turbinate; skin green, partly russeted around the stalk; juicy, buttery, vinous. First of September. Oswego Beurre. Size medium, obtuse oval-obovate, regular; sur- face yellowish-green, with some thin russet; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, stout, deep set; calyx small, erect, or closed; basin smooth; flesh melting, juicy, with a fine, sprightly vinous flavor at first, becoming nearly sweet. Ripens from mid-autumn till winter, often cracks badly. ‘Tree vigorous, hardy, very pro- ductive. Origin, Oswego, N. Y. Petré. Medium size, obovate, sometimes slightly obovate-pyriform or truncate-conic, base or stalk end wide or obtuse; surface pale yellow, often slightly russeted, with a reddish-brown cheek; stalk about an inch long, rather stout, cavity obtuse at bottom; basin small, smooth; flesh fine-grained, sometimes slightly gritty, but- tery, melting, rich, sweet, perfumed, often excellent—variable in quality from first to second rate. Ripens at mid-autumn. Growth moderate, shoots rather slender, yellowish. Philadelphia. Large, roundish-obovate, broad, remotely approach- ing Diel form; skin yellow, thickly dotted, sometimes partly rus- seted; stalk stout, cavity abrupt; basin broad, uneven; flesh coarse, buttery, melting, with a very good flavor, slightly per- fumed. September. Preble. Large, oblong, obovate; greenish-yellow, somewhat rus- seted; stalk an inch long, stout, a little sunk; flesh buttery, melt- ing, with a rich, high flavor. October, November. Maine. Raymond. Medium, obovate or Doyenné-shaped ; skin yellow; stalk an inch long, scarcely sunk; basin shallow; flesh buttery, melting, excellent. September. Maine. Seckel.* Small, obovate, sometimes obscurely conic-pyriform, reg- ular; skin brownish green, becoming rich yellowish brown, with a deep brownish-red cheek; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity and basin small; flesh very fine-grained, sweet, very juicy, melting, buttery, the richest and highest flavored pear known. Although of slow growth and small size, like the Green Gage among plums, it is regarded as the standard of excellence. Its high musky perfume is not, however, agreeable to all. Early mid-autumn. Shoots stout, short, ascending; tree very hardy. Needs rich cultivation. Origin, near Philadelphia, Pa., and suc- ceeds well throughout the Northern, Middle, and Western States, and is remarkably free from the blight. THE PEAR. / 533 Serrurier. (Fondante de Millot.) Medium, conic-obovate, obtuse ; yellow, thickly dotted, slightly russeted ; stalk rather short; cavity small, basin shallow; flesh slightly granular, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. September, October. Shepard. (Shepard’s Seedling.) Medium or large, obovate, ribbed toward the crown; yellow, slightly russeted, thickly dotted; stalk an inch leng, slightly sunk; calyx erect, basin ribbed; flesh very melting and buttery, of a fine, agreeable flavor. Early October. Dorchester, Mass. St. Andre. Size medium, obovate-turbinate, crown blunted; skin greenish-yellow, slightly dotted red; stalk an inch long, fleshy at insertion; basin shallow; flesh greenish-white, fine-grained, but- tery and melting, perfumed, excellent. September. Bark cracks. Sterling. Medium or rather large, roundish-obovate, sometimes obscurely pyriform; light yellow, often with a little russet, anda red cheek; stalk long and stout, inserted in a slight cavity bya fleshy ring, basin shallow, uneven; flesh rather coarse, juicy, half melting, good. First of September. The strong upright growth and productiveness of the tree, and the handsome appearance of the truit, render the Sterling a market variety, although not stand- ing very high in quality. Origin, Livingston County, N. Y. Superfine.* Medium, roundish-obovate with a small, narrow neck tapering into the stalk; greenish-yellow, somewhat russeted and sometimes a brownish cheek; very juicy and melting, with a rich, | agreeable, vinous, and sub-acid flavor. October. ‘Tree vigorous. Grows well on quince. France. Surpasse Virgalieu. Medium obovate, sometimes roundish-obovate ; pale yellow, dots few, minute; sometimes faintly reddened to the sun; stalk medium; cavity moderate, oblique; basin small; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, high-flavored, excellent. Tea. Medium, roundish-obovate, approaching pyriform; yellow, numerously dotted; stalk rather stout, cavity small, calyx half closed; basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, very good. First of September. Milford, Conn. Thompson. Medium in size, obovate, slightly pyriform; yellow, slightly russeted; stalk an inch long, or less, stout; calyx stiff, scarcely cut; buttery, melting, and fine flavored. Late autumn. Van Assche. ‘ (Van Assene.) Rather large, broad, obovate, slightly angular; crown obtuse, sides rounded; skin fair, smooth, dull yellow; stalk an inch and a quarter long, slender, curved, moder- ately sunk; calyx closed; flesh white, rather coarse, buttery, melt- ing, rich. Shoots light brownish-purple, diverging; leaves con- siderably serrated. Belgian. Vermont Beauty.* Medium, obovate, yellow, bright carmine cheek, russeted ; flesh rich and juicy, sweet, very good. Ripens after Seckel. Very hardy. Vermont. Washington.* Medium in size, oblong-obovate, obtuse, sometimes slightly obtuse-pyriform; surface smooth, clear yellow, hand- somely marked with conspicuous red dots on the sunny side, silghtly russeted round the stalk, which is an inch and a fourth 534 THE PEAR. long, and slightly sunk; calyx small, partly closed, basin shallow ; flesh very juicy, melting, slightly breaking, with a rich, unusually sweet, perfumed, excellent flavor. Early in autumn. Growth vigorous, shoots brown speckled, straight, erect, and diverging. Fruit always fair, but varies in size and form—esteemed most by those who like a very sweet flavor. Delaware. Westcott. Size medium, roundish-obovate: green, becoming yel- low; flesh melting, juicy, good; not worthy of extension. Early in autumn. Origin, Cranston, R. I. Wilbur. Medium in size, frequently rather small; obovate, regular, often obovate-pyriform; skin a dull green and russet; stalk three- fourths to one inch long, cavity very small; calyx prominent, scarcely sunk; flesh rather coarse, melting, juicy, pleasant, often slightly astringent, varying. Early autumn. Shoots slender, yellowish-brown. Origin, Somerset, Mass. Wilkinson. Size medium, obovate, narrowed somewhat toward the crown, largest in the middle; skin smooth, bright yellow; stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout, scarcely sunk; calyx stiff, short, basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, of good flavor. Ripens from mid-autumn to winter. Shoots long, stout, upright, greenish-yellow; tree thrifty, hard, productive. A good second-rate variety. Often fails bycracking. Rhode Island. White Doyenné.* (Butter Pear of Pennsylvania, Virgalieu of New York, St. Michael of Boston, Yellow Butter, white Beurré, Doyenné, Doyenné Blanc.) Medium or rather large, regular obovate, obtuse, sometimes remotely pyriform; surface pale yel- low, often a faint blush, stalk about an inch long, scarcely sunk; calyx small, basin shallow; flesh of very fine texture, white, but- tery, melting, rich, and excellent. Middle to lateautumn. Shoots ascending, grayish-yellow; leaves folded, recurved. It fails by cracking in many localities, but in portions of the Western States it is unsurpassed in its excellent qualities of hardy growth, fair fruit, delicious flavor, and great productiveness. France. North of forty-two degrees of latitude, it becomes a late autumn fruit, and may be kept into winter. Fig. 7109. Cuass III. RounpisH or OBLATE. Church. Size medium, roundish oblate, with a very short neck, irregular; yellow, with minute dots; stalk rather long ana stout, scarcely sunk; basin broad and skallow, slightly furrowed; flesh fine, very buttery, melting, with a very sweet, rich, and excellent flavor. Ripens through September. Tree vigorous and spread- ing, uniformly productive, and fruit unvarying in good quality. New Rochelle, N. Y. Fig. 720. Des Nonnes. (Beurré de Brignais.) Size medium, roundish- turbinate, obtuse; greenish-yellow becoming clear yellow with many dots; stalk long, rather slender, a little curved, slightly sunk; ‘calyx rather small, often closed in a smiall wrinkled basin; juicy and exceedingly melting when at perfection, very sweet, THE PEAR. ‘yo perfumed, with an excellent, delicate flavor. Variable, sometimes quite moderate. September. Fig. 722. Fulton. Rathersmallor nearly medium; roundish, crown flattened ; whole surface a smooth gray russet,becoming a dark cinnamon russet; stalk an inch and a quarter long, slender, cavity round, rather narrow; calyx long, deep cut, basin uneven; flesh half buttery, melting, rich. sprightly, agreeable, nearly or quite first- FIG. 718.—Robin. FIG. 719. FIG. 720. FIG, 721. FIG. 722. White Doyenné. Church, Sheldon. Des Nonnes. rate. Ripens middle and late autumn. Shoots rather slender, reddish brown. Tree very hardy and productive. Valuable. Origin, Topsham, Me. Fig. 684. Gansel Bergamot. (BrocasBergamot.) Rather large, sometimes only medium ; roundish-oblate, more or less approaching obovate, flattened most at crown; skin yellowish-brown, with a faint russet brown blush; stalk short, half or three-fourths of an inch long, ends often fleshy; cavity and basin smooth; flesh granular, melt- ing, juicy, rich, sweet, perfumed, with a very good flavor. Ripens through several of the early weeks of autumn. Shoots short, dark gray, spreading; leaves flat, mealy. English. Fig. 683. Goubalt. Rather small or medium, roundish-oblate, with a slight neck ; greenish-yellow; stalk long, cavity small, calyx large; basin shallow; juicy, not high-flavored. September. ‘Tree vigorous, an early and great bearer. Fig. 682. Huntington. Size medium, roundish, approaching obovate ; yellow, rough, sometimes shaded crimson, slightly russeted, thickly dotted; stalk medium or long; cavity broad, uneven; basin mod- 536 THE PEAR. erate; flesh white, juicy, buttery, and melting, sweet, perfumed, excellent. Last half of September. Origin, New Rochelle, N. Y. Idaho. (Mulkey.) Large, nearly round, regular; golden yellow, many russet dots; cavity irregular, rather deep; basin shallow, pointed; flesh melting, juicy, sprightly, vinous, very good. Early autumn. Idaho. Fig. 725. Merriam. Rather large, roundish, approaching oblate ; rich yellow, partly russeted; stem short, cavity small, calyx closed: basin shallow, furrowed ; flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed, very good. Middle of autumn. Popular at Boston. FIG. 723.—Stevens’ Genesee. FIG. 724._Le Conte. FIG. 725.—Idaho. Robin. Size above medium, round, nearly regular, or obscurely and obtusely ribbed: skin pale yellow, usually russeted about the crown; stalk an inch and a half long, generally set. in a rather deep, smooth cavity, sometimes merely planted on the surface; calyx in a smooth or scarcely furrowed basin; flesh buttery, melt- ing, with a fine, “very good” flavor. Shoots brownish-green, rather erect. Fig. 718. Roe’s Bergamotte. Medium, oblate, irregular; skin yellow, red- dened to the sun; stalk short, cavity narrow, abrupt; calyx small, basin narrow; flesh rather coarse, sweet, rich, perfumed. Sep- tember. Shoots dark reddish brown, diverging, leaves small, somewhat curled. Newburg, N. Y. Sheldon.* Medium or large, roundish, sometimes approaching broad obovate; greenish-russet becoming cinnamon brown; stalk short, cavity narrow; basin smooth, rather deep; flesh a little coarse, very melting, juicy, with a very brisk, vinous, excellent THE PEAR. Sod! flavor. October. ‘Tree vigorous, shoots ascending, :yellowish- brown. It requires double working on the quince. New York. Fig. 721. Stevens’ Genesee.* Large, round-obovate, often considerably flat- tened; skin slightly rough, yellow; stalk an inch long, stout, thickest at insertion, more or less sunk in the base; calyx short, stiff, basin smooth; flesh moderately fine-grained, half buttery, slightly granular, with arich, very good flavor. Ripens the first of autumn and for some time afterward. Rots at core when not gathered early. Shoots gray, leaves narrow. Origin, Livingston County, N. Y. Fig. 723. DIVISION III.—WINTER PEARS. Cxiass I. Distinct PyRriForM. Aremburg. Medium or large, short pyriform, sometimes approach- ing conic-obovate, neck rather small; skin thick, greenish-yellow, partly russeted; stalk short or half an inch to an inch long, thick, oblique, thickening with flesh toward insertion; calyx erect; basin deep, narrow; flesh buttery, melting, rich, sub-acid, varia- ble. Often too astringent. November and December. Bachelier and Dumas, described among autumn pears, pages 516 and 519, often keep into winter and become winter varieties. Barry.* Large, long pyriform; skin orange-yellow, covered with russet dots and blotches; flesh juicy, buttery, rich, best. Resem- bles Anjou in texture and Winter Nelis in color. Tree a poor grower and must be double worked. Late winter. One of the best winter varieties, extensively grown in California for Eastern markets. It has there supplanted Nelis tosome extent. Cali- fornia. Black Worcester. (Iron Pear, Black Pear of Worcester.) Large pyriform (Diel-shaped), sometimes approaching oblong-ovate; surface mostly covered with dark rough russet on a light green surface; stalk half an inch toaninch and a half long; cavity none; calyx erect, basin small; flesh hard, coarse, rich, somewhat aus- tere; stews and bakes well. An esteemed culinary sort, bearing heavy crops, and proving profitable for market. Late autumn till midwinter. Growth very crooked and straggling. Fig. 655. Catiliac. Large, short, conic-pyriform, approaching broad-turbi- nate; crown bread, flattened; yellow, often with a reddish-brown cheek; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, stout, cavity small, wavy; calyx short, erect, or spread, basin large, plaited ; flesh hard, but excellent for baking and stewing, becoming tender, and of a light red color. Keeps through winter. French. Chaumontel. (Bezi de Chaumontelle, Winter Butter.) Large, pyriform, body oblong or ovate, neck short, obtuse, often quite obscure, and the form approaching obovate or oblong—largest at the middle; skin a little rough, yellowish in the shade, with more or less brownish-red, and rich deep red in the sun; stalk an inch long, moderately sunk; basin deep, uneven, or angular; flesh 538 THE PEAR. buttery, melting, sugary, with a fine flavor. Requires warm, rich cultivation to develop its good qualities, often poor. Shoots long, slender, dark brown. Grows well on the quince. Early winter. Old French. Clairgeau.* Large, pyramidal-pyriform, approaching long obovate, _ skin yellow or yellowish-brown, often with a crimson shade toward the sun, and brown dots; stalk short, stout, fleshy, oblique, sunk little or none; basin shallow, furrowed; flesh white, slightly gran- ular, buttery, meltlng, often with a rich, very good flavor, but fre- quently poor. November, December. Shoots reddish-purple, short, erect, and ascending; leaves stiff. Fig. 727. France. Colmar. (Colmar Souverain, Colmar Hardenpont, Colmar Gris.) Medium or rather large, distinct pyriform; skin yellowish-green, becoming pale yellow, often lightly sprinkled with russet; stalk an inch and a quarter long, cavity obtuse or none, calyx erect, basin moderate ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, and when well grown and ripened of excellent, first-rate flavor—but if FIG. 726.—Glout Morceau. FIG. 727.—Ciairgeau. FIG. 728.—Colmar. small and badly matured or overloaded trees, the quality is worth- less. ‘The tree overbears, and the fruit needs thorough thinning. Leaves rather small, nearly fat. Early winter. Belgian. Fig. 728. Fondante de Noel. (Belle Apres Noel.) Medium or rather small, obtuse-pyriform; pale greenish-yellow, with a red cheek; stalk long, stout, curved, oblique; calyx closed; basin broad, shallow, irregular. Shoots greenish yellow, growth resembles Passe Col- mar; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, very good. A seeding of the Passe Colmar, ripening earlier, and of similar flavor—a fine late autumn and early winter sort. Belgian. THE PEAR. 539 Glout Morceau.* (Gloux Morceaux, Beurré d’ Hardenpont, Colmar d’Hiver, Hardenpont d’Hiver, Linden d’Automne.) Large, short, pyriform, approaching obtuse-oval, neck very short and obtuse, body large, and tapering somewhat toward the crown; often considerably ribbed ; surface green, becoming pale greenish- yellow ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, moderately sunk ; calyx large, basin distinct, rather irregular; flesh white, fine- grained, buttery, melting, rich, sweet, and of fine flavor. Early winter. Succeeds best on the quince. Shoots spreading, green- ish; leaves wavy or wrinkled. Variable, sometimes poor, best on trees of several years’ bearing; excellent when fully grown and well ripened. Fig. 726. Belgium. Goubalt. Rather large, roundish-pyriform, approaching roundish- ‘ obovate, pale dull yellow, russeted at stalk and calyx; stalk short, thick, calyx small, deeply sunk; melting, juicy, rich, aromatic. December to February. Shoots greenish yellow, slightly purple, a slow grower. Fig. 682. Inconnue Van Mons. Small, conic-pyriform (Madeleine-shaped), approaching obovate; skin rough, green, becoming yellowish, sprinkled with russet; stalk rather long, curved, slightly sunk; basin small; flesh granular, juicy, melting, rich. Early winter. Fig. 668. jJaminette. (Josephine.) Medium orrather large, obovate-pyriform, approaching obovate, small specimens roundish-turbinate, varying ; crown broad; skin yellowish-green, with some brownish-russet, dots numerous,’ often confluent; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, thick; cavity little or none; calyx small, erect, stiff; basin round, even, flesh juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, of good flavor. Late autumn and early winter. Shoots somewhat reddish-green, erect, diverging. Origin, Metz,in France. A very strong grower on the quince. Langelier.* Size full medium, pyriform or Urbaniste-shaped; pale yellow, slightly russeted; stalk short, cavity smal}; basin some- what irregular; flesh juicy, buttery, melting, with a sweet, rich, slightly vinous flavor. Early winter. Tree a good grower on pear andquince. Alight beareron young trees. Shoots greenish, often upright, irregular; leaves broad. Fig. 665. England. Las Canas. Size medium, regular pyriform, somewhat conic (Tyson-shaped) ; neck tapering into the stalk; skin yellow, some- times sprinkled with thin russet, rarely with russet blotches, dots small and numerous; stalk aninch long; calyx slightly sunk; flesh juicy, often good. Fig. 657. Lawrence.* Size medium, pyriform, approaching obovate, some- what uneven; lemon-yellow with numerous small dots; stalk an inch long, set in a small basin, ribbed; flesh whitish, buttery, with a rich, aromatic, very good flavor. December. Growth moderate, spreading. Shoots yellowish-green. An early and good bearer, and unexcelled as a valuable early winter sort. It ripens easily, and is of uniform excellence. Fig. 736. New York. Lycurgus. Smail, pyriform, approaching obovate, narrowing off to the crown; dark, dull green, rough, russeted; stalk short, slender, 540 THE PEAR. twisted, not sunk; calyx large, slightly sunk; flesh greenish- white, a little coarse, rich, very high-flavored. December. A supposed seedling of the Seckel. McLaughlin. Large, pyramidal-pyriform, often roundish-oboyate when small; skin rough, partly russeted, greenish, becoming yel- low; stalk short, oblique, not sunk; basin shallow; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, rich, perfumed. Early winter. Maine. Pater Noster. Large or medium, pyriform approaching pyramidal, somewhat irregular; yellow, often russeted, sometimes with a red cheek; stalk an inch long, fleshy at insertion, scarcely sunk; basin narrow; flesh buttery and melting, fine-grained, rich, slightly sub- acid, often a little astringent. Early winter. Shoots short, greenish-purple, erect. Often ripens wholly in autumn. Pound. (Winter Bell, Uvedale’s St. Germain, Angora.) Very large, pyriform, crown wide; skin yellowish-green, with a brown cheek; stalk two inches long, calyx crumpled, basin narrow; flesh solid, hard, poor, stems reddish color; a good culinary pear. Tree strong, healthy, productive. Shoots stout, upright, dark. Europe. Fig. 65r. Reading. Rather large, pyriform, regular, tapering somewhat to the crown, often ribbed; thickly dotted and slightly russeted, on a greenish-yellow skin; stalk long, curved, enlarged at insertion, slightly sunk; basin little or none; flesh granular, rather melting, juicy, vinous, pleasant, good. January, and later. Shoots brown- ish-olive, rather erect, long, slender. Pennsylvania. St. Germain. Large, long pyriform, small specimens obovate; sar- face yellowish-green, faintly tinged with brown to the sun; stalk an inch long, oblique; basin small and shallow; flesh white, slightly gritty, juicy, melting, sub-acid. Fails in many localities, and becomes a poor fruit. Late autumn and early winter. Shoots slender, light olive, leaves narrow, folded, and recurved. The striped St. Germain is a sub-variety, differing only in its faint yel- low stripes. Suzette de Bevay. Rather small, obovate-pyriform, inclining to conic; dull yellow, dots minute; stalk long, curved, basin shallow, uneven; flesh melting, vinous, perfumed. January to March. Belgian. Vicar of Winkfield.* (Le Curé, Monsieur le Curé, Clion.) Quite large, long pyriform, with a conical taper toward the crown; skin smooth, pale yellow, or pale yellowish-green, with a dull reddish cheek; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, slender, often fleshy at insertion, oblique not sunk; basin narrow, very shallow ; flesh greenish or yellowish-white, juicy, buttery, with a moderate flavor—sometimes slightly astringent. Ripens late autumn and early winter, for about two months. Growth spreading and irreg- ular, or straggling; shoots strong, dark olive. Grows well on quince stocks. The great and uniform productiveness of this pear, its fine qualities for cooking, and the long period of its con- tinuance, render it valuable. France. Fig. 646. THE PEAR. 541 Willermoz. Rather large, pyriform, elongated toward the crown; skin rough, green, becoming yellow, dull red to the sun; stalk one inch long, not sunk; basin moderate, rather distinct; flesh rather coarse, granular, buttery, somewhat acid, often astringent —variable. Early winter. Shoots greenish-purple, diverging; leaves dark green, Often ripens in autumn. Winter Nelis.