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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY..

VOLUME VII.

PUBLISHED BY THE

Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE:

GEO. W. TRYON, Jr., Epiror,
S. R. ROBERTS,
EDW. J. NOLAN, M. D.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by
Tur ConcHoLoGicaL SECTION oF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
N. W. cor. of Broad and Sansom Streets.

NEW YORK: LONDON;
B, WesteRMAN, & Co., No. 471 Broadway. Trousner & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row.
BERLIN :
AsHER & Co., No. 60 Unter d. Linden,

1872.

34
—
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i199 26 Ge lyesowetaly ”
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Part 1 published Aug. 1,187,
oy = SS Now. 2. eal:
“3 “ — March 19, 1872.
«4 & May 15, 1872.

a

CON TENTS.

Part 1—Aveust 1, 1871.

. Record of Meetings,

. Descriptions of some New Type of Baleaante Shells,
by F. B. Meek, . : ;
. Descriptions of New Species of aalitinaeah tai, Mol-
lusca Inhabiting Polynesia, No. 2, by W. Harper
Pease, .

. Notes on the sence ard Tse baGon of Manin
Gasteropoda, by W. Harper Pease,

. Descriptions of New Species of Land Shells, iy W.
Harper Pease, : ; :
. On the Lingual Dentition of Clateilta riders Chemnitz,
by Thomas Bland and W. G. Binney,

. On the Lingual Dentition of Helicina occulta, by Tho-
mas Bland and W. G. Binney,

. Notices and Reviews of New Conehologtval Warks, by
George W. Tryon, Jr., .

I. AmMerican.—American Journal of Science and Arts; Ameri-
can Naturalist.

II. Forrren.— Brotish.—Tate’s Land and Fresh-water Mollusca
of Nicaragua; Conchologia Iconica; Annals and Mag-
azine of Natural History.

German.—Martini and Chemnitz’s Conchylien Cabinet;
Novitates Conchologice.

Page

lor)

CONTENTS.

Part 2—NovEMBER 2, 1871.

Page
. Record of Meetings, : : peo
. Supplement to the ‘“‘ Revision of the Ter P enitee with
Additions, Corrections and a Revision of the Crani-
idee and Discinide, by W. H. Dall, ; 39
. Notes on Dr. James Lewis’ Paper ‘‘ On the Shells of the
Holston River,’ by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., 86
. Note on the Genus Anisothyris, Conrad, ai a Descrip-
tion of a New Species, by W. H. Dall, 89
. Descriptions of Sixty New Species of Mollusks from ie
West Coast of North America and the North Pacific
Ocean, with Notes on others wen Described, by
Wiser air : : : 93
. On the Lingual Dentition of Lanes appressa, Say, an
Limnza megasoma, Say, by Thomas Bland and W.
G. Binney, . .. LOL
. On the Lingual Dennen of eee iy Thoma
Bland and W. G, Binney, . 162
Part 35—Marcu 19, 1872.
Page
1. Record of Meetings, . 165
. Description of a New Species of Monacers from Cali-
fornia, with Remarks on the Distribution of the
North American Species, by R. E. C. Stearns, 167
. Descriptions of New California Shells, by R. E. C.
Stearns, ew ye
. Notes on the bitigaral Dankivioh and? a of Neriés.
trial Mollusea, Ne: 3, by Thomas Bland and W. G.
Binney, : 174
On the Lingual Dantician of Blandielles Gavinelinie and
iMate by Thomas Bland and W. G. Binney, 185
. On the Lingual Dentition of Macroceramus Gossei,
Pfr., by W. G. Binney and Thomas Bland, 187

12.

13.

bo)

4,

CONTENTS.

. On the Lingual Dentition of Saag by Thomas Bland
and W. G. Binney,

. On the Generic Position of Blelix Newbeeryane by
Thomas Bland and W. G. Binney,

. Note on Gadinia, by W. H. Dall,

. Polynesian Chitonide, by the late W. Harper easel

. Descriptions of Four Species of Land Shells Inhabit-

ing the Papuan pee! by the late W. Harper
Pande. : 4 :
Synonymy of Patella exarata, Ree, ag thd ite Wi.
Harper Pease,
Notices and Reviews of Nek Gsnehbiogeal WOES by
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,

I. Amertcan.—Dall’s Report on Brachiopoda; Monograph of
Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca, by Haldeman and
Tryon, ete.

Il. Forrran.—Brit’sh.—Proceedings of Zoological Society ;
Conchologia Iconica; Thesaurus Conchyliorum; Con-
chologia Indica, by Hanley and Theobald, ete.

German.—Malakozoologische Blatter; Novitates Concholo-
gice; Donum Bismarkianum, etc.

French.—Journal de Conchyliologie ; Annales des Sciences
Naturelles.

Part 4—May 1, 1872.

. Record of Meetings, :

. Descriptions of New Species of Tad and Fresh-water
Shells, by Andrew J. Garrett,

. List of Species of Bulimus Inhabiting the Viki Tejon,
with Notes on their Geographical Range, and De-
scriptions of New Species,

Notices and Reviews of New Gontholdereal Soxks! by
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., : :

TI. Amertcan.—American Naturalist; Proc. California Acad-
emy; Annals of N. Y. Lyceum; Gill’s Arrangement of
the Families of Moliusks.

7 tvs

- oul

Page
ZT

vl CONTENTS.

I]. Foreten.—British.Journal of Asiatic Soc. Bengal; Pro-

ceedings of Zoological Society; Conchologia Iconica.

French.—Mission Scientifique au Mexique, etc., by Crosse
and Fischer; Journal de Conchyliologie.

Italian.—Malacologia del Mare Rosso, etc.

German.—Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, Novitates Concholo-
gice, ete:

APPENDIX.

Conservator’s Annual Report, by Dr. E. J. Nolan,
Librarian’s Report, Dr. E. J. Nolan, .
Recorder’s Report, 8. R. Roberts,
Report of Publication Committee,
Catalogue of the ake Cyrenellidze, is Peinplee
Prime,
10. Catalogue of the Hany Oyprinide, by Gea. W: Tryon,
Jiresa gk
11. Catalogue of the Merits Glanesnomrde. oy Ben W.
Tryon, Jr.,
12. Catalogue of the Hamile Beemeclute, ng Gre. W; Devan
oe ae
13. Catalogue of the Fail, Carlie by Bes W: TAS
ITs.

oe ite LIne dh

LIST OF AUTHORS

AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS.

Bland, Thos., and Wm. G. Binney. On the Lingual Den-

tition of Clausilia tridens, Chemnitz, . 28
On the Lingual Dentition of Helicina occulta, 29
On the Lingual Dentition of Limnza appressa, Say,

and Limnza megasoma, Say, : . 1G
On the Lingual Dentition of Veronicella, 163
Notes on the Lingual Dentition and Jaws of Terres-

trial Mollusca, No. 8, 4 : 174
On the Lingual Dentition of Blandiella, Gacuictsht

and Amphibulima, 185
On the Lingual Dentition of iNeabroeubee bree,

Pir, 187
On the Tea cual BDonkitien of anine: 188
On the Generic Position of Helix Newborepanal 190

Dall, W.H. Supplement to the “ Revision of the Terebra-
tulidee,” with additions, corrections, and a revision

of the Craniidx and Discinide, . ; 39
Note on the Genus Anisothyris, Conrad, eth a de-

scription of a new species, . 89
Descriptions of sixty new forms of Moltuks from the

west coast of North America and the North Pacific

Ocean, with notes on others already described, 93
Note on Gadinia, . , J9Z

Vill LIST OF AUTHORS.

Garrett, And. J. Descriptions of New Species of Land
and Fresh-Water Shells, :

List of species of Bulimus inhabiting shes Viti Is-
lands, with notes on their eed range,

and descriptions of new species, . 231
Meek, F. B. Descriptions of some new types of Paton
~ zoic Shells, 4
Pease, W. H. Descriptions of new species of Nudibranchi-
ate Mollusca inhabiting Polynesia. No. 2, 1
Notes on the synonymy and distribution of Marine
Gasteropoda, 20
Descriptions of new species of Tiana Shells, 26
Polynesian Chitonide, 194
Descriptions of four species of aaa Sheils ‘aki
ing the Papuan Islands, . 196
Synonymy of Patella exarata, Rve., . 198
Stearns, R. E. C. Description of a new species of Mono-
ceros from California, with remarks on the dis-
tribution of the North American species, + LOT
Descriptions of new California shells, Real ep
Tryon, Geo. W., Jr. Notices and Reviews of new Choncho-
Tapical Works, : : .,, ol, 201, 2am

' Notes on Dr. J. Ble paper ‘On the Shells of the
Holston River,’ : : : ;

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JOURNAL OF CONGHOLOGY.

NEW SERIES.

PUBLISHED BY THE

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

ron VIE 1871. Pie i

Meeting January 5th, 1871.
Eight members present.
Dr. W. 8S. W. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the chair.

Various donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

The following papers were read and referred to committees :

‘“‘ Descriptions of some new types of Paleozoic Shells.” By
F. B. Meek.

‘“‘ Descriptions of new species of Nudibranchiate Mollusca in-
habiting Polynesia, No. 2... By Wm. Harper Pease.

Mr. ‘Tryon read extracts from a letter from Mr. Wm. M. Gabb,
of St. Domingo, referring to the tenacity of life in the genus
Littorina. Specimens of L. muricata, collected by Mr. G. in
Sept., 1870, and forwarded by him to the Section, were ex-
hibited, being apparently as healthy and active as if just taken
out of the water. ’

Mr. 8. R.. Roberts exhibited a second specimen of the rare
rayed variety of Unio cylindricus, Say. This individual was
collected by Mr. Roberts in the Wabash river, Ind.

2, AMERICAN JOURNAL

Referring to the statement of the disappearance of Aurora
Island (one of the New Hebrides Group), recently printed in the
newspapers, Mr. Tryon exhibited two species from the Academy's
collection supposed to be peculiar to this island; remarking, that
in the event of its reported submergence being confirmed, these
must be regarded as lost species. In his report on the mollusca
collected by Wilkes’ U. 8. Exploring Expedition, Dr. Gould
gives the following account of Aurora Island; “ The little island
of Metia or Aurora Island, to the northeastward of Tahiti, is
one of peculiar interest. It is a coral island, which has been
elevated 250 feet or more, and has no other high island near it.
On it were found four small land shells, belonging to three
genera, viz.: Helix pertenuis, H. dedalea, Partula pusilla and
Helicina trochlea. None of these were found upon any other
island. They seem to have originated there, after the elevation
of the island, and have a significant bearing upon the question
of local and periodical creations in comparatively modern times.”

Meeting February 2d, 1871.
Six members present.
Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the chair.

Several donations to the Library and Museum were reported.

The following papers, offered for publication in the Journal,
were referred to committees :

‘*On the Lingual Dentition of Clausilia tridens, Chemn.” By
Thomas Bland and Wm. G. Binney.

‘* Notes on the Synonymy and Distribution of Marine Gas-
teropoda.”’ By Wm. Harper Pease.

Dr. F. A. Hassler reported that the specimens of Littorina
muricata presented at the last meeting were still living.

Messrs. H. E. van Rijgersma, of St. Martins, W. I., and G.
Nevill, of Calcutta, were elected Corresponding Members of the
Section.

Meeting March 2d, 1871.
Six members present.
Dr. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the chair.

The Conservator read the record of additions to the Museum
and Library.
The following papers were presented for publication :

OF CONCHOLOGY. 3

‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Land Shells.” By Wm.
Harper Pease.

“Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works.” By
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

The specimens of Littorina muricata presented to the Section
in January, were stated to be still living, and a letter was read
from Prof. W. M. Gabb, dated St. Domingo, Feb. 10th, stating
that at that date his specimens of the species (a‘portion of the
same collection) were living.

4 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW TYPES OF PALZ#OZOIC
SHELLS.

BY F. B. MEEK.

One of the greatest difficulties with which the student of Pa-
lzozoic Conchology has to contend, is the impossibility of ascer-
taining, in many cases, the nature of the hinge and interior of
lamellibranchiate types. In such cases the most usual custom,
where the species happen to belong to none of the known genera
that present well marked external distinctive characters, is to
refer them provisionally to such genera as they happen to re-
semble more or less nearly, until specimens in a condition to
give a clue to their true affinities can be found. In general this
is certainly better than to propose new groups, without having
seen the most important generic character. It sometimes hap-
pens, however, that we meet with forms presenting such strongly
marked external peculiarities, that we may feel well assured
they can safely be regarded as types of undescribed groups;
and in such instances it seems to me that we are less liable to
err and mislead others, by at once proposing new sections for
the reception of such shells, than by any other disposition we
can make of them.

For these reasons I have ventured to propose new groups for
two of the types described in this paper, without having seen
their hinges or internal characters.

Genus SANGUINOLITES, McCoy.*
Subgenus Promacrus, Meek.

Shell thin, more or less elongate-subtrapeziform, nearly or
quite equivalve, either inequilateral or equilateral, the beaks
being nearer the anterior or posterior end, or central, according
to the species; valves closed all around, and each with a well
defined keel, or more obtuse ridge extending from the posterior
side of the beaks to the posterior basal extremity ; anterior side
attenuated and produced ; posterior margin wider (higher) than

* Synop. Carb. Fossils of Ireland, p. 47, 1844.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 4)

the other, and obliquely truncated; dorsal margin sloping

in front of the beaks, and more nearly horizontal and appa-

rently without an escutcheon behind them; ligament external

or marginal, rather long. Surface with concentric lines and

ridges, and sometimes obscure radiating markings on the umbo-

nal region. (Hinge muscular, and pallial impressions unknown.)
Type. Promacrus nasutus, M.

Although this group is here proposed as a subgenus under San-
guinolites, | have thought it desirable to give its characters in
rather more detail than is usual in defining a subgenus, because
it is really very doubtful whether these shells can be properly in-
cluded, even as a marked subgenus, under that group. Until
the typical species of Prof. McCoy’s genus can be better known,
however, I have conclnded to place them under that genus, with
a distinct name that can be retained in a generic sense, should
these shells be found to belong to a new genus, as they most
probably will. They certainly differ from any of the species
included in Sanguinolites by Prof. McCoy, as well as from his
diagnosis, in having the anterior side much produced and atten-
uated, instead of ‘short, rounded,” and in having the margins
closed all around instead of ‘‘ gaping” behind: In re-defining
his genus (British Paleozoic Fossils, p. 276) Prof. McCoy also
distinctly states that its hinge margin is ‘inflected to form a
long posterior lunette ;’’ while in the shells here under conside-
ration it seems to be erect, with the long ligament rather deeply
inserted between the erect edges.

With due deference to the acknowledged ability of that dis-
tinguished palzontologist, it certainly seems to me that Prof.
McCoy has included in Sanguznolites, as 1 have elsewhere inti-
mated (Paleeont. Upp. Mo. p. 39), forms belonging to more than
one genus. Some of these appear to be identical with Adlorisma,
King, but as it remains to be seen whether or not Prof. McCoy’s
typical species (Sanguinaria angustata, Phillips) really possesses
the characters of Al/orisma, I am not yet prepared to agree
with those who regard the latter group as being synonymous
with Sanguinolites.

* It is very much to be desired that some one having access to the
better specimens of British Paleozoic Lamellibranchs, doubtless now
known, than those originally described by Phillips, Sowerby and others,
should give full descriptions and illustrations of these shells, as Mr. Da-
vidson has done of the Brachiopoda. 'This is all the more necessary, be-
cause later authors have either expressly cited some of these species as
types of their new genera, or so alluded to them that they will probably
have to be regarded as the types of the same, and yet these typical forms
must remain very imperfectly known to all who have not access to au-
thentic specimens, until better illustrations and descriptions of them have
been published.

6 AMERICAN JOURNAL

In regard to the family affinities of the group of shells here
under consideration, it is of course impossible to arrive at any
satisfactory conclusions, until specimens showing the hinge and
interior can be found. I have the impression, however, that
they belong either to the Anatinide, or to some allied family.

SANGUINOLITES (PRoMaAcRUS) NasUTUS, Meek. PI. 1, fig. 1.

Shell somewhat less than three times as long as high, rather
compress, especially in front of the keels, the greatest convexity
being about half way down these ridges ; basal outline forming a
long, very gently convex curve from end to end; anterior side
long, compressed, cuneate, and narrowing regularly to the very
narrowly rounded extremity; posterior side distinctly shorter
and wider than the anterior, with its truncated margin nearly
straight or but slightly convex in outline from its subangular
lower extremity obliquely forward and upward to the dorsal
margin, which is straight and slopes a little backward from the
beaks; anterior dorsal margin forming a long, nearly straight
slope from the beaks to the anterior extremity; beaks rather
depressed, compressed, and placed distinctly behind the middle ;
umbonal ridges well defined from’ the beaks to the posterior
basal angle. Furrows and striz of growth moderately distinct ;
radiating striz of the umbonal region nearly obsolete.

Length, 5:22 inches; height, 1-96 inches ; convexity of the two
valves about half way down the keels, 0°97 inch.

The typical and only specimen of this species I have ever seen
was given to me by Prof. Swallow in 1866. It was found at the
Choteau Springs in Cooper Co., Missouri, in what was called, in
the Geological Report of that State, the ‘‘ Choteau limestone,”
now known to belong to the oldest member of the Carboniferous
system, and to be equivalent to the Waverly series in Ohio, the
Marshall group of Michigan, and the Kinderhook group of ih-
nois.

SANGUINOLITES (PROMACRUS) MISSOURIENSIs, Swallow, MS.
Pa higrens

Solen 2? Missouriensis, Swallow, 1860. ‘Trans. St. Louis Ac.
Sci. i., p. 655.

Shell about four times as long as high, rather compressed ;
post-umbonal angular ridges well defined from the beaks to the
posterior basal extremity ; basal margin nearly straight from
end to end; anterior side shorter than the other, but well pro-

duced, and narrowly rounded at the extremity; posterior side
wider and near one-third longer than the other, with its trun-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 7

cated margin straight and very oblique, so as to give the poste-
rior basal extremity an angular outline; dorsal margin with a
long nearly straight slope in front of the beaks, and nearly
straight and horizontal behind them; posterior dorsal regions
flattened and compressed above the carine. Surface with rather
strong ridges and striz of growth, crossed on the umbonal re-
gions by moderately distinct radiating striz.

Length, 5-70 inches; height about 1:51 inches; convexity, 0°80
inch.

This species, although presenting all the external generic cha-
racters of the last, will be at once distinguished specifically, by.
its more elongate, depressed form, straighter basal margin, and
especially by the farther anterior position of its beaks.

The specimen has a little of the anterior extremity and the
posterior dorsal margin broken away. The former has been re-
stored in outline in the figure by the curves of the marks of
growth farther back, and the latter from an impression in the
matrix.

On seeing the typical species of this group in Prof. Swallow's
collection, some years back, [ at once expressed the opinion that
it belonged to an undescribed group that would include his So-
Jen? Missouriensis ; when he gave me the specimen of the for-
mer, and loaned me that of the latter. Subsequently he in-
formed me, by letter, that he was willing to refer his species
Missouriensis to the new group. Consequently I have cited it
as above written, as his manuscript name, though it may be
proper to state that I do not know whether or not he would agree
with me, at present, in placing it provisionally in a subgenus
under Sanguinolites.

Locality and position. Pike County, Missouri, from near the
same horizon as the last.

Nors. I have recently seen another fine species of this group
among the specimens from the Waverly Sandstone at Scioto-
ville, Ohio, collected by the Geological Survey of Ohio, under
the direction of Prof. J. S. Newberry, and placed for investiga-
tion in my hands. This species may be readily distinguished
from both of the foregoing by having its beaks central, and its
posterior umbonal slopes rounded instead of angular, excepting
very near the beaks. It measures about 6°50 inches in length,
and 2°20 in height. A full description and figures of it will be
prepared for publication in the Reports of the Ohio Geological
Survey. For this species I would propose the name Sanguino-
lites (Promaerus) Andrews?, in honor of Prof. KE. Andrews, of the
Ohio Survey, who discovered the typical specimen.

8 AMERICAN JOURNAL

¥ Genus PROTHYRIS, Meek, 1869.
Prothyris, Meek ; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., July, 1869, p. 172.

Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, longitudinally oblong:
valves compressed or moderately convex; nearly closed or a
little gaping behind, and more or less widely gaping in front,
where the hiatus is increased in size by a nearly rectangular
notch in the margin, mainly below the middle ; beaks depressed
and very near the anterior end, with a small ridge usually ex-
tending from the anterior side of each to the corner of the ante-
rior marginal notch; dorsal margin without escutcheon or lunule,
being erect and sharp behind the beaks ; surface merely marked
with striz of growth. Hinge and interior unknown.

Type Prothyris elegans, Meek.

In regard to the affinities of this genus it will of course be dif-
ficult to decide until its hinge and internal characters can be
known. ‘The specimens being all casts of the exterior only, it
is necessarily from external characters alone that we can judge
of its probable relations. From its general form, however, and
open anterior end, I am inclined to think it related to the Sole-
nide. Its form is not unlike that of some types of that group,
while its gaping anterior would seem to indicate that it had a
large foot, as we see in Solen, Pharus, and other types of the
family.

This genus seems to range through the whole of the Carbon-
iferous System. Until recently I had supposed the typical spe-
cies peculiar to the Upper Coal-measure beds at Nebraska City,
Nebraska; but I have since seen it from different horizons in
the coal-measures of Illinois; while another more convex species
has been discovered by Prof. Winchell in his Marshall group, at
the very base of the Carboniferous system in Michigan; and
the same species has been discovered at that horizon during
the progress of the Ohio Geological Survey in that State.

PROTHYRIS ELEGANS, Meek. PI. 1, fig. 3.

Shell small, very thin, compressed, elongate-oblong, being
about three times as long as high; basal and dorsal margins
straight and parallel, or nearly so; posterior extremity obliquely
truncated, compressed and nearly closed; anterior end more
gaping, but with its hiatus chiefly formed by the rectangular
marginal notch of each valve, which extends about half way up,
and has its lower margin rounding into the anterior basal edge,
and its upper into the little projection above ; beaks depressed
quite to the level of the dorsal margin, placed very near the an-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 3

terior end, and so compressed as to be very inconspicuous ; valves
without any post-umbonal ridge or prominence, but showing a
faint marginal impression along near the cardinal border, and
another below this, extending obliquely to a point just above the
middle of the truncated posterior edge; ridge extending down
in front of the beaks to the corner of the notch, almost linear,
and narrowing upward; while, in some specimens, there are ap-
pearances of two other much smaller linear ridges, or little im-
pressions,* farther back, diverging from each beak. Surface
strie of growth rather sharply defined and regular on the ante-
rior ventral region, but nearly obsolete elsewhere.

Length of the largest specimen seen 1 inch ; height 0-33 inch ;
convexity about 0-07.

The typical specimens of this species were collected by Dr.
Hayden and his assistants during his geological survey of Ne-
braska, in the Upper Coal-measures at Nebraska City. I have
fully described and illustrated the genus and species in Dr.
Hayden’s Report, but as it may not be published for some con-
siderable time, and this is the type of a new and interesting
genus, it has been thought desirable to give a notice of it here
with an outline figure.

Specifically this shell will be readily distinguished from the
only other known species, already alluded to, from a much lower
horizon (Prothyris Meeki, Winchell, MS.), by its much more
compressed valves without any distinct posterior umbonal pro-
minence, straighter dorsal outline, more depressed beaks, and
less widely gaping and rather more distinctly notched anterior
margin.

This shell is rather common in the clay beds at Nebraska City,
Nebraska, and, as already intimated, it occurs less numerously
at different horizons in the Coal-measures of Illinois.

MartesiA ? Roessteri, Meek. PI. 1, fig. 4, 4a.

Shell cuneate-ovate, being very gibbous anteriorly, and nar.
rowed and compressed posteriorly ; posterior extremity narrowly
rounded ; anterior side very short, moderately gaping, the hiatus
having apparantly become gradually narrower with the growth
of the valves; beaks rather prominent, gibbous, incurved and
located near the anterior extremity ; basal margin semiovate in
outline, being most convex a little in advance of the middle,

* The anterior one of these appears to be an extremely slender, linear,
external ridge, while the other has more the character and appearance
of an impression made by an internal ridge through the very thin shell.
This is doubtless a generic character.

10 AMERICAN JOURNAL

dorsal margin sloping a little posteriorly from the beaks. Sur-
face ornamented with radiating costz, which are slender on the
anterior half of the space in front of the linear furrow, extending
obliquely backward and downward from the beaks to near the
middle of the base of each valve, but stronger and more widely
separated between this and the furrow; while behind the latter
they are very oblique, less strongly defined, and about as widely
separated as on the anterior region; small regular ridges and
furrows also mark the valves concentrically.

Length 1:16 inches; height and convexity each about 0-66
inch.

The only specimen of this shell yet brought in, is mainly a
cast in brown ferruginous matter. It seems to be a little inequi-
valve, the posterior ventral margin of the right valve projecting
slightly beyond the other, but this may be due to distortion, al-
though there would appear to have been no displacement of the
upper margins of the valves. A cast of the posterior adductor
muscle, is seen to be narrow ovate and situated near the cardinal
margin, about one-third the length of the valves from the poste-
rior end.. The gap of the anterior margins does not result from
a notch or distinct truncation, and seems not to have been very
wide at any stage of growth. A slight portion of the anterior
margins of the valves, near the beaks, having been broken away
in the specimen, their exact character there cannot be well made
out, but they seem to have been a little reflexed. Between the
beaks some remaining portions of the matrix adheres, and in
this I have thought I could see some indications of a broken ac-
cessory valve, but no traces of its form can be determined.

Of course, without better specimens it is scarcely possible to
determine, beyond doubt, whether or not this shell really belongs
to the existing genus Martesta. It is more probable that if we
knew all of its characters it would be found to belong to a dis-
tinct group. Mr. Tryon, who is well known to be an excellent
authority on the Pholadacea, thought, on examining the speci-
men, that from all of its characters that can be made out, it will
probably be found to be nearly related to Martesta.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. A. R. Roessler,
of the Geological Museum of the General Land Office at Wash- |
ington City, to whom I am in indebted for the type specimen.

Locality and position. The specimen was brought by Mr.
Roessler from near Fort Belknap, Texas, where he says it was
found in a formation containing fossil wood replaced by oxyd of
copper, and believed by him to be of Permian age. It certainly
has a more modern look than any paleozoic shell I have ever
before seen.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 11

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF NUDIBRANCHIATE
MOLLUSCA INHABITING POLYNESIA. No. 2.

BY W. HARPER PEASE.

Doris VILLosa, Pease. PI. 3, fig. 1.

Animal coriaceous, oblong oval, rounded at either end, convex
above, covered with crowded, erect, elongate, conical papiliz,
which to the touch resemble the pile on velvet.

Dorsal tentacles small, elongate oval, peduncles long, and
wetractile into tubular cavities. Labial tentacles small, cylindri-
eally tapering.

Branchial star large, wider than the mantle, encircling the
vent, except on its posterior side; plumules six, quadripinnate,
retractile into a minute cavity. Foot elongate, rounded behind,
truncately rounded in front, which part has a marginal transverse
. fissure.

Color pale grey, darker centrally, and obscurely maculated
with rather close, irregular, dusky brown spots. Tentacles and
margins of plumules pale olivaceous. Under surface pale, and
closely dotted with brown.

Length, two and seven-tenths inches.
Habitat, Island of Huaheine.

Station, (lurking among sea-weed, in the upper region of the
taminarian zone. Like most of the coriaceous species, it is very
sluggish in its movements. A. G.)

DorIs DEBILIS, Pease. Plate 5, fig. 2.

Animal smooth, subpellucid, oblong, slender, the anterior
half slightly the narrowest, rounded at either end, margins
broadly undulated.

Branchial star inserted far back, a short distance from the
posterior end of the mantle; very large, extending over the
sides of the mantle; consisting of six plumules, the four ante-
rior simply quadripinnate, the posterior pair composed of three
quadripinnate plumules, attached to one base, all retractile into

12 AMERICAN JOURNAL

a simple cavity. Dorsal tentacles ovate, very obliquely lamel-
late, and retractile into simple cavities. Labial tentacles, none.

Foot elongate oblong, transversely fissured and truncately
rounded in front, somewhat pointed behind, and during locomo-
tion projects behind the mantle.

Color varies from a brownish red to an olivaceous, or deep
black, more or less dotted with white; on some the dots are
grouped together, forming nebulose spots; margins blueish.
Dorsal tentacles pale, with deep brown lamelle, and tipped with
white. Branchiew dusky olivaceous. Lower surface paler than
above and immaculate.

Length, three and a half inches.
Habitat, Island of Huaheine.

Station, (in sheltered locations, on sea-weed, at low water mark.
Active in their motions. <A. G.)

Doris compra, Pease. Plate 4, fig. 1.

Animal oval, smooth, soft, subpellucid. Mantle widest at the
middle, rounded equally at both ends, depressly convex ; margins
thin, narrowly undulated, projecting equally on all sides beyond
the foot. Branchial plumes of moderate size, ten in number,
rudely arborescent, subpellucid, and retractile into a common
simple cavity. Anal tube prominent, ‘Tentacles abbreviately
ovate, obliquely and closely laminate, and retractile into simple
cavities. Labial tentacles simple, small, diverging lobes. Foot
thin, subpellucid, narrow elongate, acutely rounded in front and
rounded behind. Color blueish white, dotted with brown, the
dots decreasing in size toward the margin of the mantle, and
remotely freckled with opaque white. Foot sparingly specked
with dusky spots. Branchial plumes blueish white. Tentacles
fawn yellow.

Length, one inch.

Habitat, Island of Apaiang.

DoRIS RUBRILINEATA, Pease. Plate 3, fig. 2.
b) ®) fo)

Animal smooth, flaccid, subpellucid, oblong oval, depressly
convex, rounded at either end, widest at the middle, and very
thin along the margins. Dorsal tentacles very large, on stout
peduncles, oblique, with eight or nine very oblique, coarse lamine,
tipped with a small truncate mucronation, and retractile into a
simple cavity. Branchial star small, consisting of six bipmnate
plumules, retractile into a large simple cavity. Vent very pro-

OF CONCHOLOGY. ie

minent. Head without labial appendages. Foot oblong elon-
gate, much narrower than the mantle, and during locomotion
projecting but little behind the body.

Color pale dusky brown, and a few scattering remote round
pale dots; the mantle is edged with blackish brown, and an
intramarginal carmine band. Tentacles pale, tipped with opaque
white—the laminve brown. Branchiz pale, tinged with brown.
Beneath paler than above, the hinder portion of the foot stained
with carmine.

Length, one half of an inch.
Habitat, Tahiti.

Station, (under stones at low water mark. A. G.)

Doris crnERoSA, Pease. Plate 5, fig. 1.

Animal subpellucid, oblong oval, coriaceous, similarly rounded
at either end. Mantle entirely covering the foot, convex above
and covered with closely set asperities like the pile on velvet.

Dorsal tentacles remote, erect, short and stout, on short, very
stout peduncles ; lamin very oblique, rather coarse, and retrac-
tile into simple cavities. Labial tentacles stout, tapering and
recurved. Branchial star pale, small, and retractile into a com-
mon simple cavity ; plumules six, arborescent, tripimnate. Foot
elongate oval, rounded behind, truncately rounded and fissured
in front. Color pale grey, dotted with black. Dorsal tentacles
pale olivaceous, tips white. Under surface same as the upper,
the spots being visible through the substance, as is also the vis-
cera.

Length, three-fourths of an inch.
Habitat, Island of Huaheine.
Station, (under stones at low water mark. A. G.)

DoRIs NUBILOSA, Pease. Plate 6.

Animal flaccid, oblong oval; mantle convexly rounded above,
widest on the posterior half, rounded at either end, covering the
foot; margins thin and irregularly minutely gashed. Upper
surface covered with closely set unequal sized soft papille, among
which are interspersed small tentacular processes.

Dorsal tentacles small, ovate, very finely and obliquely lami-
nate, retractile into tubular papillose cavities. Labial tentacles
small and finger-shaped. Branchial star large, not as wide as
the mantle, plumules six, quadripinnate, recumbent, broad, and
retractile into a common cayity. Vent, a prominent slender

14 AMERICAN JOURNAL

tapering tube, with a crenulate orifice. Foot oblong oval, rounded
behind, truncately rounded in front, much smaller than the
mantle.

The upper surface is beautifully mottled with different shades
of brown and grey, the former color assuming two dorsal longi-
tudinal rows of large cloud-like spots.

Dorsal tentacles pale, tipped with white. The under surface
of the mantle and foot is pale cinereous, the former with
crowded small whitish yellow spots, which become more scattered
~ towards the body, and maculated with irregular chocolate spots,
those along the margin running into one another.

Locomotive disk mottled with whitish yellow and closely spot-
ted with pale chocolate brown. Upper surface of the foot mot-
tled with pale brown.

Length, six and a half inches.
Habitat, Island of Huaheine.

Remarks. (While in confinement the animal cast off large
portions of its mantle, in the same manner as species of
Harpa cast off their foot. A. G.)

Doris sorpipA, Pease. Plate 4, fig. 2.

Animal smooth, subpellucid, elongate oblong, convex above,,
rounded at either end, margins thin, rather widest on its ante-
rior half. Dorsal tentacles well developed, elongate, conical,
slightly swollen, erect on stout peduncles, lamine very oblique,
not deeply cut, retractile into simple cavities. Labial tentacles,
none; head subquadrate.

Branchial star inserted far back, projecting a short distance
beyond the margin of the mantle; plumules six, arborescent,
retractile into a simple cavity. Vent prominent. Foot narrow,
elongate, fissured and truncately rounded in front, rounded be-
hind, and projecting beyond the mantle.

Color blackish slate, with a few scattering opaque white spots-
Tentacles with brown lamine and tipped with white; beneath
paler. Foot pale brownish.

Length, one and a half inch.

Habitat, Tahiti.

Station, (among sea-weed and under stones at low water mark-
Motions rather lively. A.-G.)
Doris FUSCESCENS, Pease. Plate 4, fig. 3.

Animal oblong oval, somewhat flaccid, subpellucid; dorsal
region convex, rounded on either end, widest at the middle,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 13

studded with somewhat distant, unequal, small hemispherical
papilla. Dorsal tentacles small, oblong ovate, slightly oblique,
on stout peduncles, coarsely and very obliquely laminated, and
retractile into tubular cavities.

Branchial star small, one-third the width of the body, com-
posed of sixteen incurved lanceolate plumules, forming a beau-
tiful rosette around the vent. Mouth notched beneath; no dis-
tinct head or labial tentacles.

Genital papillz: on the anterior third of the right side. Foot
oblong, much narrower than the mantle, truncately rounded in
front, rounded behind, and not projecting beyond the mantle
posteriorly.

Color along the dorsal region wood brown, most minutely
punctured with white; marginal region pale brownish grey,
papille much darker. Dorsal tentacles and branchis wood
brown, the former tipped with white; peduncles colorless.

Length, one inch.
Habitat, Maiao Island.

Genus CHROMODORIS, Alder and Hancock.

I have remarked heretofore that the arrangement of colors on
Nudibranchia may be considered a generic character. ‘The up-
per surface of the body and mantle of the species of this genus
are invariably lineated with bright colors and, with exceptions,
spotted. ‘They excel those of any other genus in the gaudy, -
variegated colors with which they adorn themselves, as the fol-
lowing species will prove.

The nidamental ribbon is coiled up in two or three remote
whorls. While depositing it the animal remains motionless, or
nearly so, the body curved to one side. ‘The coil is formed by
the foot, which folds up at its extremity, forming a groove,
through which the ribbon passes. The process is slow, occupy-
ing about two hours.

CHROMODORIS VARIEGATA, Pease. Plate 7, fig. 1.

Animal smooth, elongate, convexly rounded above. Mantle
narrow, sides nearly parallel. Anterior portion dilated and
rounded in front; posterior end rounded and slightly emargi-
nate.

Branchial star as wide as the mantle, inserted far back; plu-
mules ten, sub-erect, lanceolate, pinnate, and retractile into a
common slightly tubular cavity. Vent prominent.

Head furnished with short, stout, divergent, conical tentacles.
Dorsal tentacles large, clavate, erect, coarsely lamellate

16 AMERICAN JOURNAL

obliquely, and retractile into tubular cavities. Foot nearly as
wide as the mantle, much elongated, rounded in front, tapering
posteriorly to an acutely rounded tip, which projects some dis-
tance behind the mantle.

Color subpellucid, colorless, with a median longitudinal cream
yellow stripe, extending from the inter-tentacular space to the
branchial star; on each side of the dorsal stripe is a bright buff
colored one, which does not extend anteriorly quite as far, and
passes around the branchial star posteriorly; the stripes are
separated by a dark purple line, and the lateral stripes are
margined by a narrower and paler line of same color. Mantle
margined with cream yellow, with the addition on the front end
of an intra-marginal violaceous band. Upper fourths of the
branchial plumes violaceous. Tentacles on their basal third
orange red, the middle third purple, and the upper violaceous.
The under surface of the animal colorless except the mantle,
which is margined with cream yellow.

Foot tipped with violet on its upper posterior end.

Length, one and a half inch.
Habitat, Tahiti.

CHROMODORIS MACULOSA, Pease. Plate 7, fig. 2.

Animal subcylindrical, elongate, narrow, smooth, flaccid, sub-
pellucid. Mantle dilated in front and rounded, rounded behind,
sides nearly parallel. Cervical tentacles large, sub-erect on stout
bases, elongate oval, lamin deeply incised, retractile into sim-
ple cavities. Branchial star moderately developed, consisting of
eight sub-erect, lanceolate, narrow pinnate plumules, connate at
their bases, and retractile into a common simple cavity. Vent,
a simple orifice. Labial tentacles small, finger-shaped. Foot
elongate, narrow, truncately rounded and fissured in front;
acutely rounded and projecting far beyond the body poste-
riorly.

Color cream yellow, margined with fulvous, on which there is
a series of abbreviate reddish lines, three irregular radiating,
fulvous lines, extending from the front margin of the mantle
toward the tentacles; lineated longitudinally with opaque white,
lines four, the two median encircle the branchiz and pass between
the dorsal tentacles, which they partly encircle, the two lateral
lines extend from the tentacles to the posterior end of the body ;
the spaces between the lines dotted with purple. Cervical ten-
tacles pale, a broad brownish red zone on their basal half, and
one narrower red zone just below the apex. Branchial plumules
pale slate color tipped with red. Upper surface of the foot and

i

OF CONCHOLOGY. iby

under sides of the mantle lineated same as above, and dotted with
violet, the former shaded with violet beneath and along the upper
margin, and the latter margined with dingy red.

Length, one and a half inch.
Habitat, Tahiti.
Station, (under stones at low water. A. G.)

CHROMODORIS RUFOMACULATA, Pease. Plate 8, fig. 1.

Animal oblong, flaccid, smooth, pellucid, rounded above,
slightly dilated anteriorly, obtusely rounded in front, slightly
undulated along the margin, and rounded behind. Cervical ten-
tacles well developed, erect, oblong ovate, mucronate, finely
Jamellate, peduncles stout and retractile im tubular cavities.
Labial tentacles small, finger-shaped. Branchial star small,
rather remote from the hinder end of the body, composed of
nine lanceolate, pinnate plumules, which are incurved and retrac-
tile into a common cavity. Vent prominent.

Foot elongate, fissured and truncately rounded in front, taper-
ing behind to an acutely rounded point, which projects conside-
rably posterior to the body.

Color cream white, passing into cream yellow toward the
margins, which are ornamented with a series of oblong violet
spots. The central portion of the mantle is studded with nu-
merous slightly elevated orange dots. Branchiz colorless.
Tentacles chocolate brown, lamin white.

Under surface colorless, with the exception of a slight tinge.
of the dorsal colors, which are transmitted through the pellucid
mantle.

Length, one inch.
Habitat, Island of Huaheine.

Station, (under stones at low water mark. A. G.)

CHROMODORIS SIMPLEX, Pease. Plate 8, fig. 2

Animal smooth, oblong, convexly rounded above, sides nearly
parallel and rounded at either end. Cervical tentacles well
developed, subclavate, slightly compressed laterally, peduncles
stout, lamine deeply cut, very oblique, and retractile into tubu-
lar cavities. Branchial star small, half the width of the body;
plumules eight, sub-erect, lanceolate, pinnate, retractile into a
simple cavity. Labial tentacles reduced to small lobes.

Foot elongate, narrow, slightly dilated and rounded in front,
tapering behind to an acute point, projecting beyond the mantle
some distance.

2

18 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Color pale pinkish flesh, passing into white toward the mar-
gins, which are edged with a more or less broken bright red line.
All the specimens observed were marked with a single red spot
on the dorsal region, a short distance posterior to the middle.
Cervical tentacles and plumules on their upper half bright
red.

Under surface same as the upper, but somewhat paler.

Length, three quarters of an inch.
Habitat, Island Maiao.

CHROMODORIS INORNATA, Pease. Plate 8, fig. 3.

Animal flaccid, subpellucid, elongate oblong, convexly rounded,
smooth, rounded and dilated in front, rounded behind. Cervical
tentacles large, oblique, on stout peduncles, coarsely lamellated,
obtusely mucronate, and retractile into simple cavities.

Branchial star small, inserted far posteriorly, composed of
seven arborescent, lanceolate, pinnate plumules, which are retrac-
tile into a simple cavity. Vent prominent. Labial tentacles
stout, conical. Foot much elongated, narrow, tapering posteri-
orly, and extending some distance beyond the mantle.

Color cream white, margined with orange and dotted with
purple. Branchiz colorless. Cervical tentacles orange. On
the under surface the dorsal markings may be seen through the
pellucid body.

Length, one and a half inches.
Habitat, Island of Huaheine.

CHROMODORIS LENTIGINOSA, Pease. Plate 9, fig. 1.

Animal flaccid, pellucid, smooth, depressly convex, oblong,
somewhat dilated and rounded in front, and rather acutely
rounded behind. Cervical tentacles well developed, sub-erect,
oblong ovate, finely and closely lamellate, peduncles stout, retrac-
tile into tubular cavities. Labial tentacles short, stout and
finger-shaped. Branchial star small, not as wide as the body,
composed of six narrow, lanceolate, pinnate plumules, which
decrease in size posteriorly, projecting obliquely upward and
backwards, and retractile into a common cayity. Foot elongate,
narrow, slightly dilated anteriorly, obtusely rounded and fissured
in front, tapering posteriorly to an acute tip, and projecting far
behind the body.

Color. The mantle has a widely diffused pale orange red
margin, marked with a regular series of purple dots; a cream
colored line traverses each side of the back, passing around the

OF CONCHOLOGY. 19

front of each tentacle, and meeting round the branchial cavity ;
the space between these lines and the marginal band is marked
with purple dots. The back is marked with a median interrupted
cream colored stripe, in which are also disposed purple dots.
Along each side of the median stripe are several cream colored
spots, with central purple dots. Branchize colorless. ‘Tentacles
brown. The under surface of the mantle is same color as above,
but paler, the color being transmitted through the pellucid
mantle.

Length, three quarters of an inch.
Habitat, Island of Huaheine.

CHROMODORIS VARIANS, Pease. Plate 9, fig. 2.

Animal subpellucid, flaccid, oblong, smooth, convex above,
slightly dilated anteriorly, and rounded at both extremities.
Branchial star small, only about one-half the width of the body,
and recurved; plumules five, narrow lanceolate, pinnate, and
retractile into a simple cavity. Cervical tentacles large, sub-
erect, clavate, elongate, issuing from tubular cavities, closely
lamellated ; lamellze not very oblique, but close and deeply cut.
Labial appendages small and conical. Foot elongate, narrow,
slightly dilated in front, tapering posteriorly to a point, which
projects considerably behind the mantle.

Color rose red, with a median dorsal white line extending from
the intertentacular space to the branchial star. Margin of the
mantle with yellow. Cervical tentacles rose red. Upper por-
tion of the branchiz purple violet. Under surface of mantle
same as above, paler. Foot pale purple violet.

A variety occurs, on which the rose red of the upper surface
is replaced by purple violet, and branchial star with one more
plumule.

Length, one inch.
Habitat, Islands of Huaheine and Maiao.

Station, (under stones in the upper region of the laminarian
zone. Motions lively. When in motion the anterior portion of
the mantle is kept flapping up and down continually. A. G.)

20 AMERICAN JOURNAT,

NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
MARINE GASTHROPODA.

BY W. HARPER PEASE.

The localities and distributions of the tropical forms of Mol-
lusca, are being now accurately determined by the researches of
collectors permanently located at several points in the tropics,
and the errors.of transient collectors, on whom we have hereto-
fore mostly depended, are being corrected and consequently the
synonymy of the species.

As the local catalogues published by such gentlemen are de-
serving of the highest credit, it is the more necessary that any
errors they may have fallen into as to the identity of species
should be corrected.

The following synonyms of the species inhabiting the Island
of Bourbon, have been determined from specimens named by M.
Deshayes for the gentlemen from whom I received them.

They have, in addition, been carefully compared with the
published descriptions and figures.

RIssoIna ANGASII, Pse.
Rissoina turricula (Ang. non Pse.) Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p.
114.
Name preoccupied for a species inhabiting Polynesia, de-
scribed in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 458.
TEREBRA CONTIGUA, Pse.
Terebra assimilis (Pse. non Ang.) Am. Jour. Conch., 1869.
Name preoccupied by Mr. Angas for an Australian species,
described in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867.
TRITONIDEA ASSIMILIS, Rve.

Buccinum assimile, Rve., Con. Icon., Sp. 90.

‘The above species is credited to Australia by Mr. Angas in
his catalogue, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 187.

It is closely related to D’ Orbygnii, Payr, inhabiting the Medi-

OF CONCHOLOGY. yA

terranean, as Mr. Reeve states, and has been classed by Mr.
Weinkauff as a synonym of that species. The figure in Con.
Icon. was apparently taken from an immature specimen.
Whether that determination is correct or not, the Australian
species is quite distinct as to shape, sculpture and color. No
comparison is necessary. I describe it as

’'TRITONIDEA AUSTRALIS, Pease.

T. assimilis, Ang. non Rve., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 187.

T. fusiformi, elongata, longitudinaliter leviter costata, trans-
versim regulariter sulcata; spira elongata; anfr. 6, convexo
rotundata, ultimo ad basin vix recurvo: apertura angusta, labro
leviter crenulato, intus vix lirato; columella subelevato lami-
nata, dentato lirata; castaneo aut purpurascentis fusca, fascia
lata albida cingulata, interdum irregulariter maculata, sulcis
rufescentis.

Long. 14, diam. 6 mill.

Shell fusiform, elongate, somewhat cylindrical in shape, slight-
ly ribbed longitudinally, ribs rounded, 9-11 in number, trans-
versely grooved throughout, the interstices forming narrowrounded
ribs ; spire elongate, its whorls convexly rounded ; whorls six, the
last slightly recurved at base; aperture narrow, outer lip finel
crenulate on its edge, faintly ridged within ; columella slightly
elevately laminate, dentately ridged ; color dark purplish or red-
dish brown, encircled by an irregular broad whitish band, or
irregularly spotted, grooves reddish.

CoLUMBELLA DERMESTOIDES, Lam.

The above is credited to Australia by Mr. Angas, in Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 195.

He remarks that the Australian form ‘is certainly conspecific
with (. dermestoides of Kiener, which species is recorded as
coming from the West Indies.”’

The (. dermestoides, of Kiener, is identically the same as
that described by Lamarck, and both authors assign it to the
Mediterranean.

It is a small variety of Massa corniculum, (Olivi) which should
be classed under genus Amycla, H. and A. Ad., as the colum-
ella is smooth and truncate at base. The Australian species
belongs to another genus, being a true Columbella. It also
differs from the Mediterranean form in other respects.

The species figured and described in Con. Icon. under the
above name from the West Indies is distinet, and approaches
more nearly to O. interrupta, Ang., described from South Aus-
tralia, in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866.

22, AMERICAN JOURNAL

Mr. Sowerby has also selected a West Indian species from the
Cumingian Coll, to represent the above in Thes. Con.
The Australian I describe as

CoOLUMBELLA MACULOSA, Pse.

T. elongato-ovata, levis, nitida; anfr. 6, plano convexis, ad
suturam marginatis, ultimo basin sulcato, recurvo; apertura
parviuscula; columella tridentata ; lineis flavescentis reticulata.

Anfr. infra suturam, fascia purpurascento cingulatis, et albo
maculatis, supra suturam, albo, et flavescente alternatim macu-
latis.

Long. 7, diam. 33 mill.

Shell elongately ovate, smooth, shining; whorls six, flatly
convex, marginate at the suture, the last grooved at base and
recurved ; aperture rather small; columella tridentate ; openly
reticulate with fine yellowish lines, with an irregular band of
same color encircling the last whorl; whorls encircled above
next the suture with a purplish band, which is spotted with
opaque white, and below next the suture, with a line of alternate
white and yellowish spots. The last whorl is usually partly en-
circled on its base with a purplish line or narrow band.

OPERCULATUM INDICUM, Gme.

This species is credited to Australia by Mr. Angas, who gives
it a wide range in other provinces.

The only species, so far as | am aware, inhabiting Polynesia is
O. aurantium, Pse.

Judging from a single specimen in my collection of the shell
of the Australian species, and the color of the animal as given
by Mr. Angas, viz., ‘‘ greenish yellow,” it is possible that when
the animal is closely examined, it may prove to be distinct from
the East Indian.

MARGINELLA DEBILIS, Pse.
M. oryza, Pse. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860. p. 147.

Name preoccupied, changed as above.

Mr. Redfield, in his monograph of the above genus, published
in this Journal, 1870, has classed the above as a synonym of J.
australis, Hds.

A mistake must have occurred as to the identity of the species,
as the two are widely distinct. JZ. australis is described as
having the outer lip smooth within and the shell smooth and
colored. The lip of JZ. debilis is dentate, the shell striate, white,
and I would add to the description, marginate at the suture.

The two species also differ in size and shape.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 23

SISTRUM MARGINALBUM, (Blain.)

Purpura marginalba, (Blain.) Nouv. Ann. du Mus., 1832,
. 219.
Sinn tuberculatum, (Ang. non Blain.) Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1867, ps Tot.
The above species has been confounded with S. tuberculatum,
(Blain) by Mr. Angas and other authors.
The. two agree as to sculpture, but may be readily distin-

guished by the characters of the aperture. They also differ in
shape.

NAssA SUTURALIS, Lam.

Buceinum suturale, Lam. <An.s. Vert, Vol. 10, p. 166.
Nassa intermedia, Dkr. Reise du Novar, p. 5, pl. 1, f. 2.

‘The above species is found throughout the Papuan Islands, as
well as Australia, and varies widely.

At some localities, it is almost colorless, excepting the trans-
verse lines, which are constant.

The nodules on the upper part of the whorls are occasionally
much enlarged, passing down on to the last whorl, connecting it
with varieties of NV. hirta, Kien. The variety figured and
described in Voy. Novarra, is also noticed by Reeve in Con. Icon.
plate 2.

In addition to the above, I have also received typical speci-
mens from Coll. of Novar. Exped. of Purpura distinguenda, Dkr.,
collected at the Nicobar Islands, which 1 had previously received
from the Andamans and Red Sea.

It is the variety of P. hippocastanum, Lam, described by M.
Deshayes as P. Savignii, (stellata, Bolt.)

Cerithium gibberosum, of the same work, should be compared
with CL patulum, Sow.

Genus MITROIDEA, Pse.

Mitroidea, Pse. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 514.
Mauritia, A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 273.

It is gratifying to learn of the discovery, at the Mauritius, of
a second species of the above peculiar form, for which Mr. Adams
proposed the above generic name.

DoLIUM MELANOSTOMUM, Jay.

The original locality given to the above species by Dr. Jay,
viz., longa or Friendly Islands, has not been confirmed, although
that group of Islands has been visited by several collectors during
the past few years. It does inhabit the Hawaiian Islands,

24 AMERICAN JOURNAL

though but very seldom met with. I have heard of but two
having been found within the past fifteen years.

The metropolis of the species appears to be on the small
Islands to the West, which form a continuation of the Hawaiian
group, running parallel with its axis and extending, with long
intervals, over 1,000 miles. They are seldom visited. The last
expedition from Honolulu was sent out about two years ago.
The Captain, on his return, brought ten or more specimens,
which he had picked up on a sand beach at French Frigate
Shoals. With the exception of two or three they were bleached
perfectly white, though perfect in other respects. Several had
attained to an enormous size. The largest measured 35 inches
in circumference. Those in my collection are 24 inches, which

is about the usual size of the species.

CoLUMBELLA MISER, Sow.

C. miser, Sow. Thes. Con. 1844, p. 129, pl. 38, f. 111.

CO. Pacifica, Gask. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 4.

Having had opportunity of examining a large number of
specimens and their animals, I am confident that but one species
of the above type inhabits the Hawaian Islands. It passes
through some remarkable variations. The denticulations on the
outer lip are absent on some full grown specimens, which I con-
sider evidence of immaturity.

The variety mentioned by Mr. Sowerby is the most common,
whorls smooth, and I would add, occasionally angulate at suture.
The type is comparatively rare. All are grooved at base.

The reds spots are generally disposed longitudinally in an
angulate or zigzag manner. Specimens occur, wholly white or
of straw color.

PLEUROTOMA RUGOSA, Migh.

P. rugosa, Migh. Proc. Bost. Soc., 1845, p. 25.

P. scalarina, Desh. Conch. Isle Reunion, 1863, p. 109.

The above species appears to be widely distributed. In addition
to its original locality, Hawaiian Islands, I have received it from
Tahiti, Philippines, Ceylon, and lastly from Bourbon. Although
it varies somewhat in shape and color it may be easily recog-
nized. It is a beautiful species, with bold and pleasing charac-
ters. ‘From the elongate, turriculate form, figured by M.
Deshayes, it varies to an abbreviate, ovate shape. The extremes
measure 10 by 4 to 6 by 53 mill.

It is described by M. Deshayes as being grooved transversely.
I would add that the grooves are separated by fine elevated
ridges, which give the shell a corded appearance.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 29

The apex as well as base is occasionally stained with dark
purple or black, and specimens are met with faintly banded
with brown or yellow.

The figure in Conch. Reunion is not correctly colored, and
does not agree in that respect with the description.

DAPHNELLA BELLA, Pse.

? Daphnella bella, Pse. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 147.
Pleurotoma gemmulata, Desh. Conch. Reunion, p. 107.

The above generic name was attached to this species by the
late Mr. Cumings, when forwarded to him with the description.
I allow it to remain unaltered, as it does not agree with any one
of the divisions of Plewrotomide. It resembles somewhat Co-
lumbella. .

The Bourbon specimens are identically the same as those in-
habiting the Hawaiian Islands.

CERITHIUM JANTHINUM, Gld.

C. janthinum, Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc., 1849, p. ale,
C. aspersum, Desh. Conch. Reunion, 1863, p. 97.

The name given to this species by Dr. Gould is an unfortunate
one, as specimens wholly purple are of rare occurrence. As
remarked by M. Deshayes, the species is very variabie as to
color, and I would add, the most so of any of the genus. Of over 40
specimens in my collection, no two are alike as to color or mark-
ing. They are wholly purple, or yellow, or violet, or white, or
rose color, or various shades of brown; they are light with a dark
sutural band, or banded, or spotted, or lineated with various
colors. ‘The varices are, however, invariably white.

TRIFORIS INCISUS, -Pse.
T. incisus, Pse. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 434.
T. triliratus, Desh. Conch. Reunion, p. 102.

The description by M. Deshayes was evidently taken from
an immature specimen. It varies somewhat in color, being
wholly brown, or obscurely mottled with pale colors.

On mature specimens, the punctures are longitudinal in shape.

PERNA HAWAIIENSIS, Pse.

P. californica, Cony. Jour. Acad. Phil., 1837, p. 245.

The above species is confined in its distribution to the Hawaiian
Islands. As doubts have arisen as to its identity for reason of
its name, which is a misnomer, I have thought advisable to
change it as above.

26 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS.
BY W. HARPER PEASE.

PARTULA EXPANSA, Pse. Plate 9, fig. 3.

T. solidiuscula, late umbilicata, oblique ovata, striis incre-
mentis subrugosula, non striolata, albescente, sublente lineis in-
terruptis, albis, cingulata, (probabiliter epidermide induta) ;
Spira brevis, parva; anfr. 4, convexis, ultimus magnus, tumidus,
oblique valde productus, 3 longitudinis teste squans; perist.
eequaliter late expansum, superne marginibus approximatis; colu-
mella vix dilatata; apertura obliqua, ovalis, basi rotundata.

Alt. 143, diam. 173 mill.; ap. 74 mill. longa, 5 mill. lata.
Hab. in Insula Tutuila.

The above peculiar species is of a type new to the genus.
The shell is rather solid, openly umbilicate, more so than any of
the genus, without the usual transverse strize, but slightly rough-
ened by lines of growth; color whitish, and encircled by inter-
rupted opaque white lines. When living it was probably covered
with anepidermis. ‘The spire is small, the last whorl comprising
most of the shell, which is swollen and very much produced ob-
liquely, so much so that the diameter is greater than its altitude.
The peristome is equally and widely expanded all around, the
margins approaching each other at the whorl, so that the aperture
is slightly the broadest anteriorly.

It was collected at the above locality, by Mr. John Brazier.

PARTULA BICOLOR, Pse. Plate 9, fig. 4.

T. solida, perforata, acute ovata, nitida, striis confertis, ob-
soletis transversim notata, straminea, anfr. spire fascia rufescente
juxta suturam cingulatis; perist. extus intusque rufescente ;
anfr. 4, convexis, ultimus 3 longitudinis tests squans; perist
incrassatum, breviter et wqualiter expansum ; apertura vix ob-
liqua, ovalis, callo parvulo profundo in ventre anfr. penultimi.

Alt. 15, diam. 9 mill., ap. 5 mill. longa, 4 mill. lata. Hab.
in Insula Guam.

OF CONCHOLOGY. Di

The above may be distinguished from P. gibba (Terr.), which
occurs at the same locality, in being of smaller size, last whorl
not inflated, and in its color.

PaRTULA BrazteRI, Pse. Plate 9. fig. 5.

T. dextrorsa, umbilicata, conico-elongata, recta, solidiuscula,
striis confertis transversim distineta notata, nitida, pallide stra-
minea, prope basin, pallide fusco obsolete bifasciata; anfr. 5
convexis, ultimus + longitudinis teste fere sequans ; sutura im-
pressa,. simplici ; apertura vix obliqua, ovalis ; perist. album, in-
crassatum, convexum, breviter et equaliter expansum ; columella
superne late dilatata.

Alt. 224, diam. 12 mill. ; ap. 9 mill. longa, 6 mill. lata.

Hab. in Insula Tutuila (Brazier).

This species was collected by Mr. Brazier at the above locality.
It is of the type of P. conica, (Gld.) and canalis, Mouss. The
shell is straight, elongate dextral, whorls convex, marked trans-
versely by the usual fine strix and longitudinally by lines of
growth. The color is pale yellow, with two indistinct bands of
pale brown encircling the last whorl near its base. The lip is
callous and but slightly expanded; columella widely dilated
above, its callosity extending some distance over the wall of the
aperture.

Genus HYALOPSIS, Pse.

Testa purpxformis, callo nitido obducta ; perist. simplex, vix
incrassatum, margine columellari integro, canali verticalis ad in-
sertionum marginis dextri. Apertura circularis.

The above genus is another link connecting the several genera
Pupina, Registoma and Callia.

I quite agree with Mr. Dohrn that they should be united, but
that the several groups should retain their names as subgenera.

HYALOPSIS TUMIDA, Pse. Plate 9, fig. 6.

T. dextrorsa, oblique ovata, nitida, pellucida, levigata, fulvo-
cornea; anfr. 5, rotundato-convexis tumidis; apice vix obtusa ;
sutura filo-marginata; perist. circularis, vix incrassatum, album.

Alt. 74, diam. 5 mill. Hab. Insulis Salomonis.

Shell dextral, obliquely ovate, shining, smooth, pellucid, yel-
lowish horn color; whorls five, roundly convex, somewhat swol-
len ; apex obtuse, suture narrowly marginate ; peristome circular,
slightly callous, white.

Collected at the above locality by Mr. John Brazier.

28 AMERICAN JOURNAL

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION OF CLAUSILIA TRIDENS,
CHEMNITZ.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

Clausilia tridens, Chemn., occurs in Puerto Rico only, and no
other species of the genus has been found in the West Indies.
The jaw and lingual membrane here described were received from
Mr. Robert Swift.

Javy slightly arcuate, low, long, of almost equal height through-
out; ends slightly attenuated, bluntly truncated; anterior sur-
face without ribs; cutting edge with a blunt median projection.
Figure 4 is drawn from a photograph taken by our friend Mr.
Sam. Powel. It will be seen that the cutting edge is developed
beyond the well marked median beak. This extension is thinner
than the rest of the jaw, and can, we believe, scarcely be normal.
Should it prove to be constant in the species, the concave mar-
gin can hardly be said to have a median projection, but still the
well marked beak upon the inner line will show the species to
be related, by the characters of its jaw, to the subfamily Pu-
pine. (See Land and Fresh Water Shells of N. A., Part I,
p. 223). :

Lingual membrane short and broad, composed of numerous
rows of about 30—1—50 teeth each. Centrals long, narrow,
incurved at sides, concave and either excavated or thinned at
base, rounded at top, and with a recurved, small, blunt apex.
Laterals shorter and broader than the centrals, their base cut
away for two-thirds their length nearest the centrals, their sides
parallel, curving outwards from the centrals, the top rounded or
indented ; apex recurved, produced into a stout tri-lobed or bi-
lobed denticle, the central or larger lobe bearing a stout, pro-
longed, conical point. At about the twelfth lateral the teeth
commence to change gradually into the marginals, the extreme
form of which are subquadrate, wider than high, broadly
recurved into an oblique, irregularly denticulated apex ; the mar-
ginals decrease rapidly in size as they pass outward towards the

OF CONCHOLOGY. 29

margin of the membrane; they are exceedingly variable in the
number and disposition of the denticles on their recurved apices.

The membrane is peculiar in the small size of the recurved
apex of the central teeth as compared with that of the laterals.

On plate 2 we have given a figure of one central (fig. 8), with
the first laterals (fig. 8 and 8), the second lateral (fig. 8), the
fifth lateral (fig. 7). ‘The passage of the laterals into the mar-
ginals is shown in fig. 1. The fully developed marginals in fig.
2. Figure 5 gives also a form intermediate between laterals
and marginals. Figs. 1 and 2 are from the right of the cen-
tral line. The others are from the left, except fig. 8, which gives
teeth from both sides of the central line.

These figures, as well as that of the jaw, are drawn from pho-
tographs taken directly from the microscope by our friend Mr.
Sam. Powel.

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION OF HELICINA OCCULTA
BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

In the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History,
vol. ix, p. 287, we described and figured the lingual dentition of
Helicina occulta, Say. We had at that time examined a single
membrane, imperfectly mounted. An opportunity has more re-
cently been given us to study several other membranes. ‘This
has shown us that we were quite mistaken in our determination
of the fifth lateral tooth. It is evident that what we described
and figured as the fifth lateral is in reality a basal expansion of
the fourth lateral, belonging to the row of teeth immediately
above the row from which our figure is drawn. It may be that
this expansion forms the point of attachment of the fourth lat-
eral, which would account, perhaps, for the crimping of its base.

In describing the fourth lateral, we remarked that it seemed
to have, in some instances, a wing-like expansion behind the un-
cini. This was, no doubt, the fifth lateral, imperfectly seen in
the lingual. examined.

The figure (fig. 6, plate 2) we have here given shows the lower

30 AMERICAN JOURNAL

half of the fourth lateral tooth and the fifth lateral tooth. It is
taken from a photograph, for which we are indebted to our friend
Mr. Sam. Powel, of Newport, R. I.

There is considerable variation in the shape of this fifth lateral
tooth. In some cases the upper margin is excavated along
three-fourths of its length.

Explanation of Plate 2, illustrating the articles by Messrs. Bland
and Binney.

Figure 1. Clausilia tridens, Chemn. Three lateral teeth,
about the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth on the right of the
central line. ‘hese are given to illustrate the passage from the
laterals into the marginals.

Figure 2. Clausiha tridens. The seventh and eighteenth
teeth on the right of the central line. These are fully developed
marginals.

Figure 8. Clausilia tridens. The first lateral on the left of
the central line.

Figure 4. Clausilia tridens. The jaw.

Figure 5. Clausilia tridens. The twelfth lateral on the left
of the central line. Compare with figure 1 from another trans-
verse series of the same lingual membrane.

Figure 6. Helicina occulta, Say. The fifth lateral tooth, with
a portion of the fourth lateral, to show its basal extension.

Figure 7. Clausilia tridens. The fifth lateral to the left of
the median line. ;

Figure 8. Clausilia tridens. The central tooth with the ad-
jacent laterals.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 31

NOTICES AND REVIEWS

VEW<€O0NCHOLOGILCAL WORKS.

BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.

I.—AMERICAN.

American Journal of Science and Arts. N.S., Vol. 50. No. 150, Nov.
1870.

Contributions to Zoology from the Museum of Yale College.
No. 8.—Descriptions of some New England Nudibranch-
vata. By A. EK. VERRILL.

The following new species are described:

Dendronotus robustus, Doridella, n. gen.
Doris bifida, Doridella obscura.

American Journal of Science and Arts. 3d Series, Vol. 1, No.1. Jan.
1871.
Descriptions of some imperfectly known and new Ascidians
trom New England. By A. EK. VERRILL.
Molgula Manhattensis, DeKay. Molgula littoralis, Verrill.
“© pannosa, Verrill. *< papillosa, Veryrill.
‘“< retortiformis, Verrill. “¢ pilularis, Verrill.

No. 2. Feb., 1871.
Same paper continued.

Cynthia stellifera, Verrill. Cynthia echinata, Linn.
Ascidia monoceros, Moller. ‘© pyriformis, Rathke.
Syn. C. condylomata, Packard. “¢ pulchella, Verrill.
Cynthia carnea, Verrill. Ascidia complanata, Fabr.

‘“¢ placenta (pars), Packard. Ciona tenella, Stimpson.

32 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Note on transversely striated muscular fiber among the Gas-
teropoda. By W. H. Dat.

A reply to Mr. Dall’s criticism on the Brachiopods as a di-
vision of the Annelids. By Epw. 8S. Morse.

American Naturalist. Vol. 1V, No. 10. Dec. 1870.

Distribution of the Marine Shells of Florida. By Dr. Wm.
STIMPSON.

Of three hundred and fourteen species collected by the author,
only one hundred and forty-five, or less than half, were common
to the east and west coasts of Florida; fifty-eight being peculiar
to the east and one hundred and eleven to the west coast. The
higher temperature of that portion of the Gulf of Mexico, due
to the Gulf Stream, gives a tropical character to its molluscous
fauna; yet in the north-western portion of the Gulf, where the
temperature is lower, the species of the Atlantic coast appear
again predominantly, and indicate a connection of the waters of
the Gulf with those of the Atlantic through, perhaps, shallow la-
goons and sandy straits, within a comparatively recent geolo-
gical period.

I1.—FOREIGN.

BRITISH.

Report of the 39th Meeting of the British Association fcr the
Advancement of Science, Held at Exeter in August, 1869.
On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Nicaragua. By
Rap Tate.

The land shells of Guatemala, Honduras, Yucatan, and Mex-
ico resemble those of the West Indian Islands in the prevalence
of species of Cylindrella, Macroceramus, Adamsiella, Megalo-
mastoma, Chondropoma, Cistula, and Tudora, none of which
genera have been observed in Nicar agua, and south to the Isth-
mus of Darien. ‘This circumstance, viewed in connection with
the distribution of the Nicaraguan species, points to a different
origin for the fauna, and the author is thereby induced to regard
Nicaragua as comprised within the Columbian region of the dis-
tribution of land and fresh-water shells, and not within the
Mexican.

Conchologia Iconica. Parts 284, 285.

Philine, 2 plates, Oct. 1870 (with colored plates).
P. truncatissima, Sowb., n. sp. Hab. 7?
P. orientalis, Adams MSS: Habs

OF CONCHOLOGY. 53

Bullina, 1 plate.

Nucula, 4 plates, Oct., 1870.

Utriculus, 1 plate.

Ostrea, 5 plates, Oct., 1870 (not complete).

Linteria, 1 plate.
L. acuminata, Sowb., n. sp. Guadaloupe, Sandwich Is.
L. fasctata, Sowb., ee Hab. 7

Seaphander, 1 plate.

Solenclia and Neiloe, 1 plate.
S. subequivalvis, Sowb., n. sp. Australia.

Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Roya! Asiatic Society. 1867
—T0. Parti. Colombo. 1870.

Description of a New Genus and Five New Species of Ma-
vine Univalves from the Southern Province, Ceylon. By
G. and A. NEVILL.

Robinsonia, n. g. Pleurotoma (Mangelia) Bakeri.
RR Ceylonica, e curculio.
fi. pusilla, lemniscata.

Annals and Magazine cf Natural History, 4th Series. No. 35. Lon-
don, Nov , 1870.
On Astarte excurrens and A. modesta. By Searuss V.
Wooo.

The reeent Mediterranean species A. modesta, H. Adams, is
generically distinet (being a Gouldia) from A. exeurrens, Wood,
with which Mr. Adams supposed it to be possibly identical.

Helix: personata, Lamarck. By J. Gwyn JePFREYS.

This species is now believed to belong to the British fauna, as
it occurs in the Post Tertiary of Belfast, in Lreland, ete.

Wo. 36, December, 1870.

Report on the Testaceous Mollusca obtained during a Dredg-
ing Excursion in the Gulf of Suez in the Months of Feb-
ruary and March, 1869. By Roperr McAnprew.

The author obtained im all 818 species, a proof of the amaz-
ing fertility of the sea in a region where the land is so barren.
619 species have been identified or deseribed, and 199 are still
undetermined. In the lst of named species are 555 not previ-
ously recorded as inhabiting the Red Sea, and of these 53 are

3

34 AMERICAN JOURNAL

new to science, as are probably also most of the 199 undeter-
mined species.

“The extraordinary dissimilarity between the fauna of the
Rei Sea and of the Mediterranean, which has been frequently
remarked, and which appears to be confirmed by further re-
searches.on both sides of the isthmus (holding good with respect
to the other invertebrata and fishes as well as the Mollusca),
shows that a barrier between the seas must have existed from
very remote time; and this is not inconsistent with Prof. Issel’s
Statement that an examination of the geological conditions of
the isthmus leads to the conclusion that the two seas were united
during the Hocene and Miocene periods.

“It is true, as has been observed by the authority I have
quoted, that some of the Suez species appear to be so nearly
related to their representatives in the Mediterranean and Atlan-
tic, that it is easy to suppose that they may have been originally
the same, and that their distinguishing characters may have
been acquired during the series of ages through which they may
have been separated, though I could hardly admit this with re-
spect to all the species quoted by Issel as Mediterranean equiva-
lents. Such species, however, form but a small percentage of
the whole; and I am not sure that more remote localities, such
as Japan and Australia, do not furnish about as many examples
of relationship to the European fauna.

“The number of Suez species that are common to Japan, the
Philippine Islands, Australia, the Sandwich Islands, &c., is
worthy of remark, as showing that the Mollusca of the Pacific and
Tudian oceans have a much wider distribution than those of the
Atlantic, where the shores of America possess but few species in
common with the coasts of Hurope and Africa. The fact of a
species having in several instances been obtained from only two
localities very remote from each other, such as Suez and Japan,
is to be attributed to (which it is a proof of) the very small amount
of knowledge we possess of the fauna of the intervening seas.

“It is not to be supposed that my present list is any near
approach to a complete catalogue of the Mollusca of the Gulf of
Suez, much less to those of the Red Sea, to which it forms but a
small contribution. Up to the very last, we never returned from
a day's work without having added several species to our collee-
tion, and we might probably have long continued to do so. It is
also remarkable in how many instances we obtained only one or
two examples of a species.”

Mediterranean Mollusca. No. 2. By J. Gwyn JEFFREYS.

Platydia Davidsoni = Megerlia truncata (abnormal).
Lwina transversa, Bronn, is an Axinus.

on

OF CONCHOLOGY. oT

Various other errors in the first paper on this subject, published
in the “Annals” for July, are here corrected.
On Georissa, Acmella (Cyclostoma tersum, Bens.), Tricula
and Cyathopoma millium, Bens. By Wriuutam T. Buan-
FORD.
Georissa is not distinguishable from Hydrocena, and merges
in it.
Acmella, gen. nov., type Hydrocena tersa, Pfr. = Cyclostoma
tersum, Bens.

