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AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

PART IT. : ee

THE SERTULARIDE, ||

“WITH FORTY-ONE PLATES. i; dee

BY ; aoe.

CHARLES OLEVE! 4ND NUTTING, , . je aya
PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. : Bis
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CHARLES WESLEY MaARGITT
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SPECIAL BULLETIN.

AMERICAN HY DROIDS.

PA. Fee ps

WCE ER EAB Din
WITH FORTY-ONE PLATES.
BY

CHARLES CLEVELAND NUTTING,

PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF IOWA,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1904,

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work (Special Bulletin No. 4) is one of a series intended to illustrate the collections
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The publications of the National Museum consist of two series, the Bulletin and the Proceedings.

The Bulletin comprises complete technical works of considerable size, zoological mono-
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Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletin are referred to an advisory
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S. P. Laneixry,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Wasnineton, D. C., April 15, 1904.

a

INTRODUCTORS NOTH.

Almost all that was said in the introductory note to the first part of this work could truth-
fully be said here. At that time it was thought that the Plumularidee was a much larger family
than the Sertularide, and the author has been greatly surprised at the large number of species of
the latter family that he has been called upon to discuss in the following pages, and the extent
to which the literature on the subject is fragmentary and scattered will be apparent when it is
said that not more than 20 species of Sertularide from American waters have been mentioned
in any one publication up to the present time, while the present writer has found no less than
130 species that should be included in the American fauna.

This large number of species has been brought to light more through a careful scrutiny of
foreign publications than through the discovery of new species in the large collections that have
passed through the author’s hands, although the number of the latter is by no means small, amount-
ing to more than 30 new forms. The writer has thus been much impressed with the necessity of
bibliographic work, and, as a result, has presented as full a bibliography and as complete synon-
ymies of species as he has been able to secure. While this is true, it must be confessed that there
is much still to be desired in this direction, and that there are many papers that have not been
available for reference, as will be seen by consulting the list on page 148 of this work.

This bibliographic work has been greatly facilitated by courtesies from the authorities in
charge of the Library of Congress in Washington, and by the courtesy of my colleagues at home
and abroad, who have been generous in sending me their publications.

Almost all of the friends mentioned on page 2 of the first part of this work have continued
to render aid in the preparation of the second part, and in addition [ take pleasure in expressing
my gratitude to the following: :

To the Directors of the British Museum (Natural History) for portions of a number of Allman’s
types of the Challenger Sertularide; to Prof. G. M. R. Levinsen, of Copenhagen, for specimens,
literature, and advice; to Prof. D’Arey W. Thompson, of Dundee, for specimens and correspond-
ence; to Dr. Clemens Hartlaub for his valuable publications; to Prof. Maurice Bedot, of Geneva;
Dr. Kristine Bonnevie, of Christiania; Dr. Edward T. Browne, London, for literature; and Sir
William Dawson and Prof. J. F. Whiteaves, of the Canadian Geological Survey, for specimens.

Among my own countrymen I have the pleasure to acknowledge aid from the following, in
addition to those mentioned in the acknowledgments on page 2 of the first part of this work:
Hon. George M. Bowers, for facilities granted for investigation at the laboratory of the U.S.
Bureau of Fisheries, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts; to Prof. H.C. Bumpus for special favors at
the same place; to Prof. William E. Ritter, of the University of California, for specimens; to
Prof. Trevor Kincaid, of the University of Washington, for specimens; to Mrs. G. Gibbs for
specimens, and to Dr. Harry Beal Torrey, of the University of California, for literature.

The author also desires to acknowledge with gratitude the great service rendered by his
wife, and Prof. H. F. Wickham of the State University of Iowa, in verifying references and other
bibliographic work connected with the preparation of this section of the monograph.

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AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SE LOIN 2.— TE SHAE OLARLD 2

ERRATA.

Page 46, 7th line from top, cy/indritheca should be cylindrica.
Page 46, 2d line from bottom, tamariska should be tamarisca.
Page 46, 39th line from bottom, 77 should be 770.
Page 50, 7th line from bottom, sertularioides should be rathhuni.
Page 77, 30th line from top, a/ba should be albida.

Page 77, 4th line from bottom, guadridens should be quadrifida.

t=)
Page 102, last footnote, p. 1876 should be p. 221.

Lhird. Such investigations as have just been referred to led to a general understanding of
the morphology of the Hydroida as a whole, and, as the Sertularide offered little that appeared
to be novel, that family was naturally passed by in favor of groups offering more interesting,
because more novel, structures for investigation.

The writers who have contributed most to our knowledge of the morphology of this family,
purely systematic work being excluded, are the following: Louis Agassiz, who gives an excellent
and superbly illustrated account of Sertularia pumila;* Allman,‘ who discusses the gonosome of

? American Hydroids. Part I, The Plumularide, 1900, p. 3.
? While this is true when the Sertularidee and Plumularidee are compared, it by no means follows that the
Sertularidse are of low rank when compared with the hydroids in general. Indeed, quite the opposite is true if we
admit the view now very generally adopted that the sessile gonophores represent degraded meduse. This matter,
howeyer, will be discussed later.

’ Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, IV, 1862, p. 326.

*Monograph of the Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 50.

AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

ShOPION 2.-THE SHRLULARID As.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE SERTULARID.

As indicated in the first part of this work’ it is the intention to defer the general discussion
of the morphology of the order to the last part. In accordance with this plan nothing will
be discussed here except those structures which are peculiar to the Sertularidee, or those which,
while shared by other forms, still furnish peculiarities upon which diagnostic features can be
based. In the former category will be included the operculum, although this structure is found
in the Campanulinidie, and under the latter head will be discussed other features, particularly
the stem, the hydranths, the hydrothece, and the gonangia.

A little study will make it evident that the Sertularide contain few characteristic structures,
at least as compared with the Plumularid, and that the family is therefore lower in the
zoological scale.” It has therefore not received the attention from the morphologists that has
been paid other groups. Indeed, it appears to have received less careful study than any of the
other large groups of the Hydroida, and there are surprisingly few papers that more than touch
on the morphology of this family. At first sight this seems rather strange, especially when we
remember that this is the longest known and most familiar family of the order. This lack of
interest is probably due mainly to the following reasons:

First. The earlier naturalists were nearly all of them systematists rather than morphologists,
and studied the more superficial characters.

Second. When effective morphological investigation became practicable by the introduction
of microscopical and histological technic, investigators became interested in the larger forms
with larger and more conspicuous hydranths, as in the gymnoblastic forms, or the beautiful and
wonderful meduse attracted their attention, and their investigations were thus led to the colonies
which produced the free meduse; or the nematophores and conspicuous features of the gonosome
of the Plumularid lured the student to the scrutiny of these intensely interesting structures.

Third. Such investigations as have just been referred to led to a general understanding of
the morphology of the Hydroida as a whole, and, as the Sertularide offered little that appeared
to be novel, that family was naturally passed by in favor of groups offering more interesting,
because more novel, structures for investigation.

The writers who have contributed most to our knowledge of the morphology of this family,
purely systematic work being excluded, are the following: Louis Agassiz, who gives an excellent
and superbly illustrated account of Sertularia pumila;* Allman,‘ who discusses the gonosome of

>

‘American Hydroids. Part I, The Plumularide, 1900, p. 3.

? While this is true when the Sertularidse and Plumularidze are compared, it by no means follows that the
Sertularidse are of low rank when compared with the hydroids in general. Indeed, quite the opposite is true if we
admit the view now very generally adopted that the sessile gonophores represent degraded medusee. This matter,
however, will be discussed later.

’ Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, IV, 1862, p. 326.

* Monograph of the Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 50.

4 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Sertularia pumila and of Diphasia rosacea; Thallwitz* describes the origin of the sex cells
in Sertularela polyzonias; de Varenne® published a careful account of the reproduction of
Sertularia pumila; Allman, in the introduction to his Report on the Challenger Hydroids,
discussed the gonosome of Synthecium (p. xxv), and the origin of the sex cells in Sertularia
pumila (p. Xxxit); Levinsen carried on important investigations regarding the operculum,
and published the results in 1892 and 1893;*° Hartlaub, in his masterly work,* discusses
some morphological problems, such as the operculum, hydrothecal teeth, and gonosome of
Sertularella, although these discussions are merely incidental to the main purpose of the work,
which is almost purely systematic.
One of my students, Mr. J. H. Paarmann, has done some excellent work, which has not been
published, on the operculum. To these works I shall have frequent occasion to refer.

TROPHOSOME.

The general form of the colony in Sertularid is pinnate, the branches usually being on
opposite sides of the main stem, the branches themselves being opposite or alternate. Simple,
noncolonial forms are entirely lacking in this group, there being no such a thing as a mature
hydranth with its hydrotheca entirely independent of others,’ as is found frequently in the
campanularians among the Calypteroblastea, and a number of tubularians among the Gymno-
blastea. As a result we find the usual outcome of the communistic idea, the subserviency of the
individual to the colony as a whole, and a tendency toward a bilateral rather than a radial
arrangement of branches. This may account for the fact that nowhere among the Sertularide
do we find a true verticillate arrangement of the branches, such as is found among the Campanu-
laridee in Campanwaria verticillata, and among the Plumularide in Antennularia antennina.
There are, however, a number of cases where the branches spring from all sides of the stem, as
in several species of Ziuiaria. In these cases we have the pinnate arrangement of branches
modified by torsion into a spiral which may be rendered more or less obscure by the irregularity
of the branching, but which is quite evident in Zhwiaria thuja, for instance. A more open
spiral is found in a number of species, illustrated by the very graceful colony of Sertwlaria
argentea and Hydrallmania falcata. Unbranched colonies are uncommon in this family, although
seyeral are found in Sertularia, especially in the Desmoscyphus group, as, for instance, S. stookey?
(Plate V, fig. 6), and in the genus Sertularella several of the rugosa group, as, for instance,
S. rugosa, ave often unbranched. :

Among the Sertularide are found the only species of hydroids that have regularly anasto-
mosing branches, which sometimes form a rude mesh or network, as in Dictyocladium flabellum ;
and here also occur the only examples of hydrothecal branch origins that I have seen in the
order. This is illustrated in the genus Zhecocladium, not represented in American waters, and
also by sporadic cases which are not infrequent in the genus Sertularella, as, for example, S.
dentifera Torrey (Plate XXV, fig. 1) and Abietinaria gracilis Nutting (Plate XXXYV, fig. 1).
In all probability, however, this occurs occasionally in other groups, such as the Campanularide,
although the present writer has not seen it there.

In size no sertularian yet reported reaches the maximum found among the Plumularide.
(See Part I, p. 4.) The largest colonies that I have seen were those of Thwiaria cupressina,
that attain a height of about 18 inches under favorable conditions. Kirchenpauer, however,
reports specimens from the mouth of the Elbe that are 2 feet in height.’ This is perhaps the
maximum size reported for any sertularian. As a rule they are very much smaller, from 1
to 4 inches being the ordinary proportions. Many, of course, are much smaller than the

1 Jenaische Zeitschrift, X VIII, 1885, p. 426.

* Recherches sur la reproduction des Polypes Hydraires, 1882, p. 27.

8 Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhayn, 1892, p. 22, and 1893, p. 41 et seq.

“Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, pp. 10-12.

°An apparent exception to this statement is found in the case of Sertularella solitaria, a new species described
beyond, which bears single hydranths on pedicels. It is possible, however, that the single known specimen may be
immature and that the adult colony may resemble that of S. fusiformis.

°See Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 272.

THE SERTULARID®. 5

minimum just given. Mature specimens of Pasythea quadridentata, for instance, are sometimes
less than one-fourth of an inch in height. It must be remembered, however, that height is not
necessarily a true criterion of the actual size of the colonies. Dr. Dall found a specimen of
Abietinaria gigantea which consisted of 350 shoots, averaging 6 inches in length, estimated to
contain 1,000,000 individual hydranths.*

The Stem.—In by far the greater number of Sertularide the stem is a perfectly simple
structure, being monosiphonie (consisting of a single tube), composed of the normal histological
layers as found in the hydroids, divided into more or less regular internodes. The regularity of
the latter, however, is greater among the Plumularide than in the family under discussion.
There are but two departures from this simple type of stem that are of suflicient importance to
demand attention here. These are—

(a) The fascicled stem, as illustrated in Sertularella gay. (Fig. 1). This consists of an
ageregation of tubes that are closely adherent so as to form a compound stem made up of
numerous tubes. There is a difference, which we will find to be more apparent than real,
between the fascicled stem as found in the Sertularide and that found in many Plumularide and
discussed in the first part of this work (pp. 4-8), where there is a central or axial tube from
which arise all of the branches and a number of peripheral tubes that do not give origin to
branches or hydrocladia,* and therefore it (the axial tube) has received the name ‘* hydrocladiate
tube.” In Sertularella gay? this state of affairs does not appear to exist. On the contrary, the
branches seem to arise from almost any of these tubes which compose the fascicled stem. In fig. 1
we have a portion of the stem which has been boiled in potash to loosen the connection between
the tubes 7m s/tu. The upper part has been dissected with needles, so that the component tubes
are separated. It is readily seen that the branches bearing hydrothece arise from several of the
tubes instead of one. Sometimes these tubes seem to originate from one of the branches, as at @
in the figure, and pass downward, giving off another branch, as at 4. Again, one of the tubes can
be traced for a long distance without giving any indication of branches. An examination of the
point of attachment of this same specimen shows that the hydrorhiza appears to be made up of a
continuation of these same tubes, which simply separate to form individual rootlets. I have
elsewhere * shown that these hydrocladia and hydrorhizal elements are homologous in the Plumu-
laride, and the same thing appears to be true here, and in some instances it is perfectly clear
that the hydrorhizal elements are modified hydrocladia.

A further dissection of this specimen, represented in fig. 2, clearly reveals that this is con-
stantly true in S. gay?.. By carefully dissecting out the tube @ ¢ we find that it continues
downward through the stem and is hydrothecate throughout, although the hydrothece are
completely covered by the other tubes when in normal relation, being axial in the polysiphonic
stem. We will therefore call it the axial tube. From the bases of the hydrothec on this axial
tube are given off branches which pass downward in the form of tubes and in their normal
relations form the accessory or peripheral tubes of the fascicled stem. (Fig. 2,¢,@). We thus find
that the accessory tubes are merely modified hydrocladia arising, as do the normal hydrocladia,
from the bases of the hydrothecx. Some of these accessory tubes thus formed give origin to
other branches bearing hydrothece a long distance below the actual origin of the tube.
(Fig. 2, ¢c.) It thus appears that all of the branches arise either directly (fig. 2, 4) or indirectly
from the axial tube, the difference being that in the latter case they arise from accessory tubes
that are themselves really modified hydrocladia.

This discovery is of great morphological and systematic importance, because it gives us a clue
to the real origin of the accessory or peripheral tubes, a matter not hitherto explained in a satis-
factory manner, so far as I know, although I have found the same condition of affairs in the
plumularian Cladocarpus paradisea* and in a species of Thecocarpus, but did not at that time see
the full significance of the fact.

1Clark, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 230.

2The term ‘‘hydrocladia”’ as applied to the Plumularidze signifies the ultimate branches which bear the hydro-
thecie. It is not ordinarily used in connection with other groups.

5See Part I, p. 7.

4See Part I, p. 6.

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6 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

By tracing downward some of these accessory tubes it is found that they end in hydrorhizal
elements.

With these facts before us the entire manner of growth of such a fascicled stem becomes
clear. The planula attaches itself, forms the primary hydranth, and. grows upward in the form

THE FASCICLED AND CANALICULATED STEM OF THE SERTULARID#.

Fig. 1.—Fascicled stem of Sertularella gayi, partly dissected to show the origin of the peripheral tube (a), and the origin of a branch
from the peripheral tube (b).

Fig. 2.—The same specimen with the axial tube (a t) dissected out. a, a, peripheral tubes dissected out springing from the bases of
hydrothece; at, the axial tube; b, origin of branch; ¢, origin of branch from peripheral tube.

Fig. 3.—Part of distal portion of colony, more highly magnified, showing origins of peripheral tubes at a, a.

Fig. 4.—A single hydrotheca, greatly magnified, showing origin of peripheral tube at a.

Fig. 5.—Part of stem of Selaginopsis ornata, showing the extensive canaliculation of the ccenosare; the dotted portions represent the
coenosarcal canals.

Fig. 6.—A branch of the same specimen, showing regular arrangement of the ecenosarcal canals.

of an ordinary monosiphonic stem. It gives forth branches from the bases of the hydrothecs
which at first form ordinary branches. As the colony becomes larger some of the branches turn
immediately downward, become agglutinated to the original monosiphonic stem (now becoming
the axial tube), and finally form a bundle of tubes which entirely conceals the axial tube and its

THE SERTULARID. 7

hydrothecz, so that the presence of the latter would not be suspected without dissection. These
branches (now become accessory tubes) themselves give off branches and pass on downward to
the base of the stem, where they spread for a short distance over the base of attachment and
function as hydrorhizal elements. We are thus able to homologize the ordinary stem of a
fascicled sertularian with the apparently very different stem of some of the Plumularide. The
axial tube of the sertularian is thus strictly homologous with the ‘‘ hydrocladiate tube” of the
plumularian.

But we can extend this homology much further, and find that it will apply to the perisiphonic
stem upon which Allman bases his family Perisiphonide. That writer says: !

There is among the Calyptoblastie Hydroids no more natural and distinctly defined family than that of the
Perisiphonide. The remarkable structure of the trophosome with its axial hydrotheca-bearing tube enveloped by
the peripheral fascicle is, except in Grammaria, quite unknown in any other group; for this condition must not be
confounded with the fasciculation of the stem which occurs in many Plumularinze and is common in /Talecium,
Sertularia, Thuiaria, and other genera, in which the component tubes are not divisible into an axial tube which
carries the hydrothece and peripheral tubes which are destitute of hydrothece.

Our investigation of the stem of Sertularella gay’, however, has demonstrated that this
species has just as clearly defined an axial stem as any of the Perisiphonidwe of Allman, the main
difference being that the hydrothecze on the axial tube are completely hidden in 8. gay/, while
they project between the peripheral tubes and open on the exterior in the Perisiphonide. But
even this distinction disappears when we examine the stem of S. gay/ near the point where the
axial tube emerges from the fascicled portion to continue upward as a simple monosiphoniec stem.
(See figs. 83and 4.) That portion of the stem which bears the hydrothecwe answers precisely to
Allman’s definition of the state of affairs in the Perisiphonid. Here the axial tube alone bears
hydrothec, and the latter bear exactly the same relation to the peripheral tubes as they do in
Perisiphonia, for instance. In this figure the origin of the peripheral tubes is plainly seen at a,
a, and the relation of the component parts is not in any way disturbed by dissection, as is the
case in the other figures.

Only one other sertularian with a fascicled stem is available to me for dissection, and that is
Sertularella megastoma Nutting, which shows the same features of axial and peripheral tubes
and the same origin for the latter as have been described at length for Sertularella gayi. Sertu-
larella catena, S. lata, S. pinnigera, and S. tropica also have fascicled stems; but my specimens
of the first two are too small to admit of dissection for this purpose, and I have not seen
specimens of the others.

In none of these cases does there seem to be any cross connection between the various tubes
such as is found in certain of the Plumularide* nor does there seem to be any sarcodal connection
except at the point of origin of each tube. The tubes seem to adhere together by virtue of the
gelatinous consistency of the chitin of which their walls are formed.

(4) Stems with ccenosarcal canals are found in a few Sertularidw. Morphologically these
do not appear to differ appreciably from those found in the plumularian genus Anfennularia.*
This feature is not always apparent, even when present, and in specimens that have been poorly
preserved all trace of it sometimes disappears. ‘The best illustration that I have seen among the
Sertularide is found in the genus Se/aginopsis. In a new species described beyond, S. ornata,
the ccenosarcal canals are very regular and symmetrical, there being four canals in each branch,
one canal to each of the four rows of hydrothec, and frequent and regularly spaced cross-
connections between the canals themselves form a ladder-like structure, with a round of the ladder
beneath each hydrotheca. (See fig. 6.) In the main stem of this same species there is an exceed-
ingly complex system of anastomosing canals that does not exhibit the regularity of arrangement
found in the branches. (See fig. 5.)

The mode of origin of the canaliculated ccenosare is not well understood. Allman’s inyesti-
gations of these canals‘ in Antennularia would lead one to suppose that the young colony has at

1 Challenger Report, the Hydroida, Second Part, 1888, p. 32.

*See Part I, p. 5.

3See Part I, p. 5, fig. 1.

*Gymnoblastic Hydroids, 1871, p. 126. See also Part I of this work, p. 4.

8 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

first an ordinary monosiphonic stem, and that the canaliculations are formed by portions of this
common ccenosare becoming surrounded by tubes of chitin, leaving the center of the stem
entirely vacant, the canals being peripheral. I am not satisfied, however, that each of these
canals 1s surrounded by perisare.

The Branches.—There is but little that is characteristic to be found in the branches of the
Sertularide. Their disposition has already been discussed. They never become highly special-
ized to form protective structures for the passive or active defense of the gonophores, as they so
often do in the Plumularidxe, where they form the curious phylactoearps. They do, however,
become modified to form accessory tubes in the fascicled stem, as we have seen, and they often
become tendril-like at their distal ends and clasp
other branches so as to form anastomoses and
sometimes a flabellate structure, as in the genus
Dictyocladiumn.

There appear to be two methods by which
the attachment of these new tendril-like branches
is formed. In DP. dichotoma, ‘* when a branch
is destined to form a union of this kind its distal
extremity becomes elongated into a tendril-like
continuation destitute of hydrothece. When
this meets a neighboring branch, the end of the
tendril unites with a branch, not however with
any part of the surface of the branch indiffer-
ently, but, directing itself toward the orifice of a
hydrotheca, it here attaches itself, its axis be-
coming directly continuous with that of a hydro-
| theca.”* In the only other species of the genus
thus far discovered, 2. jlabellum Nutting, the
| connection is formed much more simply. The
| tip of the tendril-like process grows around the
| branch that it meets and clasps it very much as
does the tendril of a vine. (Fig. 7.) The adhe-
sion is quite strong and permanent, and the clasp-
ing portion of the tendril may become eyentu-
ally embedded in the branch so as to be hard to
see, being indicated merely by a swollen area

THE ANASTOMOSIS OF BRANCHES IN DICTYOCLADIUM. over the original point of contact. Sometimes
Fig. 7.—Tip of branch of Dictyocladium flabellum clasping another the growing tip upon meeting a b ranch spreads

branch, out in lobular projections, thus increasing the

Fig. 8.—Another branch termination which forms lobe-like pro- 5 a . . 7 zs

FeReee CGM oeEE ai Or atta clenent to anoELen Daanicls extent of the surface of adhesion, as in fig. 8.

This same method of joining different branches

is found quite commonly in several species of Sertu/arella, especially those of a straggling habit
of growth, such as S. dichotoma and S. elegans.

A merely temporary joining of the tips of hydrocladia has been reported in the case of a
species of Ag/aophenia.* This, however, seems to be for an altogether different purpose from
the one subserved in the examples described above, and served to join two colonies, apparently
for the purpose of conjugation.

I have seen no sertularians, aside from the genera Sertularella and Dictyocladium, in which
anastomoses of branches occur, except perhaps as a rare abnormality.

The Iydranth.—1 have been unable to find any evidence of the hydranth being studied with
‘are in any sertularian, at least since modern histological technic became available. Without
this aid, however, Louis Agassiz was able to make out most of the essential points, even of histo-

‘Allman, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Second Part, 1885, p. 77. 2See Part I, p. 45.

THE SERTULARIDA. 9

logical structure, especially in the matter of the relation of the cell layers. Indeed, the more one
studies his masterly work the more profound becomes the conviction that a careful and thorough
use of good powers of observation and interpretation applied to living or at least fresh material’
is capable of yielding results that will bear comparison with those attained with the use of the
most advanced technic.

The writer does not believe that any worker has done more to elucidate the entire subject of
hydroid morphology, at least in the groups investigated by the older Agassiz, than has that writer
himself. His is the only good description that I have been able to find of the sertularian
hydranth.' The subject of one of his care-
ful studies is the common Sertularia pu-
mila, and he reports the following points
regarding the hydranth:* The ccenosare of
the stem consists of two cell layers. In the
stem this is of uniform thickness to a point
just below the hydrothecse, where it ex-
pands on two opposite sides, giving off
cylindrical extensions which are uniform in
diameter and pass through the diaphragm
at the base of the hydrotheca, traverse the
length of the latter, and terminate in a
simple, short, conical proboscis, around
which a single row of slender, tapering ten-
tacles, usually sixteen in number, is dis-
posed in a uniform series. The extended
hydranth has no thicker ectoderm than in
the main stem, but the endoderm is twice
as thick, although the ectoderm and endo-
derm are about equal in the stem. The
ectoderm of the body wall is connected in
places with the hydrothecal wall by film-
like projections or pseudopodial prolonga-
tions.

So far as the present writer has been
able to ascertain, the hydranths of all of the
Sertularide are yery similar to those of |
S. pumila, having a conical or dome-shaped
proboscis and a single whorl of filiform |
tentacles. (Fig. 9.) It is seldom that the |
hydranth can be studied to advantage in : iG
preserved specimens, as they are usually —Fig.9—Hydrotheca and expanded hydranth of Sertularia pumila. 0, oper-
either in a state of contraction or have been een nee iranth, SS Sl aeeate eee
macerated or in some way disintegrated
in the preserving fluid. If care is taken, however, it is possible to preserve expanded hydranths
of shallow:water forms by the methods of killing recently devised. It seems useless to expect
that we shall ever be able to study the living and expanded hydranths of deep-water species.

Asindicated in Part I of this work,* there is but little difference between the hydranths of
the Plumularide and Sertularide, the main distinction being in a constriction some distance
below the tentacles of the former which divides the hydranth body cavity into two portions,
which, however, communicate broadly.

1Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, IV, 1862, pp. 328-329, pl. xxxit.

2The terminology used by Professor Agassiz is so different from that now in vogue that I have thought it best to
give the following points in more modern phraseology for the sake of lucidity.

* Page 9.

10 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

There are certain special features of the hydranth in this group, however, that are worthy of
presentation, one of which is what may be called the protractor of the hydranth. This is a band
of tissue, probably ectodermal, that originates from a point on the hydranth body about halfway
between the tentacles and base on the abcauline side and passes obliquely upward and outward till it
meets the inner surface of the abcauline wall of the hydrotheca, where it is firmly attached. (See
figs. 10, 11,12). Itis obvious that a contraction of this band would aid in the protraction of the
hydranth, and also in the initial stages of its retraction. The best examples of this structure
that I have seen are in certain species of Sertularella, as S. magellanica (fig. 10), S. levinsent
(fig. 11), and S. megastoma (fig. 12). Hartlaub, in discussing this structure,’ says that it is
formed before the differentiation of the tentacles and is evident upon the first withdrawal of the
hydranth, and that in many species this band of attachment (*‘ Haftzipfel”) makes a mark as if it
were a septum instead of a band, which divides the dorsal (abcauline) part of the hydrotheca into
two chambers. That portion of the hydranth body wall to which the band is attached-seems to

RETRACTED HYDRANTHS, SHOWING PROTRACTORS.

Fig. 10.—Sertularella magellanica. (p, protractor; 7, retractor; s, septum.
Fig. 11.—Sertularella levinseni (lettering the same).
Fig. 12.—Sertularella megastoma (lettering the same).

be stretched outward into a hernia-like protuberance which contains a sack-like divarication of
the hydranth body cavity. To this latter Hartlaub has given the name ‘‘ Blindsack.” (Fig. 13, 6s.)

In the material at my disposal it is difficult to ascertain the relationships of the various parts
in the proximal end of the liydranth and bottom portion of the hydrotheca. In many species of
Sertularella the septum at the bottom of the hydrotheca extends more than halfway across from
the adcauline to the abcauline side, leaving an aperture that is unsymmetrically placed, being on
the abcauline portion of the bottom of the hydrotheca. The connection between the hydranth
and the sarcode of the stem passes through this aperture. (Fig. 14s ¢.)

It appears that a large portion of the bottom of the hydranth is permanently attached to the
septum, and this part of the bydranth corresponds to the foot of the hydra. At times this
portion of the foot seems to be muscle-like in function and to work in opposition to the protractor
mentioned above. It thus serves functionally as a retractor muscle, and secures its point of resist-
ance on the upper side or face of the septum. This condition of affairs seems to be common in
those species that have a well-developed protractor on the abcauline side, and this fact would seem
to support the view that it works functionally in opposition to the latter.

Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, pp. 10, 11.

THE SERTULARID. ~ 11

The blind sack is very well shown in Adjetinaria abictina (figs. 13-16), where it is perfectly
evident that it is a hernia-like protuberance from the body wall of the hydranth which is attached
to the hydrothecal wall by a band of ectodermal tissue. That the structures just described are
very widely distributed among the Sertularide is proved by the fact that I have found them in
one or more typical species of the following genera: Thudaria, Sertularia, Synthecium, Hydrall-

LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS OF RETRACTED HYDRANTHS.

Fig. 13.—Abietinaria abietina. bs, blind sack. Y

Fig. 14.—Sertularia versluysi. s c, sarcodal connection between the hydranth and the stem; p, protractor.
Fig. 15.—Thuiaria robusta. bs, blind sack.

Fig. 16.—Abietinaria traski. bs, blind sack.

mania, Selaginopsis, Diphasia, Abietinaria, Dictyocladium, and Sertularella. In Sertularia
pumila there are apparently two protractors on opposite sides of the hydranth. (See fig. 9,
p. 9.) These may be the structures referred to by Louis Agassiz as ‘‘film-like projections or
pseudopodial prolongations” by which the ectoderm of the body wall is connected with the
wall of the hydrotheca. A still more striking case in which two protractors are present is found
in Diphasia digitalis. (See fig. 17.)

12 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Hartlaub! says that he has seen the blind sack filled with food particles, and suggests that it
may function as the stomach of the hydranth. It is not improbable that it may share this
function with the rest of the body cavity of which it is merely a divarication, but I see no proof
that it assumes the full burden of the digestive function. This writer also calls attention to the
fact that the adcauline wall of the sack has an endodermal lining of columnar epithelium like
that of the body cavity in general, while the abcauline wall is lined with ordinary endodermal
cells. (Fig. 15.) He suggests that the blind sack may have something to do with the renewal of
the hydranth, but does not support this suggestion with any definite proof. He doubtless infers
that the undifferentiated endoderm of the sack must be capable of some function other than that
performed by the columnar epithelium, and this may have given rise to the suggestion regarding
the connection between the blind sack and regeneration. He says that this structure is absent
from the Campanularide in general, and believes that it constitutes a good systematic character
by which that group may be separated from the Sertularide. It is doubtless true that this
important structure has been altogether too much neglected by systematists. The present writer,
however, desires to make a critical study of it in connection with the other groups before adopt-
ing it as a criterion for the division of family groups.

In several species of Sertularclla, as S. dichotoma, and in the Desmoscyphus group of
Sertularia, there is an internal ridge on the abcauline wall of the hydrotheca that corresponds
to the intrathecal ridge in the Plumularidie and appears to be for the firmer anchorage of the
protractor. (Fig. 20, 7.)

But one other feature pertaining to the hydranth need be discussed here, and that is the
structures that are supposed to be muscles for the closing of the operculum. I have been unable
to find them as a constant feature in any one species. Hartlaub figures them as present in
Sertularella gayi*, but they are certainly not at all constant in that species.

While I have found a number of cases which I at first was inclined to consider as opercular
muscles, they were found on closer examination to end on the margin of the hydrotheca, and not
to reach the operculum at all. In such cases it is reasonable to interpret the structures rather as
protractors than as opercular muscles. (See figs. 17-19, 0 m.) In other cases the muscular bands
end freely in the upper part of the hydrotheeal cavity, as if they had been torn from their attach-
ments. These may be opercular muscles, but until they are found connected directly and
definitely with the operculum the writer believes that it is wisest to refrain from ascribing to
them a definite function in connection with the opercula. It must be remembered that the
hydranths at times send forth all sorts of projections from the ectoderm toward the hydrothecal
walls, and doubtless these are occasionally attached to the operculum. But we have as yet no
evidence that such attachments are permanent or constant, as are the protractors described above.
Hartlaub, who copied the figure mentioned above from Allman, is not at all convinced that there
are such things as retractors of the opercula, and suggests that Allman was mistaken in his
interpretation, as it often happens that one or more tentacles of a retracted hydranth remain with
their tips attached to the opercula. The present writer has not seen instances of this. In one
case (fig. 18) there is a structure that looks a good deal like a retractor of the operculum. The
figure was taken from a section, and it appears that the long sareodal process from the hydranth
is directly attached to the operculum, but it may not be a retractor at all, but simply one of the
many processes thrown out by the hydranth under certain conditions, particularly when the latter
is about to begin the process of disintegration. The mechanical necessity for retractors to the
operculum does not seem at all evident. The valves are so arranged that they would naturally
fall back into place upon the retraction of the hydranth, and this action is probably aided and
hastened by the elasticity of the chitinous material of which they are composed.

In size the Sertularian hydranth does not differ appreciably from that of the Plumularid,
although they average somewhat larger. Although they are almost always retracted in preserved
specimens they are still available for study, while those of the plumularians are usually entirely
absent in specimens preserved in alcohol or formalin. Hartlaub says that the proboscis is

1 Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 11.

THE SERTULARID. 138

trumpet-shaped in well-preserved specimens, but I have not been able to verify this observation;
and those specimens that I have seen alive, as S. pumila and S. cornicina, have invariably had
true conical proboscides like those of the Plumularide. I have also seen the expanded living
hydranths of Sertularella polyzonias and Thuiaria argentea, and here, too, the proboscis was
conical.

The Hydrothece.—A\\ of the Sertularidie being colonial forms the individuals, as already
indicated, are subordinate to the colony asa whole. None of the hydrothece in this group are
furnished with pedicels of any considerable length,' and the sessile condition has resulted in a
true bilateral symmetry that seems to be universal in this family and the Plumularide. The

THE SO-CALLED ‘‘OPERCULAR MUSCLES.”

Fig. 17.—Diphasia digitalis. om, opercular muscle.

Fig. 18.—Thuiaria sp. om, opercular muscle.

Fig. 19.—Sertularella megastoma. om, opercular muscle; r, retractor muscle.
Fig. 20.—Hydrotheea of Sertularia versluysi, showing intrathecal ridge at r.

reason for this seems to be that the stems and branches upon which the hydrothecz are sessile
are in general more or less erect, or at least not horizontal in position. The normal posture of
the hydranth is erect or nearly so, the mouth being directed upward.

Hence the axis of the hydrotheca forms an acute angle with that of the stem or branch upon
which it grows, and as a result the adcauline side tends to be shorter than the abeauline. In
other words the posture of the hydranth determines the inclination of the hydrotheca in the
Sertularide, while the flexibility of the pedicel in the Campanularide permits the hydranth to
be directed upward without disturbing the radial symmetry of the hydrotheca. It thus comes
about that the sertularian hydrotheca tends to assume a symmetry that is bilateral rather than

"If the Sertularella solitaria described in this work (see Plate XX, figs. 10, 11) is adult, as seems altogether likely,
it would be an exception to this statement, as the hydrothec:e in this species have pedicels of considerable length.

14 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

radial. Of course this symmetry is often interfered with, particularly where the hydrotheca
has a curve that is not in the vertical plane, as is the case with many species in which the hydro-
thece curve forward as well as outward and upward, as Sertularella pinnata (Plate XX1I,
fig. 10), and S. al/mani (Plate XVIII, fig. 3). Again the implantation of the hydrotheca may
be upon the front rather than upon the sides of the stem, and thus we have a difference
between the front and back, as well as between the adcauline and abcauline sides of the hydro-
theca as in the case of Hydrallmania falcata (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 1), and in the Desmoscyphus
group of Sertularia (Plate I, fig. 7). That the bilateral symmetry is the result of the mechanical
causes referred to is rendered all the more probable from the fact that the primary hydranth of
many species of sertularians is seen to be radially symmetrical if observed at a very early stage
in its developement. If we examine very young specimens of Sertularella rugosa, for instance,
we find that the primary hydranth is at first mounted on a distinct pedicel like that of a campan-
ularian, and is radially symmetrical (see fig. 21).

It very shortly, however, becomes bilaterally symmetrical by the production of a protuber-
ance on one side of its base, and this protuberance shortly gives rise to a second hydrotheca.
This seems to indicate that radial symmetry is the original condition and bilateral symmetry a
later acquisition in the group, brought about by mechanical causes relating to the necessity of
adjusting the sessile hydrothecz to the hydrocaulus. The condition of affairs described above
is true only of those species having alternate hydrothece. When they
are strictly opposite, the two terminal hydrothece are produced together,
and hence such species produce primitive pairs of hydrothece that are
necessarily bilateral.

In almost all species of sertularians the several hydrothece of the
mature colonies are substantially alike, the only notable exception being
in the genus Pasythea, where the hydrothece are in groups of pairs and
no two pairs in a given group are alike either in form or size (see Plate
XIII, fig. 4).

With the exception of the genus Selaginopsis all of the American
sertularians conform to the bilateral plan not only in regard to the shape of
a Imi the individual hydrothecz, but also in the arrangement of the hydrothece
4 21 | ~on the stem and branches (see fig. 32). This is due to the fact that the
es | hydrothece are arranged in two usually opposite rows. If a branch of
Fig. 21.—Very young hydre- such a species should be split vertically from front to back it would be

theea of Sertularella rugosa, oe = > ~
showing radial symmetry, divided into two equal and symmetrical parts. When the hydrothecx are
alternate, these two parts would be similar but not symmetrical. The same
is true in /Zydrallmania, where the hydrothece are all in a single row but have their distal ends
bent alternately to the right and left. In Se/aginopsis the hydrothece are arranged in more than
two rows, in one case, S. decemserialis, there being ten longitudinal rows. In this genus there
is not only the regular vertical arrangement of hydrothece, but a spiral arrangement as well.

The hydrothece vary greatly in different species both in size and shape. In general they are
much deeper in proportion to their diameter than those of the Plumularide. Perhaps the most
common form is more or less tubular, with the distal end bent to one side, as in Sertularia pumila.
Most species of the genera Sertularia, Synthecium, and Thuiaria have hydrothece of this type,
which reaches its most perfect form in such species as Synthectum rectum (Plate XLI, fig. 2).

Sometimes the tube is not bent, and the hydrotheca becomes an almost perfect cylinder, as in
Sertularella formosa (fig. 22) or Synthecium cylindricum (Plate XLI, fig. 7). Again it may be
so short, truncated, and expanded at the base as to resemble the frustum of a cone, as in Sertula-
rela hartlaubé (Plate XXVII, fig. 5). The cylindrical hydrothecw, like all others among the
Sertularidee, vary greatly in the extent to which they are immersed in the hydrocaulus, sometimes
being attached to the latter by their extreme base only, as in S. guadrata (fig. 23); or it may be
immersed to the margin all around, as in Sertularella distans (Plate XIX, fig. 6) or Sertularella lata
(Plate XVIII, fig. 10). Every possible intergradation between these two extremes can be found.
Sometimes great variation occurs in ‘a single colony, as in the case of Sertularella magellanica

THE SERTULARID®.

15

(Plate XXIV, figs. 6, 7), where the hydrothece are almost entirely exserted on the proximal part

and more than half of their adcauline wall is adnate in the distal parts of the colony.

This con-

dition, however, is quite exceptional, the extent of immersion being much more constant as a

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

rule.

22.—Sertularella formosa.
23.—Sertularelia quadrata,.
24.— Thuiaria robusta,
25.—Diphasia fallax.
26.—Sertularella rugosa.
27.—Sertularella pinnata.

TYPES OF HYDROTHECX OF SERTULARIANS.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig. 31.—Sertularella filiformis.

28.—Sertularia operculata,

.— Abictinaria greenci (showirxg teeth).
).—Sertularclla tricuspidata,

Fig. 32.—Sertularia cornicina,

can most of them be reduced to the following types:
(a) Flask-shaped, in which the basal part is swollen, and the distal part constricted and often

bent.

ig. 33.—Abietinaria greenci (smooth margin).
34.—Abietinaria greenci (toothed margin).
5.—Sertularelia tricuspidata.

6.—Thuiaria gigantea,

ig. 37.—Sertularella formosa.

(Figs. 22, 23, 33, 36, and 37 are only half as much magnified as the others.)

The departures from the cylindrical form of the hydrothecw are almost innumerable, but

Illustrated by many species of Zhuéaria, such as 7. robusta (tig. 24), ZT. polycarpa (Plate
5125—rr 2—04

16 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

VIL, fig. 8), and 7. zmmersa; in several species of Sertularia, as S. desmoides (Plate III, fig. 2);
and in Selaginopsis, as S. cylindrica (Plate XX XIX, figs. 7 and 8).

(6) When the neck of the flask becomes elongated and curved to one side, we have what may
be called the ‘‘hottle-shaped” hydrotheca, which is characteristic of the genus Abzetinaria as
used in this work and well shown in such species as A. ahzetina (Plate XXXII, fig. 1), A. varia-
bilis (Plate XXXII, fig. 5), A. gracilis (Plate XXXYV, fig. 2). The bottle-shaped hydrothece
intergrade with the flask-shaped hydrothecz on the one hand and the triangular forms on the
other.

(ce) Pitcher-shaped hy drothece are found in certain species of Diphasia, as D. fallax (tig. 25),
D. rosacea (Plate XXVIII, fig. 4), D. paarmanni (Plate XX XI, fig. 5), and occasionally in
Sertularella, as in 8S. episcopus (Plate X XVI, fig. 7). Such forms are produced by having the
margin of the hydrothece expanded and sinuous on the abcauline side so as to resemble the lip
of a pitcher.

(2d) Barrel-shaped by drothece are round, with both distal and proximal ends slightly dimin-
ished in diameter, and both upper and lower profiles convex. They are more nearly radial in
symmetry than most of the others, and are found almost exclusively in the genus Sertularella,
as S. rugosa (fig. 26), S. areyt (Plate XVII, fig. 6), S. geniculata (Plate XVI, fig. 2), S. patago-
nica (Plate XVI, fig. 3). This form is usually provided with a square collar, which interferes with
the symmetry of the ‘‘ barrel.” In 8S. tanneri (Plate XVI, fig. 1), a very large and beautiful
hydrotheca is seen which, in some instances at least, attains almost a perfect barrel shape.

(e) When this latter type is greatly elongated a slender terete outline is produced, which
gives the typical fusiform hydrotheca, which is very rare, illustrated by Sertularclla fusiformis
(Plate XX, fig. 3), and less perfectly by S. gigantea (Plate XLX, fig. 7).

(7) Ina few cases the axis of the hydrotheca is straight and the base expanded, while the
diameter gradually decreases toward the distal end. Thus a cono/d form is produced, which is
guite rare. Illustrated by Abjetinaria alexanderi (Plate XX XV, fig. 5). If the distal two-thirds
of such a hydrotheca were cut off, we would have such a form as Sertularela hartlaubi (Plate
XXXVI, fig. 5).

(g) Triangular hydrothece. In a few cases hydrothece are triangular in outline as viewed
from the front, being bounded by three approximately straight sides. This occurs in the Des-
moscyphus group of Sertularia as S. versluysi (Plate 1, fig. 9), in which the two inner sides of
a pair of hydrothec are contiguous and pressed together so as to forma straight line, and the
aperture at the supero-lateral angle is very small. The triangular outline is also approached in
Abietinaria traski (Plate X XXIII, fig. 10).

(h) Perhaps the rarest form of hydrothece is one that approaches a parallelopipedon in
shape, having a quadrate cross section and four parallel sides. This form is well shown in
Sertularella quadrata (fig. 23), and in S. cylindrithecu (Plate XLX, fig. 4). A combination of
this form and the barrel-shaped hydrotheca is found in Sertularella rugosa, where the upper
part of the hydrotheca is modified in shape so as to be square in section, while the remainder is
barrel-shaped. The extent of immersion varies greatly in most of these types, but is probably
most complete in some species of Zhuiaria, as 7. 7mmersa (Plate LX, fig. 4), in which the entire
hydrothecal margin is sunk to the general level of the hydrocaulus so as to be flush with it all
around.

There is in general a pretty close adherence to type in the hydrotheci of a given species, the
most notable exception being the case of Pasythea quadridentata (Plate XIII, fig. +), in which
the hydrothecz are arranged in groups of pairs, no two pairsin a group being alike, the upper
pair being smaller than the lower and more or less quadrate in outline. A slight approach to
the same condition is found in the case of Thudaria tubul/formis. On Plate XI, fig. 2, for
instance, the lowest pair of hydrothece is much broader from margin to margin than the next
pair. Another and more evident example is found in Sertularia mayer? (Plate V, figs. 1, 2),
where the hydrothec on the basal part of the stem are much longer than those on the distal part,
and are bent abruptly outward, forming nearly a right angle at their middle portion.

THE SERTULARID®. 17

The ornamentation of the hydrothecal surface in the Sertularidze is effected mainly by
annulations, striz, and reduplications of the margins, and each of these is confined mainly to the
genus Sertularclla. The rugosities are sometimes confined to the free part of the adcauline side,
as in Sertularella gayi (Plate XIV, fig. 1), S. conica (Plate XV, fig. 1), and S. catena (Plate XV,
fig. 3). Often they are continued entirely around the hydrothecal wall as in the rvgosa group.
Ordinarily this latter condition is associated with the quadrate neck, but a notable exception
is found in a new species with very large barrel-shaped hydrothecw, S. fanner7 (Plate XVI,
fig. 1). Annulations differ from rugosities in being finer and more sharply cut, although the
terms are often apparently used as if they were interchangeable. A notable instance of this
style of ornamentation is found in //phasia tropica (Plate XXX, fig. 1), in which the entire
hydrotheeal wall is marked with very fine but greatly raised annulations, the outer surface of
which is so fine as to be linear. If the bottoms of a pile of very thin dinner plates were
removed, and the remainder of the plates fitted to a cylinder, they would represent fairly well
the structure of these annular ridges. There is but one species that I know of with longitudinal
markings like ribs or cost, and that is Sertularella arey/ (Plate XVII, fig. 6). Striz are simply
very fine annulations running in a parallel direction. These are well shown in Sertularella
quadrata (Plate XV, fig. 5). Under favorable conditions of illumination the entire surface of
the hydrothecal walls is seen to be marked by these fine, closely set lines.

The hydrothecal aperture is largely determined by the shape of the margin and the marginal
teeth. Most commonly it is round or oval in shape (fig. 33); often it is quadrate, as in the rugosa
group of Sertularella, ox in S. quadrata; rarely it is lunate, as in Thuiaria diffusa (Plate X, fig. 2).
The margin is often more or less everted, as if rolled outward, as in the case of Synthecium
tubithecum (Plate XLI, fig. 1); or it may be expanded, as in Sertularella pinnata (fig. 27) and
S. elegans (Plate XXIV, fig. 1); or sometimes it is contracted, as in Sertularia versluysi (Plate I,
fig. T) or Abietinaria traski (Plate X XXIII, fig. 10).

The ornamentation of the hydrothecal margin is sometimes in the form of a distinct narrow
band or rim, as in Sertularella formosa (tig. 22), Synthecium rectum (Plate XLI, fig. 2), or Ser-
tularella distans (Plate XIX, fig. 6); or it may be effected by means of closely approximated
circular striations, as in Abdetinaria alexander? (Plate XX XV, fig. 5) or Synthecium marginatum
(Plate XLI, fig. 3).

The reduplication of the margin often seen in the Sertularide, but displayed best in //alec7um,
seems to be produced by periodic and successive stages in the growth of the hydranth, or, as
Levinsen seems to have shown, by the successive renewal or regeneration of the hydranth. In
this latter case each reduplication represents a complete regeneration of the hydranth oceupying
the hydrotheca. These reduplications produce the appearance of a number of false margins
below but parallel with the functional one. There are many illustrations of this among American
forms, such as Synthecium tubithecum, Sertularella quadrata, S. dentifera (Plate XXV, fig. 2),
and S. gigantea.

The marginal teeth of the hydrothece, whatever their origin or function, form a character
of the very greatest importance from the standpoint of the systematist, and are therefore worthy
of careful consideration. They consist of more or less evident prominences projecting from the
margin and following in general the direction of the hydrothecal walls from which they spring.
They vary greatly in size, form, and position. Many hydrothece are entirely destitute of
marginal teeth, in which case the margin is defined as even, plain, or sinuous.

The even margin is common in Zhucarda (tig. 36), Selaginopsis, and Abietinaria, and is present
in all species of Syntheciwm thus far described. It is only exceptionally present in Sertularia, as
S. desmoides (Plate II, fig. 1), and in Sertularella, as in S. formosa (tig. 22) and S. hartlaubi.
The sinuous margin is found in several species of Diphasia, as in PD. rosacea,in which the margin
exhibits broad and low undulations, which are not sufliciently pronounced to be called teeth.
This form of margin often produces the effect of the mouth of a pitcher, and is usually found
in connection with the ** piteher-shaped” hydrothece. It is often very difficult to decide whether
a given margin is sinuous or toothed because the two completely intergrade.

18 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Again, it often happens that an oval aperture seems to be pinched, as it were, on opposite
sides at the ends of its long diameter. This produces what is known as the angulated margin,
such as is found in several species of Selag/nopsis, as S. pinnata (Plate XX XIX, fig. 6), and is
very difficult to distinguish from certain margins with two teeth, when looking directly into the
aperture, as in Zhucaria tenera (Plate XI, fig. 11). A lateral view of the same hydrotheca, how-
ever, discloses the fact that the margin is bidentate (Plate XI, fig. 10).

Among American species of Sertularide the number of teeth never exceeds four in normal
hydrothece. There are several Australian forms, however, in which the dental armature is
much more complicated, there being sometimes as many as sixteen, as in Sertularia acanthostoma
Bale.’ In designating the position of the teeth it is customary to speak of those on the side of
the margin nearest the hydrocaulus as ‘‘adcauline,” those on the opposite side as ‘‘abcauline,”
and any situated about midway between these points as ‘* lateral.”

Hydrothecx with a single marginal tooth are rare, the examples being practically confined
to the genus Zhuiaria, as T. elegans (Plate VII, fig. 4). In this case, however, there is a very
large abcauline tooth and the adcauline margin is so closely appressed to the hydrocaulus that it is
difficult to tell whether there is an adcauline tooth or not. In Z. kurile (Plate LX, fig. 1) there
is a single very conspicuous adcauline tooth.

The bidentate margin is very common in the Sertularide, and is in general characteristic of
the genus Sertularia. The teeth are usually lateral and opposite, and appear often as if a tubular
hydrotheca had been beveled on the adcauline and abcauline sides of the distal end. These oppo-
site lateral teeth are often quite unequal in size, as in the case of Zhwiaria argentea (Plate XII,
fig. 4) and 7. diffusa (Plate X, fig. 2). But in many other cases they are proximally of equal
size, as Thuiaria plumulifera (Plate LX, fig. 9). Sometimes the two teeth are both abcauline and
very conspicuous, as in Sertularella episcopus, Sertularia operculata (tig. 28), or Abietinaria greenet
(figs. 29,34). In this latter case we have perfectly even margins on the hydrothece on one part
of the colony, and two strong marginal teeth on those of another part of the same colony.

Three marginal teeth are found in many species of Sertularella, and a few in Sertularia and
Thuaria. In Sertularella they are usually equal in size and equidistant from each other, and
vary from almost imperceptible prominences on the margin to pronounced pointed teeth that
form a very striking ornamentation, asin Sertidarella pinnata (fig. 27), S. tricuspidata (figs. 30, 35),
and S. filiformis (fig. 31). Rarely there is a small adcauline tooth and two large and conspicu-
ous abcauline teeth, as Sertularella turgida (Plate XXII, fig. 3). In the genera Sertularia and
Thuiaria the three teeth, when present, differ greatly in size, there being two large opposite
lateral teeth, and one very small adcauline tooth, as in Sertularia rathbuni (Plate III, fig. 9), and
Thuiaria tubuliformis (Plate XI, fig. 5).

Four marginal teeth are found in the genus Sertularel/a alone, and their variations are about
the same as those just mentioned in connection with three-toothed forms. They are often so low
and inconspicuous as to be difficult to make out, as in S. /ata (Plate XVIII, fig. 10), and S. pinni-
gera (Plate XIX, tig. 3). These very low teeth are apt to be associated with practically complete
immersion of hydrothecx, as shown in the figures just cited. In only a few cases are they very
pronounced and conspicuous, and then they are apt to be unequal in size, the abcauline pair
being the larger, as in S. contorta (Plate XVIII, fig. 7).

It has been suggested by Hartlaub that the hydrotheca is lined by an epithelial membrane.’
In a certain species of Sertularella this writer found a membrane with a large central opening
stretched across the aperture of the hydrotheca, as a velum is stretched across the bell opening of
a medusa. From a study of this specimen, and also from the fact that empty hydrothece often
present certain shrunken structures fastened around the inside of the margin, and from the
presence in many species of a ring-like line just below the margin and running around the
hydrotheca, this writer suggests that the hydrothece have a thin epithelial lining which some-
times discloses itself in empty hydrothec in the form of a shallow funnel-like sack attached to
the hydrotheca along the ring-like line referred to.

‘Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 85, pl. rv, figs. 7 and 8. * Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 11.

THE SERTULARIDA. 19

In the examination of serial sections of hydrothece I have been unable to find any epithelial
structure of this sort. It is probable, however, that there is at times a chitinous lining to the
hydrothecal chamber that may be separated from the hydrothecal wall through shrinkage. If
we remember the origin of the hydrotheca and its relation to the young hydranth a very probable
explanation suggests itself. The hydrotheca is formed as an excretion from the epidermal cells
of the budding hydranth which fills the cavity of the hydrotheca until the latter has attained its
full size and final form. An examination of the hydrothecal walls under high magnification and
in sections shows that they are laminate, as if formed by the deposition of successive thin layers
of chitin. When the hydranth nears maturity it withdraws from contact with the hydrothecal
walls, the separation proceeding from below upward, the top of the hydranth being the last to
become separated from the hydrotheca. The last area of union, therefore, is annular and near
the top of the hydrotheca just beneath the margin. Thus it will be seen that the last delicate
layer of chitin would line the hydrotheca up toa ring-like band which may be somewhat thicker
than the rest because here the secreting surface has been longest in contact with the hydrotheca.
Under certain conditions it is entirely conceivable that this thin membrane should become
separated from the hydrothecal wall, of which it is really a part, by shrinkage, especially in
preserved specimens. In this case it would be apt to remain attached to the annular area longer
than to other portions on the hydrothecal walls, and we would then have exactly the appearance
which attracted the attention of Hartlaub. The lining is not epithelial, however, in a strict
sense, and does not belong properly to any one of the cell layers, because it is not composed of
cells or of modified cells. On the contrary, it is histologically and morphologically merely the
innermost of a number of layers excreted by the ectoderm of the hydranth and forming the
hydrothecal walls.

The Operculum.—This is a structure of great systematic importance that has been made
especially prominent through the careful work of Prof. G. M. R. Levinsen, and his admirable
presentation of the results of his investigations.’

One of the earliest specific accounts of the operculum among the Sertularidae is found in
Louis Agassiz’s Contributions to the Natural History of the United States.*. This author, in
describing the growth of the hydranth, says: ‘* And the body retracts altogether from the calycle,
after having completed the formation of a bivalve-like operculum.” ‘‘When the hydra pro-
trudes from its calycle for the first time it pushes aside the operculum, yet the latter may remain
adherent for some time, but evidently for no particular purpose.”

A still earlier mention of the operculum, in the genus Sertularella, is found in a work
written in 1857 by Joshua Alder,* who notes the presence of the four-parted operculum in S.
rugosa and WS. tenella, but seems not to have observed it in S. polyzondas nor in S. tricuspidata,
both of which species were known to him. In 1868 Hincks, in his British Hydroid Zoophytes,
mentions the opercula in the genera Sertularella, Diphasia, and Thuiaria, but does not seem
to have found it in Sertularia. Allman, in his Challenger Report, the Hydroida, Second Part,
1888, gives as a part of his definition of Sertularia ‘ orifice with or without an operculum ”
(p. 50), and has this to say regarding the operculum: ‘‘ The valves in all these cases are so thin
and perishable that it is only in recent or exceptionally well-preserved specimens we can hope to
meet with them, a fact which in itself deprives the distinctions derived from them of that prac-
tical value which ought, if possible, to be found in all well-selected systematic characters” (p. 51).
This author also adopts a ‘‘ lid-like operculum formed bya single valye” as a character of the
genus Diphasia, and notes that two species of his genus Desmoscyphus, D. pectinatus and
D. acanthocarpus, possess opercula.

'Om Fornyelsen af Erneringsindividerne hos Hydroiderne; Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske.
Forening i Kjobenhayn., 1892; Copenhagen, 1892.

Meduser Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Groénlands Vestkyst tilligemed Bemzrkninger om Hydroidernes
Systematik ; idem., Copenhagen, 1893.

*Vol. IV, 1862, p. 331.

*A Catalogue of Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1857, p. 23.

20 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

In 1890 Marktanner-Turneretscher! used the operculum in giving the diagnostic features of
the genera Sertularella, Calyptothwiaria, Monopoma, Diphasia, and Dynamena. In the present
work Calyptothuiaria is included in the genus Sertularella and Monopoma in Abietinaria.

As before indicated, it remained for Leyinsen to make a systematic and comprehensive
study of the operculum in various groups, and this he has done with the painstaking care that is
characteristic of our Scandinavian fellow-zoologists.

The following points are quoted direct from his systematic discussion of the Sertularidee ’
and translated by Mr. J. H. Paarmann, who studied the operculum in connection with a thesis
for the master’s degree in the State University of lowa:

Our attention has before been called to the fact that an operculum is found in all Sertularide, and that it, together
with the form of the margin of the hydrotheca, is the only character by means of which we can draw a natural
boundary line between the Campanularidee and Sertularide. * * * There is at least a certain relation between the
form of the margin and the structure and position of the operculum. Thus a Sertularel/la that has lost its operculum
may be easily recognized by the three or four equally developed curyes in the margin on which the operculum has
been attached; and in the genera in which the operculum is a single flap the attachment of the lost operculum on the
inner or outer margin will be indicated by a more or less deepened curve. * * * We may define the genus
Sertularia thus: Aperture of the hydrotheca provided on the outer (abcauline) side with a deep emargination in
which the flap-formed operculum is attached; on the opposite (adcauline) side is found a thin portion (‘‘krayen’’=
collar) of similar form to the emargination mentioned aboye. It thus appears that on each side of the margin is a
dentate or triangular projection, and that bety een these on the inner side is stretched a thin membrane. This
membranous part is, in general, overlooked by authors who describe or delineate the margin as bilabiate or two-
toothed. In anumber of species this thinned portion of the wall (of the hydrotheeca), which we will call the “collar,”
has been seen by Allman and Marktanner-Turneretscher, who, however, haye both misinterpreted it, regarding it as
a flap of the operculum, which, in combination with the real operculum, serves to close the aperture in the same
manner as the flap of an operculum in Sertularella. * * * Not only the species which Marktanner-Turneretscher
assigns to the genus Dynamena, but also the remaining species of the genus Sertularia, as we have defined it, have
such a collar, which, by this author, is incorrectly interpreted as a flap of an operculum.

The above rather voluminous quotation from Levinsen has been given, because, in justice to
that writer, it is necessary that his position should be made as plain as possible in view of the
fact that the present writer is compelled to differ from Professor Leyinsen and agree with
Allman and Marktanner-Turneretscher in his interpretation of the operculum of the type found
in Sertularia, that is, the so-called ‘‘ two-valved ” operculum (see figs. 38-53).

The origin of this type in its developmental history should be understood in order to
appreciate the points in discussion that will be presented later. If we examine a very young
hydrotheca of Sertularia pumila, for instance, we will find that its distal end is entirely covered
with a very thin homogeneous membrane, continuous over the entire surface. This is deposited,
like the hydrothecal walls with which it is continuous, by the ectoderm of the inclosed young
hydranth. There is nothing at this stage to show any distinction whatever between the hydro-
thecal walls and the operculum, the margin not yet having been differentiated. In preserved
specimens, however, the homogeneous membrane covering the hydrotheca is apt to be wrinkled,
and these wrinkles may sometimes have the optical effect of structural characters. A little later,
but before the tentacles have become plainly differentiated, the hydrothecal margin appears by :
strengthening of the chitin, and can be traced as a fine, dark, sinuous line which marks the
outline of the two opposite teeth, which rapidly become more and more prominent. We have
now a distinct differentiation between the hydrothecal walls and that which is destined to become
the operculum, although there is yet no break whatever in the continuity between these two
structures, nor any opening at the distal end of the hydrotheca. The future operculum is
shaped like the side walls of an ‘*A” tent, the front and rear of the tent being closed by the two
opposite hydrothecal teeth. The two flaps of the tent are of unequal size, however, the abcauline
being considerably the larger. These two are nevertheless strictly homological structures, each
having originated in the chitinous pellicle that covers the distal end of the budding hydranth,
and each being adherent to the sides of the teeth and the portion of the hydrothecal margin
between them, the two uniting along the line that would be represented by the ridge pole of
the tent.

'Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, pp. 249-251.
*Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1895, pp. 183-200.

THE SERTULARIDA. 21

ENDS OF HYDROTHECE, GREATLY MAGNIFIED, TO SHOW BIVALVE OPERCULA.
(ad, adeauline flap; ab, abcauline flap.)

Fig. 38.—Sertularia pumila, showing relation of hydrothecal teeth and opercula.

Fig. 39.—Longitudinal section of same, showing renewal of opercula. ab and ad, original opercular flaps; ab’ and ad’, opercular flaps
just renewed.

Fig. 40.—Longitudinal section of same, showing renewal of abcauline flap. =

Fig. 41.—Sertwaria operculata, showing marginal teeth and operculum.

Fig. 42.—Longitudinal section of same, showing operculum.

Fig. 43.—Sertularia cornicina, longitudinal section through a pair of hydrothecs, showing opercula.

Fig. 44.—Same species, more highly magnified.

Fig. 45.—Same species, showing reduplication of operculum.

Fig. 46.—Thuiaria cupressina, showing relation of marginal teeth and operculum

Fig. 47.—Same species, showing hydrotheca and retracted hydranth.

Fig. 48.—Same species, showing empty hydrotheea.

Fig. 49.—Sertularia brevicyathus, showing a pair of hydrothecw and opercula.

Fig. 50.—Thuiaria robusta, showing marginal teeth.

Fig. 51.—Same species, showing reduplication of margin and operculum.

Fig —Thuiaria tubuliformis, showing operculum, The dotted line indicated the position of one of the marginal teetn.
Fig. 53.—Same species, showing entire operculum.

22 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

There is no important change in the operculum or margin between the stage just described
and the completion of the hydranth. When the latter emerges into the outer world for the first
time it seems probable that it ruptures by purely mechanical pressure the line between the points
of the hydrothecal teeth, or, to use our former simile, the line along the ridge pole of the tent,
the pushing tentacles being directed to that line by the sloping inner surfaces of the opercular
flaps, and hence the cleavage along the line joining the summits of the teeth. After this rupture
has been effected further cleavage takes place along the line of junction between the slopes of
the hydrothecal teeth and the operculum, beginning at the top of the teeth (fig. 54). This
may include either or both sides of the ‘‘tent,” and will continue until there is room for the
egress of the hydranth, leaving the bottom of both flaps still attached to the hydrothecal margin.

It is probable that Professor Levinsen would confirm the above account, with the exception
of the last sentence. He holds that only the abcauline flap is opened, the adcauline remaining as
the ‘‘collar” described above. This difference, however, is of great importance, as it is his
justification for regarding such an operculum as composed of a single flap, while the present
writer maintains that it consists of two flaps.

it will be conceded, I think, that the two flaps are identical in their origin and that they are
therefore strictly homologous and similar structures. Levinsen claims that they differ in function,

RELATION OF THE OPERCULUM TO THE EXPANDING AND EXPANDED HYDRANTH OF SERTULARIA PUMILA.

Fig. 54.—Tentacles pushing aside the opercular flaps. ab, abeauline flap.
Fig. 55.—Base of expanded hydranth holding aside the opereular flaps. ab, abcauline flap; ad, adeauline flap.
Fig. 56.—View of the opposite side, showing adcauline flap. ad, adeauline flap.

the abcauline flap being a movable lid and the adcauline a fixed ‘‘collar.” Mr. Paarmann’s
investigation seems to prove that this is a mistake, and that *‘sometimes the adcauline piece is
attached while the other is free, and sometimes the reverse is true. Often the sides of a flap are
attached for a greater or jess distance proximally while they become free distally, the degree of
attachment varying greatly in the same species. In most cases both flaps are functional.” !

In fig. 9, taken from a specimen preserved with the hydranth fully expanded, it can be plainly
seen that the abcauline flap is not functional, and most careful scrutiny of the original under the
microscope does not reveal that it has opened at all. The hydranth is well expanded, however,
and so in this case the adeauline flap must be the functional one, unless, indeed, it is so very
flexible and elastic that it allows of the passage of the hydranth without the lid being elevated at
all. In fig. 55 we have a case in which both flaps are plainly functional, and both are separated
from the hydrothecal margin well down toward the bottom of the tooth. It thus appears that
Mr. Paarmann was correct in his statement that both the abcauline and adcauline flaps are
functional, although neither is constantly so, and therefore the operculum of S. pum7/a and many
of its allies are properly called ‘*two-tlapped.”*? The two flaps are the same in origin, are entirely

‘J. H. Paarmann, manuscript.
*The present writer has carefully verified the accuracy of Mr. Paarmann’s drawings by direct comparison with
the material from which they were taken.

THE SERTULARID. ae

homologous, and are usually similar in function. I shall therefore speak of the opercula of such
species as S. pumila as two-flapped, and will include practically all of the species in which the
*Seollar” described by Levinsen appears.’ I have not been able to find specimens in which the
collar presents just the appearance delineated by Leyvinsen.* This may be explained by the fact
that my specimens were in a very good state of preservation and stained, while the hydrothecz
figured by him do not appear to contain hydranths, and may have been boiled in caustic potash
or otherwise treated to bring out the unimpeded view of the chitinous parts, thus destroying the
hydranths and possibly altering the appearance of the operculum. In unstained specimens it is
very difficult, if not impossible, to see the fine line marking the outline of the upper border of
the adcauline flap seen in fig. 56 ad. When this is not seen the structure looks very much as it
does in Levinsen’s figures.

In species with very long teeth it appears that the teeth continue growing after the
operculum has been formed. If we examine a specimen of Sertularia operculata, for instance,
we will find that the teeth project far beyond the distal ends of the opercular flaps (see fig. 41).
If the operculum originated in this species in the same manner as it does in S. pumila, the greater
part of the growth of the teeth must take place after the operculum has been formed. Other-
wise the latter would reach clear to the points of the teeth. It would be interesting to study the
operculum in sertularians with numerous teeth, such as are found in Australian species of
Sertularia, and to investigate the relations between the two structures. I do not know that
any one has investigated these species with this point in view.

The one-flapped operculum (figs. 66-69) is common in 7Awiaréa, and is universally found in
Abietinaria, Diphasia, and Selaginopsis. As maintained by Levinsen, the number of teeth
seems to determine the number of valves. This may be understood on purely mechanieal
principles. In the one-flapped forms the cleavage seems most easily effected where the operculum
joins the thinner parts of the hydrothecal margin. It so happens that large groups of species
seem to be fairly constant in this matter, some having the hydrothecal margin thickened on the
adcauline side, as Diphasia and Abjetinaria, and hence the opercular flap remains attached to
that side. In other cases, as Zhudaria(in part), and Selaginops/s, the thickening is on the
abcauline side and the operculum is abcauline in position. There is one very curious exception
to the undoubted systematic value of this character, and that is in the case of Thudaria thui-
ariovdes, in which the species is a typical thuiarian in both trophosome and gonosome save in
the one matter of the operculum, which is unmistakably adcauline in position.

The strongest and most easily seen opercula of this type are found in the genius Diphasia,
notably in 2. digitalis (Plate XXX, fig. 5), where this structure takes the form of a vaulted,
almost dome-shaped hood, which seems to be of texture as strong and dense as that of the
hydrothecal walls, and fits like a cap over the hydrothecal aperture.

The three and four flapped opercula are characteristic of the genus Sertularella and Dictyo-
cladium, 2 closely related genus. Hartlaub, as before stated, claims that this kind of an oper
culum differs essentially from the two-flapped form. I fail to find any very material difference,
the main distinction being that in Sertu/arel/a the margin of the hydrotheca is usually thicker and
better outlined, and the opercular structure stronger and more evident. The cause of the initial
rupture of the operculum may be somewhat different in this case, although purely mechanical.
The margin is stronger and more thickened at the points occupied by the teeth. These latter,
moreover, are often, if not generally, slightly inclined*outward or away from the center of the
aperture. The former consideration would render the hydrothecal margin stiffer at the points
occupied by the teeth, and the latter would result in greater tension across the operculum along
lines connecting opposite teeth. When the hydranth pushes outward for the first time the elastic

‘In order to be very sure that my interpretation of this structure is correct I have examined a number of stained
and mounted specimens with great care, using high powers of magnification and examining specimens in which the
hydranth was in various stages of contraction and expansion. In figs. 55-56 a specimen is illustrated which was
turned over so that both the front and back views of the margin were obtained. The sketches were made by myself
with the use of the camera lucida. I also examined a number of other species in which the ‘‘collar’’ is found.

*Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Groénlands Vestkyst, 1895, pl. vu, figs. 8-10.

24 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

operculum would be apt to yield first at the center, as the tentacles would there exert the most
force, and then it would tend to split along lines radiating from the center toward the teeth.
Thus there would be formed an operculum of triangular flaps, corresponding in number to the
teeth of the hydrotheca (figs. 57-65).

This explanation seems to be reenforced by the condition of affairs found in the few forms of
Sertularella that have a perfectly plain margin without teeth. In S. formosa, for instance, where
the operculum is stretched like a drumhead across the aperture, and the margin is perfectly even,
the operculum may be ruptured in almost any way, sometimes around the edge and sometimes

OPERCULA OF FOUR, THREE, AND ONE FLAP.

Fig. 57.—Sertularella rugosa, showing four-valyed operculum.

Fig. 58.—Sertularella gayi, showing four-valyed operculum.

Fig. 59.—Sertularelia albida, showing four-valyed operculum.

Fig. 6 Dictyocladium flabellum, showing four-valyed operculum.

Fig. 61.—Sertularella tricuspidata, showing operculum of three valves.

Fig. 62.—Sertularella turgida, showing operculum of three valves.

Fig. 63.—Sertwlarella complexa, showing operculum of four valves.

Fig. 64.—Sertularella areyi, showing operculum of four flaps.

Fig. 65.—Sertularella polyzonias, showing operculum of four flaps.

Fig. 66.—Diphasia fallax, showing operculum of one valve.

Fig. 67.—Hydrallmania falcata, showing operculum of one yalye.

Fig. 68.—Hydrallmania falcata, end of hydrotheea highly magnified to show a rudimentary abeauline
flap. ab, abcauline flap; ad, adeauline flap.

Fig. 69.—Diphasia rosacea, showing one-valved operculum.

in jagged and irregular tears across its surface. In this case there are no points around the
margin to cause greater tension along definite lines, and hence there is no regularity whatever in
the formation of the opercular flaps (fig. 37).

In all the cases that I have seen where there is a distinct reduplication of the margin, the
operculum has also been reduplicated, the reduplications of the latter being equal to those of the
margin. When we consider the genesis of the operculum and its relation to the margin, it is hard
to conceive of any explanation other than that there is a direct relation between the process of
regeneration of the hydranth and the reduplication of the margin and operculum.

THE SERTULARID®. 25

A careful study of the matter of reduplication here referred to and the renewal of the
hydranth has been made by Professor Leyinsen, and the results embodied in a short but important
paper, Om Fornyelsen af Ernringsindividerne hos Hydroiderne.' The paper is written in
Norwegian, but a condensed summary of the conclusions arrived at is found in Latin at the end
of the paper. ‘The following presents Professor Levinsen’s conclusions so far as the Sertularidee
are concerned:

In Sertulariidis et in multis Campanulariidis et Campanularinis gemma noya extra hydrothecam antecedentem
procrescit et secretio chitinea extra marginem hujus hydrothecze extensa noyam marginem vel aperturam (et in
speciebus operculiferis etiam operculum noyum) format.

Opercula of almost every type found among the sertularians seem to be reduplicated, as is
illustrated in figs. 70-73. 5

Certain species of Sertularia, Thutaria, and Synthecium are characterized by the fact that
the distal portion of the hydrothecx is produced into a very thin collapsible tube, which is
usually of very indefinite shape in preserved specimens. It is seldom that they are of sufficient
consistency to preserve their shape after the hydranth has retracted, and they are for this reason
very unsatisfactory structures to study. In Sertularia mayer/, for instance, there is such a tube

REDUPLICATION OF MARGIN AND OPERCULUM.

Fig. 70.—Diphasia rosacea; longitudinal section of end of hydrotheea, highly magnified, showing the
twice reduplicated margin and operculum.

Fig. 71.—Same, showing single reduplication.

Fig. 72.—Same species, much less magnified, showing reduplication of operculum.

Fig. 78.—Thuiaria tubuliformis, highly magnified, showing reduplication of operculum,

in many cases, and it seems to extend beyond the operculum (Plate V, fig. 4). Although the
origin of this tube is not definitely known, it seems reasonable to suppose that it is formed, as
are ull the chitinous parts of the hydrothecse, by the excretion from the ectodermal cells of the
body wall of the hydranth, and differing from the true hydrothecal walls in being very delicate
and collapsible. I have not been able to assure myself of the presence of an operculum at its
distal end. It may be merely an exaggerated form of reduplicated margin, having the same
genesis, but not being completed to the extent of the formation of a new operculum.

The Diaphragm.—Vhis has been already mentioned incidentally. It occurs in all of the
Sertularidxe that I have examined, and does not vary greatly in form, being merely a horizontal
circular shelf running around the bottom of the hydrotheca, near the point where its base joins
the hydrocaulus, and dividing the hydrothecal cavity from that of the stem. There is thus left a
circular opening, through which the sarcodal contents of the hydrotheca and stem form a con-
nection. This aperture is usually eccentric in position, being nearer the abcauline than the
adcauline side of the hydrothecal base (figs. 74-78). The diaphragm is regarded by Allman
as one of the systematic characters by which the Sertularide are differentiated from other groups.
It is also found, however, in other families of the Calypteroblastea, as the Campanularidse and
Campanulinide, although in the Sertularidze alone it is uniformly eccentric or rather unsym-

'Scertryk af Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhayn, 1892.

26 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

metrical, as indicated above. It has occurred to the writer that this eccentricity of the aperture
of the diaphragm in the Sertularidee may be accounted for in much the same way as the lack of
radial symmetry. A nearly vertical position of the hydranth seems to be the most favorable,
and where the hydrotheca is sessile the base of the hydranth is forced away from the hydrocaulus
by the eccentricity of the aperture of the diaphragm, and it is thus made possible for the
hydranth to assume a vertical position without the tentacles being impeded in their action by
coming in too close contact with the hydrocaulus.

THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE SERTULARID®.

Longitudinal sections of lower parts of hydrothece (highly magnified).

Fig. 74.—Sertularia pumila; section taken in the median plane of a pair of hydrotheec. d, d, the diaphragm in section.
Fig. 75.—Same species; section taken in a plane at right angles to the last. Lettering as before.

Fig. 76.—Hydrallmania falcata. Lettering as before.

Fig. 77.—Thuiaria robusta. Lettering as before.

Fig. 78.—Diphasia rosacea; section similar to that represented in fig. 74. Lettering as before.

GONOSOME.

The structures which have to do with the reproduction of the species of the Sertularide
include nothing aside from the gonangia and their contents, there being nothing to represent the
corbule and phylactocarps so conspicuous in the Plumularide.’ The absence of these has been
offset in the Sertularidee by a much greater variety of gonangia and gonophores, especially the
former, which often exhibit ornamentations of surprising beauty.

Gonophores.—These structures are fundamentally the same as have been described under
the Plumularide, but are often more conspicuous and highly specialized. Perhaps the most
common form is that exhibited by Sertularia pumila (figs. 81-83). The blastostyle originates in
the usual manner as a sort of hernia-like diverticulum from the stem or branch, containing the
ectoderm and endoderm in their normal relations, and bearing a number of ova in the endoderm
(see figs. 79, 84, ov). Weismann saysthat there are three cell layers external to the ova, and homol-
ogizes these layers with those of a medusa, claiming that the gonophore is merely a degraded
medusa (see also Part I, p. 30). The distal end of the blastostyle is expanded into a round, more
or less obconical plug (*t Deckenplatte” of authors), composed of large, loosely aggregated cells
principally from the ectoderm, although the endoderm is also involved in its formation. At a
later stage the blastostyle is crowded to one side by a rapidly growing gonophore, which is
formed as an outgrowth from the proximal end of the blastostyle, and grows to such a size that
it sometimes almost fills the cavity of the gonangium from top to bottom. When fully developed
(see fig. 79, ov), the ova are seen to have taken up their position in the ectoderm, having pierced

1See Part I, pp. 31-36.

THE SERTULARIDA. 27

the structureless stutzlamelle and greatly enlarged during the growth of the now practically
mature gonophore.

The distal end of the latter at this stage is covered by a distinct layer of perisare, which has
a definite function presently to be described. It will be noted that only a few of the numerous
oya in the blastostyle are included in the gonophore at this stage. A still further development
results in the formation of the acrocyst, a structure found in several groups of calypteroblastic
hydroids which consists in a more or less globular body composed of chitin which surmounts the
gonangium and contains the oya in their later stages of development. The acrocyst is formed
as follows: The chitinous distal end of the gonophore described above is pressed against the

THE GONOSOME OF SERTULARIA PUMILA.
(Figs. 79 and 80, after Weismann; figs. $1, 82, and 83, after L. Agassiz.)
.

Fig. 79.—Longitudinal section of gonangium. dk, ‘‘deckenplatte’’; c, cavity of gonophore; ect, ectoderm; end, endoderm; ov, ovum in
endoderm of blastostyle; ov’, ovum in ectoderm of gonophore.

