—— a eel
- -
gy4v7 vaonVL1nvHo
wore/2@D
3 N
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let
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 229
Distributior in Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Alle’ny Riv’ Monong. Riv. Ohio Riv.
Light Purplish Vinaceous, etc.-......... GOO pee NN GOL Ne. 2h eee Ses 33%
Light Russet Vinaceous, etc..__........-. BOW pom cay Nas IR AO ge a ae ec 33%
Perivorances), Pink, eter... st. BOIS se is aN eA as BO 33%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (31 shells).
Ne teie ea te cae rad eae we ee oe Se) 2 ee ee 25%
Leer DEY a poy ISTE Os UE oh A) eae ae ae nC i Meme oe Memes CHEESE 3 50%
VAG HMI A COOLMS ECG a2 8a22 08 celeste cM eh SS A he Us gh ieee 25%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque
Bay Point Isle
iyvdranves ePinks: ete.) 30 oh ae (7 (iene aha ieee ta 8 TOG eae 12%
Light Purplish Vinaceous, etc......._.. ig Oars eae beg fos ToT foi eae, terrains 44%
isiipebweplist lilacs (@terets. et ae hl Ae ee Do Ioihs o/h Ree 44%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Lake Erie shells appear to be of a more uniform lilac hue, while
there is a greater proportion of pinks and purples in the Upper Ohio
Drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
The nacreous color seems to be lighter in the Ohio than either
the Allegheny or the Monongahela. Coppery purple, (Light Russet
Vinaceous), is most prominent in the Monongahela. “A tendency
to lighten going down stream is seen in the Allegheny.
In Lake Erie: .
La Plaisance Bay stands out for a greater proportion of pinks,
Cedar Point for Lilac purple, and Presque Isle for dark purple colors.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (6 shells).
Males—pinkish or lilac.
Females—purple or russet.
9.—Anodontoides ferrussacianus.
Here the general tone of the nacre color—not merely the irides-
scence—was considered.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Bluish-white Lavender, Grayish Blue Violet, Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
Bluish Pearl Blue, Pale Aniline Lilac.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
and Lake Erie. (69 shells).
iced ce Reimar Pyne? pestle lee ah NS Soe Ne EN ee Ua ee ee al 26%
230 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Pearl ‘Blue, sete yc. Ce ee ae ee Ae te ones Ow i 25%
Mavender: ete ea ee Pe ol ee 23%
Grayish Blue. Violet, :etc.2.2:5 SN se) ee ee ee 22%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
(45 shells). i
Pearl *Blue,ete,-ve. 224 2 eho Pe Ee za ne 23%
Pate Astiline \‘Drlac, ete: 2508) ae ee ee ee ee 20%
Wa Venger, Gti a ge ee ae oes Eee at ai Le 22%
Easht) Grayish ‘Blue. Violet, ete... oss) oo Se eee 28%
Distribution of Colors in the Upper Ohio Tribs., etc.
Allegheny Beaver
Tribs. Tribs.
earhvpliwve,* Cte n tf 2 aa at eee La TA Woot ee ee 20%
Pple, anime: Talae: Ste.) ee ee ee co fe A A 15%
Wavender:: Cte 2c. 036 oe) eA AE mn le 25%
RisheGrayish bine) Violet; ete, foe ea ee 26% 3 oe 40% —
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Lake Erie. (24 shells)
Pale FAniline (Tilac, sete os hel 6 et SOO Sa 9 Be 31%
Peattepine, Cbel co oe ee es ee ee 25%
PalesGrayish blue. Violet, sete 2 Si ee ee 19%
Wavender Ctecs. ho eae Ne SO Deed AIR ae iie fy BL ere a 25%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
Presque Maumee Conneaut
River River Creek
Pale Aniline Lilac, etc...........2.......-.. a Or ak Wr bana ae BOS a a eae 28%
Pate Vine Btess wi Pee eek ee a Be OF y wae se 2h Of a) hee 14%
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, etc........... ec Ae Aan AE BIS Er Ae se Wh tee 43%
Wavender vere soy Moke Aoi Yah ee TOs sie Ns 25 Ge a ee 14%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. ITI.
There are more pearl blue, lilac and their related colors in L
Erie than in the Upper Ohio Drainage, but there are less of a
lavender hue.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Lilac colors appear to predominate in the Allegheny Tributaries
as against lavender in the Beaver Tribs. Conneaut Creek draining
into L. Erie possesses more pearl blue shells than either the Beaver,
Shenango, or Allegheny Rivers. Descending French Creek, the
nacre of the species appears to lighten. Pale grayish Blue Violet is
characteristic of the French Creek, while Pearl Blue is more typical
of the Shenango.
In Lake Ente:
Presque Isle stands out for lilac colors; the Maumee River
which drains into it, possesses a great deal of lavender.
[
i.
z
;
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 231
J
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (3 shells).
Males tend toward lavender colors, females blue. In this species,
as well as a few others dealt with, the numbers used hardly
justify any definite conclusion as to the association of nacreous
color with the sex of the animal. \
10.—Eurynia recta.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Purple Light Pinkish Lilac, Light Purplish Vinaceous,
Pale Congo Pink.
Bluish White Pearl Blue
Whitish White
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
and Lake Erie. (54 shells).
Rear Blue ete... AF ANS EOE MRe Wn ek A Sr eee eh ul HOP Lh SIM gEnE A ae Anna sere ATL 33%
Vii Aint En KEYES. eh Seek, SEM AR AE Ce A ees Sa IML Sk KARMA Oe AE esr obs 47,6 21%
Peta lersitt (aes eters vn kit oat es APS Sl eee pala oe Le Revere 30%
igi bil plish Vitis COMSs) EtCe ca i kao ee EN Os Se ee A 15%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
(33 shells).
jee JB GUWE) were) een ReneS GES RASA aO Nyhan aN) me SN bees. eg 2 ar an i edd Be COR Tbr 32%
ON AICCVD HES CLS SAE eC Rg RW Sa eg ROMERO Se eof. 24%
ei ouaeme era kas) e PilaG yc @t ee. 2 ee ay he A 1a SERN ee ae 23%
Tee ME plish eVihia CEOS GlC 28 els LOE ga 2 a eee 21%
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Tributaries, etc.