DANISH.

Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjo-
benhavn for Aaret, 1868.

Faunula Molluscorum Islandie. By O. A. L. M6rcu.
This paper contains, first, a bibliographical review, and, sec-
ondly, a list of species, with descriptions, synonymy and critical

remarks. One hundred and fifty-six species are enumerated.

Zilleg til *Faunula Molluscorum Insularum Feréensium.”
By O. A. L. Morcu.

GERMAN.

Systematisches Conctylien-Cabinet von Martini und Ciemnitz.
Continued by H. C. Kiister. Part 200. Nurnberg, 1870.

The text completes the monograph of Donaz, and continues
those of Murex and Ranella.

Donaz rostrata, Romer, n. sp. Upper Guinea.

Novitates Conchologice. Supplement IIL Monographie der Mollusken-
gattung Venus. By Dr. Edward Rémer. Parts 26 to 29. Cassel, 1870. 12
colored plates.

The monograph of Zapes is continued in these numbers.

Novitates Conchologicee. Land Conchylien. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer. Part
37, (with three colored plates).

Bulimus Dammarensis, Pf., n. sp. Africa.

Novitates Conchodlogices. Meeres Conchylien. By Dr. W. Dunker. Part
16.

The following new specics are described :
Barbatia Petersti, Dkr. Madagascar.
Arca Crosset, ‘¢*) Mazatlan.

Arca fusco-marginata, Dkr. Madagascar.

'

3G AMERICAN JOURNAL

The following corrections of specific names previously pab-
lished in the “ Novitates,” is given:

Cytherea cordiformis, Dkr., == C. obliquata, Hanley. Maéreh,
in his Yoldi Catalogue, calls the same species Cath. (Cardium)
albida, Martyn.

Mactre Lithdorffti, Dkr., = M. Sachalinensis, Schreack.

Sunetta coneinna, Dkr., = S. (Meroé) truncata, Deshayes.

Lucina mirabilis, Dkr., = DL. Voorhevei, Deshayes.

Anomalocardia paueigranosa, Dky., = Arca nodifera, Mar-
tens.

Barbatie eximia, Dkr... = Area magellanica, Chemn.

Faseciolaria Heyremanni, Dkr., n. sp., 38 proposed for the
shell previously described and figured as . purpurea, Jonas,
var. ¢

Ricinula spectosa, Dkr., = R. Reeveana, Crosse.

Dolium Saponicum, Dky., = D. luteostomum, Kust.

The present number completes a volume of the marine division
of the ‘“‘ Novitates.”

AM EH nre AN

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

NEW SERIES.
PUBLISHED BY THE

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Vor VIL. ; 1871-72. Part 2,

Meeting April 6th, 1871.
Six members present.
Dr. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the chair.

Several additions to the museum and library were received.

Hugh Nevill, of Point de Galle, Ceylon, was elected a corres-
ponding member.

Meeting May 4th, 1871.
Six members present.
G. W. Tron, JR., Vice-Director, in the chair.
A number of donations to the museum and library were an-
nounced.
The following papers were presented for publication and re-
ferred to Committees :

‘Supplement to the Revision of the Terebratulidz and Lin-
gulidz, with Additions, Corrections and a Revision of the

Craniide and Discinide ;” by Wm. H. Dall.
4

38 AMERICAN JOURNAL

‘“Notes on Dr. James Lewis’ paper on the Shells of the
Holston River (published in Am. Jour. Conch., VI, part 3);”
by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

Meeting June 1st, 1871.
Six members present. 9
Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the chair.

The following papers were offered for publication in the Jour-
nal:

‘‘ Descriptions of Sixty new forms of Mollusca from the West
Coast of North America and the North Pacific Ocean, with Notes
on others already described ;” by Wm. H. Dall.

‘Notes on the genus Anisothyris, with a Description of a new
Species ;” by Wm. H. Dall.

‘* Description of a new Species of Monoceros from California,
with Remarks on the Distribution of the North American Spe-
cies ;”’ by R. E. C. Stearns.

‘“* Descriptions of new California Shells ;’’ by R. E. C. Stearns.

Extracts were read from a letter received from Mr. Wm. M.
Gabb, dated San Domingo, April 15th, 1871, stating that-nine-
teen of the twenty-two specimens of Littorina collected by him
in Sept., 1870. were still living. Dr. F. A. Hassler stated that
specimens in his collection, collected by Mr. Gabb, were alive, and
in confirmation, exhibited the individuals, which were quite active,
although nine months out of water.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 39

SUPPLEMENT TO THE ‘REVISION OF THE TEREBRATU-
LIDZ,” WITH ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS AND A REVI-
SION OF THE CRANIIDA AND DISCINIDZ.

BY W. H. DALL, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

Since the publication of the paper above referred to, much new
material and many new facts have come to hand. ‘To such an
extent has this been the case, that I have been impelled to offer
a supplement, which, besides containing additions and corrections,
should also furnish a ready list of the other species of recent
brachiopods not included in the first paper, so that the two taken
together might form for the student of these animals a sort of
index of reference. While doing this I am well aware that I
cannot hope to escape errors, and trust that such as may occur
may receive as speedy and thorough refutation as the progress
of science demands. Accuracy being the one thing needful in
all scientific work, no one should regret any advance toward it,
whether it militate for or against his individual views.

I have to express my great obligations to various authors for
kindly and valuable criticism and assistance in my work, and to
none more than to Thos. Davidson, Esq., F. G. 8., whose pale-
ontological studies among the members of this group, stand
almost unique among monographs, as do those of Barrande among
cephalopods and trilobites. To J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq. and Mr.
E. Billings I am under obligations; I have also to express my
indebtedness to Prof. Agassiz, who, with the kind concurrence of
Count Pourtales and Dr. Wm. Stimpson, has afforded me the
opportunity of examining and dissecting series of the brachio-
pods obtained in the well known deep sea dredgings of the U. S.
Coast Survey on the course of the Gulf Stream. The report
upon them will be published by the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology.

In the preliminary portion of my first paper on the Brachiopods,
I indulged in some brief remarks on the systematic position of
the group. These remarks were prompted, it is true, by some
recent publications of Prof. E. 8. Morse, but were rather in-

40 AMERICAN JOURNAL

tended as a statement of the case, than as a criticism upon the
special views put forward by that gentleman. However, he has
seen fit to regard them in the latter light, and has complained
that they were not in the nature of impartial criticism.* — I sin-
cerely regret that such should be his feeling, and can only state
in defence, that they were not intended as a criticism, but as a
statement of certain important characteristics of the various

oups compared, and hence could not include much reference to
the many trivial and irrelevant facts which he had brought for-
ward in support of his theories.

I propose, however, at present to meet him on his own ground,
and to give at the same time as thorough a statement of the case
from my point of view, and as impartial review of all the facts
as the case will admit.

As it is impossible to solve an algebraic problem without affix-
ing a definite value to some of its terms, so it is impossible to
fairly discuss any theory until the ground upon which the differ-
ent parties stand, is clearly defined.

Prof. Morse has advanced two theories, but has mainly di-
rected his efforts to the sustentation of the second of them. They
are, lst. The brachiopods present a comprehensive type. 2d.
The brachiopods are not mollusks, but a subdivision of the anne-
lids.

It seems to me that these two statements are irreconcilable.

In the first view I am inclined to agree with Prof. Morse to a
certain extent. In the second, I am entirely unable to agree
with him.

It is evident that much, if not all, the discussion must turn
upon the point, what is a mollusk or molluscoid, and what is
an annelid, or, in general terms, a worm.

I have repeatedly desired Prof. Morse to define these two types
from his standpoint, and he has never responded. Is it, there-
fore, to be supposed that he has no clear ideas upon these sub-
jects, or that he fears that any definition would so expose the
weakness of his theory as to insure its immediate rejection? It
would, perhaps, be hardly fair to draw such conclusions.

For my own part, I am quite willing to define my views and
position with regard to the question in detail; though I am as
conscious that there are others who might state the case far
more ably than myself. If any one person, by some miraculous
gift, were able to study all the forms which have lived upon the
earth since it first became habitable, and that person was also
gifted with the mental attributes necessary for the comprehension

* Silliman’s Am. Journ., Sci. and Arts, Feb., 1871, p. 136.

OF CONCHOLOGY. Al

of all their structural characters ; few would assert that such
study would reveal sharp lines of demarkation between verte-
brates and invertebrates, mollusks and annulosa, radiates and
protozoans. On the contrary, we know that with the very lim-
ited knowledge which we possess of the forms inhabiting the
earth at the present period, there are such close approximations
between members of the different great groups as to render it a
matter of great difficulty to refer them to their proper places in
the natural system. ‘This difficulty has seemed so insuperable to
some of the most eminent naturalists of the present day, that
they have entirely rejected the great groups (representing differ-
ent fundamental types of structure to Cuvier) and have substi-
tuted a larger number of smaller ones ; and even of some of these
small groups the boundaries are a matter of discussion.

Under these circumstances, we should naturally expect to find
among the older types of animal life, a more generalized struc-
ture than in those of later development, and that the living rep-
resentatives of these old types should be among those which offer
the greatest difficulties in referring them to a definite place in
our systems.

For my own part I confess I incline to the belief that, after
eliminating the Protozoa, the revised sub-kingdoms or embranch-
ments of Cuvier have still a meaning and a value, though not
such as he ascribed to them. Among the lower invertebrates,
however, there are many forms which, from their simplicity, offer
few characters; and in such cases we can only strike the bal-
ance and refer them to places indicated by the majority of their
characteristic features. This process must always depend, to some
extent, upon the individual opinion of the particular student, and
while the majority of naturalists may be united upon a given
question, there may be others who view the subject differently
upon the same evidence. It does not appear to me that the
brachiopods can be included in this category of doubtful forms.
Indeed, their class and ordinal characters seem to indicate their
position with sufficient clearness to admit of no doubt upon the
subject.

Before proceeding to discuss this point, however, Ishall define,
to the best of my ability, the groups under consideration, and
then show, as far as may be, the grounds upon which I consider
the brachiopods to belong to one, rather than to another group ;
after which I propose to take up separately each of Prof. Morse’s
supposed homologies, and sift it as thoroughly and impartially as
possible. In the first place, the Mollusca, including both the
typical forms and the Molluscotdea, appear to present the follow-
ing characters as typical features of structure :

42 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Type MOLLUSCA, Cuvier (emend.) ,
Heteroganghata, Owen, 1835. Saccata, Morse and Hyatt; 1865.

Animals characterized by the development of organs singly
or in single pairs,* with the inarticulated, non-radiated soft parts
enveloped in a sacf or mantle of varied form, which secretes the
usually external hard parts, if any exist, and which is invariably
pierced for the oral aperture, and generally more or less open
elsewhere; furnished with a mouth and intestine which is bent
more or less upon itself; with a nervous ganglion below the oral
opening and usually nervous cords therefrom, forming a ring
about the cesophagus; other ganglia, if any, distributed ina
scattered manner and never along a pair of symmetrical, sub-
abdominal, median cords{. Animals free, or having an organic
connection with extraneous objects.

The respiratory, reproductive and circulatory systems are so
variable and offer such wide discrepancies, that no characters are
afforded by them for the typical diagnosis.

The same may be said of their embryology. The type, or sub-
kingdom, offers two sub-types or divisions, but we have not the
data to exactly define the limits of the gap between them. The
following diagnoses are generally applicable.

Sub-type MoLuLusca VERA.

Mollusca having three principal ganglia (or pairs of ganglia) ;
a heart and a circulation within definite vessels; the heart sit-
uated on the opposite side of the intestinal canal from the sub-
cesophageal ganglion or encircling the intestine, or rarely double
or possessing accessory ‘‘ pulsatile vesicles,” (as in the cephalo-
pods) in connection with the branchial arteries; reproducing by
ova only; breathing free air or water; usually possessing a
‘“‘ water-vascular”’ system.

This subdivision presents three well marked classes, the Ce-
phalopoda, Gasteropoda and Conchifera, which are, however, of
very unequal value. he last is much more widely separated
from either of the others than they are from each other, and, as

* Clark, Mind in Nature, p. 195, 1865.

+ Morse, Class. Moll. on the principle of Cephalization, Com. Essex
Inst. p. 178, 1865.

t Owen, Enc. Brit. Art. Mollusca; Ed. viii, p. 320, vol. xv, 1858. The
nerves of the appendix in Appendicularzva are furnished with successive
dilations, but they are not sub-abdominal nor bilaterally symmetrical,
being on each side irregularly distributed without reference to those on
the opposite side. ‘

OF CONCHOLOGY. 43

has been pointed out by Morse and others, may be regarded as
the typical group of the sub-kingdom. The pteropods present no
features of class value, much less the heteropods.

The fact that the pulmonates have been separated as a distinct
class by Huxley* excites surprise, as the characters given are
insufficient for such a distinction, and very gradual transitions
toward the other gasteropods may be pointed out. The flexure
of the intestine varies greatly, and is by no means a constant
character.

A transition between the lamellibranchs and tunicates is in-
dicated through the genus Rhodosoma (Schizascus, Stimpson) and
Prof. Morse observes + ‘‘ the relations between the tunicates and
lamellibranchs are too obvious to indicate.”’ © It has been pro-
posed by Girard to combine the Planarian worms ‘with the mol-
lusks on embryological and anatomical grounds ; and by Merch
that the trematodes, cestodes and other low forms of worms should
also be transferred to this sub-kingdom, but their obvious affini-
ties, in spite of their simplicity of structure, have deterred other
naturalists from following these examples. ’

In some points of their structure, the brachiopods are allied to
the Conchifera, and by others to the cephalopods and some aber-
rant groups of gasteropods. So mtercrossed are the threads of
affinity, that a kind of reticulation is the result, and it is far
more easy to point out these features than to assert for some a
preponderance over all others.

The heart (though far more simple) of the brachiopods with its
accessory ‘hearts,’ or “pulsatile vesicles’ and their relations
to the blood vessels which supply the branchial apparatus, is
closely paralleled both in appearance and in function, in the so-
called ‘* branchial hearts” of the cephalopods.{ In the conchifers
also a notable dilatation of the blood vessels§ on their entry into
the branchiz may be observed, though not differentiated as
strongly as in the others.|| The heart lies free upon the intestine
in Anomia{], much as it does in Terebratula, and the greatly en-_
larged oral ‘tentacles,’ the absence of other branchiz, or of a
large, well differentiated ‘‘ foot,’ as well as the complex muscu-
lar system and the peduncular attachment, all recall a somewhat
similar state of things which exists in the brachiopods. In some

* Introduction to the Classification of Animals, p. 39, 1869:

es Moll. on the Basis of Cephalization, Com. Essex Inst. p. 176,
{See Bronn, KI. and Ordn. Thierr. 2d Abth. Taf. exvii.
¢ The circulating vessels are most simple in the aberrant Solenoconche.
|| Garner, Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond., ii, p. 90, 1841.
| Boid:-Ieecp. 91.

44 AMERICAN JOURNAL

cases among the lamellibranchs we find two distinct hearts.*
The young conchifer is attached in the beginning by a byssiform
peduncle, is without lamelliform gills, and respires by the vascu-
lar and ciliated surface of the mantle lobes, and has two distinct
hearts.| They are sometimes furnished with sete or bristles
(speischen) upon the mantle lobes in their larval condition, as in
Anodon.

The gap between the conchifers and gasteropods presents no
well marked interruptions, though the Dentaliide and some ptero-
pods, perhaps come nearer than any others toward bridging it.

The genitalia, respiratory apparatus, embryology and the
curves of the alimentary canal present such differences and modi-
fications that it is impossible to generalize briefly upon them in
this sub-division.

The blood is sometimes colored, but more generally translu-
cent.

The oral aperture and efferent orifice (when the latter exists,
as it usually dves) are, in the majority of cases, contiguous.

Striated muscular fiber has not yet been detected in the cepha-
lopods, but is known to exist in members of the other two
classes. {

Many conchifers are attached by a more or less permanent
byssus, and some gasteropods, as well as conchifers, are attached
by the calcareous matter of their external shells, to which they
are organically fixed by muscles.

One group among the gasteropods merits special attention,
on account of the many points in which it offers some analogy
with articulate animals. I refer to the Polyplacophora or chitons.
This remarkable order, in its dorsal vessels and (in some cases)
fasciculated sets, resembles the annelids; in its differentiated
carapax-like head (in the young condition) and successive hard
plates recalls the crustacea ; while its symmetrical genitalia and
lateral branchize bear a distant relation to those of the conchifers.
It is to be observed, however, that the apparent segmentation
is confined to the valves and fasciculated sete, and that the in-
ternal organs present no similar series of repetitions. The head
and foot, odontophore, nervous system and alimentary canal are
typically molluscan, and of the balance of characters there can
be no doubt. The eyes, present in the young, are lost in the
adult condition; the pores of the girdle, though perhaps not
homologous, present some analogies with the perforations of the

* Huxley, Intr. Class. p. 34, 1869.

t Owen, Lect. Comp. Anat. Inv. p. 528.

Dall On striated muscular fiber in the Gasteropoda, Silliman’s Am.
Journ. Sci. and Arts, Feb. 1871, p. 123.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 45

Terebratulide and in some forms, as among the brachiopods,
are wanting.

It is noticeable that if a diagram be made of a chiton with am-
bient branchize, in the position which it assumes when removed
from its station on a rock, that the position of the oviducts,
branchize and heart resembles that of the same structures in the
molluscoidea, but with the position of the heart reversed in rela-
tion to the ganglion, indicating the position of the group to be
among the typical mollusks. I observe a character, which, in
one sense, may be termed degradational ; that is, that there ap-
pears to be a sort of fading out of the characters of the anterior
part of the body, so that the oviducts, heart, and in many cases
the branchize, are more or less concentrated toward the posterior
end of the body. It has been stated that the branchize proceed
from the tail toward the head, but this appears to me to be in-
correct. In all the chitons I have examined, the branchiz point
toward the tail, even when wanting in the cephalic region, and
there is always a space entirely without branchiz at the posterior
extremity. In the chitons with ambient gills, no such space
occurs in front, the arteries and nerves are most emphasized
anteriorly, so that I am forced to the conclusion that the bran-
chial cordon really springs from the cephalic region as in the
limpets, though very different in character from theirs.

The annulated mantle filaments of Zima recall the similarly
annulated sete of some brachiopods, though no homology is in-
tended to be indicated by this observation. (See Forbes and
Hanley, Brit. Moll. i, pl. R.)

Sub-type MoLLuscorpDEA.

Mollusca having one principal subcesophageal ganglion or pair
of ganglia; provided with an atrial system; heemal vessels more
or less imperfect; heart provided with accessory ‘pulsatile
vesicles,’ imperfect, or entirely absent ; when present, situated
on the same side of the intestinal canal as the ganglion, though
through the flexure of the intestine, it is often on the opposite
side of the body, and thus apparently, but not really, on the op-
posite side of the intestine ;* respiratory apparatus about, and
to a greater or less extent surrounding, the mouth or oral aper-
ture ; reproduction by gemmation or ova; breathing water only.

While the classes included in the above diagnosis possess the

* Those cases which form exceptions to this general rule also exhibit
abnormal relations, in position, of the other parts, and are to the normal
forms as the sinistral varieties of Bucconum are to the typical dextral
form of the particular species.

46 AMERICAN JOURNAL

aforesaid points in common, many other characters peculiar to
the individual classes are very diverse. In no point is this more
marked than in their embryology. The whole sub-type has been
removed from the mollusca by Meerch, while Prof. Morse, leay-
ing the ascidians (the most aberrant of all, and presenting more
than any other molluscoid group features which suggest affinities
with the Annulosa) with the mollusks, removes the Brachiopods
and Polyzoa and degrades to the rank of a subdivision of the
Annelids, two groups almost universally recognized as having
the value of classes. At the same time Dr. Meerch would annex
the Plathelminthe, Trematodes, Cestodes and Turbellarie, to
the Mollusca. Heeckel, Gegenbaur and others, while leaving the
brachiopods with the mollusks, would carry to the Annulosa the
Polyzoa and Tunicata. While disagreeing with all these va-
rious efforts at dismembering the molluscan type, I cannot but
admit that, in the case of the Ascidians, at least, they are not
without some basis, though, as I suppose, an insufficient one,
but the classification which would leave these last with mollusks,
while depriving them of their companions the Polyzoa and
Brachiopods, would seem the most unphilosophical of all.

Among the characters of this group which, from their incon-
stancy have little value, or are of value only in subordinate
groups, | may mention the fact that the circulating fluid (whether
due to the presence of hemoglobin or to other causes) differs in
color, being in the majority translucent, but varying from bluish
to red or even brownish in some forms, while others, closely
allied, have no such features.

The majority of the Tunicates and Brachiopods, and all, or
nearly all, of the Polyzoa are fixed by an extension of the tegu-
mentary covering, which is usually of a horny texture, or by
the calcareous shell which is secreted by the mantle; but this
character is not constant, even within the same genus, and a
great many brachiopods and tunicaries are entirely free.

Transversely striated muscular fiber is found in many but
scattered instances, and, as a systematic character, cannot be
considered as of value.

The modifications of the breathing organs are numerous, but
the apparatus as a whole preserves the same general relation to
the mouth—as regards its position.

The vascular system is not thoroughly understood but exhibits
great diversities.

The ovary is usually on the same side of the intestine as, and
near to, the heart, but this is not universal. In many forms
the ova undergo a sort of incubation before being expelled into
the surrounding medium. The Polyzoa and some Ascidians are
gemmiparous or propagate by buds as well as by eggs.

OF CONCHOLOGY. AT

The most extraordinary manner in which some Ascidians are
developed, as worked out by Kovalevsky and others, would, in a
strictly embryological classification, place them in the vertebrata.
On the other hand, other nearly allied species are without the
singular features referred to, in their embryonic condition. This
may be referred to the suppression of certain stages by some
naturalists ; yet, the very admission that suppression of char-
acters in the embryonic progress is possible, undermines the
whole value of embryology as an assistant in systematic classi-
fication ; for who shall say when or to what extent suppression
may not have occurred and what essential features of embryonic
life may not have been lost thus in any given case?

It has been stated that the flexure of the intestine in Appen-
dicularia is radically different from that of the other tunicaries,
but this does not appear by the later researches of Moss.*
On the other hand, Mr. Alder describes certain species of As-
cidie (A. parallelogramma, and Phallusia turcica) as having the
intestine flexed in a different direction from that which usually
obtains. These facts are further proofs of the littie dependence
to be placed upon this character as a basis for classification.

For our present purpose it is unnecessary to define the Z’unz-
cata and Polyzoa, and for the sake of brevity I shall confine my-
self to giving a definition of the class Brachiopoda. Attention
should be directed, however, to the homologies between the
Polyzoa and Cenchifera, as suggested by KRhabdopleura and
worked out by that well-known student of the Polyzoa, Mr.
Allman.+ The homologies between tunicates and conchifers,
drawn by Allman and Hancock, masters of the subject, are well
known.

Class BRACHIOPODA.

Animals provided with a shelly covering composed of two
valves, each of which is normally bilaterally symmetrical, and
to which it is organically attached by three principal pairs of
muscles. Soft parts also bilaterally symmetrical; consisting
essentially of a mantle composed of two lobes, to which the
valves correspond, of which lobes the outer edges are disunited
throughout the greater part, or the whole of their extent; a disk
of membrane, variously modified in form, with its edges fringed
with a series of tubular brachia; the mouth situated within this
disk at its posterior portion; a stomach with a more or less an-
teriorly recurved intestine; a circulatory system, more or less

* Trans. Lin. Soc. Vol. xxvii, Part ii, p. 299, pl. xlvii, 1870.
+ Journal of Microscopical Science, N.S. ix, p. 63, 1869.

48 AMERICAN JOURNAL

confined within closed vessels, furnished with a heart and some-
times one or two pair of accessory “ pulsatile vesicles,’ and a
series of sinuses between the laminze composing the lobes of the
mantle ; dicecious (?) with the genitalia usually suspended in the
sinuses of the mantle lobes; the genital products expelled
through one or two pairs of oviducts opening externally; prin-
cipal nervous ganglia below the cesophagus encircling it with
nerve filaments ; respiration performed by direct contact of the
sea water with the vascular tissues of the brachia and mantle-
lobes ; reproducing by ova only.

The above diagnosis includes a// the characters common to the
class (which are not included in the definition of the type and
the subdivision to which this group belongs, according to my
views and those of much more eminent and competent naturalists)
which, after much study and reflection, I have been able to dis-
cover.

I shall, further, assume that no characters not constituting a
large share, or possessing a preponderating value, in the defini-
tion of the class, or not contained in such an impartial definition,
shall be taken as proofs of the position of the class in a natural
system of classification. In this assumption I think I am sus-
tained by logic, common sense and the usual practice of natur-
alists.

It will be noted that I have excluded from this definition any
allusion to peduncular or other attachment. I have not done this
without due consideration, but the fact that this character is not
even of family value, will amply justify the omission. The
Rhynchonellide, Thecidiide, Spiriferide, Strophomenide, Pro-
ductide, Craniide, and even the Lingulide, offer examples of
pedunculated and non-pedunculated, free and attached forms,
when the fossil forms are considered, and these comprise all
but two of the families of Brachiopoda admitted by Mr. David-
son in his well-known works.

The oviducts differ within the same family from a simple per-
foration of the perivisceral tissues surrounded by distant papilla-
like elevations of the membranes, to a complex organ such as
exists in Waldheimia and Lingula.

Some genera are undoubtably dicecious, and all may prove so,
but this is not yet fully determined.

Sete on the mantle edge are not constant characters in the
same family, or even in the same individual at different ages.

The embryology is yet imperfectly known. A larva, supposed
to be that of a brachiopod, was figured by Fritz Miiller, but it
has never been confirmed, and still remains in doubt. The
researches of Prof. Morse (which agree with my own upon other

OF CONCHOLOGY. 49

species) do not indicate a strict metamorphosis, such as would be
inferred from Miiller’s figure, and apparently exists in Thecv-
dium, as shown by the researches of Lacaze Duthiers. It is
probable that the embryonic stages differ widely in different
forms of Brachiopods, as they do in the Ascidians and other
groups; and no reliance can be placed upon them in classifica-
tion, as far as can be judged at present.

The position of the valves with relation to the animal has been
a subject of discussion. It would appear from the paper of
Lacaze Duthiers* that they are anterior and posterior, being
articulated across the back, and consequently both dorsal. I
have elsewhere called them hzmal and neural respectively, as
more expressive and correct terms than dorsal and ventral.
This opmion had been previously expressed by Huxley, Han-
cock,+ Jeffreys and others. This relation, however, may not be
constant throughout the group, as, for instance, in Lingula.

The embryos of 7'hecidium are divided into segments like those
of some Pteropods, Dentalium and Chiton. Nothing of the
kind, however, is indicated in Morse’s notes on the embryonic
stages of Terebratulina caput-serpentis.{

Prof. Morse at one time put forth the theory§ that the pedun-
culated or middle dorsal end of the Brachiopods was the ante-
rior end, but this being opposed to all known anatomical and
embryological facts he has since withdrawn it.

One character common to all the Brachiopods which I have
examined, and perhaps universal, consists in having a projection
of the posterior oral Jabium fitting into a depression in the ante-
rior labium, and much resembling the ‘ epistome” in Polyzoa.
This is a character of apparently little structural importance,
however, and further observations are necessary to establish its
constancy throughout the class.

The relations of this class with the Polyzoa are unquestion-
able, and may be compared to the relation existing between the
Cephalopods and Gasteropods in the typical Mollusca, while the
Tunicata, on the one hand, and the Lamellibranchiata, on the
other, stand somewhat aloof,|| and are perhaps closer to each other
than any other two classes of the respective subtypes.

* Annales Sci. Nat. 4th ser. Zool. xv, p. 332, 1861.

7 Trans. Roy. Soc. 1858, p. 851.

{ Am. Naturalist, Sept. 1869, p. 385.

@ Comm. Essex Inst. iv, p. 173, 1865.

|| Lacaze Duthiers (Comptes Rendus, Nov. 6, 1865, p. 800) remarks:
“Do we not tind an Ascidian (Chevreulcus = Rhodosoma or Schizascus)

presenting symmetrical muscles analogous to those of the Terebratule,
and this merely because its tunic has become bivalve, and without our

50 AMERICAN JOURNAL

In this connection it may not be unfair to quote Prof. Morse
himself: ‘‘ We find (in Lingula) the intestine also running paral-
lel with the sides of the body, at its posterior portion becoming
convoluted and terminating on the right side, the straight part
producing a curve arching toward the heemal valve and sur-
mounted by a heart as we witness in most Lamellibranchiata,
showing clearly in this view alone its homological identity with
the Lamellibranchiata. The limits of this paper will not allow
us to carry homologies from this point to the other two classes
of Mollusca, and in fact it would be hardly necessary to do so,
as the path is rendered apparent and plain through the medium
of Lamellibranchiates.”” While no one will deny to naturalists
the right to modify their opinions on the development of new
facts in science, it seems strange that, after pointing out the
obvious homologies of two groups so forcibly as in the paragraph
I have just quoted (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ix, p. 60,
1862), the gentleman in question should turn his back on his
expressed opinions, while the facts still remain undeniable and
undisputed.

I shall not hope to succeed in or even to essay the definition
of the type which essentially corresponds to the Articulata of
Cuvier, which has defied the best efforts of the most eminent
naturalists. It might almost be said that they are characterized
by diversity in the development of special features of structure,
with a marked tendency to the repetition of similar organs or
groups of organs antero-posteriorly, in bilateral symmetry.
This diversity exhibits itself no less in the distinct classes than
in the entire group of animals. ‘The different subdivisions are
united by features which are more or less characteristic of small
groups, which at the same time present vestiges of other charac-
ters, which are typical of other small groups, and so the fre-
quently interrupted threads of affinity, though binding the mass
more or less completely together, nevertheless exhibit a notable
want of continuity.

I trust I shall not be accused of undue attachment to broken
idols when I remark that the group Annuloida of Huxley ap-
pears to me to be heterogeneous and unsatisfactory. With the
exception of the Echinoderms, it might advantageously be com-
bined with the Annulosa without violence to their affinities.

We now come to the Annelids, the group to which Prof. Morse

being able to remove it from the group (Twnzcata) to which it belongs ?”
And also, ‘‘ Tf we suppress in the lamellibranchiate Acephalan the foot
and the pedal ganglia, there remains an organism having the greatest
analogy with that of the Brachiopod, always excepting the position of
the valves.”

OF CONCHOLOGY. 51

would transport the Brachiopods and Polyzoa. We do not sup-
pose that under this head he includes the Scolecid worms,
although he has borrowed a few characters from them to com-
plete his catalogue of supposed affinities. He has distinctly
specified this as the group of which the Brachiopods are a mere
subdivision, and hence cannot call upon us to prove that they
are not also a subdivision of the Seolecida,* if that were pos-
sible.

Class ANNELIDA. ,
—Polycheta, Oligocheta and Gephyrea.

Animals of elongated form, characterized by a successive repe-
tition of pairs of similar organs or single organs representing
pairs, enclosed in a muscular tunic, apart from the true skin,
which is or is not differentiated into segments (corresponding to
the successive groups of organs) by successive constrictions and
internal dissepiments.

Nervous system consisting of two median cords (separated or
combined throughout the greater part of their extent) connecting
a series of subabdominal gangha, from which nervous filaments
are given out, each ganglion corresponding to a segment, if seg-
mentation or repetition be exhibited ; these cords are united above
the esophagus, near or in front of the oral aperture ; connected
or non-connected by a subcesophageal nerve.

Circulation without vessels of any kind, or without a differ-
entiated heart, when contained within closed vessels, in which
case there is usually a dorsal vessel. Blood colored or uncolored.

Branchiz external, internal or wanting; attached either at
the anterior or the posterior extremity.

Genitalia usually repeated in every segment after the first few
anterior segments. Moncecious or dicecious; with or without
copulatory organs.

Reproducing by ova or fission; frequently exhibiting two or
more sexual forms.

Absolutely free from any organic connection with extraneous
objects, but often forming tubes of sand, mud or calcareous mat-
ter, or occupying the vacant receptacles of other animals.

With or without fasciculated chitinous sete of varied form ;
with or without a “segmental organ ;” with or without eyes,
with or without ‘‘ porenkanale.”’

*It is hardly to be supposed that Professor Morse is opposed to
the course of all modern students of the group, and would, in opposi-
tion to their views, unite the Scolecids with the Annelids in one hete-
rogeneous class.

52 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Alimentary canal without a differentiated stomach; usually
straight with a posterior anus and anterior mouth, but these lat-
ter characters do not apply to some of the Gephyrea, which have
a mouth which is not anterior, an anus either anterior or pos-
terior, or no anus at all; with a convoluted intestine.

Terrestrial, fluviatile or marine in habitat.

The above very qualified diagnosis well illustrates the prevail-
ing diversity of the forms of this type, and may itself require
further qualification. The only portions of it which appear to
be essentially universal are those in italics.

The subclass Gephyrea contains many aberrant forms, once
associated with the Trepangs. The greatest variations occur in
this group. Jourdain* found in four species of Scpuncult three
without an anus and the other with a posterior anus. Kefer-
stein and Ehlers} describe Sipunculus nudus and tesselatus us
having a posterior anus. ‘The Aspidosiphonide are characterized
by a dorsal anus, the Loxosiphonide by a terminal anus,t and in
the other groups this character varies greatly. Most of these
forms have colorless blood, as do all the Aphroditacea (and many
others) among the typical Annelids §

The ‘‘ segmental organ ’’ described by Dr. Williams,|] its dis-
coverer, as prevailing ‘‘ throughout the Actinide (Acalephe)
Echinodermata, Rotifera and Annelida,” is stated by Claparédef
to be wanting in some Annelids, or reduced to simple apertures
in the wall of the body, or wanting an, internal orifice, as in
some Capttellea ; it also exists in the anterior segments of many
Annelids in which the genital products do not penetrate to that
region. Its wall is often glandular and it can hardly be doubted
that it also plays an excrementitial part. Inthe Oligocheta only a
small number of these organs are modified for the purpose of con-
ducting outward the sexual elements, while the rest incontestably
fulfil other functions. ‘The same is true of the Polycheta. The
‘‘norenkanale”’ occur only in the species with a thick cuticle,
and not even in all these. They are tubular pores correspond-
ing with subadjacent cells. (Claparéde, Joc. cit.)

Pores for the discharge of certain secretions appear to exist
in all species of Annelids. (Ib.)

* Comptes Rendus, April, 1867, p. 871-3.

+ Bull. Sci. 1861, p. 387.

{ Baird, P. Z.8., 1868, pp. 76-114.

Owen, Comp. Anat. Inv. p. 246.

|| Proc. Royal Soe. viii, p. 371-6, 1857. An. Nat. Hist., Second Ser.,
xix, p. 393-7, 1857.

{ Annals Nat. Hist. 3d Series, xx, p. 355-6, 1867, and Biblioth. Univ.
Arch. Sci. p. 1-44, Sept., 1867, and also in Introduction to his work on
the Annelids of the Bay of Naples, 1868.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 53

The branchie are anterior and external in Serpula, posterior
and internal in Bonellia and many Gephyrea, and rarely form
a continuous disk encircling the mouth, as is universal in Bra-
chiopoda.

Most, if not all, ofthe true Annelids are provided with a
“trompe,”’ a curiousorgan contained within the cesophageal
cavity, exsertile, and usually furnished with denticles; and many
of the Annelids have strong horny jaws or lateral mandibles,
somewhat as in insects; none of these structures are found in
the entire group of Molluscoidea, including the Brachtopoda.

In fact, if the typical characters of the Annelids as a group
are compared with those of the Brachiopods, it will be seen that
all the important features of each are incompatible or diametri-
eally opposed to those of the other group, respectively.*

That the Brachiopods form a ‘comprehensive type,” in the
wide sense in which Prof. Morse seems to imply, I cannot admit,
as they are a well-defined group whose characters as here shown
(I trust and believe impartially), are distinctly allied to those
of the other groups included in the Molluscoidea and, through
their combined characters, to the typical AZollusca. That they
are a peculiar group, exhibiting a few characters not shared by
their associates, and indicating a distant affinity with animals
not included in the type or sub-kingdom, I am willing to allow.
That these faint evidences are sufficient to authorize their depor-
tation and degradation to a subordinate place among the Anne-
lids, I consider unreasonable.

In the light of the facts previously set forth I will now proceed
to sift the homologies and asserted affinities claimed by Prof.
Morse in his original paper ¢ and his subsequent publications. I
should have preferred to await the publication of his complete
memoir, but it may safely be assumea that had he possessed any
more cogent arguments he would not have failed to bring them
forward, and the facts upon which my own arguments are based
are mostly of long standing and unquestioned by any one, so
that they can hardly be affected in any way by Prof. Morse’s
coming work.

Prof. Morse’s remarks are in italics, for brevity and to save
tautology.

* Quatrefages defines the Annelids as ‘essentially dicecious animals,
composed of segments which repeat themselves ard bear on each side a
perfectly characteristic organ—a foot armed with exsertile and retractile
sete.” But the learned savant does not include the Oligocheeta and
Gephyrea, as do most modern naturalists. Cf. An. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Xvil, p. 5, 1866.

t+ Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, Vol. 50, July, 1870.

5

54 AMERICAN JOURNAL

1. Relations between the cwcal prolongations of the mantle in
Terebratula and a similar character in the test of Crustacea.
Resemblance between the polygonal cells in the shell of a young
Discina and a similar feature in certain lower crustaceans. The
scale-like structure of the test of Idotea like the scale-like structure
of Lingula.

These characters are too vague to meet, and are his-
tological and not systematic in any case. Were they sus-
tained as correct they would in no way affect the question.
What, it may be asked, is the “ scale-like structure of Lingula ?”
Dr. Carpenter records nothing of the kind in his admirable re-
searches into the structure of the shells of the Brachiopoda.

2. The skin of Nereis has similar punctures or dots, as seen
in Terebratula and the peduncle of Lingula.

The ‘porenkanale’ are coecal tubes, opening outwardly,
closed at their inner end, and lined with an invagination of the
external cuticle. (See Claparéde anté, and also in Recherches
sur des Annelides, Geneva, 1869, p. 14.) The punctures of
the shell in Zerebratula are precisely the reverse, being lined by
outward prolongations of the mantle from the inside, and coecal
at their outer extremity. I have failed, with the most careful
search and high powers, to discover any punctures on the pedun-
cle of Lingula Murphiana and L. hians. It should be remem-
bered that when Prof. Morse speaks of Lingula, in most cases
he refers to a species of Glottidia (G. pyramidata, Stm.)

3. The shell of Discina chitinous and that of Lingula, phos-
phatic rather than eretaceous.

The fact of such differences existing between, two nearly allied
enera is sufficient proof that they are of little systematic value,
£ ‘
even if chemistry were allowed to have any bearing on systema-
Mp

tic classification, which is more than doubtful.

4. Valves of all Brachiopods, dorsal and ventral, a strong
articulate character.

The first statement is almost certainly an error (cf. anté), and
many, if not most, Articulates are without ventral plates. (Cf.

Marey, Lect. on Flight in the Animal Kingdom, with regard to
Insects, and any work on the Cypridian crustacea. )

5. Horny sete entirely absent in the Mollusca, and peculiar
to the worms.

The first statement was refuted in my first paper on the Bra-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 55

chiopods, and the second is erroneous. All of the Scolecida and
some Annelids are without setze, which are not characters of class
value, and are absent in many Brachiopods, as before shown.
Nevertheless the presence of setee may be allowed to be indica-
tive of faint articulate affinities, as in the case of Chiton.

6. Sete of Brachiopods moved freely by the animal, and
identical in structure with those of the worms.

The first statement needs confirmation, and at any rate can
refer to.very few Brachiopods, and I have already proved that
they are far from being identical with those of the Annelids.
Neither do they bear the same position with regard to the other
parts as in the worms.

7. Resemblance between the lophophore of Brachiopods and
a similar structure in the tubicolous worms.

This resemblance is very distant, and the structure is totally
dissimilar. The homology between the anterior segments of
Sabella and the mantle of Brachiopods, which follows, is super-
ficial and erroneous to an extraordinary degree, as any one who
will take the trouble to look at the two structures may readily
perceive. ‘The organization of the two animals is so utterly
different that any such homology is impossible.

8. Thin and muscular visceral walls suggest similar parts in
the worms.

This is obscure, and it is impossible to say whether it refers to
the walls of the viscera or of the visceral cavity. Those of the
viscera in Brachiopods are anything but thin, and it is difficult
to see the bearing of the observation in any case, as the charac-
ter of the visceral walls is of no systematic importance.

9. Lamelle on the internal surface of the mantle in Balanus
and Lingula.

The discovery of branchial lamellze on the mantle of Glottidia,
discovered by Prof. Morse, is exceedingly interesting and a
valuable contribution to our knowledge of the group. It remains,
however, to be seen whether it also occurs in Lingula proper.
As to its homologies, they may as well be sought in the Patel-
lide and Siphonariide as among the Cirrhipedes. With regard
to the position of the ovaries in the latter and in the Brachio-
pods, the homology needs confirmation, and the fact is of very
doubtful importance in classification, especially when we remem-
ber the varied position of the ovary in the true mollusks.

56 AMERICAN JOURNAL

10. Relation between the statoblasts of Polyzoa, the ephippia of
Daphne, and the winter eggs of Rotifers.

It is difficult to see the special. value of the external appear-
ances of eggs which produce very different animals, Our busi-
ness is rather with the contents than with the shells. Eggs are
very much alike all the world over, whether they be those of
mollusks, salamanders, or fish, birds, or turtles. Moreover, the
eggs of many of the Brachiopods, as I have had numerous oppor-
tunities of noting, are quite spherical, and differ as much from
those of Polyzoa and some other Brachiopods as they do from
those of very different animals.

11. The ‘segmental organs,” or oviducts of Brachiopods, and
their close affinity to the oviducts of worms.

The segmental organs of worms undoul deel bear, in some
cases, a -agierenia yi BETS in appearance and in function to the ovi-
ducts of the Brachiopods. The ee er iaates in regard to
these organs in the Annelids may be referred to in this connec-
tion. There is also a somewhat similar resemblance to be traced
between them and the fallopian tubes of vertebrates. Whether
there be any homology between them in either case is another
and an undecided question. In structure, however, the Anne-
lidan organ is very different from that of the Brachiopods. (Cf.
Claparéde, Annel. Cheetop. Golfe Naples, and Williams, Proce.
Bey Soc. 1. c.) Moreover, they are not peculiar to these two
groups, if we may believe Dr. Wil lliams, but may also be found,
or their homologues, in the Acalephs and in Synapta. In the
Brachiopods, the term ‘segmental’? would be a misnomer, for,
shall we believe that Rhynchonella i is composed of twice as many
“seoments’ as Terebratula, with, im many respects, an almost
identical organization? On the other hand, a vast number of
worms are entirely without these organs (Cf. Diesing, bdellideen,
Vienna, 1858, and Van Beneden, Recherches sur la Pere lit. de
Belgique, Bruxelles, 1860), hich cannot be said to be charac-
teristic of even the whole class of Annelida, to say nothing of
the other worms. If the Brachiopods are to be Annelidized on
this single character, what shall be done with those Annelids
which do not possess it ?

The segmented embryo of Thecidiwm and Dentaliwm has been
already referred to, as well as the fact that Prof. Morse’s studies
on the embryology of Terebratulina did not discover any segmen-
tation in that quarter. The character cannot be considered as
of value in any but the most limited sense.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 57

12. Bristles or sete in larval worms and Brachicpods.

I have already stated that the very young of Terebratula are
without any sete, as well as the adults of many genera of Bra-
chiopods, and hence no systematic value in relation to the posi-
tion of the class can be assigned to such features.

13. Close resemblance in nearly every point of their structure
(of Crepina and Phoronis) to the hippocrepian Polyzoa.

I have already shown that this so-called ‘‘close resemblance’’
is confined to the fact that both have a crown of tentacles, and
is otherwise entirely fallacious and non-existent.

14. Sand tube of Lingula (—CGllottidia) differing in no respect
from the sand tubes of neighboring Annelids.

An examination of this “sand tube”’ shows that it differs from
those of Annelids in being merely sand adhering to a flocculent
mass of mucus surrounding the peduncle, without firmness, per-
sistency or any particular shape ; and is, of course, formed in a
totally different manner from the tubes of any Annelid. The
colored blood noticed in this species is exceptional, but is a char-
acter of very slight importance from a systematic point of view.
(Cf. ante.)

A few other statements made by Prof. Morse before the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, Nov. 16, 1870, require notice.
After reiterating the statements which I have just reviewed he
calls attention to—

15. Serial arrangements of sete and gill-lamine in Brachio-
pods as in Annelids.

No serial arrangements of these organs (other than such as is
seen in the branchize of Patella and various other mollusks) is to
be observed in any of the many Brachiopods which I have dis-
sected, nor does any such serial arrangement as occurs in the
fasciculated sete of Annelids obtain in any Brachiopod. This
is a notorious and easily observed fact.

16. Striated muscles absent in the Mollusca.

This error is refuted in the same number of Silliman’s Journal*
which contains Prof. Morse’s communication.

Transversely striated muscular fiber occurs in all the classes
included under the type Mollusca, except the Cephalopods, where
it will probably be found when carefully searched for. On the

* Feb., 1871, p. 123.

58 AMERICAN JOURNAL

other hand, only one (Oligochetous) Annelid has been reported
(by Ratzel) as having such fiber. The character, however, has
no systematic value but is purely histological.

17. Mr. Dall’s startling homology of the peduncle of Lingula
and the syphonal tube of a clam.

I have never drawn any such homology ; but have showed that
the arrangement of the tissues in each is similar and should not
be made the basis of any homology which does not include both.

18. Mr. Dall’s statement that because the sete are not found
the entire length of the peduncle, therefore, they are not identical
with those of worms.

I have never made any such statement or entertained any
such idea. What I did state will be found in my first paper,
and simply shows that being dissimilar, pe se, they are, there-
fore, not identical.

19. The bilobed lophophore and cephalic collar.

The “ lophophore ”’ of Brachiopods is by no means universally
bilobed, but is trilobed in most of the Terebratule, and four
lobed in Megathyris and T'hecidium. If Prof. Morse had studied
the articulated brachiopods as thoroughly as he has the inarticu-
lated forms, he would not have made this observation. His
reference to the ‘“‘ cephalic collar,’ whatever that may be, is in
itself and its bearing on the question, alike inscrutable.

Prof. Morse complains that I have overlooked the uniseg-’
mental ‘* Vermes,” and the more highly cephalized Annelids, and
states that the former form a large proportion of the class.
(Which class he refers to is doubtful, certainly it cannot be the
Annelids.) But I am unable to see any characters in the forms
he refers to which have not already been discussed, or are not of
too little significance to have any bearing on the present discus-
sion.

20. The worms are invariably attached to a bivalve or multi-
valve shell, whether it be the scuta of Sternaspis, the oval plates
of Lepidonotus, or the hardened integuments of others.

‘

It does not seem possible that any modern naturalist should
seriously homologize the integument of a worm with the shell of
a brachiopod. Such a homology is its own best refutation. As
for the rest, where is the ‘‘ hardened integument” of Planaria,
or the Zrematoda or the Hirudinew 2 Where are the muscles by
which they are attached to their ‘‘ bivalve or multivalve shells ?”

OF CONCHOLOGY. 59

and how are these muscles attached? Homologies and muscles
alike fail in such an emergency ! y

Prof. Morse likewise remarks that “ Stpunculus and its allies
claim it as a right to have an anterior termination to their in-
testine.”” I do not dispute their right, but it is very evident,
from my preceding remarks on this subject, that they are very
far from attempting to exercise it, on many occasions.

The other points brought up by Prof. Morse have been met
incidentally or directly in the preceding observations.

The reader who has taken the trouble to follow out this train
of reasoning will observe that there is not a single character of
class or ordinal importance among those which Prof. Morse has
brought forward. Most of them are histological and doubtful,
and the sum of the whole may be comprised in the sete and the
oviducts. These have swollen to undue importance in his eyes,
as has been already shown—and per se are not of much syste-
matic value.

The following tabular comparison will illustrate the differences
in the characters of real value in the several forms :

SYNOPTICAL COMPARISON.

Mollusca vera. Brachiopoda. Annelida,

Subcesophageal gan- Subcesophageal gan-| Ganglia supracesopha-
glion present, others scat- glion present, others scat-jgeal and in a subabdo-
tered, not in a subabdo-|tered, not in a subabdo-|minal chain,

minal chain. minal chain.

Possessing a heart with Heart and pulsatile) Without a heart and
or without pulsatile vesi-|vesicles present. sometimes without ves-
cles. sels.

Intestine always bent. Intestine bent. Intestine usually

straight, sometimes bent.
Fixed organically or Fixed organically or| Always free or not or-

free. free. ganically fixed.
Sete rarely present. Setz sometimes present.) Sete present usually.
With orwithout organi-/ With organically at-| Without organically at-

cally attached calcareous tached calcareous shells. tached calcareous shells.
shells.

Mon- or dicecious. Mon- or dicecious. Mon- or dicecious.
With oviducts. With oviducts. With or without ovi-
ducts.
Always reproducing by| Always reproducing by| Reproducing by eggs or
eggs. eggs. fission.
No sexual metamor-| No sexual metamor-} Often with two sexual
phosis. phosis. forms.
Aquatic or terrestrial. Aquatic. Aquatic or terrestrial.

The annexed homological diagrams will illustrate the princi-
ples under discussion.

60 AMERICAN JOURNAL

We may now turn our attention to the additions and correc-
tions which it is desirable should be made to my previous paper.

The page numbers refer to those of the original paper, Am.
Journ. Conch. vi, Part 2, pp. 88—168, 1870.

Pages 98, 107, 138. By an unfortunate wording the diagnoses
of Waldheimia and Kraussina are made to read as if the mouth
was situated outside of and behind the brachial disk, whereas
the meaning intended to be conveyed was that the brachial cirri
were not continued behind the mouth. This observation having
been made on dry specimens, which did not convey the characters
fully, should be eliminated; as elsewhere stated, the mouth in
the Brachiopods is invariably situated within the brachial disk
behind the great mass of the brachia, but before their posterior
junction. In some species the cirri appear not to be continued
behind the mouth, while in others they reach their greatest
development in this position.

Page 98. Hichwaldia subtrigonalis, Bill., is from the Trenton
limestone. Some information in‘regard to the interior of what
Prof. Hall regards as an allied species, is to be found on pp.
274-8 of the XXth report of the Regents of the University of
New York, Albany, July, 1868.

The type of Leptocelia, Hall, is the L. concava, This was
afterwards erected by Prof. Hall into a new genus, Celospira,
leaving those species of which the interiors were still unknown,
under the first name. This, however, is clearly inadmissable ;
the first name must be retained and Celospira falls as a synonym
of it.

Pages 100, 154, 163-4-5. Spondylobolus has been misprinted
Spondylobus throughout, and this was not noticed in the proofs.
A similar misprint occurs in Davidson’s Introduction to the
Classification of the Brachiopoda.

The following is the synonymy of the order which includes
the articulated Brachiopoda :

Order ARTHROPOMATA, Owen.

Arthropomata, Owen, Ene. Brit. Ed. viii, xv, article Mollusca,
p- 836, 1858.

= Apygia, Bronn, Klass. Ordn. Thierr. iii, Ist Abth. p. 301,
1862.

= Articulata, Huxley, Lect. Class. 1864. Intr. Class. An. p.
116, 1869.

Intestine ending in a closed sac. Lobes of the mantle united
behind. Valves articulated by teeth and sockets.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 61

TEREBRATULID.

Terebratula cubensis, Pourtales, p. 105. (Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. iii, pl. 1, fig. 2, 8—16, May, 1871.)

This species is unquestionably quite distinct from 7’. vitrea, to
which it has been referred by some eminent EKuropean natu-
ralists.

Among other points developed in numerous dissections of this
species, were the apparent absence of the anterior prolongations
of the “‘ great: pallial sinuses’’ in the anterior parts of the mantle
lobes. The genitalia are very posterior and form a reticulated
net work on each side of the muscular attachments, but do not
pass before them.

In front of the occlusor muscles the tissues of the parieties
appear to be thickened, or cellular tissue is interposed between
the laminze, forming a singular projecting mass which I have
called the nasiform body, from its resemblance in shape to
the human nose. Below the lower border, and more prominent
portion of this body, is a groove, the inter-corporeal groove, and
below this again, is a transverse mass, in structure similar to
the first mentioned, shaped like a roll of parchment, which I
have named the supra-wsophageal body. A small space exists
between this and the posterior junction of the brachia behind the
mouth. Spicule, like minute thorny brambles, were abundant
in the tissues. ‘The very young of this species have a kidney-
shaped nucleus to the valves, of different texture from the re-
mainder of the shell. ‘The brachia are arranged in a single line
around the edge of a semilunar membrane. ‘There are no sete
at this stage, and the stomach is bag-shaped. ‘This fry had the
shell and hinge-teeth fully formed and of normal shape, but was
without apophyses. It was -02 of an inch in length.

TEREBRATULINA.

Pagel05. 7. marginata and T.quadrata of Risso are to be added
to the synonyms of Terebratulina caput-serpentis on Mr. David-
son’s authority. The following additional localities are given for
the species: Scandinavia, Sars; Sicily, Sequenza; Dalmatia, Bru-
sina; Australia, J. W. Flower (%); Jamaica, Barrett ; probably
T. Cailleti, jun.

Terebratulina Caillet’, Crosse, off Chorrera, Cuba, in 270 fa-
thoms; near Cosima in 450 fathoms; at Double-headed Shot
Key, Tortugas, in 471 fathoms, and near Tennessee reef in 115
fathoms, United States Coast Survey Expedition, in charge
of M. de Pourtalés. ‘The specific name should be corrected to
read as above. Crosse’s figure is very poor, and represents an

62 AMERICAN JOURNAL

extreme variety. The normal form is remarkable for its elon-
gated form, nodulous strong ribbets, large triangular foramen,
straight hinge line and Pecten-like auriculation of the valves. It
is very close to 7’. michelottina, Dav., Mon. It. Tert. Brach., p.
14, 1870, and they may be identical. It is hardly necessary to
observe that it is perfectly distinct from 7. caput-serpentis. The
soft parts were crammed with spicule; one specimen had an
enormously lengthened peduncle with a second attachment, like
that of an ivy to a stone, half way between the terminal attach-
ment and the shell. The occasion of this abnormal growth ap-
peared to be the growth of a sponge upon the stones, which, but
for the lengthening of the peduncle, would have enclosed the
brachiopod and perhaps have killed it.

Genus AGULHASIA, King.

Agulhasia, King, Am. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Series, vii, p. 109,
1871.

‘“‘ Areigerous. Beak pointed. Deltidium closed by a plate
fixed to the inner surface of the area. Foramen at the cardinal
termination of the deltidium. Loop short, reflexed, and attached
to the hinge by two crura. Shell substance permeated by branch-
ing tubuli.”

Type Agulhasia Davidsoni, King, |. c. p. 111, Pl. xi, f. 1-8,
Feb., 1871.

Hab. Agulhas Banks, south coast of Africa.

The above is Prof. King’s diagnosis of a very minute shell (*25
inches in greatest length) which, from its solidity, appears to him
to be mature. I trust I shall not be considered hypercritical in
making the observation that, it appears to me to be a young
Terebratulina, in which the crura have not become united, and
which, nevertheless, is abnormally calcified. The fry of all the
Terebratulide present a very similar appearance. The loop is
that of a typical Z'erebratula but is perhaps immature, or the
very delicate connecting band may have been broken away.
Such fractures are very common, and I have examined a very
large series of adult Waldheimia cranium, for instance, in vain
for a single perfect example with the reflexed portion of the loop
in its place. Mr. Jeffreys has had the same experience, as he
relates in his British Conchology, p. 13, vol. ii. Prof. King says
that (p. 110, note) he is not acquainted with any other Ancylo-
brach, in which the beak is not truncated for the foramen, except
Stringocephalus. It is, nevertheless, true that none of them
have it so truncated in the immature stages, as I have had many
opportunities of seeing, and the Professor apparently forgets

OF CONCHOLOGY. 63

that his own genus Gwynia, and all the Megathyrine have it
non-truncated in the adult condition, when perfect. The inter-
nal plate closing the posterior part of the foramen, is also more
or less developed in all the young Terebratule that I have ex-
amined.

If the form in question be adult, it represents the imma-
ture stage of Terebratulina, and while it may, in such a case,
have a subgeneric value, I think that this requires further
confirmation. That it really belongs with Terebratulina, rather
than Ferebratula, may be inferred from the peculiar branching
tubulation, first pointed out by Prof. King as occurring in Tere-
bratulina caput serpentis. (Tr. Roy. Ir. Acad. xxiv, part xi,
1869.)

Prof. King himself, in a note, says that he has some grounds
for suspecting that there is a closer relation between Terebratu-
lina and Agulhasia than would at first sight be admitted. In
this I agree entirely, and had the learned Professor had as good
an opportunity for examining the young stages of the recent
species as he has had for the adult fossil forms, I believe he
would hardly have raised this one to the rank of a genus.

WALDHEIMIA.,

Page 110. W. cranium, Mill. This species has not been
found in Japan, although so reported; the shells found and
referred to this species do not belong to it. The “suture,” or
breaking point, described by Messrs. Jeffreys and Carpenter as
existing in the loop ot W. cranium, is due to the deposition of
the laminze of the loop in layers parallel with the longer axis
of the valves, which makes the loop weaker at the point of reflec-
tion than elsewhere.

To the localities for W. Grayt may be added Sta. Cruz, Id.,
Purissima and Lobitas, California; Newcomb and Stearns.

W. Raphaelis, Dall (p. 111), is very much larger than either
floridana or septigera, from which it appears to differ in anato-
mical characters as well, and may be considered as a well cha-
racterized species.

It has been further compared with other allied forms, and
proves to be quite distinct from W. septigera, though belonging
with it and W. flortdana, in a peculiar group of the genus.

Waldheimia septigera, Loven, p. 112, (Bull. Mus. C. Zool.
ili, pl. 1, fig. 4, and pl. ii, fig. 9) is quite distinct from floridana
and from 7’. septata, Phil., which proves to be a Terebratella.
It has not been found in Japan, and; that locality should be
erased.

64 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Waldheimia floridana, Pourtalés (p. 112). (Bull. Mus. C.
Zool. iii, pl. 1, fig. 8, and pl. 2, fig. 1-3.) This species, after
comparison with a series of forms of W. septigera, kindly for-
warded by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys for comparison, appears to be
very distinct, an opinion in which Mr. Davidson concurs. Tere-
bratula septata, to which this species has been referred, is a fossil
Terebratella.

?GWYNIA, King.

Tam indebted to the extreme courtesy of Mr. J. Gwyn Jef-
freys, F.R.S., for specimens of Gwynia capsula, Jeffreys, and
the opportunity of examining his series of the very young of
Cistella lunifera, W. cranium and T. caput-serpentis.

These all exhibit, more or less, the characters used as generic
in the description of Agulhasia by Prof. King. Those in which
the apex is perfect, preserve the kidney-shaped nucleus described
by me in the young of 7. cubensis, and observed by Prof.
Morse in 7. septentrionalis.

Mr. Jeffreys informs me that W. crandwm has never been found
associated with his 7. capsula, though the other species men-
tioned are found with it. I notice that W. cranium is common
in the Scandinavian seas, and 7’. capsula has been found by Sars
at Christiania. The young of 7. cranium resemble 7’. capsula
very much; the specimens of the former are usually a little
longer, and the valves more unequal. All things point toward
the probability of 7. capsula being an immature form, but of
what species | am unwilling to express a decided opinion. It is
certainly not a Cistella or ‘‘Argiope,”’ and, if it eventually prove
adult and distinct, the genus Gwynia must stand.

MAGASIN ZAK.

TEREBRATELLA.

Page 116. 7. transversa, Sowerby, should be removed from
the synonymy of 7’. dorsata.

Page 117. To the synonymy of 7. pulvinata, Gld., should be
added 7. pulvilla, Gld., Cpr. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1856, p. 218

(name only).

Page 119. Having had an opportunity of examining Sower-
by’s Thesaurus Conchyliorum since my first paper was written,
and having carefully compared the figures and remarks of differ-
ent authors, I am convinced that 7. caurina, Gould, and 7.
transversa, Sowerby, are one and the same thing. The latter
name has four years’ priority. ‘To the synonymy should be
added 7. canrena, Cpr., Rep. Br. Assoc. 1856, p. 298 (name

only).

OF CONCHOLOGY.. 65

Page 123. Terebratella rubella, Sby., is a Laqueus, and is
the same as L. suffusus, n. s.? Dall, p. 125. Sowerby’s name
has priority. Mr. Davidson has compared specimens of Laqueus
suffusus with the types of rubella, and finds them identical,
though the coloration varies very greatly. In this decision I
cheerfully acquiesce.

Terebratella suffusa, Reeve, p. 122.

Mr. Davidson, who possesses the typical specimen of this
species, having examined the apophyses, kindly informs me that
it possesses the “large elevated septum and loop of Magasella,
to which subgenus it will require to be referred.”’ The species
described by me at p. 122, and figured (pl. vi, fig. 4) in my first
paper, being a true Zerebratella, and not, as I supposed, the
species described by Reeve, may take the name of Terebratella
rubiginosa. ;

Add Terebratella spitebergensis, which is erroneously referred
to the subgenus Magasella at p. 127.

5 O17
Subgenus IsMENIA, p. 127.

Zittel, in Dunker and Von Meyer’s Paleontographica, Aug.,
1870, has figured the interior of many species of fossil Brachi-
opods. Among them is Terebratula pectunculus, Schloth., which
proves to have the lateral loops closed, so that it is nothing more
than a Megerlia. The diagnosis of Jsmenia on p. 127 refers to the
recent species only. These shells, by their smooth surface, oblong
shape, thin shells, and open lateral loops, differ greatly in appear-
ance from the sculptured, transverse, thick Megerlie with closed
loops; and, since the J. sanguinea was the first species in Dr.
Gray's Catalogue, it may be well to retain the name of Jsmenia
for the recent species alluded to above in a subsectional sense.

ISMENIA? JEFFREYSI, Dall. Pl. 11, fig. 7-10.

Under the name of Frenula Jeffreysi I published in the
American Naturalist (V, p. 55, March, 1871,) a provisional de-
scription of a few lines referring to a shell which may be de-
scribed as follows :

Shell magaselloid in external appearance, smooth, with an in-
complete horseshoe-shaped foramen. Without a septum in either
valve. Loop unattached, except by the hemal processes to the
hinge plate... Loop complex, somewhat like that of Zsmenia san-
guinea. Crura well marked, long and slender in the adult.
Heemal processes connected, the connecting band produced into
a sharp point in the median line with a sinus above it ; the point
produced toward the hzmal valve, below the hzemal processes.

66 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Lateral loops open. Anterior extremities of the hemal pro-
césses produced into sharp points. Reflected portion of the loop
broad, connected by perpendicular lamella to the hzmal band
between the heemal processes, and by lateral extensions to the
hzemal processes themselves.

Shell smooth, waxen, with close conspicuous punctations ; sub-
circular, compressed, with the margin of the valves nearly
straight. Area marked by an incised ‘Tine, deltidia wanting; the
two separated parts of the area narrow, and very small. Beak
of the hemal valve rather prominent, smooth. Neural beak in-
curved, truncated, not prominent. Lon. °34, Lat. -33, Diameter
‘17 inches. Hab. N. E. Atlantic; 155—345 fathoms with W.
cranium, Jeffreys. Norway; with same, MacAndrew.

The specimen from which the above description was drawn up
had the apophyses, which are accurately represented in the ac-
companying figures, in a beautifully perfect state of preserva-
tion. My largest specimen had the loop partially broken away
but unmistakably belonged to the same species. None of the
specimens had the slightest trace of a septum, and the shell ap-
pearing quite different from anything which has been figured
in the works accessible to me, I felt justified, perhaps too hastily,
in considering it as a new form. Since that time, by the kind-
ness of Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, I have had the opportunity of ex-
amining a number of young shells which had been referred to
Terebratella Spitzbergensis and Waldheimia cranium as being
the young state of one or the other of those species. One of
these shells contained the apophyses in a perfect condition, but
evidently abnormally distorted and malformed, being unsymme-
trical and having the loops much compressed and abnormally
united together. All of them possessed a filiform but rather
stout septum. The appearance of these shells was so like that
of the species above referred to, that, while Iam not certain
that they are identical, I feel pretty confident that they are the
same, and that in the specimen figured and the others, which
were broken, the septum must have been broken away, and left no
trace of its existence. As it is slender and cylindrical it is pos-
sible that this may have happened. At all events, I am unwill-
ing, without further material, to describe the shell more than
specifically. The open loops, if the above surmises prove cor-
rect, would place it in the section Jsmenza of the genus Megerlia.

Megerlia truncata, Lin., p. 139. 7. monstruosa, Sacchi, must
be removed from the synonymy of this species. It is a Megerlia,
but a probably distinct species, according to Mr. Davidson.
Platidia Davidsoni, Desl., may be a synonym of it, but the in-
terior of this last is unknown, and judgment must be suspended

_OF CONCHOLOGY 67

until more material is obtained. Davidson (Italian Tert. Brach.
Pl. xxi, f. 16,) figures 7. monstruosa, Scacchi; under the name
of Platidia Davidsoni, as he has subsequently informed me.

MAGASELLA, p. 134.

Mr. Davidson thinks that the shell he figured and described
as the type of the genus Waltonia was a mutilated, immature
Magasella. As this is not certain, and the diagnosis of Waltonia
would in no wise apply to Magasella, I have preferred to retain
the latter name for the present, as there is no doubt as to what
that stands for. But, if Mr. Davidson be correct, the name
Waltonia, with a new diagnosis, should justly take the place of
Magasella, on the sole ground of priority. The figure of Wal-
tonia might represent a young Terebratella or other brachiopod,
as in their young stages all the shells are very similar.

Page 137. ‘* Magasella” Spitzbergensis, Dav., isa Terebratella.
Add locality, ‘35 miles N. N. W. of Unst, 90—100 fms,”
Jeffreys.

Add Magasella suffusa, Rve., as previously noted.

Add Magasella Adamsi, Davidson MSS., Japan, A. Adams.

Add Magasella ineonspicua, Shy. Thes. Conch. i, p. 359, pl.
Ixxi, f. 102—4, 1846. New Zealand, off Sinclair Head and in
Lyall Bay, N. Z. Col. Mus.

This species resembles Terebratella rubtcunda, Sol., in form
and coloration, and was referred to that species, wrongly, by
Reeve. It has the open foramen and septum of Magasella and
should be removed from the synonymy of rubceunda and rein-
stated as a distinet species. I would add that some fine speci-
mens of 7. cruenta, Dill., (p. 117) having been received from
the New Zealand Colonial Museum, show that it is perfectly
distinct from 7’. rubicunda.

Add Magasella Gouldit, n.s. Plate 11, fig. 11.

Shell small, strongly ribbed with 18—20 radiating, rounded
costw, very transverse, cistella-shaped. Foramen large, incom-
plete, with a wide sharply defined flat area, and small, widely
separated deltidia. Hinge teeth very strong, septum long,
slender, hinge line of heemal valve almost straight ; hemal valve
nearly flat, neural valve rather deep, with a well defined median
sulcus ; interior white or reddish, outside yellowish, with red
upon the ribs. Strive of growth rather strong. Shell very thick
and solid. Soft parts without a median brachial lobe. Yellow-
ish. Apophyses as usual in Magasella ; very slender. Lon.
°16, Lat. -22, Diameter -07 inches.

68 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Habitat. Hakodadi, Japan, on Terebratella coreanica ; Stimp-
son. .

One specimen, agreeing with no other described species, was
found attached by its peduncle to an alcoholic specimen of 7"
miniata, Gld. = 7. coreanica, Ad. & Rve., in the locality indi-
cated.

PLATIDIINA, p. 143.

PLATIDIA, Costa.

Platidia anomioides, Scacchi, sp. (p. 145) has been obtained
by M. de Pourtaleés in two hundred and thirty-seven fathoms, off
the Florida coast, and since by Mr. Jeffreys in three hundred and
forty-five fathoms in the Shetland Channel. This is the second
genus of Brachiopoda, Cranza being the other, which has been
added to our fauna by the researches of the U.S. Coast Survey
parties. This species had previously been known only in the
Mediterranean in deep water.

Subfamily Mecaruyrin&, Dall, (p. 143.)

The diagnosis relating to the soft parts should be amended to
read,

Brachia in a single series, following the loop surrounding a
smooth untwisted membrane, in the median posterior part of
which is situated the oral groove and mouth. Mantle edge
without setee. ,

The statement of Woodward that the mouth of Megathyris is
situated in the centre of the brachial disk is an error, as I have
since proved by dissections ; the mouth is in a position exactly
equivalent to that obtaining in the other brachiopods.

Genus MEGATHYRIS, D’Orb. (p. 144.)

It has been stated by some authors that Savigny’s name was
Argyope or Argyopes, and that therefore Argiope, Desl., is not
preoccupied ; but this is an error, which a reference to the paper
of Thorell or to the original work of Savigny will enable them
to correct.

Add to the synonymy of M. decollata, T. aperta, Hidalgo ;
T. ungula, Retzius, Diss., 1788; and 7Z'. pectiniformis, Costa,
all on the authority of Mr. Jeffreys ; and to the localities, Atlan-
tic coast of Spain, Jeffreys.

Subgenus CIsTELLA, Gray, (p. 145.)
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii, 19 Pl., f. 6, 6 a, May, 1871.

Add to the list on p. 146,
Cistella (2? Sehrammi var.) rubrotincta, Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 69

Zool. iii, p. 19, pl. , fig. 6, 6a, May, 1871. West of Tortugas,
in 30—43 fathoms, Pourtalés.

Differs from Schramm in color and sculpture, but may prove
to be a variety of it, as the descriptions and figures of Crosse
and Fischer exhibit some discrepancies. ‘To the septum is at-
tached a cordate nodulous transverse plate, not hitherto noticed
in any species of Cvstella.

Cistella (? Barrettiana, Dav. var.) lutea, Dall, 1. ¢. p. 20, pl.
1, fig. 5, 5a, and pl. 2, tig. 4-8. Tortugas, 30—43 fathoms,
Pourtaleés.

This also differs in color and sculpture, as well as in the extent
of the loop, from C. Barrettiana and C. antillarum, but may
eventually prove conspecific. [ have preferred in these two cases
to give a provisional varietal name to the forms described, rather
than unite what may prove to be different without positive proof.
C. Schrammi appears to be distinct from C. Woodwardiana, but
C.. antillarum may very possibly have to be united with C. Bar-
rettianda.

The frilled openings of the oviducts in the variety lutea are
almost rudimentary, and there is no long tubular extension, but
the opening for the genital products is directly in the midst of
the rudimentary folds. The brachia behind the mouth are very
much longer than the others. The ovaries hang upon the edge
of a rather broad ribbon-like lamina, the heart is present but
lower down than in most brachiopods, and quite small ; no ac-
cessory vesicles were to bo found. The intestine is coecal. There
ure no sete in this or the last species.

Cistella cistellula, p. 146, is reported from the Mediterranean.

Family RHAYNCHONELLIDZ.

Animal with two prolongations of the brachial disk spirally
coiled inwards, with the apices of the coils directed toward the
body of the heemal valve. Punctate or impunctate.

Four oviducts and four accessory “ pulsatile vesicles’’ present.

It appears to me that Atrypa and its allies would, from the
position of the spires of the brachia, be placed more naturally in
this family than in the Sperifertde. Prof. Theodore Gill has pro-
posed a new family,— Atrypide—for these forms, but it is ques-
tionable whether the mere calcification of the spires is a family
character.

The genus Rhynchopora has been proposed by Prof. King for
the Rhynchonella Geinitziana, which possesses a punctate struc-
tnre.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Davidson for information

6

70 AMERICAN JOURNAT,

in regard to Rhynchonella loxia, F. de W., the type of the genus.
Although referred by Bronn and Herrmannsen to Spirifer cus-
pidatus! it appears to be allied to R. acuta and other Liassic
species, and is from the Jurassic formation near Moscow.

The name Stenocisma has been proposed for certain fossil
Rhynchonelle of the*older rocks, on the ground that they differ
from the recent species and from the &. loria. The latter sup-
position would appear to have little foundation, but cannot be
decided until the interior of . loxia is worked out. — It is much
more likely that, if differences exist, they should be between the
R. loxia and the recent forms, and that &. loxia should agree
with the older fossil species. In this case a new name would be
required only for the recent forms, for which the name Hemithy-
ris, proposed by D’Orbigny for R. psittacea, would have to be
used. he value of the differences, so far established, does not
appear to be very great.

