Anas
RYalalalala
AYE
SAA
AAAAAA
ir.
Lal
A
AAA A AAARAA: A,
BA
| Webra Qe ee eC
Rice cate Cm CLG
Bea? Glee CK MOE CELE
| Ee GLE COL CS
le CeO
@ Kil
ae arr
\
€
are
Sees OCS
come CC << ie ate ee ay i
CEE KEE
CUE ERC
Mas
MES
Ci Ge
Tie CE SOLS sg
(CaaS Ge Cle
ane Olle
i: «
< ;
PEE ‘
a
as
‘salts
\
‘ana phn’
CCE <<. << ae
CCE ES Ed ay! x Xp
ae G2
gc Ce
x @ ccm «
My,
"
"N
R
Wa
fie EO
Ce EEN OEE
Re Se tam FCG Gas £ GK
, Sa Soran Ore = iss
A
n
an
A
A
f\
Fe
Lay
“Ay
A
nv
ia\
or
AA A!
Wane
A
A
ANMAAN
A
AAA:
Af
AKA
ABAD Am pl
B
Bek
Times
As
i
ER CEES
et canes
QRS
i a r
“
ee = 7 i a eA
<5 ores
aaa dress raed
WAanAAM
Se Aaa
WAnat
mA
AA
n'y
A
lai
A
la
ian
A PAAR ARK TAG AAS AAI aa
AA
AN,
ana
AAA
ant
fa
AL AD wath
aa
val
NANA
Nal
A
An
pan
AAR
m
a
ADA
AAAA
AN
AANA
AA
NAAAARS
A
AAAs
BrIAe
nM
af
A
"
A
a
A
wa
>
Ts.
a
&
Ana Anannn
ala
Alt a'p AIA
aA
A
aA
=
aA
be
;
VAY
AnannnAhn
>
ale
-
tM
‘ANA
Aah
M
ne
faaats
ie
AAA
A
Aan
AAA
AAD
AAAAAAN
A
A
pnnnan
AA
AA
ann
tn AAI
RA
A
aie
;
A
:
AAAROAAARA
AA
me
‘A
We
A
A
AA
A
ins
Basra,
Anan
A
A
,PAAana
'
i; < ra a Ce ae
; << os «CES:
« nC > é Cat ‘ -« « <<
CE &S (KE ce ae
TC OEE COE CEE i, BE
« CEC CE % a @ CaS.
rc or © CE EK
ECL GSE Cas
Ca << iG ae Ss.
(ae cm, a 4 Ec D: » 103.
RISSOINA TRIDENTATA, Mich.
1832. Desc. du genre Fissoa, p. 6, fig. 5, 6.
“ Rissoa curta, Sow.
1857. “ erassilabrum, Garr., Proc. Cal. Acad., p. 102.
Mopvuuus TEcTuM, Chem.
1781. Trochus tectum, Chem., Con. Cab., vol. 5, pl. 145, fig.
1567— 68.
1791. Trochus tectum, Gme., Sys. Nat., p. 3569.
1797. Monodonta retusa, Enc. Meth., pl. 447, fig. 4.
1849. Modulus cidaris, Rve., Elem. of Conch., pl. 13, fig. 63.
1853. “« —_ candidus, Petit, Journ. de Conch., p. 136, pl. 5,
fig. 11
The characters on which M. Petit separates candidus are not
constant. MV. tectwm occurs at the Hawaiian Islands and other
localities pure white, the umbilical fissure becomes closed and
smoothly covered with callus, and the whorls are sometimes
loosely convolute.
CALYPTREA CICATRICOSA, Rve.
1858. Conch. Icon., Sp. 3.
“ (. sacchari-meta, Rve., Conch. Icon., Sp. 15.
The latter is an immature shell.
NeRITA PICEA, Recl.
1841. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., p. 151.
1852. Voy. Bonite, pl. 34, fig. 8—11.
1855. Neritina insculpta, Rve., Conch. Icon., Sp. 70.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 129
NERITA sI@NaTA, Lam.
1838. An. sans Vert., vol. 8, p. 610.
1847. Nerita miata, ’G@ld., Proc. Bost. Soc., p. 238.
1852. “ *) Am Ex, Bap “165, fig. 197.
Neritina Nuttauyit, Reel.
1841. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv. p. 146.
1843. NW. Sandwichensis, Phil. non Desh., Neu. Con. p. 29, pl.
1, fig. 14.
as lee lugubris, Phil., Neu. Con, p. 29, plo fig, 9.
1850. ‘“ solidissima, Sow., Thes. Con. p. 541, fig. 273.
cc’ © alata, Sow.
1852. “ Nuttalliz, Soul., Voy. Bonite, pl. 34, fig. 43, 46.
1855. “ solidissima, Rve., Con. Icon. Sp. TT.
«<= ‘eartosa, Rve., so Spe OO:
1856. “ lugubris, Rve., zs
St Barb IF
a =
Vi ZHTUR
4Ntcolas I sear.
(g Pee: SFX. (
San Dre
AN FRANCISCO Cay
JUNE 1974 1868.
J.8.C,
AM HR CAS
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NEW. SERIES.
PUBLISHED BY THH
_ CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Won. LV. 1868. No. 4.
Meeting October 2d, 1868.
Ten members present.
Mr. Tryon, Vice- Director, in the Chair.
Various donations to the Museum and Library were an-
nounced.
The following letter from Dr. J. G. Cooper, a corresponding
member of this Section, was presented :
San Francisco, May 8th, 1868.
To the Secretary of the Conchological Section.
Dear Sir: Mr. Tryon’s review of my “ West Coast Helicoid
Land Shells,” in Vol. iii. No. 4, of the ‘‘ Journal of Conchology,”’
calls for a few explanatory remarks to correct some apparent
misapprehensions on his part, and to give additional facts re-
lating to the subject. I did not intend the paper to go so far as
to “‘attempt a new arrangement into subgenera,” or I would
have given names for them. I merely gave a partially new ar-
rangement and adopted no generic names but Binneya and Vitrina,
14
174 AMERICAN JOURNAL .
intending to leave the choice of the others an open question,
and to use “ Helix” (nearly in the Linnean sense), for the
banded groups. I have since, however, adopted all the generic
names of the Helicelline groups (in the “‘ Geographical Cata-
logue of the Mollusca,” &c.), because I believe most of them
have been confirmed by Morse’s dissections, and comparison of
the animals with those of the genera founded on European
types, Hyalina, Conulus and Patula. These, too, are almost
continually connected on the two continents by circumpolar
species scarcely distinguishable. There is some doubt, how-
ever, whether Mewberryana, chersinella, Hornii, polygyrella or
Idahoensis really belong to the genera I have assigned them to.
As to the banded species, I have retained “ Helix” until I can
compare the animals with European types, although the type of
that genus is also European, and perhaps distinct from any
American generic form. Here comes the question, ‘ what 2s
the type of Helix?’’ Icannot find here an early edition of
Linne’s “ Systema,”’ but some of his first copyists placed lapi-
eida at the head of the genus. The French authors generally
used Helix as we use Helicide and divided the species into
genera with other names, so that lapicida became a Carocolla,
and the pomatia group was considered typical, an arrangement
followed by most modern authors. I think, however, that Beck
restored lapicida to Helix, and made the genus Pomatia to in-
clude the latter group, an arrangement which must be adopted
if they are decided to belong to distinct genera, and if Lin-
neus placed /apicida at the head of his genus Helix when
founded, otherwise, there is nothing to prevent any author from
choosing any species as the type of the genus.*
As to Mesodon, I think Rafinesque did not intend to include
in-it the species with a tooth on the “columella” or body whorl,
but this “lower lip with a tooth,” referred to the tooth seen in
profunda, which would be his type, while Odotropis would in-
clude many usually called Mesodon, having the characters of
* Norr.—Upon examining the 12th Edition of Linneus, I find the first
species there under Helix to belong to the genus Scarabus! The second
species islapzcida, pomatia the twenty-second. It is well known that La-
marck’s first species of Planorbis is Ampullarta cornu-ardetes. Several
American naturalists of distinction refuse to recognize the rule to take the
first species of a genus as the type in all cases, alleging, with very good
reason, that in many cases (as above) it would make great confusion in
the synonymy. They prefer to recognize the “law of exclusion :” 7. e.
taking from the genus all the species that have been placed in other
well-recognized genera, they adopt as the type. the first remaining
species,— Haditor.
OF CONCHOLOGY. . ts
exoleta (and perhaps includes albolabris, etc.), while Aplodon
may have been founded on thyroides and other umbilicate
species. *
Very respectfully,
J. G. Cooper, M. D.
The following papers were read and referred to committees :
‘Notes on the Land Shells of Trinidad,’ &«. By Thomas
Bland.
“ Description of a new species of Sepioteuthis from the West
Indies.””, By Wm. M. Gabb.
“Description of a new Conus from Florida.” By Wm. M.
Gabb.
“Descriptions of Fossils from the Clay Deposits of the Upper
Amazon” By Wm. M. Gabb.
‘Catalogue of the Family Anatinide.’’ By T. A. Conrad.
“Notices and Reviews of new Conchological Works.” By
George W. Tryon, Jr.
“Catalogue of the Family Tellinide; Part 1. Sub-family
Tellinine.”’ By George W. Tryon, Jr.
Mr. Tryon, on behalf of the Publication Committee, announced
that a sufficient number of subscribers to the new edition of
Haldeman’s Monograph of Fluviatile Mollusca, and the continua-
tion thereof, had been received, to secure the publication of those
works.
Mv. Wm. M. Gabb called attention to a remarkable case of
obliquity in an Ammonite. The specimen in question is from
the Jurassic rocks of Volcano, Nevada; it has the numerous
whorls and square cross-section so common in Liassi¢ species,
and is tricarinate on the dorsum. The siphuncle, instead of
being in the median line, is in the right hand dorso-lateral angle ;
it carries with it the dorsal lobe, the ventral lobe being on the
left hand umbilical angle. The peculiarity is shown on pl. 16,
fig. 8, 8a, fig. 8 being a view of the broken end of a whorl show-
ing the face of a septum, and fig. 8a being a diagram of the sep-
tum d, dorsum, s, siphuncle, w, w, umbilical angles. There is a
marked difference in size between the corresponding lateral
lobes.
* Nore.—I think Dr. Cooper is wrong in referring shells like profunda
to Mesodon, because Rafinesque states, in his description of that genus,
that Odomphium differs in having “an ombilic.” It is therefore proper
to infer that in Mesodon there is none, 2. e., it is covered. Besides, ac-
cording to my recollection, not having it to refer to (although not quo-
table in determining the genus), Rafinesque’s Conchologia Ohiensis in
Lae contains a figure in ink of Mesodon which is an albolabris.—
ator.
176 AMERICAN JOURNAL
It was resolved that :
‘“‘ Whereas, the Secretary, Recorder and Treasurer of this
Section have onerous duties to perform, for which they receive
no compensation: therefore be it
“Resolved, that the Publication Committee be authorized to
supply to those officers the American Journal of Conchology
for this and succeeding years at the cost of the Section.”
Dr. Ferd. Stoliczka, of Calcutta, was elected a Correspondent.
Meeting Nov. 5th, 1868.
Six members present.
Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers were read and referred to Committees :
“On a New Californian Terrestrial Mollusk.” By J. G.
Cooper, M. D.
‘©On the Distribution and Localities of West Coast Helicoid
Land Shells. By J. G. Cooper, M. D.
‘“‘Paleontologia Indica; Gasteropode of the Cretaceous
Rocks of Southern India: by Ferd. Stoliczka. Review. By
Wm. M. Gabb.
‘Remarks on some of the Mollusca of the Valley of the Mo-
hawk.’ By James Lewis, M. D.
““ Catalogue of the Family Pandoride.” By P. P. Carpenter.
“Notes on Recent and Fossil Shells, with Descriptions of new
Genera.” By T. A. Conrad..
“‘ Descriptions of two new Species of Cyprea.”’ By S. R.
Roberts.
Rey. Dr. Beadle announced the death of Rev. E. John$on of
Waioli, Sandwich Islands, late a Correspondent of this Section.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 177
NOTES ON THE LAND-SHELLS OF TRINIDAD, GRENADA
AND DOMINICA, AND ALSO OF CURASAO AND BUEN
AYRE, W.I.
BY THOMAS BLAND.
Since the publication of my Catalogue of Land-Shells of the
West Indies, (Ann. Lyc., vii, 1861) our knowledge of the faunas
of Trinidad, Grenada and Dominica has been greatly extended
by Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy, with whom I have the pleasure
of corresponding, and to whose liberality I am indebted for nu-
merous specimens.
_ Guppy made known the results of his labors in the Annals
and Magazine of Natural History (1864, 1866 and 1868), and
in the Proceedings of the Scientific Association of Trinidad,
(1866, 1867). Considering some of his determinations erroneous,
it seems to me desirable that my notes should be published, es-
pecially as correct conclusions regarding the species have an im-
portant bearing on the question of geographical distribution. I
am moreover glad to make more generally known the very valu-
_ able data which Mr. Guppy has collected.
In former papers on the geographical distribution of species
in America and the West Indies (Angals of the Lyceum, I. c.,
and American Journal of Conchology, 1i, 1866), I remarked on
the connection of those continental and insular faunas, and
showed conclusively the closer relations of the sub-provinces em-
bracing Cuba, Jamaica and Hayti with North America, and of the
Porto Rico and Guadeloupe sub-provinces (Trinidad, Grenada
and Dominica being included in the last), the latter especially,
with South America, and the discoveries of Guppy give further
evidence in support of my views.
Guppy justly remarks with respect to the molluscan fauna of
Dominica, that its general aspect ‘is precisely what we might
have expected from its position between the islands of Guade-
loupe and Martinique.”
The occurrence cf aspecies of Cyclophorus in Dominica is very
|
178 AMERICAN JOURNAL
interesting, considering that two species belong to Guadeloupe
and four to Martinique, but none to the other islands. Several
species inhabit Mexico, Central and South America, but the
genus has its greatest development in India. The discovery of
a species of Diplommatina, also of Asiatic type, in Trinidad,
and of an Indian species of Hnnea in that island, Grenada, and
St. Thomas, is remarkable, but they have, in my opinion, most
probably been introduced.*
The relations of the faunas of Grenada and Trinidad are very
striking, —indeed, from St. Kitts and Antigua to Trinidad, the
same fauna unquestionably prevails.
Guppy’s writings} contain much new information on the lingual
dentition of West Indian species, to which, on the present occa-
sion, I can only incidentally refer. His papers on the Tertiary
Formations of the West Indies (Quar. Jour. Geo. Soc., 1866-7)
should also be mentioned as extremely valuable contributions to
science.
TRINIDAD.
1. DrpLtommatina Hurront, Pfeiffer.
Near the Maracas Waterfall.{ Gill, Guppy. Also India.
I sent one of Gill’s specimens to Pfeiffer, who returned it with
label,—‘“‘It seems, indeed, to be a Diplommatina, very like
D. Huttoni.”” As Guppy remarks, there is scarcely yet absolute
certainty that the Trinidad and Indian shells are identical, but I
believe them to be so.
2. CYCLOTUS TRANSLUCIDUS, Sowerby.
Among dead leaves in forests, on calcareous soils. Abundant
on one of the Cotoras Islets, and near Savana Grande, more
sparingly in many other Gigiricts. Gill, Guppy. Also Venezuela.
* For an interesting account of the curious affinities of certain fossil
Helices found in Algeria, with species now living in Guadeloupe and Mar-
tinique, I refer to a paper by M. Crosse, in the Jour. de Conch. 3 ser, ii,
153, 1862.
+ See “On the Lingual Dentition of some West Indian Gasteropoda,”
by R. J. Lechmere Guppy and Jabez Hogg. Linn. Trans., xxvi. Some
of the figures illustrating this paper appear to me quite unsatisfactory. In
justice to Mr. Guppy, 1 should mention that he tells me,— I regret to
say that the artist has altogether misinterpreted the structure of some of
the dental bands, and the paper should have had twice as many figures
to render it of any value. I hope that I may be able to rectify this at a
future time,”
{ All the information as to the station and particular habitats of the
species are given on the authority of Guppy. Prof. Theodore Gill col-
lected in Trinidad in 1858.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 179
Guppy described this (Ann. and Mag., 1864,) as Trinitensis,
but corrected the error in 1866.
3. CYcLoTuS RUGATUS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag,, xiv, 1864.
Northern range of hills, where it is found up to 2,000 feet.
Guppy. One dead and imperfect specimen was collected by Gill.
4. CIsTULA (ADAMSIELLA) ARIPENSIS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag.,
xiv, 1864.
On the Cerros of Aripo, at a height of 2,000—2,500 feet,
where it lives amongst the dead leaves in the forest. Guppy.
Guppy described this as an Adamsiella, but the operculum is de-
cidedly calcareous, and I refer it to Cistula. In form, size and
general aspect, this species is allied to the Mexican Chondropoma
Cordovanum, Pfeiffer. Guppy remarks :—‘“ It differs very con-
siderably from any other Adamsiella that I have seen, and ap-
proaches Cyclostomus in many of its characters.”’
5. HeLicINA NEMORALIS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., xvii, 1866.
On the leaves of trees in the forests. Guppy.
Guppy originally described this as H. zonata. (Ann. and
Mag., xiv, 1864), but finding the name pre-occupied, adopted
that of nemoralis. The species belongs to the globose-turbinate
group of the Mexican fauna.
6. Hexicina Dysont, Pfeiffer. .
- Found on all parts of the island where the ground is some-
what open; it rarely occurs in the forest. Gill, Guppy. Also
Honduras. :
Guppy described this (Ann. and Mag., xiv, 1864) as H. bar-
bata, and subsequently referred to its close relation with H. Dy-
sont, with which Pfeiffer pronounced specimens, collected by Gill,
to be identical.
7. HELICINA LAMELLOSA, Guppy. Ann. and Mag,, xix.
Found at the Cotoras Islets. Guppy.
This pretty species is allied to H. lirata, Pfr., of Mexico.
Guppy provisionally constitutes the new subgenus Perenna for
this shell. :
8. HELICINA IG@NIcoMA, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., June, 1868.
Modfitains of Aripo, Guppy.
9. STENoPUS LivipUS? Guilding. (Zool. Jour., iii, p. 528, t.,
suppl. 27, f. 1-3.)
Trinidad. Gill.
180 ; AMERICAN JOURNAL
_ Pfeiffer refers to this species as from Trinidad, on the author-
ity of Gill, in Mon., v, 86, (1868.) See my remarks on the
species following.
10. ConuLus vacans, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., xvii, 1866.
Lives on epiphytal orchids, and also on the roots and stems
of ferns. It is not a common species; occurred near Port-of-
Spain and at San Fernando; also in the island of Grenada.
Guppy.
