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es cern No. 20. (Agros. 60.)

U. §. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.

[Grass and Forage Plant Investigations.]

AMERICAN GRASSES—IIL.

(ILLUSTRATE D.)

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TRIBES AND GENERA.

BY

Be AVES ON SC rh Ls N mE.
AGROSTOLOGIST.

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

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WASHINGTON:
1900.

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Peete OF TRANSMITTAL:

U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Division OF AGROSTOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., January 12, 1900.

Sir: I transmit herewith and recommend for publi-
cation descriptions and analytical keys of the tribes
and genera of North American Grasses. Each genus
is illustrated, and reference is made to all other species
of the genus illustrated in Bulletins Nos. 7 and 17 of
this Division. There is added a bibliography of all the
authors cited in these bulletins. This bibliography will
be of great assistance to the working student, and the
analytical keys will be helpful in identifying our Amer-
ican Grasses.

A portion of the matter here offered was published
in the introduction to Bulletin No. 7, and although it
may still serve as an introduction to the study of Amer-
ican Grasses it has been deemed best to issue it in its
present expanded form as a separate publication. It
is In a Measure complete in itself, and will be as useful
to those who have already received Bulletins Nos. 7
and 17 as to those who may receive copies of future
editions of American Grasses, Illustrated.

Respectfully,
’. LAMSON-SCRIBNER,
: Agrostologist.

Hon. JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

DESCRIPTIONS

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“TRIBES AND GENERA.

Pee PONS OF THE TRIBES AND
GENERA.

As an introduction to the series of illustrations
which appear in American Grasses, a description of
the several tribes and genera, into which the order
Gramineae is divided is here presented. The number
and sequence of the tribes adopted by Hackel has been
followed and with few exceptions the same is true of
the genera. It has been aptly stated that the secret
of success in the discrimination of grasses lies in being
thoroughly conversant with the tribal and generic
characters. _The acquisiton of this knowledge is not
difficult, and, when mastered, enables one to classify or
to refer to its proper tribe and genus any grass he
may meet—a power which adds greatly to the interest
connected with the study of all plants. It is hoped
that the matter here presented will at least assist the

student of grasses in becoming better acquainted with

the most important of all the orders in the vegetable
kingdom—the true grasses.

GRAMINEZ (GRASSES).

Fibrous-rooted, annual or perennial, herbaceous (rarely woody)
plants, with usually hollow, cylindrical (rarely flattened), and
jointed stems (culms) whose internodes for more or less of their
length are enveloped by the sheath-like basal portion of the two-
ranked and usually linear, parallel-veined leaves; flowers without
any distinct perianth, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, solitary
or several together, in spikelets, which are arranged in panicles,
racemes, or spikes, and which consist of a shortened axis (the
rachilla) and two or more chaff-like, distichous, imbricated bracts
(glumes), of which the first two, rarely one or none or more than
two, areempty (empty glumes); in the axil of each of the succeed-
ing bracts (excepting sometimes the uppermost) is borne a flower

lend

(

8

(hence these are named flowering glumes) . Opposed to each flow-
ering glume, with its back turned toward the rachilla, is (usually)
a two-nerved, two-keeled bract or prophyllum (the palea), which
frequently envelops the flower by its infolded edges. At the base
of the flower, between it and its glume, are usually two very small
hyaline scales (/odicules); rarely there is a third lodicule between
the flower and the palea; stamens, usually three (rarely two or
one, or more than three) with very slender filaments and two-
celled, usually versatile anthers; pistil with a one-celled, one-
ovuled ovary, and one to three, usually two, styles with variously
branched, most frequently plumose, stigmas; embryo small, lying
at the front and base of the seed, covered only by the thin peri-
carp; fruit a caryopsis, rich in albumen. (In Sporobolus and Eleu-
sine the thin pericarp is free from the seed.)

There are about thirty-five hundred known species
of grasses, varying in size from the moss-like Colean-
thus of the North to the tree-like bamboos of the
Tropics, which tower to the height of 100 feet or more,
and ranging in distribution from Kerguelen Land on
the south to the extreme limit of vegetation beyond
the Arctic Circle. There is no order of plants more
widely distributed, or existing under a greater diversity
of soil and climate, and no other order presents such a
vast number of individual plants or is so important
and directly useful to man. 3

The characters employed in defining the tribes and
genera are usually those presented by the spikelets or
inflorescence. While the characters of the order are
well defined and clearly separate it from all other
families of plants, the establishment of the several
subdivisions is very difficult, and in no case can be
based upon a single character alone, but upon a combina-
tion of them. There is no tribe or large genus which
can be separated or defined absolutely from all others;
there are always exceptions or intermediate forms
connecting them.

Series AA—PANICACHEA,

Spikelets one rarely two-flowered; when two-flowered
‘the second or terminal one is perfect, the first or lower
one being either staminate or neuter; rachilla articu-

9

lated below the empty glumes, the spikelets falling from
the pedicels entire, either singly, in groups, or together
with the joints of an articulate rachis. The first six
tribes belong to this series.

This first grand division of the order Graminee is
based upon two characters in combination, the articu-
lation of the pedicels just below the spikelets or cluster
of spikelets and the single perfect flower, which may or
may not have a staminate or imperfect flower below it.
There are never more than four glumes in the spikelets,
the first three being empty or the third with a rudi-
mentary or staminate flower in its axil; the fourth
glume subtends the perfect or hermaphrodite flower.
In a few genera the spikelets are reduced to two or
even only one glume, but in these cases the articulation
of the spikelet with the pedicel below the outer glume
indicates its connection with this series. —

KEY TO THE TRIBES IN SERIES PANICACEA.

1. Spikelets usually much compressed laterally, 1-flowered; empty
glumes none or rudimentary; flowers staminate, pistillate,
or hermaphrodite. ..-.-.-- Tribe VI. oryzEm. (See page 43.)
1. Spikelets not compressed laterally, somewhat dorsally com-
pressed or terete; empty glumes two or three (one only in
ASOLO TH POG, SRE arti Mei lca yc ge a a 2

2. Flowering glumes hyaline, empty glumes membranaceous to
coriaceous, the lowest the largest, its edges embracing the
others; axis of the inflorescence usually articulated (contin-
mois Temperate and. Miscanthus). oN eo 28 Swe oo. 3

2. Flowering glumes membranaceous to coriaceous, usually firmer
in texture than the empty glumes, axis of the inflorescence
continuous, not: breaking up'at maturity . 22.22.2022 222... 4

3. Spikelets either staminate or pistillate, each in a separate inflo-
rescence on the same plant, or in distinct parts of the same
imblonescence, a5 - i. Ss Tribe I. MaypEmx. (See page 10.)

3. Spikelets either all hermaphrodite or hermaphrodite and stam-
inate, regularly arranged and usually in pairs, one sessile the
other pedicellate in the same inflorescence (both pedicellate
in Trachypogon) .. Tribe Il. ANDROPOGONE®. (See page 15.)

ho

4. Spikelets in groups of two to six at each point of the main axis,
each group falling off entire; flowering glumes usually awn-
less. (Cathestecum may be looked for here.)

Tribe III. ostpRDAMIE®. (See page 25.)

4. Spikelets falling off singly from the ultimate branches of the
inflorescence ie. 2: Ee Bae Re Os Ae 2 5

5. Flowering glumes of the perfect flower membranaceous and (in
American species) awned.

Tribe IV. TRISTEGINE®. (See page 30.)

5. Flowering glumes of the perfect flower cartilaginous, coriaceous

or chartaceous and awnless or (in Eriochloa) with a short,

Strain btawitlyas ees Tribe V. PANICE®. (See page 30.)

TriseE I.—MAYDEZ.

Spikelets unisexual, the staminate forming a part of the inflo-
rescence with the pistillate, or each in a separate inflorescence on
the same plant; flowering glumes hyaline or much less firm in
texture than the outer ones; axis of the female spikelet usually
articulated.

A small tribe, numbering only sixteen species classed
in seven genera. They are nearly all natives of the
Tropics, chiefly in the Old World. Indian corn, or
maize, is our best-known example of the Maydee.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE MAYDEZ.

1. Staminate spikelets in an upper, pistillate in a lower and dis-

tinct. Imflorescence: o.. 26 eo eb ee eee 2
1. Staminate spikelets above, the pistillate below in the same
Im@lorescenee ik Le A eae eee 3. TRIPSACUM

bo

Pistillate spikes many-flowered, enveloped in broad, leaf-like
bracts; the staminate spikes numerous in terminal pani-

Glés sco oe sek le ee ee ee 3
2. Pistillate spikes usually reduced to a single spikelet, staminate
spikes:solitary \...0...025 02223 Sa eee 4. Corx

3. Pistillate spikes axillary, fasciculate, distinct, axis of each
articulate: 2. ..te. 0) See ee ee ee ee eee 1. EUCHLENA
3. Pistillate spikes axillary, grown together, forming a compound
spike with a much thickened, continuous axis...----- 2 ZEA

Ia

: SS ‘
rere a

Fic. 1. Euchlena mexicana Schrad. TEOSINTE.—a, A pistillate spike with
one of the surrounding sheath-like bracts; b, a portion of the pistillate spike,
natural size.

1. EUCHLZANA Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Geett. 1832. Spikelets unisexual,
monececious; the staminate 2-flowered, in pairs, one sessile the other pedicellate,
arranged in terminal paniculate racemes; the pistillate 1-flowered, sessile and
solitary at each joint of an obliquely articulate rhachis of a simple spike; the
spikes fasciculate in the leaf axils and each more or less enveloped by a folia-
ceous bract. Glumes of the staminate spikelets 4, acute, the first two mem-
branaceous, empty; flowering glumes smaller and like their paleas, hyaline.
Stamens 3. Glumes of the pistillate spikelets 4, the outer one broad and boat-
shaped, smooth, soon becoming very hard, surrounding the inner glumes and
narrow rhachis, 2d glume empty coriaceous, 3d glume hyaline with a palea
but no flower; 4th or flowering glume and its palea hyaline. Styles very long,
filiform, shortly bifid at the apex.

Tall annuals with long and broad leaves, closely resembling Indian corn
in habit. Species 1 with several varieties in Mexico and Central America.

12

Fic. 2. Zea mays Linn. INDIAN CORN.—a, A pistillate spikelet; b, a pair
of staminate spikelets; c, the compound pistillate spike or ‘‘ear;’’ d, pistil.

2. ZEA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753. Spikelets unisexual, moncecious; the stami-
nate 2-flowered in pairs, one sessile the other pedicellate, along the numerous
branches of a terminal panicle; the pistillate 1-flowered, sessile, crowded in
several rows, along a much thickened continuous axis arising from the lower
leaf-axils and closely enveloped by numerous large foliaceous bracts. Glumes
4, awnless; those of the staminate spikelet acute; those of the pistillate very
broad and obtuse or emarginate. Grain hard, only partially inclosed by the
fruiting glumes. <A well-known tall and striking annual grass with erect
stems and broad leaves. The terminal staminate inflorescence forms the
‘‘spindle,’’? and the long projecting styles of the pistillate flowers constitute
the ‘‘silk.’”’ The cob is formed by the union of the axes of several female
spikes into a much-thickened body.

Species 1 or 2, of American origin, presenting many varieties in cultivation
known as corn, indian corn or maize.

Aces ee:
——————— ee —_

13

Fic. 3. Tripsacum dactyloides L. GAMA GRASS.—a, Two joints of the pistil-
late portion of the spike; 6, a pistillate spikelet; c, outer glume of same; d, sec-
ond glume of same; ¢, flowering glume and palea showing the long exserted
stigmas; f, staminate spikelet.

3. TRIPSACUM Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 2: 1261. 1759. Spikelets unisexual,
all sessile; the 2-flowered staminate spikelets geminate along the continuous
rachis above; the 1-flowered pistillate spikelets solitary at each joint of the
articulate rachis below in the same spicate inflorescence, which terminates the
culm or its branches. Glumes 4, awnless, the 2 lower or outer ones in the male
spikelet empty and rigid or subcoriaceous, those inclosing the male flowers
hyaline; the Ist glume of the female spikelet coriaceous, and at length indu-
rated; the 2d rigid; the 3d empty, but hyaline like the 4th, which incloses the
female flower. Stamens 3. Styles connate below with long exserted papillose
stigmas. Grain ovoid, inclosed within the excavations of the thickened joints
of the rachis and covered by the hardened lower glumes, free. Tall, stout,
perennial grasses, with abundant and broad lower leaves and strong rootstock.

Species 3 or 4, in North America.

i4

Fic. 4. Coix lachryma—jobi Linn., JOB’S TEARS.—a, A pair of staminate
spikelets; b, ovary; c, pistil, with the rudimentary stamens.

4, COIX, Linn. Gen. Pl., Ed. 1, No. 704. 1737; Ed. 6, No. 1043. 1764.—Spikelets
unisexual, moncecious, spicate. Staminate spikelets in twos or threes at the
joints of the rachis, 1-2-flowered. Empty glumes slightly unequal, rigid or
herbaceous, inclosing the hyaline flowering glumes and palea. Stamens,
3. Pistil, none. Pistillate spikelets, 1 or 2 at the base of the inflorescence,
inclosed or surrounded by a nearly glabrous capsule-like covering, from the
apex of which the staminate inflorescence projects; glumes thin-membrana-
ceous or subhyaline. Styles very long. Stigmas distinct, with short, papillose-
villous hairs. Grain glabrous or oblong, closely embraced within the hardened
covering inclosing the pistillate spikelets. Tall, leafy, and much branched
grasses, usually with many pedunculate spikes from the upper leaf-sheaths.

Species 3 or 4; three confined to the East Indies, the fourth is widely distrib-
uted throughout the tropical countries of both hemispheres.

19

TriBpeE II.—ANDROPOGONEZ.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes, two at each joint of the articulate
rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, one pedicellate, the latter
hermaphrodite, staminate, neuter, or reduced to the pedicel alone;
glumes usually four, the first and second empty, larger and much
firmer in texture than the others, the third usually empty, witha
staminate flower in itsaxil, very rarely awned, the fourth or flower-
ing glume hyaline, usually awned, awn usually twisted or geniculate.

This tribe contains about four hundred species divided
among twenty-nine genera, of which the genus Andro-
pogon, with one hundred and ninety species, is by far
the largest and probably the most important. Sugar-
cane belongs to this tribe in the genus Saccharum.
Our best-known representatives of the Andropogone
are the common broom sedge, Andropogon virginicus,
and the big blue stem, Andropogon provincialis. In
the same genus are now classed the many varieties of
sorghum. ‘The members of the tribe are distributed
throughout the tropical and warmer temperate regions
of both hemispheres.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE ANDROPOGONEA.

1. Axis of the spikes or racemes hairy; fertile glumes usually
PNUD EC oes Le Mile Se Rea INE UA ean oe 2

DOar»xr Pr wo why

. Axis of the spikes or racemes naked; fertile glumes awnless._ 6
moplcelets all alike (homogamous) -.--2.........2 By a se ogeel 3
Spikelets not all alike (heterogamous) --.--..-.--.-.------- 7
Porte) COMMMMOUS aes ewe eh EL ee ae hee 4
elonlmavcsparhicilared: ol. 2/2 5e oa ik ee et 5
Panicles dense; spikelets awnless -......-.------ 5. [vMPERATA

. Panicles somewhat fan-shaped; spikeletsawned. 6. MiscanTHus
MEO PENeleLSaWNed 0s) F Sy idee ee ek 8. ERIANTHUS
MSpMIMcleis AWMICSS) 46002 vas. leo eee eae eel 7. SACCHARUM
. First empty glume of the hermaphrodite spikelet flattened or
Sommewiaa CONWEX . 2.215.220) sSle te eee 2 9. MANISURIS

6. First empty glume of the hermaphrodite spikelet hard and glob-
wir spibted externally ..5°2..8. 5204). 332 10. HacKELOCHLOA

7. Rachis imperfectly articulated; primary spikelet on a short
pedicel, awnless; secondary spikelet pedicellate and long
ZINTA EG [PR Rea esc Ie ae aS NSCS Se mR hee ote 11. TrRaAcHYPOGON

7. Rachis distinctly articulate; secondary spikelet sessile..._..- 8

(e/)

momikeletsawniless . 2222/5 hac. bets eee ele 12. ELionurus
PO PMREICIS A WHE: 42 52 eos soo aor ee 13. ANDROPOGON

16

Fic. 5. Imperata hookeri Rupr. WESTERN BLADY-GRASS.—a, A portion of ©
the axis of the inflorescence; b, a spikelet; c, first outer glume; d, second outer
glume; e, third glume; /, fourth glume; g, palea. Imperata brasiliensis Trin, is
illustrated by figure 303 in Bul. 17.

5. IMPERATA Cyrilli, Pl. Rar. Ic. 2: 26.t.11. 1792. Spikelets in pairs at each.
joint of the continuous panicle-branches, unequally pedicellate, articulated
with the pedicels, 1-flowered, awnless, densely clothed with long, silky hairs.
Glumes 4, the 2 outer membranaceous, the 2d a little longer than the Ist, the
3d empty, hyaline, as is the 4th when present. Palea broad, surrounding the
ovary. Stamensi1 to 2. Styles connate at the base; stigmas rather long, linear,
plumose. Rather stout, erect, perennial grasses, with spike-like and densely
woolly, terminal panicles.

Species 5, widely distributed throughout the warmer countries of the world,
two of which oceur in North America.

Fic. 6. Miscanthus japonicus Anderss. EULALIA.—a, A spikelet; 6, dorsal
view of the first glume; c, similar view of the second glume.

6. MISCANTHUS Anderss. Oefvers. Vet. Akad. Férh. Stock. 12: 165. 1855.
Spikelets all alike, 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, in pairs along the continuous
branches of a terminal, spreading panicle, the rachilla articulated below the

empty glumes. Glumes 4,the Ist two membranaceous, nearly equal, empty;
' the 3d less firm in texture, empty; the 4th or flowering glume hyaline, more or
less bifid at the apex and usually awned between the teeth. Palea hyaline.
Stamens 3. Rather tall, usually showy grasses, with the numerous slender
racemes of the terminal panicle more or less spreading.

Species 7, in eastern Asia, Japan, and South Africa, one introduced and
eultiyated for ornament.

15444—No. 20

2

18

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Fic. 7. Saccharum officinarum L. SUGAR CANE.—a, A portion of a branch
of the infloresence with 2 spikelets attached; b, spikelet; c, flower.

7. SACCHARUM Linn. Sp. Pl.ed.2, 1:79. 1762. Spikelets all alike, perfect,
awnless, in numerous, jointed racemes, forming a much branched terminal
panicle. The somewhat hardened ist and 2d glumes empty, equal, awnless,
pilose with long silky hairs, especially on the callus; 3d glume, when present,
empty and hyaline; the fourth or flowering glume awnless, or simply mucro-
nate-pointed, hyaline. Tall,erect perennials, with usually simple culms, long
leaves, and ample terminal panicles; the small spikelets surrounded by
long silky hairs. Allied to Erianthus.

Species 12, chiefly in the tropics of the Old World, one, S. officinarwm, culti-
vated in the Gulf States,

Fic. 8. Erianthus compactus Nash. DENSELY-FLOWERED PLUME-
GRASS.—a, A spikelet; 6, first glume; c, second glume; d, third glume; e,
fourth or flowering glume; /, lodicules. Fig. 4 in Bul. 7 and fig. 304 in Bul.17
illustrate other species of this genus.

8. ERIANTHUS, Michx. Flor. Bor. Am. I: 54. 1808. Spikelets in pairs,
one sessile, the other pedicellate, along the articulate and readily disjoint-
ing panicle-branches, both alike, hermaphrodite. Glumes 4, the outer ones
subequal, firm-membranaceous, the 1st flattened on the back and more or less
bicarinate and 2-toothed at the narrowed apex; the 2d somewhat rounded on
the back, sharply acuminate-pointed and more or less keeled above; the 3d
empty and usually hyaline, awnless; the 4th awned and inclosing a hermaphro-
dite flower. Palea usually much shorter than its glume, nerveless; lodicules
cuneate, ciliate, or naked. Tall, reed-like perennials, with the spikelets in
many-jointed racemes, which are sessile along the main axis, forming an
ample terminal and usually woolly panicle.

Species about 18,in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Fic. 9. Manisuris tessellata (Steud.) Rottbellia tessellata Steud. TALL RAT-
TAIL GRASS.—a, A portion of the axis of a spike; 0, first glume; c, second
glume; d, outer glume of the pedicillate See e, third glume of the sessile
spikelet; i fourth or flowering glume of same; g, palea inclosing flower; h,
pedicellate spikelet with pedicel. Fig. 5in Bul. a and figs. B0b and 307 in Bul.
17 illustrate other species of this genus.

9, MANISURISL. Mant. 2: 164. 1771, notSw. (Rottbellia L. f. 1779). Spike-
_letsin pairs in the excavations at the nodes of a cylindrical, articulated axis; one
sessile and hermaphrodite, the other pedicellate and sterile or neuter, with
its pedicel grown to the axis. Glumes of the hermaphrodite spikelet 4, obtuse
awnless, the outer one coriaceous, usually convex on the back and covering
the excavation in the rachis; 2d glume less rigid than the Ist; the 3d
empty or with.a staminate flower, and hyaline, as are the 4th glume and palea.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Caryopsis included within the outer glumes, but
free. Usually slender grasses with rigid, smooth, and mostly cylindrical, sim-
ple spikes, which terminate the culm or its branches.

As now constituted, this genus contains about 31 species, common to the
warmer regions of both hemispheres, a few extending into the warmer temper-
ate regions of North America.

21

Fic. 10. Hackelochloa granularis (Sw.) Kuntze. LIZARD-TAIL GRASS.—
a, A portion of a spike bearing four spikelets; b, a sessile and pedicellate spike-
let; d, anterior view of the first or outer glume of the sessile spikelet; e, second
glume of same; jf, third glume of same; g, fourth or flowering glume; h, palea
and flower; c, imperfect or pedicellate spikelet.

10. HACKELOCHLOA O. Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 2:776. 1891. (Manisuris Sw.
1797, not Linn.1771.) Spikelets in pairs, partially embedded in the excavations
of the articulate rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, the other pedicellate,
the pedicel grown to the rachis. Glumes of the perfect spikelet awnless; the
outer empty one coriaceous, globose, pitted externally,and covering the cavity
in the rachis; the 2d equaling the Ist in length, less rigid, immersed in the cav-
ity of the rachis; the 3d empty, and, like the 4th, hyaline. Palea minute or
wanting; lodicules broadly wedge-shaped, truncate. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinet; stigmas plumose. Grain short, ovoid, included within the glumes, free.
A much-branched annual grass with flat leaves and numerous slender spikes
in irregular leafy panicles.

Species 1, occurring as a weed in all tropical or warmer temperate regions of
the world.

bo
bo

\

BYS

d
\
aN YS
g

Fig. 11. Trachypogon polymorphus montufari Hack.—a, A pair of spikelets;
b, dorsal view of the sessile spikelet; c¢, d,e, f, 1st, 2d,3d,and 4th glumes.

11. TRACHYPOGON Nees Agrost. Bras. 341. 1829. Spikelets asin Andropogon,
1-flowered, in pairs at the nodes of the imperfectly articulated rachis, one nearly
sessile, awnless, sterile, the other pedicellate, fertile, and long-awned. Glumes
usually 4, the outer one rigid, inclosing the others; 2d a little smaller and less
rigid than the 1st; the 3d and 4th hyaline; 4th glume of the pedicellate spike-
let very narrow at the base, and produced into a long twisted and geniculate
awn. Rather tall perennial grasses with narrow leaves and usually solitary,
long-exserted racemes.

Species 1, presenting many varieties. Southern Africa and adjacent islands,
tropical and subtropical America, extending into Arizona.

ya

d, WE

Fic. 12. Elionurus barbiculmis Hack.—a, A pair of spikelets, one sessile, the
other pedicellate; b, the pedicellate spikelet; c, first glume of the sessile spikelet;
d,second glume of same; e, third glume; /, fourth or flowering glume; g, pistil
showing lodicules. Another species of this genus is shown in fig. 308 of Bul. 17.

12. ELIONURUS H. & B.in Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 941. 1805. Spikelets nearly as in
Andropogon, 1-flowered, awnless. First empty glume rigid or subcoriaceous, 2-
toothed at the apex, margins inflexed, more or less densely ciliate, with balsam-
bearing lines between the side keels; 2d glume a little shorter than the Ist,
acute; the 3d glume empty, and, like the terminal flowering glume, very deli-
cate andhyaline. Paleaminute,ornone. Stamens3. Styles distinct; stigmas
plumose. Low or tall annual or perennial grasses, with rather rigid leaves,
and solitary, terminal racemes. The spikelets have a strong balsam-like odor
when fresh or after soaking in water,and a sharp, pungent taste.

Species about 15, natives of tropical and subtropical America, Africa, western
India, and Australia; 2 species in the United States, southern and southwestern.

24

Fic. 138. Andropogon provincialis Lam. (A. furcatus Muhl.) BIG BLUE-
STEM.—a, A sessile and pedicellate spikelets; 6, first glume of the sessile spike-
let; c, second glume of the same; d, third glume; e, fourth or flowering glume,
which is awned; /, palea; g, lodicules. Other species of this genus are illustrateds
by figures 8-17 in Bul. 7, and 309-323 in Bul. 17.

13. ANDROPOGON Linn. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1758. Spikelets heterogamous, in pairs
(or the terminal ternate) at each joint of the articulate and usually hairy
rachis, one of each pair (the primary spikelet) sessile, hermaphrodite, and
1-flowered, the other pedicellate and either staminate, neutral, or reduced to
the pedicel. Glumes of the fertile spikelet 4; the Ist cartilaginous or coriaceous,
flattened on the back with a strong nerve near each margin and usually with
less prominent nerves between; 2d glume as long as the Ist, but more pointed
and keeled; 8d glume empty and usually hyaline; 4th or flowering glume

hyaline, awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain unfur- ~

rowed; free within the hardened outer glumes. Slender or rather coarse per-
ennials with solid culms, growing chiefly in dry, sandy, or sterile soils.

Species about 180, widely distributed over both hemispheres, especially in the |

tropical and subtropical regions. About forty species in the United States,
chiefly in the South and Southwest.

a es ee eee eee ‘

2)
Tre IL].—OSTERDAMI.

Spikelets solitary or in groups of 2 to 8, each group falling as a
whole from the continuous rachis, usually 1-flowered, hermaphro-
dite, or staminate and hermaphrodite in the same group; flowering
glume less firm in texture than the awned or awnless outer ones,
which are herbaceous, chartaceous, or coriaceous; the first glume
is usually larger than the second.

A small tribe, numbering about 25 species, which
represent nearly half that number of genera. Fifteen
species are natives of the tropical and warmer temper-
ate regions of America. Black grama, or (radleta, of
the Mexicans, is our best-known representative of the
tribe. ;

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE OSTERDAMIZ.

1. Spikelets solitary, empty glume one, coriaceous, awnless.
17. OSTERDAMIA
1. Spikelets in clusters of from three to several at each joint of the
Mitac <ennpty clumes twOs...2222 0.025055) --5------2 2

2. Second empty glume coriaceous with hooked spines on the
WaGkes ss - eee as eee Pe iean eae erie adnan Bes 16. Nazis
2. Second empty glume without hooked spines on the back.-.. 3

3. Spikelets secund along the main axis, the lower spikelets in
Eves ShOm Di Suenlen se See see ee os de 15. AXGoPOoGON
3. Spikelets not secund along the main axis, the two lower or
outer spikelets 2-flowered and staminate....... 14. Hibaria

26

Fie. 14. Hilaria cenchroides H. B. K. CURLY MESQUITE.—a, A group of
three spikelets; 6, one of the staminate spikelets; d, the pistillate spikelet,
showing the exserted stigmas; c,two staminate florets, the firm outer glumes
ener Other species of this genus are illustrated by figures 19, 20, and 21
of Bul. 7.