Add to the list of recent species (p. 153), R. stcula, Sequenza,
Davidson, Mon. Italian Tertiary Brachiopods, ii, p. 25, Pl. xx,
f. 6, 1870. Hab. Fossil in the Pliocene at Messina; recent off
the coast of Portugal. Jeffreys.

Genus DIME RELLA, Zittel.

Dimerella, Zittel, Dunker and Von Meyer’s Paleontographica,
Aug. 1870, p. 220.

Shell small, Rhynchonelloid, impunctate, with a large foramen.
Neural valve with an entire edge, without a septum. Hzmal
valve with a large, very prominent septum, which divides the
cavity of the shell, when closed, into two chambers ; with two
stout, diverging, hook-shaped crura as in Rhynchonella.

Type D. Giimbeli, Zittel, 1. cit. p. 222, Pl. xli, figs. 27~-30.
Aug. 1870.

In December (2d) 1869, Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F. R. 8., pub-
lished in “‘ Nature’’ of that date, p. 136, the following remarks.
‘«¢ Among the mollusea were valves of an imperforate Brachiopod
with a septum in the lower valve, which I propose to name
Cryptopora gnomon.”

For some reason not stated, Mr. Jeffreys adopted a second
name in his subsequent publications, and in the Preliminary Re-
port of the Porcupine Expedition for 1869 (No. 121 of the Proce.
Roy. Soe.) he states, ‘“among the mollusca were valves of an
imperforate Brachiopod, with a septum in the lower valve, which
we propose to name Atretia gnomon.” ( 36, p. 421.) Ihave
not seen specimens of either Dimeredlla or Atretia, but in a late
communication, Mr. Jeffreys remarks, in regard to Dimerella

OF CONCHOLOGY. 71

“It was published after my publication of Atretia, but I admit
that the latter was not fully described. You are right as to the
relationship, if not the identity of these genera.”

It is for naturalists to settle which name should be adopted.

Atretia gnomon, Jeffreys, west of Ireland, in very deep water.
1000 + fms.? Jeffreys.

Order L YOPOMATA, Owen.

Lyopomata, Owen, Enc. Brit. Ed. viii, vol. xv., article Mol-
lusea, p. 339, 1858.
== Pleuropygia, Bronn, Thierr. ili, 1st Abth. p. 301, 1862.
= Inarticulata, Huxley, Lect. Class. 1864. Intr. Class. An.
p. 116, 1869.

Arms free, unsupported by shelly apophyses. Intestine open-
ing by a lateral anus. Borders of the mantle lobes entirely dis-
united. Brachia without a distinct median lobe. Shell in most
cases without hinge teeth, articulation, or cardinal process.

Family CRANIIDA, H. and A. Adams.
Cranide, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, p. 588, 1858.

The complete synonymy of this family and its subordinate
groups will be found in the Report already alluded to.

Shell hingeless, without perforation for a pedicel; attached by
the entire surface or by the umbone of the lower valve, or rarely
free. Upper valve suborbicular; lower valve subcircular or
more or less pyriform. Four principal muscular impressions in
each valve. Shell structure punctate. Arms spiral, free.
Mantle extending to the edge of the valves, closély adhering,
without sete on the margin.

Synopsis of the Family.

Genus Crania, Retz. Shell attached, upper valve with the
muscular impressions usually excavated but occasionally convex,
without apophyses of any kind; inner surface vaulted without
septa; impressions of the pallial sinuses flabelliform, separated
in the median line in front. Margin of the valves rough, tuber-
culose or papillose. Type Crania craniolaris, Lin. = Anomia

eraniolaris, Lin., S. N. xii, p. 1150, 1767.

? Subgenus Pseudocrania, McCoy. Shell free, with the pallial
impressions fimbriated and confluent in frent. Anterior muscu-
Jar impressions larger than the posterior ones. Margin of the
valves smooth. Type Crania antiquissima, Hichwald, sp., Me-
Coy, Annals Nat. Hist. viii, p. 388, 1851.

72 AMERICAN JOURNAL

The value of this subdivision is doubtful.

Subgenus Cranopsis, Dall. Attached; upper valve with two
slender pointed apophyses divaricating from the internal apex of
the upper valve. Type Crania Parisiensis, Defrance, Davidson,
Mem. Lin. Soc. Norm. x, pl. xiii, f. 23 a, b, 1856.

Genus Craniscus, Dall. Fixed valve divided by a transverse
and a longitudinal median septum into three cells, the posterior
of which contains the muscular impressions and the rostrellum.
Tyye Crania tripartita, Munster, sp., Davidson, Mem. Lin. Soe.
Normandie, |. c. fig. 21, 1856.

This is a very strongly marked section, and it seems extraor-
dinary that it should have been allowed to remian with the typi-
eal Cranie so long. The septa are not identical with the rostrel-
lum.

Spondylobolus, McCoy (misprinted, on pp. 100, 154, 163, 164,
165, as Spondylobus), appears, as stated by McCoy, to be more
nearly related to the Lingulide than to the Cranide.

Pholidops, Hall, appears congeneric with Pseudocrania, but,
as it is chiefly known from casts, may be established by future
researches as distinct.

Genus CRANIA, Retzius.

Crania, Retz., Schrift. Berliner, Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Bd. ij,
p. 72, 1781.

= COranicella, Raf., 1815, 4- Orbieula, Cuvier, 1798, + Orbicula
(pars), Lamarck, 1799, + Desezna sp. Turton, 1822, +
Anomia sp. Lin., 1760, + Patella sp. Muller, 1776, +
Siphonaria sp. Quenstedt, 1852! -+ Criopus, Gray,
1321.

The full synonymy of this unfortunate group will be found in
the report alluded to, with an exhaustive discussion of the
nomenclature of the type and some other species.

Type Crania eraniolaris, Lin. sp.

= Anomia craniolaris, Lin., S. N. xii, i, pt. ii, p. 1150, No.
216; 1767:

= Crania brattensburgensis, Retz. (pars), l. c. p. 73, 1781.

= Urania nummulus, Lam., An. s. Vert. Ed. 1, vi, p. 238, No.
PCISTY:

= Crania personata (part), Lam., ]. ¢. p. 238, 1819.

= Ostracites numismalis, Beuth., Jul. et Mont. subt. p. 130, t.
T, No. 46, 1776, fide Bronn. Ind. Pal.

A fossil species from Sweden, confounded with the recent
species by Retzius, Gmelin, Dillwyn, Chemnitz and Lamarck.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 73

The following are the recent species which may be referred to
this genus :

Crania Suessi, Reeve, Mon. Crania, Conch. Icon. pl. 1, fig. 2,
1862, from Sydney, Australia.
Crania rostrata, Hoeninghaus, Mon. Cranza, p. 8, No. 3, f. 3,
1828. Rve., 1. « pl. i, fig. 3, 1862.
Mediterranean and (?) West Africa.

I have received a specimen of this species from the Mediter-
ranean through the kindness of Mr. Davidson. It is quite
distinct from C. anomala. Deshayes’ synonymy is very erroneous,
and includes both anomala and the presumed variety turbinata.

Crania anomala, Miiller, (as Patella a.), Prodr. Zool. Danica,
2870, 1766. Reeve, l. c. pl. i, f. 4, 1862.
= Patella distorta, Montague, 1808, P. Kermes, Humphrey,
Criopus orcadensis, Leach, 1852. Orbicula norvegica,
Cuvier, 1798, and Lamarck, 1801 (but not of Sowerby,
1822, Rang, 1829, nor Blainville, 1825), + Creopoderma
turbinatum et Criopus fimbriatus pars, Poli, 1792, +- Cra-
nia personata, Lamarck, 1819, + Crania ringens, Hoen-
inghaus, 1828, + OC. rostrata, Deshayes (pars), 1836 (not
Heeninghaus), &c. Ke.
North European Seas.
Crania anomala, var. alba, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. v, p. 1665,
1869.
Shetland and the Hebrides.

Crania (2? anomala var.) Pourtalesit, Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. iii, No. 1, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. T, a, b, May, 1871.
Florida Keys.

The few specimens obtained by M. de Pourtalés differ in
smaller size and in strong radiating rugosities, as well as in tex-
ture and color, from the typical anomala. A larger series of
specimens will perhaps establish its specific rank. For the
present, however, I prefer indicating it under a varietal name.

The seventy-four synonyms of anomala will be found in the
Report already mentioned. I am indebted to Mr. G. W. Tryon
for an examination of Poli’s work and evidence as to its non-bino-
mial character, which should exclude it from all strict synonymy.
Mediterranean specimens received from Mr. Jeffreys establish
the identity of C. turbinata, Poli, with C. anomala.

Orania Japonica, A. Adams, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d
ser. xl, p. 100, 1863.
Gotto Islands, Japan, 71 fms.
The muscular scars are exceedingly prominent..

I

TA AMERICAN JOURNAL

Family DISCINIDA, Gray.
Discinide, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. i, p. 155, 1840.

Orbiculide, King, Owen, Chenu, and the earlier authors.

Shell structure permeated with very minute tubuli; valves
inarticulated. Attached to foreign bodies by a peduncle passing
through the lower valve. Valves suborbicular, with a subcentral
apex. Animal with free spiral arms; mantle very vascular,
fringed with long chitinous sete.

For synonymy of family, see my report in Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. vol. iii, No. 1, June, 1871.

Synopsis of the Family.
Genus Discina, Lam., 1819. Type D. striata, Schum.
Subgenus Desezna, (sensu stricto).

Shell with subequal externally convex valves, with subcentral
apices. Lower valve with a small subtriangular prominence in
the centre, with a minute circular orifice for the pedicel, beneath
it, from which an impressed line or furrow extends, on the inside,
posteriorly. Shell of rather solid texture, impunctate, perfo-
rated by minute tubuli? Type D. striata, Schumacher, 1817,
= D. radiosa, Gould, + D. Evansit, Davidson, + D. norvegiea,
Sowerby, ++ D. ostreoides, Lam.

Subgenus Orbiculoidea,* D’Orbigny (Schizotreta Kutorga.t

Shell similar to the last, but with the circular perforation at
the posterior instead of the interior end of the furrow, which last
is impressed from the outside instead of from the inside, as in
Discina. Type Orbiculoidea elliptica, Kutorga, Davidson, In-
trod. p. 129, Pl. ix, f. 2538-4-5, 1852.

Subgenus Discinisca, Dall. (= Discina sp. Auct.)

Lower value more or less flattened, concave or compressed,
upper value more convex; apices of both subcentral, or sub-
posterior. Lower value with a small septum as in Diseina, be-
hind which is a disk or area impressed from the outside, and
traversed by a longitudinal fissure in the median line of the
valve, extending from a short distance behind the septum, nearly
to the posterior margin of the valve, which is often slightly in-
dented behind it. Shell more or less horny in texture, minutely
tubulous. Type Discina lamellosa, Brod., Rve. Conch. Icon.
Pl. i, f. 4, 1862.

* Comptes Rendus, xxv, p. 269, 1847, August.
+Verh. Kais. Min. Ges. 1847.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 75

Genus Trematis,* Sharpe, (= Orbicella D’Orb., 1. ¢.)

Upper valve with a posterior apex and small false area.
Lower valve flattened, with a large foramen extending nearly to
the posterior border. Shell structure in two layers, the outer
calcareous, with a peculiar reticulated sculpture. Inner layer
horny, minutely tubulous as in Diseina. Type Orbicula termin-
alis, Conrad, in Nat. Hist. N. Y. Part iv, Geology, by Emmons,
p- 395, f. 4, 1842.

I am not prepared at present to admit Stphonotreta and Acro-
treta into this family, but incline to the opinion of Kutorga, that
they form a group by themselves.

Keyserlingia, Pander (Bull. Ak. Sci. St. Petersb. iii, p. 46,
1861. Type K. reversa, Pand. Pl. ii, f. 1, a—g.) appears to
have relations with Stphonotreta, but its position is at present
doubtful.

Genus DISCINA, Lam.

Discina, Lamarck, Hist. An. Vert. vi, p. 236, 1819.
= Crania, 8., Schumacher, Essai, p. 102, 1817.
= Orbicula, Sowerby, Min. Conch. vi, p. 4, Pl. 506, 1830.
= Orbicula, sp., Lamarck and Owen.

Not Orbicula, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Regne An. p. 435, 1798,
Lam. An. s. Vert. i, vi, pt. i, p. 242, 1819, Schum. Essai. p. 55,
1817,= Crania.

Type Discina striata, Schum. sp.

= Crania (8) striata, Schum. Essai, p. 102, Pl. xx, f. 1, a—f.
1817. (Not C. striata, Defrance). Hab. ?
= Crania radiosa, Gould., 1852. Hab. Cape Palmas.
= Orbicula striata, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, p. 366, Pl. 73, f.
9, 1847. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii, p. 368,
1853.
= Orbicula norvegica, Sowerby, Tr. Lin. Soc. xiii, p. 468, Pl.
xxvi, f. 2, 1828. (Syn. exclus.) N. Africa.
= Discina ostreoides, Lamarck, An. s. Vert. vi, p. 237, 1819.
No description.
= Orbicula ostreoides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Pl. i, f. 7 a, b.
= Orbicula Evansii, Davidson, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 81, Pl. xiv, f.
32—34. Hab. Bodegas, Cala. in error.
Not Orbicula striata, Sowerby, Silurian Syst. t. v. fig. 21,
1839, and Siluria Pl. xx, f. 3. 1859, a fossil species.
Not Orbicula norvegica, Lamarck,= Crania anomala.

Not Discina ostreoides, Turton, Dith. Brit. p. 238, 1822.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. No. 13, vol. iv, p. 66, June, 1847.

76 AMERICAN JOURNAL

A full resumé of the synonymy, and a rectification of the same,
will be found in the Report before alluded to. Carelessness in
the identification of types and the neglect into which this and
the last family have fallen, are the probable causes of the con-
fusion which has hitherto pervaded them. ‘These rectifications
will perhaps meet with some opposition from those naturalists
who forget that accuracy is the basis and aim of all Science.
There can be no doubt as to the true type of this genus, and
that it is as distinct from the forms which have been usually
regarded as typical Discine on the one hand, as Orbiculoidea is
on the other.

The following are the recent species. Those marked with an
! T have personally examined.

Diseina striata! Dall ex Schum. 1. c.
Habitat. North west coast of Africa.

Discinisca stella! Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii, p.
323, Sept. 1860, Rve. Conch. Icon. Pl. 1, fig. 1, 1862.

Singapore and Philippines, Cuming. China Seas, Stimpson.

Discinisea lamellosa! Brod. P. Z. 8., 1833, p. 124. Rve.
Conch. Icon. Pl. 2, f. 38, 1862.

Panama to Peru.

This is the subgeneric type. I have examined an immense
number of specimens from Panama and find that they exhibit
many varieties. This species has no radiating strie and is a
thinner shell than D. levis.

Discinisca tenuis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i, p. 366, Pl. 73, f:
4—5, 1847. Not of Reeve, Conch. Icon. Pl. 1, f. 5;
1862.

Habitat ?

Reeve’s figures of Orbicula tenuig do not represent Sowerby’s
species, but agree well with some of the varieties of D. lamellosa.
I have seen no specimens of either, but the figures exhibit dis-
crepancies too great to be reconciled. Sowerby gives no locali-
ties, and Reeve’s localities, or one of them, probably refer to the
form which he figures. It can hardly be found both in Chili and
South Australia, and the double habitat is probably due to an
error in labelling or identification.

Discinisca levis! Sby., Trans. Lin. Soe. xiii, p. 468, Pl. xxvi,
f. 1, a—d, 1822. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Pl. i, f. 4, a-b,
1862.

Concepein, Chili, Cuming.

OF CONCHOLOGY.. ‘itg

A specimen of this species was received from Peru, through
Mr. Cuming, labelled strigata, Brod. |

Discinisca Cumingii! Brod., P. Z. 8.18338, p. 124. Reeve,
Conch. Icon. Pl. i, f. 6, 1862,— D. strigata, Brod. fide
Rve.

Cape St. Lucas to Panama.

Mr. Reeve’s figures afford no characters by which this might
be distinguished from the last species. The specimens received
under this name from Mus. Cuming cannot be distinguished from

D. stella, Gould, by constant characters.

— Dineinisea ? antillarum, D’Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, p. 368, PI.
28, f. 34-36, 1853. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Pl.1, f. 2, 1862.
Cuba, Martinique, Cuming.

I have never seen this species which is stated by Reeve to re-
semble D. stella. It has relations with D. Cumingii, and a
series should be compared.

Discina ( ? Diseinisca) atlantica, Jeffreys, MSS.
North east Atlantic.

I am indebted to Mr. Jeffreys for information in regard to
this species, which is on the point of publication in the Proceed-
ings of the Zoological Society of London.

Family LINGULIDA.
LINGULA, p. 156.
Add to the list of recent species :

Lingula affinis, Hancock, Trans. Roy. Soc. p. 851, Pl. lxvi,
f.1,2,1857. E. Indies.

GLOTTIDIA, p. 157.

The internal lamine support the posterior retractor (adjustor
of Hancock) muscles, not the post-parietals as suggested previ-
ously.

Add San Diego, Palmer, and Monterey, Cal., Stearns and
Newcomb, to the list of localities for G. albida.

Glottidia (? albida var.) Palmeri, Dall.

Shell imperforate ; texture moderately solid but contracting
about the edges in drying; very narrow and elongated, rather
square in front. Beaks sharply acuminated, valves in the natu-
ral condition rather widely gaping. Heemal valve with a small

78 AMERICAN JOURNAL

concave area, transversely striated. Exterior of the valve with
two obscure carinz extending from the beaks to the anterior
corners of the shell, and another, even less evident, in the me-
dian line. The posterior portion of the shell creamy white, ex-
treme edges lightly horny; area between the two carinz of a
fine brown, stronger on the lines of growth and diminishing pos-
teriorly ; median carina paler. Surface polished, with obscure
impressed lines and slight rugosities under a lens.

Interior whitish, not polished. When fresh all the organs are
represented in a faint impression on the inner surface, but this
becomes obscure when the shell is contracted by drying. In-
ternal lamine prominent. In all the specimens of this genus
which I have seen the right lamina in the neural valve is a little
longer than the other.

The muscles are attached on the inner concave edges of the
laminz. The muscular impressions are very small and obscure.*
Length of shell 1:7 inches, greatest width 0°55 inches. Length
of peduncle 4:5 inches. Habitat at the head of the Gulf of
California on the Lower Californian side, opposite the mouth of
the Colorado River; in sandy shelly mud at low water mark.
Ten specimens, with the animal in alcohol, were collected by
Dr. Edward Palmer. Cabinets Smithsonian Institution, W. H.
Dall, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, Thomas Davidson, Esq.
and the Boston Society of Nat. History.

This magnificent species was collected alive by the indefatiga-
ble exertions of Dr. Palmer, who spent many hours groping in
the mud after the small number of specimens above recorded.

I should have no hesitation in considering it a distinct species,
coming as it does from a distinct zoological province, from the
G. albida, but that the number of specimens of the latter (very
rare species) which I have seen, is quite limited.

The principal differences are as follows :

The albida, as before described, agrees with the descriptions of
Hinds, Reeve and Sowerby. The shell under my eyes differs
from them in being much more elongated and narrow, propor-
tionally, than the albida; the beaks are mere acute, the internal
laminee are closer together and less widely divergent. The pe-
duncle is very much longer, the brown color so conspicuous on
the exterior is not found in G. albida, which also has a much
more prominent median carina and a more solid shell which does
not gape.

On the whole, the shell in question, if not a distinct species, as
I am inclined to believe, is at least a very strongly marked va-

* The scars of the post-adductor are thickened and plate-like.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 79

riety and cannot fail to be recognized. It is longer and nar-
rower than any other species and cannot be confounded with any
described species. All the specimens were unattached.

The anatomy of this species will form the subject of another

paper.
TRIMERELLA, Bill. and GOTLANDIA, p. 160.

In provisionally proposing the name Gotlandia for the shell
figured by Dr. Lindstrom, I felt a slight doubt as to its distinct-
ness from 7rimerella, principally because figures, and especially
restorations, are not infrequently insufficient representations of
the objects intended. Still I could hardly question the plain
statements in the paper alluded to. Since that time some mis-
apprehension as to the identity of the fossils examined by me in
Prof. Hall’s collection having arisen, I have been indebted to the
kindness of Mr. Billings for an opportunity of examining various
specimens of Zrimerella, both from Canada and from Gotland.
The latter were collected by Dr. Lindstrém.

The Canadian species are all casts in a calcareous rock and
more or less incrusted with calc-spar. The specimens from Gét-
land retain the shelly matter, but in a metamorphosed condition,
so that the shell structure cannot be determined. Besides these,
I have had the opportunity of examining a few specimens of
another species from the Niagara group, collected by the Geo-
logical Survey of Ohio, in charge of Dr. J. 8. Newberry, and in
very poor condition. In these, the shell is only represented by
rude incrustations of cale-spar, originally made over the shel]
which has since been entirely dissolved away.

Although these materials are anything but complete, they still
afford some information. Among the Canadians specimens three
forms of probably specific value appear to be represented, beside
the species from Ohio, which appears to differ essentially from
the others. With regard to the Gétland shell the materials are
not satisfactory for a full comparison.

One thing appears to be certain. In none of the American
species is there any pit, interlocking process, or hinge-teeth, such
as are figured by Lindstrém in his paper on the Gotland shell.

The provisional genus Gétlandia was suggested on the sup-
posed differences above mentioned; if they do not exist, it of
course, falls tothe ground, and with it the figures and description
upon which the characters were based.

On the other hand, though none of the Gotland shells have the
cardinal border well exposed, yet I am equally unable to discover
anything of the kind there; though that it may not exist, I
would not be understood as asserting. Dr. Lindstrém had doubt-

80 AMERICAN JOURNAL

less sufficient material upon which to base his description and
figures, and I do not desire to impugn his statement on such
slender material as that before me. Still it would have been
satisfactory to have been able to confirm it.*

Several casts of what must be supposed tobe the neural (ven-
tral) or long beaked valve are before me. They are from the
Guelph limestone of Canada. They appear to represent a spatu-
late or spoon-shaped shell, with an acuminated beak. The car-
dinal border is transverse (though slightly irregular) rather promi-
nent and with an anterior convexity in the median line. The
beak has a well defined, somewhat depressed, false area, witha
rounded ridge on each side of it extending to the hinge-line. On
each side of this ridge is a broad shallow gutter, between the
former and the edge of the beak. The hinge line being very
much arched, this groove is continued on each side, some little
distance anteriorly outside of and beyond the most transverse
portion of the hinge line. Over the whole of the beak are strong
transverse rug or striz of growth, which are especially promi-
nent upon the area, but which are readily traced over the
ridge and groove to the extreme edge of the beak at the
sides. The margins of the valves appear to have been wide and
thick as in Crania, but smooth. The beak somewhat resembles
that of Obolus, or less that of Acrotreta, in its plane aspect. No
subapical pit exists in the American fossils.

I am inclined to suspect that these shallow areal gutters are
what have been considered as sockets or grooves for the insertion
of the edge of the hzemal (dorsal) valve by Dr. Lindstrém. After
careful examination of his specimen, I fail to find any grooves
on the lateral margins of the neural valve, such as he figures.
On the contrary, these are very wide, flattened and smooth.
That in the American species these gutters cannot have served
such a purpose is evident, for they are strictly confined to the
lateral extensions of the area which was not opposed to any part
of the opposite valve. The area, as noticed by Mr. Billings, is
at an obtuse angle to the plane of the margin of the valves in
most specimens.

The hollow processes, as indicated by the casts, differ consid-

*It is possible that the processus cardinalis of Lindstrom may be,
with the supposed cardinal pit, due to erosion of the much incurved beak
of the hemal valve, reciprocally with that part of the area opposite to it,
in the neural valve, such as is occasionally seen in the opposed beaks of
bivalves.

A note from Mr. Davidson confirms the existence, in some specimens,
of a depression on the hinge-margin of the Gotland shel] and a corres-
ponding convexity in the dorsal valve, while corroborating my supposition
in regard to the absence of the marginal grooves, as figured by Lindstrom.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 81

erably in different specimens. The hemal valve appears to have
had them more prominently developed than the other, in all
cases. The median septum of this valve also seems to be more
extended anteriorly than that of the neural valve. The internal
tubular processes of the hzemal valve are, as Lindstrém represents
them, abruptly raised from the surface of the valve or even over-
hanging it, so that they represent two cylinders side by side,
with a gutter between them, which represents the top of a sep-
tum which is prolonged beyond their ends, anteriorly. In the
neural valve, however, these cylinders are less prominent, and
in some of the specimens the structure loses ‘the appearance of
cylinders and assumes the aspect of a plate or lamina, supported
by a median septum and passing off into the body of the valve
at its lateral edges, as described in the generic diagnosis of T'rim-
erella in my first paper. In the Ohio species the internal arrange-
ment differs somewhat in detail. Instead of the anterior ends of
the cylinders being abruptly truncate, as in Lindstrém’s figures,
the upper edges anteriorly produced and rounded off at the sides,
so that it projects beyond the lower termination of its respective
cylinder, while the septum is very prominent and also rounded
and projecting above, over its attachment to the shell below.

The following provisional diagnosis comprehends the most
evident characters.

TRIMERELLA, Billings, 1862.

= Trimerella, Billings, Pal. Fos. Geol. Can. i, p. 166, June, 1862.
=> Trimerella, Dall, op. cit. p. 160, 1870.

? Trimerella, Lindstrom, op. cit. p. 253, 1867.

? Gotlandia, Dall, (after Lindstrém) op. cit. p. 160, 1870.

Shell allied to Obolus. Neural (ventral) valve with a pro-
duced beak bearing a false area of which the middle partis more
or less concave, and the whole of which is crossed by strong im-
bricated lines of growth. The plane of the area is at an obtuse
angle with the plane of the margin of the valves. Heemal (dor-
sal) valve with a more or less incurved apex, on either side of
which is a small transversely striated area. Margins smooth,
flat, thickened, rarely flexuous. Neural valve with a subtriangu-
lar plate, proceeding forward from beneath the hinge margin,
more or less concave in the median line and more or less elevated
above the body of the valve at its lateral edges. Supported be-
low by a median septum which is usually prolonged beyond the
anterior edge of the plate.

Heemal valve with a similar arrangement, except that the plate
is more convex on each side of the median line, more elevated

82 AMERICAN JOURNAL

at its lateral edges, and more deeply grooved over the septum,
so that the apparatus presents the appearance of a pair of cylin-
ders side by side, whose anterior edges are more or less flexuous,
and with the septum longer and more prominent than in the
neural valve. Shell calcareous, with concentric lines of growth,
apex rather pointed, anterior margin broadly rounded, without
a foramen, hinge teeth or interlocking processes.

The Gotland specimens are too poor to state whether these
characters are common to them. It is my impression that they
will prove to be so, notwithstanding Dr. Lindstrém’s figures.

Type 7. grandis, Billings, op. cit. p. 166, f. 151, a, 6, 1862.

Characterized by a nearly straight hinge-line slightly flexuous
in front, and by the large cavities below the neural lamina, not
reaching the beaks.

Locality. Casts found in the Guelph limestone, middle Silu-
rian, at Galt, New Hope and Elora, J. Richardson, J. Dalgleish,
R. Bell and KE. Billings.

T. acuminata, Billings, op. cit. p. 167, fig. 152. Pl. , fig. 4-5.
Ibid. Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 3d series, 1, p. 471, June, 1871.

Characterized by the extension of the septum and cavities of
the lamina into the beaks below and behind the hinge margin,
which is narrow and straight. The valve below the lamina ap-
pears to have been somewhat thickened, so that the under sur-
face of the cavities was raised above the body of the valve.

The shell represented by figures 4 and 5 is referred by Mr.
Billings to this species.

Locality, with the preceding.
T BILINGSL nes. Plate dd) mae, d25 3.

Characterized by the lamina in the neural valve being hardly
raised above the shell except at the anterior extremity ; the sep-
tum hardly extending beyond the end of the lamina anteriorly ;
the area with a broad depressed transversely striated space in
the middle, on each side of which are two longitudinal ribs or
elevations, separated by a shallow gutter, across all of which the
striz of accretion pass without interruption; margins flat and
nearly straight. Posterior margin slightly concave in the middle.

Locality. Guelph limestone, E. Billings.

One cast of a neural valve, showing the characters of the area,
posterior margin, Xc., distinctly, was kindly lent for examination
and description by Mr. Billings. I have also seen two other
specimens from the same locality.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 83

T. MINoR, n.s? Plate 11, fig.6.

Characterized by the narrow median groove of the false area,
and the striz stronger outside of this than inside ; the apparent
absence of any lateral ridges or gutters on the area; the septum
rising above the anterior part of the lamina in the median line ;
the flat but proportionally more elevated neural lamina and the
straighter beak; a slight but conspicuous median flexure occurs
in the anterior margin of one specimen, and is nearly wanting in
the other.

Locality. Guelph limestone, Galt, Canada, E. Billings, 1857.

One certainly (and one probably) neural valve were received
from Mr. Billings. There is a possibility that this may prove to
be a form of the last species, but the character of the area ap-
pears very different. A much larger and more perfect series is
needed to determine the specific range of these protean shells.
It is certainly a Zrimerella.

TRIMERELLA CONRADI, Hall.

Obolus conradi, Hall, 20th Regents Rep. on the State Cabinet, |
p. 368, Pl. 13 (4), f. 1, 2, 1867.

This species is probably a Trimerella, as Prof. Hall inferred in
his description, though at that time, in deference to the opinions
of Messrs. Davidson «and Woodward, he placed it in® the genus
Obolus. It appears to differ from any of the other species here
mentioned, in its broadly transverse shell, very short beak, and
the form of the internal plates.

Locality. Leclaire limestone, upper Niagara group, at Leclaire,
Iowa ; and in a similar deposit at Racine, Wisconsin. Hall, loc.
cit.

T’.. oHIGENSIS, Meek.

T. ohiéensis, Meek, Sill., Am.‘Journ. Sci. and Art. p. 305,
April, 1871.

Characterized by the strongly flexed posterior margin and
deeply incurved hemal beak ; large and very prominent tubular
processes, almost equally so in both valves; the anterior end of
the septum raised and rounded, very prominent, the anterior
ends of the cylindrical processes flaring and oblique, the upper
edges overhanging and effuse.

Locality. Niagara limestone, Genoa, Ottawa Co., Ohio. Sink-
ing Springs, Ohio, I. 8S. Newberry. Guelph limestone, Canada ?
one valve, H. Billings.

84 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Three specimens and some fragments collected by the Ohio
Geological Survey, appear to belong to a distinct species for
which Mr. F. B. Meek has proposed the above name.

?7T. LINDSTROMI, Dall.

= Trimerellasp. Lindstrom, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Fork. xxiv, p. 258-7,
Pl.cxon al 867.
= Gotlandia Lindstromi, Dall, |. ¢. p. 161, 1870.
Not Trimerella grandis, Bill.

Were the character of this species certainly such as Lindstrom
ascribes to it, it could not remain inthis genus. I am inclined
to believe that it does not differ generically from the American
species, however, though the material at my command will not
suffice to determine the question or even to characterize the
species. It must therefore remain for the present in abeyance.
It seems to be most closely allied to 7. ohidensis. Mr. Davidson
having obtained the necessary material, will undoubtedly settle
the question in a satisfactory manner.

REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES.
i Pia ER), 10:

Fig. 1. Diagram of a bud of Rhabdopleura, a marine poly-
zoon, after Allman.

bo

Diagram of Phallusia, a Tunicate, after Huxley.

3. Diagram of Appendicularia, a free Tunicate, after
Moss. ‘The appendix is represented as if cut off
near the body.

4. Diagram of an articulated Brachiopod. Original.

5. Diagram of a Lingula, an inarticulated Brachiopod,
after Hancock.

6. Diagram of a CAiton with ambient gills, after Midden-
dorf.

T. Diagram of Mya, a lamellibranch, after Allman.

8. Diagram of Buccinum, a marine gasteropod, after

Huxley.

9. Diagram of Gadinia, a pulmonate gasteropod, with a
hemal flexure of the intestine. Original.

10.

fa
2:

Fig. 1.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 85

Diagram of Pompholyx, a pulmonate gasteropod, with
a neural flexure of the intestine. Original.

Diagram of a Cephalopod, after Huxley.

Explanation of the signs used in the diagrams pre-
ceding. a, branchial apparatus; b, mouth; ¢,
heart ; d, ovary and oviduct; e, sub-cesophageal
ganglion; f, anus.

Puate 11.

Neural valve of Zrimerella Billingst, from a mold
taken from the natural casts by means of gutta
percha. Slightly restored.

. Side view of both valves of 7. Billings in juxtaposi-

tion. Restored from the casts.

3. Section of the same.

(10
There is every reason for supposing that the restora-

Note.

. Hemal valve of Trimerella acuminata, Bill., (Cana-

dian) from a gutta percha mold,

. Side view of heemal valve of Trimerella acuminata,

Bill., from a mold. Restored (Ohio).

. Trimerella minor. Slightly restored from a mold of

a neural valve.

. Apophyses of Jsmenia? (Frenula) Jeffreys, much

enlarged, from behind.

. The same, from in front.
. Side view of the same.

. Ismenia ? Jeffreyst, two and a half times the natural

size.
Magasella Gouldit, three times the natural size.

tions of the Zrimerella here figured are essentially correct, yet,
as in all restorations, it is possible that there may be some defi-
ciencies in the representation of the more minute details.

The diagrams on the preceding plate are made as simple and
as diagrammatical as possible, being only intended to show the
relative position of the several parts represented by arbitrary

signs.

7

86 AMERICAN JOURNAL

NOTES ON DR. JAMES LEWIS’ PAPER, ‘ON THE SHELLS
OF THE HOLSTON RIVER.”’

(Published in Am. Jour. Conch., VI, Part III, 216, 1871.)
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

I propose in the following few pages to review the synonymy
of the operculated fluviatile mollusks mcluded in the paper above
quoted. It appears that Dr. Lewis has made use, principally,
of very abundant material, the result of two years’ exploration
of about twenty miles of the course of the Holston River by an
intelligent and industrious collector—Miss Annie E. Law, of
Concord, E. Tenn. I have carefully examined a large number
of specimens from the same stream, collected many years since
by Prof. 8. 8. Haldeman, and I have otherwise enjoyed advan-
tages for the study of the Strepomatide, such as have been af-
forded to no other naturalist. I had the entire collections of
Dr. Gould, Mr. C. M. Wheatley, Prof. Haldeman and Smith-
sonian Institution, Mr. J. G. Anthony’s type specimens and
my own collection, with facilities of comparison with the collec-
tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and that of Dr. Isaac
Lea. The last named gentleman kindly gave me much of his
valuable time and experience in perfecting the synonymy of the
Strepomatide, and when I published my paper I had attained a
very satisfactory knowledge of most of the species of this diffi-
cult family. I have since had but few occasions to doubt the
correctness of my published views.

ft will thus be seen that my conclusions, so different from
those arrived at by my friend Dr. Lewis, are based upon abun-
dant material, including specimens collected in the Holston. On
the other hand, Dr. Lewis uses his Holston collection as a basis
for his determinations, and however extensive it may be, I believe
that a merely local collection, in this family, is not well adapted
to the elucidation of questions of synonymy, especially as sev-
eral of the shells which are made synonyms were not originally
obtained or described from the Holston River, and as they are
not well understood species, it may be suspected with some
reason that their identification is apocryphal.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 87

No. 69. ANCULOSA CINCINNATIENSIS, Lea.

This shell is stated to be the young of A. tintinnabulum, Lea,
which is excluded from the synonymy of A. subglobosa. As a
partial reason, it is asserted, on the authority of Mr. U. P.
James, that the true tintinnabulum is found in the Ohio River.
The shells alluded to must be a form of A. prerosa mimetic of
tientinnabulum, which is of rather frequent occurrence. Mr. J.
G. Anthony, who resided many years at Cincinnati, did not find
tintinnabulum in the Ohio, but he did find Cincinnatiensis, and
satisfied- himself that it is the young of prerosa.

No. 71. ANcULOSA SUBGLOBOSA, Say.

I believe that A. virgata, Lea, has not been correctly identi-
fied, or it would scarcely be said to differ from A. subglobosa and
to = vittata. The latter species it does not resemble at all. I
am fully convinced that A. subglobosa and A. tintinnabulum are
the same species, as I have examined thousands of specimens
from many localities.

No. 72. ANcULOSA TRYONI, Lewis.

This I believe to be A. tenzata, Conrad, which does not ex-
clusively ‘“‘ belong to a different system of drainage.’ <A large
number of species of Strepomatide are common to the waters of
the Alabama and the Tennessee Rivers, and among them is
teenata.

Figures 101, 102 in Am. Jour. Conch. ii, p. 183, which Dr.
Lewis says are varieties of Tryoni figured as tenzata, were drawn
from specimens collected by Dr. Showalter in the Coosa, a tri-
butary of Alabama River !

No. 7%. ANcuLOSA vir@ata, Lea.
Evidently unknown to Dr. Lewis. See No. 71.

No. 75. ANGITREMA VERRUCOSA, Raf.
Lithasia fuliginosa is very different.

No. 76. EurycmLon ANTHONYI, Budd.

Lithasia Tuomeyi which Dr. Lewis thinks is the same species,
undoubtedly belongs to the genus Lithasia. Eurycclon (Ancu-
losa) turbinata is a good species ; I have examined an extensive
series of different stages of growth. The quite young shells re-
semble the young of H. (A.) crassa, Hald., but are more disk-
like in shape, being quite depressed, wide, and with a sharp
carina.

No. 82. SomMatoayRus CURRIERIANUS.
S. parvulus and S. awreus are made synonyms. I think it

88 AMERICAN JOURNAL

doubtful whether Currierianus and aureus have been correctly
determined; the three species are quite distinct.

No. 83. SrrepHopasis Crarkt, Lea.

Dr. Lewis is in error regarding varieties approximating plena,
Spillmanti and corpulenta. They are all very different from
S. Clarkit.

No. 88. TryPaNosToMa curTUM, Hald.

This is placed in the genus Trypanostoma because, on the
authority of Dr. Hartman, whose paper is published in a recent
number of the Am. Jour. Conch., the operculum differs generic-
ally from that of Strephobasis. I have satisfied myself that no
generic or specific characters of value are to be found in the
opercula of the Strepomatide ; hence it should be replaced in
Strephobasis.

To this unfortunate species is referred a synonymy embracing
eleven species, belonging indubitably to three different genera!
I may not take the time to disprove this wholesale reduction of
species, and perhaps it is not necessary that it should be done.
Dr. Lewis modestly “ suggests’ the synonymy, not as entirely
conclusive but deserving of inquiry; but it should be distinctly
understood that every species should remain unquesticned (in
print) unless it can be proved to be a synonym; otherwise we
have ‘‘ confusion worse confounded.”

Upon the invitation of Dr. Isaac Lea I have carefully re-
examined his types of the species included in Dr. Lewis’ strange
synonymy, resulting in a renewed assnrance that my original
determinations respecting them were correct. I suspect that
some of the supposed synonyms have not been correctly deter-
mined. A very large suit of St. curta was included in Prof.
Haldeman’s Holston River collection.

No. 90. TRYPANOSTOMA GRADATUM, Anthony ?

If these shells resemble externally a Strephobasis, then I am
afraid they have not been correctly determined.

No. 95. TRYPANOSTOMA UNDULATUM, Say.

Why does Dr. Lewis include this species in his list, when, in
the same paragraph, he admits his inability to recognize it?

I have neither the time nor inclination to demonstrate at
length the reasons for believing Dr. Lewis to be in error in all
the above instances, and perhaps it is sufficient to indicate the
more palpable mistakes as I have done, and in other cases merely
express my dissent from his views. As soon as my complete
monograph of the family Strepomatide is published by the Smith-
sonian Institution, students will have better means of determin-
ing the species correctly than those now available.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 89

NOTE ON THE GENUS ANISOTHYRIS, CONRAD, WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

BY W. (UH - DALE:

The shells described by Mr. Conrad, Prof. Gabb and Mr. H.
Woodward, of which a large proportion come under the above
designation, are, from the laminated colored clays of the Amazon
Valley, identical, according to Prof. Orton, with the “ Drift” of
Prof. Agassiz. They are from Pebas, near the mouth of the
Ambiyacu; and Pichana on the south side of the Marajion, and
are also reported from other localities. While further informa-
tion in relation to their stratigraphical position would seem de-
sirable, from any point of view they form a very interesting
group. The authors above mentioned unite in regarding them
as mostly brackish water forms; some of them undoubtedly are,
but on the whole I am inclined to the belief that the fauna was
more strictly marine than it has been regarded, and that the in-
termixture of fresh water and land shells may have been due to
their having been washed into the estuary in which the marine
forms were indigenous. ‘This view receives some confirmation
from Mr. Woodward’s remarks in reference to A. tenuis. Many
of the genera, judging from their recent representatives, are ex-
clusively marine, as far as we know, and there are none of them,
except Hemisinus and Bulimus, which may not have lived in
unadulterated sea water. Some of them are types of which we
have no recent representatives, and on these we can make no
decisive observations. The aspect of the shells, the well pre-
served colors, epidermis, and even remains of the cartilage, show
conclusively that they are of very late geological age, and I am
of the opinion that they cannot be older than Plioeene, and are
perhaps later. In this supposition I am supported by older and
much more experienced paleontologists.

Genus CORBULA, Brug.

Corbula, Brug., Ene. Meth. Pl. cexxx, 1792. Lam., Hist.
An. s. Vert. v. p. 494, 1818.

90 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Subgenus ANISoTHYRIS, Conr.

Pachydon, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 198, 1869.

Anisothyris, Conrad, Ib. vi, extra, published in advance, Oct.
10, 1870. H. Woodward, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. iv, vol. vii, p. 104, Feb. 1871.

Not Pachyodon, Schum., Essai, p. 159, (as Paxyodon) 1817.

The nomenclature of this group is somewhat involved. It is
a mooted question whether we may rightly alter a name given
by an author to correspond with our own ideas of correct spell-
ing and derivation. When the derivation is given and the spell-
ing is manifestly erroneous it may be quite proper to correct it,
even if, by so doing, we reduce the name to the rank of a syn-
onym. When no derivation is given and we are left to our own
resources to determine the correctness of the name, I am inclined
to the opinion that we have no right to change it. Neither
Schumacher nor Gabb gave any derivation, and while it may be
said that it is sufficiently obvious, yet in matters of this kind it
should not be permitted to take anything for granted, more es-
pecially when such a course is calculated to throw stumbling
blocks in the path of study with the sole result of vindicating
the suppositious classical learning of the innovator. Such a
course is in the nature of an ex post facto law.

Nevertheless, in the present case I prefer to follow Messrs.
Conrad and Woodward in adopting the name Anisothyris, in a
modified sense, though I do not justify the proceeding.

Recent as is our knowledge of the group, several very grave
errors have marked the publications upon it.

Prof. Gabb, in associating it with Jsocardia, was undoubtedly
mistaken, as has been pointed out by Mr. Conrad. It has little
or nothing in common with that genus (or family), except the
spiral beaks of some of the species.

The following extraordinary and entirely erroneous statement
is made by Mr. Woodward in his paper above quoted :

‘The recent species (of Corbula, Azara, Newra and Cardilia)
all have the umbones directed toward the posterior (siphonal)
end ; in the fossil species (of Anzsothyris ?), on the contrary, the
umbones look toward the anterior side. We find also that the
cardinal tooth is in the left valve in the recent, and the right
valve in the fossil shell, and the socket vice versa.”’

After a most careful comparison of the forms comprised under
the name Anisothyrzs with the recent Corbula ovulata, C. crassa,
C. nuciformis and three undetermined species from Panama,
Japan and China, and with the fossil Corbula pyriformis, Meek,
(Nevada tertiaries), C. gébbosa, Lea (Alabama eocene), C. oniscus,
Conr. (do.), and (C. nasuta, Conr. (do.), I am prepared to state

OF CONCHOLOGY. 91

unreservedly that no constant differences whatever are to be
found between the true recent and fossil marine Corbule and
the species of Anisothyris !

The teeth, muscular impressions, beaks and sculpture vary
among the species of Corbula as they do among the species of
Anisothyris and so on interchangeably.

Taking any one of the characters which at first sight appear
to characterize Anisothyris, and comparing its different species
and the different species of Corbula, it will be found that
there is-as much difference between the different species of the
former as there is between some of its species und species of
Corbula.

Neither the obliquity of the beaks, nor their spiral form, nor
the inequivalve shell, nor the form and size of the teeth, nor
the hinge line, nor the external sculpture, nor the general form
of the shell, have any generic constancy, or difference (except in
gradual and almost insensible degrees) from true Corbule. The
muscular impressions, pallial line, &c., are relatively and_pre-
cisely similar in both, with the exception of differences which
are not constant in the same species.

I therefore feel hardly justified in retaining the name at all,
and only do so because, on the whole, there is a general physi-
ognomy which is somewhat peculiar, though valueless when
subjected to rigid criticism; and the following characters are
especially emphasized in most of the species.

The beaks are usually (but not always) more oblique and more
posterior and more spiral than in most Corbulas, and the ex-
ternal surface is usually smoother, though often exactly like that
of typical Oorbulas. In consequence of the obliquity of the
beaks the teeth and hinge line are similarly affected in such
cases.

I feel entirely warranted in asserting that no positive diagno-
sis can be drawn up, including the characters of all the species
of Anisothyris, which will not apply as well to the genus Corbula
as a whole.

The type of the group is Anisothyris obliqua, of Gabb, (I. ¢.
p. 199.)

Mr. Woodward, forgetting the axiom, that ‘‘a name is a name
and not a definition,” changes the A. tenuis, Gabb, to A. Hauz-
well, Woodw. This proceeding is akin to those of the earlier
authors. who have created in this matter so much confusion for
later students, and it is to be hoped that it will be reprobated as
it deserves by other authors. The only basis for the change
consists in the opinion of Mr. Woodward that the shell is not
“thin !’? It would be well for him to consult the preface to

92 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Adanson’s Senegal, p. xv, et. seq., where he will find that the
eminent French naturalist, on account of the dire confusion
caused in science by the frequent changes of names from their
real or fancied inapplicability, was driven to the expedient of
inventing “‘ nonsense names,” which should have no meaning at
all, in order that no one should have an opportunity of changing
them on the ground that if one were ‘“‘thick”’ another was
‘“‘ thicker,’ and hence name number one must be discarded !

It may not be amiss to add that the younger specimens of A.
tenuis before me, such as Prof. Gabb had for description, are
decidedly thinner in proportion than those of the other species
with which he was acquainted.

CoRBULA (ANISOTHYRIS ?) LEDAFORMIS,n.s. Pl. 16, fig. 14, 15.

Shell somewhat compressed, nearly equivalve. Posterior end
much produced; truncated obliquely at the extremity. Anterior
end rather long; dorsal margin forming an acute angle with the
ventral margin; the last nearly straight. Beaks erect, incon-
spicuous, not oblique, slightly curved anteriorly. ‘Teeth in gen-
eral as in the other species, slender, small. Externally sculp-
tured as in Leda, with a carina extending posteriorly and giving
a somewhat double-tube-like appearance to the interior of the
siphonal produced extremity. Length ‘3 in., height -14 in.

A single specimen of this very distinct species was found in a
lump of the agglutinated fossiliferous clay sent by Prof. Orton
to the Smithsonian Institution. It is very much longer and
more compressed than young specimens of A. carinata, of the
same size relatively, and bears no resemblance to any of the
others. It is probably young, but not the young of any of the
described species.*

List of the bivalves of the formation.

Corbula (Anisothyris) obliqua, Gabb.
m0 a tenuis, Gabb.

os ovata, Conr.

es ee cuneata, Conr.

ee ee erecta, Conr.

as « carinata, Cony.
ss he ledeformis, Dall.

Tellina Amazonensis, Gabb.
Anodon Batesit, H. Woodward.

*Mr. Woodward is in error in stating that Hbora ‘closely resembles
Lacuna,” which is not a ‘“ North American genus” exclusively, nor does
it “inhabit brackish water,” but is found in the littoral and laminarian
zones in salt water.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 938

DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY NEW FORMS OF MOLLUSKS
FROM THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA AND
THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, WITH NOTES ON OTHERS
ALREADY DESCRIBED.

BY W. H. DALL.

The shells described in this paper are from many different
sources, of which two deserve special mention.

While acting as Chief of the Scientific Corps of the Western
Union Telegraph Expedition, in 1865-6, I obtained leave of
absence for three weeks, and proceeded to the town of Monte-
rey, some ninety miles south of San Francisco, on the coast of
California. This was in the month of January. During my
stay, I devoted my entire time to the examination of the Mol-
lusk fauna of that locality, which is very rich and varied. The
results of much arduous labor (I was unable to dredge), in which
I was most kindly seconded by Dr. C. A. Canfield, of Monterey,
may be found briefly summed up in the Proceedings of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences.* I prepared at that time a faunal
catalogue of the shells of Monterey, with notes on habitats, and
on such species as appeared to be undescribed. Copies of this
MS. were sent to Dr. J. G. Cooper, R. E. C. Stearns, Esq., the
late Dr. A. A. Gould, Dr. P. P. Carpenter, Dr. Wm. Stimpson,
and Mr. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., for examination and corrections
or suggestions, in March, 1866.

Being called away by duties which took me to the confines of
the Arctic Circle, I thought it best, in view of the fact that we
were almost entirely without books or typically named shells in
California, to defer the publication of this paper until my return,
Meanwhile, the types of my collections were sent to Dr. P. P.
Carpenter, of Montreal, the most eminent authority on the Mol-
lusks of the West Coast of America, for his examination. Sub-
sequent study has shown the wisdom of this course, several of
the species having been incorrectly determined for want of types.

* Vol. iii, p. 271, 1866.

94 AMERICAN JOURNAL

and others having been already named in MSS. by Dr. Car-
penter.

During the two years following, the dredging which I was
able to do in the North, and the collections of shells made in
Alaska by the Scientific Corps under my charge, added a mass
of very interesting material, which, on my return, yielded a num-
ber of new and rare forms. Most of these were also submitted
to Dr. Carpenter, to assist him in his work on the shells of Cali-
fornia, in preparation for the series of the Geological Survey of
that State.

I had anticipated presenting a thorough report on these mol-
lusks, including anatomical details and a complete revision ‘of
their synonymy; but up to the present time, such have been the
unexpected and annoying delays in the return of the types,
some of which have not yet reached me, and the multiplicity of
other duties, that I have not been able to prepare for publication —
more than a very small portion of the mass of notes, drawing,
anatomical details, &c., which have accumulated. As I am again
called away by unavoidable duties to the extreme northwest
coast, I have thought it best to prepare diagnoses of most of the
new species, and a very few of the anatomical and other notes
which are in a state for publication. Any deficiencies in the
present paper must therefore be regarded in the light of the cir-
cumstances which have rendered them unavoidable.

That portion which relates to the Pteropods, Nudibranchs and
naked mollusks generally, must be regarded as provisional, care-
ful drawings having been taken from life, which, with the results
of dissections, are reserved for future publication.

I trust to be able to add largely to our present knowledge of
the fauna of the coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, in
the course of the explorations and dredgings which I am about
to undertake in that region, under the auspices of the U.S.
Coast Survey.

Among the collections which have afforded interesting species
or notes, are to be especially mentioned those of Prof. R. Pum-
pelly, on the coast of Japan; Dr. E. Palmer, on the shores of
the Gulf of California, ; Dr. J. G. Cooper, R. E. C. Stearns, Esq.,
and others.

I am indebted to Dr. P. P. Carpenter for suggestions and
corrections to my Monterey paper, and in regard to the other,
more northern, collections; also to the Smithsonian Institution,
in charge of Prof. Joseph Henry, for the use of their collections
and library during these researches.

It is to be anticipated, as material for study becomes less lim-
ited and opportunities for comparison more numerous, that many

OF CONCHOLOGY. 95

of the forms which have been named as species will be consoli-
dated. This is especially likely to be the case in the genera
Odostomia, Bittiwm, Lacuna, Cerithiopsis, Scalaria and others.
Some now considered distinct will probably be found identical
with North Atlantic species; while, on the other hand, I am con-
vinced that many of the forms which have been considered iden-
tical with European Crag fossils, will prove, on examination of
larger series, to be quite distinct.

I am also impressed with the belief that the zoological prov-
inces of-the coast, from Panama to Bering Sea, will require much
modification. There seem, indeed, to be but two well-marked
faunze—one, the Northern, merging into the Indo-Pacific in the
Japanese seas, and into the Middle American in the vicinity of
San Diego or somewhat south of it; and the Middle American
fauna, from that region to the coast of South America. Beside
this we have the Boreal or Circumpolar Province. The two for-
mer are at best of subordinate rank, and, with that of South
America, may form a Pacific, in contradistinction to the Indo-
Pacific Province.

That the distribution of mollusks and other marine animals is
governed principally by temperature and not by depth, is no
new theory. I became convinced of its truth after a short
experience in dredging in the North Pacific, and every new
investigation adds weight to the same view, which, after the
various deep-sea explorations, may be taken as proven. I long
since showed that the cod, the sea-bear and sea-lion, beside other
marine vertebrates, are affected by similar influences.

That temperature is not the sole agent in determining their
distribution must, however, be conceded. Something is due to
the character of the bottom, something to the supply and nature
of their sustenance, and something to those mysterious geogra-
phical laws, of whose workings we have as yet only a bare
inkling, in Ornithology, but which cannot remain much longer
without elucidation.

Class CERPHALOPODA.
ARGONAUTID A.
ARGONAUTA Pacrrica, Dall.
Argonauta Pacifica, Dall, Am. Nat. ii, p. 237, 1869.

Argonauta argo, Cooper, not Linne.

? Argonauta argo, Rve., Conch. Icon. fig. 2 ¢.

I have elsewhere stated my opinion that the Argonaut, so
common at certain periods on the coast of California, is entirely

96 AMERICAN JOURNAL :

distinct from the Mediterranean argo and also from the Indo-
Pacific A. maxima. The materials at my command have, how-
ever, been rather limited, and the press of other work has pre-
vented me from giving due attention to the subject. The animal
of the Californian species is orange, with a sprinkling of fine
purple dots, more crowded and larger on the back. The pro-
portions of the arms are different from those of the A. argo.
The first pair are a little the longest; the second next in length,
while in A. argo they are the shortest; the third pair are the
shortest, and the fourth equal to the third. The web extends
along only one-half of the fourth pair, and is proportionately
smaller than in A. argo; the siphon is shorter, with a blunt
elbow. The dentition also differs. The central tooth is propor-
tionately larger, much broader, and slightly convex in the mid-
dle line in front. he first lateral is smaller, and the inner
corner is produced into a denticle. The second lateral is pro-
portionately larger, and the third narrower and smaller than in
A.argo. The shell is more ventricose, and the arrangement of the
sculpture and tubercles is different from that of the Mediterra-
nean species.

More material, however, is needed to complete the comparison
of the shells. I have no doubt that it will be found, as I have
shown in the case of other very distinct species, that each is
limited to its own zoological province.

ONYCHOTEUTHIDA.
ONYCHOTEUTHIS, Licht.
ONYCHOTEUTHIS ! LOBIPENNIS,. n. s.

Body short and inflated, somewhat cup shaped. Ventral pos-
terior portion rounded and produced, giving the animal a decid-
edly pot-bellied appearance. Anterior portion slightly con-
stricted or concave behind the edge, which is oblique, roundly
excavated in front, and produced into a sharp point in the
median line behind. Back slightly keeled. Fins rounded ovate
on each side, not continuous around the posterior extremity,
which is produced into a conical point. Nuchal collar prominent,
keeled in the median line behind and on each side of the funnel ;
margin interrupted by the funnel, otherwise entire. Head
rather swollen. Eyes large, blue in life, with a black inner ring.
Color yellowish white, with brown ocellated spots on the back
and sides, and brown specks on the arms and head. Sessile
arms subequal, tentacular arms somewhat longer. Length of
pairs: 1, °83 ii, °95 ni, 1°33 iv, "97 wv. -S in.. Length of pace
along dorsal keel, ‘7; do., on ventral surface, °5; max. diam.,

’

OF CONCHOLOGY. 97

-43; width of back, -46; width of fins, -66 transversely, °25
longitudinally. Length of head and collar on the dorsal line,
-4; total length, 2:2 in. Diameter of eye, :2 in. Cupules in
two rows. ‘Two hooks in the median line of the extremities of
each of the tentacular arms between the cupules. Mouth sur-
rounded by a six-keeled frill of integument.

Habitat, caught in the towing net off San Francisco, Cal., in
lat. 37° 22' and lon. 140° 10’, one specimen, Dall., July 17,
1865. Coll. reg. No. 302.

This pretty little species is doubtfully referred to the genus
Onychoteuthis. It is well characterized by its pot-bellied
appearance and narrow rounded fins. The posterior part of the
funnel is very globose.

LOLIGINID 2.
LOLIOLUS, Steenstrup.
Loliolus, Stp., Wiegm. Arch. 1856, 1, pl. x, p. 256.
LOLIOLUS STEENSTRUPI, n. 8.

Animal in general form much resembling L. typus. Body
elongate, cylindrical, tapering near the end to a rounded point
behind. Fins semicircular, on each side, continuous around the
end of the body, but very narrow there.

Anterior edge of the body with a wide shallow sinus below the
siphon, produced at each side of it, and with a linguiform pro-
cess in the median line of the back, extending forward between
the eyes. Anterior arms with two rows of cupules, a web
extending from the outer edge of each to the third pair, forming
a sort of sheath for the long second pair. Second pair cylindri-
cal, lanceolate at the ends, with about three rows of cupules,
very irregularly disposed; no hooks. ‘Third pair stout and
thick; fourth smaller; fifth quite small; all with two rows of
cupules. Respective lengths: i, °3; ii, ‘7; ii, “4; livereicoa Ws
-14 in. A band of membrane, forming a six-sided figure, passed
around the mouth, inside of tthe bases of the arms. ‘Total
length, 1-7 inch. Diameter of body, °3; of disk of fins, °d.
Length of body, -8 in. Color yellowish white, with round
spots and ocelli of various shades of purple; a large purple
blotch behind each eye.

“Pen” deeply grooved in the middle, as long as the body,
shaped like that of Sepioteuthis as figured by Chenu, but with
the ‘quill’ proportionately longer.

Habitat, Gulf of California, obtained near the mouth of the
Colorado River by Dr. Edward Palmer.

98 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Class GASTEROPODA.
PLEUROTOMID A.

BELA, Leach.
BELA? LHVIGATA, n.s.

Shell short, stout, of four or five robust whorls, smooth, or
with excessively fine revolving lines; spire short, usually one-
third or less of the total length, but varying somewhat; suture
distinct but not channelled, whorls not turrited, apex rather
obtuse, nucleus minute, whitish, smooth, of a whorl and a half;
aperture about two-thirds as long as the shell, wide; outer lip
effuse, sutural sinus more or less marked; canal short, straight,
wide; exterior sometimes marked with rather rugged lines of
growth, or quite smooth, but not polished; color livid purple,
with a superficial wash of white, a solid white line below the
suture, anterior extremity of the columella white, callus evident
but not conspicuous. Lon. °33, lat. -2 in. Defl. 65°.

This very peculiar little shell is of a solid and rugged aspect,
even living specimens looking as if beach-worn and dead.

It varies in the roundness of the whorls and the elevation of
the spire. Living specimens sometimes present no revolving
lines, while others show excessively fine ones. A variety (?)
tenuilirata, is pure white, with distinct revolving lines decus-
sated by regular lines of growth. Only one specimen of this
description was found, which is even more globular than the
typical form, and has a deeper sinus and narrower aperture. It
may be distinct.

Dr. Carpenter suggested that it was the fry of a Buccinum,
and, while my opinion was strougly adverse to this, as the shell
has a distinct nucleus of its own, differing from that of the Buc-
cinums of that region, I should hardly have felt willing to
describe it had I not found living specimens.

The animal is identical with that of Bela, but the operculum
is more like that of Drillia, as it wants the pointed spur figured
by Adams in the operculum of Bela nobilis (Gen. Rec. Moll. pl.
x, f. 8 a, b.) Its depressed spire and smooth whorls differ from
the typical Bele, aud it may eventually require a section to
itself.

Habitat, Norton Sound, Alaska Territory, at the Fort of St.
Michael, on the beach, dead, in very large numbers, and alive
among stones at low water.

MANGELIA ? ALASKENSIs, n. sp.

Shell elongate, fusiform, of a reddish or purplish brown, of

OF CONCHOLOGY. 99

eight evenly rounded whorls; aperture less than half and more
than a third as long as the shell, rather narrow; outer lip thin,
sharp; columella straight, with a slight callus; canal short,
wide, very slightly recurved; sutural sinus obsolete. Sculpture
of almost imperceptible revolving lines, crossed by oblique
longitudinal ribs, waved near the suture and obsolete on the
lower half of the whorl. Lines of growth irregular, quite evi-
dent; epidermis thin, olivaceous; whorls slightly shouldered ;
nucleus and first few small whorls whitish; nucleus smooth,
obliquely bent, minute; suture deep, impressed; a slight callus
on the columella. Interior of the aperture polished, smooth,
fuliginous. Ribs rather strong on the upper whorls. Lon. -8
lat. -3 in. Defi. 40°.

Habitat, Unga Island of the Shumagin group, in the North
Harbor, four fathoms, muddy bottom; one specimen living;
Dall, 1866.

This shell may possibly be a Bela, though the whorls are not
cancellated, the columella not flattened, and the shell hardly
turrited. I have compared it with the North European forms
of Bela and with all the types of the West Coast species of
Mangelia in the Smithsonian collection, and find nothing which
resembles it.

)

MANGELIA ALEUTICA, 0. 8.

Shell pure white, elongated, acuminated, of seven whorls
carinated above, though not very strongly. Aperture narrow,
long, two fifths the length of the shell; outer lip sharp, thin,
strongly flexuous, produced below, sinus close to but not on
the suture, not very deep or prominent; canal one-third as
long as the aperture, straight, narrow; columella smooth, almost
straight, without callus; nucleus smooth white, pointed, drawn
out; sculpture consisting of longitudinal ribs thirteen or four-
teen on the last whorl, obsolete on the lower third of the whorl
and not extending to the suture, below which is a smooth band
only marked by oblique lines of growth; ribs slightly nodulous
at their posterior terminations (where they are united by a
slight carina) strong on the upper whorls, slightly flexuous on
the convexity of the whorl. Whorl below the carina marked
by very faint grooves close together and passing over the ribs,
stronger at the anterior end of the last whorl. Lon. -68, Lat.
24 in. Defl. 35°.

Habitat, with the last ; three specimens, Dall, 1866.
This species has relations with MW. angulata and M. crebricos-

100 AMERICAN JOURNAL

tata, Cpr. It is much larger and differently colored from angu-
lata, and the carina in that species is near the middle of the
whorl, the grooves are much stronger and the ribs reach the
suture, which is not as deep as in the aleutica. In erebricostata
the whorls are not so much angulated, the ribs pass from the
suture to the lower end of the whorl, and the mouth is narrower
and longer. The shell is also much more slender and smaller.
These comparisons have been made with the typical specimens.

MANGELIA FUNEBRALE, 0. 8s.

Shell reddish black, small, slender, acuminate; whorls seven
or eight, rather rounded; aperture elongate, narrow; canal
short, slightly recurved. Inner lip and columella smooth; sinus
almost imperceptible. Sculpture consisting of fine rounded
grooves about fifteen in number on the last whorl, rather stronger
on the convexity of the whorls, separated by evenly rounded
ridges about twice as broad as the grooves. ‘These are crossed
by rounded, regular, longitudinal ribs, about twelve in the last
whorl obsolete on the anterior end of the whorl; suture impressed,
not deep.

Jion, .46, Lat:).16, n.. "Defi. -30°:

Habitat, Sitka, Alaska Territory, one specimen; F. Bischoff,
of the Scientific Corps of the W. U. Telegraph Expedition.

After a careful comparison with types I find no species at all —
resembling this from the Upper Californian coast. I refer it to
Mangelia with some doubt, as that and allied genera stand sadly
in need of careful revision and definition.

DAPHNELLA FUSCOLIGATA, Nn. 8.
Clathurella ? indet. Dall, MSS., 1866.

Shell fusiform, slender, solid, of four or five whorls; spire
half as long as the shell, aperture the same; the latter narrow,
with no perceptible sinus, and a short open canal; columella and
outer lip smooth. Sculpture consisting of strong, revolving, ele-
vated lines, six on the last whorl, crossed by strong, regular,
longitudinal costes of about the same size, twelve on the last
whorl. ‘These ridges are remarkably uniform, and their inter-
sections produce a very conspicuously regular reticulation. The
longitudinal ridges are, perhaps, a little thicker on the convexity
of the whorls than above and below. General coloration white,
with a reddish brown band between the suture and the first re-
volving ridge, another between and including the third and fourth
ridges, the other revolving ridges being dotted with brown be-

”

OF CONCHOLOGY. 101

tween their intersections with the coste. These intersections,
especially on the last whorl, appear somewhat nodulous.

Lon. :29, lat. -13 in. Defl. 30°.

This pretty little species belongs in the same group with
“mitromorpha,’ aspera and filosa. The sculpture differs from
D. filosa, and it is larger than and differently colored from D.
aspera, which otherwise somewhat resembles it, but is much more
acuminate at both ends, and more slender.

Habitat, Monterey, two specimens dead on beach; Dall, 1866.

CLATHURELLA, Cpr.

Olathurella, Cpr. ; Maz. Cat. p. 399, 1857.
= Defrancia Millet 1826, not of Bronn, 1825.
(Defrancia, Bronn = Pelagia, Lamx., 1821, not of Péron &
Leuseur 1809, nor Quoy & Gaim., 1832.)

The aeceptation of the generic name Clathurella depends pri-
marily upon the stability of the genus Pelagia of Peron and
Leuseur. I have been recently informed that this genus was not
accepted by naturalists. If this be the case, Pelagia, Lamour-
oux, would stand, to the exclusion of Defrancia, (Bronn) which
would in turn supersede Clathurella, for the present genius. As
I have not had opportunity of verifying this information, for the
present I prefer to retain the term Clathurella.

CLATHURELLA CANFIELD, n. 8s.

Shell solid, elongated, turrited, of five or six whorls; apex
pointed, nucleus small, hyaline, of one whorl, smooth, subse-
quent whorls more or less shouldered or carinated above, or
rounded, suture impressed rather deep. Aperture less than half
and more than a third as long as the shell, rather narrow ; outer
lip thickened, very effuse, internally ridged with from three to
six elevated lines terminating in tooth-like nodules. Canal
short, rather wide. Sinus somewhat below the suture, deep and
prominent with the portion between it and the suture, forming
a toothlike projection on the upper part of the inner lip. Colu-
mella smooth in the young, with from one to four crenulations
or nodules in the adult, near the anterior end. Upper portion
smooth. Sculpture consisting of revolving rounded even ridges,
sixteen or less on the last whorl, crossed on the upper part of
the whorl by numerous indistinct longitudinal plications, which
vanish on the lower half of the whorl. One of the revolving
ridges near the suture is sometimes stronger than the rest, giving
a carinated shouldered or tabulate appearance to the upper por-
tion of the whorls. Color yellowish white with three purplish

8

102 AMERICAN JOURNAL

bands often absent, wholly or in part, one on the lower, one on
the middle and one on the upper portion of the whorl. These

are only apparent on the last whorl.in most cases.
Lon 32 late 4a ins, dellw 352:

Habitat, Monterey, California ; dead on beach, ten specimens ;

Dall, 1866.

The species of Clathurella with crenulated inner lip and
thickened striated outer lip and deep, subsutural sinus may
eventually require a section for themselves as distinguished from
those with a smooth columella and outer lip and inconspicuous
sinus. ‘The above species and the next would belong together
in that section of the genus. They can hardly be placed in
Borsonia or Cordiera, as the crenulations are not true plice,
and the outer lip in those genera is thin and simple, and the
sinus is sutural and almost obselete.

The nearest ally of C. Canfieldi is the following species :

CLATHURELLA AFFINIS, n. Ss.

Shell resembling the last but smaller, though with as many
whorls. Sculpture similar, but much coarser and stronger, with
the longitudinal plice represented by strong rounded ribs, which
pass clear over the whorls, which are more inflated than in the
last. Aperture smaller and narrower than in the last, less than
one third as long as the shell. Canal very short and narrow.
Outer lip internally lirate, much thickened with two strong
toothlike dentations. Inner lip with four or five crenulations
on the columella. Coloration livid purple with a single white
band on the middle of the last whorl, which appears just above
the suture on the next whorl.

Lionw-25, Jatucdd img defi. 30°:

Habitat, Cape St. Lucas; 1 specimen; J. Xantus. Cab. Smith-
sonian Institution, No. 4084.

DRILLIA KENNICOTTI, n. s.

Shell solid, acuminate, white, with traces of a thin yellowish
epidermis. Columella twisted; canal slightly recurved ; inner
lip with a thin white callus; outer lip strongly flexuous, deeply
excavated below the suture, exceedingly effuse anteriorly, thin
and sharp. Nucleus smooth, white, small, obliquely bent.
Sculpture of the upper whorls consisting of a very strong, broad,
rounded carina, a little below the middle of the whorl, flattened
on top, with a faint revolving ridge on each side of it, the lower
one just above the suture, which is appressed. The whorls are
quite flat except for the ridges and carina, and marked by strong

»

OF CONCHOLOGY. 108

oblique lines of growth. Last whorl flat above the carina and
rounded below it. The ridge below the carina becomes almost
as large as the latter, which is less prominent than upon the
upper whorls. Below the ridge alluded to are others gradually
diminishing in size anteriorly to the number of eight or ten, of
which only two or three are at all prominent.

Lon. °84, lat. -36 in., defl. 30°.

Hatitat, North Harbor, Unga Island, in six fathoms, muddy
bottom, Dall, 1865.

I take a melancholy pleasure in dedicating this beautiful
species to the memory of the Jamented Robert Kennicott, first
Director of the Scientific Corps of the W. U. Tel. Expedition,
well known by his labors in the cause of science, and a martyr
to his devotion to them, in the field. It has a remote general
resemblance in miniature to the large Plewrotoma oxytropis,
Sby., from Panama, but is not closely allied to any specics
known to me, or figured in the monographs.

MARGINELLIDA.

PERSICULA DUBIOSA, n. s.

Shell stout, solid, very thick and rather broad. Form less
attenuated than that of P. phrygea, posteriorly; shorter and
stouter than P. imbricata. Apex covered with a thin, even
layer of callus. Labium and labrum nearly parallel. Outer lip
moderately thickened, inner with a moderate deposit of white
callus. Outer lip nearly smooth, with a few faint grooves on
the internal margin near the posterior end. Inner lip with one
broad fold, grooved in the middle, two plicee above and one
(forming the posterior termination of the columella) below it.
Notch deep and oblique, a shallow sinus at the anterior ex-
tremity of the outer lip. Color lively yellow brown, with un-
certain fluctuating white bars, spots and streaks irregularly dis-
posed, with a general tendency to elongation in the direction of
the lines of growth. Callus above the spire marked with a circle
of radiating brown dots, with an obscure white band outside of
them; a dark brown patch on the outer edge of the outer lip.

ons “or in.., tat. 2.1n.

Habitat, Acapulco, Mexico.

One specimen was obtained from half a bushel of fragments
and beach worn shells, purchased by me at Acapulco, in Octo-
ber, 1868.

It is at once distinguished by its color and markings from any
other of the west coast species. The plications of the inner and

104 AMERICAN JOURNAL

outer lips are much fewer than in P. zmbricata, which is a much
longer, larger and more pyriform shell. P. phrygea, beside its
totally different markings, has three times as many plice, is
much thinner, more delicate, and much more pointed behind.

I have obtained P. catenata, Phil., or a form entirely undis-
tinguishable from it, from Panama, Cape St. Lucas and the
Galapagos Islands. It is a common West Indian species.

BUCCINIDZ.
Genus VOLUTHARPA, Fischer.

Volutharpa, Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl. v, p. 85, 1856.
Bullia sp., Jay, Middendorf.

1. VoLUTHARPA AMPULLACEA, Midd., Bull. Phys. Math. Acad.
Sci. St. Petersb. vii, No. 16. Beitr., Mal. Rossica, p.
179, 1849. Sibirische Reise, Bd. ii, p. 237, pl. viii, f.
3, 4, xvii, f. 1—3, 1851.
Volutharpa Deshayesiana, Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl. vy, p.
S6 pli ais P87 Oa Ns56:
Hab., South coast of the Ochotsk Sea, Mid. Plover Bay,
Eastern Siberia, Dall.