The following is the author’s description :
“¢ Shell small, trochiform, depressed, sub-perforate, thin,
fragile, pellucid, shining, brownish horn-colored; whorls 5, car-
inate, flattened and obliquely striate above, closely covered with
fine, longitudinal, rather wavy strie, visible under a lens, and
most distinct on the polished under surface; spire conoidal ;
aperture lunate; peristome simple, acute; columellar margin
slightly reflected; greatest diameter, 0°18 inch; height, 0-12
inch. (Height, 24 mill; diam., 4 mill. Guppy.)
The animal has four stout tentacles. Mantle filling the aper-
ture and projecting, but not reflected over any part of the shell.
Foot narrow, truncate, with a small retractile appendage on the
truncate tail. organ stout, on the right side, below and a lit-
tle behind the upper part of tentacles. The foot has a median
band separated by a fine line or groove from the lateral portions
on each side. Lingual teeth about 380, 5, 0, 5, 30, broad, sub-
equal; central obsoléte ; first five laterals symmetrical, with a
larger rounded cusp having a smaller cusp of similar shape on
each side; outer laterals bicuspfd, resembling the teeth of Tes-
tacellus.”’
Guppy adds that the animal is viviparous; in the wet seasons
individuals are found containing ten or twelve young in different
Stages.
reeeived specimens from Guppy under the name C. vacans,
none of which are adult; the largest with four whorls, not cari-
nated, and very like H. Gundlachi, Pfr. In reply to my re-
mark to that effect, Guppy writes, “‘I am quite sure that the
shells sent to you as Conulus vacans were that species; when
young they very much resemble (. Gundlachi.”
Gill collected several dead specimens of a small carinated shell
which may possibly be of Guppy’s species. I sent an adult to
Pfeiffer, who returned it with label “ Stenopus lividus, Gifild. ?”
It agrees rather closely with Guppy’s description and Guilding’s
figure ; has five whorls, being a dead shell, is not ‘“ pellucid shin-
ing,” but has a deciduous epidermis, on which are microscopic
spiral lines; the periphery is sharply carinated, sensibly modify-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 181
ing the form of the aperture. In his last paper (Ann. and Mag.
June, 1868), Guppy observes as follows :
“Tt has been suggested to me that Conulus vacans, which I
described as occurring in Trinidad, is possibly the same as Steno-
pus lividus of Guilding. I had, however, made a careful com-
parison of Guilding’s figure, and it seemed to me that the two
were distinct, although there can be little’ doubt that both mol-
lusks belong to the same group. I venture to think, however,
that, in view of their affinities, the name Conulus is the proper one
for the group. The name Stenopus cannot be allowed to stand,
having been preoccupied for a crustacean. Such shells as Conu-
lus semen-lini and CO. Gundlachi are evidently not separable from
the present group. The mucus-pore and retractile appendage on
the truncate tail are found in the genus Wanna, and also in
Zonites (as described in ‘ Die Heliceen’ of Albers); and Conulus
vacans has also the median part of the foot defined as in Nanina
(e. g. Helicarion Freycineti). I think, therefore, that the best
classification will be to refer to Zonites all those species (of the
gromp now under consideration) in which a caudal appendage ex-
ists. Conulus will thus form a section of Zonites, comprising the
‘minutely perforated trochiform species. To the group Agopis
will be assigned those species having shells like Stenopus cruen-
tatus, Guild., 8. Guilding?, Bland, and Helix nitensoides, D’ Orb.
The genus Hyalina will then consist of the species such as H.
cellaria and H. nitens, which have no caudal appendage.’
I do not concur with the above suggestions as to classification ;
but time and space do not permit me to discuss them. I must,
however, remark that there is no evidence, so far as I know, of
the existence of a caudal appendage in C. Gundlachi. In the
allied shell C. fulva it does not occur. a
Mérch (Jour. de Conch. 3 ser. vii, 256 (1867), with reference
to the resemblance of the teeth of Conulus vacans, as represented
by Guppy, to those of Testacella, proposes to establish the genus
Guppya.
11. Srenopus Guritpiner, Bland. Ann. Lye. viii, 1865.
Heights of Aripo, 2000 to 2700 feet.—Guppy. Also Porto
Cabello, Venezuela, R. Swift.
Guppy refers shells found in Trinidad (at the above locality
only) to this species, which he puts in the genus Zonztes, but he
admits having had no opportunity to examine the animal. He
remarks, ‘ this shell is so like-Hyalina cellaria, Miill., that, were
a dozen examples of each mixed together, it would be difficult to
assort them.’’ * This comparison is so much at variance with my
182 AMERICAN JOURNAL
views that I doubt the determination of the Trinidad shell, speci-
mens of which I have not seen. In S. Gucldingi the perforation
is much smaller than in H. cellaria, the shell is more depressed,
its color and texture different, the number of whorls fewer, and
the aperture more rounded. .
12. ZoNITES IMPLICANS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag. June, 1868.
13. ZONITES UMBRATILIS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag. June, 1868.
Guppy OWserves that this and Z. implicans may, upon exami-
nation of the soft parts, prove not to have caudal appendages,
and will then be referrible to Hyalina, not to Zonites. i
14. Henrx Bacrricona, Guppy. Ann. and Mag. June, 1868.
Mountains of Aripo.—Guppy.
15. STREPTAXIS .DEFORMIS, Feérussac.
On trees and on the ground in the woods. Not very abun-
dant, but may be found on the Laventille Hills, especialljfon
limestone ridges. It also occurs on the Cotoras and other islands
in the Gulf of Paria.—Gill, Guppy. Also in Venezuela and”
Guiana. *
16. ENNEA BICOLOR, Hutton.
In the crevices of rocks near streams, in the neighbourhood of
Port-of-Spain.—Gill, Guppy. Occurs also in the islands of
Grenada and St.,Thomas, and in India. :
17. Butimus (PLEKOCHEILUS) AURIS-SCIURI, Guppy.) Ann.
and Mag. Jan., 1866.
Found on trees in many parts of the island.—Gill, Guppy.
In the Proceedings of the Scientific Association of Trinidad,
Dec., 1866, Guppy observes that having seen specimens of B.
glaber from Brazil closely approaching the Trinidad species, he
found difficulty in separating them, and left the question of
identity open. I am disposed to consider the species distinct.
18. Butimus osioneus, Miiller.
Found in many parts of the island; abundantly on pieces of
land allowed to run into bush in the town of Port-of-Spain.—
Gill, Guppy. It occurs also in St. Vincent and Barbados, and
is widely distributed in South America.
19. BuLtimus VincrentTINUS, Pfeiffer.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 183
Synonymy.
Bulimus Vineentinus, Pf., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1846. Mon. ii, 108.
“© multifasciatus, Guppy, Ann. and Mag. N. H. Jan.,
1866. Proc. Sci. Ass. Trinidad, Dec., 1866 (not of
Lamarck). .
“© %mmaculatus, Guppy, Ann. and Mag. 1. ¢. Proce. Sci.
Ass. |. c. (not of C. B. Adams.)
The banded form (B. multifasciatus, Guppy) lives on trees,
and is found throughout the colony, being perhaps more common
at Monos Island.—Gill, Guppy. The yellowish-white bandless
variety, Pfeiffer’s var. 3 (B. emmaculatus, Guppy), is found on
the tops of trees in the forests, over a great part of the island.
It is very abundant in some localities, particularly in some gar-
dens at Port-of-Spain.—Gill, Guppy.
Guppy entirely misapprehends this and the species to which
he refers the two forms. Specimens of both, collected in Trini-
dad by Gill, were submitted by me.to Pfeiffer in 1865, labelled
“B. Vincentinus ? Pfr.;’ he returned them with the following
note: “I cannot compare the type, but think it is the same spe-
‘cies.’ The specimens collected both by Gill and Guppy agree
in every respect with Pfeiffer’s description, and are certainly en-
tirely distinct from B. multifasctatus, Lam., and B. immaculatus,
C. B. Adams,—the latter, so far as I know, peculiar to Jamaica.
Pfeiffer gives St. Vincent as habitat of the type, and Venezuela
of var. f.
Guppy (Ann. and Mag. June, 1868) says, “the shell identi-
fied by me with B. immaculatus, Reeve,* seems probably not to
be that species, but an uncolored variety of the Trinidad form of
B. multifasciatus determined to be B. Vincentinus, Pfr. ;” but,
as I have already stated, the two last named species are distinct.
Reeve’s figures (Conch. Icon., pl. lv, No. 366), especially of
the typical banded form, faithfully represent the species. He
remarks that the locality assigned to it in the name given by
Pfeiffer is somewhat doubtful. I do not believe that the species
occurs in St. Vincent.
20. BuLimus MuLtirasciatus, Lamarck.
Gill brought one specimen (var. £, Pfr. Mon. ii, 168) from
Trinidad, and I have lately received one, with two young shells
of B. Vincentinus, from Guppy, the three labelled with Lamarck’s
name. The young shells of the effuse-lipped Bulimi (such as B,
* Reeve first published a description of this species. Adams had pre-
viously distributed specimens under the name which Reeve adopted.
184 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Vincentinus) can readily be distinguighed by the greater length
and proportionate narrowness of the aperture.
B. multifasciatus occurs in Martinique, and also in St. Kitts.
Mr. Rawson, Governor of the Bahamas, recently sent to me two
Specimens attributed to Crooked Island, and among shells col-
lected by the late Dr. Bryant at Inagua, I found one broken
example. In St. Kitts there is a yellow variety, with scarcely a
perceptible trace of bands. ‘The species is also found in South
America. Reeve’s figure (Conch. Icon., pl. xlvi, No. 295) of
this species is a good one of the typical (banded) form.
21. Butimus. Sp. undet.
Guppy (Ann. and Mag., Jan’y, 1866) thus described this as
B. multifasciatus, Lam., var. imperfectus :—
Shell subperforate, oblong conic, thin, fragile, subpellucid,
shining, striated by fine longitudinal lines of growth, and zoned
with five chestnut bands, of which the fourth is the broadest,
and the second the smallest; whorls 5-6, scarcely convex; per-
istome simple, acute. Height, 0-6 inch; breadth, 0-3 inch; height
of aperture, 0.25 inch. '
He remarks, ‘this variety is much like the young of the ty-
pical form. Its peristome is more complete than in the young
shell of the type, but never expanded as in the adult. In the
Southern parts of the island, where this yariety occurs, I have
never met witha single example of the type form.”” Guppy, in
using the expressions “typical form’’ and “type,” refers to the
species which I consider to be B. Vincentinus, Pfr.
This shell, with nearly six whorls, and little more than half
the size of B. multifasecatus, Lam., can scarcely be considered
as a variety of that species. It is totally distinct from H. Vin-
centinus.
In general form it is like, but less ventricose than B. nigri-
lineatus, Reeve, (Conch. Icon. No. 567), of which no habitat is
given.
22. BULIMUS AUREOLUS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., Jan’y, 1866.
A rare species, of which a few examples had been found on
trees at Savana Grande only. Guppy.
I have not seen any specimen of this shell.
23. BULIMUS TENUISSIMUS, Férussac.
Found amongst decaying wood and leaves. Gill, Guppy.
Occurs also in South Amerie¢a.
Guppy (Ann. and Mag., 1. c.) refers this, as I did in my Cat-
alogue, (Ann. Lye., vii, 1861), to B. fraterculus, Fer. Speci-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 185
mens collected by Gill were submitted by me to Pfeiffer, who de-
termined them to be B. tenuissimus.
24. SprRaAXIS SIMPLEX, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., June, 1868.
I have not seen this species.
25. ORTHALICUS UNDATUS, Brug.
Widely distributed in Trinidad. Gill, Guppy. Also in Ja-
maica, Florida, &c.
Guppy (Ann. and Mazg.,, 1. c.) calls this shell B. zebra, Mill.,
considering that species and O. undatus to be the same, the for-
mer name having priority. Shuttleworth (Notit. Malac. i, 1856)
separates them, and his views have been adopted by Pfeiffer,
(Mon. iv, 1859.) The apicial whorl in the Trinidad shells (and
also in the Florida specimens) is of a dark purplish brown color.
Shuttleworth describes the apex of O. zebra as immaculate.
26. STENOGYRA OCTONA, Chemnitz.
Commonly found in the cultivated ground, and among decay-
ing wood and leaves. Gill, Guppy.
Widely distributed in the West Indies and South America.
27. STENOGYRA PLICATELLA, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., June,
1868.
In the same situations as S. octona, but not socommon. Gup-
py. Also in Grenada. Guppy.
Under this name Guppy describes three forms, which in his
previous publications he referred to S. octonoides, C. B. Ad.
There appear to me to be two species—S. subula, Pfr., and SN.
octonoides, ? C. B. Ad.
28. STENOGYRA CARACCASENSIS, Reeve.
Found with the two preceding species. Gill, Guppy.
Occurs also in Barbados, Grenada, Guadeloupe and Haiti, and
in Mexico and South America.
29. STENOGYRA CORONATA, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., June, 1868.
“Allied to Melaniella gracillima, Pfr.” I have not seen this
species. !
30. LepTINaRIA (TORNATELLINA) BLANDIANA, Pfr., Mal. Blatt.,
1867.
Viviparous. Found chiefly among decaying wood and veg-
etable matter, particularly in some gardens at Port-of-Spain;
® also on the tops of trees in the forests over a, great part of the
island. Gill, Guppy.
186 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Guppy considered this (Ann. and Mag., 1866) to be 7’. lam-
ellata, Pot. and Mich., considering that species to be identical
with LZ. antillarum, Shuttl. Shuttleworth (Diagn. n, Moll. No. 6)
referred var. 9, Gracilior, lamella validiore of his species, with
doubt, to that of Pot. and Mich. J sent specimens collected by
Gill to Pfeiffer, who described the species under the above name.
31. Vertico (Pura) Eyriest, Drouet, Moll. Guy. France. p.
71, pl. 2. f. 16-17 (1859).
Two examples found on ferns at San Fernando. Guppy.
Also in French Guiana.
A single broken specimen, apparently of this species, was col-
lected by Gill.
432. PupA UVULIFERA, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., June, 1868.
33. PUPA AURIFORMIS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag.,, l. ¢.
34. CYLINDRELLA TRINITARIA, Pfr. Mal. Blatt. 1860, p. 213,
plate ii, fig. 4—7.
The steep and overhanging sides of the small rocks of rugged
limestone in the woods on the Laventille Hills, near Port-of-
Spain, are frequently decorated with dozens of these little shells,
attached by their apertures to the rock. Guill, Guppy.
Specimens collected by Gill, sent by me to Poey, were for-
warded by him to Pfeiffer, who described the species.
I lately published some notes (Annals, viii, 170, 1868) on the
lingual dentition of Cylindrella, and repeated the frequently
made statement that it has no jaw. The discovery of a jaw in
the large Mexican forms induced Crosse & Fischer (Jour. de
Conch., January, 1868) to establish the genus Hucalodiwm. Hav-
ing very recently received, from my valued correspondents Ven-
dryes and Gloyne, specimens of several species of Cylindrella
from Jamaica, with the animals preserved in glycerine, 1 exam-
ined them with great care, and to my extreme surprise found a
jaw, allied in structure to that of MMJacroceramus (Annals, viii,
162, fig. 5; 1x, 84, fig. 4), in C. rosea, sanguinea, brevis, Mauger,
gracilis, and elongata. I have detected the jaw, of similar charac-
ter, also in C. Bahamensis of New Providence, C. sceva, Elhotti
and Brooksiana of Cuba, and in C. Trinitaria.'
The jaw of C. Trinitaria is—and the same may be said of
those of the other species—of a texture so extremely thin and
delicate that it may almost be described as membranaceous
rather than horny, It is transparent, pale yellow, arcuate,
composed of numerous plates disposed in the same manner as in
OF CONCHOLOGY. 187
the jaw of Macroceramus, the overlapping edges of the plates
having the appearance of coste, between
which are a few fine longitudinal striz. The
terminations of the plates produce irregular,
ill-defined denticulations at the cutting mar-
in.
‘ The annexed figures, for which I am in-
debted to Edward S. Morse, represent the
jaw and teeth of C. Trinitaria. The for-
= mula of the lingual dentition is 5—2—1—2
—5x110. The figure given by Guppy and
Hogg (Trans. Linn, Soe. xxvi, tab. 11, fig.
aul 12)1 is quite unintelligible.
35. SIMPULOPSIS CORRUGATUS, Gup. Ann:
and Mag., Jan., 1866.
Occurs in the forest near Savana Grande.
SRNR a |
This species is described as being nearest to, but less Succinea-
shaped than S. Brasiliensis. The aperture more nearly orbicu-
lar, and the ribs larger than in S. rufovirens.
Jaw and lingual denti-
tion of C. Trinitaria, Pfr.
a. Side view of lateral.
36. SuccCINEA MARGARITA, Pfeiffer.
Trinidad. Gill. Also, (fide Pfeiffer) in Haiti and Bermuda.
I sent specimens collected by Gill to Pfeiffer, who determined
them to be S. margarita, var. majora
37. Succinea Cuviert, ? Guilding.
* One specimen collected by Gill was thus labelled by Pfeiffer.
38. SuccINEA APPROXIMANS, Shuttleworth. Diagn., n. Moll.,
No. 6.
Found on the ground in damp places in most parts of the
island. Guppy.
As to this Bee aication I am not certain, Some specimens
received from Guppy, as he admits, are not distinguishable from
S. margarita.
GRENADA.
1. CYCLOTUS GRANADENSIS, Shuttleworth.
Grenada. Newcomb, Guppy.
I received specimens of this from Dr. Wesley Newcomb in
1855, and forwarded one to Shuttleworth. It is allied to C. ru-
188 AMERICAN JOURNAL
gatus, Guppy. Shuttleworth remarks: ‘“differt a C. asperulo
Sow., cui sculptura persimilis, testa magis elevata, anfr. convex-
ioribus et colore.”’
2. HeticinA Heats, Pfr.
Guppy did not collect this species, which is allied to H. oce-
dentalis, Guild., of St. Vincent.
3. HELICINA MINUTISSIMA, Newcomb, M. 8.
I received one specimen in 1855, from Newcomb, and sent it
to Shuttleworth, who did not return it and expressed no opinion
about it.
4, CoNULUS VACANS, Guppy.
I refer to my remarks on this species in the list of Trinidad
shells.
5. Henix piminuta, C. B. Adams.
Jamaica.—C. B. Adams. Grenada.—Guppy.
6. HELIX PERPLEXA, Férussac.
This was not found by Guppy. It occurs also in the Grena-
dines. Pfeiffer (Mon. v, 319) erroneously refers this species to
Trinidad.
7. Enna BIcotor, Hutton.
Grenada.—Guppy. .
8. BULIMUS @LABER, Gmelin.
Grenada.—Newcomb, Guppy. °
Guppy remarks (Ann. and Mag. June, 1868), “this differs from
the Trinidad shell described by me as P. auris-sciuri in its
greater solidity and more ventricose figure, and in being less im-
pressed in the middle of the last whorl. Its lip is thicker, and
its columellar tooth more prominent. In all these respects, ex-
cept the compression of the last whorl, it agrees better with the
Brazilian P. glaber than the Trinidad form.”