‘ Alleghney Alleghney Ohio Tuscarawas
Trubs. River River River
]P1 aia | ABW WS eR Nes OAL ar SA ae UR Oct BAL ene one ia he 36 gee ee 60%
Vii Ss EMOTE OI SS Pe ON 2 ce PS Ela RP GOA i) ees DAI OTS ey wee BOG x ans oes
iicht pPimkish’ Lilac. ete. Betas ZOO fae TOOG Reet ae 20%
Light Purplish Vinaceous, ete.-..... SEE ey phe ee By wse cee) pW UE nO 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in’Lake Erie. (21 shells).
AFUE Met ESCO Ih eee ae WA ad its OARS NE 20 ge ORR od ae. SE Pe ae 39%
Hetoniiem erika Shee a Geter wees eu iat able ts Ree hives tei lade OA es 30%
ain list VitttatCeous KEtC ior. ie fee ie fo late JE GRE a abe lara 21%
Palem@onmonmiik, tet, nore et hi eile Wa aes ae Coe ese fe We 12%
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities.
Cedar Point Pesque Isle
Bea ringpliteyet@es 6 See eee bl Ak 5 AI aC yn ee ee OY 5-6 Nies Sue a 36%
J EIGN 2,112 8) Bg IB eet ga 2 5 Ser ea St oa RR Rs Oe ATA i Nola iinet 34%
Right buspishe Vinaceous, yete.i ki ye ee, iy y/o eee 20%
Palew@ oie, me tikes rece: te thewe ie! oikes Yor oh UE Ek nl Sy ole atk ae Bele 10%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and PI. III.
A greater amount of Pearl blue and light purple exists in Lake
232 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Erie. White, in any abundance, is found most in the Upper Ohio
Drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Pinkish colors predominate in the Allegheny Tributaries, white
pearl blue in the river. The Ohio and Tuscarawas Rivers show the
greatest percentage of Pearl Blue. A fading out is seen descending
the Allegheny. Characteristic stream colors are,
Light Pinkish Lilac in the Seana White in the Ohio.
In Lake Ere:
Where Cedar Point possesses more pearl blue, Presque Isle has
more pinkish and purplish colors.
In Chautauqua Lake the prevailing color is a vinaceous pink.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (33 shells).
The nacre of the males seems to be prevailingly purplish; that
of the females, pinkish. Pearl Blue is about evenly represented
in both sexes.
11.—Lampsilis luteola
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY.
Blue Pearl Blue
Bluish White Pale Grayish Blue Violet, White
Straw Colored, Pink Light Pinkish Lilac, Palé Rhodonite Pink.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Peet Lhio Drainage and
Lake Erie (289 shells).
Tage. «Pitikishs Lilacs e662) 2.2: 2 ihe eh oe th Co el eee ee 35%
PRarl WB lite Meteo. os. ee eee Se ae Se Nn a ce 13%
Wihtitel weet co o.2 ee teers he Ae Se an | ne sa Se a 17%
PalevGrayish #Bliue? Violet, ete. 32. 2s ee eee 35%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Lhio Drainage
(187 shells).
Wight einrkish Wtlae siete: eae eee oP Ae eee ee 30%
NWiltite; Het: 28 eh R hs 8 See 1) RS eS Se ee eee 14%
Bearl Blie: sete: 822 a el ees Ue ae ENS hues ely ee eee ee 24%
Pate .Grayish?:Blae Violet; sete 2.25) Ao ON See area ee 35%
Distributixn in Upper Lhio Tribs., etc.
Alle’ny Alle’ny Monong. Monong Ohio Beaver
Tribs. River Tribs. River River Drainage
Light’ Pinkish: Lilac,’ ete 22. 43 %.--:--40 %.--:--50 %p.2... 60%... 50%, ee
Pale-Grayish Blue Wiolet; etc: 14.952 3309p SOU pe 31%
PeanlBliie:tete.: ee ee LO pens GO ge ee ee ee ane Se 135
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 233
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Lake Erie (111 shells).
ureRIMPEyITGs oh CLG emer ne eet oe ON Po OE ee et oe es a 41%
AUNTS aD wy (EG ae Se a A ay ne ee cece ee NS aU en, Men cet Re 20%
ibid ey VB Tia ke av Let bere. 12) CA ene NU pe ee eee Ae a gegen a RE Bie
Pale hOGoniterrr tik wecGs. 2) -inegs oe ls Se ee Hs ae Is ae 12%
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque Maumee
Bay Point Isle Drainage
endanbiltie: wetete ooo seed ee TOM eee ZO ean ee: Pe Hagia east 8 20%
WARIS), EA Cae SIR CAE ieee ame mane ei on enleae Bae 2 OU nen etree 16%
eicthee eitikasitel tac eu. 6 ele ee BO peters DiC ee eee 215 G7 ten B30
Pale Rhodonite Pink, etce_............... FY eee Nees Hes Fa 7 Ne SS BDU) eaten ee 31%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. ITI.
Pearl Blue’as well as white is more abundant in L. Erie, but the
Upper Ohio has more shades of Light Pinkish Lilac. Pink, however,
is a color comprised to large extent in Lake Erie shells, while pale
grayish blue violet is largely represented in the Ohio.
In the Upper Oluo Drainage:
Pinkish colors predominate in the Allegheny Tribs., but blues in
the rivers.
There is less pink in the Ohio than in the Monongahela, while
white is not present in the tributaries of the latter. Pale Grayish
Blue Violet seems characteristic of the Beaver Tribs. as a whole,
while there is less pearl blue in the Ohio than in the Allegheny, but
more white. A fading out is seen going down stream in the Alleg-
heny, Monongahela, and Shenango Rivers as well as in the French
Creek. Characteristic stream colors are;
Light Pinkish Lilac to Pearl Blue in the Allegheny, Pale Grayish
Blue Violet in French Creek, white with a Light Pinkish Lilac tinge
in Conewango Creek.
In Lake Erte:
Light Pinkish Lilac predominates at La Plaisance- Bay, while a
Lighter Pink represents Cedar Point. Presque Isle is apparently
between the two with regard to color, in this respect resembling
the Maumee Drainage. In this as well as in other species, character-
istic colors not mentioned for any given locality are obtained from
Plo TUT:
Pale Persian Lilac is a typical color for shells from Conneaut
Lake, while a more pinkish variety of this—pale pinkish lilac—is
\
234 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
characteristic of Chautauqua Lake.* Greater uniformity of nacre
color was found in this than in any other species, a fact somewhat
associating itself with the ubiquitous distribution of the species.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (94 shells).