2. VOLUTHARPA PERRYI, Jay.

Bullia Perryi, Jay, Perry’s U.S. Japan Exp., vol. ii, p. 295,
pl. v, f. 13—15, 1857.

Ve oluthanpa Perryi, Moerch, Journ. de Conchyl. vii, p. 44,
1858.

Hab., Bay of Yedo, Japan.

3. VOLUTHARPA AMPULLACKHA, var. acuminata, Dall.

Shell with a sharper and longer apex than V’. ampullacea ;
last whorl less rounded above, columella much less arched, in
fact nearly straight, not concave in the middle and _ projecting
at the antorior end as in that species ; outer lip much less effuse
and canal much narrower. In the typical ampullacea the epi-
dermis is thin yellowish, and in perfect, fresh specimens covered
with minute, very short cilia, caused by the elevation of minute
threads of the epidermis at the intersection of the crowded fine
revolving strive which cover the whorl, with the lines of growth.
In some apparently perfect specimens, however, the epidermis
appears perfectly smooth and even polished. In the present
variety, however, the epidermis is much thicker and stronger,
almost pilose, though preserving the same general ee
In both the suture is canaliculated.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 105

Habitat of the variety, Sitka, Alaska Territory, in abundance,
Dall and Bischoff.

The Volutharpa Merchiana, Fischer, (Journ. de Conchyl.
vii, p. 299, Mar., 1859,) is, without doubt, a depressed variety
of the North Pacific form of Bucetnwm cyaneum, Brug. This
has been confirmed by the examination of specimens, but is suf-
ficiently evident from the very good figures in the Journal de
Conchyliologie.

Apropos of this species, M. Fischer observes that it forms a
passage from Volutharpa to Buccinum, which, as far as the shell
is concerned, is quite true, except that the suture is not canali-
culated, which alone, conchologically, would remove it from
Volutharpa, all the forms of which have a channelled suture.

The Volutharpa Perry? is insufficiently described and figured,
yet appears specifically different from the ampullacea. The
dimensions are not given, but if the figure be of natural size, it
is much larger than that species.

Although M. Fischer expresses doubts as to the validity of
his genus, in view of the differences of the ovi-capsules, denti-
tion and soft parts, it must be considered as well sustained,
after eliminating the stranger whom he had inadvertently ad-
initted.

Troschel (Geb. der Schn. ii, pl. vi, f. 14) figures the dentition
of a species which he refers to V. Perryz. It differs in some
particulars from that of Buccinum. He also states that the
animal was without an operculum. Other authors do not men-
tion an operculum.

With regard to the IV’. ampullacea, a very remarkable fact
may be mentioned. The majority of the individuals are without
opercula, even without a trace of the pad-like gland or area from
which the operculum is secreted. About ten per cent. of the
individuals of the var. acuminata which I have examined had
traces of this gland or area, marked by its smooth and rather
whitish surface on the granulous dark slate colored foot. About
fifteen per cent. had well developed opercula in the proper posi-
tion. I have ascertained the same to be the case with regard to
the typical form, from alcoholic specimens, collected by Dr.
Stimpson in Behring Strait. There is no mistake about this,
strange as it may and must appear, that different individuals of
the same species are indifferently operculate or inoperculate.

A careful examination of this appendage reveals some singu-
larities in it worthy of note. At first the operculum is of an
ovoid form, with the nucleus near the edge at the larger end,
and increases by additions around the edge, but principally upon
the smaller or upper end. However, at some late period of its

106 AMERICAN JOURNAL

growth it takes a new start, and, seemingly, a new operculum
is commenced underneath the old one, with a central nucleus
which increases by annular additions, and finally has its edges
very much thickened and curved upward, giving it a saucer-like
appearance, while the old operculum seems as if laying upon the
saucer, with its nucleus and some of the adjacent portion pro-
jecting over the edge anteriorly. It has in all a diameter of +1
in. The drawings of this operculum were made under a camera,
and correctly represent it. ‘hat its form is not due to an in-
dividual abnormality is evident from the fact that all the speci-
mens examined were similar.

The ovicapsules are not at all like those of Buccinum, but
rather like those of Busycon, though smaller, consisting of disk-
like capsules, united by one edge to a ribbon or stalk, as in
Busycon. They contain from eight to twelve embryos, which
attain the length of :12 in., and a shell of two whorls, which,
except in the absence of epidermis, essentially resembles the
adult. The first whorl, however, is whitish and amorphous, and
very fragile; it is large for the size of the embryo, and is in-
variably fost in shells which have attained maturity. The re-
mainder of the embryonic shell is translucent purplish red, or
wine-color, with revolving lines. I found the embryos on ‘the
point of escaping from the ovicapsules in September. The disks
of the capsules are three-quarters of an inch in diameter and
two tenths of an inch thick, with the edges perpendicular to the
top and bottom, and the angles serrate or furnished with slight
coriaceous, projecting points.

Defl. 65° ih the var. acuminata and 90° in the typical form ;
lat. ‘5 and °7; lon. ‘8 and :9 in., respectively.

BuccInuM FISCHERIANUM, 0. s.

Shell almost precisely the shape of Volutharpa var. acwmi-
nata, and with the same number of whorls, but four times as
large.

Epidermis smooth, thin, yellowish, marked with very fine,
wavy, revolving lines, mach finer than those of DP “olutharpa, and
not ciliated. Surface of the whorls smooth, but marked with
rather evident lines of growth, which are ia into plicate
rugosities near the suture, whieh is appressed and not canali-
culated. Whorls inflated, amply rounded, solid, porcellanous
and strong. Aperture elongate- ovate; outer lip thickened,
broadiy, effusely arched. Peristome white. Throat of a muddy
pink. Inner lip with a thin callus, thicker on the columella,
where it is colored with dash of deep pink. Columella twisted,
broad, arched. Canal wide and shallow, very short. Color ex-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 107

ternally yellowish pink, upper whorls a little livid, last whorl
with a few indistinct revolving brown lines, frequently inter-
rupted. ‘Traces of obscure, revolving ridges appear in a few
places on the last whorl. Shell with four whorls, of which the
upper three form less than one-sixth of the whole length, though
acuminated.

on. sie3:;; lat. +9) in;.; defi. -80°.

Habitat, St. George’s Island, Bering Sea. One perfect
specimen and fragments, Dall, 1868.

This shell has precisely the form of Volutharpa, but its non-
canaliculated suture, solid texture, coloration and general aspect
confirm me in my belief that it is a true Buccinwm. It is
nearest to B. cyaneum, Brug., to which, for some time, I was
disposed to refer it as a variety. Dr. Carpenter and Dr. Stimp-
son appeared to dissent from this view, and after a careful com-
parison of it with several hundred specimens of 6. cyaneum,
finding no specimens which appear intermediate in form, I have
ventured to describe it. I should here remark that the B. ey-
aneum here alluded to (as identified with the eastern B. cyaneuwm,
Brug., by Dr. Stimpson,) is perhaps the dwarf variety alluded
to by him in his Review of the Northern Buccinums. At all
events, none of the specimens from Alaska approach the large
typical form in size, none exceeding an inch and a half in
length. They are stated to have been described by Moeller as
B. Humphreysianum (not of Bennet), and from specimens named
by Mr. Cuming are the same as Volutharpa Merchiana, Fisch.,
although the specimen figured is more depressed than the ma-
jority of specimens. I have, however, specimens from Sitka
which exactly agree with it. Since the differences in size, Xc.,
are so constant, aud the large form has not yet been described
from the North Pacific, it would, perhaps, be well to retain M.
Fischer’s name in a varietal sense, if, indeed, it be not specifi-
cally distinct from the large eastern cyaneum of Brugiere.

The Fischerianum differs from the var. Merchianum, above
referred to, in the absence of the regular grooves and revolving
ridges which characterize that form, in its much more inflated
shape and in the proportions of the spire, which is rather acu-
minated in the majority of specimens of Marchianum, (though
not in that figured by M. Fischer), in having, though a larger
shell, a smaller number of whorls; and in its more pleasing
coloration especially of the aperture. ‘The pattern of coloration
is the same. The columella, too, is more arched and _ broader,
and the canal shorter, wider, and more shallow than in the
Merchianum. J have another allied, but apparently undescribed,
species, from Unalashka, which, as it is decorticated, I do not
feel willing to characterize.

108 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Bucctinum KENNIcOTTI, n. s.

Shell of six whorls, which are rather shouldered but not at
all carinated. Aperture one-half the length of the shell or a
little less. Outer lip strongly arched, forming a right angle
with the body whorl, somewhat effuse anteriorly. Columella
with a thick white callus, with a groove behind it, somewhat
arched and twisted. Siphonal fasciole well marked, rather nar-
row. Canal narrow, recurved, rather elongated. Color.of the
shell white, with a purple tint within. Sculpture consisting of.
faint, primary, revolving ridges, obsolete on the convexity, and
more evident on the anterior part of the last whorl; absent-on
the upper whorls. Secondary sculpture of fine crenulated thread-
like lines, about eighty to the inch, which are decussated by the
lines of growth. The whorls are crossed by stout, waved, rounded
ribs (twelve on the last whorl), which are evanescent on the an-
terior portion of the last whorl, roundly shouldered on the last
whorl, less so on the upper ones; their anterior declivity rather
sharper than their posterior slope. These ribs are a little wider
than the interspaces. Epidermis yellowish brown, thin, smooth,
following the sculpture of the surface. :

Lat. 2°5, lon. 4°5 in. ; lon. apert 2-4, lat. of do. 1:4 in.; deff.
55°. The suture is very deep, not channelled, and the upper
part of the ribs of one whorl fit into the interspaces of the whorl
above.

Habitat, Captain’s Harbor, Unalashka. One specimen. I
am under the impression that a fine specimen of this shell is in
the cabinet of Dr. Newcomb, now belonging to Cornell Uni-
versity, and came from the Aleutian Islands.

This magnificent species, after a careful examination by Dr.
Stimpson, was pronounced to be new, and further study has
confirmed me in the opinion. There is no species of Buccinum
known to me which closely resembles it. The shell most like it
is the Chrysodomus Beringi, of Middendorf, which, apart from
its generic characters, is immediately distinguishable by its
smooth surface, irregular ribbing, straight canal and columella,
and subtriangular aperture. ‘The present species is one of the
largest and finest species of the entire genus.

CHRYSODOMUS LIRATUS, Mart.
Buccinum liratum, Martyn, Un. Conch. 45, pl. 13 and 14, f.
1, 1784, teste Cpr.
Murex lyratus, Gmel., Syst. Nat. 3531, No. 175.
Chrysodomus Middendorfit, Cooper, Pac. R. R. Rep., xii, pt.
il, p. 370.
Trikownen decemcostatum, Middendorf.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 109

This shell has been considered identical with Chrysodomus
decemcostatus, of Say, by Drs. Middendorf and Carpenter. Mr.
W. Cooper separated it under the name of Middendorfi, being
ignorant of Martyn’s publication.
. Having dredged a very large series of this species on the
north-west coast, and having had the opportunity of comparing
an also very extensive series of eastern specimens dredged by
Dr. Wm. Stimpson, materials upon the authenticity of which no
doubt could be thrown, were in hand for examination.

T availed myself, with much interest, of the opportunity thus
afforded for a careful comparison. ‘The results are as follows:

Proportional length of the aperture, including the canal, to
the spire, from the posterior sinus of the mouth to the apex: in
twenty-five specimens of liratus 832 x 13; in the same number
of decemcostatus, 30 x 18. Average number of revolving
ribs in Mratus, twelve; in decemcostatus, nine; maximum in
hratus, fifteen; minimum, nine; maximum in decemeostatus,
eleven; minimum, six. Width to height in lratus, 17 x 32;
in decemcostatus, 14 x 22. Maximum length of lratus, six
inches ; of decemcostatus, four inches. Maximum width of liratus,
2°4 in.; of decemcostatus, 2°2 in. Average relation of height to
width in Lratus, 2:2 to 1; in decemeostatus, 1:63 to 1.

The following comparative characters have also been noted :

C’. decemcostatus.

Animal frequently pure white,
sometimes flecked with black-
ish.

Shell with posterior part of
whorl generally tabulate or
concave. Ribs strong, in adults
broad and flattened on top,
interspaces usually channelled,
lightly grooved or smooth.
General shape of shell less
fusiform, and whorls less
rounded. Aperture’ white;
channels corresponding to the
ribs, sometimes chestnut brown.

Siphonal fasciole broad, exca-
vated, and with the fold strong.

C’. livatus.

Animal always black spot-
ted ; end of siphon and probos-
cis black.

Shell with posterior part of
whorl rounded, making asmaller
angle with the suture; often
with more or less strong ribs
above the first prominent rib.
Ribs slender, more equal, less
elevated, not flattened on top ;
interspaces not channelled,
strongly grooved, often, with
with quite prominent interca-
lated ribs. Aperture purple
or livid; if partly white, the
white is in the channels cor-
responding to the ribs, with the
intersnaces purple.

Siphonal fasciole long and
slender, usually nearly obso-
lete, sometimes quite so.

110 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Canal curved backward from Canal curved more or less
the plane of the aperture. strongly to the left of the aper-
ture.
Outer margin of the mouth Outer margin lighter than
darker than the throat. the throat.

On the whole, I can add little to the admirable differential
diagnosis given by Judge Cooper in his description of C. Mid-
dendorfii. He had but one specimen of the Western form, which
he compared with one hundred and thirty specimens of the
Eastern shell. From a comparison of a nearly equal number
of both species, I have come to the same conclusions. It should
also be remembered that Uratus does not occur on the Arctic
shores of North America, and the two species are separated by
a vast expanse of water.

Some of the characters in the comparative table graduate
toward each other in exceptional cases, but the sum of the
characters is always sufficient to discriminate between the two,
and this is all that can be expected between any two nearly
allied forms. I regard the two as perfectly distinct.

MURICID AL.
Genus PURPURA, Brug.

Purpura, Brug., Enc. Meth. i, pp. xv and 241, 1789. Lam.,
Syst. An. sans Vert. p. 77, 1801.

Type Purpura persica, Lam., 1. c.
Subgenus PURPURELLA, Dall.

Shell purpuroid ; aperture contracted, posterior and anterior
sinuses obsolete ; outer lip strongly dentate, not furnished with
spines or digitations; inner lip concave, flattened, with one or
more distinct spiral ridges or plaits upon the columella.

Type Purpura (Purpurella) colwmellaris, Lam., An. s. Vert.
vii, p. 236, 1822.

Habitat, Galapagos Islands.

This ‘very singular’ shell, as Lamarck called it, was considered
by Swainson to form the passage from Purpura to Ricinula, and
has been the subject of remarks from almost every author who
has referred to it. It is somewhat surprising that it has not
been sectionally separated before this time. It is quite as distinct
from the typical Purpura, with its unarmed outer lip, simple
columella, and effuse aperture, on the one hand, as Monoceros is
on the other. The contraction of the peristome is very marked

OF CONCHOLOGY. ital

and peculiar in young shells, which usually have only one spiral
ridge on the columella, while the adult form has two. These
are not mere nodules, as might appear on a cursory examination,
but regular spiral ridges, extending through nearly all the
whorls,

aie is very readily shown by a section, exposing the colu-
mella.

Family COLUMBELLID&, Moerch.
Genus AMPHISSA, H. and A. Adams.

Amphissa, H. and A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 111.
Truncaria, Cpr., not Ad. and Rve.
Amycla, Cpr., not H. and A. Adams.

Buccinum, sp., Rve.

This genus was considered by the Messrs. Adams as a subgenus
of Cominella, with which it has very little affinity. The animal
of the typical species resembles in general appearance that of
Cominella, as figured by the brothers Adams. The teeth are of
the Columbelloid type, and indicate its family position. The
operculum, whatever may be its value in other groups, is of little
value among the Columbellide for determining affinities. This
has been clearly shown by Meerch, and it is to be regretted that
Dr. Carpenter, in his works on the shells of the West Coast, has
ignored this fact.

Type AMPHISSA corRUGATA, H. and A. Adams, 1. c.

Buccinum corrugatum, Rve.

Truncaria corrugata, Cpr., part.

Amycla corrugata, Cpr., part.

This species has been confounded with the following one by
Dr. Carpenter, under the above names, under which it has been
extensively distributed.

AMPHISSA VERSICOLOR, Dall.

Amphissa versicolor, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Truncaria corrugata, Cpr., part. Suppl. Rep. p. 662, 1863.

Amycla corrugata, Cpr., part. MSS., labels, &e.

Amycla undata, Cpr., MSS., labels, not Cpr., Suppl. Rep. p.

662, 1865, per types.

This species was first distinguished by me in the MSS. already
alluded to, in 1866. It had previously been confounded with
the corrugata, and has since been confused (in MSS. labels at
least) by Dr. Carpenter, with his ‘“‘Amycla’’ undata, which,

1? AMERICAN JOURNAL

however, I am able to state, from examination of the typical
specimen, is a very different shell, and probably belongs to another
genus. It is certainly not an Amycla. The animal of A.
versicolor is white, with black dots and streaks. The tecth, as
figured, are typically Columbelloid.

The terms applied to opercula are so very indefinite, that two
authors may intend the same thing by different names, or different
things by the same name. A few words of explanation may not
be out of place.

A buccinoid operculum, as I term it, is one after the type of
the operculum of Buccinum undatum, in which the nucleus is
simple, close to the outer margin, which is convexly arcuate, but
usually a very little inside the margin, which increases by regular
concentric lines of growth toward the inner side, and which 1s
provided on the inner surface with a smooth polished callosity,
which borders the outer, and, to a gieater or less extent, the
entire margin. Some species have a subcentral nucleus.

The operculum of Amphissa differs from this only in having a
straight spur of callus extended toward the centre of the oper-
culum. The operculum of Witidella Gould is of similar con-
struction. The nucleus is close to the outer margin, but in
perfect specimens of Amphissa it is not quite marginal.* In
imperfect or worn specimens it is often marginal, or even worn
off entirely. This kind of operculum may, for distinctness, be
called amphissord.

A purpuroid operculum, on the other hand, is often externally
similar to the one above described, but on the internal surface it
is quite different and characteristic. The nucleus is within the
margin, and the outer border is covered with a thick callus.
The nucleus is, however, surrounded with peculiar lines of in-
crease, concentric, but irregular, as if the operculum had rotated
at different periods of its growth, with relation to the aperture
of the shell. This form of operculum is seen in Purpura patula
and P. lapillus, and is quite different from that of Wetedella
Gouldi, which Dr. C arpenter calls Purpuroid.

A nassoid operculum, as I regard it, is subquadrangular with-
out avery distinct nucleus, notched on the upper and lower
edges, smooth and sharp on the outer and inner edges, and in-
creasing by additions to its inner edge, with a border of callus
on the other three sides, when perfect. Such is the operculum
of Nassa levis, figured by the Messrs. Adams, differing totally
again from the operculum of ‘* Amycla,’’ (= Astyris = Amphissa),
described as nassoid by Carpenter, though probably lke the

* In Netidella crébraria and Astyrvs carinata it is subcentral.

OF CONCHOLOGY. Ts

operculum of the true Amycla (corniculum, Oliv.), of Adams,
which is a nassoid form, as shown by Troschel.

A comparative diagnosis will best serve our purpose in dis-
tinguishing Amphissa versicolor and A. corrugata, which have a
somewhat similar facies.

A. CORRUGATA.

Shell of seven or more whorls; covered with a rather thick
yellowish epidermis when perfect; longitudinally plicated with
obsolete ribs which are evanescent on the lower half of the
whorls. In ordinary specimens there are twenty-five or thirty
of these plications, with a stout pinch behind the upper angle of
the aperture. The riblets are crossed by deep channelled grooves,
sparser and deeper on the lower half of the whorl, about thirty-
five on the last whorl. The riblets are nearly parallel with the
longer axis of the shell.

‘The columella is usually covered with a thick deposit of callus,
the outer edge of which is sharply raised above the whorl, form-
ing a sort of groove. Colors livid brownish, variegated with
irregular yellowish and brownish spots not well defined, some-
times livid rufous.

Lon. 1:3 in. to °8 in., as extremes; lat. °5 in. to °35 in. as
extremes.

A. VERSICOLOR, n. 8.

Shell of about five whorls, last whorl two-thirds the length of
the shell. Epidermis imperceptible; shell ornamented with
rather strong sinuous ribs, which often invade the lower third of
the whorl; there are fourteen to sixteen of these on the last
whorl in well grown individuals, and they are crossed by rather
strong, thread-like lines, between broad channels on the con-
vexity of the whorls, which become narrower and groove-like on
the anterior part of the last whorl. They are about seventeen
in number, in average adult specimens, on the last whorl. Post
labial pinch almost obsolete, quite so in some specimens. Colors
very variable, pink, salmon color, livid bluish purple, brown
and pure white, all plain, or variously marked with a network
of white and brown lines, patches, dots, Xc., Xc.

Columellar callus less prominent than in the last; both have
the entire aperture striated internally in some fine individuals,
and often two or three tooth-like tubercles on the columella.

Lon. °48 in.; lat. -26 in.

This species is the most common beach shell found at Mon-
terey. They are very uniform in size though so variable in
color. They live under and about the stones at and near low-

114 AMERICAN JOURNAL

water mark. Ihave handled or examined, first and last, a bushel
or two of this species, which is extensively used for ‘‘ shell work.”’
[have not seen specimens from north of San Francisco, and
Monterey is its headquarters. I have been rather lengthy in
describing the differences between this and A. corrugata, not on
account of any very close resemblance between normal speci-
mens, but because they have been so widely confounded. Oc-
casionally, at Monterey, a stunted, beach worn specimen of A.
corrugata turns up, which, at first sight, much resembles a very
large specimen of the versicolor, but I never saw any perfect
specimens which were not instantly distinguishable. The normal
specimens of corrugata, at Monterey, though smaller and brighter
colored than the northern ones, are quite as distinct. The home
of A. corrugata is from Sitka to Neah Bay, where the other
species is never found. Monterey is the most southern range of
the former, and I have specimens from Kadiak. It occasionally
reaches a very large size, and the var. stylina, Cpr., is abnor-
mally slender and elongated. The smallest specimens I have
seen are larger than the largest A. versicolor.

The “* Amycla”’ undata, of Carpenter, is an acuminated shell
with shoulder whorls, strong ribs and short, hardly twisted canal,
without the post-labial pinch of Amphissa. It is very different
from the previously mentioned species, and comes from Catalina
Island in deep water.

Genus ASTYRIS, H. & A. Ad.

Alia, part, H. & A. Adams, i, p. 183.

Columbella and Amyela, sp., Cpr.

Columbella, Gld., Auct.

Astyris, Dall, Proc. B. Soc. Nat. Hist. Mar., 1870, p. 242.

ASTYRIS CARINATA, Hinds.

Columbella carinata, Hinds., Zool. Sulph. Voy. p. 39, pl. x, f.
15, 16, 1844.

Columbella gausapata, Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii,
p. 169, Jan., 1850. Otia, Conch. p. 71.

Alia gausapata, Gld., Otia Conch, p. 245, 1862.

Columbella Californiana, Gaskoin, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 12.

Columbella Hindsii, Rve.

Amycla gausapata, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. p. 662, 1863.

Amycla ? Californiana, Cpr., |. ¢.

The name Alia, of Adams, precedes Astyris in their work,
but no type being named, and this species not agreeing with the _
generic diagnosis of Alia, we are at liberty to accept the genus
Astyris, with which Ala is in great part synonymous.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 1 55

Having examined many thousands of the protean little shells
which have received the above names, I do not feel presump-
tuous in referring them to a single specific designation. All
Californian conchologists, | believe, agree in the opinion that
the various forms above referred to, merge imperceptibly into
one another, and, in a range extending from Sitka to Cape St.
Lucas, we may reasonably expect to find many local variations.
The name gausapata may well be retained in a varietal sense
for the large, smooth, northern variety without a carina, but
which passes, by imperceptible stages, into the smaller Califor-
niana, the subcarinate Hindsi and the stumpy, strongly carinate
carinata. The operculum, like that of Nitidella cribraria, differs
from that of the Amphisse and Nitidella Gouldii, only in having
the nucleus somewhat more within the margin. It is shaped
like the others and has a similar callus, but has no resemblance
to that of Massa, as previously described.

Nitidella Gouldii so closely simulates some forms of this spe-
cies that I have been especially careful, in examining the oper-
cula of both, to select specimens which had been determined by
Dr. Carpenter as typical examples of each species.

The nucleus of this species is minute, smooth and dark brown,
the apex is acuminate in perfect specimens.

ASTYRIS TUBEROSA, Cpr.

Amycla tuberosa, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. p,, 662, 1863.

@f all colors, red, dark brown, white, yellow, salmon, and
livid purple, either plain or marked with a pretty tracery of
brown lines. Characterized by a more or less carinated or
angulated appearance of the lower part of the last whorl. The
nucleus is white and smooth, flat on top, as if truncated, but not
swollen. Whorls flattened, suture hardly impressed.

ASTYRIS AURANTIACA, N. Ss.

Amycla aurantiaca, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Shell minute, fusiform, smooth, with five gently rounded, non-
carinated whorls. Coler generally orange yellow, semitranslu-
cent, and without markings, but occasionally darker, passing
into dark brown, or with close zigzag brown lines on the yellow
ground. Columella slightly arcuated, outer lip slightly sinuated,
hardly striate inside. No callus on the columella. Nucleus
subglobular, rounded above, swollen as large or larger than the
first whorl in most specimens. Lon. °18 in., lat. -08 in.

Habitat, Monterey, in the sand along the wave marks, dead ;
Dall, seven specimens. Stones at low water, living; Stearns

and Canfield.

116 AMERICAN JOURNAL

This little species is about one-half the size of the preceding,
yet has as many whorls. The latter are rounded though not
inflated, not flattened as in the last. The nucleus also differs.
A. tuberosa is conoid, this is regularly fusiform. I have not seen
any specimens of tuberosa, with exactly similar zigzag lines, such
as three of my specimens of awrantiaca exhibit.

NITIDELLA ELEGANS, n. s.

Shell small, smooth, polished, solid, of eight whorls, which are
very slightly convex, though not flattened. Suture appressed,
not strongly marked. Canal short, outer lip sharp, slightly
lirate inside, straight, or hardly sinuated. Columella smooth,
with a thin callus, outside of which a few faint striz pass round
the canal on the anterior part of the last whorl. Shell subulate,
acutely pointed; nucleus yellowish white, pointed; first four
whorls with a brownish yellow ground reticulated by white dots,
an ornamentation which also appears on the anterior part of the
last whorl. Markings in general consisting of transverse, alter-
nate, dark red brown and white bars, slightly fluctuated on the
last whorl. The white and brown rectangular bars, not being
continuous from one whorl to another, give the shell a tessalated
aspect. Lon. -28, lat. ‘ll in. Defl. 33°.

Habitat, Panama; among a large number of minute shells
collected by the late; Thos. Bridges, F. L. S., one specimen
occurred. a

This shell is readily distinguished by its subulate form, pecu-
liar and beautiful markings, and proportionally less solid and
heavy texture, from the well-known WV. cribraria. It has as
many whorls as that species, but does not reach a quarter of the
size. It does not resemble any of the other species from the
‘coast, but may be compared with Columbella dichroa, Sby., from
the West ten

RISSOID 2.
ALVANIA PURPUREA, 0. S.

Rissoina ? ? purpurea, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Shell small, of four rounded whorls, rather pointed. Sculp-
ture of six or seven revolving ribs, on the last whorl, only two
appearing on the second whorl; apical whorl smooth. ‘These
ribs are crossed by about twenty longitudinal riblets, which do
not pass the second revolving rib on the last whorl. On the
antepenultimate whorl they reach from suture to suture, and are
conspicuously angulated at their intersections with the two

OF CONCHOLOGY. 117

revolving ribs. Suture deep. Color whitish, the revolving ribs
in perfect specimens being a beautiful purple. Aperture
rounded, interrupted by the body whorl; peristome thickened,
with a groove behind the columella. Alt. 07, lat. -04 in. Defi.
25°.

Habitat, Monterey, seven dead specimens, Dall.

This species was pronounced new by Dr. Carpenter, who still
retains the perfect specimens. It has also been found, I believe,

by Drs. Canfield and Cooper.

PYRAMIDELLIDA.
ODOSTOMIA BERINGI, n. s.

Shell small, white, thin, short, broad, and pointed. Whorls
five, flattened toward the apex. Suture not impressed. Surface
smooth or marked with faint lines of growth. Aperture less
than half as long as the shell; rounded in front, sharply angu-
lated at the suture. Peristome thin. Columellar fold distinct,
close to the body whorl. A deep groove behind the inner lip
extends into a distinct tubular umbilical perforation, which is not
encroached upon by the inner lip. Lon. -22, lat. -13 in. Defi.
45°.

Habitat, St. Michael’s, Norton Sound, Alaska Territory; one
specimen, Dall, 1867. .

Fragments, too imperfect to describe, were found belonging
to another species.

None of the species figured by Forbes and Hanley appear to
be closely allied to this species. The number of nominal species
and varieties from the Northwest Coast of the Pacific is too
large, most of them having been described from a very small
number of specimens, which results in such labels as the follow-
ing: ‘* Odostomia (nuciformis var.) nitens, form avellana; com-
pare O. sutura.” (!) which, to say the least, do not lessen the
difficulties of identification, or improve on binomial nomenclature.
Nevertheless, after a careful comparison of this species with the
types of Dr. Carpenter’s species, I do not find any which
approach it very closely. The nearest is, perhaps, O. straminea,
Cpr., which is a thinner shell, of a different color, and without
the umbilical perforation.

TURRITELLIDA.
' MESALIA, Gray, 1840.
Type Mesala brevialis, Lam.
9

118 AMERICAN JOURNAL

MBESALIA POLARIS, Beck.

Turritella erosa, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1i, p. 108,
pl. 1, 1.45 Teas.

A careful comparison of North Atlantic, Greenland, and Mas-
sachusetts Bay specimens with those obtained at Unga, Una-
lashkaj and Kodiak, has left no doubt in my mind as to their
identity. The only difference perceptible was that the Atlantic
specimens, which indubitably belong to one species, are a little

more polished and have a smoother epidermis than the North
Pacific specimens.

MESALIA RETICULATA, Mighels.

Turritella reticulata, Mighels, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, p.
50, ploiv, f. 19; 1843.

Mesalha lacteola, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Brit. As. p. 655, 1864.

? Mesalia lactea, MOll.

A comparison of the type specimen of lacteola, Cpr., with
Greenland specimens of the lactea of Moller, shows that the
plice are stronger and continued further over the whorls than in
the latter. This character is somewhat variable, however.

Specimens of Mesalhia exactly agreeing with the type of lacte-
ola were labelled reticulata, Mighels, by Dr. Carpenter, and
agree with Nova Scotia specimens so named by Dr. Wm. Stimp-
son. If reticulata be distinct from lactea, it will probably stand
also for the North Pacific form, with which it appears to agree
exactly.

MESALIA ACICULA, Stimpson.

Turritella acicula, Stm., Shells of N. England, p. 55, pl. 4, f.
O, 18oL.

Mesalia tenuisculpta, Cpr., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 216,
1865, partim.

The specimens in the Smithsonian Collection, marked by Dr.
Carpenter as the types of his Mesalia tenwisculpta, are of two
species : one, to which the ‘ fusco-cinerea”’ of his description ap-
plies, has a resemblance to Béttiwm; it is, at least, not con-
specific with the other, which is undoubtedly a Mesalia. ‘The
latter I have compared with specimens of 7. acicula, Stm.,
named by the describer, and the two appear to be identical. In
both the canal is more obscure than in the typical species, but
still evident. é

Prof. Meerch has stated in this Journal (iv, p. 46, 1868,) that
the operculum of reticulata differs from that of MW. brevialis, and

OF CONCHOLOGY. 119

therefore they cannot be congeneric. Having compared the
operculum of the different species with that of M. brevialis, as
figured by the Messrs. Adams, I can detect no difference, except
that the latter is slightly concave while the former are flat, or
nearly so. This can hardly consitute a generic difference; the
whorls of the operculum offer no special differences, though
Adanson’s figure represents a distinct siphonal fasciole which is
not seen in other figures of M. brevialis, and does not exist in
any of the species I have examined.

Specimens of the reticulata and polaris were obtained by me
at Plover Bay, EH. Siberia, in 1865—6.

TRICHOTROPIDA.
TRICHOTROPIS, B. and 8S.
Subgenus Ipurnog, H. and A. Ad.
IPHINOE PERMABILIS, 2. 8.

Shell globose, of four whorls, covered with a yellowish vel-
vety epidermis, translucent white. Spire slightly elevated, with -
two carine on the upper whorls; (nucleus eroded ;) last whorl
with six regular, equidistant, revolving ribs or carinz rounded
on top, and in a fresh state furnished with squarish transverse,
minute prolongations of the epidermis. Upper surface of the
whorl, between the suture and the first carina, subtabulate,
transversely striate; suture channelled, very narrow. Aperture
nearly two-thirds as long as the shell, sharply angulated below
and above. Outer lip roundly arcuated, thin, sharp. Inner lip
smooth, not callous. Columella reflected, straight. Umbilicus
pierced, mo ee ea) carinated behind.

Lon. °5; lat. -34 in.; defl. 80°.

er or ene specimen in four fathoms mud and shell,
North Harbor, Unga Island, of the Shumagin group.

This pretty little species is very close to Jphinoé dolium,
Petit, from Spitzbergen, but is much less elevated and acute,
with more tabulate whorls and a much smaller umbilicus. The
columella of Petit’s species is also oblique instead of straight,
and the shell is much larger, with the same number of whorls.

TRICHOTROPIS BICARINATA, Sby.

Under this name several forms appear to have been con-
founded, though the material at hand is insufficient for a thor-
ough differentiation of them. The typical form described by
Sower by in the Tankerville Catalogue, and also figured there, is

120 AMERICAN JOURNAL

quite a different shell from that figured in the Conchological
Manual, and by Chenu.
The forms appear to be as follows:

T. BICARINATA, typical.

Turbo bicarinatus, Sby., Tank. Cat. p. xii, No. 1401, pl. 9, f.
1—2. Thes. pl. 285, f. 8.

Shell of three whorls; spire from the intersection of the outer
lip with the body whorl to the apex less than two-fifths the
whole length. Columella very broad, especially at the lower
end, where it is truncated. Aperture rounded, hardly pointed
below; umbilical region broadly excavated, wide, and carinated.
Width of the shell almost equal to its height.

Defl. 90°. Very solid and thick.

Habitat.—Newfoundland, Sowerby. Plover Bay, Eastern
Siberia, Dall. Three specimens were obtained on the beach.

T. (BICARINATA, var. ?) ALTA.

Shell of four whorls, spire from the intersection of the outer
lip, one-half the length of the shell. Columella nearly as broad
as in the last. Aperture rounded, proportionately narrower and
smaller than in the last. Umbilical excavation very much nar-
rower and smaller, anteriorly falling behind the elevated outer
edge of the columella, while in the last it is more prominent and
in advance of the columella, of which the outer edge is but slightly
elevated. Width of the shell less than three-fourths of its height.

Defl. 76°. Solid and strong.

Habitat.—Plover Bay, E. Siberia, one specimen, Dall. Re-
volving striz cover the whorls, absent in the last.

TRICHOTROPIS (BICARINATA Var. ?) SPECTABILIS, Dall.

Shell of five whorls, spire, as before, one-half the length of
the shell. Columella narrow, waved, not truncate, straight, not
arched, as in the two preceding. Aperture proportionately
larger than in the last, but smaller than in the typical form,
painted within and on the columella with sea-green, sharply
pointed below. Outer edge of the columella strongly elevated.
Umbilical excavation reduced to a mere groove behind the colu-
mella. Whorls much flatter above and below than in the others.
Spire acuminated, while the last whorl is wide out of proportion
to it. Whorls marked with revolving striz. Second carina ap-
parent on all the whorls, while in the others there is only one
carina on the upper whorls. Width of the last whorl equal to its
height, and to three-fourths the whole height, while in the last
the width of the last whorl is considerably less than its height.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 121

Defl. 60°. Shell very thin and fragile.

Habitat.—Seniavine Strait near Plover Bay, HE. Siberia, one
living specimen.

lta lo -elat. "9 in.

All the forms are strongly bicarinate, and in a fresh condition
are covered with a strong epidermis, produced on the carine
into triangular filaments.

I do not feel sure that this is the shell intended by the figures
in Sowerby’s and Chenu’s Conchological Manuals, though in re-
spect to the umbilicus they resemble it more than the typical
form. In both figures the aperture is too much rounded, and
the spire too short and stout. Chenu figures a much stronger
process on the columella than exists in the present form, and
the umbilicus of Sowerby’s figure is too large. Further speci-
mens are needed to determine whether any of these should be
raised to the rank of species, though Dr. Stimpson, who exam-
ined them with me, was disposed to so consider them. The
specimens referred to in the preceding comparative diagnoses
are nearly of uniform size.

PEDICULARIIDA.

PEDICULARIA JAPONICA, nN. 8s.

Testa elongato-sinuata, albida et purpurea suffusa; valde
transverse striata, vertice umbilicata; supra mammillata; infra
longitudinaliter compressa, sinuata; labio arcuato; columella
inconspicua, recta ; apertura elongata, angusta, sinuata; extre-
mitatibus canaliculatis. Lon. °5, lat. -24, alt. *24 in.

Shell elongated, sinuated; whitish, with an irregular suffusion
of rose pink, apex yellowish pink, interior darker, livid pink.
Externally rather coarsely grooved and striated. Apex some-
what mammillated, vertex umbilicated. Columella straight,
inconspicuous. Shell laterally much compressed, sinuated ; late-
ral margins much produced, concave, effuse ; extremities narrow,
canaliculate.

Habitat, Niphon, Japan, 60 fms. on Gorgonia, R. Pumpelly.

This species differs in its elongated, compressed and sinuated
form from any described species. The strize are coarser than in
P. Pacifica, which also has the vertex apparently covered and
not umbilicated, the striee granulate and decussated, and is of a
uniform tint; beside which the columella is much thicker and
more prominent. P. sicula bears no resemblance to it. P. cal-
fornica, Newe., is more globose, widely effuse, shorter, and

122 AMERICAN JOURNAL

smaller, with a much thicker columella. It is of much more
lively color, as also is P. elegantissima, Desh., which comes from
a widely distinct zoological province.

TRIVIIDA.

TRIVIA CALIFORNICA, Gray.
Habitat, Bodega Bay to Cape St. Lucas.

Mr. Stearns kindly furnishes the following notes on the ani-
mals :

‘‘ Shell nearly covered by the mantle, of which the superior
edges are closely spotted with white dots, and furnished on each
side with four tentacular filaments, with white tips. Soft parts
of an orange color; mantle mottled with brown, upper edge
crenulate or waved; end of muzzle dark brown; siphon long,
slit underneath. Tentacles long and slender.”

MARSENIIDAs.

LAMELLARIA STEARNSII, n. 8s.
Lamellaria depressa, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Shell pure white, suborbicular, depressed, of three whorls.
Columella sharp, thin, widely arcuated; loosely twisted so that
the apex is discernible from below. Spire hardly elevated above
the last whorl; suture distinct, sharply defined; aperture very
effuse, rounded. Exterior marked by lines of growth, crossed
by microscopic fine revolving striule. Interior polished. Lat.
"26, lon. <2, alt. 2am.

Habitat, Monterey, California; two specimens dead on beach ;
Dall, 1866.

LAMELLARIA (? STEARNSII, var.) ORBICULATA.

Shell resembling the last; of two whorls and a half; but
larger than L. Stearnst; whorls more inflated, aperture very
oblique, suture deeper, spire more elevated and proportionately
larger, columella rather thicker and more drawn out. Lat. 34,
lon. °32, alt. -24 in.

Habitat, with the last. Five specimens.

LAMELLARIA RHOMBICA, 0. 8.

Shell pure white, subrhombical in shape, moderately elevated,
of three whorls. Columella thickened, stout, reflected, narrow,
with a groove behind the callus. Whorl appressed against, and

OF CONCHOLOGY. 123

slightly flattened below, the suture; spire very small, not ele-
vated; apex not above the level of the last whorl. Aperture
subquadrate, outer lip very much produced, slightly angulated
above and below. Suture deep appressed. Nucleus smaller
than in the last; surface of the whorls smooth, without striule.
Lat. -46, lon. -32, alt. :2 in.

Habitat, with the last two specimens.

These shells are closely allied, and though their differences in
form are evident and considerable, and the fact that one of the
species is without the striule which appear to distinguish the
other, and also that these differences are apparently constant,
still I should have hesitated about describing them as more than
varieties, if it were not that differences appear in the soft parts
also. In LZ. Stearnsii the shell is wholly covered and internal ;
in LZ. rhombica a portion of it appears to remain permanently
open and uncovered. These differences were observed in the
living animals and communicated to me by Mr. R. E. C. Stearns
of California, one of the most active and careful of the concho-
logists of the West Coast, to whom I have the pleasure of dedi-
cating the first named species. These observations are also con-
firmed by alcoholic specimens.

The following notes are added by Mr. Stearns:

The animal is bluish subtranslucent, white, looking like a lump
of mucus; the mantle is deeply notched in front. The tentacles
are long, with the eyes on their outer bases; an aperture exists
on the right side of the body, in the posterior third, which in life
opens and shuts like the aperture of the pulmonary cavity in
Limax.

The larval shells (Hehinospira) of one or both of these species
were abundant on the beach at Monterey, in January, 1866.
They were transparent, of a cartilaginous consistency, enrolled
upon themselves, with an extent of a whorl and a half, and
provided with three simple carine, equidistant from each other.
Helicophlegma of D’Orbigny is probably the same thing.

VELUTINIDA.
VELUTINA CRYPTOSPIRA, Midd.

Velutina eryptospira, Midd., Beitr. Mal. Ros. ii, p. 106 a.
Sib., Reise, ii, p. 216, pl. xxv, f. 8—10. Martens,
Wiegm. Arch. 1, 1858, p. 150.

This species is not uncommon in various parts of Bering

Sea. I have obtained it from Unalashka, St. Paul’s Island and
Norton Sound, and Middendorff reports it from various parts of

124 AMERICAN JOURNAL

the Ochotsk Sea. I think, with von Martens, that it is quite
distinct from cortacea, Pallas, which has a much rounder and
less produced shape. It is interesting to note that it is not
always, though usually coriaceous, one of the specimens before
me having the whole interior lined with a cretaceous deposit
which forms a solid shell in about half of the specimen. This
shell is white, and marked with revolving ridges and strie.
This specimen is one of the largest I have seen, and measures
1-1 by *9 in.

VELUTINA PROLONGATA, Cpr.

I have obtained this species from Unga Island, Sitka and Fort
Simpson. It extends southward to Monterey.

VELUTINA HALIOTOIDEA, Fabr., Moll. = Velutina levigata, Pen-
nant.
This species ranges from the Arctic Ocean to Monterey, usu-
ally smaller than Atlantic specimens.

NATICIDA.
AMAUROPSIS, Moerch.
AMAUROPSIS PURPUREA, n. 8. ?

Shell elongate-globose, covered with a yellowish epidermis ;
color purple brown, when weathered purplish white. Whorls
four, inflated, globose. Suture deeply canaliculated. Aperture
more than half as long as the shell; outer lp thin; columella
white, thickened, rounded; a thin callus on the inner lip. Um-
bilicus closed, or a mere chink. Spire very short, bluntly
rounded. Sculpture of numerous close, very fine revolving
grooves, and a few inconspicuous ridges.

Lon. 1:0, lat. °8 in.

Habitat, St. Michael’s Norton Sound, Alaska 'Yerritory ;
abundant, dead and alive, on the beach at low water mark and
below it.

The species is somewhat variable in length, some specimens
being more elongated than others. The depth of color also
varies somewhat.

It appears to differ from A. helicotdes, Johnst., in its sculp-
ture and color, and is usually more globose. A. canaliulata,
Gld., is very similar in form, but is described as smooth. Dr.
Carpenter considers it as distinct; and a specimen kindly com-
pared with those in the British Museum, was stated to be differ-
ent from any in that collection, by Mr. Dawson.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 125

TROCHIDA.
CALLIOSTOMA AFFINIS, Nn. Ss.

Shell moderately elevated, of seven whorls, rounded and in-
flated. Sculpture of fine, rather sharp, revolving ridges, with
fine intercalated striz, all decussated by the lines of growth.
There are about ten primary ridges between the sutures of the
antepenultimate whorl. Apex acute, upper whorls rather flat-
tened, but slightly convex, last whorl rounded, periphery not
carinated, aperture rounded-quadrate. Base very convex, sculp-
tured with ten or twelve grooves, more crowded toward the peri-
phery. Columella callous, oblique, with a groove between the
callus and the basal rib. Mouth silvery-pearly. Color light
orange to yellowish-white, with irregular patches of chestnut
brown and white on the upper surface of the whorls and on the
periphery. Nucleus of two and a half smooth brown whorls.
Suture distinct but not conspicuous.

Maj. diam. ‘9; min. diam. °7; alt. ‘9 in.; defl. 80°.

Habitat.—Simoda, Japan, five specimens.

I have searched everywhere, including the worthless mono-
graph of Ziziphinus, by Reeve, without finding any species to
which this might be referred. It is nearest C. unicum, of
Dunker, a fine specimen of which was obtained at the same lo-
eality. The patches of color are very similarly distributed, but
the coloration is quite different. There is no coloration peculiar
to the ribs of affinzs, but in wniewm the ribs are alternated with
brown and white. The whorls of the latter are shouldered, of
the former almost flat. The base of affinds is of a plain yellowish
brown, in wnicum the painting and dotted markings extend over
all the shell. It has not the granulated surface of C. Antoné.

CALLIOSTOMA PALMERI, D. 8s.

Shell shaped like ex’miwm, Rve., but rather more depressed,
of seven whorls, glistening and polished, though sculptured with
finely granulated, revolving lines. Upper whorls carinate and
shouldered, last whorl bicarinate. Sculpture consisting above
of about fifteen revolving, elevated, finely granulated lines, al-
ternately spotted with light yellow brown and white; basal sur-
face with about eleven similarly colored ribs, which are not
granulated, but have the interspaces slightly decussated by the
lines of growth. Upper surface also painted with narrow waved
white and broad livid patches, which are absent below. Um-
bilical region cobalt blue, or blue-purple, rather excavated, and
bordered by a carina; mouth subquadrate, brightly pearly ;

126 AMERICAN JOURNAL

columella arcuate, white; toothlike process blue. Nucleus of
two and a half whorls, flesh-color, with revolving lines.

Maj. diam. ‘75; min. diam. ‘61; alt. -7 in.; defl. 85°.

Habitat.—Guaymas, ten specimens, Dr. EH. Palmer.

This shell does not appear to have been described in any of
the works at my disposition. It is nearest to ex¢mium, from
which it is readily distinguished by the blue umbilical region and
the different coloration of the revolving ribs, which, in eximium,
are much less prominent and are mostly colored with alternate
purple, black and white instead of brown and white. The color
and sculpture differs from that of C. ma, which is granulate on
the base and wants the upper carina. I know of no other spe-
cies with which it can be well compared.

CALLIOSTOMA COSTATUM, Martyn.

This species passes through a number of variations, which,
however, do not obscure the specific characters. The ribs are
usually yellowish, smooth with reddish brown interspaces. The
apex is blue when eroded. The whole sometimes has a more or
less olivaceous cast. The yellow of the apical ribs is usually
interrupted by patches of brown. ‘This is sometimes continued
on the lower whorls, when the three ribs nearest the suture and
often one or two on the carina of the whorls are prettily painted
with alternate patches of dark brown and greenish white. The
ribs are more or less prominent, some specimens having them
quite sharp while in others they are hardly raised. In one other
exquisite variety the three sutural ribs and their interspaces are
of a very rich purple blue, which is not due to erosion. The
umbilical rib is sometimes salmon-colored. The nacre is of great
brilliancy. Found from Sitka to Santa Barbara and San Diego.
Mr. Stearns and myself, after an examination of the type, were
disposed to consider C’ splendens, Cpr., as a very young speci-
men of the blue painted variety above alluded to.

CALLIOSTOMA CANALICULATUM, Martyn.

This is, perhaps, less variable than any other Californian spe-
cies. The ribs have a slight tendency to become beaded, and
always are more or less so on the apical whorls. ‘The nucleus is
heliciform, smooth and whitish-hyaline, comprising a whorl and
ahalf. The ribs of the first three whorls are more or less beaded.
Five radiating brown spots are to be seen on the apical whorls,
and obsolete, but similar markings may be seen on the others.
The apex when eroded is light blue; the principal variations in
color are in the darker or lighter brown of the interspaces.
Northern specimens are usually darker and smaller. There is

OF CONCHOLOGY. 127

usually a small blue patch on the umbilical callus. The shell is
distinguishable from the sharp-ribbed specimens of costatwm by
the more pointed apex, stronger carina and less rounded aper-
ture. Found from Sitka to San Diego, Cal.

CALLIOSTOMA GLORIOSUM, 0. s.

Shell six-whorled, acute, whorls gently rounded, with fine, re-
volving, thread-like ribs ; four or five ribs near the suture granu-
lated. Last whorl roundly carinated, base flattened, with about
twenty-five revolving striz. Columella thick, not reflected, but
base somewhat grooved or depressed behind it. Aperture about
one-third of the length of the whole shell, rhomboidal, pearly,
smooth. Shell of a beautiful light salmon color, ornamented
near the suture and carina with alternate patches of light yellow
and chestnut brown.

Alt. 1:1; maj. diam. -9 in.; defl. 62°; angle of carina, 98°.

Habitat.—Soquel, north side of Monterey Bay, one large
specimen, dead. ‘Two fine adult perfect specimens were obtained
and kindly presented to me by Mrs. Dr. Blankman, of Monterey,
and were from that locality.

This elegant species was first referred by me to the Callios-
toma supragranosum, of Carpenter, on account of the granulated
sutural ribs. That species was described from very young shells,
and no typical authentic specimens were at that time in Cali-
fornia. Upon comparing the young of glortosum with the type
specimen of supragranosvm, in the Smithsonian Collection, it
was at once evident that they were quite distinct. Several of
the Californian species have the sutural ribs more or less granu-
lated, especially in young specimens. The nucleus of gloriosum
is, however, very much larger than that of swpragranosum. The
adult of the latter has five whorls, with a major diameter of °42
and a total length of :38in. The whorls have a peculiar in-
flated appearance and are not carinated. The last whorl loses
the painting of brown and white and is of a dull brown, slightly
concave above near the suture, with a deep chink, not a fissure,
behind the umbilical fissure. The brown and yellow painting is
very conspicuous on young specimens of gleriosum.

MARGARITA PUPILLA, Gld.

Margarita calostoma, A. Ad.
Margarita var. salmonea, Opr., Proc. Cal. Acad. iii. 1866.
Margarita inflata, Cpr., Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci. p. 62, 1865.

The typical specimen of M. inflata differs from M. pupilla
(with which Dr. Carpenter drew no comparisons in his descrip_

128 AMERICAN JOURNAL

tion,) only in having the revolving ribs slightly less evident than
in the typical pupilla. In the deep suture, inflated whorls,
small internally striated umbilicus, depressed form and strong
lines of increase, it is paralleled by many of the two hundred
or more specimens of pupilla now before me. The ribs on the
upper whorls of znflata are quite as strong as in pupilla, and
the differences, though evident, are so slight and the variation
in members of this genus is so great, that I am of the opinion
that the two species are really extremes of one form and that
the name znflata is at most entitled to no more than varietal
rank. The variety salmonea, as shown long since by Dr. Cooper,
is simply the southern form of pupilla, and hardly distinguish-
able from it, even by differences of degree.

The small amount of material upon which Dr. Carpenter has
founded so many specific names, has been so largely réenforced
of late that a considerable amount of consolidation is likely to
ensue. ‘There are other cases which I might have touched upon,
but I have only done so when it seemed that no reasonable doubt
could exist in regard to the matter, and never without a careful
study and comparison of the original type specimens in connec-
tion with the large series of my own collecting,

MARGARITA LIRULATA, (Cpr.) Dall.

Margarita lirulata, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Brit. As. p. 653, 1864.
Proce. Phil. Acad. Sci. p. 61, 1865.

Margarita var. tenuisculpta, Cpr., Rep. 1. c. and Proc. Phil.
Acad. Nat. Sci. p. 61, 1865.

Margarita var. subelevata + obsoleta + conica, Cpr., Proce.
Phil. 1. c. 1865. Rep. 1. ¢. 1864.

Margarita lirulata, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Br. As. p. 653, 1864.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ili, p. 157, 1866.

Gibbula optabilis, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. p. 653, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci. i, p. 214, 1865. .

Gibbula’ parcipicta, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. p. 653, 1864.

Gibbula funiculata, Cpr., 1. ¢.

Gibbula suecincta, Cpr., 1. ¢.

? Gibbula lacunata, Cpr., |. ¢.

San Diego to Sitka.

After a careful study of the types of the above species, pre-
served in the Smithsonian Museum, and a comparison of hun-
dreds of specimens collected by Mr. Stearns and myself at Mon-
terey and elsewhere, I am compelled to the belief that they are
simply forms of one protean species. ‘They are not even varie-
ties capable of diagnosis; for, not only are the intermediate

OF CONCHOLOGY. 129

specimens as abundant as the nominal species, but the characters,
singly, are interchanged without limitation. With regard to
G. lacunata alone I am in doubt, as I have not found a complete
connecting series with the type, but it may very possibly be only
an extreme individual variation. It is due to Dr. Carpenter to
state that he worked from very few and often imperfect speci-
mens, and I am inclined to think that he would agree with the
present consolidation, from the labels which he has attached to
the varieties which I forwarded for his inspection.

I have adopted lirulata as the name for the species in ques-
tion, as it appears to be the earliest of the published names.
The nominal forms graduate into and interchange characters
with each other to a marvellous extent.

GIBBULA CANFIELDI, n. sg.
? Calliostoma Canfieldi, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Shell of seven whorls, the last whorl comprising more than
half the shell. Above, sutures small but deeply channelled ;
whorls smooth, with three revolving ribs close to the suture,
also three or four on the lower part of the whorl.

Color pearly, with bronze yellow pencillings obliquely to the
suture. Surface of the whorls rather flattened, semicarinated,
convex. Shell umbilicated with nine basal revolving ribs. Um-
bilicus strongly carinate internally, smooth, narrow and small.
Aperture rhomboidal, pearly, with grooves answering to the
exterior ribs. Columella straight, with a slight callosity, but
not reflected.

Min. diam. °3, maj. diam. *4, alt. -4 in. Defl. 70° 40’.

One specimen of this modest little shell was found dead on
the beach at Monterey. I take pleasure in dedicating it to Dr.
C. A. Canfield of Monterey, who has done much for science
with very slender means. (Dall, MSS. 1866.) The typical
and unique specimen of this species was forwarded, in 1866, to
Dr. Carpenter, who pronounced it to be distinct, but has not
returned it. J am therefore unable to institute comparisons
with other species.

CHLOROSTOMA BRUNNEUM, Phil.
Trochus rusticus, Kiener ? not Gmelin.

Abundant at Monterey. This species is very variable. The
surface is usually smooth, but in some specimens it is marked
with fine revolving ribs as in C. Pfezffert. The young and some
adults have a rather strong basal rib outside of the umbilical
region and bounding it.

130 AMERICAN JOURNAL

The umbilicus is either smoothly covered with callus, or a
small pit may exist.

The whorls of a variety (fluctwatum, Dall) are marked with
oblique, prominent, rounded, short riblets. The shell may be
produced, rugged and subcylindrical, or rather depressed and
smooth.

PACHYPOMA GIBBEROSUM, Chemn.

On the sea beach outside of Point Pinos, Monterey. Alive
on rocks, feeding on Alge and Laminaria. Muzzle short,
squarish ; pointed bases covered by, but not connected with two
small semilunar lobes, the rudiments of the ‘veil.’’ Hye pedi-
cles above and outside of tentacles, both being cylindrical,
thick, and non-retractile. Cloak divided behind with a single
posterior tentaculate filament on each side. Foot rounded,
regularly granulated on the sides. Color red and purple mixed,
lighter on top of head and edges of cloak. Mantle large, yel-
lowish, as well as the upper part of the cloak. Edges of the
mantle very brilliant yellow.

LEPTOTHYRA, Opr.

Leptothyra, Cpr., MSS.

Leptonyx, Cpr. and A. Ad., Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, p. 175,
not of Swainson or Gray.

Homalopoma, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Brit. As. for 1863, p. 537,
1864.

Type Lepronyx (= LEprorTHyRA) SANGUINEA, Cpr., p. 176, loc.
cit. as of Lin.

= Turbo sanguineus, Lin., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1235, teste Cpr.
Hanl.
= Turbo Bellic, Mich., teste Hanl.

Hab., ©. St. Lucas to Neeah Bay, Japan, Medit.

I have several small specimens of this species, collected by
Capt. Christopher C. Dall at Cape St. Lucas. The variety
purpurea, described by Dr. Carpenter, has, by the examination
of many thousands of specimens, proved to graduate into the
other forms so insensibly as to be hardly worthy of a separate
varietal name. This, however, was not known at the time it was
originally described. The species is of all shades of crimson
and purple, some specimens being banded with white or having
the red color of the ribs interrupted by oblique streaks of
white, some specimens, excepting the dark apex, being pure
white.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 151

LEPTOTHYRA PAUCICOSTATA, 0. 8.
Leptothyra paucicostata, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Shell small, depressed, rounded, of three whorls. Sculpture
consisting of seven revolving strong ridges, with the interstices
deeply channelled, and marked by evident lines of growth. In
a few specimens these are thickened at regular intervals, forming
faint transverse riblets, which do not reach as high as, or pass
over, the revolving ribs. Suture deep, channelled. Apical
whorl smooth, translucent, the others solid and strong. Aper-
ture rounded, peristome thickened, continuous with an internal
groove for the operculum. Columella ending in a tooth-like
knob or callosity, which is especially sharp and prominent in
young shells. Throat pearly white. Operculum of few whorls,
smooth, externally concave with thickened edges; circular, cal-
careous. Color of shell usually of a rusty brown, on the ribs
alternating darker and lighter in spots, or reddish, in a similar
way, or pure white. Interspaces usually light, but sometimes
of the same color as the ribs. Alt. -12, lat.-2 in. Defl. 100°.

Habitat, Monterey, dead on beach, ten specimens, Dall, 1866.
Catalina Island, Cooper, 60 fathoms.

This shell is more nearly allied to ZL. sanguinea than to L.
vacula, which it more nearly resembles in size. It is uniformly
smaller, when mature, than L. sanguinea, which has more than
twice as many ribs, and an average width of :34 in., with the
same number of whorls. It is well distinguished by its few
prominent, strong ribs, small size, and usually also by its color,
which, even when reddish, is lighter and more broken than in
the normal sanguinea.

FISSURELLID&.
LUCAPINA CRENULATA, Sby.

Mantle smooth and black like India-rubber, covering the shell
in life, edges rounded, entire, without papille. Foot smaller,
oval, with an impressed median line behind on the lower surface.
Muzzle short, rounded-transverse, with an entire edge. Tenta-
cles long, pointed, clavate. Eyes on prominent rounded tuber-
cles behind the tentacles. A serrated frill passes in the com-
missure between the foot and the mantle, from behind one eye
tubercle clear around to the same point on the other side. Anus
prominent, elevated immediately below the hole in the shell.
Gills curled inward at their tips. Jaw in two tridentate pieces ;

34 1
dentition j7@7733 99 $50"
Monterey to San Diego, California.

132 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Genus FISSURELLIDAA, D’Orb.

FIsSURELLIDHA BIMACULATA, 0. 8.
Clypidella ? bimaculata, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Soft parts. Animal much larger than the shell, which is nearly
covered by the mantle. Mantle thick, tough, almost coriaceous,
covered with an infinite multitude of fine papillee, closely crowded,
giving the surface a velvety appearance. Small round tufts of
longer papillz are distributed in an irregular, radiating manner,
rather sparsely. Circumference smooth, even; border around
the visible part of the shell, smooth or papillose, differing in
different individuals. Color marbled purplish, yellowish or pink ;
one or two specimens have a pair of broad, black, parallel streaks
running longitudinally along the middle of the back. Mantle
entirely covering and hiding the head, tentacles, foot, &c.

Foot oval, smaller than the circumference of the mantle, edges
even, sides a little granular. Overhanging under surface of the
mantle smooth. Around the foot between it and the mantle
is a single row of papillz, passing from one side of the head
clear round the body to the other side, without interruption.
Head, eyes, &c. as in Patella. On each side of the head isa
round, prominent tubercle, from which a stout filament, as long
as a tentacle, extends; these resemble a pair of accessory ten-
tacles.

Length of animal, 2-7 in.; width, -°9 in. Length of shell of
do., ‘7 in.; width, :45.

The color is exceedingly variable.

It will be seen from the above description that the animal of
this species differs strongly from that of Clypidella, to which
genus this and another species have been referred by Dr. Car-
penter. In Clypidella, the mantle does not cover the head and
foot, and the lateral line of tubercles does not pass around the
latter. The papille on the edge around the shell are of no dif-
ferential value; and the shell of this species is very nearly
covered, while in Clypidella it is usually more exposed.

While the present species does not exactly coincide in all its
characters with figures of /¢ssurellidea, yet it approximates
more nearly to that genus than to any other, and I so refer it,
provisionally, until further opportunities are afforded of working
the subject up more thoroughly.

Shell ellipsoidal when young, subquadrangulate, and a little
narrower in front than behind, when adult. Aperture the same
shape as the shell, slightly encroached upon in some specimens
by a point on each side. External surface furnished with radi-
ating, rounded coste, not bifureating but widening slightly to-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 133

ward the margin. These are crossed by evident but not very
strong lines of growth, which, in some individuals, are rather
strong. Anterior declivity of the shell concave, sides flattened,
posterior declivity rounded convex. Color whitish, with numer-
ous radiating rays of brown or slate color, usually with a broad
fasciculus of darker rays in the middle of each side extending
from the apex to the margin, and occasional dark dots on the
ribs. Shell occasionally entirely brown or slate color, with two
darker rays on the sides. Epidermis none.

Interior pure white, the two dark rays sometimes showing
through the shell. Extreme outer edge finely denticulate or
rounded and smooth according to the stage of growth. Margin
as a whole broad, smooth, differentiated from the rest of the sur-
face by a wide, shallow groove. Margin of the aperture simi-
larly bordered. Muscular impressions distinct, surface marked
by fine radiating lines; polished. Anterior and posterior mar-
gins internally concave or emarginated, so that when laid upon
a flat surface in the natural position the ends of the shell do not
touch it.

Adult, lon. -7; lat. -5; alt.:2in. Lon. of aperture, -23 ; lat.
of do., 12 in.

Habitat.—Monterey, California, dead on beach, ten specimens,
Dall, 1866. Alive under stones at low water, Stearns, Cooper.
Also at Baulinas Bay, Santa Barbara, Purissima and Lobitas,
Cala., Stearns and Newcomb.

The dark lateral bands and markings are not invariable, though
pretty constant, and had not the shell in question been published
in several catalogues and become familiar to Californian con-
chologists for five years, under my MSS. name, I should have
preferred to substitute another.

The nearest ally of this species is the Clypidella callomargi-
nata, of Dr. Carpenter.

The hitherto unique type being in the Smithsonian Collection
I have not failed to compare it carefully with a good series of
the present species, and feel no doubt as to its specific and per-
haps generic distinctness. In the callomarginata the relations
of the margin are exactly reversed; the sides are slightly con-
cave, and the ends are convex and produced. The aperture is
much smaller and narrower than in a specimen of dcemaculata
half the size; the sculpture, though on the same plan, is sharp
and rough, the lines of increase being prolonged into sharp,
elevated scales, and the ribs nodulous; while the exterior is
covered with a rather coarse epidermis and adherent annelid
tubes, showing conclusively that it could not have been, like the
present species, an internal or partially internal shell. The

10

134 AMERICAN JOURNAL

color is obscured by the epidermis, but appears to consist of black
rays on a whitish ground. It is also a much narrower and pro-
portionally longer shell than the dimaculata.

The above notes are taken from a large number of alcoholic
specimens. _ Mr. Stearns kindly furnishes the following notes
upon a Clypidella, which may be the callomarginata, as the de-
scription hardly agrees with the animal of démaculata in regard
to the enclosure of the shell, though this may have been excep-
tional :

‘‘Body of the animal larger than the shell, but not covering
it except at the edges. Principal portion of body finely and
granulously rough. The inner margin near the shell and around
it ornamented with cream-white, radiating lines, not extending
to the outer edge of the body, which is thin, whitish and orna-
mented with black spots, with white lines radiating toward the
edge of the shell for a short distance. The white spots or por-
tions of the mantle between the black spots are papillose, or a
little produced toward the apex. Living at Monterey.”
FISSURELLA VOLCANO, Rve.

Dentition ____14 , _. Jaw single, entire, hooked or

30? (4444-14) 307 one z

pointed in the median line. Mantle extending a little beyond
the shell. Edge banded with black and colored spots corres-
ponding to the colored rays of the shell; and with groups of
papillz separated by clear spaces, about eight on each side.
Margin around the hole black, papillose. Gills curved to the
left at their tips. Tentacles short, sub-cylindrical, pointed with
the eyes behind on their swollen bases. Muzzle short, eylindri-
eal. A row of papilla passing round the body as in Lueapina.
Anus as in the latter. Baulinas to San Diego, California.

CHITONIDA.

NUTTALLINA scaBRA, (Rve.) Cpr.

Abundant on the rocks at Mussel Point, Monterey, where
they can hardly be sprinkled with spray except in storms. In-
habits holes and crevices, growing thus into irregular shapes.
Also at Cypress Point, Carmel Bay, in similar situations. Not
found on low rocks which are covered with water at high tide,
but seems to delight in exposed headlands, where the breeze
comes in damp and strong from the sea. Usually much eroded
on the apices of the valves, but by what means I cannot deter-
mine. (Dall, MSS. 1866).

OF CONCHOLOGY. 135

IsNORADSIA TRIFIDA, Cpr., n. s.

This new and beautiful species was obtained at Sitka in 14
fathoms stony mtd, off the fish-house. It will be described by
Dr. Carpenter, who has made a special study of the Chitons.

ONCHIDIIDA.

ONCHIDELLA, Gray.
ONCHIDELLA BOREALIS, n. 8.

Animal small, black with dots and streaks of yellowish white,
foot light-colored, also muzzle and tentacles. Back regularly
rounded, but a little pointed in the middle; smooth or very
‘finely granulose, tough and coriaceous. Hyes globular, blue, on
very short constricted tentacles. Muzzle short, rounded-trans-
verse. Head not produced beyond the anterior edge of the
mantle. Sexual appendages on the right side, near the head.
Foot ovate, narrow, rather roundly pointed behind. Lon. -3 in,

Habitat, Sitka, Alaska Territory, on the rocks near tide marks,
especially on the small islets in the Bay. Dall, August, 1866.

LIMNAIDA.
Limna@A PALMERI, n. s.

Shell, large, moderately thick, solid, of a rufous tint; rather
polished outside, sculptured with incised lines visible without a
lens and more crowded on the edges of the whorls than on their
more convex portions; suture deeply canaliculated, whorls much
inflated, four ? in number (apex decollated), columella thin, very
slightly reflected, furnished with a small but very evident plica-
tion, umbilical fissure nearly covered by the reflected columella ;
outer lip roundly arched, not reflected or thickened; aperture
rounded ovate, less than half as long as the shell; last whorl
much the largest, but not rapidly enlarging. Length of the last
two whorls -86 in. in total length, probably about an inch, great-
est width of last whorl :58 in.

Habitat, Taqui River, near Guaymas, Mexico, emptying into
the Gulf of California. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer.

I know of no species with which this can fairly be compared ;
indeed, had the case been otherwise, I should not have felt justi-
fied in describing it as new, from a single decollated specimen.
It will be referred with propriety to the section Bulimneea, Hald.
The incised lines, very round whorls, and deeply channelled
suture, are its distinguishing characters, and it has a slight

136 AMERICAN JOURNAL

resemblance in general form to Vivipara, from which, however,
the plicated columella and other characters at once distinguish it.

I take pleasure in dedicating it to Dr. Palmer, to whose
unwearied exertions are due many rich additions to the National
Museum.

ACTAONIDA.
ACTON, Montfort.
Acteon, Montf., Conchyl. Syst. ii, p. 315, 1810.

Characters.—Aperture rounded, entire. A single plait on the
columella. Shell imperforate, with an elevated spire.

Type A. tornatilis, Gmelin.

Subgenus Ricraxis, Dall.

Shell like Actwon, but with the columella projecting beyond
the line of the anterior margin, forming a small tooth-like pro-
jection, or truncate obliquely.

Type RictTaxIs PUNCTO-CELATA.
Tornatella puncto-celata, Cpr., Suppl. Rep. 1863, p. 646.

Habitat, Catalina Island and San Diego, Cal., Cooper; Mon-
terey, Dall.

This species, distinguished by its peculiar columella, which
removes it from Actwon, is not uncommon, dead, on the beach
at Monterey, and adhering to the tentacule of the immense
Actinic on the rocks at that locality, a position where many
small and interesting shells were obtained by me among the
small stones and fragments with which these creatures cover
themselves. It presents some resemblance to Bullina, from
which the columellar plait and imperforate axis distinguish it.

TORNATINA, A. Adams.
TORNATINA HARPA, n. s. (Dall, MSS. 1866.)

Shell small, white, of four and a half whorls; tabulate and
sharply carinate above, characterized by sharp grooves and
raised lines, parallel with the lines of growth, which extend half
over the whorls and become obsolete anteriorly. Apex mam-
millated, minute, globular, prominent, suture canaliculated.
Anterior portion of the last whorl smooth. Last whorl slightly
narrower above. Aperture long, narrow, effuse below, with a deep
narrow sinus at the suture. Columella thickened with a thin
layer of white callus. Columellar plait obsolete in the adult,

OF CONCHOLOGY. Ley

rather prominent in young shells. Carina intersected by the
grooves and slightly dentate. Lon. +24, lat. +12 in.

Habitat, Monterey, California; adhering to the tentacule of
Actinias; three specimens.

This pretty and very distinct species is unlike any other from
the coast, and is readily recognized by the characteristic grooves.

NUDIBRANCHIATA.

ALDERIA-?? ALBOPAPILLOSA, n. 8S.

Body ovate, mantle larger than the foot, extending in front of
and hiding the muzzle. Eyes biack, sessile on the anterior sur-
face of the body, near the mantle margin. Tentacles none.
Muzzle under, and hidden by the mantle edge, slightly produced
into two points at the corners, stout, wide, short. Foot thin,
oval. Anus terminal under the edge of the mantle. Orifices
at the right side near the muzzle. Mantle margin entire. Foot
regularly oval, thin, smaller than the mantle. Back regularly
rounded, smooth, and covered with a multitude of cylindrical,
short, stout, branchial appendages, radiating rather irregularly
from the top of the back to the edges of the mantle, and close
set all over the surface of the latter; of an opaque white in life,
the remainder of the animal except the eyes being translucent
yellowish.

Length °3, breadth -2 in.

Habitat, Sitka, Alaska Territory, on fuci; three specimens,
July, 1865. W. H. Dall.

I am almost certain that this cannot belong in the genus Alde-
ria, but it comes nearest to that, and, for the present, I prefer
to refer it with doubt to that place.

Doris Montereyensis and FKolis opalescens, Cpr., were found
with this species.

PTEROPODA.

Family CYMBULIIDA.
Genus COROLLA, Dall.

Like 7vedmannia, but with the body pendant below, unattached
to the pinne, ovoid, constricted above. (Esophagus produced,
oral aperture trumpet-shaped, produced into two points. Pinnz
forming a single disk with reticulated muscular bands, separated
by a deep sinus from the oral portion. Pelagic. Shell entirely
absent.

138 AMERICAN JOURNAL

This genus is related to Tvedmannia, from which it differs in
ae pendant body and absence of even an internal cartilaginous
shell.

Type CoRoLLA SPECTABILIS, n. 8.