9, BULIMULUS INDISTINCTUS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., 1. ¢.
Guppy describes this as probably nearest to B. tenuissimus,
Fér., and B. sepuleralis, Poey. It is larger, he says, than
either of those species, and approaches B. liliaceus in some re-
spects.
10. SrENoayRA ocTona, Chem.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 189
11. SteNoGyRA PLICATELLA, Guppy.
Guppy refers to his description in the Trinidad list, adding
that the Grenada specimens are intermediate between the Trini-
dad vars. aand7. He adds that they were probably included
in my Catalogue as St. subula, Pfr. Gill collected in Grenada
shells which I considered to be S. subula and octonordes.
12. STENOGYRA CARACCASENSIS, Reeve.
Grenada.—Gill® Guppy.
13. Leprinaria Funcxt, Pfeiffer.
Grenada.—Newcomb, Guppy.
Guppy (Ann. and Mag. 1. c.) remarks: ‘“ The Grenada shell
to which the name Zornatellina Funcki is applied in Bland’s list
(1861) is identical with the form from Trinidad, which has re-
cently been described by Dr. Pfeiffer as 7. Blandiana, and which
I refer to the P. lamellata of Pot. and Mich.”
I sent the specimens received from Newcomb to Shuttleworth,
who considered it to be LZ. Funcki, and remarked that it is less
acuminated and the striz stronger than in L. Antillarum.
14. SuUccCINEA APPROXIMANS, Shuttleworth.
This is the same species as is enumerated by Guppy under
this name in his Trinidad list. I have specimens collected by
Gill.
DOMINICA.
Guppy (Ann. and Mag., June, 1868) gives the following in-
teresting introductory remarks to the list of terrestrial mollusks
collected by him in this island:
‘*Dominica is, I believe, the only island in the Antilles of
which no list of terrestrial mollusca has yet been published. In
Mr. Bland’s Catalogue, in the ‘ Annals of the New York Lyceum,’
still the most complete list we possess of the land shells of the
West Indies, it is stated that no species from Dominica were
known to the author. ‘To remedy this defect, I took advantage
of a vacation to visit and explore that island, which I found to
consist chiefly of mountains composed of voleanic rocks, and
ranging from 2000 to 50U0 feet high. This is perhaps the high-
est land in the chain of the West Indian Islands between Jamaica
and South America.
‘There is but little which may be properly called lowlands in
Dominica; but on the lower slopes near the sea I found a few
mollusca, chiefly B. exilis, St. octona, Suce. approximans, and
15
°
190 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Ffelicina humilis. Ascending higher, we find H. dentiens, H.
badia, H. Josephine, H. nigrescens, Amphibulina patula, B. latt-
einctus, and Helicina epistilia. Excepting the last one, these
species are found everywhere above 300 or 400 feet of elevation.
The dense and excessively humid forests which cover all the
higher parts of the island afford a congenial habitat to the land-
snails. An ascent of Mount Kuliabon, 5000 feet high, furnished
me with examples of the four Helices already mentioned,—Hya-
lina Baudoni, Amphibulina pardalina, CycWtus amethystinus,
‘and Glandina perlucens. On Morne Diablotin, at the north end
of the island, I found Hyalina Baudoni, the four Helices, Helicina
rhodostoma, H. conuloides, H. plicatula, H. velutina, Amphabu-
lina pardalina, Cyclotus amethystinus, and Glandina perlucens.
On the very summit of this mountain, stated to be 5314 feet high,
I collected Helix badia, H. Josephine, and Helicina conuloides.
Amphibulina pardalina is another species fond of the thickly
wooded heights; but several of the mollusca (e. g. Helicina
rhodostoma and Cyclotus amethystinus) appeared to cease at
about 3300 feet.”
1. CycLopHorus (CYCLOTUS) AMETHYSTINUS, Guppy. Ann.
and Mag., 1868.
Guppy describes this as a Cyclotus, but unquestionably it must
be referred to Cyclophorus, considering the character of the
operculum, which he says is “‘horny, diaphanous.’’ He remarks :
‘¢ This is a notable species, owing toits operculum, which departs
widely from that usual in this genus (Cyclotus). In no specimen
did it present the least approach to the shelly consistency of the
opercula of most Cycloti.”’
2. HELICINA PLICATULA, Pfeiffer.
Also in Martinique.
3. HELICINA EPISTILIA, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., |. ¢.
4, HELICINA HUMILIS, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., 1. ¢.
The pubescence in this is much the same as in velutina, and
both are allied to H. Antillaruwm rather than to H. subfusca.
5. HeLicina VELUTINA, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., 1. ¢.
6. HuLicInA RHODOSTOMA, Gray. :
Also in Guadeloupe.
7. HELICINA CONULOIDES, Guppy. Ann. and Mag., 1. c.
8. Hyatina Baupont, Petit.
:
OF CONCHOLOGY. 191
Also in Guadeloupe.
This species is very closely allied to, if not identical with the
H. concolor, Fér., of Porto Rico.
9. Henix JosePHINa”, Férussac.
Also in Guadeloupe; is semi-fossil in Antigua.—Rev. A.
Hamilton.
10. Hetrx pentrens, Férussac.
Also in Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Cayenne.
11. Heurx papta, Férussac.
Also in Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Cayenne.
12. Henrx nigREScENS, Wood.
Also in Martinique.
15. BULIMUS VIRGINALIS, Pfeiffer.
I received specimens from Dominica from the Rev. A. Hamil-
ton, which were determined by Pfeiffer. It occurs also in Vene-
zuela, near Caraccas.
14. BULIMULUS LATICINCTUS, Guppy, Ann. and Mag. 1. c.
15. BULIMULUS EXILIS, Gmelin.
Widely distributed in the West Indies, but does not occur in
Cuba or Jamaica.
16. BULIMULUS STENOGYROIDES, Guppy, Ann. and Mag. |. ¢.
17. SrENoGYRA OcTONA, Chemnitz.
18. GLANDINA PERLUCENS, Guppy, Ann. and Mag. l. ¢.
19. AMPHIBULINA PATULA, Brug.
Also in St. Kitts, and Guadeloupe.
The Dominica specimens are more distinctly corrugated than
those from St. Kitts.
20. AMPHIBULINA PARDALINA, Guppy, Ann. and Mag. 1. ¢.
This beautiful species is evidently allied to if not, as Guppy
suspects, identical with A. tigrina, Lesueur, which is said to in-
habit St. Vincent.
21. SUCCINEA APPROXIMANS, Shuttleworth.
CURACAO.
1. TUDORA MEGACHEILA, Pot. and Mich.
/
2. BuLrmus ELONGATUS, Bolton.
192 AMERICAN JOURNAL
3. BuLIMUS TORALLYI, D’Orb., var. B. s¢salensis, Morelet.
In the summer of 1867 I noticed, in the cabinet of Mr. Robert
Swift, (then of Philadelphia, but now of St. Thomas, We eee
number of shells somewhat closely allied to, but certainly dis-
tinct from, B. elongatus. I sent specimens to M. Crosse, whe
submitted them to Dr. Pfeiffer, by whom they were considerea
to be B. sisalensis, Mor., treated by Pfeiffer as var. of B.
Torallyi. The determination appears to me somewhat doubtful,
but I here record it.
4, Srroputa (Pura) vva, L.
I have opened several specimens, and in one nearly adult
example found several lamelliform teeth, one on the floor of the
tenth whorl (reckoning from the apex,) with another immediately
above. In the preceding whorl, four of such teeth, two below
and two above. The young shell is not umbilicated.
Helix pentodon, Menke, has been referred to Curagao on the
authority of Cuming, (Pfr. Mon. iv.) but it is apprehended with-
out sufficient evidence. Dr. v. Martens (Malak. Blat. vi. p. 209,
1859), suggested that Menke’s shell is in fact the young of
some species of Pupa. Sometime since I forwarded a number
of shells from the Bahamas to Dr. Pfeiffer, and among them
young and adult specimens of a species from Duck Key, de-
scribed by him as P. Milleri, (Malak. Blat., 1867, p. 129, and
Novitates, iii. 365, No. 491, tab. lxxxiv, fig. 6-13). Dr. Pfeiffer
writes me, “‘ An object of great interest were the young speci-
mens of Pupa Milleri; I believe that Helix pentodon, Menke,
already designated by v. Martens as a young Pupa, belongs
to this species, although I cannot compare with the types of
that species.” See also Pfeiffer in Mon. v, 219, 1868.
BUEN-AYRE (BONAIRE).
1. TupoRA VERSICOLOR, Pfr.
The habitat of this pretty and variable species has not been
hitherto published. I have lately received a great number of
living specimens from Mr. R. Swift, which came from this
island. In my catalogue (1861) I}referred it doubtfully to
Jamaica, on the authority of the late Mr. McMurray.
2. BULIMUS ELONGATUS, Bolton.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 193
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SEPIOTEUTHIS
FROM THE WEST INDIES.
BY WM. M. GABB.
S. ovata, Gabb. Plate 17.
Description.—Body broad, compressed; bluntly pointed be-
low; above, dorsal margin with a rounded median point, ventral
edge emarginate in the middle, and bearing two short angular
projections, one on each side of the siphon. Fins narrow, regu-
larly rounded on the margin, most prominent in the middle, and
terminating a short distance from each extremity. Siphon broad
at the base, flattened and conical, end blunt; aperture large,
internal valve large. Head broad at the base, slightly tapering
in advance, supported on a short constricted neck ; eyes large ;
mouth small, buccal membrane well developed, without cupules.
Sessile arms, the longest about half as long as the body; the
dorsal and second pair very short, the third and ventral pair
longer; third pair nearly twice as long as the dorsal; formula
3, 4, 2, 1; counting the dorsal as 1. These arms are laterally
compressed, and each bears an irregular, double row of small
cupules on a narrow face. Tentacular arms slender, subcom-
pressed, and but slightly dilated at the club. In one specimen
one arm reaches to the apex of the body, while the other arm is
of about the length of the body, less the head. In another both
arms are of about the latter length. This difference is probably
due to a partial retraction. The club is angulated on its dorsal
face, and bears on the inner side two rows of large cupules on
its widest part, which become smaller, crowded and irregularly
placed in advance, where there are three or four on a transverse
line. Internal plate broad in the middle, regularly curved on
the sides, bluntly rounded in advance, and narrow and produced
behind; midrib broad, posterior extremity broadly rounded.
194 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Locality.—Santa Cruz, West Indies. Mus. Phil. Acad. Nat.
Sciences. Presented by Geo. Davidson.
Observations.—This animal cannot be confounded with S. sepz-
oides, which occurs in the same waters, that species having larger
rhomboidal fins and a proportionately larger head and arms.
It is more like S. Blainvilliana from Java, but has smaller arms,
with a different formula, narrower fins, though of nearly the same
shape, and is much more acuminate at the base.
S. Sloanit, the only other species reported from the West
Indies, is essentially different in having the shell with the margin
thickened, while our species has it very thin.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 19
~
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CONE FROM THE COAST OF
FLORIDA.
BY WM. M. GABB.
Conus FLoripanus, Gabb. Plate 15, fig. 4.
Description.—Shell biconical, robust, spire elevated, slightly
turrited, acuminate, sides slightly concave; whorls eleven, upper
surface sloping, straight, margin angular; body whorl flat on
the sides, marked by four or five oblique, revolving, impressed
lines in advance; aperture narrow, linear, sides straight, bian-
gular posteriorly ; outer lip acute, prominent in the middle,
notched above the angle. Colors reddish yellow with a clouded
band of white, in confluent patches a little in advance of the mid-
dle, and on and near the angle of the whorl; the posterior or
top surfaces of all the whorls are more or less white ; above and
below the angle are darker spots, a deeper shade of the body
color, irregularly disposed both on the white and yellow ground.
Hab.—From Tampa Bay, Florida. Mus. Phil. Acad.
Remarks.—Mr. Conrad, who presented the present specimen
to the Academy, and who has collected shells at Tampa Bay, in-
forms me that he has seen two specimens of this shell. The
first was found during his visit to Florida, the other, the present
one, was discovered by him in a miscellaneous lot of shells re-
cently brought from Tampa Bay.
In general appearance this species is not unlike C. Delessertit,
Recluz, Mag. de Zool., 1863, p. 72; Kiener’s Monog., p. 156,
pl. 53, fig. 2, but it differs from that species in being more
slender, and in having all of the outlines straight instead of be-
ing slightly sinuous. In Delessertit the tops of the volutions are
concave and the angles are rounded ; in the present species the
tops of the volutions are flat and sloping, and the angles are
sharp. In the former species the body whorl is slightly convex
above and faintly concave in advance; in the present one the
196 AMERICAN JOURNAL
sides are bounded by straight lines. A difference also exists in
the color. In the former the surface is covered by three reddish
bands and three light ones, besides a light color on the angle.
Over the darker bands are still darker, irregularly elongated,
sharply defined patches, while on the lighter bands are smaller,
but equally dark spots. In our species there is but a single
light band on the middle, or rather a continuation of light, ir-
regular cloudings on a yellowish ground, and a similar light
coloration on the angle, and near the angle a few small dark
spots, shaded into the general ground color of the shell. In the
height and concave outline of the spire, the two species are
about alike.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 197
DESCRIPTIONS OF FOSSILS FROM THE CLAY DEPOSITS
OF THE UPPER AMAZON.
BY W. M. GABB.
The following fossils were submitted to me by Prof. James
Orton, as one of the results of his late visit to South America.
Although there are but few species, they are sufficiently marked
to indicate a marine, or perhaps rather a brackish water fauna.
There is not sufficient material to warrant an opinion as to the
geological age of the deposit, though the character of fossilization,
and the retention of its color by one of the species, would point
to a very recent era. This is corroborated by the fact that this
latter species is a living form and common in the West Indian
fauna. The locality is a high bluff at Pebas, on the Ambiyacu
River, two miles above its confluence with the Maraiion, near the
Southern border of Hcuador.
TURBONILLA, Risso.
T. MINUSCULA, Gabb.—PIl. 16, fig. 1.
Description.—Shell minute, elevated, slender; whorls six or
more, rounded, suture deep; surface marked by about fifteen
rounded, longitudinal ribs, with concave interspaces ; aperture
subcircular, outer lip simple, straight, inner lip slightly thickened.
Dimensions.—Length, 09 in., width, 0.3 in.
NERITINA, Lam.
N. pupa, Linn.—PI. 16, fig. 2.
This familiar West Indian species occurs in the series, not
only characterized by its form, but fortunately retaining its pe-
culiar coloration in such a manner as to place its identification
beyond question.
198 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MESALIA, Gray.
M. Orrontr, Gabb.—PI. 16, fig. 3.
Description.— Shell small, elongated, spire high, whorls eight
or nine, sometimes nearly plain, or in other cases marked by two’
or more large revolving caring in the young state, which always
disappear as the shell grows older ; the larger whorls are smooth,
flattened on the sides and round in above and below, to the su-
ture, which is deeply impressed ; base of body whorl rounded.
Aperture subovate, acute behind, rounded in advance; outer lip
thin and straight, inner lip acute and slightly reflected over the
umbilical region.
Dimensions.—Length, :35 in., width, 13 in.
TELLINA, Linn.
T. AMAZONENSIS, Gabb.—PI. 16, fig. 4.
Description.—Shell small, thin, elongate subquadrate, slightly
tapering posteriorly ; beaks about a fourth of the length from
the anterior end; cardinal margin very slightly arched and
sloping; base broadly convex, most prominent near the middle ;
anterior end. produced and regularly rounded; posterior end
rounded and a little narrower than the anterior; surface marked
only by fine lines of growth; hinge delicate; teeth very minute..
Dimensions of a very small specimen.—Length, °25 in., width,
“15 in., height of single valve, -04 in. Fragments of another
specimen were found among the debris, twice as long as the pre-
sent shell.
PACHYDON, Gabb. N. Gen.
Shell oblique, inequivalve, very inequilateral; the right valve
a third or more deeper than the left; ligament very small, ex-
ternal. Hinge composed of an enormous oblique tooth in the
right valve; and in the left, of a corresponding pit and a linear
tooth articulating above that of the right; there is also a rudi-
mentary posterior lateral. Muscular scars large; pallial line
slightly sinuated. Surface smooth, or marked only by lines of »
growth; internal margin entire.
The general appearance, the prominent tooth, the slightly sin-
uated pallial margin and the unequal valves of this shell would
seem to point to the Corbulide for the relations of this peculiar
little genus. It has, however, no trace of a cartilage insertion.
On comparing it with Isocardia, several points of resemblance
occur, which incline me to associate it with that genus, as a mem-
ber of the Lsocardiide, despite its inequivalve form. It resem-
is
OF CONCHOLOGY. 199
bles Jsocardia in the obliquity of its outline, in its anterior,
spiral beaks, and even in the hinge. The large tooth of the
right valve has its analogue in the much smaller, though simi-
larly shaped, anterior tooth of the right valve of Jsocardia. The
other cardinal teeth of Jsocardia are simply suppressed, and the
difference in the posterior laterals is one not of structure but
merely of degree.
The positions of the muscular scars and the form of the pal-
lial margin are nearly identical in both genera.
P. oBLIQuA, Gabb.—PI. 16, fig. 5, a—e.
Deseription.—Shell small, oblique, very inequivalve, thick ;
beaks anterior, terminal, spiral; valves convex, right valve near-
ly twice as high as the left ; cardinal margins arching from the
beaks to the posterior basal angle with a broad, irregular and
very variable curve; anterior end and base continuously curved,
the anterior end retreating from the beaks, or occasionally very
slightly produced beyond them. Surface marked only by lines
of growth; the shell was apparently covered by an epidermis,
when alive. A distinct posterior umbonal ridge runs from the
beaks to the posterior basal angle, and in some specimens a sec-
ond one occurs between this and the cardinal margin ; the latter
is best marked, usually, in the right valve. There is no lunule,
but in the left valve the anterior face is produced laterally much
more than in the right, to a point corresponding with the margin
of the deep pit in the hinge, where it is suddenly truncated at a
right angle, thus making the anterior or lower side of the pit
very much higher than the opposite margin. Anterior muscular
scar deeply impressed; posterior faint; pallial line slightly
bent up just before reaching the posterior scar.
Dimensions of right valves :
Length, -43 in. Width, 35 in. Height, -16 in.
a “44 in. Be ‘40 in. Ce ia Fo eae
A *38 in. . *30 in. a A SW ta
Left valves:
Length, ‘40 in. Width, -32in. Height, -10 in.
é -38 in. ie 28 in. ce. 08 in.
Bt *38 in. C *30 in. wee 20 Olin.