Males—Pinkish lilac, and apparently a greater proportion of
white. |
Females—Pale grayish blue violet—slightly more pearl blue.
12.—Lampsilis ovata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Silvery White
Bluish white Pearl blue, Pale Grayish Blue Violet
Pink Light Pinkish Lilac, Pale Purplish Vinaceous.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
and Lake Erie. (214 shells). se
Pearle Bite, VOC. ie: sence ses yea RN 2s an TO Sasa es A eb ea 20%
\1 {71 Br otha <8 8 Cea Aa AURORE Peet seins eon rrr aay /ee hs coupe 2. RUPE TE SS 20%
iene Pinkish Walae) ‘ete Noe he ee ee ee 30%
Pale.Grayish (Blue “Violet; “eb 2 he ee ee oe 11%
Pale wPurplish Vinaceous; ete. 0 ees heh Nee ee ee ee cad 19%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage.
(188 shells).
Berl Mle et ee str omel a oF ached Gh OS SR ee ee 19% P.
iicht iPimkash > Dalac; ete i: 2s) ol ee eS eee ee 25% %
NWahitte sete: |t3 56 oS oN eS ae ee eae Se ee ee eee 19% |
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, etc.-_-..................- Pere ia oat SEE 3 eS 19% &
PalevPurplish “Vinaceous’, ete... See Se ee 18% ;
Distribution in Upper Ohio Tribs., etc.
Alle'ny Alle'ny Ohio Ohio Beaver Beaver j
Tribs. River River Tribs. River Tribs. t
Pearl Blves) etens sess See ee. 20% 22.22%... 1AM 2 10% 35 Vg eee \
Tight Pinkish Lilac, etc..---...- 25 Of soe be BAN, oan Se ee 4%.-----40% £
VGC et ce Lt) eke wee Sec reat A 20 %i....22 Goce. 25 Jp. 13 Yo 10 pe etOee ; q
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, etc.....17 %....-- D5 Vo 12%... 259. 0 On eg x
Purplish Vinaceous, etc........... 19:% 2217 25 Yoel oe 7% %
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie, (26 shells). ‘
Peatl Blues ete: 3.2.2.2 e te eR ee eee 24% §
Licht Pinkish ‘ilact eter -<: 5 > see ee ee oe 23%
WWihite; Sete 8 ee a ag A Roe ee Se 22%
a tas ko ae a
* My observations on all lake specimens of this species correspond with
those of Baker concerning it in Oneida Lake, N. Y. Baker, F. C., The ‘
Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake, Tech. Pub. No. 4. N. Y,
State College of Forestry, Syracuse, 1916. p. 41.
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 235
em ray ish HE Iter NHOLEL wo Cte 2 tts Ger he ee Tia
Rem unpliGhiey tla ceousuneten see 5) Say ten te een woes ee 17%
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities, and Chautauqua Lake.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque Chautaugua
ay Point Isle Lake
eat wee, etee) tig. ea PN Sabato Behe ey of A AO SU 40%
ieee Prakash) Wilac, jetet 2). D5 as a Aare Soe i AO relates 35%
iPaleyPimkish, Vinaceous, ete 2/1137 %..-.... Se ae eats Tigi oe tees 25%
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, ete... OO dr es Te Ay ee Be od a 710 )y /paenten ble 94 he
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Pearl Blue and White are most abundant in L. Erie and there is
less Pinkish Lilac or Purplish colors, as well as more Pale Grayish
Blue Violet are most peculiar to the Upper Ohio drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage: ,
The rivers have more Pearl Blue and White than the tribs. but
less Light Pinkish Lilac and less Pale Grayish Blue Violet. General
shades of Pinks and Pearl Blues are about evenly distributed
throughout this drainage. About the same percentage of blues
exists in the Allegheny and Beaver Drainages, while White is most
abundant in the Ohio,—apparently an outstanding exception to the
general rule. Fading is seen going down stream in the Allegheny,
Ohio, Shenango, and Little Beaver Rivers. Characteristic stream
colors are best indicated in Pl. III.
In Lake Ene:
Here white and pearl blues are practically equivalent. Most of
the Light Pinkish Lilac colors are at Presque Isle Bay; Pale Purplish
Vinaceous in La Plaisance Bay; while Cedar Point has more .
purplish colors than Presque Isle, it has less than La Plaisance Bay.
Pearl Blue predominates in Chatauqua Lake.
Observation on Sex. Correlative Coloration, etc. (84 shells).
Males may either be white, pinkish lilac or pearl blue.
Females are purplish vinaceous.
VI.—ConcLUSIONS.
1. In certain species, (as may be inferred from the table dealing
with the distribution of colors-as a whole), there exists a wider
range of variation of nacreous color than is indicated by standard
specific descriptions.
2. In practically all the species dealt with, a change in nacreous
color is observed going down stream from the headwaters to the
236 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
mouth. The usual tendency is for the nacreous color to considerably
lighten or become bluish.
3. The shells of L. Erie have a greater proportion of blues among
them than the corresponding shells in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
and Maumee Drainages. The shells of Conneaut and Chautauqua
Lakes have the same relation.
Other conclusions, not however as completely substantiated as
those given above, but still so evident from the present data as to
deserve mention are:
1 Each drainage leaves its own imprint on the shells collected
from it in the form at least of an associated peculiar tone of nacre
color. (This has already been observed with regard to other physical
characters). While the same ‘‘relative colors’? may be present in
different drainages, these are usually distinguished when necessary
by varying proportions of other colors.
2. Asarule, the color distinction may be carried so far as to say
tentatively at least, that certain shades of nacre color are charac-
teristic of certain localities in a given body of water. While as ob-
served in the chart, this is best observed in the case of Presque Isle
shells, ample verification is obtainable in shells from the Upper
Ohio Drainage.
3. So far as we may consider results obtained from a small
number of shells in many cases, sex correlative coloration seems to
be associated with nacre color.
VIII.—SUGGESTIONS AS TO CAUSES OF FAcTs.