14. HILARIA H. B. K., Noy. Gen. et Sp. Pl. 1: 116, ¢. 37.1815. Spikelets sessile,
in groups of three at each joint of the zigzag, continuous rachis, forming terminal
spikes, the several groups falling off entire; the two outer or anterior spikelets
staminate and 2—3-flowered, the posterior or inner one (next the rachis) pistil-
late or hermaphrodite, and 1-flowered. Empty or outer glumes firmer in tex-
ture than the others, unequal, many-nerved, more or less connate below, entire
at the apex or more often divided, usually unequally 2-lobed with one to sey-
eral intermediate awns or awn-like divisions; glumes of the inner or fertile
flower much narrower than those of the others. Stamens 3. Styles connate
below; stigmas shortly plumose. Grain ovate or oblong,included within the
glumes, free. Czspitose or decumbent grasses, often stoloniferous with flat or
involute leaves and terminal, solitary spikes.

Species 5, in the Southwest, ranging from Colorado to Mexico.

te, 6)

Sivinv

AU ALU

Fic. 15, ASgopogon cenchroides Willd.—a, A group of spikelets; b, a perfect
spikelet; c, Ist glume; d, the second glume; e, flowering glume; /, palea.

15. ZEGOPOGON H. «& B, in Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 899. 1805. Spikelets sessile, in
groups of 3 to 5 at each joint of the main axis, 1-flowered, hermaphrodite or
the outer ones in each group imperfect or sterile. Empty glumes 2, usually 3-
dentate or 3-lobed, the lateral lobes smaller, the middle one often extending
into an awn; flowering glume 3-nerved, 3-lobed, or 3-toothed. Palea 2-nerved,
2-lobed, or bicuspidate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain
oblong, included in the glumes, free. Slender, diffuse, or czespitose grasses
with narrow, flat leaves and terminal, secund, spike-like inflorescence. Glumes
delicate, the fertile and sterile often intermixed.

Species 2 or 3, Lower California, Mexico, to Brazil. A genus with the habit
of Melanocenchrus.

28

ER

oy uy:
Ee Te IS

— PS!

i
|
|

\

Fic. 16. Nazia aliena (Spreng.) Seribn. (Lappago aliena Spreng.) WEST-
ERN PRICKLE-GRASS.—a, A group of spikelets; b, the second glume covered
with hooked spines; c and d, flowering glume afd palea.

16. NAZIA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 31, 581. 1763. (Tragus Hall, 1768). Spikelets
in groups of three to several at each joint of the main axis, the uppermost in
each fascicle sterile, 1-flowered. First glume minute or wanting, the 2d rigid,
exceeding the flowering glume, its back covered with hooked spines; flowering
glume and palea hyaline, distinctly shorter than the 2d glume. Stamens 3.
Style short and distinct; stigmasrather long, plumose. Grain oblong, included
in the glumes, but free. Diffusely branched annuals with flat leaves and
terminal, spike-like inflorescence.

Species 2 or 8, in the tropical and warmer temperate regions of both ©
hemispheres.

x

y
} ]
) 4
\ Wy
¥ { y
J \ |
\4 X) W
Ly 4 a
Vi \! | H) /
W | 4
j (Vi
i)
Vi f
Ng Y
])

Fie. 17. Osterdamia matrella (L.) Kuntze (Zoysia pungens Willd). KOREAN
LAWN GRASS.—a. A spikelet with stigmas protruding from near the apex; q@/,
a smaller spikelet; b, second glume; c, palea; d, stamens.

17. OSTERDAMTA Neck., Elem. Bot. 3: 218. 1790. (Zoysia Willd. 1801.)
Spikelets subsessile or shortly pedicellate along the continuous rachis of the
main axis, 1-flowered, hermaphrodite. Empty glumes 1, strongly compressed,
keeled, awnless, coriaceous, inclosing the much smaller flowering glume.
Stamens,3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain included in the slightly
indurated outer glume, free. Creeping or stoloniferous grasses with rather
rigid, often sharp-pointed leaves, and slender, terminal spikes.

‘Species 2 or 3, southern Asia, Mascarene Islands, Australia,and New Zealand.
One introduced under the name of ‘‘ Korean lawn grass.’’

30

Trise [V.—TRISTEGINE A.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, in panicles; empty glumes three,
or the third with a staminate flower in its axil, herbaceous or
chartaceous; flowering glumes membranaceous, awned or awnless;
rachilla articulated below the empty glumes.

A small tribe of only seven genera and thirty-three
species, natives chiefly of the tropical regions of the
Old World. Of the few American species none extend
so far north as the United States.

TRIBE V.—PANICEH As.

Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened on the back; glumes
three or four (rarely only two); when four, there is occasionally a
staminate flower or a palea in the axil of the third; the upper-
most or flowering glume of the hermaphrodite flower is always
firmer in texture than the outer glumes, of which the first is
usually smaller than the others; axis of the inflorescence not
articulated, the rachilla being articulated below the empty glumes,
the spikelets falling off singly from their pedicels.

This is one of the largest tribes in the order Grami-
nee. It contains twenty-two genera with over six hun-
dred and thirty species. Panicum, the principal genus,
is the largest among grasses, numbering three hundred
species. The Panicew are very widely distributed

throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the _

world. Crab grass and the millets are among our best
known examples of this tribe.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE PANICEA.

1. Spikelets unisexual, the staminate in terminal panicles, the fertile
on short, leafless, subterranean branches.. 21. AMPHICARPUM
i. Spikelets all hermaphrodite. .2. 5... 24.2: 32-5 Loe eee 2

2. Spikelets half imbedded in the flattened axis of the spike-like
panicle..._.. ‘Aplle®) J che garg ae ee 28. STENOTAPHRUM
2. Spikelets not sunken in excavations along the main axis ..-. 3

3. Spikelets subtended or surrounded by one to many bristles or

spines which are distinct or more or less connate below... 4
3. Spikelets not surrounded by a bristly or spiny involucre -... 6
4. Bristles or spines falling off with the spikelets...........--- 5

4. Bristles not falling with the spikelets. -.-.--.-.-- 25. CHMTOCHLOA

31

Bristles thickened or connate below, becoming hard and bur-
HURS. 2 cele Ce eee Sele a ee ee team 26. CENCHRUS
Bristles not connate below, usually slender and often plumose.
27. : PENNISETUM

Glumes, including the flowering, two, usually acuminate-

"7S TASS a eee pe oT 18. RerMaRia
POeWe COre Hea NGUNOr jose Se ie ee el ea ee ae 7
CETLESETE ES) UDTRS Bia lr OE a TG ae alg yl cle eg a ets RR Eo 8
DERENE RENULR Eee a ci ee ee eee na A SR 10

Spikelets with an enlarged annular callus at the base, flowering

glume mucronate or short awn-pointed ----- 22. ERIOCHLOA
Spikelets without an annular callus at base; flowering glume
JETUIGSS ele ae a ee ey 9
Spikelets in loose terminal panicles -.-.---- 20. ANTHENANTIA
Spikelets sessile or very short pedicelled, in one-sided spikes or
Dey REDTSS: Goes Ses ie aie ane eee ie al ae era am 19. PasPALUM

10. First glume usually smaller than the others (rarely wanting) ,

FATE SSS: 7 SRR eg ier ea He Vea ae (Wn eigen ae ee 23. PANICUM

10. First and second, and sometimes also the third, glumes awned.

24. OPLISMENUS

Fic. 18. Reimaria oligostachya Munro. CREEPING REIMARIA.—1, A por-
tion of a spike showing four spikelets; 2, a single spikelet showing the first or
empty glume; 3, 4, views of the same, showing the flowering glume. The
stigmas project from the sides near the apex.

18. REIMARIA Fluegge Monog. 213. 1810. Spikelets narrowly oyate or
acuminate, subsessile in unilateral spikes. Empty glume 1, membranaceous,
3-5 nerved, acute; flowering glume similar or somewhat indurated, usually a
little shorter than the outer glume. Stamens usually 2. Styles distinct; stigmas
long-plumose. Grain oblong, somewhat compressed, included within the
glumes, but free. Diffusely branching, ceespitose or stoloniferous perennials,
with two to many, erect or reflexed spikes, which are usually crowded near
the apex of the ascending branches.

Species 4, in tropical and subtropical America, one extending into Florida.

ais)

Fic. 19. Paspalum leve Michx. SMOOTH PASPALUM.—a, A portion of a
raceme, dorsal view showing axis; 6, anterior view of a spikelet; c, dorsal view
of a spikelet; d, a spikelet showing its attachment to the rachis. Figures 23 to
31 in Bul. 7 and figs. 325 to 335 in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of this genus.

1S. PASPALUM Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 855. 1759. Spikelets 1-flowered,
plano-conyex, nearly sessile in 2 to 4 rows along one side of a continuous
narrow or dilated rachis, forming simple racemes, these either solitary or two
or more, digitate or paniculate; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes.
Glumes 3 (rarely only 2 or 4) awnless, usually obtuse, the lst two empty, mem-
branaceous, equal or nearly so, and usually as long as cartilaginous 3d glume
which incloses a palea of similar texture and a hermaphrodite flower. Grain
oblong, inclosed with the indurated fruiting glume and palea. Perennials,
very variable in habit, usually growing in moist grounds.

Species about 160 widely distributed, especially abundant in the tropical
regions of America. There are about 40 species and varieties in the United
States, chiefly in the southern districts.

15444—No. 20 3

o4

Fic. 20. Anthenantia rufa (Ell.) Schultes.—a, A spikelet; b, flowering glume.
Figure 337 in Bul.17 vlustrates a second species of this genus.

20. ANTHZENANTIA Beauy. Agrost. 48. ¢. 10, f. 7. 1812.
1-flowered, hermaphrodite, loosely paniculate. Empty glumes 2, slightly un-
equal, the 2d with a small palea or inclosing a staminate flower; flowering
glume slightly indurated, usually a little shorter than the empty ones. Stamens
3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain loosely inclosed within the fruiting
glume. Erect, czspitose perennials with narrow, flat leaves; loose, terminal
panicles, and pilose or pubescent spikelets, the glumes of which are as in
Paspalum.

Species 3, two in North America and the other in tropical South America.

Spikelets ovate,

Fic. 21. Amphicarpum purshii Kunth.—qa and b, Staminate spikelets; c, floret
One other

of same; d,a fertile spikelet from one of the underground branches.

species from Florida is illustrated by figure 33 in Bul. 7.
28. 1835. Spikelets (by abor-

21. AMPHICARPUM Kunth. Rey. Gram. I:
tion) unisexual, 1-flowered, the staminate in a narrow terminal panicle, the

pistillate much larger, solitary, terminal on slender leafless runners at the base
of the culm and cleistogamous. Glumes3, awnless, slightly unequal, the 1st and

2d empty, membranous, the 3d in the fertile spikelets firmer in texture and
Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Erect

becoming indurated in fruit.

Grain oblong, inclosed within the hardened floral glume and palea.

perennials, with flat leaves and terminal panicles.
Two known species, natives of eastern North America.

36

VA

=

—=—

ZF
=

EE
ES

Lee

Fic. 22. Eriochloa mollis (Michx.) Kuntn. SOFT WOOL-GRASS.—1, A
single spikelet; 2, the same with the outer empty glumes removed; 3, palea
inclosing a pistil; 4,a palea inclosing stamens. Figures 35 and 36 of Bul. 7 and
figure 338 in Bul. 17 illustrate other species of this genus.

22. ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. Noy.Gen. et Sp. Pl. I: 94. 1815. (Helopus Trin.,
1820.) Spikelets1-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachillaarticulated below theempty
glumes, where it is expanded into a distinct, ring-like callus. Empty glumes 2,
nearly equal, membranaceous, more or less acuminate-pointed, the 3d or flow-
ering glume slightly indurated, mucronate, or short awn-pointed. Palea shorter
than its glume. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Caryopsis in-
cluded within the hardened fruiting glume, free. Annual (?) or perennial
grasses, with usually thin flat leaves and terminal panicles, composed of numer-
ous, somewhat one-sided racemes.

Species 5 or 6, in the subtropical or warmer temperate regions of both hemi-
spheres. i

ry
OY G

Bb? alt Piro

i, BO” SOI W ISD

® 5 Hy 6 agi ZA

a y 2

oar S
4 aah WEY
ON Yd
vas i WGA

\ \ Wo Kyys
\Y oR aN
*) SRN
aN, a,
Peed We
Le

123
LEE
Ci
<.

:
Zot
AS
aS

Sf: )
LOI
ee
SS
SSS
SENe
RS =
i A
iy ‘ g
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!
Y a
AS
OT

(49
ag;
2

Fic. 23. Panicum miliaceum L.—a, A spikelet showing the first and third
glumes; b, aspikelet showing the lower margins of the first and dorsal surface
of the second glume; ¢, anterior view of the third glume, showing the small palea
in its axis; d, dorsal view of the fourth or flowering glume; e, anterior view oi
same, showing the palea. Figures 37 to 64 in Bul. 7 and 329 to 399 in Bul. 17
jllustrate other species of the genus.

23. PANICUM Linn. Sp. P1.55. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered or sometimes with
a staminate flower below the hermaphrodite terminal one, in spikes, racemes,
or panicles. Glumes 4, the 1st usually much shorter than the others, very rarely
wanting (some species of section Syntherisma); 2d glume empty, equaling or
somewhat shorter than the 3d, which is empty or has a palea or even a stami-
nate flower in its axil; 4th glume smooth and shining, coriaceous, much firmer
in texture than the others. Palea similar in texture to its glume and closely
embraced byit. Grain inclosed within the hardened fruiting glume and palea,
free. Annuals or perennials varying greatly in habit of growth, foliage, and
inflorescence.

Species about 300, throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both
hemispheres; a few only in the temperate regions. Several species occur as
weeds throughout all civilized countries. Nearly 100 species and varieties are
recorded as having been found within the United States.

38

Fic. 24. Oplismenus hirtellus (Linn.) R.&S. CREEPING BEARD-GRASS.—
a, A spikelet showing the outer empty glumes and the upper portion of the
3d and 4th glumes.

24. OPLISMENUS Beauv. Fl. Owar. et Ben. 2: 14,¢. 68. 1807. (Orthopogon R.
Br.) Spikelets 1-flowered, in small groups or clusters, usually unilateral along
the branches of the panicle. Outer empty glumes 3, more or less awned, the
3d glume usually with a palea; flowering glume shorter than the 3d glume,
obtuse, awnless, with the palea becoming indurated at maturity. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct to the base; stigmas plumose. Grain included within the
hardened: fruiting glume and palea, free. Usually weak, much branched,
creeping or ascending grasses, with narrow or broad, lanceolate, flat pert
terminal panicles composed of unilateral racemes.

Species 4 or 5, in tropical or subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

Fic. 25. Chaetochloa glauca (Linn.) Scribn. (Setaria glawea Beauv.) YEL-
LOW FOXTAIL.—a, A spikelet showing the second glume, the upper portion .
of the fourth or flowering glume and the numerous bristles which surround the
spikelet at the base; b, aspikelet showing the back of the first and third glumes.
Figures 65 to 68 in Bul. 7 and 402 and 403 in Bul. 17 illustrate other species of
this genus.

25. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bul. 4: 38. 1897.
(Setaria Beauy., 1812, not Acharius, 1798.) Spikelets hermaphrodite, 1-flowered
or sometimes with a staminate flower below the hermaphrodite terminal one,
surrounded by few or many persistent, awn-like branches which spring
from the pedicels below the articulation of the spikelets, and impart to the
dense cylindrical or somewhat interrupted spikelike panicles a bristly appear-
ance. Glumes as in Panicum, awnless. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas
plumose. Grain included within the hardened flowering glume and palea,
but free from them. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and bristly,
spikelike panicles.

Species about 40 in the warmer regions of the world. Twenty-eight species
occur in North America, chiefly in the southern and southwestern United
States and Mexico; three are cosmopolitan weeds.

40.

Fic. 26. Cenchrus tribuloides L. SAND BUR.—a, A spiny bur which in-
closes the spikelets; b, a section of the same showing the spikelets within;
c, a lateral view of one of the spikelets showing the several glumes. Figures
404 to 407 in Bul. 17 illustrate other species of this genus.

26. CENCHRUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753.—Spikelets 1-flowered hermaphro-
dite (rarely with a male flower below the perfect terminal one), 1-4 together
with an ovoid or globular involucre of rigid more or less connate bristles form-
ing spiny burs or false capsules, these sessile or nearly so in simple terminal
spikes or racemes, falling off with the spikelets. Glumesasin Panicum awnless.
Grain free within the slightly hardened fruiting glume and palea. Annual
or perennial grasses with spreading or erect culms bearing few or many more
or less crowded ‘‘ burs’”’ in terminal spikes. ~

Species about 12. in the tropical and warmer temperate regions of both
hemispheres. :

Fic. 27. Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich.—a, A spikelet surrounded by ciliate
bristles; 6, the same with the bristles removed, showing 2 stamens and 2 stigmas;
c, flowering glume.

27. PENNISETUM Pers. Syn. 1: 72. 1805. Spikelets solitary or 2-3 together,
subtended by an involucre of one to many bristles, which are often plumose
and fall off with the spikelets at maturity: inflorescence racemose or dense and
spike-like. Glumes4; the lst empty and smaller than the others; the 2d usually
as long as the spikelet, empty; the 3d empty, or with a palea or a staminate
flower; the 4th or terminal inclosing a pistillate or hermaphrodite flower and
palea. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or more or less connate below; stigmas
plumose. Grain included in the rigid fruiting glume and palea, free. Annual
or perennial grasses, with simple or branched culms; flat leaves with usually
spike-like panicles terminal on the culm or its branches.

Species about 40, chiefly natives of the tropical and subtropical regions of the
Old World: a few in America.

Fie. 28. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze.—a, A portion of the
axis of one of the spikes, showing 7 spikelets; b'and c¢, spikelets.

28. STENOTAPHRUM Trin. Fund. Agros.175. 1820. Spikelets 2-flowered, the
lower staminate or hermaphrodite, 2-4 in very short spikes imbedded in one
side of a flattened rachis, forming a spike-like panicle. Empty glumes 3, the
outer one very small, sometimes wanting; the 3d usually with a palea or stami-
nate flower in its axil; the 4th (or the 3d glume in the absence of the Ist) con-
taining an hermaphrodite flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base;
stigmas plumose. Grain oblong,included within the somewhat rigid glumes
and palea,free. Creeping, stoloniferous perennial grasses with short, ascend-
ing branches; spreading, flat, or convolute leaves; and spike-like, terminal
inflorescence.

Species 3 or 4, one of which is widespread in the tropical and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres; the others are natives of the islands of the Indian
and Pacific oceans.

. 43

TRIBE -VI.—ORYZE.

Spikelets usually much compressed laterally, 1-flowered, stam-
inate, pistillate, or hermaphrodite; empty glumes 2 or none, the
flower being subtended by the floral glume and palea alone, the
latter 1-nerved and regarded by some as a second glume; stamens
frequently 6; axis of the inflorescence not articulated.

A small tribe of about forty species divided among
sixteen genera, mostly confined to tropical America.
One of the best known and most extensively used of
the cereals, rice (Oryza sativa), belongs here.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE ORYZER.

iseopikelets unisexual, plants moncecious.....:---..-.-.'.--+-- 2
1. Spikelets hermaphrodite, strongly compressed _-.-_....----- 6
2. Inflorescence of terminal and axillary spikes, the former pedun-

culate and staminate, the latter sessile and pistillate.

29. HypROcHLOA
inmuenreseence pamiculate sooo... 2 esd a oeeee eile se 3

i)

3. Spikelets in pairs, the pistillate large and sessile, the staminate
sialbamoopedicellates:2 0.9). ss Se eke LS 30. PHarus
Smee ecletsmOt WM palms 9-6. 2k eee elo de ll. 4

4. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles or in the
same panicle when the staminate are terminal.. 31. Luzroua
4. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the same panicle, the pis-
tillate above, the staminate below 5)

5. Fruiting spikelets narrow, subterete, caryopsis linear.

oo. LIZANTA
5. Fruiting spikelets subcompressed, caryopsis ovate.
02. ZIZANIOPSIS

6. Empty glumes two, flowering glume often awned.. 34. Oryza
6. Empty glumes none, flowering glume awnless.
00. HoMALOCENCHRUS

44

Fic. 29. Hydrochloa fluitans (Mx.) Torr.—a, A branch showing the inflores-
cence; 6, a staminate spikelet; c, a pistillate spikelet; d and e, grain.

29. HYDROCHLOA Beauy. Agrost. 135. 1812. Spikelets unisexual, monc-
cious, the staminate terminal, the pistillate axilliary. Glumes 2, somewhat
unequal, membranaceous, concave, awnless; palea none. Stamens 6. Styles
short, distinct; stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain included within the glumes,
free. A slender branching, floating or creeping, aquatic grass, with narrow
floating leaves and few spikelets in terminal and axillary spikes.

Species 1. Southern United States.

/

45

Fig. 30. Pharus latifolius L.—a, A branch showing a sessile pistillate and a
Eee cellate staminate spikelet; 6, fruiting spikelet removed from the empty
glumes.

30. PHARUS P. Browne, Ciy. and Nat. Hist. Jamaic.. 344. 1756. Spikelets
unisexual, moneecious, i-flowered, in pairs along the branches of the panicle;
one sessile and pistillate, the other much smaller, pedicellate and staminate.
Staminate spikelet with 3 rather broad, membranaceous, and many-neryed
glumes; the lsttwo empty, slightly unequal, the 2d aboutas long as the flowering
glume. Palea none. Stamens 6. Pistillate spikelet with 3 glumes, the 1st
two empty, membranaceous, many-nerved, subequal, much shorter than the
long, coriaceous flowering glume, which closely envelops the 2-nerved palea.
Stamens none. Styles filiform, elongated; stigmas 3, shortly papillate-pilose.
Grain terete, linear, included within the indurated fruiting glume. Rather
stout, tropical grasses, with broad and long-petiolate leaves and terminal
panicles.

Species 4 or 5, tropical America, 1 in southern Florida.

46

Fic. 31. Luziola alabamensis Chapm.—a, A pistillate spikelet; b, a staminate
spikelet; c, 2 pistil; d, a grain or caryopsis.

31. LUZIOLA Juss. Gen. Pl. 33. 1789.—Spikelets small, ovate, unisexual,
moncecious, the male and female in separate panicles in our species, 1-flowered,
arranged along the continuous panicle-branches, articulated with the pedicels.
Empty glumes. none; flowering glume and narrower palea of the staminate
spikelets thin-membranaceous, awnless; stamens 6 to 18. Female spikelets
smaller than the staminate, and the rather broad glume many-nerved;
stamens none. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain ovate, free
within the glume and palea. Marsh or aquatic grasses, creeping or floating at
the base, with flat leaves, and terminal or axillary diffuse panicles.

Species 6, in the warmer parts of North and South America.

ae

47

Fic. 32. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. (Zizania miliacea
Michx.) WATER MILLET.—a, D, Pistillate spikelets: c, a staminate spikelet.

32. ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & Aschers, in Mart. Flor. Bras. 2?: 12, ¢. 3. 1871. Spike-
lets unisexual, monccious, the staminate above, the pistillate below on each
branch of the paniculate inflorescence. Glumes 2, nearly equal, membrana-
ceous, the outer one broader, acute, or in the female spikelet short-awned.
Palea none. Stamens6. Styles united. Grain ovate or nearly globose, peri-
earp readily separable. A reedlike aquatic grass, the ovate pistillate spikelets
on the same branches with the staminate flowers.

Species 1, with several varieties. Southern United States and South America.

48

NSs
ha.

——

j
: LA
<<

S ZS
L——S SS

a

Zp
ZZ

ZA

——_—
ar

Fic. 33. Zizania aquatica Linn. WILD RICE, ‘‘REEDS.’’—a, A pistillate
spikelet; 6, palea and flower of same; c, a staminate spikelet; d, first glume of
same.

33. ZIZANIA Linn. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753. Spikelets unisexual, moncecious,
1-flowered, the linear pistillate spikelets on the somewhat appressed upper
branches, the staminate on the expanded lower branches of the same ample
panicle. Glumes 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, the outer one slightly larger,
awnless, or in the female spikelet long-awned. Palea none. Stamens 6.
Styles nearly distinct, the plumose stigmatic hairs long. Grain linear, 6 to 8
lines long. A tall aquatic grass, with long leaves, ample panicles, and highly
farinaceous grain.

A monotypic genus of North America and Northeastern Asia.

49

Fic. 34, Oryza sativa L. RICE.—a, A spikelet; b, a ower showing the lodi-
cules; ¢, grain.

34. ORYZA Linn. Sp. Pl. 333. 17538. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite,
strongly flattened laterally in terminal panicles; rhachilla articulated below
the empty “glumes. Glumes, 3, the 1st two small, empty, the 3d compressed,
keeled, somewhat rigid, usually awned. Palea 1-nerved, narrower, but about
the length of the glume. Stamens,6. Grain oblong obtuse, closely enveloped
by the fruiting glume. Aquatic grasses with flat leaves and terminal panicles.

Species 5 or 6, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

15444—No. 20 4

50

Fic. 35. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (Sw.) Poll. (Leersia oryzoides Sw:). RICE
CUT-GRASS.—a, A branch of the inflorescence bearing several spikelets; b, ¢,
spikelets; d,e,grain. Figures 74,75,77,and 78 in Bul.’7 illustrate other species
of this genus.

3). HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg., in Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. 2: 201. 1768.
(Leersia Swartz.) Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, strongly flattened
laterally, articulated with the pedicels. Empty glumes, none; flowering glume
chartaceous, usually bristly-ciliate along the keel,awnless. Palea! similar in
texture and about as long as the flowering glume, but much narrower. Peren-
nials, with rough leaves and open paniculate inflorescence.

Species, 5 or 6, throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the world.

1Tt is a question whether the 1-nerved bract here termed the palea, is a true
palea—the prophyllum of the minute floral branch—or a proper glume attached
to the rhachilla or primary axis of the spikelet.

51

Series B.—POACEZ.

Spikelets 1- to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudi-
mentary flower, if any, usually uppermost; rachilla
usually articulated above the empty glumes, so that’
these remain after the fall of the fruiting glumes.‘ In
spikelets with two or more flowers these are separated
by a manifest internode of the rachilla, and in such
eases the rachilla is usually articulated below each
flowering glume.

In this second grand division of the Graminee the
pedicels are not (or very rarely) articulated below the
outer glumes but the axis of the spikelet is articu-
lated above these glumes, so that they usually remain

_ attached to the pedicel after the falling off of the mature
florets. The spikelets are one- to many-flowered, and
_have as many flowering glumes as there are flowers:

the imperfect flowers, when present, are the upper-
most; the terminal floret may be staminate or rudi-
mentary.

KEY TO THE TRIBES IN SERIES B.—POACE.