* (Nelis d’Hiver, Bonne de Malines.) Size rather small or medium, roundish-pyriform, often obovate, neck small and short; surface yellowish-green, much russeted; stalk an inch and a quarter long, bent; cavity narrow; calyx stiff, short; basin shallow, ribbed; flesh yellowish-white, fine-grained, buttery, very melting, rich, sweet, or slightly vinous, perfumed, aromatic, with an excellent flavor. Early winter. Growth slender, flexu- ous, and straggling; leaves narrow, recurved ; petioles rather long. Origin, Mechlin, in Belgium. Fig. 737. Cxuass II. OxsscurE PyRIFORM, OBOVATE OR TURBINATE. > Alengon. (Doyennéd’Hiver Nouveau, Doyenné Gris d’ Hiver Nou- veau, St. Michael d’Hiver.) Medium, obovate, approaching pyri- form when large, skin rough; yellow, with russet or brown dots; stalk medium, stout, moderately sunk, basin deep; flesh some- what granular, buttery, juicy, rich, sprightly. December to April. Although not of the highest flavor, this pear is one of the most valuable and reliable of good-keeping winter pears. Alexandre Lambre. Size medium, roundish-obovate; yellowish- green marbled with red toward the sun; stalk stout, not sunk; basin shallow; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, rich, sometimes very good, frequently poor. November, December. Shoots slender, yellowish, spreading. Anjou.* Commences ripening in autumn. See Autumn Pears. Brande’s St. Germain. Size medium, obovate, often considerably pyriform, narrowing to both ends, smooth and regular; skin yel- lowish-green, thickly dotted with large russet specks; stalk an inch long, thick, obliquely set; calyx small, stiff, erect; basin small, narrow, often none; flesh buttery, melting, yellow toward the core, with a pleasant, slightly acid, good, or very good flavor. Early winter. English. Columbia.* (Columbian Virgalieu, Columbia Virgouleuse.) Large, long obovate, regular, handsomely rounded or obtuse, largest nearest the middle; surface pale green, becoming pale yel- low, always smooth and fair ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, rather slender; cavity narrow, deep; calyx erect, basin small; flesh white, melting, and buttery, of moderately rich flavor. Ripens early winter. Growth upright, vigorous, shoots brownish yellow. The large, handsome fruit, and the great productiveness of the tree, have rendered this variety popular and profitable for market, although not high in quality. It does not appear to succeed so well as far north as Boston or Rochester as farther south. A native of Westchester County, N. Y. 542 THE PEAR. Coter. Size medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform, nearly regular ; light yellowish-green, brown in the sun, somewhat russeted ; stalk an inch long, without cavity ; segments of the calyx distinct and widely reflexed; basin round, moderate; flesh white, rather coarse, buttery, rich, slightly perfumed, very good. Late autumn. Belgian. Dana’s Hovey.* Rather small, obovate, slightly pyriform ; rich yel- low, with some cinnamon russet; stalk medium, slightly sunk, basin shallow; flesh buttery and melting, of excellent quality. December. Shoots stout, erect. Massachusetts. Easter Beurré.* (Doyenné d’Hiver, Bergamotte de la Pentacéte, Beurré de la Pentacote, Beurré de Paques, Chaumontel trés gros, Canning Seigneur d’Hiver.) Large, obovate, approaching oval; surface yellowish-green, with some russet; often a broad, dull reddish cheek; stalk stout, an inch long; cavity deep, sometimes FIG. 729.—Josephine de Malines. FIG. 730.—Sieulle, Fic. 731.—Kieffir. F1G. 732.—Koonce. obtuse, abrupt; calyx small, closed in a moderate or rather shal- low, plaited basin; flesh fine-grained, very buttery, melting, and juicy, and when well grown and ripened, of excellent flavor. It does not often mature well in the Northern States. Keeps through winter. Growth moderate, rather upright, shoots reddish-yel- low ; leaves narrow, folded, recurved. Grows best on the quince. Europe. Fig. 735. Grand Soleil. Rathersmall, roundish-obovate, irregular, and vary- ing, mostly covered with a rich russet ; calyx small, closed; flesh yellowish-white, a little coarse, buttery, melting, aromatic, very rich. November and December. Belgian. THE PEAR. 543 Gris d’Hiver.* (Beurré Gris d’Hiver Nouveau, or “Gray Winter Beurré.”) Size medium, obovate, or short Doyenné-form, obtuse ; skin greenish, considerably russeted; stalk thick, short, cavity moderate, basin small; flesh greenish, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid—resembling in flavor the Beurré d’Aremberg, but rather richer and less acid. Early winter. Shoots purplish-red, leaves curled. French. Fig. 677. Jean de Witte. Size medium, flattened, obovate; stalk short, slightly sunk; basin small, calyx closed; skin yellowish green, partly russeted; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich. De- cember. Jones. (Jones’ Seedling.) Size medium or small, Bloodgood- shaped, or obovate, remotely pyriform ; surface rich yellow russet ; stalk an inch or an inch and a fourth in length, variable in thick- ness, fleshy at insertion, not sunk; basin shallow; flesh yellowish, melting, of fine flavor. Ripens late autumn and early winter. Shoots diverging and ascending. Origin, Kingsessing, near Phila- delphia. Productive and valuable. Fig. 733. FIG. 733.—Jones’ Seedling. FIG. 734.—Gregoire. FIG. 735.—Easter Beurré. FIG. 736.—Lawrence. FIG. 737.—Winter Nelis. Kieffer. Tree remarkably vigorous and very productive; fruit large to very large, oval, narrowing toward both ends; skin rich yellow, with a handsome red cheek in the South; flesh usually somewhat coarse, juicy, good to poor. Late fall to late winter. A cross between Bartlett and the Chinese Sand Pear. The beauty, vigor, and productiveness of this variety have estab- lished it as the most popular market variety of the country. It is excellent for canning, and is grown largely for that purpose. Unless properly ripened the quality of the fresh fruit is low; but if ripened slowly in a dark place it develops a good flavor. 544 THE PEAR. In some sections it fruits sparingly in large blocks unless another variety is intermingled. Wonderfully popular with growers and canners, but consumers are finding that it generally lacks flavor. Beautiful to look at but insipid. Fig. 731. Lewis. Size below medium, regular obovate, rarely obscure pyri- form; surface yellowish-green, thickly dotted with dull russet; stalk an inch and ahalf long, slender, scarcely sunk ; calyx widely reflexed, basin little or none; flesh greenish-white, melting, juicy, of fine, rich flavor. Core large. Early winter. Growth vigor- ous, branches becoming drooping. Profusely productive. Ori- gin, Roxbury, Mass. Prince Germain. Size medium, obovate, obtuse; surface much russeted on green, dull red to the sun; stalk an inch and a fourth long, cavity small; calyx large, stiff, slightly cut, basin smooth, shallow ; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with an agreeable and fine flavor. Keeps well, ripening through winter. Origin, Flushing, L. I. Vicomte de Spoelberch. (De Spoelberg, Delices Van Mons.) Medium or rather large, obovate, somewhat conic; skin slightly rough, yellow, with a purplish blotched cheek to the sun, very slightly russeted; stalk an inch anda fourth long, stout, curved, basin round, shallow; calyx erect, short; flesh buttery, melting, rich, fine. Needs high cultivation to develop its fine qualities. Early winter. Belgian. Zephirin Gregoire. Medium, turbinate, Bloodgood-shaped; light green becoming yellow, reddened next to the sun; stalk one inch long, fleshy at base; basin narrow; flesh white, buttery, melting, fine-grained, excellent, perfumed. November to February. Ciass III. RouNpDIsH OR OBLATE. Cross. Medium in size, roundish; surface yellow, often with a red cheek, and some russet; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, very thick, set shallow; calyx small, rather deeply sunk; flesh melting, juicy, with arich, high, fime flavor. Early winter. Shoots rather slender, a poor grower—of little value. Massachusetts. Josephine de Malines.* Size medium, conic-oblate; yellowish with small dots; stalk very long, cavity slight, basin large; flesh of a light salmon color toward the centre, buttery, of a sweet and peculiar flavor. ‘The tree forms a handsome pyramid on quince. This is one of the best early winter pears, often keeping till mid- winter and later. Belgian. Fig. 729. Sieulle. (Beurré Sieulle, Doyenné Sieulle.) Medium in size, roundish-oblate, often roundish-obovate, with a very short, obscure neck, obtuse; skin pale yellow, with a slight blush, and some- times a brilliant broad orange cheek; stalk thick, an inch anda quarter long; cavity shallow, rarely deep; calyx slightly sunk; flesh buttery, fine-grained, rich, of good, often of excellent qual- ity. Ripens late in autumn, and keepsto midwinter. Variable, uncertain. Fig. 730. : CHAP TE Reen XI. PLUMS. In no branch of pomology has greater progress been made the past twenty years than in the improvement and develop- ment of our native plums and in the introduction of foreign varieties. The bringing in of the Japanese plums marks an era in fruit culture in the United States. The number of new sorts of plums which have been added to the list under cultivation makes it necessary, for their in- | telligent selection and propagation, to amplify the classifica- tion of the varieties of this fruit from the simple division according to color, to one more scientific and accurate. The study and published conclusions of such leading investigators as Bailey, of Cornell University, Goff, of Wisconsin, Waugh, of Vermont, Craig, of lowa, and Mr. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., have made this a comparatively easy matter. PROPAGATION. Seedlings. —As with most fruits, plums rarely come true from seed, although some varieties vary but little from the parent stock. The stones should be selected from the choicest kinds and treated in planting precisely as directed for the peach, but greater care must be exercised to prevent their drying, which occurs much in consequence of their smaller size and thinner skin. Itis better to crack them, without which many will not vegetate the first year. Stocks.—The stocks heretofore used for growing plums have generally been seedlings of European type (especially the Myrobalan or cherry plum), which when the varieties of the European plums do well are usually satisfactory, although upon light or unfavorable soils they are apt to produce feeble and slowly growing seedlings. For the Southern States the peach stock is generally used, and in the Northern States and throughout the country generally seedlings of the best of the 35 545 546 PLUMS. Americana group, in consequence of their greater hardiness, are perhaps most desirable. The Myrobalan is extensively used in the North. Marianna is used in the South, since it grows readily from cuttings. The best stock for plums is a confused subject. Grafting and Budding.—Crown grafting is recommended by some experimenters and growers. The scions should be cut in the fall, three or four buds to each (see pages 30 and 31, for direction for keeping through the winter). Put in the scions early in the spring before there are any signs of the buds start- ing. Budding must be performed while the stocks are at the period of their most vigorous growth, provided sufficiently matured buds can be found, which is usually soon after mid- summer. If deferred, the bark will not peel freely, and the buds will not adhere. CULTIVATION. Soil.—The best soil, usually, is a strong, rich, clayey loam. On many light soils the tree grows with less vigor, independ- ently of which the crop is more frequently destroyed by the curculio, a pervious soil affording a more ready place of shelter for the young insects, on their escape from the fallen fruit. A few varieties are well adapted to rather dry as well as light lands. Applications of potash and ground bone, as usual with other fruits, is of advantage in increasing the fruitfulness of the plum. In planting orchards, a suitable distance is one rod apart, giving one hundred and sixty trees to the acre. The ground should be manured and kept well cultivated, as the plum, especially when young, is sensitive to the effects of the weeds and grass of neglected culture. Lmpotency.—\It is well known that some of the native varie- ties are so deficient in fertile pollen, that they are almost in- capable of fertilizing themselves. It is therefore advised that all plantations of them be planted of two or more varieties, alternating the rows. PLUMS. 547 CLASSIFICATION. With but comparatively few exceptions the varieties of plums grown in gardens, and for commercial purposes, may be included in five groups. As this work aims to be of a practical rather than scientific character, these only will be considered. ‘They are NATIVE PLUMS. E The Americana Group—Prunus Americana. Comprises a class of hardy, vigorous young trees, the wild forms of which are found growing throughout the Northern States. The fruits differ widely in all their characteristics. De The Wild Goose Group—Prunus hortulana. This class has heretofore been included in the Americana, but it has recently been separated by Professor Bailey into an independ- ent group, and includes the Miner type. Ill. The Chickasaw Group—Prunus angustifolia. It is found growing wild in the Southern States. IW The European Group—Prunus domestica. Most of the finest plums which have been cultivated in the United States until quite recently belong to this class. They are all of European or Asiatic origin. Except in certain localities they are invaluable. The Myrobalan is very closely allied, and is much used for stocks. Me The Japanese Plums—Prunus triflora. These fruits were imported into the United States about twenty- five years ago, and have grown steadily in popularity. They are generally of large size, brilliantly colored, and variable in quality. Many seedlings and hybrids from this stock are being introduced. They are not all equally adapted for all sections of the country. Some are not hardy North, some bloom too early, and others do not do so well in the Southern States as farther North. 548 PLUMS. AMERICAN GROUP—PRUNUS AMERICANA. Division I. Rep, PURPLE, oR BLUE. American Eagle. Very large, roundish-oblong ; purplish red, cling, good. Early. Missouri. Beach Plum. Small, round; dark purple, covered with bloom; flesh brittle, juicy, sweet, freestone. Grows wild on the sand dunes of the coast from Maine to Virginia. It is a straggling bush, usually three to five feet high. Com- monly gathered to preserve. Ripens in August. Fruit of little value. It is Prunus Maritima, Fig. 738. Beaty. Large, round-oblong; red, purple; flesh firm, good, cling. Texas. Cheney.* Large to very large, round- oblong; dull purple red; skin thick; flesh firm, sweet, good, cling. Ripensin August. Wisconsin. Chippeway. Small, oblong; dark red; skin thick; flesh firm, sweet, free. Cottrell. Large, round-oblong; red, skin thin; flesh rich, good, cling. Minnesota. FIG. 738.—Beach Plum. Deep Creek.* Medium, round-oblong, flat- tened, sutured; dull purple-red, glaucous; skin thick; flesh firm, very sweet, good, free; stalk short. Kansas. De Soto.* Medium to large, round-oblong, slight suture; red, slight purplish bloom; skin thick; flesh orange color, firm, juicy, good, cling. Mid-season. Wisconsin. Hawkeye.* Large, round-oblong; purple-red; skin thick; flesh firm, good, cling. Mid-season. Iowa. Illinois. Large, oblong, dark red; skin thick; flesh firm, cling. Mid-season. Illinois. Itaska. Medium, oblong, purple-red; skin thick; flesh firm, cling. ‘Tree dwarf, strong grower, handsome. Minnesota. Lendloff. Small, flattened, oblong; deep red-mottled ; skin thick; flesh firm, sweet, good, nearly free. Minnescta. Louisa. Large, round; dark red; thick skin; flesh firm, good, semi-cling. Varies in appearance in different localities. Mid- season. Missouri. New Ulm. Very large, round-oblong; dark red; skin moderately thick; flesh firm, good, cling. Late. Minnesota. Peffer. Medium, round, red; skin thick; flesh firm, good, cling. Mid-season. Wisconsin. PLUMS. 549 Quaker.* Large, round-oblong, flattened; purple-red, orange on side, blue bloom; skin thick, astringent ; flesh firm, sweet, juicy, semi-cling, very good. Early. Requires good cultivation and thinning. Rollingstone.* Large, round, flattened, truncated at ends; mot- tled and spotted pink-purple; flesh firm, sweet, good, semi-cling. Mid-season. A very popular Western plum. Minnesota. Surprise. Large, oval, dark red, meaty, very good to best. Me- dium early. Bears well and sells well. Promising. Minnesota. Weaver.* Medium, oblong, flattened, dark-red purple bloom, dis- tinct suture, free, good canning plum. Mid-season. Iowa. Wier. Large red, medium, round, red; skin thin; flesh moder- ately firm, good for cooking. Illinois. Wyant.* Medium, round-oblong; purplish-red; skin thick; flesh firm, free. Jowa. Yosemite. Very large, round; red purple; skin thick; flesh firm, cling. Mid-season. Division I]. GREEN, WHITE, OR YELLOW. Forest Garden.* Large, round-oblong; orange-yellow, overlaid and dotted red; skin medium, thick; flesh moderately firm, orange color, fibrous, juicy, good, cling; stem slender, short. Tree forked and inclined to split. Not good east of Illinois. Good for home use. Mid-season. lowa. Gaylord. Large, round-oblong, slightly flattened ; orange, mottled red; skin thick; flesh soft, sweet, semi- cling. Late. Iowa. Ida. Medium, round; yellow, covered dull red; flesh firm, salmon color, very sweet, free. Tree sprawling, thorny. Illinois. Iona. Large, oblong; dull yellow with red cheek ; skin thick; fiesh firm, yellow, sweet, free. Mid-season. Wisconsin. Le Duc. Medium, round, flattened; orange, spotted red; skin thin; flesh soft, sweet, / semi-cling. Mid-season. Minnesota. Mussey. Large, round-oblong; yellow, mot- tled red ; skin thick; flesh firm, good, semi- cling. Very late. Kansas. Ocheeda. Large, round; yellow and red; skin thin; flesh firm, good, semi - cling. FIG. 739.—Wolf. Mid-season. Minnesota. Rockford.* Medium, oblong-oval, yellow overlaid with dark red ; skin thick, flesh meaty, dryish, of very good quality. Iowa. Speer. Medium, oblong; mottled orange and red; skin medium, thick ; flesh firm, sweet, semi-cling. Iowa. 55° PLUMS. Stoddard.* Medium to large, round; skin thick, not bitter, yellow, nearly covered with dark red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, good. Quite similar to Hawkeye, but earlier and adarkerred. Valua- ble. Iowa. Van Buren. Medium, round-oblong, yellowish-red; skin thick; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, free. Mid-season. lowa. Wolf.* Medium large, round; yellow mottled red; skin thick; flesh yellow, firm, fibrous, good, free. Mid-season. Tree strong grower, prolific. Good for home and market. Iowa. Fig. 739. Yellow Sweet. Medium, round-oblong, flattened; orange mottled pink, purple; skin thin, free. Minnesota. WILD GOOSE GROUP—PRUNUS HORTULANA. Division J. Rep, Purrie, or BLueE. Forest Rose. Large, round; dark red, with slight bloom; cling. Tree vigorous and productive. Missouri. Miner.* (Old Hickory, General Jackson, William Dodd, Chicka- saw Chief, Hinckley, Isabel, Gillett, Townsend, Robinson, Parsons.) Large, round, pointed apex; dull purple-red, many minute yellow-gray spots; skin thick, blue bloom; flesh pale amber, soft, juicy, vinous, rich, cling; defective fertilizer; fruit should not be gathered until well colored. Late. ‘Tennessee. Prairie Flower.* Medium, roundish, slender stem; dark purple-red, many small yellow specks, slight bloom; flesh yellow amber, juicy, sweet, cling. Mid-season. Poole. (Poole’s Pride.) Medium, round- oblong; red with bloom, sweet, good, hardy, prolific. Wayland. Large, round-oblong; light FIG. 740.—Wayland. red; skin medium thick and shiny. Very late, good for Southern States. Kentucky. Fig. 740. Whitaker.* Medium to large, roundish, red, of good quality. Season early. A seedling of Wild Goose, originated by J. T. Whitaker, Texas. One of the best. Wild Goose.* Medium, round; bright light red; skin thin, shiny; flesh yellow, pulpy, cling, very sweet and juicy when fully ripe. If left to hang on the tree until it drops off it is too soft for ship- ping. It is advised to pick them three or four days before ripening and ripen in the house. Popular variety, a poor self-fertilizer ; should have other plum-trees with abundance of pollen planted near it. ‘I'ree like a peach, prolific. ‘Tennessee. PLUMS. 551 Division II. Green, WHITE, OR YELLOW. Garfield. Medium, round-oblong; dark red, yellow specks; skin thick; stem one inch; flesh orange- yellow, juicy, acid. Late. Ohio. Golden Beauty.* Medium, round-ovate, pointed at apex; deep clear yellow ; skin thick; flesh amber, firm, sweet, semi-cling. Late in blooming andin ripening. Does not ripenin the North. ‘Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Texas. Milton.* Medium, globular to oblate, dark red; stone ovate cling ; flesh firm, apricot flavor, good. Seedling of Wild Goose. A valuable variety. Iowa. Missouri Apricot. Medium, round; deep yellow ; skin moderately thick ; semi-cling. CHICKASAW GROUP—PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA. Division I. ReEp, PURPLE, OR BLUE. Brunswick. Medium, round, pointed AIDES 5 dark red, white bloom ; flesh yellow, sweet. Emerson Early. Medium, round; purple red; skin thin, cling. Very early. ‘Texas. Hoffman. Medium, round, purple-red. Mid-season. Very prolific. Ripe in Northern Texas middle of July. Texas. Newman.* (Warren.) Medium, nearly round; pink-red, light spots near apex. Only fair quality. Mid-season. Kentucky. Pottawattamie. Medium, round; red, streaked yellow; stem long, slender; flesh firm, very juicy, of fair quality. Very productive. Mid-season. Tennessée. Robinson. Small, round; red, many light yellow spots; flesh am- ber, juicy, cling. North Carolina. Diviston II, GREEN, WHITE OR YELLOW. Priam. Medium, round: yellow, skin thin. Very productive. Texas. Wooten. Large, round-oblong; yellow, blotched red. Ripe in Texasin July. Sure bearer. Texas. Yellow Transparent.