Introductory remarks embody the writers’ comments on the first
of these conclusions. Any plausible explanation of the second would
seem to be found in the physical and chemical conditions under
which the shells live. A summary of the physical and chemical
conditions present in the Upper Ohio Drainage and ‘L. Erie has
been given. Perhaps that physical condition most applying to the
problem of nacreous color is the warmer temperature of the water
in the former, for it has been seen that as a rule, Upper Ohio shells
possess more pigment than those of L. Erie. Pigment is the result
of chemical reaction, and chemical reactions in general are increased
by the amount of heat.
Wilson and Clark, (18,.19) were inclined to associate with the
fading out of the nacreous color of Ellipio an abundance of lime,
and, (conversely), the want of humic acid in the lower stretches of
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 247
the stream.’’ Humic acid’ seems to be an indefinite chemical term
applied to several acid compounds having their origin in the decay
of vegetable matter. It is commonly supposed to impart its straw
colored to deeper hues to the streams in which it is found. Such a
stream is the Shenango R. fed by Pymatuning Creek which in
turn drains a swamp. For the reason that forests with their residual
humus are, under present conditions at least, most abundant near
the headwaters of streams, it may be reasonably supposed that
Humic Acid, if any, is most abundant there. As an acid, it must
tend to be neutralized later in those streams having an abundance
of lime, (CaCO3), and consequently disappear, for analyses of the
water in various parts of the Upper Drainage where the shells were
collected (6,10), show that there is an increase in the amount of
lime present and alkalinity in general going down stream, with a
converse reduction, it may be assumed, of any acidity. Faussek, (2),
in studies with marine pelecypods came to the conclusion that water
containing acid promoted the formation of pigment, while he
believed that light played no part in this process. List, (11),
another observer was inclined to credit the importance of light as a
factor in pigment formation. As the headwaters are freer from silt
than those of the lower stretches, we have according to tiese in-
vestigators, more ideal conditions for the production of pigment
there than further down stream, where as a matter of fact it is less
abundant. In this behaviour of nacreous color of Najades in up-
stream regions we have a rough analogue to that of the reaction
of litmus to acids snd alkalies. Further, the water of L. Erie differs
from that of the Upper Ohio Drainage and its lower regions in
possessing a greater amount of lime and general alkalinity, especially
to note aiter any humic acid entering the lake has been neutralized.
lL. Erie waters also contain certain chemicals such as magnesium
sulfate and chloride, which are not found, at least in similar quantity,
in the Upper Ohio Drainage. Now L. Erie shells have been found to
have greater percentages of Blue. This corresponds with the re-
action of litmus toward alkaline solutions.
A second analogous example and one more closely related to the
factors concerned in the case is the behavior of iron compounds
toward CO2 (13). It is known that Humic Acid attacks the iron
oxides, (Fe203) which color soil red or yellow, and reduces these
compounds to ferrous oxide. Ferrous oxide then unites with the
CO2 omnipresent in soil water, forming ferrous carbonate, a colorless
238 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
compound. As the result of these interactions the ground beneath
humus deposits is usually found bleached. Clays, originally red
or yellow, may become black, green or blue from the organic matter
contained and from the effects of this process. When clay is burned,
the organic matter and ferrous carbonate contained is oxidized,
and red brick is formed for whose red color the iron oxide is re-
sponsible. Now analyses of the shells of 4 common species of
Najades furnished through the courtesy of the Commissioner of
Fisheries, Washington, D. C., show that the differences in composi-
tion between them is greatest and most marked in the content of
otganic matter, iron, alumina and phosphoric acid. The first three
of these are important constituents of soil, and are known to be
responsible for the colors of many minerals. The greater rapidity
of current, rapids, etc., of the headwaters of streams makes for their
greater oxygenation, and this available oxygen may so react with
these minerals of the shell as to produce the deeper colors character-
istic of the headwaters in a fashion corresponding to the processes
described. Further down stream, silt and slow moving waters as
well as other conditions may tend to inhibit the oxidative process,
and, similarly there may follow a greater inclusion of organic matter
in the shell, possibly from the silt itself, resulting in other than the
red or yellowish colors allied to iron oxide. A relatively similar
situation is found in L. Erie, which has less silt but lighter colored
shells. The lighter colors of L. Erie shells may be closest related to
the degree of alkalinity of the water. -As the natural conditions
of the Upper Ohio Drainage are also largely similar to those of the
streams draining into L. Erie, a similar explanation may be assumed
for their colors. Another alternative hardly consistent with the
above facts is that the concentration of humic acid toward the
mouth of the stream becomes sufficient to bleach or lighten the
colors whose basis is iron. The improbability of this latter becomes
clearer when it be remembered that lime also increases in amount
going down stream. A more reasonable explanation is that CO2
whether of the soil water or released from combination by the
interaction of humic acid and lime, attacks the ferric or ferrous
oxide, already present in the shells and produces ferrous carbonate,
which colorless compound may be responsible for the lightening
of hues observed. Such an explanation at least embraces most of
the physical and chemical conditions known, and is certainly applic-
able to the many curious facts concerning the nacreous color known
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 239
to experienced collectors. With regard to the part iron plays in the
coloration of the shells of these animals, it is suggestively recalled
that it is the basis of many animal and plant pigments such as
haemoglobin, bilirubin, chlorophyll, etc.
Speculations here may be unbridled as in other fields and the
only thing to qualify it is experimental proof. It may be noted
that in many organisms strong production of pigment has been
considered evidence of progressive metabolism and sometimes
associated with ‘“‘femaleness’’ in particular. In other organisms
beside the Mollusca it has been also associated with amount of
oxygen present, and under the physical conditions the waters of
the Upper Ohio are as a whole better oxygenated than those of
L. Erie. Some of the observations bear out in part observations on
another group of the Mollusca, the Chitons, where Crozier, (1)
has found a more brilliant coloring of the soft parts associated with
the ‘“‘female’’ condition, believing it merely to be the result of a
“metabolic accident.” From the evidence given, there may be
reason to state that the nacreous “ground color”’ of shells, from
which all colors are produced by modification, is a Pearl Blue
or ‘‘whitish” hue. Dr. A. E. Ortman in an unpublished paper which
confirms observations of several other investigators, has shown
that the shells in the headwaters of streams are usually smaller
and more compressed than the same species in the lower stretches,
where they have become more highly inflated. Some factor in the
environment may thus inhibit the full physical development of the
shell in the headwaters, but its racial metabolism, evident in
greater development down stream, may find an outlet in the
production of pigment, a variation hardly as harmful to it as
increase in size and inflation would be in the swift streams of the
headwaters. Against the above we have the check of Koifoids
observation, (9), that the plankton elements on which these
creatures feed increase with the temperature, and are more abun-
dant in the lower stretches of the stream where there is more silt,
and where the shells are more highly inflated. Finally it must be
remembered that in so far as outside conditions are concerned, the
nacre throughout life is protected by the greater thickness of the
shell.