P. reENUA, Gabb.—PI. 16, fig. 6, 6a.
Description.—A second form of the genus is represented by a
single left valve, more than twice as large as the other specimens.‘
It is proportionally much thinner, and differs very materially
200 AMERICAN JOURNAL
from the first in outline; it is longer, is produced in advance,
the posterior end is more produced and narrow, the base is ir-
regularly convex, most prominent in the middle ; the beak is in-
curved, but is much less spiral than the left valves of the smaller
species; under the beak is a large lunular depression, bordered
by a ridge; near this, running to the anterior basal margin, are
two faint radiating ridges ; posteriorly there is a very indistinct
umbonal ridge. The same production of the anterior margin,
and its truncation above, that occurs in the preceding species,
exists in this also, but in a less degree, and the truncation is
oblique. The hinge is smaller than in ob/iqua, the pit is propor-
tionally broader and shorter ; the posterior lateral tooth is well
marked. Anterior muscular scar small, deep; posterior, large,
subquadrate aud impressed; pallial line strongly marked, near
the margin, and suddenly bent upwards for a very short distance
posteriorly.
Dimensions.—Length, *85 in., width, °59 in., height, 28 in.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 201
ON THE MANUFACTURE OF GENERA AND SPECI5S BY
MODERN AUTHORS; AND ON THE NOMENCLATURE
OF THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION.
Pd
(From Notes on the Specimens of Calyptreexde in Mr. Cuming’s Col-
lection.—Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1867.)
BY DR. J. EH. GRAY.
‘Mrs. Gray having kindly undertaken to place some of the
shells of the late Mr. Cuming’s collection on tablets, the spe-
cimens of certain families have come under my supervision, and
I have been induced to make some observations that I thought
might tend to the better understanding of the species. I here-
with send my notes on the shells of the family Calyptreide, and
this paper may be followed by some others of asimilar character.
I shall preface these notes by some observations on the col-
lection itself.
I certainly should have considered the following observations
unnecessary if most exaggerated statements had not been pub-
lished respecting the collection, which are likely to mislead the
public—such, for example, as that each specimen had not only
its name and its special locality attached to it, but also the depth
in the ocean at which it was found, and that the specimens are
in all instances the actual types of the species from which the
descriptions have been taken. As this is not the case, it is ne-
cessary that some account of the collection as it was received by
the British Museum should be given, in order that it may be
properly understood by the scientific conchologists who may
hereafter consult it. I have not the least intention by the fol-
lowing remarks to depreciate the value of Mr. Cuming’s labors
as a collector, or of his collection; for every conchologist, both
scientific and amateur, is very greatly indebted to him for
having collected one of the largest and most perfect collections
of shells ever brought together; for he not only collected exten-
202 AMERICAN JOURNAL
sively himself, but he excited others to collect, and he left no
stone unturned to obtain from other collections in all countries
such specimens as he wanted, or from which, as types, species
had been described; and he also, in the most free and liberal
manner, opened the collection to the use of such conchologists
and iconographers as would fall into his views as to the des-
cribing and naming of species.
When I first saw the collection, fifteen or sixteen years ago,
as may be seen by my report to the Trustees of the British Mu-
seum, which is published in some of the Parliamentary Papers
relative to the Museum, the collection was without any names or
habitats to the species. The names have been added since Mr.
Cuming’s recovery, and gummed to the mouth of one of the spe-
cimens of each preserved species. These names were not affixed
by the original describers and figurers of the species, but by two
well-known conchologists ; and as they must be considered to
rest on identification by the latter and not by the original de-
scribers, this rather detracts from their authenticity as absolute
types of the species described. It is to be regretted that when
these names were attached the special habitats of the specimens
were not also marked on them.
I am informed that as soon as any specimens were described
Mr. Cuming was in the habit of destroying the habitats sent
with them, as he said they could be discovered by looking at the
work in which they were described. ‘This is certainly a very in-
convenient and roundabout way of arriving at the information
required: if the species was procured from two or more locali-
ties, one is not able to discover which specimen belonged to each
special locality.
In many of the specimens, especially those that have not yet
been determined or named, the habitat, written on a small paper
label, is stuffed into the mouth of the shell.
As yet I have not observed any indication of the depths in the
ocean whence the specimens were obtained. Indeed, it was only
the specimens which Mr. Cuming or a few other collectors them-
selves dredged to which such an addition could be made; and I
suppose that Mr. Cuming would also say that this could be ob-
tained from the work in which the species are described. But
here, again, the same uncertainty prevails; which are thé speci-
mens that were obtained at the depth indicated? Perhaps all
those that were referred to when first described have been re-
placed by other and better specimens obtained at a very differ-
ent depth; for shells vary in size and color according to the
depths at which they may have happened to live.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 203
It was of necessity impossible that Mr. Cuming could have
ascertained the depth at which the shells lived that he obtained
‘from the various collections he selected from, or from other
dealers*.
Though, in the vast majority of cases, the shells more recent-
ly named are to be regarded as the type specimens of the species
described and figured from Mr. Cuming’s collection, unfortunate-
ly, from Mr. Cuming’s habit of replacing shells in his cabinet
by better specimens when they occurred, there is a certain
amount of uncertainty as to these shells being the types of the
species described, the accuracy of the determination resting in
such cases on the accuracy of Mr. Cuming’s determination of
their identity with the shells replaced; but there is no doubt that
in the distinction of species and varieties Mr. Cuming was very
acute and is to be generally depended upon.
There is also another source of uncertainty. Mr. Cuming
was in the habit of sending to Dr. Pfeiffer, Reeve, Sowerby and
other describers and figurers of the species, certain specimens
from his duplicates marked with the same number as that attach-
ed to his own specimens; and the determination of the species
depended on the accuracy with which these numbers were re-
ported. I have observed a few undoubted mistakes arising from
this system, and therefore believe that there may be others,
though probably the number is not large; but these show the
necessity of depending in all these cases on the shell named
agreeing with the description, rather than on the fact that the
specimens are so named in the collection.
A very large number of species in the collection have been
separated on very slight characters, or on the slightest variation
* Indeed, I am not willing to pay so much regard to the depth at which
species are said to have been obtained as some geologists appear to do,
except when the specimens are obtained at some special dredging. My
faith was shaken by the following fact :—A collection of shells was offer-
ed to me for sale, at the time that geologists were interested in the depth
at which mollusca live, which I carefully examined ; but as it contained
many duplicates I declined it, and it was purchased by a respectable
dealer. And what was my astonishment, when the collection was offered
to me to select from, to find that each species was marked with the depth
at which it was obtained, for which there was not the slightest authority ;
but the subject of depth was exciting interest at the time, and its being
attached to the specimen was supposed to give them an additional value ;
and [I regret to say I have seen these pretended depths quoted in a geolo-
gical work as if they were true. Persons who have theories to propose
or support are often not sufficiently alive to the great necessity of ex-
amining the authority of the statements which they receive and quote as
facts, or the readiness with which persons, when money is to be made
by the subject, are willing to stretch a point to suit their purpose.
204 AMERICAN JOURNAL
of form, state and color. This has greatly arisen from the de-
scription and figuring of shells lately made known chiefly falling
into the hands of dealers, like Mr. Reeve and Mr. Sowerby, or
of persons employed by dealers, who select for their purpose
those who are ready to fall into their views and make as many
new species as possible; and the dealers are ready to repay such
work with specimens to increase the describer’s collection, or in
other ways.
A shell with a new name is much more valuable in a pecuniary
point of view than one with an old and well-known name.
The value dealers attach to new names is proved by an inci-
dent that occurred to myself a few days ago, when a dealer offer-
ed me a new Volute for ten guineas. I said it was not new,
only a slight variety of a well-known species. At length he ad-
mitted that he had nine specimens of the Volute, and ended by
offering to present me with the best of the series if I would de-
scribe it as a new species! I am told that at length he found a
person to fall into his views, and sold all his specimens at or
above the price first mentioned. A short time ago a gentleman
was induced to purchase a Volute at a high price, on the under-
standing that if he purchased it it would be described, figured
and named after him. This was done, though the shell is only
a slight variety of a well-known not uncommon South Austra-
lian species. Fortunately the description was printed only on a
flyleaf with the plate, and it is not likely to be preserved.
The paying for the description of species of animals is no new
source of trade, for it is recorded that John Reinhold Foster
was paid threepence a species for describing new British insects
for a scientific zoologist; but dealers can now afford to pay bet-
ter, as is shown by the offer that was made to me respecting the
new Volute; and private collections have been much enriched by
such labors. ;
No one knew better than Mr. Cuming the value of a new name
to his specimens, as shown by his enmity to any one who doubt-
ed the novelty of the species described. He would not allow
me to see his collection for many years after his return from
South America, because I had pointed out to him at one of the
meetings of this Society that some of the shells which Messrs.
Sowerby and Broderip had described as new were well-known
species, and well figured by Chemnitz. Indeed, I was not al-
lowed to see any part of his collection until it was first offered
to the British Museum for sale, during his illness about sixteen
years ago.
Since that period Mr. Cuming refused a well-known concholo-
gist, who had previously described several shells from his cabi-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 205
net, any further use of his collection, because he refused to
admit that certain specimens which he sent to him to be described
were new to science, or different from species already described.
The system that Mr. Cuming adopted, of selecting three spe-
cimens of each variety or species most alike, tended to prevent
the number of nominal or presumed species from being observed
during a casual examination of the collection, as it excluded
those specimens which showed the transition from one variety to
another which occurs in any given species—more especially as
the species were not arranged in the drawers so that the most
allied or presumed species were near to each other, but, on the
contrary, the two or more variations of the same species were
often placed as species in different parts of the series.
The fact of a naturalist having the power of merely adding
his name after the name of an animal or plant described has
been supposed to have influenced many in attempting to establish
species, or in altering the names of old species on very slight
grounds ; but if we add to this little vanity the greater induce-
ment of an increase in the value of the specimens themselves
and the collection in which they are contained, or of increasing
the sale of the book in which they are described and figured, or
further, if a naturalist is to be paid so much per species for all
the species he can describe from a collection, it is not difficult to
believe, under these various circumstances, that the number of
the species in such a collection are very needlessly increased.
‘This has caused so many nominal species to be created by
collectors of ferns and other plants and by nurserymen; but
such names are rarely regarded as of any authori o by scientific
botanists.
I have had the shells of the Cumingian collection placed on
tablets so that they may be arranged in the same series as the
other shells in the British Museum; but each tablet is marked
in such a manner that it may be at once distinguished from the
rest of the collection, so that there can be no doubt about which
are the types or the presumed types of the species described
from the collection. I feared that, if the shells were not placed
on tablets, the specimens of the same species might be separated
from their allies and mixed with those of other species, and thus
the identity of the nomenclature might be destroyed or rendered
doubtful.
It is to be hoped that some day this magnificent collection of
shells in the British Museum may be studied scientifically, and
all their nominal and dealers’ species be reduced to synonyms,
and eventually allowed to drop out of the catalogue, to which
.the greater part of them ought never to have been admitted. To
: 16
906 AMERICAN JOURNAL
attempt to do this to some extent in certain families is one of
the objects of this paper.
I have not attempted in these notes to give a general synony-
my of the species; but I have only added after the name of
each species a list of the names and their authors that are at-
tached to the specimens of the species described in Mr. Cuming’s
collection, which are to be presumed to be the types of the
species described or figured under these names by the author
quoted. In some instances the state of the specimen named by
the author renders the determination uncertain; then I have
added a mark of doubt before the names.
At the commencement of this century shells were generally
arranged according to the Linnean system, and Dillwyn’s ‘Species °
of Shells’ was one of the best works published, and Wood's < Il-
lustrated Catalogue’ was a useful and cheap collection of figures ;
and the system suited very well for the small number of species
then known.
Some of the older collectors preferred to use Humphrey’s
catalogue, in which many modern genera were sketched out,
rather than the heterogeneous collection of species that were
crowded in the Linnean genera.
Whenever a person had a large collection to arrange he found,
like Humphrey, that the shells fell into the natural groups that
were recognized by the public, who had given them vernacular
names.
Thus Lichtenstein in Berlin, Schumacher in Copenhagen, and
Lamarck in Paris, each having a large collection to arrange, pro-
posed new groups of species, or genera, and a new arrangement
of the genera. .
Lamarck, who had been educated as a botanist, set to work to
describe the species in the genera which he proposed ; and that
gave a preponderance to his system.
The use of the Lamarckian system was first introduced into
England by my predecessor, Mr. Children, who arranged the
shells in the British Museum on that system, and published a
translation of Lamarck’s ‘ Genera,’ illustrated with a figure of
each. Sowerby and Crouch published similar works. And more
lately the late Mr, Woodward, who seems to have been disturbed
at the rapid progress that the knowledge of the animals and
shells were making in this country, published his Manual, which
is written chiefly from a paleontologist’s point of view, trymg
to stem the current; and the manner in which his work has been
received, and is still spoken of, is a proof that he well under-
stood the calibre of the collectors both of recent and fossil shells.
When the collection of shells was arranged in the eastern gal~
« OF CONCHOLOGY. 207
lery of the British Museum, which had been built for the National
Gallery, then used for the mineral collections, and at length
given up to the zoological collections in 1840, I arranged the
Species in what appeared to me natural groups, and took care to
find out the names that previous writers had given to those
groups, and gave the characters of the groups and genera in a
‘Synopsis,’ which was sold in the Hall for a shilling. This pro-
ceeding at first excited the anger of the persons who had adopt-
ed the Lamarckian system, some of whom had a vested interest in
works written on that system. Knowing but little of the history
_ of science, they persisted in believing that all the groups were
creations of my own, and denounced me as the manufacturer of
an immense number of useless genera. Thus in Sowerby’s
‘Manual of Conchology’ there are numbers of genera referred
to me which were formed when I was a child, or even before I
was born, and which often are only quoted to be objected to.
Yet that manual is a very useful work for any one commencing
the study of conchology, as it contains a very good series of fig-
ures of many more genera than are to be found in any other
Engiish work on the subject.
Observing the ignorance that generally existed on the subject,
I compiled a list of genera of recent shells, giving the type of
each genus. ‘This was pnblished in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this
Society for 1847, and contained in a few pages a condensed ac-
count of the labors of most conchologists that had written before
that date. This showed how many minds had been occupied
with the arrangement of shells,—and also that there were 810
well established, genera, many having several names, and that
only a very small proportion of them had been separated or
named by myself. About the same time Mrs. Gray published,
for the use of students, etchings of the animals of shells which
she had been collecting for my use from various sources.
The publication of these two works, and the almost simulta-
neous appearance of a work ‘On the Synonyma of the Genera
of Mollusca,’ by Hermannsen, gave a great impulse to this study
both in this country and the continent.
Dr. Philippi, during his voyage to Chili, compiled a ‘Manual
of Mollusca,’ chiefly based on my ‘ List of Genera.’
Then the Messrs. Adams commenced a work on the ‘Genera
of Mollusca,’ based on the same list, and on the collection ar-
ranged according to it in the British Museum. And more lately,
Dr. Chenu seems to have felt that the time had arrived when
the French conchologists might be inclined to progress beyond
the system proposed by Lamarck, and published a ‘ Manuel de
Conchyliologie,’ in 2 vols. 8vo, illustrated with figures of several
208 AMERICAN JOURNAL’
thousand species. This work is based on my ‘ List of Genera,’
and on the ‘Genera’ of Messrs. Adams, and is certainly one of
the cheapest and most useful manuals for the use of the shell-
collector and malacologist that have yet been compiled.
The collection of shells exhibited in the British Museum first
showed to the conchologist and the paleontologist the advantage
of the more scientific arrangement of the mollusca and their
sbells into smaller groups, and according to the structure of the
mollusca and their teeth and anatomy, the opercula, and the
shells.
The dealers were at length convinced (as Humphrey had been
many years before) that the use of a larger number of genera
extended their trade, as it produced a crop of customers (besides
those who merely bought shells for their beauty or variety) who
purchased the less conspicuous shells for the purpose of obtain-
ing one or more examples of each genus; and the general stu-
dents were gradually induced to adopt the improvement.
The students of fossil shells seem inclined to lag behind the
knowledge of the day. They have some excuse, as fossil shells
do not afford them all the means of study to be obtained from
recent species; but they might do much more than they have
done, and they can never derive all the advantages in geology
that the study of the fossil mollusca can afford them until they
study their shells with the same attention as has been applied to
the recent species, and revise the heterogeneous genera into
which they are now grouped. Mr. Searles Wood, long ago, set
an example of the right course to be pursued in his paper ‘On
the Crag Fossils;’’ but few have followed him. I think that the
faith they place in Woodward’s ‘Manual’ is one of the causes
of their want of progress. ;
The iconographers, such as Lovell Reeve and Mr. Sowerby,
have published illustrated monographs of many genera of shells
on the modern system; but unfortunately they do not seem to
think it is enough to figure each species, but they figure even
slight varieties under the name of species. This has rendered
their works so expensive that they are only to be regarded as
works of luxury for the libraries of the rich; while the number
of the varieties they figure, and the want of system in the ar-
rangement of the species, render them very difficult to use by
the scientific conchologist. You may almost buy a good collec-
tion of shells for the price of these works ; and every one would
Jearn more from the shells themselves than from works on them
of such an unscientific character.”
OF CONCHOLOGY. 209
ON A NEW CALIFORNIAN TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSC.
BY J. G. COOPER, M. D.
AMMONITELLA, n. g.
Gen. char.—Testa Ammonitiformis, parva, spira concava, mul-
tivolvi, anfractibus lente’ crescentibus, verticaliter appressis,
ultimo dimidium preecedentis amplectente ; peristomate simplici,
cresentiformi, labro intus parum incrassato; regione umbilicali
expanso, spire depressione parum profundiore. Animal adhuc
ignotum.
A. YATESII, Cooper, n. sp. Plate 18, fig. 1-14.
Sp. char.—A. testa cornea glabra, translucente, lineis incre-
menti minutis, suturis impressis. anfr. VI et dim.; depressione
spire crateriformi, tertiam partem lat. teste subsequante ;
anfr. ult. supra conice subcompresso, infra rotundato, prope
finem declivo et paulo tumidiore; peristomate verticaliter an-
gusto, labro obtusé incrassato, pariete callosi tateni; tenui;
umbil. magno, infundibuliformi, anfr. V et dim. monstrante.
Alt. 0°14, lat. maj. 0°31, lat. min. 0°29, alt. apert. 0:14, lat.
apert. 0:06, lat. spirze 0-10, lat. umbil. 0-10, lat. anfr. ult. 0-08,
dep. spire 0-08, dep. umbil. 0°12, unc. Angl-partibus.
Gen. char.—Shell like a small Ammonite, the spire concavely
depressed, many-whorled, the whorls slowly increasing in width,
vertically appressed, the last half including the preceding,
mouth simple, crescent-shaped, the lips a little thickened within ;
umbilical region expanded, a little deeper than the depression
of the spire. Animal as yet unknown.
Sp. char.—Shell corneous, glabrous, translucent, with minute
lines of growth, sutures impressed; whorls six and a half, the
depression of the spire bowl-shaped, about equal in width to a
third of the shell’s breadth; last whorl above a little compressed
conically ; beneath rounded, toward the end descending and a
210 AMERICAN JOURNAL
little more tumid; mouth vertically narrow, the lips obtusely
thickened, the inner wall with a thin callosity ; umbilicus large,
funnel-shaped, showing five and a half whorls.