* Medium large, oblong, lemoa yellow. Early Texas. 552 PLUMS. EUROPEAN GROUP—PRUNUS DOMESTICA. Division I. Reb, PURPLE, OR BLUE. Archduke.* Large, round-oval, dark purple; flesh firm, quality good. Hangs on the tree a long while. An excellent late market sort. England. Blue Imperatrice. (Imperatrice.) Size medium, obovate, nar- rowed to the base in a somewhat conic neck; skin deep purple, bloom copious, blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slightly sunk; flesh greenish-yellow, rather firm, not juicy, rich, sugary; . ripening very late, and hanging till nearly winter. The variety known erroneously as the Semzana or Blue lipera- trice of Boston, and disseminated as such, differs from the true Imperatrice in its shorter and smaller neck, much shorter and not sunk stalk, and more acid flavor. It is very productive, anda good very late culinary sort. Beauty of Naples. Medium, round, sides uneven; stem half-inch; purple, slight bloom, many yellow specks; flesh yellow amber, tender juicy, sweet, semi-cling. Productive. PLUMS. 553 Bradshaw.* Very large, obovate, with an obtuse suture on one side, sometimes with a very slight neck; color dark purple, with a light blue bloom; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh a little coarse, becoming light brownish-purple, at first ad- hering but becoming nearly free from the stone when fully ripe; juicy, good, slightly acid. Tree vigorous, shoots purple, smooth. Last of August. A popular market variety. Fig. 741. Brevoort’s. (New York Purple.) Large, oval, suture distinct at base; skin reddish, with a violet bloom; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity deep, narrow; flesh soft, juicy, sub-acid, moderately rich, second-rate. Season medium. Shoots long, smooth; tree productive. Origin, New York. Clyman.* Large to very large, roundish-oblong, slightly flattened ; skin reddish-purple, with a very thick bloom, very attractive ; flesh, firm, dry, sweet, free from the pit, very good. A leading early market plum in California and now finding favor else- where. California. Coe Late Red. (St. Martin, Saint Mar- me tin Rouge.) Size medium, roundish, a suture distinct on one side; skin light purplish-red ; bloom thin, blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk; flesh rather firm, crisp, rich, vinous. Very late, productive, ~\ shoots downy. A valuable late plum. Fig. 742. Columbia.* (Columbian Gage.) Very large, nearly globular, on sideslightly larger ; skin brownish-purple, reddish- brown where much shaded, with many fawn-colored dots; bloom blue, copi- ous; stalk one inch long, rather stout ; cavity small; flesh orange, moder- — vires ately juicy, rich, rather coarse, free from the small, compressed stone, or adhering at the edge; flavor good. Fruit liable to rot. Season medium, or end of summer. Shoots downy, stout, blunt, spreading, leaves nearly round. New York. FIG. 742.—Coe Late Red. Corse Nota Bene. Rather large, round; surface pale lilac-brown, often dull green in the shade; bloom light blue, copious; stalk half an inch long, cavity round; flesh greenish, rather firm, crisp, rich, vinous. Very late, very productive, shoots downy. Cruger. (Cruger’s, Cruger’s Seedling.) Medium, approaching small, roundish-oval, suture obscure; surface lively red, or bright lilac, with numerous yellow dots, pale fawn color in the shade, bloom thin, bluish; stalk half an inch long, cavity shallow; flesh deep orange, moderately juicy, mild, agreeable, not rich, good. Season medium. Shoots downy. Hardy, adapted to light soils, very productive. Origin, New York. Damson.* (Common Damson, Early Damson, Purple Damson, Blue Damson,) Small, oval (an inch long), purple bloom thick, 554 PLUMS. blue; melting, juicy, sub-acid, partly free from stone. Mid- season. Profusely productive. The Damson makes good pre- serves. ‘There are several sub-varieties. Europe. The Sweet Damson is less acid. The Winter Damson bears enormous crops, which hang uninjured till late in autumn. The most popular Damson for market is Shropshire, which is a little larger than the common blue Damson. Fig. 743. ee) ran ane — FIG. 743..—Shropshire Damson Plum. De Delice. Size medium, roundish-oval, with a slight neck; skin green, marbled and shaded with violet, and covered with a thin bloom ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather stout, very slightly inserted ; fiesh orange-yellow, juicy, melting, with a rich, sugary, luscious flavor, adheres slightly to the stone. End of September, and lasts long. Foreign. (Downing.) De Montford. Size medium, roundish-oval; dull purple, streaked and dotted with russet; stalk medium, rather stout, not sunk; flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, and rich—adhering to the stone. Last of August. Denniston Red. Medium or rather large, roundish-oval, narrowed to the stalk; suture passing half round; surface a fine light red, with fawn-colored dots; bloom very thin; stalk very long, slender, little sunk; flesh amber-colored, rich, of moderate quality, free PLUMS. 555 from the small, oval, compressed stone. Season medium, or last of summer. Shoots smooth. Origin, Albany, N. Y. Domine. (German Prune, of some.) Size medium, long-oval, suture very obscure; skin very dark purple, bloom blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk; flesh juicy, becom- ing dry, rich, sweet, good. Profusely productive. Rather late. Origin, Kingston, N. Y. Duane Purple.* Very large, oblong-oval, longer on one side, slightly narrowed toward the stalk; skin reddish purple, bloom lilac ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity narrow ; flesh juicy, moderately sweet, of moderate flavor, adhering mostly FIG. 744.—German Prune Plum. tothe stone. Rather early, ripening last half of August. Shoots very downy, leaves large, downy beneath. Origin, Duanesburg, NM Early Tours. (Précoce de Tours, Early Violet.) Medium or small; deep purple, bloom copious, blue; stalk half an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh dull yellow, slightly fibrous, rather sweet, melting, good. Quite early. Shoots downy. Fotheringham. Size medium, obovate, suture distinct; skin pur- ple in the sun, reddish in the shade, bloom pale blue; stalk an inch long; flesh pale greenish-yellow, juicy. sprightly, moder- ately rich. Rather early. Shoots smooth. English. Old. Frost Gage. Rather small, round-oval, suture distinct on one side, 556 PLUMS. skin deep purple, bloom thin; stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk; flesh juicy, sub-acid, becoming sweet, melting, of fine but not of the highest flavor; much subject to black knot. Shoots smooth, rather slender; tree tall, upright. German Prune.* (Quetsche.) Large, long-oval, curved or swollen on one side, with a long tapering neck to the stalk; suture dis- tinct ; skin purple, with a thick blue bloom; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, slightly sunk; flesh green, firm, sweet, pleasant, not rich, free from the very long, flat, slightly curved or lunate stone; valuable for drying and preserving. Rather late. Shoots smooth. There are several sub-varieties. Largely grown for market, especially in the East. Fig. 744. Germany. FIG. 745.—Goliath. FIG. 746.—Italian Prune. Giant Prune. Very large, round oblate, reddish purple; flesh dark yellow, sweet, good, freestone. Season late. Promising for culinary use and for drying. California. Golden Cherry (Market Plum of Hoffy) is heart-shaped, yellow, speckled with scarlet in the sun; productive, and slightly earlier than the common cherry plum. Goliath. Large, roundish-oblong or oval, enlarged on one side; skin deep red, approaching blue or purple; bloom thin, blue; stalk half or three-fourths of an inch long, cavity very deep, dis- tinct; flesh yellowish, mostly adhering to the stone, juicy, coarse, sub-acid. Season medium. Shoots gray, very hairy, leaves nar- row. Productive. Bears early—profitable. Fig. 745. PLUMS. 557 Grand Duke.* Very large, oval, dark purple, resembling Brad- shaw ; flesh firm, sweet, good. Season medium late. Profitable for market in New York. Quite free from rot. Tree not a strong grower, and should be worked on Lombard. Highlander. Large, ovate, irregular; deep blue with a brownish tinge; stalk very short, slightly sunk; juicy, rich, vinous, refresh- ing, excellent. End of September. \ Howell Early. Rather small, oval, slightly angular, suture obso- lete ; skin light brown, often greenish-yellow in the shade; bloom thin, blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, not sunk; flesh amber-colored, juicy, sweet, perfumed, free from the small, oval stone. First of August. Shoots slender, gray, downy ; tree productive. Hudson River Purple Egg.* Large, oval, reddish-purple; flesh juicy sweet, not rich but very good. One of the most vigorous of all plums, but bears heavily cnly with age. Midseason. Valu- able for market. Ickworth Imperatrice. Medium or rather large, obovate; purple, with irregular streaks of fawn color; stalk medium; flesh green- ish-yellow, sweet, juicy, rich, mostly adhering to the rather small stone. Very late, keeping into winter, becoming dryer and sweeter. Shoots smooth. English. Isabella. Medium in size or large, oval, slightly narrowed to the base; skin dark dull red, dotted darker; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, a little hairy, cavity moderate; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, and slightly adhering tothe pointed stone. Shoots quite downy. Season medium. English. Italian Damask. Size medium, nearly round, slightly flattened at base; suture distinct, passing from base to apex; surface violet, becoming brown; stalk half an inch long, slender, cavity small, round; flesh yellowish-green, firm, sweet, high-flavored, very free from the oval, rather thick stone. Season medium. Shoots ‘smooth. Italian Prune. (Fellenberg.) Medium, oval, pointed and tapering atends, suture small, distinct ; dark purple, with dark-blue bloom ; stalk an inch long, scarcely sunk; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, ‘sweet, of good quality—freestone. Last of August. Extensively ‘grown on the Pacific coast for prunes, and a profitable market variety in the East. Can hang on the tree several weeks after ripening. Fig. 746. Judson. Rather small, roundish, slightly oval, base a little flat- tened, suture indistinct; surface a handsome damask or pink, slightly mottled; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity small, rather deep; flesh juicy, rich, vinous, high-flavored, free from the rather large stone. Ripens first of August. Origin, Lansingburgh, SNS, 558 PLUMS. Kingston. Large, long, irregular oval, pointed apex; stem stout, three-fourths inch, sutured; nearly black, dense bloom; flesh pale yellow, firm flesh, semi-cling. A fine canner. Midseason. FIG. 747.—Lombard. Fic. 748.—Marianna, Kirke. Size medium, round, suture small; skin dark purple, bloom thin, blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity slight; flesh greenish-yellow, firm, rich, free from the flat, broad stone. Season medium. Shoots smooth. Resembles the Purple Gage externally. Often spurious. English. Lincoln, Large, oval, flattened at apex; red purple, slight bloom; flesh amber, juicy, sweet, free. Very prolific. Lombard.* (Bleecker’s Scarlet.) Size medium, sometimes rather large, round-oval, slightly flattened at ends, suture obscure; skin violet-red; stalk very slender, half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity broad; flesh deep yellow, pleasant, not rich, but of fine quality. Season medium. Hardy, very prolific, well adapted to light soils. Shoots quite smooth or glossy, bright purple. Origin, Albany, N. Y. This is a strongly fixed variety, and has in many instances pro- duced seedlings very closely resembling itself. Largely grown for market, but rots badly. Valuable as a stock for poor growing varieties. Fig. 747. Manning. (Large Long Blue, Manning’s Long Blue Prune.) Large, long, oval, slightly one-sided, suture obscure; stalk very long, slender, scarcely sunk ; skin dark purple, bloom thick, blue; flesh firm, rather juicy, nearly free from the long, pointed stone. Rather late, ripens gradually. Shoots smooth. Tree very pro- ductive. Marianna. Medium, round-oblong ; red, yellow specks, fine bloom ; flesh soft, juicy, sweet, semi-cling. Not especially valuable for PLUMS. 559 the fruit; the facility, however, with which this plum may be propagated from cuttings, and the readiness with which union takes place in grafting upon it, have made it a most common stock. It is supposed to be a variety of the European Prunus cerasifera. Originated in Texas. Fig. 748. Meigs. Large, roundish-oval, suture indistinct ; dull reddish-pur- ple, with numerous gray dots; stalk long, slender, curved, slightly sunk; flesh greenish-yellow, rich, excellent, adhering to stone. End of September. Morocco. (Italian Damask erroneously, Early Morocco, Black Morocco, Early Damask, Black Damask.) Size medium, round- ish, slightly flattened at ends; suture on one side only, shallow; . skin dark purple, bloom pale, thin; stalk half an inch long, rather stout; flesh greenish-yellow, adhering slightly to the stone, rich, rather acid, becoming sweet. Not first-rate, but valuable for its earliness, ripening ten days before the Washington. Shoots, downy. A moderate bearer. Myrobolan. (Cherry, Early Scarlet.) Small (one inch in diameter), round, remotely heart-shaped; bright red, bloom faint; stalk short and slender; cavity narrow; flesh juicy, slightly fibrous, soft, melting, sub-acid, not rich, adhering to the oval, pointed stone. Ripensvery early or about midsummer, its only value. Dis- tinguished by its smooth, slender shoots, small bushy head, and narrow leaves. ‘There are many varieties. This plum is considered to be a variety of the Prunus cerasifera. It has long been a favorite stock for other plums, and immense numbers have been imported into this country. As it dwarfs the scion, however, it 1s not so much used as formerly. Nectarine. Large, regular, round- ish; skin purple, bloom blue; stalk half an inch long, stout; é flesh dull greenish-yellow, often FIG. 749.—Nectarine. tinged with red, rather coarse, rich, acid, partly achering to the stone. Rather early. Shoots nearly smooth, leaves broad. Fig. 749. Orleans. (Old Orleans, Red Damask, Monsieur.) Size medium roundish, suture distinct, slightly larger on one side; skin dark red, purple in the sun; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity wide; flesh yellowish, sweet mixed with acid, of second quality in richness, pleasant and good. Rather early. Shoots downy. There are two or three sub-varieties. England. Orleans Early. (New Orleans, Hampton Court, Monsieur Hatif.) 560 PLUMS. Size medium, round-oval, suture shallow, stalk half an inch long, stout, or longer and slender; cavity moderate; skin reddish- purple, slightly marbled; flesh yellowish-green, rather rich. Early in August. Wilmot’s Orleans scarcely differs from the Early Orleans. Fic, 750.—Pond’s Seedling (English). FIG. 751.—Prince Englebert, Peach.* (Prune Péche.) Very large, roundish-oblate, regular, flattened at ends, suture distinct, shallow; color varying from salmon to light brownish-red; stalk very short, cavity narrow, shallow; flesh rather coarse, juicy, sprightly free from the nearly round, very flat, much furrowed stone. Shoots smooth, vigorous. Quality not very high, moderate bearer, tree somewhat tender. Matures about ten days before the Washington. Pond.* (Pond’s Seedling, Hungarian Prune.) Very large, ovate, slightly tapering to stalk ; skin thick, reddish-violet, with numer- ous brown dots, and covered with a handsome bloom; rather coarse, juicy, moderately rich. Middle of September. Tree vigorous, branches smooth, grayish. A beautiful showy fruit. England. Fig. 750. Pond’s Seedling, of Massachusetts, a very distinct sort, is medium in size, roundish, purple; flesh yellowish, rather dry, sweet with acid, flavor moderate or poor. Early. Shoots downy. PLUMS. 561 Prince Englebert. Large, oblong-oval; deep bluish-purple, with a dense bloom ; stalk rather slender, with a fleshy ring at base, cav- ity rather deep and narrow; flesh juicy, melting, with a pleasant, moderately rich, and very good flavor—freestone. End of August. Shootsdowny. Belgian. Fig. 751. Prune d’Agen, or Agen Date.* Size medium, obovate, flattened.one side; skin reddish-purple, bloom blue; stalk short; flesh greenish- yellow, very sweet and excellent. Very late, profusely produc- tive. Shoots smooth, leaves narrow. French. Culinary. Ex- tensively grown for prunes on the Pacific coast, and there often called the “ Petite” or French Prune. FIG. 752.—Purple Favorite. FIG. 753-—Purple Gage. Purple Favorite. Size medium, or rather large, round-obovate ; suture obsolete; skin brownish-purple; bloom thin, light blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk; flesh pale green- ish, juicy, tender, melting, rich, sweet, excellent, free from the very small, roundish stone. Season about medium, or last week of August. Shoots nearly smooth, short-jointed, growth slow, much resembling that of the Red Diaper. Origin, Newburgh, ING We ie GSR. Purple Gage.* (Reine Claude Violette, Violet Queen Claude.) Size medium, roundish, slightly flattened at ends, suture distinct, shallow; surface violet, bloom light blue; stalk an inch long, cavity narrow: flesh rather firm, greenish-yellow, rich, sugary, of very high and excellent flavor, free from the oval, compressed stone. Ripens rather late, hanging long, and slightly shrivelling on the tree. Shoots smooth, resembling those of the Green Gage. A spurious sort is often disseminated. Fig. 753. Europe. 36 562 PLUMS. Quackenboss.* Very large, oblong-oval; deep purple; suture faint, stalk short, slightly sunk; slightly coarse, sprightly, very good, partly freestone. Mid-season. Popular for market in New York. New York. Red Diaper. (Diaprée Rouge, Mimms, Imperial Diadem.) Large, obovate, somewhat necked ; skin reddish-purple, witha few yellow- © ish specks, bloom light blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, slightly hairy, little sunk; flesh pale green, juicy, melting, rich, of fine flavor, free from the quite small stone. Season medium or end of summer. Shoots nearly smooth; growth slow. Fig. 754. FIG. 754.—Red Diaper. FIG. 755.—Red Gage. Red Gage. Medium or rather small, round-ovate; brownish-red ; stalk rather slender, cavity narrow; flesh greenish-amber, juicy, melting, rich, mild, sweet, free from the small stone; flavor unusu- ally pleasant and refreshing. Ratherearly. Shoots dark reddish, smooth; leaves of the young trees deep green, crimpled. Origin, Flushing, L. I. Fig. 755. Red Magnum Bonum. - (Purple Egg, Red Imperial, Purple Magnum Bonum, Imperial Violet, Red Egg.) Large, oval, tapering to the stalk, suture strong, one side swollen: surface deep red in the sun, bloom thin; stalk an inch long, slender, cavity narrow; flesh greenish, coarse, firm, sub-acid; valuable only for cooking. Sea- son medium. Shootssmooth. Some sub-varieties are clingstones. Rivers’ Favorite. Rather small, roundish-oval, with a shallow suture; nearly black with russet dots, bloom blue; flesh greenish- yellow, juicy, excellent. Very early, immediately succeeding Primordian, and better in quality. English. Royale. (Royal, La Royale.) Size medium, sometimes rather large, PLUMS. 563 round, slightly narrower toward the base, or approaching obovate: suture distinct on one side at apex; skin reddish-purple, bloom very thick; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh dull yellow, rather firm, melting, juicy, rich, of excellent FIG. 756.—Royale, FIG. 757.—Early Royal. flavor. Ripens first of September. Shoots very downy, growth slow, tree spreading, moderately productive. French. Fig. 756. Royale Hative, or ‘Early Royal.”* (Mirian.) Size medium, roundish, slightly wider at base; skin light purple, stalk half an Fic. 758.—Royal Tours. FIG. 759.—Schenectady Catherine. inch long, stout, scarcely sunk; flesh amber yellow, with a rich, high flavor, nearly free from the small, flattened, ovate stone. 564 PLUMS. - Early. Resembles Purple Gage, but a month earlier. Shoots very downy. French. Fig. 757. Royal Tours. (Royale de Tours.) Large, roundish, suture deep half round, one side swollen; a white depressed point at apex : skin red in the shade, deep violet in the sun, bloom copious, blue : stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh greenish-white, rather firm, juicy, rich, high-flavored, adhering closely to the ee oval, flattened stone. Quite early; shoots quite downy. Valuable for its earliness and good quality. The genuine sort is very rare. French. Fig. 758. Fic. 760.—Sharp’s Emperor. Fic. 761. Child. (California.) Medium, golden yellow, small core. THE QUINCE. 583 Chinese. Very large, oblong, rather coarse. Tree a vigorous grower, but late bearer. Does best South. Fontenay or Paris. ‘This is also cultivated extensively as stock for the pear. The fruit is not equal in quality to the Orange or Angers, more nearly resembling the Pear Quince in form and texture. The tree has more small side-shoots, grows thicker, and is less vigorous than the Angers. The Angers is further distin- guished from the Fontenay by its downy shoots when young, darker wood, and short stout thorns. The Japan and Chinese quinces are cultivated merely as orna- mental shrubs. The fruit, which sets freely, is of no value for edible purposes, and as it has a highly aromatic fragrance is sometimes used to perfume clothes-drawers. Fuller. Large, pyriform, usually with an abrupt small neck; sur- face irregular; lemon-yellow ; basin wide and deep; flesh tender and good. Johnson. Large, roundish-oblate, compressed at stem; greenish- yellow, downy in depression ; dots small, green; cavity broad, nearly level; basin large, angular, deep; flesh yellowish, juicy, mild. Very good. Pennsylvania. Fig. 787. Meech.* (Meech’s Prolific.) Large, obscure-pyriform, golden yellow; very fragrant, good flavor. Bears early—very produc- tive. Mid-season. An excellent variety. Fig. 790. Connecticut. Orange.