In the preceding, endeavor has been made to consider the more
plausible factors responsible for variation in nacreous color among
the Najades. If a theory of “progressive metabilism” in organisms
240 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
be held accountable in any way for variation in the nacreous
color of Najades, a factor of possible connection is that of the age
of the mussels. In obtaining any light upon the relation of the
nacreous color and the age of the animal, a difficulty which presents
itself is the accurate determination of the latter. Isely* who has
probably made the most extensive study of the growth of Fresh
Water Mussels, states that ordinarily the prominent rings of
the shell are presumably winter rings, (delayed growth), and
therefore each may represent a year of the animals life. However,
rings may develop as the result of unfavorable conditions such as
water shrinkage, temporary stranding, etc., and at any time of
the year. Moreover, the rate of growth is variable for individuals
of a single species in the same stream apparently depending on
conditions of food, oxygen etc. . . . Growth may also slow down
after sexual maturity. All these unfavorable conditions probably
act to some degree on shells in the Upper Ohio Drainage. However
at the time the color data was recorded, the writer estimated the
age of these and those from L. Erie by counting the rings of greatest
prominence, which Isely indicates are presumably the winter rest
rings. Here it may be remarked as,already shown elsewhere,(3),
that the shells of L. Erie are under more stable conditions, and
greater confidence may be placed in such a method of estimating
the age of them. This latter fact was the basis of a check in the
following procedure.
There was only the task of rearranging the different recorded
colors by classes of the estimated age, and tais being done to see
whether association was evident between the recorded aues and the
estimated age. As insufficient space prevents reproduction of the
tabulations thus secured, it can only be stated that all of the colors
of all species were found to be distributed through all ages rather
than being peculiar of certain ones. Certain generalizations are
worthy of note,{ that as a rule deeper colors in all species fade
*Isely, F. B. ‘‘Experimental Study of Growth and Migration of Fresh
Water Mussels” Bureau of Fisheries Document, 792 (1914)
} Thus with age, (using terminology of Simpson); in Fusconaia, the
percentage of whites and salmons increase, rose tints decrease; Amblema,
the bluish colors tend toward lilac shades; salmon, straw, and white increase
in Elliptio, purples become lighter as also in Propiera and Paraptera; the
reds fade out in Pleurobema and the salmons and buff in Symphnota, when
the pinkish hues become more prominent, Bluish white increases in Anodonta
|
:
—_—e
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 241
with age, most of them tending to revert back to the “pearl blue
or whitish’’ ground color. Similar treatment of L. Erie shells apart
from those of the Upper Ohio corroborate this finding. But to be
considered with such a generalization, is the fact that very fre-
quently large nos. of shells of different ages from the same locality
show an almost uniform nacre color.
IX. RELATIVE VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR IN THE SPECIES
DEALT WITH.
The shells were so unevenly distributed with regard to localities,
that it was impossible to determine those places where the greatest
amount of nacreous color took place. Some idea may be obtained
from Pl. III. In an effort to make a balanced determination of the
relative variability of nacreous color among them a-rough and
arbitrary comparison was taken by dividing the number of “relative
colors’ observed in each shell by the number of that species ex-
amined. Rough as the writer feels his methods to have been in
exploring this uncharted field, it seems that within the limits of
this investigation that the larger number of shells is apparently
associated with less variation in nacre color. At the same time,
these results are hardly fair for those species represented by a
small number of specimens. Results from this method show the
relative variability of the shells to be as indicated in the following
table.
No. of Relative INGOT Mons Factor
Colors Taken Shells Colculated
i Puaee Voptdt | PEGE. hs fol tks oe Nh Pa) Chek ee eee Oe 542 Aes “aa
By LEAD UA AOS TPNGN 7 epee be Deel eae MEL ie DO Mei we ge LIN 5 de as aoe 47
rr mplera wy TaGtis i Nt be ata Bik ai een, Eek 5 ge See .40
PME OOLUG ULI | GOGCLI a Vettes ls. he ay Gig aun te ee 2) ite eel gel Sv ob 1 .20
emblem. plecatae ce) Vir ae i CUA ey ea ToS 5 Syke Ne eee arts
6. Anodont ferrussactanus.........-..-..-------..-- See el CPN AS Ae a a7
Pi ARON OIIE OFORdiss kl Soe iy ROU fe. alae 1D (0 ge ME NSO ts .16
ui UsE One fiage ce MAE! ol 7 Tc ike We ave Yee ae 279 eiu Meee 14
ORME P SILLS (OUCTU Nee Se 8s FEN 8 Meise WEE BAS ce Cl eee. 14
TOM ENLU DEO OU GEOLU She AM ed Lia a ay GA See ela ne SOL: Leo rg
TSN NUPNMITOL@ COSTAL. ee os ee 10 dee eer even Mee ke 68.) ae Nese a qe
me Lampstts tuteola. eee 2010s) Anrage BBG ict anes .09
A similar study of variation in Epidermal Color in the animals is expected
to appear in a later number of this publication.
and Anodontoides, while the purples tend to disappear. Eurynia, L. luteola,
and L. ovaia appear to retain their vivid colors to later age than the rest
of the species, but all of the latter tend to revert to ‘‘ bluish-white.”’
242 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
SOURCES OF ERROR.
The Ridgeway Nomenclature was used carefully following
directions given in it. It may well be urged that the sense of color
is so varied in its development among huminity that results of
this kind may not have the same significance for a great number of
those interested in these problems. But the same criticism could
be applied to the ornithologist who uses the Nomenclature. The
writers confidence in his own observations is largely based on the
fact that U.S. Acmy ‘ests have shown his sense of sight to be normal
in every respect.
It is also true that at times the mussels mipeate from place to
place in the same stream and from the river into the tributary.