Fig. 80.—Longitudinal section of an older gonangium. acer, acrocyst; bist, cavity of blastostyle; gub, gubernaculum; other lettering as on fig. 79.

Fig. 81.—General view of female gonangium. ov, ovum; bist, blastostyle.

Fig. 82.—General view of male gonangium. D/st, blastostyle; sp, spermary.

Fig. 83.—Gonangium, showing diverticula from deckenplatte. d, diverticula.

Fig. 84.—Longitudinal section of part of the stem, showing developing ova in the endoderm.

deckenplatte by the further upward growth of the gonophore. Weismann’ says that this distal
end is thrust through a hole or opening in the end of the gonangium. I have been unable to find
such an opening in all cases, and would suggest that the chitinous end of the gonangium may be
sometimes pierced by the chitinous end of the gonophore, much as, according to Weismann’s own
account, the incipient gonophore pierces the thick perisare of the stem in Plhumularia echinulata
by what appears to be a dissolving secretion of some kind. However this may be, the end of the
gonophore in some way penetrates the top of the gonangium and then expands into a globular
chitinous sac into which the ova pass, and thus the acrocyst is formed (see fig. 80, ac). Those
parts of the gonophore that are not needed in the acrocyst—indeed all parts except the developing

1 Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883, p. 170.

28 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

ova, so far as I can discover—are then withdrawn into the gonangium, not, says Weismann, by
contraction of the tissues, but by a resorption process. After the formation of the first acroéyst
a number of long processes are given forth from the deckenplatte which Weismann says contain
nutritive material, and may serve in the nourishment of the gonophores. The present writer
has not seen these in young blastostyles, but is unable to tell whether a fully developed gono-
phore is the first one, or one of its many successors in a given gonangium, as the acrocyst seems
to be but a transient structure, and may be replaced several times during the functional lifetime
of the gonangium.

TYPICAL GONANGIA AND GONOPHORES.
(Lettering as in preceding figures. )

Fig. 85.—Diphasia kincaidi; longitudinal section of female gonangium, showing a single large ovum in the single gonophore.

Fig. 86.—Sertularella complexa; longitudinal section of male gonangium, showing the spermaries in the blastostyle, there being no proper
gonophore,

Fig. 87.—Gonangium of Sertwlarella filiformis, showing large masses of ova.

Fig. 88.—Hydrallmania falcata; longitudinal section of male gonangium, showing spermaries, sp.

Fig. 89.—Same species; section across young female gonophore, showing relation of parts.

Fig. 90.—Same species; longitudinal section, including lower part of gonangium, and showing two ova.

During the formation of the first gonophore there are a large number of ova in the blas-
tostyle above the point of origin of the gonophore (fig. 79, ov). When the remains of the latter
have been largely resorbed after the formation of the acrocyst another gonangium is formed in
the same way as the first and another lot of ova are transferred from the endoderm of the
blastostyle to the ectoderm of the new gonophore, and are finally pushed through the top of
the gonanium into the acrocyst.

After the retraction of the remains of the first gonophore from the acrocyst a number of
irregular bands and threads are seen passing outward and downward to the gonangial walls.
These are called ** gubernacula” by Weismann (fig. 80, gu), and are supposed by him to serve

THE SERTULARID®. 29

to pull aside the tissues to make room for a second gonophore. They are composed of both
ectodermal and endodermal cells, and may be largely the disorganized remains of the first
gonophore.

Those who are familiar with Weismann’s great work will see that the above account is
practically a summary of the results of his investigations. The present writer, however, has
gone over the ground with some care and with good material and finds that the facts are as
described by Weismann. The deductions are given on the authority of that writer, unless the
context shows them to be my own.

Probably the simplest form of gonophore found in this group is illustrated by Diphasia
kincaid’, anew species described beyond. In this case the gonophore consists of a structure similar
to that of Sertularia pumila given off from the lower part of the blastostyle. It contains, how-
ever, but a single ovum, and in optical section shows very beautifully the relationship between the
ova and the various histological layers, the former being outside of the stutzlamelle and embedded
in the ectoderm (fig. 85). The deckenplatte is also well shown and is seen to consist of both
ectoderm and endoderm. The acrocyst does not appear to be present in this species and it is
probable that the ova are discharged directly through the tops of the gonangia into the water.
Practically the same type of gonophore is found in Sertularia stookeyi, S. cornicina, Dictyo-
cladium flabllum and Thuiaria robusta, and doubtless in many other species.

Weismann examined the gonophores of Sertularclla polyzonias and found that they differed
from those of Sertularia pumila in the fact that no true gonophores are found, but that the sexual
products are developed in the walls of the spadix of the blastostyle. I found that the same state
of affairs was evident in optical section of Sertularella complera. This is shown in fig. 86, where
the axial blastostyle does not bear gonophores, but in which the spermaries are found embedded
in the endoderm of the blastostyle itself. Numerous thread-like processes extend from the
ectoderm of the blastostyle to the gonangial walls, resembling greatly the gubernacula
described by Weismann. As there is here no likelihood of an acrocyst being formed, the
specimen being a male gonangium, and as there is no gonophore to be accommodated, the
function of these threads can not be explained as in the case of Sertularia pumila. They seem to
be a very common feature of the various genera of Sertularidz, and doubtless have a definite
significance. In some cases there is a thin layer of ectoderm lining the gonangial walls, and these
thread-like structures seem to connect this ectoderm with that of the blastostyle or gonophores
in the center of the gonangial cavity. They may, of course, have a nutritive function, as
suggested by Weismann in the case of the gubernacula of Sertularia pumila. In many species
of Sertularclla there seem to be no true gonophores, the ova being in masses around the axial
blastostyle. Often they are aggregated in two or more distinct globular masses, as in S. fi//-
Sormis (fig. 87), and some at least of these forms are provided with an acrocyst, as in S. rugosa
(Plate XVII, fig. 2), where this structure is very conspicuous. The exact succession of eyents
has not been worked out in such cases, but it is likely that these masses of ova are discharged
into the acrocyst just as those in the gonophores of Sertularia pumila, the successive masses
acting as do the successive gonophores.

In some species of Sertularella, as S. albida, the male gonangium contains an immense mass
of sperm cells that is ovate in form. A longitudinal section of this mass shows that it is permeated
by a system of diverticula from the axial blastostyle. These diverticula are apparently composed
entirely of endoderm' covered with the stutzlamelle, and I find no ectoderm save that which
forms a coating over the entire sperm mass. This seems to be a form of pseudo-gonophore
derived from the condition found in 8. polyzonias by Weismann and in S. complera by myself.
The diverticula spoken of are probably necessary as a means of conyeying nourishment to the
mass of sperm cells that is too large to be supplied by a simple unconvoluted endodermal layer,
such as is found in S. polyzonias. Tf correctly interpreted, we have here a state of affairs almost

’ Weismann does not state the origin

'This structure is probably that which is called a ‘‘Stroma-Netzes.’
of this structure, and I am by no means sure that it is correctly interpreted by me as endodermal. It appears,
however, to be derived directly from the endoderm of the spadix, and seems to be composed of loosely aggregated
tissue, such as we often find in the deckenplatte, where both ectoderm and endoderm are often of this histological

structure.

30 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

exactly intermediate between that of S. complexa and the ordinary gonophore, such as is found
in Sertularia pumila, for instance.

TS

THE GONOSOME OF DIPHASIA.
(Figs. 91 and 92 after Allman.)

Fig. 91—Gonangium of Diphasia rosacea. coc, lobe of ccenosare extending upward into the gonangial leaf, g 1; gon, gonophore; gw, gonan-
gial wall; ov, ova in the ‘‘marsupial chamber.’’ Other letters as in preceding figures.

Fig. 92.—Same species; a younger gonophore, showing earlier stage in the formation of the gonangial leaves.

Fig. 93.—Diphasia fallax; a very young gonangium, showing the blastostyle entering with a comparatively large ovum at its summit.

Fig. 94.—Same species; a somewhat older gonophore, showing optical longitudinal section (schematic) with ova in endoderm of stem.

Fig. 95.—Same species; a young gonangium before the development of the gonangial leaves. c, convex summit of gonangium.

Fig. 96.—Same species; young) gonangium in which the gonangial leaves are forming, viewed from above. 0, small, round opening in
summit of the original top of the gonangium. :

Fig. 97.—Same species; a semidiagramatic longitudinal section, showing the formation of the ‘‘marsupium;’’ 7 w, inner wall of gonan-
gial leaf; 0 w, outer wall of gonangial leaf; 0, opening in the original top of the gonangium; p, planula.

Fig. 98.—Same species; longitudinal section of a male gonangium, showing two gonophores with spermaries.

A very simple male gonangium is found in /ydrallmania falcata (figs. 88, 90, 111), where
the axis of the blastostyle, composed of endodermal cells, constitutes a simple spadix around
which the sperm cells grow in a mass, the outside of the mass being covered with ectoderm.

THE SERTULARID. ol

The most complicated gonosome found in the Sertularide is that illustrated by Diphasia
rosacea and several other species of the same genus which appear to possess an acrocyst which
is itself inclosed in a marsupial chamber (figs. 91, 92). This very remarkable structure was first
described with care by Professor Allman,’ and this description still remains the best that I have
seen, although it contains some inaccuracies that will shortly be pointed out. I have made a
careful study of Diphas/a fallax, both entire and in serial sections, with the following results:

A very young female gonangium (see fig. 93) is a club-shaped chitinous pellicle within which
the young blastostyle grows as a direct derivative of the ccenosare of the stem. At its very
summit is a large ovum enveloped apparently in lobular diverticula from the blastostyle,
another and smaller ovum being seen a short distance below. At a later stage the gonangium is
obeonical or trumpet-shaped (see figs. 94, 95), and the blastostyle has expanded so as to fill its distal
portion with a sort of plug. At this stage the summit of the gonangium is convex, or bowl-
shaped, with the aperture in the center of the bowl, just above the axis of the blastostyle. The
rim of this bowl now grows rapidly, forming four broad scallops, and ultimately four broad
leaves, which are really flattened tubes of chitin. From the peripheral portion of the distal end
of the ccenosarcal plug (deckenplatte) four lobes composed of ectoderm and endoderm project
into the flattened tubes of chitin just mentioned and doubtless furnish material for the growth
of the latter’ (see fig. 96). These lobes grow rapidly, especially in length, and finally their tips
arch over until they meet. The edges of the leaves coalesce, and thus is formed a globular
chamber above the original top of the gonangium, the walls of the chamber being composed of
the broad leaves which originated from the edge of the bowl-like summit of the young
gonangium. In the meantime the ova in the blastostyle have arranged themselves in definite
groups, the largest group being the distal one, each group being now borne in a separate
gonophore, the gonophores being arranged serially along one side of the blastostyle. A tendency
toward such a grouping is seen in even quite a young gonophore (see fig. 95). The present
writer believes, from his study of Diphasia fallax, that Professor Allman was mistaken in two
particulars in his description of the gonosome of D/phasia. First, in describing the develop-
ment of the gonangium (of J). rosacea) that writer says: *

A blastostyle occupies its axis, having upon its sides, one over the other, the young budding gonophores, and
expanding at its summit into a broad, thick disk, which closes, as with a plug, the free end of the gonangium. Upon
the outer side of this disk a thin chitinous investment is excreted, becoming continuous at the edge of the disk with
the chitinous walls of the gonangium.

This latter sentence conveys the idea that the end of the gonangium is formed subsequent
to the formation of the walls. As a matter of fact, it is entirely homologous with the
summit of other gonangia, and is continuous with the walls in the youngest gonangium that
I have been able to find (see fig. 93, which is a highly magnified view of a very young
gonangium). In its early stages the gonangium of Diphasia fullax is precisely similar to
all other gonangia, so far as this character is concerned. Fig. 95 presents an appearance that
might at first lead one to adopt Allman’s view, as in this case the concave summit of the gonan-
gium rests immediately on the deckenplatte. But when one studies a series of young gonangia
it becomes evident that we have here merely the eleyation of the peripheral portion of the
gonangium top preparatory to the growth of the leaves destined to form the marsupium.
Secondly, Professor Allman, after describing the acrocysts of several species, adds:

In the cases above described the acrocyst is destitute of any further covering, and has its walls with their gelati-
nous investment, freely exposed to the surrounding water. In Sertularia rosacea, S. fallax, and S. tamarisca, however,
an additional covering is provided for the acrocyst, and there is thus formed a curious and complicated receptacle, in
which the oya, as in a sort of marsupium, pass through certain early stages of their development, previously to being
discharged into the surrounding water (p. 50). ,

1A monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, London, 1871, pp. 50-54.
* These lobes Allman very plausibly interprets as being the homologues of the lobular or sack-like processes
which extend downward from the deckenplatte in Sertularia pumila. The derivation of the two structures is evi-
dently identical, and the only difference between them seems to bein the direction of their growth, which is upward
in Diphasia fallax and downward in Sertularia pumila.
8 Gymnoblastic Hydroids, pp. 50-81.
5125—pr 2—04

o
v0

32 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

A study of serial longitudinal sections of Diphasia fallax’ shows that no true acrocyst is
found in this species. It is true that an examination of entire adult gonangia with transmitted
light seems to reveal an inner globular chamber besides the outer one formed by the gonangial
leaves. That this is an optical illusion is seen when a median longitudinal section is studied
(see fig. 97).

The inner and outer walls of a gonangial leaf are seen to be widely separated and not strictly
parallel, the distal end being much thicker than the rest. The result is that the inner profile of
the leaf forms nearly a half circle and, in conjunction with its fellow on the opposite side, forms
nearly a complete circle which looks almost exactly like the outline of a sphere when seen from
the side. Thus it happens that we have the appearance of a sphere in the center of the marsupial
chamber, occupying, indeed, the exact position of an acrocyst. As there are eight of these leaves
in LD. rosacea their inner edges would thus simulate the outline of a sphere when viewed from
any side.

It might be argued that the acrocyst, according to my own statement, is but a temporary
structure, and might therefore have been absent in the specimens studied by me, but present in
those studied by Professor Allman. In some of my specimens there were ova or planulie in the
marsupial chamber (fig. 97, ~). Under these conditions, if ever, the acrocyst wculd be present.

The male colonies of )iphasia produce gonangia without the marsupium, and hence of very
different appearance, and it was this fact, doubtless, that led the elder Agassiz to give the name
** Diphasia” to this genus. Fig. 98 represents a longitudinal median section of a male gonangium
of Diphasia paarmanni containing a blastostyle which bears gonophores in a series, each
consisting of a simple spadix surrounded by a mass of sperm cells. The gonangia are unusually
long and slender, and often contain a row of five or six gonophores.

We have now considered all of the distinct types of gonophores found in the Sertularidee, so
far as known to the writer.

THE GONANGIUM.

This structure is much more diversified in the Sertularidse than in the Plumularide, due
probably to the fact already suggested that the gonangia in the latter family are often protected
by various forms of phy lactocarps, and hence are not so much influenced by the immediate
environment of the species.

Perhaps the most typical form of gonangium is the Baplecblons oval, truncated at the top,
well illustrated by Sertularia pumila (fig. 99), S. operculata (fig. 100), S. stookey? (fig. 101),
Thuiaria thuja (fig. 102), Diphusia kincaid: (fig. 112a), and Abzetinaria gigantea (fig. 103). The
main modification of this form consists of the narrowing of the distal end of the gonangium so
as to form a short tubular neck, as in A. costata (fig. 104), Thawaria turgida (fig. 105), and
Thuiaria tubuliformis (fig. 106). This narrowing may be such as to form a short cone instead
of a tube, as in Dictyocladium jflabellum (fig. 107); or it may form a frustum of a cone, as in
Abietinaria greenet (fig. 108). Where the aperture is large an operculum is usually present, as
in Sertularia stookeyi (Plate V, tig. 6), and Sertularella formosa (fig. 109).

The most common form of ornamentation found in the gonangia of this group is brought
about by annular rugosities which are often exceedingly graceful and beautiful. One of the
most attractive structures in the whole family is the gonangium of Sertularella tricuspidata
(Plate XXV, figs. 4and.5). Similar gonangia are found in S. 7//formis (fig. 113), and the most
excessive ornamentation along this line is seen in Sertularella elegans (fig. 114), where the
annulations take the form of greatly compressed ridges which are elaborately frilled so as to
resemble lace work (Plate XXIV, fig. 1). Sometimes these annulations are confined to the
distal or upper part of the gonangium, and are much broader and less incised, as in S. a//mani
(fig. 115), S. catena (fig. 112), 8. meridionalis (fig. 116), and S. albida (fig. 122).

‘These sections, as well as the others used in the study of the gonosome of the Geran were eae for me
by Mr. William B. Bell, one of my students.

THE SERTULARID. 33

In most cases the annulations are approximately parallel, but sometimes, as in Sertularella
pinnata, they are exceedingly irregular, giving an appearance of great distortion (fig. 117, and
Plate XXI, fig. 10). Every intergradation in the depth of these rugosities is found, ranging

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

99.—Sertularia pumila,
100.—Sertularia operculata,
101.—Sertularia stookeyi.
102.—Thuiaria thuje.
103.—Abietinaria gigantea.
104.—Abictinaria costata.
105.—Abictinaria turgida,
106.—Thuiaria tubuliformis.

TYPICAL GONANGIA OF THE SERTULARID®,

(All figures drawn to the same
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig.
Fig

Fig.

> scale.)

. 107,— Dictyocladium flabellum.

. 108.—Abietinaria greenei, with acrocyst.

. 109.—Sertularella formosa, showing operculum.
. 110.—Diphasia fallax (young).

. 111.—HAydrallmania falcata.

. 112.—Sertularella catena.

112a.—Diphasia kincaidi.

between the excessively deep ridges of Sertularella elegans and the hardly visible ones of S.
levinseni (fig. 118). While these annulations are especially characteristic of the genus
Sertularella they are also found in Sertularia, as in S. cornicina (tig. 119), in Abjetinaria coet
(fig. 120), and in a few other species outside of the genus Sertularella.

34 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

A phenomenon so constant and so widespread as this kind of gonangial ornamentation is
generally supposed to have some utility to the animals possessing it, and it is not difficult to find
a use for these corrugations on purely mechanical grounds. Gonangia are structures that are

ANNULATED GONANGIA OF THE SERTULARIDE,
(All figures drawn to the same scale.)

Fig. 113.—Sertularella jiliformis. Fig. 121.—Sertularella complexa.

Fig. 114.—Sertularella elegans. Fig. 122.—Sertularella albida.

Fig. 115.—Sertularelia allmani. Fig. 123.—Sertularella gayi var. robusta (an exceptionally slender specimen).
Fig. 116.—Sertularella meridionalis. Fig. 1! Sertularella contorta.

Fig. 117.—Sertularella pinnata. Fig. rtularella polyzonias.

Fig. 118.—Sertularella levinseni. Fig. 126.—Sertularella subdichotoma.

Fig. 119.—Sertularia cornicina. Fig. 126a.—Sertularella subdichotoma (without tubular neck).

Fig. 120.—Abietinaria coei. Fig. 127.—Sertularella rugosa.

primarily for the protection of the sexual persons of the hydroid colonies, and the stronger their
walls the more efficient is the protection afforded. Man has long ago found that by corrugating
sheets of iron or tin their strength to resist lateral pressure is greatly increased. Doubtless the
same thing is true of gonangial walls made of chitin, and this may indicate a possible utility for

THE SERTULARID. 35

this feature, one that 1s ordinarily spoken of as being merely ornamental in structure. But
what shall we say when contemplating such apparently riotous and frivolous excesses as are
indulged in by Sertularella elegans, for instance? It seems as if here Nature had gone to
altogether unnecessary lengths, even if she did start by forming the rugosities on purely

SPINED AND RIBBED GONANGIA OF THE SERTULARIDE.
(All figures, except.182, 135, 136, and 138, drawn to the same scale.)

Fig. 128.—Thuiaria robusta. Fig. 134.—Selaginopsis ornata.

Fig. 129.—Serlarella quadrata. Fig. 135.—Synthecium campylocarpum (female). (After Allman.)
Fig. 130.—Diphasia paarmanni. Fig. 136.—Synthecium campylocarpum (male). (After Allman.)
Fig. 181.—Diphasia rosacea (female), Fig. 1387.—Abietinaria alexanderi.

Fig. 132.—Sertularia echinocarpa. (After Allman.) Fig. 138.—Abietinaria costata.

Fig. 133.—Diphasia digitalis. Fig. 189.—Diphasia paarmanni (male).

utilitarian lines. There are many such cases known to naturalists, in which it appears that
development along certain lines had received in some way such an impetus or momentum that
the resulting structure goes far beyond the utilitarian demands of the case and enters the realm
of merely capricious excess.

36 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

As an outcome of this we have many structures that are exquisitely beautiful or graceful, or
at times merely grotesque.

In a few cases the rugosities are longitudinal, rather than transverse or annular, and we have
the ribbed gonangia, such as are seen in Sertularella episcopus (Plate X XVI, fig. 7), Abéetinaria
gracilis (Plate XXXY, fig. 1), and Adbietinaria costata (fig. 104). In a number of species the
superficial ornamentation takes the form of horn-like processes or long spines, which may be two
in number and borne on the shoulders of the gonangium, asin Zhu/aria argentea (Plate XII,
fig. 9) or Z. robusta (Plate VII, fig. 7), or there may be four or more radiating from the
gonangial aperture, as in Sertularella quadrata (tig. 129). In the male gonangia of several
species of Diphasia there are a number of conical spines arranged in a circle around the distal
end, as in 2. paarmanni (fig. 130), or the whole of the distal end of the gonangium may be
bristling with spines, as in Sertularella turgida (Plate XXII, fig. 2). The extreme of spinulation
is reached in Sertularia echinocarpa Allman (fig. 132) and Diphasia digitalis (tig. 133), where
the entire surface of the gonangium is beset with spines. A very curious ornamentation is found
in Selaginopsis ornata (fig. 134), where there arise from the distal surface eight long slender bifur-
cating processes which may be for the purpose of forming a sort of pseudo-marsupium as a
protection for the ova in the later stages of their development.

Still another kind of gonangial ornamentation has already been discussed, that is the broad
leaves, four or eight in number, that form the marsupial chamber in the female gonangium of
several species of Dphasia (figs. 91-97).

A very graceful surface marking is seen in Synthectum campylocarpum, where the gonangia
are furnished with two series of opposite and gracefully curving rugosities forming a bilateral
ornamentation that is very rare among the Hydroida (fig. 135).

The gonangial aperture is usually either round or squarish in outline, and is always ter-
minal in this group, never taking on the lunate form and lateral position seen in some of the
Plumularidee.’ As would be expected, the aperture of the female gonangium is, in general,
considerably larger than that of the male. Probably the largest aperture in proportion to the
size of the gonangium that I have seen is that of Sertilarella megastoma (Plate XX, fig. 9). In
many cases the aperture is elevated ona sort of collar which may be a simple narrow band, as
in Sertularia gracilis (Plate ILI, fig. 10), or a broad band, as in Ab/detinaria coc (tig. 120), where
it is quite conspicuous on the upper surface of a top-shaped gonangium. Often this collar is
produced into a tube with a flaring or trumpet-shaped distal end, as in Sertularella jiliformis
(fig. 113), and S. meridvonalis (Plate XXIII, fig. 8). In some cases there appears to be a tube
within a collar, as in Sertularella tricuspidata (Plate XXV, fig. 5). Rarely this collar is qaadrate
in form, as in Sertularella fusiformis (Plate XX, fig. 4). In many cases, however, the mouth is
not elevated above the general surface of the top of the gonangium, where it may be surrounded
by a series of from two to five blunt spine-like prominences that are often used as specific char-
acters, as, for example, in Sertularella polyzonias (fig. 125), S. contorta (fig. 124), and S. complexa
(Plate X XI, figs. 7 and 9). This kind of ornamentation appears to be contined to Sertidarella.

Superficial color markings are exceedingly rare on the gonangia. The only cases that I know
of among American Sertularide are found in Adbéetinaria costata (Plate XXXVI, fig. 12), where
the summits of the longitudinal ridges are marked by distinct black lines that are very conspicu-
ous in comparatively fresh specimens, and the same thing is much less conspicuously seen in
A. amphora (Plate XXXIV, fig. 4).

The gonangia of several species of Zhuiaria, as T. thuiarioides (Plate VIII, fig. 6), and
Abiectinaria, as in A. variabilis (Plate XXXII, fig. 7), are peculiar in having a number of sharp
chitinous teeth arranged in a circle on the inside, just below the aperture. I am unable to under-
stand the function of these teeth, unless they serve as a sort of anchorage for the deckenplatte,
very much as similar teeth at the bottom of the hydrothec of certain campanularians are sup-
posed to serve for points of attachment for the hydranth.

The text figures 99 to 139 are all drawn to the same scale, and show the variation in size that
is found among the gonangia of the Sertularide.

1See Part I, pl. rx, fig. 3.

THE SERTULARID®. 387

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERTULARIDZ.

Origin of the sex cells.—As in so many respects the two families Plumularide and Ser-
tularidee here show their close relationship. So far as I can determine there is no difference
between them in this respect. In all species of Sertularidw in which the matter has been inves-
tigated both the male and female sex cells originate in the endoderm of the stem and branches,
or at least are found in this position at a very early stage. Weismann reports this to be true of
Sertularia pumila and Sertularella polyzonias, and I have found the same thing in Sertularia
pumila, Hydrallmania falcata, Sertularella complexa, Diphasia fallax, Diphasia kincaidi, and
Abietinaria turgida. These comprise all of the species that I have examined for the purpose.
The sex cells originating in the endoderm of the stem are carried into the developing gonangium
along with the young blastostyle, or else migrate as do those of the Plumularidie, the pre-
sumption being in favor of the latter, although I do not know that the process has been
completely demonstrated.

The development of the gonangium bas been partially described in the case of Diphasia
Jallax. It seems that the process is, in general, the same as in the Plumularidee,' and the same
thing seems to be true in the development of the ovum and that of the colony as a whole.

As already stated, there are no known sertularians that produce free medusz, nor do the
gonophores present any easily recognizable medusoid features.

Weismann has found, however, the characteristic cell layers that are seen in the medusoid
forms, and this leads him to pronounce the sertularian gonophore a very much degraded medusa,
an opinion that can not be gainsaid in the present state of our knowledge.

SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION.
Family SERTULARID Fleming (modified).

Trophosome.—Hydranth with a conical or dome-shaped proboscis and a single verticil of
filiform tentacles. Hydrothecw sessile, adnate or more or less embedded in the hydrocaulus,
arranged definitely and in more than a single row.* An operculum composed of from one to four
parts is almost always present. Nematophores wanting.

Gonosome.—Gonophores inclosed in gonangia, and always producing ova or spermatozoa
without the intervention of a medusoid form.

The family Sertularidie,* containing as it does the longest known genera of calypteroblastic
forms, has been defined by a number of writers, the general tendency being, as would be expected,
toward a more and more strict delimitation of the group. The above definition is in substantial
agreement with the yiews of most of the present authorities. Taken as a whole, the family is a
fairly well circumscribed group, although it has points of contact with campanularian forms
through the genus Zhyroscyphus Allman,‘ which agrees with the Campanularidee in having the
hydrothece supported « on n pedicels, and with the Sertularide i in the characters of its chy dranths,

'See Part I, pp. 36-39.

? An apparent exception is found in Hydrallmania, where the bases of the hydrothecz are aligned in a single row
on the upper side of the branches. Here, however, the distal portions of the hydrothece are bent alternately to the
right and left, and nematophores are never found. These characters’are sufficient to separate the genus from the
family Plumularidse with which it was formerly associated. Its place in the Sertularidee has not been questioned by
any recent writer.

* The original spelling of this word seems to have been Sertulariadze. The first time that it occurs is in A History
of British Animals, by Fleming, Edinburgh, 1828, p. 538. Johnston, in the second edition of British Hydroid
Zoophytes, London, 1847, uses the same spelling, as does Alexander Agassiz, in his Catalogue of North American
Acalephie, Cambridge, 1865. Hincks, in his classic work, British Hydroid Zoophytes, London, 1868, p. 233, adopts
the spelling Sertulariidie, in which he has been followed by a few British and American writers.

McCready, one of the pioneer American workers in this field, introduces the spelling ‘‘Sertularidze,’’ in 1858, in
which he is followed by Louis Agassiz, in his Contribution to the Natural History of the United States, IV, 1862,
p. 355, and Allman in several of his later works, and most of the present workers, both American and European.

* Hydroids of the Gulf Stream, Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, V, No. 2, 1877, p. 10.

38 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

and in having a well-marked operculum consisting of four segments. On the other hand, we find
in some species of Sc/aginopsis a superticial resemblance to certain of the Perisiphonide and
Lafoeide, both of which families have the hydrothec without pedicels and arranged on all sides
of the hydrocaulus, but which differ from the Sertularide in having the stem and usually the
branches composed of a number of parallel tubes.

The genus Hydrallmania, as indicated above, bears some resemblance to the Plumularidee
in having its hydrothece arranged in a linear series on the upper sides of the branches, but differs
from all known plumularians in having the distal ends of the hydrothec bent alternately to the
right and left, as well as in the absence of nematophores.

Although the family itself seems to be sufficiently well characterized, almost insuperable
difficulties are encountered when we attempt to break it up into genera. Various writers have
offered solutions which seem well conceived when the material at hand is limited, but which
break down more or less completely when all material available from more recent explorations is
taken into consideration. Perhaps the difficulties encountered in trying to solve this exceedingly
perplexing problem can best be demonstrated by a brief summary of the attempts made by the
more important authorities, beginning with Hincks’s epoch-making work, British Hydroid
Zoophytes, published in 1868. This writer divides the Sertulariidee into the following geneéra:*

Sertularella.—Hydrothece biserial, decidedly alternate, operculum composed of several pieces.

Diphasia.—Hy drothece opposite, occasionally subalternate, a pair to each internode, with an internal valve-like
operculum. Female gonangium with an internal marsupial chamber.

Sertularia.—Hy drothec biserial, opposite or alternate, without external operculum. Gonangia without internal

marsupium.
Thuiaria.—Hydrothece biserial, embedded in the substance of the stem and branches.

All of these genera, moditied to accommodate themselves to the results of later inyestiga-
tions, are still retained by recent writers and in the present work.

In December, 1874, Professor Allman read a paper before the Linnzan Society,” in which
he defined the following new genera:

Desmocyphus.—Hydrocaulus bearing hydrothecee which are adnate to each other in pairs, and each pair adnate
to the front of the hydrocaulus.

Synthecium.—Each internode of the hydrocaulus bearing a pair of opposite sessile hydrothece. Gonangia on
peduncles springing from within the cavity of hydrothecz.

Selaginopsis.—Hydrothece disposed in several longitudinal rows about the nonfascicled hydrocaulus.

Pericladium.—Hydrothec more or less immersed and closely set around bifurcating ramuli which spring from
the sides of a common stem.

In this work Professor Allman separates the genus Z/iwiaria from the Sertularide and
places it in a new family, the Thuiariide.

In his report on the Hydroida collected by the Challenger* the same author modifies the
genus Sertularia so as to include the genus Sertularella, modifies the genus Thudaria and restores
it to the Sertularide, and forms three new genera. His classification is as follows:

Sertularia.—Hydrothece sessile, in two series, opposite or alternate, margins entire or dentate, sides more or less
adnate to the hydrocaulus, an internode to each two hydrothecze. Operculum present or absent.

Thuiaria.—Internodes of hydrocaulus each bearing many hydrothecee which are alternate or opposite, more or
less adnate to hydrocaulus, margin entire or dentate.

Diphasia.—Substantially as defined by Agassiz and Hincks.

Desmoscyphus, Synthecitum, and Thecocladium.—As defined above.

Hypopyxis.—Like Desmoscyphus, but with two minute cup-shaped appendages (nematophores?) at the base of
each hydrotheca.

Staurotheca.—Hydrocaulus with opposite hydrothecee arranged in decussating pairs.

Dictyocladium.—Hydrocaulus forming a flabelliform network of anastomosing stems and branches. Hydro-
thecze on all sides of branches.

1 British Hydroid Zoophytes, London, 1868, p. 234 et seg. The above table is not a quotation direct, but a
condensed statement of the most important points in his definitions of genera.

*Linnzean Society Journal, Zoology, XII, 1876, p. 252 et seq.

*Report on the Hydroida, Part 2, 1888, pp. 49, 50.

THE SERTULARID®. 39

The tendency to multiply genera reached its maximum ina work published in 1890 by
Marktanner-Turneretscher' in which he adopts all of Allman’s genera, restores Sertularella, and
proposes two new genera. As this writer’s scheme of classification is more comprehensive than
any other, it is given here in somewhat condensed form and translated into English:

PeebenuC es toring, a TetCuAte NObWONK =. 2s s2ee asa cee cee eee peters nse tee sees cuales westone 2
2. Hydrothece in more than two rows. Margins even..---..----2.-----2-s-2- 202-2 e enone nena DicryocLapiuM.
Eiydrothecs arranged otherwise -. 2.2 22-22. S-.0.- eeencc ect eeeaee Soc 2p SSe eee oe eee 3
3. Hydrothec paired, adjacent pairs at right angles to each other..........--.-.------. ------------ STAUROTHECA.
Hydrothecz alternate, margins dentate. Operculum present ....-...---.------------------ SYMPLECTOSCYPHUS.
Branches mot normally forming'a network {== --2oscenen- nie see ee ee oo Se me eae soe eee ae sececees 4
4. Branches arising irom cavities of the hydrothecw ~o--4--.----see22sss—6 ae ee ee se cose THECOCLADIUM.
Branches arising as usual from the stem --_-.- BE SEE SS DS SAAR edo koe peta ee Se ee eee ee bear 5
5. Stem polysiphonic, the central tube bearing hydrothecz ..........----.-------------------------- GRAMMARIA.
Stem monosiphonic, or tubes differently arranged 2. see se ee aaa nee ee ee Neen te none eee een noe 6
6. Minute cup-shaped bodies'at the hydrothecal bases:.--<-- -.222--2-2-detencn.--- -toaeet cence nncens Hyporyxis.
DYE E) oa). orn eee, ees SNe ee a et A Ae oe Ld ol oe a fl
(cobydrothers arranged 'in’a‘sinplerTGwsi-coc- aceon 5s eee tees eee ae moe sn oan ee een een HypRALLMANIA.
Hydrotbeceiarranged:in more than‘a/siiiple mowje.c200 seen soe) e ecenn sb ee oscar Aces t eee 8
8. Hydrothece in two rows, adnate to each other in pairs .._.....---.-----.----------------------- DesmoscyPHus.
Piydrothetein two opposite rows; orin Several KOWS.. ouch. Se ee ee ae oi oe ee Se eee inne 9
9s Elydrothecs:in several longitudinal rows «2-5 - 2.5 cere soeece mn aoe on dan aks ee sere. Sees SELAGINOPSIS.
Eydrathécse in two longitudinal rows 224-25". 322 oer ew ncoemece re eee en eee ne aoe erebeeeeetee soe 10
10* Operculum®' present, composed'of one’ orimore! patis==—- eo soe -. eae oe wa een een ene we see nae 11
Etydroubecse. Wwithout‘operctilum: <== 2-222 23.(.2-4- 2 =u Soe Se eee ene een Ren oe eee as oe a oe 15
ey Onercolamiwith more: than two: patise= oes eee tne ceeee tee Retene se eae. eee ane e nee en = eens 12
Opexrcolum :with two! patte:.= 2... 2. sesh ea ae wee ae EERE Shee Peon sence eee mate cerns cnet 13
12. Hydrothece usually alternate, and one to an internode ......--.-..--.--------------- eich SERTULARELLA.
Hydrothecz opposite or alternate, several to each internode. ..........--.---..-----.-------- CALYPTOTHUIARIA.
13. Hydrothecze opposite ...-.--- BR Se AeA ae Se aoe SE HARE 8 38 SOHO SENS Se ata eC TR 14
Hydrothecz alternate, often several to an internode, an operculum present ......----.------------- Monopoma.
14. Hydrothec:e usually paired. Operculum hinged at a single point ......--.-....--..----------------- DipHasia.
15. Hydrothec opposite, several pairs in the middle of each internode ...........--..----.------------ PASYTHEA.
One, two, or more hydrothece to each internode, the latter not much produced beyond the hydrotheca-
bearing part’.2-.2 fics a Stas Soe ee eee = te re ee ee Oe cee ne a he Pe Lea oe nS 16
16. Hydrotheci strictly opposite, generally partly immersed, often without evident relation between hydrothecze
of opposite rOWse: 3-2 2ol Mt ss sos an -ceais oss soe esse ee sae Penne eee eee ae enn oe THUTARIA,
Hydrothecie single, or in more or less distinct pairs on each internode.......-....------------------------- 17
17. Hydrothece paired, sometimes not strictly opposite. Distal part of branches usually with a pair to each
internode: “Gonangia ‘on; branches. 22 2- oo5522< see ence nscenscees weaeinece eas cess nee sok se eesamesses 18
Hydrothecze single or paired. Gonangia springing from lumen of hydrothece .......-.--..------- SyNTHECIUM.
18. Hydrothecal margin toothed. Hydrothecz not conspicuously broader at base...-...-.------------ SERTULARIA.
Hydrothecal margin even or slightly sinuous. Hydrothecz swollen at base........-...-..---..--ABIETINARIA.?”

It will be noted that this scheme denies the presence of the operculum in the genera Pasythea,
Sertularia, Thuiaria, and Abjsetinaria, in all of which it is actually present.

In 1893 there appeared a scholarly work by Prof. G. M. R. Levinsen,* in which a serious
attempt is made to arrange the genera of the Sertularidee on the cae of the characters of the
operculum in connection with the condition of the hydrothecal margin.‘ This writer asserts that
the operculum is found in all Sertularide, without exception, and carries his belief to the extent
of casting out all genera that do not possess that structure. He states that the genera Gram-
maria, Synthecium, and Hypopyxis should all find their places outside of the Sertularidee, an
opinion in which I concur, except in the case of the genus Synthecium. Ue maintains that such
features as the relation of the hydrothece to the hydroc: aulus and to one another are of little sys-

Die Hy eden des k. i. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, V, Vienna, 1890.

*See Kirchenpauer, Nordische Gattungen und Arten von Sarpulsrident, Hamburg, 1884, p. 29. Dr. Kirchenpauer
recognizes the following genera: Selaginopsis, Thuiaria, Abietinaria, and Sertularella.

’Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Groénlands Vestkyst tilligemed Bemzerkninger om Hydroidernes Sys-
tematik. Svertryk af Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhayn, 1892, 1893.

‘The writer is under great obligation to Mr. J. H. Paarmann for translating. the systematic portion of Levinsen’s
work.

‘

40 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

tematic value unless reenforced by the characters of the operculum and hydrothecal margin, upon
which he chiefly relies in his system of classification. He maintains that there is a constant
relation between these last two structures, and that the operculum is always attached to more or
less deepened curves or sinuosities of the margin.

In accordance with this position, based, as the author expressly states, on his studies of the
Greenland species only, Professor Levinsen in another work published during the same year
(1893),* classifies the Sertularide as follows:

(a) Operculum of 3 or 4 flaps which are attached to a like number of emarginations of the walls of the hydrothecx.
Gonanpiayannulatedtars ssa. - 22s. his = Sahel See ers ee a ae Se er Sertularella.
(a’) Operculum of a single flap.
(b) Margin of hydrotheca with two lateral teeth.

(c) Hydrothece in a single zigzag row. Operculum adcauline-.-.--...........---.--------- Hydrallmania.

(e’) Hydrothece in two rows. Operculum attached to adcauline side of margin.......-...--.-- Sertularia.
(b’) Margin of hydrothece without teeth.

(c) Operculum attached to adcauline side of margin. .-.-..........-.----:--------- Be Soe e = on er Diphasia.

(cArOperchlum attached’to/abeaulimesideiofimarcing =a. eo soe eee on ae ee Thuiaria.

In applying this key to the large number of species discussed in the present work it becomes
evident that it is inadequate to meet the requirements of the case, however well it applies to the
Greenland forms discussed by Levinsen.

The scheme is so attractive at first sight that the writer must confess to a sense of personal
disappointment at the failure of a method of classification for which he sincerely desired success.
The following considerations, and several others could be added, are sufficient to show the
inadequacy of the key.

In the genus Sertularella the form S. formosa Fewkes (Plate X XVII, fig. 2), has an abso-
lutely even margin, and an operculum that, when present, is stretched like a drumhead over the
very wide operculum. The same is true of S. hartlauwbi Nutting. I can not see how either of
these can be rightfully separated from the genus Sertularella. -

The hydrothecal margins in //ydrallmania can seldom be said to have two teeth, and indeed
are often perfectly oval, or with slight angulations at the sides that cannot properly be called
teeth in the sense in which the term is used in reference to the margins of hydrothece.

Mr. Paarmann, who has very carefully studied many species of sertularians that would come
under the genus Sertularia, according to the key given above (including S. pumila and other
long-known forms), by means of serial sections concludes that Professor Levinsen is incorrect in
saying that the operculum of this genus consists of a single flap. As this is a matter of
unusual importance I quote from his unpublished manuscript:

In the species having bilabiate (bidentate) margins each of the emarginations is surmounted by a membranous
piece of the operculum. Levinsen (p. 187) says that the adcauline piece is permanently attached to the margins of
the teeth, thus forming a ‘‘collar,’’? while the abcauline piece is a free functional flap which opens when the
hydranth expands and closes after the hydranth has retracted. Upon this type he bases his genus Sertularia. The
investigation of a large number of specimens by means of longitudinal and cross sections shows that this condition is
by no means uniform. Sometimes the adcauline piece is attached while the other is free, and sometimes the reverse
is true. Often the sides of a flap are attached for a greater or less distance proximally while they become free
distally, the degree of attachment varying greatly even in the same species. In most cases both flaps are functional.

I have examined Mr. Paarmann’s sections and am convinced that the statements above quoted
are correct. It seems evident that Allman*® and Marktanner-Turneretscher * are correct in inter-
preting the hydrothecw of such species as Sertularia pumila as having a two-valved operculum.!
This conclusion would make it necessary to fundamentally modify the table of classification pro-
posed by Levinsen. But there is still another and even greater objection to relying exclusively

‘Annulata, Hydroidnee, Anthozoa, Porifera in: Det videnskabelige Udbytte af Kanonbaasen ‘‘Hauchs’’ Togter,
Copenhagen, 1893, pp. 321-425.

* Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, V, 1877, p. 25.

* Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Vienna, 1890, p. 238.

‘It seems to me that even by Leyinsen’s account the operculum is here morphologically, although not function-
ally, two-valved, and that his so-called ‘‘collar’’ is, like the operculum, simply a thin membranous extension of the
hydrothecal wall. See Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 186 et seq.

THE SERTULARID®. 4]

upon the characters of the margin and operculum in classifying the Sertularide, and that is that
these characters are inconstant, not only in some of the genera, but also in some individual
species. I have already pointed out the fact that certain species of Sertu/arella lack the sup-
posed three or four flapped operculum. In Selaginopsis mirabilis (Verrill) there are two flaps
to the operculum, while the one-flapped operculum is characteristic of the genus as a whole. 1
do not believe that any one would separate S. mirabilis and S. cylindrica (Clark) generically, and
yet they differ in this feature upon which Levinsen buses his genera. In Sertuluria desmoides
Torrey, a form found on the Californian coast (Plate III, fig. 1), the hydrothecal margins are
sometimes without teeth and at others show two small teeth. The operculum is usually of a
single adcauline flap, but sometimes, in other parts of the same colony, is composed of two parts.
In this case neither the margin nor the operculum furnishes a constant feature, even in a single
colony. In Abjetinaria greenei (Murray) the hydrothece on one part of a colony will be of the
typical abietinarian form, while those on another part of the same colony will have two very
conspicuous teeth, both of which are adeauline and not strictly lateral (Plate XXXVI,
figs. 3and 4). The operculum is of a single adcauline flap. Probably enough illustrations have
been given to show that the characters used by Professor Leyinsen are insufficient in themselves
to furnish a basis for the classification of the Sertularide.

It by no means follows, however, that the operculum and hydrothecal margin are characters
to be neglected. On the contrary, I think them most important aids in defining certain genera,
such as Abjetinaria and Diphasia, and feel that we owe much to Professor Levinsen for his pains-
taking work calling general attention to these features. Careful and conscientious work such as
his is always valuable, whether the results are in all respects confirmed or not.

The only remaining author whose scheme of classification we need discuss at present is Dr.
Karl Camillo Schneider, who published a work of interest in this connection.'. Dr. Schneider
(p. 521) was at first much impressed with Levinsen’s method of classification, but decided that a
review of the whole group revealed the inadequacy of the plan, and also many intergrading
forms. On the whole, this writer prefers the older classification of the Sertularide, and adopts
the following genera, but calls them ‘‘ groups” on account of their incomplete separation: Sertu-
larcla, Dynamena, Thuiaria, Pasythea, Selaginopsis, and Hydrallmania.*

Lest itmay appear that the writer has intentionally or carelessly neglected to include the works
of American writers in the summary just given, attention is called to the fact that there has been
no general work, nor any general discussion of the family Sertularidee produced by an American
writer since the appearance of the classic work by the elder Agassiz, in 1862,* before the appearance
of Hincks’s British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, which I have taken as my point of departure in the
preceding discussion. Agassiz proposed three new genera of Sertularidee (pp. 355-356):
Amphishetia, Cotulina, and Amphitrocha, which were not adequately defined, and which have not
been adopted by later writers, except that two of them are used by his son, Dr. Alexander
Agassiz.*

In attempting to break up the family Sertularidie into genera, there are several principles
that should be clearly grasped at the outset: \

. First. No one character, nor combination of two characters can be successfully used
throughout, as is illustrated by Levinsen’s attempt based on the characters of the hydrothecal
margin and operculum.

Second. It sometimes happens that a single character will sharply differentiate a single
genus. For example, the unilateral arrangement of the hydrothece in //ydrallmania.

Third. The hydroids are an extremely plastic group, and certain characters may occur
sporadically in many unrelated species that occur normally and regularly in certain closely
related forms. This fact has been the cause of great confusion in the systematic treatment of

'Hydroidpolypen von Royigno, nebst Uebersicht tiber das System der Hydroidpolypen im Allgemeinen. Zool-
ogische Jahrbiicher, Systematik, X, pp. 472-555, Jena, 1898.
*Although Doctor Schneider calls these ‘‘groups’’ he treats them as genera, for convenience in handling.
‘Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, IV, Boston, 1862.
*North American Acalephie, 1865, pp. 146-147.

42 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

the subject, and has brought about the rejection of several genera which it would be convenient
and reasonable to retain.

For instance, it occurs not infrequently in several widely different forms among the
Sertularide that a gonangium will occasionally have its origin within the lumen of the hydro-
theca, although these species normally produce gonangia in the ordinary position. But there
are several species, otherwise closely related in the form of the hydrothece and in the apparent
absence of the operculum, in which the gonangium normally and regularly springs from the
inside of hydrothece. ;

Such species should, it seems to me, be placed in the genus Syntheciwm of Allman.’ The
sporadic appearance of the gonangium of the Syntheciwm type occurring as an abnormality in
other nonrelated species which commonly produce gonangia in the ordinary way does not, in my
opinion, invalidate the genus in the slightest degree.

Again, we find that in many species of the Sertularide, not otherwise closely allied, one or
more branches spring from the lumen of hydrothec, although these species normally and regu-
larly branch in the ordinary way. But Allman has found several specimens of a certain species
in which the branches ‘‘ invariably spring from the hydrothece,”* and for this species he instituted
the genus Zhecocladium. He afterwards found other colonies of the same species* that showed
the same constant character, the branches arising normally and regularly from the lumen of the
hydrotheca.. These specimens, being more complete than the ones originally described, furnished
additional characters that still further confirmed his judgment in establishing the genus. Here
again, it seems to me, we are by no means justified in following those who would discard the
genus Thecocludium, because species of widely different genera will sporadically exhibit the same
peculiarity that is uniformly possessed by the specimens studied by Allman.

Fourth. The number of rows of hydrothecz on the branches is a character by which groups
of species otherwise closely related can be segregated to form genera that appear both convenient
and natural. Thus we finda number of species closely related to each other and having manifest
affinities to certain species of 7huéaria that are characterized by having the stem beset with more
than two regularly disposed longitudinal rows of hydrothece. For such forms Allman has
instituted the genus Selaginopsis.*

Again, there are two species closely allied to the genus Sertularel/a that agree more closely
with each other than with other species from the fact that the hydrothecz are placed on all sides
of the branch in an ascending spiral. Associated with this character in the two species thus far
discovered is a remarkable tendency toward anastomosis of the branches which are all in the same
plane, forming a flabellate colony. For the first of these species Allman formed the genus
Dictyocladium.’ Another species is described in the present work. One species has been found,
otherwise related to the genus Sertularia, that differs from all others in the fact that the successive
pairs of hydrothece are rotated on the stem so that each pair is set at right angles to the plane
of the pairs immediately above and below. ‘The result is that there are four longitudinal rows of
hydrothecz on the hydrocaulus, the individuals of a given row being very widely separated, and
each individual forms one of a pair of opposite hydrothece. For this species Allman has estab-
lished the genus Stawrotheca,* a genus not found in American waters.

Fifth. The operculum can be used as an important factor in separating out some of the generic
groups from the great mass of Sertularids in which the hydrothece are arranged in two longi-
tudinal rows, but this character is not in itself sufficient, and we find it necessary to use different
combinations of two or more characters for this purpose, among which the combination of the
form of the operculum and the arrangement of the hydrothece on the hydrocaulus is of great
value. There is a certain long known form that has an operculum of two valves and in which

‘Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, XII, 1874, p. 365.
?Idem, XIX, p. 149.

* Challenger Report, Hydroida, Part 2, 1888, p. 81.

* Journal of the Linnean Society, XII, 1874, p. 272.

5 Challenger Report, Hydroida, Part 2, 1888, p. 76.

®Idem, Part 2, 1888, p. 75.

THE SERTULARID. 43

the hydrothece are arranged in compact groups of pairs, a group to each internode, the upper
pair of a group being noticeably smaller and different in shape from the lower. This very
_characteristic form is the basis of the genus Pasythea of Lamouroux.'

A large number of species agree in having the operculum of three or four flaps and the
hydrothece strictly alternate. These form the well marked and well known genus Sertu/arella.*

Again we find that a combination of the characters of the operculum together with the general
form of the hydrothec can be used to advantage. A large number of species agree in having an
operculum composed of a single flap which is hinged to the adcauline side of the margin. These
have all been included by Levinsen in the genus Diphasia. A study of these forms leads to the
discovery that the genus thus constituted is made up of two well-marked groups which agree in
the character of the operculum just given, but differ widely in the form of the hydrothece; one
group consisting of species with tubular hydrothece that are not distinctly swollen below, and
that have very large apertures without any distinct neck or constriction of the distal part of the
hydrothecal wall. These forms can very well be retained in the genus Diphasia, substantially as
originally described by Agassiz. The other group having an operculum of one adcauline valve
consists of species which differ from )/phasia, and agree among themselves in having hydrothece
that are more or less bottle-shaped—that is, their lower portion is bulged out or’swollen like the
body of a flask, and their distal parts are constricted so that the diameter of the aperture is much
smaller than the diameter of the lower portion. There is often also a distinct constriction caused
by the thickening of the hydrothecal walls below the margin. The forms just described constitute
what seems to me to be a very well circumscribed genus Adjetinaria.®

Siath. Asa last resort we find that a combination of the position of the hydrothecz,
whether opposite or alternate, and the character of the internodes will serve to aid in solving
the last and most perplexing problem of all, the separation into generic groups of the forms
still remaining, which agree in having the hydrothece in two rows, margins smooth or dentate,
the operculum of one adcauline flap, or of two (very rarely three) flaps.* We find upon exami-
nation of the very large number of species agreeing in these particulars a number that agree in
having strictly opposite hydrothece that are not greatly embedded in the hydrocaulus, an
operculum comprised almost always of two valves, and the internodes normally and commonly
bearing two hydrothec ; or the hydrothece may be slightly subopposite, but the internodes
are regular and normally and commonly bear two hydrothece, showing that the latter are
essentially paired, as pointed out by Bale.’ Such forms can be referred to the original genus of
the family, Sertularia.

The remaining forms agree in haying the hydrothece normally and regularly subopposite
to alternate, usually more or less embedded in the hydrocaulus; operculum of one flap (abcau-
line) or of two flaps; more than two (often many) hydrothece to each internode, the latter
being of very irregular length even in the same colony. These forms we can refer to the old
genus Thuiaria.

It will be noticed that seven of the nineteen genera admitted by Marktanner-Turneretscher
(see p. 39) are not included in the scheme as outlined above. These seem to me to be untenable,
and the species included in them can be disposed of as follows:

Grammaria and TTypopyxis do not belong to the Sertularide.

Calyptothuiaria and Symplectoscyphus should be united with Sertulare/la, from which they
are not separated by what appear to me to be adequate characters.

Monopoma is quite a typical Thucaria, according to the scheme here adopted.

Desmoscyphus can with propriety be referred back to the old genus Sertularia.

‘Nouveau bulletin philomatique, décembre, 1812, p. 183.

*Gray, Radiata, List of specimens of British animals, etc., London, 1847, p. 68.

‘Kirchenpauer, Nordische Gattungen und Arten von Sertulariden, Hamburg, 1884, p. 29.

‘The author does not claim to have successfully solved this problem, which appears with our present knowl-
edge to be insoluble, but hopes that the arrangement suggested will be practical in fact, although unsatisfactory
in theory. At any rate, it is the best that he has been able to devise after very careful pondering of the subject.

5 Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, pp. 115, 116.

44 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Dynamena should be dismembered, part of the species going to Sertularia and part to
Thuiaria, as above defined.

For convenience in referring specimens of American Sertularide to their proper genera,
according to the plan adopted in this work, the following key is presented, with the confession
that, like all such keys, it is purely artificial and does not indicate the interrelationships of
these genera:

KEY TO THE GENERA OF AMERICAN SERTULARIDE.

Hydrothec:e all on one side of the branches, their distal ends being turned alternately to the right and

WONice odo soce Sonne ceo ne ispea GS eapemsoe Speco cho saneeso nce ps aeSr ase soe ee spostesssesecsasoces Hydrallmania.
Hydrothecze arranged on all sides of branches. ;
Operculum of one adcauline flap, no anastomosis of branches -----.-.------------------------------ Selaginopsis.
Operculum of several flaps, branches freely anastomosing -------------------------------------- Dictyocladium.
Hydrothecx arranged in pairs, each pair being revolved so as to be at right angles to the pair immedi-
UES aR EUI SCD LES MIL ATO LON re et a ee eee (Staurotheca. )!
Hydrothec always in two longitudinal rows.
Hydrothece in groups of pairs, the uppermost being decidedly smaller than the lower-.--.-.--------- Pasythea.
Operculum adcauline, and of one flap.
Hydrothecal aperture large, body not flask-shaped -----.-.---...-.---1--------.------------4--. Diphasia.
Hydrothecal aperture small; body flask-shaped.----- --- 2-52 - = 3227 Ss oor ee eee A{bielinaria.
Operculum abcauline, of one flap, or of two or more flaps.
Operculum of three or four pieces.” Hydrothegz strictly alternate, margin usually toothed -----Sertularella.
Operculum of one (abcauline) flap, or of two, rarely three,* flaps.
Hydrothece strictly opposite, each internode normally bearing a single pair......----.------ Sertularia.
Hydrothecze subopposite to alternate, each internode normally bearing more than two.-..---- Thuiaria.
Operculum wanting, margin round.
Branches normally arising from the lumen of a hydrotheca ....-....---.-.i.-------------- ( Thecocladium. )
Gonangia normally arising from the lumen of a hydrotheca.--......-.-.---.---.--------------- Synthecium.

In concluding this general discussion of the genera of the Sertularide the author wishes to
explain his position in view of some of the more important objections which he apprehends will
be urged against the classification here adopted.

First. It will be said, and truthfully, that the system is based on a heterogeneous set of
characters, and that different characters are used in defining certain genera from those used in
defining others. Of course, the ideal system would be to find one or two characters that would
suffice. As amatter of fact, no writer could use more care and ability to effect this end than has
Leyinsen, as we have seen; and his work has been chiefly valuable in demonstrating the impossi-
bility of such a method, at least so far as the Sertularidee are concerned. There is also a distinct
danger in confining diagnostic features within too constricted limits, and this is that it is almost
certain to result in a most unnatural assemblage of species into genera which do violence to actual
affinities, as was done, for instance, when //ydrallmania was regarded as a plumularian on account
of using the one character of unilateral arrangement of hydrothece.

With increase in experience the naturalist sees more and more clearly that all characters
must receive due consideration, and that the fewer the characters used the less satisfactory will
be his groups, if he desires them to indicate real affinities.

Again, it has come to be recognized among systematists that a given character will often be
of the greatest value in one section of a family, or other group, while the same character is
comparatively worthless in another section of the same family or group. Thus the operculum is
almost an ideal character to use in separating out the genus D/phasia, as used by Levinsen, but
fails in Thudaria and Sertularia.

Second. A still more serious objection will doubtless be raised by those who will discover
intergrading forms between the genera that are here recognized.

‘The brackets indicate that the genus is not found in American waters.
* Very exceptionally the hydrothecre in this genus are without teeth, and the operculum is stretched like a
drumhead across the very wide, round aperture.

“When three teeth are present, as in some of the Desmoscyphus group of Sertularia, the upper one is much
smaller than the others, and the operculum is very delicate, while the three-toothed forms of Sertulurella have equal
and equidistant or conspicuous teeth, and the operculum is evident.

THE SERTULARID. 45

In answer to this it must be urged that a condition, nota theory, confronts us, and it
appears to be impossible to break up the family Sertularide into groups that do not intergrade
to some degree. Reducing the number of genera will not help us, a statement that will be
confirmed by again turning to Levinsen’s attempt, in which he recognized but five of the nineteen
genera used by Marktanner-Turneretscher. Investigation shows that these five genera inter-
grade just as vexatiously as do the twelve included in my scheme, and the five genera are
individually much more unwieldy and difficult to manage than are the twelve. Thus there is
nothing lost in the delimitation of genera, and much gained in convenience when the larger
number is utilized.

Here again the’ plasticity of the Hydroida as a group is the cause of much of our difficulty.
It seems that these lowly animals have not yet crystallized into definite and unvarying forms to the
extent that is found among the higher metazoa, and the result is that both specific and generic
boundary lines are crossed in various directions, much to the perplexity of the systematist, as I
have elsewhere attempted to illustrate.’ In this case it seems to me that we must abandon the
idea that a genus is untenable so long as there is any intergradation with other genera, and take
the position that a genus is simply agroup of closely related species that are related more nearly
to each other than to members of other similar groups, and that the genus can be good, both in
practice and in theory, even if certain species do intergrade in some individual characters with
species of other genera. We must remember, moreover, that all genera would intergrade with
other genera, were a complete record accessible, and that generic distinctions must necessarily be
an expression of the gaps in our knowledge rather than of natural boundary lines.

I have taken the position indicated above in this work, and frankly confess that some of the
genera used intergrade with others. These intergradations will be pointed out with care when
the several genera are discussed later.

Distribution of American Sertularide.

Geographical.

American. |
= - -- | European. |
Atlantic. Pacific. |
1a | |
S : a S Hi
ea nal | = | 8 aitl- Bathymetric, in
pate z/s | eae ee RE ot = fathoms.
Slo|2?|s|& [a |) 28 :|2)a| &
tS 1S ee el See lo =i ed ee
SIS 2talS!iPlels mBislalzia
alals a2/m/2/8/3 wlISIEl/E/4
a Seis i alas t =a | 3 le tele eS
SlalaqaialainltaAlsa le Oo) 5 =
= ee ees Nite a |e Slael2isi¢e
Sislol/S/Ple/4#/S/a 2 i i3/H /eB1 5
= N o 7 n ~ = > — - os
AlLEIBSialelelsalisia ales l¢ Z
a|° | 2 ElalalSieis Be} o| & =
OIA lH|Alalisaisjola Al/olAa =
Abietinaria abietina.
alexande)
amphora
anguina
annulata

... Shallow water.
.-. Shallow water.
. Shallow water.

coei..... :
compre Ss.
costata

Jilicula 1-165
gigantea 26-40 |
gracilis . “5 40-283
greenei. . eee S NA oe sig -= yaad ..-| Shallow water. |
inconstans eee =e Sed orc Won ERS «o]- hase ..., Shallow water.
traski 4

turgida .

variabilis ....-.-..
Dictyocladium flabellum.....-.
Diphasia corniculata....

. Shallow water. |

digitalis. 5}-78
fallax ... 1-1210
kincaidi. .. -| Shallow water.
paarmanni 294-440
pulchra ...- 67
rosacea....

: Bes fe 2a eee wee-| +] 4 : 147 |
SINR OTISKA ccc scat Uno oettacoene 4 Beal Ac od ee care : - t . 1-660 |
tropica t | . Shallow water.

'C. C. Nutting. Address of the chairman of the Section of Zoology and vice-president of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science. Science, January 9, 1903, p. 9

AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Geographical distribution of American Sertularide—Continued.

Geographical.
American.
Atlantic. Pacific.
g :| 2 d
rat | fel : Ae as) Pailercsn ee Bathymetric, in
7 By LOT ell es 5 la | e & 2 g fathoms,
(=| | a |-3 a ia toa (27s oe r=
Beta ect | te Pe fe ec eal Sa ets | USN as Nats ares fa
Bo Se bo) ee | et Sil & le 2 aes as
Klgl2 (2 /slele siSlelselelalsls
EJ/Silolal-aA be EOS ala|/%]/se]¢ iB a
EISLER isd Peal Wie |
Saas le) Ses ieis tae |Ssl2 are
PIEISISIS/SISISIS/81elalslale
=I = I 2 s
SOlaz/Flalal4ise/Sl/8lelalslsilal4
Hydralimania distans.......-222+.2.++20200-0- Be age) Ae be SB enor keer Wet ee oy ----/----|....| Shallow water.
falcata ....-. + e | Esteh| stgcl ee + Bee 1-1100
Sranciscana . E a-| pace ae acile -| Shallow water.
Pasythea quadridentata ...- aesa|oees 1 Pelagic.
Selaginopsis alternitheca. . Salece oe 2
cedrina....-- SE eS -| Shallow water.
eylindritheca ete (eat 1441
hartlaubi . - Faas 43
mirabilis . -| +] + i]- : 1-40
obsoleta. an | ap le -| Shallow water.
ornata . Beak ame oe =
pinaster + } + |- .| Shallow water,
POI hoep pe Seb gaoe a nee conga re es oer] Sete Wee, taal ES ile + | + 23-25
plumiformis . Bee fs oul ?
triserialis. See hs 1-31
Sertularella albida, . . -| + |- 6-20
allmani..- Sicell Ph eorem 21
amphorifera + oot 101-471
areyt.. << - +i}. 100-200
catena. . - + 390
clarkei. . =e ?
clausa - . r 600
complexa ~ ae 56-121
conica . . + 25-505
contorta . . eels : 2
eylindritheca. + dane 6-40
dentifera. . webs .| Shallow water.
distans . + |. 1-167
elegans ... eee eon 72
pisSCOpUs - = -| + | Shallow water.
flvormis. z Brice
Jormosa... 6-357
Susiformis 1-200
gaye... 81-552
(AULA OTST EE GBs ore RECO R are ASA on (eel [bao Wee Essel ecta| 2
gigantea .. @
DIATE A TE) ei ae ea SS ene | (Ege et (saa FR 33-52
laid... .--. 1—77°
levinseni ..-- 56
magellanica. 49.4
MAGNA... .-- 283
margaritacea . Pelagic.
megastoma - 167
meridionalis 122
milneana, ... 20-21
minuta... 283

_.| Shallow water.
-| Shallow water.

Shallow water.

pinnata ...
pinnigera .
polyzonias
quadrata. ...
quadrifida ..
TUGOSA ..----
sieboldi ...

solitaria .
subdichotoma .

tanneri
tenella

tricuspidata ..
MOPUCDae a
turgida ...
Sertularia bispinosa...
brevicyathus
challengeri .

cornicina.
desmoides
exiqua.
Slower
gracilis.
mayert ..
operculat
pourtalesi

pulchella -..
pumila -...

are

450-1168
1-204

~"| 5Shallow1to 50.5

10-150
38-40
Shallow water.
1-42
9
150

-| Shallow water.

14-20

© 10-450
1-67
1-24
71-165

1 West coast Africa, South Seas.
2 Davis Straits.

8 Cape of Good Hope.

4 Azores, Red Sea, Cape of Good Hope.
5 New Zealand.

7New Zealand?

THE SERTULARIDA. 47

Geographical distribution of American Sertularide—Continued.

Geographical.
American. |
European. /
Atlantic. Pacific. |
/ A x |
| 2 s ieetull ERM os Bathymetric, in
s 2/8 |S |e] ® Ee) het a pe fathoms. j
S| Sle) a eyes lal Pla &
ov) mie lalSleaeleoele eI e&l sis
e Zlels|PlelSlZlelslslela
2 ~|3|c|e Sele isisliala
= BIB l2lalsl@laeleleilblel a |
= SIS|S/SIEIFISlelalsiale
z SIPIS/ZIS/S/2/2 12/5/8148
eS af Sec | elie eos |e lee aS LS 8 |
= EI/SlElISIS l/s Ss /Blei2i2i/s
Oo }AIH IAP A/Ol|ai al AlOlAlni «a
| a | = =I = <=
SATII FOLD E S65 vm epee acaesmacoscccasscuaslscaslacae |. . 27 |
MOU ROU hacer e ees apenans ese aeeees Soe lne wane] -| Shallow water.
WIN arian ord sanias et | Coad Sees ote | Soe eee tae toe| BA - Shallow water.
/ versluyst nite AGORA Scene me c8| AREA Fe Seales -..-| Pelagic to 30.
Synthecium cylindricum. Bee ES onteepaP ens pa 2 ere fea 5-12
MOANGiNQhUM «2. .....-20-.
rectum ~ 100-
robustun 21
tubithecur 18-114
Thuiaria argentea . 5 + | + |.... Jaen Bees ? 1-55
PADOT ESOL Deas amon ee as ce cecas cane A Sanat et 1-160
UME ade ko pe meee ate oe seen 2 eee 1-13
AN ease ae seen eee ee Jase ; = o« meee 11-16
PUN aneaea cee cceneS een euce ee ee lies call er Esp ?
A jiliiig (tie eae le A eee See | ae a 1-18
RU NET RUG ea ere an eno naeiea reece ?
fot Eee ee ee yon ale ey ar Bel ce] | os ray oe it
ee ARS eS ance -| + : oe | Shallow water.
[f(y ben APR once e nace a Le aa oa 3 an ?
VAT ee ee Rec ees 30-75
PURGE OT tte e sioey <n ase ae e/a e = . we 7-70
MOM [COPD Oe ove vans nw chee stecte : 485 “< ?
TOMOSUSSTING wo once ~--sceees or } oe ae ?
MOU ioe cate tase antnn an eee male as ADs AA 13-51
SIMA cee sats: ceases ecanes : tomes | 5 554 ae She a 13-72
POTION hea detece ae atelectasis | A eee, ae ane 1-165
CRM GPIOIG ES > 2. <-> hone : oa Go. 11-24
HOU mene a eatienae $5 .| 4 } / aoe 1-110
POOR LOTINEE = aint’ ante wn Sis ace went esaniee ese] sone lane aape Shallow water.

1South America.

On account of the very marked difference between the distribution of the Sertularidee and
that of the Plumularide, it seems best to adopt a different classification of geographical regions
from that presented in the first part of this work.’ The two groups have entirely different
centers of distribution, and the Plumularide are almost wanting in regions where the Sertularidee
are most abundant. I have therefore adopted for the latter family the following regions:

Canaptan.—To include the North American coast region from Eastport, Maine, to the
Arctic Circle, or the south end of Greenland.

Nort Ariantic.—From Eastport, Maine, to Charleston, South Carolina.

West Inpran.—Including region south of Charleston, the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea,
North coast of South America to Brazil.

Braziz1an.—From Northern Brazil to Southern Argentina.

PaTAGONIAN.—Southern Argentina, Patagonia, Terra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, and
Southern Chile.

Arcric.—All north of Arctic Circle in general, but including the White Sea of Russia.

ALASKAN.—From Bering Straits south to and including Puget Sound.*

CaLirorntiAn. —From Puget Sound to and including Mexico.

Soutn Pacreic.—South of Mexico to the Patagonian region as here defined.

ScanpInavian.—Including Denmark, Sweden and Norway to the Arctic Circle.

Britrisu. —Including the British Islands and Helgoland.

ConTINENTAL. —Including the coasts of Belgium, France, and Atlantic coast of Spain.

1 American Hydroids, Part 1, The Plumularidie, Washington, 1890, p. 49.
*See Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, C. C. Nutting, Proceedings U.S. National Museum, X XI, 1899,
p. 742; also Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition, The Hydroids, Proceedings Washington Academy of
Sciences, ITI, 1901, pp. 158 to 162.
5125—rr 2—04—4

48 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

MepirerraNrEAn.—Including the Mediterranean proper and the Adriatic.

The other regions named are self-explanatory. The few cases where American species are
found in regions not mentioned above are indicated in footnotes.

It will be seen that most of these regions are quite arbitrary, and their faune intergrade in
almost all cases. Until 2 more serious and comprehensive study is made of the distribution of
all groups of marine organisms no final or even appr oximately satisfactory set of zoogeographical
regions can be made. In the meantime, however, each worker can exercise his own judgment
in devising a scheme that will satisfy his special requirements and aid him in indicating the facts
of distribution so far as his field of work is concerned. It remains for some master mind to
correlate these various attempts into a well-digested zoothalassography.

The table given above will serve to indicate some points of interest, the most notable being
the richness of the sertularian fauna in the Alaskan region, in which 58 of the 131 species of
American forms are found. This may be due to the excellent work done in that region,
beginning with the extensive collections made by Dr. Dall and his party,’ and terminating with
the notable collections made by the Harriman Alaska Expedition.” In the meanwhile the U. S.
Fish Commission steamer A/batross made very extensive collections during her several cruises in
Alaskan waters, the material of which is included in the present work.

Next to this region come the West Indian and the Arctic, with 35 and 29 species. An
examination of the table clearly reveals another fact, and that is that the sertularian fauna seems
to have its present center of distribution in the far north, probably in the Arctic regions, as is
indicated by the holarctic distribution of many species—a matter that the Preven writer has
already discussed.*

In working with material from the far north, particularly from Alaska, one is greatly
impressed with the luxuriance and thrifty appearance of the hydroids—an indication that the
region is peculiarly adapted to their needs. The finest specimens, both of campanularian and of
sertularian colonies, that the writer has ever seen came from the cold waters of Alaska. The
yarious Scandinavian writers haye found a rich field for work in the hydroids, and Kristine
Bonnevie has produced a sumptuous monograph on the Hydroids of the Norwegian North Atlantic
Expedition. It seems, then, that the group has spread from the Arctic region southward on
both shores of the Atlantic and on the Pacific coast of North America, and there are so many
species common to these four regions that we can hardly escape the conclusion that the group,
at least in its present forms, had a polar origin. The number of species found in the West
Indian region would seem to militate against this view, but many of these belong to special
groups, such as the Desmoscyphus group of Sertularia, indicating that they have long been
separated from the ordinary types of the family. The Sertularidz appear to have spread, from
whatever center, over the ocean floor throughout the world; at least they have been found in
every region where any considerable amount of dredging has been done. They must be quite
abundant in the Patagonian region, for the small amount of collecting done there has given us
no less than seventeen species. Australia also has a rich sertularian fauna of about sixty species,
according to Bale,‘ which seems to be rather closely allied to the Patagonian forms, indicating
the possibility of an Antarctic center of distribution, for certain groups at least. The west
‘coast of South America seems to be the poorest in Sertularide of all the American regions
included in the table. This may be due to the comparatively few hauls made in these waters,
but probably indicates a real dearth in that region.

It is interesting to note the great difference shown in this table and the one on pages 49 to
51 of Part I of this work between the distribution of the Sertularide and the Plumularide, the

former haying its greatest wealth of material in the Alaskan region and the latter in the West
Indies.

TSee Cl ark, Pee) on the Hydeeide collected on the Coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands by W. H. Dall,
Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876.
*See Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition, X XI, The Hydroids, C. C. Nutting, Proceedings Washington
Academy of Sciences, IIT, 1901, p. 157.
8 Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 162.
*Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, W. M. Bale, Sydney, 1884.

THE SERTULARID. 49

Bathymetric distribution.—Here again it has seemed best not to follow the scheme adopted
in discussing the Plumularide, on account of the great preponders uce of shallow water forms in
the Sertularidie, and also for the reason that the table given for the Plumularide involved more
‘labor than is necessary in the case of other species. By giving the maximum and minimum
depth at which each species is found it is thought that the table will be as useful as that given for
the Plumularide, in which the record is maintained for all the intermediate zones, it being, indeed,
more probable that the actual conditions of bathymetric distribution are thus presented, as it is
altogether more likely that the nonoccurrence of a species in the table given for the Plumularid
is due to incomplete exploration than that the bathymetric distribution of these species is actually
discontinuous, as would be indicated by that table. In other words, we have a right to consider
that a species that has been reported from 100 and 300 fathoms actually exists somewhere at a
depth of 200 fathoms, or that it has recently existed at that depth.

In comparing the two tables it becomes at once apparent that the Sertularide are much
more generally found in shallow water than the Plumularidee. The proportion of shallow-
water forms—that is, those found in less than 50 fathoms—being a little over 75 per cent in
the Sertularidee and 50 per cent in the Plumularide. There are 41 per cent of the Sertularide
confined to the shallow-water zone, while there are only 33 per cent of the Plumularide confined
to the same zone. ;

The following table shows very plainly the difference in the bathymetric distribution between
the two families:

Comparative distribution at increasing depths.

Family | Less than | Over 50 | Over 100 Over 150 | Over 200 | Ov er 500 | Over 1,000
y- 50fathoms.| fathoms. | fathoms. | fathoms. | fathoms. | fathoms. | fathoms.
= = as = 7
Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. | Per oles | Per . re cm
| Plumularide .............20000+- 0.50 0.63 49 0.40 0.28 | 0.05 03 |
Bortulanidigees fee. . scsteeees | 75 40 .30 -26 16 | |
|

The following species of Sertularide have been dredged at depths greater than 500 fathoms:
Diphasia fallax, 1,210 fathoms (Bonnevie); Diphasia tamariska, 660 fathoms (Bonnevie);
Sertularella clausa, 600 fathoms (Allman); Sertularella tricuspidata, 1,375 fathoms (Bonnevie);
Sertularella tropica, 1,168 fathoms (Clarke).

The well-known Sertularela tricuspidata seems to have the greatest vertical distribution of
any sertularian, ranging from the littoral region to the depth of 1,375 fathoms. The only
American hydroid that has been found at a greater depth than this is Ag/aophenopsis verrilli
Nutting, which was found at 1,742 fathoms. In this case, however, the known bathymetric
range is from 1,497 to 1,742 fathoms.’

SERTULARIA Linnezeus (modified).

Trophosome.—Hydrothece in strictly opposite or rarely subopposite pairs. Stem and
branches normally divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a pair of hydrothecwe,
but sometimes there are more than one pair to the internode, in which case the hydrothece are
strictly opposite. Operculum normally of two flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia oval or ovate, with a short collar and broad aperture and no internal
marsupium. An acrocyst is occasionally present.

This being the original Linnzan genus for the hydroids it has necessarily suffered many

°

vicissitudes, most of which have been in the direction of closer and closer delimitation, Lamouroux
leading by separating what are now known as the Plumularid and also breaking the Sertularians

roper into two groups, Dynamena to include those with strictly opposite hydrothecie, and
Proy groups, Ly Y Opt ) ’
Sertularia those with more or less alternate hydrothece.* Were both these genera used in the

. >

present work, the species that I include in Sertularia would go into the genus Dynamenda.
Lamouroux also set aside the species now included in the Halecidee in the genus 7/oa, afterwards

‘See Part I, p. 49, s Bulletin philomatique, 1812.

50 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

supplanted by //alee/um of Oken,' the species now included in the Lafoeidx in his genus Lafoea;
many of the Campanularide in Laomedea and Clytia. At nearly the same time (1816) Lamarck
issued the first edition of his classic work, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres, I], in
which he separated most of the present Campanularide under the name Campanularia, and the
Plumularidz under the names Anftennularia and Plumularia, and retained the name Sertularia
for the species then known that would now be included in the family Sertularide. In the same
year, (1816),? Lamouroux published his Histoire des Polypiers coralligénes Flexibles, ete., in
which he divided the sertularians into the genera Pasythea, which included the Pasythea of sub-
sequent authors plus certain nonrelated forms, Dynamena, including the forms that would be
placed in Sertuaria and Diphasia in the present work, and Sertularia, including forms with
alternate hydrothecx, such as are now placed in Sertularella, Thuiaria, Abietinaria, ete.

The next work of importance is that of Fleming,* who instituted the genus Thuiaria to
include what now would be called the typical species of that group. He followed Lamouroux in
the use of the generic name Dynamena. ’

Johnston in his British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1828, returns to the use of the genus Sertularia
in nearly its original meaning, drops the genus Dynamena, and adopts the genus Thwaria of
Fleming.

In 1862 Louis Agassiz‘ differentiated the genus Diphasia from the Sertularia or Dynamena
of other writers, and uses the word Serfularia in a very restricted sense, including only Sertula-
ria argentea, Thuiaria cupressina, Abietinaria abietina, and A. jilicula. Ue also proposed the
genera Amphitrocha and Cotulina for certain species that are now included in Sertularella, and
Amphishetia for Sertularia operculata.

With the great work of Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, what may be called the
modern era began. He reinstated and modified the genus Sertwlarella,? which is by far the
largest in the family, if not in the entire order Hydroida, and also proposed the genus //ydrall-
mania for the Sertularia falcata Linneus, which many writers had erroneously placed in the
Plunularide.