* (Apple.) Large, some sub-varieties quite large, round- ish ; somewhat irregular, with a small and very short neck at the base; surface of a fine golden color; flesh firm, stewing rather tender, of .excellent flavor. Ripens soon after mid-autumn. Leaves oval. ‘Tree productive if well cultivated. Fig. 789. Massachusetts. This is the most common sort, and by continual propagation of seedlings several sub-varieties have been produced, varying slightly in coarseness or firmness of texture, size and form. The largest sometimes weighs a pound. Pear. (Oblong or Pyriform Quince.) Size medium or rather large, pyriform, body roundish-oblong, neck about one-half or one- third the length of the body; skin rather dullrich yellow ; flesh firm, tough, dry, with a high flavor, stewing less tender than the Orange quince. Ripens late inautumn, and hence adapted to distant marketing. Leaves oblong-ovate. A moderate bearer. Fig. —t\ 791. FIG. 791.—Pear Quince. ” Portugal. Quite large, oblong pyriform, largest at the middle and tapering to each end; yellow; flesh more juicy and less harsh than the other varieties. Stews well, and becomes a fine purple or deep crimson when cooked. ‘The fruit is rather superior in quality, but the value of the variety 584 THE QUINCE. is much lessened by its unproductiveness. It does not strike readily from cuttings. Rea.* (Rea’s Mammoth, Rea’s Seedling.) Fruit resembles the Orange, but from one-third to one-half larger, and of excellent quality. Tree a very strong grower, with large dark foliage. Early. Origin, Coxsackie, N. Y Van Deman. Above medium, truncated oval, greenish-yellow, sub-acid ; prolific, good. Wist. (Wist’s Mammoth.) Very large, round, yellow, fine flavor, A California seedling of the Orange Quince. CHAPTER XXAxlIT. THE RASPBERRY. PROPAGATION.—The varieties which have originated from the red-fruited species are usually increased with great facility by suckers; but plants with better roots may be ob- tained by planting under glass, with a mild bottom heat, cut- tings of the roots an inch or more inlength. The American Blackcap and its varieties (Ahubus occidentalis) are propagated readily by layers, the tips of the recurved branches when slightly buried soon taking root. This layering may be done in August or September, the tips of the shoots having been nipped about midsummer, and when these branch and form tips bare of leaves, bury them in the soil at an angle of forty-five degrees, and they will form fine roots before win- ter. New varieties are raised from seeds, and come into bearing the second or third year. The soil for the raspberry should be rich, and an admixture of swamp muck is useful. A strong, deep loam is the only soil from which a full crop may be expected every season. If sandy or gravelly, or a stiff, cold clay, it cannot be relied upon. But the most important requisite is depth, only to be attained by deep ploughing or trenching, which will go far toward affording a remedy for any natural defect of the soil. The more tender varieties may be raised on higher, drier, and firmer spots of ground, where they are less liable to severe frosts. The stems of the raspberry are biennial, the canes growing the first season and bearing fruit the second, after which they die, and the new ones take their places. As soon as growth ceases and the leaves drop, the old canes should therefore be cut away. When the new canes of the blackcap kinds have reached a sufficient height, the tips should be pinched off, to prevent their growing taller, which will cause them to be- 585 586 THE RASPBERRY. come stout and thick, and to send out side-shoots, which in turn should also be pinched back when they have grown a foot or so in length, being shorter above and longer below. Figs. 792, 793. With the Cap varieties they should not be more than two and a half feet high, which wlll obviate the ne- cessity of staking. The Antwerps may be pinched back at FIG. 792.—Poor Canes of Cuthbert Fic. 793.—Good Canes of Cuthbert with high laterals. with low laterals. three or four feet, but usually this is omitted, in which case they need stakes. The height should vary with the vigor of the plant, strong plants requiring more height. When suckers are numerous they must be cut away when they first appear at the surface, or they will enfeeble the plants. Four or five canes are enough to leave for each stool. The Antwerps and their varieties require the support of staking—which may be effected as shown in Fig. 794, or by means of wires stretched between stakes as in Fig. 795. In many parts of the Northern States, some tender varieties need winter protection. This is easily given by covering the stems, when prostrate, very thinly with earth; placing a THE RASPBERRY. 587 small mound of earth against the bottom of the stems before laying them down, to bend upon and prevent breaking. This covering, is removed early in spring. It will be found to prove very useful even when not necessary to prevent winter- killing, by rendering the crop larger and more certain. A plantation of raspberries will continue in bearing five or FIG. 794.—Staked Canes. FIG. 795.—Wired Canes. six years, when it should be renewed. If it remain longer, the fruit becomes small, and the crop gradually declines. Nearly the same varieties succeed in the different States of the Union. The foreign or Antwerp raspberries are worthless in most places South. PLANTING FOR MARKET. William Parry, who cultivates extensive plantations of the raspberry near Philadelphia, gives the following directions for their management: “Plough and prepare the ground as for potatoes or other crops; mark the rows six feet apart, and set the plants three feet distant in the rows, requiring about twenty-five hundred plants to the acre. The tops should be cut down to within a few inches of the ground, that the roots may become well es- tablished before they are required to supply nourishment for long tops of green foliage. Carrots or potatoes may, with ad- vantage, be grown between the rows the first year, after which the raspberries will require the whole space. Stir the ground frequently with horse and cultivator, to keep down grass and weeds, being careful during the warm, dry weather not to disturb the small roots feeding near the surface, by deep culture near to the plants. The raspberries should be carefully picked in small baskets not larger than pints, better less. Both baskets and crates should be ventilated, so as to allow the circulation of air to absorb the heat and moisture, 588 THE RASPBERRY. as they will bear transportation to market much better when cool and dry.” Good raspberry plantations will yield at the rate of fifty or sixty, and sometimes a hundred, bushels per acre, PROPAGATING BY SEED, to produce new varieties, is easily performed by washing the ripe seed from the pulp, mixing with damp sand, and sowing in autumn in fine soil, about half an inch deep, covering till early spring with a moderate coat of leaves or litter. They will produce young plants, which may be taken up and heeled- in late in autumn, and set out the second spring, after cutting down closely. The second and third year they will begin to bear and to exhibit the characteristics of the new sorts. 4 RULES FOR THE CULTURE OF RASPBERRIES. 1. Any good strong mellow soil, that will raise good corn, and which has been deeply pulverized, will raise good rasp- berries. 2. Set the plants in rows that will admit of free cultivating, say five to eight feet one way and two or three feet the other. 3. For blackcaps, pinch back early, or when the young canes are about two feet high, to keep the bushes snug and compact, and to obviate staking. 4. As the canes grow in one season and bear the next, cut the bearing canes away as soon as they drop their leaves, or . never defer the work later than early the succeeding spring. 5. suckering sorts, to bear well, must have the suckers hoed away when they first appear above ground, or be treated like weeds. Leave four to six new canes to each hill. 6. Increase the crop by clean, mellow culture, and if practi- cable by mulching for winter as well as for summer. Most of the cultivated sorts of the raspberry are varieties derived from three species of the genus Rubus. The Ant- werps, and others resembling them, are varieties of Audus Ideus, the European Garden raspberry, which is distinguished by the stems being mostly rather tall and nearly erect, beset more or less with straight slender prickles, many of which are THE RASPBERRY. 589 mere bristles; and the plants increase by suckers. Most of these are rather tender. The Blackcap raspberries are varie- ties of Rubus occidentalis, an American species, the stems of which are armed with hooked prickles, but not with bristles, and are recurved so as to reach and take root at the tips, which touch or are buried in the ground. A few sorts are varieties of Rubus strigosus, or Wild Red Raspberry, which has upright stems, copiously furnished with bristles. The canes increase by suckers, and are quite hardy. A few culti- vated sorts appear to be hybrids between some of these species. CLASSIFICATION. I. Rusus Ipmus—European Origin. t. Red. 2. Yellow. II. Rubus occipENTALIsS—Amerzcan Blackcap Origin. ' 1. Black. 2. Purple, red or yellow. III. Rusus stricosus—Narve Wild Red Raspberry. 1. Red or purple. 2. Yellow or orange. VARIETIES. SEcTION J.—EUROPEAN VARIETIES. Red. Belle de Fontenay.* Large, long conical; purplish-red, with a thin bloom ; moderately firm, sub-acid, good. Canes stout, branching, suckering freely; hardy, and if kept clear of suckers, productive —bearing in autumn under favorable circumstances. French. Worthless in some localities. Belle de Paluau. Large, roundish-conical, regular; bright crim- son; moderately firm, juicy, very good. Canes strong, upright, very productive; spines short, purple. Requires winter protec- tion. French. Clarke.* Large, roundish conical; light crimson, rather soft, juicy, sweet, high-flavored. Berries sometimes imperfect. Canes stout 590 THE RASPBERRY. and branching, leaves large. Hardy, and succeeds on light soils. Suckers very freely. Productive. Early. Origin, New Haven, Conn. Fig. 796. Fastolf.* Very large, obtuse conical, approaching roundish bright purplish-red; rather soft, high- flavored. Canes strong; nearly erect, branching, productive. Eng- lish. Excellent for home use; too soft for distant market. Fillbasket. (Northumberland Fill- basket.) Rather large, roundish ; deep red; pleasant sub-acid, moderately good. Very bristly or spiny. English. Franconia.* Large, obtuse coni- cal; dark red; firm, with a rich sub-acid flavor. Canes strong, branching and spreading, moder- ately hardy, productive. A valu- able market sort. French. MWaomz closely resembles Franconia, and by many is supposed to be iden- tical. FIG, 796.—Clarke. French. (Vice-President French.) Medium or rather large; round- ish, crimson; firm, sweet or mild, very good. Productive and valuable. Philadelphia, Dr Brinckle. FIG. 797,—Hudson River Antwerp. Hudson River Antwerp.* Large, oblong conical; red, firm, with a very good flavor. Formerly cultivated with great success on the Hudson, rarely succeeds in other localities. Requires winter covering. Origin unknown, but supposed to have been imported. Distinct from Red Antwerp, or Old Red Antwerp, which has nearly round berries. Fig. 797. Knevett Giant. Quite large, rounded conical; deep red; flesh THE RASPBERRY, 591 rather firm, adhering partly to the stalk. Canes strong, erect, spines few. Moderately hardy, productive. English. Hornet. Quite large, ovate conical or roundish; firm, sub-acid, good. Canes strong, fruit-stems long. Productive. Fig. 798. Large-Fruited Monthly. Medium or rather large, roundish; crim- son; soft, sweet, juicy, of good quality. English. FIG. 798.—Hornet. Marvel of the Four Seasons. (Merveille des Quatre Saisons, Octo- ber Red.) Medium, roundish-conical; bright red; rather soft, juicy, sweet, rich. Canes hardy, suckering profusely ; spines or bristles short, purple. Under favorable circumstances bears till mid-autumn. French. Meredeth Queen. Medium, red salmon, juicy. Canes vigorous, tender, suckers. Late. Siperlative.* Large, conical, dull red, fine dessert variety. Canes strong, vigorous. Hardy and productive. Thompson Prolific. Large, round-conical, red, firm, good; early, vigorous, productive. Yellow or Orange. Col. Wilder. Large, roundish-conical; yellowish-white or cream- colored, slightly translucent; very productive, rather soft. Ex- cellent. Canesstrong, spines white. Philadelphia, Dr. Brinckle. Orange.* (Brinckle’s Orange.) Fruit large, nearly conical; clear orange-yellow, soft, juicy, sweet, rich, of excellent quality. Canes strong, branched, nearly hardy, very productive. The best of the yellow raspberries and the standard of excellence for quality in all raspberries. Mid-season. Philadelphia. Vermont.* Medium, round-obtuse, pale yellow, downy, very soft, juicy, very good, productive. Late. Canes vigorous, prickly. Good. Vermont. 592 THE RASPBERRY. Section II].—AMERICAN BLACKCAPS. Black. American Blackcap. The common Blackcap, with its many varia- tions, growing wild throughout the country, distinguished by its long recurved canes, and its regular, nearly round, or hemispheri- cal berries, is the type of this division. Conrath.* Very large, moderately firm, very good to best. Vigor- ous and productive. Ripens early and has a long season. Michi- gan. Promising. Cumberland.* Very large, oval, glossy black, firm, of best quality. Season early. Thisisrapidly coming to be a standard. Pennsyl- vania. Davison’s Thornless. Medium in size, resembling the American Blackcap, but a week earlier; sweeter, and with canes nearly free from prickles. New York. Doolittle.* (Joslyn’s Improved, Improved Blackcap.) Full me- dium in size, black, sweet; a large variety of the wild Black Raspberry. Ripensearly. Canes strong, with numerous prickles, productive. Has been extensively cultivated for market in many of the States. Ontario County, N. Y. Eureka.* Medium to large, round, firm, juicy, of good quality. Early to mid-season. Has a long season. Highly esteemed for market. Gregg.* Large; black, with some bloom; firm, quality moderate. Ratherlate. A productive and popular variety. Largely planted for market. Origin, Indiana. Hilborn. Large, black, firm, juicy, sweet, good. Canes vigorous, productive. Mid-season, hardy. Ontario. Hopkins. Full medium or large; black, with some bloom; rather soft, of excellent quality. Early. Growth strong; very produc- tive. Missouri. Kansas.* Large, round, black, firm, moderately juicy, hardy. Kansas. Mammoth Cluster.* (McCormick, Large Miami.) Quite large, often four-fifths of an inch in diameter, flavor very good; canes strong, bearing very large crops—rather late. For many years the most popular of the Blackcap raspberries. Mills (No. 15). Medium, black, firm, juicy, sweet, very produc- tive, not hardy. New York. Nemaha.* Large, black, productive; mid-season, hardy; said to be a few days earlier than Gregg, almost identical. Nebraska. THE RASPBERRY. 593 Ohio.* Medium in size; black with a moderate bloom; medium in quality. Canes unusually white. Profusely productive. Season early. Bears long shipping. This is the most popular berry for drying. It has large seeds and shrinks less in consequence than any other sort. Ohio Everbearing. Resembles the American Blackcap, except that it has the habit of fruiting in autumn. Older.* Medium, round, black, firm, juicy, prolific, hardy. Mid- season. Iowa. Ontario. Large, nearly black, with thick whitish bloom, quality good. Ratherearly. Wayne County, N. Y. Palmer.* Medium, black, very firm, nearly sweet, early, hardy. A good market berry. Ohio. Souhegan.* Medium, black. Very hardy and productive. Valu- able. Quite early. New Hampshire. A standard early variety. Tyler.* Medium or below, round, firm, good. Early. Resembles Souhegan very closely. New York. Purple, Red, or Yellow. Catawissa. Hardly medium, rather flat; purplish-red, with a thick stem; sub-acid. Canes rather tender, producing a second crop in autumn. Cutting down the whole stool in spring causes the canes to bear till late in autumn. Valuable only for the garden. Pennsylvania. Columbian.* Very large, purple, firm, moderately juicy, nearly sweet. Very prolific. Canestall, vigorous. Resembles Shaffer’s Colossal. New York. Mid-season. Said to be a seedling of Cuthbert. Ganargua. Large, full and well rounded, reddish-purple, sub- acid, of good flavor. Canes very strong and vigorous, very prickly, bearing large crops, which ripen for several weeks. On- tario County, N. Y. Golden Cap. Resembles the American Blackcap, except in the yellow color of its fruit. But little cultivated. Golden Thornless. Quite large, dull yellow, firm, of moderate quality. : Purplecane. Rather small; dark dull red; soft, sweet, good. Canes long and strong, recurved. Resembles the Blackcaps in rooting at the tips of the canes, but differing in the character of the fruit. An old and popular variety, becoming superseded. - ' Seneca Blackcap, Rather large, dark shining purplish-black, very good in quality. Season medium. Canes vigorous and produc- tive. One of the best of the Blackcaps. 38 594 THE RASPBERRY. Shaffer.* (Shaffer’s Colossal.) Large; dull purple; soft, rather acid, moderate in flavor. Canes very large and tall, susceptible to anthracnose. Mid-season. Quite productive. An excellent canning variety. New York. Section III].—NaTiIveE Rep RASPBERRY. Red or Purple. Allen. Two or three sorts with this name were disseminated by L. F. Allen, of Black Rock, N. Y. The canes are strong, erect, very hardy, and sucker profusely. When kept free from suckers, they have produced good crops in some lcecalities, of medium- sized, red, pleasant fruit. Brandywine.* Rather large, bright scarlet, handsome; flesh firm, of good quality. A very popularearly market sort in New Jersey andelsewhere. Canes low, andof astout dwarf habit. Delaware. Cuthbert.* Medium or large; scarlet-crimson; firm, juicy, very good. Canes vigorous, productive, rather hardy. One of the most popular and valuable. Mid-season. Riverdale, N. Y. Suckers freely. Early Prolific. Medium, pale red, firm, juicy. Canes slender, few prickles, bright dark red, upright, vigorous, good. Erie. (Gladstone.) Medium, red-crimson, soft, juicy, nearly sweet. Canes vigorous; second crop in autumn. Ohio. Hersteine. Large, oblong-conic; bright crimson; flesh rather soft, quality very good. Canes strong, light green, spines few. Very productive. Philadelphia. Kirtland. Medium, nearly round, red, moderate firm, sweet. Canes erect, nearly smooth, becoming pale red, suckering freely, hardy, productive, early. Fails in some localities. Loudon.* Large, roundish-conical, red, firm, good. Wisconsin. S. Productive, hardy, good shipper. Marlboro.* Large, roundish-conical, quite firm, red, of moderate quality. Vigorous, productive, and hardy. Quity early. New York. Desirable for market. Miller.* Large, round, brilliant, red; firm, sprightly, very good. Early. Prolific and hardy. Delaware. Profitable on the Dela- ware peninsula; has only a local adaptation. Montclair. Above medium, roundish; dark red; firm, of good quality. Suckers quite moderately. New Jersey. ‘The variety named ‘‘Superb” resembles Montclair, but is more acid, crum- bling, and the plant suckers more freely. Both are valuable. New Rochelle. Rather large, obtuse-conical; dark or dull red; firm, sub-acid, moderately good. Valuable for canning. Canes THE RASPBERRY. 595 short-jointed and branched. Very productive. New Rochelle, NEY Olathe. (Stagman No. 5.) Large, red, firm, juicy, productive. Canes slender, upright, vigorous. Pearl. (Susqueco.) Medium, bright red, firm, of good quality. Canes low and of a dwarf habit resembling those of Brandywine, but the foliage comes out a week later in spring. A popular market sort near Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Medium in size, nearly round, dark red, rather soft, sub-acid, of good but not rich flavor. Reddish-purple, with a few small spines, suckering moderately, bearing profuse crops. Hardy. ‘This old variety is now nearly superseded. Reliance. Medium, roundish, dark red, soft, quality good. Pro- ductive and very hardy. Season medium. An improved Phila- delphia. New Jersey. Royal Church. Large, round, red, moderately juicy, crumbly. Canes vigorous. Late. Hardy. Valuable only for home use. Talbot. Medium, red, soft, juicy, sub-acid; very good. Canes vigorous. ; Turner.* Full medium, roundish-conical; bright red; rather soft, sweet, pleasant. Canes vigorous. Very hardy and productive, suckering freely. Succeeds in nearly all localities. Mid-season. A littie earlier than Cuthbert. Origin, Illinois. Yellow or Orange. Caroline. Medium, roundish-conical; salmon; soft, medium in quality. Handsome and productive. Early. It is propagated by tips and suckers. Origin, New York. Golden Queen.* Large, round conic, light yellow, of very good quality. Seedling of Cuthbert and has all the good qualities of its parent. Varies in color. The most satisfactory of yellow varieties. For home use only. New Jersey. Rubus Flavus. Medium, yellow berries. Canes very strong and high. A rank grower in Florida, where it is said to be the only raspberry which will thrive in that climate. Ripens in May. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE STRAWBERRY; In the cultivation of this early and delicious fruit, the requisites for success are chiefly: 1. A good, deep, rich soil. 2. Clean cultivation between the rows. 3. A renewal by planting as often as the vigor of the plants declines. i 4. Selection of suitable varieties. Soil.--Any deep, rich soil, which will afford fine crops of corn and potatoes, is well adapted to the cultivation of the strawberry. To be uniformly productive, it must be deeply trenched, either by the spade or by double ploughing, and well enriched with manure. Fine crops, it is true, may be obtained without trenching, but not in such excellence, pro- fusion, or certainty, in all seasons. It rarely but sometimes happens that the soilis madetoorich. The usual error is the reverse. Strawberries are increased by rooted runners, which are usually thrown out from the plants soon after bearing, and they root late in summer andin autumn. These new plants succeed best if set out the following spring; but strong plants may be set out in autumn in light soils, or in heavier soils if the roots are carefully spread out and the earth trodden com- pactly. ! Transplanting.—As far north as Albany, N. Y., setting out strawberries, either from well-rooted runners, or preferably from pot-plants, is now often performed during late August or early September. The plants will immediately take root, be- come well established before winter, and bear a good crop the following season. As the weather is often quite dry and warm at this time, precaution must be used to prevent the plants from perishing by drought. All the leaves, except the 596 THE STRAWBERRY. 