1. Spikelets 1-flowered, with or without a simple continuation of

preetsemila iosiind the palea, 3b se Z
mopikeleis two- to muny-flowered.............--.-2.-.-_-... 5

if

2. Spikelets crowded in two (rarely one) rows along one side of a
continuous rachis forming unilateral spikes, these scattered
along a common axis or digitate at the apex of the
SST 5 eRe ener ees Tribe X. CHLORIDEE. (See page 97)

2. Spikelets not disposed in unilateral spikes -...-.........._- 3

3. Inflorescence spicate, the spikelets sessile on alternate teeth or
notches of the rachis... Tribe XII. HorpEx. (See page 157)
3. Inflorescence racemose (not unilateral) or paniculate, occasion-
ally contracted and spike-like, or condensed and apparently
capitate; spikelets always distinctly pedicellate.....__._.. +

4. Glumes five, the first four empty or (in Savastana) the third
and sometimes the fourth, which are usually very unlike the
first and second, with staminate flowers; the fifth glume with
a hermaphrodite flower, and falling with the third and fourth;
palea l-nerved....- Tribe VII. PHaLaripem. (See page 53)

1In Alopecurus, Cinna, Polypogon, Spartina, Beckmannia, Limnodea, and Holcus
the rachilla is articulated below the empty or outer glumes, and the spikelets
fall off entire.

Or

OU

~J

52

. Glumes three (only one in Coleanthus, or occasionally four in

some species of Sporobolus and Muhlenbergia) , the first two
empty; palea 2-nerved or neryeless, very rarely 1-nerved
(Cinna) or wholly wanting (Alopecurus and some species of
AGI OSUS)| Sar eee Tribe VIII. AGRrostiIpE®. (See page 57)

Culms herbaceous, annual; leaf blade continuous with its
sheath 222.2. 5. bes 2-02 2h os8h25- 2262s ee 6

_ Culms woody, perennial; leaf blade articulated with its

Sheatleys-— = eee Tribe XIII. BampusEm. (See page —)

. Spikelets pedicellate, in panicles, spike-like panicles, or ra-

cemes, these never unilateral --.------------------------- ri

. Spikelets sessile, in true spikes, or on very short pedicels in

unilateral racemes..-.-------------------- 2-2 e rrr e 8

. Empty glumes generally longer than the first flowering glume;

one or more of the flowering glumes awned on the back or
from between the teeth of the bifid apex (some cultivated

ee ee = —
= eeaherieeneneiiarameetiiede asin nea naan cae

forms excepted); awn twisted, usually geniculate, very —

rarely straight ---------- Triste 1X. AveNEm. (See page 87)

. Empty glumes generally shorter than the floral glume; flower-

ing glume awnless or with from one to many terminal (very
rarely dorsal) straight or simply divergent awns------------
Tribe XI. Fusrucem. (See page 112)

. Spikelets in unilateral spikes or racemes, these racemed, digitate
OF lAsclemlate =. aes =e == Tribe X. CHLORIDER. (See page 97) —
. Spikelets inserted on the alternate teeth or notches of the

rachis forming equilateral, flattened, or cylindrical terminal
Bprkesaeetanae eae Tribe XII. Horpex. (See page 157)

53

Trips VII.—PHALARIDEM.

Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, one- or rarely three-
flowered; glumes five, the first two empty and below the articu-
lation of the rachilla, the third and fourth above the articulation,
usually empty, very unlike the outer ones, rarely subtending
staminate flowers, sometimes reduced to mere bristles, the fifth
glume with a one-nerved or nerveless palea and a hermaphrodite
flower.

A small tribe, comprising six genera with about sixty
species of comparatively little importance. Several of
the species, sweet vernal grass and vanilla grass, are
remarkable for possessing a peculiar fragrance due to
their containing coumarin. Canary-gyrass is one of the
best known members of this tribe.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE PHALARIDE#.

1. Third and fourth glumes narrow and bristle-like, outer glumes

SerOnMehveGOMipresseG:: {22.2 36 L 2. sb oos ec Jae k 06 PHALARIS
1. Third and fourth glumes broadly ovate or oblong, outer glumes
Memon a iaAnLeMmed 98 el. ee ek 2

2. Outer glumes very unequal, the third and fourth glumes much
shorter than the outer ones and awned .. 37 ANTHOXANTHUM
2. Outer glumes nearly equal, scarcely exceeding the third and
fourth, which are awnless or very short awned. 38 SAVASTANA

D4

Fic. 36. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. (P. intermedia Bosc.). SOUTHERN

CANARY-GRASS.—a, b, Spikelets; c, the same with the outer glumes removed,
showing the hairy, bristle-like second and third glumes; d, another view of the
same. Figs. 79 and 81 in Bul. 7, and 411 and 412 1n Bul. 17, illustrate other
species of this genus.

36. PHALARIS Linn. Sp. Pl. 54,1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly flattened
laterally; rachilla articulated above the first pairof empty glumes. Glumes 5,
awnless, the first two empty, equal, boat-shaped, and usually winged on the
keel, the 3d and 4th empty, narrow-lanceolate or bristle-form, closely appressed
to the 5th or flowering glume, which is hard and shining in fruit and closely
envelops the grain and palea. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and
densely flowered, spike-like or capitate inflorescence sometimes expanded in
flower.

Species about 10, most abundant in southern Europe. There are 2 or perhaps
3 native North American species.

TS ST ——— —__ — —— —,

55°

Fic. 37. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS.—a, A spike-
let; b, the same with the outer glumes removed, showing the awned 2d and 3d
glumes; ¢c, flowering glume, inclosing the stamens and pistil, which project
above.

37. ANTHOXANTHUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 28. 1753. Spikelets hermaphrodite,
1-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed. Glumes 5, the Ist and 2d empty,
unequal, awnless, or mucronate-pointed; the 3d and 4th empty, shorter, 2-lobed,
clothed with brown hairs, and awned below on the back; oth shorter than the
others, hyaline, broadly obtuse,awnless. Palea (?) narrower, 1-nerved, included
within the 5th glume. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Grain oblong, inclosed
within the 5th glume and palea,free. Aromatic annual or perennial grasses,
with flat leaves and narrow spike-like panicles.

Species 3 or4. European.

56

WZ w
Wi
b

WP yl

<—
SS

eH (LE
SS

Fic. 38. Savastana odorata (L.) Seribn. (HMierochloé borealis R. & S.).
VANILLA-GRASS.—a, A spikelet showing the broad and nearly equal outer
glumes; 06, the same with the outer glumes removed, showing the scabrous 3d
and 4th glumes; c, palea with stamens; d, the pistil. Figs. 84, of Bul. 7, and
410, of Bul. 17, illustrate other species of this genus.

38. SAVASTANA Schrank, Baier. Fl. I: 100,337. 1789. (Hierochloé J.G. Gmelin.
1747). Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower hermaphrodite, the others
staminate; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes. Glumes 5; first two
empty, nearly equal, and about the length of the spikelet, acute, smooth; the
3d and 4th about equaling the 1st and 2d in length, awnless or short-awned;
the 5th inclosing a hermaphrodite flower, and becoming somewhat indurated in
fruit. Palea nearly as long as the glume. Stamens in the male florets, 3; in
the hermaphrodite flower, 2. Styles distinct, rather long, stigmas plumose.
Caryopsis included in the upper glume, free. Fragrant, perennial grasses, with
flat leaves, and usually rather small and pyramidal, terminal panicles.

Species about 10 or 12, in the cooler temperate and arctic regions of both
hemispheres and high mountains within the tropics.

ee

-_

a

TrisE VIII.—AGROSTIDE.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, 1-flowered with 3 glumes, the first
2 empty (very rarely wanting), usually as long as or exceeding
the 3d or floral glume; rachilla sometimes prolonged behind the
palea into a naked or plumose bristle. Palea two-nerved (one-
nerved in Cinna), nerveless, or (in some Agrostis species) wanting.

This is, next to the /estucee, the largest tribe in the
order, numbering 700 species arranged in 46 genera.
The species are distributed throughout all the tem-
perate and colder regions of the world and many occur
within the Tropics. The genus Agrostis, from which
the tribe derives its name and from which comes the
word ‘‘agrostologist,” has about one hundred species,
found in all parts of the world, especially in the north
temperate zone. Some of our most important meadow
grasses—notably Herd’s-grass and timothy—belong to
this tribe.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE AGROSTIDEZ.

1. Flowering glumes awned or mucronate-pointed .---.---.--- 2
memowerne clumes awnless ....-..-.:--2.22+--+---.------ 19

2. First empty glume with two to three awns, inflorescence a
pees AMIGlG! 2 o.oo oe staclen god 45. Lycurus
2. First empty glume with a single awn or awnless.___.------ 3

3. Awn of the flowering glume terminal or from between the
PEE RMEO MUNCH MULAN. 11. ie o e SkeY 4
TUBS RC ORS A sen Mae i oe Semis rol eet eS eos Ae 18

4. Awns 3-branched or trifid, the lateral divisions sometimes

TEES C EEG 2 eae fee eae Nd Ok eee a me 39. ARISTIDA
ene simple or wmhlbranched, 5 2422225222555. 4sces0 cece- 2 5
5. Awns articulate with the apex of the flowering glume -.___. 6
Pawns nov articulate with the glume. ..-=...-...--2.-------- 8

6. Awns usually long, geniculate and twisted below, persistent or
but tardily separating from the narrow and rigid flowering
glume, which is tightly rolled around the grain in fruit;
SELLS NGIUIG SD kk Ook, RNS Bs Me Pee Ree PY seen 40. STrpa

—_

6. Awns short, caducous or falling off soon after flowering - ---- i

~I

a

10.

10.

13.

13.

14s

14.

16.
15.

16.

58

. Flowering glume much firmer in texture than the empty ones,

indurated at maturity, when it loosely envelops the grain.
41. ORYZOPsIS

. Flowering glumes similar in texture to the empty ones, not in-

durated in fruit. (Section Vilfee of Sporobolus, may be looked

forbere) 2278S eee ee ere ae 53. EPICAMPES
. Rachilla prolonged behind the:palea ......_.__2 322 9
. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea_..--...-.--.-.-- al

. Awn terminal, long and straight, empty glumes minute.

44, BRACHYELYTRUM

. Awn from between the teeth of the bifid apex of the flowering

glume, short or reduced to a simple mucro......-.----- 10

Callus of the flowering glume and prolongation of the rachilla

naked; panicles loose or expanded .....-...--- 57. CINNA
Callus and prolongation of the rachilla. hairy; panicles dense
andispikealike ie taan tee Tel oe ae 61. AMMOPHILA

. Empty glumes none; spikelets minute in small umbel-like

Ghasters.: Se 220 On Se 49. ScHMIDTIA

. Empty glumes two 221. ...2l22.2.. 222-6. ee 12

2. Spikelets articulated with the pedicels below the firm and

awnless empty glumes, falling off entire ----- 55. LIMNODEA

2. Spikelets not articulated with the pedicels below the empty

glumes; flowering glumes 3-nerved and much firmer in tex-
ture than the empty ones, at least in fruit. (Section Vilfee
of Sporobolus may be looked for here) -. 48. MUHLENBEKGIA

Spikelets articulated with the pedicels below the empty glumes, —

which are much longer than the flowering glume.

een tly teers: eerie

- 54. POLYPOGON -

Spikelets not articulated with the pedicels below the empty
GlUIMES: 8 Soe ee ee eae ee ee ee ee 14

Empty glumes saccate at the base, several times longer than the
flowering glumes; inflorescence contracted and spike-like.

59. GASTRIDIUM

Empty glumes not saccate at the base, and if longer than the

flowering glume, never exceeding it by more than one-third

orjone-halit. 2s 6 see ae ee a tree 15
Rachilla prolonged behind the palea’_...22. 2222332 eeeee 16
Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea._-..---.-.------ 17
Callus of the flowering glume and prolongation of the rachilla

hairy; empty glumes subequal; flowering glume dorsally
A WHEE Le Sc Ue Ce ere ae eer eae 60. CALAMAGROSTIS

i

16-

59

Callus and prolongation of the rachilla naked; empty glumes
unequal; flowering glume awned from the apex. 63. APERA

Empty glumes smooth or minutely scabrous along the keel.
1 58. AGROSTIS
Empty glumes more or less hairy and of about the same length
Game Howermo ohumesiat .2 02 i eet ae ee aa 18

Empty glumes connate at the base; palea none; inflorescence
a dense, cylindrical or oblong, spike-like panicle.

48. ALOPECURUS

Empty glumes distinct; palea present; inflorescence capitate,

CSTR? UALR eS Ms tS es ee ee ara ope ela ge Lea 64. LaGuRus

Flowering glumes flattened on the back, strongly indurated
POCLGL QUIEN, Cas ait SNe OY Ve a eel ye 42. Mitium

. Flowering glumes not flattened on the back nor strongly in-

LSTEUEC@GE” GMa atthe SEE nt oie oct PO cet gr ah le 20

Rachilla prolonged behind the palea (the 1-floweved species

ouomened may oe lookeditor here)! -.2.-2--2.-- 22.2.2 .- 21
PetenniieOheOROlOMeed aa see ee id en oe 22

Empty glumes longer than the flowering glume; callus and
prolongation of the rachilla hairy; panicle densely flowered,
elomeated:, and spike-like <2 222.240.255.224 61. AMMOPHILA

Empty glumes, or at least one of them, shorter than the flow-
ering glume; callus and rachilla naked _- 56. ARCTAGROSTIS

Nerves of the flowering glume densely silky-villous nearly to
“DE DSCREN APU ee er yee a 52. BLEPHARONEURON
Memernoudensely silky-villouss. 2.222 .24050.0252 26. 23

Pericarp free or separable from the grain, sometimes opening
at maturity; first empty glume usually shorter than the sec-
ond and exc eded by the flowering glume . 51. SporoBoLus

iPericarp closely adherent to the grain. 2)-.. 2..2-.-..22: 24

Flowering glumes hyaline, shorter and much more delicate in

femme tan the enipty OHS oso. 2.25 22 ee 25
Flowering glumes membranaceous, herbaceous, or chartaceous,
not more delicate in texture than the empty ones-_...--- 26

Empty glumes abruptly awn-pointed, the keels strongly ciliate.
47. PHLEUM

Empty glumes not abruptly awn-pointed, keels smooth or
SM ye Sea KOUSa es Wee Weert eee ne 58. AGROSTIS

Empty glumes minute, sometimes only one; stamen one. An
SARL TFS a et ON 50. PHIPPsIA
Empty glumes conspicuous; stamens three 27

29.

29.

60

. Panicles wholly or partially inclosed within the subtending

leaf sheath, very rarely exserted 22. -:2_---5 ==neeeee 28

. Panicles exserted; plants robust... .. 3... 32 29

. Spikelets densely crowded in ovoid, or oblong spike-like pani-

Clos chy ie Ae PAE, ey 0 een eee mt tere 46. HELEOCHLOA

. Spikelets not densely crowded; panicles very narrow, simple

and reduced to a few spikelets, or much elongated and many-
Howered. sls ee eee ae 51. SPOROBOLUS

Inflorescence an elongated, wand-like or spike-like panicle;
empty glumes subequal, convex on the back; flowering
glumes 3-nerved; callus naked -..-..------ 53. EPICAMPES

Inflorescence a loose or expanded panicle; empty glumes
unequal, compressed; flowering glumes I-nerved; callus
Inealiy ie. Sto Soe ee ee eee ey ere 62. CALAMOVILFA

Fic. 39. Aristida oligantha Mx. PRAIRIE TRIPLE-AWN.—a, The outer or
empty glumes of a spikelet; b, a floret, showing the three widely-spreading
awns. Figs. 85 to 88,in Bul. 7, and 413 to 422,in, Bul. 17, illustrate other species
of this genus.

39. ARISTIDA Linn. Sp. Pl. 82. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered on long or short,
slender pedicels, in terminal more or less expanded panicles; rachilla articu-
lated above the empty glumes and produced into a hard obconical hairy callus
below the floral glume, but not extending beyond it Glumes 8; the first two
empty, more or less unequal, acute or bristle-pointed, slightly keeled; the 3d or
flowering glume firmer in texture than the outer ones, closely rolled around the
flower and usually short palea, and terminating inatrifid awn. Grain slender,
tightly inclosed by the hardened fruiting glume but free from it. Tufted
narrow-leaved grasses, chiefly growing in dry, sandy, or sterile soil.

Species about 100, in all the warmer regions of the world. Some 40 species are
recorded as growing within the United States, chiefly in the southern portions.

Fig. 40. Stipa spartea Trin. PORCUPINE-GRASS.—a, A single spikelet; b,a
floret more highly magnified, showing the sharp-pointed, bearded callus at the
base. Figs.90 and 91,in Bul.7,and 423 to 440,in Bul.17, illustrate other species
of the genus Stipa.

40, STIPA Linn. Sp. Pl.78. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articulated
above the empty glumes and produced below the flowering glume into a strong,
bearded, obconical, and sharp-pointed callus. Glumes 3, the first two empty,
thin, membranaceous, subequal, acute or bristle-pointed, the 3d or floral glume
narrow, subcoriaceous, closely rolled around the flower and usually shorter
palea, terminating in a twisted and geniculate, simple awn which is articulated
with its apex. Grain terete and closely enveloped by the hardened fruiting
glume. Tufted perennial grasses with very narrow or inyolute leaves and
usually open panicles.

Species about 100, widely distributed throughout the tropical and temperate
regions of the world. About 30 species are recorded as occurring within the
United States, chiefly Southwestern.

-_— ———== — _ <— SS

y 6 rs

Fic. 41. Oryzopsis juncea (Mx.) B. S. P. (Oryzopsis canadensis Torr.)
SMALL MOUNTAIN RICE.—a, Empty glumes; d, a floret showing the blunt
callus at the base, the broad palea and short awn. Other species of this genus
are illustrated by Figs. 92 to 97,in Bul. 7, and 441, in Bul. 17.

41. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.1:51. 1803. (Eriocoma Nutt. 1818.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachilla articulated above the empty
glumes, and not produced behind the palea, usually extended below the
flowering glume into a short and obtuse callus. Glumes3, usually nearly equal,
obtuse or acuminate-pointed; the 3d or flowering glume a little shorter or a little
longer than the upper empty ones, rather broad, cartilaginous, or becoming
coriaceous in fruit, and terminated by a slender, deciduous awn. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Caryopsis free within the hardened fruiting
glume. Slender, perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves, and loosely-
flowered, spreading or narrow panicles.

Species about 15, in the north temperate zone of both hemispheres.

64

Fie. 42. Milium effusum L. WILD MILLET.—a, b, Spikelets; c, dorsal view
of the fiowering glume; d, anterior view of the same showing a portion of the
nearly ineclosed palea.

42, MILIUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 61. 1758. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articu-
lated above the empty glumes, not produced into a conspicuous callus nor
extended above the flowering glume. Glumes 3, obtuse, awnless; the first two
empty, subequal, membranous, convex; the 8d or flowering glume usually
smooth and shining, becoming indurated in fruit; palea nearly as long as its
glume. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or
oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea. Annual or perennial
grasses, with flat leaves and open panicles, differing from Oryzopsis in the obtuse
and awnless flowering glume.

Species 5 or6in the temperate regions of Europe and Asia, 1 in North America.

65

Fic. 48. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. WOODLAND DROP-SEED.—a, },

_ Spikelets; c, the same with the outer or empty glumes removed. Other species

pi pe uienbergia are illustrated by Figs. 99 to 111, in Bul. 7, and 443 to 449, in
al). 17.

43. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Gen. Pl.44. 1789. Spikelets 1-flowered, her-
maphrodite; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, forming a very short
and usually hairy callus below the floral glume, but not extending beyond it.
Glumes 3, the first two empty, membranaceous or hyaline, 1- to 3-nerved or
nerveless, usually unequal and shorter than the floral glume, acute, mucronate-
pointed or sometimes awned; 3d or flowering glume narrow, smooth, or more
or less pilose below, 3- to 5-nerved, awned from the acute apex, or from between
the teeth of the more or less conspicuously bidentate apex. Awn straight or
flexuose. Palea thin, 2-nerved, usually about the length of its glume. Stamens
3. Styles distinct. Grain closely enveloped by the fruiting glume. Perennial
grasses (rarely annual) with small spikelets and greatly varying habit; culms
afew inches to several feet high, simple or much-branched; leaves long or short,
flat or strongly involute; panicle narrow and spike-like or open and widely
spreading. Formerly included in Agrostis.

Species about 60, chiefly American; most abundant in Mexico

15444—No. 20 D

66

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Fic. 44. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauy. (B. aristatum R. & S.).
BEARDED SHORT-HUSK.—a, A spikelet; b, the same with the awn and short
empty glumes removed; ¢, empty glumes; d, palea.

44, BRACHYELYTRUM Beauy. Agrost. 39. 1812. Spikelets 1-flowered,
hermaphrodite; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, forming a short,

usually smooth and.rounded callus below the flowering glume, and prolonged

behind the palea into a slender, naked bristle. Glumes 3, the first two empty,

very small; the flowering glume herbaceous, rigid, 5-nerved, the narrow apex

extending into along straightawn. Palea 2-nerved, about equaling the glume.

Stamens 2 (or 3). Styles short, distinct; stigmas elongated, plumose. Grain

oblong, inclosed within the fruiting glume and palea. An erect perennial,

with flat leaves and a narrow, few-flowered panicle.
Species 1, North American.

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‘

67

Fic. 45. Lycurus phleoides H. B. K. TEXAN TIMOTHY.—a, The empty
glumes; b, the floret; c, the 2-awned lower empty glume.

45. LYCURUSH.B.K. Nov.Gen.etSp. Pl. 1: 141,¢.45. 1815. (Pleopogon Nutt.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in pairs. Empty glumes 2, 3-nerved, the nerves
often produced into awns; flowering glume 3-nerved, awned, broader and
longerthan the empty ones. Palea a little smaller and more slender, 2-nerved,
2-keeled, very shortly 2-toothed. Stamens 8. Styles short, distinct; stigmas
plumose. Grain included within the glumes, free. Caespitose, erect or ascend-
ing grasses, with narrow or often convolute leaves and cylindrical, usually
densely flowered, spike-like, terminal panicles; the lower spikelet of each pair
is often sterile.

Species 2 or 3, Southwestern States to Mexico.

68

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yi Ay

Fig. 46. Heleochloa schcenoides (L.) Host. (Crypsis schenoides Lam.). RUSH-
LIKE TIMOTHY.—a, A spikelet; b, the same with the empty glumes removed;
c, grain.

HELEOCHLOA Host, Gram. 46. 1: 28,¢.29-30. 1801. (Crypsis Lam.1791, not
Ait.1789. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, rachilla articulated above the
empty glumes and not produced beyond the flower. Glumes 3, the first two
empty, slightly unequal, membranaceous, acute, somewhat compressed, keeled,
awnless; the 3d or flowering glume similar to the outer ones, but usually a little
exceeding them in length. Palea shorter than its glume, hyaline, very faintly
2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Caryopsis loosely
inclosed within the flowering glume, free. Usually low, densely cespitose,
branching perennials, with oblong or ovoid, spike-like panicles, which are
usually partially inclosed in the upper leaf sheath.

Species 7 or 8, in southern Europe and temperate Asia; one sparingly intro-
duced in the Atlantic States,

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.
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69

Fic. 47. Phleum pratense L. TIMOTHY.—a, Empty glumes; 0, the floret,
showing 3 stamens and 2 stigmas. Fig.451 in Bul.17 illustrates another species
of the genus Phleum.

47. PHLEUM Linn. §p. Pl. 59. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite;
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, not prolonged beyond the floret.
Empty glumes 2, compressed-carinate, equal, usually ciliate on the keels and
abruptly mucronate or short awn-pointed; floral glume shorter than the empty
ones, thin, truncate, awnless, rather loosely inclosing the grain. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Annual or perennial grasses, with simple, erect culms and
dense, cylindrical or oblong, terminal spike-like panicles.

Species 10,in the temperate and cooler regions of the Old and New World.
North American species 2, one of which, it is claimed, was originally introduced
from Europe.

“I
S

_ Fie. 48. Alopecurus pratensis L. MEADOW FOXTAIL.—a, A spikelet show-
ing the connate, hairy empty glumes, 3 stamens and 2 styles; 6, the same with
the empty or outer glumes removed; the flowering glume is awned on the
back. Figs. 115 and 117,in Bul. 7,and 452,in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of
Alopecurus.

48. ALOPECURUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly
flattened; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Empty glumes2, equal,
awnless, more or less ciliate, especially along the keel, and usually connate
at the base; flowering glume obtuse, hyaline, usually awned on the back, the
margins near the base connate, forming ashort tube. Palea none. Stamens3.
Styles usually distinct. Annual or perennial grasses, with erect or ascending
culms, flat leaves, and densely-flowered cylindrical or ovoid, spike-like or capi-
tate panicles.

Species about 20,in temperate Europe, Asia, Australia, and America. North
American species, 5 or 6.

io. el el el age

ra)

Fic. 49. Schmidtia subtilis Tratt. (Coleanthus subtilis Seid.). MOSS-GRASS.—
a,b, Spikelets; c, palea.

49. SCHMIDTIA Tratt. Fl. @sterr. 1:12. 1816. (Coleanthus Seid. 1817.)
Spikelets 1-flowered. Outer empty glumes none; flowering glumes ovate,
hyaline, keeled, usually bearing a short, straight awn. |. Palea 2-keeled, bifid, or
2-to 4-dentate. Stamens 2. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Caryopsis nar-
row, Oblong, free. A small, annual grass, with short, flat leaves and small,
umbel-like exserted panicles.

Species 1, Northern and Central Europe, Northern Asia, and Western North
America.

D2

SSS

SSS

Fie. 50. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br.—a,b, Spikelets; c,empty glumes; d,
flowering glume.

50. PHIPPSIA R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. celxxy. 1823. Spikelets 1-flow-
ered, hermaphrodite, very small. Empty glumes minute, unequal, or the ist
sometimes wanting, the 3d or flowering glume thin, membranaceous, somewhat
carinate, with the apex irregularly dentate, awnless. Palea about the length
of its glume, 2-keeled. Stamen 1. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose.
Caryopsis oblong, free. A dwarf annual, with narrow, flat leaves, which are
scarcely exceeded by the very slender, few-flowered panicles.

Species 1,in the north polar regions of both hemispheres.

DE OL LTS OE ae ht

ee

FIG. 51. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood. LONG-LEAFED SPOROBO-
LUS.—a, A spikelet; b, the same with the outer or empty glumes separated
from the flowering glume and palea; c, grain inclosed by the loose pericarp; d,
grain. Other species of Sporobolus are illustrated by figs. 119 to 129,in Bul. 7,
and 454 to 470, in Bul. 17.

D1. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prod. Fl. Noy. Holl.169. 1810. Spikelets 1-flowered,
_ pedicellate, in narrow and spike-like or loose and spreading panicles; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes, not produced beyond the flower. Glumes
3; round on the back or slightly keeled, awnless, obscurely nerved, or nerveless;
the 2 outer ones empty, usually unequal; 3d or floral glume equalling or exceed-
ing the empty ones. Palea as long as or longer than the flowering glume.
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain free, the pericarp loosely inclosing
the seed, or very thin and evanescent. Annual or perennial grasses with small
spikelets; very various in habit.

Species about 80, a fewin the Old World, but most abundant in America.
Thirty-eight species have been recorded from the United States.

74

Fic. 52, Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash. (Vilfa tricholepis Torr.).—
a, Empty or outer glumes; 0, the flowering glume and palea, both hairy.

_ 62. BLEPHARONEURON Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 25 : 88. 1898. Spikelets
1-flowered, hermaphrodite. Empty glumes 1-nerved, glabrous, the 2d about as
long as the flowering glume; flowering glume 3-nerved, the nerves densely
pilose with long silky hairs for nearly their entire length, midnerve often
shortly excurrent atapex. Palea as long as its glume, 2-nerved, densely pilose
between the nerves. Stamens 3. Styles 2, distinct; stigmas plumose. Tufted
perennial grasses with flat leaves and loosely-flowered open panicles.