Pinnz broadly rounded, two small indentations in the upper
portion, giving it a trilobed appearance, rather than transverse,
translucent yellowish, speckled with black dots on the upper
margin; crossed from one side to the other by arched, broad
bands of muscular fibre, which are reticulated by similar radi-
ating bands. A deep, broad sinus separates the pinne from the
parts surrounding the mouth. The orifice of the latter is trum-
pet-shaped, situated in a transverse cleft of the membranes
which surround it and which are roundly produced on each side
of it like the lower portion of a pea-blossom. C4sophagus slen-
der, bright yellow. The neck, by which the body hangs, is con-
stricted, giving it a vase-like appearance. ‘The intestines are
variously tinted with brown, purple and green.

Lon. of body, 5; tctal lon., 2°0 in. Width of pinne, 1:8;
height of do., 1-1 in.

Habitat.—North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 42° 50’ and lon. 147°
25’. July 22, 1866, W. H. Dall, Coll. reg. No. 307.

This beautiful Pteropod is gregarious, as a number were taken
together at one haul of the towing net, but not on any other
occasion. A more detailed account of this and the other pelagic
Mollusks, obtained in the North Pacific by me, is in course of
preparation.

Judging by Rang’s figures, Cymbulia radiata and punctata,
Quoy and Gaimard, may possibly belong to this genus.

LIMACINID AL.

LIMACINA, Cuvier.
LIMACINA PACIFICA, 0. S.
Limacina pacifica, Dall., MSS. 1866.

Pinnz arched above, rounded at the ends and deeply, widely
notched below. Pedal disk bilobed, rather large. ‘These parts
translucent whitish. Sides of oral. aperture painted with pink,
tentacles two, short, conical, obsolete. Viscera pink. Opercu-
lum absent. Shell with a band of brown following the suture,
otherwise hyaline, depressed of seven whorls, rather inflated,
especially the last, umbilicus small. Diam. PAM Ge

This I have also compared with Atlantic specimens ; the shell
is more depressed, has a larger number of whorls, is smaller,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 139

with a narrow umbilicus. The shape of the pinne differs in the
two.

Habitat.—Monterey, Cala., dead on beach, Dall, 1866. Neah
Bay, W. T. Swan. Off the Peninsula of Aliaska, living, 1866,
Dall.

It is worth note that no Pteropods appear, after several years
exploration, to inhabit Bering Sea. I found none north of the
Aleutian Islands, though they were common enough to the south-
ward of them. I took several quarts in a disorganized condition
from the stomach of a specimen of Orthagoriscus analis, Ayres.

Family CLIONID.

CLIONHE, Pallas.
CLIONE ELEGANTISSIMA, 0. Ss.

Pinne small, pink, with translucent margins, a ray of bright
crimson in the center of each, subtriangular. Body pyriform,
slender caudal end usually curved to one side; a patch of
brownish crimson with well defined edges, on the back, ventral
side and tail, brownish pink. Head well differentiated, longi-
tudinally striped with carmine ona lighter ground. Tentacles
two, short, cylindrical, brownish. Cephalic lobes six, thick,
leaf-like, short, covered with fine granulations or pores on their
anterior sides, which are flattened and of the most brilliant car-
mine. Disk cleft in the median line. Mouth with two broad
carmine®labia.

Length, -28; breadth of pinne, -22 in.

Habitat.—Pacific Ocean, in lat. 51° 50’, lon. 161° 26’. Au-
gust 2, 1866, Coll. reg. No. 309, W. H. Dall.

This exquisite little species is smaller and more brightly col-
ored than any other yet described. It also differs in form from
any other. In this and other species the notes cn the color, &e.,
were taken from life.

PNEUMODEMIDA.

PNEUMODERMON, Cuvier.
PNEUMODERMON PACIFICUM, nN. 8.

Body subcyliadrieal, elongated, rounded behind, livid purple.
Pinnz subquadrate, arched at their inner anterior margin, deeply
notched at their inner posterior elge. Anterior margin with a
well marked band of white; remainder dull purple, lighter be-
hind. Head indistinct, cylindrical. Oral aperture deeply

140 AMERICAN JOURNAL

notched the median line below, entire above. Tentacles two,
small, short, distant on the back of the head. Proboscis swollen
at the extremity, furnished with two long, cylindrical, tentacular,
retractile, appendages. Suckers in two small, compact bunches,
like bunches of grapes. These parts whitish. Pedal disk cordi-
form, purple with a black spot. Foot long, slender, linguiform.
Branchiz short, inconspicuous.

Length, 1:0; diam. of body, °3; spread of pinne, 1:16 in.

Habitat.—North Pacific Ocean, lat. 37° 8’, lon. 136° 10’.
July, 1866, Coll. reg. No. 301, W. H. Dall.

I can find no descriptions or figures which appear applicable
to this species, which is rather abundant off the West Coast of
the United States, from lat. 35° to 45°.

HYALIIDA.

CLEODORA, Peron and Leseur.

CLEODORA OCCIDENTALIS, n. s.

Pinne regularly rounded, broader at their distal extremities,
yellowish white. A deep purple black spot on each side of the
mouth; pedal disk brown, smal], transversely rounded. A small
white vermicular filament on each side of it. Viscera with the
intestine spirally twisted, crimson; liver reflecting a metallic
green ; heart dark brown. Shell tricarinated, transversely stri-
ated, sides a little concave, tip straight. Lon. 6; lat. -45; lat.
of pinnee, ‘9 in. s

Habitat.—North Pacific, off the coasts of California, in lat.
33°, lon. 130° W., and to the northward in abundance.

This species is nearest to the C. pyramidata, with authentic
specimens of which I have compared both shell and animal. It
is constantly smaller and more acuminate, and the animals differ
widely. As before mentioned, more extended descriptions are
in progress, and will be accompanied with anatomical details.

Class CONCHIFERA.

SOLENIDA.
SILIQUA, Meg. v. Muhlf.
Machera, Gld., Cpr. Aulus, Oken.

SILIQUA PATULA, Dixon.

Solen patula, Dixon, Voyage round the World, p. 334, f. 2,
1789.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 141

Solen maximus, Wood, Index, &c., not Gmelin.

Solecurtus Nuttallii, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. vii,
p- 282, pl. xvii, f. 9, 1837.

Nolen grandis, Cpr., as of Gmelin.

Stliqua californica, Conr., Am. Journ. Conch. ili, p. 198,

This shell [am inclined to consider distinct from S. /werda,
which bears to it the same relation that . costata does to S.
squama, Blainv., upon our eastern coast.

Why Mr. Conrad should locate it at the Sandwich Islands 1s
incomprehensible ; both his types were from California. Dixon’s
was from Cook’s Inlet, and his figure is excellent. I can find no
Solen grandis in Gmelin’s ed. of the Syst. Nature. The obli-
quity of ‘the rib varies, as also the shape of the sinus. The
shell is nearly equally rounded at each end. SS. californica,
Conrad, is merely a young specimen. The purple ray from the
beak is pretty constant; I find it in all perfect specimens. The
epidermis of the old shells is dark brown; that of the young, a
beautiful polished yellow green, with an olivaceous cast.

SILIQUA LUCIDA, Conrad.

Solecurtus lucidus, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. vi,
p 251, pl. xvii, f..8, 1837.

This shell is small and hyaline; the rib shows through, and
there are three yellow rays behind it. The purple is in concen-
tric waves, interrupted by the rays, with the spaces between the
waves also yellow. The epidermis is very thin and hyaline.
The shell is truncated behind, and the sinus is shallower than in
S. patula. The rib is straight.

SILIQUA MEDIA, Gray.

Solen medius, Gray, Beechey’s Voy. p. 158, pl. xlvi, f. 2,
1839,

Shell like S. costata, Say, but constantly higher and shorter,
with a broader, stronger rib, and much stouter, larger teeth.
Sinus more shallow. Exterior with stronger lines of growth,
less polished, and with a longer ligament. Color lurid purple,
suffused with white inside, a mixture of olive green, yellowish
and purple outside; constantly darker than S. costata. Squarer
at the posterior end, with obsolete irregular lighter rays in some
specimens. Lon. 1-9, alt. 1:0, diam. 34 in.

Habitat, Norton Sound, Alaska Territory.

Mr. Conrad has applied the name éorealis, in his catalogue of

142 AMERICAN JOURNAL

the Solenide, to a shéll described by Middendorf (Sib. Reise, p.
269, Mal. Rossica, iii, p. 79, pl. xxii, f. 4—10, 1849) as Ma-
chera costata. Middendorf’s figures and descriptions, like his
synonymy, include several species. Mr. Conrad selects Sitka
from among Middendorf’s localities, as the habitat of the species
which would make his name (which included no differential or
other description) a synonymy of patula, the only species found
at Sitka.

Middendorf includes patula, costata, and media in his descrip-
tion, and part of his figures refer to one and part to another of
these species. ‘The shell in question is well represented by
Gray’s figure, though usually darker than that is colored, and is
without doubt distinct from'either patula or costata. It ranges
throughout the northern and western part of Bering Sea, Bering
ay and probably the Ochotsk Sea. It does not pass into the

acific.

ANATINID A.
ENTODESMA SCAMMONI, n. s.

Shell inequilateral, inequivalve, subovate. Left valve slightly
the smaller. Shell tumid, umbones inconspicuous, nearly in the
middle of the shell. Interior with a brilliantly pearly, white
nacre; hinge margin narrow, nearly straight ; interrupted under
the beaks; right valve with a small rounded projecting process,
fitting into an excavation in the opposite valve, which is thick-
ened behind it. Ligament and ossicle moderate. Pallial line
simple, continuous. Anterior margin evenly rounded; poste-
rior ditto, a little more effuse; ventral margin with the faintest
possible indication of flexuosity; shell gaping behind, but with
no perceptible ventral gape. Hxterior smooth except for lines
of growth, which are more emphasized at intervals, forming
three concentric waves from the umbo toward the margin. Shell
covered with a thin yellowish brown pubescent epidermis, which
is produced over the margins, and under a lens is seen to be very
closely, finely, radiately striate. ‘The pubescence is formed by
little projecting points of the epidermis at the intersections of
the striz with the lines of growth. Shell solid. Lon. °9, alt.
“44, diam. °33 in.

Habitat, Port Simpson, British Columbia, Capt. C. M. Scam-
mon, U. 8. Revenue Service.

This shell comes nearest to Hntodesma saxicola, Baird, with
which Dr. Carpenter would unite it; but it appears to me per-
fectly distinct. That species takes every imaginable form, nest-
ling or boring in rocks and among the roots of fuci. I have ex-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 143

amined a very large series, extending from Sitka to Monterey.
In such cases the only satisfactory way of determining specific
differences is to compare normal undistorted specimens of the
same age,

HE. saxicola is characterized by a straw yellow or dark brown,
thick, strong epidermis, which always breaks the thin shell in
drying. This epidermis is marked by a peculiar smoothness of
_its exterior, though puckered up, wrinkled and folded to a great
extent. The pinched up wrinkles are characteristic. It is dis-
tantly radiately striate, especially toward the posterior end.
These striz are more properly raised folds. The substance of
the shell has a characteristic porcellanous texture and appear-
ance, but slightly nacreous, usually livid, though rarely white,
but never brilliantly pearly. In normal specimens the shell is
more or less truncate at each end, especially the anterior end,
which is further marked by two more or less evident ridges, ex-
tending from the beaks. It always has a large ventral gape.

E. Scammoni can then be readily distinguished by its nacre,
its characteristic epidermis, which does not contract and break
the shell, and which is striated in a totally different way from
that of saxicola. It has not the ridges or ventral gape alluded
to. My specimens agree exactly with each other, in all respects,
and are not distorted in the least.

ENTODESMA DIAPHANA, Cpr.

Some shells in the Smithsonian collection, thus marked, ap-
pear to be worn specimens of what I called (in MSS.) Hnto-
desma spongiaphila, in 1866. Mine were from Monterey. The
others are from San Diego and Cape St. Lucas. Dr.
Carpenter’s type was from Mazatlan. He also unites
with it Lyonsia inflata, Conr., a species from Guayaquil, of
which the type has not been examined by either Dr. Carpenter
or myself. Conrad’s figure represents a very different looking
shell. L. californica, Conrad, probably includes bracteata, Gld.,
and nitida, Gould.: I should be inclined to include Conrad’s
inflata with it also, from the figure, if such a course were admis-
sible. Conrad, in his catalogues, has it in both Lyonsta and
Entodesma, with the same references.

If #. diaphana, Cpr., be the same as.my MSS. species, it is
undoubtedly perfectly distinct from the others. ‘The practice
of combining species, autoptically unknown to the combiner, is
most pernicious, and produces far more confusion than the de-
scription of mere varieties as specifically distinct, though the

latter is objectionable enough.

144 AMERICAN JOURNAL

AMPHIDESMIDA.
Genus SEMELE, Schumacher.
Semele, Schum., Essai. pp. 58, 165, 1817.
Amphidesma, Lam., Hist. An. s. Vert. v. p. 489, 1818.

SEMELE RUBROLINEATA, Conrad.

S. rubrolineata, Conr., Journ. Phil. Acad. Sci., vii, p. 289, ©

ple xvi telah ST;

S. simplea, Ad. and Rve., Moll. Samarang, p. 81, pl. xxiv,
f. 11, 1850. Rve., Conch. Icon., sp. 53, teste Conrad.

Not 8. rubrolineata of California authors.

The shell which is above identified by Mr. Conrad and Geo.
W. Tryon, Jr., in the catalogue of Tellintdw, Am. Journ. Conch.,
iv, appendix, p. 122, is not the shell latterly known under that
name by California naturalists, which appears, as follows, to be
undescribed.

SEMELE RUBROPICTA, nN. Ss.

Shell usually pure white and brilliantly polished within, but
occasionally with a faint yellowish or pinkish flush when very
deeply colored externally. Inner margin, except on the hinge-
line, always pure white. Outside, covered with a thin yellowish
green or olive, epidermis usually wanting, color yellowish white,
with rose-pink and pure white rays, color stronger on the lines
of growth. Sculpture consisting of incised lines radiating from
the umbones where they become obsolete; crossed by rounded,
smooth, concentric ridges rather sharply defined by concentric
grooves. These ridges are usually regular but sometimes bi-
fureating. In perfect specimens the radiating lines and grooves
are so sharp that their intersections appear as if punctured.
Ligament pit deep and excavated, cardinal and lateral teeth
moderate. Anterior end much produced, rounded, margin
rounded below, posterior end very short, almost truncated ;
shell rather inflated. Lunule deeply impressed, narrow, lanceo-
late, short. General form subquadrate. Umbones inconspicu-
ous, usually tinged with yellow. Hinge-line below the lunule
with a purple spot. Interior marked with extremely faint radia-
ting lines. Posterior portion of the inferior margin produced.
Shell thick and solid. Alt. 1:35 in. Lon. 1:55in. Diam. -7
in. Lunule ‘24 in.

Habitat. Beach at Soquel, Monterey Bay, two or three
valves, Dall; San Pedro, Cooper ; Neah Bay, one worn valve,
Swan.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 145

I hardly know with what species to compare this very distinct
form. It is perhaps nearest to 8. flavicans, Gld., from Panama,
which wants the red lines, is more rounded and higher, with a
shorter lunule, and much narrower and smaller pallial sinus,
besides many other differences.

It has not the peculiar spongy surface of decisa, which is a very
high round shell, with the interior strongly punctate and valves
nearly equilateral. It wants the curious sculpture, color, and
form of SS. rupiwm, which has also a rounder shell and smaller
mantle bend. It bears no resemblance to S. ‘neongrua, Cpr.,
and has not the sculpture or painting of S. pulchra.

VENERIDA.
LIOCYMA, Dall.
Liocyma, Dall, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 256,
April, 1870.
1. Type Liocyma FLUucTUosa, Gld.

Habitat. Ochotsk Sea; Grand Banks, Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia ; Mass. Bay.

Characters compressed, regularly waved, with faint radiating
striae ; subovate waxen yellow. Animal pale yellowish white.
2. Liocyma Bercxit, Dall.

Liocyma Becki, Dall, Proc. Soc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii,

p. 257, 1870.

Habitat. Plover Bay, EK. Siberia; Kadiak; Unga Island,
N. Pacific.

Characters. Inflated, subtrigonal, waves somewhat irregular,
without striz, straw yellow. Animal white with pink siphons.

8. LriocyMa ? arctica, Rve.
Tapes arctica, Rve., Conch. Icon., x. sp. 52, 1865.
Habitat. Arctic Seas. (Ubi.)

Characters. Compressed, cuneiform; slightly irregularly
waved ; ashy green; with radiating darker lines of color; with-
out strie. Animal ?

This species probably belongs to this genus, but differs in
shape and sculpture from the others.

4. Liocyma ScAMMONI, n. s.
Anaitis 2? Seammoni, Dall, MSS., 1868.
Shell most resembling L. fluctwosa, but less compressed, much

146 AMERICAN JOURNAL

stouter and thicker. Epidermis of a deep yellow brown, instead
of waxen; shape more trigonal with the posterior ventral mar-
gin more produced ; umbones dark umber brown ; ; ligament
longer, stouter and much more prominent ; lunule almost obso-
lete, with the waves continued over it instead of smooth. Con-
centric sculpture in waves, not separated by grooves as in L.
fluctuosa of the same size, but further apart, more irregular and
rounded or sharp instead ‘of flattened. Hinge line broader, teeth
larger and much stouter than in any other species ; pallial sinus
shallower and rounder, and muscular impressions proportionate-
ly larger than in any other form of the genus. Animal dark

brown. Lon. -8. Alt. 64. Diam. -36 in.
Habitat. Fort Simpson, British Columbia; Capt. ©. M.

Scammon, U. 8. Revenue Service. Six specimens.

This species, differing from any in the collection of the Brit-
ish Museum, with which it was compared by Dr. Dawson, is
readily recognized by its stout teeth, thick shell, dark color and
large ligament. ‘The umbones are more central "and the pallial
sinus shallower than in any of the others.

LIOCYMA VIRIDIS. n

Habitat. Arctic Ocean, Capt. Rodgers, U. 8. N.

Shell of a beautiful pea-green, covered with a beautifully
polished epidermis; sculpture of very fine rather sharp concen-
tric waves, very regular in outline. Hpidermis between the
waves raised in minute bubble-like globules. Numerous faint,
rather distant impressed lines, not striw or grooves, radiating
from the umbones, which are rather small and acute. Shell
thin but not compressed, waves not flattened. Hinge line very
narrow, teeth slender but distinct, very close together. Um-
bones in the anterior third. . Ventral margin produced and
greatly arched. Anterior end rather pointed, short. Pallial
sinus small, sharply angulated. Muscular scars small. Hinge
line very slightly arched. Lon. 1:0. Alt. -66. Diam. -36 in.
Lunule smooth, lanceolate, bounded by an impressed line. Liga-
ment short, small, not prominent.

This exquisite shell was rather hastily referred to by me in
my description of L. fluctuosa as a variety of it. Finding that
there is very little variation in the different species of this group,
of some of which I have examined several hundred specimens, |
have come to the conclusion that it is distinct.

I have been unable to find any approach to it among the other
species, of which I had but a small series at my first writing.
The animal is of a fine pea-green color. The shell is readily

OF CONCHOLOGY 147

recognized by its beautiful color, very fine, regular ribs, much
produced, ventral margin, slender anterior end, bubble-like ele-
vations of the epidermis and narrow hinge line.

It is nearest L. fluctuosa, which has the anterior end broader
and more rounded, is compressed, and flattened on the top of
the ribs, which are less regular and coarser, the anterior muscu-
lar impression being further below the hinge line and the sinus
less angulated and proportionately larger.

MERCENARIA, Schum.
Mercenaria, Schum., Essay, p. 1817.
MERCENARIA KENNICOTTII, n. s.
Mercenaria Kennicottit, Dall, MSS., 1868.

Shell cuneiform, dark ferruginous brown, ornamented with
fine concentric, slightly elevated lamellz. Valves rather in-
flated, thick ; umbones prominent, rounded ; within the anterior
third; anterior end rounded from below to the lunule, which is
broad, cordiform and impressed, bounded by a deeply incised
line. Extreme anterior end of the valves rather pinched to-
gether. Anterior ventral margin arcuated. Posterior end
thick, rather produced and pointed. Posterior dorsal side
roundly arched from the umbones to the end; two obsolete cari-
nz pass from the umbones on each side posteriorly, the inner
pair forming the boundary of the ligamentary area. Inner
posterior and ventral margin finely crenulated. Hinge line
strongly arched behind. “Dental area broad, teeth strong.
Posterior dental process rugose. Muscular impressions large ;
pallial sinus short, sharply angulated. Sculpture of fine con-
centric lamella, slightly elevated, more so on the anterior end;
more distant on the umbones, thickly crowded near the margin
especially anteriorly. Lines of growth prominent at intervals.
Lamellz passing over the ligamentary area and lunule. Interior
white ; the dark brown of the exterior may be a stain but looks
natural. Lon. 2°64. Alt. 2-1. Diameter 1:56 in. Angle of
the pallial sinus 45°. Lon. of do. -44 in.

Habitat.—Neah Bay, W. T., Capt. E. E. Smith.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this fine species to the
memory of the late lamented Robert Kennicott. Two other
MSS. names have been applied to it, but my own antedates them
both. It is nearest to Venus Stémpsoni, Gould, from Yeddo,
Japan, which is a larger species, chalky white, with a lanceolate
lunule, long, nearly smooth ligamentary area; much more rounded
ventral margin and proportionally much smaller pallial sinus.

148 AMERICAN JOURNAL

It is also without the roughened dental process which distin-
guishes the genus Mercenaria.

This species has somewhat the shape, but not the coloration,
of V. alboradiata, Sby., from the Gulf of Mexico. The latter is
a blunter, rounder shell posteriorly.

A large worn valve obtained by me at Monterey, but not re-
turned by Dr. Carpenter, may have been this species or V.
Stimpsont. It was erroneously referred, in the absence of types,
to V. Kennerleyi, Cpr., at that time.

The dorsal margins of the valves of this species are a little
flexuous.

CARDIIDA.

CaRDiIuM (? Serripes) La-Perousu, Desh.
Cardium Laperousit, Desh., Rev. Zodl. p. 360, 1839. Mag.
Zool. 1840, pl. 48.

This species appears quite distinct from Serripes grénlandicus,
in its much more transverse and equilateral shell. Were there
any doubt upon the subject, however, it would be set at rest by
the fact that this species has a rounded, geniculate foot, entirely
destitute of the serrations which characterize the foot of grén-
landicus, and gave the name to the subgenus.

I dredged it alive at Sitka, in 14 fathoms, mud and shell;
obtained dead valves at Unga, North Harbor, in four fathoms,
mud; on the beach near the mouth of the Avatcha River, Avat-
cha Bay, Kamtchatka; and at Plover Bay, Eastern Siberia, near
Bering Strait.

CarpiuM ISLANDICUM.

Very large and fine specimens of this species were obtained at
Sitka; Unga, Kodiak, Unalashka, Tongass, Norton Sound,
Plover Bay, Bering Strait, St. George Island and Petropavy-
loosk, also furnished examples. Cardium Nuttallii, Conrad,
(=corbis, Desh., Cpr., not Martyn,) was found at Sitka, Unga,
Kodiak and Avatcha Bay.

Cardium (Serripes) grénlandicum from all of the localities
above noted for C. Lslandicwm, and especially large and fine
from Kodiak. Cardium blandum, Gld., was obtained at Sitka
and Unalashka.

CHAMID Ai.

CHAMA, Lin.
CHAMA INERMIS, n. s.

Shell rugged, sinistral, obscurely three sided. Right valve

OF CONCHOLOGY. 149

deep, obscurely carinate; umbo produced incurved, forming a
nearly complete volution. Left valve nearly flat, but slightly
vaulted at the umbo, which is incurved some distance from the
margin, but not externally elevated ; tooth wide and_ strong.
Anterior tooth of the right valve large, corrugated on the outer
side ; posterior tooth small, corrugated on the inner side. Liga-
ment stout, almost buried beneath the incurved umbones. An-
terior muscular scars largest, shell channelled between the scars.
Interior white; margins smooth, the posterior edge of the left
valve with a narrow band of purple. Exterior without plica-
tions, smooth, except for the lines of growth, covered with a
strong light yellow brown epidermis, which is only roughened by
the lines of growth.
Alt. 3-1; lat 2-Lin. Depth of right valve, 1:3 in.

Habitat.—Middle America. ‘“ Puget Sound,’ Rowell, in
error.

This very singular shell is covered with parasitic Vermet, &c.,
of Central American species. An anomaly appears in the fact
that a large part of the shell, owtstde of the epidermis, is covered
with a white, calcareous deposit, evidently a part of the shell
itself, and marked only by coarse lines of growth. The edge of
the epidermis appears on the margin some distance within the
actual edge. This is the only instance known to me of an epi-
dermis being secreted by the mantle beneath the external surface
of the shell. It may be accounted for as follows: The edge of
the epidermis may be secreted at one period, after which the
edge of the mantle might secrete a calcareous layer extending
beyond the epidermal margin. The mantle, contracted in
a period of rest, would again add to the layer of epidermis, after
which, expanding, another outreaching calcareous layer might be
deposited, which would, of course, fall upon the previous one,
and so on. ‘This view is strengthened by the fact that a careful
exainination of the epidermis with a strong lens, in places where
the external calcareous layer has been removed, shows that the
continuity of the epidermis is frequently interrupted by a very
thin layer of shelly matter. The cuter calcareous layer does
not cover the whole of the shell. In any case the fact is
very curious and interesting. It is nearest Chama dostoma,
Conrad, from the Sandwich Islands, which is a dextral shell
with radiating plicee and marginal produced lamine.

I find a note upon the label, by Dr. Carpenter, stating that
he had written, but afterwards suppressed, a diagnosis of the
shell under the name of C. inermis, and, therefore, have adopted
. his MSS. name, while incurring the responsibility of describing
9h

150 AMERICAN JOURNAL

it as new. It was sent by the Rev. I. Rowell, of San Francisco,
to the Smithsonian Collection, of which it forms a part (No.
24108), and was erroneously labelled by him as from Puget
Sound. The parasites show its true locality to have been from
the coast of Middle America.

CYAMIIDA.
TURTONIA OCCIDENTALIS, Nn. Ss.

? Turtonia minuta, Gld., as from Bering Strait.

Shell subtrigonal, slightly inequilateral, small and smooth.
Color purplish ; lighter, with a yellowish epidermis, toward the
margin, especially anteriorly. Interior dark purple in the mid-
dle of the valves, margins lighter, dark brown above and behind.
Hinge-line and ventral margin roundly arcuate, ends rounded,
anterior a little shorter and smaller. Epidermis yellowish brown,
polished, with rather strong lines of growth at intervals. Um-
bones rather prominent, usually eroded. Shell a little tumid.
Teeth strong, apparently three cardinals in the left valve, with
the posterior dorsal hinge margin folded in making a strong
tooth-like lamella. Right valve with one long and one triangular
cardinal tooth, and a posterior lamella as in the other. Pallial
line simple, lightly waved near the posterior muscular sear.
Anterior scars two, perfectly separate and distinct, the upper
triangular, slightly smaller.

Lon!-25> CAI -16. Diam - lan:

Habitat. Plover Bay, Eastern Siberia, abundant in the roots
of fuct. Dall., 1865 and 1866.

Although this species differed in its larger and more trigonal
and shorter form from all the figures of 7. minuta, I felt un-
willing to describe it, until receiving some Atlantic specimens
the matter was placed beyond a doubt by the comparison. It is
four or five times the size of the 7’. mimuta, much shorter pro-
portionally and more equilateral, less compressed and darker
colored. The teeth also differ slightly. I have not adopted the
genus Cyamium as it seems to be in dispute. I am glad to be
able to fully confirm the observations of Mr. Jeffreys (Brit,
Conch., 1i, p- )in regard to the siphon and foot. The liga
ment is wholly external. The double anterior scars are inter-
esting. :

CARDITID A.

Genus ASTARTE, Sowerby.
Astarte, Sby.. Min. Conch., t. 167, 1816. Type A. Dan-

moniensis. Mont.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 151

Subgenus Ricrocyma, Dall.*

Shell and hinge like Astarte. Sculpture consisting of broken,
nodulous waves, irregularly concentric, covered with a thick
epidermis. Equivalve and nearly equilateral.

The sculpture of this form is so very peculiar that I have
thought it as worthy of a section to itself, as Acd/a and similar
subgenera. It is externally like Ptychomya, Agassiz, from the
lower oolite, but the sculpture is essentially different.

Type RicrocyMA MIRABILIS, 2. s.

Shell small, subtrigonal, olivaceus, moderately thick. Um-
bones nearly erect, prominent, pointed; exterior covered with a
thick olive-green epidermis lightly marked with concentric
lines of growth. Interior livid translucent greenish, smooth.
Hinge as in Astarte but more equilateral than in most species of
that group. Anterior margin more produced than the posterior,
while the contrary is the case in the majority of species of
Astarte. Sculpture similar in both valves, consistsng of eight
or nine ridges, arranged in a generally concentric manner, but
having a squarish fluctuation in the middle of the valve toward
the umbo, one on each side of this toward the margin, and recurved
more or less toward the anterior and posterior margins. These
ridges are broken and non-continuous toward the sides and are
rudely nodulous toward their extremities, which do not reach
the anterior and posterior margins in most cases.

Alt. -12, lon. -16, Diam. -04 in.

Habitat, North Harbor, Unga Island of the Shumagin group,
in 8 fathoms, muddy bottom, one living specimen, September,

1865, Dall.

I have looked in vain for any species with which this might be
compared. It is, as far as I am able to discover, unique in
sculpture. <A species of Ptychomya, referred by Agassiz to the
Myide, described by Lycett (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vi, p. 408,
pl. xi, f. 6, 1850) has no teeth on the hinge, and has the ridges
diverging from and forming a sharp angle, with a line passing
from the umbo to the medio-anterior ventral margin. The fact
of its having an edentulous hinge is sufficient to remove it from
this family, to which it was referred by D’Orbigny, and to re-
move any suspicion of its identity with the present subgenus.

*From Piares, broken, and Kuz, wave.

ton, AMERICAN JOURNAL

CARDITA, Lam.

Cardita, Lam., Syst. An. s. Vert. p. 118, 1801. Type C.
calyculata, Lin.

Subgenus Ceropsis, Dall.

Shell small, ribhed or sculptured; with a q-shaped cardinal
tooth in the right valve; left valve with a stout anterior and
slender posterior cardinal tooth, diverging, and a very slight
groove in the posterior margin; no lateral teeth in either valve,
and no groove in the right valve.

Umbones almost posterior, general form trapezoidal.

Habits, nestling. Byssiferous? Animal’?

This small and very pretty subgenus differs from all the other
sections of Cardita in its hinge. Its form suggested affinities
with Trapezium, upon a cursory examination ; but, having only
two cardinal teeth, it is evident that it forms a section of Cardita.

Type CEROPSIS MINIMA, nN. s.
Trapezium ? halioticola, Dall, MSS. 1866.

Shell minute, trapeziform, white, with a thin brownish epider-
mis. Umbones prominent, nearly terminal. Anterior margin
rather strongly angulated; basal margin straight, or a little con-
cave; lower posterior extremity angulated; upper posterior
angle rounded off; posterior margin rather oblique. Hinge line
smooth, rather broad. Ligament conspicuous, moderately long.
A rounded carina passes from the umbo to the lower posterior
angle, above which are from two to five radiating ribs. General
sculpture of sharp elevated lines of growth, which become
vaulted scales on the ribs. Margin lightly crenulated. Interior
polished ; muscular and pallial impressions indistinct. Lon. -14,
lat. ‘08, alt -075 in.

Habitat, nestling or burrowing in Haliotis rufescens, at Mon-
terey, also dead on beach, Dall; nestling under stones at low
water, Canfield, Stearns and Cooper.

As my habitat seems to have been exceptional, I have not
retained the MSS. name which alluded to it. Some of the spe-
cimens since obtained were larger than the above dimensions,
and there was one odd valve from the beach among my collec-
tions, which is now out of my possession, which measured nearly
-25 in. Iam inclined to think it byssiferous, though the valves
do not gape.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 153

LEDID A.

YOLDIA, Merch.
YOLDIA SEMINUDA, I. s.

Shell obscurely lozenge-shaped, elongate, covered with a pol-
ished, glossy, olivaceous epidermis.

Valves compressed, umbones inconspicuous; lunule long, nar-
row, just evident; escutcheon long, narrow, indented, well de-
fined. Ventral margin arcuated, widest about the middle of the
shell; a slight obsolete groove or channel anteriorly, bordered
by two obscure ridges, terminates in a slight waved indentation
in the anterior ventral margin, about the middle of the anterior
fourth.

Posterior end rising obliquely, rounded truncate posteriorly,
forming an angle of 90° with the hinge margin, and _ slightly
upturned.

Posterior dorsal slope slightly concave, anterior slightly con-
vex, evenly rounded to the anterior end. Ligament pit large,
roundly triangular. ‘Teeth (anterior) 37, (posterior) 17. Pal-
lial sinus reaching before the umbones, which are 14-35ths of the
whole length from the posterior end.

Interior bluish white, with fine radiating lines. Exterior
marked by lines of growth and obsolete radiating lines; sculp-
tured by sharp grooves, which, beginning near the middle of the
shell with a slight wave toward the umbones, pass backward and
downward across the lines of growth, rising a little and ceasing
abruptly at a distance of about 4-35ths of the whole length from
the posterior end. Lon. 1°74, alt. -82, diam. *27 in.

Habitat, St. Paul’s Harbor, Radiak, 17 fms.

This shell is allied to Y. lanceolata, J. Sby., in which the
sculpture passes clear forward to the anterior margin. The lat-
ter is also a smaller, more globose and anteriorly rounder shell.
It is found in the same locality with the present species. Y.
Cooperi, Gabb, is another allied species. of widely different shape.
Y. seminuda is shaped much like Y. amydalea, Vul., as figured
in the Thes. Conch., but is wider behind and more upturned, and
the anterior indentation is not conspicuous. ‘That species is
without sculpture, and occurs in the same localities.

Acila Lyalli, Baird, P. Z. S. 1863, has been referred to A.
castrensis, but the sculpture and shape are quite distinct. I have
been indebted to the kindness of Mr. Jeffreys for typical speci-
mens from Vancouver, and have dredged it in 8 fathoms mud at
Sitka.

Yoldia truncata, siliqua and intermedia, vars., were obtained

154 AMERICAN JOURNAL

by me in Norton Sound; Leda, apparently ventricosa, Hinds,
from the mouth of a sole, Bay of Yeddo, Japan; anda Yoldia,
apparently electa, A. Ad., from the head of the Gulf of Califor-
nia, by Dr. Palmer. With the latter were valves of a very small
undetermined species of Nucula. Nucula expansa, Rve., oc-
curred from Bering Strait to Sitka, in five to thirty fathoms.

MYTILIDA.

MOoDIOLARIA DENTICULATA, 0. S.

Shell with a thick blackish brown epidermis, furnished poste-
riorly with strong, fine, projecting beards, which entangle parti-
cles of sand, &c., and form a solid mass of regular form, which
cannot be removed without crushing the shell. There is an ob-
tusely rounded carina to the posterior end of the shell, and by
the formation alluded to this carina is greatly exaggerated,
sharpened, and made to terminate in a sharp point some distance
beyond the end of the shell. ‘The general form of the valve
itself is elongate-ovate, with a not prominent umbone. Both
ends of the margin are gently rounded, the anterior end being
slightly the smaller. There is a slight gape and concavity in the
middle of the ventral margin, otherwise both dorsal and ventral
margins are nearly equally arched. The entire margin is denti-
culate, and the denticles are especially strong on the hinge mar-
gin, which is interrupted for the large and strong ligament. The
beaks are deep and vaulted, and the valves inflated.

The color of the shell is pearly white, with a purple spot be-
hind the posterior muscular impression, and the umbones tinged
with purple. The epidermis is blackish brown, thick, and liable
to peel off; it is marked with faint radiating lines, as nearly as
the incrustation will admit of perceiving.

Lon. °7, alt. ‘4, diam. -4 in.

Habitat, Acapulco, Mexico, Dall, 1868.

This very curious species is unlike any other which I know of.
In some respects it is approached by Modiola opifex, Say, which
is a much more elongated shell, from Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

MoDIOLA ATERRIMA, Ni. 8.

Shell small, subtriangular, black. Umbones nearly terminal.
Exterior smooth, covered with a polished epidermis, marked only
by lines of growth; usually somewhat eroded. Ligamental cal-
lus white, narrow. Dorsal margin angulated more or less at the
end of the ligament behind. Posterior end broadly rounded.
Anterior end narrow, bluntly rounded. Hinge line without

OF CONCHOLOGY. 155

tooth-like crenulations. Interior with a purple black nacre.
Ventral margin, when normally formed, straight, but usually
arcuated by distortion. Lon. -4, alt. -26, diam. ‘2 in. Valves
from the umbones to the posterior ventral end usually obscurely
roundly carinated.

Habitat, Bay of Yeddo, Japan. Abundant.

This species, after examination and comparison, was pro-
nounced new by the late H. Cuming. It has much the same
general aspect as Mytilus glomeratus, Gld. Its solid growth,
and the uniform size of a very large series, forbid the idea that
It Is Immature.

PECTINIDA.
PECTEN, Brug:
PECTEN (PSEUDAMUSSIUM ‘) ALASKENSIS, n. Ss.

Shell nearly equilateral, inequivalve, flesh-color with a blush
of salmon-color on the umbo of the superior valve. Internally
white, the salmon-color showing through the valve. Shell sub-
orbicular, barring the auricles, which are wide and prominent.
Lower valve flattened, :1 in. smaller than the upper one; sculp-
ture of fine, close, equal, concentric ridges, sharply defined and
separated by narrow non-canaliculated grooves. Valve covered
with a fine velvety epidermis, ashy and very finely radiately
striate. Surface of the valve, except for the ridges, smooth.
Anterior auricle long, prominent, with a deep sinus. Posterior
auricle small; both with strong elevated lines of growth, which
rise into scales on the eight or nine fine ribs with which the ante-
rior auricle is furnished. Hinge line straight, smooth. Inside
of the valve polished, furnished with twenty-one rounded, radi-
ating ribs, with traces cf others intercalated near the margin;
nodulous or swollen at the more prominent ridges of growth and
at the margin.

Upper valve similar, inside; anterior auricle shorter, not so
deeply sinuated. Valve more convex than the under one, and a
little larger. Dorsal areas finely granulate. Umbo smooth;
half way toward the margin the striz of increase become more
conspicuous, and about thirty-five pseudo-ribs radiate toward the
margin. These are formed by the elevation of the concentric
lines of growth like ruffles, in such a way that the edge of one
fluting of the ruffle overhangs the beginning of the next, and so
on. ‘These are very fragile, and when broken away show the
nearly smooth surface of the valve underneath, without any true
rib at all. Faint grooves are intercalated between the pseudo-

156 AMERICAN JOURNAL

ribs toward the margin. Lon. :76, alt. -76, diam. +22 in., width
of hinge line 34 in. Angle at the umbones, 100°.

Animal with the mantle margin profusely furnished with lemon
yellow tentacular filaments, and on the upper side only with six
pairs of black ocelli; inner smooth part of the mantle pencilled
with dark brown, especially on the inner side. Foot cylindrical,
terminating in a minute rounded knob; inner edge furnished
with half a dozen small papille.

Body yellowish white, with a pointed sac filled with ova, occu-
pying the greater part of the cavity. Byssus minute; liver
greenish, muscles lar ge, consolidated.

Habitat, One lower valve, North Harbor, Unga Island, six
fathoms mud. Dall, 1865. One larger living specimen, exactly
agreeing, Port Etches, Chugach Gulf. Dr. °Minor, U. 8. Rev.
steamer, Wyanda.

This remarkable little species is apparently quite distinct from
any described Pecten. It is, at present, impossible for me even
to decide in which section of the genus it should be placed.

It differs from the young of tenuicostatus, Mighels, (= Magel-
lanicus, Lam.) in its sculptur e and internal ribs and more rouhded
shape. P. grw nlandicus is smooth and otherwise different. The
internal ribs differ from those of Pleuronectia in being nodulous,
the internal supports of the latter are wanting, and the auricles
are notched. ‘The valves close perfectly. Altogether, this is a
very interesting specie3.

BRACHIOPODA.

TEREBRATULIDA.

1. Terebratula unguiculus, Cpr. Straits of Fuca to San
Diego.

Perhaps this species will prove a Terebratulina.

2. Waldheimia Gray, Dav. Monterey.

3. Laqueus californicus (Koch), Dall. Catalina Id.

4

4. Terebratella transversa, Sby. (= T. caurina, Gld.) Neah

Bay to the Aleutian Islands.

LINGULIDA.
6. Glottidia albida, Dall. Santa Barbara to San Diego.

RHYNCHONELLIDAS.

. Rhynchonella ? two species, both differing from the psetta-
cea, and probably described from Japan.

oS

OF CONCHOLOGY. 157

Spurious Species.
Discina Evansi, Dav., = D. striata, Schum., and is from West
Africa, not Bodegas.
Terebratella pulvinata, Gould, is from Patagonia.

Terebratella Coreanica, Ad. and Rve., has not been found on
the West Coast of America.

The above list comprises all the Californian species.

TUNICATA.

BOLTENIIDA.
Bo.tTENIA BERINGI, n. s.

Test pale ashy gray, tough and hard, smooth, but wrinkled in
a reticulated manner very closely and finely; smoother toward
the distal extremity. Margins of the apertures bordered with a
dark brown line, cleft into four rays. Shape ovate-pytiform ;
anal orifice near the distal extremity in the middle of the distal
third. Oral orifice about the same size in the middle of the
proximal third of the test, which is larger and most inflated
between the two orifices. Dorsal side broadly arcuate. Stalk ?

Lon. 1°36 in., lat. -42 in. Apertures ‘7 in. apart.

One specimen deprived of its peduncle was obtained on the
shore of St. Paul’s Island of the Pribyloff Group, Bering Sea.

This species differs in the proportional position of the aper-
tures, in texture and in color from the Atlantic species with
which I have compared it.

Cynthia pyriformis, of large size and brilliant coloring, was
obtained at Plover Bay, HE. Siberia, and at Petropavlovsk, Kamt-
chatka.

ASCIDIID As.
CYNTHIA (7) MONTEREYENSIS, n. s.

Test coriaceous, smooth; with about twelve deep longitudinal
grooves, extending from the attachment four-fifths of the way
to the distal end; these are crossed occasionally by circular
wrinkles which are multiplied toward the distal end. Inter-
spaces between the grooves horny, brownish, polished; of a deep
purple brown when living. Distal end smooth, with a velvety
feel, not polished, yellow in life. Test greatly produced, club-
shaped, distal end irregularly rounded.

Branchial chamber lined with a finely latticed series of branch-
iz, folded longitudinally at intervals into plice, of which there

158 AMERICAN JOURNAL

are about ten ; stomach small, intestine passing upward beyond
it on the right side three quarters of an inch before recurving.
Between the branchial sheet and the wall of the tunic are mul-
titudes of small round digit-shaped bodies attached to the tunic
by a slender pedicel of their external covering, often knobbed
or bifurcate at their inner end; office unknown to me. Anal
orifice small, five lobed, three of the lobes quite prominent ; oral
orifice with a corrugated irregular comb-like crest above and
overhanging it and extending around it, apparently also five
lobed. Length three inches; diameter at the distal extremity
‘64, at about the middle, -25, at the attached extremity 13 in.

ak Monterey Bay, in 4—10 fathoms on shells, &c. Dall,
1866.

This is a very peculiar species, probably not a Cynthia, but
I have not access at present to the works necessary to fully de-
termine its generic place. Other ascidians of several species
occur with it. It seems to be rather common, as my examples
were brought up on the anchor of a schooner upon which I went
to Monterey.

SALPIDA.

SALPA, Forsk.
SALPA HERCULEA, 0. 8s.

Proles aggregata, ignota.

Proles solitaria. Form approximating to cylindrical. Dorsal
surface studded with small conical elevations. Hzemal surface
smooth. Sides somewhat ribbed, smooth. Oral opening wide,
with thickened lips, not produced. Anal opening large, cylin-
drical, produced, with a circular aperture. Nucleus, or portion
enclosing the visceral tract, globular, very prominent, project-
ing below the general line of the hemal surface. Viscera
brown and scarlet. Muscular bands nearly or quite encircling
the body, corresponding to the ribbing of the sides, eleven
in number, connected in the middle lines of the sides by a
lateral band. Length eight inches. Diameter three or four
inches.

Habitat. Near the Unimak Pass, Aleutian Islands, in Lat.
41°, Lon. 144° 33’, July 20, 1866. Dall, several specimens.
Coll. reg. No. 306.

This magnificent Salpa, by far the largest of the genus, and
almost if not quite the largest single free tunicate known, is pro-
visionally described as above and will form the subject of a future
paper. Its size alone will distinguish it from any other species.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 159

SALPA OYMBIOLA, N. s.
Proles aggregata, ignota.

Proles solitaria. Heemal side boat-shaped, with one median
and two nearly lateral non-elevated carine. Integument of
this portion thickened, separated by an impressed line from the ©
dorsal portion, and produced into a short, rather blunt point an-
teriorly ; prolonged in a sub-cylindrical long, roundly pointed
caudal termination behind. Dorsal portion nearly egg-shaped,
resting as if in a boat, on the hemal shield, Oral opening mod-
erate, lips slightly thickened. Anal opening inconspicuous, not
produced, semilunar, small. Nucleus brown, not prominent ex-
ternally. Nervous centre in the anterior dorsal third. A broad
transverse muscular band across the middle of the dorsal side,
divides on each side into five principal branches. These are sub-
divided as follows: The first anterior branch sends one band
above and two below the oral opening. These are continuous.
The second, third and fourth continue simple and terminate ab-
ruptly at or near the lateral carinz of the hemal shield, where
a blood vessel passes from one to the other, forming a continu-
ous loop around the hemal portion. The fifth bands sends one
branch above and another below the efferent aperture, and a
third branch terminates abruptly as in the three preceding.

Length .7. Diameter ‘3 in.

Habitat. North Pacific, near the Aleutian Islands, July 21,
1866. Lat. 42° 13’. Lon. 145° 45’. Coll. reg. No. 3038. Dall.

This species was obtained in great abundance, always single
and free, notwithstanding the appendages before and behind.
Proles of aggregated salps, which may have been the immature
form of this species, were also abundant.

LIST OF FIGURES.
PLATE 18.

Dentition of Ocinebra lurida, Midd.
ay Amphissa versicolor, Dall.
Purpura crispata, Chemn.
Chorus belcheri, Hinds.
Macron lividus, A. Adams.
Trochiscus Norrissit, Sby.
Fissurella voleano, Rve.
Lucapina crenulata, Sby.; a, 6, uncini; ¢,
two pieces of jaw from below.

90 I> Cv ym go DO

160

Go bo

oO TID

10.

10.

AMERICAN JOURNAL

PuaTE 14.
Operculum of Mitidella eribraria, Lin,
$s Amphissa versicolor, Dall.

zs Astyris carinata, Hinds.

66

cleus.

& Nitidella Gouldii, Cpr.
Rictocyma mirabilis, Dall. ; greatly enlarged.
Liocyma Becki, Dall.; nat. size.

¥ viridis, Dall. ; nat. size.
Scammont, Dall. ; nat. size.
Semele rubropicta, Dall. ; nat. size.
Siliqua media, Gray ; nat. size.
Turtonia occidentalis, Dall.
Modiola aterrima, Dall.

PuatTeE 15.
Buccinum Kennicottii, Dall.

x4

83. Lamellaria Stearnsii, var. orbiculata, Dall.
D. ee rhombiea, Dall.
« Stearnsii, Dall.

Fissurellidea bimaculata, Dall.
“ Chypidella” callomarginata, Cpr.
Clathurella Canfieldi, Dall.
Leptothyra paucicostata, Dall.
Tornatina harpa, Dall.
Rictaxis punctocelata, Cpr.
Astyris aurantiaca, Dall.
Calliostoma affinis, Dall.

ae Palmeri, Dall.
Amauropsis purpurea, Dall.
Persicula dubiosa, Dall.

Puate 16.

Mercenaria Kennicottii, Dall. ; nat. size.
Drillia Kennicottii, Dall.
Entodesma Scammoni, Dall.
Peeten alaskensis, Dall.
Hinge of Ceropsis minima, Dall.; enlarged.
Ceropsis minima, Dall. ; much enlarged.
Bela ? levigata, Dall.
Volutharpa ampullacea, var. acuminata, Dall.
Amphissa corrugata, Rve.
Amphissa versicolor, Dall.

66 ce (3
Pedicularia Japonica, Dall.
Buccinum Fischerianum, Dall.

14—15. Anisothyris ledeformis, Dall.

Volutharpa ampullacea, Midd.; a, first nu-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 161

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION OF LIMNZjA APPRESSA,
SAY, AND LIMNAZjA MEGASOMA, SAY.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

LIMN#A APPRESSA.

We are indebted to Mr. J. G. Anthony for the specimen of
Limnea appressa, Say, from which we extracted the jaws and
lingual membrane here described. The specimen was preserved
in alcohol at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. It was re-
ceived from Lake Champlain.

On page 28 of Part II of Land and Fresh-water Shells of North
America, there is a description and figure of the lingual mem-
brane of Limnea jugularis, Say, which is synonymous with
Limnea appressa, both of these forms being identical with Lvm-
nea stagnalis of Kurope. On page 155 of the same work is a
figure of the membrane of a specimen of L. stagnalis, from the
Lake of Geneva.

The form of the teeth from severai different parts of the mem-
brane before us differ so widely that we see no specific distinc-
tion in the figures referred to, however much at first sight they
may appear to differ from the figures we here give, or from each
other.

Jaws three, as usual in the genus, one upper, long, narrow,
arcuate ; two lateral, long, narrow, curving inwards.

Lingual membrane long and broad, composed of numerous
curving rows of about 40—1—40 teeth each.

Centrals subconical, long, narrow, excavated and sometimes
bilobed at base, thence narrowing gradually upwards to the
-apex, which is bluntly rounded, and recurved into a simple,
obtuse beak. Laterals shorter than the centrals, subtriangular,
their outer side being somewhat parallel to the side of the cen-
trals, while the inner side is rapidly cut away towards the base,
which is very narrow and straight; their top horizontal, irregu-
larly waved, bearing a decided stout blunt prominence near its
inner extremity, the whole broadly recurved into a large, long,
oblique beak; this beak is bifid, the divisions about equal in

162 AMERICAN JOURNAL

breadth, both produced into acute points, the inner one twice as
long as the outer one, and more decidedly curved outward.

Plate 12, fig. 1, gives a group of laterals such as we have now
described. These come from what appears to be the most de-
veloped portion of the membrane. As the membrane advances in
either direction from this point, the shape of the laterals is gradu-
ally modified, so that the above description will not apply to them.
At one extremity of the lingual membrane, the laterals appear
as figured in our fig. 4. From this it will be seen that the beak
of the recurved apex is divided into two stout, short, straight,
blunt points, instead of the sharply pointed, curving points de-
scribed above. :

At the opposite extremity of the lingual membrane we find
laterals in which the recurved apex is decidedly trifid, the three
divisions long, slender, acutely pointed, the central longest and
straight, the outer ones curving inwards.

Besides the three prominent forms of laterals already de-
scribed, there are numerous modifications of each, the laterals
being very variable.

The laterals pass gradually into the marginals, as shown in our
figure 5. The marginals are in obliquely curving rows. They are
short, narrow, rounded, with irregular bulging sides, recurved
into very long, rounded beaks, whose apices are bluntly bifid.

LIMNAA MEGASOMA.

To Mr. Anthony also we are indebted for a specimen of this
species from Lake Champlain. In mounting the lingual mem-
brane a portion only was saved. From this we are able to give
only the form of the lateral teeth and the marginals. The laterals
(see fig. 6) are very much like those of Limnca appressa described
above. The recurved beak is, however, straighter, its larger
point being sometimes bifid. The marginals (see fig. 3) are more
widely separated, both in the rows and the individual teeth of
each row. They are also of more nearly equal size throughout their
length, have a longer recurved portion, and their apex is irregu-
larly digitate, rather than bifid, there being three and sometimes
four subdivisions.

The jaws of Limneea megasoma are all shorter and stouter
than in L. appressa.

Our figures are drawn from photographs taken directly from
the microscope by our friend, Mr. Sam. Powel.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 163

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION OF VERONICELLA.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

Having received from Mr. J. G. Anthony specimens in alco-
hol of two species of Veronicella collected by him near Rio
Janeiro, we have compared their lingual dentition with that of
Veronicella Floridana, and also a species from Jamaica. The
lingual membranes of all four species are almost exactly alike,
so much so that the description of one will apply to all. There
is some slight variation in the development of the point on the
central teeth, but this does not affect the general character of
the teeth.

The lingual membrane is long and very broad, comprising (in
the Florida species) about 60—1—60 teeth. The centrals are
quite small, long and narrow, attenuated to a point above, grad-
ually enlarging toward the base, above which are lateral, bluntly
pointed, wing-like expansions ; the base is broad, and has a deep,
rounded excavation ; in some cases the lateral expansions are so
produced as to give an almost cruciform appearance to the tooth ;
below the centre of the tooth, on its anterior surface, is a stout,
blunt, short, simple cusp, ending in a short, stout point.

The lateral teeth are very irregular in shape, but retain the
bicusped character peculiar to the Geophila ; they are longer
and much wider than the centrals; the bases of attachment, or
plates, are very irregular in shape, very unsymmetrical, sub-
quadrate or irregularly excavated above, thence curve outwards
and downwards, until at their lower extremity they exhibit the
lateral expansions and basal excavation of the central tooth, but
both these characters are much more developed than in the cen-
trals, and from the want of symmetry in the teeth, are found
only on the outer side of each tooth; the central cusp on the
marginals is very large, extends quite to the base of the tooth,
and is produced beyond that into a blunt point ; the side cusps
are almost obsolete, the inner one is much larger than the outer
one.

164 AMERICAN JOURNAL

The marginal teeth are a simple modification of the laterals,
being reduced to a subquadrate shape, with the point of the
cusp much more produced.

The figure (pl. 12, fig. 7) we bave given, represents a group
of centrals and laterals from the lingual membrane of a very
long and slender Brazilian species. As already stated, the
lingual membranes of all four of the species before us are so
nearly alike that this figure would apply to all. It will be
found much more satisfactory than those already published by
us. (UL. and Fr. w. Shells, Part I, p. 306, fig. 543, and Ann. N.
Voiye:, UX."*p23380, igs 5,)

The jaw of V. Floridana has already been figured by us (L.
and Fr. w. Shells I, p. 305, fig. 542). It is long, low, slightly
arcuate, with blunt ends; anterior surface with twenty-four
ribs, crenellating either margin. The Brazilian ’, ———— has
about thirty ribs ; 7. ——— has about twenty broad ribs. The
Jamaica species, which appears to be Veronzcella Sloanet, has
twenty broad ribs.

EXPLANATION TO PLatvE 12.

A group of centrals and laterals of Limnea appressa.
A still more magnified view of one central with the
adjacent laterals of Limneea appressa.

ee
DS
BS pat

3. <A marginal of Limnea megasoma.
4. A group'of centrals and laterals from another por-
tion of the same membrane as fig. 1.

5. A group of laterals and marginals of Limnea ap--
pressa.

6. <A lateral of Limnea meqasoma.
7. A group of centrals and laterals of a Brazilian Vero-
nicella.

OU hod Jad Ginead eet ih Wis = Wal.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

N WW SE REE S..
PUBLISHED BY THE

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Vous VEL.

1871-72. Part 8.

Meeting Oct. 5th, 1871.
Six members present.
Dr. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.

Several donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

The following papers were offered for publication in the Jour-
nal:

‘Notes on the Lingual Dentition and Jaws of Terrestrial
Mollusca, No. 3.” By W. G. Binney and Thomas Bland.

*¢ Note on Gadinia.”” By W. H. Dall.

‘Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works.” By
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

The deaths of Wm. Harper Pease, of Honolulu, and Petit de
la Saussaye, of Bordeaux, Correspondents, and Charles W.
‘Peale, Member of the Conchological Section, were announced.

A letter was read from Wm. M. Gabb, of St. Domingo,
stating that twenty-four of the Littorine collected by him were
still living in his cabinet, although eleven and a half months had
elapsed since they were removed from the water.

12

166 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Meeting Nov. 2d, 1871.
Dr. RUSCHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.

Donations to the Museum and Library were read.

Mr. Tryon read a letter from Mr. Thomas Bland stating that
the valuable Conchological Library and Museum of Mr. Schramm,
of Guadeloupe, W. I., had been destroyed by fire. The de-
struction by fire also, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and
_the private collections of its director, Dr. Wm. Stimpson, were
announced.

The following papers were offered for publication :

“On the Lingual Dentition of Blandiella, Geomelania and
Amphibulina.” By Thomas Bland and W. G. Binney.

‘Synonymy of Patella exarata,’’ Reeve. By Wm. Harper
Pease.

‘¢ Descriptions of four species of Land Shells inhabiting the
Papuan Islands.””’ By Wm. Harper Pease.

“‘ Polynesian Chitonide.’” By Wm. Harper Pease.

On motion it was

Resolved, That we tender our sympathies to the Chicago
Academy of Sciences ; that we offer such assistance as may be in
our power to render, and that the Director be requested to com-
municate the same to the Academy.

OF CONCHOLOGY 16T

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MONOCEROS,
FROM CALIFORNIA, WITH REMARKS ON THE DISTRI-
BUTION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

M. PAUCILIRATA, Stearns. PI. 14, fig. 6.
M. paucilirata, Stearns, Prel. Descr. May 18, 1871.

Description. Shell small, ovate, spire moderately elevated,
subacute; whorls four to six; body whorl four-fifths the length
of the shell; upper portion of same angulated, and excavated
between the angle and the suture, and anteriorly broadly but
not deeply grooved; upper whorls rudely cancellated except the
apex, which is nearly smooth; aperture ovate, purplish-brown ;
columella flattened, enameled, purple, brown, or blackish, some-
times showing all of these colors; outer lip simple, acute, inter-
nally denticulated, whitish or yellowish near the edge, with a
single prominent tooth at its anterior margin; canal short,
slightly recurved; umbilicus nearly concealed; body whorl
traversed spirally by four to five narrow ribs placed nearly equi-
distant, and longitudinally marked by irregular varix and fine
incremental lines; shell yellow or yellowish-white, with large
angular spots of black; the transverse costee and the more pro-
minent of the longitudinal lines are of the lighter color, and the
largest specimen exhibits faint transverse sculpture between the
prominent ribs. .

Length of largest specimen, °55. Width °33 inch.

Habitat, Coronado Islands, off San Diego, California. °

Three specimens of this well-marked species, quite distinct
from others of the genus, were collected by Mr. Hemphill.

A comparison of the above shell with emmature specimens of
Monoceros lugubre, Sby., shows the former to be a connecting
link between the upper Californian and more southern forms.
M. lugubre reaches northerly nearly to San Diego, being found

168 AMERICAN JOURNAL

at Los Todos Santos Bay, where numbers of specimens were col-
lected by Mr. Hemphill. Fossil specimens of the latter have
been collected from the post-pliocene formation at Santa Barbara
Island, Cal. (vide Geol. Survey of Cal., Paleon. Vol. IT, p. 75).

The geographical range of the North American species of this
genus, which has no representative upon the Atlantic coast of
the continent, is as follows: Commencing at the north, we find
M. engonatum, Conr., with its northern limit at Baulines (or
Bolinas) Bay, which is about twelve miles north of the entrance
to the Bay of San Francisco, where I have collected great num-
bers of specimens, generally of small size, upon the shales, be-
tween ordinary tide-marks ; it extends southerly to San Diego,
a range of nearly four hundred miles, where it is represented
by a local varietal form, which is the AZ. spiratum of Blainville.
M. engonatum is by far the most common of the northern spe-
cies; in one instance I collected not less than two thousand spe-
cimens, and I find it quite generally distributed along the coast.
The finest specimens, averaging twice the size of the Baulines
shells, may be found at Lobitas, Point Aiio Nuevo, thence to
Monterey and some distance southward. In the post- Se at
San ee Cal., it is found fossil, (Geol. Survey of Cal., Paleon.
Vol. If, 75.) It is the M. uniearinatum, Sby. (vide Conch.
ek. genus Monoc., fig. 5,). Sowerby’s name would apply
very well to the var. ‘spiratum, but his figure distinctly repre-
sents the general form.

M. lapilloides, another of Mr. Conrad’s species, a handsome
and more globose shell than WM. engonatum, is much less abun-
dant and far more restricted in range; it equals M. “ puncta-
tum, Gray ++ brevidens, Conr.” (vide Cpr. Supp. Rep. 1863),
and M. punctulatum, Gray, vide Sby.’s Conch. Illustr. genus
Monoe., fig. 3, where it is well figured. It has not, to my
know] ledge, been collected north of Monterey, which place, if
numbers of individuals are to be considered, seems to be its spe-
cific centre. Cooper, in his Geog. Cat. credits it to Catalina
Island, which is perhaps its southern limit, but neither of the
collections made by Hepburn, Newcomb, Hemphill or Harford,
contained a single specimen either from Santa Barbara or San
Diego. All of the collections above referred to were examined
and noted by me, as well as a collection made at Catalina Island
by Mr. Cummings, of San Francisco, which contained many

rarities, but not a specimen of this species. I therefore infer
that, t hough reported from Catalina Island, it is seldom met with
even there. This conclusion is further confirmed by the absence
of the species from several parcels of shells from said island
received by me at various times from my friend W. M. Cubery,

Esq.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 169

Next in order, and to the south, comes the species described
by me in this paper, which, as suggested, connects the northern
with the semitropical forms.

The form to which I have given the name of pauciliratum
seems to have escaped the keen search of many experienced col-
lectors, as not a single specimen of it was detected by either of
the gentlemen above named, and it was not discovered until Mr.
Hemphill visited the small islands off San Diego, known as the
“* Coronados.’’ As the mainland has been pretty well examined
along here, it is probably an insular species, and a thorough
investigation of the islands may prove it to be quite common.
Its distribution may be somewhat eccentric, like that of the fine
Purpura planospira, Lam., which is seldom found upon the main-
land, and confines itself, with aristocratic exclusiveness, to So-
corro Island, one of the islands off the west coast of Mexico,
known as the Revillagigedos.

In the third edition of Dr. Jay’s catalogue (1839) a species of
Monoceros, M. plumbeum, Kiener, is credited to Upper Califor-
nia; to what shell this refers [ am not aware. (Pseudoliva
[ Buccinum] plumbea, Desh. W. H. Dall). Kiener’s species
does not appear in the fourth edition of said work, but “ M. plum-
deum, Chemn.,” the habitat of which is given as ‘ Africa Merid.”

Inhabiting a long reach of coast, extending the entire length
upon the ocean side of the peninsula of Lower California, a dis-
tance of nearly eight hundred miles, as well as at Cedros and
other islands we find the next species in order, Monoceros lugu-
bre of Sowerby; it is also found up the Gulf of California, and
is reported from Guaymas on the eastern shore. In many places
it is exceedingly numerous, and is perhaps the commonest species
in collections ; specimens from different points vary considera-
bly, the outer coast or ocean side shells being the most robust,
and the Gulf specimens more elongated. I did not obtain a
specimen at Acapulco nor hear of its being found so far to the
south.

It is not reported in the Mazatlan catalogue of Reigen’s col-
lection; in Kiener it is credited to ‘¢ Peru and California,’ but
as Kiener, Reeve, Sowerby and many others of the Huropean
authors seem, to use a California phrase, to have ‘‘ gone it blind”
on habitat, in questions of geographical distribution, their state-
ments of localities must be taken with great caution. In the
Tankerville catalogue it is referred to as M. cymatum, Sby., in
H. and A. Ad. Genera, as M. cymatium, Soland., and neither
of Conrad’s names are given for the California species by the
last named authors. JZ. engonatum, Conr., is enumerated in
the list under Blainville’s name ‘‘ spirata”’ and M. lapilloides,

| ,
170 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Conr., appear as the ‘“ M. punctata, Gray.” It is highly im-
probable that Zugubre occurs on the coast of Peru. In the large
collection made by the late Thomas Bridges, upon the South
American coast, it was not found, and is not mentioned in the
Panama Catalogue by Prof. C. B. Adams; Kiener’s “ Peru”’ is
undoubtedly an error.

The next species in order is the Monoceros muricatum, Rve.,
which is the Purpura muricata, Gray ; it is also enumerated
under the latter name as a Purpura, in Smithsonian check list,
by Dr. Carpenter, who refers to it in his Mazatlan Cat., p. 476,
as follows. ‘This shell rests its claim to a place in the genus.
Monoceros on a projecting wave in the labrum, between the
canal and the first costal depression.”’ The finely developed
specimens in my own collection, as well as many that | have
seen elsewhere, justify me in supporting the ‘‘claim”’ of this
shell ‘to a place in the genus J/onoceros,”’ as the claim is well
founded ; the ‘ projecting wave,” to quote Dr. Carpenter, is in
my specimens developed into a horn of sufficient prominence to
enable the shell to enter the genus Monoceros on its own hook.
I will state that, in many large specimens that have come under
my observation, the horn can hardly be considered as anything
more than a ‘* projecting wave.” Individuals of the same species,
and in all of the species, vary exceedingly in this respect.

M. muricatum, though not arare shell, is notcommon. In the
Reigen collection it is reported as rare at Mazatlan; I have re-
ceived many specimens at various times from different parties,
generally immature, however, and their exact habitat, or that
of the finely developed specimens above mentioned, I am unable
to give. It was collected by Major William Rich, in Lower
California, and in the collection made by Lieut. 'T. P. Green t
is reported from San Juan, which is no doubt correct, though the
small collection made there by Prof. Gabb did not contain it.
This species appears in collections named as Purpura or M. mu-
ricata, muricatum and tuberculatum.

In Adams’ genera it is catalogued as ‘‘ AZ. tuberculata, Gray ;”
there is a good picture of it in Sby’ s. Conch. Illustr., fig. 9, and
in Chenu’s ‘‘ Manuel,” on p. 169, fig. 828, and I. tuberculatum
fig. 831.

In the Mazatlan Cat., on the authority of Cuming, one habitat
is given as ‘St. Elena,” which is on the coast of Guayaquil,
latitude about 2° south, but no mention is made of it in Prof.
Adams’ Panama shells, and I did not find it in the Bridges’ col-
lection. _ There is a long reach of coast extending from Aca-
pulco to Panama which is, following the bends and curves of the
shore line, not less than fourteen hundred miles in length, of

OF CONCHOLOGY. L7I-

which, with the exception of a few places, but little is known ;
somewhere upon this long line of beach or rock, in some of the
numerous bays, it may quite likely be abundant.

The last and most southern of the North American species,
a shell plentifully distributed within certain limits, is the MZ. bre-
videntatum of Wood, which is catalogued by the Adams’ in their
Genera, Vol. I, p. 131, as “‘ cornigera, Blainv.,” though Wood’s
name has, according to Prof. C. B. Adams’ dates, four years
priority; the more common of the synonyms by which this
species is known are M. ocellata, Kiener, and M. maculata,
Gray. **

Numerous blunders have been made in the habitat of this species,
and it has been reported from San Francisco! and Monterey !
also from Mazatlan, all of which are erroneous, as it is undoubt-
edly confined to the zoological province of Panama. Carpenter
makes no mention of it in the Reigen collection and it is not re-
ported by him in the Xantus list of Cape St. Lucas shells.

In the large quantities of material from the Gulf of Califor-
nia that I have overhauled and examined, I have never met with
a specimen of it, and I have yet to learn from any authentic
source of its occurrence north of San Juan del Sur Nicaragua.

I have not attempted a systematic synonymy of the species
herein named; the original works not being accessible I could
only quote them indirectly, and therefore the result at best
would have been unsatisfactory. I have, however, given a suf-
ficient reference to the more common synonyms, for the reader
to understand me, and to recognize the shells to which I have
had occasion to refer.

172 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW CALIFORNIA SHELLS.
BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

OCINEBRA, Leach.

O. GRACILLIMA, Stearns. PI. 14, fig. 14.
O. gracillima, Stearns, Prel. Descr. May 18, L871.

Description. —Shell small, solid, ovately fusiform, rather slen-
der; spire elevated, subacute; whorls six—seven; body whorl
about two-thirds of the length of the shell; upper portion of
whorls more or less angulated; aperture ovate, about the same
length as the spire; outer lip thickened, internally white, with
four prominent denticles; columellar lip somewhat excavated,
incrusted, with a purplish stain showing through the enamel ;
canal closed, moderately recurved; surface covered with a slight
yellowish epidermis and numerous revolving costz of a whitish
hue, finely dotted with reddish brown, and the intercostal sulca-
tions near the edge of the outer lip with linear markings of the
same color; (one specimen shows brownish blotches upon the
middle of the body whorl.) This shell is also longitudinally
nodosely ribbed, the ribs decreasing in prominence as the whorls
enlarge.

Length, ‘50; width, :25 inch.

Habitat, San Diego and vicinity, California.

One specimen, an adult, dredged in (10 fathoms) San Diego
bay; one adult and five juniors ten miles above San Diego; also
one adult specimen at Dead Man’s Island, near San Pedro.

For this exceedingly pretty species we are indebted to Henry
Hemphill, Esq.

O. CIRCUMTEXTA, Stearns. Plate 14, fig. 15.
O. circumtexta, Stearns, Prel. Descr. May 18, 1871.

Description.—Shell ovate, solid, spire subacute, in some speci-
mens subturrited ; whorls five, convex or moderately flattened
above, upper whorls cancellated ; body whorl] nearly three-fourths
of the length of the shell; outer lip thickened, internally denti-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 173

‘culated, its external margin crenulated ; columella excavated ;
aperture ovate, light purple to purplish brown; canal short,
moderately curved, in some specimens closed, in others, of equal
or larger size, open; umbilicus nearly obsolete; surface tra-
versed by about fourteen roughly rounded revolving cost,
more or less varicose or tuberculated at the intersection of the
longitudinal ribs and varical ridges; also marked with fine in-
cremental striz, the latter being more conspicuous in the inter-
costal sulcations; color white, somewhat dingy, with two inter-
rupted zones of black or dark brown on the body whorl.
Number of specimens examined sixteen, mostly immature ;

the dimensions of the largest are respectively :

Length, 85 ‘80 Vioeimel.

Breadth, *50 AT “45 inch.

Habitat, Monterey, California, where it has been collected by
Messrs. Hemphill, Harford, Gordon and myself.

This shell is Ocinebra var. 0 of Carpenter (MSS.), and 762
{in part) of Cooper’s Geog. Cat. Moll.

The above species varies considerably in robustness, length of
spire and development of sculpture; it is exceedingly charac-
teristic in its markings, and easily distinguished from all others
belonging to the Californian group of the Ocinebre ; it is not
numerous in individuals, and appears to be exceedingly limited
in its distribution.

Since writing the above, additional specimens have been for-
warded to me by Mr. Harford, collected by him at the Island of
San Miguel, off Santa Barbara, Cal. These latter specimens show
a much more prominent longitudinal sculpture than the Monterey
specimens, are generally more rugose, and one specimen is ashen
white and wants the interrupted color bands.

174 AMERICAN JOURNAL

NOTES ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION AND JAWS OF TER--
RESTRIAL MOLLUSCA. NO. 3.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND wW. G. BINNEY.

In the following pages we have not considered it necessary to:
describe fully the lingual dentition of those species which agree:

with the usual type of dentition in their respective genera. In
the Helicide we have given more particular notes on the mar-
ginal teeth, because they are not so constant in their characters
as the central and lateral teeth.

ZONITES CAPSELLA, Gould.

Lingual membrane broad, not very long. Teeth as in the
species of Hyalina figured by us in Land and Fresh-water Shells,
Part 1. ‘The laterals and centrals are about equal in size, the
former very few in number, apparently three only. Marginals
numerous, large, decreasing in size as they pass off laterally,
and quite separated near the outer margin of the membrane.

Specimen from Lexington, W. Virginia, received from Pro-
fessor McDonald.

ZONITES LIGERUS, Say.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus Hyalina. The cen-
tral teeth are small in proportion to the laterals.

Jaw already figured by Leidy (Terr. Moll. U.S. L, pl. XII.
fig. 7.)
ZONITES GULARIS, Say.

Jaw highly arcuate, ends attenuated, anterior surface smooth,

cutting edge with a well developed median projection.

The lingual membrane has been described by us on p. 298 of
Land and Fr. W. Shells, Part I.

\

OF CONCHOLOGY. 175

Hya.ina (?) Baupont, Petit (Mérchia).