597 small central ones, should be cut off, the roots kept wet and carefully spread out when set, as just described. The earth should be well settled about them with water, and mellow earth then drawn over the surface. A covering of fine manure, an inch or two in thickness, is then spread on the ground to preserve the moisture. It is only in cases of severe drought that further watering is required. But when given it should be copious and repeated daily until the fresh leaves begin to expand. By this treatment scarcely a plant will be lost. If the work is done well they will bear a good crop the following season, and a heavy one the next. The well-rooted runners should be taken up, so as to secure all the fibres, lifting the roots out with a spade and shaking the earth carefully from them; if pulled severely by the hand the roots will be torn off. The older and dead leaves should be cut off from the plants, and the roots trimmed to about two and a half inches long. For ordinary field culture they may be set out with a dibble FIG. 801. (Fig. 799), care having been previously taken to immerse the roots in-mud to prevent drying. But for more finished or for garden culture, it is better to spread the roots out like the frame of an umbrella (Fig. 800), and set them in a hole broad enough, with a small mound in the centre, on which the spread roots rest and form a cap, as shown in Fig. 801. Mr. F. Richards, of Freeport, N. Y., has invented an instru- ment for transplanting strawberries, which does the work ex- 598 THE STRAWBERRY. peditiously and well. Fig. 802 represents the “excavator,” Fig. 803 the “transplanter,”’ and Fig. 804 the “ ejector.” Treading the earth firmly about the plants when set lessens the lia- - bility to winter-killing. A spontaneous renewal of plants may be effected by allowing run- ners to fill up the spaces between the rows, and then spading in the old rows. By thus filling alternate spaces in two successive years, an annual supply of fruit is afforded. This method of renewal has not been generally adopted. Mulching among the plants, to keep the berries from becoming soiled with earth, should not be omitted. Straw answers a good purpose, and is more easily and neatly applied, if chopped short, say two or three inches. Rye straw, threshed by hand, will lie more smoothly than any other long straw. Applied in autumn, straw will protect from winter-killing, and may be renewed or retained in spring. CULTIVATION OF STRAWBERRIES.—Clean cultivation is a most essential requisite. On a large scale, it may be very cheaply accomplished by a horse and cultivator, the rows be- ing about three feet apart, and the plants a foot to a foot anda half in the rows. The treatment may be varied with circum- stances, provided the great leading requisite is constantly kept in view, namely, zo allow no weeds to get above the surface. ‘This is the great cardinal essential, which must not be departed from. After the plantation is set out in clean, well-prepared soil, stir the ground often enough to destroy the sprouting weeds before they get to the light. The work may be then done with less than a tenth of the labor required after the weeds are several inches high; and all the labor of this fre- THE STRAWBERRY. Ss) quent stirring is more than repaid by the increased growth and vigor given to the plants, to say nothing about the weeds. If the plantation is small, the work may be done with a gar- den rake; if large, with a one-horse cultivator, or, perhaps better, with a fine-toothed one-horse harrow. If this is at- tended to thoroughly through autumn, the plantation may be mulched at the beginning of winter with straw. It will be better, especially for heavy soils, to remove the mulching in spring and mellow the surface one or more times before the plants blossom. ‘This may be done by raking the mulch into every alternate row, and then, after the denuded spaces are stirred, to rake it back again and do the other rows. The mulch being replaced by flowering-time, the berries will be kept clean. Some cultivators, who have small plantations, do not disturb the mulch in spring, but loosen the soil through it with a pronged hoe—but whatever course is adopted, see that the weeds do not grow. Strawberry Runners.—The formation of runners exhausts and checks the plants more than a dense mass of weeds. If _you wish them to become strong, and bear large, excellent fruit, and plenty of it, keep the runners cut off, and repeat the operation once a week through the summer. Begin the work as soon as the plants degzz to form runners, and not after they have sent them out in profusion—which is usually immedi- ately after bearing-time. If intended for increase, and to form new beds, a small portion of the bed may be permitted to run and root. Some varieties will often bear profusely for a sin- gle season, even when the plants run thickly together; others, and more particularly the larger sorts, must be cleared of run- ners and kept well cultivated, or they will bear small crops. Strawberries are injured in winter by severe winds, and by ' the successive heaving of freezing and thawing. They will always start earlier and fresher when covered. Sometimes snow will be an ample protection, but it must not be relied on. A thin coating of straw, evergreen boughs, or even corn- stalks, will shield and protect the surface of the ground, but it should not be applied till winter is close at hand, and after the ground is frozen hard is not too late. Do not forget to loosen up this mulching very early the next spring, and stir and mellow the soil. 600 THE STRAWBERRY. Early Strawberries.—The following method has been’ suc- cessfully tried in some places: Cover a good, well-managed, clean bed of strawberries, the runners of which have been kept off, so as to form large, vigorous stools, with dry forest leaves early in winter, three or four inches thick. Remove these leaves in February in the Middle States, and in March in the North, and place over the plants a frame with sash. Bank the sides with leaves, and cover the sash in severe weather. The plants will start early, and give ripe fruit at the usual blooming time. Airing and water must not be neg- lected. for garden culture it is most convenient to provide beds about five and a half feet wide, with paths two feet wide be- tween them. Four rows are then set in each bed, a foot and a half apart, and the outer six inches from the edges of the bed, as shown in this diagram: PATH. e *£ * © *© © © © © # *# © # © & PATH. The plants may be about a foot apart in the rows. This ar- rangement allows the picking of the berries from the paths on each side without treading on the beds, the distance to the second or inner rows being only two feet. If the ground is more limited, beds two feet and a half wide may be made and but two rows planted, as in the diagram below: PATH. e* © © © © #© #© © # #© @ #8 # & & ee © © © © @ © © © © # #@ @ ®@ PATH. In setting out strawberry-plants, the following rules may be observed: 1. Use well-rooted one-year plants. 2. Make the rows straight and parallel by a stretched cord. 3. Take up in a moist time if practicable. 4. In a dry time water the plants well before taking up. 5. Dip the rootsin thin mud before THE STRAWBERRY. 601 setting. 6. If watered after setting, finish by drawing on mel- low surface earth, and avoid covering the crown. 7. Plants. set at midsummer should have the surface about them covered with fine manure an inch deep, to keep it moist and prevent crusting. SELECTION OF VARIETIES.—Independently of fine quality, the selection of suitable varieties is of great importance. Some sorts, celebrated and highly recommended, will not. yield a tenth part of the crop afforded by others. The most productive, among which the Crescent is conspicuous, have yielded at the rate of one hundred, and often two hundred bushels per acre; the ground, at the period of ripening, glow-. ing with the dense red clusters, which nearly cover the surface; while on some foreign varieties the fruit is so thinly scattered and imperfect that whole square feet are destitute of fine specimens. It must constantly be remembered that no fruit. is so influenced by soil and other conditions as the strawberry. Varieties which in our locality are nearly everything that could be desired are almost valueless in others. In all cases. where large numbers of plants are to be set out, the experi- ence of the State Agricultural Experiment Station should be. availed of. STAMINATE AND PISTILLATE SORTS. As the productive qualities of strawberries depend so essen-- tially on the presence of the stamens and fzstils, some attention to this part of the subject becomes indispensable to their suc- cessful culture. Modern cultivators divide all strawberries into two distinct classes, one being termed staminate (or “‘male’), in which the stamens are fully developed and possess the power of ferti-- lizing the germ; and the other being termed fzst//ate (or “ fe-- male’), in which the stamens are abortive, or so small and imperfectly developed that they fail to accomplish fertiliza- tion. In this work it is deemed advisable to designate the two as “ perfect” and “imperfect.” Figs 805 and 806 represent . the usual appearance of these two kinds of flowers; and Figs. 807 and 808 enlarged portions of the same, Fig. 808 exhibit-- ing a part of the flower of the Large Early Scarlet, and Fig. 602 THE STRAWBERRY. 807 the same of Hovey’s Seedling; a@ being the stamens, and 4 the pistils. By the use of a hand lens it will be found that the former is abundantly supplied with pollen or fertiliz- ing dust, while the latter is nearly or totally destitute. Hence FIG. 805.—Perfect Flower. FIG. 806.—Imperfect Flower. Hovey’s Seedling, or any other pistillate variety, can never, or but very imperfectly, fertilize its own flowers, and the im- pregnation must be derived from a staminate sort. FIG. 807. FIG. 808. - In planting strawberry beds, it is important, therefore, to know the character of the flowers. Nothing is easier than to distinguish the two when in blossom. This distinction is given in the arrangement of varieties which follows. About one-quarter staminates are usually regarded as abundant for fertilizing a bed of pistillates. To prevent intermixture of the two sorts by runners, they may be planted in alternate strips, THE STRAWBERRY. 603 as indicated by the following diagram, S representing stami- nate and P pistillate varieties: PPPP s PPPP Ss PPPP ssss PPPP Ss PPPP Ss PPPP SESTSES PPPP Ss PPPP Ss PP PP --S sss ss ss sS ws S BYP PO Po Seinen PREP A PieNeSe@ SRP PP BS Sigas.s ae X Q Q x PPO?PP Ss PPPP S PPPP ssss P?pPpP Ss PPPP Ss PPPP ssss PPPP 3 PPPP Ss PPPP ssss In selecting two varieties for this purpose, perfect fertiliza- tion requires that their season of flowering should be nearly at the same time. Hence early and late flowering sorts will not succeed well together for this purpose. Nearly all sorts most commonly cultivated at the present time are staminate, and do not require this arrangement of beds for fertilization. VARIETIES. ARRANGEMENT. CiAss I.—ScARLET AND PINE STRAWBERRIES. Scarlet strawberries have small flowers; leaves rather long, thin, and light green, sharply serrate; fruit bright color, acid or subacid, seed deeply sunk. Pine strawberries are characterized by rather large flowers, leaves broad, dark green, sometimes obtuse; fruit large, not acid, rather smooth, seeds little sunk. These two sorts have been much hybridized and crossed, until it is now difficult to assign many varieties to either separately. Section I.—Flowers Perfect. Section I].—Flowers Imperfect. Crass I].—ALpIngE aND Woop STRAWBERRIES. Flowers rather small, perfect; leaves small, thin, light green; fruit small, sweet, parting freely from the calyx. 604 THE STRAWBERRY. Crass II].—Haursois STRAWBERRIES. - Leaves large, pale green, on tall stalks; fruit-stalk tall and erect; fruit dull purplish. Ciass 1V.—CuHiti STRAWBERRIES. Leaves very hairy, thick, obtusely serrate; fruit very large, pale, insipid. Tender. Ciass V.—GREEN STRAWBERRIES. Leaves light green, plaited; flesh solid. Of little value. Of classes II., III., 1V., and V. but few sorts are in cultivation, and as they are of little value no description of varieties will be given. VARIETIES OF SCARLET AND PINE STRAWBERRIES. It is not intended that the following list should be considered to embrace all the varieties of strawberries which have been introduced in the United States. The ease with which new sorts may be pro- duced has given rise to an almost endless number. Those only which have become standards of the older sorts, and the most promising of the newer ones are here described. It is re- peated that no other fruit is so influenced in all its characteristics by soil, climate, and cultivation as the strawberry. Section 1. Flowers Perfect. Aroma, Large, irregular conical; light red, moderately firm; not very productive; berries uniform in size. more, have at length sprouted and regained their former size. Unless actually diseased, there would seem to be hardly any limit to their recuperative power. Trees that had remained stationary for many years in the shade of crowded thickets, or stunted and dwarfed by aggressive grass and weeds, when removed to a congenial spot and cared for have immediately responded by growing off apace. . Livolution of the Orange. The orange, originally a berry about the size of a marble, bitter and full of seeds, has been brought to its present astonishing development in size and flavor by the patient efforts of cultivators from the most remote times. The dif- ferent types and varieties are the result of careful selection of seeds from fruit possessing the qualities most desired, and many variations have come from crossings with the lime and citron. Climate and soil have also exercised a powerful in- fluence, after a term of years changing a variety so much as to render difficult its identification with the original. When various kinds of citrus are intermingled in one grove, - distinguishing characteristics are sometimes completely wiped out. In extreme cases almost the whole crop on a tree of an elongated variety has become spherical or even flattened, and vice versa ; navel oranges lost their special mark, and the navel seal appeared on nearly all the fruit of a China-orange tree. Navel oranges, properly seedless, have acquired seeds from the pollen of adjoining seedy varieties; also what appeared to be oranges have been found on lemon- trees and the reverse. Although these changes may not be sufficiently common to forbid the intermingling of dif- ferent trees in a commercial grove, yet they are common enough to prove how easily and rapidly changes in types and varieties may be brought about; the necessity of care in the selection of seed; and also what some botanists have denied, namely, that the influence of pollination appears directly in the flesh of the fruit instead of affecting merely the seed. When quick results in crossing are desired, it may be remem- bered that the influence of strange pollen deposited upon the stigma will also affect for a short time several buds behind and under the blossom, and before this influence ceases these THE ORANGE. 623 buds may be transferred to another tree, grown, and fruited in a year ortwo. If seeds of the hybrid fruit be planted, buds from the young seedling when in its fourth or fifth leaf may be skilfully inserted into the sprout of a bearing tree and fruited in the same space of time. That the bud influences the stock is proved by the more rapid expansion of the latter, after being worked with a faster- growing variety, as when a lemon is set into a sour orange, and also by the appearance below the union, in some rare in- stances, of adventitious growths of the same kind as the in- serted bud. The writer has a large lemon-tree, worked on a sour orange, a foot above the ground and killed down by the late freeze. From a large side root of this sour-orange stock, about two feet distant from the trunk, are growing a couple of vigorous lemon-sprouts, showing the subtle and potent in- fluence of thedominant top. The orange is also improved by double working, as, for instance, when a lemon is grown upon asour stock and budded one or more times with an orange. Each successive change assists in refinement of flavor and elimination of seed and thorn. Some of these things may be deemed heresies, and possibly they are as applied to less tract- able subjects than the citrus, certainly one of the most re- markably docile of fruit-trees. PROPAGATION. Sceds.—The orange is usually increased by seeds, which should be planted an inch deep, and about an inch apart, soon after removal from the fruit, and before they become too dry to germinate. If the seed cannot be planted at once, it may be mixed with moist sand, which will preserve its vitality for a long time, provided it be kept cool enough not to sprout. The young plants may be started in boxes filled with moder- ately rich earth, or in beds in open ground, covering the seeds with loose or sifted soil, which should not be allowed to be- come dry or crusted over. Shelter from the scorching beams of the sun in the hottest weather, and also from frosts, by screens of coarse cloth or lattice-work, with a liberal but not excessive supply of water, is necessary after they begin to grow. Moles may be kept from the seed-beds by an enclosure 624 THE ORANGE. of boards placed on edge and sunk deeply enough to exclude them. : The following year the young plants may be transferred to the nursery rows, to be budded when of convenient size, or erown as seedlings until large enough for removal to the grove. Where seedlings are preferred the seed should be selected from the best sweet oranges, growing by themselves apart from lemon, citron, or bigarrade trees, so that the quality may not be debased by intermixture with these. Some kinds long grown by themselves, like the Bisry orange of Sidon, al- most invariably come true to kind. Generally there will be more or less variation in a grove of seedlings, though scarcely apparent to a superficial observer, and if the seeds have come of reputable stock, all will produce a fair quality of fruit. Sweet seedlings usually begin to bear six or eight years after planting. Ten inches or a foot apart in the nursery rows is a good distance, and to get an even stand only the strong thrifty plants should be used, leaving the weakly ones until they be- come larger. Budding and Grafiing.—Although the orange can be suc- cessfully grafted, budding is much preferred, and the opera- tion is performed the same as with other trees, excepting ‘that more nicety is required. To prevent the entrance of water, the shield is inserted into a cross-cut at the bot- tom of the vertical slit and pushed upward. Only the lower corners of the vertical slit are raised, and the shield is made to open its own way. The shield should extend well above and below the bud, be sliced off smoothly with pleaty of substance, and lie flat and snugly against the wood. The bandage may be of soft cotton twine, the turns of which are passed closely around and drawn tight. This is better than husks or bast, which are apt to loosen and the bud per- ishes. Better still are strips of muslin dipped 1n beeswax. These can be wound around so as to cover all, entirely exclud- ing air and water, and then it is immaterial whether the cross- cut be made above or below. The addition of oils or fats to the wax in very hot weather is liable to cause souring of the sap, which is fatal. Large stocks may be twig-budded or grafted, by inserting between bark and wood at the excised end several slender twigs cut thin and sloping and pushed well THE ORANGE. 625 -down,. or a twig may be inserted between bark and wood in a diagonal incision at the side without cutting off the top. The fruitfulness and stamina of the future tree, in a great measure, depend upon the selection of the buds from which it is produced. It is commonly believed that a bud from a bearing branch will bear sooner and more abundantly than one frem a watershoot or sucker. This theory is scarcely borne out by experience. A watershoot, after running up to the top of the tree and putting out branches, will often be found the next year weighted down with masses of fruit. Therefore a bud from a watershoot is just as likely to be fer- tile, and more likely to be vigorous, the same as a bud from near the end of a thrifty shoot. Buds near the base of a scion are apt to make trees with fewer thorns, but less vigorous. Again, buds from fruit-bearing twigs early in the season may be slightly affected by strange pollen absorbed through the bloom. This accounts for cases of so-called bud variation. Therefore buds from athrifty non-bearing branch of a fruitful tree are the best guarantee of vigor and productiveness. No doubt there are a few buds on every tree that are naturally and unaccountably barren, and when these are unfortunately used an unprofitable tree is the result. Here and there such aone may be found in every grove. For these there is no remedy but working over again. The sour orange, or bigarrade, begins to bear at an earlier age than the sweet, and is naturally a smaller tree. Hav- ing a hardy constitution, it is commonly preferred as a stock. It begins to bear in two or three years after bud- ding, and, as it is only by this means that distinct varie- ties can be perpetuated, budding is always resorted to where speedy results and uniformity are desired. Fruit from budded trees grades higher and carries better than that from seedlings, for the reason that only the best kinds are selected. By repeated budding, the thorns, always numerous in anatural tree, finally almost entirely disappear. Thornless trees are always desirable, because the wounds inflicted upon the fruit by these sharp points, especially during high winds, cause great loss by decay both before and after gathering. Budded trees appear to be as hardy and long-lived as any. Stocks of grape-fruit, lemon, and the larger limes may 4o 626 THE ORANGE, sometimes be used to advantage. A small orange, lacking flavor, is improveG.in size, quality, and fruitfulness by being worked upon these free growers, but like them becomes tender as regards ability to bear frost. To ensure safety from total loss in a killing freeze, budding close to the root is now prac- tised. Some prefer the sweet seedling for a stock, especially in soils where it is not liable to “dieback” and mal de goma, arguing that, if killed down by frost, it can be allowed to grow up again without the trouble and delay of budding. The sweet seedling in such soils, when used as astock for varieties, attains a great size and large bearing capacity. For dwarfing the orange and lemon, C. Ofeheite and C. tri- foliata are used. The former, brought into France in 1815, is a nearly thornless evergreen shrub, with pendulous branches and glossy leaves, and quite tender. C. trifoliata, one of the original wild forms, is a deciduous shrub with trifoliate leaves, exceedingly thorny, and hardy enough to answer for hedges in a temperate climate. On either of the above the orange or lemon makes an elegant compact bush, freely producing large crops of fine fruit. On trifoliata, in the open ground, it becomes a small tree, capa- ble, when dormant, of enduring a greater degree of cold than otherwise. Such trees are adapted to exposed situations, and those along the northern edge of orange latitudes. They are hardy only while resting; during active growth the resistant powers of all are much the same. Where nursery trees were not to be had and a start must be made from the seed, groves have been quickly established by planting several plump seeds where each tree was to stand, and after they had grown a few months pulling out all plants but the best ones. Such trees, unchecked by removal, and each a survival of the fittest, have often fruited in three or four years. Transplanting.