Species 1 or 2, Southwestern Statesand Mexico. (The genusis based on Vilfa
tricholepis Torr.) .

15

Fic. 53. Epicampes rigens (Boland.) Benth. DEER-GRASS.—a, A spikelet;
b, the same with the empty glumes removed; c, empty glumes with the floret
above. Fig.131 in Bul.7 illustrates another species of this genus.

53. EPICAMPES Pres], Rel. Henk. 1: 2385, ¢. 39. 18380. Spikelets small, 1-
flowered. Empty glumes 2, membranaceous, slightly unequal, convex on the
back, ecarinate, often finely 3-nerved; flowering glumes 3-nerved, obtuse or
emarginate, a little shorter or about the length of the empty glumes, and
tipped with a slender, usually rather short awn, which is rarely wanting.
Stamens 38. Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose. Grain included within
the glumes, free. Tall, perennial grasses with usually very long, spike-like,
many-flowered panicles.

Species about 16, chiefly Mexican and South American.

76

Fig. 54. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. BEARD GRASS.—a, A spikelet;
b, the same with the outer empty glumes removed; c, flower. Figs. 472 and 473
in Bul. No. 17 illustrate other species of this genus.

54. POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. 1:66. 1798. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaph-
rodite. Glumes 3; 2 outer ones empty, nearly equal, usually broader above,
entire or 2-lobed, awned, awn slender, straight; the 3d or flowering glume much
smaller than the outer ones, usually thin and hyaline, entire, emarginate or bifid
at the apex, awned; awn slender, straight, or geniculate and twisted below.
Palea smaller than its glume. Stamens1to3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas
plumose. Caryopsis free. Usually annual grasses with decumbent, or rarely
erect stems, flat leaves, and densely flowered terminal panicles.

Species about 10, in the warmer temperate regions of both hemispheres.

a

7 <i Snir Sei aig:

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Fic. 55. Limnodea arkansana (Nutt.) Dewey.—a, A spikelet; 6, the flower-
ing glume and palea; ¢, a spikelet of Limnodea arkansana var. pilosa.

55. LIMNODEA Dewey in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 2: 518. 1894. (Thurberia
Benth.;. Greenia Nutt., not W. & A.) Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite.
Empty glumes 2, rather rigid, subequal,awnless; the flowering glumes a little
shorter than the empty ones, 2-cleft, or 2-toothed at the apex, awned between
the teeth; awns slender, geniculate, flexuous or somewhat twisted toward the
base. Palea a little shorter than the flowering glume, hyaline. Stamens 3.
Styles short, distinct; stigmasshortly plumose. Grain narrow, oblong, included
within the rigid fruiting glume, free. Slender, czspitose, erect grasses, often
decumbent at the base, with narrow, flat leaves and slender, terminal panicles;
spikelets few or many,smooth or pubescent.

Species 2, North America in the Southwestern States.

18

MUA S

Fie. 56. Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. (Colpodiwm latifolium R. Br.)
BROAD-LEAFED ARCTIC BENT.—a, Empty glumes; 0, floret showing the
scabrous flowering glume and palea. . Fig. 475 in Bul. 17 illustrates another
species of Arctagrostis.

56. ARCTAGROSTIS Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4:434. 1853. Spikelets
1-flowered, hermaphrodite. Empty glumes 2, slightly unequal, somewhat acute,
membranaceous, awnless; the 3d or flowering glume usually a little longer
than the outer ones, obtuse or subdentate at the apex, imperfectly 5-nerved,
awnless, somewhat herbaceous in texture. Palea as long as its glume, obtuse
or bidentate. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, very short; stigmas plumose.
Caryopsis included within the glume and palea, free. A perennial ceespitose
grass, with flat leaves and narrow, terminal panicle of rather large spikelets. .

Species 1, in the arctic regions of North America and Europe.

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fs,

Fic. 57. Cinna arundinacea L. INDIAN REED.—a, b, Spikelets; c, same with
theempty glumes removed. Figs. 476 and 477 in Bul. 17 illustrate other species
of Cinna.

57. CINNA Linn. Sp. Pl. 5. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla distinctly
articulated below the empty glumes as well as above them (the spikelets falling
off entire), produced below the floret into a short and smooth stipe and usually
extending behind the palea as a slender, naked bristle. Flowering glume
similar to the outer ones, 3-nerved obtuse, usually with a very short, sub-
terminal awn. Palea apparently l-nerved, keeled. Stamens 1. Styles short,
distinet. Grain included within the flowering glume and palea, free. Tall
perennial grasses with numerous flat leaves and many-flowered, nodding
panicles.

Species 3, in the northern regions of Europe and America

80

Fic. 58. Agrostis alba Linn. RED-TOP.—a, Empty glumes; 5, floret inclosing
stamens. Other species of Agrostis are illustrated by figs. 135 to 140,in Bul.7,
and 478 to 484,in Bul. 17.

58. AGROSTIS Linn. Sp.Pl.6. 1758. Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articu-
lated above the empty glumes, not produced beyond the fower. Empty glumes
2, equal or. nearly so, acute, longer than the floret; flowering glume rather
broad, less firm in texture than the outer glumes, usually obtuse, awnless, or
withaslender dorsal awn. Palea hyaline, much shorter than the floral glume,
or wholly absent. Stamens 3. Grain inclosed by the floral glume, but free
from it. Annual or usually perennial grasses, with small spikelets in open,
usually diffuse panicles.

Species about 100, distributed over the entire world, especially in the north
temperate zone. In the United States the species are most numerous in the
far Northwest.

Fig. 59. Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaudin. (G. australe Beauv.) NIT-
GRASS.—a, A spikelet; 6, the awned flowering glume; c, the same expanded.

59. GASTRIDIUM Beauy. Agrost. 21. ¢. 6, f. 6. 1812. Spikelets1-flowered,
hermaphrodite; rachilla prolonged behind the palea. Empty glumes 2, equal,
enlarged, or saccate at the base, keeled above, much longer than the flowering
glume; flowering glume hyaline, truncate, or obtusely 2-lobed, awnless, or bear-
ing a slender awn just below the apex. Palea narrow, about the length of the
glume. Stamens 3. Stylesshort, distinct; stigmasplumose. Grain subglobose,
included within the ventricose base of the glumes, free. Czspitose annuals
with flat leaves, and shining, spike-like panicles.

Species 2, Southern and Western Europe, tropical Africa, and tropical Amer-
ica; 1 introduced into North America.

15444—No. 20 6

82

Fic. 60. Calamagyrostis langsdorffii Trin. LANGSDORFF’S REED-BENT.—
a, The empty glumes; }, floret; c, the plumose rudiment or prolongation of the
rachilla. Figs. 142 to 148, in Bul. 7, and 485 to 494, in Bul. 17, further illustrate
the genus Calamagrostis.

60. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 31. 1763. Spikelets 1-flowered;

rachilla produced above the floret into a short, usually hairy pedicel or bristle. .

Glumes 3, the first two nearly equal and empty, awnless, and usually exceed-
ing the 3d; 3d or floral glume usually more delicate in texture than the 1st
and 2d, surrounded at the base with copious hairs which sometimes equal or
exceed the glume in length, awned on the back usually from below the middle.

Palea more than half the length of its glume, faintly 2-nerved. Stamens 3.

Styles distinct. Grain inclosed by the floral glumeand palea, and more or less
adherent. Tall, often reed-like, perennial grasses with small spikelets in
many-flowered, terminal panicles.

Species about 120, very widely distributed over the world in the temperate
and arctic zones, and on high mountains within the tropics.

83

Fic. 61. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. (A. arundinacea Host). BEACH-
GRASS, MARRAM-GRASS.—a, A single spikelet; 6, the same with the empty
pumes removed showing the hairy callus and short prolongation of the
rachilla

61. AMMOPHILA Host Gram. Austr. 4: 24, ¢. 47. 1809. Spikelets 1-flow-
ered, hermaphrodite, rather large; rachilla produced beyond the floret into
a short bristle, which is plumose above. Glumes 38, chartaceous, strongly
compressed-keeled, awnless; the first two empty, acute, slightly unequal,
and faintly 5-nerved; the 3d or flowering glume similar to the outer ones,
slightly 2-toothed at the apex, and mucronate between the teeth. Palea as
long as the floral glume, and of similar texture, 2-keeled, and deeply furrowed
between the keels. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain
‘obovoid, loosely inclosed within the flowering glumeand palea, free. A coarse,
erect perennial, with creeping rhizomes, rigid culms and leaves, and narrow,
densely-flowered, spike-like panicles.

Species 1, on the sandy seashores of Europe, the Atlantic coast of North
America south to Virginia, and also on the shores of the Great Lakes.

84

Fic. 62. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Seribn. SHORT-HAIRED REED-
GRASS.—a, A spikelet; b, the same with the empty glumes removed. Fig. 495
in Bul. 17 illustrates another species of this genus. :

62. CALAMOVILFA Scribn. in Hack. True Grasses, 113. 1890. Spikelets
1-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachilla articulated above the.empty glumes, but
not prolonged beyond the floret, callus densely bearded. Glumes 3, laterally

sed, keeled, chartaceous, awnless; the first two empty, unequal, acute,

compres
flowering glume 1-nerved,

somewhat shorter than the flowering glume;
acute. Palea as long as its glume. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plu-

mose. Grain loosely inclosed within the flowering glume and palea, free.
Rather tall, rigid perennials, with loosely spreading panicles.
Species 2 or 3, in the United States.

85

Fic. 63. Apera spica-veriti Beauy.—a, The empty glumes; 6, the floret show-
ing the long-awned flowering glume.

63. APERA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 495. 1763. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphro-
dite, small; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, and prolonged above
flowering glume into a slender, naked bristle. Glumes 3; the first two empty,
somewhat unequal; the 2d longer than the 1st thin-membranaceous, acute,
awnless, and 3-nerved; flowering glume shorter than the outer ones, thin and
nearly hyaline, shortly 2-toothed at the apex,awned; awn inserted just below
the apex of the flowering glume and much exceeding it in length, straight or
somewhat geniculate. Palea a little shorter than its glume, 2-keeled, 2-toothed.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose. Caryopsis narrow, included
in the fruiting glume, free. Annual grasses, with flat leaves and terminal,
diffuse or contracted, many-flowered panicle.

Species 2,in Europe and Western Asia, 1 introduced into North America.

86

Fic. 64. Lagurus ovatus Linn.—a, The empty glumes; b, flowering glume
and palea.

64. LAGURUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite,
in dense, capitate panicles. Empty glumes linear, long plumose-ciliate; flow-
ing glume narrow, smooth, 2-cleft, the divisions prolonged into slender awns,
the dorsal awn arising from above the middle, more rigid, longer, subgeniculate.
Palea hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose.
Grain narrow, free within the slightly rigid fruiting glume. A low annual
with flat leaves and a long-exerted, ovoid, or oblong, solitary, densely flow-
ered, and woolly panicles. ,

Species 1, Southern Europe. Cultivated as an ornamental and for dry bou-

quets.

Oe aa nde es lane Ae aa tla: Stein

87

Tribe [X.—AVENEZ.

Spikelets 2-to several-flowered; outer empty glumes usually
longer than the Ist floral glume; one or more of the flowering
glumes awned on the back or from between the teeth of the bifid
apex; awn usually twisted or geniculate; “the callus, and usually the
joints of the rachilla, hairy.

A tribe comprising 23 genera and over 300 species,
widely distributed in the temperate regions of both
the Old and the New World, particularly abundant
in South Africa and Australia, a few extending beyond
the arctic circle.

Several of the species are of economic value as for-
age plants. Tall meadow oat-grass (Arrhenatherum
elatius (li.)) and Velvet grass or mesquite, as it is
known in Oregon and Washington, both introduced
from Europe, are grasses of much agricultural value,
especially the first named. Tufted hair-grass (De-
schampsia cespitosa (l.)), a common grass in the
Rocky Mountain region of the Northwest, is of some
local value as a forage plant, especially for low wet soils.
Cultivated oats, Avena sativa, used largely in the South
and on the Pacitic coast for pasturage and hay, and gen-
erally as a grain or cereal, is the best-known example
of this tribe.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE AVENE.

1. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea of the upper floret,

. borkenowers hermaphrodite > 220. 5-0. i ee 66. ATRA
1. Rachilla prolonged; spikelets 2-to several-flowered; when
2-flowered, one of the flowers usually staminate or imperfect. 2

bo

. Spikelets articulated with the pedicels below the outer glumes;
the first floret hermaphrodite and awnless, the second stami-
Riser MEO be eed oo RI a ak .. 65. Hocus

2. Spikelets not articulated with the pedicels below the outer

glumes

RE MaP ROS ey 81t et ee ee Cen. Bie Ua ee Soa 4
. Awns from between the teeth or divisions of the flowering glume
gna tattened near the base _. 2.2. -222....2- 72. DANTHONIA

(oe)

~I

~J

88

. Spikelets 2-flowered, the first, or lower flower, staminate, its

glume long-awned; the second hermaphrodite and usually
awnless si 2.4 fac eae eos ee cea Sie 71. ARRHENATHERUM

. Spikelets 2-to several-flowered, flowers all hermaphrodite or the

uppermost imperiect ./.-2se22 222 a2! 2402 ee 5

. Awns articulated near the middle, the upper portion club-
shaped: 22s Soa. eee ee 67. WEINGERTNERIA

. Spikelets large, 1 centimeter (3 in.) or more in length; grain

adherent to the glumes or palea, sulcate, hairy, at least at
the apex. (Flowering glumes awnless in some cultivated
forms); S282 2 eee ee ee ee er 70. AVENA

. Spikelets less than 1 centimeter long; grain free from the glumes,

not. suieate.u5) oc 2b te ee wee eee 7

. Apex of the flowering glumes finely erose-dentate, 2-lobed or

entire at the apex, rounded on the back, awned from below

tine umicidiles's 23) se ait ete ie 68. DESCHAMPSIA’
. Apex of the keeled flowering glumes 2-toothed, the teeth usually

awn-like; awns arising from above the middle. (Graphepho-
rum melicoideum, may be looked for here.) .... 69. TriseruM

av ll Pa tage ne:

ih ) ‘S
AP>4

Fic. 65. Holeus lanatus L. VELVET-GRASS.—a, A spikelet; b, the same
- with the empty glumes removed, showing the curved awn of the second floret
and curved joint of the rachilla below the first floret; c, upper portion of a
sheath and lower portion of the leaf-blade. ‘

65. HOLCUS Linn. Sp. Pl.1047. 1753. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower
raised above the outer glumes upon a curved internode of the rachilla, her-
maphrodite, awnless; the upper flower staminate (rarely hermaphrodite), its
glume bearing an awn near the apex; rachilla articulated below the empty
glumes and also below the floral glumes. Empty glumes nearly equal, com-
pressed, boat-shaped, longer than the florets. Stamens3. Annual or perennial
herbs, with usually flat leaves and densely flowered terminal panicles.

Species about 8,in Europe and Africa; one species, Holcus lanatus L., often
cultivated in meadows and lawns, has become widely dispersed.

90

Fig. 66. AiracaryophylleaL. SILVERY HAIR-GRASS.—a, A spikelet; b, the
two, awned florets. A second species of Aira is illustrated by fig. 153 in Bul. 7.

66. AITRA Linn. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Spikelets small, 2-flowered; flowers her-
maphrodite; rachilla articulated below the flowering glumes and not produced
beyond the upper one. Glumes thin-membranaceous, somewhat scarious; the
first two persistent below the articulation of the rachilla, nearly equal, acute,
awnless, longer than the flowering glumes; flowering glumes closely approxi-
mate, hyaline, mucronate or usually bidentate, awned on the back; awn usually
geniculate,and twisted below. Paleaa little shorter than the flowering glume,
hyaline, 2-nerved. Caryopsisincluded within the hardened flowering glume
and palea, and usually adherent to them. Delicate annual grasses, with nar-
row leaves and diffuse panicles.

Species 5 or 6, in Europe, North Africa, two introduced into the United
States. :

i]

ot

Fig. 67. Weingzertneria canescens Bernh.—a, A 2-flowered spikelet; b, a
floret.

67. WEINGZERTNERIA Bernh. Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erfurt, 51. 1800. (Coryneph-
orus Beauy. 1812.) Spikelets 2-flowered, hermaphrodite, paniculate; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes, and prolonged beyond the florets as a small
slender bristle. Empty glumes 2, thin, membranaceous, nearly equal, acute,
awnless; flowering glumes shorter than the empty ones, hyaline, entire, awned
upon the back below the middle; awn club-shaped at the apex, the upper por-
tion articulated near the middle with the part below, a ring of short hairs
marking the point of articulation. Paleaa little shorter than the flowering
glume, narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens3. Stylesshort, distinct; stigmas plumose.
Caryopsis inclosed in the thin fruiting glumes, and more or less adherent to
them. Annual grasses, with the habit of Aira.

Species 2 or 3, European; one introduced into this country.

Fic. 68. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. TUFTED HAIR-GRASS.—a, 5},
spikelets; c, floret from same. Figs. 154 to 158 in Bul. 7 illustrate other species
of Deschampsia.

68. DESCHAMPSIA Beauy. Agrost. 91, t¢. 18,/.3. 1812. Spikelets 2- (rarely 3-)
flowered; rachilla hairy, articulated above the empty glumes and prolonged
beyond the upper floret asa hairy bristle. Empty glumes 2, thin and scarious,
acute or obtuse, nearly equal; flowering glumes subhyaline, 4-nerved, trun-
cate, and more or less regularly 2- to 4-toothed, awned on the back: awn
slender, twisted below. Palea narrow, 2-nerved. Grain oblong, included

within the floral glume and palea, but free from them. Annuals or peren-

nials, with flat or conyolute leaves, and rather small, shining spikelets in
terminal or lateral, narrow or loose panicles.

Species about 20,in the cold and temperate regions of the northern hemi-

sphere and on the high mountains within the tropics: one in Australia; North
American species, 9 or 10.

co
Co

Fic. 69. Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv. DOWNY OAT-GRASS.—a, A
spikelet; 6 and ¢, florets. Figs. 159 to 164, in Bul. 7, and 496 to 498, in Bul. 17,
illustrate other species of Trisetwm.

69. TRISETUM Pers. Syn.1:97. 1805. Spikelets 2- (rarely 3- to 5-) flowered;
rachilla hairy or naked, articulated above the empty glumes and between the
florets, produced beyond the upper flower as a (usually) hairy bristle. Empty
glumes 2, awnless, carinate, unequal, usually longer than the floral glumes:
flowering glumes subhyaline, carinate, cleft or 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth
sometimes produced into slender awns,awned between or a little below the
teeth; awn twisted and usually geniculate. Palea narrow, 2-toothed. Grain
smooth, inclosed in the fruiting giume and palea, but freefrom them. Czspitose
perennials (rarely annuals) with flat leaves and dense and spike-like, or nar-
row, loose panicles.

Species 50, from the arctic regions ihrodent the temperate zone and along the
high mountains of the tropics to the south temperate countries. North Ameri-
can species about 10.

94

Fic. 70. Avena fatua Linn. WILD OAT.—a, Empty glumes; b, a spikelet
with the empty glumes removed. Figs. 165 and 166in Bul.7 also illustrate
the genus Avena.

70. AVENA Linn. Sp. Pl.79. 1753. Spikelets 2- to 6-flowered; rachilla articu-
lated above the empty glumes, bearded below the flowering glumes. Empty
glumes 2, unequal, membranaceous, longer than the flowering glumes; flower-
ing glumes rounded on the back, 5- to 9-nerved, often bidentate at the apex,
with a long, dorsal twisted awn. (The awn may be straight or even absent
in cultivated forms). Grain pubescent, at least at the apex, frequently adher-
ing to the fruiting glume or palea. Annuals or perennials with rather large
spikelets variously paniculate.

Species about 50, widely spread over the temperate and cooler regions of the
world. There are 2 or 3 native North American species, and 2 or 3 others, intro-
duced from Europe, exist as weeds in some parts of the country.

—— eee eee

95

Fic. 71. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. (Avena elatior L.). TALL OAT-
GRASS.—a, A spikelet; 6, the same with the empty glumes removed. The first
floret is long-awned, while the second floret is short-awned or nearly awnless.

7l. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55. 1812. Spikelets 2-flowered, the
first or lower flower staminate, its glume bearing a twisted and geniculate awn
on the back near the base; the upper flower hermaphrodite, its glume short-
awned from or near the tip, or awnless; rachilla hairy, articulated above the
empty glumes, and extending into a short point or bristle behind the palea of
the upper flower. Empty glumes unequal, acute, their margins thin and scari-
ous. Flowering glumes firmer in texture than the empty ones, 5-to 7-nervyed,
closely approximate. Palea prominently 2-nerved. Stigmas sessile. Usually
tall perennials, with flat leaves and long, narrow panicles.

Species 5 or 6, in the Old World. One introduced and naturalized in the
United States.

Fig. 72. Danthonia compressa Austin. TENNESSEE OAT- GRASS.—a, A |

spikelet; b, Ist empty glume; c, 2d empty glume; d, dorsal view of flowering
‘glume; e, anterior view of same, showing palea; i palea, Other species of Dan-
thonia are illustrated by figs. 168 and 170 in Bul. 7

72. DANTHONIA DC.inDC.andLam. Fl. Franc.ed. 3. 3:32. 1805. Spike-
lets several-flowered, uppermost flower imperfect or rudimentary, rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes. Empty glumes 2,much exceeding the
flowering glumes, which are rounded on the back, 2-toothed or bifid at the
apex, and awned between the teeth; awn formed by the extension of the 3 mid-
dle nerves of the glume. Inflorescence a simple, spreading or narrow panicle.

Species about 100, in the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres,
especially numerous in South Africa. North American species, 6 or 7.

ee
——— ee
= TE ee EE ee

a eT tee

ot

Trine X.—CHLORIDE.

Spikelets 1-to several-flowered in 1-sided spikes or racemes;
the racemes digitate or fasiculate, rarely solitary; flowering glumes
usually keeled, entire and unawned, or toothed, and with 1 or 3
(rarely more than 3) straight awns.

A small tribe of 27 genera and 155 species, charac-

terized chiefly by the inflorescence, which is nearly that

of Paspalum. The awns when present, are not dorsal
or twisted, as in the Agrostidew and Avenee. Chiefly
natives of tropical and subtropical countries; a few are
widely distributed. as weeds throughout the warmer
parts of the world. A number are good turf-forming
grasses and are valued for grazing purposes. One of
these is the celebrated buffalo-grass of the Western
plains, which is remarkable for having the staminate
and pistillate spikelets separate and in unlike inflores-
cences, either upon the same plant (moncecious) or
upon different plants (dicecious). Bermuda-grass, and
the Gramas of the South West belong to this tribe.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE CHLORIDE.

1. Spikelets unisexual, dissimilar, the staminate and pistillate
spikelets on the same, or on separate plants.- 85. BuLBILIs

1. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite..............---------- 2

2. Spike solitary; second empty glume with a stout, divergent
awn on the back near the middle-.--.----- 75. CAMPULOSUS
2. Spikes rarely solitary; empty glumes not awned on back... 3

53. Spikelets articulated with the pedicels below the empty

PAE Geers ees eres eet, Sel Se NS HONS oly Se 4
3. Spikelets not articulated with the pedicels; empty glumes per-
SSL ST STN Bes CA Sg Ee i RO et 5

4. Spikelets strongly compressed; empty glumes unequal keeled.
74. SPARTINA

4. Spikelets not much flattened; empty glumes equal, inflated
and rounded on the*back.-222-. 2223... - 81. BECKMANNIA

5. Spikelets strictly 1-flowered, without any prolongation of the
rachilla, or, if prolonged, reduced to a simple rudiment with-

cece WRLC OH Ole AWW) LIS aN steam, Se ery pa Bs Day pe 6
5. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, or with an awned, or bracteate
paeloncanion olmbmerachiManes ar eeke eb oo ee 7

15444—No. 20 T

SI

ba |

8.

10.

10.

13.

13.

J8

spikes 2-6, digitare! 2/225 2s ee toes ee ege ee pee 73. CYNODON
. Spikes many, very slender and distant along a common axis.

(Bouteloua uniflora may be looked for here.)
79. SCHEDONNARDUS

. Spikelets with 1 hermaphrodite floret, and 1 to several empty

slumes Or awns aboOVe ---.o.f2--.---).- se 8

. Spikelets with 2 to several hermaphrodite florets......._- if
. Spikes digitate or closely approximate, occasionally in appar-
ent whorls. i202. lils re 9
Spikes remote, or the lowest only approximate.._...._..- 10

. Flowering glume of the perfect flower with a single awn, or

awnleserck . See ee cee: es ee 76. CHLORIS

. Flowering glume of the perfect flower with 3 awns.

77. TRICHLORIS

Spikelets remote; upper sterile glumes reduced to simple awns.
78. GYMNOPOGON

Spikelets crowded; prolongation of the rachilla triaristate.
80. BouTELovuaA

., Spikes few, stout....l22-.2.-40..-1.. ey
. Spikes slender, usually mumeérous .~-- 2-022. sesee=eeeeee 13

. Axis of the spikes terminated by aspikelet; empty glumes awn-

Mes 2s 2 cs Si eae OY le a 82. ELEUSINE

. Axis of the spikes projecting beyond the spikelets; empty

glumes, at least the second one, strongly mucronate or awn-
WOTMLCC cit eRe eer 2 Oe he a A a 83. DacTryLOCTENIUM

Spikes crowded or fasciculate near the apex of the culms,
flowering glumes long awned --.-.-.---.----- 77. TRICHLORIS
Spikes alternating and more or less remote along the common
axis; flowering glumes narrow, entire, or 2-toothed, awned
OF-AWMIESS Tle. Poe e cere eee eeeieeee tease 84. LEPTOCHLOA

rn ee

99

WO OL

Fic. 73. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Capriola dactylon Kuntze; Panicum
dactylon L.). BERMUDA-GRASS.—a, Aspikelet; 6, the same with the outer or
empty glumes removed, showing the rachilla b’.

73. CYNODON Pers. 1805. Spikelets I-flowered, awnless, sessile in 2 rows
along one side of aslender, continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and prolonged behind the palea of the
hermaphrodite floret into a slender, naked bristle. Glumes 3, the Ist two nar-
row, keeled, usually acute, empty; the 3d or floral glume broader and usually
a little longer than the empty ones, obtuse, more or less pilose on the keel and
at the margins. Palea about the length of its glume, 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Grain free within the fruiting glume and palea. Low, creep-
ing perennials, with short flat leaves and slender spikes digitate at the apex
of the upright branches.

Species 4, one distributed throughout the tropical and warmer temperate
regions of the world, the others South American and Australian.

100

WUD
LLG
a,
W

SS ee

tiny.
YY

Yj

WY]
Yi
~

if
il

Zi Siliff
pz

py
S$

Wik

RORTR

—=——
WY ZZ
LP tip
Wy

YY
i

We
S ijl f
OT / ay
WL 2
Wikre

Yip} Ws Ui Wh: gee
Me
ZK

Zia
VES.

Wie
WS

yp
SS

KY

‘ ww

LWRp

Fig. 74. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. FRESHWATER CORD-GRASS.—
a, A spikelet showing the exserted stamens; 6,a spikelet with the stigmas ex-
serted; c,the same with the empty glumes removed. Figs. 172 to 177 in Bul. 7
illustrate other species of Spartina.