Lingual membrane long, broad, composed of numerous trans-
verse rows of teeth arranged en chevron; central teeth not dis-
tinguishable on the membrane examined, but probably very
small; lateral teeth absolutely wanting; marginals numerous,
long, slender.

In the absence of the lateral teeth and general character of
the membrane, this species resembles those of Macrocyclis alone
of the Helicide.

Specimen collected in Dominica, and membrane mounted by
Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy, of Trinidad, from whom we re-
ceived it.

Macrocyciis Voyana, Newcomb.

Lingual membrane long and narrow, composed of numerous
rows of teeth arranged en chevron. Centrals long, incurved at
sides, their lower margins excavated ; with three small, sharply
pointed cusps. Laterals entirely wanting. Marginals in curving
diagonal rows, simple, aculeate, decreasing rapidly in size at the
outer margin of the membrane.

From this description it will be seen that M. Voyana agrees
in the general character of its lingual dentition with WZ. concave
and M. Vancouverensis, already described by us.

Specimen received from Mr. H. Hemphill.

SaGDA CONNECTENS, C. B. Adams (Sagda s. str.)

Number of teeth in the membrane, in each row, about 26—1
—26, all of which are as usual in the genus Helix. Centrals
tricuspid, laterals bicuspid; marginals broad, low, with one
acute, oblong, inner denticle, and several shorter, acute side
denticles.

Specimen received from Mr. Jas. Milligan, who collected it in
Jamaica.

SaepA HatpEMaAntiaAna, C. B. Adams (Hyalosagda.)

Jaw slightly arcuate, of almost equal height throughout; ends
blunt ; no anterior ribs, and no median projection.

Lingual membrane with about 830—1—30 teeth in each row.
Teeth as usual in the genus Helix. Centrals tricuspid ; first
laterals with an obsolete inner side cusp, other laterals bicuspid ;
marginals with one long, blunt, stout, oblique denticle, with a
single short, stout, blunt side denticle; extreme marginals ir-
regularly denticulated, the denticles slender and pointed, usually
with one inner long and several side shert denticles.

176 AMERICAN JOURNAL

From the descriptions of this and the preceding membrane,
it will be seen that both species have the lingual dentition of the
Helicine, and not of the Vitrinine, in which they are placed by
Albers and vy. Martens.

The marginals which characterize the Vitrinine are wanting in
both species, their place being supplied by marginal teeth of the
form common to the genera Helix, Bulimulus, &e.

Several specimens collected in Jamaica by, and received from,

Messrs. Gloyne and Vendryes,

S. Haldemaniana is viviparous.
PATULA SOLITARIA, Say.

Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated ;
anterior surface striate, but without ribs.

Teeth about 40—1—40, as usual in the genus; the marginal
teeth broad and short, with one long, blunt denticle, and several
side short, small, blunt denticles.

Hewix Yatesti, J. G. Cooper, not of Pfeiffer.

Jaw slightly arcuate, ends blunt; anterior surface with nu-
merous broad ribs.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus; centrals tricus-
pid, laterals bicuspid; marginals with two stout, oblique denti-
cles, the inner one the longer.

Living specimens received from Dr. W. Newcomb.

This species is allied to H. nautiliformis, Porro, which is placed

by Albers and vy. Martens in Section.a of Gonostoma, Held., as
equivalent to Drepanostoma, Porro.

HeLix FASTIGANS, L. W. Say. (Polygyra.)

Jaw slightly arcuate, long, low, with about twenty ribs on the
anterior surface, crenellating either margin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow; teeth as usual in the
genus ; centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid ; marginals wide, low,
with long, slender, acute denticles as in H. auriculata. (See fig.
158, p. 87, Land and Fresh Water Shells of N. Amer., Part I.)
HELIX SIMILARIS, Férussac. (Dorcasia.)

Jaw arched, of equal height throughout; ends blunt; with
eight widely separated, well defined ribs crenellating either
margin.

Lingual membrane long and broad; centrals tricuspid, later-
als bicuspid; marginals long, low, irregularly denticulated,
denticles long, oblique, usually one inner, long, and one outer,
short, both bifurecate.

Specimen from Brazil, collected by Mr. J. G. Anthony.

OF CONCHOLO@GY. 177

HEeLIx RETICULATA, Pfr. (Arionta).

Jaw stout, strongly arcuate, dark horn color, transversely
striate; ends but slightly attenuated, blunt; anterior surface
with three stout, widely separated ribs, on the central third of
the jaw; their ends projecting beyond either margin.

Lingual membrane long, wide; teeth as usual in the genus;
the marginals irregularly denticulated, generally with: two
oblique, bifurcated denticles.

California:

Hexrx Nickxiryrana, Lea. (Arionta.)

Jaw thick, horn colored, with stout, anterior ribs.

Lingual membrane very broad; teeth as usual in the genus,
the middle cusp of the centrals and inner cusp of the laterals
being very long and pointed, the side cusps of each only slightly
developed; marginal teeth with four or less irregular, long,
pointed denticles.

A large, globose specimen from Mendocino County, Califor-
nia, furnished the jaw and lingual membrane here described.

HELIX Gosser, Adams. (Coryda.)

Lingual membrane broad; teeth as usual in the genus; cen-
trals and laterals with stout cusps, bearing short, bluntly
rounded points; marginals with one inner, large, bluntly bifid,
oblique, long cusp, and one or two small, blunt, rounded cusps
at its sides.

Jamaica. From Messrs. Vendryes and Gloyne.

HELIX NOTABILIS, Shuttleworth. (Z'helidomus).

Lingual membrane long and wide ; teeth as usual in the genus ;
centrals and laterals subquadrate; marginals subquadrate, with
two broad, oblique, blunt, slightly produced denticles, the inner
one, as usual, the larger.

Tortola. Received mounted, from Mr. Robert Swift.
HELIX PEMPHIGODES, Pfr. (Cysticopsis.)

Lingual membrane long and broad; teeth as usual in the
genus, the marginals irregularly denticulated with one or two
oblique, long, bluntly bifurcated denticles.

Cuba.

Heitx Loxopon, Pfr. (Plagioptycha).

Jaw thin, arcuate, very high, with transverse and perpendicu-
lar striz; ends hardly attenuated, blunt; cutting edge with a
median projection.

178 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Lingual membrane long and narrow; teeth as usual in the
genus; the long cusp of the centrals and laterals sharply pointed ;
marginals wide, low, irregularly denticulated ; denticles usually
long, oblique, trifid, the central point the longest.

San Domingo. Dr. W. Newcomb.

HELIX DIAPHANA, Lam. (Plagioptycha.)

Jaw thin, slightly arcuate, of almost equal height throughout ;
ends blunt, cutting edge with a slightly developed, blunt, me-
dian projection.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus ; marginal teeth with
one broad, oblique, long, obtusely trifid denticle.

Puerto Rico. From Dr. Cleve.

HeLIx MonoponTA, Lea. (Plagoptycha.)

Jaw thin, light horn colored, but slightly arcuate; ends but
little attenuated, blunt; anterior surface without ribs; cutting
edge with a slightly developed, median projection.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus; marginal teeth
usually with three oblique, long denticles, the inner the longest.

San Domingo. Dr. Newcomb.

HELIX GRAMINICOLA, Adams. (Polymita).

Jaw strongly arcuate, stout, rough, high; ends scarcely at-
tenuated, blunt; no anterior ribs; cutting edge with a decided,
blunt, broad, median projection.

Lingual membrane with about 40—1—40 teeth in each row ;
teeth as usual in the genus; centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid,
marginals broad, low, with two stout bifurcated denticles, or,
at the extreme edge of the membrane, with simply three obtuse
denticles, of which the central is the longest.

Jamaica. Messrs. Vendryes and Gloyne.

It will be seen from the above description that this species
has a jaw similar to that of Helix varians, in the important
characteristics of absence of ribs on its anterior surface, and
presence of the median projection to the cutting edge. Both
species belong to the Section Polymita. Helix muscarum, be-
longing to the same section, has already been described by us as
having a rough, coarse jaw, without ribs on its anterior surface.
It has, however, no median projection to its cutting edge. (See
Am, Journ. Conch., 1871. Pl. 16).

Pfeiffer places this species in the synonymy of H. gilva, Fér.,
as to the correctness of which we entertain some doubt.

HELIX MACROGLOSSA, Pfr., and HELIX ALBERSIANA, Pfr., have
also the same style of jawas H. varians and H. graminicola.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 179

The first named is the species to which we refer in a foot note
to p. 185 of Land and Fr. W. Shells, Part I, as Helix microphysa.
The H. disculus, of the same note, proved to be a smooth variety
of H. Albersiana, both from Inagua, Bahamas,

Hevrx crispata, Pfr. (Huryeratera.)

Jaw thick, arcuate, ends blunt; anterior surface with ten
stout ribs.

Lingual membrane long and broad; teeth as usual in the
genus ; the middle cusp of the centrals and the inner cusp of the
laterals produced into a long, acute point ; as the teeth pass off
laterally this cusp becomes stouter, shorter and more obtuse ;
the extreme marginals are subquadrate, with one broad, short,
emarginate, oblique, inner denticle, and one small obtusely
pointed side denticle, hardly projecting beyond the base of the
teeth.

San Domingo. Dr. Newcomb.

HEuix IsaBeuua, Pfr. (Dentellaria.)

Jaw stout, arcuate, not very long, high, striated both vertically
and transversely, ends but slightly attenuated, blunt, with about
eight stout, well defined ribs crenellating either margin.

Lingual membrane long, narrow. ‘Teeth as usual in the
genus; centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid; marginals with
broad, oblique, stout, usually bluntly bifurcated denticles.

A specimen from Barbados, received from Governer Rawson,
furnished the lingual membrane and jaw here described.

HELIX DENTIENS, Fér. (Dentellaria.)

Jaw stout, long, arched, strongly striate transversely, ends
slightly attenuated, blunt ; anterior surface with stout ribs (four
in one individual, five in another) denticulating both margins.

Lingual membrane broad. Centrals and laterals as usual in
the genus, the reflected cusps being stout and obtusely pointed ;
marginals with broadly rounded oblique cusps, usually bluntly
bifid or trifid, sometimes with small rounded cusps at their sides,

Dominica. Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy.

Heix Scuroerertana, Pfr. (Pleurodonta.)

Lingual membrane long and broad; teeth as usual in the genus;
centrals and laterals subquadrate, the middle cusp of the former
and inner cusp of the latter being stout and long, and bearing a
short broad point, the side cusps very slightly developed ; mar-
ginals wide and low, with a broad, oblique, long, bluntly tri-
cuspid denticle, the middle cusp much the largest.

Jamaica. Mr. Vendryes.

180 AMERICAN JOURNAL

HELIX EXCELLENS, Pfr. (Caracolus.)

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth as usual in the
genus; centrals and laterals tricuspid and bicuspid; marginals:
short, narrow, with two oblique, stout, blunt denticles, the inner
one the longer.

San Domingo. Dr. Newcomb.
HeLix Puanix, Pfr. (Acavus.)

Jaw long, low, arcuate, ends but slightly attenuated, blunt;
very thick and coarse; no anterior ribs; no median projection
to the cutting edge.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus; centrals and laterals
long, narrow, tricuspid and bicuspid as usual, the middle cusp
stout; marginals a simple modification of the laterals.

We are indebted to Mr. J. G. Anthony, of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, for the specimen from which we extracted
the jaw and lingual membrane here described.

Heix ruscocincera, Ad. (Leptoloma.)
Jaw thin, arcuate, high, ends bluntly truncated; with per-
pendicular striz ; cutting edge with a median projection.
Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. Marginal teeth
with several oblique, short, blunt, stout denticles.
Jamaica.
CocHLOSTYLA FULGETRUM, Brod. (Canistrum.)

Jaw thick, wide, low, arcuate, ends but slightly attenuated,
blunt; anterior surface with more than twelve stout, broad ribs,
denticulating both margins.

Lingual membrane long and broad, composed of numerous
rows ot about 80-1-80 teeth each. Centrals and laterals as
usual in the Helicinc, the side cusps of the reflected apex being
but slightly developed, and the central cusp bearing a short,
stout, blunt point; the lower margin of the base of attachment is
strongly concave, with lateral pointed expansions. The marginal
teeth are of the same form as the centrals and laterals, the basal
margins being still more excavated and having still more strongly
developed lateral expansions, the upper margin of the base of
attachment is also greatly produced and bluntly pointed.

The specimen examined was preserved in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge.
BuLimus oBLonaus, Mill. var. ALBUS. (Borus.)

Jaw slightly arcuate, stout, low, of almost equal height
pede ends but slightly attenuated, blunt; surface with

OF CONCHOLOGY. 181

perpendicular and transverse striw, and coarse perpendicular
wrinkles, some of which are scarcely to be distinguished from
the ribs, of which there are ten, well developed, crenellating
either margin.

Lingual membrane similar to that of the typical B. oblongua,
as figured by Heynemann, in Malac. Blatt., 1868.

A specimen from Tobago, received by Mr. Robt. Swift from
Governor Rawson, furnished the jaw and lingual membrane here
described.

BuLimus parpatis, Fér. (Dryptus.)

Jaw thick, long, low, slightly arcuate, of almost equal height
throughout; ends but slightly attenuated, blunt ; whole anterior
surface occupied by twelve stout, broad ribs, denticulating either
margin.

Museum Comparative Zoology.

Bu.imus MARMoRATUS, Dunker. (Dryptus.)

Lingual membrane long and broad; teeth as usual in the
genus, the marginals a simple modification of the laterals, with
two small, blunt denticles.

Limicouarra Numipica, Reeve.

Jaw thin, highly arcuate, smooth, ends attenuated.
The specimen examined is preserved in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, at Cambridge.

BULIMULUS AUREOLUS, Guppy. var. RAwsonl.

Lingual membrane similar to that of B. laticinctus, described
m Ann. N.Y. Lye:, X81, Ploii.,; as*follewst?

‘* Lingual membrane long, and quite broad in comparison to its
length, composed of numerous waving rows of teeth. Centrals
subpyramidal, the base excavated, apex not pointed, but bluntly
rounded and recurved into a stout, obtuse, long cusp, which is
unequaily divided into two blunt, stout lobes. Laterals very
much longer and larger than the centrals, long, narrow, obliquely
recurved into a greatly developed unequally trilobed cusp. Mar-
ginals but little modified from tie laterals in shape, but narrow,
denticulated on the outer side of their reflected cusp, which is
bicuspid rather than trilobed.”’

Gov. Rawson, Tobago.

BULIMULUS ALTERNATUS, Say. (Zhamastus.)

The lingual membrane of a Texan or Mexican specimen was
described by us in L. & Fr. W. Shells, Part I, p. 2038, fig. 351.
13

182 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate, thin, semitransparent, com-
posed of numerous plates, as in Heliz turbiniformis, see Annals
N.Y. Lye., X, Pl.ii. The membranous attachment at the upper
margin is very stout in this specimen, apparently of the same color,
consistency and material as the body of the jaw itself.

A specimen from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec furnished the
jaw here described.

BULIMULUS MEMBRANACEUS, Phil, (Mormus.)
Jaw slightly arcuate, ends acuminated ; apparently in twenty-
four separate plates, of same character as in the last species.
Lingual membrane unsatisfactorily mounted. Teeth appar-
ently of same type as in the last species, the centrals, however,
distinctly tricuspid.
Brazil. Collected by Mr. J. G. Anthony.
Butrmuius Jonast, Pfr. (Mormus.)

Jaw slightly arcuate, long; ends blunt, scarcely attenuated ;
apparently composed of numerous separate plates, as in the last
species.

Lingual membrane unsatisfactorily mounted, the teeth, how-
ever, appear of the same type as those of B. aureolus, above.

BULIMULUS DEALBATUS, Say. (Scutalus.)

A jaw of this species lately received differs somewhat from
the one figured in Land and Freshwater Shells, I, p. 209. It
is not strongly arcuate, but only slightly so. It has but ten
ribs, quite broad, on the anterior surface, crenellating either
margin. The jaw is quite thin, of a light horn color.
BuLIMULUS BERENDTI, Pfr. ?

Jaw slightly arcuate, long, low, ends slightly attenuated, appa-
rently composed of fifteen separate plates, or folds, as in B.
alternatus, above.

Lingual membrane long and narrow, composed of numerous
rows of teeth. Centrals and laterals as usual in the genus, mar-
ginals irregularly denticulated or serrated.

Nicaragua. Mr. McNiel.

This species has not been determined, but is closely allied to
B. Berendati, Pfr.

BULIMULUS DURUS, Spix. (thinus.)

Jaw long, slightly arcuate, low, ends but little attenuated ;
apparently composed of numerous separate plates, or folds, as in
B. alternatus, above.

Lingual membrane with teeth as usual in the genus. Centrals.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 183

tricuspid, laterals bicuspid; marginals with one long and one
short denticle.

Brazil. Collected by Mr. J. G. Anthony.

STENOGYRA DECOLLATA, Lin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow, composed of numerous
rows of 35—1—36 teeth. ‘Teeth of the same general character
as described below in Stenogyra octona. The marginals, how-
ever, appear to have only oae long denticle with an obsolete,
short, side denticle.

Rome, Italy.

STENOGYRA GONOSTOMA, Gundl.
Lingual membrane as in Stenogyra octona, described below.

Cuba. D. Rafael Arango.

STENOGYRA OCTONA, Chemn.

Lingual membrane broad, not long, composed of numerous
rows of about 80—1—30 teeth each. Centrals long, narrow,
angularly widened at the centre, the apex recurved into a very
small, bluntly trilobed cusp. Laterals very much larger than
the centrals, distinctly separated; plate subquadrate, unsym-
metrical, its recurved apex very large, tricuspid, central cusp
very much stouter and longer than the side cusps. Marginal
teeth long and low, irregularly denticulated, denticles short,
stout, blunt.

This lingual membrane is peculiar from its very small, re-
curved apex in the central, and the proportionally large laterals,
which are distinctly tricuspid, as much so as is usual in central
teeth among the Helicide.

Bahia. J. G. Anthony.

CYLINDRELLA SUBULA, Fer.

Lingual membrane very long and narrow, composed of nu-
merous rows of teeth arranged en chevron. Teeth 10—1—10
in each row, of the same character as those of C. gracilis, figured
by Messrs. Crosse and Fischer (Journ. de Conch., 1870, pl. iv,
fig. 1). Centrals long, slender, with a broad reflected cusp.
Laterals two on either side of the central line; their basal mar-
gin delicately fringed or crimped; the small upper cusp is
wanting in the inner laterals, and is represented in the outer
lateral by a short blunt point projecting outward near the apex.
Marginals 8, long, laminar, with irregularly recurved apices.

Jamaica. Mr. H. Vendryes.

184 AMERICAN JOURNAL

CYLINDRELLA SEMINUDA, C. B. Adams.

Lingual membrane resembling that of the true Cylindrella
(Group A), of Messrs. Crosse and Fischer. The inner lateral
has an obsolete upper cusp, and the outer lateral has, instead of
the usual cusp, a simple, short, obtuse point, thrown off laterally
near its summit. Thus it will be seen that this lingual mem-
brane resembles that of C. gracilis, figured by Messrs. Crosse
and Hischer (1.c. pl. ivy, p.) 1).

Jamaica. Mr. Gloyne.
SuccingEA sa@ra, D’Orb.?

Jaw as usual in the genus, its anterior surface simple; with a
median projection to its cutting edge.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus; teeth short, stout ;
marginals with one long and several short acute cusps.

Jamaica.

STOASTOMA PISUM, Ad.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 000.5.1.5.000,
resembling those of the genus Helicina.

Specimens received from Mr. Gloyne, collected in Jamaica,
furnished the lingual membranes here described.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 185

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION OF BLANDIELLA, GEOME-
LANIA AND AMPHIBULIMA.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

Blandiella was described by Mr. Guppy in the American
Journal of Conchology, VI. 309. In speaking of its lingual
membrane, Mr. Guppy says it is intermediate between Cyclopho-
ride and Paludinide. Waving received specimens of the ani-
mal, we have examined the membrane, and find it much more
like that of Zruncatella and the fluviatile Aissoide, sharing with
those genera the peculiarity of the basal denticles on the central
tooth. The membrane (plate 17, fig. 5) is long and narrow ; teeth
3. 1. 3, as usual in the Pectinibranchiata. Centrals somewhat
conical, broadly truncated by the reflection of the apex, which
is trilobed, the central lobe extended into a short, stout beak ;
the infero-lateral extremities are somewhat produced, and bear
on their anterior surface four short, triangular denticles, point-
ing outwards. The first lateral is about the same height as the
central, but much broader ; the upper edge is recurved along its
whole length, and bears five denticles, of which the second from
the inner edge is the largest and acutely pointed. The second
lateral is long, laminar, with a recurved and minutely denticul-
cated upper edge. ‘The third lateral is similar to the second,
but somewhat more narrow. Fig. 5 gives one central tooth, with
the adjacent laterals of one side only of the membrane.

B. reclusa, Guppy, the species referred to, is from Trinidad.

GEOMELANIA (pl. 17 fig. 7, 10) has the same characters of lin-
gual dentition as already described in Blandiella. The central
tooth has, however, less developed infero-lateral expansions ; the
basal denticles, two in number, are longer, and point downward
rather than outward. Our figure 10 gives one central with the three
laterals of one side only of the membrane. A more highly
magnified view of a central is given in figure 7. These figures

186 AMERICAN JOURNAL

are drawn from specimens of Geomelania from Jamaica, received
from Messrs. Gloyne and Vendryes.

AMPHIBULIMA PatuLa, Brug. Plate 17, fig. 1 & 2.

A mounted membrane from Dominica, received from Mr. R. J.
Lechmere Guppy, furnishes the following notes: Lingual mem-
brane long and broad, composed of numerous waving rows of
teeth, of the form usual in the Helicidw. Centrals subyuadrate,
extended at the basal angles, narrowing towards the centre, ex-
panding towards the upper edge, which is reflected and tricuspid,
extending quite to the base of the tooth; the cusps are stout, the
median one bluntly pointed. The lateral teeth are of the same
type as the centrals, but unsymmetrical. The marginals are
long and narrow, rounded at base, narrowed at the apex, re-
flected and bicuspid; cusps short, stout, and generally a simple
modification of those of the laterals. The extreme marginals
have irregular teeth, like simple papillee.

A group of central and lateral teeth is given in fig. 1, several
marginals in fig. 2.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 187

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION OF MACROCERAMUS
GOSSEI, PFR.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

We are indebted to Mr. Vendryes for numerous Jamaica speci-
mens of this species, from which we extracted the jaw and lin-
gual membrane here described.

Jaw arcuate, thin, light horn color, almost transparent, in nu-
merous separate plates (over fifty), of the character peculiar to
the species of Cylindrellide, as described by Messrs. Crosse and
Fischer, in the Journal de Conchyliologie, Jan., 1870.

Lingual membrane long and narrow; teeth about 40—1—40,
in scarcely oblique transverse rows, decidedly not en chevron.
Centrals long, narrow, somewhat expanded at base, narrowing
towards the apex, which is reflected and produced into a short,
stout, bluntly-pointed beak. Laterals long, laminar, their outer
edge often cut away irregularly towards the base ; upper edge
inclined obliquely toward the centrals, broadly reflected and _ bi-
cuspid, the inner cusp the larger, and produced into a very long,
narrow, acutely-pointed beak. Marginals of the same type as
laterals, decreasing in size as they pass outward; those at the
edge of the membrane having one large inner cusp, and several
outer, irrégular, small cusps.

Figure 11 gives the central and several laterals of two adja-
cent rows of teeth. Figure 9 gives a single lateral. more highly
magnified. Figure 12 gives anextreme marginal. Plate 17.

From the above description and the figures, it will be seen
that this species differs in its lingual dentition from Macrocera-
mus signatus, already described and figured by one of us (Bland,
Ann, N, Y-liye.. VIII, 162). <A reference'‘to the paper: of
Messrs. Crosse and Fischer, quoted above, shows further that
this lingual membrane differs entirely from that of any species
of Cylindrellide as understood or adopted by them.

1&8 AMERICAN JOURNAL

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION OF NANINA,
BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

An opportunity of examining the lingual membranes of two
species of Nanina has brought to light several interesting points
of rene from the characters supposed to belong to the genus.

, Gray (Br. Mus. Cat. 74), referring to Troschel’s figure of
ee retrorsa (Arch. fur Nat. xv. t. 4, af 6), describes the cen-
tral teeth as simple, the laterals as having a broad double base,
the marginals with a narrow double base, each of the lobes being
bifid. In the species described below, neither centrals, laterals
or marginals agree with this description. In general terms, our
species may be said to agree with the usual well-known charac-
ters of Hyalina or Zonites, with the exception of the marginals
being bifid. Thus we find considerable variation in the lingual
dentition of the genus Nanina.

NanINna Cattas, Benson, (pl. J7, fig. 6, 8). Specimens in alco-
hol, received from the foot of the Himalayas, have been sent us
by Mr. J. G. Anthony, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
We have extracted the lingual membrane, which is long and
broad. The centrals and laterals are arranged horizontally, the
former have their reflected apex tricuspid, the latter bicuspid.
In this and other respects, the centrals and laterals agree with
the usual characters of the species of Hyalina and Zonites. (See
Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Part I.) There
are ten well marked laterals, beyond which the teeth change rap-
idly into the marginals. These last are much more numerous than
the laterals, and are arranged in oblique rows; they are simple
aculeate teeth, nearly resembli ing the marginals of Zonites and
Hyalina. The recurved portion and the base, however, are both
much more thick and less graceful than in those genera, and the
recurved portion, instead of narrowing rapidly to an acute point,
expands slightly, and is bluntly bifid.

OF CONCHOLOGY.. 188

Figure 6 gives one central with the first two laterals, one of the
intermediate teeth, and the three extreme marginals. Figure 8
is drawn from a different part of the membrane, apparently its
most developed portion. It gives a group of centrals and lat-
erals in which an enormous development is seen of the median
cusp of the central tooth.

NANINA CULTRATA, Gould, received from Mr. J. Harper Pease.
The lingual of this species has the same general characteristics
as that described above. The centrals and laterals, however,
are more slender; there are six of the latter. The marginals are
more numerous in this species; those on the extreme edge of the
membrane are not only bluntly bifid at their extremity, like all
the inner marginals, but also bear upon the lower edge of their
recurved portions several blunt notches, giving the tooth a multi-
fid appearance.

190 AMERICAN JOURNAL

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF HELIX NEWBERRYANA.

BY THOMAS BLAND AND W. G. BINNEY.

Heuix Newsperryana (Terr. Moll. U.S. IV, pl. Ixxvi, fig. 7),
has, until now, been of doubtful generic position. In the Check
Lists of Shells, published by the Smithsonian, it was placed by
one of us in the genus Macrocyclis. Mr. Tryon, in his mono-
graph, subsequently followed this suggestion. In Land and
Fresh-water Shells of N. A., Part I, we placed the species in
the genus Zonites, on account of its resemblance to the Huropean
group of Z. algira, &c. An opportunity of examining the jaw
and lingual membrane of the species, extracted from a dried
specimen, now enables us to decide its true position. We find
the species to belong neither to Macrocyclis nor to Zonites, but
to be a true Helix.

The jaw is decidedly costate. The lingual membrane has the
arrangement of teeth usual to the Helicide. The centrals are
subquadrate, with a broad reflection, produced into the usual
trilobed cusp. The laterals are the same as the centrals, but bi-
cuspid and unsymmetrical. The marginals are but a modifica-
tion of laterals; they are low, wide, subquadrate, bearing one
long and one short, oblique, stout cusp.

Had the species been a true Macrocyelis, the jaw would have
proved to be without ribs on its anterior surface, and furnished
with a median, beak-like projection to its cutting edge. The cen-
tral tooth of the lingual membrane would have been small, nar-
row, acutely pointed, the lateral teeth would have beeu entirely
wanting, and the marginal teeth would have been replaced by
very oblique rows of simply thorn-shaped teeth. (See L. & Fr.
W: Shells, Part.J, p. 50, fiz. 92, p. 51, fig./96:)

Had Helix Newberryana proved a true Zonites, we should
have found the smooth jaw without anterior ribs, and with a de-
cided beak-like median projection on its cutting edge. (See L.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 191

& Fr. W. Shells, p. 281, fig. 502; p. 290, fig. 521.) The lin-
gual membrane might have had the centrals and laterals actually
existing in the species, but the marginal teeth would have been
replaced by oblique rows of simple thorn-shaped teeth. (See
Ibid., p. 286, fig. 512; p. 290, fig. 521.)

Our figure 4 shows one central and one lateral tooth on the
right of the membrane. Figure 3 shows three marginals on the
opposite side of the membrane.

Since the above was written we have seen a living specimen of
the species, and find no caudal mucus pore.

Explanation of Plate 17.

Figure 1. Amphibulima patula. Centrals and laterals.

Figure 2. Thesame. Marginals.

Figure 3. Helix Newberryana. Marginals from the left of
the median line.

Figure 4. The same. One central and one Jateral, the latter
from the right of the central line.

Figure 5. Blandiella reclusa.

Figure 6. Nanina Calias. The central, first two laterals, one
intermediate tooth, and three extreme marginals.

Figure 7. Geomelania. ‘The central tooth.

Figure 8. Same as fig. 6, taken from another portion of the
membrane.

Figure 9. Macroceramus Grosset. A lateral tooth.

Figure 10. Geomelania. Same as fig. 7.

Figure 11. Same as fig. 9. A group of centrals and laterals.

Figure 12, Same as last. An extreme marginal.

192 AMERICAN JOURNAL

NOTE ON GADINIA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Dr. J. G. Cooper, in a late number of the Journal (VI, No.
IV, p. 819), takes exception to the consolidation of Gadinia and
Rowellia. In defending his so-called genus Rowellia, he has
fallen still further into error. With regard to the main ques-
tion, [am ready to admit that it is not absolutely proved that
the two are identical, but it seems to me necessary, in order that
a genus may be accepted, that the proof that it is different from
those previously established should be brought forward ; and no
such proof has yet been made known, while it is almost abso-
lutely certain that there is no difference either in shell or ani-
mal. Dr. Cooper is in error in stating that my description was
founded wholly on the species which is the type of his Rowelha ;
on the contrary it is the result of an exhaustive examination of
all the literature and descriptions relating to the genus Gadinia.
The genus Rowellia was founded on the supposed pectinated ten-
tacles of the type, and having shown that in the adult, at least,
(as also in the youngest specimens I have seen), the pectination
does not exist, it is hardly necessary for Dr. Cooper to fall back
upon the possible indefiniteness of the figure in defiance of a
plain statement. He then says that we may suppose Adams’
figure to be original ; but how we can suppose so when the refer-
ence to it shows that it is copied from Philippi, I cannot under-
stand. He follows this by saying that, according to my table of
synonyms, all names, except Rowellia, were founded on the
Mediterranean species. If he will examine the paper with ordi-
nary care, he will observe that the type of Gadinia is a West.
African species, and the types of Mouretia and Muretia are
West American species ; facts which I have taken care to state
categorically.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 193

Furthermore, in regard to the identity of his G. radiata with
stellata of Sowerby, I have not only confirmed it by the examin-
ation of a series of specimens from all parts of the coast, and
others named from the types in Mus. Cuming, but I have the
complete concurrence of Dr. Carpenter in the identification, and
no one will dispute his ability to judge in such a question. I
would also inquire what is the essential difference between ‘‘ re
ticulation”’ and “radiating ribs’’ crossed by ‘‘ concentric lines
of growth.”

Far from considering it safest to keep things separated in the
absence of differential characters, until they are shown to be
identical, I am of the opinion that it is safest not to separate
them until they are shown to be different.

It is extraordinary that Dr. Cooper should have found any-
thing in my description of the animal, or in my alluding to the
auriculate anterior extensions of the muzzle as ‘ ears,” to im-
press him with the idea that I considered them to be auditory
organs.

It seems hardly necessary to state that I used the term in a
colloquial sense, as ‘‘ foot,” ‘umbilicus,’ and other terms are
constantly used in descriptions of mollusks. As to the possibility
of the young (not embryonic) animal being branchiate and the
adult pulmonate, no such case is known in the whole sub-kingdom
of mollusea, and I prefer to await a more rational explanation
of the fact that young specimens may have been found in deep
water.

Furthermore, I may add, that information kindly communi-
cated to me by Mr. J. Gwynn Jeffreys, F.R.S., confirms the iden-
tityin habits of the Mediterranean and Californian forms. There
seems to be little doubt that the G. Garnoti is the Patella mam-
millaris, of Linneeus, and the name should therefore be corrected
to read Gadinia mammillaris, L. sp.

194 AMERICAN JOURNAL

POLYNESIAN CHITONIDS.,

BY THE LATE W. HARPER PEASE.

The absence of Chitonidee from Polynesia has been noticed by
authors as a remarkable fact, abounding, as they do, in the sur-
rounding provinces, especially on the west coast of America, at
Australia and New Zealand.

The only species known as inhabiting Polynesia, so far as I
can discover, are the following:

‘‘ LopHYRUS PETALOIDES,’ Gld. Hawaiian Islands, collected
by the Am. Expl. Exped.

‘‘LOPHYRUS PERVIRIDIS AND ACANTHOPLEURA NIGROPUNC-
pata,’ Cpr. ‘Tahiti, both described in Proc. Zool. Soc., Lon-
don, 1865. From my collection.

‘« LepipopLeuRus? Luzonicus, Sow. ‘Tahiti, determined by
Dr. Carpenter, from specimens in my Coll. I mark it doubtful,

as it is, to say the least, a variety.

All of the above are quite small, the longest not over 6 mill.
in length. I was therefore surprised on discovering the two
species described below at a locality which has been searched
over by numerous collectors, including myself.

One attains to the size of 40 mill., and probably larger.

The descriptions are merely provisional, as I bave no perfect
mature specimen of either species. Those of the largest are
very much abraded or coated with lime, the description being
taken from an immature specimen.

(?) ACANTHOCHITES VIRIDIS, Pse.

f. oblongo-ovata, vix elevata, viridis, medio pallida aut albida ;
valvis semilunaris, aries lateralibus minute granulosis, centralibus
non liratus aut elevatis, antice tenui striatis; ligamento coria-
ceo, spiculis brevibus dense induto, et spicularum vitreorum cris-
tis densisimis perviridibus munito. Long. 40, diam. 14. mill.
Hab., Insl. Kauai.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 195

Shell oblong ovate, but slightly elevated, green with a pale
or whitish line down the middle. The valves are semi-lunar in
shape, the posterior side being straightly transverse or nearly
so. ‘They are without a ridge or umbonal elevation in the cen-
tre, where they are smooth ; the sides minutely granulose. The
valves of insertion are entire plates, on which the dorsal valves
are set or imbedded. They extend from the sides of the dorsal
valves, and produced anteriorly, the edges being smooth and
rounded at their termination. On the posterior terminal valve,
they are produced laterally, and are truncate at their termina-
tion. On the anterior terminal valve, they are produced at an
equal distance around the front and sides. They are smooth and
of a light bluish color. The ligamental border is covered with
close-set, short spicule. The spicule of the tufts are dense,
vitreous and dark green.

The above description will require to be revised and extended,
when more perfect specimens are found.

(?) ACANTHOCHITES ARMATUS, Pse.

T. ovata, vix oblonga, elevato-convexa, viridescens, nigres-
cente irregulariter maculata, medio pallida, nigrescentibus longi-
tudinaliter bilineata; areis lateralibus granulosis, centralibus,
longitudinaliter striatis, non umbonatus ; ligamento coriaced, an-
gusto, spiculis nitidis, albis, induto, et spicularum vitriorum cris-
tis argentaceo-albis munito.

Long. 10, diam 6 mill. “Hab. Ins]. Oahu.

I have but a single specimen of this beautiful little species, the
valves of which are very much broken. Itis somewhat elongate
in shape, elevately convex, light green, irregularly spotted with
blackish, paler along the middle, with two longitudinal blackish
lines. The lateral areas are distinctly granulose, central longi-
tudinally striate, without any umbonal elevation. The ligamental
border is narrow, and covered with shining white spicules, and
furnished with a row of silvery white tufts of spicule.

196 AMERICAN JOURNAL

DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR SPECIES OF LAND SEELLS IN-
HABITING THE PAPUAN ISLANDS.

BY THE LATE W. HARPER PEASE.

PARTULA TURRICULA, Pse.

T. elongata, turricula, solida, sinistrorsa, rimato-perforata,
nitida, leevigata, striis incrementis tenuiter notata, lutescens,
strigis saturatioribus indistincte radiata ; spira turricula, acutius-
cula ganfr. 53, plano-convexi, ultimus spira brevior, oblique pro-
ductus ; columella verticalis, valde callosa, superne late dilatata,
preecipue supra umbilicum, transverse subsuleata ; apertura ob-
liqua, oblonga, postice oblique truncata ; perist album, callosum,
expansum et reflexum, postice vix sinuatum.

Long. 20, diam. 10 mill. Hab. (?) N. Hebrides.

The habitat of the above species is doubtful. From its ap-
proaching P. Macgillivrayz, Pfr., and Caledonica, Pfr., inhabiting
the New Hebrides, and having lately received specimens from
Dr. Jas. C. Cox, with other species from that group of islands,
there is little doubt but that locality is the correct one.

It differs from the species mentioned above in being smaller,
more slender, ‘sinistral,’ smooth, without any trace of trans-
verse strive, and last whorl produced.

PARTULA CONCINNA. Pse.

T. compresse umbilicata, conico-ovata, tenuiscula, conferte et
distincte spiraliter striata, pallide fulvescens, aut albescente,
strigis saturatioribus radiata, apicem interdum rufescente; spira
acutiuscula, brevis, conica ; anfr. 5, convexiusculi; ultimus spiram
gequans ; sutura interdum submarginata, columella fere verticalis,
nodosa, superne dilatata; apertura subverticalis, ovalis; perist
album, incrassatum, convexum, expansum vix reflexum.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 197

Long. 15, diam. 93 mill. Hab. Insl. Tanna. (N. Hebrides,
Cox.)

The above is of the type of P. repanda, Pfr., inhabiting the
same group of islands. It is smaller than that species, more ab-
breviate in shape, thinner, distinctly striate, columella nodose,
and of different color.

Buuimus (?Borvs) Cox, Pse.

T. crassa, ovata, perforata, dextrorsa, longitudinaliter striis
incrementis rugosa, albescente, rosaceo suffusa, spira flavescente ;
anfr. 4, tumidiusculi, ultimus 3 longitudinis testa eequans ; spira
brevis, obtusiuscula ; sutura bene impressa ; apertura verticalis,
ovalis, intus rufescente ; perist. pallide aurantium, crassum, mar-
ginibus callo junctis, columellari perforationem fere occultante.

Long. 25, diam. 15 mill. Hab. Ins]. Solomonis (Cox.)

The above, in shape and general proportions, as well as in
color, is a miniature, ‘“B. rosaceus” (King).

The last whorl is whitish, suffused with rose color, spire yel-
lowish, aperture reddish, and margin of the peritreme light
orange color. Its surface is not granulose, but roughened by in-
cremental strive.

I attach to this species the name of Dr. Jas. C. Cox, through
whose active researches, during the past few years, we are in-
debted for an extended knowledge of the Maluseous Fauna of
the Australian and Papuan provinces.

OMPHALOTROPIS NEBULOSA, Pse.

T. perforata, elongato-eonica, levigata, indistincte transver-
sim tenui striata, epidermide tenui induta, sordide fulva, rufes-
cente fusco nebulosa, interdum irregulariter late strigata, anfr. ul-
timus plerumque, fusco bifasciata, sutura bene impressa ; anfr. 7,
convexiuscull, ultimus rotundatus, circa umbilicum carinato-an-
gulatus, albus; apertura fere verticalis, late pyriformis; perist
marginibus callo tenui junctis ; columella arcuata.

Long. 10, diam. 5 mill. Hab. Ins]. Solomonis.

I have lately discovered that ‘“‘ Omphalotropis variabilis,”’ Pse.,
described from the Hervey Islands, also inhabits the Tongan
Group.

14

198 AMERICAN JOURNAL.

SYNONYMY OF PATELLA EXARATA, RVE.

BY THE LATE W. HARPER PEASE.

In this Journal, Part 3, 1870-71, a paper is published from
W. 4H. Dall, “On the Limpets,”’

He remarks that he has made a carefnl examination of the
species detailed, and proceeds to give his views as to the classi-
fication of the group.

The following is his synonymy of the above species, with his
remarks.

HELcIONIScus EXARATUS, Nutt.

Patella exarata, Nutt. Jay’s Cat. p. 38. Rve. Con. Icon. pl.
19, fig. 47, a, b, 1854.

Patella Sandwichensis, Pse., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 537.

Patella undato-lirata, Pse., [Ubi ?] MSS. label, Cab. 8. I.

‘The so-called species of Mr. Pease are not even distinguish-
able varieties, and have no characters by which they can be dif-
ferentiated from the typical exvarata. The description of the
first is in English, without a figure. I have not been able to
find a description of the second.’’ (Dall.)

Had Mr. Dall examined and eaten as many of the animals of
the above species as I have during the past twenty years, he
would have been convinced from the taste, as well as sight, that
they are distinct.

I decline the honor of being the author of “P. undato-lirata.”’
In answer to “‘ Ubi,” I refer him to ‘‘ Con. Iconica,” a work he
appears to be acquainted with. Whatever errors may exist in
the Smithsonian Collection, a species so distinct and common as
the above should be known to and be recognized by any person
who has studied the Patellide.

Mr. Dall has also overlooked the variety of ‘‘P. erarata,”’ fig-
ured on Pl. 24, of the above work.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 199

lt presents, in my opinion, a ‘ distinguishable variation’’ from
those of “ P. exarata,”’ Rve., on pl. 19, and its synonym “ P.
undato-lirata, Rve., on pl. 25.

Soon after | commenced collecting at the Hawaiian IJslands,
some twenty years or more past, I remarked that the natives, in
speaking of the common limpet, made use of two specific names.*
Inquiring whether they supposed the two were distinct species,
they answered by bringing me specimens, and pointed out the
difference, which proved they were correct.

The shell of “P. Sandwichensis,” Pse., is thicker, more ele-
vated, ribs generally larger, wider apart, more prominent, and
crenate or scabrous and usually with a smaller intermediate rib.
The color of the interior also differs. I find among my papers
the drawing and description of the animal of but one species, and
will not trust my memory to compare the two.

The description of the animal by Mr. Dall does not corres-
pond with that of either species.

The two species differ also in their habits and station. ‘P.
Sandwichensis” lives at low water mark, and is consequently
usually coated with lime. I suspect it breeds there also, in the
fissures and holes of the rocks. ;

“P. exarata’’ lives at high water mark, and breeds, where the
locality admits of it, in shallow water.

Imuiature specimens of the latter vary much in color and
somewhat in shape. They are spotted with green and black, or
spotted and striped with various colors. “P. opea, Nutt. MSS.,
is one of the varieties. As they mature and pass out to the surf,
their characters become more constant. From thence they go
off into deep water, 5 to 10 fathoms, where they attain to a size
twice that figured by Mr. Reeve. Specimens are seldom ob-
tained, as our natives have given up the practice of diving in
deep water. They assure me that they are the same species as
those living on the reef, which, however, cannot be positively de-
termined until the animals are compared.

Among the papers overlooked by Mr. Dall, is one by Prof. Kdw.

*The natives of Polynesia, and probably those of other countries, make
use of the binomial nomenclature for plants and animals, especially such
as aremade use of for food, &c. ‘Transient collectors fall into error oc-
casionally, when they adopt the name given them by the natives as a
specific one, whereas the natives almost invariably give the generic name.
An amusing error occurs in ‘Voy. au. Pol. Sud,” where Mr. Hombron has
named a species of Heliw “‘Vahine,” which means a ‘‘ female,” or grown
up woman or other animal. His species, therefore, stands as the female
Helix.

I note the above facts to prove the absurdity of adopting native names,
in any branc’ of natural history.

200 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Forbes, on the Patellacea, published in 1849, dividing that group
into two families, viz., Patellidee and Acmeade, under which the
genera, so far as enumerated, are arranged the same as by Mr.
Dall, with the exception that Lepeta, or its allied genera, are
classified with the Acmeada, instead of being raised to a separate
sub-order. Fam. Acmeide is credited by Mr. Dall to Dr. Car-
penter, Maz. Cat., 1856.

The first descriptions published by me were, it is true, in Eng-
lish, and short, intended to be merely provisional, as I expected
at that time to be able, from the Report of the several Survey-
ing “Expeditions that had visited Polynesia, together with my
own researches and those of numerous other collectors, to make
out a list of the genera and species of Polynesian mollusca and
their distribution, in a few years.

From the numerous errors discovered, especially as to locali-
ities, I was forced, however, to re-commence the work from the
foundation, and it is not yet complete, for I am working single-
handed and without assistance.

As to species not being figured, I have given notice frequently,
and editors for me, both in Europe and the United States, that
the figures of Hawaiian species were reserved for a work in
preparation, on the “ Mollusca of the Hawaiian Islands.”

OF CONCHOLOGY. 201

NOTICES AND REVIEWS

OF

NEW CONCHOLOGAC AW, WORKS.

BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.

T.—AMERICAN.

Report on the Brachiopoda obtained by the United States Coast
Survey Expedition, with a Revision of the Craniide and Discin-
ide. By W.H. Datu. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass., Vol. III, No. 1, 1871,) pp 45 and 2 plates.

The classification of the Terebratulidze adopted in this paper
corresponds with that of the author’s recent article on this
family contributed to this Journal. To this is now added
studies of the Craniide and Discinide, and the descriptions
and distinctive characters of all the species collected by the
survey, together with very complete synonymical tables.

Craniopsis, Dall, s. g. nov. Diseinisea, Dall, s. g. nov.

of Crania. of Descina.

Craniscus, Dall, nov. gen,

Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. II, Part 1,
No. II.
On the early stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis. By
Epw. S. Morss. 4to, 12 pp., with 2 steel plates. Bos-
ton, 1871.

The author remarks that while the anatomy and histology of
the adult Brachiopods have been carefully studied, comparatively
little is known concerning the early stages of the class. His
memoir is therefore a contribution to conchological science of

202 AMERICAN JOURNAL

much interest. The resemblance of the young Terebratulina (at
the stage represented by fig. 38, Pl. 1) to Lingula, is remarka-
ble. The subject appears to have been well studied.

Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the United
States. By S.S. Hatpeman. No. 9. With a colored plate of Paludina
magnifica and portrait of the author. Phila. Conch. Section of Academy
of Nat. Sciences, 1871.

This important work of Prof. Haldeman, which was discon-
tinued twenty-five years ago, is now completed in accordance
with the author’s original plan. The No. embraces title page
and preface to the entire work, index and contents; and the
completion of the text, including the description and figure of
Paludina magnifica.

P. bimonilifera, Lea, is made a synonym, its date of publica-
tion being assumed to be Sept., 1854, because Mr. Conrad has
given that date to species of Unionidee, published by Mr. Lea
in the same paper that contains the description of his Paludina.
Jn my ‘“ Continuation,” noticed below, I have given priority to
Dr. Lea’s name, (in accordance with the report of a committee
appointed to investigate the subject, printed in this Journal,

Vol. V, p. 3, 1869.)

Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the United
States. (In continuation of Prof. Haldeman’s work.) By Gro. W. Tryon,
Jr. Parts 1, 2,3. Philada. Conchological Section Acad. Nat. Sciences,
1e71.

The above work, issued simultaneously with a republication,
in Numbers, of Prof. Haldeman’s book, contains all the species
described during the period of 25 years ‘intervening between the
close of the latter and the present time, together with remarks
on the older species and a full synonymy.

The parts enumerated above include the Turbidie, Physa and
Limnea, and are illustrated by 18 colored plates.

Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of
Wyoming, etc. By F. V. Haypen, U.S. Geologist. 8vo. Washington,
187].

This valuable work contains two papers of interest to conchol-

ogists and paleontologists, namely :

“ Preliminary Paleontological Report, consisting of hsts
of Fossils, with descriptions of some new types.” By
F. B. MEEK.

“ Report on Mollusca.’ By 8S. R. Roperts.

ce OF CONCHOLOGY. 2038

Conchological Memoranda No. VI, May 18, 1871. Preliminary
Descriptions of New Species from the West Coast of America.
By R. BE. C. Stearns.

Moncceros paucilirata, Ocinebra circeumtexta,
Ocinebra gracillima.

I1.—FOREIGN.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1870. Part lk.
January—March.

Descriptions of a New Genus, and of eighteen New Species
of Mollusks. By Henry ADAMS.

Nesta, n. g. allied to Perna fulgida,

Emarginula. Limopsis concinna,
N. candida, Limeea pectinata,
Corbula sulculosa, Melanoides Swinhei,
Tellina virgulata, . Bythinia robusta,
Tellidora pusilla, Rumina (Subulina) teres,
Lucinopsis elegans, Helix (Camena) Hainanensis,
Semele Macandre, Pterocyclos Hainanensis,
Chione pulchella, Bulimulus Damarensis,
Loripes decussata, Bulimulus pygmeus.

The marine species are from the Red Sea, the Helix and
Pterocyclos from Hainan, and the two Bulimi from Damara

Land.

Description of a New Genus and Species of Shells from
Whydah, on the West Coast of Africa, with some remarks
on the Genus Proto of Defrance. By W. Batrp.
Protoma, n. g., P. Knockert.
Descriptions of seventeen New Species of Land Shells from
the South Sea Islands, in the Cabinet of Mr. John
Brazier of Sydney. By Dr. James C. Cox.

Helix allecta, Upolu. Helix tutuille, Navigators I.
* Wanganensis, Solomon Is. “ antelata, N. Hebrides.
“ Quintale, Norfolk I. ‘ palescens, Norfolk I.
“© helva, N. Hebrides. “© depsta rf
‘“ ardua se ‘+ retardata, N. Hebrides.
“ vanne-lave * Diplommatina Wisemani, Solo-
*¢ sororia, Ovalau. mon Is.
‘* sansitus, Banks’ Group. *. Braziert, Solo-
“ exagitans, Norfolk I. mon Is.

Cyclostoma Brazieri, Upolu.

204 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Descriptions of three New Species of Marine Shells from the
Australian Coast. By JoHN Brazier.

Voluta Wisemant, Conus Cooki,
Conus Rossiter?.

Description of a New Species of Fusus. By Henry ADAMS.
Fusus ventricosus. Cape of Good Hope.

Descriptions of eight New Species of Shells from Australia
and the Solomon Islands. By James C. Cox, M. D.

Helix Rainbirdi. Helix Chance.
“© Thatehert. ** econvicta.
“© Nove-Greorgiensis. Bulimus San Christovalensis.
“© Maegregort. Recluzia Hargravesi.

Part II. March—June.
Description of a new British Mollusk. By JoNatHAN Coucu.

Aplysia melanopus.
Descriptions of Forty-eight New Species. By G. B. Sow.

ERBY.

Crassatella subguadrata, South Africa.
= foveolata, China Seas.
- erebrilirata, South Africa.

Solenella subequalis, Rio Janeiro.
Leda irradiata, China Seas.
Dolabrifera Brazier’, Botany Bay.
Helicina Mangoensis, Fiji Is.
Amathina trigona, Friendly Is.
Elenchus dilatatus, New Zealand.
Solariella undata, South Africa.
Cyllene rubro-lineata, Hab."
Typhis duplicatus, China Seas. |
Rapa bulbiformis, Friendly ise
Fusus rubro-lineatus, South Africa.
Terebra tenuisculpta, China Seas.
Eburna perforata, Hab.—?.
Turritella excavata, South Africa.

“¢ puncticulata, South Africa.
Pleurotoma latifasciata, Hong Kong.

Ks laterculata, China Seas.

ee albicarinata, Manzanilla.
Clavatula tumida, South Africa.

«“ — gractlior, Hab—?.
Defrancia secta, China.
Mangelia elavata, China.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 205

Metula trifasciata, Bay of Bengal.
Marginella obtusa, Hab.—?.
Mitra mediomaculata, Mauritius.

“© intersculpta, Mauritius.

“© pretexta, Hab.—?.

“ ~ eorbicula, Mauritius.

“ interstriata, China Seas.

“ — dimidiata, Hab.—?.

‘“ ~wmbonata, Hab.—?.
Conus latereulatus, Hab.—?.

“© submarginatus, Hab.—?.

“ planiliratus, Hab.—?.

“ suffusus, N. Caledonia.

“ mitreformis var. pupeformis, Mauritius.

“ turritus, South Africa.

“ — Floridensis, Florida.

“© tegulatus, China Seas.

“ tenuisuleatus, Hab.—?.

“© eorrugatus, Hab.—?.

“© Sowerbyi var. subcequalis, China Seas.

“ semisuleatus, Hab.—?.

“ — gemmulatus, China Seas.

“ rarimaculatus, China Seas.
Strombus mirabilis, Ceylon.

List of Additional Species of Land and Fresh-water Shells
collected by Mr. EL. Bartlett in Eastern Peru, with de-
scriptions of New Species. By Henry ADAMS.

Aperostoma Bartletti, Cyane, nov. gen. of Proserpinide,
Cyane Blandiana, Monocondylea semisulcata.

Descriptions of Ten New Species of Land and Fresh-water
Shells collected by Robert Swinhoe in China and Formosa.
By Henry ApDAms.

Helix Christine, Felix albida,
“ Mariella, Clausilia Bensont,
“« brevispira, Cyclotus Taivanus,
“nora, Melaniella brevicula,
“ Constantice, Dreissena Swinhoet.

Descriptions of Two New Species of African Land Shells.
By Henry ADAMS.

Helix Damarensis. Ennea ringens.

Part III. June—December.
Descriptions of Ten New Species of Land Shells, collected
by Mr. W. F. Petterd, of Hobart Town, Tasmania. By
JOHN Brazier.

206 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Helix Curacoe, H. ammonitoides,
se ylineers ** dispar,
+ Protella, ‘« Nelsoniensis,
* Onslow?, “ Kingi,
e *neglecta, “* Fordet.

Notes on Two Australian Land Shells. By JoHn BRaAZIER.

Helix Meadet, proposed instead of H. Fdwardsi, Cox; the
latter name being preoccupied by Mr. Bland for an American
species.

H. stellata, instead of H. similis, Cox; the latter preoccupied
by Prof. C. B. Adams for a Jamaica species.

Remarks on the Genus Triphorus ( Desh.) with Descriptions
of New Species. W. Harper PBrAsE.

7. similis, Ins. Kauai, 7. costatus, Ins. Annaa,
‘omnunmus, “oS et How- * robustus, Makaimo,

land, » “ eylindricus, Ins. Apaiang,
* pallidus, “* granosus, ‘oe Eality
“© sulcosus, °‘ ** tuberculatus, ‘* Kauai,
‘graciuis, ‘* OCY2G, ss a
‘< perfectus, ‘é ‘* pustulosus, * me
‘* punctatus, Ins. Annaa. ‘* maculatus, “
** gracilis, Ins. Kauai. ‘“* brunneus, ‘¢ Apaiang,

The latter specific name being previously occupied by Mr.
I Ne sb he ’
Pease for another species published in the same paper, I pro-
i ’
pose for it the name Triphorus Peaset.

Deseriptions of Twenty-six New Species of Shells collected
by Robert M’ Andrew inthe Red Sea. By Henry ADAMS..

Mitra Antonie, Lucina Fieldingi,
Corbula Erythreensis, ‘* concinna,
Hucharis angulata, ‘* elegans,
Neera pulchella, ‘6 Macandree,
Tellina simplex, Mysia tumida,

“pura, Loripes picta,

‘* seitula, Crenella viridula,

“ Brythreensis, ‘* ecompta,

‘- triradiata, “* gibba,

‘- lactea,e¥ Axinea Arabica,

Assets, Nucula ineonspicua,

“< Savigny?, Radula tenuis,
Coralliophaga striolata, ‘¢ pusilla.

Turbonilla speciosa (P. Z. 8., 1869), being preoccupied, the

OF CONCHOLOGY. 207

name is changed to 7. Macandree. Also T. virgulata (P. Z,5S.,
1870), being preoccupied, the name is changed to T. Hrythre-
ensis.

Helix maacki, Gertsf., nov. var. unizonalis, China.

Descriptions of two New Genera and five New Species of
Shells. By Henry ADAMS.

Phaneta, nov. gen., Valvatide, Hargravesia, nov. gen. allied to

P. Everettt, Borneo, Pupina,

Macrochlamys Cutter, Borneo, H. polita, Solomon Is.

Alyceus globosus, Borneo, Pachycheilus Jansoni, Nica-
ragua.

Conchologia Iconica. Parts 286, 287. London, 187).
OstrEA. Plates 6—16. January and February, 1871.

Sp. 9, O. rostrata, Chemnitz. Under this name are ranged
our two common species of Oystey, O. virginiana, Gmel, and OQ.
borealis, Lam., although they are very distinct forms.

Sp. 18, O. permollis, Sowb., n. sp. Hab.—?

Sp. 19, O. ochracea, Sowb., n. sp. - Mazatlan.

Sp. 27, O. Angas?, Sowb., n. sp. Port Jackson.

Sp. 28, O. solida, Sowb., n. sp. Bay of Panama.

Sp. 80, O. radix, Sowb., n. sp. Hab.—?

Sp. 33, O. Chiloensis, Sowb., n. sp. Ins. Chiloe.

Sp. 35, O. Mexicana, Sowb., n. sp. Tehuantepec, Mexico.
Youpia. 2 plates. eb., 1871.

Y. obtusa, n. sp. Hab.—?
Lepa. 2 plates. Feb., 1871.

LL. dissimilis, Sowb., n. sp. Hab.—%,
Nucua. Pl. 5 (completing the monograph). eb., 1871.

Record of Zoological Literature. Vol. VI. 1869. 8vo. London, 1870:

The usual review of conchological publications by Dr. E. von
Martens occupies 89 pp. of this very useful work.

Thesaurus Conchyliorum. By G.B.Sowerby. Parts XXIX and XXX.
Completing the Monograph of Oliva, by F. P. Marrat. 8vo, 24 colored
plates. London, 1871.

208 AMERICAN JOURNAL

This monograph, which is very carefully worked up by the
principal authority on the subject, contains descriptions of two
hundred and twenty-three species, of which a large number are
herein first described by Mr. Marrat.

Perhaps some of these new species will not stand, as the cha-
racters are very confused and evanescent in this genus, requir-
ing many specimens to ascertain the variations in some of the
species.

Conchologia Indica; being illustrations of the Land and Fresh-water
Shells of British India, Edited by Sylvanus Hanley and Wm. Theobald.
4to. Part 2. With 20 colored plates. London, 1870.

The present issue of this very useful work figures Bulimus 3
plates, Clausilia 1 plate, Helix 8 plates, Cyclophorus 2 plates,
Achatina 2 plates, Stenothyra and Bythinia 2 plates, Planorbis
2 plates.

Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. No. 11. Dec., 1870.
Note on Onchidium verruculatum, Cuv. By H. NEvVILL.

Notes on Terrestrial Mollusca from the neighborhood of Moulmein
(Tenasserim Provinces), with descriptions of new species. by Dr.
F. Stoliczka. (Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xl, 143, 1871. 34 pp., 8vo, with
lithographic plates.

Cyclophorus Inglisianus, Pterocyclos ater,
Diplommatina carneola, Georissa liratula,
< (Palaina) crispata, “« Blanfordiana,
Streptaxis obtusus, Ennea cylindrilloidea,
es Hanleyanus, Pupa lgnieola,

Hypselostoma Dayanum,
GERMAN.

Malakozoologische Blatter. Conducted by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, XVI.
8vo, 256 pp. and 2 plates. Cassel, 1869.

Die Binnenconchylien der Capverdischen Inseln. By Dr.

H. Donen.
Helix hypoerita, Helix Gorgonarum,
‘“* leptostyla, “ Visgeriana,
‘© Fogoensis, Cecilianella amenitatum.
Pupa Milleri, Pupa Gorgoniea,
“© molecula, Succinea Lowet,

Succinea Wollaston, Ancylus Millert.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 209

Zur Kunde der Weichthiere Schleswig-Holsteins. By
Ernst FRIEDEL.

Diagnoses molluscorum terrestrium et fluviatilium Peruano-
rum. By Dr. R. A. PHILippt.

Bulimus lentiginosus, Bulimus heterogyrus.
ee monticola, i elatus,
“ _-spretus, a Ulloe,
“ subeffusus, “ teniatus,
Helix Incarum, ag bifasciatus var. unicolor.
“< decagyra, Helix Cuzcana,
Planorbis Raimond, Planorbis Lauricoche,
Anodonta subrostrata, a trigyrus,
ee Inearum, ee Ucayalensis,
Cyclas Lauricoche, . subsinuata,

Cyclas Forbesit,

Bemerkungen tiber die Chilenischen Unionen. By Dr. R.
A. PHILIPPI.

Unio Jacobeus, Unio longus,

“ Landbecki, ‘* solidulus,
** diplodon, ‘* danthinus
f ’
* Colchaquensis, “ Valdivianus,
‘« montanus, ‘ Fonckit.

Limacus Breckworthianus, Lehm; L. bicolor, Selenka;
LL. variegatus, Drp.; und L. marginatus, Drp. By Dr.
LEHMANN.

Conchologische Notizen. By Dr. Epw. von MARTENS.

. G. Rohlf’s West African Collections.

. Nanina Jacquemontii, a New Himalaya Snail.
. The Australian Group of Helix pomum.

. The Unios of Mark, 1767.

. Appendix to the Nile Mollusca. (Mal. Blatt. 1865—
1866.)

. On Helix marginata, Mull.

Bemerkungen zu R. A. Philipp’s Aufsatz., ‘“Diagnoses,”’
etc. (Mal. Blat. xvi.); By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.

Bulimus bisculptus, Pfr. Bulimus subroseus, Phil.

Bul. heterogyrus, Phil., is identical with B. Alto-Peruvianus,
Rve.

Bemerkung iiber Cylindrella Petiveriana, Fer.; By Dr. L.
PFEIFFER.

Bemerkungen iiber einige Arten des Geschlechts Cyprea.
By A. SPORLEDER.

BOOP wh

210

AMERICAN JOURNAL

Diagnosen neuer Meeres-Konchylien von Japan. By Dr.

C. E. LIscHKe.

Drillia Japonica, Lampania multiformis,
Vermetus nodoso-rugosus, Macha divaricata,
Ostrea denselamellosa, Arca subcrenata.

Nassa balteata is substituted for WN. Japonica, Lke., Mal.
Blatt. xv, the latter name being pre-occupied by A. Adams.

Area onan for Area obliquata (not of Gray) Reeve,
Conch. Icon.

Literatur.

Noch ein Wort tiber Limacus und Amalia. By D. F.
HEYNEMANN.
Limax variegatus, Drap. = L. bicolor, Selenka. By Dr.
LEHMANN.
Die Gattung Iphigenia Schumacher. By Dr. Epw.
R6MER
I. rostrata, Romer. Upper Guinea.

Notiz tiber einige von Herrn Gustav Walls aus dem nord-
lichen Stidamerica zuriickgebrachte Mollusken. By At-
BERT MOousson.

Helix subelliptica, Helix Wallistana,
Bulimus vaporeus, Bulimus semifasciatus,
Stenogyra Wallis, Cyclophorus delphinulus,
Ampullaria rotula, Castaha ecarinata,
Plagiodon rotundatus, Anodonta Wallisi.

2%

Ove Color

Ueber die Gattung Clementia, Gray. By Dr. L. PrErrrer.
Helix rufeseens, Penn., Stuttgart. By Dr. Lenman.
Ueber einige Abyssinische Schnecken. By EH. VON MARTENS.
itrina mamillata, Helix pilifera.

Ueber einige Conchylien aus Chile. By E. von MARTENS.
Malakologische Mittheilungen. By HE. von Martens.

Hydrocena = Greorissa.

. Philippinische Landsehnecken von Cuming.
. Bohmen’s Mollusken.

. Helbling’s Namen.

. Die Namen von Dacosta.

Ueber Achatina tincta, Reeve. By Dr. L. Pretrrer.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 211
Malakozoologische Blatter. XVII. &vo, 166 pages, 4 plates. Cassel,
1870.

Beschreibung neuer Arten von Dosinia und Tapes. By Dr.
Kpw. ROMER.

Dosinia corculum. China. Lapes ducalis. China.
“ nuculoides. Indian O. Hemitapes Dohrni. Philippines.
wnceesteids *) ELab; Dosinia physema. Japan.
Sir cyclas.;., Brazil. ‘© areolata. Australia.

Hinige Fragen zur geneigten Pritfung. By Dr. Epw.
ROMER.

This paper is an attempt to recognize some of the obscure
species figured and described in Chemnitz’s Conchylien Cabinet.
to) .

Lateratur.
Diagnosen neuer Meeres-Conchylien von Japan. By Dr. C.
E. LiscuKe.

Triton Loebbecket, Haliotis supertezta,
Acmeea conecinna, Aemea Schrenckii,
Soletellina Boeddinghanet, Chama ambiqua,
Chama Dunker?, Chama semipurpurata,
Chama retroversa, Pecten quadriliratus.

Zwei neue Achatinen. By Dr. L. PrEIrrEr.
A: Dohrniana, Angola. A. Dammarensis, Dammara.
Conchylien aus dem obern Nilgebiet. By E von Martens.
Planorbis Sudanicus.
Zur Kunde der Weichthiere Schleswig-Holsteins. By
Hrnst FRIEDEL. (Continued from Vol. XVI.)
Veber Nassa reticulata, 1. By E. von Martens.
Zur Molluskenfauna von Cuba. By Dr. L. Pretrrar.
Uhondropoma letum, Gutierrez. Helix Hillet, Gundlach.

Pupa tenuilabris, Gundlach. Cylindrella Clerchi, Arango.
Cylindrella geminata, Pfr.
Diagnosen neuer Landschnecken. By Dr. L. Prrrrrer.
Helix leucophthalma, Celebes? Bulimus Dammarensis, Dam-
mara.
Die Mollusken Pommers. By Dr. LEHMANN.
Uebersicht der von Lorentz Spengler beschreibenen Conchy-

lien. By Dr. O. A. L. MOncH.
Diagnosen neuer Landschnecken. By Dr. L. Prnirrer.

212 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Helix Kleciachi, Parreyss. Narenta.
oe

pretezta, se Dalmatia.
“ -verticillata, ‘ Isl. Rhodes.
‘6 turritella, ce Dalmatia.
“ gyroides, “ Croatia.
‘“ aranea, ee Sicily.

Zur Kenntniss unserer Limneen aus der Gruppe Gulnaria,,
Leach (Radix Montf.); By W. Kopetr.

Martini und Chemnitz's Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Con-
tinued by Dr. H. C. Kiister. Parts 201—204, 1872.

These four parts contain the text and plates of a commence-
ment of the monographs of Tellina and Triton, continuation of
Ranella, and illustrate Murex (without text.)

Molluscorum Systema et Catalogus. System und Aufzahlung
Sammtlicher Conchylien der Sammlung von Fr. Paetet. Pub-
lished by Dr. L. W. Schaufuss, Dresden, 1869.

This valuable little work contains

1. A catalogue, alphabeticaily arranged, of genera and syno-
nyms.

2. A systematic catalogue of orders, families and genera.
3. A catalogue of the very large collection of shells belong-
ing to the author.

Novitates Conchologice. Land Conchylien. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer. Part
38, with three colored plates, 1871.

Novitates Conchologice. Supplement. Monographie der Molluskengat-
tung Venus, Linne. By Dr. Edward Romer. Parts 30, 31. 6 colored plates.
Cassel, 1871.

Continues the monograph of Tapes.

Zwanzigster Jahresbericht der Naturhistorichen Gesellschaft zu
Hannover. 4to, 1871.

Die Wirbellosen Meeresthiere der Ostfriesischen Kite ; evr
bettrag zur fauna der deutschen Nordsee. By Dr. A.
METZGER.

Contains a list of Marine Mollusca.
Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Meklen-
burg. 24th year, 8vo. Neubrandenburg, 1871.
The Astartes of the East Sea. By E. von MARTENS.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 213

Binige Bemerkungen uber die Veranderlichkeit der Mollusken-
schalen und Verwandtes. By D. F. Heynemann. 8vo, 44 pp. Frank-
fort. a. M., 1870. \

Auszug ais meinem Tagebuche. Bericht uber das Auffinden der
lebenden Xylopbaga dorsalis Turton. By T. A. Verkriizen. Pam-
phlet, 4 pp. Frankfort a. M., 1871.

Notizen uber Austern Cultur. Von Richard Ritter von Erco. 8vo., 57 pp.
Plans and Plates, Trieste, 1869.

Contains an account of the methods of oyster culture pursued
in the principal centres of this industry in the various European
waters. The illustrations comprise principally the ground plans
of the parks, ete.

Verhandlungen der K. EB. Zoologisch-botanischen Geselischaft in
Wien. Vol. XX, 1870.

Die Fluss und Land-Conchylien Galiziens. By Dr. J.
JACHNO. '

One hundred and thirty-nine species are enumerated.
Ueber Dreissenomya. By THeopor Fucus.

This paper describes a new fossil genus of Mytilacea.

BDonum Bismarckianum, Five sammiung von Sudsee-Concbhbylien,
bearbeitet von Edward von Martens und Bernhard Langkavel.
_4to. 74 pp.anud 4 colored plates. Berlin, 1871.

This handsome work contains a list of a valuable collection of
shells made by the Consul of the North ‘xerman Confederation
at Honolulu.

There are no new species described, but copious remarks on
synonymy and an appendix on geographical distribution. The
species were principally determined by W. H. Pease, and many
of them were first described and figured in this Journal.

FRENCH.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie. 5th Series, Vol. XIV.
Paris, 1870.

Recherches anatomiques sur I Ombrelle de la Mediterranée.
By M. G. Mogurin-Tanpon. (Illustrated by eight plates.)

15

214 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Journal de Conchyliologie. 34. Series, Vol. X, No. 4, 8vo. 96 pp. and
3 plates. Paris. October, 1870.

Brachiopodes des c6otes océaniques de France. By P.
FIscHER.

Note sur le Delphinula Arion, Meuschen. By H.C. RorrErs
VAN LENNEP.

Note sur les Bulimes auriculiformes de la Nouvelle- Caledonie

et dépendences. By E. Martr.

This paper discusses the general characters, habitat, poly-
morphism, habits and utility of the Bulimi, besides a general
description of the animals of the group. These mollusks consti-
tute a considerable portion of the food of the native tribes, and
are not unfrequently eaten with relish by the French colonists.

Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By A. D. Brown.
Helix eustrophes. Ins. Salomon.
c

Helix ptychophora. “ Bitter Root Mountains’? and Nebraska,
U.S. This is the “* H. Townsendiana, Lea,” var. ‘* Minor”’ of
my Monog. Terr. Moll., U.S. I believe it to be a distinct
species.

Helix rhynchana. Jamaica.
Pupa Moreleti. Ins. Labuan.

Remarques sur certaines especes de Coquilles terrestres habi-
tant la Polynésie, et description despéces nouvelles. By
W. Harper Pease.

Pittys rotellina, Ins. Aitutake, Helicina Brazieri, Ins. Niue,
‘“ emperforata ‘ Trochomorpha trochiformis, var.
“ Atiensis, Ins. Atiu, pallens,
“paucicostata, Ins. Kauai, 7’. nigritella, var. oppressa, Pse.,
‘“« Roratongensis, Rora- Partula faba, Martyn, var. sub-

tonga, angulata, Pse.,
“ ? celsa, Raiatea, P. assimilis, var. virgulata, Pse.,
““ analogica, Marquisas, Carelia variabilis, Ins. Kauai,
“¢ verecunda, Ke oE adusta, Gould, var. an-

guiata, Pse.

Description d especes inédites provenant de la Nowvelle- Calé-
donie. By H. Crosse.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 216

Contains more detailed descriptions and observations on spe-
cies, the diagnoses of which appeared in previous numbers of the
Journal.

Description dun Helix de la Nouvelle Calédonie. By E.
MARIE.

Helix abax, Marie.

Descriptions @ espéces nowvelles de UV Archipel Calédonien. By
M. Souversie and R. P. Monrrouzier.

Xenophora Australis. Cancellaria Rougeyront,
Rissoina Lamberti, a Lamberti.

Varietés, Linventeur de Vaquarium. By P. Fiscuer.
Bibliographie. Nouvelles.
Journal de Conchyliologie. XIX, No. 1; 88 pp., 8ve. 2 colored plates.
Paris, January, 1871.

Faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile des tles Tonga,
d’apres les envois de M. le docteur Ed. Graeffe. By
ALBERT Mousson. (5th article.)