—The orange bears transplanting well, and, if skilfully done, trees of any size can be moved without risk of loss. Where the roots have been closely cut off, recovery is better if most of the tops are pruned away. The roots must not be exposed to the sun nor allowed to become dry. After setting, the earth should be closely packed by hand or by pouring in water. Thus treated, the largest trees will begin THE ORANGE, 627 growing and bearing at once, and ina few years regain tops ‘of their former size. Trees carrying half-grown fruit have been moved and retained the crop till maturity. Immediately after the civil war, when the planting of groves began in Florida, there was no nursery stock to be had. Ac- cordingly, trees were taken from the extensive thickets of wild oranges existing here and there all over the State. Before removal they were cut back to four or five feet, and all the roots severed a few inches from the stump. As they had grown closely, with little room for expansion, many, still small, might have beena hundred years old, and yet these apparently stunted trees, after being transplanted and budded, grew off handsomely, becoming large and productive intime. Others, topped and budded where they stood, with roots intact, the surrounding bushes being cleared away, were transformed even sooner. Being evergreen, transplanting may be done any time of year, but the cooler weather of winter, when growth has nearly or entirely ceased, is considered safest. New roots begin to push out about three weeks after lifting, © followed in a week or two more by the swelling of the buds. Besides being supplied with water, if the weather is very hot and dry, they should be shaded or wrapped till growth begins. Before movement of sap and root action is established, there is no power to resist the heat from the direct beams of the sun, which may cook and destroy them. Mulching is of great assistance in keeping the soil loose, moist, and cool until the recovery of the tree, and Beever te the drying up of the tender rootlets. Trees should never be set deeper than they originally grew. On damp or low-lying soils they ought to be a few inches higher, and the earth drawn up to them, leaving a sloping bed with a depression in the middle to carry off surplus water that might accumulate during heavy rains. If the ground is loose they will settle a little, for which allowance should be made. Set too deep, they will never thrive nor grow much until raised, or waited upon until new collar-roots form. The ends of all tap-roots should be cut off smoothly, also the laterals, which should be drawn out straight, and clean soil tightly packed around them. Contact with strong fertilizers and fermenting manures is highly objectionable, and likely to breed disease. 628 THE ORANGE. These should be worked into the soil beyond if used at all, to be sought after and appropriated as needed. The hungry tree will scent out a compost or muck-heap many feet away, and, in an incredibly short time, fill it with the yellow root- lets. The tap-root starts first, sending down a whorl of slender threads, which soon coalesce in a single spike, replacing the severed portion. Nothing is lost by pruning away most of the branches, cutting back the top severely. A new head will form more quickly and the growth be more rapid and healthy if the leafage is diminished to correspond with the shortened roots. Cuttings and Layers.—All of the citrus tribe grow readily from cuttings or layers, particularly lemons and citrons, the branches of which often strike root as they rest upon the ground, weighed down with fruit. It might reasonably be supposed that seedlings of the lemon and citron would live longer and have better stamina than cuttings and layers, but the latter appear to do equally well, and have the advantage, if killed to the ground, of growing up true to kind without the trouble of grafting. The orange may be quickly propagated from the side-roots of large trees, which, having been cut through and air and light admitted to the severed portions, soon throw out rank sprouts and can be dug up as separate plants. This method and also by layers is acommon mode of increasing the Otaheite for dwarfing. Soil.—The orange readily accommodates itself to any reasonably fertile soil, and although it will eTow and produce fair crops on land too poor for grain, no other fruit-tree re- sponds more readily to generous treatment. It is found thriv- ing in the dryest situations, wherever the roots can extend down to the moisture beneath, and it also flourishes on alluvial soil subject at times to overflow, provided the water does not stand too long and is kept cool by the shade of overhanging forests. During seasons of active growth, an abundance of water, either from rain or irrigation, is a necessity. In many cases, besides what is drawn up by the roots from hidden sources, copious dews or the seepage of artesian wells are of material assistance. Dr. Bennett mentions an extensive grove in an alluvial valley of Sardinia, through which runs a never- failing rivulet of mountain water. No manure is ever given, THE ORANGE. ° 629 and twice a week during summer the entire grove is flooded. As thus shown, the orange needs a well-watered situation, but it must be living or moving water; swampy or sodden soils are to be avoided, also those having an impervious layer of rock, or hardpan near the surface, particularly if charged with an excess of salt or iron. On loose and friable soils, underlaid with marly or phosphatic deposits, the growth is wonderfully luxuriant and the fruit of surpassing delicacy, oftentimes too delicate for shipment to a distant market. All low and flat lands are more frosty. Trees on high ground often show little damage from a polar wave when those in the valleys below are badly hurt. But during the sweeping blizzards that destroyed the Florida groves, the in- tense and far-reaching cold was, if anything, more severe on elevations than in sheltered valleys. This, however, was an exceptional case. A body of water on the north or north- west side of a grove, wide and deep enough to retain heat, greatly lessens the rigor of cold winds, and a belt of dense timber on the east side, to keep off the morning sun for a few hours on a frosty morning, also mitigates the damage that might ensue from rapid thawing. Ffertilizers.—Closely connected with the subject of soil is that of fertilizers, by the understanding use of which almost any kind of an orange may be, as it were, manufactured to order. Free use of potash thickens and toughens the rind, giving the firmness and durability requisite to bear transpor- tation and rough handling, but at the expense of saccharine qualities. The latter may be increased and acidulous proper- ties modified by the use of more phosphoric acid. Highly nitrogenous applications give fruit surcharged with insipid juice, and cause a lush growth of wood that never properly ripens, inviting attacks of insects and fungi. Composts from the barnyard, or those containing much decomposing animal matter, must be used sparingly if at all. The most wholesome growth and finest-flavored fruit comes from judicious employ- ment of the best high-grade commercial fertilizers. To keep up the productiveness of bearing groves, enormous quantities of these are applied, sometimes a ton to the acre every year, and in rare cases even more has been found profitable, or as mtuch as the owner could afford to buy. No soil, however 630 THE ORANGE. fertile, could long keep up its strength when crops of two hundred and fifty to nearly four times that number of boxes of fruit are annually removed from it, unless the elements taken away are continually being restored. In the wild groves, where the entire product falls and is immediately re- solved into original forms by decay, there is of course no impoverishment or deterioration. The peculiar characteristics of an orange are also due, in great measure, to the season of its development and ripening. The superior excellence of the Florida product is well known. About the 1st of March the blossom opens. During the dry weather of April and May the superfluous setting falls off, and what remains progresses, under the fostering influences of heat and showers, to maturity by the last of autumn. The cool winter weather checks the flow of sap, the green rind assumes a brilliant golden hue, and the sharp acids become toned down and blended with a delightful intermingling of the saccharine. Evidently the conditions of climate and soil are eminently fitted and the changes of the seasons come just at the right time, to bring about these superlative qualities. But there are midsummer blooms whose fruit ripens the fol- lowing summer, and it is a curious fact that this summer fruit, though subject to the same influences, but at different seasons as regards stages of growth, is every way inferior to the regu- lar crop, and, instead of a ruddy golden yellow, never gets beyond a pale greenish tinge. The same has been observed in some tropical regions, where cool weather is unknown, hence it, is evident that a low temperature at the ripening period contributes to perfection, and it is believed that the orange is best at its northern limit in this hemisphere. South of the equator the conditions would be reversed. Distance of Planting.—The distance apart in the grove de- pends upon the kind of tree and character of soil. Sweet seedlings or buds on sweet stocks grow to a great size, and anywhere from thirty to forty feet will not be found too close in loose and deeply drained ground. On sour stocks twenty- five to thirty feet. On trifoliata still closer, and dwarfed on Otaheite no more than ten by ten. On heavy, low-lying, and wet land, trees attain less size and should be set nearer; say twenty by twenty for sweet stocks and sixteen by twenty for THE ORANGE. 631 sour. Such situations being more frosty, close planting cre- ates denser shade, which not only mitigates the cold, but also breaks the force of high winds, besides keeping the ground cool and moist by checking evaporation. Fruit grown in the shade is of amore delicate texture and a clearer complexion than that exposed to the sun. Where plenty of space is advis- able the trees become very large in time and the product cor- respondingly great per tree. Growers on high lands assert that they get more fruit per acre from trees fifty feet apart than from those nearer together. In some countries close planting seems to be the rule. For example, in the Sardinian grove alluded to, the trees, according to Dr. Bennett, are only eight or ten feet apart; and most of them very old, with trunks two or even three feet in diameter. The branches run up to a height of twenty feet, and form a dense canopy, which keeps the ground cool and moist, and the experience of centuries has satisfied the proprietors that this is the best plan. It was also found that seedlings were apt to die from limb-blight upon reaching maturity, while all the grafted trees were sound and healthy. Herman Melville, referring to a grove in Tahiti, says the trees formed a dense shade, spreading overhead a dark, rustling vault, in which nothing but leaves and fruit could be seen. CULTIVATION. The method of cultivation is a subject about which exists a great variety of opinions, and amid the many differences of soil, climate, and surroundings the treatment must, of course, be varied to suit each particular case. Nowhere do we find more beautiful fruit, nor brighter or more glossy foliage, than in many of the wild groves of Florida. Shielded from the fierce beams of the midsummer sun, from high winds and the severity of frosts by the intermingled and overarching forest trees, and fed by the decay of fallen leaves and branches, the conditions for a continued well-being are well-nigh perfect. Here nature provides a loose and friable soil, abounding in the elements of fertility, with protection from extremes of heat and cold, and as far as the artificial state of cultivated trees allows we will do well to imitate 632 THE ORANGE. nature. High lands deficient in humus should be kept stirred part of the year, and during warm and rainy weather grass or green crops may be allowed to grow, and then turned under to furnish the vegetable mould upon which the rootlets delight to feed. Except insoils where the roots strike deeply, plough- ing must be shallow to avoid their mutilation. Low-lying and wet lands are better not ploughed at all. Mulching and an occasional superficial working over with the hoe or culti- vator will keep the soil loose and moist, as in a state of nature. Our aim should be to secure a steady and moderate growth, slowly ripening up and hardening, which is more wholesome for the tree and better enables it to bear an extreme of frost. An abnormally rapid growth invites disease, insects, and damage from low temperature. The orange resents too much interference. “Let well enough alone,” and “make haste slowly,” are golden rules in orange-culture. Pruning.—Pruning is sometimes necessary to get rid of long thorns, or to open up the inside for convenience in climbing about to gather the fruit, and to admit air and light moder- ately. It is well to cut off dead or sickly branches, and those that chafe against each other. Trees with tall, naked trunks are more readily hurt by frost and high winds; therefore while young they should be encouraged to branch out low. This does not interfere much with cultivation, for the plough should not be run too close, and the shade keeps down grass and weeds. Asthe top expands and thickens, these lower branches cease to be of service, and may be removed as having served their turn. The best time for pruning isin spring, when dan- ger of frost is less and vital forces strongest. Late in summer it is more weakening, besides increasing the susceptibility to cold by setting the sapin motion. There is much unneces- sary pruning done. Small twigs in the shade are continually dying and being succeeded by others more favorably situated. In a few weeks they become brittle and drop off, like leaves that have had their day. In the nursery more or less of clip- ping and pinching-back is needed to favor leading-shoots and bring the young trees into shape. Water-sprouts should be removed before they divert and absorb the energies of large trees. THE ORANGE. 633 FROST. In many semi-tropical regions, where attention is paid to the orange, the arch enemy is frost. And yet it is not so much the degree of cold, as the condition of the tree at the time, which makes a fall of temperature harmful. At rest from growing, with no flow of sap and the bark clinging tightly to the wood, a tough old tree has been known to come out of a brief period, during which ten degrees were indicated by the mercury, with scarcely a scar. In the freeze of 1886 in Florida, a temperature of 17° at sunrise, rising to 32° at noon, and gradually dropping to below 20° by the next morn- ing, and this repeated for four days, was what many old groves passed through with so little harm that eighteen months afterward they were holding larger crops than ever before. Buta drop below 30° is more or less hazardous when the sap is flowing, and a few hours’ exposure, especially if trees are young and growing freely, may burst the bark and kill them to the ground. Nothing is more sensitive than the tip of a growing shoot. At the time of the freeze of February 7th, 1895, which killed down most of the orange-trees in Florida, except those in the extreme southern portion, the conditions were most unfavorable, aside from the severity of the cold, which regis- tered 12° to 15° in many places—three degrees lower than in Boston—and destroyed forest growths considered hardy in the Carolinas. A frost of almost equal intensity had occurred six weeks previously, which caused all the foliage to drop, and during the interval between the two the sap had begun to flow, and young leaves and blossom-buds were appearing. In this tender condition, and unsheltered by protecting foli- age, they fell an easy prey. The devastation seems to have been greater than during a similar visitation sixty years before. At that time the trunks of some old trees were spared in places where this last frost made a clean sweep. Previous to 1835 there were bearing trees in St. Augustine of great size and capacity, which must have bordered upon one hundred years. Elderly people like to recall those days when the Ancient City was embowered in one vast grove, all yellow with ripening fruit, to an extent 634 THE ORANGE. never since regained. A previous killing freeze is recorded as having occurred in 1747, and it is a curious fact that all three of these fatal frosts fell upon the same date in February. The trees killed by the recent freeze are mostly sprouting freely from the roots, and, if taken care of, will begin bearing — in two or three years, and promise to regain their former size by another decade, if not sooner. But as some owners have neither the means nor courage to rebuild their groves, it will probably be longer before the previous output is reached. Although the trees can bear the low temperatures before stated, the fruit cannot. Exposed to 25° for a few hours, the juice next the stem begins to evaporate, and a longer exposure will cause its total disappearance. Badly frozen oranges soon drop and decay, while many of those slightly touched will hang for several weeks in fair condition for eating, and may be sent to near-by markets. Those that are small and tight- skinned often lose half or two-thirds of their juice, where the larger ones, having a loose and coarse rind, will become en- tirely dry, and light as puff-balls. The vitality of many of the seeds will also be destroyed. An effectual protection against total destruction by frost consists in banking up earth around the stem as far as prac- ticable, this to be removed when the danger is past. Should the top be killed down to this mound, the tree will at once sprout from the live wood with great vigor and begin to bear again in a year or two, whereas if killed to a level with the ground, its recovery would be much slower, if indeed it ral- lied at all. The boughs of pines or other evergreens laid among the branches afford some protection in a moderate freeze, but such precautions availed little in the intense cold weather in Florida during the month of February, 1895. It may be worth mentioning that, at the same time when all other citrus around them were destroyed, some whose growth had been checked a short time before by severe root-pruning came through with few signs of injury. Any top shade or scattering umbrageous trees mitigate the effects of lighter frosts to a considerable degree. In Europe and Northern India a latticed shelter is often built over the trees in exposed situations. THE ORANGE, 625 INSECTS. Few trees are more liable to attacks of insects than mem- bers of the citrus tribe, but an inherent vigor makes them generally proof against lasting injury from this source. In a congenial soil, with favorable climatic conditions, the skil- ful cultivator feels little concern, knowing that where the parasitic enemies of any insect exist an undue increase of the latter is attended by a corresponding multiplication of the former, and thus is the balance of nature preserved. The use of insecticides is but a partial rernedy, and without the aid of friendly parasites would, in many cases, prove inadequate. It is wise to apply the ounce of preventive and maintain a strict quarantine against the introduction of these insidious foes, and the wisdom of this is now being recognized by stringent laws imposing pedalees against the admission of infected or infested plants. One of the most widely distributed insects affecting the citrus in Florida is the Rust-Mite (PAytops). Almost too mi- nute to be seen with the naked eye, it swarms in incredible numbers over the trees, and, attaching its beak to the fruit, sucks the juices of the peel, leaving it blackened and dry. Such fruit, commercially undesirable from a disfigured ap- pearance, also loses much of the delightful aroma, but carries and keeps better, and the juices evaporate more slowly. On the other hand it is more readily injured by frost, which causes it to drop and decay, before any effects are shown upon the bright. So that, although some claim preference fora rusty orange, the presence of this mite is objectionable, as de- preciating the market value of the fruit, as well as more or less affecting the health of the tree by a draft upon its strength. It is combated by spraying with a solution of sul- phur and lime, or any other good insecticide, in May or June, before its migration to the fruit, and occasionally thereafter, to make “assurance double sure.” Lime or sulphur dusted over the foliage while wet with dew or rain is also help- ful. The Red Spider, Zetryancus sex maculatus, or spotted mite, and several other similar mites, formerly inhabiting other growths, but, of late emigrating to citrus-trees as the latter became common, do much harm by sucking the leaves, and 636 THE ORANGE. causing them to drop, thus retarding the growth and develop- ment of fruit and lessening the vitality of the tree. Water is the bane of these insects, which increase marvellously fast in times of drought, and correspondingly diminish during rainy periods. There is one species that thrives in the wet season. Kerosene emulsion and the sulphur or soda sprays are effec- tive destroyers. A minute lady-bird, scarcely visible to the naked eye, has been found preying upon the red spider. The Red Scale, Aspidiotus ficus, and Long Scale, Wytilaspis Glovert, which fasten to the bark and leaves and feed upon the sap, are chiefly vulnerable when their larve are in motion in March or April, June or July, and September or October, and may be checked by the same preparations. The White Fly, Aleyrodes citrifolit, has lately wrought much harm in the Florida groves, particularly in the far south. This insect breeds three times during the year, and should be attacked soon after hatching. The rosin washes are most effectual against it. Lately there has appeared a parasitic fungus, Aschersonia, which attacks and destroys the larve of the white fly. Trees which had suffered from the pest for years and nearly succumbed are now recovering since the spread of this fungus among them, which, it is thought, will finally put an end to the trouble. The insects above mentioned have proved the most trouble- some of any hitherto dealt with. There are other scales, of minor importance, which may be fought in the same manner whenever numerous enough to be harmful. The most effective method of killing scale or other insects, so far discovered, is by fumigation with hydrocyanic gas, as practised in California. The gas is generated under a tent enclosing the tree, and an exposure of half an hour has been found to destroy all insect life. The trouble and expense of applying may prevent its use except in desperate cases. The well-known Mealy Bug, Coccus adonidum, often seen upon the pineapple, and generally to be found in the blossom- end of a ripe pomegranate, has sometimes been quite trouble- some to the orange. Besides weakening the tree, most of the insects spoken of leave a smutty deposit, sometimes to such an extent as to unfit the fruit for market unless previously cleaned, which involves much time and labor. THE ORANGE. 