The further vicissitudes of the genus Sertu/aria are sketched in preceding pages of the
present work, in connection with the general systematic discussion of the family.

POINTS OF INTERGRADATION BETWEEN SERTULARIA AND OTHER GENERA.

As above defined, the genus Sertularia is a well circumscribed group, but in certain indi-
vidual characters it has points of contact with other genera, among which the following may be
found in species treated in this work:

First. With Thutaria. In several cases, such as S. b/spinosa, challengeri, and desmoides, the
internodes are of irregular length and bear more than a single pair of hydrothece. In all such
vases, however, the hydrothecz ure normally strictly opposite, and never subopposite nor subalter-
nate, as in Thudaria.

Second. With Sertularella, in having a three-flapped operculum and three-toothed margin,
as in S. sertularioides and S. brevicyathus. Here, also, the hydrothecx are strictly opposite and
not strictly alternate, as in Sertularella.

Third. With Thu/aria, in having a round aperture, without teeth, and an abcauline oper-
culum composed of a single flap as in S. desmocdes. Here, also, the hydrothece are strictly
opposite. In this case there is the further complication of extreme variability in the hydro-
thecal margin and operculum, there being an occasional hydrotheca in which the margin i
obscurely two-toothed, and the operculum apparently of two valves. In each of these cases it

iv]

‘Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 91.
* The nearly simultaneous appearance of the works of Lamouroux and Lamarck have caused almost inextricable
confusion in the systematic treatment of this and of other groups of hydroids. See Part I, p. 54.
* A History of British Animals, ete., Edinburgh, 1828, p. 545.
‘Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, TV, 1862, p. 355. é
*Originally proposed by Gray. List of the specimens of British animals in the collections of the British
Museum, Part 1, Radiated Animals. London, 1847, p. 68,

THE SERTULARID. 51

will be observed that the species is, on the whole, more closely allied to Sertu/aria as here
defined than it is to the particular genus to which it approximates in the special character
discussed.

KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF SERTULARIA.

Colony branched, at least in typical specimens.
Branches regularly disposed.

BTANCHEMODPOSILD <0 =~ cae ences ee ences Sakae ia arate cee paasrin tic adn ee’ sans aaenboecnens pumila.
Branches alternate.
Efydrothece largely contingent in fronts- 52252 asasseepee se aes ese conc e. vas oe neeccam connor! versluysi.
Hydrothecs' seldom contingent:in fronbeescasiae= = ose eee eae eat cet nese eee eee challengeri.

Branches loosely or irregularly disposed.
Hydrothecal teeth two, long, recurved, conspicuous.

One ‘tooth much longer than, the other ve. 2. asses eee ee eee eee ee aeons sae operculata.
Teeth approximately equal.
Gonanpium! with two lateral apintd=-- esate s soe ee ee ec cst aee ata stecsaa-be scone bispinosa,
Gonanginnt without'spimes:..i2. 22h. oc eee ances ote eines Ceres aan eu ee es sunt ee tons ome pulchella.
Hydrothecal teeth not conspicuous.
Marpin generally: without teeth)... 2. 2 so emn sae on se cst te se oS one a Sti ene eel ce desmoides.
Margin with three unequal teeth’... 225-025. sence ees cee ee sie eee ene ewes om rathbuni.
Margin with two opposite teeth =. < oes jac smcien ae ecb omisisninn o's apps Gennes eased aes ee gracilis,

Colony normally unbranched (one or two unsymmetrical branches may be present).
Hydrothecze placed on front of stem, and largely contingent.

Hydrothecze on proximal portion differing greatly from those on distal portion. .........-.--.------ mayeri.
Hydrothecz alike on all parts of stem.
Chitinous processes projecting downward from bottom of hydrothece ..........------------- cornicina,
No noticeable chitinous processes.
Colony and hydrothecz of average size for this genus.........--.------.--------------- pourtalesi.
Colony and hydrothece very small, less than half the size of preceding species .........-.. stookeyi.
Hydrotheez not placed on front of stem, whether contingent or not.
Hydrothecee contingent of average size, margin with three teeth............----...--------.-- brevicyathus.
Hydrothece contingent, very small, margin with three teeth .............--...-----------------.- _flowersi.
Hydrothece not contingent, margin two-toothed.
Distal part of hydrothece bent at right angles to proximal part ........-......---------------- tumida.
Distal part bent at much less than a right angle to proximal part ........--.----..--- wise savas <ebIgUuas

SERTULARIA PUMILA Linnezus.!
(Plate I, figs. 1-3.)

Sea-Oak Coralline Buus, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 9.

Sertularia pumila Linn.xus, Systema Naturie, 1758, p. 807.

Sertularia pumila LiNNxus, Fauna Suecica, 1761, p. 540.

Sertularia pumila Hourruyn, Natuurlyke historie, X VII, 1761-1773, p. 527.
Sertularia pumila PALtas, Elenchus zoophytorum, 1766, p. 130.

Sertularia pumila Linn xcs, Systema Naturve, 12th ed., 1767, p. 1306.
Sertularia pumila Boppsrrr, in Pallas, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 162.
Sertularia pumila Exvxis, An account of the Actinia sociata, ete., 1768, p, 434.

entitled Matériaux pour servir 4 l’histoire des Hydroides, published in Revue Suisse de Zoologie, Annales de la
Société Zoologique Suisse et du Musée d’ histoire naturelle de Genéve. Geneve, 1901.

This work is invaluable to the systematist in the hydroids, as it gives a very complete bibliography of the group
up to the year 1820. Desiring to make the bibliography and synonymy of the Sertularidie as complete as possible,
the present writer has included a number of references that he has not personally verified, taken from the work of
Bedot. In a great majority of cases the references have been verified, and it has thus been demonstrated that
Professor Bedot’s work has been very carefully done and is entirely reliable.

This has made it possible to include other references found in Bedot's work that I have been unable to verify.
I feel confident that the number of errors thus admitted will be found to be certainly no greater than would haye
been found if I had personally verified every reference.

On page 148 will be found a list of works that are cited in the following pages, but which I have been unable to
consult. It will be understood that all of the references to these works are on the authority of Bedot, unless otherwise
stated.

52 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Sertularia pumila Gronovius, Zoophylacium gronovianum, Pt. 3, 1781, p. 357.

Sertularia pumila Cavournt, Fil. Memoire per servire alla storia dei Polipi marini, 1785, p. 216.
Sertularia pumila Exuis and Souanprr, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786, p. 40.

Sertularia pumila Wiixrns and Hersst, in Pallas, Characteristik der Thierpfianzen, 1787, p. 169.
Sertularia pumila GMELIN, in Linnzeus, Systema Naturie, 13th ed., 1788-1793, p. 169.
Dynamena pumila Esrrer, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 196.
» Sertularia pumila BerKENnnout, Synop. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 215.

Sertularia pumila Oury1, Zoologia Adriatica, 1792, p. 288.

Sertularia pumila Esprr, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-1806, p. 10.

Sertularia pumila Bosc, Hist. naturelle des Vers, 1802, p. 195.

Sertularia pumila Turron, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.

Sertularia tamarisca BERroLont, Rariorum Italize plantarum decas tertia, 1810, p. 106.
Sertularia pumila JAmEson, Catalogue of animals of the class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Dynamena (Sertularia) pumila LaMouroux, Nouv. Bullet. des Se. par la Soc. philomatique, III, 1812, p. 184.
Nigelastrum (Sertularia) pumila Oxen, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, Pt. 3, 1815, p. 93.
Sertularia pumila Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 119.

Dynamena pumila LamMouroux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 179.

Sertularia pumila Stewart, Elements of the Natural History of the Animal Kingdom, 2d ed., II, 1817, p. 441.
Sertularia pumila Berrotont, Specimen zoophytorum Portus Luni, 1819, p. 268.

Sertularia pumila Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vertebres, 2d ed., 1836, p. 145.
Sertularia pumila Hassauu, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 168.

Sertularia pumila HaAssauy, Ann. and Mag., VII, 1841, p. 284.

Sertularia pumila Maceiuuivray, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 463.

Sertularia pumila Gray, List British Animals, 1847, p. 70.

Sertularia pumila Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 2d ed., 1847, p. 66.

Sertularia pumila AupER, Catalogue Zoophytes Northumb., 1857, p. 24.

Dynamena pumila Acasstz, L., Contrib. Nat. Hist. U. 8., IV, 1862, p. 326.

Dynamena pumila Packarp, Canadian Naturalist, Dec., 1863, p. 4.

Dynamena pumila KircHEenpaver, Neue Sertulariden, 1864, p. 8.

Dynamena pumila Acasstz, A., North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 141.

Dynamena pumila VAN Benepen, Faun litorale de Belgique, 1866, p. 186.

Sertularia pumila Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 260.

Sertularia pumila VERRILL, Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1871-2, p. 732.

Sertularia pumila Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben, 1873, p. 49.

Sertularia pumila Verriwi, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1873, pp. 370, 374.

Sertularia pumila McIntosu, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 212.

Sertularia pumila Verrity, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 133.

Sertularia pumila Scuuuze, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 132.

Sertularia pumila Cougurrey, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., X VII, 1876, p. 29.

Sertularia pumila CuarK, Hydroids of the Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 251.

Sertularia pumila MprescuKowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 323.

Sertularia pumila Winter, Om Internodiets, etce., 1879-80, p. 304.

Sertwaria pumila WintHER, Fortignelse di i Danmark Hydr., 1880, p. 245.

Sertularia pumila Dr VaReNN®, Sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hyd., 1882, p. 27.

Sertularia pumila WrisMANN, Entstehung der Sexualzellen, 1883, p. 169.

Dynamena pumila MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmus., 1890, p. 239.
Sertularia pumila Bournr, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1890, p. 396.

Sertularia pumila Drrescu, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 213.

Sertularia pumila FewKes, Guide to Collector, 1891, p. 39.

Sertularia (Diynamena) pumila Levixsen, Medusze, Ctenophorer, ete., 1892, p. 50.

Sertularia pumila Lryinsen, Det Vidensk, Udbytte af Kanonbaaden ‘‘Hauchs”’ Togter, 1893, p. 370.
Sertularia pumila CRawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., X VI, 1895, p. 261.

Sertularia pumila HarrLtaus, Hydromedusen Helgoland, 1897, p. 451.

Sertularia pumila Bonnevizn, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 79.

Sertularia pumila Nurtinc, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 359.

Sertularia pumila Hareirr, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 389.

Sertularia pumila WuitEaves, Catalogue Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 25.
Sertularia pumila Smmunpsson, Islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 63.

Trophosome.—Colonies growing in tufts from a creeping root stalk, attaining a height of
about 2 inches, stem not fascicled, straight, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears
a pair of hydrothece, or a pair of hydrothecee and a pair of branches; every third internode
usually bearing branches, each pair of hydrothecwe and their internode forming a triangle.

THE SERTULARIDA. 53

Branches strictly opposite, springing from the hydrothecal bases, themselves sometimes branched
unsymmetrically, divided into regular internodes each bearing a pair of hydrothece. Hydro-
thecx strictly opposite, moderately distant, tubular, regularly curved, not adnate to each other
in front, strictly lateral in position, nearly the distal half free, margin with two opposite teeth,
and a two-flapped operculum; aperture oval.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the front of the stem and branches, ovoid, with a yery
narrow collar and broad aperture. When mature the gonangia are often surmounted by globular
acrocysts.

Distribution.— A\most throughout the Northern Hemisphere: Vineyard Sound (Verrill);
Straits of Belle Isle (Packard); Nova Scotia (Dawson); coast of California (Clarke); Greenland
(Fabricius); White Sea (Mereschkowsky); Iceland (Semundsson); Denmark (Winther); Norway
(Sars); Helgoland (Hartlaub); British coasts (Hincks); Belgium (Van Beneden); Naples, New
Zealand (Coughtrey).

This is one of the longest known and most widely distributed of the Sertularide, and
has been the subject of much investigation. Perhaps the most notable study of the species is
that given by the older Agassiz in his Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States, where will be found some superbly beautiful illustrations of the species, particularly its
reproductive parts. (Plate XXXII.)

SERTULARIA VERSLUYSI, new name.
(Plate I, figs. 4-9. )
Desmoscyphus gracilis ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroids, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 71.
Desmoscyphus inflatus Versiuys, Hydraires de la Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 42.

Trophosome.—Colony growing from a creeping stolon and attaining a height of about 2
inches, but many specimens are not more than one-half inch high. Stem not fascicled, sinuous,
divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a branch and two hydrothece on one side
and a single hydrotheca on the other; nodes oblique. Branches strictly alternate and regular,
undivided, projecting at nearly a right angle from the stem, and divided by straight nodes into
regular internodes. Hydrothecx widely separated laterally on the stem, where they are alter-
nate; strictly opposite on the branches, where the pairs are distant, being separated by about
twice the height of the hydrothece and borne on the front of the branch. The individual
hydrothec are short and stout, each contiguous with its fellow for nearly its entire height, the
free distal ends having a horizontal upper outline and narrowing rapidly to a small bilobed
dorso-ventrally compressed margin. In some specimens the hydrothece are much more robust,
each pair, with its internode, making a triangular figure, as in fig. 9. Versluys believes
that he found an operculum with a single flap attached to the abcauline side of the margin. My
own specimens appear to show two flaps, but the opercula are badly ruptured and can not be
interpreted with safety.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Ott Bermuda, depth 30 fathoms (Challenger); Cape Verde Islands, 25 meters,
(Versluys); found on floating gulf weed (A/hatross).

An examination of Allman’s type of Desmoscyphus gracilis shows that it agrees very exactly
with the excellent description given by Versluys of his 2. 7nflatus, the hydrothece on the stem
being strictly alternate as in Plate I, fig. 4, of the present work, and not opposite as figured
by Allman, Plate XXXIV, fig. 2.

M. Versluys was unavoidably misled by an incorrect drawing. The species is here placed in
the genus Sertularia and, as the name Sertularia gracilis is preoccupied, I take pleasure in
giving to this form the name of the first author who described and figured it correctly.

Type in the South Kensington Museum, London. A fragment in possession of the author.

54 AMERICAN HYDROIDS,

SERTULARIA CHALLENGERI, new name.
(Plate II, tigs. 1-2.)

Desmoscyphus pectinatus ALLMAN, Challenger Report, The Hydroids, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 71.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem thick, not fascicled,
slightly sinuous, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears, in the portion of the type
examined by me, two alternate branches and six hydrothece. Branches alternate, springing
from short processes of the stem, from which they are divided by two internodes, including a
short nonhydrothecate internode; thick, divided into irregular internodes with a tendency to a
regular arrangement of two hydrothecx to each. Hydrothece strictly opposite, borne on the
front of the branches, but seldom contingent, tubular, not noticeably swollen below, the distal
portion bending gently outward and ending ina bilabiate margin, and a two-valved operculum.

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distribution.—Ott Bahia (Allman); off Moncceur Island, Bass Strait, 38-40 fathoms (Allman).

The above description is based on a portion of Allman’s type kindly sent me by the South
Kensington Museum. ‘The character that seems most marked is the nonhydrothecate internode
at the base of each branch. The portion of the specimen examined also had the peculiarity of
having two alternate branches to each internode. The species is a typical Sertu/aria in the sense
used in this work. The name Sertularia pectinata being preoccupied,’ I herewith substitute that
of the famous vessel by which the type was collected.

Type.—In the South Kensington Museum, London. Fragment in possession of the author.

SERTULARIA OPERCULATA Linnaeus.
(Plate II, figs. 3-5. )

Sea hair Eis, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 8.

Sertularia operculata Lixn.xus, Systema Nature, 1758, p. 808.

Sertularia operculata Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, X VII, 1761-1773, p. 5381.
Sertularia usneoides Patuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 182.

Sertularia operculata Lixnxus, Systema Naturee, 1767, p. 1307.

Sertularia usneoides Bopparrt, in Pallas, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 164.
Sertularia coperculata Mararti, De Plantis Zoophytis, ete., 1776, p. 26.

Sertularia usneoides GRronovius, Zoophylacium Gronovianum, ITI, 1781, p. 357.
Sertularia operculata Evuis and Souanper, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786, p. 39.
Sertularia usneoides WiLKINs and Heres, in Pallas, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 170.
Sertularia operculata GMELIN, in Linnzeus, Systema Naturee, 13th ed., 1788-1793, p. 3844.
Diynamena operculata Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildung., III, 1788-1830, p. 191.
Sertularia operculata BERKENHOUT, Synopsis Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 216.
Sertularia operculata Suaw, Vivarium Naturae, ete., 1789-1813, pl. yt.

Sertularia operculata Esper, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthieren, II, 1794-1806, pl. 1v.
Sertularia operculata Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, ITI, 1802, p. 92.

Sertularia operculata Turron, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.

Sertularia operculata JAMESON, Catalogue of Animals of the Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.
Dynamena (Sertularia) operculata Lamovroux, Nouy. Bullet. des Se. par la Soc. philomatique, 1812, p. 184.
Nigellastrum usneoides OKEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, Pt. 3, 1815, p. 98.
Sertularia operculata LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 118.
Dynamena operculata Lamovuroux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 176.

Sertularia operculata Stewart, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal King., II, 1817, p. 441.
Sertularia operculata ScawE1GGER, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, etc., 1820, p. 427.
Dynamena operculata LAMovuRovux, Exposition Méthodique, 1821, p. 12.

Dynamena operculata FLeminc, British Animals, 1828, p. 544.

Sertularia operculata Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 144.
Serlularia operculata Maceruuivray, Ann. and Mag., TX, 1842, p. 464.

Dynamena operculata Jounxston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1842, p. 77.

Serlularia operculata AupER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 26.

Amphisbetia operculata AGAssiz, L., Cont. Nat. Hist. U. §., IV, 1862, p. 355.
Dynamena operculata KincHENPAUER, Neue Sertulariden, 1863, p. 8.

Dynamena fasciculata KircHENPAUER, Neue Sertulariden, 1863, p. 12.

‘Lamarck, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres, 1816, p. 140.

THE SERTULARIDA, 55

Sertularia operculata Hrxcks, Brit. Hydroid Zooph., 1868, p. 263.

Sertularia operculata McInvosn, Ann, and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 213.

? Sertularia operculata Thompson, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., III, 1879, p. 106.
Sertularia operculala Winx ruer, Fortignelse de i Danmark Hydr., 1880, p. 266.
Sertularia operculata Baie, Journ. Microscopic Society, Victoria, 1881, p. 34.
Sertularia operculata BAe, Cat. Australian Hydroid Zooph., 1884, p. 67.
Sertularia operculata VON LeENDENFELD, Australian Hydromedusee, 1884, p. 622.
Sertularia operculata ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 61.
Sertularia operculata Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Sertularia operculata BoNNEvir, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 79.

Trophosome.—Colonies growing in tufts of very slender, delicate stems, sometimes attaining
a height of 8 to 10 inches. Stem simple, straight, translucent, divided into more or less
regular internodes, each of which normally bears a pair of hydrothec. Branches distant, alter-
nate, themselves profusely branched in a dichotomous manner and tending toward an erect
posture; internodes like those of the stem. Hydrothece rather distant, strictly opposite, lean-
ing forward, tubular, the abcauline side nearly straight, the adcauline side immersed except its
distal third; aperture large, beveled so as to face upward and slightly inward. Margin with two
large abcauline teeth, one of which is much longer than the other and continued to a slightly
curved sharp point. Operculum very delicate, of two parts, one of which is much larger than
the other.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on stem and branches, long, ovate, with large distal aperture
and operculum, and no neck. Walls perfectly smooth externally.

Distribution.—Almost world-wide, except on the coasts of the United States. Arctic
Atlantic (Bonnevie); Denmark (Winther); British coasts (Hincks); Belgium (Van Beneden);
near Azores, 450 fathoms (Allman); Africa (Busk); Australia (Bale); New Zealand (‘Thomp-
son); A/batross Station 2770, lat. S. 48° 37’, long. W. 65° 46’, 58 fathoms; A/batross Station
2772, lat. S. 52° 16’, long. W. 68° 13’, 31.5 fathoms; A/batross Station 2773, lat. S. 52° 23’, long.
W. 68° 11’, 10 fathoms; Albatross Station 2775, Straits of Magellan, 29.5 fathoms; A/batross
Station 2777, Straits of Magellan, 19.75 fathoms.

The distribution of this beautiful sertularian is quite unusual, reaching from the Arctic
Ocean to the Straits of Magellan. As yet it has not been reported from the coasts of the
United States.

SERTULARIA PULCHELLA (d’Orbigny).

(Plate II, figs. 6-7.)

Dynamena pulchella pD’ OrBiGNy, Voyage dans |’ Amérique méridionale, 1846, p. 26.
Sertularia furcata Trask, Proc, Calif. Acad,, March, 1857, p. 112.

Sertularia furcata AGassiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 145.

Sertularia furcata CLARK, Hydroids of the Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 258.

Sertularia furcata Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 66.

Trophosome.—Stem short, unbranched, rooted by a creeping stolon, simple, spreading in
every direction forming dense verticillated clusters around the pieces of fucus on which it is usually
found, attached to the stolon by a short, slender, twisted process about the length of an internode,
divided by transverse joints into short regular internodes each bearing a single pair of hydro-
theex; color corneous. Hydrothecze opposite, deeply immersed in the stem, with the two large,
short teeth on the outer margin and a large aperture generally reaching to the stem. (Clark.)

Gonosome.—Gonothece large, sessile, generally borne near the base of the stem, though
oceasionally found scattered over the entire length, of an elongated oval form, sometimes slightly
compressed, with a large, circular, terminal aperture. (Clark.)

Distribution. —Bay of San Francisco and Farallone Islands (Trask); Santa Cruz, Bay of
Monterey, San Diego, Santa Barbara (Clark); San Pedro, Coronados Islands (Torrey). Shore
to 24 fathoms. Patagonia (d’Orbigny).

I have not seen this species, and the above description is copied entire from that of Clark, who
was the first one to give 2 complete description, including gonosome.' The beautiful figures

' Torrey claims to be the first to describe the gonosome of the S. furcata, when, curiously enough, the paper of
Clark’s which he cites gives both a clear description and a good figure of both trophosome and gonosome.

56 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

given by d’Orbigny make it practically certain that his species was identical with the one described
long afterwards as Sertularia furcata by Trask and universally accepted by later writers under
the latter name. This species differs from S. operculata in having the two conspicuous hydro-
thecal teeth of the same size. On the other hand, 8. pulchella is closely allied to S. bispinosa
Gray, from which it differs in having no spines to the gonangium.

SERTULARIA BISPINOSA (Gray).
(Plate II, figs. 8-11.)

Dynamena bispinosa Gray, Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand, 1842.

Dynamena bispinosa Hurron, Trans. New Zealand Inst., V, 1872.

Sertularia bispinosa Coucutrey, Trans. New Zealand Inst., VII, 1875, p. 284.
Sertularia bispinosa Coucurrey, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., X VII, 1876, p. 27.
Sertularia bispinosa YON LENDENFELD, Australian Hydromedusee, Pt. 3, 1883, p. 407.
Sertularia bispinosa Bate, Catalogue Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 68.
Diphasia symmetrica Von LENDENFELD, Australian Hydromedusie, Pt. 3, 1884, p. 414.
Sertularia bispinosa Von LENDENFELD, Australian Hydromedusee, Pt. 5, 1884, p. 622.
Diphasia symmetrica Vox LenpENFELD, Australian Hydromeduse, Pt. 5, 1884, p. 623.

Trophosome.—Colony attained a height of 6 to 8 inches (Bale). Stem not fascicled, bearing
hydrothecx throughout, internodes irregular, nodes distant, branches irregularly alternate, them-
selves branching dichotomously, internodes as in stem, a hydrotheca in the axil of each branch.
Hydrothece strictly opposite, not leaning forward, well separated in front, tubular, but some-
what flask-shaped, adnate to the stem or branch by one-half the adcauline side, distal end
narrowing to a moderately large aperture, margin with two abcauline teeth. Operculum not
evident in specimens examined. Entire periderm thick and heavy, giving a rigid aspect to the
colony.

Gonosome.—Gonangia large, obovate, with two flattened spines, one projecting from each
shoulder; aperture large, with narrow collar or neck.

Distribution.—EKast Coast of South America, Albatross Station 2771, lat. S. 51° 34’, lone.
W. 68°, 50.5 fathoms. New Zealand (Hutton); Australia (Bale); ‘‘Trod. Hav.,” (specimen from
Levinsen. )

The above description is taken from a specimen from Professor Levinsen and labeled *‘S.
bispinosa Gray, Trod. Hay.,” which agrees quite exactly with the description given by Bale, and
the specimen dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross off the east coast of
South America. This species seems much more rigid in habit than S. operculata, and the differ-
ence in the hydrothecal armature. is reinforced by the conspicuous flattened spines on the
gonangia.

SERTULARIA DESMOIDES Torrey.
(Plate IIT, figs. 1-3.)
Sertularia desmoides Torrey, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 65.

Trophosome.—Colony very straggling and irregular in growth, arising from a creeping root-
stalk and attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem very long and slender, divided into irregular
internodes, each of which bears one or more pairs of hydrothece, branches exceedingly irregular
in their disposition, sometimes being very distant and forming a right angle with the stem and at
others forming an irregular tuft at the distal end, internodes variable, sometimes absent from
the greater part of a branch, and at others being divided by fairly constant joints placed a short
distance below the hydrothec. Hydrothece strictly opposite, pairs usually quite distant but
sometimes only moderately so, contingent in front for less than half their length, the distal por-
tion curving outward and ending in an apparently round or oval aperture, facing outward and
a little downward; no marginal teeth as a rule, but at times the margin has two obscure teeth.
Operculum usually of one flap attached to the abcauline side, others with two ill-defined flaps,
and again there will be two flaps, one above another, both attached to the abcauline side.

THE SERTULARID. 57

Gonosome.—* Gonothece borne on stem; sessile, ovate with a wavy outline and broad
round aperture; half as broad as long. Single gonophore centrally placed, with ccenosarcal
processes connecting it on all sides with gonothecal walls.” (Torrey.)

Distribution.—San Diego, San Clemente Island, San Pedro, California, 142 fathoms (Torrey).
Albatross Station 2939, lat. N. 33° 36’, long. W. 118° 09’ 30”, 27 fathoms.

Type.—In the collection of the University of California.

SERTULARIA RATHBUNI, new name.
(Plate IIT, figs. 4-9. )

Thwiaria sertularioides ALLMAN,’ Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zool., II, 1877, p. 28.
Desmoscyphus dalmasi Verstuys, Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueillis dans la Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 38.

Trophosome.—Colony consisting of main stem and irregularly disposed rigid branches,
attaining a height of three inches. (Allman.) Stem without nodes on distal portion, with irreg-
ularly disposed nodes on proximal portion where the internodes are long and tend to bear each
a single pair of hydrothecae. Hydrothece strictly opposite, roughly tubular, narrowing some-
what at both ends, contingent in front for about half their height, separated behind, ending in a
margin with two large lateral and one small superior tooth, the latter inconspicuous and easily
overlooked. Operculum with three flaps or valves.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Gulf of Mexico (Allman); Dry Tortugas, 45 m. (Versluys). Albatross Station
2389, lat. N. 29° 28’, long. W. 87° 56’; depth, 27 fathoms.

It seems to me to be altogether likely that Allman has figured the posterior aspect of this
species, which will account for the separation of the pairs of hydrothecw as shown in his figures.
The figure given by Versluys* and that drawn by me agree with Allman’s figures. The three
teeth of the hydrothece might easily be mistaken for two, unless special care were taken. They
are unmistakably present, however, in my specimens.

Type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SERTULARIA GRACILIS Hincks.
(Plate III, fig. 10.)

Sertularia pumila var. B. Jonnston, British Zoophytes, 1848, p. 469.

Sertularia gracilis HAssaut, MSS. (according to Hincks).

Sertularia gracilis Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 262.

Sertularia gracilis Verritu, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, X, 1875, p. 43.

Sertularia gracilis MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydr. des k. k. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 240.
Sertularia gracilis Picrer and Brpor, Rés. Camp. Se. Hirondelle, X VIII, 1900, p. 28.

Trophosome.—Colony small, rarely attaining a height of 4 inch. Stem not fascicled, slender,
often unbranched, divided into long and irregular internodes. Branches irregular, often want-
ing, and like the stem in all particulars. Hydrotheci strictly opposite, pairs distant, the mem-
bers of a pair contiguous in front and with their distal half free and regularly curved outward;
margin with two opposite teeth and a two-flapped operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on front of stem, large, obovate, with a wide neck and narrow
but distinct collar, and evident operculum.

Distribution.—Naushon, Coast of Massachusetts (specimen in U. S. National Museum);
Shetland (Norman); St. Malo (vy. Marenzeller).

This species was formerly confounded with S. pumila, but is much more slender and delicate,
with more distant hydrotheci.

1Tn changing the genus of this species to Sertularia the name would become Sertularia sertularicides, a name pre-
occupied by Bale, Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884.
*Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueillis dans la Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 39, fig. 8.

58 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARIA CORNICINA (McCready).
(Plate IV, figs. 1-5.)

Dynamena cornicina McCreapy, Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1858, p. 204.
Dynamena cornicina A. AGAssiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 142.
Sertularia cornicina VERRILL, Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1871-72, p. 738.
Sertularia cornicina Verritt, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, III, 1872, p. 437.
Sertularia complexa CuarKk®, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, 1879, p. 245.
Sertularia complexa Baur, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, III, 2d Ser, 1888, p. 769.
Sertularia cornicina Nurtrne, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 359.
Sertularia complexa Nurrine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 360.
Sertularia cornicina Hareirr, Amer. Nat., 1901, p. 390.

Trophosome.—Colonies growing in the form of erect unbranched stems, often bearing closely
associated colonies of a parasitic campanularian, /Jebella calcarata, and growing from a creeping
root stalk, and attaining a height of about one-half inch. Stem delicate, straight, with a
pinched place near its base, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a pair of hydro-
theee. Hydrothece tubular, strictly opposite, rather distant, adnate in front for about two-
thirds their length, the free distal portions being bent rather abruptly outward; margin with
two broad opposite teeth; operculum of two flaps. The height of the hydrothece is usually
about equal to that portion of an internode that lies between the hydrothecal base and the node
below. There are usually four chitinous points extending downward into the cavity of the stem
from the bottom of each hydrotheca. Hydranths of the usual sertularian type, capable of pro-
truding far beyond the hydrothecal margin, as in fig. 1.

Gonosome.—-Gonangia borne singly or in pairs at the base of the stem, subglobular in form,
with a narrow round collar and large aperture, sides beautifully and regularly annulated.

Distribution.—Charleston Harbor (McCready); Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Nutting);
Pourtales Plateau (Nutting); Yucatan coast, attached to an alga (Clarke); Australia (Bale).

This beautiful species has a curious distribution, being reported only from the widely separated
regions noted above. There seems to be little doubt that Bale rightly identified his Australian
specimens, and he also was the first to describe the profusely annulated gonangia, a type rarely
seen in this genus.

The Woods Hole specimens were found first by Mr. Walmsley, and, like those originally
deseribed by Clarke, were always found growing on algw. I am unable after careful study to
separate the S. complewa, Clarke, from the present species, although I did so in a former work.'
The characters there given are found to intergrade upon the examination of more material. The
fact that the form called S. cornécina in that work always bore the parasitie //chella calcarata,
while the gonangia were always found associated with the S. complera of that work, even at the
same time of year, would render the identity of the two species doubtful. In the absence of any
good morphological character, however, it seems best to combine them, although I do so with
considerable hesitation.

Type.—Destroyed by fire in Charleston during the Civil War.

SERTULARIA MAYERI, new species.
; (Plate V, figs. 1-4. )

Trophosome.—Colony unbranched, springing from a creeping root stalk, and attaining a height
of about one-half inch. Stem constricted basally and divided into regular long internodes, each
of which bears a pair of opposite hydrothec on its anterior side and tapers slightly at each end.
Hydrothec with their bases a little below the middle of the internodes and contiguous for about
half their adcauline sides. The distal hydrothec and those in a young colony are larger in their
basal half and gradually narrow to a tubular distal portion which points outward and upward,
ending in a three-toothed margin and appressed aperture. Operculum very delicate, apparently
of two flaps. The proximal hydrothece are tubular, but little larger basally and bent abruptly

1 Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 360.

THE SERTULARID. 5Y

outward at about their middle, so that their distal half is at right angles with their basal half and
ends in a delicate collapsible tube, the margin and operculum of which is so thin that no constant
form can be discerned. Entire colony excessively thin and delicate.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Shallow water between Eleuthera and Little Cat Islands, Bahamas; on float-
ing seaweed, Great Babama Banks (Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa).
Albatross Station, 2369, Gulf of Mexico, 26 fathoms; <A/batross Station, 2617, lat. N. 83° 37! 30”,
long. W. 77> 36’ 30", 14 fathoms; off Cape Romanes (Moser).

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 18661, 18663, Mus. State Univ. lowa; Cat. Nos. U.S.N.M. 18719,
18720; also in the collection of the author.

SERTULARIA POURTALESI, new name.

(Plate V, tig. 5.)

Sertularia distans' ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 25.
Dynamena distans CLARKE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 10, 1879, p. 246.
Sertularia distans MARK'TANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydr. des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 239.

Trophosome.—Colony unbranched or with a few irregularly disposed branches, attaining a
height of 14 inches. Stem divided into long, irregular internodes, each of which bears one or
more pairs of opposite hydrothece, the pair being on the distal half of the internode when but
one pair is on that internode. Branches, when present, projecting from the stem in an exceed-
ingly stiff and ungraceful manner. Hydrothecx longer than in most of the closely allied species,
distant, tubular, contingent in front for a varying portion of their length, the distal portion
being curved gently outward and ending in a margin which is very thin and ill-defined in tex-
ture, but bears two teeth and an operculum of two flaps.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2369, lat. N. 29° 16’ 30’, long. W. 85° 32’, 26 fathoms;
Station 2315, lat. N. 24° 26’, long. W. 81° 48’ 15’, 37 fathoms; Station 2409, lat. N. 27° 04’, long.
W. 838° 21’ 15", 26 fathoms; Station 2465, ris N. 45° 35’, long. W. 55° 01’, 67 fathoms; off Ten-
nessee Reef, depth 2 fathoms (Allman); near Tortugas, 36 fathoms (Clarke); Sargassa Sea, on
Fucus (Marktanner-Turneretscher); poveaite Plateau (Bahama Expedition from the State
University of Lowa).

The specimens from the Pourtales Plateau on which this description was based were
compared directly with the type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and found to agree.
It belongs to the Desmoscyphus group, Allman’s drawing having evidently been made from the
posterior aspect of the colony. The hydrothece vary considerably in shape.

Type.—\n Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SERTULARIA STOOKEYI, new species.

(Plate V, figs. 6-7.)

Trophosome.—Colony consisting of unbranched stems springing from a creeping root-stalk
and attaining a height of about one-third inch. Stems constricted basally and divided into regular
internodes, except proximal portion where the nodes become indistinct or obsolete; internodes
long and slender, the hydrothecxe being placed in front of the distal half, the nodes being just
above the hydrothece. Hydrothece strictly opposite, adnate to each other by about the basal
one-third of their adcauline wall, the line of juncture being straight; basal portion not distinctly
swollen, distal one-half free, a slender cone in shape projecting at an angle of about 45 degrees
with the stem, and ending in a bidentate margin and two-flapped operculum.

(onosome. —Gonangia borne at bases of colonies, large, oval, with a straight narrow collar,
wide narrow aperture, and operculum; pedicel very short.

'Phis name was preoce oped by Lamouroux, Pictore des Poly piel rs core sllige nes < fle Shes yideaira “ment nommés
Zoophytes, 1816, p. 191, for a campanularian, and was used later by Lamarck, Historie naturelle des Animaux sans
yertébres, 2d.edition, 1836, p. 151.

60 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Distribution.—Found on floating seaweed on the Great Bahama Banks (Bahama Expedition
from the State University of Iowa).

This species is more delicate, and the hydrothece are more slender than in other §pecies of
this group. I take pleasure in naming it after Professor Stookey, member of the Bahama
Expedition.

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 18665, 18666, Mus. State Univ. Iowa; Cat. Nos. 19710, 19711,
U.S.N.M.; also in collection of the author.

SERTULARIA BREVICYATHUS Versluys.
(Plate VI, figs. 1-2.)

Desmoscyphus brevicyathus Versiuys, Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueillis dans la Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 40.

Trophosome.—Colony consisting of an unbranched stem springing from a creeping root-stalk.
Stem divided into regular long internodes, each bearing a pair of hydrothece on its distal half,
and being enlarged at the middle to form a base of support for the hydrothecie, the proximal
and distal portion of each internode being narrowed. Hydrothece strictly opposite, turgid
below, the inner outline being nearly a semicircle, the two of a pair being contiguous in the
front of the stem on account of the extent to which they embrace the latter, but they are not
placed in front as in typical species of the Desmoscyphus group; distal portion directed
outward and narrowing rapidly to the three-toothed margin; operculum two-flapped.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Between Eleuthera and Little Cat islands, and near Spanish Wells, Bahamas
(Bahama Expedition from the State University of lowa); Cape Verde Islands, 25 meters (Versluys).

The specimen above described was collected by the Bahama Expedition from the University
of Iowa. The hydrothece are somewhat more slender distally than indicated by Versluys’s
figures, but some individuals agree with them exactly.

Type.—In the collection of Comte R. de Dalmas.

SERTULARIA FLOWERSI, new species.
(Plate VI, figs. 3-4. )

Trophosome.—Colony minute, consisting of a very slender unbranched stem, attaining a
height of about one-fourth of an inch. Stem divided into long, slender internodes by nodes
placed immediately above the hydrotheca. Hydrothece very small, in strictly opposite pairs,
which are situated on the distal ends of the internodes, distant, placed on the sides of the stem
which they embrace, so as to be contiguous in front for about half their height; margin tridentate
with a two-valved operculum. Inconspicuous chitinous processes extend downward from the
bottoms of the hydrothec, as in S. cornicina.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.— Dredged near Habana, Cuba, from a depth of about 150 fathoms. Collected
by the Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa.

This is the most slender and delicate species of Sertular/a that the writer has seen. Named
in honor of Capt. Charles B. Flowers, of the Bahama Expedition.

Type.—In the Museum of Natural History, State University of Iowa.

SERTULARIA TUMIDA Allman.
(Plate VI, fig. 5.)
Sertularia tumida, ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 23.

‘* Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus attaining a height of three-fourths of an inch, simple, inter-
nodes of moderate length, thinning away for some distance below each pair of hydrothece.
Hydrothece opposite, short, tumid below, adnate to the stem for about half their length, and
with the distal half free and diverging at nearly a right angle.”

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Tortugas, shallow water (Allman).

THE SERTULARID. 61

I have not seen this species and quote the original description entire. It is quite possible that
the species is identical with Sertularia brevicyathus, which was collected by Versluys at the same
place, but this point cannot be determined except by a comparison of the two types.

Type.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SERTULARIA EXIGUA Allman.
(Plate VI, fig. 6.)
Sertularia exigua ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 24.

** Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus minute, simple, attaining a height of about one-fourth of an
inch; internodes very short, not prolonged by an attenuated continuation below the pairs of
hydrothece. Hydrothece opposite, not tumid below; free and divergent on their distal half,
and with the opposed sides of each pair parallel to one another.”

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Oft Cape Fear, 9 fathoms (Allman).

I have not seen this species and have copied the original description entire.

Type.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

THUIARIA Fleming (modified).

Trophosome.—Hydrothece normally subopposite to alternate, and more than two to each
internode. Internodes vary greatly in length. Hydrothecxe with smooth margin, or with one
or two teeth, usually more or less immersed in the hydrocaulus. Operculum of one abcauline
flap, or of two flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia oval, with large terminal aperture, unornamented or with one or two
spines on the shoulders.

As before intimated, this genus as established by Fleming (1828) was very much restricted,
containing but two species, and based solely on the immersed condition of the hydrothece. There
was no change made by either Johnston (1848) or Hincks (1868).

In his diagnoses of new genera and species of hydroids Allman' adopted a new
criterion for the genus, holding that the best character was based on the division of the
hydrocaulus into internodes, there being an internode to each pair of hydrothecx in Sertularia,
Sertularella and Diphasia, **while in Thuiaria the joints occur at distant and, for the most part,
irregular intervals, thus leaving numerous hydrothece to be carried on each internode.” He was
thus led to admit such species as Sertularia argentea and S. cupressina into the genus, as is done
in the present work. In his report on the hydroida of the Challenger Expedition (1888) Allman
maintains this same position.

In his Catalogue of Australian Hydroid Zoophytes (1884) Bale givesa further criterion. His
definition of Thwiaria is ‘*Zoophyte plant-like—Hydrothece biserial, not in pairs, usually more
or less immersed.” He points out the distinction between the hydrothecs being in two series
and being in pairs. This, however, often seems to depend on the thickness of the hydrocaulus.
If it is very thick there are two series, while it often happens that on the more slender distal
branches the hydrothec are regularly subopposite or alternate, or in pairs, as Bale uses the term.

Levinsen in his Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, p. 193, defines
the genus as follows: ‘‘Apertura hydrothece rotundata (ovalis vel semicircularis). ‘Collare’ et
‘dentibus’ nullis instructa. In margine exteriore (abcaulini) valvula opercularis affixa est.” Like
the other genera founded on the characters of the margin and operculum, this one includes forms
that the present writer and others regard as generically distinet, as Se/ag/nopsis alternitheca
Levinsen, and excludes others that are very closely related, as Thwiaria dalli or T. robusta
Clark or 7. thuiarioides Clark, the latter being a typical thuiarian, but with an adcauline
operculum. Moreover in some cases certain parts of a colony would belong to Thu/aria, and
others not, were the definition of Levinsen adhered to, as 7! vobusta, in which part of the

‘Journal of the Linnzean Society, Zoology, XII, 1874, p. 267.

62 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

hydrothece have two teeth and a two-flapped operculum and part no tooth and a single-flapped
operculum.

The genus, as I have defined it, is confessedly the least natural and satisfactory of those
admitted in this work.

POINTS OF INTERGRADATION BETWEEN THUIARIA AND OTHER GENERA.

First. With Sertu/aria, in having the hydrothecal margin with two teeth and a two-flapped
operculum, as in 7. argentea, T. similis, T. tenera, T. fabricéi, and 7. cupressina. In all of these
tases there are many hydrothece to an internode, and they are not strictly opposite.

Second. With Adb/et/naréa in having an adcauline operculum, asin 7) thudarioides Clark. In
every other respect, both in trophosome and in gonosome, this species is a typhical Zhucarda.

KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF THUIARIA.

Hydrothecal margins smooth, except on distal ends of branches, where they are bidentate. Operculum of one
abcauline flap.?
Branches springing from all sides of stem.
Jolony in the formiof a stiff ““bottle brush”’- .<----- << 22 ooo oe ee nee nen ae= Beene aon
Colony not so stiff and rigid.
Hydrothece alternate.

Margin produced on outer side into prominent recurved hooks......-..--..--------------- elegans.
Margin smooth, except on distal parts of branches, where there are two strong teeth .------ robusta.
Hydrothecz sub-opposite, margin smooth, operculum adcauline .........---.------------- thuiarioides.

Branches alternate.
Hydrothecie opposite.

Morea uldey LO BUOLOL ENCE A CUoCTENK COUN ENO! Spee me oon epsee Beeb aceocoasasas coepSopSaqsasaShonse polycarpa.
Aperture facing outward and upward, margin produced into a prominent lobe on adcauline
Giolenetelajojoesseel ey ein es oe hoa et oedo ne ecuoobete cone Boe asebe ssasonossceossasds -----kurilz.
Hydrothece alternate.
Hydrothece entirely immersed, aperture strictly vertical ..........-.------------------------ immersa.
Distal end of hydrothee:e free, aperture facing outward and upward.......--- Bee ene sore ee lonchitis.

Hydrothecal margin toothed, operculum with two flaps.
Hydrothecee strictly alternate.
Branches Opposites soe assem see ae coe eee eo siete Seb Sas sect e csee a eeee ena eee anion ete plumulifera.
Branches not opposite.
Margin with two large pointed teeth.

Entire adcaulinesbydrothecal wall adnates —.-o-2-- ence. sees e eee eee eee ramosissima,
Distalihaliionadcaulineswallliee sees sae aos same seats ee eee eee ee eee ee aia see diffusa.

Hydrothee sub-opposite, marginal teeth two, opposite.

ING as LoL) AXE OTERO ee demo oso a tobe boar cbonb usm ashi ce sobbenoenccecuonset one stadace SSacuner dall
Hydrotheca on stem.

Hydrothecie flask-shaped, their long axes not parallel with stem.

Ely drothecss withvunequall teethi=<-eses-2ee so eee ae ea eae ee eee sees latiuscula.

Eby drothecse withrequalteethi 2). 2= esses ..senicd see et See eee ee teem ets se similis.

Hydrothecze tubular, their long axes parallel with stem.....-....-------.------------ tubuliformis.

Hydrothecz sub-opposite, one or two marginal teeth.
Branches alternate, and usually undivided, hydrothecze not immersed.-.-...--------------------------- tenera.
Branches in a spiral, usually divided dichotomously.

Spiraliiclose:"colomystorman yay emse Wt ape tee ee le at erate fabricii.

Spiraliloose, ny drothecse nov preathy wmmiS nse sete fea lela ee tre ae ere argented.

Spiral loose, hydrothecze extensively immersed, their axes not parallel with stem ---...-.------- cupressind.

Spiral loose, hydrothecze extensively immersed, their axes parallel with stem-....-.-- sacnnvcese=ePlLUMoRa.

THUIARIA THUJA (Linneus).
(Plate VII, figs. 1-3.)

Bottle-brush Coralline Eutis, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 10.
Sertularia thuja Linn mus, Systema Naturze, 1758, p. 809. a
Sertularia thija Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, 1761-1775, p. 548.

,

Sertularia thuja PAatuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 140.
Sertularia thuja Linnxus, Systema Nature, 12th ed., 1767, p. 1308.

1 Except in the case of 7. thuiarioides Clark.

THE SERTULARID. 63

Sertularia thuja Bopparrt, in Pallas, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 175.

Serlularia thuja Mararri, De Plantis Zoophytis et Lithophytis, 1776, p. 29.
Sertularia thuja Fasrictus, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, p. 444.

Sertularia thuja Gronovius, Zoophylacium gronoyvianum, III, 1781, p. 358.
Sertularia thuja Eviis and Souanper, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786, p. 41.

Sertularia thuja W1LKrNs and Herest, in Pallas, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 179.
Sertularia thuja GMewin, Systema Nature, Linnzeus, 13th ed., 1788-1793, p. 3848.
Sertularia thuja Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, ILL, 1788-1830, p. 184.
Sertularia thuja BerKeNHovuT, Synop. Nat. Hist., Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 217.
Sertularia thuya Esrer, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-1806, pl. xx11.
Sertularia thuja Cuvier, Tableau Elémentaire de I’ Hist. Nat. des Anim., 1798, p. 666.
Sertularia thuja Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, IIT, 1802, p. 94.

Sertularia thuja Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 213.

Sertularia thuya JAMEsoN, Catalogue Animals of Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.
Nigellastrum (Sertularia) thuja Oxex, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 93.
Cellaria thuja LAMarcK, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., 1816, p. 139.

Sertularia thuja LAMourRoux, Hist. des Polyp. Coral. Flex., 1816, p. 195.

Sertularia thuja Stewart, Elements nat. hist. animal King., 2d ed., I, 1817, p. 442.
Thuiaria thuia FLeMinG, British Animals, 1828, p. 545.

Thuiaria thuia Macetuuivray, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 464.

Thuiaria thuia Jounsron, Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 1847, p. 83.

Thuiaria thuja Gray, List of British Animals, 1847, p. 76.

Thuwiaria thuia AupEr, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 27.

Thuiaria thuja A. AGAsstz, North Amer. Acalephie, 1865, p. 148.

Thuiaria thuja Hixexs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 275.

Thuiaria thuja Scnutze, Nordsee Expedition, 1872, p. 133.

Thuiaria thuia Sars, G. O., Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 18.
Thuiaria thuja McInross, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 214.

Thuiaria thuja Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 324.

Thuiaria thuia Wixtner, Fortignelse de i Danmark, ete., 1880, p. 251.

Thuiaria thuia KircHenraver, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 18.
Thuiaria thuja MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 237.
Thuiaria thuja Drirescu, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 207.

Thuiaria thuja Levixsen, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider, 1892, p. 52.
Thujaria thuja Levinsen, Vid. Udb. ‘‘Hauchs’’ Togter, 1893, p. 371.

Thuiaria thuia Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th Ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.

Thuiaria thuja Bonneyin, Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1899, p. 83.
Thuiaria thuja Harerrr, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 392.

Thuiaria thuja Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 364.
Thuiaria thuja Wutreaves, Catalogue Marine Invert. eastern Canada, 1901, p. 26.
Thuyaria thuja SmmMunvsson, Bidrag til kundsk. islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 65.

Trophosome.—Colony sometimes attaining a height of a foot or more. Main stem geniculate,
rigid, slender, divided proximally into obscure internodes, each of which bears the stump of a
branch. Branches arranged in a spiral around the stem, from which they project at nearly a right
angle, dichotomously branching several times so that each forms a flabellate structure with the
upper side concave. Conjointly the branches and branchlets form a typical ‘‘bottle-brush”
structure. Hydrothece subalternate, closely approximated, almost entirely immersed in the
hydrocaulus; aperture a flattened oval without conspicuous teeth and opening vertically.
Operculum a single abcauline flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the upper sides of the branches, oblong ovate with a round
aperture, short but distinct collar, and no lateral spines. :

Distribution.—One of the common species in comparatively shallow water on both sides of
the North Atlantic. New England coast (Nutting); Mingan Islands (A. Agassiz); Bering Straits
(Stimpson); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves); Greenland (Levinsen); Iceland (Seemundsson);
Norway (Sars); British coasts (Hincks); Mediterranean (Pallas); A/batross Station 2256, lat. N.
40° 38’ 30”, long. W. 69° 29’, 30 fathoms; <Adbatross Station 2843, lat. N. 53° 56’, long. W. 165°
56’ 45”, 45 fathoms; A/batross Station 3558, lat. N. 56° 58’, long. W. 170° 09’, 25 fathoms.

This is one of the oldest and best known of the Sertularidw, and one of the very few that
have not been bandied about between genera for the last half century. It has a peculiarly rigid
habit that is characteristic of no other hydroid.

5125—pr 2—04——_5

64 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

THUIARIA ELEGANS Kirchenpauer.
(Plate VII, fig. 4.)
Thuiaria elegans KircHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 21.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining the height of about 4} inches. Stem slender, slightly flexuose
with irregularly disposed deep annular nodes, beset on all sides with the stumps of broken
branches. Branches inserted on all sides of stem, flexuose, divided by deep nodes into long inter-
nodes. Hydrothece alternate, oval, entirely immersed; aperture obliquely cut so as to form
two angles to the otherwise horizontal margin, the outer angle or projection being much larger
than the inner (adcauline), so much so that it (the outer tooth) forms a backward directed horn.

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distribution.—Plover Bay, Bering Sea (Krause).

I have not seen this species,and have taken the above description from the original by
Kirchenpauer, the translation being modified to accord with the plan of description followed in
this work.

Type.—In the Leipsic Museum ?

THUIARIA ROBUSTA Clark.
(Plate VIL, figs. 5-7.)
Thuiaria robusta CLARK, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1876, p. 227.
Thuiaria robusta KincHENPAvER, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 81.

Trophosome.—Colony consisting of a simple stem attaining a height of about 12 inches
in the largest specimen examined. Stem strong, flexuose, bearing stumps of spirally arranged
branches throughout about three-fourths of its length, the upper portion bearing large branches
which bear branchlets arranged ina spiral so that the distal part of a colony assumes the shape
of a dense brush or tuft. The main stem and branches give off a branch to each internode, while
the hydrocladial internodes are of varying length, each usually bearing a number of subalternate,
thickly approximated hydrothece. Hydrothece long, tubular, slightly swollen below, immersed
to the aperture on larger branches, but with distal one-third exserted on distal part of branchlets;
aperture bilabiate, operculum with two flaps on distal portions of branches, often with round
margin and single abcauline flap on proximal portions. At the base of each hydrotheca is a
thickening of the perisare described by Clark as a double-pointed pyramid (see fig. 5).

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in rows on the terminal branchlets, slender, with a terminal
collar and aperture, and two long curved spines rising from the antero-lateral corners of the
shoulders.

Distribution.—Sea Horse Islands and Cape Prince of Wales, Arctic Ocean; Hagmeister
Island, and 12 miles east of Kings Island, Bering Sea (Clark). Arctic cruise of Corwin,
1885. Albatross Station 2875, lat. N. 48° 30’, long. W. 124° 57’, 40 fathoms; Station 3158, lat.
N. 37° 57’ 10”, long. W. 122° 56’ 20’, 32 fathoms; Station 3504, lat. N. 56° 57’, long. W. 169° 27’,
34 fathoms; Station 3505, lat. N. 57° 09’, long. W. 168° 17’, 44 fathoms; Station 3511, lat. N.
57° 32’, long. W. 169° 38’, 39 fathoms; Station 3515, lat. N. 59° 59’, long. W. 167° 53’, 13 fathoms;
Station 3540, lat. N. 56° 27’, long. W. 166° 08’, 51 fathoms.

This species is not nearly so rigid as 7. ¢thuja, and the gonosome is entirely different.

Type.—In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

THUIARIA THUIARIOIDES (Clark).
(Plate VIII, figs. 1-6.)

Sertularia thuiarioides CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 223.

Thuiaria thuiaroides CALKins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 361.
Thuiaria thujarioides Hartrtaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 354.
Thuiaria thuiarioides Nurtinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 186.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 7$ inches. Main stem irregularly
branched, the branches being inserted in a spiral owing to the twisting of the stem; internodes

THE SERTULARID®. 65

long and irregular, sometimes bearing two hydrothece anda branch on one side and asingle
hydrotheca on the other. Main branches like the stem, bearing alternate branchlets that often
divide dichotomously, divided into long and irregular internodes each bearing two lateral rows
of hydrothece.

Hydrothecx subopposite, tubular, expanded below, narrowing above into a very short neck
ending in a circular aperture which faces upward and slightly toward the branch. Operculum
of one adcauline valve.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on upper sides of branchlets, ovate, flattened, expanded laterally
and dista'ly into two flat spines set on the shoulder. Aperture terminal, round, borne on a short
neck resembling the frustum of a cone.

Distribution.—Bering Sea, west of Nunivak Island, 24 fathoms; Chignik Bay, Alaska (Clark);
Puget Sound (Calkins); Yakutat, Alaska (Nutting). Lat. N. 62° 15’, long. W. 167° 48’, Lieut.
George N. Stoney, U. S. Navy.

This is a very well-marked species of a typical thuiarian character, except in its operculum.
The opercula are well shown in some of the specimens collected by Dr. W. H. Dall.

Type.—In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

THUIARIA POLYCARPA Kirchenpauer.
(Plate VIII, figs. 7-9.)
Thuiaria polycarpa Parric (Manuscript), Kircnenpauer, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 27.

Trophosome.—Colony (fragmentary) about 1 inch in height. Stem straight with very uneven
internodes and two opposite rows of hydrothece, branches irregularly alternate, rigid, divided
into long and uneyen internodes, each bearing several pairs of hydrothecee. Hydrothecw in strictly
opposite pairs, long, tubular, with distal ends bent outward, aperture round, facing directly out-
ward, the top of one hydrotheca not reaching the base of the next one above, the pairs being
slightly but definitely separated.

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Locality.—Valparaiso, Chile (Poeppig).

The above description is from a specimen kindly sent me by Professor Leyinsen. This
species differs from most of the genus Zhu/aréa in having exactly opposite hydrothece. The
other characters are so strictly thuiarian, however, that there seems little doubt regarding the
propriety of including it in the genus.

Type.—In the Leipsic Museum.

THUIARIA KURIL (Pceppig).
(Plate IX, figs. 1-2. )
Sertularia kurile Paspric (Manuscript)?

Trophosome.—Specimen about 3 inches high. Stem unbranched, divided into very long
and irregular internodes and bearing a row of hydrothec on each side, there being three hydro-
thecw, one axillary and two others, between adjacent branches. Branches strictly alternate and
divided into long and irregular internodes by distant nodes. Hydrothecx subopposite, flask-
shaped, the distal end but little constricted. Aperture large, opening outward and a little
upward, margin with a very large tooth or lobe rising upward on the adcauline side and closely
appressed to the hydrocaulus. This tooth is apparently broken off in many cases.

Gonosome.—Not present in the specimen described.

Locality.—U nalaska.

The specimen above described was received from Prof. G. M. R. Levinsen. I have not seen
the original description and am unable to cite it. Coming from so high an authority I have
felt justified in including it here. The very large lobe or tooth on the adcauline side of the
hydrotheca is a character that divides this species from all other American members of the
genus.

66 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

THUIARIA IMMERSA, new species.

(Plate IX, figs. 3+.)
Thuiaria lonchitis MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 236.
Thuiaria lonchitis MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden Ost Spitzbergen, 1895, p. 422.

Trophosome.—Colony (incomplete) less than 1 inch high. Stem irregularly but deeply
annulated throughout the thick proximal portion which bears no branches and which appears to
have been broken off and renewed, the new portion bearing all the branches. Distal part of stem
feebly geniculate, without evident nodes, bearing alternate lateral branches, one to each genicu-
lation, and two rows of hydrothece. Hydrothecz alternate, slender, flask-shaped, much smaller
distally, the apertures opening vertically and not projecting at all from the general surface of
the hydrocaulus. Just under the lower edge of the margin is a thickening of the hydrothecal
wall that is plainly evident in a side view. The aperture is perfectly smooth and round, without
teeth. There is a well-marked space between the top of one hydrotheca and the bottom of the
next. Texture of colony corneous, much stiffer and stronger than in 7. lonchitis.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Coast of Greenland, U.S. 8. Avert, 1884; Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition,
lat. N. 76° 14’, long. E. 85° 54’. (Marktanner-Turneretscher. )

This species seems to me to be certainly distinct from 7° /onchitis of authors, which is a much
larger and more graceful species, with hydrothece projecting perceptibly from the stem and
branches, and opening obliquely upward and outward. The specimen collected by the U.S. S.
Alert agrees exactly with the figure and description given by Marktanner-Turneretscher under
the name Thutaria lonchitis.

He calls attention to the main differences between this specimen and the typical lonchitis,
but apparently did not regard these differences of sufficient import to warrant a separation, an
opinion with which I am unable to agree.

It is possible that other writers have had this species in hand and described it either as
T. articulata or T. lonchitis.

Type.—In the U. S. National Museum. Fragment in collection of the author.

THUIARIA LONCHITIS (Ellis and Solander).
(Plate IX, figs. 5-8.)

Sea-Spleenwort or Polypody Eviis, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 42.
Sertularia lonchitis Exits and Soranper, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786, p. 42.
Sertularia lonchitis Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 1802, p. 101.

Sertularia lichenastrum Turton, British Fanna, 1807, p. 216.

? Nigellastrum (Sertularia) articulata Oxen, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschickte, 1815, p. 93.
Cellaria lonchitis LaMArcK, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1816, p. 139.

Thuiaria articulata FurminG, British Animals, 1828, p. 545.

Thuiaria articulata Hassaty, Ann. and Mag., VII, 1841, p. 284.

Thuiaria articulata HyNnpMAN, Ann. and Mag., X, 1842, p. 20.

Thuiaria articulata Gray, Brit. Animals, 1847, p. 76.

Thuiaria articulata Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 84.

? Thuiaria articulata ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 27.

? Thuiaria articulata H1nexs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 277.

Thuiaria articulata Waireaves, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser.; X, 1873, p. 345.
Thuiaria articulata Scuutzn, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 133.

? Thuiaria articulata MerescuKowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 324.
Thuiaria articulata Verriii, Prelim. Check-list, 1879, p. 18.

? Thuiaria articulata D’ Ursan, Zool. Barent’s Sea, 1880, p. 269.

Thuiaria lonchitis KircHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 22.
? Thuiaria articulata Beran, Goplepolyper fra Kara Hayet, 1887, p. 337.
Thuiaria articulata Bourne, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1889-90, p. 397.

Thujaria lonchitis LevinsenN, Vid. Udb. ‘‘Hauchs’’ Togter, 1893, p. 371.
Thuiaria articulata Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.

? Thuiaria articulata Bonnevie, North Atlantic Expedition, 1899, p. 83.
Thuiaria articulata Prcrer and Brepor, Hydraires de |’ Hirondelle, 1900, p. 25.
Thuiaria articulata Wurrraves, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 27.
Thujaria lonchitis Swmunpsson, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 65.

THE SERTULARID®. : 67

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 10 to 12 inches, usually much less, main stem
with very distinct but irregular nodes below, slightly flexuose, bearing usually a pair of subal-
ternate hydrothec on each of the upper internodes. Branches irregularly alternate, simple, or
dichotomously branched, forming a rather dense tuft on distal part of colony. Branches and
branchlets divided into long and irregular internodes each of which bears several pairs of subop-
posite to subalternate hydrothece. Hydrothece of the usual thuiarian type, deeply immersed
in proximal parts of branches and less so in distal parts, closely approximated. Aperture cir-
cular to subtriangular, facing forward or outward, margin often with a single broad tooth on its
posterior side. Operculum of a single abcauline flap.

CGonosome. —Gonangia borne on upper side of branches, long,
ture, narrow collar, and operculum.

Distribution.—Common on British and Continental shores of North Atlantic; New England
Coast (Verrill); ‘‘Atlantic coast” (specimen from the United States National Museum); Iceland
(Seemundsson); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves); 4 Barents Sea (D’Urban); Polar Sea (Bon-
nevie).

In the absence of the gonosome this species is not always easy to distinguish from 7. cupres-
sina. The habit of growth, however, is entirely different from the graceful spiral arrange-
ment which characterizes the latter. Branches stiffer and harsher. The gonosome is entirely
different. The species appears to be rare on our Atlantic coast.

The synonymy of this species is exceedingly uncertain on account of a mistake of Pallas!
who gave the name Sertularia articulata to an Atlantic species under the mistaken impression
that it was identical with the **Sea-Spleenwort” of Ellis. Afterwards Fleming (1842) instituted
the genus Zhuiaria, and, avparently misled by Pallas, called the Spleenwort of Ellis 7hudaria
articulata. In the meantime Ellis and Solander (1758) gave the name Sertularia lonchitis to
Ellis’s species of Sea-Spleenwort, thus securing the priority for the name lonchit/s, which is
essentially a northern form. Since that time most writers have confused the two species under
the common name Zhuiaria articulata. Uincks in his great work (1868) seems to have done this.
In 1884 Kirchenpauer clearly explained the situation and reestablished the name 7. lonchitis for
Ellis’s species, in which he was followed by Levinsen (1893). In most cases it is impossible to
tell which species is meant when the name 7° articu/ata is used, and we can only judge from the
distribution.

slender, with a round aper-

THUIARIA PLUMULIFERA Allman.
(Plate IX, figs. 9-13.)
Thuiaria plumulifera ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 27.
Thuiaria plumulifera KircuEnraurr, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 25.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 10 inches in the largest specimen examined.
Main stem exceedingly long and slender, divided into internodes of unequal length, bearing
rather distant and opposite branches each of which bears an axillary hydrotheca; an additional
hydrotheca being between each two branches on each side. Branches rather distant, alternate,
divided into long and very unequal internodes, and contracted at their origins. Hydrothece
alternate, well separated, tubular, not extensively immersed for this genus; aperture with two
broad, rounded teeth and a tubular collapsible extension of the hydrothecal walls. This tube is
not constant, and in some hydrothece where it is wanting a two-valyed operculum is seen.

Cronosome.—Not known. f

Distribution.—Ott Cape Fear, 7 fathoms (Allman); A/batross Station 2015, lat. N. 387° 31,
long. W. 74° 53’ 30”, 19 fathoms; Station 2260, lat. N. 40° 13’ 15’, long. W. 69° 29' 15”, 46
fathoms; Station 2265, lat. N. 87° 07’ 40’, long. W. 74° 35’ 40”, 70 fathoms; Station 2279, lat.
N. 35° 20' 55’, long. W. 75° 20' 55”, 16 fathoms; Station 2307, lat. N. 35° 42’, long. W. 74° 54’
30”, 57.3 fathoms; Station 2308, lat. N. 35° 48’, long. W. 74° 53’ 30’, 45 fathoms; Station 2421,
lat. N. 387° 07’, long. W. 74° 34’ 30’, 64 fathoms.

Type.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

'Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 1371.

68 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

This species is squarely intermediate between the genera Zhudaria and Sertularella, having
the characters of numerous hydrothece to the internode, and the two-toothed margin and two-
valved operculum of the former, and the exactly alternate hydrothece of the latter. I place
it provisionally in the latter genus, as it seems here to find, on the whole, its closest affinities,
although it agrees quite well with Sertularella nana Hartlaub, so: far as the nonspecific characters

are concerned.
? THUIARIA RAMOSISSIMA Allman.

‘

Thuiaria ramosissima ALLMAN, Gatty Coll., 1885, p. 146.

‘* Trophosome.—Uydrocaulus monosyphonic, main stem sending off in every direction
branches which are themselves profusely branched; ramifications subdichotomous, each bifurea-
tion preceded by a transverse joint. Hydrothec alternate, adnate to the hydrocaulus by the
whole of their epicauline walls, deep, tubular; the apocauline margin of aperture deeply cleft.

~* Gonosome.—Gonangia springing each from a point placed laterally just below the base of a
hydrotheca. None mature in the specimen.

** Locality.—Northeast coast of America.”

I have not seen this species and have copied the above description entire. It resembles
greatly the common Thuiaria argentea, but it does not seem likely that Professor Allman would
have made a mistake regarding such a well-known form.

THUIARIA DIFFUSA (Allman).
(Plate X, figs. 1-3.)
Sertularella diffusa ALLMAN, Gatty Coll., 1885, p. 156.
Sertularia diffusa ALLMAN var. MARKTANNER—TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 229.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 9 inches (Allman), much branched, stiff, and
corneous in aspect. Stem nearly straight, divided into long and irregular internodes, lower part
without hydrothece. Branches straight, alternate, themselves dividing alternately and the
branchlets ultimately dividing dichotomously, divided into usually long internodes of unequal
length, the distal being generally the shorter. Hydrothece tubular, gracefully curved, ordinarily
strictly alternate, about the distal half free and pointing forward and outward, margin with two
large pointed lateral teeth, aperture crescent-shaped. Operculum not evident, the distal superior
part of the hydrothecal wall being very thin and collapsible so that it seems to serve as an
operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on distal part of the branches, ovoid, with two lateral anterior
spines and a narrow collar surrounding a broad, round aperture.

Distribution.—Rockaway (Atlantic coast, U. S. 4) (Allman). South America (Marktanner-
Turneretscher); ‘‘ South America,” specimen from Levinsen; Albatross Station 2279, lat. N.
35° 20! 55”, long. W. 75° 20’ 55’, 16 fathoms.

This species also is very near Thudaria argentea, and the specimen described by Allman may
belong to this species. Those described by Marktanner-Turneretscher, the one from Station
2279, and the specimen sent me by Professor Levinsen from South America seem to be specifi-
cally distinct. The whole texture is stiff and rigid and deeply corneous in color, differing greatly
from 7: argentea. The forming of a pseudo-operculum by the thin collapsible distal part of the
inner (upper in position) hydrothecal wall is an interesting feature.

THUIARIA DALLI, new name.
(Plate X, figs. 4-6.)
Sertularia cupressoides CuARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 220.
Thuiaria cupressoides 'Nuvrine, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 185.

Trophosome.—Colony small, in specimens examined, and plumose in form. Main stem
straight, divided into usually short internodes by oblique nodes, many internodes bearing two

'Name preoccupied by Kirchenpauer, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 18, for an entirely different
species.

THE SERTULARID. 69

branches, others more, but an equal number on both sides, no hydrothecze on main stem.
Branches subopposite to alternate, ascending, constricted at their origins where they bear several
deep annulations, divided into long but unequal internodes, each of which bears several hydro-
thece. Hydrothecze subopposite, closely approximated, deeply immersed, their distal ends only
being free, tubular, very slightly curved distally; aperture with two rather broad teeth;
operculum composed of two flaps.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Shumagin Islands and Port Moller, Alaska (Clark); Yakutat, Alaska (Nutting).

Type slides. —Cat. No. 19721, U.S.N.M.; Cat. Nos. 18676, 18677, State Univ. of Lowa; also
in the collection of the author.

? THUIARIA LATIUSCULA (Stimpson).

Sertularia latiuscula Stumeson, Marine Inyert. Grand Manan, 1853, p. 8.
Sertularia latiuscula Verrtti, Proc. Am. Assn. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 356.
Sertularia latiuscula Verritt, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 39.
Sertularia latiuscula A. AGassiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 145.

**Pinne broad, compressed, attached by a slender base to the main stem; cells crowded,
nearly opposite, shaped as in Sertularia argentea ; vescicles elongated, ovate, with a single strong
spine on one side at the extremity. Color, brownish. Breadth of pinna, 0.03 inch. Dredged
in the laminarian zone.”

Distribution.—Grand Manan (Stimpson); 6 miles east of Seguin Island, 33 fathoms (Verrill);
between Cape Cod and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Verrill).

I have been unable to obtain an authentic specimen of this species. The above description
is taken entire from that of the original describer. No further description nor any figure has
thus far been found. There is no doubt that it is a ZAiwiaria, and it is quite probable that it is
T. argentea. The single spine to the gonangium occurs occasionally in that species.

Type.—Apparently lost; at least, I cannot find where it is.

THUIARIA SIMILIS (Clark).

(Plate X, figs. 7-9.)
Sertularia similis CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 219.
?Sertularia similis HarrLaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1891, p. 354,
Sertularia similis Nurtine, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 185.

Trophosome.—Colony usually consisting of a central stem, sometimes attaining a height of
over 3 inches. Stem geniculate, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a branch
and two hydrothece on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches divided into
usually short internodes, each of which bears from one to several pairs of opposite or subopposite
hydrothece. Hydrothece in closely approximated pairs, the individuals of a pair being distinctly
separated in front, and of the Sertularia pumila type, with free outwardly inclined distal portions;
aperture with two well-marked and nearly opposite teeth and a two-valved operculum.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Hagmeister Island (Clark); Bare Island (Hartlaub); Berg Inlet, Glacier Bay
(Harriman Expedition); Puget Sound (Nutting); A/batross Station 2842, lat. N. 54° 15’, long.
W. 166° 03’, 72 fathoms; Station 2865, lat. N. 48° 12’, long. W. 122° 49’, 40 fathoms; Station 3465,
lat: N. 48° 21’, long. W. 123° 14’, 48 fathoms; Station 3515, lat. N. 59° 59’, long. W. 167° 53’,
13 fathoms; Station 3557, lat. N. 57° 04’, long. W. 170° 24’, 26 fathoms.

The specimen from Station 3515, from which the above description was taken, agrees very
well with Clark’s original description and figure. Other specimens vary considerably, but not
sufficiently to demand separation. Indeed, none of them vary as much from the type as the
specimen figured by Hartlaub, which seems to me to be quite distinct.

Type.—In collection of the U. 5. National Museum.

70 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

THUIARIA TUBULIFORMIS (Marktanner-Turneretscher)
(Plate XI, figs. 1-8.)

Dynamena tubuliformis MarkTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 238.

Trophosome.—Colony growing in tufts of straight stems, reaching a height of about 3
inches. Stem straight and even throughout, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears
a branch and two hydrothecx on one side anda single hydrotheca on the other. Branches strictly
alternate, divided into irregular internodes and much constricted at their origins. Hydrothece
subopposite, long, tubular, with the greater part of their lateral outline parallel to the branch,
the upper portion being abruptly beut outward and ending in two large opposite teeth and a
two-valved operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia growing on front of stem, large, ovate, with a constricted curyed
neck and round terminal aperture.

Distribution.—Dschidda (Dr. Billitzer); Bay of Bahia, Brazil (Rathbun); Florida, between
Salt Pond and Stock Island (Dr. E. Palmer); Bahama Banks, 3 to 6 fathoms (Nutting). ;

The gonosome of this species is figured here for the first time. There is a slight tendency
for the hydrothece to arrange themselves in groups, reminding one of those found in the genus
Pasythea, the upper ones in each group being somewhat smaller than the lower pair.

Type.—In the k. k. Hofmuseums, Vienna.

THUIARIA TENERA (Sars).

(Plate XI, figs. 9-12.)

2

Sertularia tenera Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 20.

Sertularia tenera Hixcxs, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, pp. 129 and 151.

Sertularia tenera WrixrHer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift (3), XII, 1879-80, p. 246.

Sertularia tenera Leyinsen, Vid. Udb. ‘‘Hauchs’’ Togter, 1893, p. 384.

Sertularia tenera MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 230.
Sertularia tenera Lryinsen, Vid. Meddel. naturhist. Foren., 1892, p. 48.

Sertularia tenera MarkvaNNer-TurNERETSCHER, Hydroiden yon Ost Spitzbergen, 1893, p. 418.

Sertularia tenera NurrinG, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 743.

Thuiaria tenera Bonneyiz, North Atlantic Expedition, 1899, p. 83.

Thuiaria tenera Smmunpsson, Bidrag til Kundsk. islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 62.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 3 inches in largest specimens examined.
Main stem straight proximally and slightly flexuose distally, divided into long and irregular
internodes bearing strictly alternate branches and three hydrothecx (one axillary and two not)
between adjacent branches on each side. Branches usually undivided and with rather short
internodes, which often bear a single pair of hydrothecwe. Hydrothece subalternate, flask-
shaped, rather slender, widely separated, much exserted, with a tubular distal portion; margin
varying greatly, sometimes being round and without teeth, and often being curved, with two
teeth of regular sertularian type. In many cases the margin is produced into a thin collapsible
tube. Operculum usually composed of one flap attached to abcauline side of margin, but
sometimes composed of two flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia ovate, with a round terminal aperture and a short collar.

Distribution—Kodiak Island and Bering Straits (Dall); Adbatross Station 2865, lat. N.
48° 12’, long. W. 122° 49’, 40 fathoms; St. Pauls Island (Nutting); Norway, 159 fathoms (Sars);
Iceland (Hincks); Denmark (Winther); Christiania (Marktanner-Turneretscher); Spitzbergen
(Marktanner-Turneretscher); North Atlantic (Bonnevie).

This species appears to break down the generic distinctions proposed by Levinsen in that it
has both a one-flapped and a two-flapped operculum in the same specimen.

THE SERTULARID&. 71

THUIARIA FABRICII (Levinsen.)
(Plate XI, figs. 1-2.)

Sertularia fastigiata Fasricius (not Linnzeus), Fauna Gronlandica, 1780, p. 458.
Sertularia cupressina Fasricivs, Manuscript, III, p. 388.

Sertularia argentea Wintuer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift (3), XII, 1879-80, p. 278.
Sertularia fabricii Levinsen, Vid. Middel. Naturh. Foren., 1892, p. 48.
Sertularia fabricti CatKins, Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 361.
Sertularia fabriciti HarrLave, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 354.
Thuiaria fabricti Nurtinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 185.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches in the specimens examined.
Main stem straight, proximal part marked by very deep irregularly spaced annular nodes;
distal part divided into irregular internodes each bearing one or more branches which are inserted
on all sides of the stem in a spiral manner so as to give the colony the shape of a bushy tuft.
Branches very closely approximated, dichotomously divided once, twice, rarely three times;
internodes rather long and irregular, each bearing several pairs of hydrothecwe, exceptionally
a single pair. Hydrothece subopposite on proximal parts of branches and subalternate at
tips of branches. Hydrothecz flask-shaped, of the sertularian type, distal portions free, slightly
out-curyed, aperture narrow and furnished with two strong marginal teeth and a two-flapped
operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on upper sides of branches and branchlets, oblong oval in shape,
very delicate in texture, with a terminal round aperture on a neck resembling the frustum of a
cone, and two lateral spines which, however, are only exceptionally present in the specimens
examined. An acrocyst is often present.

Distribution.—W est coast of Greenland (Levinsen); Puget Sound (Calkins).'| Dutch Harbor,
Alaska, and Orca, Alaska (Nutting).

= THUIARIA ARGENTEA (Linnzus).
(Plate XII, figs. 3-9.)

Squirrel’ s-tail, Eviis, Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 6.

Sertularia argentea Lixnxus, Systema Naturve, 1758, p. 809.

Sertularia cupressina (part) Patuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 141.

Sertularia cupressina, var. 2. argentea, Lixnxxus, Systema Naturie, 1767, p. 1308.
Sertularia argentea Mararri, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 27.

Sertularia argentea, Euuis and Soranprr, Nat. Hist. of Zooph., 1786, p. 38.
Sertularia argentea GMELIN, in Linneeus, Systema Naturze, 1788-1793, p. 3847.
Sertularia argentea Esper, De Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 179.
Sertularia argentea BerKENHOUT, Synop. nat. hist. Great Britain and Ireland, I, 1789, p. 216.
Sertularia argentea Bosc, Nat. Hist. des Vers, ITI, 1802, p. 93.

Sertularia argentea Turron, British Fauna, 1807, p. 213.

Serlularia argentea aoe Catalogue of Animals of the Class Vermes, 1811, p. =
Sertularia argentea LamMouroux, Bullet. philomatique, 1812, p. 184.

Sertularia argentea Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 117.
Sertularia argentea LAMovrowx, Hist. des Polypiers Coralligénes, 1816, p. 192.
Sertularia argentea Srewart, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal Kingdom, II, 1817, p. 442.
Sertularia argentea Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 1830, p. 108.

Sertularia argentea DE BuAInvILLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 480.

Sertularia argentea LAMARcK, Nat. Hist. Anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 143.

Sertularia argentea HaAssati, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 168. ;

Sertularia argentea Macaituivray, Ann, and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 464.

Dynamena argentea FLEMING, British Animals, 1842, p. 544.

Sertularia argentea Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 79.

Sertularia argentea DauyeLt, Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, I, 1847, p. 189.
Sertularia argentea Gray, List Brit. Animals, 1847, p. 73.

Sertularia argentea Gossk, Devonshire Coast, 1853, p. 434.