_ Where a small number of shells were used in making a comparison,
this might have some effect on the results obtained, but as the
evidence of most observers is that migration is comparatively
rare among them, this can have hardly any effect on the general
impressions this paper has hoped to convey.
Washington and Jefferson College,
Washington, Pa.
X.—LITERATURE CITED.
1. Crozier, W. J. ‘‘Sex Correlative Coloration in Chiton tuberculatus.”
Amer. Nat., Vol. LIV, 1920, p. 84.
2. Faussek, V. ‘‘Uber die Anlagung des Pigments bei Mytzlus.”’ Zeit. f.
wiss. Zool. Vol. 65, 1898.
3. Grier, N. M. ‘‘On the Erosion and Thickness of Fresh Water Mussels.”
Naut. 1920.
4. Grier, N. M. ‘‘Sexual Dimorphism and Some of its Correlations in the
Shells of Certain Species of Najades.’’ Amer. Mid. Nat., 1920, Vol. 6, p. 165.
5. Grier, N. M. ‘‘ Morphological Features of Certain Mussel Shells of L.
Erie compared with Corresponding Ones of the Upper Ohio Drainage.
Annals of Carnegie Museum, 1920.
6. Horton, A. H., Hall, M. R., Bolster, R. H., Leighton, M. D. “Surface
Water Supply of the United States, 1907-08. Part III, Ohio River Basin, p.
207) 355.47
7. Israel, W. von. ‘‘Die Najaden des Weidegebietes, etc.’ Beilage zum
Nachrichblatt Deutschen Malakozoologisches Gesellschaft, N. 4, 1914, p. 4.
8. Jennings, O. E. ‘“‘A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa.
‘“‘Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. 5, 1909.
9. Kofoid, C. S. ‘‘The Plankton of the Illinois River, 1894-99. Bull. III.
State Lab. Nat. Hist. Vol. VI, no. 1, 1903. Ibid. Vol. VIII, 1908.
10. Lewis, S. J. ‘‘Quality of Water in Upper Ohio Basin and at Erie, Pa.”
Water Supply Paper 161, U.S. G. Survey.
11. List, Th. ‘‘Uber die Einfluss des Lichtes auf die Ablagerung von
Pigment,” Arch. f, Entwick, Mech. Vol. 8, 1899.
bY
ri
Ms
y
5
ir
Fe
DR. JOEL LUNELL 243
12. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘ The Alleghenian Divide and its Influence upon the
Fresh Water Fauna. ‘‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Society, Vol. LII, No. 210. p. 275,
BOT, 305; 312; 3517 953°
13. Pirrson, L. V. and Schubert, C. S. ‘‘A Textbook of Geology” 1917.
Pp. 16x, -
14. Ridgeway, Robt. ‘‘The Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.’’
Published by Mrs. J. Evelyn Ridgeway, 3447 Oakwood Terrace, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 53 pl., 1115 named colors.
15. Simpson, C.S. ‘‘A Descriptive Catalogue of the Najades.”’ Published
by B. Walker. Detroit.
16. Utterback, W. I. ‘‘ The Najades of Missouri’? Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol.
JOO eta wloy oye
17. Walker, Bryant. ‘‘The Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’ Nautilus,
Vol. 27.
18. Wilson, C. B. and Clark, H. ‘‘The Mussel Fauna of the Maumee
River.’’ Report U. S. Bureau of Fisheries for 1911.
19. Ibid. ‘‘ The Mussel Fauna of the Kankakee Basin.’’ U.S. Bureau of
Fisheries Document, No. 758, 1912.
Dr. Joel Lunell.
A great loss to the science of taxonomical Botany was felt when
Dr. Lunell passed away at Leeds, North Dakota, on Thursday,
May 27, 1920. Living nearly all his life in a region which botan-
ically was a fertile field for investigation scarcely worked up in a
painstaking and orderly way, he brought to his avocation a
love of nature, a clear discerning judgment of specific differences,
and well trained classical education. He was born in an old castle,
“Kalmar Fort,’ a beautiful place facing the Baltic Sea which
was built about the year 1000. His early schooling was finished
with unusual honors. His studies in medicine was finished at the
great and historical University of Upsala where Linnaeus himself
was professor over a century previous. The remarkably broad
education in medicine, classics, natural science which he pos-
sessed was augmented by a keen appreciative love of music as
well as proficiency in modern languages. During his six years of
study at Upsala he spent his vacation as tutor in latin and music.
Among the books he wrote and translated about this time were
some in branches as varied as‘the following. He published a
Physicians’ Dietary Cook Book, and a Cook Book on Mushrooms,
He translated into Swedish, his native tongue, from German,
French, and English the following works. Physiologie de Got
244 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
by Brillat, The Prince and the Pauper Savarin, I nnocents Abroaa,
by Mark Twain, What Shali We Do? by Tschernyschevsky. After
finishing at Upsala he touk a post graduate course at the Carolyn
Institute at the University of Stockholm. In 1888 he came to
America and became an associate to Dr. Fleisburg at St. Paul
but longed for the frontier life of the new country and settled at
Willow City, North Dakota, then a primeval town of a few board
houses. Being the only physician in the whole county his zeal for
his profession kept him so busy travelling around to help the sick
that he was often eighteen to twenty hours without food. He was
during these strenuous times also president of the village council,
alderman, coroner, U. S. examining physician, and postmaster.
Overwork forced him to relax for vacation from so many nu-
merous pursuits; he left several times but always came back aftec
a few months. In 1894 he came to Leeds where he held office as
mayor, alderman and coroner besides his duties as physician.
Dr. Lunell devoted his leisure time to the study of the flora of
his region. He published some of his investigations in the Botanical
Gazette and published several numbers of Contributions from the
Leeds Herbarium. Most of his later writings appeared in the
Midland Naturalist, notably a number of diagnoses of new species
and a list of the plants of North Dakota. Unprejudiced by codes
as a man of his broad classical training he throws aside any leaning
to nomenclature codes of present expediency and adopted system
of absolute priority of names for this list. He collected a large
herbarium (30,000 plants) the specimens being remarkably well
mounted, a collection which is scarcely without a peer in perfection
of technique, exactness and completeness in every detail. The
passing away of one whose love for nature was observation and
whose pursuit of knowledge of the plants of his region was an un-
selfish contribution to science leaves a gap that will be hard to fill.
The following notice in the Leeds News of June 3, 1920, brings out
other features of his life not already touched upon.