637 The decay and falling off of ripe oranges is sometimes caused by attacks of members of the Mitre or Soldier-Bug family, Asopus, which collect in large numbers upon the fruit and suck its juices. These bugs usually breed upon cotton, the cow-pea, and cucurbitaceous plants, migrating from these to the orange-trees. They also puncture tender shoots, caus- ing the ends to wilt and die. The best way to avoid them is not to allow the plants upon which they breed to grow among the orange-trees. It is well to observe here that strong soda and potash sprays must be used with caution while the fruit is small, or it may be rendered insipid and worthless from the absorption of these substances, which neutralize its acids and destroy the sprightly flavor. It is a common opinion that the harm done by a severe winter has its compensations in the extinction of injurious” insects. There is little foundation for this belief. The ravages of scale have often been more noticeable after rigor- ous seasons than before; so we may infer either that a lowered vitality has rendered the trees more susceptible, or that the friendly parasites have been diminished. DISEASES. Among diseases of the citrus, ma/ de goma is one of the most serious. This is manifested by a gummy exudation at the base of the trunk, followed by decay of the bark; the malady gradually extending to the roots, and, if not checked, often causing the death of the tree. It is supposed to arise from a variety of causes, such as the close contact of fermenting manures or corrosive substances; a rich soil saturated with moisture, or highly nitrogenous fertilizers. Sometimes when the cause ceases to exist the tree recovers of itself. Removal of the soil about the diseasedroots and exposure to the air are recommended; also the cutting away of diseased bark and wood and the application of a wash of sulphurous acid. Trees ona friendly soil, nourished with a well-balanced fertilizer, are seldom affected, and the sweet orange is more susceptible than the sour or bigarrade. Limb-blight is an obscure disease, the origin of which is still doubtful. The leaves wilt, small twigs perish gradually, and the tree falls intoa decline and finally dies. ‘There seems 638 THE ORANGE. to be no specific remedy, but trees showing these symptoms have, in some instances, been fully restored by digging a trench all round two or three feet from the trunk, filling in with fresh soil mixed with manure, and pruning away nearly - all the top. Doubtless some cases of limb-blight are the re- sult of overcropping, and exhaustion of necessary elements. It seems to affect adjacent trees, but whether contagious has not yet been definitely settled. Removal and burning of affected limbs and extirpation of badly diseased trees are recommended, but as some forms of blight may proceed from preventable causes it might be well to go slowly in the execu- tion of such heroic measures. The matter is being studied by experts and will be better understood after further investi- gation. Dieback.—Another trouble of the grower, and perhaps the most common, is a condition called “dieback.” This may be recognized by the damping-off of the ends of growing shoots, which are often unduly angular, distorted, curving downward, fairly bursting with crude sap, and disfigured by rusty red patches of exuding gum. There is a mighty effort at rapid growth; a constant advance and retrogression. Bearing trees either produce no fruit, or else set a heavy crop, which as- sumes a whity-green color, becomes scabby, cracks open and drops, and any that reaches maturity is insipid and worth- less. It must be considered a condition rather than a disease, a dyspeptic state arising from over-stimulation or one-sided fertilizers. It is also caused by too deep planting, a wet and steaming soil, one that holds some noxious element, or is un- derlaid near the surface with impervious rock or hardpan. The grower must forma diagnosis of his own peculiar case, in order to know what remedy to apply or what cause to remove. If trees have been planted too deep they must be raised; sod- den soils may have shallow cultivation, or top shade, or le in grass during the hot and rainy season; fermenting and over- stimulating fertilizers must be avoided and noxious elements neutralized. On a soil naturally adapted to the orange and judiciously fertilized and cultivated dieback is unknown. The same causes, variously affecting other plants, have been noticed. Pear and apple trees by a poultry-house or manure- pile have been killed outright; banana-plants have grown THE ORANGE. 639 wondrously, set a few fruits, and then decayed at the base and fallen over; and even palins, perhaps the most resistant of all to such influences, have pushed up several leaves at once, with leaflets distorted and folded back. It must be remembered that the orange, although one of the toughest of trees in many ways, is yet one of the most discriminating and sen- sitive about what comes in contact with its roots. Strong brine will kill it, and an instance is remembered where a little London purple, spilled on the ground and dissolved by the rain, caused three vigorous old trees standing by to wilt and die inafew days. If strong manures must be used, the danger is lessened or entirely obviated by depositing them in holes or shallow pits dug here and there among the trees, instead of broadcasting over the surface. The Scaé is a minute fungus badly affecting the bigarrade and lemon, and toa less degree the lime and citron. It has hitherto troubled the sweet orange very little. It may have previously existed in Florida, but did not become general until a short time before the great freeze of 1886. It is ap- | pearing again in spite of the hopes of its extinction by the last killing down of the trees. Before its first appearance there was no difficulty in growing the most beautiful lemons, with smooth satiny skins, fully equal to any in the world. But now a large proportion are too rough and warty for ' marketing, and the leaves are distorted and covered with scars and excrescences. The growth of the trees dees not seem to be greatly checked, nor the acid of the fruit injured, but it is terribly disfiguring. As the lemon is desired as much for the fragrant peel as for the juice, it will be readily seen how largely such an affection must detract from its value. Many Italian lemons show marks of the same or something similar. The copper sprays applied several times © a year have been tried with the result of a mitigation but not an eradication of the evil. Mosses and Lichens growing upon the trunks and limbs may be scrubbed away with a stiff brush, but any good fungicide will cause them to die and drop off. Although they may not do much harm while an abundance of moisture prevails, yet, rooting as they do in the bark, many small branches are strangled and the general health of the trees affected in times of drought. 640 THE ORANGE. SELECTION OF VARIETIES. In establishing a commercial grove profit is, of course, © the first consideration, and amid the great number of va- rieties, much perplexity arises in deciding which are best suited to that end. Some of those most esteemed, and commanding the’ highest price, may be unprofitable by reason of an inherent defect, such as shy bearing, lack of stamina, too great delicacy to bear carriage, or a marked susceptibility to cold. Therefore in making a selection none should be used but those combining, in the great- est degree productiveness, vigor, firmness, high quality, and resistant power. Near the northern limit early sorts, that may be gathered before the approach of frost, are most desirable. In milder latitudes a succession will en- able the work of harvesting to go on uninterruptedly from October till May and even later, rendering the grower inde- pendent of gluts and depressed markets, which may happen some of the time but not all the time. As regards quality, there is perhaps less choice among varieties of the orange, nearly all of which are good, than among other fruits, many of which are indifferent and some positively bad. A seed- ling apple or pear may be wretchedly poor, but a seedling orange is almost sure to be excellent, and not infrequently extra fine. Differences of exterior are also less broad, so the uneducated are apt to think an orange is an orange the world over, until they learn to detect its nice distinctions and rec- ognize its subtile flavors. A number of favorites in Florida and California since the renaissance are seedlings of local reputation, selected and named for their all-round excellence, and full of the vigor of youth. Some celebrities of world- wide fame have been imported. One of the most famous of these last is the Malta family, the type of which is widely known as Maltese Blood. This is readily distinguished by the rounded and flattened young leaves, quite different from the elongated and curled appearance of those of other sorts. The flecks and splashes of sanguine hue in the pulp, which is sometimes entirely crimsoned, were formerly supposed to have come from budding upon the pomegranate, but this is a THE ORANGE. 641 gross error. It is reasonably believed they are the result of crossing, at a remote period, with the red shaddock. VARIETIES. Matta ORANGES. Amory Maltese Oval. A superb variety of robust growth, anda good cropper. Foreign. : Fortuna. Robust growing and hardy; spherical or sometimes flat- tened. Holds up late; very prolific and desirable. Jaffa. Closely resembles Majorca every way, excepting that it is sweeter and a more regular bearer. Foreign. Jaffa Blood. Sport of Jaffa; colored inside like the type, which it closely resembles and fully equals. Florida. Majorca. Treeand fruit similar to Maltese Blood, without inter- mingling color. Pulp fine-grained and tender, with unsurpassed refreshing vinous qualities. More round in shape, with a thin- ner rind; a good keeper and shipper. Florida. Maltese Blood. ‘Tree of moderate size, almost thornless, rounded, and compact; rather sensitive to cold and needs high cultivation to ensure regular crops. Fruit oval, few seeds; exterior often marked with patches of rosy red; very attractive in appearance ; flavor exceedingly piquant and delicious, giving it a reputation for quality second to none. Foreign. Maltese Egg. Oval in shape; runs from 176 to 225 size; fair grower and heavy bearer. One of the finest of this strain in quality. Foreign. Tephi. An improved Jaffa, modified by pollination. Excellent grower and bearer and of highest quality. Besides those mentioned above are other Maltas, as Oblong, Late, Long, and several unnamed, all having the same general characteristics and good points. Most of them were imported from Europe by Gen. H. S. Sanford and Mr. Charles Amory. Maltese Oval. (Garey’s Mediterranean.) Sweet. Generally classed with the Maltas, but of distinct foliage; is a favorite with florists on account of its habit of exuberant blooming. Fruit ob-. long, slightly flattened at the stem, of excellent quality and keeps very late; apt to split on young trees. Needs high cultivation and abundant feeding. Valencia. (Valencia Late.) Growth and habit closely resemble the above ; also shape and general appearance of fruit, which is smoother, more acid, and ripens later. Valuable for late ship- ping. Foreign. 41 642 THE ORANGE. PORTUGAL ORANGES. The type of these is spherical or slightly flattened, with marked vinous properties, probably acquired long ago from the wild lime, and usually not becoming fully ripe till mid- winter or spring. The most desirable variety in this class is: Mediterranean. Fruit large to medium, very solid and with few seeds, ripening late; tree thornless, of dwarf habit, inclined to overbear. Formerly very popular but now superseded by Wash- ington Navel. : Others are Pernambuco, Circassian, Duroi, Botelha, Peerless, Rio, Nicaragua, Tahiti, Rivers’ Prolific, Beach No. 5, and several kinds of St. Michael, all good growers and bearers, not differ- ing greatly from each other, and valuable for marketing. SWEET CHINA ORANGES. Typical form oval or elongated rather than flattened; sac- charine qualities strongly marked; become palatable early, and seem to show remote admixture with the sweet citron. Among these are: Early Oblong, St. Michael Egg, and Pride of Malta. ‘These are of oval shape with a roughened exterior and very little acid, and may be shipped early. Hardly so insipid as the following. Seville. (Sweet Seville.) Spherical in shape; bears young and abundantly; so utterly devoid of acid that it may be used as soon as it fills with juice, even before the rind colors. Good for early shipments when ail others are sour. Foreign. Whittaker, Foster, Boone, Nonpareil, Parson, Centennial, Homo- sassa, and Magnum Bonum are all selected seedlings of extended reputation, strong growing and early ripening, combining the sweetness of the China with the sprightliness of the Portugal. To these may be added Cunningham, Arcadia, Pineapple, Indian River, and Stark or De Bary Seedless, all favorites and of extra fine quality. There isa class of blood oranges, suggesting the China and Portugal rather than the Malta, called Round Bloods. The best of these are the Amory, which is of very high quality, vigorous, prolific, and hardy, and the Italian. Also Imperial, which is early, and De Colmar, and St. Michael Blood, which are later, besides some unnamed and equally promising seed- lings. THE ORANGE. 643 Brazilian. Brought to Florida from Louisiana a dozen years ago by Rev. W. P. Gardner of Fort Myers, and but little known as yet among orange growers. Highly recommended for vigor and productiveness, with fruit of very fine quality, which hangs upon the tree without deterioration until midsummer. Hart. (Hart’s Late.) (Tardiff, Brown of Thos. Rivers.) A high- class fruit with few seeds, slightly oblong, pale yellow, thin rind, dark pulp with a brisk and racy flavor. This is largely planted for its lateness, hanging throughout the summer without deteri- oration. Hart, Paper-Rind, Prata, and White show decided ad- mixture of lemon. Joppa. Originated in 1877 from seed procured fa) A. B. Chapman of San Gabriel, Cal., from Palestine. ‘Tree thornless and strong growing. Fruit oblong, almost seedless, with thin rind, solid, juicy, and very sweet. Can be gathered early or left on the tree till midsummer. Said to be the heaviest orange grown and one of the most beautiful, and while some regard the flavor as hardly first-rate, others praise it highly and think that when better known it will be very largely planted. Paper-Rind. (Paper-Rind St. Michael’s Fruit.) Light colored, small, round, rather seedy, pungent, and aromatic, flesh very firm and juicy. Ripens late and keeps wellon the trees. Tree dwarf, medium thorny, productive. Very desirable. Has more specific gravity than almost any orange known; a favorite for market in California. Prata. (Silver Orange.) A favorite in some Kuropean markets ; is as light-colored in pulp and rind as a lemon; piquant and delicious. White. Similar, but coarser and sweeter. Many of the choicest varieties of oranges owe their pecul- jar excellence to admixtures, more or less remote, with some other member of the citrus family. Hybrids of C. nobilis and C. decumana are said to have developed a superlative refine- ment in certain lines, indicating that when in the course of time the efforts of experimenters shall have been crowned with a fruit combining in harmonious proportions the best qualities of all, the result will be an orange worth having. NAVEL ORANGES. This famous orange, broadly marked at the apex with an umbilical appearance, belongs to the China section, having the same slender and thornless habit, with few seeds and a sweet pulp dashed with a subtile blending of acid, giving a combination of rare delicacy. Originally from Brazil, 1t was 644 THE ORANGE. cultivated in Florida many years ago, becoming extinct there, or nearly so by the great freeze of 1835. About 1874 it was again restored, under the name of Washington Navel or Bahia, in trees imported from South America and sent out by the Department of Agriculture at Washington. Fruit large, solid, very juicy, high flavored. Only in exceptional cases are seeds found. ‘Tree prolific, often beginning to bear one year from the bud. Its magnificent size, smooth and silky exterior, delicious flavor, and total absence of seed, have raised it at once to pre-eminence. In California it seems sat- isfactorily productive, but in Florida, unless budded on lime or lemon, or the flow of sap interrupted by partial girdling, the crops are often too light to be remunerative. It is to-day the leading commercial variety of America. The same objection generally exists in other navels, such as Sustain, Rivers, Egyptian, Australian, Malta, some from Con- tinental gardens, and a native seedling—the Double Im- perial. Flowers are freely produced, but nearly all fall off. By some the trouble has been attributed to exhaustion from too free blooming, or from lack of pollen, which cannot be the cause, seeing that one variety, a cross of Botelha and Sustain, and as free a bloomer as any, always sets, and carries such an enormous crop as to paralyze its energies and arrest its growth. MANDARIN ORANGES (CITRUS NOBILIS). This appears to be of a race entirely distinct from the common orange, and may have been identical with or sprung from the Stntara group, either indigenous to the northeast- ern border of India, or introduced there long ago from south- ern China. The leaves and blossoms are smaller than those of the common orange, and exhale a peculiar aromatic odor. The branches are slender and the fruit is flattened, with seg- ments loosely adhering, forming a hole in the centre, and en- closed in a smooth and glossy rind of a saffron yellow, easily detached. When fully ripe it is exceedingly juicy and melt- ing, and has become a favorite in European and American markets, where it was unknown until recently. Tree of mod- erate size and nearly destitute of thorns, except when grown from seed, and then very thorny. THE ORANGE. 