Sertularia argentea Samerson, Marine Inyert. Grand Manan, 1854, ig 8.

‘It appears that Doct tor C saticins and I made a similar mistake in n thinking that Levinsen regarded S. fabricii as
the same as S. argentea of authors, instead of S. argentea of Winther. See references given above.

72 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Sertularia argentea ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 26.

Sertularia argentea A. AGassiz, North American Acalephee, 1865, p. 144.

Sertularia argentea VAN BrENEDEN, Fauna Littorale de Belgique, 1866, p. 184.

Sertularia argentea Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 268.

Sertularia argentea VERRILL, Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1871-72, p. 732.

Sertularia argentea ScuuizE, Nordsee Exped., 1872, p. 182.

Sertularia argentea Verrti1, Proc. Am. Assn. Ady. Sci., 1873, pp. 256, 359, 364, 374,
Sertularia argentea McIyrosu, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p 213.

Sertularia argentea VeRRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci., VII, 1874, p. 39.

Sertularia argentea VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci , VII, 1874, p. 133.

Sertularia argentea Cuark, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 257.

Sertularia argentea, var. divaricata CLARK, Hydroids of New Eng. Coast, 1876, p. 64.
Sertularia argentea Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 324.

Sertularia argentea WintueEr, Naturhist. Tidsskrift, 1880, p. 249. :
? Sertularia argentea Bercu, Goplepolyper fra Kara Hayet, 1887, p. 335.

Sertularia argentea Bournz, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1889, p. 396.

Sertularia argentea Drrescu, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 206.

Sertularia argentea MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 232.
Sertularia argentea Leyrnsen, Vid. Udb., ‘‘Hauchs’’ Togter, 1893, p. 370.

Sertularia argentea Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., X VI, 1895, p. 261.

Thuiaria argentea Bonnevrie, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 83.

Thuiaria argentea Nurrine, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.
Thuiaria argentea Nurrine, Hydroids of Woods Hole, 1901, p. 363.

Sertularia argentea Hararrr, Amer. Naturalist, 1901, p. 390.

Thuiaria argentea Nurtinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Exped., 1901, p. 184.

Thuiaria argentea WuirEaves, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 27.

Sertularia argentea SemuNpsson, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 62.
Sertularia argentea Torrey, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 67.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of a foot or more, usually considerably less. Stems
growing often in clusters, long, slender, divided by distant nodes into irregular internodes, with
distant hydrothece. Branches rather distant, spirally arranged, each branch dividing dichoto-
mously into an exceedingly delicate and graceful tracery of branchlets, the whole colony being
among the most beautiful of the hydroids. The axil of each branch and branchlet is occupied by
a hydrotheca. Internodes distant and irregular. Hydrothece subopposite to alternate, not
greatly immersed, the terminal one-third often being free, bending gracefully outward, with a
strongly bilabiate aperture, one tooth being usually much longer and more acute than the other.
Operculum two-valved.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on upper sides of branches at bases of hydrothece, subtriangu-
lar in outline, being widened distally by two blunt lateral spines. Aperture terminal, collar very
low, acrocysts borne on mature gonangia.

Distribution.—One of the commonest species in shallow water on both shores of the North
Atlantic, Alaska, and the North Polar regions.

This is one of the best known of the Sertularide. It most nearly resembles 7. cupressina,
from which it differs in haying a much more bushy habit, more exserted hydrothec with more
conspicuous teeth. The gonangia are broader in proportion to their height, and the lateral
spines are usually less conspicuous. The finest specimens I have seen came from Jerome Creek,
Maryland.

THUIARIA CUPRESSINA (Linnzus).

(Plate XIII, figs. 1-3.)

Sea-cypress Exxis, Essay Nat. Hist Corallines, 1755, p. 7.

Sertularia cupressina Linnxus, Systema Naturze, 1758, p. 808.

Sertularia cupressina Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, X VII, 1761-73, p. 537.

Sertularia cupressina (part) Pauuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 141.

Sertularia cupressina (part) Linnxus, Systema Nature, 1767, p. 1308.

Sertularia cupressina (part) Bopparrt, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 176.

Sertularia cupressina Mararrt, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 27.

Sertularia cupressina (part) Gronoyius, Zoophylacium gronoyianum, 1781, p. 358.
*

THE SERTULARID. 73

Sertularia cupressina (part) Evxis and So.anper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 38.

Sertularia cupressina (part) WiiKixs and Herrssr, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 180.
Sertularia cupressina (part) GMELIN, (Linnzeus) Systema Naturee, 1788-93, p. 3847.

Sertularia cupressina (part) Eserr, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 177.
Sertularia cupressina BerKeNHout, Synop. nat. hist. Great Britain and Ireland, I, 1789, p. 216.
Sertularia cupressina (part) Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 93. *
Sertularia cupressina Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 213.

Sertularia cupressina JAmMEson, Catalogue Animals Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Sertularia cupressina Lamovrovx, Bullet. philomatique, 1812, p. 184.

Nigellastrum cupressina OKEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 93.

Sertularia cupressina LamMArcK, Hist. Nat. des anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 118.

Sertularia cupressina Lamovuroux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 192.

Sertularia cupressina Stewart, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal Kingdom, II, 1817, p. 442.
Sertularia cupressina Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 1830, p 108.

Sertularia cupressina de BuArxyvitie, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 480.

Sertularia cupressina Oxen, Allgemeine naturgeschichte, 1835, p. 79.

Sertularia cupressina LAMARcK, Hist. nat. anim. sans vert., 1836, p. 144.

Sertularia eupressina Wassati, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 168.

Sertularia cupressina MaAcGitiivRay, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 464.

Dinamena cupressina FLEMING, British Animals, 1842, p. 544.

Sertularia cupressina Jounxston, Hist. British Zoophytes, 2d ed., 1847, p. 80.

Sertularia cupressina Gray, List of British Animals, 1847, p. 74.

Sertularia cupressina AupEr, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 26.

Sertularia cupressina A. AGAssiz, North American Acalephze, 1865, p. 143.

Sertularia cupressina VAN BENEDEN, Faune littorate de Belgique, 1866, p. 178.

Sertularia cupressina Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 270.

Sertularia cupressina VERRILL, Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1871-2, pp. 408, 732.

Sertularia cupressina Verrttu, Proc. Am. Assn. Ady. Sci., 1878, pp. 353, 364.

Sertularia cupressina VerriLtLt, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Art, 3d ser., VII, 1874, pp. 44, 418, 504.
Sertularia cupressina McInvosu, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 213.

Sertularia cupressina Winter, Om Internodiets, ete., 1879-80, p. 308.

Sertularia cupressina Wrixtuer, Naturhist. Tidsskriff, 1879-80, p. 248.

Sertularia cupressina D’ Ursan, Zoology of Barents Sea, 1880, p. 269.

Thwaria cupressina ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 67.

Sertularia cupressina Bourne, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1889-90, p. 396.

Sertularia cupressina Levinsen, Vid Udb. ‘‘Hauchs’’ Togter, 1893, p. 370.

Sertularia cupressina Warriaus, Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1894, p. 451.

Sertularia cupressina Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.

Sertularia cupressina MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1895, p. 233.
Thuiaria cupressina Prcrer and Bepor, Rés. Camp. Sc. Hirondelie, 1900, p. 24.

Thuiaria cupressina Nuvrixe, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 364.

Sertularia cupressina Warerrr, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 390.

Thuiaria cupressina Wrireaves, Cat. Marine Inyert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 27.

Thuiaria cupressina SmMunpsson, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 62.

Trophosome.—Colony sometimes attaining a height of a foot or more, usually much less.
Main stem long, very slender, internodes not evident, a hydrotheca in the axil of each branch.
Branches regularly alternate, dichotomously branching, with a tendency toward a spiral arrange-
ment; internodes distant and irregularly spaced. Hydrothecee subopposite to subalternate,
deeply immersed, of the regular thuiarian pattern, with a rather large bilabiate aperture and
a two-lobed operculum. The distal hydrothecz are more exserted and alternate than the proxi-
mal, and in some cases are almost identical with those,of 7: /onchitis, on the one hand, and
T. argentea on the other.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in rows on the upper sides of the branchlets, rather stout, flat-
tened, with a terminal round aperture, distinct collar and operculum, and two very strong,
sharply pointed, lateral spines projecting upward, one froin each shoulder. An acrocyst is
present when the gonophores are mature.

Distribution. —Common on European and New England shores of the North Atlantic,
extending downward to a depth of about 150 fathoms; Denmark (Winther); Barents Sea, 160

74 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

fathoms (D’Urban); Iceland (Semundsson); Labrador (Packard); Mediterranean, Gulf of Gas-
cony (Pictet and Bedot); Gulf of St. Lawrence (specimens from Sir William Dawson).

This is one of the oldest and best known of the Sertularide. The finest specimens that I
have seen came from St. Georges Bank, Newfoundland.

THUIARIA PLUMOSA Clark.

Thuiaria plumosa CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 228.

Thuiaria plumosa Kircuenpaver, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 21.

** Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus simple, erect, very slender at the base, increasing in size to the
distal end, somewhat twisted, jointed transversely, internodes of the proximal portion of very
unequal length, some being three times the length of others, those of the upper portion are
quite uniform, regularly branched; branches short, arranged alternately, one to each internode,
but owing to the twist in the stem take on a spiral form, the uppermost erect, lying close to the
stem, the lower ones curve outward, attached to the stem by a very prominent process, bearing
a few branchlets, regularly jointed; branchlets do not extend beyond the ends of branches, and
lie close to the latter. Hydrothece largest at the base, tapering slightly outward, entirely
immersed; aperture toward the stem, the outer side produced, rim ornamented with two large
teeth placed on the outer side, two tooth-like processes of the perisare also occur in the base of
each hydrotheca, arranged sub-alternately upon the branches and branchlets. Upon the stem
there are three to each internode, two placed opposite to each other and one in the axil of the
branch.

** (Fonosome.

Gonangia sessile, very long and narrow, tapering gradually to the base, orna-
mented with two short horns placed on opposite sides of the orifice near the distal end; orifice
terminal, large; borne in single rows on the upper side of the branches and branchlets. Height
of largest specimen, 40 mm.

** Habitat.—Bering Sea, 5 miles southwest of the west cape of Nunivak Island; 30 fathoms,
sand. Icey Cape, Arctic Ocean; 15 fathoms, sand.” ‘

I have not seen this species, and have copied entire the excellent description given by the
original describer, Clark.

Type.—Should be in the collection of the U. 8. National Museum, but I have been unable to
find it there.
PASYTHEA Lamouroux (in part).

Trophosome.—Uydrothece biserial, strictly opposite, arranged in groups of pairs, a group
to an internode, the upper pair being smaller and differing in shape from the lower; margin
bilabiate, with a two-flapped operculum.

CGonosome.—Gonangia oval, smooth or with sides marked by broad annular rugosities, with
a large aperture and narrow collar.

This genus was introduced by Lamouroux in 18121 to accommodate two unrelated species,
one being the well-known P. qguadridentata and the other the so-called P. tulipier, a bryozoan.
It remained for Bale to give an adequate definition” which was adopted in 1890 by Marktanner-
Turneretscher.* The group appears to be well defined, with evident relationship to Sertularéa
in several respects, such as the opposite position of the hydrothece and the characters of the
hydrothecal margin and operculum. There are but three species known, I believe, one, P. guad-
ridentata from both the Atlantic and Pacific, one, P. hevodon, from the Australian region, and
a third, P. philippina, from the Philippines.

The American form is typical of the genus as defined above.

'Nouyeau Bulletin des Sciences par la Société philomatique, III, Paris, 1812, p. 183.
? Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 112.
* Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 234.

THE SERTULARID®. a

PASYTHEA QUADRIDENTATA (Ellis and Solander).

(Plate XIII, figs. +7.)

Sertularia quadridentata Ex..1s and SoLanver, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 57.

Sertularia quadridentata GMeix, Systema Nature (Linnzeus), 1788, p. 3853.

Pasythea quadridentata Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788, p. 287.
Sertularia quadridentata Esper, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthieren, II, 1794, p. 32.
Sertularia quadridentata Bosc, Hist. nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 97.

Pasythea (Sertularia) quadridentata LAmocrovx, Bulletin philomatique, 1812, p. 183.
Pasythea quadridentata LAMovuroux, Hist. des Polypiers coralligenes, 1816, p. 156.
Sertularia quadridentata Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. sans yert., II, 1816, p. 121.

Pasythea quadridentata ScuwE1GGER, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1820, p. 426.
Pasythea quadridentata LAmovurovx, Exposition méthodique, 1821, p. 9.

Tuliparia quadridentata de Buarxvit_E, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834-1837.

Pasythea quadridentata Baie, Australian Hydroid Zooph., 1884, p. 112.

Pasythea quadridentata yon LENDENFELD, Australian Hydromedusie, 1884, pp. 419, 624.
Pasythea quadridentata Baie, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 2d ser., III, 1888, p. 770.
Pasythea quadridentata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 234.
Pasythea quadridentata Tuornety, Hydroid Zoophytes coilected by Doctor Willey, 1899, p. 456.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about one-third of an inch, consisting of a single
unbranched stem growing from a creeping root-stalk, divided by obiique nodes into regular
internodes, each of which bears a pair of hydrothece, or two or three pairs in a closely
compressed group. Hydrothece on the first internode a single opposite pair, contingent for
about half their height in front, somewhat swollen below, the distal part curving to a narrow,
bidentate, or obscurely tridentate margin, and an operculum of two flaps. Sometimes the first
internode bears two pairs of opposite hydrotheex, the lower of which is like the pair just
described, the other pair being wedged in between the diverging free portions of the lower
_ hydrothece, the bases of the former being indented by the latter. Sometimes two or more
internodes have this same arrangement of hydrothece. One or more of the distal internodes
often have a group of three pairs of hydrothece, the lower two being as just described, the upper
being wedged in between the second pair, so that they are widely separated, the upper pair being
more erect, more extensively adnate to each other than the others; lowest pair largest, next
smaller, and the upper pair smallest.

Gonosome.

A single gonangium is borne at the base of the stem, ovate in shape, with annular
corrugations, a very broad, round aperture, no collar, and an operculum stretched across like a
drumhead.

Distribution.—Coast of Africa, near the island of Ascension (Ellis and Solander); Fitzroy
Island and Point Stevens, Australia (Haswell); Coogee, Bondi, Australia (Bale); Atlantic Ocean
(Marktanner-Turneretscher); South Seas (Thornely); between Eleuthera and Little Cat Islands,
British West Indies (Bahama Expedition, State University of Iowa).

This species seems to be always found growing on floating seaweed.

SERTULARELLA Gray (modified).

Trophosome.—HUydrothecx biserial, strictly alternate, usually with three or four marginal
teeth and a well-marked operculum with three or four flaps. Rarely the teeth are obliterated, in
which case the operculum is stretched across the hydrothecal aperture like a drumbhead.
Branches never regularly anastomosing to form a reticulate, flabellate structure.

Gonosome.

Gonangia usually ornamented with annular corrugations or ridges. Aperture at
the end of a trumpet-shaped tube, or else encircled by a narrow, broad collar, and several biunt,
spine-like projections.

This is perhaps the most satisfactory generic group of the Sertularids, because it is capable
of more exact delimitation than the other genera, and is based on characters that are easily seen.
As originally defined by Gray,’ the genus contained but two species, S. po/yzonias and S. rugosa.

1 List of Specimens of British Animais, Radiata, London, 1847, p. 68.

76 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Hincks (1868) described six, and Hartlaub (1900) includes eighty-six species, the largest number
yet included in any one genus of the Hydroida., Allman adopted the genus in his earlier works,’
but abandoned it in his Report on the Hydroida of the Challenger Expedition, 1888. Hincks, in
his British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, and Bale, in his Catalogue of Australian Hydroid Zoophytes,
1884, called attention to the character of the operculum, now considered the best means of delim-
iting the genus, and in this they have been followed by nearly all subsequent writers of
importance.”

In 1900 there appeared a work by Doctor Hartlaub which contains by far the most complete
and masterly discussion that has ever been offered concerning any single genus of the order
Hydroida.* The ground has thus been so completely covered by one fully equipped for the best
work, with unusual advantages for examining a large number of types in the most important
museums of Europe, that the present writer has found his labors greatly lightened so far as the
genus Sertularella is concerned, and has availed himself freely and with confidence of the results
of Doctor Hartlaub’s labors, especially in the matter of bibliography and distribution of species of
this great genus. In the few cases where Doctor Hartlaub has given references unavailable to
myself I have taken them on his authority, having verified so great a majority that Lam con-
vinced of their entire reliability. This writer’s definition of the genus is substantially the same
as the one adopted in the present work. He does not claim to give a final definition, but simply
employs it as a means of assembling all the forms that he regards as closely related to Sertulurclla
as ordinarily understood. He finds that the characters of the internodes relied upon by Schneider*
is very inconstant, and that Levinsen has relied too implicitly on the characters of the marginal
teeth and operculum.’ He does not regard the operculum of Sertularel/a as homologous with
that of Sertularia, the former being a definite structure added above the real hydrothecal margin,
while the latter is the thin end of the hydrothecal wall itself.

POINTS OF INTERGRADATION BETWEEN SERTULARELLA AND OTHER GENERA.

Although there are certain species that do not come strictly within the definition above given
for Sertularella, there is only one that comes within the limits of any other genus as defined in
this work, and that is S. clarkvi, which bears considerable resemblance to certain species of
Thuiaria in the aperture and marginal teeth. The strictly alternate hydrothecwe, however, and
the regularity of the internodes are sufficient, in my opinion, to overbalance these thuiarian
features and justify the inclusion of the species in Sertularella.

There are several species in which the gonosome differs from the typical Sertularel/a in not
being annulated. S. episcopus has gonangia that are strongly ribbed longitudinally, reminding
one of certain species of Abzetinaria, such as A. costata Nutting; S. turgida (Trask) has gonangia
that have the distal portion beset with strong spines, reminding one of these structures in some
members of the genus Diphasia, such as 2). acanthocarpus (Busk), and S. formosa Fewkes has a
perfectly smooth gonangium resembling some of those found in the genus Sertularia. All of
these species, however, come well within the genus and could not consistently be placed in any
other.

The following key, like the others in this work, is purely artificial and makes no claim to

Museum of Comparative Zoology, V. No. 2, 1877, p. 21; Description of Australian, Cape, and other Hydroids, mostly
from the collection of Miss H. Gatty, Journal of the Linnzean Society, XIX, 1885, p. 133.

*See the General Systematic Discussion, p. 19.

* Revision der Sertularella-Arten, von Doctor Clemens Hartlaub, Hamburg, 1900.

*Hydroidpolypen von Rovigno, Kiel, 1897, p. 523.

5 Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Groénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 57.

THE SERTULARID. 77

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS SERTULARELLA-

Hydrothecze with four teeth.
Hydrothecal walls marked by annular rugosities.
Rugosities on upper side of hydrothecz only.

ECC UeeronaT oe RtSM MARCI CLOG cease aS a ee ee OR Se tree ee eee ee A gayi.
Stem not fascicled.
ny drothecs: distinctly narrowed distally)2-o-=- eo eee ee eee oe oes aoe a eee eee conica,
Eivdrothecs, notidistinctly narrowed distally; 2 2-.-=e are ee ae ee ee catena.

Rugosities on all sides of hydrothecal walls.
No distinct neck to the hydrothec:e.

ES yarothecs quadrate in cross'sectidn6 oes c= a= 4. ee ee ee eee ee ces quadrata.
Hydrothecze round in cross section.
iH ydrothece very largersics- tose 225 sees ekiges eben eee eee eae eee eens aoe tanneri.
Hydrothece not very large.
Hydrothece distant, rugosities not very deep: ----2--4-.-<c-+--e-- ese se aae ee a geniculata.
Hydrothec approximated, rugosities very deep......---------------------------- patagonica.
A distinct square neck to the hydrotheca.
Hydrothecz largely immersed, closely approximated........--.-.------------------------ rugosa.
Hydrothecze exserted, not closely approximated.
Hydrothecse with two very distinct miposities!=-s- s2=seee seen = eee eee a areyi.
Hydrothece with several less distinct rugosities .......--..---.----------------.----.-- tenella.

Hydrothecal walls smooth, without regular rugosities.
Marginal teeth distinctly of unequal size.
iy drothecsiinclined forward. << 5s4<s25 252 soso aeae ne ees n= eee eree eee eeeee see sea allmani.
Hydrothece not inclined forward in noticeable degree ..........--.-..---.------------------ contorta.
Marginal teeth of approximately equal size.
Entire adcauline wall adnate to hydrocaulus.
Hydrothece closely approximated.

Colony of-yery: thin hyaline structtre c= = seas eee ae ee a lata.
i, Colony of thick corneous' structure.2+ a 22: 22 ene 9s Ge eee eee alba.
Elydrothecs distant, stem fascicled below =-2s-2—.eee= 22 seen nee esa eee ese eae eee e pinnigera.
Elydrothecs: distant, stem! not fascicled= 25.22 ecm eae See ee ee ee eee distans.
Practically the'entire adeauline wall free. -2 seas ee oe ee ee ee ree ee cylindritheca.
Less than one-third of adcauline wall adnate.
Hydrothecs: enormous, margins reduplicated 222 22a. — soe eee enn = een gigantea.
Hydrothece not extraordinarily large.
Ey drothece: cylindrical, 3: 5=253. Sea ened essen ee ae eee ee ee ----amphorifera.
Hydrotheca smooth and its internode fusiform.-.-...-.---..------------------- Susiformis.
Etydrothecs rugose; pediculate 2223-8225 sas see ase nee oe nie oe on cs ae ROLE
Hydrothecz swollen below. :
Hydrothece distant, gonangia relatively large -........-.-------.-----.:------- picta.
Hydrothecse not distant, gonangia small -...........--------.------------ megastoma.

Between one-third and three-fourths of adeauline wall adnate.
About one-half of adeauline wall adnate.

Meath: well marked <2. st Se Se eee et ee eens ae ienes 8. So es 2 ge polyzonias.
Teeth very shallow <22<%5 s- 026 ons wan ses ag es sean bap ea raeae soe woe ap nds ee clausa.
About two-thirds.of adcanline wall aduate==ss—cs eee = see ee in ae eee soc n ce complexa,

Hydrothece with three teeth.
Teeth of unequal size.

Eydrothecee inclined forward, margin flaring —-- ~~~ = coe ne nn ne pinnata,
Hydrothece not inclined forward, margin flaring. ...-.....!-.--.--------------------------- margaritacea.
Hydrothec not inclined forward, margin not flaring .......-.-....-£---------------------------- turgida.

; Teeth of equal size.
Distal part of hydrothece narrowing to orifice.

Arrangpementon hy drothecse very irregular sees oe. see eee ee ee eee ee ee mo ei sieboldi.
Hydrothece fairly regular.
Branching dichotomous, colony straggling ........-..-.---------- -----------.-----suhdichotoma.
Branching alternate.
Hydrothecse with oblique internal marking .-..-..----.-----.--------------..- ..-.filiformis.
Eiydrothecs without oblique marking So. sec. a- see seen ea gene en nee eee eae quadridens~< ile
Distal portion of hydrothecze expanding. ;
Gouanpis larce: distal portion turreted) <2 = 262 == 2 eae eee eee an eneee oe meridionalis.

Gonangia smaller, with very conspicuous flaring frills ..-..-...--.-.--------.----------------- elegans.

78 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Distal part of hydrothecz neither expanded nor contracted.

More ithanm two-thirds of adcauline wallvadnate. 5-20 eee aspen ee eee nee enema e ear milneana.
Less than one-half adcauline wall adnate.
Adnateness varying greatly, hydrothece large ..........---------.------------------- magellanica.

Adnateness fairly constant.
Hydrothecze very small.

Stem geniculate, gonangia deeply anrulated -.......-...-....+...:-2.-..--------- minuta.
Stemiflexuose; conangiateebhy ain il ated apse eee ee ee ee eee levinseni.
Hydrothece medium or large.
Marcinsiextensively reduplicated == se= ees 6a = sae eee eee dentifera.
Margins not extensively reduplicated.

Gonangia deeply annulated throuphout-=-o= se= eee ee eee tricuspidata.
Proximal) partiof gonan ciaism OO th ey see ee ee ee eee lropica.

Hydrothece with two teeth.
Eby crotheves anelimed fOr Ward! at = = f= sise erect ee ee NS OF aT ee Re clarkii.
Elydrothecsenprojecting outward) =.= 5 <jc sm assem eee ne episcopus.
Ey drothees: immense, teetih inconspicuous yas steer sree ea ee ee magna.

Hydrothecal margin smooth.
EomoLbecsenpertectliy, cy lim Gri calle eye nisl reve arses ee ete eae ee a formosa.
Elydrothecse the|shape of the frustumy of a cone y= aaa ts a ae ee re hartlaubi.
lela dara thre cre swath evel ech mre ras yay ee etek ete nana.

,

SERTULARELLA GAYI (Lamouroux).
(Plate XIV, figs. 1-7.)

Sertularia gayi LAMouroux, Exposition Méthodique, 1821, p. 12.

La Sertularia de Gay DE BLAINYILLE, Manual d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 481.
Sertularia gayi Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 152.

Sertularia polyzonias yar. 3, Jounsron, Brit. Hyd. Zooph., 1847, p. 62.
Sertularia gayi Hincxs, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., VIII, 1861, p. 252.
Sertularia gayi Auper, Trans. Tyneside Field Club, V, 1862, p. 237.”
Sertularella gayi Hixcxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 237.
Sertularella gayi Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 21
Sertularella gayi var. robusta ALLMAN, Porcupine Expedition, 1874, p. 471.
Sertularella gayi Norman, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XV, 1875, p. 173.
Sertularella gayi, var. robusta ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 22
Sertularella gayi ? Verriti, Check List, 1879, p. 18.

Sertularella gayi Wrxruer, Fortignelse di i Danmark Hydroider, 1880, p. 276.
Sertularella gayi Fewxkes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 7, 1881, p. 128.
Sertularella gayi KircuEenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 41.
Sertularella gayi SEGErstED?, Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad., 1889, p. 16
Sertularella gayi Bournr, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1890, p. 396.

Sertularella gayi GArstana, Journ, Marine Biol. Assoc., III, 1895, p. 224.
Sertularella gayi Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Sertularella gayi Nutrixc, Bahama Expedition, 1895, p. 88.

Sertularella gayi DurrpEN, Proc. Roy. Dublin Soe., N. §., VIII, 1897, p. 416.
Sertularella gayi AuLEN, Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc., 1899, p. 452.

Sertularella gayi Bonnryie, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 76.
Sertularella gayi HArrLaus, Revision Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 61.
Sertularella gayi Nurtixe, Hydroids of Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 363.
Sertularella gayi Hareirr, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 391.

Trophosome.—Colony straggling in habit, attaining a height of about 6 inches in some cases.
Stem fascicled, made up of a number of intertwining and intimately connected tubes, which in
the aggregate form a very thick woody stem that bears no trace of internodes or regularity of
branching. Branches given off irregularly from the stem, but with a tendency toward a pinnate
arrangement. Sometimes a large branch is given off from the main stem which resembles the
latter in all particulars, otherwise the branches are nonfascicled, sinuous, divided by oblique
nodes into regular internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca. Hydrothec ovate, with the
distal ends narrowed and bent slightly outward, adcauline side more or less marked by trans-
verse rugosities, distal two-thirds free, ending in a margin ornamented with four shallow equi-
distant teeth and an operculum consisting of four valves.

THE SERTULARID®. 79

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the wpper sides of the branches, inserted near the bases of
hydrothece, long, slender, terete, narrowing to a short, broad pedicle at the proximal end and
to a two-toothed margin at the other; the upper one-third to one-half is marked by even shallow
annulations.

Distribution.—New England coast (Verrill); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dawson); common in
West Indian region, var. robusta (Allman); Bering Sea (A/batross); British coasts (Hincks);
Shetland (Hincks); between Shetland and Faroe (Allman), where it reaches a depth of 605
fathoms; Swedish west coast (Segerstedt); Norway (Sars); Greenland (Segerstedt); Mediter-
ranean (Graeffe); Africa, Cape of Good Hope (Johnston); A/batross Station 2353, lat. N. 20° 59,
long. W. 86° 23’, 167 fathoms; Station 2416, lat. N. 31° 26’, long. W. 79° 07’, 276 fathoms;
Station 2663, lat. N. 29° 39’, long. W. 79° 49’, 421 fathoms; Station 2668, lat. N. 50° 58’ 30’, long.
W. 79° 38’ 30”, 294 fathoms; Station 2886, lat. N. 48° 59’, long. W. 124° 56’ 30”, 50 fathoms.
The following localities are given by Fewkes without the station number: Lat. N. 31> 57’, long.
W. 78° 18’ 35’, 353 fathoms; lat. N. 32° 43’ 25’, long. W. 77° 20’ 30”, 233 fathoms; lat. N.
32° 95’, long. W. 77° 42’ 30”, 262 fathoms; lat. N. 32° 07’, long. W. 78° 37’ 30’, 229 fathoms.

The description given above is taken from a specimen from Station 2668, and belongs to the
variety robusta Allman, which hardly differs in any essential character from the original British
form. The species, as indicated above, has a very wide distribution, but has not as yet been
found in the Pacific.

SERTULARELLA CONICA Allman.
(Plate XV, figs. 1-2.)
Sertularella conica ALLMAN, Hydroi a of the Gulf Stream, 1877, p. 21.
Sertularella conica CLARK, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 10, 1879, p. 246.
? Sertularella conica CALKixs, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 359.
Sertularella conica HArtLAusB, Revision Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 66.
Sertularella conica HArriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 354.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 1? inches. Stem not fascicled, flexuose, divided
into regular slender internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca. Branches irregular and
sparse, themselves sometimes branching dichotomously, divided into long, slender internodes,
each bearing a hydrotheca. Hydrothec distant, rather slender, free for nearly their distal
two-thirds, proximal ends swollen, narrowing regularly to their distal end, which is much more
slender and narrow than in allied species, the upper side being marked by shallow corrugations;
margin with four equal and equidistant teeth and a conical operculum composed of four flaps.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Southwest of Tortugas, 60 fathoms (Allman); lat. N. 24> 34’, long. W. 83°
16’, ? Townsend Harbor (Calkins); A/batross Station 2370, lat. N. 29° 18’ 15’, long. W. 85° 32’,
25 fathoms; Station 2388, lat. N. 29° 24’ 30’, long. W. 88° OL, 35 fathoms; Station 2771, lat. S.
51° 34’, long. W. 68°, 50.5 fathoms.

It is impossible to tell from Callkins’s figure and description whether the species that he
identified as S. conéca is correctly determined or not. There is nothing to indicate the number
of hydrothecal teeth. The hydrothecxe seem to be very stout and closely approximated for that
species. Dr. Torrey’ identifies a species as S. con/ca that cannot be placed in that species on
account of haying three instead of four hydrothecal teeth. It seems doubtful that the species
has as yet been correctly reported from the Pacific coast. ”

Type.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

‘Tlydroids of the Pacific coast, 1902, p. 60.

5125—pr 2—04 6

80 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARELLA CATENA (Allman).
(Plate XV, fig. 3.)
Sertularia catena ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 58.
Sertularella catena Hartiaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 84.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem fascicled basally and
simple distally, geniculate, the distal simple part being divided into regular internodes, each of
which 1s broadened at its distal end to furnish a support for a hydrotheca. Branches roughly
alternate, resembling the distal part of the stem as above described. Hydrothecz subcylindrical,
almost wholly exserted, narrowed slightly at each end, the upper (adcauline) sides being marked
by shallow rugosities; margin with four shallow teeth that are sometimes reduced to mere
sinuosities; operculum imperfect in the type, but probably composed of four parts.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on stem opposite the bases of hydrothecie, large, terete in form;
orifice terminal, small, armed with two shallow processes or teeth. There is apparently a series
of very shallow rugosities or annulations on the distal portion of the gonangia.

Distribution.—Oft Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fathoms (Allman).

An examination of Allman’s type of this species shows that it is not identical with S. eylin-
dritheca, as suggested by Hartlaub.t The fascicled stem, and not truly cylindrical or quadrate
hydrothec, and especially the very different shape of the gonangia, show that this species is very
distinct from S. cylindritheca.

The figure here given is from the type collected by the Challenger, and differs somewhat
from those of Professor Allman.

Type.—\n the South Kensington Museum. Fragment in the possession of the author.

SERTULARELLA QUADRATA Nutting.
(Plate XV, figs. 4-6.)
Sertularella quadrata Nutrinc, Bahama Expedition, 1895, p. 88.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 6 inches. Main stem sinuous, strong,
monosiphonic, divided into regular internodes each bearing a hydrotheca. Branches alternate,
each internode bearing a hydrotheca immediately at the base of which is the oblique node.
Hydrothece very long, three to four times as long as wide, quadrate in section, margin with four
equal and equidistant teeth and a four-flapped operculum. Hydrothece often with margins
several times reduplicated, and a number of fine horizontal striations on the outside of the hydro-
thecal walls.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne near the hydrothecal bases, broader and stouter than the
hydrothece, tubular, with rounded bases and distal part quadrate in section. Aperture in the
center of the depressed top. Margin surrounded by usually five or six long recurved horizontal
spines arranged so as to present a stellate appearance when viewed from above.

Distribution.—Near Habana, Cuba (Nutting); Albatross Station 2143, lat. N. 9° 80! 45”,
long. W. 76° 25’ 30”, 155 fathoms; Station 2323, lat. N. 23° 10’ 51’, long. W. 82° 19’ 03”, 163
fathoms; Station 2326, lat. N. 28° 11’ 45’, long. W. 82° 18’ 54”, 194 fathoms; Station 2330, lat.
N. 238° 10’ 48”, long. W. 82° 19’ 15’, 121 fathoms; Station 2334, lat. N. 23° 10’ 42’, long. W. 82°
18’ 24’, 67 fathoms.

This very striking form has perhaps the longest hydrothecee known in the genus Sertula-
rella. Its nearest ally is 8. cylindritheca, from which it differs in the length of the hydrothece
and also in the form of the gonangia. The reduplication of the margin seems to be here carried
to the extreme known in the Sertularide.

Type Slides.—Cat. No. 18714, Museum State Univ. of Iowa; Cat. No. 19773, 19778, U.S.N.M.;
also in coilection of the author.

1 Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p- 84.

THE SERTULARID®. 81

SERTULARELLA TANNERI, new species.
(Plate XVI, fig. 1.)

Trophosome.— But a fragment of a single branch of this species is known. Branch slightly
flexuose, divided into regular internodes, each bearing a hydrotheca, nodes oblique, deep, accom-
panied by two or three annular rugosities of the perisare. Hydrothecie very large, subtubular,
the terminal portion being gently curved outward, only a small part of the proximal adcauline
wall being adnate to the hydrocaulus; entire hydrothecal wall both above and below regularly
and closely annulated; margin squarish, with four low equidistant teeth and a four-flapped
operculum.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2873, lat. N. 48° 30’, long. W. 124° 57’, 40 fathoms.

This very striking species shows almost complete intergradation between the rugosa and
polyzonias groups, having the deep annulations of the former with a hydrotheca somewhat
resembling the latter in size and shape.

Type.—In the collection of the U. S$. National Museum.

“4 SERTULARELLA GENICULATA Hincks.
(Plate XVI, fig. 2.)
Sertularella geniculata Hinexs, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 152.
Sertularella geniculata Kircnenraver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 44.
Sertularella geniculata LEviNsEN, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Grénlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 201.

Trophosome.—** Stem slender, decidedly geniculate, simple or slightly branched, jointed and
twisted above each calicle; the internodes long, attenuated below and bent in opposite directions.
Hydrothece very distant, ribbed transversely, chiefly on the upper half, rather broad below, and
narrowing gradually toward the margin, which bears four very prominent teeth, is sinuated
deeply between them, and is surrounded by a conical quadripartite operculum.”

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distribution.—Oft Frederickshaab, Davis Strait (Hincks); Jan Mayen (Lorenz).

I have not seen this species, and the above description is copied entire from the original by
Hincks. Hartlaub stoutly contends that this species is identical with S. tene//a, and he may
be right. Not having material for comparison, and in view of the great difference between
the description and illustrations of the species as given by Hincks and the typical S. tenella, the
present writer deems it safer to regard the two species as distinct.

SERTULARELLA PATAGONICA (d’Orbigny).

(Plate XVI, fig. 3.)
Sertularia patagonica p’ORBIGNY, Voyage dans |’ Amérique Méridionale, 1839, p. 25.
Sertularella rugosa ? KircHenravrer, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 42.
Sertularella rugosa? Harriaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 122.

**$. ramulis simplicibus, cellulis alternantibus, ovalibus, transversim rugoso-plicatis; vesi-
culis magius, transversim LO costato-gradatis.” (Original description. )

Trophosome*.—Colony unbranched, attaining a height of about Linch. Stem not fascicled,
internodes short, divided by oblique double nodes; hydrothece oval, alternate, distal end trun-
cated, provided with six wrinkles in the form of strongly projecting tiers.

Gonosome.—Gonangia very large, resembling the hydrothece, oval, ornamented transversely
by ten ribs in tiers.

Distribution.—* Bai de Ros,” southern Patagonia.

I have not seen this species. Judging from the excellent figures given by d’Orbigny, it does
not seem likely that it is the same as S. rugosa, as suggested by Kirchenpauer and Hartlaub,
the distal extremities of both hydrothece and gonangia being entirely different.

Description liberally translated from the original more extended description by d’Orbigny.

82 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARELLA RUGOSA (Linnzus).

(Plate XVII, figs. 1-5.)

Snail-trefoil Coralline Exuts, Essay Nat. Hist. Coral., 1755, p. 26.

Sertularia rugosa Linn us, Systema Naturze, 1758, p. 809.

Sertularia rugosa Hovurruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, 1761, p. 539.

Sertularia rugosa PAuuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 126.

Sertularia rugosa Lixnxus, Systema Naturie, 12th ed., 1767, p. 1308.

Sertularia rugosa Boppagrt, Lyst der Plant-Dieren (Pallas), 1768, p. 157.

Sertularia rugosa Mararri, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 28.

Sertularia rugosa Fasricius, Fauna Greenlandica, 1780, p. 443.

Sertularia rugosa Eviis and SoLanper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 52.

Sertularia rugosa WitLKins and Herest, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 164.
Sertularia rugosa GMELIN, Systema Naturze (Linnzeus), 1788, p. 3847.

Sertularia rugosa Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 182.
Sertularia rugosa BERKENHOUT, Synop. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 216.
Sertularia rugosa Esper, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-1806, pl. x1.
Sertularia rugosa Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 93.

Serlularia rugosa Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 213.

Sertularia rugosa JAMESON, Cat. Anim. Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Sertularia rugosa LAMourovx, Bull. philomatique, 1812, p. 184.

NSertularia rugosa OKEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 92.

Sertularia rugosa LAMARcK, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 121.

Clytea rugosa LAmMouroux, Hist. Pol. Coral., 1816, p. 208.

Sertularia rugosa Stewart, Elements nat. hist. animal King., 1817, p. 442.
Sertularia rugosa FLeMinG, British Animals, 1828, p. 542.

Sertularia rugosa Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 1830, p. 108.

Campanulaire rugueia DE BUAINVILLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 473.
Sertularia rugosa LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1856, p. 149.

Clytea rugosa TempLeton, London Magazine Nat. Hist., 1836, p. 466.

Sertularia rugosa Jounston, Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., II, 1837, p. 257.

Sertularia rugosa Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1838, p. 128.
Sertularia rugosa Hassaui, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 167.
Sertularia rugosa Macatuuivray, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 463.
Sertularia rugosa Tuompson, Report Brit. Assoc. for 1848, 1844, p. 283.
Sertularia rugosa Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 2d ed., 1847, p. 63.
Sertularia rugosa GRAY, Brit. Museum Radiata, 1848, p. 69.
Amphitrocha rugosa Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, 1853, p. 9.
Sertularia rugosa ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 23.
Sertularia rugosa Hixcxs, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., VIII, 1861, p. 253.
Amphotrocha cincta L. AGasstz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. §., TV, 1862, p. 356.
Sertularia rugosa ALDER, Trans. Tyneside Field Club, V, 1862, p. 289.
Amphitrocha rugosa A. AGasstz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 146.
Sertularia rugosa VAN BENEDEN, Fauna Littorale Belgique, 1866, p. 183.
Sertularella rugosa Hixcxs, Brit. Hydroid Zooph., 1868, p. 241.
Sertularella rugosa Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben, 1873, p. 44.

Sertularella tenella Scuuuze, Jahresb. Kanon., Kiel, II, 1874, p. 131.
Sertularella rugosa McInvosn, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 212.
Sertularella rugosa VERRLL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 133.
Sertularella rugosa VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, IX, 1875, p. 48.
Sertularella rugosa CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 224.

Sertularella rugosa MrerEscukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 190.
Sertularella rugosa Norman, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 323.
Sertularella rugosa Winter, Naturhist. Tidsskrift, 1880, p. 244.
Sertularella rugosa KrRcHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 42.
Sertularella rugosa SEGERSTED?T, Bihang K. svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., XIV, no. 4, 1889, p. 17.

Sertularella geniculata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 222.
Sertularella rugosa Fewkes, Guide to Collector, 1890, p. 88.

Sertularella rugosa HoyiE, Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool., XX, 1890, p. 460.

Sertularella rugosa LEVINSEN, Vid. Udb., ‘“‘Hauchs’’ Togter, 1893, p. 388.

Sertularella rugosa DUERDEN, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., (3) III, 1893, p. 388.

Sertularella rugosa HarriAus, ydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 451.

THE SERTULARIDA. 83

Sertularella rugosa Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Sertularella rugosa McIntosu, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., X VI, 1896, p. 401.
Sertularella rugosa Nurrinc, Hydroida from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.

Sertularella rugosa BoNNEVin, Norwegian North. Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 77.

Sertularella rugosa Harrie, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, pp. 54, 121, pl. v1, fig. 12.
Sertularella rugosa Nurrvina, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 362.

Sertularella rugosa Hareirr, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 391.

Sertularella saccata Nurrinc, Hydroids Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 183.

Sertularella rugosa WriirrAves, Cat. Marine Invert. eastern Canada, 1901, p. 25.

Sertularella rugosa SmMuNpsson, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 67.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about three-fourths of an inch. Stem usually
unbranched, with several deep annulations on the proximal end, and regular short internodes,
each bearing a hydrotheca and usually several annulations; nodes very deeply cut and oblique.
Hydrothec not contiguous, barrel-shaped, ornamented with four to six annular rugosities,
ending in a short ill-defined square collar; margins square, with four ill-defined teeth and a
four-flapped operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia large, ovate to almost globular, with a number of annular rugosities
and a small aperture armed with four ill-defined teeth.

Distribution.—New England coast (Verrill); Grand Manan (Stimpson); West Indies (Nutting);
Alaska (Clark); Puget Sound (Nutting); British coasts (Hincks); Norway (Sars); North Cape
(Sars); Greenland (Levinsen); Denmark (Winther); Iceland (Seemundsson); Sweden (Segerstedt);
White Sea (Mereschkowsky); Helgoland (Hartlaub); coast of Belgium (van Beneden).

This wide ranging species is quite variable, as would be expected, and the writer has found
specimens from our Atlantic coast that agree quite well with his S. saccata from Alaska.

SERTULARELLA AREYI, new species.
(Plate XVU, fig. 6.)

Trophosome.—A fragmentary specimen was all that was secured. It was about one-fourth
of an inch high. Stem unbranched, very slender, internodes longer in proportion to their thick-
ness than any others of the genus that I have seen, each bearing a hydrotheca near its distal end.
Hydrothece barrel-shaped, very distant, margin square with four obscure teeth and a four-
flapped operculum; hydrothecal body marked by two yery distinct annular rugosities which
divide the body into three nearly equal zones. The surface is further ornamented with distinct
longitudinal lines or fine ridges.

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distribution.—Dredged near Habana, 100 to 200 fathoms, Bahama Expedition from the State
University of lowa.

This very distinct and beautiful species I take pleasure in naming after my friend Professor
Arey, of Cedar Falls, lowa, one of the members of the expedition that secured the type specimen.

Type slide.—Cat. No. 18693.

Museum of Natural History, State University of Iowa.

SERTULARELLA TENELLA (Alder).
(Plate XVIII, figs. 1-2.)

Sertularia rugosa (var.) Jonnston, British Zoophytes, 2d ed., 1847, I, p. 64, and fig. ¢, p. 62.
Sertularia tenella AupER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 23.

Sertularia tenella Hincxs, Ann. and Mag., 3dser., VIII, 1861, p. 253.

Sertularia tenella Norman, Report British Assoc., 1867, p. 200.

Sertularella tenella Htxexs, Brit. Hyd. Zooph., 1868, p. 242.

Sertularella tenella Hrxcxs, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 153. °
Sertularella tenella McInrosu, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 212.
Sertularella tenella Scuvutze, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 131.

Sertularella tenella Wixtuer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift (3), XII, 1880, p. 245.
Sertularella tenella Kirncuenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 44.

Sertularella tenella SeGersrepr, Bidrag til Kiinnedomen Hydroid faunen, 1889, p. 17.
Sertularella tenella Levinsen, Vid. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren., 1892, p. 59.

84 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

?Sertularella angulosa BALE, Proc. Poyal Soc. New South Wales, 1893, p. 102.
Sertularella tenella CRAwrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., X VI, 1895, p. 261.

Sertularella tenella Bonneviz, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 77.
Sertularella tenella Hartiaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 63.
Sertularella tenella Hartiave, Hydroiden aus dem Stillem Ocean, 1901, p. 354.
Sertularella tenella Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacifie Coast, 1902, p. 64.

Trophosome.—Colony small, not reaching a height of more than one-half inch in specimens
examined. Main stem slender, strongly geniculate, divided into regular long internodes, each of
which bears a hydrotheca. Branches, if present, few, like the main stem, divided into regular
internodes, each bearing a hydrotheca. Hydrotheca distant, fusiform, strongly rugose, almost
their whole length exserted, aperture square, mounted on a short quadrate collar which has four
equal and equidistant teeth; operculum with four flaps.

Gonosome.—* Gonangia ovate, slender, ringed transversely, produced above into a short
tubular orifice.” *

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2333, lat. N. 23° 10’ 36’, long. W. 82° 19’ 12’, 169 fathoms;
Albatross Station 2865, lat. N. 48° 12’, long. W. 122° 49’, 40 fathoms; Puget Sound (Hartlaub);
California (Torrey); Rio de Janeiro (Rathbun); British Coasts (Hincks); Norwegian Coast
(Bonnevie); Greenland (Levinsen). If S. angulosa Bale is a synonym of S. tenella, the range of
the species will have to be extended to Australia.

I cannot agree with Hartlaub that S. gen/culata Hincks* and 8S. microgena von Lendenfeld*
are synonyms of this species. Specimens dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer
Albatross and off the Alaskan coast are quite typical, as are the fragments collected by Doctor
Richard Rathbun off Rio de Janeiro.

Type.—In Museum of the Natural History Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.

SERTULARELLA ALLMANI Hartlaub.
(Plate XVIII, figs. 3-6.)

Sertularella unilateralis AutMAN, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., X VII, 1876, p. 114.
Sertularella unilateralis ALLMAN, Phil. Trans. Royal Society, London, V, 1879, p. 282.
Sertularia secunda ALLMAN, Challenger Report, The Hydroids, Pt. 2, 1888, pl. xxv, fig. 2. (Explanation of plate.)
Sertularia unilateralis ALLMAN, Challenger Report, The Hydroids, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 53. ’
Sertularella allnani Harruaus Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 81.
?Sertularella antarctica Hartiaus, Reyision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 82.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about one-half inch, growing ina dense tuft.
Stem slender, much annulated below, divided into fairly regular internodes by deep nodes.
Branches alternate, dividing several times into branchlets, the ultimate division being dichoto-
mous, lying in two planes, projecting forward, outward, and upward from the stem, divided into
regular internodes, each of which usually bears a hydrotheca, or a hydrotheca with a branchlet
borne at the side of its base. Hydrothece lying in two planes projecting forward, outward, and
upward, so that they appear in side view to be all inserted on one side of the branch. Hence the
name *‘ unilateralis.” Wydrothecx flask-shaped, rather small, about the distal one-half of adcau-
line wall free, aperture quadrate, margin with four conspicuous slender sharply-pointed teeth,
the anterior pair being the longer, and a narrow, even border. Operculum of four flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia rather large, ovoid to obconical, annulated on upper half and sometimes
throughout, aperture rather large, and margin with five or six blunt teeth. Acrocysts present
when sexual products are mature.

Distribution—Ott Accessible Bay, and Swains Bay, Kerguelen Island (Allman); Tierra del
Fuego, Point Stanley (Hartlaub); Straits of Magellan (Hartlaub); A/batross Station 2776, Straits
of Magellan.

This is a very variable species, and the quite considerable amount of material collected by
the United States Fish Commission Steamer A//atross in the Straits of Magellan shows the
identity of the species named in the synonymy above. The gonangia are particularly variable,

'Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 242.
* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 152.
* Proceedings of the Linnzean Society of New South Wales, IX, 1884, p. 416.

THE SERTULARID&., 85

especially in the matter of the marginal teeth and the size of the aperture, specimens agreeing
with all of the figures given by Allmanand Hartlaub being found in a single colony. The thick-
ness of the perisare described by Hartlaub is characteristic of his specimens of S. antarctica
(=S. unilateralis Allman) is not mentioned by Ailman and is not apparent in the specimens
collected by the A/batross. It is possible that S. antarctica is not the same as S. wnilateralis
Allman, but a distinct species. Hartlaub claims that the name Sertularella wnilateralis Allman
(1879) must be abandoned. The facts appear to be that Hartlaub (Revision p. 42) changes the
name Sertularia unilateral’s Lamouroux (1824) to Sertularella unilateralis (Lamouroux), thus
securing the priority of the name for Lamouroux’s species, by a strict application of the A. O. U.
Code. It therefore became necessary to give new names to Sertularella unilateralis Allman and
Sertularia unilateralis Allman, species which seem to the present writer identical.
Type.—I\n South Kensington Museum, London.

SERTULARELLA CONTORTA Kirchenpauer.
(Plate XVIII, figs. 7-9.)

Sertularella contorta KircHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 29.
Sertularella protecta HartLaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 79.
Sertularella contorta HartLaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 83.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 3 inches in type specimen. Stem not
fascicled, thick, divided into fairly regular internodes each of which bears a branch and hydro-
theea, or a hydrotheca alone, internodes much broadened at their distal ends by a shoulder for
the support of the hydrotheca; nodes deep and distinct, there being corrugations or constrictions
in addition to the regular nodes giving a twisted appearance to the stem and branches. Branches
irregularly alternate, flexuose, their bases with several annular constrictions, divided into regular
internodes resembling those of the stem. Hydrothece heavy, thick in texture, distal half free
and curving outward, margin with a distinct thickened rim and four teeth, the two abcauline
ones usually being more pronounced than the adcauline ones. Operculum not seen in specimen
described, although Hartlaub figures a four-flapped operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia large, axillary, oboyate or obconical in outline, or terete as in the
type, with a short neck shaped like the frustum of’ a cone, and two prominent teeth in the speci-
men figured, without teeth in the one figured by the original describer; strongly annulated
throughout in the specimen figured, but smooth in the middle portion as figured by Kirchenpauer.

Distribution.—Falkland Island and the Straits LaMarre (Kirchenpauer).

The description given aboye is made mainly from a specimen kindly sent me by Professor
Leyinsen, labeled ‘* Lamarre Straits,” the locality from which the type specimen was secured.
In the trophosome it agrees well with the original description and figure given by Kirchenpauer,
but the gonangia are quite different, although there is one gonangium that is much nearer the
type than the one figured in this work. The specimen agrees very well with S. protecta Hartlaub,
which I therefore regard as 2 synonym.

Type.—In the Museum of Leipsic?

SERTULARELLA LATA (Bale).
(Plate XVIII, fig. 10.)
Truiaria lata BALE, Journ. Mierose. Soe., Victoria, 1882, p. 14. .
Thuiaria lata Bair, Cat. Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 120.
Thuiaria hyalina AuwMAn, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 69.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 6 or 8 inches (Bale). Stem fascicled below, not
fascicled aboye, where it is thick, divided into regular internodes each of which bears a branch
and two hydrotheee on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Whole hydrocaulus
remarkably translucent and hyaline in structure. Branches alternate, distant, only slightly con-
stricted at their origin, divided into regular, usually long internodes. Hydrothece alternate,
widely separated by the thickness of the stem, closely approximated, tubular, completely adnate
to aperture on adcauline side, not apparently swollen or gibbous below, margin with a delicate

$6 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

but evident rim and four inconspicuous equidistant teeth which are sometimes aborted leaving
an eyen margin. The remains of an operculum can be seen in some cases, and this is probably
composed of four flaps.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Griffiths Point, Port Stevens, Queen’s Cliff, Victoria (Bale); Station 126,
south of Pernambuco, 770 fathoms (Allman).

An examination of Allman’s type of Thuwtaria hyalina Allman shows that the species comes
well within the genus Sertu/arel/a as used in the present work. The entire structure is very
delicate, and the operculum is in no case perfect. In some cases, however, it is partially intact,
and is probably composed of four flaps where the four low teeth are present, and of a single thin
membrane where the teeth are wanting, leaving a circular margin. Bale’s figures and descrip-
tions of Zhuiaria lata Bale apply so completely to the Challenger type of Z: hyalina Allman
before me that I have no hesitation in regarding the two as identical. As Bale’s species has the
priority, Allman’s 7. Aya//na must be regarded as a synonym.

Type.—\n Australian Museum, Sydney.

SERTULARELLA ALBIDA Kirchenpauer.
(Plate XIX, figs. 1-2.)
Sertularella robusta, CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 225.
Sertularella albida, KincHenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 42.
Sertularella albida, Harruaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 26.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches, flabellate in form. Stem not fas-
cicled, thick, with several very deep annulations at its proximal end, internodes irregular,
tending to be shorter in proximal and longer in distal portion, nodes very deeply cut. Branches
flexuose, irregularly alternate, themselves branching, divided into irregular internodes like those
of the stem, very broad, resembling those of Zhuéaria. Hydrothece large, closely approxi-
mated, alternate, but on account of the thickness of the hydrocaulus appearing to be in two series
as in many species of Zhucaria; broadly tubular, immersed to the aperture on abcauline side,
distal part bending slightly outward, margin with four teeth. Operculum of four flaps. An
intrathecal ridge originates at the bend in the abcauline side and passes downward and inward to
about the middle of the hydrotheca.

Gonosome.—Gonangia axillary, very large, perhaps the largest found in the genus, ovate,
regularly and closely annulated with short tubular neck, and round terminal aperture.

Distribution.—Y ukon Harbor, Big Koniushi, Shumagin Islands, 6 to 20 fathoms. Collected
by W. H. Dall (Clark).

This very striking species has the aspect of a Ziu/aria and would doubtless be placed in that
genus were it not for the four-toothed hydrothecal margin and the typical Sertu/arella form of
the gonangia. These latter are very large indeed, attaining sometimes a length of nearly a
quarter of an inch. The description and figures are from a specimen collected by Dall at Big
Koniushi, Shumagin Islands.

Type.—In Museum of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. :

?SERTULARELLA PINNIGERA Hartlaub.
(Plate XTX, fig. 3.)
Thuaria pinnata AtuMan, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 28.
Sertularella 2pinnata Harriaun, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 113.
Sertularella pinnigera Harruaun, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 113.

** Trophosome.—Stem attaining a height of nearly 3 inches, sparingly branched, fascicled
below, alternately pinnate, pinne given off at nearly right angles to the stem, jointed at distant
and uncertain intervals. Hydrothecxe borne both by stem and pinne, deep cylindrical with
obscurely four-toothed margin, adnate to the axis in their whole length.

** Gonosome.—Not known.”
Distribution.—Double-headed Shot Key, 3 to 4 fathoms (Allman).

THE SERTULARID. 87

There is considerable doubt as to the systematic position of this species. The large and
nonretractile hydranth, as represented in Allman’s figure, resembles those of //alec/um, as does
also the thick and strongly fascicled stem. The above description is copied entire from Allman.

Type.—In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SERTULARELLA CYLINDRITHECA (Allman).
(Plate XTX, fig. 4.)
Sertularia cylindritheca AuttMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 59.

Sertularia cylindritheca Verstuys, Hydraires Calypt. Mer des Antilles, 1899, p. 36.
Sertularella cylindritheca Harriaun, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 77 (part).

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about + inches. Stem not fascicled, geniculate,
divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca. Branches irregularly alter-
nate, themselves sometimes dividing dichotomously and resembling the main stem. Hydrothece
large, cylindrical proximally and quadrate in cross section distally, almost entirely free, the
adcauline side only being slightly adnate, about twice as long as broad; aperture quadrate,
margin armed with four equal and equidistant teeth. Operculum of four flaps.

Gonosome.'\—Gonangia borne near the bases of the hydrothecz, pedicel short, body shaped
much like the hydrothece, being cylindrical below and quadrate aboye. Distal end with broadly
expanded margin, which is quadrate and armed with four large flaring teeth. There are
numerous fine annular rugosities running around the whole gonangium, except on the proximal
portion.

Distribution.—Ott Bahia, Brazil (Allman); West Indies (Versluys); Trinidad, specimen in
United States National Museum.

Versluys calls attention to the unfortunate name given this species by its original describer,
Allman. The hydrothecx are distinctly quadrangular in cross section, except at the base, and
hence the name *‘ cy/indritheca” is misleading. Iam indebted to the authorities of the South
Kensington Museum fora part of the type collected by the Challenger, from which the accom-
panying drawing was made.

Type.—In the collection of the South Kensington Museum. Fragment in possession of the
author,

SERTULARELLA GIGANTEA Mereschkowsky.

(Plate XIX, fig. 7.)
Sertularella gigantea Merescnkowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th Ser., I, 1878, p. 330.

Trophosome.—** The tolerably flexible stéms spring from the branched hydrorhiza often
without ramifying; sometimes they divide at their base into two or three branches, each of
which may again ramify once more; the terminal branches are in all cases very long and straight.
The hydrothece are evidently alternately arranged upon the angularly bent stem; frequently we
observe three or four undulations (ribs) crossing the hydrothece; its form is much elongated,
only a little widened at its base; in size it is two or three times the length of the hydrotheca of
S. polyzonias. In adult individuals the margins are always furnished with several ledges and an
equal number of small opercula placed one above the other. Below each hydrotheca the stem is
slightly ringed.”

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distribution.—W hite Sea. (Mereschkowsky.)

The above description is quoted entire from that of the original describer. _Mereschkowsky
believes that this species is the same as S. polyzonias var. gigantea Wincks, a position positively
denied by Hincks, who seems to me to have the better of the argument. Hartlaub* considers
S. quadricornuta Hincks as a synonym of S. polyzonias, which does not appear from a comparison
of the original descriptions of the two. He also considers the S. po/yzonias, found in Alaska and

.

‘Description taken from Versluys, reference in synonymy, who was the first to describe it.
? Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 20.

88 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

described by Clark,' as equal to S. gigantea Mereschkowsky. I have this specimen from Dall’s
collection from Alaska, and it is a typical S. polyzonias. The size of this species in connection
with the very pronounced reduplication of the hydrothecal margins, if constant, as the describer
claims, seem suflicient characters to mark it as a distinct species, not identical with S. polyzonias,
var. gigantea Hincks or var. robusta Clark.

SERTULARELLA DISTANS (Allman).
(Plate XIX, 5-6.)

Thuiaria distans ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 27
Sertularella distans Harruaus, Revision Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 100.

Trophosome.—Colony plumose, attaining a height of about 4 inches. Stem not fascicled, not
ranaliculated (in specimens examined by me), flexuose, divided into regular internodes each of
which bears two hydrothecx and a branch on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other.
Branches alternate, distant, nodes very distant or absent, divided from the stem by a deep con-
striction. Hydrothecz distant, alternate, immersed to the margin on adcauline side, broadest at
margin, gradually narrowing downward, margin with a narrow but distinct border and four very
low and inconspicuous teeth; operculum very delicate and hard to interpret, apparently of four
flaps.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Tortugas, shallow water (Allman); Shallow water between Eleuthera and
Little Cat Islands (Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa); A/batross Station
9324, lat. N. 23° 10’ 25’, long. W. 82° 20’ 24”, 33 fathoms; Station 2353, lat. N. 20° 59’, long. W.
86° 23’, 167 fathoms; Station 2414, lat. N. 25° 4’ 30’, long. W. 82° 59’ 15”, 26 fathoms.

Specimens collected by the Expedition from the State University of lowa were compared
directly with Allman’s type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, and were found
to agree. There is no doubt that this species is very near S. /afa (Bale), but the hydrothecz are
more distant in S. déstans, and the entire structure is more corneous and much less delicate and
hyaline.

Type.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SERTULARELLA AMPHORIFERA Allman.

(Plate XX, figs. 1-2.)

Sertularella amphorifera ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 1877, p. 22.
Sertularella amphorifera CLARKE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vv. 1879, p. 246.
Sertularella amphorifera Harriavs, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 23.

Trophosome.- , (fragmentary) about one-third inch high, stem not fascicled, flexuose,
slender, dichetomouslly branched, divided into v ery long internodes each of which bears a hydro-
theca near its distal end. Branches like the stem. Hydrothece tubular, long, gracefully curved,
adnate for about their proximal third, margin four-toothed?, reduplicated, or at least the distal
parts of the hydrothec are marked by parallel horizontal lines that seem to indicate redupli-
cation.

Gonosome.—* Gonangia springing each froma point near the base of a hydrotheca; obovate,
strongly annulated, rapidly narrowing to its point of attachment and terminating distally i ina
conical neck, hich carries on its summit a small circular orifice with everted margin.” (Allman.)

Distr ye, a0 Double-headed Shot Key, 471 fathoms (Allman); Lat. N. 25° 33’, long. W.
83° 16’, 101 fathoms, abundant (Clarke); A/datross Station 2354, lat. N. 20° 59’ 30’, long. W. 86°
25’ 33”, LOL fathoms.

The fragment from which the above description of the trophosome was taken differs from
Allman’s description in having apparently four teeth to the hydrotheca. This may be due, how-
ever, to mutilation of the specimen, the hydrothecal margin being apparently worn and perhaps
broken.

Lupe. oe the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts:

' Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 224.

THE SERTULARIDA. 89

SERTULARELLA FUSIFORMIS (Hincks).

(Plate XX, figs. 3-4.)
Sertularia fusiformis Hrxcxs, Ann, and Mag., 3d ser., VIII, 1861, p. 253.
Sertularia fusiformis Norman, Report British Assoc., 36th meeting, 1867, p. 200.
Sertularella fusiformis Hixcxs, Brit. Hydroid Zooph., 1868, p. 248.
Sertularella fusiformis GRAEFFE, Arb. Zool. Inst., Wien und Triest, V, 1884, p. 356.
Sertularella fusiformis Prerer, Zool. Anz., VII, 1884, p. 185.
Sertularella fusiformis Carus, Prodromus Faunze Medit., I, 1885, p. 12.
Sertularella fusiformis Hoyer, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX, 1890, p. 460.
Sertularella fusiformis Torney, Trans. Biol. Soc. Liverpool, VIII, 1894, p. 7.
Sertularella fusiformis Basic, Rad. Jugosl. Ak., CNX XIV, 1898, p. 37.
Sertularella fusiformis Harriaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 85.
Sertularia fusiformis Wurreaves, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 26.
Sertularella fusiformis Torrey, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 61.

Trophosome.—Colony minute, stem slender, slightly zigzag, generally unbranched, annu-
lated at the base and below each hydrotheca; hydrothecw alternate, bent in opposite directions,
elongate, somewhat flask-shaped, smooth, aperture quadridentate, with an operculum composed
of four pieces; each hydrotheca and its internode of a fusiform figure.

Gonosome.—Gonangia elongate, slender, tapering above and below, ribbed across, pro-
duced at the upper extremity into a short neck and toothed, springing here and there just below a
hydrotheca. Height about a quarter of an inch.

Distribution.—Devonshire, England (Hincks); Hebrides (Norman); Gulf of St. Lawrence
200 fathoms (Whiteaves); San Francisco, California (Torrey); Mediterranean (Carus); (?) New
Zealand, S. simplex Hutton.

I have never seen this species and the above description is taken almost entire from the
original description by Hincks, the only changes being in the substitution of the words
‘*hydrothece” and ‘* gonangia” for ‘‘ cells” and ‘‘gonothece” and in the addition of the words
‘*trophosome” and ‘* gonosome” to conform to the plan of description of this work.

SERTULARELLA SOLITARIA, new species.
(Plate XX, figs. 10-11.)

Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus a monosiphonic stolon from which spring peduncles which bear
hydrothece and have one or two annulations near their middle. Hydrothece radially sym-
metrical, long, fusiform, tapering basally where they merge insensibly into the peduncles, and
distally to a square neck and quadrate margin which is slightly everted and is produced into
four strong equidistant teeth. The entire body of the hydrotheca is strongly and evenly
annulated. Operculum of four flaps. The hydranth was seen in one specimen, and what
appeared to be opercular muscles were evident.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Shallow water, between Eleuthera and Little Cat Islands, Bahamas.
Dredged by the Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa. Found growing asa
parasite on Nematophorus grandis.

This curious form is placed provisionally in this genus. At first thought one would con-
sider it a young specimen of a species belonging to the rigosa group, which as yet had developed
but a single hydrotheca. I have, however, not seen any young specimen of any regular sertu-
Jarian in which the hydranth and opereulum had been fully formed and in which there was no
indication of another hydrotheca or internode springing from the side of the first hydrotheea.
If the hydrothece were sessile the species would be very near Allman’s genus Calamphora,
which he regards as a campanularian, but which Hartlaub' and the present writer regard as
belonging to the genus Sertu/arella on account of the form of the hydrotheca and particularly
the margin and operculum. — S. so//tar/a appears to be almost exactly intermediate between the

Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 12.

90 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

campanularian and sertularian types, agreeing with the former in the fact that the hydrothece
are radially symmetrical and pediculate and with the latter in the structure of the hydrothece
and operculum. Were it not for the presence of the hydranths this form could readily be mis-
taken for the gonangia of S. fustformds, although the hydrothece are more slender than any
representation of the gonangia of S. fus/formis that I have seen. It is, of course, possible that
older specimens will demonstrate that the adult colony resembles that of S. fusiformds in the
manner of branching, but the hydrothecz are readily distinguished.

Type slide.—Cat. No. 18717, Museum of State University of Iowa.

SERTULARELLA PICTA (Meyen).
(Plate XX, figs. 5-7.)
Sertularia picta Mryen, Uber Leuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 201.
Sertularella picta Harriaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 77.

Trophosome.—Colony growing in dense masses and attaining a height of 6 to 8 inches.
Branches alternate, divided into regular internodes each bearing a hydrotheca and divided by
one or two annular constrictions. Hydrothec alternate and axillary. Margin with four small
teeth and a small opening, owing to an internal thickening of the perisare near the margin.

Gonosome.-—Gonangia alternating with the hydrothece, evenly annulated throughout and
with four marginal teeth.

Distribution.—On the East Coast of Terra del Fuego and near the Falkland Islands (Meyen);
Puerto Toro and Lennox Island (Hartlaub).

Hartlaub, who has examined the type, says that Meyen is in error in saying that the gonangia
alternate with the hydrothec, and that the presence of the hydrothecal teeth is uncertain.
Hartlaub and Kirchenpauer both suggest the identity of this species and S. gaudichaudii
Lamouroux.'

Type.—In the Berlin Museum.

SERTULARELLA MEGASTOMA, new species.

(Plate XX, figs. 8-9. )

Trophosome.—Colony rigid, compact, pinnate, the single fragmentary specimen known
attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem fascicled, straight, without evident internodes, color
dark brown. Branches regularly alternate, rigid, without evident constrictions at base and
without evident internodes. Hydrothec cylindrical or subconoid, outer profile nearly straight,
without evident swelling at base, distal two-thirds of adecauline wall free. No noticeable
constriction near distal end, margin square with four low but evident teeth. Operculum of four
valves.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on branches, small, oblong-ovoid, regularly and deeply
annulated, with a very large quadrate aperture, and without an evident neck.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2353, lat. N. 20° 59’, long. W. 86° 23’, 167 fathoms.

This very distinct species has a particularly rigid habit of growth, without the sinuous
bends to its stem and branches almost universally found in the genus. The small gonangia are
unique in the genus, so far as I know, in the very large size of the quadrate aperture.

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 19765, 19766, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18708, Museum State University
of Lowa; also in collection of the author.

SERTULARELLA POLYZONIAS (Linnzus).

(Plate X XJ, figs. 1-2.)

kK

Great Tooth Coralline Exuts, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 5.
Sertularia polyzonias Linnxus, Systema Naturse, 1758, p. 813.
Sertularia flexuosa Linn xus, Systema Naturve, 1758, p. 814.

Sertularia polyzonias Lixnxus, Fauna Suecica, 1761, p. 541.
Sertularia flecuosa Lrxnxus, Fauna Suecica, 1761, p. 542.

"See Hartlaub, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 77, and Kirchenpauer, Nordische Gattungen und Arten,
1884, p. 38.

THE SERTULARID®.
Sertularia polyzonias Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, XVII, 1761-738, p. 572.
Sertularia ericoides Patuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p, 127.
Sertularia polyzonias LINNxvs, Systema Naturae, 1767, p. 1312.
Sertularia ericoides Bopparrt, in Pallas, Lystder Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 158.
Sertularia polyzonias Forsk At, Descriptiones Animalium, 1775, p. 27 (note).
Sertularia ciliata Fasricivs, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, p. 446.
Sertularia polyzonias Cayournt, Fil. Memorie per servire alla storia de Polipi marini, 1785, p. 224.
Sertularia polyzonias Exuts and Sotanper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 37.

Sertularia ericoides WiLKiNs and Herest, in Pallas, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 165.

Sertularia polyzonias GMELIN, in Linnzeus, Systema Naturve, 1788-93, p. 3856.
Sertularia polyzonias Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788, p. 175.
Sertularia polyzonias BerKENHOvT, Synop. nat. hist. Great Britain and Ireland, I, 1789, p. 219.
Sertularia polyzonias Outvt, Zoologica Adriatica, 1792, p. 290.

Sertwaria polyzonias Esrrr, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-1806, pl. vr.
Sertularia polyzonias Bosc, Hist. nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 100.

Sertularia polyzonias Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 216.

Sertularia polyzonias Berrotont, Rariorum Italize plantarum, 1810, p. 108.
Sertularia polyzonias JAMESON, Cat. animals class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Sertularia polyzonias LaMouroux, Bullet. Soc. philomatique, 1812, p. 184.
Sertularia polyzonias SPRENGEL-Cavournt, Abhand. tiber Pflanzen Thiere, 1813, p. 104.
Sertularia ericoides OkEN, Lehrb. der Naturgeschichte, Pt. 3, 1815, p. 92.

Sertularia polyzonias LAMARcK, Hist. nat. anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 117.
Sertularia polyzonias Lamovuroux, Hist. coral flex., 1816, p. 190.

Sertularia polyzonias Srewarr, Elements nat. hist. anim. King., II, 1817, p. 447.
Sertularia polyzonias Bervoiont, De plantis in itinere ad urben Ravennze, 1819, p. 218.
Sertularia polyzonias BerToLont, Specimen zoophytorum Portus Luni, 1819, p. 271.
Sertularia polyzonias Goupruss, Handbuch der Zoologie, 1820, p. 88.

Sertularia polyzonias BuumMENBACcH, Handb. d. Naturg., 1821, p. 298.

Sertularia polyzonias Dette Cuiase, Anim. s. Vert. Nap., IV, 1823, p. 141.
Sertularia polyzonias DELonGscuamps, Eneyclop. méth., 1824, p. 681.

Sertularia polyzonias Risso, L’ Europe mérid., V, 1826, p. 310.

Sertularia polyzonias Benner and vAN Oxtvier, Natuurk. Verh. Holl. Maatsch., 1826, XV, p. 195.
Sertularia polyzonias Dette Cuiase, Mem. de Anim. senza Vert., IY, 1828, p. 128.
Sertularia polyzonias FLEMING, British Animals, 1828, p. 542.

Sertularia polyzonias DE BLAINVILLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834-1837, p. 480.
Sertularia polyzonias TemeLeron, Loudons Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 18386, p. 468.
Sertularia pinnata TempLeron, Loudons Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 1836, p. 468.
Sertularia polyzonias LAMArcK, Hist. Nat. anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 142.

Sertularia polyzonias Jounxston, Trans. Newcastle Soc., IT, 1837, p. 256.

Sertularia polyzonias Coven, Cornish Fauna, III, 1838, p. 17.

Sertularia ellisii Jouxston, British Zooph., 1838, p. 124.

Sertularia ellisii Coucu, Cornish Fauna, ILI, 1838, p. 17.

Sertularia polyzonias Tompson, Ann. and Mag., V, 1840, p. 250.

Sertularia pinnata Taompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 1840, p. 250.

Sertularia polyzonias Hassauy, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 167.

Sertularia pinnata Goutp, Report Inyert. Anim. of Mass., 1841, p. 350.

Sertularia ellisii Coucn, Zooph. Cornwall, 1841, p. 6.

Sertularia polyzonias Covcn, Zooph. Cornwall, 1841, p. 6.

Sertularia polyzonias Trromeson, Report Brit. Assoc. for 1843, 1844, p. 283.
Sertularia polyzonias Jounston, Brit. Zooph., 2d ed., 1847, p. 61.

Sertularia polyzonias DatyeLrit, Remark. Animals of Scotland, I, 1847, p. 154.
Sertularella polyzonias Gray, British Radiata, 1847, p. 68.

Sertularia polyzonias Forses, Report 20th Meeting Brit. Assoc., 1850, p. 245.
Sertularia polyzonias MarruAnp, Fauna Belgii septemtrionalis, 1851, p. 47.
Sertularia polyzonias Strmpson, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, 1853, p. 9.

Sertularia polyzonias Mircen, Beskr. af Gronlands, 1857, p. 97.

Sertularia polyzonias Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben, 1857, p. 54.

Sertularia polyzonias von Erze., Gronland geograph. und statist. beschrieben, 1860, p. 600.
Sertularia polyzonias GREEN, Manual Anim. King., 11, Coelenterata, 1861, p. 95.
Sertularia polyzonias Wixexs, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., VIII, 1861, p. 252.
Sertularia polyzonias Auber, Trans. Tyneside Field Club, V, 1862, p. 289.

Cotulina polyzonias L. AGAssiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U.8., TV, 1862, p. 356.

Sertularia polyzonias Packarp, Canadian Naturalist, 1863, p. 404.

Sertularia polyzonias Grusr, Die Insel Lussen, 1864, p. 149.

d1

92 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Cotulina polyzonias A. AGAssiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 146.

Sertularia polyzonias Norman, Report Brit. Assoc., 36th meeting, 1867, p. 200.
Sertularia ellisii Norman, Report Brit. Assoc., 36th meeting, 1867, p. 200.

Sertularia ellisii HELLER, Zooph. und Echin. Adriatic, 1868, p. 33.

Sertularella polyzonias Hixcks, Brit. Hyd. Zooph., 1868, p. 235.

Serlularella polyzonias NorMAN, Report Brit. Assoc., 38th meeting, 1869, p. 321.
Sertularella polyzonias HerKiorz, Natuur. Hist. van Nederland, 1870, p. 404.
Sertularella polyzonias Sars, Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 44.

Sertularella polyzonias ALLMAN, Trans. Zool. Soc., London, VIII, 1873, pp. 469, 471.
Sertularella polyzonias Verrivu, Proc. Am. Assn. Ady. Sci., 1873, pp. 353, 356, 359, 364.
Sertularella polyzonias McInrosu, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 212.
Sertularella polyzonias Scnuuze, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 131.

Sertularella polyzonias Verritit, Am. Journ. Sci., VII, 1874, pp. 39, 504.

Sertularella polyzonias Verrityt, Am. Journ. Sci., X, 1875, p. 48.

Sertularella polyzonias NorMAN, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XV, 1875, p. 173.

Sertularella polyzonias Smira and HarGer, Trans. Conn. Acad., III, 1876, p. 21.
Sertularella polyzonias CLark, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 224.

Sertularella simplex Coucutrey, Ann, and Mag., 4th ser., X VII, 1876, p. 27.

Sertularella polyzonias AuuMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 21.
Sertularella polyzonias Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 331.
Sertularella polyzonias Norman, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 190.

Sertularella simplex StupEr, Arch. fur Naturg., Jahrg. 45., I, 1879, p. 120.

Sertularella polyzonias Wixruer, Naturh. Tidsskr., 3d ser., XII, 1880, pp. 243, 276.
Sertularella polyzonias Ripuey, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1881, p. 101.

Sertularella polyzonias Srorm, Norske Selsk. Skr., 1881, p. 20.

Sertularella polyzonias Baur, Journ. Microse. Soc. Victoria, 11, 1882, p. 34.

Sertularella polyzonias Rarusun, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 216.

Sertularella polyzonias WrisMaNN, Entstehung der Sexualzellen, 1883, p. 165.

Sertularella polyzonias Baie, Cat. Austral. Hydroid Zooph., 1884, p. 104.

Sertularella polyzonias Kircuenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 37.

Serlularella polyzonias THaitwitz, Ueber die entwickl. Keimzellen, 1884, p. 426.
Sertularella polyzonias Pirrer, Zool. Anz., VII, 1884, p. 185.

Sertularella polyzonias Graerre, Arb. Inst. Wien, V, 1884, p. 24.

Sertularella polyzonias LYNDENFELD, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, LX, 1885, p. 417.
Sertularella polyzonias LENDENFELD, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, X, 1886, p. 478.
Sertularella polyzonias Metiy, Report Fauna Liverpool Bay, 1886, p. 108. :
Sertularella polyzonias LENDENEELD, Descript. Cat. Austral. Hydromedusve, II, 1887, p. 19.
Sertularella polyzonias Prerrer, Jahrb. Anst. Hamburg, VI, 1888, p. 54.