Nanina Futunensis, Tornatellina bacillaris,
Patula viearia, Pythia tortuosa,

“ radiealis, Melampus ornatus,
Partula subgonochila, a Tongaensis,
Helicina culminans, Helicina Uveana,
Truncatella Futunaensis, Melania pluvialis.

Catalogue des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de environs
de Neuf-Brisach, Colmar et Belfort. By L. Moreuet.
Descriptions Wespeces nowvelles. By H. Crossn.

Helix nimbosa, H. Eoa, H. votiva, Bul. Pluto, B. Prometheus,
B. Kuhnholtzianus, Helicina miltoehila, Truncatella cristata,
Pterocyclos Eudedaleus, Murex Hidalgot, Nassa Tryoni, all
previously described in the Journal, are here figured and described
more fully.

Description despeces nouvelles provenant de U2le Maurice.
By E. Liznarp.

Conus Julii. Leptoconchus Robillardi.

Description de deux especes nouvelles de Voluta et observa-
tions sur le V. punetata, Swainson. By J. Cox.

V. contformis. V. Kingi.

.
216 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Description d'wne espéce nouvelle de Voluta. By J. BRAZIER.
Voluta Wisemand.
Bibliographie :
Necrologie. Contains a notice of M. Petit de la Saussaye, the

venerable founder of the Journal de Conchyliologie and excellent

Conchologist, who died at Bordeaux, Dec. Tth, 1870, aged 78
years.

AMERICAN

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

NEW SERUTES.
PUBLISHED BY THE

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Vou. VEL. 1871-72. Part 4.

Meeting December Tth, 1871.
Dr. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the chair.
Eight members present.

Several donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
The following papers were offered for publication in the Jour-
nal and referred to committees :

‘“‘ Catalogue.of the Family Cyrenellide.’’ By Temple Prime.

‘Catalogue of the Family Cyprinide.’’ By Geo. W. Tryon,
Jr.

‘Catalogue of the Family Glauconomyide.’”’ By Geo. W.
Tryon, Jr.

“ Catalogue of the Recent Species of the Family Petricolide.”
By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

“* Catalogue of the Recent Species of the Family Cardiide.’’
By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

“Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works.” By
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.

16

218 AMERICAN JOURNAL

“Descriptions of New Species of Land and Fresh-water
Shells.” By Andrew J. Garrett, of Tahiti.

“List of Species of Bulimus Inhabiting the Viti Islands, with
Notes on their Geographical Range, and Descriptions of New
Species.” By A. J. Garrett.

Dr. F. A. Hassler stated that the specimens of Littorina mu-
ricata collected by Mr. W. M. Gabb at San Domingo during the
month of September, 1870, were still living, and one of them
had enlarged its shell recently. A specimen of L. crrorata, Say,
taken a month since, and one of ZL. rudzs, Mont., collected a
week ago by Dr. Hassler, were still living.

The annual reports of the Recorder, Secretary, Conservator,
Treasurer, Librarian, and Publication Committee were read and
referred.

The following Officers were elected for the year 1872:

DirEcToR, . : : . W.8. W. RUSCHENBERGER.
Vicr-DrrKcror, . ; . GHO. We TRYON Jn:
RECORDER, ‘ : + BS. R. ROBERTS:

SECRETARY, ; ; . EK. R. BEADLE.

TREASURER, ; : WM. L. MACTIER.

LIBRARIAN AND ConSERVATOR, EDW. J. NOLAN.

- OF CONCHOLOGY, 219

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES Of LAND AND FRESH-
WATER SHELLS.

BY ANDREW J. GARRETT,
Of Tahiti, South Seas.

NERITINA HOLOSERICEA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 1.

Shell subglobose, transverse, rather thin, olive-gray under a
brownish velvety epidermis; spire small, obtuse; whorls three,
strongly convex, the last one large, subglobose, transverse, ra-
diately plicate above, spirally lineated with fine elevated, closely-
set, scabrous striz, which are about the same width as their in-
terspaces ; aperture semi-circular, diagonal, bluish within, and
the lips honey-yellow ; peristome rounded, rather sharp, slightly
labiate within; columella flattened, minutely granulated, the
margin slightly oblique, sinuous, with 10—12 teeth ; operculum
pale corneous, stained with blue-black.

Length, 10 mill. ; greatest diam., 12 mill.
Habitat, Vanna Layu, Viti Isles.

Coll. Garrett and Philad. Academy.

Nearly 100 examples of this species were found on a half-
decayed log on a mud flat on the north coast of Natawa Bay.
Not a single specimen was found in any other part of the group.
The spiral lines and velvety epidermis are its most obvious char-
acters.

PLECOTREMA HIRSUTA, Grt. Plate 19, fig. 2.

Shell imperforate, solid, corneous ; spire acute, convexly-coni-
cal, nearly half the length of the shell; whorls S—9 (two em-
bryonal), plano-convex, the last swollen, transversely sulcate,
sulci deep, nearly as wide as the intervening ridges, 16—18 on
the body, garnished with short curved hairs; sutures obsoletely

220 AMERICAN JOURNAL

impressed ; aperture subvertical, narrow, contracted, five-lobed,
whitish ; peristome with a stout external varix, inner margin la-
biate, rounded beneath, sinuous above, and furnished with two
stout tubercular teeth on the middle of the inner lip; columella
expanded, with an oblique compressed fold; parietal region
thinly callosed, with two teeth, the upper small, tubercular, di-
rected towards the opposite upper labial tooth, the lower one
compressed, bifurcate and entering the aperture.

Length, 7 mill. ; diam., 4:5 mill.
Hatitat, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad Acad.)

Not uncommon under stones near high-water mark. It is
about the same size as P. clausa, but differs in color, size of sul-
cations, and character of the labial teeth.

OPHICARDELUS PALUDOSUS, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 3.

Shell imperforate, ovate, solid, whitish or brownish horn color ;
spire short, convexly conical; whorls 7—8, slightly convex, the
last large, convexly rounded, decussated with fine longitudinal
strive and transverse impressed lines, the latter minutely punc-
tured and garnished with short hairs; base rounded and keeled ;
suture margined; aperture sub-vertical, auriform, contracted,
white or brownish, little more.than half the length of the shell;
peristome obtuse, right margin stoutly ribbed, inner edge |: ibiate,
sinuate above, rounded beneath ; columella expanded, with two
oblique compressed folds, the upper the larger; parietal region
slightly glazed, and furnished with a small tubercular tooth.

Length, 10 mill. ; diam., 6 mill.

Habitat, Viti, Wallis and Samoa Islands (Coll. Garrett and
Tryon.)

An abundant species found crawling over the black mud in
Mangrove Swamps.

PYTHIA LENTIGINOSA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 4.

Shell perforate, solid, acute-ovate, compressed, yellowish-white,
profusely mottled with small irregular light Iparratll spots, and
dashes of deeper brown on the sides S; spire conv exly-conical, less
than halfthe length of the shell; whorls nine, flat tly convex, lastone
convexly-rounded, longitudinally coarsel} striated, striae most con-
spicuous above; base rounded d; aperture narrow, subvertical, honey
yellow; peristome slightly expanded and a little menecheds below,
simple above, the inner margin garnished with from five to six
tubercular teeth, two of which are much the larger ; columella ex-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 221

panded over but not closing the umbilicus, and furnished with a
large compressed, obtuse, oblique fold; parietal region thinly
callosed, with two stout teeth, the lower bilobed, transversely
entering the aperture ; the upper tooth subtrilobate.

Length, 29 mill. ; diam., 16 mill.
Habitat, Tavinni Id., Viti Isis. (Coll. Garrett and Philad Acad.)

PYTHIA PEROVATA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 5.

Shell slightly perforate, or imperforate, solid, ovate, com-
pressed, corneous or light chestnut-brown, often deep brown,
mottled with darker, and generally with a dark sutural band;
spire short, subacute, conical, with convex outline, a little more
than a third the length of the shell; whorls 8—9, flatly convex,
the last large, oval, longitudinally coarsely striated, striae most
developed above; suture rudely crenulate ; aperture subvertical
narrow, white, yellowish-white or tawny; peristome rounded and
expanded anteriorly, slightly reflected, the inner margin copiously
callosed, and furnished with four teeth, rarely five, two much the
larger ; columella expanded, with a stout somewhat oblique fold;
parietal region glazed, with two stout, fold-like teeth, the lower
double, compressed, entering the aperture, the upper vertical,
compressed.

Length, 24 mill. ; diam., 133 mill.
Habitat, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

A very abundant species inhabiting the margins of the Man-
grove Swamps. It only occurred to our notice in two locations ;
Natawa Bay and Na Viti Levu Bay.

Nanina Hoyt, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 6.

Shell narrowly perforate, turbinately globose, rudely striated
beneath the suture, shining, subpellucid, whitish or yellowish
horn color, with a brown band beneath the suture ; spire obtuse,
depressly conoid ; whorls six, convex, the last swollen, rounded ;
suture with or without a deep brown line; base paler, smoother
and more polished than above; aperture diagonal lunate, circu-
lar, nearly equal in length and width, white or bluish-white with-
in; peristome thin, simple and slightly sinuous ; columella sub-
reflected, nearly covering the small umbilicus, and generally of
a tawny flesh color.

Greatest diam., 21 mill. ; length, 15 mill.
Habitat, Tavinni Id., Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Tryon.)

oye 4 AMERICAN JOURNAL

This species occurs abundantly on the ground in damp forests,
and oviposits among dead leaves and under decayed wood. Its
eggs are white and globular. The animal is pale cinereous, darker
above, with microscopical dots of a dingy hue along the sides of
the foot. During locomotion the foot equals in length two di- ~
ameters of the shell, and is REEEOMs somewhat compressed and
pointed behind.

The shape of the shell is very much like WN. casea, Gld., but
may be readily distinguished from that species by its constant
sutural band, smoother surface and more swollen body. The
locations are also remote. The colors and markings are like
N. Godeffroyana, nobis.

This species is dedicated to Mr. Theodore Hoyt, whose valua-
ble assistance in my researches in the Viti Group I most grate-
fully acknowledge.

NANINA TENELLA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. T.

Shell globosely depressed, thin, hyaline, glossy, pellucid, lines
of growth obsolete, whitish freer color - ; spire widely conical, ob-
tuse : whorls 63, convex, the last swollen, large, subangulated
at the periphery ; suture margined ; aperture oblique, roundly
lunate, nearly as long as broad; peristome thin, simple, slightly
sinuous ; columella slightly expanded over the small umbilicus.

Height, 11 mill.; diam., 17 mill.
Habitat, Kioa Isl., Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

A delicate species, not uncommon at the above locality, where
they were found lurking among dead leaves and under rotten
wood. A few examples were gathered on the contiguous coast
of Vanna Levu. It is more depressed, thinner and paler than

NN. casea.

NaNINA OTARES, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 8.

Shell perforate, turbinately globose, rather thin, subpellucid,
glossy, fulvous brown; spire obtuse, depressly conoid; whorls
64, convex, the last one large, swollen, somewhat flattened above
the per iphery, obliquely coarsely striated, strize most conspicuous
next the suture, rarely with spiral impressed lines; base smoother,
more glossy than above, with a large round creamy-white patch
surrounding the umbilicus; aperture diagonal, nearly as long as
broad, lunately rounded, bluish-white within; peristome thin,
simple, slightly sinuous; columella reflected, covering half of the
umbilicus.

Length, 22 mill.; diam., 29 mill.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 223

Habitat, N. E. part of Vanna Levu, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett
and Philad. Acad.)

We obtained many examples of this species on the north coast
of Natawa Bay, but did not detect it on any other part of the
island. Like the preceding species, it lives on the ground in damp
forests. Though about the same size as WV. Nouletu, yet it is
easily distinguished from that species by its more reddish color
and the constant white basal patch. The locations are also re-
mote.

NANINA GODEFFROYANA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 9.

Shell subperforate, depressed, rarely turbinately globose, mod-
erately thick, subpellucid, shining, yellowish or light brownish
horn color; sometimes the spire, and always the upper third of
the body whorl, fulvous brown; spire obtuse depressed, or de-
pressly conoid; whorls 7, convex, last one large, tumid, slightly
depressed above, obliquely coar sely striated, strive most conspic-
uous near the suture ; base nearly smooth, ‘paler and more gla-
brous than above; aperture diagonal, broader than long, oblique,
luniform, bluish-white or pearly within; peristome thin, simple,
slightly sinuous ; columella pinky-white, reflected so as nearly
to close the small umbilicus.

Diam., 38 mill.; length, 25 mill.

Habitat, Interior of the N. E. part of Vanna Levu, Viti Isles.
(Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

This is the largest species yet discovered in the group. It is
very abundant, living on the ground in damp forests. Three
examples were found which were adorned with basal bands.

HeEvix TavINNIENSIS, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 10.

Shell umbilicate, sublenticular, rather thin, subpellucid, slightly
glossy, tawny-yellow, with a narrow chestnut- brown intramargi-
nal band above and beneath; spire obtuse, convex; whorls 5,
strongly convex, obliquely striated, last one not ‘descending,
acutely carinate, keel whitish, base convex; suture margined
with whitish; umbilicus large, perspective, one-fifth the greatest
diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, subrhomboid-luniform ;
peristome simple, thin above, slightly thickened beneath; colu-
mella white, slightly reflected.

Diam., 17 mill; height, 7 mill.

Habitat, Tavinni Isl., Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad.
Acad.)

224 AMERICAN JOURNAL

A common species, found on the trunks and limbs of trees in
damp forests. The two brown bands are constant characters.

PERSA MELANOSTOMA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 11.

Shell small, imperforate, oblong-ovate, rather thick, smooth,
somewhat glossy, light tawny-brown, becoming brown-black on
the back of the body whorl, and generally a transverse dark band
beneath the suture; spire short, abbreviately conical, convex in
outline, about one-third the length of the shell, and striated with
fine spiral impressed lines, which become obsolete on the body ;
whorls 5, convex, last one large ovate, rounded at the base; ap-
erture subvertical, elongate-oblong, auriform, contracted above,
rounded below, black within; peristome more or less thickened,
sinuous above, sometimes labiate within ; columella callosed, with
two rather large compressed transverse folds, and two smaller
ones on the parietal region.

Length, 43 mill.; diameter, 3 mill.

Habitat, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

An abundant gregarious species, found under stones in the up-
per region of the littoral zone, near high-water mark.

PALUDINELLA VITIANA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 12.

Shell minute, imperforate, globosely ovate, rather solid, shin-
ing, yellowish-horn color; spire obtuse, broadly conoid, little
more than half the length of the shell; whorls 5, rounded, ob-
soletely obliquely striated; suture deeply impressed; aperture
roundly ovate, angular above; peristome simple, gradually be-
coming much thickened at its junction with the columella; pa-
rietal region thinly callosed.

Length, 2} mill.; diam., 2 mill.
Habitat, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

This species, like the preceding, is gregarious, and is found un-
der stones a little below high-water mark.

NAVICELLA PICTURATA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 13.

Shell elongate-oval, rounded above, more or less laterally com-
pressed, thin, subpellucid, concentrically finely striated, tawny-
yellow, brown or blackish-brown, adorned with crowded small
subtriangular white spots and rays under a light yellowish-horn
colored epidermis; apex slightly projecting beyond the base ;
interior bluish-white or light tawny ; columella region small, flat,
subtriangular, with the anterior margin strongly concave. .

OF CONCHOLOGY. 225

Length, 18 mill.; diam., 11 mill.; height, 63 mill.
Habitat, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

We obtained many examples of this pretty species at the
island of Vanna Levu, where they inhabit the lower parts of the
streams, within reach of the tides.

TRUNCATELLA GRANUM, Garrett.

Shell imperforate, cylindrical, solid, cinereous; spire cylindri-
eal, slightly tapering, decollated; whorls persistent 4}, convex,
flattened on the middle, longitudinally ribbed, ribs small, verti-
cal, compressed, 20 on the body, narrower than their interstices ;
suture deeply impressed ; base carinate, the keel curving upward
along the external margin of the peristome; aperture small,
about one-fifth the length of the shell, somewhat oblique, ovate ;
peristome rather thick, slightly expanded, rounded; columella
and parietal region copiously callosed and continuous with the
peristome.

Length, 43 mill.
Habitat, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

This species only occurred to my notice in one locality, the
N. E. end of Tavinni Id. It is abundant and was found grega-
rious under stones a little below high-water mark.

ASSIMINEA VITIENSIS, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 14.

Shell small, rimate, acutely ovate, solid, smooth, shining,
brownish-horn color, with or without one or two transverse paler
bands on the body whorl; spire subacute, conical, outline con-
vex; whorls 6, rounded, last one large, roundly ovate, under the
lens minutely striated, base slightly fissured; suture linear, im-
pressed; aperture subvertical, subpyriform ; peristome thin, sim-
ple; columella slightly reflected; parietal region thinly cal-
losed.

Length, 43 mill.
Habitat, Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philad. Acad.)

We found this species plentiful, crawling on the black mud in
mangrove swamps, where they were associated with Meritine and
several species of Auriculide. Nearly all the adult examples
are more or less corroded.

PITYS TUMULOIDES, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 15.
Shell umbilicate, globosely conoid, rather thick, whitish, or

226 AMERICAN JOURNAL

yellowish horn color, tessellated above with chestnut-brown, be-
neath radiately striped with the same hue; spire obtuse, roundly
tumulose; whorls 7, flatly convex, the last one angular, acutely
carinate on the periphery, obliquely striated, striz more distant
and plicate on the three upper whorls; suture linear, marginated
above with a slight carina; umbilicus large, profound, cavernous,
much constricted; base flat, convex; aperture transverse, sub-
rhomboidal, fauces with two median approximating lamella ; peri-
stome thin, slightly sinuous, continuous with the acute margin of
the umbilicus; columella subvertical, thin, sinuous, with a me-
dian obtuse fold, which sometimes is obsolete; parietal region
with a median lamella.

Height, 43 mill.; diam., 7 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

This singular dome-like species we found ahanelantieg in but one
location, high up in a mountain ravine. They live under stones
and among dead wood and decayed leaves.

The animal is cinereous, with dusky neck and tentacles. The
foot is small, narrow and tapering behind. The upper tentacles
are very long, the lower ones very small. It possesses the sin-
gular habit of ovipositing into its cavernous umbilicus. In fact,
this habit is peculiar to all the species of this type, which com-
prises several species, all belonging to the Cook’s and Tahiti
group of islands. No doubt the sporadic islands south of Tahiti
will produce other species.

The young shells found in the umbilicus are white, hyaline, and
shaped like a Planorbis. Even at that early age the lamella in
the fauces may be distinctly traced through the translucent shell.
The whorls are distinctly plicately striated.

Helix Jacquinoti, Pfr., H. bursatella, Gld., H. retunsa, Pao. és
Hl. fratercula, Pse., are all Marsupial Helices: the three first
inhabit Tahiti, and the last the Cook’s Group.

Pitys CavreRNULA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 16.

Shell umbilicate, subglobosely conoid, rather thick, cinereous,
or brownish-horn color, sometimes deep brown, generally tessel-
lated above with the latter color, beneath obscurely rayed; spire
obtuse dome-shaped, some more elevated than others; whorls 7,
convex, last one acutely carinate, finely ribbed, ribs closely set, ob-
lique, curved, interstices minutely striated ; base flattened, convex,
striated, but not ribbed; suture corded above with the spiral
keel ; umbilicus large, deep, cavernous, contracted at the margin ;
aperture transverse, subrhomboidal, fauces with two, rarely three,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 927

remote lamella, and two on the parietal region; peristome thin,
sharp, slightly sinuous, continuous with the acute umbilical mar-
gin; columella with a single fold, sinuous.

Diam., 6 mill.; height, 4 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Isl., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila,
Acad.)

This is also a Marsupial species, which we gathered in abun-
dance in the mountain ravines, It is more closely allied to H.
fratercula, Pse., than the preceding species. The latter species
never occurs inland, and is more stoutly ribbed, lighter colored,
the carina stouter and beautifully corded.

Pirys CANALIS, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 17.

Shell widely umbilicate, flatly discoid, thin, subpellucid,
slightly glossy, closely and very finely ribbed, ribs oblique, sin-
uous, light brownish horn color, with darker radiating spots ;
spire very flat, not rising above the penultimate whorl; suture
deeply channeled ; whorls 5, strongly convex, regularly increas-
ing, last one declivous above the periphery, rounded below ; um-
bilicus deep, perspective, freely exposing all the whorls, nearly
half the diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, sinuously
rounded ; peristome thin, simple, slightly sinuous.

Diam., 6 mill. ; height, 2 mill.
Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook's Isles.

A somewhat rare species, found on the ground in damp for-
ests, and confined to a single valley. Its flat spire, deeply chan-
neled suture, and very wide umbilicus are its most important
characters.

Pitys rupis, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 18.

Shell umbilicate, subdiscoid, thin, subpellucid, very finely la-
minately ribbed, ribs rude, sinuous, more or less irregularly dis-
posed, or even altogether wanting, interstices under the lens
very finely striated, horn color, brownish, sometimes brownish-
black, with or without reddish-brown rays; three upper whorls
of the spire flat ; suture channeled; whorls 44, strongly convex,
rather rapidly increasing, last one rounded below, slanting above
the periphery ; umbilicus deep, about one-fourth the diameter of
the shell; aperture sinuously circular ; peristome thin, simple

Diam., 33 mill.; height, 2 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

228 AMERICAN JOURNAL

A common species of a very rude aspect, easily distinguished
by its rude, irregular lamellar ribs. We found examples in sev-
eral different villages ; all found on the ground in damp woods.

PITYS DECORTICATA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 19.

Shell subdiscoid, openly umbilicate, thin, subpellucid, cinere-
ous, under a brownish horn-colored epidermis, adults decorticated,
rarely with radiating dashes of reddish brown, arcuately ribbed,
ribs lamellar, regular, rather closely set, continued on the base,
interstices very finely striated ; spire flatly convex ; suture chan-
neled ; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, last one convexly
declivous above, rounded beneath, obsoletely angular on the
periphery ; umbilicus deep, exposing the whorls, about a fourth
the diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, orbicular luniform ;
peristome thin, simple ; parietal region very thinly callosed.

Diam., 4 mill. ; height, 2 mill

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

A common species found on the ground in a mountain ravine.

Pitys HARVEYENSIS, Garrett. Plat 19, fig. 20.

Shell subdiscoid, umbiligate, thin, subpellucid, greenish-ash,
with reddish-brown arcuate tessellations, closely and very finely
plicately striated, striz oblique, sinuous, less developed on the
base; spire flatly convex; suture channeled; whorls 5, flatly
convex, slowly and regularly increasing, last one obtusely angu-
lar, slanting above, convex beneath; umbilicus moderate, deep,
exhibiting the whorls, one-fourth the diameter of the shell; aper-
ture orbicular-luniform, oblique ; peristome thin, simple.

Diam., 43 mill.; height, 2 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

A common species found under rotten wood.

Pitys OTAREA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 21.

Shell umbilicate, subdiscoid, thin, subpellucid, dark brown,
plicately striated, strive closely set, sinuous, oblique, finer and
more crowded beneath ; spire flatly convex, suture channeled ;
whorls 5, convex, regularly and moderately increasing, last one
rounded ; umbilicus large, perspective, rather freely showing the
whorls, one-third the diameter of the shell; aperture oblique,
roundly lunate ; peristome thin, simple ; columella thin, slightly
expanded above.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 239 -
Diam., 4 mill. ; height, 2 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

This species is confined to a single valley, where I found it
abundantly, under dead wood on the banks of a stream. Liv-
ing examples are uniform deep black.

Pirys Younat, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 22.

Shell umbilicate, discoid, thin, glossy, subpellucid, uniform
deep brown, plicately striated, striz crowded, oblique, curved,
rather finer beneath; spire flatly convex; suture channeled ;
whorls 43, convex, rapidly increasing, last one convex beneath,
declivous above; umbilicus large, perspective, freely exhibiting
the whorls, one-third the diameter of the shell; aperture oblique,
wider than deep, orbicular-luniform ; peristome thin, simple,
margins united by a very thin parietal] callous.

Diam., 4 mill. ; height, 2 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

A somewhat rare species, easily known by its wide open
umbilicus, few whorls, deep uniform brown color, and plicate
striz. On the ground in damp woods, and only noticed in a
single valley.

PITYS TENUICOSTATA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 23.

Shell umbilicate, discoid, thin, pellucid, slightly shining, la-
minately ribbed, ribs small, thin, rather closely set, oblique,
slightly sinuous, continued on the base ; under the lens the inter-
stices, closely striated, uniform pale horn color ; spire flat; su-
ture deeply impressed ; whorls 4, flatly convex, rapidly increas-
ing, last one convex beneath, slightly flattened above ; umbilicus
large, perspective, freely showing the whorls, about one-third
the diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, wider than deep,
ovate-luniform ; peristome thin, simple.

Diam., 43 mill. ; height, 2 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

A very pretty and somewhat rare species, having a ue range
on the island, and generally found on the ground on the sides of
ravines.

230 AMERICAN JOURNAL

PITYs PROXIMA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 24.

Shell umbilicate, thin, subdiscoid, subpellucid, coarsely and
sharply striated, strive crowded, oblique, sinuous, yellowish horn
color, rarely cinereous, adorned with large reddish-brown tessel-
lations, which are often luniform, and radiating stripes beneath ;
spire flatly convex ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 43, convex,
regularly and rather rapidly increasing, last one convex beneath,
slightly flattened and declivous above the periphery; umbilicus
rather small, deep, one-fifth the diameter of the shell; aperture
diagonal, roundly-lunate; peristome thin, sinuous, the upper
margin receding.

Diam., 54 mill. ; height, 2 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garret and Phila.
Acad.) ;

A common species lurking under stones and among rotten
wood. It was found in several villages.

PITYS MULTILAMELLATA, Garrett. Plate 19, fig. 25.

Shell umbilicate, subdiscoid, thin, subpellucid, closely and very
finely ribbed, ribs lammelliform, closer and finer beneath, light or
dark horn color, above tessellated with reddish brown, unicolored
beneath ; spire flatly convex, apex flat ; suture deeply impressed ; ~
whorls 63, convex, swollen above, regularly and slowly increas-
ing, last one slanting inward from the shoulder; umbilicus deep,
showing the whorls, about one-third the diameter of the shell ;
aperture vertical, narrowly luniform, fauces with five nearly
equidistant lamella, two on the thin columella, and four on the
parietal region ; peristome thin, simple.

Diam., 34 mill. ; height, 14 mill.

Habitat, Rarotonga Id., Cook’s Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

A somewhat rare species, found under dead wood in two re-
mote valleys. It is of a different type from the preceding spe-
cies, allied to Prtys contorta, Fer., P. modicella, Fer., and P.
sexlamellata, Pfr.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 231

LIST OF SPECIES OF BULIMUS INHABITING THE VITI
ISLANDS, WITH NOTES ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
RANGE, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

BY ANDREW J. GARRETT,
of Tahiti, South Seas.

Having devoted over two years to a conchological exploration
of the Viti Islands, [ am enabled to give with more precision
than hitherto known, the localities, station and range of the
various species. They, like the Partulze and Achatinelle, may
be divided into arboreal and terrestrial species; the former
living on the trunks and foliage of various trees and bushes, and
the latter on the ground, lurking among dead leaves, under de-
cayed wood and under stones. All the species exhibit (in a
greater or less degree), the peculiar rugose surface so well
marked in B. malleatus and B. fulguratus. The markings are
also peculiar, being more or less zigzag, and generally of a green-
ish hue; and all have a strong columella fold.

BuLimus FuLeurates, Jay. Plate 18, f. 1.
Rev. Zool. p. 80, 1842.

This arboreal species is abundant, and is confined to the island
of Ovalan, and the eastern end of Viti Levu; the latter is its
metropolis.

BULIMUS MALLEATUS, Jay.
Rey. Zool. p. 80, 1842.

This elegant species is also arboreal, and though less abun-
dant, occupies the same locations as the preceding species.
Specimens frequently occur of a pure uniform white, like most
examples of B. morosus, Gld. ;

232 AMERICAN JOURNAL

BuLIMUS MOROSUS, Gld.
Exp. Shells, p. 72, fig. 82, 1851.

The metropolis of this species, is the large island of Vanna
Levu, where it is very abundant on the trunks and foliage of
trees. It ranges the whole length of the island, and occurs
sparingly at the neighboring islands of Rambi, Tavinni, Koro,
Kioa and Gomea; having in fact the widest range of any spe-
cies in the group. Having gathered examples at all the various
locations, I could not detect any difference between them and
those found at its metropolis. About one example in a hundred
exhibits the zigzag markings, a character unknown to Dr. Gould
when he described the species.

BuLimus ELopatus, Gld. Plate 18, fig. 2.
Exp. Shells, p. 72, fig. 84, 1851..

This fine species is found abundantly on the ground, and is
confined to that part of Vanna Levu, laying to the northward
and westward of Natawa Bay, and ranges the whole length of
the island. The finest examples were procured in the interior.
A variety occurs of a light olive color, with a bluish white
aperture.

Butimus SEEMANNI, Dohrn.
Jour. de Conch. p. 123, 1864.

This is also a terrestrial species, and is abundant and peculiar
to the island of Kandavu, where it was discovered by Dr. See-
mann.

BULIMUS sp. .

This, ike the preceding species, lives on the ground, and is
confined to the interior of Viti Levu, where it was discovered
by Dr. Graffe, who sent the specimens to Prof. Mousson, of
Zurich. The Professor erroneously determined it to be the
elobatus, Gld. Having sent him examples of the latter species,
he willno doubt describe the former as new.

It is about the same size as elobatus, but is much less rugose,
the base less produced, and is of a yellowish olive color with a
bluish white aperture.

BULIMUS OCHROSTOMA, Garrett. Plate 18, fig. 3.
Shell slightly perforate, ovate, rather thin, subtranslucent,
rugose, with rude lines of growth and small transverse wrinkles,

OF OCONCHOLOGY. 233

ruddy horn color, with delicate greenish marblings ; spire short,
convexly conoid, obtuse, about two-fifths the length of the shell ;
whoris five and a half, strongly convex, last rather swollen,
atoutly ovate ; aperture subvertical, ovate, rich saffron yellow
within; peristome rather thin, but slightly expanded, somewhat
sinuous, deeper colored than the fauces; columella expanded,
with a very oblique dark saffron compressed fold.

Length 29 mill., diam. 16 mill.
Habitat, Tavinni Island, Viti Islands.
(Coll. Garrett and Phila. Academy.)

This, the smallest known Viti Bulimus, is abundant on trees
and low bushes. A few examples were gathered on the con-
tiguous island of Gomea, but the above island is the metropolis
of the species.

Buuimus RaMBIENSIS, Garrett. Plate 18, fig. 4.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong, ovate, rather thin, subpel-
lucid, obsoletely rudely striated with lines of growth, rugose
with small transverse wrinkles, whitish, yellowish or reddish-
horn color, and more or less adorned with small olive green
mottlings; spire moderately elevated, convexly conical, obtuse,
decorticated, first two whorls minutely punctured; whorls five,
convex, last one large, ovate; aperture subvertical, ovate, yel-
lowish white, or bluish white within; peristome rather thin,
slightly labiate within, more or ‘less reflected, slightly sinuous
toward the base, orange yellow; columella expanded, with a
rather large spiral fold.

Length 38 mill., diam. 20 mill.

Habitat, Rambi Id., Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Philada.
Acad.)

The metropolis of this species is Rambi Island, where it is
abundant on trees and bushes. It is more closely allied to B.
Guanensis, nob., than to any other species inhabiting the same
group. The locations are very remote. It differs from the lat-
ter in its more ventricose body, larger aperture, and the differ-
ent character of the mottlings.

BULIMUS CRASSILABRUM, Garrett. Plate 18, fig. 5.

Shell narrowly perforate, solid, oblong-ovate, whitish, or
ruddy white, under a yellowish horn colored epidermis, trans-
versely minutely wrinkled; spire rather short, convexly conical,

234 AMERICAN JOURNAL

obtuse, decorticated; whorls five to six, strongly convex, last
one often decorticated, more or less adorned with small olive
brown blotches ; aperture oblong-ovate, subvertical, more or less
rich saffron yellow within; peristome very thick, strongly re-
flected, white or creamy white ; columella and parietal region
copiously callosed, the former broadly expanded, and provid
with a very strong, more or less compressed, white fold.

Length 41 mill., diam. 21 mill.

Habitat, Vanna Levu Id., Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and
Philad. Acad.) .

We received about 200 examples of this species, which were
gathered in the interior of the island by the mountaineers. It
is an arboreal species.

BuLIMUS RnuGATUS, Garrett. Plate 18, fig. 6.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovate, thin, slightly shining, sub-

ellucid, under the lens striated, transversely rugose, white
under a light olivaceous epidermis, ornamented with small deli-
cate somewhat zigzag blotches of a darker olive green; spire
short, convexly conoid, obtuse, decorticated ; a little more than
a third the length of the shell; whorls five and a half, rather
strongly convex, the last swollen; aperture ovate, subvertical,
bluish white within; peristome thin, very slightly labiate, re~
flected, regularly ached, whitish or bluish white; columella
dilated, with a lar ge compressed white fold.

Length, 43 mill.; diam., 24°5 mill.

Habitat, Vanna Levu Isl., Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila.
Acad.)

This species is confined to that part of Vanna Levu laying
north of Natawa Bay, and ranges the whole length of that part
of the island. It is less abundant than the other species, and
is mostly found on the trunks of trees.

It differs from jfulguratus in ics thinner shell, shorter spire,
more arched and thinner outer lip, less produced base, smaller
blotches, and the localities are widely remote.

Butimus Hoyt, Garrett. Plate 18, fig. 7

Shell perforate, widely ovate, rather thin, subtranslucent,
slightly shining, lines of growth rude, rugose with small trans-
verse wrinkles, tawny- ‘red under a yellowish- horn colored epi-
dermis, which is adorned with longitudinal zigzag olive-green.
streaks and blotches; spire very short, widely conical, obtuse,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 235

decorticated, less than a third the length of the shell; whorls
o4, strongly convex, last one large, ventricose, deeply umbilicate ;
suture rudely crenulate; aperture large, ovate, subvertical, yel-
lowish or reddish horn color within; peristome orange-red,
slightly labiate within, reflected; columella broadly expanded
over the umbilicus, with a very oblique orange-red fold; parietal
region more or less callosed, orange-red.

Length, 53 mill.; diam., 29 mill.

Habitat, Vanna Levu iat Viti Isls. (Coll. Garrett and Philad.
Acad.)

This magnificent species is remarkable for its extremely short
spire and rich orange-red lips. It is confined to that part of
Vanna Levu lying to the southward of Natawa Bay, where it is
abundant among decayed wood and under dead leaves. It differs
from elobatus, Gld., in its much shorter spire, more ventricose
body, more expanded and richer colored lips. ‘There occurs,
though very rarely, a pale variety with light green markings
and whitish or greenish-white aperture.

BuLimus GUANENSIS, Garrett. Plate 18, fig. 8.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-ovate or elongate-ovate, thin,
subpellucid, somewhat glossy, obsoletely striated, transversely
rugosely wrinkled, whitish, yellowish or reddish horn color,
adorned with beautiful longitudin al zigzag olive-green or brown-
ish-green stripes, which are often shaded off with white; spire
convexly conical, obtuse, decorticated, little less than half the
length of the shell; whorls 4—5, convex; last one but slightly
swollen, somewhat attenuated at the base ; aperture subvertical,
more or less oblong-ovate, tawny-yellow or reddish, rarely w hite
within ; peristome ‘slightly labiate within, more or less expanded,
thin, varying from a rich tawny-yellow to a fine orange-red; col-

umella considerably expanded, with a compressed w hitish spiral
fold.

Length, 41 mill.; diam., 20 mill.

Habitat, Guan Is}. Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila. Acad.)

This elegant species is peculiar to the above location, where
it is abundant on the trunks and foliage of trees and bushes.

It may be distinguished from B. fulguratus, by its thinner and
more slender shell, smaller rugosities, more delicate markings,
less reflected lip, more compressed columella fold, which is also
more oblique. ‘The localities are also remote.

236 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Buiimus Korognsis, Garrett. Plate 18, fig. 9.

Shell subperforate, solid, subcylindrical, coarsely and rudely
striated, somewhat transversely rugose, cinereous or pale lutens,
sometimes: flesh red; spire conical, convex in outline, obtuse,
about half the length of the shell; whorls 5, strongly convex,
the last one narrow, contracted on the middle ; suture rudely im-
pressed; aperture subauriform, long, narrow, contracted oppo-
site the columella fold, white or tawny-yellow; peristome white,
labiate within, “ies sinuous ; columella with a stout white
oblique fold ; parietal region covered with a white callus.

Length, 53 mill.; diam., 18 mill.
Habitat, Koro Isl., Viti Isles. (Coll. Garrett and Phila. Acad.)

This singular species is peculiar to the Island of Koro, where
it 1s very abundant in the central valleys. They were found
lurking ‘under loose stones, rotten wood, and among decayed
leaves. About one example in a hundred exhibits slight traces
of a brownish-horn colored epidermis, disposed in irregular lon-
gitudinal stripes. They are often much distorted, and some spe-
cimens are much more attenuated than the dimensions given
above. Very old shells are frequently denticulated on the peris-
tome. This species is closely allied to B. Kantavuensis, Crosse,
Jour. de Conch. 1871, t. 5, f. 3, from the Island of Kantavu.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 937

NOTICES AND REVIEWS

NEW CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.

BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.

——_——+—<0 > —_

I.—AMERICAN.

American Naturalist. V., Nos. 8 and 9., Sept., 1871.
On the Relations of Anomia. By Pror. E. 8. Morss.

‘In examining some sea-weed collected by a friend last
spring, I found a lot cf the young of Anomia. In these the
sinus was not closed, but open towards the anterior margin.
The nucleus presented an elongate oval shell larger behind ; the
beaks nearer the anterior, and no sign of a perforation. The
shape was more like that of Montacuta, and the lines of growth
were regular and distinct. On the right valve, at its lower mar-
gin, was seen a slight notch, and the few last incremental lines
indicated that the notch was made in the last stages of the nu-
cleus. It can only be conceived that the animal before this was
a rover, that it then commenced to fix a byssus, the animal
dropping to one side and the notch caused by the lowermost
valve growing around it, the other valve showing no signs of this
notch. So soon, however, as the shell rested upon one side a
different growth took place; a loose textured, colorless deposit
rapidly formed, the outline becoming gradually circular, and the
lowermost or right valve growing rapidly behind and downward,
then forward and upward, the byssal attachment soon became
enclosed in a wide foramen, this extension ultimately reaching
the umbones of the larvel shell to which it unites.”’

American Naturalist. V., No. 11, Nov., 1871.

Land Shells of Western Massachusetts. By W. G.
FREEDLBY.

Conchological Notes. By G. S. STEARNS.

238 AMERICAN JOURNAL

In this article it is stated that the author had called the at
tention of the California Academy of Sciences to numerous er-
rors of locality in the catalogues of shells published by the Con’
chological Section of the Philadelphia Academy. As the author
has not, in his communication, specified the instances of supposed
error, we are unable to judge whether or not his strictures are
correct.

Mr. Stearns also states that beach-worn specimens of Trivia
Californica are the 7. depauperata of Sowerby.

Waldheimia septigera and Terebratella septata identical.

By J. G. JEFFREYS.

Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. IV. Part III.
San Francisco, 1871.
On Shells of the West Slope of North America. By J. G.
Cooper, M. D.

The species remarked upon were collected by Dr. Robert K-
Reid, near Salt Lake, and by others in the adjoining regions.

This is a valuable paper to students of American Conchology,
chiefly in reference to the geographical distribution of the land-
shells. With regard to the locality of Cochliopa Rowellit, nob.,
I believe with Dr. Cooper that it is a Panama species. The
first specimens received by me were said to have been collected
in California, but I have since obtained Panama specimens
through two collectors.

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. X., Nos.

1-3, Feb.—March, 1871.

Notes on the genus Pineria, and on the lingual dentition of
Pineria Viequensis, Pfeiffer. By THomas BLanp and
W. G. BINNEY.

Helix Schrammi, Crosse, and Pineria Viequensis are said to
be identical, the latter named having priority. The generie
name Pineria is retained for the present, although it is uncer-
tain whether the animal is possessed of inferior tentacles or not.
The shell resembles Macroceramus, but the dentition resembles.
that of the typical Cylindrellas.

American Journal of Science and Arts. Dec., 1871.

Notice of the Invertebrata dredged in Lake Superior in 1871,
by the U. S. Lake Survey. By S. 1. Smiry and A. E.
VERRILL.
A few species of mollusca are mentioned, including two un-
described new (%) Corbiculadee.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 238

Arrangement of the Families of Mcllusks. Prepared for the
Smithsonian Institution by Theodore Gill. Smithsonian Miscel-
laneous Collections. 8vo., 49 pp. Washington, D. C., Feb., 1871.
Although the author merely claims for this work that it is a

compilation embracing the results of recent studies of malaco-

logists throughout the world, yet a far higher rank must be
awarded to it by those who can appreciate through being engaged
in like studies, the immense amount of research and the careful
judgment required in arranging the material; besides, there is
much contained in this little book that is original with its author,
being founded on his own careful researches into the history of
the mollusca during many years. The preliminary pages
include a discussion of the extent and value of the classes,
orders and families. The systematic arrangement includes

356 families with their synonymic designations in the works

of other systematists. This very useful work closes with

a very complete descriptive catalogue of the papers and books

consulted in its preparation, including a systematic index to

Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica.

IL.—FORHIGN.

BRITISH.

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part II., No. 4. Calcutta.
1870.

Descriptions of some new Land Shells from the Shan States
and Pegu. By W. THEOBALD, JR.

Jerdomia Phayreit, Spiraculum Gordoni, Bens.?
Alyceus bifrons, Pupa fartoidea,
es cucullatus, ‘© Salwiniana,
a Feddenianus, Vitrina venusta,
Diplommatina Salwiniana es Ataranensis
S pupeformis, Vanna s
oe affinis, Stenegyra terebralis,
o scalaroidea, Bithinia nassa, Theobald,

Lithoglyphus Martabanensis.

On the Land Shells of Bourbon, with Descriptions of a few
New Species. By Grorrrny NEVILL.

Helix Salaziensis, Vertigo incerta,
Nanina implicata, Succinea mascarensis,
ih Cordemoyt.

Critical remarks are made upon many previously described
species.

240 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. No. V., May, 1871.
Notes on the Anatomy of Chremnoconchus Syhadrensis.

By Dr. F. SrouiczKa.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1871. Part I.

Descriptions of Thirty-four New Species of Shells from Aus-
tralia, By Guorek FrencH ANGAS.

Triton speciosa.
Olivella exquisita.
Columbella bicincta.

ef attenuata.
Hyalina mustelina.
Marginella ochracea.
Seala Morchi.
Mathilda elegantula.
Agatha Australis.
Odostomia simplex.
Syrnola tincta.
Cerithiopsis clathrata.

os crocea.
Letostraca lesbia.
Terebra Braziert.
Rissoina crassa.
Clathurella Hayesiana.

Olathurella tenuilirata.

cs sculptilis.
Ge » bicolor.

oe Brazier.
“é albceincta.
ce bilineata.

Fossarina Braziert.
Neritina puleherrima.
Liotia speciosa.
Buccinulus nibens.
Bulimus Brazieri.
Corbula venusta.
Neera pura.

Mactra (Spisula) flurratihs.
Crassatella fulvida.
Perna confusa.
Limopsis Braziert.

Descriptions of Seven New Species of Australian Land
Shells. By James C. Cox, M. D.

Helix gratiosa.
ae oxeni.
Vitrina superba.

Helix sarda-labiata.
“ OY Connellensis.
“Wharton.

Helix Bellengerensis.

A List of Additional Speeies of Marine Mollusca to be in-
cluded in the Fauna of Port Jackson and the adjacent
Coasts of New South Wales. By Grorce FRENCH

ANGAS.

This is in continuation of papers published by the same author

in the Proceedings for 1867.

One hundred and nine additional

species are enumerated, and some remarks on synonymy and

particular localities are added.

Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

Liverpool, 1879.

Report on the Testaceous Mollusca obtained during a Dredg-

OF CONCHOLOGY. 941

ing Excursion in the Gulf of Suez during the months of
February and March, 1869. By Roserr McAnprew.

On the Structure of the Shell in the Pearly Nautilus. By
Hrnry-Woopwarp.

Conchologia Iconica. Parts 288, 289. London, 1871.

OstrmA. Plates 17—27. September, 1871.

. subtrigona, Sowerby. Australia.
retusa, Pease MSS. Sandwich Isles.
. quercinus, Sowerby. Hab.—?

hima, Sowerby. Sandwich Isles.
lactea, Sowerby. Hab.—?
attenuata, Sowerby. Hab.—t!

. palmipes, Sowerby. Philippines.
reniformis, Sowerby. Hab.—?

. lentiginosa, Sowerby. Hab.—?
multiradiata, Sowerby. Hab.—?

. auriculata, Sowerby. Japan.

. multicostata, Sowerby. Japan.

. lugubris, Sowerby. North America.
. Algoensis, Sowerby. Algoa Bay.

. Sandwichensis, Sowerby. Sandwich Isles.
. erenulifera, Sowerby. Red Sea.

SSoSeosssessoosass

A genus like OstRm@A affords unusual opportunities to species
makers, but it may be doubted whether Mr. Sowerby has done
good work in describing so many new forms, in most cases, doubt-
less, from single specimens in collections.

The collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences exhibits
in its series of Ostrea Virginica forms quite as distinct as many
of those which Mr. Sowerby has described, and it is safer to fol-
low the rule of only describing new forms, provided that the ma-
terial is abundant, conjoined with a thorough knowledge of the
localities and extent of variation.

“ QO. cireumsutus, Gould. U. 8. Expedition. Massachusetts.”
If Mr. Sowerby had taken the trouble to consult the work he re-
fers to, he would have ascertained that this species inhabits the
Fiji and Samoa Islands.

Lepa. Plates 3—T. September, 1871.

Li. arcuata, Sowerby. Hab.—?
L. planulata, Sowerby. Patagonia.
L. bicostata, Sowerby. Panama.

242 AMERICAN JOURNAL

FRENCH.

Memoires de la Societe des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de
Bordeaux. Vol. 6. 1868.

Recherches sur la génération des Mollusques Gastéropodes.

By J. M. Perez.

Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l’Amerique Centrale,
Cuvrage publie par ordre de S. M. l’Empereur. Septieme parte.
Etudes sur les Moliusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles. By P. Fischer
and H. Crosse. Folio, 150 pp. 4 colored and 2 plain plates. Paris, 1870.

The introductory portion of this volume gives a very complete
resumé of the various scientific explorations of the countries in-
cluded in the title, with lists of the papers published relating to
their malacology. The descriptions and illustrations are very
complete, leaving nothing to be desired on either point. The
text embraces full descriptions and bibliography of the species of
the genera Streptostyla and Glandina, and is rendered especially
interesting on account of the numerous illustrations of species
never before figured, thus, for the first time, rendering the iden-
tification of these shells satisfactory. Most of the new species
have been described already in the Journal de Conchyliologe,
but the following is diagnosed in this work for the first time.

Glandina longula, Crosse et Fischer, Mexico.

Strebelia (Physella) is treated of as a terrestrial genus allied
to Glandina, as suggested by me in this Journal, not as a flu-
viatile mollusk, which Mr. Binney has supposed it to be. (See
his ‘‘ Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America.’’)

There are anatomical details of structure by the experienced
pen of Dr. Fischer, and, as the volume comes to an end in the
midst of his notes on the genus Zonites, it is to be presumed that
in future numbers the same magnificent style of publication will
be continued.

This work is creditable alike to its authors and to the French
Government, which, amid the political and financial troubles fol-
lowing a disastrous war and change of administration, nobly con-
tinues its enlightened support of science.

Journal de Conchyliologie. Vol. XI, No.2. 72 pp., 8vo. Paris, April,
1871. (3 colored plates.)

Note sur le genre Calliopea; d’ Orbigny. By P. FiscuEr.

Synonymy de quelques genres et especes de Coquilles terres-
tres habitant la Polynésie. By W. HARPER PEASE.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 943

TRUNCATELLA SCALARIFORMIS, Rve. Heiix Jucosa, Mighels.

T. arcticostata, Mousson. H. rubiginosa, Gld.
MELAMPUS MuCRONATUS, Gld. HELIX contortaA, Ferussac.
M. oryza, A. Adams. . . HI. intercarinata, Mghls.
HELICINA COLORATA, Pease. HELIX LAMELLOSA, Fer.
H. Annaensis, Mousson. He Minch, Pir

OMPHALOTROPIS ELONGATA, Pease. LAIMODONTA CONICA, Pease.
Hydrocena Raiatensis, Mousson. L. Annaaensis, Mousson.

The genera Taheitia and Omphalotropis are remarked upon.
Remarques sur le genre Dibaphus et sur quelques especes du
genre Conus. By W. Harper PEASE.
C’. parvus substituted for C. fusiformis, preoccupied.

Remarques sur quelques-unes des espéces énumérées, par M.
G. P. Deshayes dans son Catalogue des Mollusques de
Vile de la Réunion. By W. Harper Pease.

Brachiopodes des cotes octaniques de France—Supplement.
By P. Fiscuer.

Description Cun Bulimus nouveau de la section des Placos-
tylus. By H. Crosse.

B. Kantavuensis, Crosse. Archipel. Viti.

Variéties. Pendant le Siege et sous la Commune. By H.
CROSSE.

fribliographie :
Nouvelles. Habitat duCyprea princeps, Gray.

This species, hitherto unique, supposed to come from the Persian
Gulf, has been rediscovered by Mr. James C. Cox, of Sydney,
and belongs to the Australian fauna.

No. 3. July, 1871. 100 pp. and 4 plates.

Sur Vanatomie des Bulimes Néo-Caledoniens du groupe Pla-
costylus. By P. FiscHer.

Note sur le genre Bulimus. By P. Fiscuzr.

The author, on account of resemblances of lingual dentition,
proposes to unite with the Helices, Pupide, etc., certain groups
of Bulimi.

Des espéces. terrestres et fluviatiles que Con a considereés, a

tort, comme appartenant a la Faune Malacologique de la
Nouvelle-Caléedonie. By H. Crosse.

244 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Helix Villandrei, Gassies. H. Boydi, Angas, is a synonym.
Pupina Moulinsiana, Fischer and Bern. P. leucostoma,
Montr., is a synonym.

Monographie du genre Microtina et catalogue des espéces.

By. H. Crosse.

Description d’espéces inédites provenant de la Nouvelle-Calé-
done. By H. Crosss.

These species were described in a former number of the Jowr-
nal. j

Diagnoses Molluscorum Nove Caledonie incolarum. By

H. Crosse.
Helix Rossiteriana. Diplommatina Perroquini.
Pupa Mariet. Rimula Verriert.
Ancylus Noumeensis. Marginella Lefouana.
Planorbis Rossiteri. Ovula Caledonica.

Description dun Ampullaria nouveau, provenant du fleuve
des Amazones. By Dr. J. Gonzauuz HipAeo.

A. Crosseana, Hidalgo.

Sur Cidentité du Bulimus Juwarezi, Pfeiffer, avec le B. suf-
flatus, Gould. By. H. Crossx.

Sur le Faune conchyliologique marine de la baie de Suez.
(2d article). By P. Fiscuer.

Dentalium subtorquatum. Grena callosa.
Pectunculus Savignyt.
Description dun Cassis nouveau. By J. G. Htpaueo.
Cassis Pfeiffert. Philippines ?
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By H. Crosse.

Helix callizona. Japan. Clausiia Japonica, Japan.
“ Ortoni. Rep. Equador. Bulimus Ucayalensis. Egr.
H. Napensis. Rep. Equador.

Note sur quelques fossiles de Visthme de Suez. By P.
FIscHER.

Description de Coquilles fossiles des terrains jurassiques.
(Continued). By M. C. Mayegr.

Bibliographie :

OF CONCHOLOGY. | 245

ITALIAN.

Societa Reale di Napoli. Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze Fi-
siche e Matematiche. Vols. III, 1V. Naples, 1866—68. 1869.
Tllustrazione di due Generi di Molluschi Nudibrancht. By
A. Costa.

Caliphylla Mediterranea. Nemocephala marmorata.

Gli Organi e la Secrezione dell ’acido Solforico net Gastero-
podt. By Paoto PANcERI.

This. is the most complete memoir yet published on this sub-
ject. The organs which secrete the acid have been carefully
examined and described in several orders of mollusks. - Four
beautiful plates illustrate the paper.

Malacologia del Mare Rosso (Red Sea). By Arthur Issel. 385 pp,
8vo. 5 plates. Pisa, 1869.

The first part of this very important contribution from Italy
to our Conchological literature, consists of general considera-
tions of the fauna of the Red Sea with its relations to the Mol-
lusca of subjacent zoological provinces. The second part enu-
merates, with bibliography and localities, five hundred and sev-
enty-three recent species. Part third contains a list of two
hundred and thirty-two fossil species. Part fourth supplies the
rauch needed index to the Mollusks figured in Savigny’s Egyp-
tian work. Of the recent species the following are new:

EHrvilia sealiola.
Syndosmya subrostrata.
Macoma Arsinoensis.
‘f Hrythrea.
Tellinula fragillima.
Petricola Hemprichit.
Venus Roemeriana.
Gouldia lamellosa.
Cardium Isthmicus.
me Sueztensis.
Arabicus.
Lucina Semperiana.
‘¢ Fischeriana.

Erythrea.

6

“6

Hlathia, n. g. Lucinidee.

a Arconatit.

Kellia miliacea.
Orenella Vaillant.
“ Ehrenbergt.

Turbonilla nitidissima.

Odontostomia Clysmatica.

ve Sueziensis.
cs craticulata.
Chrysallida Rissovformis.
ne levis. *
Eulimella cingulata.
“ Arabica.

Rulima Gentilomiana.

7 Manzoniana.
Cyclostrema Philippi.
Tectaria armata.
Risella Isseli, Semper.

“ infracostata.
Litiopa Savignyi.
Scaliola elata, Semper.
Cingula Ville.

ge Tiberiana.

“ Madreporica.

246

Marginella Savignyt.
i Sueziensis.
A pygmea.
Mitra Pharaonis, Géné.
Cerithiopsis ? pulvis.

‘6 bacillum.
Triphoris perlatus.
Philine Vaillanti.
Tornatina Oliveeformis.

AMERICAN JOURNAL

Cingula Psammitica.
“| Waabitiea.

Rissoa Sismondiana.

Alaba Martenst.

Rissoina Sequenziana.

Liotia atomus.

Turbo Kroopolitanus.
“© Arsinoensis.

Trochus Hemprichit.

hs pusilla. $f Bellardii.
Turboniila tenurcosta. he Sismonde.
nS venusta. Stomatella Dorie.
sf solidula. Emarginula Arconatit.
es erystallinula. Chiton affinis.

GERMAN.
Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 26th year. Berlin, 1870.

Bericht tiber die Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Mol-
lusken wiihrend des Jahres, 1869. By Dr. F. H. Tro-
SCHEL.

The usual complete review of Conchological literature occu-
pies 66 pages of the present issue.

Novitates Conchologice. Land Conchylien. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer. Part
39, with three colored plates. Cassel, 1871.

Wovitates Conchologica. Supplement III. Monographie der Molluskengat-
tung Venus, Linne. By Dr. Edward Romer. Parts 32, 33. 6colored plates.
Cassel, 1841. :

These issues continue the monography of the genus Fapes.

Kuster’s Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Part 205. Nirn-
berg, 1871.

The text and six plates illustrate the Linnean genus TJedina.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 247

APPENDIX.

CONSERVATOR’S REPORT.

The Conservator of the Conchological Section respectfully
reports that the donations to the Cabinet, during the past year,
have been as follows :

From Rey. HK. R. Beapur. ‘Twenty-five species of shells, prin-
cipally from Ceylon.

P. P. Carpenter. A large lot of duplicate species in exchange
for some of the publications of the Section.

T. A. Conrap. Numerous specimens of Unio viridis, from
Trenton, N. J.

Gero. Davipson. Egg cases of Chrysodomus liratus, Mar.

Dr. H. C. Kcsrern. Three species of Strombus, from Central
America.

ANDREW GARRETT, of Papeeti, Tahiti. One hundred and fifty-
four species land, fresh water and marine shells of Polynesia,
including types of many new species.

S.S. Hatpemann. Nautilus umbilicatus, List.

J. GWYN JEFFREYS. Fusus Bernicensis, King, Lima excavata,
Chem., and eighteen other species of rare marine Mollusca,
from Norway and Great Britain.

Dr. SAMUEL Lewis (through W. L Mactier). Eggs of Bulimus

heemastomus.

W. Harper Pease. Thirty-six species of land and marine
shells, from the Pacific Islands.

SAMUEL PoweL. Kgg-cases of Fusus Islandicus, from New-
port, R. I.

248 AMERICAN JOURNAL

J. H. Reprretp. Eleven species of Marginella, mostly new to
the collection; also twenty species of bivalve Mollusca, new
to the collection.

5. R. Roperts. Four species of Clausilia and one species of
Bulimus, from Greece.

T. Hate Streets. Bulimus Powisianus, from Isthmus of Te-
huantepec.

Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. Twenty species of bivalve Mollusca, new to:
the collection.

Dr. H. C. Yarrow. Numerous specimens of Lingula pyrami-
data, Stimp., in aleohol. One hundred and fourteen species
of shells, from Beaufort, N. C.

WititaM 8. Vaux. Twenty-seven species Cyprea, Ovulum and
Solen, new to the collection.

One hundred species, numerous specimens of shells from Pana-
ma, including a number of species in alcohol, and fifty-six spe-
cies from the coast. of Nicaragua, were presented by the sub-
seribers to the McNeil Expedition to Central America.

Highty-five species of Polynesian Mollusca, principally new,
collected by the Godetlroy Natural History Expedition, were
purchased, together with thirty species of bivalve Mollusca, new
to the collection, and selected ‘by the Rev. Dr. Beadle during his
recent visit to London.

During the year the Committee on the Arrangement of the
Cabinet, consisting of Messrs. Parker, Hassler, Roberts, Tryon
and Nolan, has cleaned, mounted and labelled 6,881 specimens
in 1,898 trays. This includes the Cardiidze, Lucinidze, Chamide,
Petricolide, Melanidw, Tridacnidee, Terebratulide, North Amer-
ican Helices and Corbiculadz in part. The current additions to
the families already arranged have also been mounted and placed
in the cases as soon as received.

The sale of duplicate specimens has furnished sufficient funds
for the purchase of about sixty additional drawers, which have
been procured and placed in the museum.

The total number of species mounted and arranged to date is:
4,031; number of trays and labels prepared, 7,169; total num-
ber of specimens prepared and mounted, 20,941.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

Epwarp J. Nouay, Conservator.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 249

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The Librarian respectfully reports that there have been pre-
sented, during the past year, to the library of the Conchological
Section, 75 pamphlets and 7 volumes. Of these, 2 were received
from Societies, 20 from Editors, 22 from authors, 5 from the
Publication Committee, 2 from Isaac Lea, 2 from Geo. W. Tryon,
Jr., 2 from H. Nevill, 1 from J. Gwyn Jeffreys, and 3 were
purchased.

In addition, 3 volumes and 36 pamphlets have been presented
during the same time to the Academy.

There are now in the Conchological library 668 volumes.
There are 807 titles on the Catalogue.

During the year the transcription of the revised and numbered
Catalogue of this department has been completed, and is here-
with presented.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

. Epwarpb J. Nouan, Librarian.

RSECORDSR’'S RHPORT FOR 1871.

The Recorder would respectfully report that during the past
year there have been elected three Correspondents.

The deaths of the following members and correspondents have
been announced: Charles W. Peale, member, Oct. 5th; M. Petit
de la Saussaye, Bordeaux, correspondent, Oct. 5th; F. F. Cavada,
Cuba, correspondent.

Twenty papers-have been accepted for publication by the fol-
lowing authors: W. Harper Pease, 6; Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., 3;
Wm. H. Dall, 4; R. KE. C. Stearns, 2; Bland and Binney, 4;
F. B. Meek, 1.

Appended is a list of the correspondents elected during 1871.

Respectfully submitted by
S. R. Roperts, Recorder.

CORRESPONDENTS HLECTED 1871.

Feb. 2d. H. E. Van Riggersma, St. Martens, W. I.
% G. Nevill, Calcutta, India.
Apl. 6th. Hugh Nevill, Point de Galle, Ceylon.
18

250 AMERICAN JOURNAL

REPORT OF PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

PHILADELPHIA, Dee. Tth, 1871.

The Publication Committee of the Conchological Section
reports its transactions for the current year as follows:

Parts 3 and 4, Vol. StxtH American Journal of Conchology,
containing together 164 pages, with seven plain and six colored
plates, were issued April 4th and June Ist respectively.

Of the Seventu Volume, two parts have been published, the
dates of issue being August 1st and Noy. 2d. These two parts
contain 164 pages, illustrated by seven colored and five plain
plates. The aggregate number of pages of the Journal issued
for the year is 328.

Vol. 7, Part 3, is now in the printer’s hands, and Part 4,
completing the volume, is intended to contain the. papers and
reports presented this evening.

The re-issue of Haldeman’s Monograph of Fresh-water Uni-
valve Mollusca of the United States, and the Continuation by
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., were completed and distributed to the sub-
scribers during the year. This includes the publication of 156
pages of Mr. Tryon’s work, with eleven colored plates.

Gero. W. Tryon, JR.,
S. R. RozgErts, Committee.
Epw. J. NoLan,

OF CONCHOLOGY. 251

CATALOGUE OF THE FAMILY CYRENELLID A.

BY TEMPLE PRIME.

The following Catalogue is reprinted from the Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural Histoay, vii, 345, 1860, and re-arranged in
accordance with the plan of the Catalogues issued in this series.

G. W. T., JR.

Genus CYRENELLA, Deshayes.
Soc. Philom. 1833.
Cyrenoida, Joannis, Guerin’s Mag. Zool. t. 64, 18385.
Cyrenoides, Sowerby, Conch. Man. 135, 1842.

1, C. alata, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 80, t. 24, f. 12,
1850. Hab. Corea.

2. C. Americana, Morelet, Test. Nov. Cub. ii, 26, 1851.
Central America.

3. C. Coreensis, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 80, t. 24,

f. 14, 1850. Corea.
4. C. Cumingii, Hanley, Desc. Cat. 358, t. 15, f. 5, 1854.
Philippines.
5. C. Dupontia, Joannis, Guerin’s Mag. Zool. t. 64, 1835.
Hanley, Desc. Cat. 352, t. 15, f. 4, 1854. Senegal.
6. C. lenticularis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 341, 1854.
Hab.—?

7. C. Moretonensis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 341, 1854.
Moreton Bay, Australia.
8. C. oblonga, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 841, 1854.
Hanley, Desc. Cat. 358, t. 15, f. 4, 1854. Philippines.
9. C. Philippinarum, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 340, 1854.
Philippines.
10. C. pisiformis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 341, 1854.
Philippines.
11. C. Senegalensis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 341, 1854.
Senegal.

12. C. sphericula, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 340, 1854.
Moreton Bay, Australia.

Undetermined.

C. tumida (Mysia), Nutt., Jay Cat. (Cyrenoida), edit. iv, 38,
1850. Hab.—?

252

AMERICAN JOURNAL

CATALOGUE OF THE FAMILY CYPRINIDA.

BY GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.

a

Family CYPRINIDA,, H. and A. Adams.
Recent Mollusca, ii, 444, 1857.

Genus CYPRINA, Lamarck.
Extr. d’uun Cours. 1812. Anim. sans Vert. v, 556, 1818.
Artica, Schum., Nov. Syst. 145, 1817.
1, C. Islandica, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. 12th edit. 1131, 1767.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 784, t. 168, f. 1, 2, 3, 1855.
C. vulgaris, Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. 93, t. 31, f. 1, 1844.
Pectunculus crassus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 183, t. 14, f. 5,

1778.
Venus mercenaria, Pennant (not Linn.), Brit. Zool. iv, 94, t.

53, f. 47, 1TTT.
Venus bucardium, Born, Museun, t. 4, f. 11, 1780.

Cyprina arctica, Bowdich, Elem.:Conch. ii, f. 83, 1822
Arctie and Northern Seas.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 253

CATALOGUE
OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF THE

FAMILY GLAUCONOMYID.A.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

Famly GLAUCONOMYIDA, H. & A. Adams.
Genera of Recent Mollusca, II, 442, 1857.

Genus GLAUCONOMYA, Bronn.
Lethea Geognos, 807, 1838.

Glaticonome Gray (not Goldfuss) Specil. Zool., 1828. Zool.
Jour., iv, 497, 1829.

1. G. angulata, Reeve, Zool. Proc., 1844.
Conch. Icon. sp. 5, 1844. Philippines, Australia.

2. G. cerea, Reeve, Zool. Proc., 1844. Icon. sp. 8, 1844.
Riv. Ganges.

3. G. Chinensis, Gray, Specil. Zool. 6, t. 8, f. 18,13 a, 1830.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 1, 1844. Chinese Rivers.
4. G. corrugata, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1844, Icon. sp. 6, 1844.
Philippines.
5. G. Cumingii, Prime, Jour. Conch. x, 384, t. 14, f. 4, 1862.
Malacca.
6. G. curta, Hanley, Spec. of Shells, 1842.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 7, 1844. Philippines.
7. G. Jayana, Prime, Jour. Conch. ix, 354, 1861.
Jour. Conch. x, 383, t. 14, f. 5, 1862. Australia.
8. G. oblonga, Prime, Ann. N. Y. Lye, viii, 107, 1865.
Singapore.

254 AMERICAN JOURNAL

9. G. psammotella, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 1, 1853.

Hab—?
10. G. Primeana, Crosse and Debeaux, Jour. Conch. xi, 177,
256, t. Oo 86s. China.
11. G. radiata, Reeve, Zool. Proc., 1844. Icon. sp. 3, 1844.
, Philippines.

12. G. rostralis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. i, t. 18, f. 12, 1853.
Borneo.

13. G. rugosa, Hanley, Wood, Index Test. suppl. t. 10, f. 24,
1828.

Ads. Genera, t. 110, f. 3, Reeve, Icon. sp. 4, 1844.
Philippines, Australia.

14. G. straminea, Reeve, Zool. Proc., 1844.

Conch. Icon. sp. 2, 1844. Manilla.
15. G. Sumatrensis, Jay, Jour. Conch. x, 384, t.14, f. 3,1862.
Sumatra.

16. G. virens, Linnzeus (Solen).
Reeve, Icon. sp. 7, 1844. Hab—?

Genus TANISIPHON, Benson.

1. T. rivalis, Benson,
H. and A. Adams, Genera, iii, t. 188, f. 15, 1857.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 255

CATALOGUE
OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF THE

FAMILY PETRICOLID &.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

Family PETRICOLIDA,, H. and A. Adams.
Genera of Recent Moll., ii, 440, 1857.

Genus PETRICOLA, Lamarck.
Syst. Anim. sans Vert. 121, 1801.

Choristodon, ‘Jonas (not H. and A. Adams), Zeit. fiir Malak.
185, 1844.

P. amygdalina Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 47, 1834.
Not identified by Sowerby, Jr., in Thes. Conch.
| Gallapagos Islands.

1. P. anachoreta, de Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles, 18, 1868.

Hab. ?
P. arcuata, Deshayes = P. Carditoides.

P. bipartita, Deshayes = P. lithophaga.
P. bulbosa, Gould = P. lithophaga.

P. Californica, Conrad = P. nivea.

P. Carditoides, Conrad = P. nivea.

P. Chinensis, Desh. = P. lithophaga.

2. P. Chiloensis, Philippi, Archiv. fiir Naturg. 53, 1845.
P. cylindracea, Desh. = P. nivea, Ins. Chiloe.

256 AMERICAN JOURNAL

3. P. cognata, C. B. Adams, Panama Shells, 286, 1852.
. Panama.

4. P. concinna, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 46, 1834.
Thes. Conch. ii, 758, t. 166, f. 8, 1855.
Monte Christi.
P. costata, Phil. = P. dactylus, Sowb.

P. costellata, Lam. = P. lithophaga.

5. P. cultellus, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 1853.
Sowb. Thes. Conch. ii, 772, t. 166, f. 2, 5, 1855.
Ceylon.
P. dactylus, Say = P. pholadiformis, Lam.

6. P. dactylus, Sowerby, Genera of Shells, f. 3, 1820 —24.
Thes. Conch. ii, 772, t. 166, f. 4, 1855.
P. costata, Philippi, Zeit. Mal. 163, 1848.
Panama, So. America.

7. P. denticulata, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 46, 18384.
Thes. Conch. ii, 773, t. 166, f. 6, 7, 1855.
P. ventricosa, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 1858.
Payta, Peru ; Mazatlan (Carpenter).

P. discors, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 46, 18384.
(Not identified by Sowerby, Jr., in Thes. Conch.

8. P. elliptica, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 46, 1834.
Thes. Conch. ii, 774, t. 166, f. 10, 1855.
P. solida, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 46, 1834. Thes. Conch. uy,
iit TOG. fd. Son: Payta, Peru.

9. P. elegans, Deshayes ( Venerupis), Zool. Proc., 1853.
Sowerby, hes. Conch. ii, 778, t. 166, f. 8, 1855.
Hab.—?
P. fornicata, Say= P. pholadiformis.
P. gibba, Middendorff = P. nivea.
P. gracilis, Deshayes = P. pholadiformis.
P. hyalina, Deshayes = P. lithophaga.
P. linguatella, Deshayes.

10. P. lithophaga, Retz. (Venus.) Trans. Turin. v, 11, f. 1, 2.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 774, t. 166, f. 13, 19, 1855.
P. striata, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v, 504, 1818.
P. costellata, KS oe os CeO STS:
P. rocellaria, We - e “1818:
P. ruperella, * as “ Ch TS LS.
Mya decussata, Dillwyn, Cat. 46, 1817.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 257

Venus petricola, Blainville, Mal. t. 76, f. 2, 1825.
Spheria decussata, Turton.
P. bicolor, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 776, t. 166, f. 22, 1855.
P. bipartita, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 1853. Sowerby, Thes.
Conch. ii, 775, t. 166, f. 20, 1855.
P. Chinensis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 1858. Sowerby, Thes.
Conch. ii, 775, t. 166, f. 15, 1855.
P. hyalina, Deshayes, Expl. Sci. de l’ Algerie, t. 66, f. 1, 1844
—48. H.and A. Adams, Genera, 1ii t. 110, f. 1, 1858.
P. robusta, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 47, 1834. Thes. Conch. ii,
b 10, t., LOG, sf 16, 17. 1855.5 Philippi, Zeit.) Mal.) 163,
- 1848,
P. bulbosa, Gould, Mex. and Cal. Shells, 16, t. 15, f. 5.
P. sinuosa, Conrad, Jour., Philad. Acad. 1, t. 389, f. 2, 1850.
Proc. Philad. Acad. iv, 155.

P. semilamellata, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v, 503, 1818.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 776, t. 166, f. 28, 1855.
P.typica, Jonas, Zeit. fiir Malak. i, 185, 1844. Sowerby,

Thes. Conch. ii, 774, t. 166, f. 21, 1855.
China, Europe, West Indies, W. Coast of America.

P. mirabilis, Deshayes.

11, P. nivea, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii, 154,t. 82, f. 734.
1785.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 778, t. 166, f. 18, 14, 1855.

P. rugosa, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 47, 1834.

P. tenuis, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 47, 1834.

P. Californica, Conrad, (Saxicava) Jour. Phil. Acad. vii, 256,
TEAL NS io 00

P. Carditoides, Conrad (Saxicava) Jour. Phil. Acad. vii, 255,
tote. Sor.

P. arcuata, Deshayes, Rev. Cuv. Zool. 358, 1839.

P. cylindracea, Deshayes, Rev. Cuv. Zool. 358, 1839.

P. gibba, Middendorff, Beitr. Mal. Ros. iii, 57, t. 18, f. 5—7,
1849. West Coast of North America.

12. P. pholadiformis, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v, 505,
1818.

Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 771, t. 166, f. 1, 1855.

P. fornicata, Say, Jour. Phil. Acad. ii, 819, 1822.

P. dactylus, Say, Am. Conch. t. 6, f. 2, 1834.

P. gracilis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 1853. Sowerby, Thes.
Conch. 11, 772, t. 166, f. 12, 1855.

P. serrata, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 1858. Sowerby, Thes.
Conch. ii, 771, t. 166, f. 11, 1855 (NV. Zealand ?).