Height 0.14, etc., in hundredths of an English inch.
Remarks.—This very curious little shell was found by Dr. L. G.
Yates, about 100 feet within the mouth of the limestone cave at
Cave City, Calaveras Co., Cal., about 8000 feet above the sea,
in July, 1868. He discovered only two perfect and three im-
perfect specimens, being able to make only a very brief search, and
none were alive, though two were fresh. It would have been
supposed to be a Planorbis if found near water, and if the
streams of that country had not been thoroughly searched by
many collectors. It resembles Planorbis in the inverted spire,
and in the partial enclosure of each whorl in the next larger,
so that the spire shows only a small proportion to the whole
shell. The consequent vertical narrowing of the aperture and
indeed of the whole interior, is also found in some species of
Planorbis, but not in any American Helicoid. Indeed it is in-
consistent with the characters of “ Helix’ as defined by Lam-
arck, and this shell could not therefore be embraced in that
most comprehensive genus. The resemblance to an Ammonite is
conspicuous in a lateral view. It probably belongs to Helicellide,
notwithstanding its thickened labrum, which we find also in H.?
polygyrella, Gast. interna and some other species. Though
toothless, it is apparently nearly allied to the former, in which the
spire is flat and of 7 to 8 whorls. It also shows affinity to Macro-
cyclis in the oblique flattening of the outer whorls and its strong
deflection near the mouth.
It is hoped that we may soon obtain living specimens, through
a gentleman about te visit the cave.
Dr. Yates also found H. Mormonum alive at the “‘ Big Trees,”’
+700 feet alt., the highest locality at which it has been found,
and on a line with the upper belt of limestone of the Sierra,
though that rock has not yet been detected in the grove.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 211
ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND LOCALITIES OF WEST
COAST HELICOID LAND SHELLS, &C.
BY J. G. COOPER, M.D.
One remarkable fact, which strikes the attention of collectors
in every branch of zoology and botany west of the Rocky
Mountains, is the limited and often isolated location of most of
the species, compared with their extensive range in the Atlantic
States. This, however, is more apparent than real in many in-
stances, for many species have been ascertained to occur along
the whole of our coast from north to south, and even much
farther in both directions. The real peculiarity in their distri-
bution is, that in travelling from the coast inland, the collector
passes over a number of parallel zones, each having peculiar
species, with few common to them all. He is in fact like a
traveller ascending a lofty isolated peak, who finds a succession
of faunas and floras rising one above the other until he reaches
the limits of perpetual ice where neither can exist. On the
other hand, he might start at the straitstof Fuca, and travelling
southward, gradually rising higher up the mountain slopes, find
almost the same fauna and flora at 6000 or 8000 feet elevation
in the latitude of San Diego, (about 32° 80’), as he started with-
in lat. 49°. But at its southern extremity the belt is but a few
miles wide, and most of the animals common to the two ends
are such as have great powers of locomotion, while the plants
are such as have had their seeds transported by migratory birds.
There are merely enough of the northern species to demonstrate
the fact that the zones of distribution run nearly parallel to the
coast, and along the flanks of the mountain ranges, not parallel
with the degrees of latitude, as they do in more level countries,
nor transversely either, but obliquely, at an angle between them
and the meridians of longitude. The routes of travel, however,
do not follow the zones of distribution, but on account of the
gradual raising of the latter towards the south, cross them
obliquely, so that the traveller passes from one zone to another,
though less rapidly than if going directly inland from the coast.
pale “AMERICAN JOURNAL
He finds also that if he travels close to the ocean, new zones
appear to be constantly beginning, that is, new groups of species,
commencing at successive points along the coast, cross his path
obliquely, to extend inland for a greater or less distance, until they
disappear on reaching the point where the climate becomes unsuited
to their existence, or some other obstacle, such as water, unsuitable
soil, or insurmountable deserts interrupt their course. ‘Thus the
traveller,whether he goes parallel to the coast line, or at right angles
to it, finds most of the species he encounters limited in their dis-
tribution, but by following obliquely the various zones corres-
ponding to the isothermal and isohyetal lines, may find the range
of species extending from fifty toa thousand miles. Sometimes
he passes over wide intervals in which a species seems to have
disappeared entirely, but on ascending another range of moun-
tains, and entering a region of similar climate, again discovers
the same species as numerous as in the region where he first en-
countered it. Or he may find in its place a closely analogous,
though constantly different form, which raises curious inquiries
in his mind as to the limits of specific differences, the influence
of external causes on their variations, and the question whether,
after all, they are not the creation of those combinations of influ-
ences exerted by the climate and soil together. Or he imagines
some means for their transportation across vast intervening
wastes, and supposes that, once transported, the new influences
around them have cffected the changes he observes.*
Among all the creatures he discovers, perhaps none are more
interesting in these investigations as to the origin of species (so
important to the history of mankind himself), than the humble
and often despised snails. They have but slight powers of locomo-
tion, are short-lived and easily destroyed by any derangement of
the conditions favorable to their existence. It is easy to collect
and preserve their shells, and these may also be found fossil as
evidence of the geological period during which the species may
have existed, ov of the changes it has undergone since creation.*
And though usually short-lived, many have wonderful tenacity
of life when in a torpid condition from cold or dryness, having
been known to revive after sleeping six years in cabinets without
food. _(Stearns, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1867).
* Mr. R. H. Stretch has ‘recently brought from near Carson Valley,
Nevada, lat. 39°, fossils, or rather casts, closely resembling the Holospzra
Newcombiana and H. irregularis, Gabb, of Lower California. They
occur, he says, in the same formation that contains Carinzfex and other
well known northern fresh water species, though none are in these frag-
ments. The investigation of these deposits, which are widely spread in
Nevada, will probably reveal a very different climate as existing there
within post-pliocene times. No Cylindrellide now exist north of lat.
32° on the west side of the Rocky Mountains.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 213
Very little has been fully recorded on the distribution of our
snails.. The works of Lea, A. Binney,-Gould, and W. G. Binney
contain only the localities of species as noted by collectors, and
several errors occur in these. Dr. W. Newcomb published the
result of his collections on this subject in the Amer. Jour. Conch.
I, 4, 1865, and II, 1, 1866, but he -had visited but few of the
localities mentioned by him, and the collectors from whom he
derived his information had evidently confused the facts in some
instances; there are also several errors noticeable, while much
more information may be added. Having myself collected since
1853, from lat. 49° to Mexico, and from the Rocky Mountains
to the Pacific, I propose to give the result of my own observa-
tions, together with those of a few trusty collectors, noted down
from their own lips or pens.
* Tn the “‘ Geographical Catalogue of Mollusca”’ of the West
Coast, 1867, I gave only the extremes of range north and
south as I then knew them. I now give notes particularly
on the localities and conditions under which they exist, com-
mencing at our southern boundary, the line between Upper and
Lower California. Mr. Gabb’s thorough reconnoisance of the
latter peninsula shows that its land-shells all differ. from those
found in this State. Although his H. Stearnsiana may be yet
proved to be but a variety of Aelletti/, still it is a marked one,
and worthy of distinction as a local race, if nothing more. No
other species found by him occurs at San Diego or elsewhere
within the United States, the Rowellit having probably come
from Lower California or Mexico, instead of Arizona.+
THE CALIFORNIA HELICINE FAUNA.
San Dreco.—The point of land forming the western side of
the harbor, called Point Loma, is two hundred feet or more in
height, about six miles long and one wide. It is without any
permanent surface water, and exceedingly dry during eight
* The extent of the United States and Territories west of the Rocky
Mountains is about equal to the portion east of the Mississippi.
t In my “ West Coast Helicoids,” misunderstanding Dr. Newcomb’s
description of this species, I suggested that it might be of the /evzs type.
The figure in Tryon’s Monograph shows that it is closely allied to Léhrcz,
Gabb, and he remarks that his dead shells show “ minute punctations, as
if the living shells were hirsute.” The subangulate form of both species
indicates the same thing, and the band of Léhrzz shows its affinity with
our California series. I now think that they bear a similar relation to
the true Remondzz, Tryon, and the species or variety called Remondiwz
by Gabb, that imfumata does to fidelas, Hillebrandz: to Mormonum, &c.
(See remarks farther on). Mr. Gabb’s Lohra was found by him only
in the southern part of the peninsula extending south of Remondi.
214 AMERICAN JOURNAL
months of the year, but covered by low shrubbery and herbage,
with a few Cactaceze and other succulent plants. On its west
slope myriads of the shells of Kellettii occur, but very few living.
These appear to be dying out, as they all have that bleached
appearance (even when living), seen also in other species ex-
posed to the sea winds and fogs, the bands and mottlings being
very faint or obsolete.
It is said that when the Spaniards first visited this port the
point was an island; and it may then have been more favorable
to the existence of these shells.
The original figure of Kellett’, as Mr. Gabb remarks, differs
considerably from his specimens, and also from those found
within this State usually referred to it, though none of them
vary more than forms of many others of our species. Kel-
lett’s specimens were probably from one of the small islands
off the coast of the Peninsula, though credited to ‘“ Central
America,” and were a dwarfed form, the species attaining its
highest development on Catalina Island, within this State (not
Santa Barbara Island, as stated by Newcomb, where Tryonit
replaces it.) They are not very numerous on Catalina Island,
however. An account of that locality will be given hereafter.
Those from San Diego seem to connect this large form with
the smaller Stearnsiana and the still smaller type. Mr. Gabb
tells me that the San Diego form extends some distance down
the peninsula.
Prof. A. Wood found specimens on the summit of a mountain
““twelve miles east of San Diego, and at one or two thousand
feet elevation,” which, although much smaller, were finely
colored, more like the original type, or like Mr. Gabb’s
Stearnsiana.
H. Remondii ? (Tryon.) A specimen found in this vicinity was
referred, by Dr. Newcomb and myself, to his rufocincta, though
differing considerably from the types found on Catalina Island
and approaching Zraskzz. It now appears to be identical with the
form found by Mr. Gabb on the peninsula, and called by him
Remondi (Tryon). These all differ, however, from Mr. Remond’s
Guaymas specimen, in having one or two more whorls, as well
as larger size, though they may yet be identical.
About seven miles north of San Diego is the first point where
I have found tudiculata, Binney. It occurs scattered among
rocky and shrubby cations, away from the sea air, and increases
in numbers in going inland until we reach the elevation of at
least 4,000 feet in the main range forming the continuation of
the Sierra Nevada, east of which none occur. Those found
OF CONCHOLOGY. 215
near the coast are more than twice the size of those of drier
and cooler localities.
While on this species its entire range may as well be discussed.
The type came from near San Diego, and Mr. Gabb did not find
it on the peninsula south of that point. It is the prevailing
species of the wrinkled group throughout the Sierra Nevada, as
far north as Nevada County, where Mr. Voy found specimens so
dwarfed and smooth as scarcely to be recognizable, except by
the disproportionately large body-whorl, though the normal
number of whorls (54) continues. I found them large and fine
along White River, Kern County, and smaller at Copperopolis,
Calaveras County, where they have the umbilicus much more
open than further southward. Thus it has a range in the Sierra
Nevada of about 450 miles, nearly north and south, and always
presents unmistakeable characters, although subject to much
variation. None are found near the coast north of San Pedro,
where they occur sub-fossil and very rarely living. They are
abundant in some candns of the mountain ranges immediately
north of Los Angeles.
Those reported from localities in or west of the coast range
northward, were probably other allied species,” although they
may dave been found at Benicia, washed down by the rivers
which converge there. In my Washington Territory report
(Pacific R. R. Rep., xii. ii, 1859), this species is mentioned as
from Fort Vancouver, W. T., on the Columbiariver. The speci-
mens were so named by Dr. Gould, but it is not unlikely that
they were collected in California and accidentally mixed with
northern ones. .
Being the only one of the malleated group found in the Sierra
Nevada, and the widest in range of any of them, it is a good
species to study the variations of form and surface upon. ‘The
result of comparisons show that these do not vary so much in
size and umbilicus, while the number of whorls is constant.
Extending from latitude 33° to 39°, its point of highest devel-
opment, both in size and numbers, is about latitude 55°, and it
evidently becomes dwarfed near its northern limits from the in-
fluence of cold, as moisture is more abundant than southward.
It is therefore quite improbable that it should occur at the
Columbia River, more than ten degrees of latitude farther north,
and none of the numerous collectors in the intermediate region
have found it.
The H. Nickliniana, sent to Dr. Lea by Dr. Trask as from
“‘Deadman’s Island,’’ which is a mere rock in San Pedro Bay, .
if really from there was probably a poor specimen of tudiculata,
which might be confounded with that if imperfect (See ‘‘ Ob-
servations,” &c., vol. xi. p. 111.) |
216 AMERICAN JOURNAL
It of course extends to less elevations as we go northward,
being limited both by cold and by the absence of lime, as will
appear hereafter. * '
San GorGonta Pass, latitude 34°, altitude 8,000 feet. This
is apparently a good locality, Mr. Voy having found there H.
arborea, Say, (exactly like eastern specimens!), C. chersina, Say,
(which I also found near Lake Taho, latitude 39°, altitude
6,100 feet) differing apparently in larger size than east, P.
minuscula, Binn., (teste Newcomb,) which seems to extend with
the two preceding, across the continent. These he found in the
mountains several thousand feet above the pass itself.
In Cason Pass, immediately north of this, elevation 4,676
feet, I failed to find any species, though my journeys through it
were too hasty for a careful search for small ones. I also tra-
versed San Francisquito Pass, farther north, 3,718 feet altitude,
and searched carefully near the summit with the same bad suc-
cess, although water, lime and vegetation, the three great requi-
sites for land shells, were abundant. Not even a dead sheil
occurred, yet from the usually limited local range of most of
the species, even where numerous, they may occur very near
where I sought for them in vain. Trees are more abundant in
or above the San Gorgonio Pass.
TemescaL Mounrains.—These form a small range about
thirty-five miles south of Cajon Pass, seventy north of San
Diego, twenty-five west of San Gorgonio and thirty-five from
the coast. This is the central point for WZ. Newberryana, W. G.
B., a rare species in collections. Prof. W. H. Brewer obtained
numerous dead bleached specimens and a few living ones, show-
ing that they are probably abundant in a limited range. I found
one young specimen twenty miles north of San Diego, paler
than the adult and not unlike MW. Vancowverensis, for which they
have doubtless been mistaken by former collectors in that region.
Limestone and tin ore are found in this range. Most of the
main range south of this point being granitic, there is little
probability of any species being numerous in that direction.
Several Lower Californian and Mexican species have been
credited to California, but not recently obtained, and may have
been collected east of the Colorado.
On the eastern slope of the dividing ridge at the entrance of
*T have elsewhere mentioned the occurrence of hybrids between dif-
. ferent species, usually when nearly allied. I have one specimen received
from Dr. Newcomb dlocality unknown), which combiues the characters
of tudiculata and Mormonum, two of the most different species in our
banded series.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 217
the Colorado desert, there is a large tertiary fossiliferous de-
posit, and I have suspected that members of the Mexican Bound-
ary Survey may have found either fresh or fossil specimens
there of H. Pandorce (Damascenus, Gld.,) ‘‘ from desert east
of California,’ and perhaps Bulimus excelsus, Gld. (‘ Califor-
nia, Maj. Rich.’’) and others of the peninsular group. I have
myself been unable to visit that locality and have heard of no
late collector who has. I could find no traces of land shells
between these mountains and the Colorado valley, which is
mostly a desert and granitic region, nor on their eastern slope
between San Francisquito and Tejon passes, latitude 385°. Dr.
Horn, U.S. A., informed me, however, that he found Pupz near
the summit of the last pass,* which he sent to Philadelphia in
alcohol. These may be the two credited to ‘“‘ Fort Grant, Ari-
zona,” viz.: Arizonensis and hordacea, Gabb. (See Am. Jour.
Conch., ii. 831 and iii. 305.) .
- At Fort Grant Dr. Horn also found the Patula 2? Hornit,
Gabb} (which Mr. Tryon puts in Hyalina, although it is neither
vitreous, shining, smooth nor translucent), the only known
locality. He also found P. minuscula, (extending to Texas,
the West Indies and all the United States), Anguispira strigosa,
Gld., which extends thence northward to latitude 49° in the
Rocky Mountains, a distance of over 1,000 miles north and
south, but found neither H. Rowelli nor H. Pandora, both re-
ported from ‘‘Arizona.” Mr. Bland also mentions Ang. Coopert,
W.G. B., Ang. strigosa, Gld., as found near the same part of
Arizona by Dr. Newberry. These have the same range north-
ward, but the Cooperi seems to occur on the eastern slope of the
mountains most abundantly, although reported from ‘ Washing-
ton County, Utah,” by Mr. Bland. (See Gabb in Jour. Conch.
ii, 830, and Newcomb, i, 349. Also Bland and Cooper in Ann.
N.Y. Lyceum, vii, 1861, as quoted hereafter.)
IsLanDs off Californian coast.—The four islands off the coast
between the latitudes of San Diego and San Pedro are interest-
ing on account of their richness in land shells compared with
the adjacent main land. San Clemente (not “ Clementine ’’)
Island, latitude 33°, lies nearly as far south as San Diego, and
not ‘off Santa Barbara”? (Newcomb), the latter town being
* Dr. Horn informs me that this is a mistake; he found no Pupe in
this entire region. He collected Physa, Piscdium, Amnicola and Helix:
Traski in and about Fort Tejon.—W. M. Gass,
+ Helix Horn is, in some respects, allied to the European genus
Hygromia, and in other particulars it approaches to Hyalina. It cer-
tainly is not a Patula, in my estimation.—G. W. Tryon, Jr.
218 AMERICAN JOURNAL
110 miles north-west of it. It is 70 miles from San Diego and
48 from San Pedro, the nearest part of the main land, Catalina
Island, being half way between the two. Although entirely
basaltic, the surface soil contains enough lime, from the decom-
position of animal remains, to support an abundance of H. cre-
bristriata near its northern extremity, where they live among
arborescent Neabozes, Cactaceze and other succulent plants.
- During my visit, early in July, they were torpidly estivating,
the mouth of the shell closed by a membrane. They seem like
a local var. of Kellettz’, and are quite variable. I also found a
few specimens of that rather doubtful species, H. Gabbi, Newe.,
which seems like a dwarfed variety of rufocincta, but was the
only other form I found on the island.
CATALINA IsLanp (the “San” is omitted in speaking of the
islands), is composed of metamorphic and volcanic rocks, sand-
stone and probably limestone, but no fossils have been found’
there. It rises 2,000 or 3,000 feet and is rugged, with a small
marshy tract and many springs scattered over it. Near the
northern end I found H. rufocincta, Newc., estivating in June
under flat stones, and saw none except at that point, a small
valley facing the north. With them were a few very large and
fine H. Helletit, which seems more diffused over the island, being
found smaller and more numerous at the ‘‘ Isthmus,’’ a neck of
land connecting the two parts of the island, also more rarely in
damp, shady spots elsewhere. Being sheltered from the sea
breeze, these specimens are finely colored. Not found on Santa
Barbara Island, asgstated by Newcomb.