74. SPARTINA Schreb. Gen. Pl. 48. 1789. Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly
flattened laterally, sessile,and closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of a
continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes, which are scattered along a com-
mon axis; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes and not produced be-
yond the floret. Glumes 38, thelst twoempty, keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed,
unequal, the 2d as long as or often exceeding the 3d or flowering glume.
Stamens 3. Styles elongated, filiform. Grain narrow, free within the glume
and palea. Coarse perennials, with strong, creeping rootstocks, rigid culms,
and long, tough leaves.

Species 7, extratropical North and South America and along the coasts of
Europe and Africa; chiefly maritime, or in the saline regions of the Great
Plains.

101

SS ANY i}
Sys f Ss \ 5

=
Cty

SS
SSS
BAX

NINN

— Wy

SSM} f

SY iii y

Fic. 75. Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Trin. (Cteniwm americanum Spreng.).
TOOTHACHE-GRASS.—a, Empty glumes of a spikelet; b, a spikelet with the
outer empty glumes removed. Fig. 179 in Bul. 7 illustrates another species of
Campulosus.

75. CAMPULOSUS Desy. Nouy. Bul. Soc. Philom., 2: 189. 1810. (Cteniuwm
Panzer 1814.) Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered; the lower hermaphrodite, the others
staminate or imperfect; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes. Empty
glumes 2, at the base of the spikelets, unequal; the 1st smalland sub-hyaline,

the 2d larger, somewhat rigid, acute, or shortly 2-toothed, witha stout divergent
awn on the back; glume of the hermaphrodite flower with a very slender awn

below the apex and densely ciliate toward the base, 3-nerved. Stamens 3.

Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Rather tall grasses, with narrow leaves, and

usually solitary, terminal, more or less curved, one-sided spikes.
Species 11, eight American, the others in the Eastern Hemisphere.

102

Fig. 76. Chloris elegans H.B.K. (C. alba Presl.).—a, The empty or outer empty
_ glumes of a spikelet; b, the florets raised above the empty glumes; ¢c, a palea.

76. CHLORIS Swartz, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Spikelets 1-flowered,
awned, sessile in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rachis, forming unilat-
eral spikes; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and produced behind
the palea, bearing 1 or more rudimentary awned empty glumes. Outer empty
glumes 2, unequal, lanceolate, acute, somewhat keeled; flowering glume narrow
or broad, 1- to 3-nerved, acute, or broadly obtuse, truncate, emarginate or 2-lobed
at the apex, often ciliate on the back or margins, the middle nerve nearly
always prolonged into a slender awn. Grain free within the fruiting glume.
Usually perennial grasses, with flat leaves and showy-or attractive inflorescence
of two to many digitate spikes.

Species about 40, widely distributed throughout the warmer countries of the
world. Several are cultivated for ornament.

. 1038

ZZ

So

aA

FIG. 77. Trichloris tasciculata Fourn.—a, 6, The empty glumes of 2 spikelets;
c, a -view of the first floret showing the rudimentary second floret; d, dorsal view
of the first floret which is terminated by 3 long awns. One other species of this
genus is illustrated by fig. 190 in Bul. 7.

77. TRICHLORIS Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 142. 1881. Spikelets 1- to 3-flowered,
hermaphrodite, sessile in two serics along the continuous rhachis of the unilat-
eral spikes; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and prolonged above
the hermaphrodite flowers, terminating in an awned rudimentary floret. Lower
empty glumes 2, unequal, 1-nerved, thin-membranaceous, the 2d short-awned;
flowering glume membranaceous, 3-nerved, 3-awned; awns erect, subequal, or
the lateral onesmuch shorter. Palea closely enveloped by the glume, hyaline,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, oblong,
subterete, free within the glumes. Rather tall perennial (?) grasses with flat
leaves and many slender spikes, which are digitate or closely approximate at
the apex of the culm, forming dense oblong panicles.

Species 2 or 3, Texas, Arizona, Mexico, and South America.

104

Fic. 78. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S. P. (G. racemosus Beauy.).
NAKED BEARD-GRASS.—a, A spikelet; b, the empty glumes: ec, a spikelet
with the empty glumes removed. Fig. 192 in Bul.7 illustrates a second species
of this genus.

78. GYMNOPOGON Beauy. Agrost. 41 ¢. 9. f. 38. 1812, Spikelets 1-flowered,
subsessile, rather distant along one side of a slender filiform rachis, forming
slender unilateral spikes; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and
produced beyond the floret as aslender, and usually awned rudiment. Empty
glumes 2, very narrow, subequal, as long as or longer than the floral glumes;
flowering glume broader, 3-nerved, bearing a slender, straight awn below
the 2-cleft apex. Grain inclosed within the rigid fruiting glume, free. Peren-
nial grasses, with short, rather broad and rigid leaves and numerous slender
spikes which are at first erect, finally divaricate spreading or reflexed.

Species 6, one in Ceylon, the others American. Two species in the Eastern
and Southern States.

, 105

Fic. 79. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease. TEXAN CRAB-
GRASS.—a, A portion of the axis of a spike bearing 3 spies; b, a single
spikelet; c, the flowering glume; d, palea.

79. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 146. 1854. Spikelets 1-flow-
ered, hermaphrodite, sessile, and scattered along one side of the slender rachis
oi the widely spreading spikes; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes. |
Empty glumes narrow, slightly unequal, membranaceous; flowering glumes
longer than the empty ones, membranaceous, becoming somewhat rigid, acu-
Minate-pointed, or minutely mucronate at the apex. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct; stigmas plumose. Caryopsis inclosed within the rigid fruiting glumes
‘ and palea, but free. A low, diffusely branching annual, with short, narrow
leaves and slender paniculate spikes.

Species 1, in western North America.

106

Fic. 80. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. BLUE GRAMA.—a, The empty
glumes of a spikelet; b,a spikelet with the empty glumes removed, showing the
3-awned flowering glume, its palea, and the pedicellate 3-awned rudiment.
Figs. 194 to 207,in Bul. 7, and 500 to 502, in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of this
genus. 7

80. BOUTELOUA Lag. Varied. Cienc. Litt. Art. 24: 141. 1805. Spikelets 1-to
2-flowered, numerous (rarely 2 or 3 or only 1), crowded and closely sessile in 2
rows along one side of a continuous flattened rachis, which usually projects
beyond the spikelets; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, the con-
tinuation beyond the hermaphrodite lower floret usually bearing a few rudi-
mentary glumes and 3 awns (rarely a staminate flower). Empty glumes 2,
unequal, the lower smaller, keeled; flowering glume broader, 3-nerved, 3-to 5-
toothed, or cleft, 3 of the divisions usually mucronate or awn-pointed. Palea

2-nerved and 2-toothed. Grain inclosed within the glume, but free. Usually -

low annuals or perennials, with narrow and flat or convolute leaves, the uni-
lateral spikes few or many (rarely solitary),and nearly sessile along a common
axis.

Species about 30, all American, most abundant in the Southwestern States.

107

Fic. 81. Beckmannia eruceformis (L.) Host. SLOUGH-GRASS.—a, A por-

_ tion of a branch of the inflorescence showing the crowded, imbricate spikelets;
6, a dorsal view of the same; ¢, a spikelet; d, flowing glume.

81. BECKMANNIA Host Gram. 8: 5, ¢.6. 1805. Spikelets 1- to. 2-flowered,
rather broad, compressed, closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of the
rachis of the short spikes; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Empty
glumes 2, inflated, boat-shaped, obtuse or abruptly pointed, nearly equal;

flowering glumes narrow, rather firmerin texture than the empty ones, and

acute or mucronate-pointed. Palea hyaline, 2-keeled, nearly as long as the
glume. Stamens3. Stylesshort, distinct, stigmas plumose. Caryopsis oblong,
inclosed within the rigid fruiting glume and palea, free. A rather tall, erect
grass, with flat leaves, and a terminal, elongated inflorescence, somewhat
resembling that of Panicum colonum.

Species 1, northern Europe, Asia, and North America.

108

Fic. 82. Eleusine indica (L.) Gertn. GOOSE-or YARD-GRASS.—a, A portion
of the axis of a spike bearing 3 spikelets, one of which is terminal; 6, a single
spikelet; c, a floret; d, the seed.

82. ELEUSINE Gertn. Fruct. et Sem. I: 7, ¢t. 1. 1788. Spikelets several-
flowered, sessile, and closely imbricated in 2 rows along 1 side of a continuous
rhachis, which does not project beyond the terminal spikelet; rachilla articu-
lated above the empty glumes. Glumes compressed, keeled, thin, but rigid,
obtuse, the Ist 2and sometimes the uppermost 1 empty. Palea a little shorter

than the glume, compressed, bicarinate. Seed finely striated and inclosed

within a thin pericarp. Coarse-tufted annuals, with the rather stout unilateral
spikes digitate or approximate at the apex of the culm.

Species 5 or 6, in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. LZ. cora-
cana is valued in Africa, India, and some other eastern countries as a cereal.
The species here illustrated is a common weed in all the warmer countries of
the world.

109

Fic. 83. Dactyloctenium egyptium (L.) Willd. CROWFOOT-GRASS.—a. A
spikelet; 6,2 florets, the upper one rudimentary or imperfect; c,stamens; d, the
second empty glume.

83. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809. Spikelets
several-flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile, and crowded in 2 rows
along one side of a continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes, these digitate
at the apex of the culm; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and
between the florets. Glumes compressed laterally, keeled, the first 2 empty, the
2d awn-pointed; flowering glumes boat-shaped, mucronate-pointed. Fruit a
utricle, the thin pericarp loosely inclosing the wrinkled, globular seed. Annual,
with amore or less decumbent and creeping base and 2 to 6 terminal stout
spikes, the rhachis projecting beyond the spikelets.

Species 2, one a weed in all the warmer countries of the world.

110

Fie. 84. Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. FEATHER-GRASS.—a,
The empty outer glumes of a spikelet; b, a spikelet with the outer glumes re-
moved. Figures 211 to 218 in Bul. 7 illustrate other species of the genus.

84. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71, ¢.15, 7.7. 1812. Spikelets 2- to several-
flowered, sessile, in 2 rows along one side of the slender and often numerous
branches of a simple panicle; rhachilla articulated above the empty glumes.
Empty glumes 2-keeled, awnless or very short-awned; flowering glumes keeled,
3-nerved, acute, awnless or very short-awned, or 2- to 3-toothed, mucronate or
short-awned between the teeth. Palea 2-keeled. Usually tall annuals, with
flat leaves and elongated simple panicles made up of the numerous and more
or less spreading slender spikes scattered along the main axis.

Species about 20, in the warmer countries of both hemispheres. In the United
States the species are mostly southwestern.

111

Fig. 85. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt) Raf. (Buchloé dactyloides Engelm.). BUF-
FALO-GRASS.—a, A female or fruiting plant; a’, the pistillate or female inflo-
rescence; b,a male or staminate plant; 6’, the staminate or male inflorescence;
c,a staminate spikelet.

85. BULBILIS Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 4:190. 1819. (Buchloé Engelmann,
1859.) Staminate spikelets 2- to 3-flowered, sessile, in 2 rows along the short one-
sided spikes. Empty glumes obtuse, unequal; flowering glumes larger, 3-nerved.
Palea a little shorter than its glume, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Pistilsnone. Pistil-
late spikelets 1-flowered, in a nearly capitate, one-sided spikes, which are
scarcely exserted from the broad sheaths of the upper leaves. Empty glumes 2,
the 1st sometimes wanting, the outer one large, concave at the base, or in the
lowest spikelet connate with the nearly equal ist glume, indurated, apex
3-toothed; flowering glume narrow, hyaline, entire or bifid at the apex, inclos-
ing the 2-nerved palea. Stamensnone. Styles distinct, with elongated plumose
stigmas. Grain free within the hardened empty glumes. A creeping or stolo-
niferous perennial, with narrow, flat leaves, and dissimilar staminate and
pistillate flowers borne on the same or on distinct plants.

Species 1, western North America.

112

TrisE XI.—FESTUCE.

Spikelets 2-to many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, pedicel-
late in racemes or panicles, the latter sometimes dense and spike-
like; flowering glumes usually longer than the empty ones,
awnless or with one to several straight (rarely bent) awns which
are either terminal or borne just below the apex.

This is the largest tribe in the order, numbering
76 genera and about 725 species. It contains the most
important meadow grasses of the temperate regions as
well as the more prevalent grasses of the higher moun-
tains within the tropics. The genus Poa, which in-
cludes Kentucky blue grass, Texas blue grass, etc.,
numbers 100 species, and an equal number of species
are included in the genus Zyvagrostis. The Fescues
number 80 species, and the tribe takes its name from —
this genus—VFestuca. Orchard grass, Dactylis glome-
rata, 1s a well-known example of this tribe.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE FESTUCEA.

1. Flowering glumes with 9-23 awn-like divisions, or awned »
lobes..-..-. 252-0... ee oe 2

2. Panicle narrow and spike-like; divisions of the flowering glumes

awn-like and“ plamose2). = 354-.2se6ee ae 86. PAPPOPHORUM
2. Panicle expanded; divisions of the flowering glumes membra-
naceous, awn-pointed +22. ul. Sse ae 87, Correa

3. Spikelets unisexual, the two sexes very unlike; glumes of the
pistillate flowers 3-awned, those of the staminate flowers
AWIMESSs 2! oe See ee cement Re ae eee 89. SCLEROPOGON

3. Spikelets hermaphrodite, or if unisexual, those of the two
sexes similar... litt poe ls eee oe oo ee eee +

4. Spikelets in groups of three along a common axis, the groups
readily deciduous as a whole; flowering glumes four-parted,
awned between the divisions.....--.----- 88. CATHESTECUM

4. Spikelets not in deciduous groups or fascicles -......--.---- 5

5. Spikelets of two kinds in the same inflorescence, hermaphro-
dite and sterile. ..-+2-2.-.5------<--c'--+-25se= 6
5. Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence.-.......-..--- a

rr

10.

10.

il
11.

12.

12:

13.

13.

14.

14.

15.
15.

16.

16.

113

Fertile spikelets 2-3-flowered, awnless; the sterile with numer-

ousawned or awn-pointed glumes-.-.-.----- 115. Cynosurus
Fertile spikelets 1-flowered, long-awned; the sterile with many
GaSe GLUE Gua ee NEE Rs eT te 116. LAMARCKIA
Rel Pe PON UE CLOUS sty ene eae ee lS Sek de oa ae ac ok 8
Se AMts MO tO ClOUS 9524 eke ose oe ee ee he eek 8 11

Spikelets solitary, concealed in the axils of the crowded, short,
MING PIC LOAVES 4. 8c woe SS. ek 90. MonaNTHOCHLOE

Moorcelers im excerted palicles oi... 522 5 bet Sse see ls 9

. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, subulate, the midnerve extending

into a fine awn. Tall reed-like grass..----- 93. GYNERIUM

. Flowering glumes 5- to many-nerved, broad, ovate, or oblong,

PETE T TEES ay ate Mg pete ae Sa TAN AM lect i ee ae 10

Flowering glumes many-nerved, coriaceous; spikelets few in
short, spike-like panicles --2...2..-..---.- 112. DisricH.uis
Flowering glumes5-nerved, herbaceous orchartaceous-117. Poa

Empty glumes 3 to 6 below the first flowering glume. --... 12
Empty glumes 2, or rarely only 1, below the first flowering
5 ULES Coe OR a a ee de Aaa oe ots A he ae 13

Third and fourth glumes similar to the first and second, all awn-
less. Tall grasses with strongly compressed spikelets.
111. Untoa
Third and fourth glumes very unlike the first and second,
3-nerved and 3-awned. Low, desert grasses.
96. BLEPHARIDACHNE

Racuilla or flowering glumes clothed with long hairs exceeding

the glumes in length. Tall, reed-like grasses -......--- 14
Rachilla or flowering glumes naked or with hairs shorter than
Borie NUON yen Sh Vay BRON Lgl ne a ay artes Soke ees 16

Leaves narrow and very long, chiefly radical; culms solid.
93. GYNERIUM

Leaves broader, chiefly cauline; culms hollow .--.-.---.-.--.- 15
fairs onthe rachilla/ only... 2222222222. .2 22 95. PHRAGMITES
Hairs on the flowering glumes, the rachilla naked.

94. ARUNDO

Culms dichotomously branched; leaves crowded in dense
fascicles at the nodes or ends of the branches... 91. Munroa
Culms not dichotomously branched; leaves not in dense
P2sSUT LEV SISN ENS aia Pe a pa tg aoe, Ge eed Pe ena sie IMP Unt 7

15444—No. 20-8

25.

26.

26.

2s

27.

114

. Spikelets sessile in short terminal spikes; flowering glumes

many-nerved ....-..--.-----+---=--=-----75 92. ORCUTTIA

. Spikelets in racemes or panicles, these sometimes narrow and
gpike-like.....-..-------------2-e---- eee nee oss eness 18
Flowering glumes 1- to 3-nerved or nerveless....-..----- 19
Flowering glumes 5- to many-nerved-..--.--------------- 29

_ Callus or base of the flowering glume hairy or barbate.... 20
. Callus or base of the flowering glume glabrous. ..------ ey.

_ Hairs extending more or less along the prominent nerves-. 21
. Hairs not extending along the nerves; the glumes glabrous. - 22

_ Flowering glumes tridentate (rarely entire) , the 3 nerves, or at

least the middle one, prolonged between the teeth as mucros
or very Short aWMS....2--5---- 222 -e- - =e 97. TRIODIA

. Flowering glumes deeply 3-cleft, the lateral divisions narrow,

the central one prolonged and awn-like - - - -- 99. TRIPLASIS

_ Flowering glumes chartaceous, densely hairy on the callus,

nerves conspicuous. Tall grasses with ample, capillary
panicles. <2. 2-225 9-2 288 3-66 jai ae 100. REDFIELDIA

_ Flowering glumes thin-membranaceous, hairs on the callus

few and short; nerves obscure. ----------- 118. CoLPoDIUM

. Empty glumes much longer than the flowering glumes.

101. DissANTHELIUM

. Empty glumes shorter than or not much exceeding the flow-

ering glumes. ......---------------+---------25-"22--"" 24

_ Flowering glumes coriaceous, shining, rounded on the back

and subulate pointed; 2 to 4 of the upper glumes empty.
109. KorycARPUS

. Flowering glumes not coriaceous --.--------------------- 25

. Spikelets subterete; flowering glumes rounded on the back;

empty glumes much shorter than the flowering glumes.
102. Mouinta
Spikelets compressed; flowering glumes keeled, or, if rounded

on the back, not much larger than the empty glumes... 26

Empty glumes nearly equal in length, but very unlike, the
first narrowly linear and 1-nerved, the second broadly

obovate, obtuse, and 3-nerved..-.----------- 104. EaTonia
Empty glumes more or less unequal in length, but similar in
shape .....--2----s2=-- ose +t 22 oe 27

Flowering glumes falling with the grain in advance of the
paleas, which remain for a time attached to the continuous
rachilla; spikelets usually many-flowered.. 103. ERAGROSTIS

Flowering glumes and paleas falling together, carrying with
them a joint of the articulate rachilla...-..--.---------- 28

Bek: oe =

i a a —

28.

28.

29.

29.

30.

30.

ol.

ol.

OZ.

o2.

36.

115

Empty glumes obtuse, much shorter than the obtuse or im-
perfectly 3-toothed flowering glumes. ..... 106. CaTaBRosa
Empty glumes acute, nearly equaling or as long as the acute,
or very short-awned flowering glumes ------ 105. KaLeria

Spikelets nearly sessile in dense one-sided clusters at the ends
of the few panicle branches; flowering glumes strongly com-
pressed-keeled, the keel extending into a short point or
Zi GTR et eet Sos ah ese a Ate gee ge 114. Dacry.is

Spikelets not in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the
Pale oteamCMe spate San) o has Soicisej ae a oe Os ee oc < 30

Keels of the palea with a distinct crest or wing-like append-
age; flowering glume 7-nerved, the mid-nerve slightly pro-
longed beyond the entire or emarginate apex; inflorescence
ape TACOWCe 12 4 See et oe oS 110. PLEUROPOGON

iMectisor phe palea not winged... o. 42sec 5s gl. cee. 31

Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped; flowering glumes cordate
at the base, many-nerved, strongly rounded on the back,
becoming ventricose. (Bromus brizeformis may be looked
foe" BELE) 22%... Ech ee ta ei eae Sg, ES 13. BRIA

Spikelets not heart-shaped; flowering glumes not cordate at
(PES oclc sep eee eRe Ne 2 one ee ee 32

Flowering glumes very broad, fan-shaped (flabelliform) , thin-
membranaceous, obscurely few- to many-nerved; spikelets
crowded in short, spike-like panicles.... 108. ANTHOCHLOA

Flowering glumes not broad fan-shaped.............----- 33

. Callus barbate or pilose. (Some species of Poa may be looked

“POTD LAETIRED Seed i eo ete RL coe 34

aR AL BE SMEE A KGL, ete oy Taree 20S hicre maton one = IU 38

. Rachilla and callus both pilose-hairy, hairs 1-2 mm. long;

second glume acute, nearly as long as the spikelet; flowering
glume, with a very short awn just below the bidentate apex.
OTe AIOE, Sid! I ars EN i Sa ee 121. GRAPHEPHORUM

. Nerves of the flowering glumes 5-9, manifest............- 36
. Nerves of the flowering glumes 3-5, indistinct or obsolete.. 37

. A low, slender grass with strict, few-flowered panicles, 2-4 cm.

long; flowering glumes pilose on the margins, smooth and
rounded on the back, subcoriaceous, tridentate at the rather
PIRDP GLE OTe Pa ae pre ak GP are ea nee Se OE 98. SIEGLINGIA
A tall, stout grass 9-15 dm. high, with ample, open panicles
16-30 cm. long; flowering glumes glabrous on the margins,
pe CFOSe-GENALG . 250 22s koe ce 120. ScOLOCHLOA

oe)
~I

40.

40.

41.

41.

a
bo bo

43.

44,

44,

45.

45.

116

_ Panicles erect, strict, or with the rigid branches widely diver-

gent; hairs on the callus few; nerves of flowering glumes
@bSOlebe ne Le Al ee eee ree ee 119. DupPonTIA

7. Panicles nodding, the spreading branches usually capillary.

118. CoLPoDIUM

_ Flowering glumes rounded on the back ». 24.8 == See 39
. Flowering glumes compressed-keeled - ..-------------- ... 45
_ Nerves of the flowering glumes prominent -.------------- 40
Nerves of the flowering glumes obscure or manifest only near
the apex ...-+---+-+--2-+++"*--:-227>5-- gee 42
Flowering glumes long-attenuate pointed or awned. (Some
species of Bromus may be looked for here) ..- 107. Mstica
Flowering glumes awnless, usually broad and obtuse (acumi-
nate in Panicularia acutiflora) ..----------------------- 41

Spikelets with 1- to several club-shaped or hooded empty
glumes above the fertile florets ..------------ 107. MeLica
Spikelets without club-shaped or hooded glumes above the
perfect floret; outer empty glumes scarious and much shorter

than the flowering glumes. .------------ 122. PANICULARIA
. Flowering glumes obtuse, awnless--.------ a 43
. Flowering glumes acute, often awned...----------------- 44

. Empty glumes usually small and decidedly shorter than the

flowering glumes. Low grasses of the seashore or alkali
plains of the interior.-.----------------- 123. PuccINELLIA
Empty glumes usually about as long as the nearest flowering

glume, the latter often scabrous or more or less pubescent.
117. Poa

Flowering glumes entire, acute, or awned from the apex,
HoNGT Ved «ais aoe eae ee ae See oe ee 124. Fresruca
Flowering glumes obtuse, usually awned just below the entire
or 2-toothed apex; styles inserted below the hairy apex of
the OVAary <22.22202.-5ee ese eeh > =n ee 125. Bromus

Spikelets 1-2 em. (3-1 in.) or more long, short-awned (nearly
awnless) from the entire or 2-toothed apex; grain adnate to
the palea 22 22.-. ag22 2b oe S= ~~ 25-2 oe 125. Bromus

Spikelets smaller, very rarely 1 cm. long, awnless; flowering
glumes 5-nerved, often hairy or pubescent on the nerves
below, and with (or without) a tuit of long cobwebby hair
at the base’ i oo vecewieseea= — <4 -i ee 117. Por

—_ o a <

1 ae ee pct om am —_

Lie

Fic. 86. Pappophorum wrightii S. Wats. PURPLE-GRASS.—a, A spikelet; b,
the same with the outer glumes removed; ¢, the flowering glume of the perfect
doret flattened out and seen from the back; d,palea, Fig. 222 in Bul.7 illus-
trates a second species of this genus.

86. PAPPOPHORUM Schreb. Gen. Pl. 2: 787. 1791. Spikelets 1-2-, rarely
3-flowered; rachilla articulated above the lower glumes, 1-2-flowered, her-
maphrodite, the uppermost often staminate. Lower empty glumes 2, persistent,
membranaceous, acute, carinate, nerveless on the sides or with 1-3 nerves on
each side; flowering glumes broad at base, subcoriaceous, obscurely many-
neryed, unequally divided into 9-23 awn-like lobes; upper 2-38, narrower, empty,

‘or one or the other inclosing a palea or rudiment of'a flower; palea included in
the flowering glume, rather broad, 2-carinate near the margins, sometimes ex-
ceeding the entire part of the glume. Perennial (or rarely annual ?) ceespitose

_ grasses, with narrow, usually convolute leaves, dense, spike-like panicles, often
somewhat interrupted; awns usually plumose.

Species about 20, in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, 3 in
our Southwestern States and Territories, extending southward into Mexico.

118

Fic. 87. Cottea pappophoroides Kth. COTTA-GRASS.—a, The empty glumes
of a spikelet; b, a floret seen from the side; c, dorsal view of a flowering glume;
d, palea; e, caryopsis.

87. COTTEA Kunth, Rey. Gram. 1: 84. 1885. Spikelets many, 2- to 6-flow-
ered; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes; flowers hermaphrodite, or
the uppermost staminate, usually imperfect. Outer glumes empty, persistent,
membranaceous, acute or tridentate, 7- to 9-nerved; flowering glumes 9- to
11-nerved, and irregularly 9- to 11-lobed, the divisions erect and for the most
part awn-like. Palea rather broad, 2-keeled, somewhat exceeding the undi-
vided portion of the glumes. An erect, branching grass, with linear flat
leaves, and oblong, open panicles.

Species 1, Texas to Arizona and southward.

praiiske

119

Fic. 88. Cathestecum prostratum Presl.—a, A group of 3 spikelets; b, a
single spikelet; c, the outer empty glume; d, inner empty glume; e and g,
flowering glumes; /, a palea.

88. CATHESTECUM Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 294, ¢. 42. 1830. Plants polyg-
amo-dioecious. Spikelets in deciduous clusters of threes, almost sessile along
the continuous rachis of a simple spike; lateral spikelets 1- to 2-, the central
2- to 4-flowered, flowers hermaphrodite. Two lower glumes empty, unequal,
mucronate or short-awned, the second glume of the central spikelet briefly
2-lobed, short-awned between lobes; flowering glumes longer, deeply 4-cleft,
awned between the hyaline divisions. Palea shorter than the glumes, briefly
2- to 3-dentate at apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose (really

- aspergilliform). A czspitose grass extensively creeping by stolons, sending up

from the rooting nodes leafy tufts of erect flowering branches.
Species 1, in Mexico, extending into western Texas.