Sertularia polyzonias ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 55.
Sertularella impleca AuuMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 54.
Sertularella polyzonias Berencourt, Bullet. Sci. France et Belgique, 1888, p. 107.
Sertularella polyzonias Srcersrepr, Bih, Syenska vet. Akad. Zool., XIII, 1889, p. 16.
Sertularella polyzonias Bourngr, Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc., 1890, p. 396.

Sertularella polyzonias MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden aus dem k. k. naturh. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 224.
Sertularella polyzonias Frwkes, Bull. Essex Inst., X XIII, 1891, p. 38.

Sertularella polyzonias Hour, Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., VII, 1892, p. 251.

Sertularia polyzonias Prerrer, Deutschen Polar Exped., 1892, p. 519 and p. 567.
Serlularclla polyzonias Leyinsex, Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1892, p. 58.
Sertularella polyzonias Lryinsen, Vid. Udb. ‘‘ Hauchs’’ Togter, 18938, p. 388.

Sertularella polyzonias Monts, Sitz. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1893, p. 86.

Sertularia polyzonias DurrpEeNn, Proc. Royal Irish Acad, 3d ser., ILI, 1893, p. 145.
Sertularella polyzonias Warrtavs, Die Coelenteraten Helgolands, Wiss. Meeresunt., 1894, p. 179.
Sertularella polyzonias THornevy, Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., VIII, 1894.

Sertularella polyzonias Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., NIV, 1895, p. 261.
Sertularella polyzonias Farquuar, Trans. New Zealand Inst., XX VIII, 1896, p. 463.
Sertularella polyzonias Rovuur, Resultats sc. Campagne du Caudan, II, 1896, pp. 301, 733.
Sertularella polyzonias Harriaus, Hydromedusen Helgolands, Wis. Meeresuntersuchungen, new ser., I, 1897, p. 451.
Sertularella polyzonias Brownn, Irish Naturalist, VI, 1897, p. 246.

Sertularella polyzonias DurrpEN, Proc. Dublin Soc., new ser., VIII, 1897, p. 416.
Sertularella polyzonias ScuHNEIDER, Zool. Jahrb., X, System., 1898, p. 483.

Sertularella polyzonias HitGenporr, Trans. New Zealand Inst., XXX, 1898, p. 210.
Sertularella polyzonias BoNNEy18, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 78.

THE SERTULARID®. 93

Sertularella polyzonias ALLEN, Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc., V, 1899, p. 453.
Sertularella polyzonias Lo Branco, Mt. Sta. Neapel, XIII, 1899, p. 461.

Sertularella polyzonias Berencourt, Trayaux Stat. Zool. Wimereux, VII, 1899, p. 10.
Sertularella polyzonias Hartiaus, Wiss. Meeresunt., III, Helgoland, 1899, p. 115.
Sertularella polyzonias Rapper, Sammi. Kauk. Mus. Tiflis, 1899, p. 517.

Sertularella polyzonias Picrer and Bepor, Hydraires de |’ Hirondelle, 1900, p. 22.
Sertularella polyzonias Warriaves, Revision Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 88.
Sertularella polyzonias Nuvrinc, Hydroids of Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 362.
Sertularella polyzonias Nurvinc, Hydroids Harriman Exped., 1901, p. 183.
Sertularella polyzonias Wuirraves, Cat. Marine Invert. Hastern Canada, 1901, p. 25.
Sertularella polyzonias Sxmunpsson, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 67.

Trophosome.—Colony of exceedingly irregular growth, attaining a height of 4 or 5 inches.
Stem not fascicled, slender, flexuose, irregularly branched; nodes very distant and irregular.
Branches irregularly alternate, flexuose, themselves often branching profusely, divided into
irregular internodes, the tendency being to haye an internode to each hydrotheca. Hydrothecie
rather distant, stout; proximal portion somewhat swollen, about the distal half free and with
approximately parallel sides; aperture square, margin with four low equidistant teeth; operculum
of four flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia ovate, with four conspicuous horn-like projections around the margin
and very deeply rugose throughout, those of the female being much larger than those of the
male colonies. When the sexual elements are mature the gonangia are surmounted by globular
acrocysts, within which the ova develop into planule.

Distribution.—One of the most abundant and widely distributed of the hydroids. New
England coasts (Verrill), Bay of Fundy (Stimpson), Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dawson), Alaska
(Clark), Strait of Magellan (Hartlaub), Chile (Hartlaub), Greenland (Levinsen), Norway (Sars),
Denmark (Winther), Shetland (Norman), Iceland (Semundsson), Great Britain (Hincks), Helgo-
land (Hartlaub), Mediterranean (Lo Bianco), Adriatic (Pieper), Azores (Bedot), Australia (Bale),
“Cape of Good Hope (Johnston), Red Sea (Kirchenpauer), A/batross Station 2669, lat. N. 31° 09’,
ong. W. 79° 33’ 30’, 353 fathoms; Station 2699, lat. N. 45° 04’, long. W. 55° 23’, 72 fathoms;
Station 3294, lat. N. 57° 16’ 45”, long. W. 159° 03’ 30”, 30 fathoms; Station 3505, lat. N. 57° 09’,
long. W. 168° 17’, 44 fathoms; Station 3511, lat. N. 57° 32’, long. W. 169° 38’, 39 fathoms.

This species has frequently been mistaken for S. gay/. It can be distinguished from that
species, however, by the fact that it has a nonfascicled stem, a smooth hydrotheca, and stouter
gonangia which have four teeth instead of two.

SERTULARELLA CLAUSA (Allman).
(Plate X XI, figs. 3, 4.)

Sertularia clausa ALLMAN, Challenger report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 54.
Sertularella clausa Harruaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 99.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 1 inch. Stem not fascicled, delicate.
sinuous, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca. Branches irregular,
with a tendency to an alternate arrangement, themselves sometimes dichotomously branched,
internodes slender and rather long.

Hydrothece rather distant, swollen below, exserted,throughout their distal half, narrowing
gradually to the margin; margin with four very shallow teeth and with a strong four-flapped
operculum, which forms a low pyramid above the hydrothecal aperture.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Ott Montevideo, lat. S. 87° 17’, long. W. 53° 32’, 600 fathoms.

The above description and the figures of this species were taken from a part of Allman’s type
specimen, kindly sent me by the authorities of the South Kensington Museum. The depth at
which this species was found is exceptional for the genus. The very strong operculum is a
feature that one would not expect to find associated with such inconspicuous hydrothecal teeth.

Type.—In South Kensington Museum, London. A fragment in the collection of the author.

94 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARELLA COMPLEXA, new species.
(Plate X_XI, figs. 5-9.)

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 3 inches, exceedingly straggling in habit,
the stem and branches being very long and slender, the latter often anastomosing, forming a rude
mesh, in which the stem and branches are hardly distinguishable from each other. Stem slightly
flexuose in places, divided into regular short internodes, each with a single hydrotheca, or in
other places with nodes not perceptible. Branches growing at right angles with the stem, them-
selves branched irregularly, often the terminal branches being dichotomous, the distal ends of
branches often anastomosing firmly with other branches.

Hydrothec fairly distant, quite short, about the distal third free, and much constricted by
the leveling off of the adcauline side; margin with four rather low equidistant teeth; operculum
four-flapped.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in rows along the stem and branches, small, regularly oval, with
broad, even annulations over the entire surface; aperture round, not elevated on a neck, and sur-
rounded at some distance by a series of from three to seven blunt tooth-like points.

Distribution.—Albatross Station 2848, lat. N. 58° 56’, long. W. 165° 56’, 45 fathoms;
Station 2853, lat. N. 56°, long. W. 154° 20’, 159 fathoms; Station 2858, lat. N. 58° 17’, long. W.
148° 36’, 230 fathoms; Station 3500, lat. N. 56° 02’, long. W. 169° 30’, 121 fathoms.

This species occurred quite abundantly in the U. S. Fish Commission steamer <A/batross
dredgings off the Alaskan coast. At first sight it greatly resembles in mode of branching, shape
of hydrothecie, ete., S. dichotoma, but the four hydrothecal teeth, and particularly the unusual
structure surrounding the mouth of the gonangia, render it, in my opinion, a distinct species.

Type slides. —Cat. No. 19745, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18696, Museum State University of Iowa;
also in collection of the author.

SERTULARELLA PINNATA Clark.

(Plate XXI, figs. 10-12.)
Sertularella pinnata CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 226.
Sertularella pinnata Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 450.
Sertularclla fruticulosa KircHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 50.
? Sertularella pinnata Lorenz, Internat. Polarforsch. Jan Mayen, 1886, III, p. 2.
? Sertularella pinnata MARKTANNER-TuRNERETSCHER, Hydroiden aus den k. k. naturh. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 223.
Sertularella pinnata Harriaus, Reyision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 40.

Trophosome.—Colonies growing in dense cluinps, sometimes attaining a height of about 1
inch. Stem not fascicled, divided into regular short internodes each of which bears a branch
and an axillary hydrotheca. Branches alternate, divided into regular internodes which are very
short, each bearing a hydrotheca on a very broad shoulder on the internodes, the nodes being
opposite the middle of the hydrothece, often branching dichotomously; branches themselves
often branching dichotomously, nodes very deeply cut, giving sharp constrictions of the thick
perisare. Hydrothecw inclined forward and outward, appearing in front view to be borne on
the front of the branches, very closely approximated, short, stout, the distal half free; margin
greatly and abruptly expanded and rimmed, with three very large pointed teeth, the two outer-
most being the larger; an intrathecal ridge extends horizontally from a constriction in the outer
wall around the inside of the hydrotheca to about the middle of the side wall. The floor of the
hydrotheca is of very thick chitin with a pointed process extending downward from the posterior
lateral corners.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in double rows on the front of the main stem and branches,
large, broadly ovate, exceedingly rugose, the rugosities not being even and parallel, as in other
species, but sinuous, giving a peculiar appearance of distortion; aperture broad, round, not
mounted on a collar.

Distribution.—Unalaska, Coal Harbor, Shumagin Islands, Lituya Bay, 112 fathoms (Clark).

This species excels all others that I haye seen in a general appearance of rugosity, the chiti-
nous periderm being very thick and much wrinkled.

THE SERTULARID®. 95

The present writer agrees with Hartlaub in regarding S. fruticulosa Kirchenpauer as a
synonym of S. pinnata Clark.
Type.—In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

SERTULARELLA MARGARITACEA Allman.
(Plate XXII, fig. 1.)

Sertularella margaritacea ALLMAN, Linn. Soe. Journ., Zool., XIX, 1885, p. 133.
Sertularella margaritacea HArtiaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 50.

* Trophosome.—Stem monosiphonic, much branched. Hydrothec distant, adnate by about
half their height to the stem, from which they then become strongly divergent, epicauline side
ventricose toward the base; orifice with a thickened rim and with a deep sinus at its apocauline
side.

** Gfonosome.—Gonangia springing from the angles of the ramification, ovoid, marked by wide
transverse rugze toward the summit and base.

** Locality.—Straits of Magellan. On an air vescicle of MJacrocystis pyrifera.”

I have not seen this species, and have copied the above description entire from that of the
original describer. The figure would seem to indicate that there were three hydrothecal teeth,
although their number is not given in the description. The form bears considerable resemblance
to that of S. dichotoma, which came from the same region and is apparently a very variable
species, so far as the trophosome is concerned. The gonangia, however, are quite different.

Type.—In the collection of Miss H. Gatty.

SERTULARELLA TURGIDA (Trask).

(Plate XXII, figs. 2-5.)
Sertularia turgida Trasx, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1857, p. 113.
Sertularia turgida A. AGAssiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 145.
Sertularella turgida Cuarx, Hydroids of the Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 259.
Sertularella turgida Kircnenraver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 51.
Sertularella conica CALKINS, Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 359.
Sertularella nodulosa CaLKixs, Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 360.
Sertularella turgida Hartiaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 67.
Sertularella turgida HArtLaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 360.
Sertularella turgida Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 64.

Trophosome.—Colony small, sometimes consisting of an unbranched stem, attaining a height
of about 1 inch in specimens examined. Stem geniculate, divided into regular short internodes,
ach of which bears a hydrotheca. Branches, when present, not regularly arranged, few in
number, and resembling the main stem in all respects. Hydrothecz closely approximated, rather
large, stout, subeylindrical, the ends being slightly constricted; aperture large, margin with
three unequally developed teeth, the two outer ones being very strong and equal, the other
smaller. As arule less than the distal half of the hydrotheca is free.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in the axils of the hydrothecx, large, obovate, terminating: in
a small inconspicuous aperture at the summit of a short collar, and with the distal portions
armed with a number of blunt spines, these being much mere numerous in some specimens than
in others. There is also a sort of dimorphism in size which probably corresponds to sex, the
larger gonangia being female.

Distribution.—Bay of San Francisco, Monterey, Tomales Point, California (Trask); San
Diego, California (D. C. Cleveland); Vancouver Island, J. M. Dawson (Clark); Townsend
Harbor (Calkins); Oregon (Nutting); Albatross Station 2861, lat. N. 54° 14’, long. W. 129° 50’,
204 fathoms. A/batross Station (Hydrographic) 8775, off Japan, 57 fathoms.

I agree with Hartlaub in the opinion that the S. nodulosa of Calkins is really identical with
the present species. The specimen from Japan is more branched and the hydrothecee more
distant and more exserted than in other specimens that I baye examined.

5125—er 2—04——7

96 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARELLA SIEBOLDI Kirchenpauer.

(Plate XXII, figs. 6-7.)

Sertularella sieboldi Krrcnenpauer, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 49.
Sertularella sieboldi Hartuaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 69.

Trophosome.—Colony small, branches profuse and irregular. Stem not thicker than the
branches, slender, gnarled, twisted, and annulated, those internodes bearing branches being
generally separated by internodes without branches. Branches partly quite regular and partly
irregular, springing from the sides of hydrothece. Hydrothece arise from the flexures of the
stem, sometimes closely approximated, sometimes distant, very irregular, pitcher-shaped,
swollen, with slender necks and three-toothed apertures.

Gonosome.—Gonangia oval, deeply annulated above and below. Aperture with three teeth;
neck slender.

Distribution.—Cuba.

In the absence of specimens the above description was compiled by combining points given
by Kirchenpauer and by Hartlaub, who studied the type specimen.

Kirchenpauer’s drawings are evidently from dried specimens, or else the annulations, ete.,
are greatly exaggerated, as claimed by Hartlaub. At any rate, no one would suppose that the
drawings given by these two authors were from the same species, much less the same type
specimen.

Type.—In museum at Leipsic.

SERTULARELLA SUBDICHOTOMA Kirchenpauer.
(Plate XXII, figs. 8-12.)

Sertularella subdichotoma Kircnenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 46.
Sertularella subdichotoma Bax, Trans. Royal Soe. Victoria, 1887, p. 107.
Sertularella subdichotoma Hartiaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 33.

Trophosome.—Colony exceedingly straggling and irregular in growth, sometimes attaining
a height of about 2 inches. Stem not fascicled, branching dichotomously, but in a very loose and
straggling manner. Stem and branches not divided into regular internodes in the proximal por-
tions, but distally divided into long slender internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca.
Hydrothece small, varying greatly in shape, usually rather distant, short, attached for more
than two-thirds their adcauline side, the free portion being abruptly narrowed; margin usually
with three broad equal and equidistant teeth; operculum of three flaps. There is often an oblique
or horizontal intrathecal ridge.

Gonosome.—Gonangia slender, ovoid, annulated rather feebly, with a distal flange-like outer
collar and a slender neck ending in a round aperture. In some cases there is no outer collar nor
inner neck, but a broad, round terminal aperture as figured by Kirchenpauer.'

Distribution.—Bass Straits, Australia (Kirchenpauer); Straits of Magellan (Kirchenpauer);
Patagonia (Hartlaub); Adbatross Station 2776, lat. S. 52° 41’, long. W. 69° 55’ 30”, 21 fathoms.

This appears to be an exceedingly variable species in almost every detail of its structure.
Specimens from Station 2776 agree well with one sent me by Professor Levinsen from the Straits
of Magellan. The gonosome, as well as other parts, is very variable, and some of the gonangia
resemble Kirchenpauer’s figure, and others the original figure of d@Orbigny for S. milneana.*

Type.—In the Berlin Museum.

1Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, pl. xv1, fig. 1, b.
? Voyage dans l’ Amérique Méridionale, 1839, p. 26, pl. x1, fig. 8.

THE SERTULARID2. 97

SERTULARELLA FILIFORMIS (Allman).
(Plate XXIII, figs. 1-3.)

Sertularia filiformis ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, ee 2, 1888, pl. xx1v, fig. 1.
Sertularia gracilis ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 51.
Sertularella filiformis Hartiavs, Revision der Aes ahi oe 1900, p. 23.

Trophosome.—Colony of graceful and delicate texture, attaining a height of 5 inches. Stem
not fascicled, slender, flexuose, divided into irregular internodes. Branches not flexuose, alter-
nate, themselves often branching like the main stem in an alternate manner, and sometimes
these branches again divide; internodes irregular, each bearing a hydrotheca or a hydrotheca
and branchlet on distal portions of colony, while the nodes are generally lacking on proximal
parts. Hydrothece tubular, gracefully and regularly curved outward, with about their distal
third free, and an oblique intrathecal ridge; margin with three well-defined teeth, and an oper-
culum composed of three parts.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the stem and branches in all their ramifications, elongate-
oval, with rather long curved pedicels, anda series of very deep compressed annular ridges
extending much beyond the general syrface, like a series of superimposed dinner plates, the
uppermost being bowl-shaped, and giving origin at its center to a long, slender, tubular neck,
which is slightly expanded at both ends. Aperture small.

Distribution.—Port Famine, Patagonia, lat. S. 53° 37’, long. W. 70° 56’, 9 fathoms.
(Allman. )

The above description is from a portion of Allman’s type, which differs from the original
description in having three well-marked hydrothecal teeth, instead of two. The species is
evidently allied closely to S. trécuspidata, but differs in the shape of the hydrothece and
gonangia.

Type.—In South Kensington Museum, London; also in collection of author.

SERTULARELLA QUADRIFIDA Hartlaub.
(Plate XXII, figs. 4-7.)
Thuiaria quadridens AtuMaNn, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 66.
?Sertularella affinis HArriaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 43.
Sertularella quadrifida, new name, Harriavs, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 120.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem not fascicled, flexuose,
divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a branch and two hydrothecx on one side
and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches regularly alternate, themselves often branching
dichotomously, internodes very long, the nodes often being entirely wanting. Hydrothec

rather distant, small, adnate to the branch by more than half their adcauline side, the free portion
forming an acute angle with the branch; margin with three teeth, instead of four, although an
appearance of four teeth is sometimes produced by a reduplication of the margin on the adeauline
side, which reduplicates the single adcauline tooth; operculum of three flaps.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Between Cape Virgin and Falkland Islands, lat. S. 51° 35’, long. W. 65° 39,
70 fathoms. -

The above description is taken from Allman’s type collected by the Challenger. Of course
the presence of three instead of four teeth renders the name guadrifida misleading, but it seems
preferable to preserve the name even at the expense of incongruity.

Hartlaub finds that the name originally given to this species by Allman was preoccupied
by Bale in 1884.*

Type.—In South Kensington Museum. Fragment in possession of the author.

'Catalogue of Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, Sydney, 1884, p. 119,

98 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARELLA MERIDIONALIS, new species.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 8-9.)

Trophosome.—Colony compactly pinnate in shape, attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem
not fascicled, flexuose, proximal portion not differing from the rest, not noticeably annulated,
divided into fairly regular internodes by oblique nodes, each internode often bearing a branch
and two hydrothece on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches regularly
alternate, rather closely approximated, constricted sharply at their origins, divided into long and
irregular internodes. Hydrothece large, closely approximated, tubular, with both proximal and
distal ends expanded, both lower and upper profiles concave; about one-half of the adcauline wall
free; margin expanding, with three strongly developed teeth, and a three-flapped operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia quite large, oblong-conical, the distal portion being ornamented with
three to five, usually three, pronounced annular turrets; neck small, tubular, suddenly expanding:
distally into a trumpet-shaped termination with a round orifice.

Distribution.—Albatross Station 2783, lat. S. 51° 02’ 30”, long. W. 74° 08’ 30”, 122 fathoms.

This very striking species bears considerable resemblance to S. me/neana, but has fewer
annulations and a more suddenly enlarged termination to the neck of the gonangia. The tropho-
some is very much more compact and robust than that of S. md/neana, and the hydrothece
are quite different in shape.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19767, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18709, Museum of State University of
Iowa; also in collection of the author.

SERTULARELLA ELEGANS, new species.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 1.)

Trophosome.—Colony growing from a root stalk parasitic on Adbdeténaria, and attaining a
height of about 3 inches. Stem not fascicled, with several strong annulations on proximal
portion, divided into regular internodes, each bearing a hydrotheca, which is directed forward,
outward, and upward; nodes very strong and deeply cut. Branches straggling and irregular,
tending to an alternate arrangement, and sometimes anastomosing as in S. johnston?, divided by
deeply incised nodes into rather short, regular internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca.
Hydrothece directed forward, outward, and upward, rather closely approximated, tubular,
gently curved, adherent by about their proximal adcauline third; margin expanding, with three
strong and equidistant teeth, and with a narrow border or rim; operculum of three flaps.
Hydrothece often with an oblique intrathecal ridge running downward from the anterior
margin.

Gonosome.—Gonangia in rows on stem and main branches, exceedingly elaborate in orna-
mentation, oval to round, neck tubular with trumpet-shaped aperture, the usual annulations
produced into raised fluted frills that look like a series of lace collars, giving an exceedingly
ornate effect.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2842, lat. N. 54° 15’, long. W. 166° 03’, 72 fathoms.

At first view this species bears a general resemblance to S. trécuspidata, but the hydrothece
lie in two planes, are more crowded and heavier, and the gonangia carry ornamentation to its
greatest length as found in the genus.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19752, 19753, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18701, Museum State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

SERTULARELLA MILNEANA (d’Orbigny).

(Plate XXIV, figs. 2-5. )
Sertularia milneana b’OrBIGNy, Voyage |’ Amérique Méridionale, V, 1839, p. 26.
Sertularella milneana Krrcnenpaurr, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 52.
Sertularella milneana Harriaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 39.
Trophosome.—Colony very striking in habit, attaining a height of about 4 inches. Stem
proximally without hydrothecie, slender and with numerous annulations, remainder very slightly

THE SERTULARID. 99

flexose with distant nodes. Branches irregularly alternate, themselves branching dichotomously,
with exceedingly distant nodes. Hydrothec closely approximated, tubular, gradually bending
outward, extent of immersion varying greatly, almost the entire adcauline wall being sometimes
adnate to the hydrocaulus, and at other times the distal half is free, every intergradation between
these extremes sometimes being found in one colony, margin with three well-marked and equi-
distant teeth and a three-flapped operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia large, borne on all parts of the colony, sometimes aggregated on
distal portions, oblong-oyate, distal third ornamented with six to eight even annular rugosities,
remainder per fectly atiooth; aperture small, at ae summit of a small tubular neck with a slight
distal expansion.

Distribution.—Southern coast of Patagonia, Ross Bay, south of Rio Negro (d’Orbigny).
Albatross Station 2776, lat. S. 52° 41’, long. W. 69° 55’ 30”, 21 fathoms; Station 2777, lat. S.
52° 38’, long. W. 70° 10’ 30”, 19.75 fathoms.

The very characteristic gonangia with smooth walls, save for a few distal annulations, seems
to me to serve at once for the identification of this species. Specimens collected by the U. 8.
Fish Commission steamer A/batross agree very well with d’Orbigny’s figures and descriptions.

SERTULARELLA MAGELLANICA (Marktanner-Turneretscher).

(Plate XXIV, figs. 6-8.)

Calyptothuiaria magellanica MarkTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden aus den k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1900,
p. 244.
Sertularella magellanica TlartiAus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 22.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches in largest specimen examined.
Stem not fascicled, with several deep annulations on its proximal nonhydrothecate part, basal
portion tubular, broadening and flattening distally. Branches somewhat irregular, but tending to
an alternate arrangement, narrow at their origin, almost straight, internodes long and irregular.
Hydrothec alternate, large, tubular, gentle curving throughout their length; differing greatly
in the extent of their immersion, some on the distal parts of the colony having not more than
their distal third free, while some near the base of the main stem are free throughout their entire
length; margin with three large equal and equidistant teeth. Operculum with three flaps.

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distribution. —Straits of Magellan (Marktanner-Turneretscher); A/datross Station 2771, lat.
S. 51° 34’, long. W. 68°, depth 50.5 fathoms.

This species is remarkable in reversing the ordinary condition of affairs among sertularians
in two particulars: first, the stem widens distally; second, the proximal hydrothece tend to be
more exserted than the distal.

Type.—In k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Vienna.

SERTULARELLA MINUTA, new species.
(Plate XXIV,.figs. 9-10.)

Trophosome.—Colony exceedingly fragile and delicate, attaining a height of about one-half
inch. Stem not fascicled, strongly geniculate, divided into regular long internodes. Branches
very irregular, often forming a right angle with the stem, branching “dichotomously, slender,
very strongly geniculate, divided into regular long internodes each of which bears a hydrotheca
near its distal ‘ond. Hydrothece distant, actually small but large in proportion to the diameter
of the stem and branches, slender, almost tubular, bending gently outward, almost completely
exserted but a small portion of the adcauline wall being adnate to the branch, margin with three
teeth; operculum with three flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on stem and main branches, small, oyoid, strongly and evenly
annulated throughout, with a short tubular neck and slightly expanded aperture.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 3480, lat. N. 52° 06’, long. W. 171° 45’, 283 fathoms.

This exceedingly delicate and beautiful species seems to be quite distinct. In some respects
it resembles a miniature of S. ¢ricuspidata, and in others a miniature of S. tropica. It differs

100 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

from both, however, in its very long internodes, from the former in the degree of exsertion of
its hydrothece, and from the latter in the form and ornamentation of the gonangia.

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 19,771, 19,772, U. S. N. M.; Cat. No. 18,711, Museum State Uni-
versity of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

SERTULARELLA LEVINSENI, new species.
(Plate XX VI, figs. 1-2.)

Trophosome.—Colony very loose and straggling in habit, sometimes attaining a height of 3
inches. Stem not fascicled, slender, flexuose, divided into regular internodes each of which bears
a hydrotheca or a hydrotheca and branch. Branches irregularly alternate, slender, flexuose,
often dividing dichotomously, rarely anastomosing, divided into regular internodes throughout.
Hydrothece rather small and distant, stout, swollen below, their adcauline wall adnate for from
one-half to three fourths its length; margin with three well-marked equal and equidistant teeth;
operculum with three flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in rows on stem and all the branches, although they are more
apt to be aggregated proximally, small, ovoid, somewhat elongate, with shallow broad annulations
particularly on distal portions; neck short but distinct.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2842, lat. N. 54° 15’, long. W. 166° 03’, 72 fathoms.

This species is allied to 8. dichotoma in the general appearance of its trophosome, but differs
in having more distant and much larger hydrothecz, a complete division of stem into regular
internodes, and a different gonosome. It is allied to S. tropica Hartlaub in the shape of its
gonangia, but differs in having smaller hydrothecee which are much more exserted, and gonangia
not nearly so slender.

I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Professor G. M. R. Levinsen, whose valu-
able papers on the hydroids of northern waters have greatly extended our knowledge.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19,761, U. 8. N. M.; Cat. No. 18,706, Museum State University of
Iowa; also in collection of the author.

SERTULARELLA DENTIFERA Torrey.
(Plate XXV, figs. 1-2.)
Sertularella dentifera Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 61.

‘* Trophosome.—Stem slender, flexuose, branched. Branches arising within or in place of
hydrothece; similar to stem. Hydrothecee free for three-quarters of their length, tubular,
slightly enlarged at base; margin reduplicated, furnished with three moderate teeth forming a
triangle with apex nearest stem.”

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—San Pedro, California.

1 have not seen this species, and have copied the original description entire, although there
is considerable likelihood that it is identical with S. ¢vopica Hartlaub.* The character given by
Torrey, as, ‘‘ branches arising within or in place of hydrothece” occurs as a sort of abnormality
in numerous species of hydroids that normally branch in the ordinary manner, and it is of doubt-
ful value as a means of distinguishing species.

Type.—In the collection of the University of California.

SERTULARELLA TRICUSPIDATA (Alder).
(Plate XXV, figs. 3-7.)
Sertularia tricuspidata Auprr, Ann. and Mag., 2d ser., X VIII, 1856, p. 356.

Sertularia tricuspidata Auprr, Cat. Zooph. Northumhb, 1857, p. 21.
Sertularia ericoides M6rcu, Rink. Grénland geograph. og statisk beskr., 1857, p. 97.

parative Zoology, XXV, 1894, p. 75, pl. 1v, fig. 20, and pl. v, figs. 21 and 22.

THE SERTULARIDZ. 101

Sertularia tricuspidata Atprr, Trans. Tyneside Field Club, V, 1862, p. 289.

Sertularia tricuspidata Packarp, Canadian Naturalist, 1863, p. 4.

Cotulina tricuspidata A. AGassiz, North. Amer. Acalephie, 1865, p. 146.

Sertularella tricuspidata Hincxs, Brit. Hydroid Zooph., 1868, p. 239.

Sertularella tricuspidata VERRILL, Proc. Am, Assn. Ady. Sei., 1873, pp. 353, 359, 364.

Sertularella tricuspidata Kircnenpaver, Zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt, 1869-70, II, 1874, p. 416.

Sertularella tricuspidata Hincxs, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 151.

Sertularella tricuspidata VerriLL, Am. Jour. Sci. and sacle VII, 1874, p. 44.

Sertularella tricuspidata Liivken, Arctic Manual, 1875, p. 190.

Sertularella tricuspidata CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 224.

Sertularella tricuspidata Smirn and Hareer, Trans. Conn. Acad., IIT, 1876, p. 7.

Sertularella tricuspidata Hixcxs, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XX, 1877, p. 67.

Sertularella tricuspidata Norman, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 190.

Sertwlarella tricuspidata Mrrescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 323.

Sertularella tricuspidata D’ UrBan, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., VI, 1880, p. 268. °

Sertularella tricuspidata WtxtueEr, Naturh. Tidsskr., (3), XII, 1880, p. 276.

Sertularella tricuspidata Ripiey, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., VII, 1881, p. 455.

Sertularella tricuspidata Ratupun, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, p. 216.

Sertularella tricuspidata Tuomeson, Bijdragen to de Digriwades Afl. X, 1884, p. 6.

Sertularella tricuspidata Kircuenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 45.

Sertularella pallida KrircuEenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 48.

Sertularella tricuspidata Murpvocn, Polar Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, p. 166.

Sertularella tricuspidata Lorenz, Die intern. Polarforschung, Jan Mayen, III, 1886, p. 2.

Sertularella tricuspidata THomeson, Vega Expedition, Vet. Jacktag., IV, 1887, p. 394.

Sertularella tricuspidata Beran, Goplepolyper fra Kara Havet, 1887, p. 335.

Sertularella tricuspidata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden aus den k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 222.
Sertularella tricuspidata Fewxkes, Bull. Essex Inst., X XIII, 1891, p. 88.

Sertularella tricuspidata Levyrysen, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., 1892, p. 59.

Sertularella tricuspidata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden yon ost Spitzb., 1895, p. 425.
Sertularella tricuspidata JADERHOLM, Bihang svensk. Akad., X XI, 1896, p. 12.

Sertularella tricuspidata Routr, Kohler, Résultats sc. Campagne du Caudan, Pt. 2, 1896, p. 301.
Sertularella tricuspidata PepAscHENKo, Tray. Soc. Nat. St. Petersbourg, XX VITI, 1897, p. 226.
Sertularella tricuspidata Stnizix, Arb. Zool. Inst. Warschau, 1898, p. 228.

Sertularella tricuspidata Brruta, Ann. Mus. Petersbourg, 1898, p. 203.

Sertularella tricuspidata y. ApELUNG, Zool. Centralblatt, 1899, p. 518.

Sertularella tricuspidata Nurrinc, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.
Sertularella tricuspidata Bonnevin, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 78.

Sertularella tricuspidata Caukins, Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 360.

Sertularella tricuspidata Prcrer and Brpor, Hydraires de |’ Hirondelle, 1900, p. 222.
Sertularella tricuspidata Harriaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 23.

Sertularella tricuspidata Harriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 354.
Sertularella tricuspidata Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 362.
Sertularella tricuspidata Nurvinc, Harriman Expedition, the Hydroids, 1901, p. 183.
Sertularella tricuspidata Harerrr, Amer. Naturalist, 1901, p. 391.

Sertularella tricuspidata Wurrraves, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 26.
Sertularella tricuspidata Sammunvpsson, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 68.
Sertularella hesperia Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific coast, 1902, p. 63.

Trophosome.—Colony a matted mass of shoots and twigs sometimes attaining a height of 5 or
6 inches. Stem not fascicled, slender, divided into internodes each of which bears a hydrotheca
or a branch with its axillary hydrotheca. Branches irregularly alternate, often branching
profusely either alternately or dichotomously, divided into regular internodes each of which
bears a hydrotheca, some of the nodes being double and oblique, which gives a twisted appear-
ance to the branch. Hydrothec distant, small, cylindrical, without corrugations, the distal half
or more being free; margin with three strong, equal and equidistant teeth; operculum composed
of four flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne profusely on the main stem and branches, large, oblong-ovate,
marked throughout with very prominent compressed annular ridges, the uppermost of which
forms a bowl-shaped structure from the center of which arises the tubular neck which ends in a
slightly everted margin and roand aperture.

Distribution.—Avundant throughout the north polar and north temperate regions of the
world. New England coast (Verrill); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dawson); Labrador (Packard);

102 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Alaska (Clark); Aleutian Islands (Clark); St. Pauls Island (Clark); Puget Sound (Nutting);
Port Townsend (Calkins); San Diego Harbor (Torrey); Greenland (Winther); Polar Sea
(Bergh); Iceland (Hincks); Spitzbergen and North Cape (Bonnevie); British Islands (Hincks);
Gulf of Gascony (Bedot); Adbatross Station 2557, lat. N. 39° 53’ 10”, long. W. 71° 31’, 154
fathoms; Station 2850, lat. N. 54° 52’, long. W. 159° 46’, 21 fathoms; Station 2857, lat. N. 58° 05’,
long. W. 150° 46’, 51 fathoms; Station 2858, lat. N. 58° 17, long. W. 148° 36’, 230 fathoms;
Station 2865, lat. N. 48° 12’, long. W. 122° 49’, 40 fathoms; Station 2866, lat. N. 48° 09’, long.
W. 125° 08’, 171 fathoms; Station 3225, lat. N. 54° 48’ 30”, long. W. 165° 49’, 85 fathoms.

The bathymetric distribution of this species is phenomenal, being from shallow water to 1,375
fathoms.

S. tricuspidata, like all other wide ranging species, varies greatly, especially in the size of
the hydrotheex. Clarke found specimens in the material collected by Dr. Dall in Alaska that
were very much larger than the typical form. (See Plate X XV, fig. 6.)

S. hesperia Torrey appears to be a synonym for this well-known species. His figures are
exactly matched by specimens of S. tricuspidata in my possession. The size also agrees, and I
am unable to find anything in his description by which I can differentiate his species.

Type.—In Museum of Nat. Hist. Society, Neweastle-upon-Tyne, England.

SERTULARELLA TROPICA Hartlaub.
(Plate XXVI, figs. 3-4.)

Sertularia variabilis CLARKE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X XV, 1894, p. 75.
Sertularella tropica Hartiaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 41.

Trophosome.—Stem sometimes simple, sometimes compound, slightly flexuous, main
branches few and irregularly disposed; a pinnate arrangement of the small branches is in some
cases well marked. Color, light horn. The hydrothece are alternately arranged, usually one to
an internode; they are largest near the base, have a tricuspid margin, which is generally
thickened and provided with a three-lobed valve; they are strongly divergent and very much
exserted. The degree to which they are embedded in the stem varies greatly; in some cases they
are scarcely more than attached to the side of the stem, and in others are embedded more than a
third of their length.

Gonosome.—The gonangia spring from just below the hydrothecx, are much elongated,
length two and a half to three times their width, the upper portion marked with five or six rings,
the opening terminal and tubular, the pedicel extremely short.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 3357, lat. N. 6° 35’, long. W. 81° 44’, 782 fathoms; Station
33884, lat. N. 7° 81’ 30’, long. W. 79° 14’, 450 fathoms; Station 3388, lat. N. 7° 06’, long. W.
79° 48’, 1,168 fathoms.

I have not seen this species, and have copied the above description entire from the original
by Dr. Clarke. The name given by Dr. Clarke was preoccupied by Bale in 18887 and by Clarke
himself in 1876* and Hartlaub gave the species the name S. tvopica.

The depth from which this species was dredged is quite exceptional for the genus, and
indeed for the family Sertularidee.

Type.—In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SERTULARELLA CLARKII Mereschkowsky.

(Plate XX VI, fig. 5.)

Sertularella clarkii MerescuKowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 447.

Sertularella clarkii Harriaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 25.

‘* Trophosome.—Hy drorhiza forming a compact layer of hydrophytons. Hydrocaulus straight,
long, cylindrical, not angularly bent, with regular internodes, destitute of branches to the apex,
where the width of the axial tube suddenly diminishes considerably, and it at the same time gives

'Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (2), ITI, p. 764.
* Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, p. 1876.

THE SERTULARIDA. 108

origin to the branches. Branches divided into internodes, rather short, issuing from all sides of
the principal stem, one from each of the internodes, ramified in their turn so that each branch
internode gives off a secondary branch, which is divided once or twice; and all these secondary
branches are turned toward the axis of the colony (inward). Hydrothec tubular, a little con-
tracted at the extremity; aperture broad, oval, furnished with two large teeth arranged unsym-
metrically; arrangement of the hydrothece, although biserial, not in the same plane, having at
the first glance the appearance of being uniserial.”

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distriution.—Unalaska (M. Petelin), 1847.

I have not been able to secure a specimen of this species, and haye copied the original
description entire, as well as the drawing.

Type.—In collection of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.

SERTULARELLA EPISCOPUS Allman.
(Plate XX VI, fig. 7.)

Sertularia fusiformis Hurron, Trans. New Zealand Inst., V, 1872, p. 257.
Sertularella episcopus ALLMAN, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XII, 1874, p. 263.
Sertularia fusiformis Coucurrey, Trans. New Zealand Inst., VII, 1875, p. 285.
Sertularia longicosta Coucurrey, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., X VII, 1876, p. 28.
Sertularella episcopus KincHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 51.

Sertularella episcopus BALE, Trans. Royal Soc. Victoria, 1887, p. 103.

Sertularia fusiformis Prerrer, Die niedere Tierwelt des Ant. Ufergeb., 1893, p. 568.
Sertularella episcopus Farquanr, Trans. New Zealand Inst., XX VIII, 1896, p. 464.
Sertularella episcopus Harritaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 49.

** Trophosome.—Hy drocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, simple, given off at short
intervals from a creeping ramified tubular fibre. Hydrothece tubiform, springing from the
distal end of the supporting internode, to which they are attached by their fundus, free in the
remainder of their height, and strongly diverging from the stem; orifice deeply cleft above and
below, so as to present a mitre-like form, bordered by a thickened margin, below which, on the
side facing the internode, there is a thickened involution of the walls of the hydrotheca.

** Gfonosome.—Gonangia elongated, ovoid, with one wide and shallow and two narrow and
deep longitudinal depressions, which extend from the summit to the base, supported by a short,
thickish peduncle springing one from each internode at the side opposite to that which carries
the hydrotheca.”

Distribution.—New Zealand, Lyall Bay (Hutton); Straits of Magellan (Pfeffer).

I have not seen specimens of this species and have copied the above description from that
given by Allman. The form of the gonangia as figured is unique, I believe, among the species
of this genus, reminding one of certain ones in the genus Adzetinaria.

SERTULARELLA MAGNA, new species.
(Plate XXVH, fig. 1.)

Trophosome.—Colony (fragmentary) about 34 inches high, not fascicled, internodes irregu-
lar, long. There is buta single dichotomous branching near the top, the usual axillary hydro-
theca being present; but several of the proximal branches are produced into much annulated
shoots which resemble the so-called stolons found in various groups of hydroids. Hydrothecwe
enormous for this group, being many times as large as those of S. polyzon/as, alternate, tubular,
doubly curved, the distal extremity being turned slightly upward, about the distal two-thirds free;
margins several times reduplicated, either smooth or with two or three or sometimes four. low
inconspicuous teeth. Operculum thick, conspicuous, a simple membrane of a single flap where
the margin is even, with two flaps when there are two evident teeth, sometimes apparently with
more than two flaps, but they are not well defined, probably because the teeth, when three or
four, are very low and inconspicuous.

Gonosome.—Not known.

104 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 3480, lat. N. 52° 06’, long. W. 171° 45’, 283 fathoms.
Bering Sea.

This species bears some resemblance to S. gigantea Mereschkowsky, but the hydrothece are
quite different in shape. No better example could be found of the futility of basing generic
distinction on the number of parts to the operculum. One branch of this species could be
placed in three different genera were that criterion to be used.

Type.—In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

SERTULARELLA FORMOSA Fewkes.

(Plate XXVII, figs. 2-4.)

Sertularella formosa Fewxes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 7, 1881, p. 130.
Sertularia integritheca ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 60.
Sertularella formosa Nurrrxe, Bahama Expedition, 1895, p. 88.

Sertularella integritheca Versiuys, Hydraires de |’ Hirondelle, 1899, p. 37.

Sertularella cylindritheca Hartiaus, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 77 (part).

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 6 inches. Stem not fascicled, sinuous, °
internodes not evident. Branches regularly alternate, there being three hydrothece between
adjacent branches on the same side, divided into regular internodes each of which bears a hydro-
theca. Hydrothece entirely exserted, cylindrical, set nearly at right angles with the stem or
branch, sides nearly parallel; aperture perfectly round and smooth, except for a submarginal
annulation or rim, which is not always present. Operculum apparently wanting. Sometimes,
however, it appears in the shape of a thin membrane stretched like a drumhead across the
aperture.

Gonosome.—Gonangia oblong-oval, inserted on the bases of the hydrothece, with smooth
walls and a truncated distal end closed with a four-flapped membranous operculum.

Distribution.—Oft Granada, 170 fathoms; off Martinique, 357 fathoms (Fewkes); off Habana,
Cuba, sinndens 100 to 200 fathoms (Nutting); Testigos Island, 11 meters (Versluys); Adbatross
Station 2157, ae N. 23° 10’ 04”, long. W. 82° 21’ 07, 29 ehihamee Station 2324, lat. N. 23°
10’ 25’’, long. W. 82° 20’ 24’, 33 Pao!

Having secured a portion of Allman’s type of S. ¢ntegritheca, and compared it carefully with
S. formosa Fewkes, I do not hesitate to consider the two species as identical. Hartlaub*
regards S. integritheca and S. cylindritheca Allman as identical. Having seen both types, I am
unable to agree with him, and the matter is perfectly plain when the types can be consulted.

Tupe.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SERTULARELLA HARTLAUBI, new species.
(Plate XX VII, fig. 5.)

Trophosome.—Colony (fragmentary) about 2 inches high. Stem straight, dark colored, not
fascicled, divided into fairly regular nodes by very faintly marked oblique nodes, each internode
bearing a hydrotheca or a hydrotheca and a branch. Branches alternate, given off at right
angles to the stem from just below the bases of the hydrothecx, sharply constricted at their
bases. Only the stumps of branches remain in the type specimen, but another specimen from
a widely different locality consists apparently of detached branches, which are long and slender
with obscure nodes. Hydrothece exceedingly shallow, shaped like the base of a low, truncated
cone, with its axis forming nearly a right angle with that of the branch; margin perfectly
smooth and even; operculum in some cases an adcauline flap, in others apparently an irregularly
ruptured membrane stretched straight across the aperture like a drumhead.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.— Albatross Station ste ee N. 17° 48’ 40’, long. W. 75° 38’ 25’, 52 fathoms;
Station 2796, lat. S. 8° 5’, long. W. 78° 51’, 33 fathoms.

1 Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 77.

THE SERTULARID. [elon

This very peculiar species is with doubt referred to the genus Serfu/arella. I take pleasure
in naming it in honor of Doctor Hartlaub, who has done more than any other one man to bring
order out of chaos in this very perplexing genus.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19760, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18705, Museum State University of
Towa; also in the collection of the author.

? SERTULARELLA NANA Hartlaub.
(Plate XXVI, fig. 6.)
Sertularella nana Harriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 361.

Trophosome.—Colony unbranched (fragmentary), about 5 mm. high. Stem not fascicled,
slender, divided into irregular internodes by usually distant nodes, proximal hydrothecate nodes
smooth, short, not sharply separated from each other; the following internodes longer, bearing
as many as four hydrothece. Hydrothece lying in one plane, alternate, inserted below the
internodes, deep, distal portions strongly narrowing and gracefully curved, with convex adcau-
-line side, base somewhat swollen; margin with two teeth, or perfectly smooth, in which case the
aperture is beveled so as to be nearly vertical; operculum present.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Found growing on Lafoéa gracillima at Bare Island, Puget Sound.

I have not seen this species, and have drawn the above description from that of the original
describer. It is almost certain that it is not a Sertularella, and would probably go more prop-
erly in Zhuiaria, as used in this work. I do not feel justified in disturbing its position, however,
without more evidence.

Type.—In the collection of Professor Schauinsland ?

DICTYOCLADIUM Allman.

Trophosome.—Colony flabellate in form. Branches anastomosing and forming a rudely
reticulate structure or network. Hydrothece on more than two sides of the stem. Aperture
without conspicuous teeth. Operculum yariable.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in the bifurcations of the branches and marked with annular
rugosities.

This genus was instituted by Allman to accommodate one of the many new types secured
by the Challenger.’ It was also recognized by Marktanner-Turneretscher,? although at that
time but a single species was known. The one herein described shows more evident relation-
ship to the genus Sertularella than did the original type dredged by the Challenger, especially
in the operculum, which is essentially of the Sertularela pattern. Allman makes no mention
of this structure, but it is plainly evident in D. flabellum, being composed of four distinct flaps,
although the teeth are so small as hardly to be evident, being represented merely by four corners
to the margin which have the structural effect of low teeth.

DICTYOCLADIUM FLABELLUM, new species.
(Plate XXVIII, figs. 1-3.)

Trophosome.—Colony flabellate in form, attaining a lieight of about 4 inches and branching
in a strictly dichotomous manner; few evident internodes on stem or branches, the only annu-
lations or constrictions ordinarily being those at the origins of branches or branchlets.
Branches straight, not flexuose, themselves dichotomously branching in the same plane, the
ultimate branches often anastomosing with other branches, forming a rude reticulate pattern.

Hydrothece arranged in four longitudinal series on stem and branches, so as to form an
ascending spiral, tubular, about the distal one-third free, curved gently outward, margin

1Challenger Reports. The Hydroida Pt. 2, 1888, p 76.
? Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 219.

106 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

irregular, but usually with a quadrilateral outline, with the corners of the quadrilateral very
slightly, if at all produced into four very low obscure teeth; operculum with four flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in bifurcations of the branches, very large, ovate, body with
shallow broad obscure annulations; neck in the form of a long truncated cone with a round
terminal aperture.

Distribution.—Albatross Station 2842, lat. N. 54° 15’, long. W. 166° 3’, 72 fathoms; Station
2874, lat. N. 48° 30’, long. W. 124° 57’, 27 fathoms. ‘

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19789, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18721, Museum of State University of
Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

DIPHASIA Agassiz (modified).

Trophosome.—Uy drothece biserial, opposite or alternate, aperture broad, operculum evident,
of a single adcauline flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia usually differing in the sexes, and marked with spines or lobes; an
internal marsupium usually present in the female.

This genus as proposed originally by Louis Agassiz’ was very inadequately characterized,
the only definition being in a footnote, as follows: ‘‘In the genus /phasia the fertile hydr
are deeply dentated.” Hincks, in his British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, insists that the main
feature is the marsupial chamber of the female gonangium, in which he is followed by Bale.”
Four years later Allman* called attention to the important character of the lid-like operculum
which is more conspicuous and constant in this than in any other genus of the family. Kirchen-
pauer practically adopted Allman’s definition.‘ All of these writers considered the marsupial
chamber in the female gonangium as a necessary character of the genus. Levinsen® claims that
this character is not constant, and occurs also in other genera, and bases his diagnosis of the
genus on the characters of the margin and operculum alone, thus including all of the species of
Abietinaria as used in this work. My own opinion is that Adzetinaria is a good genus, based on
the shape of the hydrothece, and can very well be differentiated from Diphasia on that character,
there being but one form, at least among American species, that cannot readily be relegated to
one or the other of these genera, and that is D. pulchra Nutting, which in general texture is
more closely allied to Diphasia, which usually lacks the rigid clear-cut sturdy hydrothecal outline
that appears to be characteristic of Adbzetinaria.

KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIPHASIA,.

Hydrothece in strictly opposite pairs borne on sides of hydrocaulus.
Margin sinuous, but not toothed, hydrothecze not regularly annulated.

Aiboutione-thirdothydrothecaireess 2-28 Seem m aes. eee si eee see eeee eee eae ee ee eee rosacea.
Less than one-third of hydrothece free, aperture very wide ................----------------.------ fallax.
Mangini with three teeth; hydrothecceslender, tubular 522222 ome se oats een eee eee tamarisca.
Margin not toothed, hydrothecal walls regularly annulated -..............-...--..-.---------------<-- tropica.
Hydrothece in opposite pairs, borne on front of hydrocaulus-..-.----- 22-222, oss se sen seen see enes digitalis.
Hydrothecze not strictly opposite, at least on branches.
iBranchesanslne-irom\all sidesiof stem, forming, a spirale. - 2s ae eee eee sere eee nee eee ee pulchra.
Branching pinnate.
Each internode of stem bearing a pair of opposite hydrothece--.....---.-----.---------.------- paarmanni.
More than two hydrothec:e to eacn internode.
Gonaneia with twolormore\laterall spinesiee=-mes sen sm seae is ee ee ee ese eee corniculata.
Gonanpiapwitin Ou trS pin Os eyecare ete ay aera eee ee kincaidi.

1Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, 1V, 1862, p. 355.

* Australian Hydreid Zoophytes, Sydney, 1884, p. 98.

“Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, London, 1888, p. 63.

‘Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 237.

®Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, Copenhagen, 1893, p. 196.

THE SERTULARID®. 107

POINTS OF INTERGRADATION BETWEEN DIPHASIA AND OTHER GENERA.

With Sertularia, in the general form of the hydrothece, as in J. tropica, and in the general shape
and appearance of the gonangia, as in 2). kincaidi.

With Zhuiaria, in the absence of regular internodes, as in J. kinca‘d’, and in the narrow distal
end of the hydrothece, as in D. pulehra.

With Abzetinaria, in the adcauline operculum, and in the narrowed distal extremity of the hydro-
theese, as in D. pulchra.

DIPHASIA ROSACEA (Linnzus).
(Plate XXVIII, figs. 4-5.)

Lily or Pomegranate flowering Coralline Euuis, Essay, 1755, p. 8.

Sertularia rosacea Linn mus, Systema Naturve, 1758, p. 807.

Sertularia rosacea Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, X VII, 1761, p. 525.

Sertularia nigellastrum Pauias, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 129.

Sertularia rosacea Linnxus, Systema Naturie, 12th ed., 1767, p. 1306.

Sertularia nigellastrum Bopparrt, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 161.

Sertularia rosa Marartt, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 25.

Sertularia rosacea Evuis and Souanper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 39.

Sertularia nigellastrum WiLKiNs and Heres, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 168.
Dynamena rosacea Esrrer, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 194.
Sertularia rosacea BERKENHOUT, Synops. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 215.
Sertularia rosacea Porrer, Voyage en Barbarie, II, 1789, p. 69.

Sertularia rosacea Esper, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, I[, 1794-1806, pl. xx.
Sertularia rosacea Bosc, Hist. Nat. Des Vers, III, 1802, p. 91.

Sertularia rosacea Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.

Sertularia rosacea JAMESON, Catalogue Animals Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Dynamena (Sertularia) rosacea LAMovroux, Bullet. philomatique, 1812, p. 184.
Nigellastrum (Sertularia) nigellastrum Oxen, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 93.
Nigellastrum (Sertularia) rosacea OKrN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 93.
Sertularia rosacea LAMARCK, Hist. nat. anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 119.

Dynamena rosacea LAMourovux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 178.

Sertularia rosacea Stewart, Elements nat. hist. animal Kingdom, II, 1817, p. 440.
Dinamena rosacea FLEMING, British Animals, 1828, p. 544.

Sertularia rosacea Bosc, Hist. nat. des Vers, III, 1830, p. 105.

Sertularia rosacea Jounston, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb, 1832, p. 255.

Dynamena rosacea DE BLAINVILLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 484.

Sertularia rosacea LAMARcK, Hist. nat. anim. sans yert., 2d ed., 1836, p. 145.

Sertularia rosacea Hassaty, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 167.

Sertularia rosacea Maca@ituivray, Ann, and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 463.

Sertularia rosacea Gray, List. British Animals, 1847, p. 69.

Sertularia rosacea Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 64.

Sertularia rosacea DALYELL, Rare and Remark. Animals of Scotland, I, 1847, p. 159.
Sertularia rosacea Goss, Devonshire Coast, 1857, p. 434.

Sertularia rosacea AupER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 24.

Diphasia rosacea L. AGassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. 8., IV, 1862, p. 355.

Sertularia rosacea Pack arp, Canadian Naturalist, Dec. 1863, p. 4.
Dynamena rosacea KincHENPAvER, Neue Sertulariden, 1864, p. 7.
Diphasia rosacea AGAsstz, North American Acalephee, 1865, p. 142.
Diphasia rosacea Hixcxs', British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 245.
Diphasia rosacea VeRRILL, Proc. Am. Assn. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364.
Diphasia rosacea McInvosn, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 212.

Diphasia rosacea ScuuizE, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 132.

Diphasia rosacea Verri1ti, Amer. Journ. Sci., X, 1875, p. 43.

Diphasia rosacea Wrxtuer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift, 1880, p. 265.

Diphasia rosacea Drrescu, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 213.

Diphasia rosacea MARKTANNER-TuRNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturh. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 238.
Diphasia rosacea Levinsen, Vid. Udb. ‘‘Hauchs’’ Togter, 1893, p. 371.

‘Authors before Hincks (1868) did not distinguish D. rosacea from D. alternata, and hence we can only assume
that they refer to the originally described form.

108 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Diphrasia rosacea Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Dynamena rosacea BonnEyi1®, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 79.
Diphasia rosacea Nurtine, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 361.
Diphasia rosacea Harerrr, Amer. Naturalist, 1901, p. 392.

Diphasia rosacea Waireaves, Marine Inyert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 26.
Diphasia rosacea Smmunpsson, Islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 66.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 3 or 4 inches, of very delicate texture, trans-
lucent. Stem not fascicled, its proximal portion smooth and without hydrothece, no regular
internodes; remainder divided into regular short internodes, each bearing a pair of opposite
hydrothece and sometimes a branch. Branches alternate, distant, often irregularly spaced,
proximal internode without hydrothecx, others bearing a pair of opposite hydrothecwe; branches
themselves often divided into branchlets. Hydrothece strictly opposite, long, tubular, the two
of a pair not contingent in front but with their proximal adcauline sides parallel, upper one-third
to one-half free and bending abruptly outward and forward and ending in an oblique margin,
which is sinuous but not toothed. Operculum of a single adcauline flap, usually situated just at
the margin, but when closed sinking considerably below the margin, especially on the adcauline
side. Nodes of the branches just between the distal divaricated portions of the hydrothece.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in rows on the upper sides of branches, male gonangia long,
slender, narrowing very gradually proximally to a short curved pedicel and very abruptly
distally to a small tubular neck and minute round aperture; sides ornamented with eight com-
pressed longitudinal ridges ending in points on distal end of gonangia. Four to eight spermaries
are seen in a row through the transparent gonangial walls. Female gonangia larger, more robust,
pyriform, with eight conspicuous longitudinal ridges ending in lamellate processes which curve
inward toward a common center, and two of which, on opposite sides, are much larger than the
other six; apparently an internal marsupial chamber of globular form can be seen in mature
gonangia.’ When immature the gonangia are obconical in form, with eight regularly spaced
projections around the top.

Distribution.—New England coast, common (Verrill); Labrador (Packara); Gulf of St.
Lawrence (Whiteaves); British coasts (Hincks); Denmark (Winther); Norway (Levinsen); Iceland
(Semundsson); North Sea (Schulze).

Albatross Station 2250, lat. N. 40° 17’ 15’, long. W. 69° 51’ 45”, 47 fathoms.

This is a well-known shallow water species, occurring from tide level to about 50 fathoms.

DIPHASIA TAMARISCA (Linnzus).
(Plate XX VIII, figs. 6-7.)

Sea tamarisk Evuis, Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 4.

Sertularia tamarisca Linnxus, Systema Naturve, 1758, p. 808.

Sertularia tamarisca Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, X VII, 1761-1773, p. 533.
Sertularia tamarisca Pauuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 129.

Sertularia tamarisca Linnaus, Systema Naturze, 1767, p. 1307.

Sertularia tamarisca Bopparrt, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 160.

Sertularia tamariscus Mararri, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 26.

Sertularia Tamarisca Gronoyius, Zoophylacium gronoyianum, 1781, p. 357.
Sertularia tamarisca Exiis and Sotanper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 36.
Sertularia tamarisca WiLK1ns and Herest, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 16
Sertularia tamarisca GMELIN, Systema Nature, Linnzeus, I, 1788-1793, p. 3845.
Sertularia tamarisca BERKENHOUT, Synops. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 216.
Sertularia tamarisca Ourv1, Zoologia Adriatica, 1792, p. 288.

Sertularia tamarisca LAMARCK, Systéme des anim. sans Vert., 1801, p. 382.

Sertularia tamarisca Bosc, Hist. nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 92.

Sertularia tamarisca Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.

Sertularia tamarisca Lamovuroux, Bullet. Philomatique, 1812, p. 184.

Nigellastrum (Sertularia) tamarisca OkeN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815. p. 93.
Sertularia tamarisca LAMourRoux, Hist. nat. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 188.

J

1See explanation of this appearance on pp. 30-82.

THE SERTULARID®. 109

Sertularia tamarisca Stpwarr, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal Kingdom, II, 1817, p. 441.
Dinamena tamarisca DE BLAINvILLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 483.
Sertularia tamarisca Lamarck, Hist..nat. anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 153.
Sertularia tamarisca Hassati, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 168.

Dinamena tamarisca FLEMING, British Animals, 1842, p. 543.

Sertularia tamarisca Maccititrvray, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 164.
Sertularta tamarisca Gray, British Animals, 1843, p. 72.

Sertularia tamarisca Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 74.

?Sertularia producta Stimpson, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, 1854, p. 8.
Sertularia tamarisca ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 25.

Sertularia tamarisca ALLMAN, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., III, 1859, p. 238.
Diphasia tamarisca AGasstz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., IV, 1862, p. 355.
?Sertularia producta A. AGAssiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 145.
Diphasia tamarisca Hincxs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 254.

Diphasia tamariska Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben, 1873, p. 19.

Diphasia tamarisca ScuvuizE, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 132.

Diphasia tamarisca Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., X VI, 1895, p. 261.
Dynamena tamarisca BonnEvin, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 81.

**Shoots stout and erect, irregularly branched, the branches commonly alternate, sometimes
opposite, long, simple or variously branched. Hydrothec very large, cylindrical, the upper
half free and divergent, with a wide tridentate aperture; gonothece (male) compressed,
obcordate, attenuated below, broad and truncated above, with a small spine at each side, and a
central tubular aperture; (female) elongate, oval below, above three-sided with a pyramidal
summit, the edges of the pyramid serrated and its basal angles produced into spines.”

Distribution.—? Grand Manan (Stimpson); Great Britain (Hincks); Adriatic (Olivi); North
Sea (Schulze); Norway (Sars); Bay of Biscay (Beltremieux, ¢este Hincks).

I have not seen this species, and the above description is taken entire from that of Hincks,
which seems to be the best one available. The species may not be American, and is introduced
here because it seems that the Sertularia producta of Stimpson is this form, a view entirely con-
sistent with his description, which is as follows: ‘‘ Cells opposite, elongated, curving outward,
with ovate apertures. Vescicles slender, elongated, subtruncate and covered with spines at their
extremities. It differs from S. margareta Hassall, in having more numerous spines at the top
of the vescicle and none on its sides.” It seems eyident that Hincks regarded S. producta as a
synonym of 2). tamarisca, although he does not say so directly. He does, however, assign it to
Grand Manan on authority of Stimpson, in his account of the distribution of the species, and as
Stimpson does not mention 2). famarisca, but does describe the species S. producta, which answers
to the description of D. tamarisca, it seems certain that Hincks regarded the two as identical
species.

DIPHASIA FALLAX (Johnston).
(Plate XXIX, figs. 2-6.)

Dynamena pinnata Fiemine, Hist. Brit. Animals, 1828, p. 545. '
Sertularia pinnata Jounston, British Zoophytes, 1888, p. 127.

Sertularia pinnata MacettitvRay, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 463.
Sertularia fallax Jounston, British Zoophytes, 1847, p. 73.

Sertularia fallax Stimpson, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, 1854, p. 9.
Sertularia fallax ALpER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 24.

Divhasia fallax A. AGasstz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 142. *
Diphasia fallax Hicks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 249.

Diphasia fallax Verriu1, Proc. Am. Assn. Ady. Sci., 1873, p. 364.

Diphasia fallax VerritL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 44.
Diphasia fallax Verrii1, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 504.
Diphasia fallax Fewkes, Bullet. Essex Inst., X XIII, 1891, p. 38.

Diphasia fallax Leyinsen, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., 1892, p. 55.
Dynamena fallax Bonnevir, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 78.
Diphasia fallax Nurriwne, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 361.
Diphasia fallax Harerrr, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 391.

Diphasia fallax Wuirkaves, Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 26.
Diphasia fallax Smmunpsson, Islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 66.

110 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 3 or 4 inches. Stem not fascicled, proximal part
smooth and without regular nodes, remainder divided into regular internodes each of which bears
a pair of hydrothecz and sometimes a branch. Branches irregularly alternate, the proximal
internode bearing a pair of hydrothec as do all the others; branches often terminating in a long
hooked, tendril-like process and often dividing into branchlets. Hydrothecs opposite, tubular,
rather short and stout, those of a pair rather widely separated, adnate to branch for about
three-fourths their height, the distal one-fourth being abruptly divergent and ending in a large
broadly sinuous margin, the aperture reaching nearly or quite to the branch. Operculum a
single large adcauline flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in rows on front of branches. Female gonangia oblong-ovate
in general outline, the summit crowned by four long pointed lobes or flaps of equal size,
converging above. The appearance of an internal marsupial chamber is present in mature speci-
mens. Male gonangia much smaller, summit quadrangular, with each angle produced into a
tubular process and the center occupied by a small tubular neck terminating ina minute aperture.

Distribution.—New England coast (Verrill); Grand Manan (Stimpson); mouth of St.
Lawrence (Whiteaves); British coasts (Johnston); west coast of Greenland (Levinsen); Tromsoe,
Norway (Sars); Iceland (Seemundsson); U. S$. Fish Commission Station 770, Narragansett Bay,
8+ fathoms.

This species seems to be confined to shallow water.

-DIPHASIA TROPICA, new species.
(Plate XXX, fig. 1.)

Trophosome.—Colony unbranched, arising from a creeping root-stalk and attaining a height
of one-fourth inch. Stem slender, not fascicled, divided into regular internodes, each of which
bears a pair of strictly opposite hydrothece. Hydrotheer tubular, five-sided, contingent in
front for nearly half their length, scarcely touching each other on the posterior sidé of stem.
Three of the sides of each hydrotheca are seen from the front and two from behind. Distal half
free and curving regularly outward and a little upward. Margin circular, aperture closed by an
operculum which is adcauline in position. The hydrothece are ornamented throughout by
pronounced compressed external ridges running entirely around the walls, closely set and parallel
to each other, forming a conspicuous and unique ornamentation. Pairs of hydrothece are
separated by about their own height.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Shallow water between Eleuthera and Little Cat Island. Collected by the
Bahama expedition from the State University of Iowa.

The beautiful and regular annulation and the five sides to the hydrothece are features that
render this species peculiarly striking and distinct.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19804, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18729, Museum State University of Iowa;
also in collection of the author.

DIPHASIA DIGITALIS (Busk).
(Plate XXX, figs. 2-7.)

Sertularia digitalis Busk, Voyage of Rattlesnake, I, 1852, pp. 387, 393.
Desmoscyphus longitheca ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 26.
Diphasia digitalis Batx, Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 101.
Desmoscyphus acanthocarpus ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 73.

Trophosome.—Stem not fascicled, attaining a height of about 4 inches, divided into regular
but obscure internodes, each of which bears a pair of opposite hydrothecz and occasionally a
branch. Branches irregularly alternate, arising from short processes which spring from the
postero-lateral surface of the stem, rigid, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a
pair of hydrothecz on its anterior face. Hydrothece borne on front of the stem in pairs the
individuals of which are contingent on their adcauline sides for almost their entire length, long,

THE SERTULARID. Tit

tubular, squarish in cross section, closely approximated, parallel to each other and to the branch
for nearly their entire length, their short free distal ends bending outward and forward; margin
sinuous, but not toothed; aperture large, directed more nearly upward than is usual in this
genus; operculum very conspicuous, forming an arched cap over the aperture.

Gonosome.—Gonangia attached to the back of stem, small, pellucid, oblong-oval, with a short,
tubular neck and with the walls beset throughout with small, sharp, thorn-like spines.

Distribution. West Indian region and Florida keys, Bahama expedition from the State
University of Iowa; off Bahia, Brazil, Challenger; Key West (Allman); Prince of Wales
Channel, Torres Strait (Busk); Adbatross Station 2323, lat. N. 23° 10’ 51”, long. W. 82° 19’ 03”,
163 fathoms; Station 2333, lat. N. 23° 10’ 36”, long. W. 82° 19’ 12’, 169 fathoms; Station 2350, lat.
N. 238° 10’ 39’, long. W. 82° 20 21”, 213 fathoms.

Having examined Allman’s type of Desmoscyphus acanthocarpus and compared it with his
Desmoscyphus longitheca, l have no hesitation in declaring them identical. Bale? calls attention
to the close resemblance between 2). longitheca Allman and S. digitalis Busk. The drawings and
descriptions of this latter species given by Bale agree exactly with the type of D. acanthocarpus
Allman. Busk’s description has the priority, and the other two must be regarded as synonyms.

Type.—In South Kensington Museum, London. Fragment in possession of the author. ;

? DIPHASIA PULCHRA, new species.

(Plate XXXI, figs. 1-3.)

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 5 inches. Stem strongly geniculate, divided
into fairly regular internodes, at least in distal part, each internode giving forth a branch, the
nodes being just under the processes which support the branches. Branches arranged in a spiral,
rising gracefully from the main stem, forming a dense, symmetrical, bushy tuft, giving a very
elegant appearance to the colony; branches divided into long internodes, each of which bears
several hydrothece. Hydrothece rather distant, subalternate, long, pitcher-shaped, the distal
end narrowed and terminating in a mouth like that of a pitcher; margin with two broad opposite
teeth, and a sinuation or excavation on the adcauline side, where the one-flapped operculum is
attached.

CGonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2863, lat. N. 48° 58’, long. W. 123° 10’, 67 fathoms.

This graceful species bears considerable resemblance to certain forms of Zhu‘aria, but seems
to have more affinities for Diphasia, where it is provisionally placed. When the gonosome is
discovered it may be necessary to place it in another genus.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19799, 19800, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18724, Museum of State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

DIPHASIA PAARMANNI, new species.
(Plate X X-XJ, figs. 4-6.)

Trophosome.—Colony erect, rigid, plumiform, attaining a height of about 3 inches. . Stem
stiff, straight, the proximal unbranched part smooth and without nodes, the remainder divided
into obscure but regular internodes, each of which bears a pair of opposite hydrothece and a
branch. Branches strictly alternate, stiff, divided from the stem by a sharp basal constriction;
internodes regular, each bearing two alternate hydrothece and divided by oblique nodes. Hydro-
thee alternate on branches, opposite on main stem, rather distant, about the distal one-third
free, tubular, curving gently outward, ending in a sinuous margin shaped like the mouth of a
pitcher. Operculum adcauline, consisting of a single flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne in rows along the front of branches. Female gonangia large,
oblong-ovate, proximal end narrowing to a short slender pedicel, distal end dome-shaped and
consisting of four large lobes with contiguous or coalesced edges arching over to form the dome;

‘Australian Hydroid-Zoophytes, 1884, p. 101.
5125—pr 2—04——_8

ialy) AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

an internal marsupium is present in mature specimens. Male gonangia rather slender for this
genus, oblong conoid, with six to eight longitudinal ridges becoming more prominent distally
and ending ina circle of six to eight elevated points, which surround the slender tubular neck
which occupies the center of the distal end of the gonangium.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2415, lat. N. 30° 44’, long. W. 79° 26’, 440 fathoms; Station
2663, lat. N. 29° 39’, long. W. 79° 49’, 421 fathoms; Station 2666, lat. N. 30° 47’ 30”, long. W.
79° 49’, 270 fathoms; Station 2668, lat. N. 80° 58’ 30”, long. W. 79° 88! 380”, 294 fathoms.

This species seems to be the most southerly in its distribution of all of the typical Diphasia
species, and is also found in deeper water than is usual in this group. It is probably nearest
D. pinnata, from which it differs in having a sharp constriction at the base of each branch,
alternate and more distant hydrothecw, and in the character of the male gonangium. I take
pleasure in naming this very beautiful form in honor of Mr. J. H. Paarmann, who has done
much to elucidate the structure of the operculum in this family of hydroids.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19797, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18726, Museum of State University of
Towa; also in collection of the author.

DIPHASIA CORNICULATA (Murray).
(Plate X XIX, fig. 1.)
Sertularia corniculata Murray, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., V, 1860, p. 251.
Diphasia corniculata A. AGassiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 143.
Sertularia corniculata CLARK, Hydroids of the Pacifie Coast, 1876, p. 251.

‘Cells not quite opposite, sometimes nearly alternate, forming an open cup resting on the
stem; lip not distinct; exterior margin somewhat projecting at tip; a single one in the axilla of
sxach pinna. Vescicles pear-shaped, with two long points projecting like horns at the thick end;
aperture between them.”

Distribution.—Bay of San Francisco (Murray).

I have not seen this species, and copy the aboye description, which is entirely inadequate,
from the original by Murray. His figure, which I also copy, shows that the gonangia, or at
least one of them, resemble that of 2. tamarésca, but the hydrothece seem much stouter and
more nearly opposite.

DIPHASIA KINCAIDI (Nutting).
(Plate XX XI, figs. 7-9.)
Thwiaria elegans Nurvinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 187.
Thuiaria kincaidi Nurtinc, American Naturalist, Sept., 1901, p. 789.
Thuiaria elegans Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 14.

Trophosome.—Colony plumose, attaining a height of about 6 inches. Stem not fascicled,
with a row of hydrothece on each side, divided by oblique nodes into long and irregular
internodes; in distal part each internode bears from two to four branches. Branches irregularly
alternate, unbranched for about their proximal half, the distal portion dividing into a number of
branchlets, the whole giving a very elegant plumose appearance to the colony. Branches
divided into irregular internodes by oblique nodes, each internode ordinarily bearing more than
two hydrothece. Hydrothece subalternate, short, stout, pitcher-shaped, the abeauline outline
being a double curve and the adcauline a single curve; margin sinuous, like the mouth of a
pitcher. Operculum consisting of a large, slightly vaulted adcauline flap. The top of one
hydrotheca is separated by a considerable space from the bottom of the one immediately above it.

Gonosome.—Gonangia arranged in crowded double rows along the distal parts of the stem
and branches, small for this genus, rather slender, oblong-oval, the distal end truncated and
entirely occupied by the large round aperture. There is an internal distal plug which appears as
a dark collar in fresh specimens. The gonangia have no spines or external projections of any
sort.

Distribution.— Berg Inlet and Dutch Harbor, Alaska (Nutting). Collected by the Harriman
Alaska Expedition.

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 19795, 19796, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18725, Museum of State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

THE SERTULARIDA. 1138

ABIETINARIA Kirechenpauer (modified).

Trophosome.—Uydrothece not strictly opposite, more or less bottle-shaped (the proximal
portion turgid, distal portion narrowed), operculum of a single adcauline flap, margin usually
without teeth.

Gonosome.—Gonangia plain, corrugated or ribbed, without lateral spines and without an
internal marsupium.

This genus was proposed by Kirchenpauer! to include a few species allied to Sertularia
abietina of authors, his formal characterization being as follows, freely translated:

Sertularians with branched stem. Stem or branch bearing pinnate branches. Hydrothece
flask-shaped, decidedly bulging (ventricose), with a tubular neck, and aperture directed laterally.

Neither Kirchenpauer nor Marktanner-Turneretscher,* who adopted this genus, recognized
the important character of an adcauline operculum, the latter writer expressly stating that
Abietinaria is composed of nonoperculate forms. Levinsen, on the other hand, placed great
stress on the operculum, as we have seen, and included all species with a single-flapped adcauline
operculum in the genus Diphasia.* Here, again, it seems to me, that reliance on a single character
has been misleading and has resulted in an unnatural association of species.

The genus as above defined appears to be a fairly natural group, and one easily identified in
nearly all cases. Of course the operculum is sometimes difficult to make out by the novice, but
any good observer should be able to detect it and to decide whether it is adcauline or abcauline,
thus differentiating between Ab/et/naria and Thucaria in cases where other characters fail. In
most cases the general shape of the hydrothece will at once determine the matter.

POINTS OF INTERGRADATION BETWEEN ABIETINARIA AND OTHER GENERA.

With ZAwiaria, in general shape of hydrotheca, extent of immersion of hydrothece, and
character of margin and aperture, as in uf. annulata, Kirchenpauer, A. turgida Clark, and
A. gigantea Clark. In all of these cases the operculum is evidently of a single adcauline flap.

With Diphasia, in the character of the margin and operculum. This prevails throughout
the genus, and makes if necessary to consider other characters that are given in the definition of
the genus Ab/jeténaria, particularly the shape of the hydrothece. In those cases where the
hydrotheecx are not typically bottle-shaped, as in A. turg/da and A. gigantea, the orifice is still
much more constricted than the body of the hydrothecx, and in none of these cases does the
gonosome resemble that which is characteristic of Diphasia.

This genus is essentially arctic and north temperate in distribution, a great majority of
species occurring in particularly luxuriant colonies in the cold waters of Alaska. Not a single
American species is found in tropical seas, and none extends south of California, on the Pacific
coast, or south of New England, on our North Atlantic coast. One species, A. ab/etina, extends
to the Mediterranean, on the east shores of the Atlantic.

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ABIETINARIA.

More than one-fourth of adcauline wall free.
Hydrothece not leaning forward in noticeable degree.
Internodes of stem fairly regular, each bearing a branch.
Hydrothece large and fairly robust.
Gonangia not top-shaped nor annulated.
Not more than one-third of hydrothecal wall adnate
At least half of adcauline wall adnate.
Gonangia with broad aperture

Gonanpia with narrow aperthrec oc sce secs tee cease aeiac eae eee es Se ae inconstans.
Gonansiswtop-abaped, with annulan Tupostiles: secs. oe - eee ee ee Oe eka soe eee coe.

Eivdrothecs smalliand' delicate; nearl yiopposite:. 22.5 en sce awe oe ne ene = eee ene co ec ener eeen jilicula.

'Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, pp. 29-31.
*Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, pp. 220, 244.
*‘Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening, Kjabenhavn, 1892, p. 196.

114 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Internodes of stem irregular.

Distal ends of hydrothece very greatly narrowed, hydrothec:e very short...-.-.-------
Distal endsot hy drothecs: much compressedis. -<- cs aes ee ee eee ee

Distal ends of hydrothecze not greatly compressed.

More than one-half of adcauline wall adnate... ..- -...-2----4---eeeen see -e eee eens
Aboutioue-thoird of adcauline walltadnates= === = -2- ess] =s5 seen ee eee tee eee

Hydrothecie leaning forward in noticeable degree.

ngs Of by dropnece: mmchicomipTessed mest eee eae re eer

Ends of hydrothecze not noticeably compressed.

phy drothecsemotiourved sess ee ane ara a ere oe a er ee

Hydrothece distinctly curved.
Hydrothecal margin with two adcauline teeth in some cases, and without teeth in
others, in the same colony. Gonangia annulated
Margin always without teeth, gonangia with longitudinal ribs
Less than one-fourth of adcauline wall free.

Stem very dark, thick, and woody, not translucent --..-.........--.-.--.-----------=--=:----

Stem thick, but not woody, horn color, translucent. |

Stem with regular internodes, each bearing a pair of hydrothece .........-...------------

Stem with irregular internodes... ---.--- Set EEE er te ee LS eerie

ABIETINARIA ABIETINA (Linnzus).
(Plate XXXII, figs. 1-3.)

Sea fir Exuis, Essay Nat. Hist. Cor., 1755, p. 4.

Sertularia abietina Linn xus, Systema Naturze, 1758, p. 808.

Sertularia abietina Linnxus, Fauna Suecica, 1761, p. 540.

Sertularia abietina Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, X VII, 1761-73, p. 534.
Sertularia abietina Basrer, Dissertation de Zoophytis, 1762, p. 113.

Sertularia abietina Patuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 133.

Sertularia abietina Lixnxus, Systema Naturze, 1767, p. 1307.

Sertularia abietina Bopparrt, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 166.

Sertularia abietina OLAFSEN and PoveELsEN, Rejse igiennem Island. Sorée, 1772, p. 40.
Sertularia abietina Mararti, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 27.

Sertularia abietina MiuuEr, Zoologize Danicze, 1776, p. 255.

Sertularia abietina Fasricivus, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, p. 442. :
Sertularia abietina Gronoyius, Zoophylacium gronovianum, 1781, p. 397.
Sertularia abietina Eviis and SotanpeEr, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 36.
Sertularia abietina WitKins and Herpst, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 172.
Sertularia abietina GMELIN, Systema Naturze (Linnzeus), 1788-93, p. 3845.
Sertularia abietina Esper, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 171.
Sertularia abietina BeERKENHOUT, Synops. Nat. Hist. Great Britain and Ireland, I, 1789, p. 216.
Sertularia abietina Porrrr, Voyage en Barbarie, II, 1789, p. 70.