E. Coast United States.

258 AMERICAN JOURNAL
18. P. pseudolima, Souverbie, Jour. Conch, x, 231, t. 9, f. 1,
1862.

New Caledonia.
P. rariflama, Deshayes.

P. rocellaria, Lamarck = P. lithophaga.

P. robusta, Philippi, Zeit. Mal. 163, 1843.
P. robusta, Sowerby = P. lithophaga.
P.ruperella, Lamarck = P. lithophaga, Retz.
P. rugosa, Sowerby = P. nivea, Chemnitz.
P. semilamellata, Lamarck = P. lithophaga.
P. serrata, Deshayes = P. pholadiformis.

P. sinuosa, Conrad = P. lithophaga.

P. solida, Sowerby = P. elliptica.

P. tenuis, Sowerby = P. nivea.

P. typica, Jonas = P. lithophaga.

P. venusta, Folin, Meleagrinicoles, 18, 1868.
P. ventricosa, Deshayes = P. denticulata.

Genus NARANTIO, Gray.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. xi, 38, 1853.
Choristodon, H. and A. Adams (not Jonas), Genera ii, 441, 1857.
NV. costata, Gray = NV. lapicida.
N. divaricata, Chemn. = UN. lapicida.

LN. lapicida, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. x t. 172, f. 1664—1665,
1788.

Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, 776, t. 166, f. 26, 1855.

N. divaricata, Chemn. Conch. Cab. x, t. 172, f. 1666—1667, .
1788. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, ii, 776, t. 166, f. 24, 25,
1855.

NV. costata, Gray.

N. radiata, Gray, Ann. and Mag. xi, 38, 1853.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Japan, Australia.

2. N. rubiginosa, Adams and Angas, Zool. Proc. 425, t. 37, f.
17, 1863. Port Jackson, Australia.

3. N. scobina, Carpenter, Mazat. Cat. 529, 1857.
Mazatlan.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 259

CATALOGUE

OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF THE

FAMILY CARDIID A.

BY GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr.

Family CARDIIDAL, H. and A. Adams.
Genera of Recent Mollusca, ii, 453, 185T.

Genus CARDIUM, Linnzus.
Syst. Nat. edit. x, 1758.

1, C. costatum, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 678, 1758.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 11, 1845. EF. Coast Africa.
2. C. ne Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap. ii, 508, t. 13, f. 6,
1814.
C. Indicum, Lam., An. sans Vert. vi, 4, 1819. Reeve, Conch.
leon. f.'27, 1845.
C. Darwint, Mayer, Jour. Conch. xiv, 69.

C’. diluvium, Lam., Anim. sans Vert. Edit. Desh. vi, 415.
Algrers.

Subgenus PECTUNCULUS, Adanson.
Hist. Nat. Senegal, 240, 1757.
3. C. Asiaticum, Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. i, 224, 1789.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 90, 1845. Rodmer, Conch. Cab. 66,

t. 2, f. 4, 5, 1869.

C. lima, Gmelin, yet Nat. 3253, 1790.
Neeolas Is., Natal, Chinese Seas.

260 AMERICAN JOURNAL ©

4. C. Australe, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 105, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 97, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab. 70,
ts 12; £.°8, 9, 1869.
C. pulchrum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 98, 1845.
Australia, China.

5. C. coronatum, Spengler, Romer, Conch. Cab. 68, t. 12, f.
3—5, 1869.
C. fimbriatum, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. Reeve, Conch. Icon.
sp. 91, 1845. Indian Ocean.
6. C. incarnatum, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1844.
Conch. Icon. sp. 2, 1844. Philippines.

7. C. multispinosum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 106, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 10, 1844. Romer, Conch. Cab.
Gi, t: 12, £2 1860: Philippines.

8. C. quadraginarium, Conrad, Jour. Philad. Acad. vii, 230,
trl, £0 d,0083iT.
C. luteolabrum, Gould, Mex. Cat. 28. California.

9. C. pulchellum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii, sp. 42, 1844.
C. striatulum (junior), Sowerby, Conch. Ill. f. 45. Austraha.

10. C. ringens, Chemn., Conch. Cab. vi, 176, t. 16, f. 170.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 6, 1844. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 71,
t, 4, f.. 84.2) £0 S69:
Mouth of Gambia Riv., Africa.

11. C. setosum, Redfield, Ann. N. Y. Lye. iv, 168, t. xi, f. 1,
1846,
China (Redfield), Mazatlan (Dr. Burt).

12. C. Sinense, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 105, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 3, 1844. Romer, Conch. Cab. 73,
Ce?) fold 2 SO, China, Philippines.

13. C. tenuicostatum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. vi, 5, 1819.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 50, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.
69) t. 12. £56,715 L860:
C. striatulum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 1840. Reeve, Conch.
Icon. sp. 60, 1845.
C. pallidum, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845. Conch. Icon. sp. 92,

1845.
C. radiatum, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845. Conch. Icon. sp. 89,
1845. New Zealand, Australia, Philippines,

14. C. vertebratum, Jonas, Zeit. ftir Malak. i, 33, 1844.
Australia.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 261

Subgenus TRACHYCARDIUM, March.

Pectunculus, Mart. (not Adanson), Verzeichn, 1773.

15. ?C. alabastrum, Carpenter, Mazat. Cat. 94, 1857.
Mazatlan.

16. C. alternatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 108, 1840.

Reeve, Icon. sp. 65, 1845. New Caledonia, Philippines.
17... C. angulatum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. vi, 9, 1819.

Reeve, Icon. sp. 70, 1845. Hab.—?

18. C. assimile, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 169, 1844.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 45, 1844. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 61,
irom WP LAG sie) i Wa Wests Zanzibar.

19. C. Belcheri, Brod. and Sowerby, Zool. Jour. iv, 336, t. 9,
f 9

ae
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 5, 1844. Panama.

20. C. consors, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 85, 1833.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 86, 1845. Rémer, Conch. Cab.

48) 02/10) f. 667% Panama to Cape St. Lucas.
(21. C. cygnorum, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 331, 1854.
Angas, Zool. Proc. 651, 1865. So. Australia.
22. C. Dupuchense, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 67, 1845. ~ Torres Straits.
23. C. Egmontianum, Shuttleworth, Jour. Conch. v, 172,
1856. Tampa Bay, Fla.

24. C. elongatum, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. i, 228.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 46, 1845. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 53, t. 10,
SOL BGO! Philippines.
25. C. enode, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 108, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 73, 1845. Roémer, Conch. Cab.
Doe tt, Lato O.) 1 S69. New Caledonia, Ceylon.

26.C. flavum, Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 680.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 56, t. 5, f. 10, t. 7, f. 7, 8, 1869.
C. rugosum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. Reeve, Conch. Icon.
sp. 68, 1845. Indian Ocean.
27. C. foveolatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. iii, 1840. -
Reeve, Cench. Icon. sp. 87, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.
Odoti iL FS. 1869: Australia.

28. C. gratiosum, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 331, 1854.
Moluceas.

262 AMERICAN JOURNAL

29. C. impolitum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 107, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 80, 1845. Rémer, Conch. Cab.
62) tart, Ze 1sou! China.

30. C. Isocardia, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 679.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 84, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.

47, t. 5, f. 5—T. West Indies.
31. C. lacunosum, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 81, 1845. Hab.—?

32. ©. leucostomum, Born., Test. Mus. 46, t. 3, f. 6, T.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 47, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab. 52,
toy te oe ood:
C. magnum, Wood, Index Test. 25, t. 5, f. 20.
C. marmoreum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. vi, 9, 1819.
C’. elongatum, Sowerby, Genera, f. 1. Singapore.

33. C. maculatum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 58, 1844.
O. maculosum, Sowerby (not of Wood), Conch. Lil. sp. 56,
f. 18. Zool. Proc. 85, 1833.
Gulf of Mexico, Southern U.S.

34. C. maculosum, Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 52, f. 3, 1817.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 76, 1845.
C. multistriatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 85, 1833.
C’. arenicolum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 78, 1846.
. W. Columbia.
35, C. Mindanense, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1844.
Conch. Icon. sp. 19, 1844. Philippines.

36. C. modestum, Philippi, Zeit. Mal. 142, 1848.
37. C. muricatum, Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. x, 680.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 33, 1844. Rémer, Conch. Cab.
ADO, f, 85050100.
C. Campechiense, Bolten, Mus. 191.
Southern U. S., West Indies, Brazil.

38. C. nebulosum, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 99, 1845. Hab.—?

39. C. Crbita, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 83, 1833.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 85, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.

Ooms 1.25," 6.0 S69: Isle Annaa.
40. C. oxygonum, Sowerby. Zool. Proc. 83, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 77, 1845. China, Philippines.

41. C. procerum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 83, 1833.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 51, 1844. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 58, t. 10,
f. 12, 13, 1869.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 263

C. laticostatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 85, 1833.
“iC. Panamense, Sowerby, Zool. Proc., 85, 1833. Reeve,
Conch. Icon. sp. 56, 1844. Panama to Cape St. Lucas.

42, C. pulicarium, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 102, 1845. Hab.—?

43. C. Reeveanum, Dunker, Zeit. Mal. 54, 1852.
Novit. Conch. Meeres Conch. 22, t. 6, f. 6—8, 1858.
Austraha.

44, C. rubicundum, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 169, 1844.
Conch. Icon. sp. 44, 1844. Romer, Conch. Cab. 60, t. 11,

f. 10, 1869. Zanzibar.
45? C. rotundatum, Carpenter, Mazat. Cat. 531, 1857.
Mazatlan.

46. C. senticosum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 84, 1833.
Conch. lust. t. 47, f. 10. Romer, Conch. Cab. 51, t. 11,
f. 8,4, 1869.
C. muricatum, Menke (not Linn.), Zeit. Mal. iv, 188, 1847.
C. rastrum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 82, 1845.
Panama to Cape St. Lucas.

47, C. subelongatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 108, 1840.

Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 57, 1844. Romer, Conch. Cab.
54, t. 10, f. 10, 11, 1869. West Indies.

48. C. subrugosum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 108, 1840.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 55, 1844. Ceylon, Philippines, Zanzibar.

Probably only a variety of C. flavum.

49. C. unicolor, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 107, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 88, 1845. Rémer, Conch. Cab.
64, t. 9, f, 2224, 1869. Philippines.
50. €. variegatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 107, 1840.

Conch. lilust. f. 57. Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 75, 1845.
Rémer, Conch. Cab. 65, t. 11, f. 7, 1869. Philippines.

Subgenus ISOCARDIA, Klein.
Ostracol. 188, 1753.
Acanthocardium, Romer, Conch. Cab. 17, 1869.
51. C. aculeatum, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. edit. 12, 1122.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 17, 1844. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 17,
t. 2, f. 3—8, t. 8, f. 2, 1869.
C. parvum, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 177.
C’. ciliare, Montagu (not Linn.), Test. Brit. 79.
EHuropean Seas.

264 AMERICAN JOURNAL

52. C. corbis, Martyn, Univ. Conch.
Chenu, Bibl. Conch. ii, t. 28, f. 2. Conrad, Amer. Journ.
Conch. v, 105. Pulo Condore.

53. C. elegantulum, Beck, Morch. Faun. Groen. 20, 1857.
Gould, Invert. Mass. 2d edit. 141, f. 451, 1870.
j Greenland, Massachusetts.

54, C. echinatum, Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 679.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 34, 1844. Romer, Conch. Cab.

2065 2964. 593,45. SPtere, 1869:

C’. mucronatum, Poli, Test. Utr. Sicil. i, 59, t. 17, f. T, 8.

C. paucicostatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 106, 1840. Reeve,
Conch. Icon. sp. 18, 1844.

C. ciliare, Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. x, 679.

C. parvum, Da Costa.

VARIETY.

55. C. Deshayesii, Payraudeau, Moll. Corse, 56, t. 1, f. 383—
30.

Reeve, Icon. sp. 83, 1845. Southern Europe.

56. C. exasperatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 106, 1840.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 107, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.
Det OT 2) On SOO» Australia.

57. C. erinaceum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. vi, 8.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 62, 1845. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 23, t. 2,
fed ate Or iad. 0, LOOgs Mediterranean.

58. C. exile, Dunker, Mal. Blatt. 85, 1862. New Caledonia.

59. C. exiguum, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3255.
Romer, Chemnitz, 36, t. 9, f. 9, 10, 1869.
C. pygmeum, Donovan, Brit. Shells, i, t. 82, f. 3.
(. subangulatum, Scacchi, Cat. 8.
O. Siculum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 106, 1840.
C. parvum, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii, 89, t. 14, f. 17.
(’. stellatum, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845. Tconica, sp. 109, 121,
1845.
U. Helleri, Brusina. European Seas.

60. C. fasciatum, Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 30, t. 27, f. 6.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 118, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.
37, t. 9, f. 11—14, 1869.
CU. elongatum, Montagu, Test. Brit. 82.
C. ovale, Sowerby, Conch. Ill. f. 24. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f.
119, 1845.
(. rubrum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 124, 1845.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 265

C. arcuatum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 1838, 1845.
C’. zonatum, Leach.
C’. exiguum, Macgillivray.
C’ scabrum, Philippi. Moll. Sicil. ii, t. 14, f. 16.
C. ambiguum, Costa. European Seas.
61. C. latum, Born., Mus. 48, t. 3, f. 9.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 21, 1844. Romer, Conch. Cab.
Dott, 2 OOo. Tranquebar, Philippines.
62. C. nodosum, Montagu, Test. Brit. 81.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 128, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.
33, t. 9, f. 6—8, 1869.
C. roseum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert.
C.. punctatum, Brocchi, Cat. Subapp. 666, t. 16, f. 1.
England, Norway.

63. C, Nuttallii, Conrad, Jour. Philad. Acad. vii, 229, t. 17,
fud.01894.
Reere: Icon. sp. 66, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab. 31, t. 9,
f. 5, 1869. Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch. v, 105, 1869.
C. ee Conrad)! Jour. “Pin. Acad: -wi,"229. ¢.. 27;
4, 1837. California, Sitka.
64. C. ete Poli, Test. utr. Sicil. i, t. 16, f. 2—4.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 111, 1845. Romer, Conch. Cab.
O2e ts lle inl 1 Soo!
C. Pata: Payraudeau, Moll. Corse, 57.
C. scobinutum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert.
C’. planatum, Renier.
C. punctatum, Brocchi (not Phil.)
English Channel to Mediterranean.

65. C. pictum, Dunker, Test. Mal. 37, 1862. Antilles.

66. C. pseudolima, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 4, 1844. Romer, Conch. Cab. 28,
t. 9, f. 4, 1869. Red Sea.

67. C. tuberculatum, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 6738.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 24, t. 5, f. 1, t. 9, f. 1, 1869.
©. ciliare, Donovan.
C. nodosum, Montagu (not Turton), Test. Brit.
C’. rusticum, Linn., Syst. Nat. edit. x, 681. Reeve, Conch.
Icon. sp. 16, 1844. EHuropean Seas.

68. C. Suecicum, Loven, Moll. Scand. 189.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 1382, 1845. Rémer, 39, t. 9, f. 15, 16,
1869.
C. Lovent, Thompson, Ann. Mag. N. Hist. xx, 317, t. 19,
fet Northern Europe.

)
~=

19

266 AMERICAN JOURNAL

Subgenus CERASTODERMA, March.
Cerastes and Cerastoderma, Poli, Test. utr. Sicil. 163, 1791.

69. C. Californiense, Deshayes, Guerin’s Mag. de Zool. t. 47,
1841.
C. pseudofossile, Reeve, Icon. sp. 52, 1844.
C. blandum, Gould. Bost. Proe. iii, 276, 1850.
NV. Pacifie Ocean, United States to Japan.

70. C. Ciliatum, Fabricius, Faun. Groen., 410.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 43, t. T, f.\5, 6, t 10, f. 1-3, 1869:
C. Islandicum, Chemn., Conch. Cab., vi, 200, t. 19, f. 195,
iia
C. Arcticum, Sowb., Zool. Proc. 106, 1840.
C’. pubescens, Couthuoy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., it. 60, t. 3, f. 6.
Northern Atlantic Ocean.

71. C. edule, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. Edit. x, 681.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 22, Rémer 40, t. 7, f. 3, 4, t. 9, f..17=21.
C’. glaucum, Brug., Encye. Meth. i, 220.
C. vulgare, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 180, t. 11, f. 1.
C. rustieum, Chemn., Conch. Cab. vi. 201, t. 19, f. 197.
C. Balticum, Beck. Reeve, Icon. sp. 115, 1845.
C. Hichwaldi, Reeve, Icon. sp. 94, 1845.
C’. pectinatum, Lam., (not Linn.), Anim. s. Vert.
C’. crenulatum, Lam., Anim. s. Vert.
C. zonatum, Brown, Rec. Conch. 88, t. 35, f. 8.
C. Lamarckit, Reeve, Icon. sp. 93, 1840.
Europe, Caspian Sea.
72. Hayesii, Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad. 142, 1863.
Disco Isld., Nova Scotia.
73. C. magnum, Born., Test. Mus. 46, t. 3, f. 5.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 20, Romer, Conch. 45, t. 10, f. 4, 5.
C. maculatum, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3255.

C. ventricosum, Brug., Encye. Meth. 228. West Indies.
74, C. pinnulatum, Conrad, Jour. Phil. Acad. vi, 260, t. 11,
fo, fool. Northern United States.

Subgenus SERRIPES, Beck.
Verzeichn. d. Deutsch. Natiirf. in Kiel, 217.

Aphrodite, Lea, Am. Philos. Trans. iv.
Acardo, Swains, Malac. 374, 1840.

75. C. Fabricii, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 533, 1854.
C. Grenlandicum, Var. Middendorff, Mal. Ross. 16, f. 6, 7.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 99, 1869. Siberia.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 267
76. Grenlandicum, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi, 202, t. 19,
f. 198.

Reeve, Icon. sp. 53, 1845.
C. edentulum, Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl., 29.
Mactra radiata, Donovan, Brit. Shells v, t. 161.
Aphrodite Co lumba, Lea, "Am. Philos. Trans. iv. 5, t. to, foe,
1834.
C’. boreale, Reeve, Icon. sp. 151, 1845.
Arctie Ocean, Europe, America south to Massachusetts.

77. ©. Adamsi, Tryon.
C. modestum, aes and Reeve (not Philippi), Voy. Sama-
rang 77, t. 22, f. 6, 1850. Eastern Seas.

Genus PAPYRIDEA, Swainson.
Malacol. 374, 1810.

1. P. aperta, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi, 189, t. 18, f. 181-3.
C. Virgineum, B. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 8258.
C’. rugatum, Reeve, Icon. sp. 63, 1845.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 77, t. 3, f. 1-38, 1869. Philippines.

2. P. bullata, Linneus, Syst. Nat. Edit. x, 678.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 8. Romer, Conch. Cab. 74, t. 12, f. 13-16.
C. Soleniforme, Brug. Encye. Meth. i. 235, 1789.
C’. spinosum, Muschen, Naturf. 1782.
Adams’ Genera iii, t. 112, f. 1, 1 a.
C’. aspersum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 85, 1833. West Indies.
3. P. Cumingii, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 82, 1833.
Reeve, Icon. Sp. 59, 1845.
Gulf of Dulce, Central Am.
4, P. Seah ania na Bianconi, Mem. Acad. Bologn. Wile $20.
fe Le Moz zambique.

o. P. hiulea, Reeve, Zool. Proc., 1845.
Icon. sp. 128, 1845. Hab. —?

6. P. papyracea, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi, 190, t. 18, f. 184,
1782.

Reeve, Icon. sp. 9. Romer, Conch. Cab. 78, t. 3, f. 4, t.
oa OSA.
FB Natalense, Krauss’ Siid Afric. los Barapa tS
U. Japonica, Dunker, Mal. Blatt. vi, 223.

VARIETY.

C. muticum, Reeve, igen, f. 32, 1844,
Moll. Japan. 28, t. 3, f..16. China, Japan, Philippines.

268 AMERICAN JOURNAL

7. P. ringicula, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 106, 1840.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 115. Romer, Conch. Cab. 76, t. 12, f.
AES. West Indies.

Genus LAXVICARDIUM, Swainson.
Man. Malacol. 3873, 1840.
Liocardium, Mérch, (not Agassiz.)
1. L. attenuatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc., 1840.
Reeve, Icon. 72. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 81, t. 18, f. 1, 2.

(. alternatum, Sowerby, Adams’ genera ii, 456 (misprint).

C. biradiatum, Wood (not Brug.). Gen. Conch. t. 54, f. 2, 1817.
Duel OE apicinum, Carpenter, Ann. and Mag. Nat.” Hist. xi,
309, 1865, Lower California.

3. L. biradiatum, Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. 1, 231, 1789.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 49. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 87, t. 3, f. 5, 6,

1869.
O. levigatum, Chemnitz (not Gmelin), Conch. Cab. vi, t. 18,
iaditsrar, IUsl ays Indian Ocean, Philippines.

4. L. Beechei, Adams and Reeve, Zool. Proc. 25, 1847.
Voy. Samarang, 78, t. 22, f. 12, 1848.
Sooloo Seas and Korean Archipelago.
5. L. Brasilianum, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 61. Roemer, Chemnitz 89, t. 14, f. 2, 3.
C. Lamarckii, D’Orbigny, Amer. Merid. 591. Brazil.
6. L. dulce, Deshayes, Conch. Bourbon 12, t. 2, f. 4, 5, 18638.
Isle Bourbon.
7, L. elatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 84, 1833.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 41. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 93, t. 18, f. 7.
California.
8. L. Elenense, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 108, 1840.
Conch. Illust. f. 58. Reeve, Icon. sp. 104.
W. Columbia.
9. L. fragile, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 108, 1845. Hab.—?.

10. L. glabratum, Roemer, Chemnitz 91, t. 13, f. 8, 9, 1869.
C. levigatum, Reeve (not Linn.), Conch. Icon. f. 69, 1845.

West Indies.

11. L. leve, Gray, Jardine’s Annals, 1, 2, 8. Sierra Leone.

12. L. Loroisii, Huppé, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 470, t. 19, f. 1,

1856. Hab. —?.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 969

13. L. lyratum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 109, 1840.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 12. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 96, t. 14, f. 4—

6, 1869. New Caledonia, Philippines.

14, L. Mortoni, Conrad, Jour. Phil. Acad. vi, 259, t. 11, f. 5-
(ge lonyie

Reeve, Icon. sp. 101. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 99, t. 14, f.

Oe Wt. Atlantic Coast, United States.

15. L. multipunctatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 84, 1833.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 12, Roemer, Conch. Cab. 88, t. 14, f. 1.
China, Philippines.
16. L. Norvegicum, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. i, 42.
Roemer, Conch. Cab. 83, t. 13, f. 3-6.
C. crassum, Gmelin. ;
C’. levigatum, Pennant (not Linn.), Brit. Zool. iv, 91, t. 51,
f. 40.
C’.. serratum, Bruguierre (not Linn.), Encyc. Meth. i, 229, 1789.
C. oblongum, Reeve (not Chemn.), Icon. sp. 71, 1845.
C. vitelinum, Reeve, Icon. sp. 57, 1845.
C. Pennnatit, Beck, Reeve, Icon. sp. 48, 1844.
C’. medium, Turton (not Linn). Huropean Seas.

17, L. oblongum, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi, 195, t. 19, f. 190.
Roemer, Conch. Cab. 85, t. 7, f. 9, 1869.
C. flavum, Born., Mus. 47, t. 3, f. 8.
C. suleatum, Lam., Anim. s. Vert.
Southern Hurope, Devonshire, England.

18. L. pectinatum, Linn., Mus. Ulric.
Reeve. Icon. sp. 14. 1844.
C. Molicum, Born., Mus. 48, 1780. Roemer, Chemnitz, 94,
ti 3. f. Oe 10.) L869.
C. aurantiacum, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang. 77, t. 22,
f. 4. 1848.
CO. Kalamantinum, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang 77, t.
22. f. T, 1848.
Indian Ocean, Chinese Seas, Cape Verde Isles.
19. L. pictum, Ravenel, Philad. Proc. 44, 1861.
South Carolina.
20. L. substriatum, Conrad, Jour. Philad. Acad. vii, 228, t.
7, f- 2, 1837.
L. cruentatum, Gould, Carpenter, Zool. Proc. 201. 1856.
California.
21. L. serratum, Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 680.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 80, t. 3, f. 7, 8.

270 AMERICAN JOURNAL

C. levigatum, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3251,
C. citrinum, Wood, Gen. Coneh. t. 54, f. 3, 1817.
C’. oviputamen, Reeve, Zool. Proce. 168, 1844. Conch. Icon.
sp. 86. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 91.
West Indies to Rio Janerro.

Genus HEMICARDIA, Elein.
Ostracol. 1387, 1753.

Coreulum (pars), Hebenstreit, Dissert. Conch. 1728.
tg Bolten, Mus. 188.
Cardissa, Muhlfeldt, Entwurf. 52, 1811.
Isocardia, Oken (non Lam. nee Klein), Zool. 234, 1815.
Hemicardium, Cuvier, Regne Anim. 479, 1817.

1. H. cardissa, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 678.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 15. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 113; te Oe de

1869. Indian Ocean, Philippines.
2. H. Dionza, Brod. and Sowb., Zool. Jour. iv, 867, 1828.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 122. Isl. Annaa.

3. H. humana, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi, 153, t. 14, f. 145,
146.

Reeve, Icon. f. 15 a. Romer, Conch. Cab. 116, t. 6, f. 5,
Onno ok Os
C. Junonice, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert.
C. roseum, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi, 154, t. 14, f. 147, 148.
Reeve, Icon. f. 15 b.

(. unimaculatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 84, 1833. Reeve,
Icon. sp. 114. Indian Ocean, eee Sea.
4, H. monstrosa, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi, 155, t. 14, f.
149, 150.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 15. Riémer, Conch. Cab. 117, t. 6, f.
[hs ter
C. inversum, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. East Indian Seas.

Subgenus FRAGUM, Bolten.
Museum, edit. i, 189, 1789.
Hemicardium, Swainson (not Cuvier), Malacol. Man. 878,
1840.
5. H. Adamsii, Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 77, t. 22, f. 2, 1848.
Borneo.

6. H. biangulata, Broderip and Sowerby, Zool. Jour. iv, 307.
Reeve, fcon. sp. 29. Rémer, Conch. Cab. 104, t. 14, f.
ie Ae

OF CONCHOLOGY. 271

C. planicostatum, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 83, 1833. Reeve,

Icon. sp. 31, 1844. W. Columbia to Ca ape St. Lucas.
7. H. Carditzforme, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 127. Hab.—?

8. H. distorta, Philippi, Archiv. fiir Naturg. 55, 1845.
Friendly Islands.
9. H. Donaciforme, Spengler.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 109, t. 4, f. 18, t. 14, f. 16, 17. Reeve,

Icon. sp. 25.
C. Australiensis, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 168, 1844. Reeve, Icon.

sp. 24. Philippines, Australia.
10. H. fornicata, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 110, 1840.
Conch. Illust. f. 50. Conch. Icon. sp. 110. Hab.—?
li, H. Fragum, PinBENE, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 679.
Reeve, Icon. sp. Romer, Conch. Cab. 105, t. 4, f.
2. 10.

C. imbricatum, Born (not Sowb.), Mus. 42, t. 3, f. 5,4, 1798.
China, Philippines, Pacific Isles.

12. H. Hemicardia, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 678.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 58. Romer, ‘Conch. Cab. 197, t. 4, £2, 4.
’ Philippines.

13. H. Hystrix, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 168, 1844.

Conch. Icon. sp. 40. Philippines.

14, H. granifera, Brod. et Sowb., Zool. Jour. iv, 367.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 48. Rémer, Conch. Cab. iii, t. 14, f. 20,

21. Pacifie Coast, Central America.
15. H. imbricata, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 110, 1840.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 28. Swan River pees Australia.

16. H. media, Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii, 1122
Reeve, Icon. sp. 30. HTS Conch. Cab. ne is ARE.

uh: West Indies.
17. H. munda, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 125. Lord Hood's Island.
18. H. nivalis, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.
Icon. sp. 95, 1845. Philippines.
19. H. obovale, Brod. and Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 84, 1833.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 117, 1845. West Columbia.

20. H. ovuloides, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 145, 1845.
Conch. Icon. sp. 126, 1845. Hab.—?

272 AMERICAN JOURNAL

21. H. speciosa, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 77, t. 22,
f. 9, 1848. China Sea.

22. H. tumorifera, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert.
Delessert, Recueil, t. 11, f. 7.
C. Guichardi, Bernardi, Jour. Conch. vi, 53, t. 2, f. 4, 1857.
Romer, Conch. Cab. 109, t. 14, f. 14, 15.
New Caledonia, Australia.

23. H. unedo, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. edit. x, 680.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 18. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 101, t. 4, f. 11,

12. Ceylon, Philippines, Australia.

24. H. venusta, Dunker, Zeit. Mal. 32, 1862. Antilles.
25. H. virgo, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1845.

Icon. sp. 120. Hab.—?

Subgenus LUNULICARDIA, Gray.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. xi, 40, 1853.
26. H. auricula, Forskal, Faun. Arab. 122.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 89. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 120, t. 14, f.
ito ae
C. retusum, var. 2, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. Red Sea.

27. H. retusa, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii, 1121.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 108. Roemer, Conch. Cab. 118, t. 6, f.

‘by Pee scans Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 110, 1840. Reeve, Icon.
sp. 100, 1845. Indian Ocean, China.

Genus ADACNA, Eichwald.
Br. Jahrbuch, 734, 1838.

Hypanis, Pander, Beitr. Geogn. Russ. 1830.
Pholadomya, Agass. et Middendorff (not Sowerby).
1. A. colorata, Hichwald, Zool. Spec. i, 279, t. 5, f. 4, 1829.
Caspian Sea.
2. A. edentula, Pallas, Reise, i, No. 93,1771. Caspian Sea.
3. A. leviuscula, Hichwaid, Zool. Spec. i, 279, t. 5, f. 1,
1829.
Adams, Genera, iil, t. 112, f. 4. Caspian Sea.
4. A. plicata, Eichwald, Zool. Spec. i, 279, t. 5, f. 2, 1829.
Caspian Sea.
A. vitrea, Eichwald, Zool. Spee. i, 279, t. 5, f. 38, 1829.
Amphidesma Caspia, Kryn. Caspian Sea.

Sa

OF CONCHOLOGY. 273

Spurious Species.
A. parvula, Dunker, Zeit. Mal. 36, 1862.
Ins. Chiloe, Magellan's Straits.
This is an immature shell, probably, and certainly not an
Adacna.
Subgenus MONODACNA, Eichwald.
Faun. Casp. Mar. 1838.

6. A. Caspia, Eichwald, Faun. Casp. 274, t. 39, f. 4.
Reeve, Conch. Icon: sp. 96, 1845. Caspian Sea.
7. A. pseudocardia, Deshayes, Mem. Soc. Geol. France. iii, 59,
t. 1, f. 1, 2, 1838. |
A. Pontica, Eichwald, Faun. Casp. 219, 1841. Caspian Sea.

Subgenus DIDACNA, Eichwald.
Faun. Casp. Mar. 1838.
8. A. crassa, Hichwald, Zool. Spee. i, 283, 1829.
Faun. Caspio-Caucasica, 218, t. 39, f. 6, 1841.
Cardium Kichwaldi, Kryn, Bullet. Moscow, 61, 1887.
Caspian Sea.
9. A. trigonoides, Pallas, Reise, i, 478, 1771.
Kichwald, Faun. Caucas. 217, t. 389, f. 5, 1841.
C. trilaterum, Gmelin, Reise Russl. pt. iii, 248, 1774.
C. lineatum, Gmelin. Caspian Sea,

Undetermined Species of Cardiwm.

M. Deshayes has published in the Zool. Proc. 350 et seq., 1854,
short Latin diagnoses of the following species. Having no spe-
cimens, figures or comparative characters to assist me, I will not
attempt to classify them:

C. SERRULATUM, Guinea. C. MQUALE, Hab.—?

‘¢ GossEI, W. Indies. ‘¢ MIRABILE, Philippines.

“ BICOLOR, Hab.—? ‘¢ DEBILE, Chinese Seas.

‘© HUDSONIENSE, Hudson’s Bay. “ TRANSVERSALE, Alboran.

‘¢ tumipuUM, Moluccas. ‘¢ PRODUCTUM, Torres Straits.
“ MauritiANuM, Mauritius. ‘* SCRUPULOSUM, Malacca.

“< resTIvuM, New Ireland. ** LOBULATUM, Philippines.

Genus BUCARDIUM, Miuhlfeldt.
Entwurf, 52, 1811.

Isocardia, Lamarck (not Klein), Prod. Syst. 86, 1799.
Glossus and Glossoderma, Poli, Test. utr. Sicil. ii, 114, 1795.

274 AMERICAN JOURNAL

1. B. cor, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii, 1137.
Reeve, Icon. sp. 8, 1845.
T. lunulata, Nyst., Coq. Foss. Anvers. 18, t. 3, f. 53.
1. globosa, Defrance, Dict. Sc. Nat. xxiv, 180, f. 2.
Bucardia communis, Schumacher, Essai Nov. Syst.
Kelliella abyssicola, Sars.

Variety.

2. B. Hibernicum, Reeve, Icon. sp. 4, 1845.
Norway to Mediterranean.

Subgenus MEIOCARDIA, H. and A. Adams.
Genera, ii, 461, 1857.
3: B. Cumingii, A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. xiii, 309,

1864. China.

4, B. Moltkianum, Spengler, Berl. Gesellsch. Naturf. iv, 321,
i 1S

Reeve, Icon. sp. 1, 1845. Philippines.

5. B. tetragonum, Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 76, t. 22,

fel S848. Japan.

6. B. vulgaris, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 2, 1845.
Cardita Moltkiana, Bruguiere (not Spengler), Encyc. Meth.
i, 404, 1789.
TIsocardia Moltkiana, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.
Variety.
”, B. Lamarckii, Reeve, Icon. sp. 5, 1845. China.

Genus CARDILIA, Deshayes.
Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. edit. ii, vi, 448, 1835.
1. C. gemmulata, Gould, Bost. Proc. China Seas.
2, C. inermis, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. 100, 1844.
Sumatra, Philippines.
3. C. Martinii, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. t. 101, 1844.
Malacca, Philippines.
4. C. semisulcata, Lamarck.
Deshayes, Mag. Zool. t. 99, 1844. Australia, Malacea.
Genus VERTICORDIA, 8. Wood.
Sowerby, Min. Conch. t. 639, 1844.

1. V. Deshayesiana, Fischer, Jour. de Conch. 35, t. 5, f. 10,
ie isG2. China.

OF CONCHOLOGY. 275

2. V. Japonica, A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 224, 1863.
Japan.

3. V. multicostata, A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
224, 1863. Japan.

4, V. novemcostata, Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang, t. 24,
fi. F850: Chinese Seas.

5. V. ornata, d’Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, t. 27, f. 30—88, 1846.
West Indies.

‘ Ho 7 i =
= i a = + 7
= ‘ = La a
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. ' 5 = * =
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NM ing rf 7
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po = e “7 ‘“- : b tat a
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q - -_ = oma s — ‘
b- ee 7 7 = - a
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INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

INDEX

TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Acanthochites armatus,

194, 195

Agulhasia Davidsoni,
Alderia albopapillosa,
Alvania purpurea,
Amauropsis purpurea,
Anisothyris obliqua,
Amphibulima patula,

Amphissa corrugata, 111,

versicolor,

Anculosa Cincinnatiensis,

subglobosa,
Tryoni,
virgata,
Angitrema verrucosa,
Argonauta Pacifica,
Assiminea Vitiensis,
Astyris aurantiaca,
carinata,
tuberosa.

Bela leevigata,
Blandiella reclusa,
Boltenia Beringi,
Buccinum Fischerianum,
Bulimus Coxi,
crassilabrum,
elobatus,
fulguratus,
Guanensis,
Hoyti,
Koroensis,

62
137
116
124

91
186
118
a

87

87

87

87

87

95
225
115
114
115

98
185
157
106
197
233
232
231
235
234
236

Bulimus malleatus,
marmoratus,
morosus,
oblongus,
ochrostoma,
pardalis,
Rambiensis,
rugatus,
Seemanni,

Bulimulus alternatus,

Berendti,
aureolus,
dealbatus,
durus,
Jonasi,

membranaceus,

Calliostoma affinis,

canaliculatum,

costatum,
gloriosum,
Palmeri,
Cardium Islandicum,
La Perousii,
Cerithium janthinum,
Ceropsis minima,
Chama inermis,
Chlorostoma brunneum,
Chromodoris inornata,
lentiginosa
maculosa,

277

231
181
232
180
232
181
233
234
232
181
182
181
182
182
182
182

125
126
126
127
125
148
148

25
152
148
129

18

18

16

rufomaculata, 17

278 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Chromodoris simplex,
varlans,
variegata,

Chrysodomus decemcosta-

tus,
liratus,
Cistella cistellula
lutea,
rubrotincta,
Clathurella affinis,
Clausilia tridens,
Cleodora occidentalis,
Clione elegantissima,
Cochlostyla fulgetrum,

Columbella dermestoides,

maculosa,
miser,
Corbula ledzformis,
Corolla spectabilis,
Crania anomala,
craniolaris,
Japonica,
Cryptopora gnomon,
Cylindrella seminuda,
subula,
Cynthia motereyensis,

Daphnella bella,
Dimerella Gtimbeli,
Discina striata,
Discinisca antillarum,
Cumingil,
leevis,
tenuis,
Dolium melanostomum,
Doris cinerosa,
compta,
debilis,
fuscescens,
nubilosa,
rubrilineata,
sordida,
villosa,
Drillia Kennicotti,
Entodesma diaphana,

17
19
15

109
108 |
69
69
68
102
28
140 |
139
180
Dil
22
24
92 |
138 |
73 |
(ea
(3
70
184
183
are

25
70
75
cata
Ci
76
76
28 |
1133
12
Lh
14
13
12
14)
11
102
143

Entodesma Scammoni,
Euryczlon Anthonyi,

Fissurella volcano,

Fissurellidzea bimaculata,

Gadinia mammillaris,
Geomelania,

Gibbula Canfieldi,
Glottidia Palmeri,
Gwynia capsula,

Helicina occulta,

Helcioniscus exarata,

Helix crispata,
dentiens,
diaphana,
excellens,
fastigans,
fuscocincta.
Gossel,
graminicola,
Isabella,
loxodon,
macroglossa,
monodonta,

’ Newberryana,
Nickliniana,
notabilis,
pemphigodes,
Phoenix,
reticulata,
Tavinniensis,
Schroeteriana,
similaris,
Yatesil,

Hyalina Baudoni,
Hyalopsis tumida,

Iphinoe permabilis,
Ismenia Jeffreysi,
Isnoradsia trifida,

Lamellaria orbiculata,
rhombica,
Stearnsii,

142
87

134
132

195
185
129

TT

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Lepidopleurus Luzonicus,
Leptonyx paucicostata,
sanguinea,
Limacina pacifica,
Limicolaria Numidica,
Limneea appressa,
megasoma,
Palmeri,
Lingula affinis,
Liocyma arctica,
Scammoni,
viridis,
Loliolus Steenstrupi,
Lucapina crenulata,

Macroceramus Gossei,
Macrocyclis Voyana,
Megasella Gouldii,
inconspicua,
Spitzbergensis,
Mangelia Alaskensis,
Aleutica,
Marginella debilis,
Margarita lirulata,
pupilla,
Martesia Roessleri,
Mesalia acicula,
polaris,
reticulata,
Megathyris decollata,
Mercenaria Kennicottii,
Modiola aterrima,
Modiolaria denticulata,
Monoceros paucilirata

Nanina calias,
cultrata,
Godeffroyana,
Hoyti,
Otareze,
tenella,

Nassa suturalis,

Navicella picturata,

Neritina holosericea,

Nitidella elegans,

194
151
130
138

Nuttallina scabra,

Ocinebra circumtexta,
gracillima,
Odostomia Beringi,

| Omphalotropis nebulosa,

Onchidella borealis,
Onychoteuthis lobipennis,
Operculatum indicum,
Ophicardelus paludosus,

Pachypoma gibberosum,

Paludinella vitiana,

Partula bicolor,
Brazieri,
concinna,
expansa,
turricula,

Patella exarata,

Patula solitaria,
Pecten Alaskensis,
Pedicularia Japonica,
Perna Hawaiiensis,
Persa melanostoma,
Persicula canalis,
cavernula,
decortica,
dubiosa,
Harveyensis,
multilamellata,
Otaree,
proxima,
rudis,
tenuicostata,
Pitys tumuloides,
Youngi,
Platidia anomioides,
Plecotrema hirsuta,
Pleurotoma rugosa,
Pneumodermon Pacificum,
Promacrus nasutus,

_Prothyris elegans,
Purpura columellaris,

Pythia lentiginosa,
perovata,

280

69
136

Rynchonella Geinitziana,
Rictaxis puncto-ccelata,

Rictocyma mirabilis, 151
Rissoina Angasil, 20
Sagda connectens, 175
Haldemaniana, 175

Salpa cymbiola, 159
herculea, 158
Sanguinaria angustata, 5
Sanguinolites Missouriensis, 6
nasutus, 6

Semele rubrolineata, 144
rubropicta, 144
Siliqua lucida, 141
media, 141

patula, 140
Sistrum marginalbum, 23

Somatogyrus Currierianus, 87

Stenogyra decollata, 183)
gonostoma, 183 |
octona, 183 |

Stoastoma pisum, 184

Strephobasis Clarkii, 88

Succinea sagra, 184

Terebra contigua, 20

Terebratella Spitzbergensis, 67
Terebratula Cubensis, 61
Terebratulina Cailleti, 61

Tornatina harpa, 136
Trichotropis bicarinata, 119)
spectabilis, 120

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Triforis incisus,
Trimerella Billingsi,
Conradi,
grandis,
Lindstromi,
minor,
Ohioensis,
Tritonidea assimilis,
Australis,
Trivia Californica,
Truncatella granum,
Trypanostoma curtum,
eradatum,

undulatum,

Turtonia occidentalis,

Velutina cryptospira,
haliotoidea,
prolongata,

Veronicella Floridana,

Sloanei,

Volutharpa ampullacea,

Waldheimia Floridana,
Raphaelis,

septigera,
Yoldia seminuda,
Zonites capsella,

gularis,
ligerus,

Plate ]

American Journal of Concholog ry —F877.

FB Meek New Palaecozvow Shelts.

American Journal of ‘Conchology- 15/1. Plate 2

fon,

4

oe re t

Binney & Bland, On Luovgual Dentition

Plated,

TST

ay.

«

Conchol

?

ROT

Ameriwan Jour

A GARRETT, DEL

Pease Descriptions of Nudibrancheate

J

Vollusca wnhabuting Po

LVRES LL.

-

American Journal of Conchology S87] Plate-4-

Lease, on new lolynestan Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

American Journal of ConchologyJ87] Plate §

J

Lease, O17 Tew Foly nestan Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

American Journal of Concholog VSO Plate 6.

A. GARRETT, DEL

lease, OnNen lolynesianNudtbranchiate Mollusca

Late C.

PA

Geico sexs
-

ga eIRTENES
SSIES carts

American Journal of Conchology S50)

A. GARRETT. DEL.

Pease. OnNen Polynesian Nudthranchiate Mollusca.

Plate 0

/

«

7

American Journal of Conchotlogy-7571.

~ROS

8

N

Fea
¢ orl

egeTe
Livtiomarmerrveeeses Sas

Pease, New Polynesiun Nudibranchiate Mollusca,

/

Lp ee of ¢ onthology- 1877 Llate 9

Lease New Polynesian Mollusca

a :

American Journal of Conchology 18/1, Late sO

WH.DALL, DEL

Dall, On Brachaopoda

Americar Journal of | Conchology-l371. Plate th

WH, DALL, DEL

Dall OnBrachitopoda.

Me

Bland and Binney, On lingual Dentin

DS

American Jour

hg
eed OOS

4
f GAT SWRY

ta
« -

ray Ameru

°

American Journal of Conchology-6// Plate /4-

VIE WH Dall New Mollusca of Western Nort. Amertca .
1416 REC Stearns New Mollusca .

American Journal of Conchology. 1871 Pilate 15,

Dall On NewMollusca of West Coastot N America

American Journal of Conchology 1871 Plate /6

Dall On New Mollusca West Coastot NAmertca

SS eee

American Journal of Conchology— 1877, Plate lé,

Garrett, Rulems of Vitian Archip clago

American Journal of Conchology- 1871, Plate 19

Garrett, New Vitian Mollusca

Ay

hag 7 3 i =
mt Lape 7 bh :
SP an aoe a: tos Ga :

igs —_
i

VLOVTTE
(NOLOHOLO0 AO LAAT

' 1 Z 4 a wails a

*
ae

.

Chace

| Published at $10 per Annum—Payable in Advance.
|

—— —

Mol. 7: Part 1.

AMERICAN

JS OURINAL

eS kf ae

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE:

| GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr., Editor,
S. R. ROBERTS,
E. J. NOLAN, M. D.

SELEIL

Published by

THE ConcHoLoGicaL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY oF NATURAL SCIENCES,
N. W. corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.

NEW YORK:

B. WESTERMANN & Co., No. 440 Broadway.

LONDON:
TRUBNER & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row-
BERLIN :
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c ; fest
me att ae mee ANG
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COLLECTION OF SHELLS FOR SALE.

A fine collection of named shells, |
from.1200 to 1400 species,
many varieties, ;
and over SOOO specimens.
For further information inquire of
D. W. FERGUSON,
Ni; Gas Light Co. |
Hester, cor. Elizabeth Sts., |
2 t. NEW YORK.

WANTED TO EXCHANGE,
Land, Fresh-water and Marine SHELLS of AUSTRALIA for those of any
part of the world except Europe.
Apply to Dr. JAMES C. COX,
130 Philip Street, |
Sydney, |
Lyin: New South Wales.

TO EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND COLLECTORS,

The subscriber offers FOR SALE his private collection of the Shells and
Mollusks of California and the adjacent States. The series embraces about

six hundred and fifty species, carefully named and neatly mounted, and is the
best collection of West Coast Shells extant, except the California State Cabi-
net. Address
JNO. G. COOPER, M. D.,
San Francisco, Cal.,
Or E. J. NOLAN, M. D.,
at. Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila. |

TO CONCHOLOGTS rss

FOR SALE, 34 very large collection of BOOKS relating to Conchology ;
also several thousand named species of SHELLS.

The above being duplicates, we are anxious to dispose of them at very low
prices. For particulars, address

E. J. NOLAN, M. D,
Conservator of Conch. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Cor. Broad and Sansom Streets, Phila.

VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY

FOR SALE.

1. American Journal of Conchology, 1865-1868. Four volumes, 8vo.
Containing over sixteen hundred pages, illustrated by one hundred litho-
graphic plates of shells, many of them finely colored, several portraits of
distinguished conchologists, and about a thousand wood engravings. The
articles are contributed by all the prominent American Conchologists.
Published at $40. Price reduced to $16 for the set.

2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 5, 1869-70. Containing
350 pages of valuable articles by Wm. M. Gabb, James Lewis, M.D., Wm.
G. Binney, Thomas Bland, T. A. Conrad, Wm. Harper Pease, John H. Red-
field, Theo. Gill, Wm. H. Dall, Ralph Tate, Wesley Newcomb, M.D.,S. R.
Roberts, J. G. Cooper, M.D, John Wolf, and George W. Tryon, jr. The
illustrations consist of 17 lithographic plates, partly colored, and wood
engravings. Price $10.00.

3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States.
With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. The
work is now completed. It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus-
trated by 18 lithographic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies
were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the
following styles:
Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored

plates, Price, $8.50.
2d. Cclored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, Price, $13.50.
3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain
on tinted paper, and finely colored, Price, $20.00.

4. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepoma-
tide (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations
on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine
Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.

Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descrtptions of

New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca from Panama, Des-
cription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Wuter Mollusca be-
longing to the Families Amnicolidx, Valvatide and Limnxidx, inhabiting California. De:-
scription of a new Species of Pleurocera. Description of a new Species of Teredo, from New
Bedford, Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the
Species af Strepomatidx, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.

The Edition is very limited—- nly 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to

secure the work.

5. RAFINESOQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil
Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates. Price, $2.50.

This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints
of many papers, which had been entirely forg tten by naturalists.

6. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent
Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication.
8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

7. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea,
and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochmnide, Pholadida, and Teredide. History of
American Conchology, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.

yy A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members
of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to

ConcHoLoGiIcaL Section ACADEMY OF NATURAL SciENcEs, Philadelphia,
Or to its Agents—see lst page of this cover.

CON TENTS.

PaGE,
1; Record of Meetines:...<-.. .......0. sesecee Nese tac Ua ddeasinde doarauect seeaaes Some

bo

. Descriptions of some New Types of Paleozoic Shells. By
Hp MeCle.c srcnacsaecesee: Ag sactooelgsehics Se atie Lome Savein\cnctsbe.sle Seaaleceint ances ag

ies)

Descriptions of New Species of Nudibranchiate Mollusca
inhabiting Polynesia. No.2. By W. Harper Pease............. 11

4. Notes on the Synonymy and Distribution of Marine Gaste-
EOpoeda.: By W.. Harper Pease iirc. .t...ge-cccesieesesseet see steateu eset aes Sen)

, ) 7
5. Descriptions of New Species of Land SiheHs. By W. Harper
PAGRSE SE ce coet acne cores coe teadag Pema a Bnee ea NEO FLOTSRLT Shae ee ee 26

6. On the Lingual Dentition of Clausilla tri€ens, Chemnitz.

By Chomas Blandwand!) WaiG. bi pineya-ccecadecs) occecen-eescesheeeeeie eres coat ae
7. On the Lingual Dentition of Helicina occulta. By Thomas _

Bianchi ei. Ges Binney. ce seacece clase stniee das(acuias tines soit deta steal ies soaaleenvaes 39
8. Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works. by

Georg en Wrarhr yon seule. tea siceaneesuace sansa nebemieaset <swslsies «io «vehi 31

I. Amertcan.—American Jourgal of Science and Arts—American Naturalist.

II. Foreign. British.—Tate’s Land and Fresh-water Mollusea of Nicaragua—Conecho-
logia Ieonica—Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

German—Martini and Chemnitz’s Conchylien Cabinet—Novitates Conchologice.

Nore.—The colored plates illustrating Mr. Pease’s papers will be issued
with future numbers of the Journal.

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Authors sending specimens with their papers, can have colored illustra-
tions furnished without expense to them.

Twenty copies of every contribution (without re-paging or illustration) is at
the service of its author, if applied for in season.

Extra copies, re-paged, can be had on the following terms :

25 copies. 50 copies. 100 copies. 250 copies
16 pages, $4 00 $5 00 $6 75 $10 00
8 pages, 3 00 3 75 5°25 7.50
2 to 4 pages, 2 50 3 12 4 25 6 25

Uncolored plates at 3 cents each, or colored plates 12 to 18 cents each.
Contributions, as well as Papers and Works for Review or Exchange,
should be directed to

Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

WO): 7. Part oz.

AMERICAN

JO URN A Lee:

"CON CHOLOGY.

= SI ce 0 i haa

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE:

GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr., Editor,
S. R. ROBERTS,
E. J. NOLAN, M. D.

PELE EAE

PHILADELPHIA :
Published by
Tue CoNCHOLOGICAL SecTION oF THE ACADEMY or NATURAL ScIENces,
N. W. corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.

NEW YORK: LONDON:
B. WESTERMANN & Co., No. 440 Broadway. : TRUBNER & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row-
BERLIN :

ASHER & Co., No. 20 Unter d. Linden.

oe = —- — = —— — — ) 9]
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TERMS FOR ADVERTISING. |

One Insertion. Two Insertions. One Year.
Futt Pace, $5 00 $8 00 $15 00
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A fine collection of named shells, |
from 1200 to 1400 species,
many varietles, _ ms
and over SOOO specimens.
For further information inquire of
D. W. FERCUSON,
IN. ¥. Gas Paght Co;
Hester, cor. Elizabeth Sts.,
Bits NEW YORK.

WANTED TO EXCHANGE, |
Land, Fresh-water and Marine SHELLS of AUSTRALIA for those of any
part of the world except Europe.
Apply to Dr. JAMES C. COX,
130 Philip Street,
Sydney,
1 yr. New South Wales.

TO EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND COLLECTORS. |

The subscriber offers FOR SALE his private collection of the Shells and |
Mollusks of California and the adjacent States. The series embraces about
six hundred and fifty species, carefully named and neatly mounted, and is the
best collection of West Coast Shells extant, except the California State Cabi-

net. Address
JNO. G. COOPER, M. D.,
San Francisco, Cal.,
Or E. J. NOLAN, M. D.,
2t. Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila.

LTO CoMNCHoLoGristss:

FOR SALE, a very large collection of BOOKS relating to Conchology ;
also several thousand named species of SHELLS.
The above being duplicates, we are anxious to dispose of them at very low
prices. For particulars, address
hk. J. NOLAN, M. D.,
Conservator of Conch. Sect. Acad. Nat: Sciences,
Cor. Broad and Sansom Streets, Phila.

6___$_

~)

VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY

FOR SALE.

1. American Journal of Conchology, 1865-1868. Four volumes, 8vo.
Containing over sixteen hundred pages, illustrated by one hundred litho-
graphic plates of shells, miny of them finely colored, several portraits of
distinguished conchologists, and about athoasand wood engravings. The
articles are contributed by all the prominent American Conchologists.
Published at $40. Price reduced to $16 for the set.

2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 5, 1869-70. Containing
350 pages of valuable articles by Wm. M. Gabb, James Lewis, M.D., Wm.
G. Binney, Thomas Bland, T. A. Conrad, Wm. Harper Pease, John H. Red-
field, Theo. Gill, Wm. H. Dall, Ralph Tate, Wesley Newcomb, M.D., S. R.
Roberts, J. G. Cooper, M.D, John Wolf, and George W. Tryon, jr. The
illustrations consist of 17 lithographic plates, partly colored, and wood
engravings. Price $10.00.

3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States.
With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. The
work is now completed. It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus-
trated by 18 lithographic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies
were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the
following styles:
Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored

plates, Price, $8.50.
2d. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, Price, 13.50.
3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain
on tinted paper, and finely colored, Price, $20.00.

4. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepoma-
tidee (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations
on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine
Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.

. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descriptions of

New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca from Panama. Des-
cription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca be-
longing to the Families Amnicolidx, Vulvatide and Limneide, inhabiting California. De-
scription of anew Species of Pleurocera. Description of a new Species of Teredo, from New
Bedford. Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the
Species of Strepomatide, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.

The Edition is very limited—only 74 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to

secure the work.

5. RAFINESQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil
Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates. Price, $2.50.

This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints
of many papers, which had been entirely forg tten by naturalists.

6, TRYON, GHO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent
Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication.
8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

7. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea,
and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochmnide, Pholadide, and Teredidz. History of

American Conchology, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.
a

*, A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members
Paar ‘ :
of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to

ConcHoLoetcaL Section AcapEMy oF NaTurRAL Sciences, Philadelphia,
Or to its Agents—see Ist page of this cover.

COW FAN ae Se

IWRECOrd Of WMECEtIIeS ents c ces oases decease naece ee epee nena angles

2. Supplement to the ‘ Revision of tte Terebratulide,” with
Additions, Corrections: and a Revision of the Craniidz
and -Discinidze: “By W. H- Dall .2.....s.ic.-dencv teers eee pdaehte F

3. Notes on Dr. James Lewis’ paper ‘On the Shells of the
Ho'ston River. “By Geo. Weairvony it. scseaeaeee Sika tpeakecees Baa

4. Note on the Genus Anisothyris, Conrad, with a Description
of a New Species. By Well. Daily. 32ers. © io ccene's etep emcees

‘ie Descriptions of Sixty New Species of Mollusks from the
West Coast of North America and the. North Pacific
Ocean, with Notes on others already Described. by W.
ADD als 2 sreatee co Setea oo ve snce een mes vale Petecoo aa dins distin a. eae

}. On the Lingual Dentition of Linnza appressa, Say, and Lin-
nea megasoma, Say. By. Thomas Bland and W. G. Binney.... 161

-~I

. On the Lingual Dentition of Veronicella. By Thomas Bland
SUC Gao BiMMe yas. catte ua eses cies (ade oee ouldeliw Acs s asesnewees ame seedteeen ere oe til

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Authors sending specimens with their papers, can have colored illustra-
tions furnished without expense to them. : =orgl
Twenty copies of every contribution (without re-paging or illustration) is at |
the service of its author, if applied for in season.
Extra copies, re-paged, can be had on the following terms :

25 cepies. 50 copies. 100 copies. 250 copies |
16 pages, S4 00 $5 00 S6 75 $10 00
8 pages, 3 00 ae fhe 5 25 7 50
2 to 4’pages, 2 50 peel: 4 25 6 25

Uncolored plates at 3 cents each, or colored plates 12 to 18 cents each.
Contributions, as well as, Papers and Works for Review or Exchange, |
should be directed to

Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
eC

SS eS oe

le i

NS Ue etre Rae

ry

| Published at $10 per Annum—Payable in Advance. |
E Vol. 7. ) Part 3.

| AMERICAN

FOUR NAL,

oF

BONCTIOLOGY. |

HS es:

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE :

GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr., Editor, |
S. R. ROBERTS,
E. J. NOLAN, M. D.

LES 2S E

PHILADELPHIA:

Published by
Tue Con@HoLoGicAt Section of THe AcApDEMY or NATURAL SCIENCES,
N. W. corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.
NEW YORK: ; LONDON :
B. Westermann & Co., No. 440 Broadway. TRUBNER & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row. |

BERLIN :
ASHER & Co., No. 20 Unter d. Linden.

; ; Q
27 ee
7 Merrihew & Son, Prs. No. 135 N. Third St. SY

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING,

One Insertion. Two Insertions. One Year.
FuLL Pace, $5 00 $8 00 $15 00
Har Paap, 3 50 5 50 10 00
QUARTER PaGE, 2E50 4 00 7 50
EieutH Pager, ib 170i 2°75 5 25

COLLECTION OF SHELLS FOR SALE,

A fine collection of named shells,
from 1200 to 1400 species,
many varieties, ;
and over SOOO specimens.
For further information inquire of

D.W.FERCUSON,
N. Y. Gas Light Co.,

Hester, cor. Elizabeth Sts.,
2 t. NEW YORK.

WANTED TO EXCHANGE,

Land, Fresh-water and Marine SHELLS of AUSTRALIA for those of any
part of the world except Europe.
Apply to Dr. JAMKS C. COX,
130 Philip Street,
Sydney,
lyr. New South Wales.

FOR SALE,

A collection of over FIFTEEN HUNDRED SPECIES of Shells, collected at
| Tahiti and vicinity
_ FISHES, ECHINODERMS, CRUSTACEA, CORALS, ETC.
Address ANDREW J. GARRETT, :
Care of Capt. W. H. Kelly,
Papeete,
Tahiti (Viti Islands).

TO CONCHOLOGISTS.

FOR SALE,‘ very large collection of BOOKS relating to Conchology ;
also several thousand named species of SHELI.N.

The above being duplicates, we are anxious to dispose of them at very low
prices. For particulars, address :
K. J. NOLAN, M. D.,
Conservator of Conch. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sciences,

5 Cor. Broad and Sansom Streets, Phila. ; ‘

VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY

FOR SALE.

1. American Journal of Conchology, 1865—1868. Four volumes, 8vo.
Containing over sixteen hundred pages, illustrated by one hundred litho-
graphic plates of shells, many of them finely colored, several portraits of
distinguished conchologists, and about a thousand wood engravings. The
articles are contributed by all the prominent American Conchologists.
Published at $40. Price reduced to $16 for the set.

2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 5, 1869-70. Containing
350 pages of valuable articles by Wm. M. Gabb, James Lewis, M.D., Wm.
G. Binney, Thomas Bland, T. A. Conrad, Wm. Harper Pease, John H. Red-
field, Theo. Gill, Wm. H. Dall, Ralph Tate, Wesley Newcomb, M.D ,S. R.
Roberts, J. G. Cooper. M. D , John Wolf and George W. Tryon, Jr. The
illustrations consist of 17 lithographic plates, partly colored, and wood
engravings. Price $10.00.

3, Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States.
With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. The
work is now completed. It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus-
trated by 20 lithoyraphic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies
were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the
following styles:

Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored

plates. Price, $8.50.
2d. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, Price, $13.50.
3d, Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain
on tintee paper, and finely colored, Price, $20.00.

4, TRYON, GEO. W, Jr., Synonymy of ths Species of Strepoma-
tide (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations
on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh-Water and Marine
Mollusca. 8vo., over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.

Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

CONTENTS: Contributions towardsa Monography of the Order Pholidacea, with Descriptions of
New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca from Panama. Des-
cription of anew Exotic Melania, Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca be-
longing to the Families Amnicolidx, Valvatide and Limnzxide, inhabiting California. De-
scription of a new Spevies of Pleurocera. Des ription of a new Specces of Teredo, from New
Bedford Muss. Descripiions of twon w Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the
Spcetes of Strepomatide, Jarts 1, 2,3, 4and Supplement.

The Edition is yery limited—on!y 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be neces-
sary to secure the work.

5. RAFINESQUE C. §, Ccmplete Writings on Recent and Fossil
Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
8vo. 1860. With lithographic plates. Price, $2.50

This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints
of many papers, which had been entirely forguiten by naturalisvs.

6. TRYON, GEO. W,, Jr., List of American Writers on Recent
Conchology. with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication.
8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

7. TRYON, GEO. W. Jr, Monograph of the Order Pholodacea,

and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochenide, Pholadidx, and Teredidz. History of
American Conchelogy, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.

x*y A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members
of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to

“ ConcHoLogicaL Suction ACADEMY oF Naturau Sciences, Philadelphia,”
Or to its Agents—see Ist page of this cover.

(2) we

or

O.O NET HANES:

1. Record of Mee’ings .......... fh nina tgoact adacreliawtigyemectse 4 Sanat Sy eae 165
. De-crip'ion of a New Spscies of Monocera font California,
with Remarks on tte Distribution cf the North American
Speciesi« “Riy.B, Br CiStear tise: .2.:) sc ccsncenes ccanencaseonoesesat ‘ ca liGn
3. Descriptions of New California Shells. By RB. C. Stearns... 172
4. Notes on the Lingua! Dentition and Jaws of Terrestrial Mol-

lo

lusca. No.3. By Thomas Bland and W. G. Binney ......5 2... 174
5. On the Lingual Dentition of Blandilla Geomelania and Am-
phibulima. By Thontis Bland and W. G. Binney... 2. ........00 ; 185
6. On eee Lingual Dentition of Macroceramus Gossei, Pfr. By
W. G.-Biowey and Thomas BMinds.,..0 02... ec wccee ta sue Pee aciven 187
Reon a Lingual Dentition of Nauina. By Thomas Bland and W.
Ge BiMMe ye oii.) see so haere wae teens Maen es) sa necasioGmeoabaaeins ese tae 188
*. On t'e Generic Position of Helix Newberryana. By Thomas
Bland and = Wee eB Weiee mais 05s ee ats s ventas ote sen eee? as cae aia see Eee 190
9. INot2 02 Gadinia.. By Wie Halll coches een cect te eco see none eee 192
10. Polynesian Chitonidze By the late W. Harper Pease... ...,..-.... PaLOw
11. Descriptions of Four Sp2ci2s of tae Shells inhabiting the
Paguan Islands. “By.the late W. Harper; Pensec.....1.0.0-0 apsename 196
12. Synonymy of Patella exarata, Rve. By the late W Harper
Reasessc.s.chh: feces bes oveacinde Ut .coued Bhcoed ftieaiaet 198
13. Notices and eviews! of New Conchologicai Works. By
Geo. Wo Try ot olin. 86s vee nct-ew es senceelecsncs ditee. estado ncn sass. eeanmnanne 201
I. Aca ay.—Dall s Report on Brachiopoda.—Monograph of Fresh Water Univ: alve
Mollusea. By Haldeman‘and Tryon, ete.

Il. Forney. . British.. Proceedings of Zoological Society.—Conchologia Ieonica.—
Thesaurus Conchyliorum.—Conchologia Indica. By Hantey and Theobald, ete
German.—Malakozoologisehe Blitter.—Novitates Conchologté*.—Donum Bismark-
ianum, ete. .
French.—Journal dev Conchylivlogie.—Annales des Sciences Naturelles. ~

=

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Authors sending specimens with their papers, can have colored illustra-
tions furnished without expense to them:

Twenty copies ot every con ribution (without re-paging or illustration) is at
the service of its author, if applied for in season.

Extra copies, re-paged, can*be had on the following terms:

25 copies. 50 copies. 100 copies. 250 copies.
16 pages, B4 00 $5 00 $6 75 Slv 00
8 pages, } 3 00 3075 Deo 7 50
2 to 4 pages, 2 50 Seas 4 25 6 25

Uncolored plates’at 3 cents each, or colored plates 12 to 18 cents each.
Contributions, as well as Papers and Works for Review or teehee
should be directed to
Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences,*Philadelphia.

Published at $10 per Annum—Payable in Advance.

Vol. 7. | ae
Ae -B, -B--CA IN

JOURNAL

PON CTrOmOG yy.
1871-72.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE :

GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr., Editor,
S. R. ROBERTS,
E. J. NOLAN, M. D.

PHILADELPHIA:

Published by
TRE ConcHoLogioaL Section oy tae Acapemy or Naturat Screnogs,
N. W. corner of Broad and Sansom Streets. —
NEW YORK: LONDON:
B. Westermann & Co., No. 440 Broadway. TRUBNER & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row.

' BERLIN :
Asner & Co. No. 20 Unter d. Linden.

iE Pitre See Merrihew & Son, Prs. No. 135 N. Third St.

TERMS FOR ADVERTISING.

One Insertion. Two Insertions. One Year.
Fut Packs, $5 00 $8 00 $15 00
Hatr Page, 3 50 5 50 10 00
QuarTER Page, 2 50 4 00 7 50
Eieutu Page, oe 2 UD 5 25

COLLECTION OF SHELLS FOR SALE,
A jine collection of named shells,
from 1200 to 1400 species,

many varieties, !
and over SOOO specimens.

For further information inquire of
D.W.FERCUSON,
N. Y. Gas Light Co.,

Hester, cor, Elizabeth Sts.,
NEW YORK...

WANTED TO EXCHANGE,
Land, Fresh-water and Marine SHELLS of AUSTRALIA for those of any
part ofthe world except Europe. d
Apply to Dr. JAMES ©. COX,
130 Philip Street,
Sydney,

lyr. New South Wales.

FOR SALE,

A collection of over FIFTEEN HUNDRED SPECIES of Shells, collected at
Tahiti and vicinity.
FISHES, ECHINODERMS, CRUSTACEA, CORALS, ETC.
Address ANDREW J. GARRETT,

Care of Capt. W. H. Kelly,
Papeete,
Tahiti (Viti Islands).

TO CONCHOLOGISTS.
FOR SALE, 4 very large collection of BOOKS relating to Conchology ;
also several thousand named species of SHELLS.

The above being duplicates, we are anxious tu dispose of them at very low
For particulars, address

prices.
E. J. NOLAN, M. D.,
- Conservator of Conch. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Cor. Broad and Sansom Streets, Phila.

VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY

FOR SALE.

1. American Journal of Conchology, 1865—1868. Four volumes, 8vo.
Containing over sixteen hundred pages, illustrated by one hundred litho-
graphic plates of shells, many of them finely colored, several portraits -of
distinguished conchologists, and about a thousand wood engravings. The
articles are contributed by all the prominent American Conchologists.
Published at $40. Price reduced to $16 for the set.

2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 5. 1869-70. Containing
350 pages of valuable articles by Wm. M. Gabb, James Lewis, M.D., Wm.
G Binney, Thomas Bland, T. A. Conrad, Wm. Harper Pease, John H. Red-
field, Theo. Gill, Wm. H. Dall, Ralph Tate, Wesley Newcomb, M.D, S. R.
Roberts, J. G. Cooper. M. D , John Wolf and George W. Tryon, Jr. lhe
illustrations consist of 17 lithographic plates, partly colored, and wood
engravings. Price $10.00.

3, Monograph cof the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States.
With illustrations ofall the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. The
work is now completed It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus-
trated by 20 litho-raphic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies
were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the
following styles: A
Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored

plates. Price, $8.50.
2d. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, Price, $13.50.
3d. Fine edition, op very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain
on tintee paper, and finely col: red, Price, $20.00.

4. TRYON, GEO. W, Jr., Synonymy of the Species of Strepoma-
tide (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations
on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh-Water and Marine
Mollusca. 8vo., over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.

Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

CONTENTS: Contributions towardsa Monography of the Order FPholudacea, with Descriptions of

New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Frish Water Mollusca from Panama, Des
cription of anew Exotic Melania, Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca le-
longing to the Families Amnicolide, Valvatide and Limnzxide, inhabiting California. De-
scription of anew Speries of Pleurccera, Description af a new Specers of Teredo, from New
Bedjfurd Mass. Descriptions of twonw Species of Mexican Land Shells, Syncenymy of the
Spcetes of Strepomatide, J arts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.

The Edition is very limited—on'y 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be_neces-
sary to secure the work.
5. RAFINESQUE. C. S , Ccmplete Writings on Recent and Fossil
~Conchology. Edited by William G, Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
8vo. 1860. With lithographic plates. Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints
of many papers, which had been entirely torgeiten by naturalisis.
6. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent
Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication.
8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

7. TRYON, GEO. W. Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholodacea,
and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862.
eee) Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.

Contains Monographs cf the [Families Gastrochanic x, | hcladidw, and Teredice. History of
American Gonchelogy, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.

—r,

Aion val discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed Jrom the ature prices, tu Members
of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to

“ ConcHoLocicaL Section AcapEMY oF NaTuraL Sciences,- Philadelphia,”
Or to its Agents—see lst page of this cover.

| CONTENTS,

: PAGE

l. Record’ of Meetings 3. :c.cisccc.c iste cottons sotoaved cat eee sao Aaee 217
2. Descrip'ions of New Sp-cies of Land and Fresb-water

Sbells: “By Andrew) (Gapretite 2 i. tacs-msacacese ouase joesenae ot eeete 219

3, List of Species of Bulimus Inbabiting the Viti Islands, with
Notes on their Geogravhical Range and Descriptions of

WewsSpecies |.) 56 Fs iccessnrseenetccousere) eno suces” «asesoapenetseecieneee 231
4. Notices and Reviews of N:w Goubhelogioal Works. By
Geos Wier Dryas dite. scence sre cceereeSocqeeme en err geass isos esa eeeeeimaetes aith

I. Americay.—\merican Naturalist—Proc. California Academy—Annals of N. Y.
Lyceutin—Gill’s Arrangement of the Families of Mollusks.
Il. Foreten.—British—Journal of Asiatic Soe. Bengal—l'roceedings of Zoologi-
eal Society—Conchologia Ieonica.
French.—Mission Scientifique au Mexique, ete., by Crosse and Fischer—Jour-
nal de Conehyliologie.
Italion.—Malacologia del Mare Rosso, ete.

German.—Archiy f. Naturgeschi-hte, Novitates Conchologies, ete.

APPENDIX,
5. Conservator’s Annual Report. By Dr. E. J. Nolan............ ..-.. 247
6. Librarian’s Report. Dr. E. J. Nolan..............- US oso est eee merece 249
i. keecorder’s Report.. (S: BR Roberts jccs.ce--1c- sr ss ome orestt 2 fewer 249
8. Report of Publication Committee..... .... Ferrey 2k)
9. Catalogue of the Family Cyrenellide. By metantea Prine! BaP AoC 251
10. Catalogue of the Family Cyprinide. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.... 252
ll. Catalogue of the Family Glauconomyide. By G W. Tryon, Jr. 253
12. Catalogue of the Family PetricoliGe By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr... 255
13. Catalogue of the Family Cardiidez. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr...... 259

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The publication of the Amertcan JournaL or Concnoxoey will be dis
continued with this Part, which completes the Seventa Vouume. All
papers hereafter presented for publication to the ConcnoLoeican SECTION
or THE AcApDEMy or Narurat Scrences, will be published in the P-ro-
CEEDINGS OF THE Acapemy, and will be fully illustrated, as heretofore.
By this arrangement our subscribers will obtain for Five Dotiars annual
subscription, the complete transactions of the Academy in all depart-
ments of natural science. ‘he names of subscribers to the ‘‘ American
Journal of Conchology” will be transferred to the: Sub-cription List
of the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences,” with the
exception of those which are already on the latter list.

By order of Pusiication Commit ten.

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