120

Fic. 89. Scleropogon brevifolius Philippi.—a, A staminate or male spikelet;
b, a male floret; c, dorsal view of a fertile flowering glume, the long awns re-
moved; d, the pistil.

89. SCLEROPOGON Philippi, Sert. Mendoc. 2: 47. 1871. Spikelets unisex-
ual, the staminate and pistillate unlike, 2- to many-flowered. Staminate spike-
lets many-flowered; glumes narrow, acute, 3-nerved, awnless, the two lower
empty, unequal, somewhat smaller than the floral glumes; flowering glumes
sometimes minutely 3-dentate at apex. Palea narrow, rigid, nearly equaling the
glume, 2-carinate, 2-dentate. Stamens 3; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate spike-
lets 1- to many-flowered, sterile above; 2 lower glumes empty, persistent, very
unequal, larger than in the staminate spikelets; flowering glumes rigid, nar-
row, conyolute about the flower, the three nerves produced into very long,
slender, divergent, and somewhat twisted awns; uppermost sterile glumes like
the flowering glumes, but thinner or reduced to slender awns. Palea rather
rigid, very narrow, inclosed by the flowering glume. Staminodia none. Styles
distinct, elongated; stigmas subplumose, with short hairs. Caryopsis narrow,
elongated, included in the glume, free. Perennial, cespitose or repent grasses,
branched at base or stoloniferous. Panicle nearly simple, with short branches.

Species 1, southern Colorado southward to Chile.

121

Fic. 90. Monanthochloé littoralis Engelm. SALT CEDAR.—a, A branch con-
taining spikelets concealed in the crowded leaf-sheaths.

90. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. I: 436. 1859.
Spikelets 2- to 3-flowered, unisexual, somewhat unlike, usually sessile in pairs,
and concealed within the leaf fascicles, the upper floral leaves becoming smaller,
at length reduced to the sheaths, and resembling the outer empty glumes;
flowering glumes membranaceous, rigid, obtuse, or denticulate. Palea 2-nerved,
inclosed within the flowering glume. Stamens in the male florets 3. Styles in
the pistillate florets distinct, elongated, with long barbellate stigmas. Grain
free within the fruiting glume and palea. A creeping or stoloniferous grass,
with short, rigid, crowded leaves.

Species 1, American.

Fie. 91. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. FALSE BUFFALO-GRASS.—a, A
spikelet; b, the outer empty glumes; c¢, a floret.

91. MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 45:158. 1857. Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered,
hermaphrodite, 3 to 5 together, and nearly sessile in the axis of the floral
leaves. Rachilla articulated above the empty glumes. Lower empty glumes
2, lanceolate, acute, hyaline, 1-nerved; flowering glumes larger than the empty
ones, 3-nerved, entire, retuse, or 3-cleft, the midnerve, or all the nerves excur-
rent as short mucronate points. Usually 1 or 2 empty glumes above the flower-
ing glumes, similar to these, excepting that they are smaller and narrower.
Palea hyaline, 2-keeled, inclosed within the flowering glume. Starmens 3.
Styles distinct, elongated; stigmas loosely and shortly plumose, barbellate.

Grain inclosed within the fruiting glume and palea, free. Low, diffusely

much-branched annuals with short, usually sharp-pointed leaves, which are
clustered at the ends of the branches.
Species 3 or 4, on the plains cf North and South America.

Sel

123

Fig. 92. Orcuttia californica Vasey.—a, A spikelet showing the lower empty
glumes, a portion of the rachilla, and a number of the upper florets; b, a portion of
a spikelet; c,dorsal view of the expanded flowering glume; d,palea. Fig. 503,
Bul.17, illustrates another grass referred to this genus.

92, ORCUTTIA Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 18 : 219, pl. 16. 1886. Spikelets
many-flowered, compressed, sessile, crowded in short terminal spikes, the low-
ermost spikelet often remote; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes
and between the florets. Two lower glumes empty, nearly equal, broadly lanceo-
late, irregularly 2- to 5 -toothed, shorter than the flowering glume; flowering
glumes oblong, many-nerved, 5-toothed or 5-cleft at the broad apex, the princi-
pal nerves extending into the divisions. Palea 2-nerved, 2-keeled, about as
long as the flowering glumes. Stamens3. Styles long, distinct; stigmas short,
plumose. Grain free within the glumes. Low cespitose annuals, with short
leaves and rather large many-flowered spikelets.

Species 2, Southern and Lower California.

a

G2

Y
Y

Ly

Fic. 93. Gynerium argenteum Nees.—a,The empty glumes of a pistillate
spikelet; b, a pistillate spikelet, the empty glumes removed; c, the empty glumes
of a staminate spikelet; d, a staminate spikelet, empty glumes removed.

93. GYNERIUM H.B.K. Plant. Mquin. 2: 112,¢. 115. 1809. Spikelets loosely
2-to many-flowered, dicecious; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes,
usually long-pilose, at least in the fertile spikelets. Empty glumes 2, narrow
and very long, acuminate-pointed; flowering glumes very narrow, produced
into long subulate points, the back and margins clothed with long silky hairs;
flowering glumes in the staminate spikelets usually smooth. Tall, reed-like,
perennial grasses, with solid culms and very long, narrow leaves, which are
chiefly from the base, and ample, showy, terminal panicles.

Species 8, in the warmer regions of South America; one introduced into the
United States and cultivated for ornament under the name of Pampas grass.

=

ie
e

Fie. 94. Arundo donax L.—a, A spikelet; 0, a floret.

94. ARUNDO Linn. Sp. Pl.120. 1753. Spikelets 2-tomany-flowered ; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets, smooth; florets
crowded, hermaphrodite, or the upper or lower staminate; empty glumes 2,
narrow, a little unequal, 3-nerved, smooth, acute, or acuminate, about the
length of the spikelet; flowering glumes thin, membranaceous, 3-nerved,
2-toothed at the apex, and mucronate between the teeth, long-pilose on the
back. Palea hyaline, 2-keeled, shorter than itsglume. Grain smooth, inclosed
Within the palea and glume, but free. Tall and reed-like grasses, with hollow
culms, broad, flat leaves and ample terminal panicles.

Species 6 or 7, distributed throughout the warmer countries of the world; one,
the species here illustrated, introduced and cultivated for ornament.

126

Fic. 95. Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) B.S. P. (P.communis Trin.) COMMON
REED.—a, A spikelet; b, the outer empty glumes; c, a single floret showing
palea, stamens, and stigmas.

95. PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Spikelets loosely 3- to 7-
flowered; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets,
clothed with long, silky hairs. The lowest floret staminate or neuter, those
above hermaphrodite; empty glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, shorter than
the florets; flowering glume glabrous, very narrow and long acuminate pointed,

much exceeding the short palea. Grainfree. Tall, reed-like perennial grasses

with stout leafy culms and large terminal panicles.
Species 2 or 3, 1 cosmopolitan, 1 in Asia, and 1 in South America.

Fic. 96. Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.) Hackel. (Eremochloé kinguS. Wats.)
_KING’S DESERT-GRASS.—a, The empty glumes of aspikelet; b,aspikelet with
the empty glumes removed; ¢, flowering glume; d and e, palea.

96. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack. in Engl. & Prantl. Pflanzenfamilien 2?:126.
1887. Spikelets with 1 hermaphrodite flower. Lower empty glumes 4, the Ist
pair membranaceous, acute, slightly unequal, 1-nerved; the 2d pair 3-nerved,
3-lobed, the middle division aristiform; the fertile glume strongly compressed,
3-nerved, 3-cleft, the nerves produced into slender awns, which are more or less
plumose; the terminal floret reduced to an empty glume or3awns. Stamens
3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain terete or slightly compressed on
the back, included within the fruiting glume and palea,free. Low, densely
cespitose, perennial grasses with crowded, rigid leaves,and small, terminal
densely-flowered panicles.

Species 2,in the desert regions of Nevada and Arizona.

Fic. 97. Triodia eragrostoides Vasey & Scribn.—a, A spikelet; 6, the same
with the empty glumes separated from the florets c,above; d,dorsal view of a
flowering glume; e, palea. Figs. 231 to 236, in Bul,7,and 505 to 507,in Bul. 17,
illustrate other species of this genus.

97. TRIODIA R. Br. Prod. Fl. Noy. Holl., 182. 1810. Spikelets 3- to 12:flow-
ered, nearly terete, in strict or open panicles; rachilla articulated between the
florets, smooth or short-pilose; florets hermaphrodite or the uppermost stam-
inate. Empty glumes 2, unequal, somewhat keeled, shorter than the spikelet;
flowering glume membranaceous or subcoriaceous, rounded on the back at
least below, 8-nerved, 2- to 3-toothed or pointed; nerves, especially the mar-
ginal, silky-villous below and extending (in our species) between the teeth at
the apex into 3 mucronate points. Palea broad, concave, with 2 nearly mar-
ginal nerves. Stamens3. Styles short, stigmas plumose. Grain free. Peren-
nial grasses with narrow leaves and variable habit.

Species about 25, widely distributed throughout the temperate zones, with a
few in tropical America. Nearly half the entire number of species occur in the
United States, chiefly Texas and the Southwestern Territories.

120

3INVITY

Fic. 98. Sieglingia decumbens’ Bernh. Triodia decumbens Beauy.)
HEATHER-GRASS.—a, A single spikelet; b, a floret; c, the dorsal view of a
flowering glume.

98. SIEGLINGIA Bernh. Syst. Verz. Pfi. Erfurt. 40. 1800. Spikelets 3- to 5-
flowered. Empty glumes 2, acute, the Ist 3- the 2d 5-nerved, subequal; flower-
ing glume obtusely 3-toothed, 5-nerved, ciliate on the margins below. Palea
shorter thanits glume. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain
free. A densely caespitose perennial, with narrow, flat leaves and small, ter-

-minal, simple panicles.

Species 1, Northern Europe and Asia, and Newfoundland, where it has prob-
ably been introduced.

9

15444—No. 20

180

Fie. 99. Triplasis americana Beauv.—a, A spikelet; b,a joint of the rachilla
and floret, showing the palea. Fig.509 in Bul.17 illustrates a second species of
this genus.

99. TRIPLASIS Beauy. Agrost. 81, ¢. 16, f.10. 1812. (Diplocea Rafin. 1819.)
Spikelets many-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite or the uppermost staminate.
Empty glumes 2, carinate, acute, awnless, shorter than the others; flowering
glumes distichous along the rachilla, rounded on the back at the base, deeply
3-lobed, lobes smooth or ciliate, sides narrow, very acute, almost produced
into awns, the middle longer, aristiform, often subflexuous-spreading. Palea
shorter, broad, compressed, 2-keeled, keelslong-ciliate. Stamens3. Stylesshort,
distinct; stigmas plumose. Perennial grasses, with very narrow leaves, conyo-
lute or flat at the base; and slender simple panicles; spikelets shortly pedicel-
late, usually erect.

Species 2, North American.

131

Fic. 100. Redfieldia fiexuosa Vasey. REDFIELD’S GRASS.—a, A spikelet; D,
a floret: c, a flower.

100. REDFIELDIA Vasey, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 14 : 133. 1887. Spikelets
1- to 6- flowered, hermaphrodite (the uppermost usually staminate), awnless;
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, itsinternodes very short. Empty
glumes 2, nearly equal, 1-nerved, shorter than the flowering glume; flowering
glumes 3-nervyed, chartaceous, indistinctly 3-toothed at the apex, or terminating
in a short mucronate point, hairy at the base. Palea 2-nerved, usually shorter
than its glume. Styles long, distinct; stigmas short, plumose. Grain oblong,
terete, free. A rather tall perennial, with long, narrow leaves and ample,
diffuse panicles.

Species 1, on the sandy plains of the interior.

132

Fig. 101. Dissanthelium californicum Benth.—a, The outer empty glumes;
b, a spikelet of 3 florets with the empty glumes removed.

101. DISSANTHELIUM Trin. Linnea, 10: 305. 1836. Spikelets hermaphro-
dite, 2-to 4-flowered; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between
the florets,and produced beyond the flowers into a minute stipe. Outer empty
glumes 2, persistent, narrow, 1- to 3-nerved, acute, slightly unequal, equaling
orexceeding the spikelet; flowering glumes much shorter than the empty ones,
broader, obtuse, awnless, subearinate, 3-nerved, lateral nerves nearly marginal.
Palea a little shorter than the glume, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles
very short, distinct; stigmas rather long, loosely plumose. Grain oblong, free.
Low annual or perennial, slender grasses, with narrow flat leaves and loosely
or densely flowered terminal panicles. :

Species 3, one in California, and the others Mexican or South American.

133

Fic. 102. Molinia cerulea Moench. (Enodiwm ceruleum Gaud.) MOLINIA.—
a, The outer empty glumes of a spikelet; b, a spikelet of 2 florets with the
empty glumes removed.

102. MOLINIA Moench, Meth. 183. 1794. Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, her-
maphrodite, or the uppermost imperfect; rachilla articulated above the empty
glumes and between the florets; empty glumes at the base of the spikelet 2,
nearly equal, shorter than the flowering glumes, convex on the back, I-nerved:
flowering glumes cartilaginous, acute, awnless, rounded on the back, and with
3 (rarely 4) prominent nerves. Palea a little shorter than the glume, obtuse,
2-neryed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong,
inclosed within the fruiting glume and palea, free. A rather tall, cespitose,
perennial grass, with narrow flat leaves, and an elongated, narrow panicle of
rather small, erect spikelets.

Species 1, European. Sparingly introduced in the Eastern States.

134

Fic. 103. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud.—a, A spikelet; b, a 3-flowered
spikelet; ¢,a portion of a spikelet showing the persistent paleas below. Figs.
240 to 250, in Bul. 7, and 511 to 516, in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of Eragrostis.

103. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost.70. 1812. Spikelets 2- to many-flowered,
the uppermost flower imperfect; rachilla articulated but sometimes not break-
ing up until after the fall of the fruiting glumes. Empty glumes 2, more or less
unequal, usually shorter than the fioral glumes; flowering glumes glabrous, ob-
tuse, or acute, awnless, 3-nerved, lateral nerves sometimes very faint. Paleas
shorter than their glumes, often persistent after the fall of the fruiting glume,
2-nerved, nerves prominent. Annual or perennial grasses with herbaceous
stems, of various habit from 2 to4inches to as many feet tall, much branched, or
with simple culms. Allied to Poa, but with 3-nerved flowering glumes, which
are destitute of any wooliness. The species are very variable and their limits
hard to define.

Species about 100,in warm and temperate regions of both hemispheres.

135

Fic. 104. Eatonia pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray. EATON’S-GRASS.—a, A
spikelet; b, the empty glumes which have been separated from the three florets
above, c. Figs. 252 to 254 illustrate other species of this genus.

104. EATONTA Rafin. Journ. Phys. 89:104. 1819. Spikelets 2- to 3-flowered;
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets and pro-
duced above the upper flower into a slender, naked bristle. Empty glumes 2,a
little shorter than the florets, the 1st very narrow or linear and 1-nervyed, the
2d broadly obovate, 3-nerved, with rather broad, scarious margins; flowering
glumes obtuse and usually awnless, the 2d floret sometimes short-awned from
the apex. Palea narrow, 2-nerved. Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose.
Grain narrow, free. Rather slender tufted perennials, with usually flat leaves
and narrow but often lax, terminal, many-flowered panicles.

Species 4 all natives of the Eastern United States, two extending westward
to the Rocky Mountains.

136

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Fic. 105. Koeleria cristata Pers.—a, A spikelet; b, a spikelet expanded.

105. KOELERIA Pers. Syn. 1:97. 1805. Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, com-
pressed; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes. Empty glumes 2, un-
equal, keeled, somewhat shorter than the flowering glumes; flowering glumes
membranaceous, more or less scarious, faintly 3- to 5-nerved, obtuse, acute or
mucronate-pointed. Palea hyaline, acute, 2-nerved, about as long as its glume.
Stamens 8. Styles very short; stigmas plumose. Annual or perennial czespitose
grasses, with narrow, usually flat leaves, and densely flowered spikelike

panicles.
Species about 12, in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.

137

Fic. 106. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. WATER WHORL-GRASS.—a, A
2-flowered spikelet; b, a spikelet with 1 floret; c, the outer empty glumes; d, a
single floret.

106. CATABROSA Beauy. Agrost. 97. 1812. Spikelets small, usually 2-flow-
ered, hermaphrodite, with the rachilla articulated between the florets. Empty
glumes 2, much shorter than the flowering glumes, unequal, scarious, very
obtuse, or the upper crenulate at the apex; flowering glumes rather rigid or
subcoriaceous, obtuse or 3-toothed at the apex, prominently 3-nerved, awnless;
palea as long asthe glumes, prominently 2-nerved. Stamens3. Styles distinct;
stigmas plumose. A creeping aquatic grass, with flat leaves, and open pyram-
idal panicles on ascending branches.

Species 1, in the cooler regions of Europe, Asia, and. North America.

138

Fia. 107. Melica mutica Walt. (M. glabra Mx.).—a, A spikelet; b, a palea;
c,2stamens. Figures 258 to 261, in Bul. 7, and 518 to 528, in Bul. 17, illustrate
other species of Melica.

107. MELICA Linn. Sp. Pl. 66. 1753. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, terete
or slightly flattened; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between
the fertile florets, usually bearing 2 or 3 empty, often club-shaped or cucullate
glumes at the apex. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelet 2, unequal, mem-
branaceous, awnless, 3- to 5-nerved; flowering glumes larger, rounded on the
back, 7- to 13-nerved, margins scarious, awnless or short-awned. Palea broad,
2-keeled, shorterthantheglume. Stamens3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Grain free. Perennials, with usually soft, flat leaves, rather large spikelets in
lax or dense, usually narrow panicles, sometimes simply racemose.

Species 30 or more throughout the temperate zone. Some 18 species belong
to the United States, chiefly in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast regions.

139

Fie. 108. Anthochloa colusana (Davy) Scribner. (eostapfia colusana Davy) .—
a, A single spikelet; a’, another view of the same; b, a single floret; c, flower-
ing glume; d, palea.

108. ANTHOCHLOA Nees in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. ed. 2: 450. 1836.
Spikelets several-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite. Empty glumes small or
wanting, awnless; flowering glumes thin-membranaceous, very broad and
flabelli-form or petal-like, sub-3-5- or many-nerved. Palea narrower tham the
glume, 3-4-cleft, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles 2, distinct, short; stigma plumose.
Low cespitose grasses with flat leaves and invaginate or shortly exserted
capitate or cylindrical panicles. ;

Species 3, two in Andes of Bolivia and Peru, one in California.

140

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Fic. 109. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. (Diarrhena americana
Beauy.).—a, A spikelet; b, the outer empty glumes of the same; c,a floret; d, the

pistil and lodicules.

109. KORYCARPUS Zea, Act. Matrit. 1806. (Diarrhena Beauy. 1812.) Spike-
lets 3- to 5-flowered; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between
the florets; lower florets perfect, the uppermost 1 or 2 sterile. Empty glumes
unequal, ovate, awnless, shorter than the florets; flowering glumes broader,
subcoriaceous, rounded on the back, smooth and shining, 3-neryed, acuminate
or mucronate-pointed. Palea rather broad 2-keeled. Stamens 2, or rarely only
1. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain large, usually exceeding the
palea and glume, obliquely ovoid and obtusely pointed.

Nearly smooth perennials with simple culms from a creeping rootstock, flat
leaves and few-flowered terminal panicles.

Species 2, one in Japan, the other in Eastern North America.

141

Fic. 110. Pleuropogon sabinii R. Br.—a, Empty glumes; b, spikelet with the
empty glumes removed; c¢, palea; d, flower.

110. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 289. 1823. Spikelets 8-to
15-flowered; hermaphrodite; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and
between the florets. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelet 2, membranaceous
or subhyaline, 1-nerved, or the 2d imperfectly 3-nerved, awnless, unequal;
flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, membranaceous or cartilag-
inous, 7-nerved, entire, or somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, with the midnerye
extending into a short mucro orawn. Paleaa little shorter than the glume,
hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; the keels winged. Stamens 3. Styles short;
stigmas plumose. Grain free within the glumes. Soft, erect, annual or per-
ennial grasses, with flat leaves, and rather large spikelets in terminal racemes.

Species 3, two in the United States and one in the Arctic regions.

142

Fic. 111. Uniola latifolia Mx. BROAD-LEAFED SPIKE-GRASS.—a, A spike-
let; b, the 3 lower empty glumes; c, a flowering glume; d, the palea. Figs. 265
and 266, in Bul. 7, and 530 and 531, in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of Uniola.

111. UNIOLA Linn. Sp. Pl.71. 1758. Spikelets 3- to many-flowered; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes at
the base of the spikelet 3 to 8, compressed-keeled, acute, unequal; flowering
glumes firm-membranaceous, compressed-keeled, acute, or acuminate-pointed,
striate, many-nerved. Palea rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1 to3. Styles distinct;
stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, oblong,free. Erect perennials, with sim-
ple culms, broad and flat or narrow and involute leaves, and narrow and few-
flowered or ample, lax, and many-flowered panicles.

Species 4 to 5, all North American.

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148

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Fic. 112. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. ALKALI-GRASS.—a, A staminate
spikelet; b, flowering glume; ¢, palea: d,apistillate spikelet; e, flowering glume
from a floret of the same; jf, palea from same. Fig. 532 in Bul. 17 illustrates
another species of Distichlis.

112. DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89:104. 1819. Spikelets 8- to 16-flowered,
dicecious. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelets 2, carinate, acute, shorter
than the flowering glumes; flowering glumes broader, 3- to many-nerved, acute,
rigid, membranaceous or subcoriaceous. Palea 2-keeled, equaling or a little
shorter than the glumes. Stamens inthe male flower 3. Stylesin the pistillate
flowers thickened at the base, rather long, distinct; stigmas plumose, protrud-
ing from the apex of the floret. Grain closely enveloped in the thickened and
coriaceous base of the palea. Spikelets usually more numerous in the stami-
nate than in the pistillate plants,and less crowded. Rather rigid, erect grasses,
springing from a decumbent or creeping base, with dense panicles of rather few,
large and usually compressed spikelets.

Species 4 or 5, along the coast and on the alkaline plains in extra tropical
North and South America, one of which extends to Australia.

144

Fig. 113. Briza media L. QUAKING-GRASS.—a, A spikelet; 6, a flowering
glume; c, a palea.

118. BRIZA Linn. Sp. Pl. 70. 1758. Spikelets many-flowered, rounded-
ovate, or heart-shaped; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and
between the florets; florets crowded, the uppermost usually imperfect. Glumes
membranaceous, with broad, scarious margins, strongly concave, rounded on
the back, and more or less ventricose; empty glumes 2, subequal, shorter than
the florets; floral glumes 3 to many-nerved, cordate at the base, awnless; palea
much smaller than its glume, obtuse, 2-keeled. Stamens3. Styles short, dis-
tinct; stigmas plumose. Annualsor perennials, with flat or conyolute leaves,
loosely-flowered and open, or narrow and spike-like panicles.

Species 12, in Europe, North Africa, and the temperate regions of South
America, extending north into Mexico.

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Fig. 114. Dactylis glomerata L. ORCHARD-GRASS.—a, A spikelet in flower;
b, a single floret; c,a flower with 3 stamens and 2 plumose stigmas; d, the
upper portion of a leai-sheath and lower part of the leaf-blade showing the
peur’ Ee the point where these parts join; e, a section of the culm at one of
the nodes.

114. DACTYLIS Linn. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, nearly
sessile in dense fascicles; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and
between the florets. Empty glumes unequal, 1- to 3-nerved, sharply keeled,
acute; floral glumes 5-nerved, short-awn-pointed, strongly compressed-keeled,
keel conspicuously ciliate-fringed. Palea a little shorter than the glumes,
2-keeled. Stamens, 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain, narrow,
oblong, inclosed within the fruiting glume and palea, but free. A perennial
grass with flat leaves and narrow (expanded in flower) glomerate panicles.

Species 1, with several varieties, native of the north temperate regions of
the Old World, but now very widely distributed in cultivation and has become
thoroughly naturalized in many parts of the United States.

15444—No. 20 10

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Fic. 115. Cynosurus cristatus L. DOG’S-TAIL-GRASS.—a, A spikelet in
Bowe b, the same showing only stigmas; c, a sterile spikelet composed of empty
glumes. é

115. CYNOSURUS Linn. Sp. P1.71. 1753. Spikelets of two forms in small fas-
cicles, these forming a dense, somewhat unilateral spike-like panicle; terminal
spikelets of the fascicles 2- to 4-flowered, hermaphrodite, the lower spikelets
sterile, consisting of many empty glumes; rachilla of the fertile spikelet articu-
lated. Empty glumes 2, narrowly lanceolate, acute; flowering glumes broader,
membranous, 1- to 3-nerved, mucronate or awn-pointed. Glumes of the sterile
spikelet distichous, spreading, subequal, linear, 1-nerved; rachilla not articu-
lated. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short; stigmas loosely plumose. Grain
oblong, finally adherent to the palea. Annual or perennial, ceespitose grasses,
with flat leaves.

Species 4 or 5, in the north temperate regions of the Old World. One intro-
duced and sparingly naturalized in the United States.

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Fic. 116. Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench. GOLDEN-TOP.—a, A sterile spike-
let; b, the 1-flowered fertile spikelet; c, pistil.

116. LAMARCKIA Moench, Meth.201. 1794. Spikelets of two forms; fascicu-
late; the terminal one of each fascicle fertile, the others (1 to 3) below, linear,
and consisting of many distichously imbricated obtuse empty glumes. Fertile
spikelet 1-flowered, with the rachilla prolonged into a slender stipe, and bear-
ing a small empty awned glume or reduced wholly to an awn. Lower empty
glumes 2, I-nerved, acuminate or short-awned, slightly unequal; flowering
glume broader, 1-nerved, bearing just below the apex a slender straight awn.
Palea narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas elongated,
barbellate. A low annual grass 1-3 dm (4’/-12’) high, with flat leaves, and elegant
one-sided panicles of crowded fasciculate spikelets, the fertile spikelets being
almost wholly concealed by the more numerous sterile ones.

Species 1. Southern Europe and Southwestern Asia. Introduced and appat.
ently spontaneous in Southern California. A very attractive and favorite orna-
mental grass.

148

_Fic. 117. Poa pratensis L. KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS.—a, A spikelet; b, a
single floret from the same, showing the long cobwebby hairs at the base.
Figs. 271 to 278, in Bul. 7, and 533 to 562, in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of

the genus Poa.

117. POA Linn. Sp. Pl. 67. 1758. Spikelets 2- to 6-flowered, the uppermost
flower imperfect or rudimentary; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes.
Empty glumes herbaceous, lanceolate or ovate, 1- to 3-nerved, keeled, persist-
ent; flowering glumes herbaceous or membranaceous, lanceolate or ovate, acute
or obtuse, awnless, 5-nerved, carinate, falling with the 2-keeled palea and a
joint of the rachilla, the dorsal or marginal nerves usually soft-hairy, and often
with a tuft of long cobwebby hairs at the base. Stamens 3. Styles distinct;
stigmas plumose. Inflorescence paniculate, the branches more or less spreading,

Species about 120 in both hemispheres, chiefly in the temperate and cooler
regions and high mountains of the tropics. North American species, about 70.

149

Fic. 118. Colpodium pendulinum (Laest.) Griseb. NODDING COLPO-
DIUM.—a, A 5-flowered spikelet; 6, a single floret. Fig. 564 in Bul. 17 illus-
trates a second species of Colpodiwm.