At the ‘“‘ Isthmus’”’ were also found a few semi-fossil specimens
of apparently a small race of rufocincta, forming the connecting
link between it and Giabdz, of which a few also occurred near the
southern end of the island.
Since my visit, Mr. Voy has found, at a springy locality on
the mountain slope south of the isthmus, a large number of
specimens connecting H. Gabbi with H. facta, Newe. Indeed,
Dr. Newcomb was inclined to consider them Gadd, and one is
figured as that species by Tryon, in Amer. Jour. Conch., ii. 4,
pl. 6, f. 19, (Monog. Terr. Moll.,) while the true type is figured
in pl. 11, f. 31, (iii. 2, 1867). Mr. Voy also found Patula Durant
somewhere on the island, probably among rocky ledges, which it
inhabits elsewhere.
The range of H. Kellettii (if we clude Stearnsiana as a var.)
thus extends from latitude 33° 80’ to near latitude 50°, a dis-
tance of nearly 250 miles, and perhaps further. The range of
others will be given hereafter.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 219
_ Barpara Istanpd, about 28 miles west of the north end of
Catalina, is entirely basaltic, but has a surface soil chiefly com-
posed of the remains of seals, birds, etc., which are still numer-
ous there, but formerly much more.so, and have supplied the
lime necessary for molluscan shells. The vegetation is chiefly
of Cacti and other succulent plants. Over the whole surface,
but chiefly the south-east slope, are scattered myriads of the
shells of H. Tryont, Newe., and on the latter part great numbers’
of H. facta, Newe., many of both living, but even in May esti-
vating, sticking to plants, to each other, and some of the former
three or four feet high on shrubs.
Fossil specimens ‘of both show that they have inhabited the
island for a long time, and that while the former were once a
third smaller, and often subangulate, the latter were twice as
large as now, but exactly similar in form and number of whorls.*
Near the head of a deep, narrow canén facing the south-east,
where in the rainy season there is a small spring (the only water
on the island), among loose rocks I found Patula Durantii not
uncommon, and all the specimens of Binneya notabilis yet dis-
covered. The latter was estivating under roots or stones, en-
closed in its white, tough, membraneous envelope, to which the
shell formed akind of lid.f Only three living and eighteen dead
shells occurred. (See Proc. Cal. Acad., iii. 1,63, 1863.) It is
not unlikely that this interesting species may yet be found on
the main land, especially in the mountains west of Los Angeles,
which form Points Duma and Mogu, lat. 34°. These are well
wooded and watered, therefore suitable for land shells, but I do
not know that any collector has explored them near the coast.
Nicozas Isnanp lies a little south of west of Barbara island,
and distant 27 miles. It has an elevation of about 600 feet, is
* The subangulated and carinate forms of Helicoids seem nearly always
connected with mountains where shaly or other flat rocks full of crevices
are the chief formation, and trees scarce. They appear to be “ Dar-
winian” mouifications of the rounded forms. Thus “lapzczda” of Europe
got its name, and as in other cases there seems to be always a corre-
sponding rounded form, may not rufescens, Penn., be the congener of
lapiceda ?
From this fossil form of Tryonz we may argue that the island is a
remnant of a former shaly mountain, which has either sunk or washed
away, and that the climate was then somewhat different. The suban-
gulated form is always a mark of arrested development, the young of most
species (Z'ryonz included) being subangulated. It is certaiply not a
specific character.
+ In the colored copies of his monograph Mr. Tryon has erroneously
colored the membrane. In thin specimens the viscera of the animal cap
be seen through the shell only.
220 AMERICAN JOURNAL
flat, formed of sandstone of very recent elevation above the sea,
and destitute of water in the dry season, except what is obtained
from brackish wells near the sea level. Fossils are quite plenty
at several elevations or terraces, and on these are found speci-
mens of H. Tryoni and H. facta, scarcely distinguishable from
those of Barbara Island, but much less numerous. They seem
to have become colonized from that island at a comparatively
recent period. I also found a very peculiar, nearly flat species,
like a Polygyra, with a thick, annular peristome, but no teeth.
All found were sub-fossil, and though sent to Mr. Binney, he
has not yet described it.
These island species, together with Kellett, inhabit the nearly
treeless regions of California, and are nearly all palest beneath.
Returning now to the main land, H. Traskit, Newe., was dis-
covered in the mountains near Los Angeles, probably the Sierra
Nevada north-west of that town, as I have been unable to find it
anywhere in other directions after extensive search. From thence,
lat. 34°, it extends north to Fort Tejon, fifty miles, occurring
there only at or aboye 4,000 feet elevation, Dr. Horn finding it
common near the summit of the Pass. Toward the north-west,
it extends to the hot springs near San Luis Obispo, 150 miles,
and probably further, being thus confined chiefly to the coast
ranges. It is a distinct species from H. Dupetithouarsi, its next
neighbor northward, and more nearly allied to rufocincta and
Ayresiana from the islands. I have not heard of any other
species from this region, nor found any at Santa Barbara or
elsewhere in it, though Zraskz is found near San Buenaventura.
Santa Cruz Is~anp lies 25 miles directly south of Santa
Barbara, and directly on the parallel of 34°. I visited its
northern shore once only for a short time, and found it to be
metamorphic, much like Catalina Island. I found no Helices,
and Dr. Newcomb, in a more thorough research lately, succeeded
in finding only H. Ayresiana (before incorrectly credited to
“‘Vancouver’s Island’’), and no living specimens of that. Others,
however, probably exist high on the summits, where there are
some large trees, and in springy places. Santa,Rosa and San
Miguel Islands are directly west of Santa Cruz Island, but have
not been recently visited by collectors. Dr. Newcomb, however,
received dead worn specimens from the latter, which look like
W. G. Binney’s zntercisa, also credited to ‘ Oregon,’ but evi-
dently of this island group, and allied to erebristriata. The
type of Ayrescana probably came from there also.
Between the known range northward of H. Traskii and that
of Dupetithouarsi, is an interval of 110 miles, which has not
OF CONCHOLOGY. 221
been carefull} examined, except in the Salinas valley, where no
Helices were found. On the east side of this valley the Mt.
Diablo range rises to 5,500 feet or more in height, and is very
arid, but as fossiliferous limestone occurs frequently, Helices
may be found in some localities. It was crossed only in one
place by Prof. Brewer, of the Geological Survey, near New
Idria, lat. 36° 30’, and probably this was the locality of the
unique specimen described by me in the Proc. Cal. Acad., iii.
260, 1866. I have since suspected this to be a hybrid between
HI. ramentosa and Mormonum (p. 332), but I have no proof of
the latter occurring on this range, and now suspect that better
specimens will prove it to be a distinct species, in which case |
propose for it the name of H. Diabloensis. South of the above
point for 160 miles this range has not been explored by any
scientific collectors, and is probably the habitat of the H. Car-
penteri, Newe., said to be from ‘ Tulare Valley,’’ but not found
by collectgrs on the eastern side of that valley, which has been
frequently traversed. Mr. Gabb found a fossil specimen some-
where in this latitude, referred to this species by Dr. Newcomb,
which looks wrinkled like exarata, but is nearly globular.*
Another so named by him, also broken and _ bleached, is in the
Cal. Academy’s museum, but is much more depressed and
smoother, not unlike Zraskii. The type having been lost on
the ‘‘ Golden Gate,”’ it will be hard to identify. It is not un-
likely that two or more distinct species exist in the range. To
the north of New Idria they are very scarce, ramentosa being
the most common and nearly peculiar, as will be mentioned
hereafter.
Monterey is the most prominent point on the coast near lat.
36°30’. It is so exposed to the northwest winds as to be less
subject to dryness than any other part of the coast south of lat.
40°, and consequently the pines and cypresses of the mountains
southward here come down to the sea level. In the noble grove
at Cypress Point, and there only, is found the typical H. Dupe-
tithoudrsi, Desh., as isolated as if on an island. It may, how-
ever, be yet found on the mountain summits eastward among
similar vegetation, though prvbably modified. Those who con-
tend for the union of species differing only in sculpture, hirsute
surface or subangled form, would consider H. T'raskii, sequoicola,
Mormonum and even Hillebrandi as forms of the same, but on
this more will be said hereafter.
At Monterey is also the only habitat of the typical Calfor-
* I found H. Carpenterzana in the low foot hills of the Sierra Nevada,
a mile or two north of Pose creek.—W. M. Gass.
17
292 AMERICAN JOURNAL
niensis, Lea, which is not rare there along the edge’ of the pine-
grove bordering the sea-shore. The northern specimens from S.
F. Bay and Klamath Co. (Voy, teste Newcomb), seems more pro-
perly to belong to redimita, which has often been taken for this,
and occurs at Monterey, thoughrarely. Its range will be given
farther on.
Here also we find the first Helicellide on the coast (excepting
Pat. Durantii), represented by Pseudohyalina milium, Morse,
and Ps. conspecta, Bland, which occur in company with Pupilla
Californica, Rowell.*
Santa Cruz, lat. 37°, is on the north side of Monterey Bay,
and though not so cool and moist, has a perpetual stream run-
ning by it, along the bottom land of which are to be found several
land-shells, which do not seem to extend farther south. Mae.
Vancouverensis, Lea, extends from here near the coast to Una-
laska, lat. 60°, over 1500 miles! The forms found in this State
and Alaska may, however, be hereafter separated frém that of
the Columbia River, or one of them united with the eastern con-
cava. I also found it in Montana, near Rocky Mountains, in
1860.
H. Nickliniana, Lea, or rather the form like redimita with
open umbilicus, as well as that with it closed, is found here,
the latter, however, most common. HH. arrosa Gould, fine and
large, with varieties olivaceous, bandless, and yellow, is one of
the most abundant (the last variety rare), inhabiting chiefly the
deciduous groves with the last two. This fine species represents
the tudiculata in size and range along the coast, while a variety
with only 54 whorls, found by Mr. Gabb in Mendocino Co., lat.
3Y° (its northern limit), is very close to that species though
distinguishable by higher spire and sculpture, rather wrinkled
than hammered. It thus extends about 200 miles along the
coast, but not over 25 inland. H. Niekliniana, if confined to the
form with open umbilicus and wrinkled surface (typical), is found
from near lat. 37° to 39°, or about 170 miles along the coast.
Dr. Newcomb’s var. a, ‘“‘of double normal size,” is probably a
hybrid with arrosa, and is very rare. His var. ¢, ‘‘ without
band,’’ from Klamath Co., has the umbilicus closed, not malleated,
lip broad, and seems distinct, perhaps a form of anachoreta,
W.G.B. The var. dis redimita, W. G. B., which is found from
* P, Rowelli, Newe., discovered at Oakland, was found by Voy, near San
Bernardino, lat. 34°, and in Eldorado Co., lat. 39°. Ps. conspecta has
not been found north of S. F., but P. maliwm was originally described
from Maine, having, like others of these minute species, an almost general
distribution through the United States. It has been found also in Nevada
Co., and at Angel I. (Rowell), at S. F., and at Santa Cruz by me.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 223
Monterey to about lat. 38°30’, 150 miles, and inland to the east
shore of S. F. Bay. It may include, also, the northern Califor-
niensis. His H. Bridgesti, with the sculpture of the last and
the form of Mickliniana, as figured by Lea, is also found on the
east side of the bay only, and seems to connect the two, though
possibly a hybrid form.
HT. exarata, Pf., is a well-marked ‘species, apparently not
mixing with the two preceding, which are its nearest allies. It
has quite a limited range, from Santa Cruz north to near S. F.,
where it is very rare, and perhaps to Marin Co., not over 80
miles.
HT. sequoicola, Coop., is as yet known only from a range of 20
miles north of Santa Cruz. It may be decided to be merely a
hirsute form of Dupetithowarsi, though otherwise different.
Aplodon Columbiana, Lea, is first found here also. The ty-
pical form, with open umbilicus and no tooth, extends to Sitka
(Harford), where it is very fine. Dr. Newcomb gives as a form
“smooth, polished,’ but I believe they al] are hirsute when
young, and scarcely ever lose the marks of hairs entirely. Thus
his twelve forms may be reduced to three (major and minor,
being merely extremes of size), and I consider one of the three
as :—
A. germana, Gould, which was described from a dwarfed spe--
cimen, subangled, as the young always are. It is normally.
dentate, umbilicus nearly or quite closed, and lip much nar-
rower than in Columbiana, also slightly flexuous. This form is.
not rare at Santa Cruz. Dr. Newcomb’s third remaining variety
includes what I consider as hybrids of the two others, with the.
_characters more or less combined, as e. g., dentate and umbil.
open, toothless and umbilicus closed, or otherwise nearly inter-.
mediate.
San Franotsco Bay. I include as one locality a district ex-
tending around this bay about 75 miles north and south, by 50:
inland, nearly half as large as Massachusetts; because most of
the species found here occur at many points if not all within
that range, and to enumerate each separately would. take too
long. More species have been found within these limits than in
any district of the same size west of the Rocky Mountains, not
so much because it has been better searched, as because it is pe-
culiarly favorable to them. The cool sea-breeze constantly blow-
ing into the ‘* Golden Gate” prevents so complete a drying up
of the land as takes place elsewhere to the south, and preserves
a uniformity of climate not found northward. This promotes a
growth of trees generally small and in scattered groves, but
essential to many Helede.
224 AMERICAN JOURNAL
The soil contains lime enough, and there are many streams _
running in on all sides, as well as marshy and springy grounds.
Even the drifted sand-hills near the city furnish several species,
being kept moist by the fogs.
On the peninsula forming the west side of the bay, I recently
found Hyalina Breweri, Newe., the first yet seen near the coast,
the types being found at Lake Taho, 6100 feet above the sea, by
me, and in Plumas Co. by Prof. Brewer. It occurs at Point
Devisadero, six miles south of the city, rare, among decaying
trees.
Patula Durantii has recently been found about five miles
west of this point on the upper part of Islais creek, among
rocks, as at Barbara I.' It was before found by Mr. Rowell, at
Haywards, Alameda Co., but wrongly reported as P. Cronkhitei,
by Mr. Dall, in the Proc. Cal. Acad.,III, 258, 1866, and in
Amer. Journ. of Conch., I], 4, 329.
This extends its range to 340 miles along the coast, which is
not surprising compared to that of the other small ones.
Mac. Vancowverensis, Pseudohyalina milium and conspecta are
also found here, all but mz/iwm abundantly. The last two live
in rotten stumps among the sand hills, Xc., with Pupdlla Cali-
fornica and Triod. loricata. |
H. Californiensis (or perhaps a round var. of redimita only) is
very rare here. H. redimita common, running into Nickliniana,
which is a less common form. 4. arrosa abundant, but smaller
and rougher than north and southward. H. exarata rare
towards the south. H. ramentosa rare, only one having been
found by Mr. Rowell at ‘‘ 12 mile house,’’ south of the city, but
abundant towards the head and east side of bay, extending
north to Napa Co., a range of 125 miles. The “large form” of
Dr. Newcomb is a hybrid with H. Bridgesii, (which I have be-
fore mentioned.)
Hl. reticulata, Pf., seems really to be a variety of this, thicker
than common, so that the band appears unmargined. Both were
described as with 54 whorls, but 64 is not uncommon in large
ones.
H. infwmata has been lately found by Mr. Holden near
Alameda, opposite S. F., and extends thence along the coast
range north for 200 miles, but was not found at Humboldt Bay
by Mr. Rowell,* who obtained fidelis and its black variety, (often
subangled) at, that place. This species bears the same relation
to the latter, that sequotcola does to Dupetithouarsi, but instead
* T have found H. infumata at Eureka, Humboldt Bay, and to
the southwayd, in the mixed redwood and oak forest, a few miles from
the beach. ~ ; W. M. Gass.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 225
of occurring in a more northern locality, inhabits a more south-
ern and drier region than its smooth prototype. In both cases,
however, the hirsute form is connected with a warmer climate.
Like fidelis this species is usually paler above than beneath.
H. Columbiana* and germana are common on the west and
north side of the bay, the former especially.
Triodopsis loricata, Gould, begins to appear about 8. F. and
occurs also across the bay at Oakland as well as on the northern
shores, and as far along the coast as Klamath Co., 250 miles,
(Voy). Mr. Rowell also found it well developed near Placer-
ville, El Dorado Co., about 2500 ft. above the sea, and the Hx-
ploring Expedition give its locality as ‘‘ Sacramento River,”’ but
whether at its outlet in this bay or near its source in lat. 41° is
unknown. ‘The largest are those from Klamath Co. Mae.
sportella, Gld., has I believe been recently obtained at Saucelito,
on the northern shore of the bay. Thus 19 out of the 44 Heli-
coids found within the State inhabit this district.
These species complete the list of peculiarly Californian species
of the coast ranges, and as I have already given their limits
toward the north, I now pass to the Sierra Nevada, where a few
species more are found. I have already mentioned H. tudieu-
lata as the most widely distributed, but confined to that range,
and also the occurrence there of Hyalina Breweri, Conulus
chersina, and Triodopsis loricata.
Vitrina Pfeiffert, Newc., occurs on the east slope of the Sierras
from Owen’s Valley, near lat. 837° (Dr. Horn), north to Carson
Valley, where it was discovered in lat. 89°. It was also found
by Voy in Shasta Valley, Siskiyou Co., near lat. 42°, altitude
4000 feet. Specimens from Unalaska (Harford), are, however,
different, and were referred by Middendorf to the European
pellucida.
I collected this shell alive, with H. Brewert, Conulus chersina,
Patula Whitneyi, Suceinea (Stretchiana, Bld.?) and Vertigo
(corpulenta, Morse ?) the two last having been lost before deter-
mination), all together on a small swampy or springy slope in the
pine forest, a mile south of Lake Taho, in Sept., 1868. The first
four were quite numerous living and actively crawling among de-
caying branches of alders, etc., which covered the ground. The
elevation was about 6200 feet, that of the lake being 6083. Though
I searched carefully at various other favorable points at the lake,
the summit of the mountains (8000 ft.), and on the western slope,
I found none of them elsewhere except H. Brewert, which occurs
* H. Columbiana is very common in the woods about Pilarcitos
‘Creek, 20 miles south of San Francisco. W.M. G.
226 AMERICAN JOURNAL
sparingly on the west slope down to about 3650 ft. in lat. 39°,
(Rowell), and at the other points before mentioned. No speci-
mens of Helicoids have been found on the mountains south of
the lake, where they rise to the height of 15000 ft., the general
granitic formation, and perpetual snow above 8000 ft. , prevent-
ing their growth. It appears, however, that these minute species
as well as fresh-water mollusca can exist where there is but an
infinitesimal quantity of lime in the soil.*
At the “Big Trees” of Calaveras Co. -. 4750 ft. above the
sea, Master W. Hillebrand discovered the interesting Conulus ?
chersinella, Dall, (perhaps rather a Hyalina) the only locality
yet discovered for it.