A short time ago we were surprised to hear that Dr. J. Lunell was ill
at his home and that his illness was considered serious. Always an active
man and accustomed to be about daily it was hard to believe that we had
seen him on the street one day and that he was seriously ill the next. Such,
however, was the case. On Friday the news that he had passed away on
Thursday night was quickly spread through the city. Another pioneer had
passed to his reward.
With the passing of Dr. Lunell this generation loses one of nature’s
? wd -
omicet alee Femail
eg
ies rer
WATERFOWL IN NEBRASKA | 245
noblemen. A lover of the great out-of-door and deeply interested in botany
he mingled with flowers all his life, and the study of plants and music was
his chief delight. His was a sensitive nature, easily hurt, but never did he
allow hatred to enter his heart. Kind hearted and sympathetic, he felt
deeply the pain and sorrow of those in trouble. Those who knew him best
knew him as a man who followed Christ’s teachings in all that he did, and
loved him for his kindly, sympathetic nature.
Joel Lunell was born in Kalmar, Sweden, March 30th, 1851, and spent
his boyhood days there. His father was Doctor of Theology and Philosophy
and pastor of the Lutheran State Church, in which creed Joel Lunell was
baptized. As he grew to manhood many hours were spent at the great pipe
organ in the church and his knowledge of music gave him daily pleasure in
later years.
At the age of eighteen he entered the university at Upsala, Sweden, to
study philosophy and medicine.
He was married at Kalmar, Sweden, in 1884, to Miss Emma Swenson.
In 1888 they came to America and settled at St. Paul where he was associated
with Dr. Fleisburg. Later he moved to Willow City, where he practised his
profession. In 1894 he moved his family to Leeds and has since made his
home here.
In the early days of his career he worked so unceasingly among the
sick that his health was broken, but in spite of this fact he still carried on.
During the flu epidemic of 1918 he did his bit with the other and younger
physicians, attending cases night and day until the danger had passed.
Besides keeping up his medical practice Dr. Lunell compiled a herb-
arium of over 30,000 specimens of plant life, including plants from all over
the world. During the past thirteen years he has written botanical articles
for the American Midland Naturalist, published at Notre Dame, Indiana.
Funeral services were held Monday afternoon from the Lutheran
Church and interment made here. He is survived by his wife, six children
and a brother.
Fee CRA]
“Waterfowl in Nebraska.”
This very interesting and informing paper forms Part I. of
Bulletin 794 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The following
are the contents:—Introduction; Effect of Federal Protective
Laws; Future of Waterfowl in the Sandhill Region; Natural
Enemies; Hunting Grounds; Waterfowl Hunting in the Autumn
of 1915; General Description of the Sandhill Region; Annotated
List of Birds; Game Birds; Nongame Birds.
Seldom have I enjoyed a more interesting article on bird life
than the one under consideration. And an important element of
this interest is the description of the Sandhill Region where Dr.
246 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Oberholzer made his observations. I think this large and unique
territory is comparatively unknown, at least to that portion of the
community that is not especially devoted to the sportsman’s gun.
But quite apart from the attraction that a hunter would naturally
have for such a paradise of game birds, the Sandhill Region of
Nebraska should be known to all Americans. There is probably |
no other similar territory that can approach in their vast extent
and unique character the Sandhills of Nebraska.
As the contents of Dr. Oberholzer’s paper indicate, he has made
a very careful study of the waterfowl of the Sandhill Region of
Nebraska. The reading of his article quite makes the bird lover
envy the writer the excellent opportunity he had to study waterfowl.
Most observers, unless they live in a favorable place, near
a quiet lake or river, can not become acquainted with water birds.
This has been my own experience, and I often regret that my home
is not located where the study of waterfowl is possible. Dr. Ober-
holzer’s contribution is, then, of great interest to the student of
general ornithology, and will, no doubt, be universally appreciated.
A feature of Dr. Obecholzer’s article that calls for special mention
is the manner of treating his subject. Not too technical for the
general reader, and still of genuine value to the special student or
the hunter, his paper is a model of attractive writing on orni-
thology. The great detail (which shows minute observation) of
the article can not be too highly commended. The author’s work
has been so well done that the reader feels grateful to him for the
knowledge and pleasure that were made possible by the perusal
of this fine production. It is to be hoped that many more similar
opportunities will be afforded Dr. Oberholzer to visit regions
where waterfowl are abundant. This seems to be a phase of orni-
thology in which the doctor should specialize, for his present
paper points unmistakably to his ability to cultivate this field most
profitably.
BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. 5S. C.,
Notre Dame, Indiana.
BUFFALO
Springfield
ymilion
PITTS BURGH
Pik A Eee aT
MAP OF LAKE ERIE AND ADJACENT REGIONS
SHOWING LOCALITIES CONSIDERED
CERTAIN
PLATE II.—GRIER on VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF
SPECIES OF NAIADES.
(pit
gE SGA EA SR ERE ET
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anetican MIDLAND
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CONTENTS . aa
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Variation in Epidermal Color of Certain Species of Naja es
Inhabiting the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corres-
¥
9.”
ponding Ones in L. Erie. N. M. Grier, Ph. D. 247
Observations on Some Marine Plants of the Iowa Devon-
ian, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species.
Clement L. Webster, M. Sc. 286
Birds Observed at Brookland, D. C. from Aug. 19 to Sept.
7, 1920. Brother Alphonsus, C. S.C. 290
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Ow. VI. NOVEMBER, 1920. NO: hia waset™
3 Variation in Epidermal Color of Certain Species of Najades Inhabiting
; the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corresponding Ones in L. Erie.
7 s
BY Ne Mic GRIBR, «PH.D.
; ——
| I.—INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
This paper is a continuation of the study of the color problem
in. certain species of Najades, first begun with an account of the
variation in nacreous color in the same species. (4). Besides the
major object as indicated in the title, now as previously an effort
4 will be made to show how the standard scientific Color Nomen-
clature of Ridgeway, (14), may be applied to the corresponding
. descriptive characters of the species of Najades concerned. Again,
as it has already been shown that changes in the morphological
features of shells parallel changes in the accompanying physical
conditions under which they are found, (1,2), effort will be made to
show that in the epidermis of mussel shells, as well as in the nacre,
changes in color which may-be similarly associated take place.