118. COLPODIUM Trin. Fund. Agrost. 119. 1820. Spikelets 1,2, rarely 3-
flowered. Empty glumes 1-nerved or nerveless, thin membranaceous or hya-
line, awnless; flowering glume thin membranaceous, broad, very obtuse, 5-
nerved, the nerves obscure. Palea a little shorter than the lst glume, hyaline,
2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong,
exsuleate free, within the palea. Slender annuals or biennials with narrow,
sometimes setaceous leaves and slender, diffuse, usually capillary panicles with
small spikelets.

Species 10 or 12, in central and eastern Asia, northern Europe, and Arctic |
America.

150

Fig.119. Dupontia psilosantha Rupr. SLENDER DUPONTIA.—a, The outer
empty glumes of the spikelet; b, three florets of the same. Fig. 566 of Bul. 17
illustrates another species of this genus.

119. DUPONTIA R.Br. Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. cexe. 1823. Spikelets 2- to
5-flowered, hermaphrodite; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, with
the callus of the flowering glumes distinctly hairy. Empty glumes 2, membra-
naceous, awnless, longer than the flowering glume; flowering glumes entire,
finely or minutely toothed at the apex, otherwise as in Graphephorum. Low
grasses, with flat leaves, and usually narrow panicles.

Species 2, within the Arctic zone.

151

Fie. 120. Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link. SPRANGLE-TOP.—a, The
empty glumes of a spikelet, the florets of which are shown above at db.

120. SCOLOCHLOA Link, Hort. Berol.I: 136. 1827. Spikelets 3- to 4-flowered;
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes; callus hairy; Empty glumes 2,
acute, 3- to 5-nerved; flowering glumes rigid, rounded on the back, awnless, 5-
to 7-nerved, nerves very unequal, one or more projecting beyond the apex of
the glume. Ovary hairy at the top. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose. Tall
grasses, with flat leaves, and ample, spreading panicles.

Species 2, in the north temperate zone of both hemispheres.

Fic. 121. Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv.—a, A 2-flowered
spikelet showing the plumose prolongation of the rachilla above the 2d floret;
b, the empty glumes; ¢, a single floret; d, apex of one of the flowering glumes.

121. GRAPHEPHORUM Desy. Nouv. Bul. Soe. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. Spike-
lets 2- to 4-flowered, compressed; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes
and between the florets, pilose, prolonged above the upper floret as a slender,
hairy pedicel. Empty glumes 2, thin membranaceous, acute, keeled, about
equaling the flowering glumes; flowering glumes thin membranaceous or
scarious, faintly nerved, entire, awnless, or with a very short awn just below
the apex. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary smooth. Slender, erect
grasses, with flat leaves, and narrow, loose panicles.

Species 1 or 2, North American. (Allied to TZrisetwm.)

» 1538

Fic. 122. Panicularia aquatica(Sm.)Kuntze. (Glyceria aquatica J. E.Smith).
REED MEADOW-GRASS.—a, A spikelet; 6, a spikelet in which the lower
empty glumes have been separated from the florets above. Figs. 281 to 285, in
Bul. 7, and 568 to 570, in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of Panicularia.

122. PANICULARIA Fabr. Enum. P]. Hort. Helmst.373.ed.2. 1763. (Giyceria
R. Br. 1810.) Spikelets few- to many-flowered, terete or slightly flattened, in
narrow or spreading panicles; rachilla articulated between the florets, usually
smooth; florets hermaphrodite or the uppermost imperfect. Empty glumes at
the base of the spikelet 2, unequal, shorter than the flowering glumes, obtuse
or acute, 1- to3-nerved. Flowering glumes smooth or scabrous, rounded on the
back, herbaceous, excepting at the scarious and usually blunt apex, 5- to 9-
nerved, nerves usually prominent and parallel. Paleaa little shorter than the
glume, 2-nerved. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose.
Grain oblong, smooth, free, or when dry slightly adherent to the palea.
Usually tall, aquatic, perennial grasses with flat leaves and generally diffuse
terminal panicles. ;

Species about 16, widely dispersed in the temperate regions of both hemis-
pheres, chiefly North American.

154

Fig. 123. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. (Glyceria maritima M. & K.)
SEA SPEAR-GRASS.—a, A 3-flowered spikelet; 6,a 7-flowered spikelet; c,a sin-
gle floret. Figs. 271 and 272 in Bul.17 illustrate other species of Puccinellia.

123. PUCCINELLIA Parl. Fl.Ital.1:366. 1848. Atropis Rupr. Fl. Samojed.
61. 1845. Spikelets as in Panicularia, but with the flowering glumes usually
smaller, nerves less distinct or obscure, lodicules more hyaline and distinct.

Species 14, in northern extratropical regions of both hemispheres. Grasses
chiefly confined to the seacoast or to the alkaline regions of the interior.

155

Fic. 124. Festuca elatior pratensis (Huds.) Hack. MEADOW FESCUE—a.,
A 7-flowered spikelet partly in flower. Other species of this genus are illus-
trated by figs. 287,289, in Bul.7,and 573 to 581, in Bul. 17.

124. FESTUCA Linn. Sp. P1.73. 1753. Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate
in narrow and dense or loose and spreading panicles; rachilla articulated above
the empty glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes at the base of the
spikelets 2, more or less unequal, narrow, and acute; flowering glumes rounded
on the back at least below, acute (rarely obtuse) or tapering into a straight |
awn, faintly 3- to 5-nerved, not webbed at the base. Stamens 3. Styles very
short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain elongated, furrowed, frequently
adnate or grown to the palea or floral glume. Usually cespitose, perennial
(rarely annual) grasses of various habit.

Species about 80, in all parts of the world, especially the temperate regions.
Many are valuable forage plants.

Fic. 125. Bromus secalinus L. CHESS OR CHEAT.—a, A 7-flowered spike-
let. Other species of the genus Bromus are illustrated by Figs. 290 to 293 in
Bul. 7, and 582 to 586, in Bul. 17.

125. BROMUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 1: 76. 1753. Spikelets few- to many-flowered,
slightly or more rarely strongly flattened laterally in panicles, or rarely
racemed; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets,
florets hermaphrodite or the uppermost imperfect; empty glumesat the base of
the spikelet 2, unequal, acute, or the 2d short-awned, 1- to 5-nerved, shorter
than the flowering glumes; flowering glumes keeled or more often rounded on
the back, 5- to 9-nerved, usually 2-toothed at the apex, and awned from the
back just below the point or from between the teeth, sometimes awnless; awn
straight or divergent. Palea a little shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Sta-
mens, usually 3. Stigmas plumose, sessile, springing from below the hairy
cushion-like apex of the ovary. Grain furrowed and grown to the palea.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and rather large erect or pendulous
spikelets.

Species about 100, most abundant in the north temperate zone. There are
about 35 species in the United States, including several introduced species.

157%

TriseE XII.—HORDE®.

Spikelets 1- to many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, sessile

along the common rachis, forming a simple or compound spike;'
glumes awned or awnless.

A small tribe of 20 genera and about 130 species. It

is an important division, however, for it includes rye,
barley, and the many varieties of wheat. English and
Italian Rye-grasses (Lolium species) are the chief
meadow grasses of the tribe.

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10.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE HORDE.

. Spikes slender, unilateral; spikelets 1-flowered, empty glume 1,

very small and grown to the rachis .---..---- 126. Narpus
RSME SENOt IM ateraly sas ee were es a Se 2
. Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis......2.......- 3
. Spikelets 2 to 3 at each joint of the rachis -----.--.---.-.- 8
Spikes very slender; spikelets 1- or 2-flowered..-.....----- +

. Spikes stout; spikelets usually 2- or more-flowered.-......-- 5
feowerme elume awed, 2/5. .25425-22 2202 02 129. ScRIBNERIA
Peblowerne shime awnless..: 22. 2222.2 45225. 128. Leprurvs

. Spikelets placed with one edge against the rachis; outer empty

glume 1 (in the terminal spikelet 2) ....-..-- 127. Lo.ium

. Spikelets placed with their sides against the rachis; empty

. Flowering glumes with a distinct callus at the base, falling at

maturity with the grain, which is adherent to the palea.
130. AGROPYRON

. Flowering glumes without a distinct callus, persistent; grain

ETE SS Sa Ea i Its cg OU ag fi

- Empty glumes subulate, l-nerved ---.......---.- 131. SECALE ©
. Empty glumes lanceolate or ovate, 3- to many-nerved.

132. Triticum

. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the articulate rachis, 1-flowered,

with a bristle-like prolongation of the rachilla behind the

palea at least in the central spikelet.---.--- 133. HoRDEUM
Spikelets 2 at each joint of the rachis, with 2 or more her-
MAP MTOGILE MOWEHS a sen Berne Oe 80 bs ahha ee 9
Empty glumes minute or none .........---- 136. ASPERELLA
Empty glumes usually equaling the flowering glumes. ..-.- 10

. Axis of the spike continuous, rarely articulated; empty glumes
SIAL GR ES 0) 3 se ee J mmm TE ga aca 134. ELtymus
Axis of the spike articulated and readily breaking up; empty
glumes usually 2- to many-parted or cleft..-. 185. Srranion

1Strictly speaking, the spike is simple when the spikelets are 1-flowered, and
compound when more than 1-flowered.

158

Fic. 126. Nardus stricta L. WIRE BENT.—a,The toothed axis of a spike;
b, one of the spikelets; ec, the same expanded in flower.

126. NARDUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 1:53. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphro-
dite. Empty glume 1, very small, and grown to the rachis, often indistinct;
flowering glume acute or short-awned, the involute margins inclosing the
'2-nerved palea. Stamens 3. Style simple, elongated; stigma barbellate, with
short papille. A low, densely cespitose perennial with rather rigid setaceous
basal leaves and a slender long-pedunculate spike-like unilateral inflorescence.

Species 1, Northern and Middle Europe, temperate Asia, Greenland and New-
foundland.

Fic. 127. Lolium perenne L. RYE-GRASS.—a, A portion of the axis of a
spike to which is attached a spikelet with the lower florets expanded, showing
the stamens; b, anterior view of a single floret; c, dorsal. view of a floret. Fig.
296, in Bul. 7, and fig. 587, in Bul. 17, illustrate other species of Loliwm.

127. LOLIUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Spikelets several-flowered, solitary and
sessile in alternate notches of the continuous rachis, one edge of each spike-
let placed against the rachis; rachilla articulated between the florets. Empty
glume at the base of the spikelet 1 (2 in the terminal spikelet), on the side away
from the rachis (exterior), shorter than, or exceeding the florets; flowering
glumes rounded on the back, 5- to 7-nerved, nerves converging above, apex
obtuse, acute, or awned. Palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, dis-
tinct; stigmas plumose. Grain smooth, adherent to the palea. Annual or
perennial grasses, with simple erect culms, flat leaves and simple terminal
spikes.

Species 6, in Europe, North America, and temperate Asia. Two, with sey-
eral varieties, introduced into the United States.

Fic. 128. Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Trin. SLENDER HARD-GRASS.—a, A
portion of a spike bearing 3 florets; b, a single floret; c, a flowering glume; d,
palea; e, the lodicules. Fig. 589 in Bul. 17 illustrates another species of this

genus.

128. LEPTURUS R.Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. I: 207. 1810. Spikelets 1- to 2-
flowered, solitary, sessile, alternate in excavations of the jointed rachis of the
spike; rachilla very short, articulated above the empty glumes, Empty glumes
2,or rarely only 1, inclosing the flower, equal, hard or coriaceous, 5-nerved,
acute, placed in front of the spikelet, except in the terminal one; flowering
glumes much smaller than the empty ones, thin and hyaline, keeled. Palea
2-nerved, hyaline. Stamens 3 or fewer. Ovary smooth. Styles short, distinct;
stigmas plumose. Caryopsis narrow, smooth, included within the glumes, free.
Low annuals, or rarely tall perennials, with narrow, straight, or curved terminal
spikes.

Species 5 or 6, widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere; 1 sparingly
introduced into North America.

Fic. 129. Scribneria bolanderi (Thurb.) Hack.—a, 6b, Spikelets; c, a floret
showing the awned flowering glume, the palea, and one stamen; c’, the prolon-
gation of the rachilla; d, palea; e, grain with adherent stamen at apex.

129. SCRIBNERIA Hack. Bot. Gaz. 18: 105. 1888. Spikelets solitary or in
pairs at the joints of the rachis, 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, with a very short
prolongation of the rachilla behind the palea. Empty glumes 2, narrow, rigid,
acute, slightly unequal, strongly keeled; flowering glume shorter than the
empty ones, membranaceous, keeled, 2-toothed at the apex,and awned between
the teeth; callus barbate. Palea as long as or slightly exceeding the glume,
acutely 2-toothed. Stamens 1. Stigmas sessile, plumose. Caryopsis linear,
nearly terrete. A low slender annual with short, narrow leaves and terminal,
slender spikes.

Species 1, California, Oregon.

15444—No. 20——11

Fic. 130. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. SLENDER WHEAT-GRASS.—a, The
empty glumes which enclose the four florets b.

130. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Noy. Comm. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 14: 539. 1770.
Spikelets 3- to many-flowered, closely sessile and single at each notch of the axis;
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes under each flowering glume.
Empty glumes 2, narrower and usually shorter than the floral glumes, acute or
awned; flowering glumes rounded on the back, or slightly keeled above, 5- to
7-nerved, acute or awned.from the apex, rarely obtuse. Palea 2-keeled, bristly-
ciliate on the keels. Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palea.
Perennial grasses, with erect simple culms and terminal, often bearded spikes.

Species about 35, distributed throughout all temperate countries.

1638

FIG. 131. Secale cereale L. RYE.—a, A spike with upper leaf; 6, a spikelet; c,
flowering glume, dorsal view; /, palea; g, grain.

131. SECALE Linn. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, solitary
and sessile at the alternate notches of the continuous rachis. Empty glumes
rigid, very narrow, and subulate-pointed; flowering glumes broader, sharply
keeled to the base, and long-awned from the apex, 5-nerved. Palea a little
shorter than its glume, narrow, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, dis-
tinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, subterete, suleate on the anterior side,
pilose at the apex, free within the fruiting glume. Annual, erect grasses with
flat leaves and dense terminal spikes. In the cultivated forms the axis of the
spike is usually continuous and not articulated.

Species 2, Southern Europe, Southern and Central Asia; one, Secale cereale,
rye, is widely distributed in cultivation as a cereal.

164

Fic. 132. Triticum vulgare Vill. WHEAT:—a, A spikelet; b,a glume seen
from the back; ¢, flowering glume seen from the side; d, palea; e, grain; jf, a
portion of the axis of the spike; g, pistil and lodicules.

132. TRITICUM Linn. Sp.P1l.85. 1753. Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, solitary at
the notches of the main axis, forming a distichous spike. Empty glumes 2,
rigid, 3- to many-nerved, with 1 to many awnsor abruptly toothed at the apex;
flowering glumes rounded on the back, or boat-shaped, many-nerved, termi-
nating in one to several teeth orawns. Stamens 3. Styles very short; stigmas
plumose. Grain flat or oblong, deeply suleate-villous at the apex, free or
adherent to the palea. Annual or biennial, erect grasses with flat leaves and
terminal spikes.

Species 10 or 12, in Southern Europe and Western Asia; one species wheat,
in its many varieties, is now widely cultivated throughout all temperate
countries.

165

i

>

Fig. 133. Hordeum boreale Scribn. & Smith. NORTHERN WILD BARLEY.—
a, A group of 3 spikelets, the lateral ones raised on short pedicels; b, the cen-
tral floret; c, an expanded lateral floret. Other species of Hordeum are illus-
trated by figs. 603 to 610, in Bul. 17.

133. HORDEUM Linn. Sp. Pl, 84. 1753. Spikelets 1-flowered, 2 to 3 together
at each joint of the articulate rachis, sessile or on very short pedicels; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and continued behind the palea of the
central spikelet into a naked bristle which sometimes bears the rudiment of
a 2d floret. Empty glumes 2, narrow-lanceolate, subulate or setaceous, rigid,
persistent; flowering glumes lanceolate, rounded on the back, obscurely
5-nerved above, usually awned; palea shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Sta-
mens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Ovary hairy at the top. Grain sulcate, ©
adherent to the palea. Lateral spikelets usually imperfect and raised above
the central one. Annual or perennial grasses, with terminal cylindrical spikes
and awned spikelets.

Species about 16, in both hemispheres.

Fic. 134. Elymus virginicus Linn. TERRELL-GRASS.—One of the spikelets
is Shown below to the left. Other species of Elymus are illustrated by figs. 301,
in Bul. 7, and 611 to 623, in Bul. 17.

134. ELYMUS Linn. §p. Pl. §3. 1758. Spikelets 2- to 6-flowered, the upper-
most imperfect, sessile, in pairs (rarely in 3s or 4s) at the alternate notches of
the continuous or articulate rachis, forming terminal spikes; rachilla articu-
lated above the empty glumesand between the florets. Empty glumes 2, nearly
equal, rigid, narrow, 1- to 38-nerved, acute or awn-pointed, persistent, and sub-
tending the florets like an involucre; flowering glumes shorter than the empty
ones, rounded on the back, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, acute, or awned from
the apex. Paleas a little shorter than the glumes, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles
short; stigmas plumose. Ovary hairy at the apex. Grain adherent to the
glumes and paleas. Erect grasses with flat leaves and closely-flowered termi-
nal spikes.

Species about 25, in the temperate regions of the Eastern and Western hemi-
spheres. North American species about 20.

167

Fic. 135. Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith. ORCHARD BARLEY.—a, A group
of spikelets; b, one of the florets. Another species of the genus Sitanion is illus-
trated by fig. 624 in Bul. 17.

135. SITANION Rafin. Journ. Phys. 89 : 103. 1819: (#gilops Nutt., 1818, not
Linn., 1737.) Spikelets usually 2, sometimes 3, or rarely only 1, at each joint of
the articulate rachis of the spike, 2- to several-flowered. Empty glumes many-
parted from near the base or merely bifid or subulate and entire, a 3d setaceous
empty glume above the 2 outer ones is sometimes present, all awned; flowering
glumes terminating in a single long awn, or trifid,and 3-awned. Paleaas long
as its glume, entire, bidentate or 2-awned. Stamens, pistil, and grain as in
Elymus, from which genus Sitanion differs chiefly in its divided glumes and
in the readiness with which the axis of the spike breaks up, in which latter
character it resembles Hordeum. Czespitose perennials, with usually flat leaves
and bearded spikes.

Species about 25, in Western North America and Mexico.

Fic. 136. Asperella hystrix (L.) Humb. (Hlymus hystrix Lin.; Asprella W.;
Gymnostichum hystrix Schreb.). BOTTLE BRUSH.—a, A spikelet; b,a spikelet
without empty glumes at the base. Another species of this genus is illustrated
by fig. 626 in Bul. 17.

136. ASPERELLA Humb.in Roem. and Ust. Mag. Bot. '7:5. 1790. Spikelets 2-
to 4-flowered, solitary or more often 2 to 3 together, raised on short, callus-like
pedicels, at each joint of the continuous rachis; rachilla articulated below each
flowering glume. Empty glumes 1 or 2, awn-like or bristle-form, usually present
in the lower spikelets of each spike, much reduced or entirely wanting in the
upper; flowering glumes narrow, rigid, smooth, and rounded on the back, long-
awned from the apex. Palea strongly 2-keeled. Perennials with flat leaves
and terminal, bearded spikes.

Species 4, two North American and two of limited range in the Old World,

| 169

Trin—E XIII.—BAMBUSE.

Spikelets 2- to many-flowered (rarely only 1-flowered) in racemes
or panicles; empty glumes at the base of the spikelet two to several;
flowering glumes many-nerved, awnless, or very rarely short-
awned; culms woody, at least near the base, and perennial; leaf
blade usually with a short petiole and articulated with the sheath
from which it finally separates.

A comparatively small tribe of 23 genera and about
200 species. The species are chiefly confined to the
region within the Tropics. Many of them are of very
great importance to the natives of the countries where
they grow. Manufactured articles of bamboo, either
of use or for ornament, now enter into the commerce
of the world. The bamboos are remarkable for their
woody stems and often arborescent or tree-like habit of
growth, some of the species attaining the height of 25
to 40m. In parts of India they form extensive forests.
One species in this tribe has leaves 2 to 5 m. long by
10 to 25 cm. wide; another, a Cuban species, has leaves
7 to 15 em. long and as fine asa horse-hair. Fleshy and
edible apple-like or berry-like fruits are borne by some
of the species. In the East the bamboos furnish mate-
rial for the construction of houses, household furniture,
and domestic utensils, as well as for articles of orna-
ment, and even clothing. Some supply drink to the
thirsty traveler, and the highly farinaceous grain is
used by the poorer casts for food. It is recorded that
in India the fruit of bamboos have several times been
the means of saving hundreds of thousands of people
from stavation in times of famine. Many species are
now in cultivation and are used for the decoration of
parks and lawns. <Arundinaria macrosperma, which
forms the ‘‘canebrakes” of the Southern States, is our
best known example of this tribe.

Fic. 137. Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. CANE.—a, A floret from one of
the many-flowered spikelets; b, palea of same; c, the grain.

137. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:73. 1803. Spikelets 2- tomany-
flowered, large, laterally compressed, in racemes or panicles; the rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets; flowers her-
maphrodite, or the upper imperfect. Lower empty glumes unequal, the Ast
sometimes wanting; flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, keeled,
many-nerved, acute, or mucronate-pointed. Paleas as long as the glumes,
prominently 2-keeled. Lodicules3. Stamens3. Styles 2 or3; stigmas plumose.
Grain oval or narrowly oblong, furrowed. Tree-like or shrubby grasses, with
perennial simple or branched culms, and flat leaves which are shortly petio-
jate and articulated with the sheaths.

Species, about 20, natives of Asia and America, 2 in the southern United
States. Several eastern species have been introduced into gardens and culti-
vated for ornament.

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This volume is Nees, Agrost. Bras. 1.¢..

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Pers. Syn. Perrsoon, CuristiAN HenpriK. Synopsis plantarum,
seu. Enchiridium Botanicum, complectens enumerationem
systematicam specierum lhucusque cognitarum. 1. 1805.
Paris... “12°

185

Phillippi, Sert. Mendoc. Pui.irpi, RupotpH AMApDus. Sertum
mendocinum alterum. 2. 1871. Santiago, Chili. 8°.

Phipps’ Voy. Puipps, ConstaANTINE JoHN. Voyage toward the
North Pole, undertaken * * * 1773. 1774. .London. 4°.

Reprinted in John Pinkerton’s General collection of the best and most
interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world. 1. 1808.
London. 4°.

Poir. in Lam. Encycl. See Lam. Encycl. 8.

in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. Sce Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1.
Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat. Poiiicn, Jonann Apam. Historia plan-
tarum in Palatinatu electorali sponte nascentium incepta,
secundum systema sexuale digesta. 1. 1776. Mannhem. 8°.
Port. and Coult. Synop. Fl. Colo. Porter, THomas C., and
Coutter, JoHN Mertn. Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado.
1874. Washington. 8°.
Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey
of the Territories. Miscellaneous publications—No. 4.

Presl, Rel. Henk. Presi, Karet Bortwoa. Reliquiz Heenk-
eanze seu descriptiones et icones plantarum, quas in America
meridionali et boreali, in insulis Philippinis et Marianis col-
legit Thaddeus Haenke. 1. 18380. Prag. f°.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1862. 1863. 1884.
1885. 1891. Philadelphia. 8°.

Proc. Am. Acad. Proceedings of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. 6. 1862; 7. 1868; 8. 1872; 18. 1883.
Boston. 8°. ;

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Proceedings of the California Academy
of Natural Sciences. 8. 1863-67 (1863-68). 4. 1868-72
(f368—73). Il. 5S. 1895. San-rancisco, Calif... 8°.

Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Proceedings of the Portland
Society of Natural History. 2. 1895. Portland, Me. 8°.

Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. Purso, Frepericx. Flora Americe
Septentrionalis; or, A Systematic Arrangement and Descrip-
tion of the Plants of North America. 1. 1814. London. 8°.

Raf. Am. Mo. Mag. RaFrinesQuE, CONSTANTINE SAMUEL. See
Am. Mo. Mag. 4.

Journ. Phys. See Journ. Phys. 89.

R. Br. Sce Br. R.

Rept. Reg. N. Y. St. Univ. Annual Report of the Regents of
the State of New York on the condition of the State Cabinet
of Natural History, and the historical and antiquarian collec-
tions annexed thereto. 1869. Albany. 8°.

Report of the botanist, Charles H. Peck. pp. —.

186

Rept. Wheeler’s Surv. See U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th
Merid.

Rich. App. Frankl. Journ. RicHarpson, Joun. Botanical Ap-
pendix to a Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar
Sea, in the years 1819-22. By John Franklin. 1823. Lon-
don. 4°.

ae CLs. Syl) OCce ners miele.

Reehl. Deutsch. Fl. Ra@awine, JoHANN. CHRISTOPH. Deutsch-

lands Flora. 7
The third edition was edited by Mert. and Koch., which see.

Reem. and Schult. Syst. Ramer, Jonann JAKkos, and SCHULTEs,
JosEPpH AvuGusT. Systema vegetabilium secundum classes,
ordines, genera, et species. (A new edition of edition XV of
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Roem. and Ust. Mag. Bot. Rewer, Jonann Jacos, and Ustert,
Pautus. Magazine fur die Botanik. 7. 1790. Zurich. 8°.

Published in parts (Sticken) separately paged, the first 12, according
to Pritzel, being bound in 4 volumes. But as the number of volumes
formed from these 12 parts seems to be variable, each part has been
cited as a volume.

Roth, Catal. Rorn, AtBrecat WitHELM. Catalecta botanica,
quibus plantee novee et minus cognite describuntur atque
illustramtor, 1. 1797. Iiipsise: 8°.

Rottb. Descr. Pl. Rorrsa@ii, Curist—EN Fris. Descriptiones
rariorum plantarum (surinamensium) nec non materiz med-
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Thirty-four pages. Hafnie. 4°.

Printed in advance from Acta literaria Universitas Hafniensis.
1: 267-304. 1778.

Rupr. Fl. Samoj. Cisural. Ruprecnut, Franz J. Flores Samo-
jedorum Cisuralensium. 1845. Petropoli. 8°.

— in Andersson, Oefvers. K. Vet. Akad. Foérh. Sce Oef-
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Scheele, Flora. ScHEELE, —. See Flora. 27.

Schlecht. Linnzea. ScHLECHTENDAL, DippricH Franz Lxron-
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Schrad. Linnea. ScHrapEerR, Heryrich ApotpH. See Linnea.
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____ Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. Index seminum horti academici
Goettingensis. 1832. Goettingen. 4°. (See Linnea. 8.
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Schrank, Fl. Monoc.. ScHRANK, FRANZ yon Pavia. Flora Mona-
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——— Baier. Fl. Baierische Flora. 1. 1789. Munchen. 8°.

Je Swie

Schreb. Spicel. Fl. Lips. ScuHreper, JOHANN DANIEL CHRIS-
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Gen. Pl. Caroli Linhei Genera Plantarum. Edition
VIII, post Richardianam secunda, prioribus longe auctior
atque emendatior, curante J. C. D. Schreber. 1. 1789. 2.

iW ae :
Beschreib. Gr. Beschreibung der Griser nebst ihren Ab-
bildungen nach der Natur. 2. 1810. Leipzig. f°.

Part 2 was.issued in two signatures: pp. 1-88, 1772-79; pp. 89-160, 1810.