No large Helicoids have been found above 4000 ft. elevation
in these mountains, though extending higher in the coast range
and even in the Rocky Mountains in lat. 47°.
The reason seems to be as follows: The large Helicoids
evidently require a considerable amount of lime in the soil, or
rather in the vegetation on which they feed, and that requires it
in the soil. ‘Thus none of them are found in the Sierra Nevada
above the belts of limestone which cross out on its western slope,
though in many places the climate and other conditions seem
favorable to them. In fact they are scarce below that level
except on or near the limestone belts, and abound only in very
limited tracts where it is the prevailing rock. Beginning at
Fort Tejon, lat. 35°, the limit of H. 7raskii in this direction, ¥e
find, by Prof. Whitney’s report, that there is a ridge of limestone
running northwest into the coast range at that place, and there
are besides abundant cretaceous fossils where the Helix is most
numerous. ‘The lime here reaches an elevation of about 4000
feet. At Fremont Pass, which is at the southern end of the
Sierra, a similar limestone ridge begins, and extends northward
along the western slope, being at an elevation of 4000 ft. in the
pass and apparently becoming somewhat lower in going north-
ward. Mr. King crossed it twenty miles east of where the
Kaweah emerges from the mountains, or 35 east of Visalia,
and all the streams south of there contain boulders of it. Yet
at Visalia, where there is a splendid and extensive oak forest,
growing on a granitic alluvium, I could find no trace of Helicoids,
though H. tudiculata was common at the point where White
River emerges, probably not over ten miles west of the limestone
vein. It has not been traced through Fresno County, but prob-
* The vast range of some of these minute species is explicable by the
fact that their still smaller eggs, or even the shells themselves, are very
likely to adhere to the feet of migratory birds, and to live, when washed
off in a favorable place, like the equally wide spread Limneide.
OF CONCHOLOGY. ya 6
ably continues northward to Mariposa, where it is well defined.
Here we first met with a very interesting and new species, Helix
Hillebrandi, Newe., which is apparently a hirsute form, bearing
the same relation to H. Mormonum that sequoicola and infumata
do to Dupetithowarsi and fidelis. Like the two former it inhabits
a drier and warmer region than its prototype, and like znfumata
shows lower development by its angulation. (Mr. Gabb brought
dead specimens of Mormonum from “the head of San Joaquin
Valley,” which is in Fresno Co., but they were probably washed
down the stream from a higher elevation than that of Mariposa).
The Hillebrandi is only known elsewhere at ‘‘ Cold Springs,”
within 25 miles north of Mariposa. The limestone ridge dis-
appears not far north of Mariposa, but probably some thin veins
of it extend to Copperopolis, which is in the same direction, and
where Mr. Goodyear mentions that calcite occurs, though rarely.
Here I found five specimens of H. tudiculata, as before mentioned.
The elevation is about 1000 feet, and a little farther northwest
the veins must disappear under the tertiary foot-hills. Among
these, as well as on the plains below them, there are no Helicoids
to be found, evidently on account of dryness, as lime is not defi-
cient.
In TUOLUMNE Co. a new belt of limestone commences, about
25 miles north of Mariposa, and 10 north-east of the preceding,
at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. This runs north-west also,
and is well marked at Columbia, lat. 38°, and 2,200 feet elewa-
tion. Here the late Dr. Frick found the H. Mormonum common,
alive, but only half as large as at some lower points. The lime-
stone ridge continues through Calaveras, Amador and E] Dorado
counties, crossing the American river close to ‘‘ Mormon Island,”’
where Dr. Newcomb discovered the species in 1856, at about 900
feet elevation, then disappears under the cretaceous strata.
H. Mormonum is found along nearly its whole course, the
finest I have seen alive being found by Prof. Whitney in a cafion
in Calaveras Co., near the locality of the celebrated human
skull, which also has a fossil specimen of the same species im-
bedded under its zygomatic arch, showing a similar condition of
things to have existed in that man’s times.
A third limestone belt commences with a similar interval,
north-east of the second, at Indian diggings, Amador Co., also
about 5000 feet elevation, and runs nearly parallel with the two
preceding. At White Rock, four miles east of Placerville, Mr.
Voy found H. Mormonum, again on the limestone, small in size,
and so uncommonly dark in color that it would have been con-
228 AMERICAN JOURNAL
sidered formerly a var. of Dupetithouarsi,* Mr. Rowell also
found Triod. loricata near this place, but at Placerville I could
not discover a trace of Helicoids. In Placer Co. this limestone
is mostly covered by basaltic rocks, but reappears in Nevada
Co. at ‘* Lime Kiln,” ten miles south of Grass Valley, near lat.
39°. In this vicinity Mr. Voy found the dwarfed specimens of
H. tudiculata before mentioned, at an elevation of near 3000
feet. I had before found a few at Auburn, twenty miles south-
west of there, but not on a limestone belt, though near the pre-
ceding one.
Apparently the same limestone belt reappears at Pence’s
Ranch, nine miles north of Oroville, and 1000 feet above the
sea, but the Survey collectors did not bring any Helicoids from
that celebrated locality, where this carboniferous limestone runs
beneath the cretaceous strata rich in fossils. It continues cov-
ered for ninety miles, and then reappears at ‘‘ Bass’ Ranch,”
just at the junction of the Sacramento and Pit rivers, about
1200 feet above the sea. Here Prof. Brewer found Mormonum
abundant, but chiefly dead specimens, and this seems to be its
most northern and western locality, 290 miles north-west of
where it was found by Mr. Gabb in Fresno Co.; Dr. Newcomp,
however, gives also Klamath Co, (Voy). Like all the species of
wide range, it has several marked varieties in size and color, but
retains its form and number of whorls throughout with marked
tenacity. Some specimens are subangled, approaching Hzlle-
brandi, and others southward very large, the whorls swollen, and
perhaps the form intended by Thomson’s ‘‘H. cultellata.” Better
specimens may prove, therefore, to be a distinct species.
A short outcrop of limestone occurs at Genesee Valley, sixty
miles north-east of Pence’s Ranch, at about 4500 feet elevation.
but no large Helicoids are known to have been found there, or
elsewhere in the north eastern portion of California, which is
nearly all covered by basaltic rock. Hyalina Brewert was found
by Prof. Brewer at some unknown point in that direction, and
only one specimen brought.
Patula Cronkhitet, Newe., was discovered just north of the
Californian boundary by Dr. Cronkhite, U.S. A.,f near the
shores of Klamath Lake, 4000 to 5000 feet above the sea, and
found also in some part of northern California by Mr. Voy. The
* Specimens from the scantily wooded localities are often palest be-
neath, and vce versa.
+ This is a mistake.. J obtained the species as stated, and, believing it
to be new, I handed specimens to Dr, Newcomb with the MSS. name,
which the latter adopted for his description. W.M.G.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 229
specimens of Patula from Haywards, near 8S. F. Bay, seem
rather to belong to Durantiz, as before remarked.
Specimens collected at Ounalaska by Harford are doubtless
the same species mentioned from there by Middendorf, as H.
ruderata, Stud. They are scarcely distinguishable from the
Cronkhitet.
THE OREGON HELICINE FAUNA.
The north-west corner of California is interesting chiefly be-
cause it is the beginning of a new Helicine region, Cape Mendo-
cino, lat. 40° 30’, being the dividing point. Here Rowell found
the typical H. fidelis, Gray, with also a subangled black
variety, which looks very much like a link between it and enfu-
mata, as before remarked. It can scarcely be a hybrid, as the
two species (7) do not seem to occur together. This species ex-
tends north to Vancouver’s Island, 600 miles, and inland to the
Cascade Range, about 100 miles, but is not found high on the
mountains north of the Columbia. Prof. Brewer found the finest
I ever saw at Crescent City, Cal., but it is more common north-
ward in the rich bottom lands of the lower Columbia and Willam-
ette rivers. H. Oregonensis, Lea, was more probably the young
of this than of Dupetithouarsz, which is not found in Oregon.
From Klamath Co., about lat. 41°, Dr. Newcomb received
some bandless Helices with umbilicus closed, referred by him to
H. Nickliniana, but they seem more like a distinct species, and
may be called an imperforate var. of H. anachoreta, W. G. B.,
until we know that species better.* Mr. Rowell received two
specimens from ‘‘ Oregon”’ (part unknown), which appear to be
the same as Mr. Binney’s, and are umbilicate. Some have sup-
posed anachoreta to be merely one of the bandless specimens of
the banded group occasionally met with, but it looks distinct as
figured and described, more like the small. var. of Zownsendiana.
‘‘ Widely distributed through California,’ as reported by Thom-
son, ‘‘ but solitary,’’ might apply to the bandless varieties, though
I have not found any of them except very rarely.
At Crescent City appears the first of H. Townsendiana, about
20 miles south of the Oregon line (Kelsey Haven), and Professor
Brewer did not find it anywhere inland, though he obtained H.
fidelis on the Siskiyou Mountains. The former extends north
to the Straits of Fuca, lat. 48° 30’, where I found it. It is the
* The specimens from this point, called ‘‘ Calzfornzensis’ by Dr. New-
comb in the article quoted, like all north of Monterey, seem rather a form
of redimita. Dr. N. had no Monterey specimens when he wrote the first
list, as he gives that among his “ additional localities.” (1. c. ii, 13.)
230 AMERICAN JOURNAL
second coast species that extends east of the Cascade Mountains,
having been found on the mountains of Idaho near lat. 45° (New-
comb), and by me in Montana, lat. 48°, at elevations from 2200
up to 5600 feet above the sea. It thus extends north about 500
miles, and probably farther, also eastward for about 450 miles,
but east of the Cascade Range is confined to the mountains. Its
high elevation there is evidently connected with the humidity of
the climate, which becomes too dry for this or any other species
after leaving the base of the wooded ranges, so that the interior
plains are destitute of them. |
The interior of the north-western counties of California, as far
as known, is destitute of limestone except as fossiliferous rock,
and that is scarce. Few Helicoids appear to have been found
there, but one of them is peculiar as far as known,—the Macro-
eyclis Voyana, Newc., discovered at Cafion Creek, Trinity Co.,
near lat. 41°, and several thousand feet above the sea. The form
or species called M. sportella is also found in Klamath Co., at
about 6000 feet elevation (Voy), and a form between it and
Vancouverensis at Humboldt Bay (Rowell).
At the Columbia river, near the junction of the Willamette,
lat. 46, we first meet with Odotropis devia, Gould, the only well-
marked representative of the large eastern group usually called
Mesodon. It extends to Vancouver’s Island, about 250 miles,
and probably farther north, as the Helicoids of British Columbia
are almost unknown north of lat. 49°.
The other species which occur in the Oregon region are M. Van-
couverensis, abundant and very large, M. sportella, rare, H. fidels,
abundant, H. Townsendiana, abundant, H. anachoreta ? rare, A.
Columbiana, abundant, A. germana, rare. H. arborea is reported
by Dr. Newcomb from British Columbia, and probably will be
found, together with other Helicelline and Vitrinine, in this region
also, which I limit to the country west of the Cascade Mountains
(see my article on the distribution of forests and trees, in the
Smithsonian Report for 1858). The whole region is thickly
wooded, copiously watered, and lime is abundant nearly every-
where, so that it seems a perfect paradise for Helicoids, con-
sidering its northern situation. ‘he finest of the banded species
is indeed peculiar to it, and more might be expected if it had
not been very thoroughly searched.
Montana HeticinE Reetion.—This corresponds in part to
what I called the Kootanic Region of forests, but since that name
was published the new territory of Montana has been created,
including also the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains above
lat. 46°; and as I found several species common to both slopes
in 1860, I adopt the political name for the Helicoids (see ‘‘ Notice
OF CONCHOLOGY. 231
of Land and Fresh-water Shells collected in the Rocky Moun-
tains in 1860,” by T. Bland and myself, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N. Y. vii, 1861). I have already noticed the range of Vancowver-
ensis and Townsendiana in this region.
On the eastern slope of the “‘ Coeur d’Alene’”’ Mountains (also
ealled Bitter-root), near lat. 47°, I found H.? polygyrella, Bld.,
a very peculiar shell, like a Polygyra in form, but with two sets
of internal teeth like Helicodiscus, Morse. Unlike the former,
it inhabits moss and decaying wood in the dampest parts of the
spruce forest only, and seemed not uncommon for a short dis-
tance, though in the haste of travelling I could obtain but few.
I found Hyalina arborea and Patula striatella, Say, (teste
Bland) in the damp bottom lands along the lower valley of Hell
Gate River, at an elevation of about 4500 ft. The latter needs
comparison with P. Cronkhitet, Newe. .
Anguispira Cooperi, W. G. B., I found on the east slope of
Mullan’s Pass, lat. 46° 30’, at about 5500 feet elevation, burrow-
ing around roots under ground in the dry season of August, and
semi-torpid. It ranges to the most eastern spurs of the Rocky
Mountains, (Black Hills), where Dr. Hayden discovered it, and
south nearly to the Mexican Boundary, lat. 32°, perhaps much
farther both north and south.
Bland mentions as Ang. solitaria, Say, the similar specimens
I found on both slopes of the Coeur d’Aléne Mountains above
2500 ft. He remarks on their close affinity to the preceding,
and Mr. Binney has referred specimens of that species to this.
Is it not probable that all those of the Rocky Mountains are
Coopert and the solitaria confined to the north-western States !
Otherwise it is the only large Helicoid known to have such a
wide range, though it is not impossible that, like many other
animals and plants, it may extend across the continent through
British America, passing north of the great plains which sepa-
rate most species more completely than the mountains do. The
. Minute species, which are doubtless identical on both sides, will
no doubt all be discovered in the wooded region which passes
round the plains in lat. 55°.
In the valley of the Bitter-root River, at an elevation of about
4000 ft. above the sea, I found Ang. strigosa, Gld., estivating
‘ under logs of pine, on a steep slope of shale coptaining lime in
veins. It has about the same range as A. Cooperi, and bears
the same relation to that species as we have seen between H.
Hillebrandi and H. Mormonum, etc., being in form like A.
lapicida. The locality, as I now recollect, was drier and warmer
than was inhabited by A. solitaria, (Cooperi?) west of the
mountains. It was discovered by the Exploring Expedition in
232 AMERICAN JOURNAL
the ‘interior of Oregon,”’ and as I have been over nearly their
whole route, I think the locality must have been ‘ Lapwai,”’
Montana, along the Koos-koosky River, near lat. 46°, the farthest
inland they reached. Mr. Hemphill found it near the same
locality (Newcomb), but the solitaria was not found there. Mr.
Bland found among my specimens of Cooperi, a ‘ colorless
worn specimen, with umbilicus more like that of strigosa, and
which may be an elevated form of that species or a variety of
Coopert.”” Thus the two are connected by intermediate speci-
mens, possibly hybrids, like Mormonum and Hillebrandi or Co-
lumbiana and germana. It is noteworthy that strigosa descends
the lowest to the border of the forest region, about 1600 feet
elevation, in lat. 46°, solitaria occurred only above 2500 ft.
in lat. 47°, and Cooper? (of Bland), only at 5500 ft. on the east-
ern (and driest) slope of the Rocky Mountains. It will be in-
teresting to compare the altitude at which they were found in
Arizona, if possible. The ‘‘ Great Plain of the Columbia,” for
200 miles wide in lat. 47°, is so dry as to furnish no Helicoids,
and there are still drier and more extensive desert plains in
Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. ‘ Between Idaho City and the
Coeur d’Aléne mining district,” is the rather indefinite locality
given by Mr. Hemphill for Angudspira Idahoensis, Newc., the
same as he gave for A. strigosa. As no one else has found it
north or east of Snake River it was probably from the western
slopes of the Rocky Mountains, south of lat. 46°. Such an
unique species, like a magnified Pseudohyalina exiqua, (Stp.),
recalls the similar relation of H. ? polygyrella to Helicodiscus
lineata, (Say), and makes the examination of the animal’s soft
parts exceedingly desirable.
From this point of the Rocky Mountains I believe no Heli-
coids have yet been found, except A. Coopert, which occurs in
Jat. 41°, and New Mexico. A. strigosa also occurs with it, and
reappears near lat. 38° in Arizona, as before mentioned. ,
22 laphyra,
223 ae 26, 27, 42
219 | Hydatina Guamensis, 132
227, 234
218 | Isopleura curvilirata, 142
225
45 | Jopas sertum, 117
221
45 | Laimadonta conica, 101
224 | Limax marginatus, 41
244 | Leptonyx rubricincta, 131
191 | Latirus liratus, 152
214 | Leptinaria Blandiana, 185
153 Funcki, 189
210, 221 | Leuconia Sayi, 10
151 | Limnza catascopium, 4
151 Holboli, 36
215 ovata, 42
191 | palustris, 151
229 Pingelii, oT
244 truncatula, 43
45 Vahlii, 34
189 | Limax cinereo-immaculatus, 44
151 Columbianus, 274
224 agrestis, 37, 42
214 | Littorina Newcombil, 128
. 224 pintado, 127
224 | Lobiger picta, 75
218 | Lophocercus viridis, 74
302
Loxotrema turrita,
Lunatia hemocrypta,
Macrocyclis sportella,
Voyana,
Mactra ponderosa,
sportella,
Mactrodesma,
Margaritana margaritifera, 27
8
Melampus bidentatus,
coffea,
flavus,
olivaceus,
striatus,
Melantho decisa,
gibba,
integra,
Milesii,
ponderosa,
rufa, 2, 133,
subsolida,
Mercenaria cuneata,
percrassa,
Meretrix Tippana,
Mesalia brevialis,
Ortoni,
Mesodon,
Mitra astricta,
Collumbellzeformis,
coronata,
cucumerina,
dermestina,
flammea,
pudica,
todilla,
Modiolaria nigra,
Modulus tectum,
Morea
Murex Garrettii,
umbrifer,
Mya tenuis,
Mycetopus emarginatus,
Nassa albescens,
costellifera,
gaudiosa,
INDEX.