645 TANGERINE ORANGES. A section of C. nobilis commonly called Tangerine is a more robust and sizeable tree, with larger foliage, and fruit of the same shape and size, but of a lobster-red color, This fruit is greatly admired, and more in request on account of its showy appearance, but in delicacy of flavor scarcely equals the yel- low. A small variety of Tangerine, the Spice or Cleopatra, is of quite inferior quality, but an enormous bearer and very showy and ornamental. Used for garnishing tables. Bergamot (C. Zergamia).. Fruit pear-shaped, pale yellow, with green, sub-acid, firm, fragrant pulp; fruit and foliage distinct. Oil of bergamot is distilled from the rind. C. Desimatus. An odd variety grown for ornament, with drooping leaves, no two alike. King. (King of Siam.) A large variety of Tangerine, of more globular shape, introduced from Cochin China in 1882. Skin thick and uneven, dark red and loosely adhering; pulp mild and delicious. Tree thorny and robust, with large foliage. The habit of ripening late when other varieties of C. modz/is are out of season, together with other prime qualities, recommended it for general cultivation. California. Kumquat (C. /aponica). A small shrub hardier than the orange, upon which or trifoliata it isusually worked. Fruit about an inch in diameter, with sweet rind and acid juice, wholesome and re- freshing. Large quantities preserved in sugar are imported from China. There are two kinds, round and oval. Myrtle-Leaved Orange (C. myrtzfolia). A handsome dwarf tree, with small, dense, dark green, glossy leaves, bearing a small flattened fruit of little use. A beautiful shrub for ornamental grounds. Philip’s Bittersweet. Resembles the sour orange in leaf and fruit, and is found intermingled with it in the wild groves of Florida. Its juice is insipidly sweet, and the white inner rind extremely bitter and disagreeable, which spoils it for commercial purposes. Florida. Satsuma is another section of C. zodz/7s, with tree and foliage more like the regular orange, but with fruit of a bright yellow, closely resembling the Mandarin. Nearly seedless. It ripens earlier and is quite hardy, particularly when budded on trifoliata. The flavor is less spicy and aromatic. It is in great request for plant- ing in exposed situations, too cold for other oranges. Identical with Unshiu of Japan. Has not been a profitable commercial sort. Japan. Tangerona. A recent importation from Brazil, evidently a hybrid . of the Mandarin, judging from the pulp, which resembles Sat- 646 THE ORANGE. suma in mildness and delicacy. Fruit small, round or slightly flattened, with a roughened, bright yellow exterior. Leaves large, like those of the ordinary orange. It is of robust habit, a free bearer, and ripens very early. In Florida the earliest varieties of oranges, such as Tan- gerona, Satsuma, Sweet Seville, and Early Oblong, are sweet enough for shipment by the end of September or early in October. About the middle or last of April, owing to the hot and dry weather, and the draught on the trees by the young crop, the fruit remaining becomes over-ripe, loses flavor, and dries up, or becomes too soft and flabby to handle. Valencia Late, Paper-Rind St. Michael, Majorca, and Garey’s Mediter- ranean Sweet hold up several weeks longer, but Hart’s Late or Tardiff keeps all the year round. This last is being more largely propagated in Florida than any other, and when the trees grow up again Florida oranges will be found in market at all seasons. In southern California oranges ripen later than in Florida, in northern California about the same time and in Arizona somewhat earlier. THE LEMON. The lemon (C2trus imonum) is supposed to have sprung from the citron and was introduced into Palestine and Egypt by the Arabs in the tenth century, and into Europe at the time of the Crusades. While not so extensively cultivated as the orange, it is far more useful, being indispensable in cookery, confectionery, perfumery, and medicine. The tree is faster growing and larger than the orange, and exhales from every part when bruised a delicious perfume. The flowers are of greater size and tinged with purple. It not only thrives ona poorer soil, but is more productive and patient under neglect, though less hardy against cold. The rules for cultivating the orange apply generally to the lemon. To secure the finest and smoothest fruit it should not be allowed to run up to any considerable height, but rather shortened-in and pruned downward. A low, widely spreading tree, sheltered from winds, is best, as the most beautiful lemons grow in partial shade and near the ground. It is gen- erally worked on sweet or sour orange stocks, preferably the latter, as making a tree more hardy and less liable to disease. As a seedling the rind is apt to be bitter, therefore varieties THE LEMON. 647 having sweet rinds are selected for propagation. If allowed to hang till fully ripe, the fruit often grows to an enormous size; the peel becomes thick and spongy, and the acidulous proper- ties diminish, rendering it unfit for market. To avoid this it is gatheréd green and partially grown, and stored in cool, dark apartments until the skin changes to a bright yellow. A lemon weighing three ounces is reckoned a convenient size. With proper care it will keep many months in prime condition. Its brief periods of rest and almost continuous stages of growth and bloom render the tree very sensitive to-frost. Ina state of quiescence it has endured almost as great a degree of cold as the orange. The ideal shape of a lemon is oblong, witha pointed protuberance at the blossom end. The rind should be as free as possible from bitterness, clean, smooth, glossy, and abounding in aromatic oil-cells; the pulp fine-grained, solid, with few seeds, and highly charged with strong acid juice. Bonnie Brae. A California seedling of high reputation. Eureka. Fruit medium, sweet, rind a good keeper, few seeds; tree prolific, not thorny. Very popular in the coast regions of Cali- fornia. Native of Los Angeles, Cal. Genoa. Fruit medium, oval, sweet rind, nearly seedless; tree dwarf, thornless. One of the best. VARIETIES. Imperial Messina. Considered the finest among many desirable varieties, imported into Florida by the late General Sanford. Tree has a few thorns, but the fruit is unsurpassed. Lisbon. Fruit medium, oblong, with a thin sweet rind, few-seeded ; tree prolific but begins to bear late, vigorous and thorny. Popu- lar in California. Portugal. Sicily. Several imported sorts bearing this name are largely planted and profitable. Villafranca. Fruit medium, oblong, thin rind, juicy, strongly acid, nearly seedless; tree thornless; withstands lower temperature than other imported varieties. MARKETING THE ORANGE AND LEMON. The same methods of gathering and packing apply to both, except that the lemon is taken off while green, while the orange, unless in case of the earliest shipments, is allowed to become fully ripe. The fruit should never be pulled, which 648 THE LEMON. often ruptures the skin and causes decay, but clipped closely with a shears made for the purpose, and deposited carefully jin sacks, or baskets lined with cloth. Rough handling isa fertile cause of loss, and bruises and abrasions must be strictly guarded against. After being removed to the packing-house, they are left in the boxes or spread out in bins to lie for several days, which causes the skins to dry and soften a little. This facilitates handling and allows defects to develop. It is then assorted into different grades, according to color and appear- ance, and the sizes separated by running through a sizing- machine. Dusty or smutty fruit is first cleaned by washing or scrubbing, and afterward dried. It is finally wrapped in tissue-paper, and each size and grade packed separately in boxes divided by a partition in the middle, and holding two cubic feet, which have been adopted as a standard. It must be crowded in snugly, with the top layer a little above the edges of the box, so that when the cover is pressed down and nailed, there will be no shaking or moving about of the contents. Then the package is made secure by a wooden strap around the middle and each end. Iron straps have been tried, but dealers prefer the wooden. On the ends are stencilled the grade, number in box, address of consignee and shipper, and route by which to travel. In large establishments washing, sizing, and wrapping have been done by steam or other power, but nothing to supersede hand-work in grading and packing has yet been devised. A box contains 96, 126, 150, 176, 200, 216, 226, and 252, according to size, and there is an established method of arranging every layer so as exactly to fill the boxes. The most popular sizes. of oranges are 176 and 200, and of lemons 300 to 400. Larger or smaller fruit than these, or that which is rough or rusty, brings a lower price, and overgrown lemons are almost un- salable. Fruit of high color and an exterior without spot or blemish is marked “ Fancy,” and sells much above the rest. Until within a few years imported lemons have sold higher than our own, not from any inherent superiority, but on ac- count of being gathered at the right stage and put up ina neater manner. Lately domestic lemons of the best quality have been produced, and packedin a style fully equalling and even surpassing those imported, and at no distant day our THE CITRON. 649 groves will render us independent of the foreign product. The unmerchantable fruit can be used in making citric acid, for which there is a large demand in the arts and medicine, or made into wine or vinegar. Although well-cared-for fruit often keeps months in good condition, the process of shrivel- ling up or decay, though slow at first, really begins when the stem is severed; therefore it is best laid down in market as soon as possible. Various applications have been used, some of which were warranted to preserve oranges in a fresh con- dition for years, but so far none have given satisfaction. Fruit from cold-storage goes to pieces very soon after being taken out. THE CITRON. The citron (Citrus medica cedra) is usually grown as a shrub or small tree; the flowers are large and externally of a violet color; the branches, weighed down by the enormous fruit, are continually rooting at the ends and spreading, causing a neglected bush to expand in time into a dense thicket. It is very tender and best grown from layers or cuttings, which quickly spring up again if killed down by frost. It is sup- posed to be the parent of the lemon, and between the two occur an endless variety of intermediate forms or hybrids. Chiefly valued for the thick and tender rind, which, after having first lain in strong brine, is freshened and stewed in syrup till saturated, and then, after being candied and dried, is familiar to every one as the citronof commerce. A fragrant oil, used by perfumers, is also distilled from the rind. For preserving it must be used in a green state. VARIETIES. Fingered Citron. A rare and primitive form; fruit of enormous size, with lobes separating and projecting like fingers. Grown sparingly in China, where it is highly esteemed for its delightful odor. Placed upon porcelain dishes and brought into their tem- ples and apartments, it fills the air with a fragrance so penetrat- ing as to be perceptible at the distance of a mile. Has been brought into California from Japan, but is little known as yet here. Lemon. So-called from resembling a lemon in shape and color; 650 THE SHADDOCK. skin pale yellow, glossy, and wavy. Fruit sometimes weighs as much as ten pounds. Lyman. A lemon-citron of moderate size, with a sweet and edtble rind, also excellent for preserving. Orange. Resembles the above, except that the skin is more wavy, and like the orange in color. THE SHADDOCK. The Shaddock, or Pomelo (C. decumana), named after Captain Shaddock, who first brought it to the West Indies, is supposed to be indigenous to the Malayan Islands. It is one of the handsomest of the genus; of moderate height and spreading form; rather more tender than the orange; at- tractive by reason of the magnificent size of its fruit, which sometimes attains a diameter of nine inches and a weight of fif- teen pounds. ‘The flowers are very large, white, and fragrant; the leaves large, with broadly winged leaf-stalks; the skin is pale yellow, the rind thick, white, spongy and bitter; the pulp greenish, sub-acid, watery, and aromatic. No section of the citrus exhibits a greater diversity than this. There are oblate, globose, oval, pyriform, and flattened forms, both thick and thin-skinned, enclosing white, pink, red, or greenish pulp, which varies from sour, bitter, and acrid to a most delightful blending of all in harmonious proportions. In the West Indies it is a favorite addition to the dessert, after being prepared by removing the bitter membranes and sprinkling the pulp with sugar. In this country a small variety, somewhat larger than an overgrown orange, is be- coming a favorite and beginning to be extensively grown for market. This is the “Forbidden Fruit,” called grape- fruit, from a habit of growing in clusters like bunches of grapes, or pomelo, leaving the name shaddock for the large sort, although, strictly speaking, all are pomeloes. This is rather thin-skinned for its size, and filled with a refreshing, sub-acid juice. There is a pronounced bitter principle in the inner rind and integuments, which, if not too strong, one acquires a liking for in time. The firm, tough skin renders it a good shipper, and preseves the juices for a long time, often till far into the summer. In very warm and oppressive weather, nothing can be more salutary or re- THE LIME. 651 freshing, and the demand forit isconstantly increasing. It is wonderfully productive. Sixteen barrels of fruit have been gathered from a tree twenty-five years old. Until quite lately but little attention was paid to the grape-fruit, specimen trees of which were found here and there, mostly seedlings not greatly varying from each other, except where accidental crossing with the orange had de- veloped some distinctive qualities. Perhaps the best is Mays’ Pomelo. VARIETIES. Aurantium, Royal, Leonardy, and Triumph are much like Mays. Marsh. Recommended as having few seeds, which, in a fruit so full of seeds, is an obvious advantage. Mays. Was growing as an old tree, at the home of Dr. Mays, Orange Mills, Florida, at the close of the civil war. Has always taken premiums over others wherever exhibited. Shows slight admixture of orange. Flavor unusually sweet and delicious, with but little of the bitter principle. THE LIME. The Lime (C. acida) is generally considered to be remotely allied to the citron, but may be, as we know it, a modi- fied and improved form of the wild lime (C. Aystrix) of India or the Malay Islands. Though classed as a shrub, in a _ favorable climate and with room to expand it forms a small tree. Being the most tender of the family and nearly always in a growing state, it is easily killed down by frost, but never fails to spring up again vigorously. It is very thorny, and when closely planted forms an admirable and impenetrable hedge, always full of fruit and so robust as to need little care. The flowers are small and entirely white; color of fruit pale yellow, resembling a lemon. The skin is thin; pulp light green and filled to bursting with a very sharp acid juice, better for most purposes than that of a lemon and used in preference by people in the tropics. The peel, however, lacks the mild ’ fragrance of the lemon, which, together with the better keep- ing qualities of the latter, accounts for its greater estimation in countries where these fruits do notgrow. Still, when care- fully handled, with our present rapid transportation, is bears 652 THE LIME. carriage and goes through well, and there is no reason why, when better known, it should not become more popular in northern markets. Its early and wonderfully abundant bear- ing, sturdy indifference to neglect, and freedom from disease | make it easier grown than any other citrus. It flourishes ad- mirably in Southern Florida. Propagation.—The most common mode of propagation is from seed, which, to prevent deterioration, should be taken from the best fruit. It nearly always comes true to kind and bears in three or four years. In cooler latitudes, near its northern limit, it is budded at the surface of the ground, on any hardy orange-stock which will retard the too active flow of sap in winter, and make it more resistant. The trees can be planted much closer than the orange. The most common is a small variety, resembling a minia- ture lemon, called the Mexican, Florida, or West Indian lime. Skin very thin and smooth; juice abundant, highly aromatic, rich, acid, and pleasant. The Persian and Tahiti are vigorous growers and not very thorny. Fruit excellent and nearly as large asalemon. Tree spreading, with coarser foliage. VARIETIES. French. (False Lemon.) Grown for many years in Florida and the West Indies. This is more correctly a lime. Skin thick, very warty and uneven, and loosely adhering. Shape resembling a King orange, but smaller, with a protuberance at the blossom end. Color deep yellow. Pulp agreeably acid, and segments divide as easily as those of Cztrus nobil7s. ‘The Minorcan resi- dents of Florida esteem it above all others for making punch, but it has no commercial value. It is of very vigorous growth and in great demand as a stock upon which to bud varieties of oranges and lemons. On this stock the Navel orange, usually a poor bearer, produces abundant crops. Imperial. Very large, oval, of good quality. Reported as un- usually hardy. Kurna, Galgal, Turanj, and other East Indian limes have a very thin spongy rind, with little pulp, and may be considered citrons rather than limes. A variety imported into Florida from South Africa, by Colonel Church, of Orlando, and called “Forbidden Fruit,” is really a lime of enormous size, resembling a citron in appearance, but thin-skinned and full of strongly acid juice. Mexican. Medium large, oval, light yellow, good. The common variety in California. : Rangpur. (Mandarin Lime.) Closely resembles a _Mandarin orange in appearance, with a strong acid juice of distinct flavor. India. CIPI EI. LOOM THE BANANA. THE banana (AZusa Sapientum), though a strictly tropical plant, is often seen in gardens from Charleston south and along the lower portions of the Gulf States, where it is used chiefly for ornament, but after mild winters fruit is freely produced. It is one of the most beautiful and graceful of all members of the vegetabie kingdom; one species, J/. Ensete, the great Abyssinian banana, was pronounced by Charles Kings- ley the most beautiful of any he had ever beheld. In the middle and even northern portions of Florida it was grown in a small way for its fruit, until the large importations by steamers from the West Indies and Central America, at low prices, rendered its production there unprofitable. In the extreme southern portions of the peninsula, however, where there is little frost, it can still be raised to advantage. The large yellow bananas (Jamaica or Martinique) and the red, or Baracoa, are the best and most profitable for market. These varieties require too long a season for any place out- side of the tropics. In middle Florida an inferior sort called Orinoco, and a very delicate, high-flavored variety, Hart, are the best to cultivate, as they ripen sooner and are the most hardy. Farther south the dwarf Jamaica (M7. Caven- dishit), is preferred as being least liable to be prostrated by high winds, and, though short and stout, produces very large bunches. The only practicable mode of protection in winter against frost is by banking with earth or sods around the stem two or three feet high. Then, if the exposed portion above should be killed, it is cut off in spring when the earth is drawn _ away, and the stump remaining will grow up and blossom in time to perfect fruit before the following winter. Propaga- tion is effected by suckers or offsets, planted eight or ten feet apart in strong rich soil. Eachstalk produces but one cluster, 653 654 THE BANANA, after which it dies and is replaced by the numerous sprouts from the base. To obtain the largest bunches these offsets should be chopped out as they appear, and only three or four stalks of different ages, so as to keep up a succession, allowed to remain in one place. Ashes or strong stable manure are good fertilizers. In the tropics, bunches of 200 fruit and upward are common, but near the northern limit from 75 to 125 are all that can be expected. From long cultivation and propagation by offsets, seed has almost entirely disap- peared from the fruit. Sometimes, but rarely, a few are found, and from these new varieties may be obtained. There are several ornamental sorts which produce seeds and do not sucker. Bananas are generally ripened in the house, the bunch being cut when its stem curves over to the stem after the fruit is fully developed, though still green. It should then be hung in a dark place to color andripen. There is no difficulty in raising and fruiting it in hothouses. CHAPTER XXXVIIL. THE DATE. THE Date Paitm (Phenix dactylifera) is one of the most striking and beautiful of trees, and especially attractive by its novelty to persons coming from the temperate zones, where no palms exist out of doors. It hasnot as yet been cultivated to any extent in this country; indeed there are but few places where it is likely to prove a success as regards fruit produc- tion. For this a location is necessary where there is no ap- proach to frost in winter, or where the mercury does not fall below twenty degrees for any considerable length of time, and a hot rainless summer, with facilities for irrigation. The Arabs say that the date should have its head in the fire and its roots in the water. Such conditions exist in some districts of Arizona and California. In the lower Atlantic and Gulf States, and in the West India Islands, thrifty speci- mens may cccasionally be seen, but their fruit is much inferior to that fromthe Orient, either by reason of the scalding show- ers during the growing and ripening season, or neglect of proper fertilization of the bloom, for, the tree being diceci- ous, unless pollen from the staminate blossom is applied to the pistillate blooms at the right time the fruit will not be properly developed, and the seed will be imperfect or entirely lacking. In date-producing countries, propagation is chiefly effected by suckers or offsets from the base of the parent tree, which are removed when large enough to form roots and planted where they are to grow. Copious and continued watering is necessary until new roots form. Seeds germinate teadily, bat produce many more staminate trees than are wanted—one of these to twenty of the opposite sex being sufficient—and until flowering begins there is no means of determining the sex. Of course, suckers are always the same as their parent. 655 THE DATE. 656 FIG. 815.—Date Palms. THE DATE, 657 In 1890 a large number of offsets from several of the best varieties were imported by the Department of Agriculture from Algeria and Cairo and distributed throughout New Mexico, Arizona, and California. When these come to matur- ity the question of adaptation will be more definitely settled. In the date-producing countries of the East trees often begin to bear at six or eight years of age, but specimens in the Southern States frequently have not flowered until after fifteen or twenty years. Like other palms, all of which are greatly retarded by mutilation of their roots in transplanting, it is best to remove the seedlings either while very young, so that the roots may be preserved intact, or to defer the operation until the tree has acquired considerable size, when the roots may be cut closely, and the top shortened-in to a single leaf. If freely watered, new roots will start at once.