Schult. Mant. Scuuures, JospepH Avuaust, et SCHULTES, JULIUS
Herman, filius. Mantissa. 2. 1824. Stuttgard. 8°.

This is Schultes’ Mantissa to Roem. and Schult. edition of Linnzeus’ '
Systema Vegetabilium.

Scribn. in Beal, Grasses N. A. Scrispner, F. Lamson-. See
Beal, Grasses N. A.

Bot. Gaz. See Bot. Gaz. 11. 1886. 21. 1896.

Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. 9Q.

1882.. 10. 1888. 20. 1898. 21. 1894. 23. 1896.

in Britt and Br. Illus. Fl. ‘See Britt. and Br. Illus.

72 a Hh

Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. ce Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.

1 a Pas

in Hack. True Grasses. See Hack. True Grasses.

in Heller, Contr. Herb. Frankl. and Marsh. Coll. See
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— Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. See Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. See Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila. 1884. 1885. 1891.

Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. See Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.

14.

Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. Bulletin of the Tennessee

Agricultural Experiment Station. 7. 1894. Nashville. 8°.

The Grasses of Tennessee. Part II.

U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. See U. S. Dept.

Ror EDive ACTOS. Bul... 4 coe, Ve ose. 2. + Bees

7.

U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Circ. See U. S. Dept.

Agr. Div. Agros. Cire. Q.

U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. See U.S. Dept. Agr.

Div. Bot. Bul. 12.

in Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. See U.S.

. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. 18.

Zoe. See Zoe. 1.

188

Scribn. and Kearn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. Scris-
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Div. Agros. Bul. 17.

and Smith, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. Scrin-
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Bul. 4.

U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Cire. See U. S.

Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Cire. Q.

and Southworth, Hackel’s True Grasses. ScripneR

and SourHWworTH, Errir A. See Hack. True Grasses.

and Will. U. S. Dept. Agri. Div. Agros. Bul. Scrr-
NER and Wiuiiams, THomas A. See U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. Bul. 11. |

Seid. in R. andS. Syst. Srmpen,Jacop. See Roem. and Schult.
Syst. 2.

Small,inScribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. SMALzt,
JoHN K. See U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Acros. Bula
1897.

Smith, J. E. Comp. Fl. Britt. Smirn, James Epwarp. Com-
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Sowerby, Engl. Bot. See Sowerby, Engl. Bot.
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Smith, J.G U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bul. Snitz,
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Solander. Phipps’ Voy. SoLanprEr, —.. See Phipps’ Voy.

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Colored figures of British plants with their essential charac-
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Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. Sprencer, Kurr. Mantissa prima
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Neue Entd. Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umiang der

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Steud. Nom. SrevupeL, Ernst Gorriies. Nomenclator botani-
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189

Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. Synopsis plantarum graminearum.
1854-55. Stuttgart. 4°.

This is the second of two volumes published under thé title ‘‘ Synopsis
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it was issued in fascicles of 80 pages each, the first five fascicles (400 pp.)
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Swartz, Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. Swartz, Otor. Nova genera et
species plantarum, seu Prodromus descriptionum vegetabilium
maximam partam incognitorum quze subitinere in Indiam
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Fl. Ind. Oce. Flora Indiz occidentalis aucta atque illus-
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S. Wats. See Wats. S.

Thurb. in Boland. Trans. Calif. Agr. Soc. THURBER, GEORGE.
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in Coult. Man. Bot. Rocky Mt. Reg. See Coult. Man.

Bot. Rocky Mt. Reg.

in Gray, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. See Proc.
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Proc. Am. Acad. See Proc. Am. Acad. 7.
in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. See S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2.

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Explor. Exped.

Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. Torrey, Jonn. Catalogue of plants grow-
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Fl. U.S. A flora of the northern and middle sections of

the United States; or, A systematic arrangement and descrip-

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Fl. N. Y. A flora of the State of New York, comprising

full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants

hitherto discovered in the State. 2. 1848. Albany. 4°.
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— Ann. Lyc. N. Y. See Ann. Lyc. N. Y. .1. 2.

in Emory’s Notes Mil. Recon. See Emory, Notes
Mil. Recon.

in Marcy’s Explor. Red R. La. See Marcy, Explor.
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Pac. R. R. Rep. See Pac. R. R. Rep. 4°. 5%. 7°.

190

Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. Transactions of the Academy of
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Calif. Agr. Soc. Transactions of the California State
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——N. Y. Acad. Sci. Transactions of the New York Acad-
emy of Sciences (late Lyceum of Natural History). 9.
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Tratt. Fl. Oesterr. Trarrinick, Leopotp. Flora des Oester-
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Trelease in Branner and Coville, Rept. Geol. Surv. Ark.
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Trev. in Geopp. Beschr. Bot. Gart. Breslau. TREvIRAN,
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Trin. Fund. Agrost. Trinrus, CARL BERNHARD. Fundamenta
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Uniflor. De graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris. Disser-
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epicrisin, terminologiz nove rationes, de methodo disquisi-
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Gram. Panic. De graminibus paniceis. Dissertatio bo-
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Icon. Gram. Species graminum iconibus et description-
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— Trin. Bul. Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. See Bul. Sci.
Acad. St. Petersb. 1.

— Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. Sce Mem. Acad. Sci.
St. Petersb.

Gram. Suppl. Graminum in hisce Actis a se editorum
generibus et speciebus supplementa addit C. B. Trinius.
pp. 107. March, 1836. Petropoli. 4°.

Printed in advance from Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VI?. Sci. Nat. 2.
1-107. 1838. A synopsis was published in Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. 1.
65-71. July 10, 1836. When the paper appeared in March, 1836, it was
evidently intended to form part of the volume of the Memoirs, then being ~
completed,i.e., VI. Sci.math.phys.etnat. 38.—VP. Sci.Nat. 1. and
each signature is marked as having been extracted from that volume, In
fact, however, it appeared in volume 4, or VI?. Sci, Nat. 2.

——— Phalaridea. 1839. Petropoli. 4°.

Printed in advance from Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VI?. Sci. Nat.
8. 47-90. 1840.

Te

Trin. Agrost. Agrostidea. 1. 1840. 2. 1841. 3. 1842.

(See Trin. and Rupr. )

These are printed in advance from the Memoirs, and bear the following
titles: 1. Agrostidea. I. Vilfea (Genera Graminum, V. Agrostidea).
From Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VI2. Sci. Nat. 4. 23-134. 1845.
—2. Agrostidea II. Callo Rotundo (Agrostea). From Mem. Acad. Sci.
St. Petersb. VIP. Sci. Nat. 4. 247-390. 1845.

in Schlecht. Linnea. See Linnea. 26.

and Rupr. Agrost. Trinrusand Ruprecat, FRANZ JOSEPH.
Agrostidea. 3. 1842.
Printed in advance under title of Gramina Agrostidea. III. Callus

obeonicus (Stipacea). From Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VI?. Sci. Nat.
5. 1-189. 1849,

Tuckm. Am. Journ. Sci. TuCKERMAN, Epwarp. See Am.

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Turez. in Trin. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. Turczaninow,

Uw.

Nicotaus. See Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VI’. Sci.
Mat. <1.

S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. United States Department of
Agriculture. Special Report. 63. 1883. August. Wash-
ington. 8°.

— Div. Agros. Bul. Same. Division of Agrostology, Bul-

enti ee log neue. 18003) “eo sot eee eds. 2.» 1898.
Se letie tla bes. 17. 1899: \Washineton.;.. 8°.

Div. Agros. Circ. Same. Division of Agrostology, Cir-
cular. 9. 1899. Washington. 8°.

Div. Bot. Bul. Same. Division of Botany, Builetin. 8.
i eSoo.) dot. 1890. 127. 1891 13t. 1892. 13?. 1893.
Washington. 4°.

Bulletins 12 and 18 each consists of two parts composed of 100 quarto
pages bearing numbered descriptions and 100 plates. In 12 the descrip-
tions and plates are numbered separately in each part, but in 18 the num-
bers run consecutively through the two parts. The title for 12 is:
Grasses of the Southwest. Plates and Descriptions of the Grasses of the
Desert Region of Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern
California; by Dr. George Vasey. That for 13 is: Grasses of the Pacific
Slope, including Alaska and the Adjacent Islands. Plates and Descrip-
tions of the Grasses of California, Oregon, Washington, and the North-
western Coast, including Alaska; by Dr. George Vasey. Subsequently
there was issued another title page,as follows: ‘Illustrations of North
American Grasses,’’ 1 and ‘2. This latter title is sometimes, but incor-
rectly, cited.

Div. Bot. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. See Contr. U.S.
Natl. Herb.

U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Merid. Report upon United

States Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, in
charge of First Lieut. George M. Wheeler. 6. (Botany.)
1878. Washington. 4°.

192

U. S. Geol. Explor. 40th Par. United States Geological Ex-
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charge. 5. 1871. Washington. 4°.

U.S. War Dept. Explor. and Surv. ce Pac. R. R. Rept.

Vahl, Fl. Dan. VaAuHL, JENS Lorenz Musstur. See Oeder. FI.
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Varied. Cienc. Lit. Art. Variedadis de Ciencia, Literatura y
Artis; (24. Pisa: |

Vasey, Bot. Gaz. Vasry, GEorcre. See Bot. Gaz. 8. 6. 7.
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Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. 10.
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in Chapm. Suppl. Fl. So. U. S. See Chapm. Suppl.
Fl. So. U.S.

in Beal, Grasses N. A. See Beal, Grasses N. A. 2.

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United. States. 1885. Washington. 8°

Soc. Nat. Hist. 2.

U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. See U. S. Dept. Agric.
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Div. Bot. Bul. See U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot.
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Rept. Wheeler’s Surv. See U. S. Geog. Surv. W.
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and Hack. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. Vasry and HAcKEL,
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and Scribn. Bot. Gaz. Vasry and Scrispner, F. LAMson-.
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Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. See Contr. U.S. Natl.

Herb. 78. 3

Vill. Prosp. Vitiar, Dominique. Prospectis de l’histoire des
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Wahl. Fl. Lapp. WaAxLENBERG, GORAN. Flora lapponica.
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Walt. Fl. Car. Watrer, THomas. Flora Caroliniana. * *
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Wats. S. Bot. Calif. Watson, Sereno. Botany of California.
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*

Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. See Proc. Portland

a a

193

Wats. in King’s Explor. 40th Par. See King’s Explor. 40th
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in Gray, Man. Bot. See Gray, Man. Bot. ed. 6.

Wilkes’ U. S. Explor. Exped. United States Exploring Ex-
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Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Vol. XVII. Botany—I, Lower
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Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Neue Schrift. WuiLupENow, Karu
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Sp. Pl. Caroli Linnei. Speciesplantarum. Editio quarta,

post Reichardianam quinta, adjectis vegetabilibus hucusque

cognitis, curante C. L. Willdenow. 1. 1797. 4. 1805.

Berolini. 8°.

Enum. Enumeratio plantarum horti regii botanici Bero-
linensis, continens descriptiones omnium vegetabilium in
horto dicto cultorum. 1809. Berolini. 8°.

With. Bot. Arr. Br. Pl. WiurTHeErRING, WILLIAM. A botanical
arrangement of all the vegetables naturally growing in Great
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1796. Ed.3. Birmingham. 8°.

Wood, Classbook. Woop, AtpHonso. A Classbook of Botany.
(New ed.) 1861. New York. 8°.

Zea, Act. Matrit. Zra, Francisco Antonio. See Act. Matrit.
1806.

Zoe. Zoe; a biological journal. 4. 1890-91. San Francisco. 8°.

15444—No. 20-13

INDEX.

[Synonyms are in italics. ]

: Page.
RPIRU OTIS Rms tate, Senos sys ke era 167
/gopogon cenchroides ....-..---- 27
AETOp yO CeMeErTUM).. 222-2 4s4s506 162
PMT OSUNMOOO cline sss Laos = Se Geees 57
PNOMOS SAW erat Saini= 2 ose didn pate ee 80
Aunrcaryophylles,...../..222-2.26s5< 90
PAUGAUEOTAGS seo oh SS ee Le 143
AUQVeGUGUS: pravensis:s.. 2252-2 --2- 70
AMM ophila arenariae <<... 4.455522 83
Ammophila arundinacea ....------- 83
Amphicarpum purshii........-....- 30
PMOLOPOSONES .....2-0--52---2-9+- 15
Andropogon furcatus....---...----- 24
Andropogon provincialis.......--. 24
Am bhicenamtia, TULA... 01-7. ----+- 34
PemiEnoch| oa Colusama. = 92.24.25. - = 139
Anthoxanthum odoratum........- 55
MET SPlCA-VieMble 2s s.5 oc ase eee 89
ATECIVSTOStIS latifolia .=.7-s--2-!--% 78
AmISiadaolivantha)....2. 22.2 24226. 61
Arrhenathrum elatius..-=..-=-7- 95
Arundinaria macrosperma....---- 170
PACAINGH ONC OMAR) «15a 5<..tcporc Sais ose sle 2 125
PASMPenellapMVSbTEX 4022523252222 a5 = 168
AS D/GUG, S34 Soo Baa A eee ee aCe 168
AVHRO/DOS 2. S38 SG bos ata e Sse OO Dee 154
ANVG@INE@ES ah ee eRe eens Ame eres ae 87
OCLC, CUCU C RARE Ola Sar SEAS e oe ere ne 95
YAS OST TE A 0 Eh tee 94
JE 2UCO STONES fase a ss ee ga ee 169
Wea GM-PMASS is iass sete fee ee 83
Beardedishort-busk...2. 22-2222... - 66
HS CEURGEP MASS eters eiciee ee Wa ease 76
Beckmannia eruceeformis ......... 107
BERIMMUMIG AsOT ASS Ls Se Ne ea 99
SOMME SCT <Sice See Seon ce ae 24
Blepharidachne kingii............ 127
Blepharoneuron tricholepis ......- 74
UNCP UTI Ve ae ascites ee En 106
ESO WULEROTUSMN eee Fh. ps ene eee 168
Bouteloua oligostachya .........-. 106
Brachyelytrum aristatum ...--.---.- 66
Brachyelytrum erectum .......... 66
PMU eMC OTA s Ake heals ee 144
IBTOMMMS SCCAlIMUS 4. = a522 26 esee = 156

Page.
Buchloé dactyloides ......-..-.-.-.- 111
IBUtialO-S7T assis! Meee eee eels aie 111
Bulpilisidactyloidess ss 5 sens i713
Calamagrostis langsdorfii.......... 82.
Calamovilfa brevipilis ............ 84
Campulosus aromaticus ..........- 101
(CEOS 5 35 a8 SIG eae ee ita NE 170
Copimiola, actyloite.:-- se se eee eee 99
Catiabrosavaquatiea... 22524555 ss0e6 137
Cathestecum prostratum ...../...- 119
Cenchrus tribuloides ........ petites a (0)
Cheatochiloayelaucas =... see sees 39
Cheaiipeestnpwt ea 2) ooo. ee 156
Wihiesstteereme yn eo 2. cae 156
Chilorideastarnie si: = 00). eave 97
CRUOMISKOD Omer ante Ge 2 ela 102
Chilonicielemamsasicus6 425. eee 102
CinnacarunGdinaces.... ....52.25254 79
Couslachinymea-jObl 222255. 5 sass 14
COLEOMUCTUSIS GULLS ae See 71
Cotpodvum latifolium. .2.- 222822. 78
Colpodium pendulinum........... 149
GONUTICDUOTUS -o ar ee 91
COttarerasc ise eee aba sane 118
Cottea pappophoroides............ 118
Creeping beard-grass...........-.. 38
Creepine sReimanrias=sse es aes 32
CrOWHOO erases 28 cS ye ee 109
Crupsis SCRO@MOIES. 0.025252) cee ae 68
CLE CUNTNANTCTUCONID 2: ee 101
Cuml\pmesquiite eee saa ee 26
Cynodon dactylom s.---..L222- 562 99
CyMOSurUs CrIStauisies == 5 eee 146
Danthonia compressa ............- 96
Hactylis slqmeraia. aaa: sosee aoe 145
Dactyloctenium egyptium........ 109
WDECTASTASS Cais sere bere ate mien sege tere 75
Densely-flowered plume-grass .... 19
Deschampsia flexuosa............. 92
IQ COUMANGUC! CHIDHIBHOG) 5 3556254-0065- 140
LDL DUOCEG: eae Aer steerer cens oe ee 130
Dissanthelium ecalifornicum ...... 132
DISTIGMISS plCHhaee ast See eee 143
Wogis-taill-erasstsse. \ 6 eee See 146
DO WwiAyaOat-eTaSSe eee ee ae 93

195

196

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Dupontia psilosantha. ...........- 150
Ratonia pennsylvanica...........- 135
HalOMis Tass esc Case ce we coe eee 135
ECU SUMECORUGON Cet t aaeee 108
LINC C AAS ney. Se ey ee 108
Elionurus barbiculmis ............ 23
AB) YANN Sava OaLT CUS eee eee eee eee 166
LE OCUUTMIICEURULCLUT =e eee 133
HM plcamipesstisenssasee ss sea aee ee 75
Eragrostis pectinacea ...°......... 134
LORETO GMO ISVINOM. wossaacaacécesse5% WF
Hriinphus/compactus: 2.2. s-4eeeee 19
HnoOehloammollis -=-=55so-eee eee 36
ETLOCOMG sere oeine pas Geert os Nota 63
Buchleenamexdcander esses eree 11
EU auiah eee’. = See eee vi
Halse puitalo-orass seeeen eee eee 122
Heatherzerass) - 2 }eeeeseee ce coe et 110
Hestucarelanol sae 155
Pestucews sacs c +2 peepee epee eae cee 112
Fresh-water cord-grass.........--- 100
Gama eras se seep eee see ia Sears 18
Gastridium australe......-- Aen 81
Gastridium lendigerum ........... 81
GLY CORUA CORO CO meee tara 153
HP OUPUSOUNOL 3530 5 ps Oe 154
Golden=tOpMeeeeeee eee. s 22 -68252 147
GOOSCzSTASS Sapetectecie ne kicen tease 108
Granimceserernrmrie sass. Cen sae 7
Graphephorum melicoideum...-:. 152
GUCCI ea Se Macta t ae ead se ae 77
Gymnopogon ambiguus........... 104
GYyMNnopogon TACEMOSUS ...-.------- 104
Gymnostichyum hystriz.....-------- 168
Gynerium argenteum ....-........ 124
Hackelochloa granularis........-- 21
Heleochloa schoenoides ..... a stele 68
HT CIOMUS!s 525 2 ee Oe eee See 36
EV EROCRIOCOON COIS ee ae eee 56
Hilaria cenchroides.......... iets 26
Holeusmanatus/osssse saseeeereeeee 89
Homalocenchrus oryzoides........ 50
HMOndee 2-7. hoe aecee eee 157
Hordeum" boreaile==eeeseeeeee 165
By drochiloaaunianss= eee 44
loony oyereenie) INCOME | ye baocasse ee 16
Indian corneas ae ae. ee eee 12
TEC ee eee ees 79

JOD S bCATSSe eee soe eee ee eee ere 14
Kentucky blue-s1ass!2a4. 5 eeneeree 148
Kieslenaienistaid sess eeeoeeoeerere 136
Korean lawn-grass .............-.. 29
KOnyGarpUS Cle niGint see eee ' 140
LaQurvs OVeAtUSseses seat ee eee sete 86
Tamearekvaraireapee ssp eenaee scence 147
Langsdorf’s reed-bent ............. 82
LOPPaGO GUERO =n. eee eee haere 28
ECC Sin 2k ke CM eee en Oe 50

Page.
Leptochloa mucronata ..........--. 110
Mepsurds A liiorm Sa.) ee eee 160
Limnodea arkansana.............- 7
Tazard-tail-grass.... =: 22 see il
Polmum! perennes.2) 2... ses 159
Long-leafed Sporobolus ........... 73
Luziola alabamensis .............. 46
ivcurus phleoidess: sees ee eee 67
Manisuris' tessellata=as==es == 20
Marram-grass ...... avd oe eee 83 -
May des ... 22.52.25 10
Meadow-lescues-22—-ees= == ==saeee 155
foxtail . Ae e eee 70
Melice, Gl0vTG 2 -ee eee eee 138
Melica mutica 52-2 -= ese 138
Mili, eiiis uae see ee 64
Miscanthus japonicus ........ abe Uy)
Molinia ...5 0.2. Saco eee 133
Molinia, ¢seruleasaeeeese esas 133
Monanthochloé littoralis.......... 121
MOSS-8TaSS: 22. 222. ee cece eee 71
Muhlenbergia sylvatica. _._.. 2222. 69.
Munroa SquUaLtOsas==]2ee ese 122
Naked beard-grass = 55252252 eee 104
IN@TAUSIStRiCha. 22 sees e eee oa 1s
Naziaaliena:.. J: . ... eee 28
WVCOStAPIiG, COLUSANG 22-2 ee eee 139
INIt-STASS". .2...3222 kee eee eee 81
Nodding Colpodimimieessseeseeeee 149
Oplismenus hirtellus=se===eeeeeees 38
Orchard-barley <> 32s eee 168
SYaSS 2.2.2 eee 145
Orcutiia Calitoralca).= === 123
Orthopogom .---222--2 epee 38
Oryza Sativa... .2eoeeeeee eee ee 43
OLY Zee Lose Pee eee 43, 49
OryZOpsis CONAMENSIS ==. 22 -eee ee 63
Oryzopsis JUNGeas==.-eeee eee 63
Osterdamia metrellaysseeesesoeeeee 29
Osterdamice ...2..) 22 eeeeee eee 25
Pampas-giass-...2.. 2022 oe eee 124
Panicacese:-.<-..-.0.0)ossne eee eee 8
Panic ess = ssc oo) aoe eee 8, 30
Paniculania aquatica. seeeeee= 153
Panicum dactylon =. see eee 99
Panicum miliaceum), 22 ee. eee 37
Pappophorum wrightil...........- ily
Paspalum: leve-2: 2. -- eee 383
Pennisetum. Setosumy 72 y-cemeeeee rae
Phalarides. .-. 5.3. 12) geeee eee 53
PALS COTOLNLONG ase 54
intermedia 7-4. -eeeeeeee 54
Pharus latifolia 222s.) .-- eee eeee 45
Phippsia aleida 22-2. sees eee 72
Phileum!pratenses)--2- asses 69
Phragmites communis -..-.---2: . == 126
Phragmites vulgaris. .°.--.2222-.4- 126
Pleuropogon sabinils-22--eeeeeeee 141

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Page.
PIGOPOGON seas nin /5 as cinta cso leew iarales 67
IP OEKGERE BRR pE Ono aan Seeete Be crease 51
AMP ROLETISIS 352) ae clo cm. c2 oe See eels 148
Polypogon monspeliensis .......-- 76
OLCUPINE=STASS) = =... -- 422-62 =5- 62
Prarie Griple-a Wis -i-0----ce0- =.= = 61
Puccinellia maritima....:.---.---.- 154
UM LC-OMASS: secs cesses cose se bss. 117
MAKINO OTASSS . 22 hs Scones 144
Redfieldia flexuosa...-....-------- 131
AVE CITONGIS OTASS). ck 55): Se SS Nee ee 131
NEU ETO PMR am Selene eee mace Rees 80
Reed meadow-grass ....----------- 153
Reimaria oligostachya ......------ 32
TGS 6 Seco e eee eee eeee ror 49
GUE RASS a Soiree Se iistte ae eter 50
ROUDOGULUG LESSCULOLG . 2 2222-25256 - = 20
Rashomicextimothy=.=..22i2.2se-enes 68
IR WES 55560 CREO REE ee Ene ernrrers 163
IRV CRS SS Oe eee 159
Saccharum officinarum...-----.--- 18
SHllib CHCNE Se Yop e eee ee ee Pil
SING! Out? 5058s aoe ee eee 40°
Savastana odorata........---.----- 56
Schedonnardus paniculatus......- 105
Schmudbia subtilis. ).-...-....---.-. ph
Seleropogon breviiolius ........--- 120
Scolochiloa festucacea----2--.--:.- 151
Sempmeria, bolanderi . 22225)... - 161
MGaISMCUL=CTASS oleae ccee se seated. 154
SETA CSCS a eee ee 163
SACU PUGROLIICCISG SESE E Ee Cee as 39
Short-haired reed-grass........---- 84
Sieglingia decumbens. .......-..... 129
Silivery Halr=OTASS. .2..22.52-cieccet 90
SEAM SATU. o/c. soe cis ase 167
SlenaersDupOmiia ss... cass cs 150
amd serassy sea Sst deat. 160
mWVNCHE-STASSE Sse. 2b 162
SUC THES SUS oe eee eee 107
Small mountain-rice .............. 63
Smooth Paspalum’... 2. ..2-<-24-2-. 33
Some wooOlerass 222 2.25.5... 2882 36
Southern canary-grass ............ 54.
Spartina cynosuroides ............ 100
Sporobolus longifolius ............ 73
SEAM C=fOPs\se9e see se< sees wee 151
SiHDE) SORE SL Ieee es ie ee 62

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Stenotaphrum secundatum ....-..- 42
SUD ERE CHWS tie ie i eu te ee ed 18
SU TUGLOPUS TUM arse Sateen ye ae ee OT
SWeetvertal-orassieesss-eeee ee see 59
ACR ORMSIRASS — GogetesecobseocHoooe 95
Pailleray teenie OT aGS ees es ere 20
| RenmeseeOuit- ola sseese ee eee ae 96
Teosinibes ag sess es ee te rece WL
Tervell-orasshe tore ese eee ays ae seas 166
Mexamys Cral-SraAssmeee eee ae 105
[HOGILO Oe eee ee ao ae Seee 67

DUT OCP LOSS apne cP Se eee Tt
Tiina © Gllay eco eee ae eres ae a 69
INOOWORKOMEEIRASS = aoe cceosecec case 101
TEP QMS 2 Tate ans SoS eT ee 28
Trachypogon polymorphus....---- PAL
iiriehilonristasciculaitasaees see eee 103
SUNOCO CAC NOG noes 220 555655-5- 129
Triodia eragrostoides.......-.-.---- 128
Tripsacum. dactyloides......:.---- 13
MAIS OVER AM a sane sees see 130
Trisetum subspicatum..........--- 93
MIG GE PINCH yess, «2, <a 2 ae si ae 20
Aisne phant wwullerneessoaeasobaseoeassse 164
Matted sliair-enass. .=:/,. 2.2... -222s= 92
Uimiolaplatnboliae <2. a2 eee 142
Wem somassier a= a0 Sats. . Sapa eee 56
MEIVGteoiralssige sae conse sss alee 89
Waly GtRiGhOLGDUSE HS cr favs 3. crises 74
Weiter manlNGt yess 12sec cece AT
Waterwihorleerass.<)j20-..- 24250. 137
Weingertneria canescens ......--- 91
Western blady-grass.........------ 16
SWINTON encanta Se retree Spey ee 164
Wall oTaSSEG ey Bacal as aia ie ao) oi aeueeer 108
AWN oles cau eh ee ell, Pes ma ee Ee ee 64
WHE O atte cise hone tore cee ani 94
Wild ari@ eye see eee ecco Serie erates 48
Ware=bent 22 asbie o se eee eee. 158
Woodland drop-seed ........-..---- 65
Yai GsSTasseccs Bae. chad sae See 108
Yellow fox-tail......- Rant wet Woe. 39
ZGaNMAN S23 sti. acces = See eee 12
FAWANINEY, COORG: beac Seeeoccoocco5e 48
BOM TULULGICE Oe a= ae ee 47
Zizaniopsis miliacea ......-.---.-- 47
OU SOO TOUR OCCIUS <etad See mean ESE 29

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