Sertularia abietina Esper, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-1806, pl. 1.
Sertularia abietina Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, II, 1802, p. 92.

Sertularia abietina Turton, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.

Sertularia abietina JAMESON, Cat. Animals Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Sertularia abietina Lamourovx, Bull. philomatique, 1812, p. 184.

* Nigellastrum abielinum OxeN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 93.
Sertularia abietina LAMARcK, Hist. nat. anim. sans vert., II, 1816, p. 116.
Sertularia abietina LamMovroux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 187.

Sertularia abietina Stewart, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal King., II, 1817, p. 441.
Sertularia abietina Scawe1ccrr, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1820, p. 427.
Sertularia abietina LAmMovroux, Exposition Méthodique, 1821, p. 12.

Sertularia abietina DE BLAINVILLE, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 480.

Sertularia abietina OkeN, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte, 1835, p. 80.

Sertularia abietina Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. sans vert., 1836, p. 141.

Sertularia abietina Gray, British Animals, 1841, p. 72.

Sertularia abietina Hassauy, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 168.

Dynamena abielina FLeminG, British Animals, 1842, p. 543.

Sertularia abietna Maccituryray, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 464.

Sertularia abietina WyNxpMAN, Ann. and Mag., X, 1842, p. 20.

Sertularia abietina DALYELL, Rare and Remark. Anim. Scotland, 1847, p. 150.
Sertularia abietina Jouxsvon, Hist. British Zoophytes, 2d ed., 1847, p. 75.
Sertularia abietina Gosse, Devonshire coast, 1853, p. 434.

eeu gee anguina.

Sowers gracilis.

S2se55 COMPTessa.

ae eice alexanderi.

ites annulata.

os sees turgida.

Sadecen gigantea.

THE SERTULARID. 1 bs"

Sertularia abietina ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 25.

Sertularia abietina ALEXANDER AGassiz, North American Acalephze, 1865, p. 148.
Sertularia abietina HELLER, Zooph. and Echinodermen, 1868, p. 34.

Sertularia abietina VAN BENEDEN, Fauna Littorale, 1866, p. 185.

Sertularia abietina Hixcks, British Hydroids, 1867, p. 266.

Sertularia abietina Scuuize, Nordsee Exped., 1872, p. 132.

Sertularia abietina McIntosu, Ann. and Mag., 4tb ser., XIII, 1874, p. 213.
Sertularia abietina Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 324,
Sertularia abietina Wintuer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift, 1879-80, p. 250.

Abietinaria abietina KincHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 31.

Sertularia abietind Berau, Goplepolyper fra Kara Havet, 1887, p. 335.
Sertularia abietina ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 62.

Sertularia abietina Driescn, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 202.

Abietinaria abietina MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 245.
Sertularia abietina Bourne, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1890, p. 397.

~Diphasia abietina Levixsen, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., 1892, p. 56.

Sertularia abietina Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., X VI, 1895, p. 261.

Sertularia abietina HartLaus, Hydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 451.

‘Thuiaria abietina Boxnevir, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 10.

‘Sertularella abietina Nutvinc, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region; 1901, p. 361.

Sertularia abietina Waireaves, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 25.

Diphasia abietina Sxmunpsson, Bidrag til Kundskaben om islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 65.

Trophosome.—Colony sometimes attaining a height of 12 to 14 inches. Main stem heavy,
flexuose or feebly geniculate, divided into fairly regular internodes by oblique nodes, each
internode bearing a branch and two hydrothecee on one side and one hydrotheca on the
other. Branches regularly alternate, pinnate, themselves sometimes branched, divided into
internodes of very irregular length, bearing from two to many hydrothece. Hydrothece very
large, subopposite to alternate, flask-shaped or bottle-shaped, gibbous below, narrowing above
into a gracefully curved neck ending in a round smooth margin which incloses an aperture
directed upward and slightly outward; distal one-third entirely free from the hydrocaulus;
operculum (seldom seen in preserved specimens) consisting of a single adcauline flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the upper sides of the branches, rather small in comparison
to the hydrothec, oval, with a very short pedicel, a short collar, wide terminal aperture, and
an operculum. Some specimens are more or less annulated.

Distribution.—One of the common species on European and British coasts. Woods Hole
Region (Nutting), Newfoundland (Stimpson), Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves), Labrador
(Packard), Mediterranean (Pallas), Adriatic (Heller), Belgium (van Beneden), British coasts
(Hinecks), North Cape (Sars), North Sea (Schulze), Polar Sea (Bergh), Iceland (Seemundsson),
Greenland (Fabricius), Alaska (Lieut. Geo. M. Stoney, U. S$. Navy), Bering Sea (A/hatross
collections), off Washington (A/batross collections); Albatross Station 2864, lat. N. 48° 22’, long.
W. 122° 51’, 48 fathoms; Station 3159, lat. N. 37° 47’ 20”, long. W. 123° 10’, 27 fathoms; Station
3443, lat. N. 48° 13’ 30’, long. W. 123° 11’ 20’, 97 fathoms; Station 3546, lat. N. 54° 12’, long.
W. 165° 49’, 36 fathoms; Station 3552, lat. N. 56° 28’, long. W. 169° 28’, 54 fathoms.

This species flourishes best in northern waters, and I have no record of its occurrence south
of Massachusetts on our east coast nor south of Washington on the Pacific. The Mediterranean
record of Pallas seems somewhat doubtful. It appears to thrive best in depths of 30 to 100
fathoms.

ABIETINARIA VARIABILIS (Clark).

(Plate XXXII, figs. 4-7.)
Sertularia variabilis CLarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 221.
Abietinaria variabilis KircHenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 35.
Sertularia variabilis Nurrinc, Hydroids of Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.
Thuiaria variabilis Nurrinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Exped., 1901, p. 185.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 5 inches in largest specimens. Stem stout,
rigid, flexuose, divided into fairly constant internodes each of which bears two hydrothecie and
a branch on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other in some specimens, while in others the
internodes are long and irregular and the branches far apart. Branches alternate typically, but

116 AMERICAN: HYDROIDS

sometimes very irregularly so, often divided into internodes each of which bears two hydrothecx,
but in other cases with no nodes at all, unless the constriction of the base be regarded as such.
Hydrothece exceedingly variable, those in typical specimens collected by Dr. Dall are very short
and stout, subalternate, swollen below, rapidly constricting throughout their free distal third,
and ending in a smooth circular margin and aperture directed upward and outward. There is
often a sharp constriction or indentation just below the margin on the adcauline side. The
operculum could not be seen in specimens examined, but is doubtless present in fresh specimens
and consists of one adcauline flap. All intergradations occur between the hydrotheca aboye
described and one much more slender with distal one-half free and aperture horizontal.

Gonosome.—Gonangia ovate, small, borne on upper sides of branches, with a large distal
aperture and a row of chitinous points some distance below the aperture. Another form described
by Clark is pyriform instead of ovate.

Distribution.—Abundant on Alaskan coasts, Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, San Miguel Island,
California (Dall); Adbatross Station 2857, lat. N. 58° 05’, long. W. 150° 46’, 51 fathoms; Station
2864, lat. N. 48° 22’, long. W. 122° 51’, 48 fathoms; Station 2866, lat. N. 48° 09’, long. W.
125° 03’, 171 fathoms; Station 2886, lat. N. 48° 59’, long. W. 124° 56’ 30, 50 fathoms; Station
3231, lat. N. 58° 35’, long. W. 157° 28’ 50”, 12 fathoms; Station 3465, lat. N. 48° 21’, long. W.
123° 14’, 48 fathoms; Station 3599, lat. N. 52° 05’, long. E. 177° 40’, 55 fathoms; Puget Sound
(Nutting).

This is one of the most variable species known, and it is fortunate that Dr. Dall secured a
large series showing the intergradations between the extreme forms. The species ranges from
shallow water to a depth of 171 fathoms.

Type.—In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
ABIETINARIA INCONSTANS (Clark).
(Plate XX XIII, figs. 1-2.)
Sertularia inconstans CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 222.

Abietinaria inconstans KirCHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 36.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 1 inch in specimens examined. Stem very
stiff and coarse, dark colored, divided into numerous sharply separated internodes on proximal
unbranched portion; branched portion divided into regular internodes by oblique nodes; inter-
nodes each bearing a branch and two hydrothece on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other.
Branches erect, almost parallel with main stem, forming a dense tuft, alternate, basal portion
marked by several sharp annulated constrictions, internodes short usually bearing one or two
pairs of hydrotheex. Hydrothecee very similar to those of u1. f#//ceula, but much heavier and
coarser, although not attaining anything like the size of 1. ab/etina, swollen below, the distal
third free, narrowing to a circular margin beneath the adcauline side of which is a constriction
and thickening of the hydrothecal wall; aperture facing upward. Sometimes there is a chitinous
tooth projecting inward from the adcauline margin. Operculum not seen, but doubtless of the
regular Abzetinaria pattern.

“The gonangia show the greatest amount of variation of any species that I know

Gonosoiie.
of; it is impossible to describe their form, for there is not one of them that seems to agree with
any other.”* **Sessile, large, orifice terminal, small, discoidal; outline very irregular, tapering
usually at the base; borne in two rows on distal portion of main stem.” The present writer has
not seen the gonangia.

Distribution.—Unalaska beach (Dall). This species can readily be distinguished from its
nearest ally, A. f//ceula, by its thick, dark stems, and very deep annulations and nodes, as well
as by the heavier and denser hydrothecze and ascending branches.

Zype.—In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

1Clark, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 223.

THE SERTULARID. TU,

ABIETINARIA COEI (Nutting).

(Plate XXXII, figs. 3-5.)

Thuiaria coei Nurrinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 185.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 3 inches. Stem with several deep annulations
near its base, which is constricted; above these annulations the stem is straight, divided into
regular short internodes, each bearing a pair of nearly opposite hydrothecee; above the origin of
the first branch the stem becomes geniculate, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears
a branch and two hydrothec on one side, and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches alter-
nating, not branching again, rigid, divided into irregular, rather short internodes, each of which
usually bears more than one pair of hydrothece, although in many terminal branches there is
seen the regular sertularian arrangement of an internode to each pair of hydrothece. Hydro-
thece of the jilicula type, subopposite, proximal end swollen, outer edge straight or with a
simple curve, distal one-half free and gradually narrowing to the round aperture which opens
upward, There is a slight constriction and thickening of the hydrothecal wall on the adcauline
side, and a regularly curved chitinous thickening on the inner side of the hydrotheca. Oper-
culum consisting of a single flap attached to the adcauline side of margin.

Gonosome.—Gonangia large, borne on front of main stem and upper sides of branches; top-
shaped, with a broad collar and large terminal aperture; proximal portion with broad annular
corrugations and narrowing rapidly to a curved short pedicel.

Distribution.—Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Collected by Dr. W. R. Coe of the Harriman
Expedition, after whom the species is named; Tledis Village, near Susk, British Columbia,
James G. Swan.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19904, 19906, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18749, Museum of State University
of lowa; also in the collection of the author.

ABIETINARIA FILICULA (Ellis and Solander).

(Plate XXXIV, fig. 1.)

Sertularia filicula Exv.is and Souanper, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786, p. 57.
Sertularia filicula Gmeuin, Systema Naturae (Linnzeus), 1788-93, p. 3853.
Sertularia filicula Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 97.

Sertularia filicula Turron, British Fauna, 1807, p. 215.

Sertularia filicula Jameson, Cat. Anim. Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Sertularia filicula LAMAnck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 119.
Sertularia filicula Lamouroux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 188.

Sertularia filicula Srewarvr, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal Kingdom, IJ, 1817, p. 445.
Sertularia filicula LaMovuroux, Exposition Méthodique, 1821, p. 12.

Sertularia filicula Bosc, Hist. Nat. des. Vers, 1830, p. 114.

Sertularia filicula pe BuarnvitLe, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 485.
Sertularia jilicula Lamarcr, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 2d ed., 1836, p. 146.
Sertularia filicula Hassatu, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 168

Dinamena filicula FLEMING, British Animals, 1842, p. 544.

Sertularia filicula Macetuutyray, Ann, and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 464.

Sertularia filicula Jounston, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. 76.

Sertularia filicula Gray, List British Animals, 1848, p. 72.

Sertularia filicula Strmeson, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, 1854, p. 8. —.
Sertularia filicula Auber, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, p. 25.

Sertularia filicula Hines, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., X, 1862, p. 361.

Dynamena filicula Kincuenraver, Neue Sertulariden, 1864, p. 7.

Sertularia filicula A. AGassiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 145.
Sertularia filicula Hixcxs, Brit. Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 264.

Sertularia filicula McInrosu, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 213.
Sertularia filicula CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 219.

Sertwlaria filicula Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 323.
Sertularia filicula Wixtner, Naturhist. Tidsskrift, 1879-80, p. 277.

Abietinaria filicula KircHenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 32.
Abietinaria filicula MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturh. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 245,

118 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Diphasia filicula Levinsen, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., 1892, p. 57.
Sertularia filicula Crawrorp, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Thuiaria filicula Bonnevin, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 84.
Thuiaria filicula Wurrraves, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 25.
?Sertularia filicula Torrey, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 68.

Trophosome.—Almost an epitome of A. abietina. Colony attaining a height of about 2
inches. Main stem straight on proximal unbranched portion, geniculate throughout the rest of
its extent, divided into fairly regular internodes in the branched portion, each internode bearing a
branch and two hydrothecz on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Lower portion
with long and irregular internodes. Branches often branching again, divided into irregular
internodes which usually bear several hydrothece each. Hydrothecs more nearly opposite than
in A. abietina, and not so closely approximated, slender, delicate, bottle-shaped, the proximal
portion being gibbous, and the distal one-half to one-third narrowing into a slender recurved
neck ending in a round aperture which points almost directly upward and is furnished with a
one-flapped operculum attached to the adcauline side. Immediately below the attachment of the
operculum is a sharp constriction or indentation of the hydrothecal neck.

Gonosome.—Gonangia pyriform, with a short, narrow neck ending in a small, round aperture.
They are found both on the stem and branches.

Distribution.—New England coast, Cape Cod to Gulf of St. Lawrence (Verrill); Grand
Manan (Stimpson); Labrador (Packard); Alaska (Clark); A/batross Station 2865, lat. N. 48° 12,
long. W. 122° 49’, 40 fathoms. Great Britain, north of Scotland to Cornwall (Hineks); White
Sea (Mereschkowsky); Christiania (Marktanner-Turneretscher); Greenland (Leyinsen); North
Atlantic (Bonneyie).

I have not seen this species on our Atlantic coast, although I have examined a great deal of
material from that region. If it occurs there it is probably rare. Kirchenpauer’ considers that
the specimens from Alaska described by Clark are a distinct variety from the British form. I
‘an see no material difference between the two. The resemblance between this species and A.
abietina is so exact in all except size that they would doubtless be regarded as identical, could
intergrading specimens be found. Such specimens, however, are not forthcoming, and hence
the two species must be held as good.

ABIETINARIA TRASKI (Torrey).

(Plate XX XIII, figs. 6-11.)
Sertularia traski Torrey, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 69.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 6 inches. Stem straight, thick, not
fascicled; lower portion without branches or hydrothecxe, smooth, divided into irregular, usually
long internodes by deep nodes; upper portion with a double row of hydrothece and alternate
branches, there being three hydrothecxe between adjacent branches on the same side. Branches

much more slender than the stem, alternate, with a deep constriction near the base, nodes
entirely absent or distant. Hydrothece alternate, rather distant, short and thick, with subtri-
angular bodies and constricted neck ending in an eyen margin which is flattened on the adcauline
side; aperture directed upward; operculum consisting of a single adcauline flap.

(ronosome.— Gonangia small, ovate, sessile, without ornamentation of any kind; aperture
large, round; no collar.

Distribution.—San Pedro, California (Torrey); Adbatross Station 2861, lat. N. 51° 14’, long.
W. 129° 50’, 204 fathoms; Station 2873, lat. N. 48° 30’, long. W. 124° 57’, 40 fathoms; Station
2886, lat. N. 43° 59’, long. W. 124° 56’ 30”, 50 fathoms; Station 3192, lat. N. 35° 83’ 40’, long.
W. 121° 15’, 101 fathoms.

This species seems quite distinct, the difference in size between stem and branches and the
triangular shape of the hydrothece being the main diagnostic features.
Type.—In the collection of the University of California.

‘Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 32.

THE SERTULARIDA. 119

ABIETINARIA AMPHORA, new species.
(Plate XXXIV, figs. 2-4.)

Trophosome.—Colony about 4 inches high, consisting of a single straight stem pinnately
branched. Stem neither sinuous nor flexuose, proximal unbranched portion deeply but irregu-
larly annulated and without hydrothece; distal branched portion with distant and very irregular
internodes, and usually with three hydrothece between adjacent branches; branches not dividing
into branchlets, nodes sometimes entirely absent, usually very distant, there often being but one
on a branch, besides the basal constriction. _Hydrothecz subopposite to subalternate, much more
closely approximated than in A. costata (which has a similar gonosome); basal portion flask-shaped,
distal one-half free and curved outward and then upward; margin without teeth, often bearing
collapsible tubular membrane; distal end of hydrothecz dorso-ventrally compressed; aperture
oval, directed upward and slightly inward; operculum consisting of a single adcauline flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on front of stem and sometimes on basal parts of branches,
very large, slender, with long neck and round terminal aperture. There are four or five strong
longitudinal ridges or crests running from base of neck to near the pedicel.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2841, lat. N. 54° 18’, long. W. 165° 55’, 56 fathoms; Station
2866, lat. N. 48° 09’, long. W. 125° 03’, 171 fathoms; Whidley Island, Puget Sound (specimen
from Professor Trevor Kincaid).

This species closely resembles A. a/evander/, but its hydrothece are not straight, but curved,
as is common in the genus. The gonosomes of the two species are entirely different.

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 19821, 19900, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18745, Museum State University
of lowa; also in the collection of the author.

ABIETINARIA ANGUINA (Trask).
(Plate XXXIV, figs. 5-7.) :
Sertularia anguina Trask, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1857, p. 112.
NSertularia labrata Murray, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., V, 1860, p. 250.
Sertularia anguina A, AGAssiz, North Amer. Acalephie, 1865, p. 144.
NSertularia anguina var. robusta CLARK, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 255.
Abietinaria labiata KircHEeNpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 34.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 5 inches. Stem geniculate except on proxi-
mal unbranched portion, where it is straight and divided into unequal internodes, distal branched
portion divided into unequal internodes, the tendency being to have a branch and two hydrothece
on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other side of each internode. Branches alternate,
divided into unequal internodes, the tendency being to have a pair of hydrothece to each inter-
node. As a rule the branches do not subdivide into branchlets. Hydrothecwe large, of the
abietina type, subopposite to alternate, basal part swollen, distal one-third to one-half narrowing
and curving to the round, partially everted margin surrounding the aperture which is usually
directed upward; in some cases the margin is distinctly everted all the way around, while in others
there is no eversion whatever; operculum adcauline, of a single flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia small, ovate, with short collar and small aperture, curved slightly in
upper part; collar marked with short, spine-like vertical :nternal projections. Gonangia borne
on front of stem and upper side of branches.

Distribution.—San_ Diego, California (Hemphill); Monterey Bay (Anderson); Vancouver
Island (Dawson); San Francisco (Trask); Bering Sea (A/batross collections); Albatross Station
2842, lat. N. 54° 15’, long. W. 166° 03’, 72 fathoms; Station 3230, lat. N. 58° 31’ 30”, long. W.
157° 13’ 30”, 30 fathoms; Station 3599, lat. N. 52° 05’, long. W. 177° 40", 55 fathoms.

The specimens that I have seen are from Santa Barbara, California, and Bering Sea, and
they all agree well with Doctor Clark’s description of Sertu/aria anguina var. robusta. The A.
labiata Murray of Kirchenpauer (incorrectly spelled /a)/ati by Kirchenpauer) cannot be iden-
tified with certainty by his description, but it may perhaps be identical with A. coe/ Nutting. I
am unable to agree with Doctor Torrey in considering this species identical with A. f#//eula.'

'Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, p. 68. It is possible that the name anguina should be retained for the yar.
robusta of Clark, which is apparently distinct.

120 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

ABIETINARIA GRACILIS, new species.
(Plate XX XV, figs. 1-2.)

Trophosome.—The largest colony examined was about 3 inches high. Main stem straggling
in habit, nearly straight below the lowest branch, the branch-bearing portion being geniculate,
divided into irregular internodes, the tendency being to have a branch and two hydrothece on
one side and one hydrotheca on the other. Branches distant, irregularly alternate, often dividing
into branchlets, usually arising from near the base of a hydrotheca, but sometimes springing
from the lumen of the hydrotheca as in the specimen figured; divided into irregular internodes,
some of which bear but one or two hydrothecx. Hydrothecre subopposite to alternate, more
distant than in other species of the genus and more slender distally; basal portion flask-shaped,
more than the distal half free and gracefully narrowing until near the end, where it expands into
an everted rim around the aperture which is abruptly turned upward; operculum consisting of
one adcauline flap. ’

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on front of main stem, flask-shaped, with short neck and round
aperture, ornamented externally with about six conspicuous longitudinal ridges.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2873, lat. N. 48° 30, long. W. 124° 57’, 40 fathoms; Station
3480, lat. N. 52° 06’, long. W. 171° 45’, 283 fathoms; Station 3599, lat. N. 52° 05’, long. E. 177°
40’, 55 fathoms.

The hydrothecvx of this species are among the most elegantly formed that I have seen among
the Sertularide. The whole structure of the colony is much less compact than in its allies,
bearing more distant branches and hydrothecxe and having a more straggling habit of growth.
The hydrothecz are about the size of A. flicula, but their shape is entirely different, as can be
seen by comparing the figures.

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 19914, 19915, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18754, Museum of State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

ABIETINARIA COMPRESSA (Mereschkowsky).

(Plate XXXV, figs. 3-4.)
Sertularia compressa Mrrescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 446.

‘*Trophosome.—Uydrorhiza in the form of stolons. Hydrocaulus short, erect, not angular,
rather rigid, divided into irregular internodes, only giving off very few ramifications. Branches
arranged alternately and regularly on two sides of the principal stem, straight, also divided into
irregular internodes. Hydrothece arranged alternately, subopposite, one to three pairs on each
internode, the base inflated and rounded, the upper half strongly compressed in a plane vertical
to the plane of ramification of the colony. Aperture oval, compressed, long but narrow, with
two angles on the two sides, and two very slightly developed teeth.”

Gonosome.—U nknown.

Locality.—Port Ajan (M. Wosnessensky).

I have not seen this species, and have copied the original description entire. 1 am unable to
find any mention of Port Ajan in the atlas at my disposal, and the species may not be American,
although all specimens described by Mereschkowsky in the article referred to are from the North
Pacitic. .

Type.—In the collection of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.

ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI, new species.

(Plate XXXV, figs. 5-8.)

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 6 inches. Main stem straight, divided into
fairly regular internodes, each of which ordinarily hears a branch and two hydrothece on one
side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches alternate, rarely giving forth branchlets,
divided into irregular internodes, each bearing several hydrothece. Hydrothec subalternate,

THE SERTULARIDA. 121

straight, the basal part being flask-shaped, and the distal portion tubular and not curving as in
allied species, about the distal half free, and both upper and lower outlines of free portions con-
“ave; aperture oval, margin without definite teeth, although it is often more or less sinuous and
sometimes with several reduplications; hydrothece directed forward, upward, and outward;
operculum a single adcauline valve.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne mostly in rows on wpper sides of distal branches, small, ovoid,
without neck; aperture obscurely polygonal, marked by four or five fine dark meridional lines
giving the effect of radial canals on sessile meduse.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2841, lat. N. 54° 18’, long. W. 165° 55’, 56 fathoms; Station
3599, lat. N. 52° 5’, long. W. 177° 40’. 55 fathoms.

This fine sertularian differs materially from others of the genus in having the hydrothecze
standing out rigid and straight, without the gentle curve to the distal free portion that gives
such grace to the other species of the genus Adbzetinaria. The margin is apt to be jagged and
have the appearance of being toothed, but this is not constant. The medusa-like appearance of
the gonangia is often quite striking. I take pleasure in naming this species after my friend,
Mr. A. B. Alexander, whose long and faithful service on the U.S. Fish Commission steamer
Albatross has done so much for the cause of deep-sea investigation.

Type slides. —Cat. No. 19819, 19820 U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18744, Museum of State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

ABIETINARIA GREENEI (Murray).

(Plate XXXVI, figs. 1-8.)

Sertularia tricuspidata Murray, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., V, 1860, p. 250.

Sertularia greenei Murray, Ann. and Mag., 3d en V, 1860, p. 504.
Cotulina greenei A. AGAssiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 147.
Sertularia greenei CLARK, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 257.
Sertularella greenei Warriaue, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 14.
Sertularia greenci Torrey, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 69.

Trophosome.—Colony a dense cluster of erect stems. Stem attaining a height of about 4
inches, not fascicled, slightly sinuous, with a few annulations at its base, with a double row of
subopposite to subalternate hydrothece throughout its length, divided into very irregular inter-
nodes by straight nodes. Branches rather distant, alternate, erect, each with a deep constriction
at its base, divided into irregular internodes, but distally with a tendency to a regular division,
with a single pair of hydrothece to each internode. Branches often subdividing into alternate
branchlets, and often ending in a dichotomous branching. Hydrothecxe subopposite to subalter-
nate, flask-shaped, the free distal portion narrowing and curving upward so that the aperture is
horizontal, margin varying from a perfectly round plain rim to the production of two strong
teeth on the abcauline side. The operculum consists of a single adeauline flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on front of branches, conical to oblong-oyal in shape, rather
feebly but distinctly annulated throughout, ending in a short tubular collar and round aperture
which is often surmounted by an acrocyst when the sexual products are mature.

Distribution. —TYomales Point, Monterey, Punta Reyes, San Francisco, and Santa Cruz
(Clark); Vancouver Island (J. M. Dawson); Point Renfrew, Vancouver Island (Mrs. G. Gibbs).

This is a most puzzling species. It can not go into the genus Sertularella, as here defined,
and the extreme variability of the marginal structures makes it difficult to decide whether it
should go into Thudaréa or Abietinaria. The teeth, however, are not lateral, but abcauline, and
often the margin is perfectly round, in which case we have the typical abietinarian structure.
Both margins are found in eyery colony that I have examined, the smooth-rimmed hydrothecze
being more abundant in proximal parts of stem and branches, and those with teeth in the distal
parts. Very rarely a three-toothed margin is seen. I am indebted to Mrs. G. Gibbs for excel-
lent specimens from which the above description and the drawings were made.

1122 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

ABIETINARIA COSTATA (Nutting).

(Plate XXXVI, figs. 9-12.)
Thuiaria costata Nutrinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 187.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 3 inches. Main stem straight, the
proximal part unbranched and divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a pair of
subopposite hydrothec, nodes oblique, the upper part of main stem divided into regular inter-
nodes, each of which bears a branch and two hydrothecz on one side and a single hydrotheca on
the other. Branches alternate, dichotomously branching several times so as to form a dense
tuft; internodes unequal, each bearing several pairs of subalternate to subopposite hydrothece.
Hydrothece resembling those of A. ji/icula and A. inconstans, as large as the latter, but not so
thick and heavy, leaning forward so that their distal ends are not in the same plane with the
branch; distal one-third free, constricted, narrowing to a round aperture, which points upward
and often a little inward toward the stem; perisare thickened on the inner wall just below the
margin, furnishing the base of attachment for the one-flapped operculum. A chitinous thickening
projects downward from the inner and lower corner of each hydrotheca.

Gonosome.—Gonangia very numerous, borne on both faces of the stem, and often on basal
parts of branches, oblong-oyate, with a small tubular neck and round aperture, sides marked by
about five meridional ridges, the crests of which are colored black, making a conspicuous marking.

Distribution. —Yakutat, Alaska (Nutting).

Although this species is doubtless allied to A. znconstans, it differs considerably in detail,
being much less woody and heavy, and the branches subdividing to a much greater extent. The
gonosome is quite distinct. The only specimens known were collected by the Harriman Alask:
Expedition.

In its trophosome this species is quite similar to A. coe7 Nutting, but the gonosomes of the
two are widely different, the longitudinally ribbed gonangia of the former being of a rare type
in this genus.

Type slides.—Cat. Nos. 19907, 19908, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No, 18750, Museum of State Univer-
sity of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

ABIETINARIA ANNULATA (Kirchenpauer).

(Plate XXXVI, figs. 13-15.)
Thuiaria annulata KrrcHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 26.

Trophosome.—Colony about + inches high. Main stem and branches exceedingly thick and
woody, black in color; the main branches spring from near base of stem, and the whole colony
greatly resembles that of the plumularian Vuditheca dalli in general appearance and habit of
growth. Stem and main branches straight, divided into irregular internodes, each of which bears
several closely approximated and upward-directed branches each with an axillary hydrotheca;
internodes with wide shallow and equidistant annulations, which in a general way correspond in
number to the hydrothec on each side of the internode. Branches divided into irregular and
distant internodes, each with several hydrothecz on each side.

Hydrothece subopposite, very closely approximated, short, stout, tubular, with slightly
constricted distal ends; margin even, aperture nearly round, and either horizontal or slightly
inclined toward the stem. Operculum of one flap attached to adcauline side of margin.

Not known.

Distribution.—Vhe original description was taken from a specimen without a label indicat-
ing locality. The above description is from a specimen in the U. S. National Museum, A/batross
Station 3546, lat. N. 54° 12’, lone. W. 165> 42’, 36 fathoms.

This species has an exceedingly thick and coarse annulated stem that at once distinguishes it
from any other Ab/etinaria that I have seen.

Type.—\n Leipsic Museum.

CGonosome.

THE SERTULARIDA. 123

ABIETINARIA TURGIDA (Clark).

(Plate XXX VII, figs. 1, 2.
Thuiaria turgida Cuark, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 229.
Thuiaria turgida WKircuENPAvER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 21.
Thuiaria turgida Nertinc, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.
Thuiaria turgida Nurvinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 186.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 8 inches. Stem rather stout, glazed,
divided into short stout regular internodes by oblique nodes, each internode bearing a pair of
subopposite hydrotheee. Main branches irregularly alternate and few in number, originating
from distal part of stem, constricted near point of attachment, and resembling the main stem in
their proximal portion, while distally they give origin to alternate branchlets, one being borne
on each internode of the branch. Branches dichotomously dividing, with very long internodes
divided by oblique nodes. Hydrothece subopposite, tubular, almost wholly immersed, distal
end but slightly constricted, terminating in a round margin pointing obliquely outward and
upward; the top of one hydrotheca usually reaching just to the base of the next one above.
Operculum of a single flap attached to the adcauline side of margin.

Gonosome.—Gonangia large, obleng-oyate, attached to the bases of the branchlets so as to
form a densely set double row on the front of the branches. There is a short collar, round
terminal aperture, and operculum. Sides of gonangia ornamented with stout longitudinal ridges,
three to five in number.

Distribution.—Abundant throughout the Alaskan coasts and Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea.
All of the specimens known were collected either by Dr. Dall and party (Clark), or the Harriman
Alaska Expedition (Nutting).

This species is most like A. g/gantea (Clark), but the hydrothece are much smaller and
more crowded than in the latter species, and the gonangia are quite different.

Type.—tin the collection of the U. 5S. National Museum.

ABIETINARIA GIGANTEA (Clark).

(Plate XX XVII, figs. 3-5.)
Thuiaria gigantea CuarK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 280.
Thuiaria gigantea Kircuenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 21.
Thuiaria gigantea Nurtinc, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.
Thuiaria gigantea Nurrinc, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 186.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 8 inches in the largest specimen examined.
Stem undivided, with very distant and irregularly placed nodes and two rows of hydrothecve
along its entire length. Branches irregularly alternate, constricted at their origins, occasionally
bearing one or more branchlets, with no nodes or one or two very distant ones, and bearing
close-set rows of hydrothece on opposite sides. Hydrothec very large and stout, immersed
almost to their margins, and with a distinct bare space on the internode between the top of one
and the bottom of the next one above; margins elliptical, the horizontal axes being the longer, and
sinuous on lateral aspect, giving the appearance of a medium blunt tooth above. Operculum
with a single adcauline flap.

Gonosome.--Gonangia comparatively small, borne in dense double rows along the upper
sides of the branches, oblong-ovate, with large terminal round aperture and without collar or
longitudinal ridges. '

Distribution.—Alaskan shores and Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, Hagmeister Island,
Akutan Pass, Kyska Harbor (Clark); Orea and Kadiak, Alaska (Nutting); Belkoffsky (Dall);
Albatross Station 2864, lat. N. 48° 22’, long. W. 122° 51’, 48 fathoms; Station 3464, lat. N. 48°
14’, long. W. 123° 20’ 40”, 40 fathoms; Station 3546, lat. N. 54° 12’, long. W. 162° 42’, 36
fathoms; Station 3557, lat. N. 57> 04, long. W. 170° 24’, 26 fathoms.

In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

YE ype.

124 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

HYDRALLMANIA Hineks (modified).

Trophosome.—Hydrothece in groups all on one side of the branches, their bases aligned and
closely approximated, their distal ends bent alternately to the right and left. Operculum
apparently of a single adcauline flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia oblong-ovoid, without lateral spines or marsupium; aperture large,
round.

This is a perfectly well marked genus, consisting of a few species that agree in the
peculiar position of the hydrothecwe and in the special character of the alternate flexing of their
distal ends to right and left when viewed from the front. The only species known at the time
preceding Hincks’s great work had been for a long time placed in the genus //imnularia by many
authors. The absence of the sarcostyle was sufficient to differentiate it from the family
Plumularid, and other characters served to settle its aflinities with the Sertularidee.

Since the genus was instituted by Hincks in 1868’ it has been recognized by practically
every writer that has discussed it or had occasion to mention the type species. My. Paarmann,
who carefully investigated the opercula of this and other Sertularide, found that the operculum
consists of a single functional adcauline flap, and that the margin was produced into a stationary
‘Scollar” on the adcauline side.

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYDRALLMANITA,.

Hydrothec:e distinctly flask shaped, distal ends much constricted, aperture round _........------------- franciscand.
Hydrothece more nearly tubular, distal ends not distinctly constricted and not round.
Each hydrotheca in a group reaching above the middle of the one next above it -....---...--------.--- falcata.
Each hydrotheca in a group not attaining the level of the middle of the next one above ........-------- distans.

HYDRALLMANIA FALCATA (Linnezus).

(Plate XX XVIII, figs. 1-4.)

Sickle Coralline Euuis, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 12.

Sertularia falcata Linx Xus, Systema Naturie, 1758, p. 810.

Sertularia stipulata Linn xus, Systema Naturie, 1758, p. 813.

Sertwlaria falcata Linn.xus; Systema Naturve, 1761, p. 541.

Sertularia falcata Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Historie, XVII, 1761-1773, p. 546.
Sertularia falcata PALuas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 144.

Sertularia falcata Linn xus, Systema Naturee, 12th ed., 1767, p. 1309.
Sertularia falcata Bopparrr (Pallas), Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 180.
Sertularia falcata Mararri, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 30.

Sertularia falcata Gronxovivs, Zoophylacium gronovianum, 1781, p. 359.

Sertularia falcata Evtis and Sotanper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 42.

Sertularia falcata Wi.kiNs and Herpst (Pallas), Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 183.
Sertularia falcata GMELIN, Systema Naturve, 13th ed., 1788, p. 3849.

Plumularia falcata Esprr, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 224.
Sertularia falcata BeErKENHOUT, Synops. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 217.
Sertularia falcata Esprr, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, IT, 1794-1806, pl. 11.
Sertularia falcata Bosc, Hist. nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 95.

Sertularia falcata Turron, British Fauna, 1807, p. 213.

Sertularia falcata JAMEson, Cat. Anim. Class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.

Pennaria (Sertularia) faleata Oxex, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 94.
Plumularia falcata Lamarck, Hist. nat. des anim. sans Vert., 1816, p. 125.
Aglaophenia falcata LAMouroux, Hist. nat. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 174.

Sertularia falcata Srewarr, Elements Nat. Hist. Anim. Kingd., II, 1817, p. 443.
Sertularia faleata ScuweicGer, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1820, p. 427.
Plumularia falcata Furminc, British Animals, 1828, p. 546.

Sertularia falcata Bosc, Hist. nat. des Vers, 1830, p. 110.

Plumularia falcata Jounston, Trans. Newcastle Society, II, 1832, p. 259.

Plumularia faleata pe BLAINVILLE, Manuel ’ Actinologie, 1834, p. 477.

' British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 273.

THE SERTULARIDA. 125

Sertularia falcata OxeN, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte, 1835, p. 79.

Plumularia falcata Lamarck, Hist. nat. des anim. sans Vert., 2d ed., IL, 1836, p. 160
Plumularia faleata Covucu, Cornish Fauna, III, 1838, p. 30.

Plumularia faleata Hassati, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 169.

Plumularia falcata Maceiuuvray, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 464.

Plumularia falcata HyxpMan, Ann, and Mag., X, 1842, p. 20.

Sertularia (Plumularia) fuleata Datyevt, Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, 1847, p. 176.
Plumularia falcata Jouxsvon, British Zoophytes, 2d ed., 1847, p. 90.

Plumularia faleata Stimpson, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, 184, p. 8.
Plunularia falcata Packarp, Canadian Naturalist, Dec., 1863, p. 4.

Sertularia falcata A. AGAssiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 144.
Plumularia falcata VAN BENEDEN, Fauna littorale de Belgique, 1866, p. 187.
Hydrallmania falcata Wixexs, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 273.
Hydrallmania falcata Verriii, Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1871-72, p. 408.
Hydrallmania falcata G. O, Sars, Bidrag til Kundskaben, 1878, p. 18.
Hydrallmania falcata Verriti, Proc, Am. Assn. Ady. Sei., 1873, p. 364.
Hydrallmania falcata Scuutze, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 182.

Hydrallmania faleata McInvosa, Ann. and Mag., 4th Ser., XIII, 1874, p. 214.
Hydrallmania faleata Verriti, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 44.
Hydrallmania faleata Wixtuer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift., 1880, p. 251.

Hydrallmania faleata Bercu, Goplepolyper fra Kara Havet, 1887, p. 337.
Hydrallmania faleata Dretscu, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 209.

Hydrallmania faleata MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 255.
Hudrallmania falcata Levinsex, Vid. Udb. ‘‘ Hauchs.’’, Togter, 1893, p. 387.
Hydrallmania faleata CRAwrorpd, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Hydrallmania falcata Warr aus, HWydromedusen Helgolands, 1897, p. 451.
Hydrallmania falcata Boxxeviz, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 88.
Hydrallmania falcata Nevtinc, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 364.
Hydrallmania falcata Harerrr, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 392.

THydraltmania falcata Warrcraus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 355.
Hydrallmania falcata Wuiresves, Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 27.
Hydrallmania falcata SemMuNpsson, Bidrag islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 63.
Hydrallmania falcata Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 13.

Trophosome. —Colony when typically developed assuming an exceedingly graceful panicled
form, and attaining a height of a foot or more. Main stem not fascicled, spirally twisted, desti-
tute of hydrothec, divided into irregular internodes, the tendency being to bear a branch to
vach internode, but there is an occasional intermediate internode. Branches arranged in a more
or less regular spiral, and themselves giving forth regularly alternate branchlets which occupy
two planes which meet the branch at nearly a right angle. Branches and branchlets bearing
hydrothec and divided into rather irregular internodes, each of which bears a number of
hydrothece. Hydrothece tubular, arranged in groups on front of branches and branchlets, their
bases in line, their distal portions bending gracefully to the right and left alternately, as viewed
from above, the top of one reaching above the middle of the next one above, directed upward
and forward as viewed from the side. Aperture oval or lunate, the side of margin nearest stem
being flattened; operculum consisting of a single flap.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne usually on distal parts of branches and proximal parts of,
branchlets, ovate, with several indistinct longitudinal lines or ribs, ending in a short tubular neck
and round aperture.

Distribution.—Very abundant in rather shallow water on New England coast; Labrador
(Packard); Grand Manan (Stimpson); British coasts (Allman); Belgium (van Beneden); Nor-
way (Sars); Helgoland (Hartlaub); Polar Sea (Bergh); Iceland (Seemundsson); Denmark (Winther).

Although usually found in shallow water, this species was found at a depth of 1,100 fathoms
by the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition (Bonnevie).

126 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

HYDRALLMANIA DISTANS Nutting.

(Plate XXX VII, figs. 5-9.)
Hydrallmania falcata Caukins, Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 362.
Hydrallmania distans Nuvtixc, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 746.
Hydrallmania distans Harriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 355.
Hydrallmania distans Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 70.

Trophosome.—Colony of erect, straggling habit, attaining a height of about 6 inches. Stem
not fascicled, spirally twisted, slender, wiry, divided into irregular, usually long internodes,
the tendency being to have a branch on each internode. Branches distant, spirally inserted in
full-grown specimens, irregularly alternate in young specimens, borne on processes from the
stem in the axils of which a hydrotheca is often, not always, found; divided into branchlets which
are regularly alternate and divided into regular internodes each of which bears three hydrothecz
on its anterior or upper face, and a branchlet; branchlets divided into irregular internodes, each
of which bears from two to six (usually four) hydrothec on its upper side. Hydrothece tubular,
flattened, not noticeably gibbous below, inserted in a line on the upper sides of branches, their
distal portions bending gracefully to the right and left alternately, the top of one not reaching to
the middle of the one immediately above it; margin much flattened, the corners angulated; aper-
ture a much flattened oval or crescent. Operculum of a single abcauline flap.

Gonosome.—(Not heretofore described.) Gonangia borne on front of branch, broadly ovate,
flattened, with a wide aperture, distinct pedicel, and apparently without the meridional lines seen
in //. falcata.

Distribution.—Puget Sound (Nutting). Dredged by the Young Naturalists’ Society.

Since this species was originally described I have obtained additional material through
the kindness of Prof. Treyor Kincaid, and have very carefully compared it with specimens of
Hf. falcata from Plymouth, England, with the result of confirming me in the opinion that the dif-
ferences pointed out before are quite constant, and that //. d/stans is a good species. The shape
of the hydrothece of //. franciscana, as described and figured, is constantly different from that
of 77. distuns, being flask-shaped and twice as broad in the gibbous lower portion as at the aper-
ture. Buta single gonangium has been found, and it is possible that it may have been flattened
artificially, making the figure misleading.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19808, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 18732, Museum of the State Uni-
versity of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

HYDRALLMANIA FRANCISCANA (Trask).

(Plate XX XVIII, fig. 10.)
Plumularia franciscana Trask, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1857, p. 113.
Plumularia gracilis Murray, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., V, 1860, p. 251.
Sertularia gracilis AGAssiz, North American Acalephie, 1865, p. 145.
Hydrallmania franciscana Cuark, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 260.
Hydrallmania franciscana Hartriavs, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 355.
Hydrallmania franciscana Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacifie Coast, 1902, p. 13.

**Polypodom 6 or 8 inches high, color corneous, alternately branched, the branches pinnated,
one branch to each internode of the stem. The pinne rise one above the other, are pointed, and
support three cells at each joint. On two specimens four cells have been met with, but may be
regarded as an exception rather than otherwise. The pinne are dichotomously branched in adult
specimens. Cells laginculate, smooth, free, slightly decumbent; the attachment of the base is
marked by a slightly elevated rounded rim; apertures round and smooth.”

‘Bay of San Francisco, among rejectimenta of the beach.”

I have not seen this species, and have here inserted the original description.

Plumularia gracilis Murray is doubtless the same species as //. franciscana, as Doctor Clark
concludes. If the character given by Murray, three cells at each joint, is at all constant, the
author can not regard //. franciscana as a synonym of //. falcata, in which the average is

THE SERTULARIDA, 127
uniformly much higher. Both Murray and Trask speak of the hydrothecxe being supported

by a sort of triangular buttress (Murray), or a slightly elevated rounded rim (Trask).' Murray
adds that the gonangia are oblong-oyal.

SELAGINOPSIS Allman (modified).

Trophosome.

Hydrothece arranged in more than two longitudinal series, at least on dista]
parts of branches, or in two or more series each of which has the distal ends of the hydrothece
turned alternately to the right and left. Operculum of a single abcauline flap. Internodes long
or absent. :

Gonosome.—Gonangia usually obovate, without internal marsupium or external ornamen-
tation.”

This definition of the genus is more comprehensive than the original by Allman.* This
writer proposed two new genera at the same time, Se/aginopsis to include forms with several
rows of hydrothecx set on simple branches, and Pericladiwm to include forms with several rows
of hydrothece set on bifurcating ramuli. In 1878 Mereschkowsky, without having seen Allman’s
paper, proposed the genus /’/yserias to include sertularians with hydrothece arranged in several
rows on the branches, but which are biserial on the stem. Later, but during the same year, he
wrote another paper‘ in which he acknowledged the priority of Allman’s generic name Se/agin-
opsis, but proposes to include in that genus the forms that Allman put in Pericladium. <A little
later, 1890, Marktanner-Turneretscher* recognized the genus substantially as defined by
Mereschkowsky. In 1893 Leyinsen® in pursuance of his policy of relying entirely on the char-
acters of the hydrothecal margin and operculum, included the species here considered as belong-
ing to Selaginopsis in the genus Thuvaréa, on account of the single-flapped abcauline operculum.

The genus Selaginops/s as above defined seems to me to be a perfectly tenable group, indeed
one of the best genera in the family Sertularide. Its affinities are evidently with 7/u/aria, from
which, however, it is sharply differentiated by the arrangement of the hydrothece.

There are no points of intergradation between this genus and others that need offer any
difficulties in the allotment of species to this genus as here defined. In most species the hydro-
thecee of the stem are arranged in two opposite series, as in Zhw/aria, and in some cases this is
true of the proximal parts of branches. But in these same species the hydrothece on all but the
proximal parts of the branches are polyserial, furnishing a perfectly evident character for
generic identification.

KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS SELAGINOPSIS.

The hydrothecze in a given row not turning alternately to right and left.
Distal ends of hydrothece distinctly exserted.

Marpin: with’ two distinct teeth. is2 ccscce oe aoe conan see een ee eee eae aah en easee morabilis.
Margin without teeth. 2... bl cctes not fo cu tdee eaten atone sees aan ee Se stems oao sees pinaster.
Distal ends of hydrothece not greatly exserted.
Dirore toe Gta Nn Gre NOW 8 soa e ss aoe ee ae ee nee ee nee ee ae eee a seme are triserialis.
Hydrothecze in four rows.

Stem and branches geniculate, branching regularly compound.........------------------- plumiformis.
Stem and branches not geniculate, branches not regularly compound:

Ewo pairs on branches:to each imtemod 6)ot stomiuesaees eas aa ai ae neeaae iee—=5 se eee= cedrina.

Stem very heavy and woody. Nodes deep, accompanied by annulations......-..--------- pinnata.

Ccenosarcal canals in branches very regular and four in number. Gonangia with numerous very

ROT PICUTVGCn DEG COSHER = oa cia ae ee ee te tet ec ee Sie ornata.

1Annals and Magazine, 3d ser., V, pl. xu, fig. la, represents each internode of the branch as bearing three
hydrothecze, in one case two, which confirms Trask’s description and figure.

*The known exceptions among American species are S. ornata and S. cedrina.

§ Journal of the Linnwan Society, Zoology, XII, 1874, p. 272.

4New Hydroida from Ochotsk, Kamtschatka, and other parts of the North Pacifie Ocean, Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 434.

5 Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 242.

®Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Groénlands Vestkyst, p. 195.

5125—pr 2—04——_9

128 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Hydrothecze normally in more than four rows.

Mydrothece im foun Or SIX TOWS - - -— - = = = a cylindrica.

Ely drothecse im) sisc or eight tOws= <= <== === 22 ei ee eile obsoleta.
Hydrothec in rows, distal ends turning alternately to the right and left as in Mydrallmania.

Hydrothecs in four rows -----=----------=-- 223-95 <2 nn aa ww ee hartlaubi.

Hiydrotheces amitwo wows) 92-4. 2--- 222-2 = 229-9 ee ee i alternitheca.

SELAGINOPSIS MIRABILIS (Verrill).
(Plate XX XVIII, figs. 11-12.)

Diphasia mirabilis Verritt, Amer. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., V, 1872, p. 9.

Diphasia mirabilis Verrity, Trans. Conn, Acad. Arts and Sei., III, Pt. 1, 1875, p.
Diphasia mirabilis Cian, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 219.

Polyserias hincksti Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XX, 1877, p. 228.
Selaginopsis mirabilis Norman, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 335.
Selaginopsis mirabilis MrrescuKowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 445.
Selaginopsis mirabilis KircHENpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 12.
Selaginopsis mirabilis Brrcu, Goplepolyper fra Kara Hayet, 1887, p. 337.
Sertularia mirabilis LevinsEN, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., 1893, p. 191.
Selaginopsis mirabilis Bonnrviz, Norwegische Hydroiden, 1898, p. 12.

Selaginopsis mirabilis Nurtine, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.
Selaginopsis mirabilis Bonnevin, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 85.
Selaginopsis mirabilis Harriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 359.
Selaginopsis mirabilis Torrey, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 70.

Sertularia mirabilis Smmunpsson, Islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 63.

1

Trophosome.—Colony plumose, attaining a height of 4 or 5 inches. Stem thick, not fascicled,
sinuous or weakly geniculate, without nodes for the most part, although an occasional one is to
be seen. A row of hydrothecx on opposite sides of the stem, there being three between
adjacent branches. Branches alternate, occasionally dividing into branchlets, with a shallow node
dividing them from the stem process on which they are borne and which bears two opposite hydro-
thecz on the proximal side of the node. Ordinarily there are no other nodes. Hydrotheci in
six series, immersed for only about half their length, the distal portion curving outward and
ending in an oval margin with two pronounced lateral teeth. Operculum of two valves or flaps.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on the branches, obconic when young, when mature oval, and
having a very broad, round terminal aperture.

Distribution.—La Have Bank, Nova Scotia (Verrill); Hagmeister Island, Bering Sea (Clark);
Popoff Straits, Shumagin Islands (Clark); Puget Sound (Nutting). White Sea and Polar Sea,
60 fathoms (Mereschkowsky); Polar Sea (Bergh); Norwegian Coast (Bonnevie); West Coast
Greenland (Levinsen); Iceland (Semundsson); Albatross Station 2599, lat. N. 34> 45’ 20’, long.
W. 75° 38’ 10”, 25 fathoms; Station 2865, lat. N. 48° 12’, long. W. 122° 49’, 40 fathoms.

This is a very well-marked species, and the only one of the genus that I have seen with
hydrothecx on the process that bears the branches.

Type.—In the collection of the U. 5S. National Museum ?

SELAGINOPSIS PINASTER (Lepechin).
(Plate XX XVIII, fig. 13.)

Sertularia pinaster Leprecuin !, Acta Acad. Petropolitanie, 1783, p. 223.
Sertularia pinus GMELIN, Systema Naturie, Linnzeus, 1788, p. 3846.
Sertularia pinus Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 93.

Sertularia pinaster LAmouroux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 197.
Sertularia pinus KrrcHENPAUvER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 11.

‘*Danach erheben sich aus krieschenden Wurzelfasern, meist einfache, suweilen unten geteilte
cylindrische Stimmehen bis 6 Zool hoch. Sie sind bis gegen die Mitte ihrer Héhe dunkel-braun,

'The name Sertularia pinaster was used for another species, now Diphasia pinaster (Ellis and Solander), and
was in general use at the time that Gmelin prepared the thirteenth edition of the Systema Nature (1788). The
Sertularia pinaster of Lepechin was not then generally known, and Gmelin retained the name for the Sertularia pinaster
of Ellis and Solander, giving a new name, S. pinus, to Lepechin’s species. The law of priority, however, makes it
necessary to retain the name Sertularia pinaster for Lepechin’s species.

THE SERTULARID®. 129

werden aber nach oben zu heller und sind unregelmassig gefiedert. Die Fiedern sind fidlich,
schlaff und mit mehreren, oft 6 Reihen von Hydrotheken besetzt. Diese sind eif6rmig, sind aber
oben mit einem vorragenden Hals versehen, auf welchem sich die Mundéffnung befindet. Die
Gonotheken sind schlauchartig (utriculares), meistens angeschwollen, fast durchsichtig, haben
eine runde, von einem wulstigen Rand umgabene Offnung und sitzen oft zu beiden Seiten der
Zweige, dicht gedriingt, fast dachziegelférmig.”

Distribution.—Siberian Polar Sea (Lepechin); Sti! Paul’s Island (A. and A. Krause).

The identity of this species is doubtful. The foregoing description is quoted entire from
Kirchenpauer and is the only good description that I can find. Kirehenpauer bases his descrip-
tion on a fragmentary specimen found in the collection made by A. and A. Krause in Bering
Sea. His drawing, which I have copied, shows an irregularity in the distribution of hydrothece,
which are represented as not in regular vertical series, not found in other species of the genus.

Otherwise it would seem likely that S. p/naster and S. cylindrica Clark were identical. It
does not seem likely that S. p/naster is the same as Pericladium bidentatum, as suggested by
Kirchenpauer, the latter species having well-marked lateral hydrothecal teeth, which are not
indicated in Kirchenpauer’s description or drawing of S. p/nus.

SELAGINOPSIS TRISERIALIS Mereschkowsky.

(Plate XX XIX, figs. 1-2.)
Selaginopsis triserialis MEREScHKOWSKY, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., Il, 1878, p. 435.
Selaginopsis triserialis KircHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 14.
Sertularia incongrua Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacifie coast, 1902, p. 69.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem straight, with distant and
irregular nodes, and two rows of completely immersed hydrothecxe on opposite sides. Branches
with a pinnate appearance, but really arranged in an open spiral, borne on short processes from
the stem that do not bear hydrothece, with very distant nodes or none. Hydrothece in two
rows on proximal portion and in three rows on distal portion of each branch, where they also
follow a spiral arrangement, more distant from each other than is common in the genus, there
being often a considerable space between successive hydrothece and also between the rows,
almost entirely immersed, only a very short moiety of the distal end being free; aperture nearly
round, without teeth or noticeable angles; operculum a single adcauline flap.

Gonosome.—A single distorted gonangium was present in the specimen described; oblong-
oval in shape, with a large terminal aperture. I believe it has not been described before.

Distribution.—Kamchatka (M. Kastilsky); San Pedro, California (Torrey); A/batross Station
2908, lat. N. 84° 25’ 25’, long. W. 120° 20’, 31 fathoms.

This is the most southern locality for this genus on the Pacific coast. Torrey regards this
form as showing an intergradation between Zhuwiaria and Selaginopsis. Several species of
Selaginopsis, however, haye but two rows of hydrothece on the proximal part of th» branches,
the other rows being intercalated distally.

Type.—In the collection of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.

SELAGINOPSIS PLUMIFORMIS, new species.
(Plate XXXIX, fig. 3.

Trophosome.—Colony branching in a regular symmetrical compound manner, and attaining
a height of about 4 inches. Stem regularly geniculate, irregularly annulated in proximal
portion, divided into very irregular internodes by distant nodes, with a row of immersed
hydrothecx on each side. Primary branches alternate, borne on short processes from the stem,
there being three hydrothece on the stem between adjacent processes; a very -short basal
internode intervenes between this process and the first hydrotheca of a branch; otherwise there
are no regular internodes, the primary branches resembling the main stem in all particulars and
bearing a row of immersed hydrothece on each side. Secondary branches regularly alternate,

130 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

borne on processes from the primary branches, not divided into internodes. Hydrothece in
four equidistant rows, tubular, larger below, almost completely immersed, margin oval,
compressed into angles at the sides, the bottom of one hydrotheca usually being below the level
of the top of the one below it. Operculum of a single abcauline flap.

Gonosome.— Not known.

Distribution.—The only specimen known was found in the United States National Museum
collection, labeled lat. N. 60° 22’, long. W. 168° 45’, Lieut. George N. Stoney, U. 5. Navy.

This species almost exactly agrees with S. pacifica Mereschkowsky in the shape and
disposition of the hydrothece, but differs strikingly in the mode of branching, being the only
Sclaginopsis that [have seen with true compound branching in which the stem, primary branches
and secondary branches bear the relations to each other that we find in the shaft barb and
barbules of a feather.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19816, U.S. N. M. Cat. No. 18740, Museum of the State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

SELAGINOPSIS CEDRINA (Linnzus).

Sertularia cedrina Linnasus, Systema Naturee, 1758, p. 814.

Sertularia cedrina Hourruyn, Natuurlyke Hist., X VII, 1761-73, p. 577.

Sertularia cedrina PAuuAs, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 139.

Sertularia cedrina LinNxus, Systema Naturze, 1767, p. 1313.

Sertuiaria cedrina Bopparrt, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 173.

Sertularia cedrina Wrikrxs and Hergst, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 177.
Sertularia cedrina GMELIN, Systema Nature, (Linnaeus), 1788-93, p. 3857.
Seriularia cedrina Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, ITI, 1802, IT, p. 100.

Nigellastrum (Sertularia) cedrina Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 93.
Sertularia cedrina Lamovuroux, Hist. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 196.

Selaginopsis pacifica Merrscukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 438.
Selaginopsis cedrina KircHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 8.

** Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus slightly curved, divided into regular internodes. Branches
arranged alternately on two sides of the principal stem, two pairs on each internode, divided into
five internodes, constricted at the point of attachment and at the internodes. Each branch bears
one or two, rarely five, secondary branches. Hydrothecve cylindrical, almost entirely immersed
in the substance of the axial tube; aperture oval, with two angles (not teeth); hydrothece
arranged in four regular series, and at the same time ina spiral, the hydrothecze of each series
following one another immediately without leaving any free space or interval.

** (fonosome.—Gonangia arranged in two or three series, of an oval form, narrowing gradu-
ally toward the base, and truncate at the apex. The surface is ribbed.”

Distribution.—Kamchatka (Linneus); Metschigman Bay (Mereschkowsky); India Point,
Bering Sea (Kirchenpauer).

I have not seen this species, and have copied the most complete description that I could find,
that of Mereschkowsky. Kirchenpauer’ presents such strong evidence that the S. pac/jica of
Mereschkowsky is identical with Sertularia cedrina Linneus that I have here conformed to his
view.

SELAGINOPSIS PINNATA Mereschkowsky.

(Plate XX XIX, fig. 6.)
Selaginopsis pinnala Mrrrscukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 436.
Selaginopsis pinnata KircuenPAvurR, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 14.

Trophosome.—Colony plumiform, attaining a height of about 6 inches. Stem not fascicled,
but very heayy and woody, divided into internodes which are fairly uniform in length on prox-
imal portion and less so on distal portion; nodes very deeply cut, each accompanied by two or
more regular annulations; stem bearing two opposite rows of hydrothece and two opposite rows
of branches. Branches borne on very short processes of the stem, and very deeply constricted at

1Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, pp. 8 and 9.

THE SERTULARID A. 131

the proximal node, those on the two sides of the stem apparently not arranged with any reference
to each other, being sometimes opposite and sometimes subopposite, subalternate or alternate; no
nodes. Hydrothecw in four series forming regular vertical rows, those in a given row being
separated by about one-fourth their length, the four series being placed so that not only a vertical
but also a spiral arrangement of hydrothece can be traced; individual hydrothece rather short
and stout, broader below, with a bracket-shaped chitinous thickening at the bottom, and an oval
aperture which sometimes shows slight angles at the sides; operculum a single abcauline flap.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.— Port Ajan (M. Wosnessensky); St. Pauls Island, 23 fathoms (Kirchenpauer);
Albatross Station 3558, lat. N. 56° 58’, long. W. 170° 09’, 25 fathoms.

The specimen from Station 3558 answers quite exactly to the original description of
Mereschkowsky, except that the arrangement of the branches seems less regular than his
description would indicate. The color of the colony is light brown, lightening on distal parts
to a brownish buff.

Type.—In the collection of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.

SELAGINOPSIS ORNATA, new species.

(Plate XL, figs. 1-3.)

Trophosome.—Colony plumose, attaining a height of about 4$ inches. Stem, straight, thick,
more attenuated in proximal portion, divided into irregular internodes by usually distant nodes;
ceenosare canaliculated. Branches on opposite sides of stem and borne on short and inconspic-
uous processes, irregular in disposition, being either opposite or alternate, closely approximated,
there being regularly but two hydrothecee between adjacent branches; ccenosare of branches
very regularly canaliculated, there being four canals running through each branch, each canal
supplying a row of hydrothecee; branches not divided into internodes, but themselves often
branching to form terminal branchlets. Hydrothece in four regular and equidistant rows, and
also in spirals, cylindrical, almost entirely immersed, nothing but the margins being free; aper-
ture oval, nearly round, with shallow lateral teeth and evident sinuations; operculum a single
abeauline flap. The top of one hydrotheca does not reach quite to the bottom of the one above.
Gonangia borne in rows on front of branches, each being inserted just below
the base of an hydrotheca, obconical, long, produced into a rather slender pedicel below, and
bearing about eight remarkably long, bifurcated arms or processes above, which curve inward
toward each other at their distal ends so as to form a sort of pseudo-marsupium above the body
of the gonangium.

Distribution.—Albatross Station 2843, lat. N. 53° 56’, long. W. 165° 56’, 45 fathoms.

In its trophosome this species is closely allied to 8. p/nnata, from which it differs in the
recular arrangement of ccenosarcal canals in the branches and also in having but two hydrothece
between adjacent branches.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19814, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18738, Museum of the State University
of Lowa; also in the collection of the author.

Gonosome.

SELAGINOPSIS CYLINDRICA (Clark).

(Plate XX XIX, figs. 7-8.)

Thuiaria cylindrica CuarK, Alaskan Ilydroids, 1876, p. 226.

Selaginopsis cylindrica Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 445.
Selaginopsis cylindrica Kircnenpaver, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 12.

Thuiaria cylindrica Murpocn, Expedition to Point Barrow, 1885, p. 166.

Selaginopsis cylindrica MARKTANNER-TuRNERETSCHER, Hydroiden Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 243.
Selaginopsis cylindrica CaLKins, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 362.
Selaginopsis cylindrica HWarriaus, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 354.

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of about 5 inches, plumose. Stem slender basally,
enlarging distally, internodes long and irregular, regularly geniculate, a row of hydrothece on

132 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

opposite sides. Branches alternate, borne on short, thick processes from the stem, sometimes
unbranched, often dividing once and occasionally bearing regularly alternate branches, as does
the stem; nodes very distant or absent. Hydrothece tubular, arranged in four rows on proximal
parts of branches and in six (rarely eight) rows on distal parts, closely approximated, entirely
immersed, narrowing toward the distal curved portion and ending in a smooth toothless margin
and oyal aperture; operculum a single abcauline valve. The number of rows on a branch is
suddenly increased from four to six by the intercalation of two new rows between the old ones.

Gonosome.—Unknown.

Distribution.—-Port Moller, Alaska; Hagmeister Island, Bering Sea; Chirikoff Island,
Chiachi Islands (Clark), Puget Sound (Calkins), Bristol Bay, Alaska (collected by C. L. McKay),
Arctic Ocean (Murdoch). Depth ranging from the shore line to 17 fathoms.

This appears to be a well-marked species, about which there has been little difference of
opinion. It is the one most abundant on the North Pacific coast.

Type.—In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

SELAGINOPSIS OBSOLETA (Lepechin).

(Plate XX XIX, figs. 4, 5; XL, fig. 4.)

Sertularia obsoleta Lepecuin, Acta Acad. Petropol., II, 1778, Pt. 2, p. 137.
Sertularia obsoleta GMELIN, Systema Naturze (Linnzeus), 1788-1793, p. 3846.
Sertularia obsoleta Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, 18038, p. 93.

Sertularia obsoleta LAMouRoux, Hist. Polyp. Coralligénes, 1816, p. 197.
Polyserias glacialis Mmrescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XX, 1877, p. 228.
Polyserias hincksii MerescHKowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., ne 1878, p. 337.
Selaginopsis hincksti Merescukowsky, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 444.
Selaginopsis obsoleta KiRCHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p- 10.

Trophosome.— .—Colony attaining a height of about 4 inches. Stem thick, slightly geniculate,
divided into irregular internodes, the tendency being toward an arrangement in w fen there are
two branches to an internode, with an occasional yery deeply cut node, particularly on the distal
portion, and also yery shallow annulations that are much more numerous than the real nodes.
Branches alternate, closely approximated, springing from short processes from the stem from
which they are separated by very deep nodes; otherwise the nodes are almost entirely absent.
Hydrothece arranged in six regular series so that they form both vertical rows and spirals,
tubular, rather short, broader at the base, and narrowing distally to the smooth margin and oyal
aperture; there are no marginal teeth, and the operculum is composed of a single abcauline flap.

There is usually a distinct space intervening between the top of one hydrotheca and the
bottom of the one immediately above it.

**Gonophores in a young state in the form of a reversed cone, just as in P. mérabilis, but
generally smaller. In the adult state they retain their conical form, but the cone becomes larger
and more elongated; below, it is attached by a short peduncle; above, it is truncate, with the
margins much rounded, and furnished with a tube of very inconsiderable length, which is
scarcely observable, and much narrower than in the preceding species. The gonothece of this
species are never present in such abundance as in p. mirabilis.”

Distribution.—Polar Sea (Lepechin); White Sea (Mereschkowsky); St. Pauls Island, Bering
Sea, 23 to 25 fathoms (A. and A. Krause); A/batross Station 3508, lat. N. 58° 33’, long. W.
164° 49’, 23 fathoms.

Kirchenpauer, who had access to the type specimens of S. obsoleta in the Leipsic Museum,
declares that the S. Ainchsii of Mereschkowsky is a synonym of this species.

Not haying the material upon which to base a decision, the present writer adopts the position

taken by Kirchenpauer, as that writer had the advantage of studying Hepediint type. The
above description of the gonosome is quoted entire from Mereschkowsky

Type.—In Leipsic Museum.

‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 337.

THE SERTULARID®. 133

SELAGINOPSIS ALTERNITHECA (Levinsen)

(Plate XL, figs. 5-7.)
Thuiaria alternitheca Levinsen, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., 1892, p. 32.

Trophosome.

Colony attaining a height of about 5 inches. Stem spirally twisted, very
thick and coarse, divided into long and irregular internodes. Branches springing from all sides
of the stem, dividing dichotomously sometimes three or four times, making a flabellate structure
resembling somewhat the branches of Zhu/arda thuja. Nodes usually absent, except that there
is a sharp constriction at the base of each branch and branchlet. Hydrothece very stout, much
broader below than above, arranged in two rows on the sides of the flattened branch, each row
thus occupying an edge of the branch, the hydrothece of a given row having their distal ends
bent alternately to the right and left asin /Zydrall/mania; margin without teeth, aperture round,
operculum a single abcauline flap. The top of one hydrotheca rises a little above the base of
the one next above.

Gonosome.—Gonangia borne on basal portions of branches. elongate oval, abruptly truncated
at distal end, with a very broad aperture and no neck.

Distribution.—Davis Straits, 100 fathoms (Levinsen).

The above description of the main stem and manner of branching is taken from Leyinsen’s
account and figures, the remainder being from a specimen (fragmentary) from the type locality
kindly sent me by Professor Leyvinsen. The species is a yery well marked one and looks like a
double /Tydrallmania.

Type slides. —Cat. No, 19809, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18733, Museum of the State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

SELAGINOPSIS HARTLAUBI, new species.
(Plate XL, fig. 8.)

Trophosome.—Colony in type specimen, which is incomplete, about 44 inches high. Stem
divided into very long and irregular internodes. Two rows of completely immersed hydrothece,
which do not have their distal portions inclined alternately to the right and left, are on opposite
sides of the stem. Branches irregularly alternate, not ordinarily dividing into branchlets,
internodes long, divided from the yery short processes of the stem by a deep constriction.
Hydrothece in four rows, each of which resembles in arrangement those found in //ydrallmania,
where the distal ends of the hydrothece are bent alternately to the right and left. Individual
hydrothece stout, tubular, completely immersed, with the distal ends much constricted; margin
oval, without teeth or angles. The bases of the hydrothecx in a given row are not in alignment,
as in (ydrallmania, and in some places the alignment is so disturbed that the effect of eight,
instead of four, rows is produced. In places but two rows are visible in looking at a branch
from above, and the hydrothecx look is if implanted in pairs, the two of a pair having their
distal ends inclined the same way, as in fig. 8.

Not known.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 3560, lat. N. 56° 40’, long. W. 169° 20’, depth 43 fathoms.

This remarkable hydroid bears 2 curious resemblance to what might be called a ‘** four-ply”
THydrallmania. The type specimen is much damaged and overgrown with bryozoa, and

Gonosome.

unfortunately lacks the gonosome.
Type slides. —Cat. No. 19812, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18736, Museum of the State University of
lowa; also in the collection of the author.

SYNTHECIUM Allman (modified).

Trophosome.—Branches opposite, nodes regular. Hydrothece opposite or alternate, margins
smooth, round, often rimmed or reduplicated. Operculum apparently wanting.

Gonosome.—Gonangia springing from the interior of hydrothecre, where they replace
hydranths.

134 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Allman’s original description of this genus was as follows:

** Trophosome.—Hy drocaulus divided into internodes, each internode carrying a pair of
opposite sessile hydrothece.

‘* (fonosome.—Gonangia supported on peduncles which spring from the cavity of certain
hydrothecx, where they take the place of the hydranth.”'

In his Challenger Report, the same writer found reason to modify this definition, at least so
far as the trophosome is concerned, as follows:

‘“‘Hydrocaulus divided into detinite internodes, each internode carrying a pair of opposite
hydrotheex, or a single hydrotheca which alternates with those of the internodes on each side of
it. Hydrothece adnate for a greater or less extent to the internode.”*

This genus was recognized by Bale in 1888* and by Marktanner-Turneretscher in 1890,*
who institinted the family Syntheciidee for the COLES of the genus. Torrey takes just
the opposite view, and considers the genus untenable,® “since it w rencnes from their nearest
allies such diverse species as Sertularella alternans and Sertularia campylocarpum, and unites
them on the basis of a feature which is chiefly interesting to the physiologist.” When such a
character, however, is associated with others, such as the absence of an operculum, the smooth
margin, the strictly opposite branches, all in a very detinite group of species, we have a perfectly
well-defined generic group. The main point of difficulty with the present writer is to determine
whether or not this group is of family ‘ather than generic value, as held by Marktanner-
Turneretscher. The basing of genera on single characters is a proceeding that is very likely to
lead to error, while the grouping of several characters for generic differentiation is a much safer
and logical method. As to the gonosome being chiefly interesting to the physiologist, it must
be said that in so far as this character is a morphological feature of great usefulness in classifi-
cation, the systematist would be most unwise to relinquish it.

KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS SYNTHECIUM.
Hydrothecee opposite.
Hydrothece tubular, curved in the quadrant of a circle, orifice round.

Hach internode of stem bearinp apair on ny drothecte:=a= aa eee see = eee See = ee eee tubithecum.

Internodes:olistem -withoutihydrothecre a2) oe so- sees see ees a ee eee eerie ee ae eee rectum.

Hydrothecs doubly curved, orifice triangular -----=------- ---.-- 2. == 8 ke marginatum.

Hiydrothecseshortiand stout, Geepliy mm mye rse ie ce ne cee mae eee robustum.

bivdirgtinecse Altern ate arate te ae a a a el ee ee ea cylindricum
POIN OF INTERGRADATION BETWEEN SYNTHECIUM AND OTHER GENERA.

With Sertularia, in the strictly opposite hydrothecee and regular internodes. The resem-
blance to such species as S. desmoides Torrey is quite close. The gonosome, however, is entirely
different.

With Sertularella, in alternate hydrothece, as in S. cylindricum. In this case the entire
absence of an operculum will serve to identify the genus to which a given species belongs.
When the gonosome is present there is no trouble of course.

SYNTHECIUM TUBITHECUM (Allman).

(Plate XLI, fig. 1.)

Sertularia tubitheca ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 24.
Sertularia tubitheca FewKes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 7, 1881. p. 128.
Sertularia tubitheca Nurrine, Narrative Bahama Exped., 1895, p. 88.

Trophosome.— Colony consisting of a monosiphonie stem with strictly opposite branches,
attaining a height of 14 inches. Stem cylindrical, divided into regular, long internodes, each of

‘fanal of i the I Linnzean Society, XII, te p- 265.
*Challenger Report, The Hydroida, Pt. , 1888, p: 77.
’ Proceedings of the Linnzean Society of Ne »w South Wales, 2d series, III, 1888, p. 766
4Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 248.

5The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America, 1902, p. 62.

THE SERTULARID. 135

which bears a pair of branches on its distal end, below which are one or two pairs of hydrothec.
Branches opposite, with a constriction at their origin, divided into reyular internodes, each of
which bears a pair of hydrothecx near its distal end. Hydrothecx opposite, long, tubular, regu-
larly curved so as to form nearly a quadrant of a circle; margin round, flaring, often several
times reduplicated, in some cases with quite constantly a single reduplication, as described by
Allman. Operculum not evident.

Gonosome.—Gonangia springing from the lumen of hydrotheca, oblong-oval, annulated
throughout. When examining the type specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology the
writer found one specimen in which the gonangium was growing from the hydrotheca, and was
of characteristic Syntheciwm type.

Distribution.—Tortugas, 18 fathoms (Allman); A//atross Station 2311, lat. N. 32° 55’, long.
W. 77° 54’, 79 fathoms; Station 2331, lat N. 23° 10’ 31”, long: W. 82° 19’ 55”, 114 fathoms;
Station 2410, lat. N. 26° 47’ 30’, long. W. 83° 25’ 15, 28 fathoms; Station 2413, lat. N. 26°, long.
W. 82° 57’ 30”, 24 fathoms; Station 2414, lat. N. 25° 04’ 30’, long. W. 82° 59’ 15”, 26 fathoms.

Off Barbados, 76 fathoms (Fewkes).

The presence of pairs of hydrothecx on the stem seems to be the best character by which
this species can be separated from S. rectum.

Type.—In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SYNTHECIUM RECTUM, new species.

(Plate XLI, fig. 2.)

Trophosome.—Colony consisting of a monosiphonic stem, with strictly opposite branches
attaining a height of about three-fourths of an inch. Stem straight, tubular, exceedingly
transparent, with distant and irregular nodes, or none. Branches opposite, originating from a
tubular process of the stem, from which a branch springs like a section of a telescope. This
feature, however, is not constant. Branches divided into regular internodes, each of which bears
a pair of hydrothec on its distal half and does not become noticeably attenuate near its proximal
end, branches in many cases forming a right angle with the stem from which they spring. Hydro-
thece tubular, cylindrical, regularly curved through a quadrant of a circle, the aperture opening
directly outward, not contingent in front, free for more than their distal half; margin entire,
sometimes slightly everted, and usually with a distinct narrow rim; nooperculum. There are no
hydrothecx on the branch-bearing portion of the stem.

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Dredged near Habana, Cuba, by the Bahama Expedition from the State
University of Iowa; Albatross Station 2416, lat. N. 31° 26’, long. W. 77> O7’, 276 fathoms.

This species has been compared with Allman’s type of Sertularia tubitheca in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology and found to be quite distinct, being much more transparent in structure
and not having pairs of hydrothecw regularly distributed on the stem.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19715, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18671, Museum of the State University of
lowa; also in the collection of the author.

?SYNTHECIUM MARGINATUM (Allman).

(Plate XLI, fig. 3.)

Sertularia marginata ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 23.

** Trophosome.—Hydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, simple; internodes elon-
gated, attenuated below every pair of hydrothec. Hydrothecee opposite, deep, tubular, free
and divergent above for about three-fifths of their height, slightly tumid below, oritice entire,
with a broad rim formed by close strive, which run in a circular direction round the distal end of
the hydrothecx.”

Gonosome.—Not known.

Distribution.—Of Florida Reef, 324 fathoms (Allman).

136 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

I have not seen this species and have copied the description of Allman entire. The species
evidently belong to the Synthec/um group, and appears to be an exceptionally well-marked form.
Type.—I\n the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

SYNTHECIUM ROBUSTUM, new species.
(Plate XLI, figs. 4-6.)

Trophosome.—Colony attaining a height of 24 inches. Stem not fascicled, straight, without
hydrothecx below the proximal branches, hydrothecate above, divided into irregular internodes.
Branches strictly opposite and divided into branchlets; main branch straight, giving off pairs of
strictly opposite branchlets and bearing as a rule three pairs of hydrothecwe between adjacent
branchlets; internodes variable; the most common arrangement being one for each pair of branch-
lets, there being two pairs of hydrothecx aboye and one below the branchlets; branchlets straight,
with a tendency toward an internode to each pair of hydrothece. Hydrothece tubular, short,
stout, extensively immersed, only a small part of the distal adcauline side being free; margin
neither constricted nor flaring, and without ornamentation, but sometimes broadly sinuated;
aperture round, sometimes subtriangular. No operculum.

Gonosome.—Gonangia springing from the interior of hydrothece, terete, heavily annulated,
with a very small tubular neck and round aperture. The specimens were dried, and the gonangia
greatly distorted, making it necessary to attempt a somewhat uncertain reconstruction in the
drawings.

Distribution.— Albatross Station 2776, lat. S. 52° 41’, long. W. 69° 55’ 30’, 21 fathoms.

This species has shorter and more extensively immersed hydrothecz than any of the others
ot the genus thus far described.

Type slides.—Cat. No. 19714, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18670, Museum of the State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.

SYNTHECIUM CYLINDRICUM (Bale).

(Plate XLI, fig. 7.)
Sertularella cylindrica Bat, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 2d. ser., III, 1888, p. 765.
Sertularella cylindrica Harruavs, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 65.
Sertularella halecina Torrey, Hydroida of the Pacifie Coast, 1902, p. 61.