147 | Nassa lurida, 107
66 obliqua, 108
Nassaria farinosa, 109
230 | Natica Caroliniana, 65
230 | Nerita fluviatilis, 45
247 picea, 128
225 signata, 129
247 | Neritina chrysocolla, 131
Deshayesii, 130
dilatata, 129
8 Nuttallii, 129
8 pupa, pe
T reticulata, 129
100 Tahitensis, 130
241 Vespertina, 1380
82 | Neverita percallosa, 66
2
60 | Odotropis devia, 230
134 | Omphalius caelatus, 46
241 | Onychoteuthis zequimanus, 23
241 | Orthalicus undatus, 185
278
278 | Pachydon obliqua, 1g
246 tenua, 199
46 | Paludina decisa, 58
198 | Partula strigata, 155
175 recta, 155
120 | Patula Cronkhitei, 228
120 Durantii, 218
119 Whitneyi, 225
121 | Pedicularia Pacifica, 96
119 | Pelicaria scutulata, 147
121 | Pedipes lirata 10
119 | Phyllidia nigra, 80
119 | Phyllocheilus speciosa, 140
38 | Physa hypnorum, 244
128 | Pisania buccinula, 104
249 strigata, 93
103 | Pisidium insigne, 69
64 nitidum, 43
38 pusillum, 42
249 personatum, 42
pulchellum, 27, 42
180 steenbuchii, 27, 37
108 | Planaxis abbreviata, 101
107 ! fasciata, 102
Planorbis arcticus,
bicarinatus,
rotundatus,
trivolvus,
Pleurobranchus delicatus,
grandis,
ovalis,
tessellatus,
Polydonta Sandwichensis,
Pomatiopsis lapidaria,
lustrica,
Prunum bella,
eburneola,
limatula,
Virginiana,
Pseudocardia,
Pseudohyalina milium,
Pterocera lambis,
Pterocerella Tippana,
Pugnellus,
densatus,
manubriatus,
Pupa auriformis,
Hoppu,
uvulifera,
Pupilla Californica,
Purpura aperta,
armigera,
harpa,
hippocastanum,
marmorata,
Pyrifusus,
Pyropsis perlata,
Ranella affinis,
pusilla,
Rapa corallina,
Rhizochilus monodonta,
Ricinula hystrix,
ricinus,
Rimella crispata,
Rissoina ambigua,
tridentata,
Rostellaria fusus,
Scutellina aculeata,
DMD x, 305
32 | Scutellina compressa, 96
151 granocostata, 100
42 | Sepioteuthis ovata, 193
151 Sloanii, 194
79 | Simpulopsis corrugatus, 187
78 | Siphonalia rustica, 249
79 trossula, 249
80 | Siphonaria depressa, 98
131 | Sistrum cancellatum, 117
61 ochrostoma, 116
62 rugulosum 93
67 | Solenaia, ; 249
67 | Somatogyrus isogonus, 242
67 | Spinigera longispina, 141
67 | Spiraxis simplex, 185
246 | Stenogyra Caraccasensis,
222 185, 189
140 coronata, 185
147 octona, 185, 188, 191
249 plicatella, 185, 189
139 | Stenopus Guildingi, 181
139 lividus, 179
186 | Strepsidura Ripleyana, 247
30 | Streptaxis deformis, 182
186 | Strophia uva, 192
222 | Strombus, 249
109 vittatus, 138
109 | Struthiolaria nodulosa, 147
109 | Succinea approximans,
106 LS, 189: 191
92 arenaria, 27
248 Cuvieri, 187
248 Groenlandica,
26, 31, 42
107 margarita, 187
107 obliqua, 151, 245
248 Totteniana, 245
112 | Sycotypus incile, 64
115 | Syphonata punctata, ry)
115 viridescens, (i
142
128 | Tectura conoidalis, 98
128 Tahitensis, 98
141 | Tellina Amazonensis, 198
cornea, 44
100 lacustris, 44
304
Terebellum subulatum,
Terebra anomala,
crenulata,
divisa,
Peasei,
simplex,
strigillata,
venosa,
Tessarolax distorta,
Torinia dealbata,
discoidea,
hybrida,
Tralia cingulata,
Floridana,
pusilla,
Triodopsis loricata,
Mullani,
Triphoris bicolor,
Triton cylindricus,
distortus,
gemmatus,
. mitidulus,
Tritonidea fumosus,
Trivia corrugata,
globosa,
insecta,
oryza,
Trochus tantillus,
Truncatella bilabiata,
Californica,
Caribeensis,
pulchella,
subeylindrica,
Trypanostoma subulare,
Tudora megacheila,
versicolor,
Turbinella gemmata,
Turbo Mac Andrewii,
Turbonilla minuscula,
Turricula bella,
Lyphis acuticosta,
Unio alatus,
anodontoides,
complanatus,
gracilis,
bo
INDEX.
143 | Unio Groenlandica,
124 late-costatus,
123 luteolus,
124 margaritiferus,
125 Mississippiensis,
68 nigerrimus,
123 parvus,
123 pressus,
146 rectus,
125 rivicolus,
102 rubiginosus,
125 Rutersvillensis,
9 Tappanianus,
9 testudinarius,
9 Topekaensis,
225 ventricosus,
232 Zig-Zag,
127
94 | Vallonia minuta,
106 pulchella,
107 | Valvata striata,
196 | Vetocardia,
104 | Vertigo Eyriesi,
95 | Vexilla fusco-nigra,
126 lineata,
127 | Vitrina,
127 angelica,
131 | beryllina.
14 fusca,
15 | major,
14 Pfeifferi,
15 subviridis,
14 | Vivipara contectoides, 58,
243 Georgiana,
Ua integra,
192 | Voluta hoderma,
118 | Volvatella candida,
46 fragilis,
197 pyriformis,
120 | Volutella oviformis,
64 | Volutilithes lioderma,
150 | Zoogenetes amurensis,
150 harpa,
74, 276 | Zonites implicans,
P50! umbratilis,
38
150
150
45
151
151
151
150
150
280
150
151
245
38
151
150
151
2T
27
57
246
186
115
115
178
27
26
155
27
225
154
245
58
151
248
73
3
73
66
248
27
27
182
182
Plate Lo
ACC 1866. Pl;
°lith Philada
Bowen & C
Drawn by E..J Nolan, M D
American Journal of Conchology 1868. Plate 2.
Drawn by E. J Nolan, M D Bowen & C° lith. Philada,
LOnycotenthis aequimanits. Ga bh.
2Prsidium tmsigne. Gabb.
Ve
a:
ao, hae aes
Ry ey hi
a
American Journal ot Conchology 1868 Plate 3.
on
eo « 8) 8cgo
2 y HU@x
0
2) )ODOS ©
3 9 ap) 5
Drawn by E. J Nolan,M D. Bowen & C° lith. Philada.
be
Me Bam on
DAT AAI, 99 at ad
American Journal of Conchology 1868.
Bowen & C° ith. Philada
Drawn by E. J Nolan,M D.
bs
Journal of Conchology 1868
4
e i. r :,
ware >
ESR Ren om" wren a ATG
Satta ceriponm
eee,
4)
Wt
PAs
Ca
Mutrug Sad
:
'
;
;
Drawn by A. J. Garrett. Bowen & C° lith. Philada.
American Journal of Conchology. 1868. Plate &.
eS),
3
&
Pat
og
16, we®
) en
=
\
\
AND. J. GARRETT, DEL
American Journal of Conchology. 18686. Plate 9
/ } AND. J. GARRETT, DEL.
mae
Amertcan Journal of Conchology. — 1868. Plate 10.
Pease’s nen™ Poly nestan Gasteropoda.
Amerteanv Journal of Concholog p-— 1868. Plate 1].
Pease’s new Poly nesta Grastero pad:
Amerteaw Journat of Conch ology: 1868. Plate 12.
Pease’s New Poly nesvaw Mol uscu
Amertcan Journal of Concholog 1 V_1868. Plate 13,
Gabb. On Strombidae and Aporrhatrtdeae /
idl th
7 7 : oar ae ol
es 7 ye Sis =) Be inl a "i ie Ss Meaurany: ee | ‘wa nse
Amertoan Journat of Concholog y— 1868. Plate /4.
; “20.
Gabb. On Stromb tdacand Aporrhartdae.
Amertcan Journat of Concholoary- l8t% Plate 15.
Roberts “On new spectes of Cy praecw,”
Conus Floridanus. GUbb.
ot +
a et
Rape wees
Panera
ee Dre
American Journal of Conchology. 1868._ P Late Ib.
-————_—
Gabb’s New Upper Amazon Fossis.
.
‘
“
an Journal of Conchology- Ih
AINET UU
ovata; Gabb
Sepuo
Anertcan Journal of Conchol ogy, 1308. Plate /3
Ligs.1.2.3_Ammonitdla Yitesti, Cooper:
5) oe Unto Trivicolus, onrad.
» 9% -—_ -_-
The Conchological Section offers for sale a few copies of this
work, which is just completed. It contains over 200 pages of
text, and is illustrated by eighteen lithographic plates, crowded
with figures.
PRICES.
Uncolored edition, . ‘ f 5 : : . $ 8 50
Colored - : : ‘ : , ; « |) hs Gao
Fine a with duplicate plates, colored and
tinted, printed on plate paper, . 20 00
Any copies remaining unsold after January Ist, 1869, will be
advanced in-price ten per cent.
Address,
Be J: NOLAN, MD:
Treasurer of Publication Committee,
Conchological Section of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia.
PROSPECTUS
OF A
CATALOGUE AND SYNONYMY
OF ALL THE
GENERA, SPECIES: AND VARIETIES
OF
ey EC ea 2 VEO er Seine:
Described prior to January (st, 1867,
Compiled and published under the authority of the Conchological Section
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
In the year 1845 Miss Agnes Catlow, assisted by Lovell
Reeve, published a volume entitled “The Conchologist’s No-
menclator: a Catalogue of all the recent Species of Shells.”
This work, although necessarily, as a first attempt, very im-
perfect, proved extremely useful, not only as an index to the
volumes containing the original descriptions and figures, but
also as a catalogue for private collections, for conducting ex-
changes, etc. Some of the copies of this work were printed on
one side of the leaf only, so that they could be cut into labels.
The only extensive general catalogue of species which has
appeared since the publication of Miss Catlow’s work is that of
Dr. Jay’s collection of shells, fourth edition, 1850. Like the
former, it contains about ten thousand specific names, but it
gives the synonymy at greater length, besides localities. Both
these works are based on the Lamarckian system.
Many smaller catalogues of private collections have since
been published, as well as monographs of particular families
and genera, including among the latter Pfeifter’s ‘“ Terrestrial
Mollusca,” Kiener’s ‘‘ Monographie des Coquilles Vivants,”
Chenu’s “ Illustrations Conchyliologiques,” Ktister’s ‘ Conchy-
lien Cabinet von Martini and Chemnitz, continued,” Reeve’s
great work, the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,” Sowerby’s “ Concho-
Z
logical Illustrations ” and “Thesaurus Conchyliorum,” Hanley’s
“Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Bivalve Mollusca;” and the
pages of the various Natural History Journals and Transactions
of learned societies contain very many papers of like character
and of great importance, such as Lea’s ‘Synopsis of Naiades,”
Frauenfeld’s ‘ Monography of fPaludina,” Mohrenstern’s
“Monograph of Rissoide,” Tryon’s ‘“‘Monography of the
Order Pholadacea,” and “Synonymy of Strepomatidx.” There
are, besides, hundreds of smaller papers describing species and
genera, particularly in the “ Proceedings” of the Zoological
Society of London, the “ Proceedings” and “ Journal” of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in the three
periodical works exclusively devoted to the advancement of
Conchology,—the ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter,” the “Journal
de Conchylhiologie,” and the “‘ American Journal of Conchology.”
Through the above and other publications, the ten thousand
species known to conchologists in 1845 have been increased to
over twenty-five thousand, and a much better knowledge of
the genera and higher groups has also been attained. It is
therefore evident that the publication at the present time of a
complete Catalogue of Recent Mollusca, and their synonymy,
based on the critical study of actual specimens, as well as of
descriptions and figures, would be exceedingly useful as a
directory for the use of students in this science.
The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia, having nearly twenty thousand well
authenticated species under its charge, with access to the many
splendid collections belonging to its members, and possessing a
library containing nearly every book or pamphlet ever published
on the subject of Conchology, has peculiar facilities for publish-
ing such a Catalogue. It proposes to avail itself freely of all
Catalogues and Monographs heretofore published, giving in
such cases full credit to their respective authors, and adding all
additional species. described to the close of the year 1866. A
supplement may be issued in 1875, and thereafter every five or
ten years, as the number of described species may require it.
The work of compilation will be-intrusted, as far as practicable,
to those who have made a special study of their respective
subjects; and families or genera will be published as fast as
completed, without following any systematic order: the work
to include an index to the genera when completed.
Gentlemen who are willing to assist. in the preparation of
this great work are requested to make known their wishes as
early as possible.
The arrangement of the work will be as follows:
3
The families, genera, and sub-genera will be printed in large,
heavy-faced type, with references to authorities and dates in
smaller type; the synonyms in italics.
The specific names (in heavy-faced type) will be arranged
alphabetically, preceded by numbers, and followed by authori-
ties and references to the original descriptions. It is intended
to include among the references to each species, the monographs
in which it is figured.
The principal synonyms will ke printed in italics, with full
bibliography. Finally, the localities will be given.
The following example will give a better idea of the plan of
the work than can be conveyed by description.
GENUS BRECHITES, Guettard.
Mem. de l’Academie, Paris, ii. 18, 1774.
Aspergillum, Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. Vers. 1789.
Sub-genus WARNEA, Gray.
London Zool. Proc. 309, 1858.
4, B. Australis, Chenu, Illust. Conchyl. 3, t. 3, f. 1.
~ Aspergillum Cumingianum, Chenu, Ilust. Conchyl. 3, t. 5, f. 4.
Reeve, Conch. Icon., Monog. Aspergillum, t. 2, f.'7, 1860.
Aspergillum incertum, Chenu, |. c. 4, t. 4, £4, 5. Reeve, 1. c.
t. 4 fe Loe GGG!
After printing the Catalogue, the types composing the cur-
rent number, name and authority, will be taken out and in-
serted within stereotyped borders, for the purpose of printing,
on fine heavy card-board, labels for collections, thus :—
Genus BRECHITES, Guettard.
Aspergillum, Bruguiere.
| Brechites Australis, Chenu.
(Variety or Remarks.)
4
The labels will be printed on white card-board, and will be
of the above appearance and size, so as to fit readily within the
ordinary three-inch-wide shell trays. The number in the lower
centre serves as a reference to the Catalogue, so that the biblio-
graphy, etc., can be examined instantly. The Catalogue, it is
believed, will answer admirably as a check list of public or
private collections, as well as for making exchanges, by simply
attaching a mark to each species possessed or wanted, or, for
the latter purpose, by quoting numbers from it. To the stu.
dent it will serve a higher purpose, in saving the vast amount
of valuable time heretofore expended in sear rching for descrip-
tions, by indicating at once, not only where they are to be
found, but also the entire number of species described in each
genus, thus facilitating and encouraging the description of new
species, and preventing the inadvertent re-description of species
already characterized.
It is proposed to meet the expense of this publication by the
sale of Catalogues and Labels, and it is hoped that both will be
extensively adopted by collectors and museums, so as to make
throughout the world one principal standard of nomenclature
and numbering,
The entire ‘Catalogue will be completed within about five
years.
TERMS.
Subscriptions will be received at the following rates for each
16-page form, payable on delivery :
To one address.
l copy. 2 copies. 3 copies. 5 copies.
‘To subscribers to the whole
Catalogue, , oe ee 20, als; sald)
To encom to any por-
tion, such as Land Shells,
Brosh water Shells, He-
lix, Cypreea, or any family
or genus, . 32, Os, es aM
*,* Special and very liberal arrangements will be made
with gentlemen who may require a large number of copies for
their exchanges, etc.
The following estimate is probably approximately correct :
Entire Catalogue, 2500 pp., as Land Shells, 1000 pp., $20.
Fresh-water Univalves, 250 pp., $5. Fresh-water Bivaleen,
150 pp., $38. Marine Shells, 1100 pp., $22.
5
LABELS.
To one address.
1 copy. 2 copies. 3 copies. 5 copies.
Per 100, if the whole are sub-
scribed for(genericand specific) .50, 45, AO, OO
Per 100, for separate families or
genera, : : ; het (5s “6%, .60, 0
Per 100, for selected species, or
for generic labels only, . - $1.00
Per 100, for blank labels, for
writing the names of addition-
al-gpeciesn, | 4 ead
xy It will be noticed that the above arrangement gives
purchasers the advantage of selecting, besides entire suites,
such additional labels as they may require; all of them at
much cheaper rates than the mere blank labels would cost
when printed in small quantities.
A discount of 20 per cent. will be made to members of the
Conchological Section, to booksellers, and to Natural History
dealers.
Address
PUBLICATION COMMITTEH,
Conchological Section Acad. Nat. Sei.,
Cor. Broad and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia.
Or:
BAILLIERE BROTHERS, 520 Broadway, New York,
TRUBNER & Co., 60 Paternoster Row, London,
J. B. BAILLIERE ET FILs, Rue Hautefeuille. Paris.
C, BAILLY-BAILLIERE, Calle del Principe, Madrid,
ASHER & Co., 20 Unter d. Linden, Berlin.
x» All booksellers, secretaries or curators of scientific so-
cieties, and editors of Natural History journals, are authorized
and requestsd to act as agents for the sale of this work,—and
will receive a discount of 20 per cent. from the prices, on all
orders they may transmit.
6
Please send to me the following Catalogues of Mollusca and
Labels:
Copies.
(Name)
P. O. Address.
(Date)
oO.
Gentlemen can, if they prefer it, send their orders through
any bookseller.
ow
bh ep), Ra aa ee
ren
Y iis
} id
ale: Me
l
iwi
a
— ye 9
ie 53
Sed. Pe >
»-
nk
> =
ae 2
ooh =
>.
>
>
»
> 2S
ee
hee
D Dy
> DD:
ee
ae 1
SD 5 Sa
De 2S DD PH |
LSID yw Swe
DD o> Ow
DAP a es
2 >> a>?
»
D> Si) babes
Lead > >» 5
wy
Wey
WW
it
‘=
WWutye
v
wey
ive
n
wv
¥
AC RY
PUY
Sige
‘
‘. a, ¥ yy,
a
ts
jay
JIGS
VIS
+
\'
we
we
veel
*
§
MMU ct UC ge Le
©
vvvus
wu
KA
yw
us
Ww
i
iy
we
uw a
y
MS
ve
vill
it
Nw
iV
ey
vey
"
Ww
velvet
Wve
n
!
¥ + a
UA dg Ror it, Ee
arp
ay
Vig &
cere
Wedel
ah
2 S29 5 aa =
sh SD OS
Si SPD DIT EY 5 PA
(2 Rae g SDP ae
a Rasy Corps 179 >” ee ea
> ee
isco ee hae “Sees
eae a en aes
3S
D>
5) pints
UNMIS
we
we i e
hx
eye
Sap
oe
Soak
de
=
Wo
Vv
Se elds
ve
v
webu
\
\
wu” Ma
~
Wace ee cull lel iy
,
Wy ~)
ide
No ed
iy
iw
ie,”
dy
3 AACN ‘hs
Medldy\
We
xy
avai
WW:
iu
‘a
+
w/\
‘ wa
Wugyey
gt ap ce x At r 3 ¥
Ph. Yi i ag Ate’ \ ‘ f ||) . i a 7 ran v4 ly - v)
pat we : eA S V\y) {
hore ; H I i F ADS De) A Le i : \
i hig katie? aN /\ }y ) i
" BN \ w Nie y ; 4 i) rf) Ai ‘ } :
/ /) of \ Stee ! NI ot y
- ’ ~; “eh 4 ' a f
~ S x i} a i \ i) /
AD ¢