** Hydrocaulus about half an inch in height, simple or slightly branched, divided by oblique
joints into internodes of moderate length, each bearing a hydrotheca on its upper part. Hydro-
thece adnate nearly half their height, large, stout, cylindrical, smooth, usually somewhat rounded
at the base, curved outward; aperture looking outwards and upwards, not contracted, margin
entire, very slightly everted, peristome often double or triple.

** Gonosome.—Gonothece (male) arise from within hydrothecxe; long, tubular, somewhat
broader than hydrothece, and five or six times as long as broad. A single tubular gonophore.”

Distribution.—Port Jackson, Australia (Bale); San Diego Bay, California, 5 to 12 fathoms
(Torrey).

The description and figures of Sertularela halecina Torrey almost exactly agree with those
of S. cylindrica Bale, leaving no room for doubt of the identity of the two species. Hartlaub!'
suggests the probable identity of S. cy/indrica and Sertularia integra A\lman.* The original
figures of these two species are so different that one is at a loss to imagine why this suggestion
was made.*

I have not seen this species, and have copied the above description of the trophosome from
Bale, and that of the gonosome from Torrey.

Type.—I\n the Australian Museum /.

‘Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 65. * Journal of the Linnzean Society, XI, 1874, pl. xin, fig. 4.

ANNOTATED BISLIOG RAPIDLY

The author has included in the bibliography for this section:

First. The works containing original descriptions of the genera of Sertularids, and also those containing original
descriptions of species of this family that have been found in American waters.

Second. All works containing important discussions of the embryology and morphology of the characteristic
features of the Sertularidie. ;

Third. All works containing an important systematic discussion of this group.

Fourth. All works which contain original and important data concerning the geographical distribution of the
Sertularidze. This does not include mere faunal lists, unless they pertain to a geographical region not covered by
the other works included in this bibliography, or give a new geographical range for American species of Sertularide.
AGAssIz, ALEXANDER. -:------ North American Acalephze. (Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology at Harvard College, No. Il, Cambridge, 1865.)
Contains a mention of all North American Sertularidze known at that time, as
well as a bibliography of each species.
AGASSIZ, LOUIS'..2--2-=---2-< Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Second Mono-
graph, IV, Boston, 1862.
Contains a beautifully illustrated study of S. pumila and a complete bibliog-
raphy of the Hydroida.
ALpER, JosHUA....-.-.------A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. (Transactions of the
Tyne-Side Naturalists’ Field Club, Neweastle-on-Tyne, III, 1857, p. 1.)
Contains the original descriptions of Sertularella tricuspidata and Sertularella
tenella.
The same species, together with the same plates, were described and figured
the preceding year in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2d series,
XVIII, pp. 856-357, in a paper entitled A Notice of some new genera and species
of British Hydroid Zoophytes, by Joshua Alder, esq.
ALLMAN, GrorGe J...-..---.A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. In two parts. Part I,
The Hydroida in General. (Ray Society, London, 1871, pp. 1-231.)
Contains a good account of the development of Diphasia rosacea and Sertularia
pumila,
ALLMAN, GEORGE J...-.---.- Diagnosis of New Genera and Species of Hydroids. (Read December 17, 1874.)
(Journal of the Linnzean Society, Zoology, XII, p. 251.)
Original descriptions of the genera Synthecium and Selaginopsis and of Sertular-
ella episcopus.
ALLMAN, GEORGE J._.--.---- Descriptions of some New Species of Hydroida from Kerguelen Island. (Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, 4th series, X VII, 1876, p. 113).
Contains the original description of Sertularella unilateralis.
ALLMAN, GEORGE J_--------- Report on the Hydroida collected during the Exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F.
de Pourtales, assistant, United States Coast Survey. (Memoirs of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, V, No. 2, Cambridge, 1877.)
Contains original descriptions of Sertularella conica, S. amphorifera, Synthecium
marginatum, S. tubitheca, Sertularia tumida, S. exiqgua, S. rathbuni (under name of
Thwiaria sertularioides), S. pourtalesi (under name of Sertularia distans), Thuiaria
plumulifera, and Sertularella distans.
ALLMAN, GEORGE J.--------- Description of Australian, Cape, and other Hydroids, mostly new, from the Collection
of Miss H. Gatty. Read March 19, 1885. (Journal of the Linnzan Society:
Zoology, XIX, p. 182.)
Original description of the genus Thecocladium, and of Sertularella margaritacea,

S. diffusa, and Thuiaria ramosissima.

137

138 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
ALLMAN, GrorGE J....-..---The voyage of H. M.S. Challenger. Zoology. Report on the Hydroida dredged by
Hi. M. 8. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part Il. The Tubularinz, Cory-
morphine, Campanularinie, Sertularinse, and Thalamophora. 1888.
Original descriptions of the genera Stawrotheca and Dictyocladium, and of Sertu-
larella filiformis, S. elausa, S. catena, S. cylindritheca, S. quadrifida (under name of
Thuiaria quadridens), Sertularia challengeri (ander name of Desmoscyphus jpectina-
tus), Sertularia versluysi (ander name of Desmoscyphus gracilis).
Bane WiiMie=2-sescesre sce On the Ilydroida of Southeastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species,
and notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Melbourne, 1881. (Journal of the Micro-
scopical Society of Victoria, II, p. 1)
Valuable as recording occurrence in Australia of a few American forms.

BAGE, AW Wee see ena aiee Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes. Sydney, 1884.
Contains good systematic discussions, and descriptions of Sertularidee.
BAUEY Wie M ooo ee secs ee 8 ace Some new and rare Hydroida in the Australian Museum Collection. (Proceedings of

the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2d series, III, June 27, 1888, p. 745.)

Contains original description of Syntheciun eylindricum.

Bepor, Maurice, and Picrer, Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ter, Prince
CAMILLE. Souverain de Monaco. Fascicule XVIII. Hydraires provenant des campagnes de
Hirondelle. 1886-1888. Monaco. 1900.

Unriyaled as a perfect sample of illustration and of bookmaking, so far as the
literature of the Hydroids is concerned.

IBERGH WIRE Sisssssee sous seeee Goplepolyper (Hydroider) fra Kara Havet. 1887, p. 331. (The serial in which this
was published is not indicated in the copy in possession of the author.)

Extends the known distribution of several sertularians to the Arctic Sea.

Bonnevir, Kristine .-------- The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876-1878. Zoology. Hydroida. Chris-
tiania, 1899.

A yaluable work, especially in adding to our knowledge of both the geograph-
ical and bathymetric distribution of several sertularians.

@AuKINSs Gary Nieooesseocee Some Hydroids from Puget Sound. (Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History, XXVIII, No. 13, January, 1899, p. 333.)

Extends known range of several species of Sertularide.

@UARKHS SBp pees tos eee tee Report on the Hydroids collected on the coast of Alaska and the Alcutian Islands by
W. H. Dall, U.S. Coast Survey, and Party, from 1871 to 1874 inclusive. (Proceed-
ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, p. 209.)

An important paper containing original descriptions of Thuiaria dalli (under
name of Sertularia cupressoides), Abietinaria variabilis, A. inconstans, Thwiaria thuia-
rioides, T. robusta, T. plumosa, Abietinaria turgida, A. gigantea, Sertulareila pinnata.
It also extends the known geographical distribution of a number of well-known
species of Sertularidee.

GiARK AS coe = Slosescce ss The Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of the United States, south of Vancouver Island.
With a Report upon those in the Museum of Yale College. (Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy, III, 1876, p. 249.)

Gives a list of seven species of sertularians, some of which had not been
before reported from the Pacific coast.

GuARK RSs) ee een ee eee Report on the Hydroida collected during the Exploration of the Gulf Stream and
Gulf of Mexico by Alexander Agassiz, 1877-78. (Bulletin of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, V, No. 10, 1879, p. 239.)

Extends known range of Sertularia cornicina (under name of S. complexa) and

of several other sertularians.
CUABERE, |S: Mico e cee Recess Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Gala-
pagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of
Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross
during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. 8S. Navy, commanding. XI. The
Hydroids. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, XX V, 1894, p 71.)
Original description of Sertularella tropica (under name of Sertularia variabilis).
CouGuTrey, MILLEN.-------- Critical Notes on the New Zealand Hydroida, Suborder Thecophora. (Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, 4th series, X VII, 1876, p. 22.
Finds Sertularia pumila in New Zealand.
IDRIESCH) VANS o2 22 -e= oa == Tektonische Studien an Hydroidpolyper, Jena, 1890, p. 189.

Discusses the mode of branching and the order of succession of the persons of

the hydroid colony.

'When both the generic and specific names have been changed, the original name is given. Where the generic
name only has been changed, the original name is not given.

THE SERTULARID®. 139

DURBAN, WS. MM ....--...- The Zoology of Barents Sea. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th series,
VI, 1880, p. 253.)

Adds several species of hydroids to those known to occur in the Arctic Ocean.

Exus, JoHn ...--.-------.--An Essay toward a Natural History of the Corallines, and other Marine Productions of
the like Kind, Commonly found On the Coasts of Great Britain and Ireland.
London, 1755.

A monumental work, giving original descriptions of a number of species, but
under English names, the binomial system not having at that time been adopted.

Ex.is, Jonn, and Soutanper,.-The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various

DANIEL _ parts of the globe by the late John Ellis, esq., F. R. 8. London, 1786.

In this work the species described in the preceding, and others, receive their
binomial designations. Linnzeus had, in the meantime, however, applied these
binomials, and so receives the credit of being the original describer according to
our present system. The work contains strictly original descriptions of Thuiaria
lonchitis, Abietinaria filicula, and Pasythea quadridentata.

Fasricius, OTHO ..--.------- Fauna Groenlandica Systematica sistens Animaliw, MDCCLXXX.

Contains the earliest report regarding the occurrence of some of the sertula-
rians in Greenland.

Frwres, J: WALTER-...-...- Reports on the Results of Dredging under the Supervision of Alexander Agassiz in the
Caribbean Sea, in 1878, 1879, and along the Atlantic Coast of the United States,
during the Summer of 1880, by the U. 8. Coast Survey Steamer ‘‘ Blake,’’ Com-
mander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding.

Report on the Acalephze. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
VIII, No. 7, 1881, p.127.) Contains the original description of Sertularella formosa.

Fewkes, J. WAuTER.-.---.-.An aid to the Collector of the Ccelenterata and Echinodermata of New England.
(Bulletin of the Essex Institute, X XIII, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1891, p. 1.)

Designed for popular use.

OHE HS ih eas Mea rca On the Morphology of the Reproductive System of the Sertularian Zoophytes, ete.
(Annals and Magazine of Natural History, XIV, 1844, p. 385.)

Interesting as ascientific curiosity, The writer discusses the analogies between
the reproductive systems of plants and hydroids.

Gou.p, Aucustus A .-....--.A report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, comprising the Mollusca, Crustacea,
Annelida, and Radiata. Cambridge, 1841. Reports Sertularia pinnata Pallas.
Gray. Joun Epwarp-.-.----- List of the Specimens of British Animals of the Collections of the British Museum.

Part I, Radiated Animals. London, 1847.
Contains the original description of the genus Sertularella.
HUAMANNS @©Tro 2222222225522 Der Organismus der Hydroidpolypen. (Separat-Abdruck aus der Jenaischen Zeit-
schrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, XV, New Series VIII, Jena, 1882, pp. 1-72.)
A general morphological discussion of the Hydroida.
Hareitt, CHarues W ..---.-- Synopses of North American Invertebrates. XIV. The Hydromedusie. Part II, p. 379.
(American Naturalist, XX XV, 1901.)
A compilation. Useful in determining the common species of the New Eng-

: land coast, but far from complete.
HARTLAUB, CLEMENS....-.--- Die Hydromedusen Helgolands. 2. Bericht. (Beitriige zur Meeres-Fauna yon Helgo-

lands. X. Wissenschaftiche Meeresuntersuchungen herausgegeben yon der Kom-
mission zur Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel und der biologischen
Anstalt auf Helgoland, n. f., IJ, Heft. 1, Abth. 2.) 1897.

A valuable work, but containing little of interest concerning the Sertularidz,
except a small faunal list.

HAarrLauB, CLEMENS. -.-.------ Revision der Sertularella-Arten, (Sonder-Abdruck aus Band X VI. der Abhandlungen
aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Herausgegeben yon Naturwissen-
schaftlichen Verein, Hamburg, 1901. . Reprinted from a separate dated 1900. )

A work of the highest rank. No original descriptions, but new names are
given in three cases, Sertularella quadrifida (for Thuiaria quadridens Allman),
Sertularella allmani (for Sertularia wnilateralis Allman), and 8S. tropica (for S. variabilis
Clarke). The work contains an excellent systematic discussion, extensive tables
of synonymy, and complete record of the known geographical and bathymetric
distribution of the genus.

HARTLAUB, CLEMENS...------ IHydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauins-
land, 1896-98). (Zoologische Jahrbiicher: Abtheilung fiir Systematik, Geographie,
und Biologie der Thiere. Jena, May 31, 1901, p. 349.)

Largely a compilation. Contains the original description of Sertularella nana.

140 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Ennpmr: (CAM 222¢5b2-sssse -Die Zoophyten und Echinodermen der adriatischen Meeres. (Herausgegeben yon der
k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft. Wien, 1868.)
Interesting, on account of geographical distribution of some well-known ser-

tularians.
Ines; THOM Ase: sas5e== A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall. (Annals and

Magazine of Natural History, 3d series, VIII, 1861, p. 251.)
Contains the original description of Sertularclla fusiformis.

Hincgs, Toomas H.--------- A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes, London, 1868.
A very important work. Original description of the genus Hydrallmania.
ELINGES OMA S ee eee On Deep-water Hydroida from Iceland. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History,

4th series, XIII, 1874, p. 146.)
Contains the original description of Sertularella geniculata.

JOHNSTON, GEORGE .----. ---- A History of the British Zoophytes, 2d ed., London, 1847.
One of the British classics.
KIRCHENPAUER, G. H__..---- Neue Sertulariden aus verschiedenen Hamburgischen Sammlungen, nebst allgemeinen

Bemerkungen tiber Lamouroux’s Gattung Dynamena. Dresden, 1864.

A systematic discussion of Sertularia and Dynamena. Excellent figures.

KirRcHENPAUER, G. H _.------ Nordische Gattungen und Arten von Sertulariden; (Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete
der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben yon Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in
Hamburg. VIII, Pt. 3, 1884.)

Contains descriptions of many sertularians. Proposes the genus Abietinaria.
Original description of Thuiaria elegans, T. annulata, Sertularella contorta, S. albida,
S. subdichotoma, S. sieboldi.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de.---- Histoire naturelle des animaux sans yertébres. 2nd edition, 1836.

A classic work. Restricts the genus Sertularia by setting off the genera
Antennularia and Plumularia.

LAmouroux, J. V. F..-----=- Extrait d’un mémoire sur la classification des Polypes coralligénes non entiérement
pierreux (Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences par la Société philomatique de Paris, 111).
Paris, 1812.

An important paper. Defines Dynamena, Sertularia, and Pasythea, and sets
aside the Campanularians and Plumularians from the Sertularidee.

IL/WiteRoiDs., di, Why JP eese- 2 oe Histoire des Polypiers coralligénes flexibles vulgairement nommés Zoophytes. Caen,
1816.

Contains descriptions of all sertularians known at that time. No new species.
A good bibliography.

Lamouroux, J. V. F...-.---- Exposition méthodique des Genres de l’ordre des Polypiers, avec leur description et
celle des principales espéces, figurées dans 84 planches, ete. Paris, 1821.

Original description of Sertularella gayi.

LENDENFELD, R. VON..------- The Australian Hydromedusze. (Proceedings of the Linnzean Society, New South
Wales IX, X. 1884-5, pp. 206-241, 401-420). Contains an elaborate systematic
discussion of the Hydroida, and reports some specie
found in American waters.

Lryinsen, G. M. R. ---------Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst telligemed Bemzerkninger
om Hydroidernes Systematik. (Saertryk af Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra der
naturhistoriske Forening, 1892. Kjobenhayn, 1892, p. 1.)

A yery valuable paper, especially in its masterly systematic discussions and
investigations concerning the operculum. Contains original description of Thuiaria
fabricti and Selaginopsis alternitheca.

IE VINSEN]) Gees Reese eeee Om Fornyelsen af Ernzeringsindividerne hos Hydroiderne. (Same publication as

above, 1892, p. 12.)
Another paper containing a discussion of the operculum, and also of the
reduplication of the hydrothecal margin.

Systema Naturze per Regna Tria Naturee secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species,

cum characteribus Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition, 1758.

Our present nomenclature being based on the system of Linnzeus, this work
is an indispensable classic. It contains the original binomial descriptions of the
following species:

s of sertularians that are also

Sertularia pumila, S. operculata, Diphasia rosacea, D. tamarisca,
Thuiaria cupressina, T. argentea, T. thiyja, Hydrallmania falcata, Abictinaria abietina,
Sertularella rugosa, S. polyzonias, and Selaginopsis cedrina.
Mc@rrsny, JOHN ..-------- Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor. (Proceedings of the Elliott Society, I
No. 1, 1858, p. 103.)
An American classic. Original description of Sertularia cornicina.

’

THE SERTULARID®. 141

MARKTANNER-TURNERET- Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. (Annalen des k. k. natur-
SCHER, GOTTLIEB. historischen Hofmuseums, V, Pt. 2, 1890, p. 195.)

An important work, especially in its systematic discussions. Proposes the
genera Calyptothuiaria and Monopoma that are not adopted in this work. Contains
a good bibliography, and original descriptions of Sertularia tubuliformis and Sertu-
larella magellanica.

Merescokowsky, © ..------- New Hydroida from Ochotsk, Kamtschatka, and other parts of the North Pacific Ocean.
(Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th series, IT, 1878, p. 433.)

A comprehensive treatment of Selaginopsis. Original descriptionsof S. (riserialis,
S. pinnata, Abietinaria compressa, and Sertularella clarkii.

MEVENG Bowie MioS 52... t2's Beitrige zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Kaiserliche Leo-
poldino-Carolinische deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher, X VII, 1835, pp. 1-125.

Contains the original description of Sertularella picta.

MuRRAY, ANDREW...--...--.. Descriptions of new Sertularidse from the Californian Coast. (Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, 3d series, V, 1860, p. 250.) :

Original description of Sertularella greenei (ander name of Sertularia tricuspida)
and Diphasia corniculata.

NORMAN AA: IM Ser fo 2.2258 Note on Selaginopsis (=Polyserias hincksii, Mereschkowsky) and on the circumpolar
distribution of certain Hydrozoa. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th
series, I, 1878, p. 189.) ;

Contents denoted by title.

Nursing iO G25. soe dckes Bahama Expedition. (Bulletins from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State
University of Towa, III, Nos. 1 and 2, 1895.)

Original description of Sertularella quadrata.

NUDDING: (Ci Oi: se ae- 5 sek Hydroida from Alaska and Puget Sound. (Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum,
XXI, No. 1171, 1899, p. 741).

Original description of JZydrallmania distans. Discusses geographical distribu-
tion.

INGERINGE Cite. seen SE The Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region. (Bulletin of the U. 8. Fish Commission for
1899. 1901, p. 325.)

Serves for identification of sertularians of the region.

INDORINGS OnG 2 fase see ees Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition, X XI, The Hydroids. (Proceedings of
the Washington Academy of Sciences, III, pp. 157-216, May, 1901.)

Discusses faunal regions of North Pacific Coast, and circumpolar distribution.
Original descriptions of Abietinaria coei, Diphasia kincaidi (under name of Thuiaria
elegans), and Abietinaria costata.

D’ORrBIGNY, ALCIDE.-..-. ---- Voyage dans Amérique Méridionale, exécuté pendant les années 1826, 1827, 1828,
1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, et 1833, V, Pt. 4: Zoophytes, Paris, 1839 et 1846.

Original descriptions of Sertularia pulchella, Sertularella patagonica, and S.
milneana. Excellent figures.

PAGKARD SA. S:,j00 -22s2.55 =o A List of Animals dredged near Caribou Island, Southern Labrador, during July and
August, 1860. (Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, December, 1863. )

Indicates new range for some well-known species.

Szamunpsson, B.. -..-.--.-- Bidrag til Kundskaben om de Islandske Hydroider, 1902.
Valuable on account of data regarding geographical distribution.
ENGR (Oty (0 5 ee es Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. (Seerskilt aftrykt af Videnskabelige-

Selskabets Forhandlinger for 1873, p. 1.)

Contains valuable data on distribution, and the original description of Thuiaria
tenera,

ScHNEIDER, Karu Camitto-..Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Uebersicht tiber das System der Hydropolypen im

Allgemeinen. (Zoologische Jahrbiicher, Abtheilung fiir Systematik, X, 1897,
p. 472.) 2

Contains a good systematic discussion of the relationship of the families of
Hydroida, and the genera of the Sertularid:e.

Scuuize, Franz Ertnarp ..-Nordsee Expedition, 1872, III, Ccelenteraten, 1874, p. 121.
Contains extensive tables showing geographical and bathymetric distribution.
Stimpson, WILLIAM....--.-.- Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, or the region about the Mouth

of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl-
edge, VI, Article V, 1854.)
Contains original descriptions (without figures) of Thuiaria latiuscula, and
“Sertularia producta’’ which seems to be a synonym of Diphasia tamarisca,
THALLWITZ, JOMANNES ..---..Ueber die Entwicklung der Mannlichen Keimzellen bei den Hydroiden. (Jenaische
Zeitschrift, XVIII, 1885, p. 385.)
Discusses the origin of the spermatozoa in Sertularella polyzonias.

142 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Tuompson, D’Arcy W.-...-- On some new and rare Hydroid Zoophytes (Sertulariidze and Thuiariidee) from Aus-
tralia and New Zealand. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th series,
II, 1879, p. 97.)
Describes the only known Selaginopsis from the Southern Hemisphere.
Tuornety, Laura Roscon....The Hydroid Zoophytes collected by Doctor Willey in the Southern Seas. (Reprinted
from A. Willey’s Zoological Results, Part IV, p. 456. Cambridge University Press,

1899. )
Gives new record for Sertularia pumila and Pasythea quadridentata.
Torrey, Harry BEan_----.-- The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America. (University of California Publi-

cations, Zoology I, pp. 1-104. November, 1902.)
An important work, containing discussion of geographical distribution on the
Pacific coast, and original descriptions of Sertularella dentifera, Sertularia desmoides,
and .Abietinaria traski.
VARENNE, ANDRE DE--------- Recherches sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hydraires. (Archives de Zoologie expéri-
mentale et générale, X, Paris, 1882, pp. 1-100.)
Includes an account of the embryology of Sertularia pumila.

Verriut, A. E., and Report upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and Adjacent Waters,
Smrru, 8. I. with an Account of the Physical Characters of the Region. (Report of the Gom-

missioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1871-72, pp. 295-478. )
A yaluable work, giving the habitat and local distribution of many sertula-
rians.
Warm, eA Boe sen eho e Preliminary Check-list of the Marine Invertebrata of the Atlantic Coast, from Cape
Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Prepared for the U. 8. Commission of Fish and
Fisheries, 1879. Author’s edition, New Haven, June, 1879, pp. 1-32.)
Contains a list of 20 species of sertularians, many of which are first reported in
America in numerous short papers by the same author.
VERSLUYS, J. JUNE -.--..- --Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueillis dans la Mer des Antilles pendant l’une des Choisiéres
accomplis par le Comte R. de Dalmas sur son yacht Chazalie. (Mémoires de la
Société zoologique de France, XII, Pt. 1, p. 29, Paris, 1899.)
Contains the original description of Sertularia brevicyathus.
WEISMANN, AuUGUST.._-..---- Die entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur
Kentniss des Baus und der Lebenserscheinungen dieser Gruppe. Jena, 1888.
Contains a good account of the origin of the sex cells in Sertularia pumila and
Sertularella polyzonias.
\ WANE oy le IRs oo hE ee Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrates of Eastern Canada (Geological Survey of
Canada), 1902.
Valuable for material on geographical distribution. Gives new locality for
Sertularella fusiformis.
WINTHER, GEORG.-...------- Om Internodiets Bygning og sammensietning hos Sertularierne. (Naturhistorisk Tids-
skrift, 1879-80, p. 304. )
Discusses variation in internodes and position of hydrothecz in five well-known
species of Sertularidze.

LIST OF WORKS TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE SYNONYMIES IN
THE SYSTEMATIC PART OF THIS WORK, BUT WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN
CONSULTED BY THE AUTHOR.

When the title is preceded by an asterisk (*) the references to that work are made on the authority of
Hartlaub’s Revision der Sertularella-Arten. Otherwise the references are made on the authority of M. Bedot’s
Matériaux pour servir a l Histoire des Hydroides.

*Benner and vAN Ourvier. Naamlijst van Wormen, in Nederland aanwezig. (Natuurkundige Verhandelingen
yan de Hollandsche Maatschappy der Wetenschappen te Haarlem. D. XV, 2, p. 1-256.) 1826.

Berkennour. Synopsis of the natural history of great-Britain and Ireland, containing a systematic arrangement
and concise description of all the animals, vegetables, and fossils which have been hitherto discovered in these
Kingdoms. London, 1795.

*Brrencourr. Les Hydraires du Pas-de-Calais. (Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique.) 1888.

Deuxieéme liste des Hydraires du Pas-de-Calais. (Travaux de I’ Institute maritime de l’ Institute Zoologique
de Lille et Wimereux, VII, p. 1.) 1899.

Bopparrt, P. In: Pallas, P. 8. Lyst der Plant-Dieren
door P. Boddaert. Utrecht, 1768.

BruGurkre. Histoire naturelle des Vers, I. (Hneyelopédie méthodique,) Paris, 1789.

*Carus. Prodromus Faun:e Mediterrane, I. Stuttgart, 1885.

Cayoutnt. Memorie per servire alla storia de Polipi marini. Napoli, 1785.

*Cur1AsE, DELLE. Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza yertebre del regno di Napoli. Napoli, 1828.

*DestoncscHamps. Zoophytes (Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes ou animaux rayonnés par Lamouroux). (En-
cylopédie méthodique, Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1791.)

Epwarps, Grorces. Gleanings of Natural History. 3 vols. London, 1758-1764.

Esper, E. J. C. Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere. Pt. 2. Niirnberg, 1794-1806.

Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet. 3 yols., Nurnberg, 1788-1830.

*y. Evzev. Grodnland, geographisch und statistisch beschreiben. Aus diinischenyQuellschriften. Stuttgart, 1860.

*Farquanr. List of New Zealand Hydroida. (Translations of the New Zealand Institute, X XVIII, p. 459, 1895.)

*Grarrre. Ubersicht der Seetierefauna des Golfes von Triest. (Arbeiten aus dem Zoolologischen Institute, Wien
und Triest, V, p. 333.) 1884.

Gronovius, L. T. Zoophylacium gronoyianum. Fasciculus 3, exhibens Vermes, Mollusca, Testacea, et Zoophyta,
quae in Museo suo adservavit, examini subjecit. Lugduni Batayorum, 1781.

*HerKkiorz. De Weekdieren en lagere Dieren Il. (Natuurlyke Historie van Nederland.) Amsterdam, 1870.

*Hitaenporr. On the hydroids of the Neighborhood of Dunedin. (Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,
XXX, p. 200.) 1897.

*Hoir. Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland, 1890-91. (Proceedings of the Royal Society of Dublin,
VII, p. 225.) 1892.

Hourruyy, M. Natuurlyke historie of uitvoerige beschryving der Dieren, Planten en Mineralien volgens het
samenstel van den Heer Linnieus. Wrste Deels, Dieren. Amsterdam, 1761-73.

Jameson, R. Catalogue of animals of the class Vermes found in the Frith of Forth and other parts of Scotland.
(Memoirs of the Wernerian Society, I, for the years 1807-1810.) Edinburgh, 1811.

Lepecurn, J. Nove Pennatule et Sertularize species descriptee. (Acta Academia Scientiarum Imperialis Petropo-
litana pro anno 1778.) 1781.

Lerecuin, J. Sertularize species duze determinate. (Acta Academia Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanze pro anno
1780.) 1783. :

*Livken, Cur. <A revised Catalogue of the Anthozoa and Calycozoa of Greenland. (T. Rupert Jones Manual of the
Natural History, etc. of Greenland and the neighbouring regions, prepared for the use of the Arctic Expedition
of 1875.) London, 1875.

*MairLtanp. Systematische Beschrijving der Dieren welke in Noord-Nederland of aan deszelis Kusten vorkomen,
ete. Leiden (2te Uitgave), 1851.

Mararti, J. Fr. De Plantis Zoophytis et Lithophytis in Mari Mediterraneo viventibus. Rome, 1776.

*Mosius. Uber die Thiere der Schleswig-holsteinischen Austernbiinke, ete. (Sitzungsberichte der koniglich
Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Jahrgang 1893, p. 67.) 1893.

*Morcu. Fortegnelse over Gronlands Bloddyr. Mollusca Gronlandica in: Rink Gronland geograph. og statisk beskr.
D. 2, p. 75. 1857.

5125—pr 2—04——10 145

Vertaald, en met Aanmerkingen en Afbeeldingen yoorzien

144 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Miiturr, O. F. Zoologize Danicze prodromus, seu animalium Danize et Norvegize indigenaram characteres, nomina
et synonyma imprimis popularium. Haunie, 1776. ;

*Nicnots. Hydrozoa (Haddon, First Report on the Marine Fauna of the South West of Ireland). (Proceedings
of the Royal Irish Academy (2), IV, Science, p. 615.) 1886.

Outvi. Zoologia adriatica. Bassano, 1792.

*Prerrer. Zur Fauna yon Sud Georgien. (Jahrbuch Hamburger Wissenschaftliche Anstalt, Jahrgang VI, p. 37.)
1889.

Die niedere Tierwelt des antarctischen Ufergebietes. (Neumayer, Ergebnisse der Deutschen Polar-
Expedition, II, p. 455.) 1898.

*Preper. Ergiinzungen zu Heller’s Zoophyten etc. des adriatischen Meeres. (Zoologischer Anzeiger, VII, p. 185.)
1884.

*Rappe. Die Sammlungen des Kaukasischen Museums, I. Tiflis, 1899.

*Ripiey, St. O. Ccelenterata from the Straits of Magellan and of the coast of Patagonia. (Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, 1881, p. 102.) 1881.

Savieny, J. C. et Aupourn, J. V. Explication sommaire des planches de Polypes de l’ Egypte et de la Syrie, publiées
par J. C. Savigny. (Description de 1’ Egypte en Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en
Egypte pendant l’expédition de l’armée frangaise. Histoire naturelle. I, Pt. 4, p. 225.) Paris, 1809.

*Srorm. Bidrag til Kundskab om Throndhjemsfjordens Fauna I. (K. Norske Videnskabelige Selskabets Skrifter.
Jahrgang 1878, p. 9.) 1879.

*TreMpLETON, J. Catalogue of Irish Annulose and Rayed Animals, selected from the papers of the late J. T. by
Robert Templeton. (Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, IX, p. 466.) 1836.

Wickens, C. F. and Hersst, I. F. W. Pallas, P.S. Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen aus dem Lateinischen ubersetzt
und mit Anmerkungen yersehen. Nurnberg, 1787.

HXPLANATION OF PLATES

Unless otherwise indicated all of the figures in the plates were drawn by Mrs. Lilian Hulsebus Crone after origi-
nal camera lucida sketches from nature by Prof. C. C. Nutting. Where figures were copied from the works of other
authors the source is indicated, and the copies were made by Mrs. Crone.

The text figures illustrating the stem, hydranths, and gonophores, unless otherwise indicated, were drawn by
Mr. J. H. Paarmann after camera lucida sketches by the author. All of the other text figures were drawn by Mr.
Paarmann with the aid of the camera lucida, except when copies were made from other publications, in which case
the source is indicated in the explanation of the figures.

PuaTeE I.

Fie. 1. Sertularia pumila Linneeus. Portion of main stem and branches (enlarged).
2. Sertularia pumila. Side view of branch, showing gonangium (enlarged).
3. Sertularia pumila. Pair of hydrothecze and expanded hydranth (greatly enlarged).
4. Sertularia versluysi Nutting. Portion of main stem and branches (enlarged).
5. Sertularia versluysi. Part of branch (enlarged).
6. Sertularia versluysi. Branch from another colony (enlarged).
7,8,9. Sertularia versluysi. Pairs of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).

Puate II.

Fig. 1. Sertularia challengeri Nutting. Portion of stem and branches from Allman’s type of Desmoscyphus pectinatus
Allman (enlarged).
2. Sertularia challengeri. Part of branch from same specimen (greatly enlarged).
3. Sertularia operculata Linnzeus. Portion of branch with gonangium (enlarged ).
4. Sertularia operculata. \ A pair of hydrothec:e (greatly enlarged).
5. Sertularia operculata. Side view of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).
6. Sertularia pulchella (VOrbigny). Portion of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After d’Orbigny.)
7. Sertularia pulchella. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Clarke’s drawing of Sertularia
furcata Trask. )
8. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Part of branch (enlarged).
. Serlularia bispinosa. Pair of hydrothecie (greatly enlarged) .
10. Sertularia bispinosa. Side view of branch (enlarged).
11. Sertularia bispinosa, Side view of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

Je)

Puate IIT.

Fic. 1. Sertularia desmoides Torrey. Part of branch (enlarged).
2. Sertularia desmoides. Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).
3. Serlularia desmoides. Ind of hydrotheca, showing aperture (greatly enlarged).
4. Sertularia rathbuni Nutting. Portion of branch (enlarged).
5. Sertularia rathbuni. Pair of hydrothecie (greatly enlarged).
3,7. Sertularia rathbuni. Lateral views of hydrothece, showing tridentate margins (greatly enlarged).
8,9. Sertularia rathbuni. Two other views of margins (greatly enlarged).
10. Sertularia gracilis Hineks. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

Priate IV.

Fic. 1. Sertularia cornicina (McCready). Colony with gonangia and expanded hydranths. Drawn from life
(enlarged).
2. Sertularia cornicina., Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).
3. Sertularia cornicina. Gonangium (enlarged).
4. Sertularia cornicina. Side view of colony with parasitic campanularian and its gonangium (enlarged).
Sertularia cornicina. Part of same colony (enlarged).
145

146 - AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

PLATE V.

Fic. 1. Sertularia mayeri Nutting. Basai portion of colony (enlarged).

Via.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

2. Sertularia mayeri. Distal part of stem (enlarged).

3. Sertularia mayeri. Side view of stem (enlarged).

4. Sertularia mayeri. WHydrothece with collapsible tubular extensions (enlarged).
5. Sertularia pourtalesi Nutting. Part of stem (enlarged).

6. Sertularia stookeyi Nutting. Part of stem and gonangium (enlarged).

7. Sertularia stookeyi. Pair of hydrothecie (greatly enlarged).

Puate VI.

1. Sertularia brevicyathus Versluys. Part of stem (enlarged).

2. Sertularia brevicyathus. Side view of stem (enlarged).

3. Sertularia flowersi Nutting. Part of stem (enlarged).

4. Sertularia flowersi. Side view of stem (enlarged)

5. Sertularia tumida Allman. Pair of hydrothecze (enlarged). (After Allman.)
6. Sertularia evigua Allman. Pair of hydrothecie (enlarged). (After Allman. )

Puate VII.

1. Thuiaria thuja (Linneus). Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Thuiaria thuja. Two hydrothecie (greatly enlarged).

3. Thuiaria thuja. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

4. Thuiaria elegans Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )
5. Thuiaria robusta Clark. Side view of branch (enlarged).

6. Thuiaria robusta. Front view of branch (enlarged) .

7. Thuiaria robusta. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).

Puate VIII.

1. Thuiaria thuiarioides (Clark). Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).

2. Thuiaria thuiarioides. Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged ).

3. Thuiaria thuiarioides. Single hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged ).

4. Thuiaria thuiarioides. Part of branch (enlarged).

5, 6. Thuiaria thuiarioides. Gonangia (enlarged).

7. Thuiaria polyearpa (Kirehenpauer). Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).
8. Thitiaria polycarpa. Part of branch (enlarged).

9. Thuiariapolycarpa. Side view of two hydrothecze (enlarged).

Puate IX.

1. Thuiaria kurile (Poeppig). Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Thuiaria kurile. Single hydrotheca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).

3. Thuiaria immersa Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

4. Thuiaria immersa. Hydrotheee (greatly enlarged).

5. Thuiaria lonchitis (Ellis and Solander). Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).

6, 7, 8. Thuiaria lonchitis. Hydrothecze, showing variation on margin (greatly enlarged).
9. Thuiaria plumulifera Allman. Part of branch (enlarged) .

10. Thuiaria plumulifera. Part of another colony (enlarged).

11. Thuiaria plumulifera. Part of main stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).

12, 13. Thuiaria plumulifera. Uydrothecee, showing margin (greatly enlarged).

Puate X.

1. Thuiaria diffusa (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Thuiaria diffusa. Two hydrothecz (greatly enlarged).

3. Thuiaria diffusa. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

4. Thuiaria dalli Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

5. Thuiaria dalli, Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).

6. Thuiaria dalli. Two hydrothecie (greatly enlarged).

7. Thuiaria similis (Clark). Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
8. Thuwiaria similis. Hydrothecre (greatly enlarged).

9. Thuiaria similis. Four hydrothec (greatly enlarged).

THE SERTULARIDA. 147

Piate XI.

Fig. 1. Thuiaria tubuliformis (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Part of colony, showing main stem and branch origin
(slightly enlarged).
2. Thuiaria tubuliformis. Part of branch (enlarged).
3. Thuiaria tubuliformis. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
4. Thuiaria tubuliformis. Side view of two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).
5, 6. Thuiaria tubuliformis. Vnds of hydrothecze, showing margins (enlarged).
7,8. Thuiaria tubuliformis. Gonangia (enlarged. )
9. Thuiaria tenera (Sars). Part of colony (enlarged).
10. Thuiaria tenera. Part of branch (enlarged).
11, 12. Thuiaria tenera. Ends of hydrothecie, showing margins (greatly enlarged).

Prate XII.

Fic. 1. Thuiaria fabriciti (Levinsen). Part of branch (enlarged).

Thuwiaria fabricii. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).

Thuiaria argentea (Linneeus). Entire branch, showing ramification (slightly enlarged).
4. Thuiaria argentea. Part of branch (enlarged).

5. Thuiaria argentea. Distal part of branch (enlarged).

6. Thuiaria argentea. Two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

7. Thuiaria argentea. Wydranth expanded, drawn from life (greatly enlarged).

8, 9. Thuiaria argentea. Gonangia (enlarged).

Piate XIII.

Fra. 1. Thuiaria cupressina (Linneeus). Part of branch (enlarged ).
2. Thuiaria cupressina. Hydrotheece (greatly enlarged).

3. Thuiaria cupressina. Gonangia (enlarged).

4. Pasythea quadridentata (Ellis and Solander). Trophosome (enlarged).

5. Pasythea quadridentata. Wydrothecze and gonangium (greatly enlarged).
6. Pasythea quadridentata. Side view of group of hydrothecze (enlarged).

7. Pasythea quadridentata. Side view of two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

PLate XIV.

Fie. 1. Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux). Part of braneh (enlarged) .

Sertularella gayi. Part of branch with gonangium (much less enlarged).

4. Sertularella gayi. Hydrothece, showing operculum (enlarged).

Sertularella gayi. Gonangium (enlarged).

Sertularella gayi (var. robusta Allman). Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
Sertularella gayi (var. robusta). Part of colony overgrown with Filellwm serpens (enlarged).

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PuatE XV.

Fic. 1. Sertularella conica Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Sertularella conica. View of margin and operculum (enlarged).

3. Sertularella catena (Allman). Part of Allman’s type specimen with gonangia (enlarged).
4. Sertularella quadrata Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

5. Sertularella quadrata. Single gonangium with parasitic campanularian (greatly enlarged).

6. Sertularella quadvata. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged) .
Puate XVI.

Fig. 1. Sertularella tanneri Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged). ¢
2. Sertularella geniculata Hincks (enlarged). (After Hincks. )

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3. Sertularella patagonica (W’Orbigny) (enlarged). (After d’Orbigny.)

PLate XVII.

Fic. 1. Sertularella rugosa (Linnzeus). Part of branching colony (enlarged).
2. Sertularella rugosa. Colony with gonosome (enlarged). (After Nutting. )
3. Sertularella rugosa. Three hydrothecie (greatly enlarged). (After Nutting.)
4. Sertularella rugosa. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). (After Nutting. )
5. Sertularella rugosa. Top of gonangium, showing teeth (enlarged). (After Nutting.)
6. Sertularella areyi Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged).

148 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

Puatre XVIII.

Fic. 1. Sertulareila tenella (Alder). Part of colony (enlarged).

2. Sertularella tenella. Yond of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).

3. Sertularella allmani Hartlaub. Part of colony (enlarged).

4, 5. Sertularella allmani. Wydrotheee, showing margin and operculum (greatly enlarged).
6. Sertularella allmani. Gonangium (enlarged).

7. Sertularella contorta Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged).

8. Sertularella contorta. Wydrotheca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).

9. Sertularella contorta. onangium (enlarged).

10. Sertularella lata (Bale). Part of branch (enlarged).

PLATE XTX.

1. Sertularella albida Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Sertularella albida. Branch with gonangium (much less enlarged).

3. Sertularella pinnigera Hartlaub. Part of branch, showing hydranths (enlarged). (After Allman.)
4. Sertularella cylindritheca (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged). (From Allman’s type specimen. )
5. Sertularella distans (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged).

6. Sertularella distans. Two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

7. Sertularella gigantea Mereschkowsky (slightly enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky.)

PLATE XX.

1. Sertularella amphorifera Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Sertularella amphorifera. End of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

3. Sertularella fusiformis Hincks (enlarged). (After Hincks.)

4. Sertularella fusiformis. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Hincks. )

5. Sertulareta picta (Meyen). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Meyen. )

6. Sertularella picta. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). (After Hartlaub.)

7. Sertularella picta. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Hartlaub.)
8. Sertularella megastoma Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

9. Sertularella megastoma. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

10, 11. Sertwlarella solitaria Nutting. Single hydrothecie (enlarged).

Pratt X XI.

1. Sertularella polyzonias (Ellis and Solander). Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Sertularella polyzonias. Gonangium (enlarged).

3. Sertularella clausa (Allman). Part of branch from Allman’s type (enlarged).

4. Sertularella clausa. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum, from Allman’s type (greatly enlarged).
5. Sertularella complexa Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

6. Sertularella complexa. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).

7. Sertularella compleca. Gonangium (enlarged).

8,9. Sertularella complexa. Gonangia viewed from above, showing teeth (enlarged ).

10. Sertularella pinnata Clark. Part cf colony with gonangia (enlarged).
11. Sertularella pinnata, Part of branch, front view (enlarged).
12. Sertularella pinnata. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

Fie.

PLhate XXII.

1. Sertularella margariiacea Allman. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Allman.)
2. Sertularella turgida (Trask). Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).

3. Sertularella turgida. Distal part of branch (enlarged).

4,5. Sertularella turgida. Ends of hydrothecze, showing teeth (greatly enlarged).

6. Sertularella sieboldi Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer.)

7. Sertularella sieboldi. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )

8. Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer. Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).

9. Sertularella subdichotoma. Hydrotheca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).

10. Sertularella subdichotoma. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).
11, 12. Sertularella subdichotoma. Gonangia (enlarged ).

Prare XXIII.
1. Sertularella filiformis (Allman). Branch with gonangium, from Allman’s type specimen (enlarged ).
2,3. Sertularella filiformis. Hydrothecie, from same specimen (greatly enlarged) .
4. Sertularella quadrifida Hartlaub. Part of Allman’s type of Sertularia quadridens Allman (enlarged).
5. Sertularella quadrifida. Three hydrothecze from same specimen (greatly enlarged).

6,7. Sertularella quadrifida. WWydrothecee from same specimen, showing teeth and opercula (greatly enlarged).

8. Sertularella meridionalis Nutting. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
9. Sertularella meridionalis, Single hydrotheca, showing teeth and operculum (enlarged).

THE SERTULARID®. 149

Piate XXIV.

Fia. 1. Sertularella elegans Nutting. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).

2. Sertularella milneana (VOrbigny). Part of branch (enlarged).

3,4. Sertularella milneana. Ynds of hydrothecxe, showing teeth and opercula (greatly enlarged).
5. Sertularella milneana. Gonangium (enlarged).

6. Sertularella magellanica (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Lower part of colony (enlarged).

7. Sertularella magellanica. Distal part of colony (enlarged ).

8. Sertularella magellanica. End of hydrotheca, showing teeth (enlarged).

9. Sertularella minuta Nutting. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
10. Sertularella minuta. End of hydrotheca, showing teeth (greatly enlarged).

Prats XXV.

Fic. 1. Sertularella dentifera Torrey. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Torrey.)
2. Sertularella dentifera. Two hydrothece, showing reduplicated margins (enlarged). (After Torrey.)
3. Sertularella tricuspidata (Alder). Part of colony (enlarged).
4, 5. Sertularella tricuspidata. Gonangia (enlarged).
6. Sertularella tricuspidata (large form from Alaska). (Part of colony enlarged. )
7. Sertularella tricuspidata. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

Puare XXVI.

Fra. 1. Sertularella levinseni Nutting. Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged).
2. Sertularella levinseni. End of hydrotheeca (greatly enlarged).
3. Sertularella tropica Hartlaub. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Clarke. )
4. Sertularella tropica. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Clarke. )
5. Sertularella clarkii Mereschkowsky. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky.)
6. Sertularella nana Hartlaub. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Hartlaub.)
7 Sertularella episcopus Allman. Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged). (After Allman. )

Pirate X XVII.

Fia. 1. Sertularella magna Nutting. Two hydrotheexe (much less enlarged than other figures).
2. Sertularella formosa Fewkes. Branch overgrown with parasitic campanularian (enlarged).
3. Sertularella formosa. Part of Allman’s type of Sertularia integritheca Allman (enlarged).
4. Sertularella formosa. Part of stem with gonangia (enlarged).

5. Sertularella hartlaubi Nutting. Part of stem showing branch origins (enlarged).

Prate XXVIII.

Fic. 1. Dietyocladium flabellum Nutting. Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged).

2. Dictyocladium flabellum. Part of branch (enlarged).

3. Dictyocladium flabellum. Fend of hydrotheca, showing teeth and operculum (enlarged).
4. Diphasia rosacea (Linneeus). Branch with female gonangium (enlarged).

5. Diphasia rosacea. Side view of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

6. Diphasia tamarisca (Linneus). Two pairs of hydrothecee (enlarged). (After Hincks. )
7. Diphasia tamarisca. Portion of colony with gonangia (enlarged). (After Hincks. )

Prate X XIX.

Fic. 1. Diphasia corniculata (Murray). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Murray.)
2. Diphasia fallax (Johnston). Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).
3. Diphasia fallax. Front view of branch (enlarged).
4. Diphasia faliax. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). -
5. Diphasia fallax. Pair of hydrothece (greatly enlarged).
6. Diphasia fallax. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).

Pate XXX.

Fig. 1. Diphasia tropica Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged).
2. Diphasia digitalis (Busk). Front view of branch (enlarged).
3. Diphasia digitalis. Side view of branch (enlarged).
4. Diphasia digitalis. Part of Allman’s type of Desmoscyphus acanthocarpus Allman (enlarged).
5. Diphasia digitalis. Distal ends of two hydrothecee, showing the hood-like operculum (greatly enlarged).
6. Diphasia digitalis. Single hydrotheca, showing what appear to be opercular muscles (greatly enlarged).
7. Diphasia digitalis. Gonangium (enlarged).

150 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

PLATE XXXI.

Fic. 1. Diphasia pulchra Nutting. Two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).
2. Diphasia pulchra. Part of colony (enlarged).
3. Diphasia pulchra. Part of branch (enlarged).
4. Diphasia paarmanni Nutting. Part of branch with male gonangia (enlarged).
5. Diphasia paarmanni. Female gonangium (enlarged).
6. Diphasia paarmanni. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum (much enlarged).
7. Diphasia kincaidi (Nutting). Distal end of branch, with gonangia (enlarged).
8. Diphasia kincaidi. Four hydrothecee (greatly enlarged).
9. Diphasia kincaidi. Gonangium (greatly enlarged).

Prats XXXII.

Fic. 1. Abietinaria abietina (Linnzeus). Part of colony (enlarged).
2. Abietinaria abietina. Part of a branch (much less magnified).
3. Abietinaria abietina. Two hydrothec:e, showing operculum (much enlarged).
4. Abietinaria variabilis (Clark). Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).
5. Abietinaria variabilis. Four hydrothecse (much enlarged).
6. Abietinaria variabilis. Group of gonangia (enlarged).
7. Abietinaria variabilis. Gonangium (greatly enlarged).
Prats XXXII.
Fic. 1. Abietinaria inconstans (Clark). Part of colony (enlarged).
2. Abietinaria inconstans. Part of branch (enlarged).
3. Abietinaria coei (Nutting). Part of branch, with gonangia (enlarged).
4. Abietinaria coci. Single hydrotheca, showing sinuation of margin (enlarged).
5. Abietinaria coei. Top-shaped gonangium (enlarged).
6. Abietinaria traski (Torrey). Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).
7. Abietinaria traski. Two hydrothecz (greatly enlarged).
8, 9. Abietinariatraski. Tends of hydrothecee, showing opercula (greatly enlarged).
10. Abietinaria traski. Branch, with gonangium (enlarged).
11. Abietinaria traski. Three hydrotheecz from another colony (greatly enlarged) .

PraTeE XXXIV.

Fig. 1. Abietinaria filicula (Ellis and Solander). Part of branch (much enlarged).
Abictinaria amphora Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

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3. Abietinaria amphora. Distal part of branch (enlarged).
4. Abietinaria amphora. Part of branch, with gonangium (enlarged).
5. Abictinaria anguina (Trask). Part of branch, with very slender hydrothecz (enlarged),
6. Abietinaria anguina. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
7. Abietinaria anguina. Single gonangium (enlarged).
PLATE XXXYV.
Fic. 1. Abietinaria gracilis Nutting. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
2. Abietinaria gracilis. Four hydrothece (greatly enlarged).
3. Abietinaria compressa (Mereschkowsky). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky. )
4. Abielinaria compressa. Single hydrothecze (much enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky. )
5. Abietinaria alexanderi Nutting. Part of stem and branches (enlarged).
6. Abietinaria alexanderi. Part of branch and gonangium (enlarged).
7. Abictinaria alexanderi, Gonangium, showing meridional lines (enlarged).
8. Abietinaria aleranderi. Gonangium (much enlarged ).
PLaTE XXXVI.
Fic. 1. Abietinaria greenci (Murray). Part of branch (enlarged).
2. Abietinaria greenei. Four hydrothece (enlarged).
3. Abietinaria greenei. Pair of hydrothecze with toothed margins (much enlarged).

4. Abietinaria greenei. Pair of hydrothecee with even margins (much enlarged) .
5. Abielinaria greenei. . Side view of hydrothece (enlarged).

6. Abietinaria greenei. Side view of hydrotheee (much enlarged).

7, 8. Abietinaria greenei. Gonangia (enlarged).

9. Abietinaria costata (Nutting). Part of branch (enlarged ).

10. Abietinaria costata. Part of main stem, showing branch origins (enlarged).

THE SERTULARID®. gia!

Fig. 11. Abietinaria costata. Four hydrothee:e (much enlarged).
12. Abietinaria costata. Group of gonangia (enlarged).
13. Abielinaria annulata (Kirehenpauer). -art of main stem and branches (enlarged).
14. Abietinaria annulata. Part of branch (enlarged).
15. Abietinaria annulata. Side view of three hydrothece (enlarged).

PuaTE XXXVII.

Fie. 1. Abietinaria turgida (Clark). Part of stem and branch (enlarged).

. Abietinaria turgida. Gonangium (enlarged).

. Abietinaria gigantea (Clark). Part of branch (enlarged).

. Abietinaria gigantea. Side view of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
. Abietinaria gigantea. Side view of three hydrothec:e (enlarged).

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Puare XXXVIII.

Fig. 1. LMydrallmania falcata (Linnzeus). Side yiew of branch (greatly enlarged).
2. Hydrallmania falcata, Gonangium (enlarged).
3. Hydrallmania falcata. Front view of end of branch (enlarged).
4. Hydrallmania falcata. Side view of end of branch (enlarged).
5. Hydrallmania distans Nutting. Part of branch, side view (enlarged).
6. Hydrallmania distans. Front view of branch (enlarged).
7,8. Hydrallmania distans. Front view of hydrothecse (much enlarged).
9. Hydrallmania distans. Gonangium (enlarged).
10. Hydrallmania franciscana (Trask). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Trask.)
11. Selaginopsis mirabilis (Verrill). Part of branch (enlarged). ;
12. Selaginopsis mirabilis. Gonangium (enlarged).
13. Selaginopsis pinaster (Lepechin). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )

Puate XXXIX.

Fic. 1. Selaginopsis triserialis Mereschkowsky. Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Selaginopsis triserialis. Basal part of branch (enlarged).

3. Selaginopsis plumiformis Nutting. Part of main stem, branch and branchlets, showing manner of branch-
ing (enlarged ).

4. Selaginopsis obsoleta (Lepechin). Part of branch (enlarged). .

5. Selaginopsis obsoleta. Cross section of branch (enlarged).

6. Selaginopsis pinnata Mereschkowsky. Part of branch (enlarged).

7. Selaginopsis cylindrica (Clark). Part of branch (enlarged).

8. Selaginopsis cylindrica. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

PLATE XL.

Fig. 1. Selaginopsis ornata Nutting. Part of stem, showing canaliculated ccenosare (enlarged).
2. Selaginopsis ornata. Part of branch (enlarged).

3. Selaginopsis ornata. Gonangium (enlarged).

4. Selaginopsis obsoleta (Lepechin). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )
5. Selaginopsis alternitheca (Levinsen). Front view of part of branch (enlarged).

6. Selaginopsis alternitheca. Side view of part of branch: (enlarged).

. Selaginopsis allernitheca. Gonangium (enlarged).

8. Selaginopsis hartlaubi Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

Puare XLI.

Fic. 1. Synthecium tubithecum (Allman). Part of colony, showing opposite branches (enlarged).
. Synthecium rectum Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged). :

. 2Synthecium marginatum (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Allman.)

. Synthecium robustum Nutting. Part of colony with gonangia (less enlarged).

. Synthecium robustum. Part of branch, front view (enlarged).

6. Synthecium robustum. Part of branch, side view (enlarged) .

. Synthecium cylindricum (Bale). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Bale.)

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE I.

. Sertularia pumila Linnzeus. Portion of main stem and branches (enlarged).
. Serlularia pumila. Side view of branch, showing gonangium (enlarged).
3. Sertularia pumila. Pair of hydrothecze and expanded hydranth (greatly enlarged)

Sertularia versluysi Nutting. Portion of main stem and branches (enlarged).

. Serlularia versluysi. Part of branch (enlarged).
. Sertularia versluysi. Branch from another colony (enlarged).

8, 9. Serlularia versluysi. Pairs of hydrothec:e (greatly enlarged).

152

PLATE lI.

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fol ve
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il

EXPLANATION TO PLATE II.

Sertularia challengert Nutting. Portion of stem and branches from Allman’s type of Desmoscyphus pectinalus
Allman (enlarged).

2. Sertularia challengeri. Part of branch from same specimen (greatly enlarged).

. Serlularia operculata Linnzeus. Portion of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

. Sertularia operculata. A pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).

. Sertularia operculata. Side view of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

. Sertularia pulchella (VOrbigny). Portion of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After d’Orbigny. )

. Sertularia pulchella. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Clarke’s drawing of Sertularia

furcata Trask. )

. Sertularia bispinosa (Gray). Part of branch (enlarged).
. Sertularia bispinosa. Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).
. Sertularia bispinosa. Side view of branch (enlarged).

Sertularia bispinosa. Side view of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

156

PEATE: tle

wo
=
ie}
a
a
ss
=
- iS)
a
Ww
=

SERTULARID2.

— pat =. . —
yes - vf :
ry aoe ye

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ia re tia *
ites, aie

EXPLANATION TO PLATE III.

Fic. 1. Sertularia desmoides Torrey. Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Sertularia desmoides. Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged ).

3. Sertularia desmoides. End of hydrotheca, showing aperture (greatly enlarged).

4. Sertularia rathbuni Nutting. Portion of branch (enlarged).

5. Sertularia rathbuni. Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).

6, 7. Sertularia rathbuni. Lateral yiews of hydrothece, showing tridentate margins (greatly enlarged).
8, 9. Sertularia rathbuni. Two other views of margins (greatly enlarged).

10. Sertularia gracilis Hincks. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

160

PLATE Ill.

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a
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4
E
I
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QQ:

Fie. 1.

bo

Bd

on

EXPLANATION TO PLATE IV.

Sertularia cornicina (McCready). Colony with gonangia and expanded hydranths. Drawn from life

(enlarged).

Sertularia cornicina.
Sertularia cornicina.
Sertularia cornicina.
Sertularia cornicina.

164

Pair of hydrothec:e (greatly enlarged).

Gonangium (enlarged ).

Side view of colony with parasitic campanularian and its gonangium (enlarged ).
Part of same colony (enlarged).

PRATESIVE

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2
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i

ERTULARID®.

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MR 4 .

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7
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Fie. 1.
. Sertularia mayeri. Distal part of stem (enlarged).

. Sertularia mayeri. Side view of stem (enlarged).

. Sertularia mayeri. Hydrothecze with collapsible tubular extensions (enlarged).
. Sertularia pourtalesi Nutting. Part of stem (enlarged).

. Sertularia stookeyi Nutting. Part of stem and gonangium (enlarged).

oe oO tb

por

EXPLANATION TO PLATE V.

Sertularia mayeri Nutting. Basal portion of colony (enlarged).

Sertularia stookeyi. Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).

168

ul

Fic.

DS ort oo ht

EXPLANATION TO PLATE VI.

. Sertularia brevicyathus Versluys. Part of stem (enlarged).

. Sertularia brevicyathus. Side view of stem (enlarged ).

. Sertularia flowersi Nutting. Part of stem (enlarged ).

. Sertularia flowersi. Side yiew of stem (enlarged).

. Sertularia tumida Allman. Pair of hydrothecxe (enlarged). (After Allman. )

Sertularia exigua Allman. Pair of hydrothecie (enlarged). (After Allman. )

172

7 Oe
i es ,

EXPLANATION TO PLATE VII.

Thuiaria thija (Linneeus). Part of branch (enlarged ).

Thuiaria thuja.
Thuiaria thuja.

Two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).
Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

Thwaria elegans WKirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged).
Thuiaria robusta Clark. Side view of branch (enlarged ).

Thuiaria robusta.
Thuiaria robusta.

176

Front view of branch (enlarged).
Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).

(After Kirchenpauer. )

PLATE Vil.

J
d NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARID.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. Thuiaria thuiarioides (Clark). Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).

2. Thuiaria thuiarioides. Pair of hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).

3. Thuiaria thuiarioides. Single hydrotheea, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).
4. Thuiaria thuiarioides. Part of branch (enlarged).

5,6. Thuiaria thuiarioides. (Gonangia (enlarged).

Thuiaria polycarpa (Pceppig). Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged ).
$. Thuiaria polycarpa. Part of branch (enlarged).
9. Thuiaria polycarpa. Side view of two hydrothece (enlarged).

bo |

180

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE VIII.

SERTULARID.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE IX.

Fic. 1. Thuiaria kurile (Peeppig). Part of branch (enlarged).

Thuiaria kurile. Single hydrotheca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).

Thuiaria immersa Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

. Thuiaria immersa. Hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

5. Thuiaria lonchitis (Ellis and Solander). Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).

6, 7, 8. Thuiaria lonchitis. Hydrothecie, showing variation in margin (greatly enlarged).
9. Thuiaria plumulifera Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).

10. Thuiaria plumulifera. Part of another colony (enlarged).

11. Thuiaria plimulifera. Part of main stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).

12, 13. Thuiaria plumulifera. Wydrothecse, showing margin (greatly enlarged).

SC)

184

PLATE IX.

~NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

ERTULARID®.

S

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i
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Js

Fie. 1. Thuiaria
2. Thuiaria
3. Thuiaria
4. Thuiaria
5. Thuiaria
6. Thuiaria
7. Vhuiaria
8. Thuaria
9. Thuiaria

188

EXPLANATION TO PLATE X.

diffusa (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged).

diffusa. Two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

diffusa. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

dalli Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

dali. Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).
dali. Two hydrothecie (greatly enlarged).

similis (Clark). Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
similis. Hydrothecre (greatly enlarged).

similis. Four hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE X.

SERTULARID.

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Fic. 1. Thuiaria tubuliformis (X
(slightly enlarged).
2. Thuiarid tibuliformis.
3. Thuiaria tubuliformis.
4. Thuiatia tubuliformis.
5,6. Thiiaria tubuliformis.
7,8. Thuiaria tubuliformis.
9. Thuiaria lenera (Sars).

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XI.

Iarktanner-Turneretscher). Part of colony, showing main stem and branch origin

Part of branch (enlarged). -
Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
Side view of two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

Ends of hydrothecie, showing margins (enlarged).

Gonangia (enlarged) .

Part of colony (enlarged).

10. Thuiaria tenera. Part of branch (enlarged).
11,12. Vhuiaria tenera. YEnds of hydrothece, showing margins (greatly enlarged).

192

PLATE XI.

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ui

SERTULARID®.

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XII.

Fic. 1. Thuiaria fabricii (Levinsen). Part of branch (enlarged).

2. Thuiaria fabricii. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged ).

3. Thuiaria argentea (Linneus). Entire branch, showing ramification (slightly enlarged ).
4. Thuiaria argentea. Part of branch (enlarged).

5. Thuiaria argentea. Distal part of branch (enlarged).

6. Thuiaria argentea. Two hydrothecee (greatly enlarged).

7. Thuiaria argentea. WHydranth expanded, drawn from life (greatly enlarged).

8,9. Thuiaria argentea. Gonangia (enlarged).

196

- NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE Xil

SERTULARID®.

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= "y's
4 - ‘
\ % ; ;
.
.
= - ‘
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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XIII.

Thuwiaria cupressina (Linneus). Part of branch (enlarged ).

Thuiaria cupressina. WWydrothecie (greatly enlarged).

Thuiaria cupressina. Gonangia (enlarged). ;

Pasythea quadridentata (Ellis and Solander). Trophosome (enlarged).
Pasythea quadridentata. Hydrothecze and gonangium (greatly enlarged).
Pasythea quadridentata. Side view of group of hydrothec:e (enlarged).
Pasythea quadridentata. Side view of two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

200

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. ‘ PLATE XIill.

SERTULARIDE.

u

_

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux). Part ef branch (enlarged).
2. Serlularella gayi. Part of branch with gonangium (much less enlarged).
3,4. Sertularella gayi. Hydrothecee, showing operculum (enlarged ).
5. Sertularella gayi. Gonangium (enlarged).
6. Sertularella gayi (var. robusta Allman). Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
7. Sertularella gayi (var. robusta). Part of colony overgrown with Filellum serpens (enlarged).

204

|
es

-NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. ace

SERTULARIDE.

.

Fig. 1.
. Sertularella conica. View of margin and operculum (enlarged ).

. Sertularella catena (Allman). Part of Allman’s type specimen with gonangia (enlarged).

. Sertularella quadrata Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

. Sertularella quadrata, Single gonangium with parasitic campanularian (greatly enlarged).
. Sertwarella quadrata. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).

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fon)

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XY.

Sertularella conica Allman. Part of branch (enlarged ).

208

PLATE XV.

SERTULARIDE.

» a4

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XVI.

Fig. 1. Sertularella tanneri Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).
2. Sertularella geniculata Wineks (enlarged). (After Hincks. )
3. Sertularella patagonica (d’Orbigny) (enlarged). (After d’Orbigny. )

212

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XVI.

SERTULARIDE.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XVII.

Fic. 1. Sertularella rugosa (Linneus). Part of branching colony (enlarged).
2. Sertularella rugosa. Colony with gonosome (enlarged). (After Nutting. )
3. Sertularella rugosa. Three hydrothec (greatly enlarged), (After Nutting. )
4. Sertularella rugosa. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). (After Nutting. )
5. Sertularella rugosa. Top of gonangium, showing teeth (enlarged). (After Nutting. )
6. Sertularella areyi Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged).

216

PLATE XVII.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARID®.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1. Sertularella tenella (Alder). Part of colony (enlarged).
2. Sertularella tenella. YWnd of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).
3. Sertularella allmani Wartlaub. Part of colony (enlarged).
4,5. Sertularella allmani. Hydrothece, showing margin and operculum (greatly enlarged).
6. Sertularella allmani. Gonangium (enlarged ).
7. Sertularella contorta Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged).
8. Sertularella contorta. Wydrotheca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).
9. Serlularella contorta, Gonangium (enlarged).
10. Sertularella lata (Bale). Part of branch (enlarged).

220

PLATE XVIII.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

q
a
Lael
4
A
&
re
eI
NM

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XIX.

. Sertularella albida Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged).

. Sertuarella albida, Branch with gonangium (much less enlarged).

. Sertularella pinnigera Hartlaub. Part of branch showing hydranths (enlarged). (After Allman.)
. Sertularella cylindritheca (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged). (From Allman’s type specimen. )
. Sertularella distans (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged).

. Serlularella distans. Two hydrothecze (greatly enlarged).

. Sertularella gigantea Mereschkowsky (slightly enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky. )

224

as

i . .
_ NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PEATE SIG

j
;
SERTULARID®,

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XX.

Fic.

—

- Sertularella amphorifera Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).

- Sertularella amphorifera. End of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

. Sertularella fusiformis Hincks (enlarged). (After Hincks. )

. Sertularella fusiformis. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Hincks. )

. Sertularella picta (Meyen). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Meyen. )

. Sertularella picta. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged). (After Hartlaub. )

. Sertularella picta. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Hartlaub.)
. Sertularella megastoma Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

OT we Co bo

Comal

9. Sertularella megastoma. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
10, 11. Sertularella solitaria Nutting. Single hydrotheee (enlarged).

228

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. . PLATE XX.

SERTULARID2.

y
re
6 cae "s)

- wa A
.
rit cae 2

: ete io : Ves vi ;
Bee ee
ay? Or ae eee

A774 : : : “. :
. : ian '
aes, 7 is - ~ ; ' ~~ ©

ve

i

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1. Sertularella polyzonias (Ellis and Solander). Part of branch (enlarged).
2. Sertularella polyzonias. Gonangium (enlarged).
3. Sertularella clausa (Allman). Part of branch from Allman’s type (enlarged).
4. Sertularella clausa. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum, from Allman’s type (greatly enlarged).
5. Sertularella complexa Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).
6. Sertularella complexa. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).
7. Sertularella complexa. Gonangium (enlarged). i
8,9. Sertularella complexa, Gonangia viewed from above, showing teeth (enlarged).
10. Sertularella pinnata Clark. Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged).
11. Sertularella pinnata. Part of branch, front view (enlarged ).
12. Sertularella pinnata. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged ).

232

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XXI.

SERTULARIDA.

Se
: _
ut, eae ie
i , ~~ 7
iz Bi =
ja oe
7 7

"i toon :7
SA) ae 4 oy :
vi

is i

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXII.

Fic. 1. Sertularella margaritacea Allman. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Allman.)
2. Sertularella turgida (Trask). Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
3. Sertularella turgida. Distal part of branch (enlarged).

, 5. Sertularella turgida. Ends of hydrothecze, showing teeth (greatly enlarged).

6. Sertularella sieboldi Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )

7. Sertularella sieboldi. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )

8. Sertularella subdichotoma Kirchenpauer. Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).

9. Sertularella subdichotoma. Wydrotheca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).

10. Sertularella subdichotoma. Ynd of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).

11, 12. Sertularella subdichotoma. Gonangia (enlarged).

236

)

“A

PLATE XxXIl.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

a

SERTULARID®.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE NXIII.

Sertularelia filiformis (Allman). Branch with gonangium, from Allman’s type specimen (enlarged).

3. Sertularella filiformis. Hydrothece, from same specimen (greatly enlarged).

Sertularella quadrifida Wartlaub. Part of Allman’s type of Sertularia quadridens Allman (enlarged).
Sertularella quadrifida. Three hydrothecze from same specimen (greatly enlarged).

7. Sertularella quadrifida. Wydrothecze from same specimen, showing teeth and opercula (greatly enlarged).

Sertularella meridionalis Nutting. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
Sertularcila meridionalis. Single hydrotheca, showing teeth and operculum (enlarged ).

240

—S ii, ie) ee |e ee Ale 1 el

- NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

DSERTULARIDE,

PLATE XXIll.

Fa.

iG
2.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXIV.

Sertularella elegans Nutting. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
Sertularella milneana (VOrbigny). Part of branch (enlarged).

3,4. Sertwarella milneana. Ends of hydrothecee, showing teeth and opercula (greatly enlarged ).

Sertularella milneana. Gonangium (enlarged).

i. Sertularella magellanica (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Lower part of colony (enlarged).
- Sertularella magellanica. Distal part of colony (enlarged).

. Sertularella magellanica. End of hydrotheea, showing teeth (enlarged ).

- Sertularella minuta Nutting. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).

. Sertularella minua, End of hydrotheea, showing teeth (greatly enlarged).

244

PLATE XXIV. —

7)
(=)
2)
a
[=
>
x=
4
<=
s)
a
uw
=
<=
|
9
=
=
des
2]

SERTULARIDA.

‘ 1
r
‘
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a
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A
7 ‘
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:
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= ‘ was Ay = eee
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= VRE
Rise ae
Pe One ig

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXYV.

Fig. 1. Sertularella dentifera Torrey. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Torrey.)

2. Sertularella dentifera. Two hydrothece, showing reduplicated margins (enlarged). (After Torrey.)
3. Sertularella tricuspidata (Alder). Part of colony (enlarged).

4, 5. Sertularella tricuspidata. Gonangia (enlarged).

6. Sertularella tricuspidata (large form from Alaska). Part of colony (enlarged).

7. Sertularella tricuspidata. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).

248

PLATE XXV.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARID.

wif _" , wu -
5 : ae es
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Pe? ss * XX Fin =
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. Sertularella

Sertularella
Sertularella
Sertularella

. NSertularella
. Sertularella
. Sertularella

252

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXVI.

levinseni Nutting. Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged).

levinseni. End of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged ).

tropica Hartlaub. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Clarke. )

tropica. Gonangium (enlarged). (After Clarke. )

clarkii Mereschkowsky. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky. )
nana Hartlauh. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Hartlaub. )

episcopus Allman. Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged). (After Allman.)

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS PLATE XXVI.

SERTULARIDZ.

ae : : 4 a sf sai eC
— eo hela: Rs oe ——

GY ee ' re J : “

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXVII.

Fic. 1. Sertularella magna Nutting. Two hydrothece (much less enlarged than other figures).
Sertularella formosa Fewkes. Branch overgrown with parasitic campanularian (enlarged).
Sertularella formosa. Part of Allman’s type of Sertularia inlegritheca Allman (enlarged).
Serlularella formosa. Part of stem with gonangia (enlarged).

Sertularella hartlaubi Nutting. Part of stem, showing branch origins (enlarged).

eco

or

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XXVIlI.

SERTULARIDE.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXVIII.

Dictyocladium flabellum Nutting, Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged).
Dictyocladium flabellum. Part of branch (enlarged),

Dictyocladium flabellum. End of hydrotheca, showing teeth and operculum (enlarged).
Diphasia rosacea (Linnzeus). Branch with female gonangium (enlarged) .

Diphasia rosacea. Side view of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

Diphasia tamarisea (Linnieus). Two pairs of hydrothece (enlarged). (After Hincks. )
Diphasia tamarisca. Portion of colony with gonangia (enlarged). (After Hincks. )

260

PLATE XXVIII.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARIDA.

=n

ee

oie

eo ae

Fic.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXIX.

. Diphasia corniculata (Murray). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Murray.)
. Diphasia fallax (Johnston). Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).
. Diphasia fallax. Front view of branch (enlarged).

. Diphasia fallax. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

. Diphasia fallax. Pair of hydrothecie (greatly enlarged).

. Diphasia fallax. End of hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).

264

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XXIX.

SERTULARID®.

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXX.

Diphasia tropica Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged).
digitalis (Busk). Front view of branch (enlarged).

Diphasia
Diphasia

. Diphasia
. Diphasia
». Diphasia
. Diphasia

268

digitalis.
digitalis.
digitalis.
digitalis.
digitalis.

Side view of branch (enlarged).

Part of Allman’s type of Desmoscyphus acanthocarpus Allman (enlarged).

Distal ends of two hydrothece, showing the hood-like operculum (greatly enlarged).
Single hydrotheca, showing what appear to be opercular muscles (greatly enlarged).
Gonangium (enlarged).

PLATE XXX.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXTI.

Diphasia pulchra Nutting. Two hydrothecie (greatly enlarged ).

Diphasia pulchra. Part of colony (enlarged).

Diphasia pulchra. Part of branch (enlarged).

Diphasia paarmanni Nutting. Part of branch with male gonangia (enlarged ).
Diphasia paarmanni. Female gonangium (enlarged ).

Diphasia paarmanni. End of hydrotheea, showing operculum (much enlarged).
Diphasia kincaidi (Nutting). Distal end of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
Diphasia kineaidi. Your hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

Diphasia kincaidi. Gonangium (greatly enlarged).

272

PLATE XXxXI.

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXII.

Fic. 1. Abietinaria abietina (Linneeus). Part of colony (enlarged).
2. Abietinaria abietina. Part of a branch (much less magnified).
3. Abietinaria abietina. Two hydrothece, showing operculum (much enlarged).
4. Abietinaria variabilis (Clark). Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).
5. Abietinaria variabilis. Four hydrothecze (much enlarged).
6. Abietinaria variabilis. Group of gonangia (enlarged).

b> f

Abietinaria variabilis. Gonangium (greatly enlarged ).

27

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. : : : PLATE XXXII.

SERTULARID®.

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXIII.

Fia. 1. Abietinaria ineonstans (Clark). Part of colony (enlarged).

2. Abietinaria inconstans. Part of branch (enlarged).

3. Abietinaria coei (Nutting). Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged) .

4. Abietinaria coei. Single hydrotheca, showing sinuation of margin (enlarged).
5. Abietinaria coei. Top-shaped gonangium (enlarged).

6. Abietinaria traski (Torrey). Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged ).

I

Abietinaria traski. Two hydrothece (greatly enlarged).

8, 9. Abietinaria traski. Ends of hydrothece, showing opercula (greatly enlarged ).
10. Abietinaria traski. Branch with gonangium (enlarged).

11. Abietinaria traski. Three hydrothece from another colony (greatly enlarged).

280

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. 2 PLATE XXXII.

SERTULARID®.

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Abietinaria
Abietinaria
Abielinaria
Abietinaria
Abielinaria
Abietinaria
Abietinaria

284

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXIV.

Jilicula (Ellis and Solander). Part of branch (much enlarged )

amphora Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).
7] £ g

camphora.

amphora.

Distal part of branch (enlarged).
Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged).

anguina (Trask). Part of branch with very slender hydrothece (enlarged ).

cnguint.

canguind.

Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
Single gonangium (enlarged).

G—AMERICAN HYDROIDS

NUTTIN

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXYV.

Fic. 1. Abietinaria gracilis Nutting. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
2. Abietinaria gracilis. Four hydrotheciw (greatly enlarged).
3. Abietinaria compressa (Mereschkowsky). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky. )
4. Abietinaria compressa. Single hydrotheca (much enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky. )
5. Abietinaria alexanderi Nutting. Part of stem and branches (enlarged).
6. Abietinaria alecanderi. Part of branch and gonangium (enlarged).
7. Abietinaria alenanderi. Gonangium, showing meridional lines (enlarged).
8. Abietinaria alexanderi. Gonangium (greatly enlarged ). ‘

.

2 NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. : ‘ PLATE XXXV.

SERTULARIDE.

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXVI.

Fig. 1. Abietinaria greenci (Murray). Part of branch (enlarged).
2. Abietinaria greenei. Four hydrotheesx (enlarged ).
3. Abielinaria greene. Pair of hydrothecee with toothed margins (much enlarged).
4. Abietinaria greenei. Pair of hydrothec:e with even margins (greatly enlarged ).
4. Abietinaria greenci. Side view of hydrothece (enlarged).
6. Abietinaria greenei. Side yiew of hydrothece (much enlarged ).
, 8. Abietinaria greenci. Gonangia (enlarged).
9. Abietinaria costata (Nutting). Part of branch (enlarged).
10, Abietinaria costata. Part of main stem, showing branch origins (enlarged).
11. Abietinaria costata. Four hydrothecee (greatly enlarged).
12. Abietinaria costata. Group of gonangia (enlarged).
18. Abietinaria annulata (Wirchenpauer.) Part of main stem and branches (enlarged).
14. Abietinaria annulata. Part of branch (enlarged).
15. Abietinai 1 cnnulata. Side view of three hydrothece (enlarged).,

292

_ NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XXXVI.

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SERTULARIDA.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXVII.

. Abietinaria turgida (Clark). Part of stem and branch (enlarged).

. Abietinaria turgida. Gonangium (enlarged).

. Abietinaria gigantea (Clark). Part of branch (enlarged).

. Abietinaria gigantea. Side view of branch, with gonangia (enlarged ).
. Abietinaria gigantea, Side view of three hydrothecz (enlarged )..

296

PLATE XXXVIl.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARIDA.

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXVIII.

Vic. 1. Hydrallmania falcata (Linnzeus). Side view of branch (greatly enlarged).
. Hydrallmania falcata. Gonangium (enlarged).

. Hydrallmania falcata. Front view of end of branch (enlarged).

- Hydrallmania falcata. Side view of end of branch (enlarged).

. Hydrallmania distans Nutting. Part of branch, side view (enlarged).

Ol He Oo bo

3. Hydrallmania distans. Front view of branch (enlarged).

7,8. Hydrallmania distans. Front view of hydrothecze (much enlarged).

9. IHydrallmania distans. Gonangium (enlarged).

10. Hydrallmania franeiscana (Trask). Part of colony (enlarged). (After Trask. )

11. Selaginopsis mirabilis (Verrill). Part of branch (enlarged ).

12. Selaginopsis mirabilis. Gonangium (enlarged).

3. Selaginopsis pinaster (Lepechin). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )

300

PLATE XXXVIII.

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS.

SERTULARID.

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. Selaginopsis triserialis Mereschkowsky. Part of branch (enlarged). 2 :
. Selaginopsis triserialis. Basal part of branch (enlarged). ; i
. Selaginopsis plumiformis N oe Part of main stem, branch and peerichee) showing ee of

. Selaginopsis obsoleta (Lepechin). Part of branch (enlarged). ;

. Selaginopsis obsoleta. Cross section of branch (enlarged). 4 ‘,
. Selaginopsis pinnata Mereschkowsky. Part of branch (enlarged). oe a ae
. Selaginopsis cylindrica (Clark). Part of branch (enlarged). ’

. Selaginopsis cylindrica. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged ).

EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXIX. ; .

(enlarged). ; x ae

B04

PLATE XXXIX.

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Ad >=
Selaginopsis ornata Nutting. Part of stem, showing Ranailigattes ccenosare (
Selaginopsis ornata. Part of a branch (enlarged).
Selaginopsis ornatt. Gonangium (enlarged ). a gg
Selaginopsis obsoleta (Lepechin). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer.) _
Selaginopsis alternitheca (Levinsen). Front view of part of branch (enlarged). es
Selaginopsis alternitheea. Side view of part of branch (enlarged). or eee }
Selaginopsis alternitheca. Gonangium (enlarged). § z
Selaginopsis hartlaubi Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).

308

PLATE XL.

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EXPLANATION TO PLATE XLI.

- Synthecium tubithecum (Allman). Part of colony, showing opposite branches (enlarged).
2. Synthecium rectum Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged).

. 2Synthecium marginatum (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Allman. )

. Synthecium robustum Nutting. Part of colony with gonangia (less enlarged).

. Synthecium robustum. Part of branch, front view (enlarged).

. Synthecium robustum. Part of branch, side view (enlarged).

. Synthecium cylindricum (Bale). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Bale.)

312

NUTTING—AMERICAN HYDROIDS. PLATE XLI.

SERTULARID®.

ay

INDEX.

(The figures in black-faced type indicate references to the forma] descriptions in the systematic part of the work.]

Page. Plate.

Albietinaria -2=-42=-- OCR CORRS eer 11, 17, 20, 23, 39, 41, 48, 44, 50, 62, 76, 106, 107, 118, 121, 122

ULC UEDA eee ee es ree ee ane Sire Ses oe ee 11, 16, 45, 50, 113, 114, 115, 150 XXXII

ratesenty Cin Ges ae ee oo ee ea a ane Be ee ae eee 16, 17, 35, 45, 114, 119, 120, 150 OO.

SLIT OE AE tera = te chete oh ae at= Nein ata are ee ese eae eee ee 36, 45, 114, 119, 150 XLV

SEO PTLD eee oe eet ete rete) Se Re ore on Nees we SR SO Me ea SEE Ue 45, 114, 119, 150 XXXIV

ANDINUA eGR os en a Ae Pa chet Repatns ear eloneteo e eee te caorioe 45, 113, 114, 122, 151 XXXVI

COON se caw ed ES ere Sates aie al cm ora Ss oh ee Sree eter 33, 34, 36, 45, 113, 117,119,150 XXXIII

COMUPTeSsa S28 tose Se ee eae ease ns temec rnin ce eeant came setae 45, 114, 120, 150 XXXV

CORLL Seca eee are eae nates ease aeee ae 32, 33, 35, 36, 45, 76, 114, 122, 150 XXXVI

PTT esas Ss Sash eee te hare arate wi 8 coe Soe ie eee 45, 50, 118, 11'7, 119, 150 XXXIV

Pipantea eon Ss ya tae eee oso mee eset wee oma aae eee sees 5, 32, 33, 45, 113, 114,128,151 XXXVII

PTACIISe nena eee cere sec nie cacao Reet eee 4, 16, 36, 45, 114, 120, 123, 150 XXXV

DTCCLO Mees ea see 2 ee Ae aes eS aoe een 15, 32, 33, 41, 45, 114, 121, 150 XXXVI

TI CODNDA LIA Sete ase eho oa tre Wis Re ewe Oe cdo ep aees waar 45, 113, 116, 122, 150 DO. O41
(Nabsrate pa a8 eee ee ae apace Sack eae ecae coe a ace cee Eisimpia sige aoe emanate 119

trash a see a: Sho Sea Rie a mene Saw Se eae ca eee 11, 16, 17,45, 114,118,150 XXXIII

CUT POA eee eon Nala 2 ee ents Se Somes cme maiere eam Ae ae SO tea Sete) OO) Oly AO ALL reel eaD ELD Lh eons MOLE

TALUS DIB ee ee ets ee kh a cea Act Riera ince pe eat 16, 36, 45, 113, 115, 150 XXX
AL COERSON Ya RU DCR eee Sl eeneree ae Sterne mtn gaeaut beens pecsuontceet cate chs shes eee eee eos 5
NCTOCY SieeeEEe ee setae an emr cose see oa ee RP Rene Pe SS Ne 27
IASASHIZ MAIESAN COR Sao e ae mcet nc Ras oasis ease ciated caw cmeclowaeaciaae beni ee ene abaeeeee x 37, 41, 137
Agassiz, Louis..-.-- sme as Ne RE IR eee Le NE ee Ree at ep de Rd 3, 9, 19, 41, 50, 137
OUD MABIA As aay ee toast Saree inn aers he ea ees ooh Sele sas Sela pga Se 106
A Cla DN GDIs meets Ren ee tere ete met eee e es mio. Sone me bc oecaeeence sue ea oe camera aon 8
Alana. center on distribution or the sertulande--s-22o-0: - eee os Steno csp ene conse eee emo 48
ASR ADIPEOI OM sec eton es Gece ese meee cme ctiec sistem ce tun Se ealsce peeemaaacetes sce smeaceeae Sa 47
PAN a iy) S SE een OR RRL A oe aE nS eS A ER oe eee 48
PAL Gra OSL DS eve ee aaa eS Senne eee oe nc Lee cn ee aoe A eine eu as Coo on mop eee 19, 137
(faleata\ewos soos see cee ce a toscecn mses s Sop pameme mec eense aes abies cecmie eases 124
Wiexanders A.iB ees secon oases Seer Oe ee ee eue e e LN ee CRS Lee ee eA 121
PAU nian GRONMaN ace nae ee Seay a one ae re Seine o Sas OM Re aes ioe stony a 12, 40, 42, 137, 138
Ol ClASsiHER tL ON: OL POLLO ATIC o-oo etek inn sae mcr sa ass seem ea = fa sane aodsseoee ease 61
GHeDIethyOelaGiNNi st seseea a caw sete eae oo ee See met a ebee ein Alone cee owe 105
ORS GLAC UO SIS Saas eet crete eine ete ese ee ais aioe See na ame ene Mclain a ae 127
Oni sertilanella-2 52.220 Looe ce tie sae no ceca net eee meeeise aa eds aeeeiscep seme aceeeee 76
OMPSELLUArel la marcantaceas aq. 2 come eee ten eee eee cee awe ane a eee 95
OUCSYMUNEGUIING 2225 = 4a fone acne eo Besta Soa nieu mew acmtes bums oe cess ea seme ears 134
On NG GET tie at aoe rans ee mS SEO aCe CSc ree Ore SEO CE SEC Er Be ote ae OSE SCO SE cts 25
on the genera of the Sertularide ........------------- ais Be BEARER BE ae Soe cee 38
OU TuHe PONOSONe Ol Lp MASA sae p= eee aa en = ae ei ieee eee eee ae ie 31
DUR HE eg TX SUSU ESN COE ct re eC rt a re a ere 7
CHUAN ean BLA OSISSIINA) scabies. ss meeacet aoc aeniee same ce ese es ceeem aaa eee 68
ATEN Seria Ose OISULED GOIN Olea tan nfo eens oe cewek ene aces eee wise ces 45
(Cigaya aM )) Ge SO 6S cece Geel AS eee Ge CO Ree ASS SE Oe OSs ERE RAPES 41, 50
Qpercwlaths: 22. -cceesesccmecscceecescek Boe eat ees eee eee eae 54
(hvala) au argo fs) Jes SE ae ee an See ee ee keine Snes een oe sans 41,50
RID C LAPS Pe at. ee See ecciee snes cle ives n es ecle aee in ee ies aaa 82
PS eee ete RO Dar et GORI EE COURS IS CESS AERO gS je ae cua ee des be essere 82

316 INDEX.

Page.

SA TI GOMMUATI a se aw sew ccm nS ee tale ee rr a enema a eS eS ST ne 7,50
ATCHIC REPION c= = foo Se aa cei. fae ee ere oe seth. ne eine se Sc ee oe oe Eee i 47
Ay AMS A eee seine ea Sn> OAC be JOAMSE Ceca cep eE ade meee boS HORE oqo Sant SeocecEcoss abieced 83
Australias-ser til arias tin ay Obese peace aie la ete oe arenes se site Pe erate ce eee 48
Aa tue ss oe te crepes terete ee lee eee ie aha eae ae eS ores oe ete ee 5
ales Wiel oe eee UR re ee. Tehieee 0a de eee torah a) ee ee gee 48, 138
OniDiphasin digituliseeeeses se keen oeaeee 2 |: TO Uae eee eee eee ee oe 111

on Sertularella<22c2 Goes snes eae foe 2 ie ccetn qe neces ae esee es = isle ee esate ee eee 76

Gj Shad otORh a — amon wo seme Sones Soe age deese Jane e seobesodhereareececooosees yetecssceee 134

ey We! Mobb NS 4a ee Se Oe a ee els ee RAS cna cmc MON coe A es str 61
DEED HLCM OUR MNT TUL UOT a ee yaya) ase ee a mm ae ai ee 49
BEC Oty WISI Cem area ake otra apes mote fole eet a stare ise tania ol ehe ete: ye eae ef eee 51
Bedot Manrice ands Pictet, (Camille? 22.2.2 festa asa sees one see oe ees ota aerate 138
Bennet.en wan: Olivier so 22-22 2. tes ae bene emcle nee cide ees ee ee ce ot Sei eee eee ele = erate 143
BETO ORR: Osho as eo 2a fake eee th Amee emis nace eee Seah oece scan cee ee Race eateee oe a eee eee 138
Berkemhoutersscsesca cece ac Goat aoe aoe oe math Ag t epic tne See etans Ue Reo oe aerate 148
ISIC STiad SRP, eee AE ye OE a Ais SES hgh led ein aye) PSEC et Perea aie eee es ea AL e 26
Bpddkert./P. 2-2 ce he os ote e es Foleo Saas ne Sate oe eee ok Een ns Sk Se SEE eee a eee eee ee 143
Bonnevie, Kristing=-..:2+-ios22552 258 soos oe ces wee ese ge see cee teen eae os sooner sees 1, 158
On Etyoroidsiof the North) Atlonticwbxped tions sees === ee ee ranean ea 48
Bottlesbrush Corallinet? <<. 2 Sos. Balsa cesses auc eee ceeee osteo ne aces eee ee een Saeee een ees 62
Bowers: George Mit Or oe ese Siete co boc cee oae ceed das cece seem anes wee se oa cae = cee 1
Branches, Morphology: ofs2s55. 223 -cs-ssoc-see sence eae ea nas soa see ee este eee areas 8
Seu ZL stg OI re eee eter eae ik See I ed a ree ee ae ee ee 47
British. Wiseum (Natural elistory)| 22. a2, ecto. Soeeae neice: tes. See aoa eames 1
BIntish Recon = she a Ae Ore) oe 22 Bae) Be os Sha ee aaa eae Fe ee eee ee eee 47
[25 ton piatened Oo hy Gio lil eens epee aie om ae et eae aS eee dies = EA ANE oS ES Se cee tLe 1
RSMO WET Nerney Se ee A a AE ag cee le ee pe ens Op 1438
[biuisayeish In (Cp Aaa Re AS SSS eee or Se he SP eae eS eer oseeE ioe ones eae masa be ato oe Sete 1
Galemphordeec=2 echoes oN Sees iae eek Res Dose eae owe ok som ces aces sectoae oe ace see eee eee ee 89
Minami ANP eO LON sn a = Seen Oe Se Se SS 3 eS NE coe com oe Cee eR ae eee eo Eeee 47
(CERES G8 (EIEN SIN ig o8. pe ses er eer ey i ee ce pecs ep yo a ea IS he PS BS ILS lee oy Se a 138
onisertulariasarcemtes) (CAUUCT:) Moe et once ts sacle le Se eee ee sre Gets area eee 71
Calwmteroblastedae scamsce <2 So eae se so ateec ee acoe se pa tine = sa siees oe ere ae Sees « 25
(KOakwptotinarania) se eee a Ue SSCS ee SR eh eS sas Lh 2 Dee es eae eres eae 20, 39, 43
MORO SMA Casas 2 Sake ee ee SURE bc OSS ee Re cee ae aoe eee 99

(@amipanulatre niveus)\s- 22245-5225 2-eq2coce-ce ile: Perens Pty tes eS SP eR ae ei ee ET Sy 82
Gampanularin 224A: -e2 22! oes eS ee ee ee hie wes bcc cce ceeenie soe eee eeeteisas = uate ei 50
WEMICUIaiaee a8 224 SISSY SRS eee So a co Ae ooo aar Ba et eae ee eee 4

OAT PAU anid wean ee Ase es Sam See eel an te wae ae la Reet ae aN ae etree ta sapien cee een a 4,13, 25, 37
CO ACA SINEDT OD Rte) a aera Seite yale tas, oa Seg cece Sees cre sae aoe eisicineisie ae eres meme 47
Ganaliemlatedncwnusales as! edtoseceeach tasceee aaciew ae Se a eee Ae eee oat Bets cease See (f
@arnseo Sst sd se ceeeos tee ectakesie tease dae egs ceeseee so jaete see Sass eth fas == fase Sse eee 143
(AVOLMIge Skee se eae ae ao So ce ee ee, hee tee Sel ee oe sae ee ee ee en ee 148
(Gellaria’ siraja st: sso h5 os ase sarc oes cepome oc Sa cme Seer a eee cite Sr Ee Ie one eee 63
Ghiaye Delle: 22.332 cececoae Jo Joes te csclso sagem nee ehenceewen see ees Sac es eo eee aie See 143
Gladocarpus paradisea 2a: Sar jc ose stacker ones cena ee See eee ee eens Sees oe aoaeoee 5
(Oy Bed ESS al ee ad ie es Aare a eg Oo Sa ee ee oS ec a en Les ea eM a ae 48,138
(Glytearugosa 2 222.23 feeds sealer e ee ea secs oe bene ioe Gis me ee ise Se See eee ete 82
(GOB SR Wi NE Ms ree ais cyst oe ct tet eye SNS ae te Re pe ear SS RPE Ss ea er 117
@ollapsible tube 22-2 a2 22k eae oo cae ee ee see a ne ete ee aera eee cee Seen ee Sees 25
Continental Recion' ee a ae at Ses Se Aw ree eS I ko Se re eae one 47
MC obulina))' <a as a Sei Sn Be Re Se RES e Cee ee oe ee eee 41,50
(ANeXe) ASS la eee eee RAPES ri eee ey os ee ee Corn A eee Bek om teases 121

POLY ZON AB ese ah ree ee teal he Se ca co ere et ee a 91, 92

Jourhtreys Millen S ocscostaeen = sce oe Seis ce else wes sete ceeen = See ene Beene ee Sees ae ees 138
Dall, | Wita. Elio < Sahl te faeces ae ce Wastes aS Uae a Sie eciside actee eae oo eee ee eee 5, 48, 116
Dawsons Sir sw are os es es ere a ea i ee a ae aa 1
Deckenplatte 2s e220 Boke so a oe ae nee § Sat ae Sane eRe ce ee Be ee a ee ee eee 26
Deslongschamips): 22s eet ors oes aps hese tee see ee Late a © Sa ee ee rete ee eee ae eer 143
(Dexsmioseyphus); - v.32 56s set oe soe see ee eee cece nese Soe eee cee 38, 39, 43
acdnthocarpusy ssc. sepeaa=s 2 tere Soa en ee ae eee 19, 110, 111

brevicyathus: ..2.22-0Stmee.s 25352555 os sot ecb s seeces css soar eee eee eee 60

Plate.

INDEX.

Page.
(UD e Seve ep Tel aus ED CGT ERR Se ee Be Aa eon ee 57
STACI Sees 2 oo etenn Canoe ene See eee te aes aa ca iaeecins scsecccase 53
PREACHES OTOUD cmeise 25 = see ot on econ on aan eee dae lee eee ces en 4,12, 14,48
RETR ED SULA TEL ea ose a in oe eS Et PS athe Gee xc ka wee ue 53
loyivertdeti!o 7 ee Se eee aS at See eye ot Se ee ee ee 110, 111
PECLINALES? (ALINAN \) cee cone Seen wee eae > ote asc sho act ts ele ceeae 19, 54
Diy eyo) nen stan aTEHSEMN Eats eS See ee ee oe en eens ee eee 37

Manhrson arse waa se = ate egies Sains Sea mqu oR enna cioaier 24223 ae aacase scot eraeqcueceecces

morphology of
IDE Cet ROLLE SC eek Se RN se A 2

GichObomntn. Meee. - Seet oe ee sewn eee neem ot we poe eeu eade ass atelaesaes 8
Mahone meee ee oe ee ee ec een ee 4, 8, 24, 29, 32, 33, 45, 105, 149
(0 Tae Tre), CTE ye TE fe a A Ses sce te eee en Se ag Ren a Ree pee ey 73
PCT ILA ee es ane ee cia Mee ns Sa tiaw cued poh se acn ae cbse coe oot 117
TRO ee We ORE eS So- > a ROBE CO ORS Ae COCR er Pee Doe MOE EMS: Gene o ee ee eas 107
VRDTISED, 23 SONS Sac Seep Se Slee ret ea eg i See eg ye eo ec 109
ID HARIAEE een 4 Seen ena ca enc, temiace's ete 11, 19, 23, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 61, 76, 106, 112, 113
ADIGUD Ae mee ee Se ee eee ne em eak cone a ee pes bass waa tae moeem ee aene iw wees 115
BCANLROCANDNS ae ane eee monet ener ae oe wacne aan aoa enewe a se acsh ee aeeeensetes 76
CORT] CULATED eee ar ee eee Wine ah ee anioe See he eee ol eee be 45, 106, 112, 149
CGinitAligner ere. Mee ee ae ee Re Oe ee eee a es 13, 25, 55, 36, 45, 106, 110, 149
EN oS Nee oe ee eee ae er ae 15, 16, 24, 30, 31, 33, 37, 45, 49, 106, 109, 149
SCT Lae enn. Ohya Senn chee een as ue Se en ie eR ee ee hes Sees, St 118
Ne EaT ah 23) 0h eal 2) ae ee Sy ee IO RID I Bi eg Ne ee ee ea ee a se ee 30, 31
Rin Cal CUiewete eee ee eee ne ee ee Ee ee DOr ai poN ots Son Gor Ode Males HO
(mnara DINS) eto oe on cee eae een en aa shee Ronee oa ieee Juana sae eae s 128
DeLana tree ee eee Seen ce ee eee eee 16, 32, 35, 36, 45, 106, 111, 150
WISE Lely en ep oe eee te ek Ee Se ek ee ee See. eee 128
PULA ate = ae eee Seer 5 oe SO. aan Saale Serica Pi ane Mea cece ee ee eee 112
pulchra 45, 106, 107, 111, 150
rosacea , 16,17, , 80, 31, 82, 35, 45, 106, 107, 108, 149
RTC LR CHiee So eee Pee ete ie ee See eta ae we ee SAR a ee 56
PTA INCOME Se ee aan eae es ae ay pe Der Be ae 45, 49, 106, 108, 109, 112, 149
EXOD ee eee eee oe eee ae Ele Sed ao oh ei ae, eh 17, 45, 106, 107, 110, 149
Or Efadntahn (oy auto) odavactZtw teen ge¢S(s) ni tre (os eas a ee ei ee ele eee ee ae ee ee ae 45
DAIS AROS $k SSR tS. 5 a ee ee Re IL aN 8 ie le i Aen ice, © Gee Seem 138
PRET VV Sree LE a SA eee os 2 ee a een A a8 BR ee Ee nt ee ee ee eee 139
Civ ntenah)) sae ee ees was, ete oe ee Bis ae em ce Se Te tsa Renee ae Sv mtnee SG eioe 41, 44, 49, 50
SUDL CULT Ren en ye ee is en ec PAN ee ne FER Se ee eet Ces teed 114
PET CTN a ees ee ed ei ye hs an et chave aie Eo eee clam aes Sue me on tats omnes 71
INDI Osea oe ere reat er eae ewe een Woy. ee Cee re een eed 56
CONIC AR as eee eee ener 5 a Re, cer nie SE es ee ee 58
(GNIS EVG Crete Biber Se eos AE ean ieee 8 a iy ce: NOs ind, Ns En ee OS me nt Se 59
PARCIOD aoe ee ek ne 2 em eh Ne Ses oe See eco eee azo Lk a EAE 54
Filter awe eee oe eee ees eee ohana St ee aes iowa = Sas a epee 117
GY RET RATTLED, Fue ce teas SS DRE Oe ae ot ee Os ee ee ek | Sl ee ey ed et ae Se | 54
jeg bay Ye See RoE AE SR ie See et oe Oy Resear Os FETE, Sn See ee 2 Ae Beet ee 109
POLE CUE a erie See ane ie ee ne rn ian Sem Bow, Be 55
pelehn Ey ae Oe ee Coley ie oe ee SS Se Oe aca eer eee See meso 52
EV ESEN er eee ig = Py ake a ee en he ae Na te a a cian Satur enh ati mgs Me mc es mot 107, LOS
(Bernulamsy TODenCUL Alain. one oe cc eet anor dee ea ee cece aero teem 54
(HOtHEaTIN NDOT Ae «ancl. cee cata Batman See sc eee taeenc Coe oe oe eee 52
(pertularia)iroedees, 220 2)5-.cos.cs2scetcer-etwcc nest Minis Sapte Soe = = eee 107
PSSTE SL SCH er ee SE = eee ee te en ee yee cee 109
tubuliformis ....--- Se en on ee See: a meen ey Ty UTE) Se St 70
LEC CO hOCk emmeneent eneenne fet see Ne RRR eee ee Oe SE a le ee 143
se Ob Die] ose te =e oe SOA CD ae Se OS PP RIE a a yn Aer nat sh eg ge eae 139
POO tana SOLO ere Ly amiCle= Seen cae ok Sone Oe Sots See ek eee es Cet Sa 67, 139
BORE Cad ce C)coeeen aac Gee en . pee oe Ss oe et eo ee ee ee Ue ee eo Se 143
Wav LOY MN iS ON 3, Ra BO Te Td ee a ec See eR tn ee WO See nS Oe ee 143
AS OR TRECT UC eaI) LEI (st eee ae Pm eRe Soe ee oe ee ee eh ed eee 139
Reo Claine <2 3 Bueeee ce ee SE St ee ee ee a oo ee oe tee 143

Fascicled stem

on

* XXVIII

XXIX
XXX
XXIX
XXX]
XXXI
XX XI
XXVIII

XXVIII
XXX

318 INDEX.

Page.

lewirces) Ji Walter = 225 2: Gs seers ou sarc errr te we ne eae ce ee ar es coe a ee 139
Mleming;: John. 2...) acter sane --2- sees baat Weta se ce ceisieein tele eee ES Sce See ee 37, 50, 67
lowers; (Cliaxlés (B= ose sa ree ne eS eee Ste a rane 60
150) 62 = OTR ere opens Se a ees (oe ee wee ee erg oe es NOSE aaa a Ser EEO Masa aO aca 139
CENi} OOo We ha tC eon ees fae oe en een eee beeen ee ene et ee Soke Soo 121
Gonangia) <4 S eee pane eens 2 Rc tei aces ween cae ss clea sot eee eee te ae eee 28
(COTMUPATIONE (OME mise 22 soe eee cis oe ae eee ee & oh ae ee aes Oe anes ees see eee 34

ofthe: Sertwlanidceyess- <i cae ee wea So selae eens ee ee ee ee = oe 33, 34, 35
Gonangial aperture ase ae ee cnecepyes ceee aoe eee ceae= sole dee See Sees ee Re eee eee eee eee 36
Gonangiumsmorpholopyoiess eee pers — ee Seat eee eee Se ioe See oe See eee emer 32
Gonophore’: = 225 sere kas aeie cic cis ons 2 Sein esis nse eicio sie cleinioras eelia eign le Ss ae sels eee cece ee enn 28
Gonosomemomnphologytois=: dscceas. eee Cee ae eee See ee 3 nee oe CER OER Ae eee ees 26
Gould, Atos ustus chs a2 osteo neteo see ae Se nie irae a eee eee eee ee eins ee ones 139
Grache..- << Sete c ence ccs se setb= sees bian 22's cece SEE cain sae ee oe ee elasio aplastic eee eee 148
[Grecia shoots rt yee eer = area tae oS eee Sees Se SS Sep tLe ce ee As 2 OA ES 39, 43
(Gray J Ohm Didar: eke te coe aire ete ere ce eee I Ce eae lc A aS = ee eee 139
oniSertularellas 65 38h a2 elo cee eek eee se ho ceee eos tenes tee Eee eee nee 75

(Great Looth: Corulline oka Sad aeeets at oie gece meee a a aes See oe Ore eee eee eee 90
Gromo vis, Wesel. eS 8 seen cee ae te Nes oe oS SEES OE ee ee eee 143
Gubernaculay 2.222 stise noses esc took es ecstecccke ose emcee sels Seicseee se oe see Seeeaee 28
Ifalecidts Sasse ese caste one Sook oe cue Se oot ee anced bn eee cee ee eRe SEE eee eee 49
Balecioim eae seer can. paeee eee Me eee aes Se ea USES se uee ees 17, 50
lamann ; (Oboe mecca ce esis oe eee became len pee etcideie eee ec en eo ee eae see ee coeieny ee 139
Eareitt, (Charles Wisco 22-2. ssi Se oon qn tcecisin a eee einen oe Cae eines See eee ee eee 139
Harriman: Alaskavexpeditione: 2. Jo --o2 2s genc eae eee see oan ae ioe se aoe Eee meee ee eee 48
iHartlanb) Clemens*o-sone 2 s- aes cee coe eee eeer aes act esen eee eee 1, 4, 19, 80, 97, 105, 136, 139
online of hydrothecwes. a. a-- soaeses mic 2a oe ee San SOE eae en oce ee ee eee eee 18

on. sertularella) 22: Sse ho hat shen Sew e soos aoa teed oee ee ees eeceereee ees se ceeeeeeese 76

on Sertularellacallmanis 9o.62) ssc se ae ee Be eee ee ee eee Re eee Ses ee eee 85

on Sertularella geniculata .......-..--- Sie a Cae Sten nse See OE Eee eee eeaans 81
enyoertularella modi] osa\@alikains = sees. 2 eee seca ate ae etree eee see eee ane 95

on) sertularellasieboldt = 3. ci ss 2 so5 eb nk eee eee aoc eee e ee Sas ae eee eene = wae 96
onithesblind) sack as sass ep esce eee nee ee ne ee ee ee ee ee eee 10, 12

Peller? Camaten a 226 = 52-25 See tees nek cc sens seca n anes soe ere see Saree Se ees eee eee 139
lenklotz-cencsae sepa = spose eee caters a ere aa a Ses ere ners Se Slot Sia ee ee ete omer 1438
Phileendoris eet ceonesem cee sereecees cee eee sees seseesasteass ee eee ene eee eee 143
incka whhOmas He se. esac secant en see sac e ne ae ete tere Sele aailale oe en ee eee 19, 37, 140
OTUSUD UTS Ereus teal ey oe he ete ea fee arate ee ee LSP Le ate eal ea 106

ODD iphasiatamarnisCaosas G-ecn soe saeco asa an aaee ae ae eee oan see esos = 109

Poy eoeyOhe Ns aiH Maks Coon Se seeeE een A Bey Seroteurr Baste othe bann sees oc ocesceESlasoe 38

oni Ely. dralllmaniaes seem sana oe Beene feta see oe eyelet ata tae Sete ee are eee 124

on Sentularella) 25-58 Ne eds See sins Pensa e need st oe ose a eae eee eee 76
onpertalarelllatusitormis a. oe ees assists oo ee rere aot aoe a tate re ee ee 89

ODS SLE I ae I aby Or peet ra te ae ea at eae ne ate 87

on TRhuiarialonchitis: 4253 52 sso cs ose os waa eineere oe ae eis sea ae 67

Ol tbecc 22 re seis sa ceiate ope Se ae ieee ie ota tos erage as inieie hatte oar ote tone yeasts] reer ene 143
Houttuyn, M ...-.--- Peer SSA eRe she ape ele Se ane Sela aoe ae ee er et 143
Pivdiallmmaria eee ence nee cere Ne Meen talent mere 11, 14, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 50, 124
Gistanse 2255 - AcSdee see emeiask eae ak 1 oe ai ee Reece Rees SSE cee eee 46, 124, 126, 151

fal Cape See ao ee es ge Ce 4, 14, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 46, 124, 125, 126, 151

ran CISCAN Ase oo ee ee eae eee eee eae oe Re ee eae eee areas 46, 124, 126, 151

Hydranth morphology Ole. asec anette eo ao eee ee eee ia te eaten cteete ee e eeeeee 8
UAE 6) eee ee or ee a ie eA eee ene ert ee eee SS ae Re Se See eee 12
Hydrothecemorpholopy) of 2 feta o-s2. ack eee Seen eee eee eee a=) eee eee Sete 13
FLY DOP RIS mete so ee eat ee ers ere ale epee ee eee a eet ee eee ete ee ee 38, 39, 43
JAMESON,, Roepe alsa soos wee ee wa See week s else cists see CE een ne 2 Soe eee meee eee ste 143
Johnston; George’ 2 <02-— 5. cs Saee seece cece eee eeeses ee esse See eee eee Rees eee 37, 50, 140
Keyito American ispecies of Abietinariac-—-22.-- 92 eee aon See eee eee eee 118
Diphasia, 2-252. sani ads sces eect snes eee sete ee pee ee eee 106

Fly drallmania’ <2. 2c. cet ceo sete t eeeee Se: eee eee eee eee 124

Selapinopsis J. 2..o:05--cce sec ooecs = See Saab eee one eee eee eee eee 127

Sertularella. -<f-2.:...2eeeceos=s Aaaeee eee ee eee ne eee 77

Sertiilaria = 0222. ccecnok deci see eae aoe s eee eeee een eRe ce eee 51

Plate.

XX XVIII
XXXVITI
XXXVIII

INDEX.

Page
GwmnOPAINeniCan Species Of SYOEMECININ 5 2. 25 cee eee eee ees m at oeme ence soca ences 134
Thmaria eos see sty CEE ene. MR a 62
Eerrencra Olen menrican sentulanias oma 6 sae caer eee esate See eice eee aaa sense soe 44
LSS ennG) LION (OE Ste - 2 et Seep = = pn enna Bee tas A Se rn a 1, 126
Keren panier Crs) ieee eer. eee em th Soni = ps = es hs SERS Se 81, 140
ONC AISLING . eee. once eh eRe ero eer | ee ee ee as wana ces 113
DOME wnataN ti Clare ce oe, Soe eae e a eee © oneal s Sane eeeae 118
on RelepinOneisicedrina.S= ea - sen ee eee etre. Same 2) Oe et 130
ODBC ADIN OVSIS ODSOlELA . 5 2=- «aor eo Os aaee Mee ee ease ewes ose eae eet cueS 132
ODE SelapinODSIn in ASL Olio = sos sane ee ay ee Sia, Se eran ee Se 129
Ono oars LOMO Nits same c= oe cee ee ee ea ee ee, tc ne tro ee 67
Wiaieaepneeetas soeee sce 5 eeepc ees wioce ans cae eee was Sees so ae nes Son a Satan 50
TONG eee nee he a ees eS 3 Sn wae Sere ee es re cine a ee eee ane nee « 50
ILavastpeled ASK LED T A Ae Celok ae — ee Se em AER Raine ey be Se ee eee 50, 140
SHOU TONER ON Vict eS ie ete Se ale Ne et ee a Ee 49, 50, 74, 140
JLcraya era gai be Hine Sta Va) 1 Ween ee ee 6 hs OS RR Se ane ae 2 Te RR Bee. 140
RENEGUIN I) 5p aoe ae oe oar as Seema ae Ree tak Sects coe ck Sem aeeltivc poten see aseninweeat oe cease 143
NER INFENN GEN ee ee Mea See ENS EO 1, 19, 25, 41, 56, 65, 68, 70, 85, 100, 133, 140
CnVelassncanont Or LNG SeLuulanlser 5.6 2 lence oe ee ee te ne eter my aaeia hs ea see 39, 40
ONO PDAs ee 21.2 oe setae Soe Soa eke ees Oa eis oe oes ee aeons 106
On Selapinopsls: -S42e san ae ca test owe aan ose ow cee Shae BO cee eee aes 127
OD" LHe QVETCU OM sae eee sa ee eS An Se eee + ee ag ee en te acre Sera 20, 22, 23
OULU ATR Ses cea Ne wc mc I neh Se Rea hc SE SA SST eit arm nna Ste 61
Onl Riniariay lon chitipeees css a fe 2S. 5 Sate ee ee ie 8 ae Se eee 67
HGR DAR VROU CON ORCRS sete a em ee ete RNa sie asa a eas nS e SNS yar ee 1
Lily, orzBomesranate floweringCoralline 2-22 25-2225 asec acta na aaaeee eee eee oe eae ae 107
[Uy yavot Se hKORe Sues fe See es ee i ea ae ne ere ee Se oa ener eee Se ee 140
Ca WK Na eres ses ye eee tet ett ctars 6 sien SI ale cols Nema te ear eS en in TOS eee aE 143
INIGGresdy Jonnie fos see eee cet sae sate Bee cae eee ee ee wee ete ne oe ete aa aceere 37, 140
TANI een cd cee See 2 Ne ae Rs 2S oo eS Se cetera Britian See ae 2 ee ee 148
Waheed yl) ae Ss Ae AS es = = a ee eee ee ey NREL Reh = aS kee he ee at oe Sp ee 143
Marictanners bunneretscner Gonueby <<. <0 <0 osc cose yee ee ee eat eee ee ee Sree 40, 140
ONPAIDIGUINATIANS EE oO, S ec =o CBee Ure cee ne, Sonne cnt Den eat tee ye 113
OUME ASV iNeass = -c ees coe a ae Sa ocers se aes sae ae ae semen seein ce 74
oni selacinoe psis=eeecas2 5-26 eee eee can oa ae ten ee eae Een ae 127
ONMSYNURECIUMs sean aoc ee eines eres ee ee see sae 134
on the classification of the Sertulanidse _--=---2.-22222---2---22----- 39
Ouvthie- operculain= =< ets sas oe eee eee rer seh ane Senate 20
IMPCCICERrAN CRT CPO Ne eee eet ec OR Ss OO Re ns 5 in chs cre he Es 48
NMerese hkowskey Cech moo se cee at ee SG Sat dane cis Se Se een See a alae ce See ace eaeees 141
ONGA DIC tine nia COMPLENsams sas Ast as, sos be ce eee ecto Gate 2 eas See cee 120
(Oya SST TegD WU0) 0): ) ee aS en SE nS An 8 ee ee a RS Pee eeepc = 127
onusertolarellartigantea)s sos 2-0 soe een tone eerie semen ean ee eae 87
WNIGV EN sd thee Soee ate tom re ct es ee ene Shae wd cet otis sidneee wee ene eto ee ete ae Se wee 141
INT G1 CHS teers aya eat es a te oe cas oh AS Re a ats oe NE ASC 143
Wonopomia zee. = see Seon oc cient eee ee = OA SR aS See aan hick Beet 20, 39, 48
WONG IEE Ee eo mee Bae eee Sok See eae of ote SCOR een mone esas Sees cope eee 143
Or nUGlOmyg Gls Une SEruUlaniGesee se nen tae ee cere ia Ses 2 alee nee & ial eae re 3
WCE, (OTe 1S & See 2 te Se es =e ee ee eee Se. i ee > Soe ees ce ee ee ae 143
Viney ae AMOTOWeseesthe. 2. 2 Sot Sos Sp ete cee ne a st poco e Pee Ieiewbeey datscc Oboe eee 127
INSTAL TS ORIN OTN CUS ar 222. oul opie Seen eee ee mae See ee 2 Se ea 89
SMG IE) 22sec ons Se ARIES eee a ol eS Sen RE Ie PR en EEC RE Perret pee, oS 144
(Nicellssinowieablenmum)o-so cee se es. ake SEE oe eee ee nes eee oo eee 114
CUDECESUN Hiatt en ata <a te ase te ooo Dee = ee. ee eee 73
(Senilsria )rarticulate: 28... case cue ao - SAS a toee oe ee eae eee mate 66
(isla ivi yy gece bts | en re a a a ee ee eee. eS ees 130
(Sentulania)micellastrome. 22. ...- cee ace ons oa ee ent caus eee wens 107
(Sentulania spunea 2 scat. 5) Notices & os hee Sa ER eee al = Seer wwe 52
(SENUIICHIA EROSACCS: ¢oete een See 2 rene eee ae A de ee Se cee ee 107
(ancl Ania) tC ANISCAl ss cona~ alot eee eins oes eck Sesame ss sees ase ale 108
(Beene TaN) MELONS, fe ae ene aco Rem eaerereysalecls Sic atetmeta yee 2's ateine ato See ei ere as 63
SE COICSIA Uae sce eae ye Shed, EP od 2 os oF ccs ee cae 54

5125—pr 2—04 21

319

Plate.

B20 INDEX.

Page
Normans; ACs fee oct Soe se eee ony Se SS ee Heat cae oe en ene See Si ene 141
Worth Atlantic Resioneeeeerseesae a. eee = eee a. ee ee os, Oe Ree | Rises 47
Nudithecar dali ce 5 eee ae es. < eee. SE 2 Le eT ee ete ce See ene eae 122
Nutting Cs Gate fe 2 tee ee eee es SS a A 2 ee Ee: See ee 47, 141
Oliniihees. 3-02 os Sas ee eso ee = Oe ee 2 ene ee ema = 2 ne ete oe 144
Operctilar manisclese 2). srraee se ec e eee s- s See ae ee eee ieee CSE eek «Seer Deiat 12
Operculan = 2262 aa ee ene on ae meen aie cach nec oe eR Ee ee ee es See ee ch. Arama ed 22
asvalsystemaicvcharacter oases 2. odio se eee 2 tee eee ayes s eee 2 cere 42
MOG BUOLOMY OMe sta G.i oe Secs = 2a «bee eee 2c Se eee ee eee eS eee a. 2 19
GiOxrbipny eal cine = eeereene swe ere SL hae ee el Sees ae Seen fee es SL, 141
Onipuniot the sexcells 32 S25 - oh Seed = oa. Rees och ep teense eee gee eeeeee eee eee 37
JEN Eee hbo etd ie 1b 3 Se A ee ene ee ee eRe ee. | 20, 112, 124
Gneclassincation of theisertularidee jess ee. oa en oe ns ee son, - ee eee 40
on the operculum.....--- a ae age Rae A Lind SER Ae ee eee See ts Chee are 22
AGksirbantp eee] Mees Semel ears 2G cles a ce alee peeing Ms a ope Es co alee = ate fete 141
Pallasione Dnuvania LOnGhitisis 22 ses. 32 son eee c eee seine ¢ teeta acne = eee ea aes 67
Pay Uhea Ape tee ine ota haces io ene e yo erate ieee he Sea wae Sates eee eres a 14, 39, 41, 43, 44, 50, 74
IS ROMO Go Sete Oe ee ee ete eA a ay Ste aE Ne pe AUR MS. 5 ARETE aoe: Peete 7
| OLaT bio) oF a tee Release eate R e ae RE Re ern re EN rh 3) AAAS AL Ok ae 74
QUaGInIGe tata 2 ees oS toe eS Sere Bk ee ee edge 2 3 2 ee Ero 5, 16, 46, 74, '75, 147
(Sertolarin)| quadnidentata,st sss. eteoce sae. one eens see os eee ene a eee meeees Soke 75
((iifbu ho) (2) 3) ee ee epee ees eee el eel Sen ee Stee Bee eres ee har ee esarn CIC ramc 74
Pataconian Recon 5 os Scena to ase Sec soe ernst ON Seo ae oe ee cad sein gaat ade ae eee 47
Pennaria (Sertularia) faleata...........--- OE ape DN PEM i are cet Re aS Ek A a A oe a 124
((ipteTH ko Leto TNA ys ee i Rs ak BN Sh es ihe fee ee Be Dee teens Sore et ee eee 38, 127
pidentatiaini te es wan ae ee gs te a ae Ake eee oe ees 129
REYIRUD OMA em aos ae Os iS ce he Se em i iegsanine Se Bee AEE Sense Saat SUES R eee Same ee me eineee ee 7
He BIS NOMIC came esse = ae ast en NSS Aamo JS anae tee aes a Se Sere SEES pee eee ees 7
[PAPNOVS Ps ini iy Se Ie UR AR ee ei ane ee ot cane ROR he Ere CIE Speen ae mR See Berry a 44
1EA(2) 032) 2a oe RNS Ns os Se SSSR Boa aie are Set Pe SE ML bine oe Oe eee Aa ears 144 ,
BRS UPA ETU ELIT} EUSP Neyo ere PP ME ens ne ee Ee rs re Py etre fon pes Be eee eee AQ, 124
ELCETDIL AEM Sa USR eee oat ed Aeterna se ar ets ne 27
(Palcata Poscce ka es Es SE a eee ek ohare AY ah oermenissicn sae ee eee ee cee aes 124) 125,
(iiireira Gis Coin ieih) eet esos aco = eS Sere oko ce fate ye Soe chee Se EVE me mee 126
ERA CHUTE ames ech ae a Ub AE EE oil ae Be SI Las ely MR TES = Se Oy 3 te eae 126
Loire ED oan ta = =, SRA ao ca a Se ne Pes RRO Sena went Pr MNES re, 4 7,9, 37, 47, 48, 49, 50, 124
Points of intergradation between Abietinaria and other genera__....-..-.------.--------------- 113
between Diphasia and other genera .....----.---2-2-2---++-----.------ 107
between Sertularella and other genera. ........-.-...------------------ 76
between Sertularia,and other genera ........-------.-------+--=5------ 50
between vbuiaria andiother seneral- oon. -— ee eee ae ees * 62
between Synthecium and other genera ...---.-....----22-2-4--------- 52 134
Holysertasiclacialis)\ mes oee ses esee esos a dos Seeeye cab nae Lema ee oes ene eee 132
IN Sie ees ae oe ee tet Ses eg FN ee Ee one a ee Ba 128, 132
RO lsszOnias Geno nat ae oe eee ees ieee ae calc he See eS Ses cele e BO panes Depie nee eee 81
BrOUractoniarubemky Gnanihie: seen © cette tee ete rots ee ee a a SRO ee nee Ce eee store: 10
TRAC ers epee bee We re oes a ee ee ra Ane Sey ert Mee Pa oR Cela oe aie emeite ne E ee 144
IReduplication ofthennariinees =. 222. soe saep cic 45 ws ee see ose ewe Scien ease ee EEE ote einee 24, 25
RRiclleys ARUN OA 2 ee os mam a tae phe ES a SLE Wee et age gto ke ike Sewanee era 144
ERG VINE bo ee h et ee gen AE Ree eB eg se Rn > Vd ee ee a er 1
RUS Osa Groupe sce Haas = 2 corgi te tke Shae no eae So ee iets aaa ses Sele ee era 17, 81, 89
SieimnUNncssone posse eh oO ee Se oy ese Aes ced ee pete 2 ene, ee ae ree 141
St Wesbal Gil @ Wee 0 cs Got A ie on (oe eee Oe SN COR PRO eR atk amr. CRORE MED: otal Se ee Ce 141
Sevigny; diet On, veneAud oul. “ute. eo seers tele Bee te Se nace heii See Gin «eee Se 144
SSCAMCIMANIATIUR EDL ON ate oes = ae se ot ote ne eo, Roh ea 47
schneider. Carl Camillopt oso seco ne te aol tro Sree Se Se) ee ee eee 142
onvelassifigationy ot tlre Sentullearid ses ss. oe ee oe ee = = ett a ee 41
Sahnlze- rate “Winans oe ye aye Se ie Dn, BR on a ee 141
(Trial Gad ebaasishoeee Se Be ae ee ee ee ee See ies OR Cle Ee, apn eee iE eas oa 72
MORaNT NS joo MNES ee EN ay ye ba IN sy ea SR ee gps SD Eg ee 114
p(s hols Rh gies Sn ROE 2” oe Oe ek eke Cys ate ers. ee ee. Bee MOAN oh kg bk a4
Sés-OskiCoralline: ¢2 esos. Ty. hs Lee eS ass ee ee oe ne eee 51
Sea-spleenwort or Polywody 2. 2222 anee2eghone se shee. eet eet Sasen sie eee Ea eCee Rene 66

Plate.

XII

INDEX.
Page.
Bie NRE ING CS Sane. ates ae ate Se ee aE eI Eee > = cemeeotice vse apeand 108
MGIEDINO RAIN eae name oe. 5 - Se uee ois «ja tanudcaememeae 7, 11, 14, 17, 23, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 1277, 129, 130
cle anit day tn in! / Senos Bee ae OS Dae Oe Oe eee 46, 61, 128, 188, 151
FCOELIT I Cpe te >.< EPR Vos ee ee tae RCE wae oes wt 46, 127,130
CY LINAL Gao. a - 23. teas > «aS nes oo qeemaeeara ce ones 16, 41, 46, 128, 129, 181, 151
eECCMReMelin mers. eee fC. ae ie = ee een) eine 2 5 5 SSRIS odo ae 14
iI oy: Ce = ans A A A wie EOP, ave ey oe ero = 8 Rete ga 46, 128, 133, 151
ECan) Sys 2 ees. . Se as Pe eae eee eee aoa ais aaa a see 132
raving 00): eee ee Oe le SE So Ts Sa a 41, 46, 127, 128, 151
(3) TOL CLE a = a ote BO ae Ne ip ree O52 2 ie 46, 128, 182, 151
OWN A a eas has 2a ee. | = ee aetats saan s abana see See Saat OD) GOPEOS Laat eae LOL
(Goltenate:)), See eaeet es Semen Sere oS Sree Sele ce Regmee Spy Ao en ae OR 130
INOSLOL Aehan ss - Seen an.55 sets aes oat sie oe ee Oe roe 46, 127, 128, 129, 151
OETA Lede ee = Se Ss, 2 > oS a re ee 18, 46, 127, 130, 151
jVivgeniQol git y come! See, Se ee as A oe Ea eee 46, 127, 129, 151
MISTI Tale Seeks - | ee ot eS ae ne tan eo ep eee, Ser an Nes A 46, 127,129, 151
Serialarcllas aegis eS: 11,19, 23, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 50, 61,68, 75, 76, 77, 105, 121, 134
(CHoiC\nbats Sake eee 22) = ok ae eee Ot ye ene ee Sa eee oe ee 115
(PAIR ee see a= 5 see ao ones Seated ee ee Hearne come linea oeig eee See a ae 97
I Didee eee 2 aa as ies Omen ee Ge Aa ee oe 24, 29, 34, 46, 77, 86, 148
BUN Set ch. 2d eee ere ORS Bee CEM nae oc arn nto, Ot +S 14, 32, 34, 46, 77, 84, 148
BILOMNANE aoe oe ctgetemne + ae cree a te et tet eS cee tata Slices to 134
CH dyoe(oyube=ty Maite 2 ome at ee eae Am PR 5 ey Se oN ee eee ee See 46, 77, 88, 148
pA BTUOS Ree ee ao otis Bene trtar, A ee ieee. oe eee cee crates 84
(Sita netics’) y= spss a eet cies Sect Sen 5 on, Soe ee. Be ee ae oe ee ee 84, 85
Rh ines ge peg Re eal tt od be eee Wie ie PLS Aa t e 16, 17, 24, 46, 77, 88, 147
NH Tigo oie as eee ae ERLE PER R= Uy FRG De We oe 7, 17, 33, 46, 77, 80, 147
lea ee ee eee eis ne: 2m) DA, ee eee ee 46, 76, 78, 102, 149
(GDI a2 5 ao Se Fae foe Oe Se es Ae See ees Se 46, 49, 77, 98, 148
COMPPIEXd a. Sasa eee nal Ae to eee Seo ee 24, 28, 29, 34, 36, 37, 46, 77, 94, 148
(Hoan criss | Se ee Mears ee ee Cie Se era ae Sal 5 5S Rae We! 17, 46, 77, '79, 95, 147
CET UTS Bete ies tk te eas S Gee ae Sse Ae ee Be Be ee ee oi 18, 34, 36, 46, 77, 85, 148
GY LING Cees re EM eee cee Bie hoo chem eC ee nee & eke mamta ere Se eee 136
Cent iva( liahilats; dies es Seo Soe ie eee eS ee een PSE a ar eel 16, 46, 77, 80, 87, 104, 148
CIB REEILC Cee eee Nees ats pe os ake oe i eee nee eee 4, 17,46, 78, 100, 149
BUICK OL Tite aaa ec ae oy ee eet ye ae De Bei ee ee ee ee 8, 12, 94
(ithe oe Sere ia eee Seen 22S) 2 Sao acincete Seba ase aes SeeeeReee 68
CUISTALIN Se See Roe sete cet Ae SA Gh) Sea ne 14, 17, 46, 77, 88, 148
TelEPRNR oes eet. rere ote tae oes eayoecls seis eianreete 8, 32, 33, 34, 35, 46, 77, 98, 149
@DISGODUS Ses secem oe ek ee ee eae ce eee eee aes 16, 18, 46, 76, 78, 108, 149
liforirisee en eee ae Coe een 5 ee | 15, 18, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 46, 77, 97, 148
TORINO Ree ace ae Oe ce ae I ec Pe pee 14, 15, 17, 24, 32, 33, 40, 46, 76, 78, 104, 149
(Gaafb yn (Oyd Lor) [eee ee se ory SA, Ye ae ee Se ee ee aa 94
Lablsicoyd e701: Wins erate eee eee, a eee Cees so ENE Se =. ah er 16, 36, 46, 77, 89, 90, 148
CRY MSR oes ese eee eee ec ow se camee saeees 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 24, 46, 77, '78, 93, 147
PAV MVE TODS: = ce wee rean ee act he cee aes cleas 56 ete n aaa Sete ae ee eee 34
eccTaNtOlbEE: Vc) ES oe Set ales CaP ken Mee 2 ae ae eg: oe a 16, 46, 77, 81, (82), 147
PI SREICO ME see TPE Soe ono he So Mies Aon ce ae ein ee see SEE 16, 17, 46, 77, 87, 88, 104, 148
(GEVEGNEI) IR yew eats 2a ee Ree eae Bete mee em eae ie see a Baoan ee ae 121
((ialeeine fee ite. 2 heen cee ce en Cea eec ees aan eee eee ee 136
ETE LeL tLe ee een ok Sere een ea Et Ee, = te 14, 16, 17, 40, 46, 78, 104, 149
(Hesperia) (se 95 a cc Jeo tee oe eat Jae eek Sete eens ee a esteman ae eae 101, 102
(Ginnplexa)) Ws ss a2 Bt ee oe ed . eee de ee a. ec nn Seen ae ee 92
KEEN OCA ose ae 2s ee Daan = Sa ree = Se Si ied Sapa ens Coons = Lee eee 104
IE aa ae Se ae ee See es ee 2 Ee 7, 14, 18, 46, 77, 85, 88, 148
LSU SETR ON Oe ese So SS. (Sees een, >, ee) ee 10, 34, 46, 78, 100, 149
TRASOL ICA Se eA aN: oo ee Uc s Someta oe eetow. cae Sem ee 10, 14, 46, 78, 99, 149
MISPUA sche has ob Se vente asaasssatade saeeerasc atlas saeeasaered 46,78, 103, 149
aha DACCAS ae ..< . See eo. See een eG <5 pene mn ee eee oe 46,77, 95, 148
TUE PHALOM AES sae mclees =|. cn oc Ser ths 5 rate eta ee nals aie Sears 7, 10, 13, 36, 46, 77, 9O, 148
TICMICLG THe eee eo ee oo ee ey Sree aon en ee a Cera ODED his oO; ao
MOL HeA eee Ree, Shee iy Ae, 1 ASS. eS ON eR ees 46, 78, 98, 149

TUNEL) UL (See oe ee eh Bo athe a LS yo. ab ers Lote 6 keeee 46, 78, 99, 149

321

Plate.

XL
XXXIX
XL

AXXVIII
XXXIX, XL
XL

XXX VIII
XXXIX
XXXIX
XXXIX

XIX
XVIII

XX

XVII
Bay
XXVI
XXI
XXI
XV
XVIII

XIX
XXV

XIX
XXIV
XXVI
XXIII
XXVIT

xX
XIV

XVI
XIX

XXVII

XVIII
XXVI
XXIV
XXVII
XXII
XX
XXIII
XXIV
XXIV

322 INDEX.
Page,
Sertttlarella mana. 2.2552 sgatne we snc caeee eas Se boas cb sen ee ee Se eee 46, 68, 78, 105, 149
(modulosal = Sete eess = 3-2 Ree ee See een 6k ae eee ere eee oe ane A omer 95
((IMDAalllida))" = SeSe ssh 5-2. see se cee eee Sasha sheen ce ~'- Sees sae ae 101
[OUR 40) 80 6 ag re ee SC pe 5 a = 16, 46, 77, 81, 147
1s Betas Bey od nis Tees 5 OO Ee 3 Se eee Ee SNe Ione es SeeaGa~ = See 46, 77, 90, 148
PINAL eee ne rea oa aaa er Ge <ce po un aeene eee 14, 15, 17, 18, 33, 34, 46, 77 (286), 94, 148
pln Perales Se sera ate = =:- poe a vcs asters at-les Seeraeerc ete ere ae ee 7, 18, 46, 77, 86, 148
POY ZOD as ee sere ees eee see i = eae 13, 19, 24, 29, 34, 36, 37, 46, 75, 77, 88, 9O, 91, 92, 93, 148
vamuoloanteaie. e-store oc coe ae esos ee eee eee oss Seer ek 87
(Mrotectal Wap meat oe ssc se eee eee MS ce ea ec oe tems eis feleeneeielata (= eee ns eee eet 85
Guadratar 2 per se eee Soa cacis een ERR eeeecee 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 36, 46, 77, 80, 147
quadnicornutass: <1. oes 22: te See ee oe coe weet eee ee oie See ees eee ee mee 87
Quadminidalease es 1k qs ose wes eae eee | oes seamen see acces ceeeeiae: cae 46, 77, 977, 148
(wObusta)) cba s 232 eee cn Skce ese ee = aaceis Salaee sist eam)= Seeec os seen ESE 86
MUPOSA Sse sees ane eR ee ceceea et emo neceee 4, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24, 29, 34, 46, 77, 81, 82, 83, 147
(Salccatin see ace atceerc cae ce eae ee ca Se an ett le ee ate eestor eee iota ee 83
SEDONA 626 28 oc a-jaseee mee oe mninis aoe sisiae sak ceee Sarasota Ueeooe-saeeace 46, 77, 96, 148
(Simplex) 5 sce ce k so Se ote Secs ein cies woe Se pias > eee -S ene en ee ese 92
SON Che DEE Se eyse anes se SOrer aoe aOR CE SSE Soe ore Seti. Aer aS 13, 46, 77, 89, 148
SUG CHOTOM A sos <a ce ee eye le eis ase ee eee RIS SEIS Si CBee ei eee eee ciate 34, 46, 77, 96, 148
teanTENie asa. eae at et ere oe nae See Sele eS een ee ees eee ere 16, 17, 46, 77, 81, 147
COTE] ae Aone me oS ee a oa ere ne Sereiess eae Pains ee nee eee 19, 46, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 148
Ula e1ots) OGL) Eee tS ee ee meas 15, 18, 19, 24, 32, 36, 46, 49, 78, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 149
CLOPlCd aoe: Sena oe See ace eee es coe ce be os oe tect een ae see 7, 46, 49, 78, 99, 100, 102, 149
busied ates = ae eh eee eosin k Sas Sacenio tas ma oametiersooe aes 18, 24, 36, 46, 76, 77, 95, 148
(Comilateralis) ess. oh) eee oe eee Bebe moe oat on enemies See e aeemeee ee 84, 85
Sertularigvesr ss essere eat see es eae osetia eee 11, 12, 17, 18, 25, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 61, 62, 107, 134
(abietinia)) = as Sees Sede e ems cine toe eet ee hoe Dee oe namo Pees Seam eers 1138, 114, 115
ACAMUNOSLO DIS eo ese eee oar ee 6 eee oe elem Oe Seat ea a ee nie a Oe eee mi eemene eee 18
(QUEUISE)) 4 Bas ey acahs ote asst os a meSoenen anak dasa sess Wsoce soca mesa Sea amsconnes 119
Var nO DURAN set = ets nee eee le ee eee eee CRE Ree ere eee 119
(G@rgentea)) es. 2a 2S saatece st she Se meen eet a8 a dee mia aepic Sainte ee Nee eer 4,50, 61, 71, 72
(fantnoulata) : 5. ome sec seid. Soo e seteers eles noe ee ae eo is eRe eee ace ee See 67
bispinora sé a2 22S cshse te ssinses saoc acc ee ce saemepwise eee eae claw emee ei 46, 50, 51, 56, 145
PANE NIGVAUNUS: Ss fae aerators eis mse ie eee clocte ie Sie oS este nacre eters rae 21, 46, 50, 51, 60, 146
GAIN VLG CaN PII a ms Seren teenie eal ef Cleiaie inert oeteliam ale mnele eet Ee eee else tae eres 154
(CTO ENE ele el eee ts Sees tans ee Aen a A eh en ate pS 80
(ced ania) een Cara ye cee mae oo Lee eee ble sca sac mee sae orate eee eee 127, 130
challengers sas ceacer so coor se ste e cee ce tne oes eet ese eos sane eee 46, 50, 51, 54, 145
(Gillisita) eee eee Pee) Se eee se eae an ers ies eon ee RD 91
(Glan) Bee So ees ee Se ye Bee wks ote ee beak Seca ate eke ec soee oe ae eee anes 93,
(complexai)ie= 52555 sh toe o cea sets occ ccc meeese eles Sckee geaees see wsccice See eee 30, 58
(Compressal ea eat a merecia a tas Pe ices Sheen eames semen Samsmms (Gee Seeeeeeee 120
(Goperculatal Messe os smec sack casts cae peewee ebseee ce pack see ee eee ee mae 54+
CONTLCU ere ee ee ee era < Se yaa ae eee 13, 15, 21, 29, 33, 34, 46, 51, 58, 145
(Gomnicnlata) hese oe eee Ree ee ees lee See Sete poe ese ae eee Oe bee eae eee 112
((Copressina) ASHE es soe sone eeeeosd ce ae eee as Sacer Ree oes oe ee eres Hale TEE UE
((Cupressoides) io: 2h i cic.c emo Gustin ssc css s shee eaeice Saws elist oe ee ee ee ee 68
(eylindinitheca)) 2-222 =8 ac sane seine Mad nee Gees Se ee ane Seen eee emis eo Seen ee eee 87
GESIMOIDES 2 Se Sa pte ee itis = Cee een eet Eee 16, 17, 41, 46, 50, 51, 56, 134, 145
(Qo bo sgt (st) \) Se Boe ieee ee ae ee en ee ee eee Pee Ome in oot ene ene 68
(Gigitalis) ese es sv okiceoe ate shee casuals secon Snes bad ae eee eS eres 110
(Giistanis)) (oat eas ee ee eee eee ae On ee DoE eRe See ee os See Ee Cee ee 59
(Dymamena) pumila: = 2 hss ee copier ines deme is See EO: Se eR RE eee eames 52
echinoGarpa:'s sem. -nees Ae nS Oee os sees esses nes seas ae = SEES Be oe SESE aerate SOOO
(OLISIN Be Eo ere Be Ses eee eee ha ee Sele ree oe ee ee eS SIO?
(erncaidea)) (eee Saks nee ek se Oe 5 BE RR Soe | Ce fe 91, 100
OXIDUA ES et eee = aes ste o ace Skney ase se eee i eee cede Beno ae eee 46,51, 61, 146
@abricit)Ba2-25-- A ee eR Se) ee ae ea Ley hee 71
(fall cattal yee ests oe obo ee aco --weceee Sees £ cea aoe see ee eee 50, 124, 125
(Parla) eB one St D8 5 So Sean bemneng 46 EXE Ue SMES a Eee Sees See ene 109
(fastigiata ee. . ee cee sense see cteoces oe eee a Succi Ss lose oes reenter 71

(Gilicula)) 2.2282. so seca aig bo nee Sales ge citinge Beis qo tae aoe a esioe eee a ae eee 117, 118

Plate.
XX VI

XVI
xX
XXI
XIX
XXI

XV
XXII
XVII
XXII
xx
XXII
XVI
XVIII
XXV

XXVI
XXII

II
VI

II

TV

Ill

wal

INDEX.
Page.
Seririenuiea aii OLEIG) ie ere = - Sse eo a's ao pee ee a ee ao Cla aad wala Rina a /aclain ne ne 97
(HEE QTED) oho e As A es See ahh ot SE AS ae 90
HG Eine = eee. ei Se ee ae 46,51, 60, 146
Cienega nS - RR TS ee eS See ee en 5d
(CROENOTIE |) - yee Re er SI See Oe is A 89, 103
(CECE eee Se Rs Ne Rie = re, Se nee 78
(Cra oie 2 na ee oe ee epee See Se ne 78
Brscilids see 3S. See oe... stews ie eo ee Oe a an 36, 46, 51, 57, 97, 126, 145
EBCCNION) peas = Sees «ao eee aces Ree See ae ae em eae ore wee oo ttc ner 121
MU COUPTUA ne. epee. | Me eee Aer cnet ait A inn Si 129
AITO SESELS cr eo o> ~ Se a ee OE sin Bee inte Risin = Se 116
(ay CPG a ATCT) ae = DER 5, ERA eS) ee Bee Se AS ee ec 104
(Certs) eee e. . Some. Reef ane eee eee oe ee ene ee Oe ee 65
CLE STEN) Soe = Ol SIRS See eo, See See So ee See Ser 119
(Let rer Ca) pewemercn eee 2. eee ce i ee os ee Ee ee eee Reeutn eee eee a eee 119
REECE UTC CALS) teeter ee wx cee a Si ec ee ee a re ere ree 69
(iehenaserim) feces. 2aeess = ee tees mre epee fae ee pee ee om 66
(ON CHINE) PS osc n cose coe Sec we pete re eice meee Seem ems eC Pee ee = wy eee ae cele ae 66, 67
(MON PICORtA) Ses aso ox cpene cia Sows ew mee demets poe tie Ge so Meta oats aera aman areas 103
(iroanita eee eo Sa ee Seon eo eels = sete ers Seen ecient ameter ae opie 109 »
(Marbinata) Aes. oss. os ee aioe ee oe aoe Pee e ace eames as eo eee 135
USTED (CY Ge cc SP SL a Og ee ees ee aS ey Rey =e Ee 16, 25, 46, 51, 58, 146
(rowlrierna) Fe 2 a522 a8 c ao. aaces Gan Cee en ee a cee eee ea epe ie ene ae eae 98
((geaWhi OS OL) eigen) erie ee es tS Ee As Se Pe nee eR eee EER le 128
(i ellantrunt) osm eee ss ee oe oe ee ee ee ee ee ee 107
(0 8):(0) Us} 1) | es es ae ree eS ee fee es Sener Sema nRer acc 132
OpERCULA Ae es ae mene S acmee ee see ase Sa ee 15, 18, 21, 23, 32, 33, 46, 50, 51, 54, 55, 145
(pata pOmica) tenet ee ce ee Oe ee ie eee ee 8 cere ea ae 81
((BYehal a oon soe ches Se cee ae rece pp ones Seen oe ae aoe Same eee 90
((pinasten)) see tee sacs he aan ck scrote ctc cis aie Riale wee ere eerie cere en ae ae 128
(Din iate eae eens oocemer - e o 8 ew ig SC ey ee eee ee oe 91,109
(Gp Rae SS es a hth phos Le cece rears SI cetera apt i A ec SEE a Ba 128
(plummlania" (rales tal) ee. 2 en. sco oats aia eons heen clea es e ee ee ee ae 125
((Dalivzonins) Sekeer Jeanne US = as iE onc ORE eae oe Bets Un SERB OTe eRe eee ae 90, 91, 92
MoGlyzaniag vse w/is Mester. — een oe a ete Se eae ak a ee nen ae ee ee 78
POO UG be ees mene ta Seer cin Se ee ss Se A ee dC ee ee 46,51, 59, 146
(QOYGO IC tay) eee tere ae SE oo ye SA ae as ee Dek ORC et PR ee 109
OLAV EH) Ey A ncaa lee et re ee es PEE be a Rn Oe ees Seen er os 46,51, 55, 145
JV) Ee oS Sea eee 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 40, 46, 51, 52, 145
(pu aRver! Aoi eof seen ek cee a mncce nee Saee Ce tac e nee can cme sees 57
(Ipupa) esse eee ae mamseR en ase Screech Re Eee Seer ee ce” eC aed Wear 51
Kiquadiderrtartsy) Mere cp ee ae erent oe cee SC: eigen teeny So Lee Ree 75
SALSA 18, 47, 50, 51, 5'7, 145
(OSS) eee nee en oe ee, aie eet eee) ty Deer = oO ae + Ree ee 107
(POSACee ene see secs arena ra, eee et Se a tie Ge Cee: Lae eee LB ee ee 107
(CTR 01 EL) A oll Ss Ae a dear ae Red I) = NaCI, xy Pe Petes Se grea A StS 82
(BrU pe OS pelts) ere > aioe a a ene tan Se ee Serene Scene Ce 83
(Se@un pla ee eeee ee ee ee ed on Se lS i Lk ee ee ee eee S4
(Sumlig) ose areas hee ec mens gta-k Seem coe sae Ree e nice < tee eee ae 3 eee 69
(stipulsthy)) e2eeme c=. 25. neue seen am tean es eee reece eee ls acs eee ee aes eee 124
SLOULKG Wiletetne Shc Se oie Soh. 2S ee Cig eae ao eke Bip een is 4, 29, 32, 33, 47, 51, 59, 146
(Uni ENCE (CT) ae eae es en Se a lk me 28 Al 31,52, 108, 109
(HenGI AN Pee hes ss ee. ee eek. ln eee ee eee 83
(Genera) Peers eee so aa ae eee. ease oe. = Ok a 3s See 70
((GhiUleIOT CS) eens. Soe ano ee sees 2 QO SoBe eR ne cee 64
(CUE a) eet se Ge cic er kk ie et 3 = en ane eI cer 62, 63
(Gers) at) ae 2 eee ee ee ee ee ee a: «Seles 118
(UNICHE I ate) Peer es eee eee OS eee 25 es. RR Ne. en 100, 101, 121
(CODER EGGH erence. Pama ci eed. Laren Me oan SO Sees ee eee 134
eboateolS: 8 Aad Saree mer Syke = See eee oe ean Se ee. Se 47,51, 60, 146
(irene tol )\ S Sexe at) Oca © 5 heath i R145 ade ae Pe rs ap a et a ts el ee 95

Plate.

VI

Il

II

Ill

VI

324 INDEX.

Page.
Peruularia nttisneoides)): je - segs se hc SR ore no ee es a eR 54
(Gvaitialbilis)) 2 55 ee ee. Tee 2 8 eee ae ey <r E 102, 115
VETSLU GU cope t= Merce. | = etn Se eee A ee ae an ero 11, 13, 16, 17, 47, 51, 53, 145
Senter dary as syn. ee een sete 2 2c apap» syn Se, tne =e ee 9, 25, 32,37, 40, 47, 48, 49, 75, 124
Cischssiom Olean eri. --2 amen. = = eee ne cs SY eA cere Ce areas.” eum aries 41,42
SOMOMMOLES OC lerarre r= 5 « Maer ws 5c ee ch el ee 2 ea 32
Hex cells onlin Ol sas sees eile = Sacieeeerst kis Hes Rie to oee on Sone ae cok eee. 2 ees Ses Oe 37
Sickile:@oral lite pew meer peer es eee eT ete 3 ere Ae oes Se ee eee 124
Sniail-tretorl: Corallime =. sete oe ase ses SS OR Oe aE ee ee > Oa 2 ee ee 82
PS) OPK ty ek eae Sen eg cS eae A ec cts rere, SS ANE m8 AE See See 30
SPEUMaN YI. ahora Foe ie ane oan as Sem = SR ee IO a ele 6 eee LOS ee ote Sees aa 27
POC URE Steuer Sep amperes ae ae cate a 3 ns yet spre ere a are ee as / 71
DSCALIROLELC CHa epee anti ar re MS ey Ae EN a Pee, Se A ee ers eee Pe cae, OOo eae
Stem nOLp MO) OSV Ohees ae eee Sane s oat a eee et eee ein eee. eek. See eee 5
Stimpson, on Sertularia producta
StOOK eye Si seeeatetaooett oe dae ere oes Peek er wesaeicee ae cmee artes SEE 7 eens. Se ah ae
SLOPE Ne eas # Ae cect es ee eR, fers RIE ene era =: Ny ye RR OE Rea s
(y:mplectoseyprtus) seers eee eee ee ee eee See ee
SHARMA OMENS. Sasa AoE Cue Soo ae ee OS Ree eee BOSS ee Settee S 11, 14, 17, 25, 38, 39, 42, 44, 183, 134
CAMPY LOCATE see eset Ne tats ee ee ek Be eer ete Se eS Coc eee RIO SEG
GYglrinis Gin Serta cet eae Roe ee eee etn Ree at ete See as 14, 47, 134, 136, 151
TAY: Ral OED 9 panos hese ei escent RNS i sheet a ey Sy Sat Sd ae a 17, 47, 134, 135, 151
MECC ee eae oe eee ee ees apne see: oe eet ee 14, 17, 47, 184, 135, 151
TOMUSLUD See eee eats eae Osa eaters ersten sed Sepa ee ete 47, 134, 186, 151
TUITE CUE serra net ets oe Meee mene ee nie We ei Ue ae hee | elt ae 17, 47, 184, 151
URL IHA tel CISGUSSLONKO Ms SLU ATIC sour gary yee ere epee ete eer yee ne an nee ea 37
SRemipletony dass sees eee Sees ie oe eens Sera etn ee meee 0521S She Re wn eee 144
Pe Tyalalcaleem lr Pea OMASULTL ES) © eet are Spe tere pay Serr WM eS Sc Dye ORG te Qa pe nf ee Iw Eee 4, 141
PRE COGLA CI eeeers are doe eee a Pree, She une Ne yet eye egy Sol ee Se 4, 39, 42, 44
(MDO2)) SocceeGechGee ear eae es eee ese! Sets See Re Nees Beak ME pene ania Sear © Se A eee Ly eae 49
Pironipson sD) PAG VilWisrers enya ok i of We Se eLearn ea o tee O ee 1, 141
a Mnornel ve misaUta ROSCOG Ho ese . sce ee heme ae ses ott re SE ere oes Been es Cie einen eee eee 141
Thuiaria.......--- 11, 14, 17, 19, 23, 25, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41,42, 44, 61, 68, 69, 76, 86, 105, 107, 113, 121, 127, 129
(albie firey) pees = ee ee ee cect A cee 2 te Se ce Wo tr en OE Re eee 115
(aIPeTOING GH) beeen eee ha ey he pet ts Je SR on? ee | UE ae ates, AO 133
Cetra Tait athe) eee e ere A aiee ne LS 5 ee a ee Fw cert. a eh en ame Ae 122
FESS IE le hee ceo OTS ea SE RTA ns EE i Sr 13, 18, 36, 47, 62, '71, 72, 147
(arieuilatay see ne ae sees Mec SOGe ae SEE ue ey Ee oane ei. apart 66, 67
((QOSOUM Sheed Ae cect Oo ae Re oe OR SAN ee Oe ty a ee ee Bee 5 em aa ae 122
GUE SITO web eS ear Eee Se eee CoE aE OE Bae RD aL ee eee Ia See 4, 21, 47, 50, 62, '72, 73, 147
(Oni aT OCEANS wed a5 oe Ee eee Bee ee nas ae Moen ber ae omer aha ares 61, 67, 68
(Ces Uiaaiclirn et) am Senne reve ae eth eh 2 I a Dives 2 oe Bho sy ee i 131
CUD 2 3 he a A ee eae Ue, <A ILS ee aeNES y 40 PR ES eRe Foes pale eh eae 47, 62,68, 146
GUT ISED SS aha ea 8 ele A eR SS fe) Bae ols Pie ek een Ss 17, 18, 47, 62, 68, 146
(GSAS) Se U Be a ts akon ee oO eo: OE AE eye eee me ty Peo ee ee! 88
elegans... ...- re a ea ee ee nO aA ne eh eS 18, 47, 62, 64, 112, 146
SE) By eiCCtON ES Ceca A els 2S Se ee tee See, 4 eae, ene ene ies rm a EE 62, '71, 147
(Gail ae eS oe ea Ok RAE, ch, A ne Ene ere Sen, Cae sama -s . eam, S| 118
(gigantea!) sare es Se en Peers Ger oe, 86 ly ee oe Te et ee ee pe Way P33
(ayy dil ay) Sa os ere May ota, Saga ae eye GE ey ie oh See eee Re 85, 86
rhe ahaa s\qsr Arye eas oe ee cS SMT el ee See Se a Nog A ad ne ee 16, 47, 62, 66, 146
((harrr@si Gi} ean eke ae eS ee eee. a Saeed) ce ee eee 112
[E(B aT vera: - ke fa, Sele es Ae ae Gas «rae eles SEE wae 18, 47, 62, 65, 146
(QUE 1) | as SRD EE I sc a eA eR Lee pe Tea aM | oe eee aay ete SL Las |e 85, 86
IER (Cpt Ee eee Oe A ee ee ee a. cee | (eee Ya 47, 62,69
NoyaYel punts) ae ee es ey. ae) Oo ORs UNO de SE et ae 47, 62, 66, 73, 146
POLL AO Rees Renee ern ime oy Ree. Sees. Sa eR 2S De Eee nee ee 47, 62,74
plommulifera y! 42 eee: = a Soe Soe A ee ~ ee 18, 47, 62, 67, 146
Dolly carparse =a = 2 ees es ae Re oS ee sae ee 15, 47, 62, 65, 146
(quadridens)r Se ar. Seas. i See WE ee 5g ee sn oo en eee 97
TATNOSISSULN AN rato en oh aera ee ee re dn Ae ee SCR ce 47, 62,68
TO DUS base ieee cee eye tee ee 11, 15, 21, 26, 29, 35, 47, 61, 62, 64, 146

57, 61

Plate.

XLI
XLI
XLI
XLI
XLI

XII

XIII

nn

VII
XII

IX

IX

INDEX.
Page.
UOMO IS a= See e nica «sXe « So celoe < cuas pe eens oseebetes +s sateen asbses 47, 62, 69, 146
OTS Se 2 os Sern eS MRS oat ee: 18, 47, 62, 70, 147
MATIIATIOC CS Pact =. -- — CE sone cee Ae ae co RR ER J aE oo to slabs 25, 36, 47, 62, 64, 146
RUT Se, RMN CEN Ts en eee MR os 4, 32, 33, 47, 62, 63, 64, 146
MIECNULIRONIR ec. cy ca eee |. ot. Se ape en ee ee ee oe ere 16, 18, 21, 25, 32, 33, 47, 62, '70, 147
(RUT IPGL) teh eo en, = = a mieten Me cto ee Ree See een nee ee ae aeleme eo daca dee 123
TOFU TANS L1G are = ee, - ee ee Ce eo ee ee ee ME Ne oe nae eg Uses 115
YOST SUNS, Sesh S SORES +S oC ae ee ISS AAS Bese Sach a Se ne ae ee 37
DOTS CURLY SOON cor = 25s eee = 2 o- eps Anas a eee = Seer te eee ta oops clan oe 1,79, 141
CHES VO LEONI = SaaS. Sees ns. See ey en eee eee ern epee 2 Fa Es 134
Pradis Meets == oom ara oe es SOE. cet. pre te Ne SE EE CT «SO Bs Leake sso 127
SOTO RMS OMCs TUOL DMO, Ol . see a = = erie te oe 9 ee aie eta ree rete ea Sala eran oad ciate ne 1
MUG peuna URC nIC CULAR) Fe = pie tn a = 2 Sete ae hee et ap ee ee aes a cen Roe 75
Warentien a nare OG o..-sis- see ao == SA Er ich ant eta ch ay Ee me en ees a 4, 142
erin aeAemiy.< cI INT Glassy L,, seene sc << eee eo ere a eee A eee Bae Tee ae 142
Noe thV ETE by Cea US AES, RES, 5 nee eR tre ie NF Oat ES SE Ee anal arn eh eS ee a 53, 142
on seriusrella cylimurithece: +. ee... = seat eae see Ieee eee ese cer sere cee 87
Wid BLE yom Messer aaa (ce = Bk eee was savers | eed et oe eisai tone eta ey tert le ire tea see 58
WEISMAN AUP USD. oor 5 555 Seabee cade auelne o aetes Cee ee oa ete mcninnria cise meets 26; 27, 28, 29, 142
onvonipin ob sex cells: ue 22 Pee =. Se52 a See eo eee eee atest ere eceecunee pe ee oe 37
VIVES MMT DE halgi fctea (0) US Re ee = RN | Se Sin, OER SS eng a ke OA ee eee an ies freee 47
Wilalteawedd'. iG veges nt 2 sti cin cee ants Wee ee se eae ee nae eee aie eee eee cere pee ae we 1, 142
MACE 00s Le OM OW pet Ra ase anwar, Ste ies eS Seip cA 2 ap Se AS Ste co cicden Coe ee ee ee 1
WWalenrsemUr, Ha AMO GOL DSt ke EecWV ch ccc Ne ake cara tery are arn rere ates tee a oe hes 144
\iaberdotshig, (Cle) Gene ee a many ERE SAE A 9) Se See ar SES SS aes ate eee 142

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