The subject of the epidermal color of mussel shells does not
seem to have been made the subject of extended investigation.
v. Huber, (6), in studying some European and unrelated species
remarks that the epidermis of river forms is generally brown, but
at times a dirty green. Juveniles found in a subterranean canal
were greenish in color,.becoming black with age. v. Sell (15)
observed that the lake variety of Unio pictorum often had a green
coloring, (or rays), posteriorly, which was lacking in river forms
of the same species. v. Israel, (7), noted that the males of Unio
crassus were often reddish, while the females were gray. Marshall,
(9), states that ‘‘as a rule it may be said that the color of very
young specimens when not affected by foreign substances in the
water is a light or olive gray in the growing shell, gradually assuming
the colors by which it is known in the adult state.” It is known
248 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST ~
generally also that the shells of certain species at least blacken
with age, but some effort has been made to ascribe this blackening | f 7
in part to extraneous influences. Hay, (5), studied U. tumidus
and U. pictorum from the Ouse and Foss, Rivers in England. The
Foss river had the more natural conditions, a bottom of mud,
abundant aquatic vegetation, a gentler current, and received less
polluting material than the Ouse. Its shells were lustrous and with
a bright nacre. The Ouse River was wider, had a superabundaace
of mud in the bottom, and the shells in it were eroded, due either
to the rapidity of the current or dissolved COz in the water. The
shells from this stream were dark or dead brown in color, erosion
of the epidermis was considerably advanced, and the pearliness of
the nacre was dull, possibly because this stream received the
greater abundance and variety of drainage material. Hey believed
the differences in coloration observed to be due the amount of such
substances received. We may add here in order the observations
of two experienced students of the Najades; Messrs. Calvin Good-
rich of Toledo, Ohio, and V. S. Frierson, Frierson, La., as kindly
ous the writer in correspondence.
“Shells of the same species vary in color of epidermis in different
streaims, sometimes in the same stream under variations of environ-
ment. For example, the shells in the pools of Roche de Boeuf
rapids, Maumee River are rough and dull hued. They are most
of them covered with limy deposits dnd blotched with some black
material which after removal leaves the shells little improved in
appearance. The Miami and Erie Canal, upon the bank above 5:
these rapids, is fed from the Maumee 7 miles above. The shells
of the canal are smooth, polished, often with a sheen like silk and
lighter of color. The shells off Catawba Island, Ottawa Co., Ohio,
are a bright, shining lot; those in La Plasaince bay, at the west
end of the Lake, much dulled by comparison. The La Plaisance
shells seem to be abraded by sand; those of Catawba Island es-
caping this treatment.» On the north shore, many of the shells
are stained with black and roughened with lime. Alge, limg,
sewage, vegetable growths and mineral matter of one kind and
another appear to affect the color of the epidermis. I suppose
light has some share in the business. You have no doubt, noticed
that the older specimens of the museums show a distinct modi-
fication in color.” “There is near me a lake one quarter of a
mile wide, two miles long, five to twenty feet deep. It is really
:* J
@
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 249
the old bed of a stream defunct several years ago. But the small
streams which feed this lake and which cease to flow during droughts
both produce an abundant crop of Anodons. Now in the lake, these
grow to a large size, much inflated, smooth, somewhat rayed,
brightly colored. But in the pools of the headwaters, creeks ten
to fifteen feet deep, thirty feet wide, covered with trees, full of
decaying leaves and black mud, grow shells elongate, compressed,
rough, black and hardly to be differentiated from Unio comptodon
by its external appearance. Yet they are no doubt the same species,
or no doubt frequently mother and daughter. This is environment.”
Following the clues given in the foregoing, effort will be made in
this paper to throw light on the following problems connected with
the color of the epidermis in the species of Najades dealt with:
1. In those species commonly assigned more than one epidermal
color, to determine as far as possible the relative prevalence of each
color in all the shells as a whole, and the difference between L. Erie
and Upper Ohio shells in this regard.
2. (a.) To ascertain whether any change in epidermal color takes
place going down stream, both in the rivers and in their tributaries
and to learn whether in any of the species a particular shade of the
described epidermal color is peculiar to the body of water concerned.
(b.) To study the prevalence and qualities of the rays of the
epidermis under conditions indicated for this and the preceding problem.
3. Asa partial check on problems one and two as well as for their
own biological interest to show, (a) any relation existing between the
epidermal colors and the estimated age of the animals; (b) any associa-
tion of the epidermal colors with their sex.
II.—List oF SpEciEsS USED.
LAKE ERIE
Fusconaja flava parvula, Grier
Amblema. plicata, Say.
Pleurobema obliquum pauperculum,
Simpson
Elliptio dilatatus sterkii, Grier
Symphynota costata eriganensis, Grier
Anodonta grandis footiana, Lea.
Paraptera fragilis, Raf.
Proptera alata, Say.
Anodontoides ferrussacianus subcylin-
‘dricus, Lea.
Eurynia recta, Lamarck.
UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE
Fusconaja flava, Rafinesque.
Amblema costata, Rafinesque.
Pleurobema obliquum coccineum, Con-
rad.
Elliptio dilatatus, Raf.
-Symphynota costata, Raf.
Anodonta grandis, Say.
Parapiera fragilis, Raf.
Propiera alata, Say.
Anodontoides ferussacianus, Lea.
Eurynia recta latissima, Rafinesque.
S50" - THE AMERICAN, MIDLAND NATURALIST
Lampsilis luteola rosacea, Dekay. Lampsilis luteola, Lamarck.
Lampsilis. ovata canadensis, Lea. Lampsilis ovata ventricosa, Lamarck.
The accompanying map, and list of localities as given in Plate
III showing collecting stations will give some idea of their distribution
in the Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie. The material used was
collected by Dr. A. E. Ortmann over a number of years, (1903-07),
in Western Pennsylvania and L. Erie, or secured by him in smaller
amount as exchanges. Dr. Ortmann, besides suggesting the value
of an introductory study to the color problem in Najades, has done
everything in his power to assist the investigation, for which
data was obtained at the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. I am
indebted to Dr. W. J. Holland, Director, for the freest use of the
Museum’s facilities in connection.
IIlI.—PuysicaL CONDITIONS AND TYPE OF ‘MUSSEL FAUNA.
The type of Mussel Fauna-has already been admirably treated
in papers by Walker:(18) and Ortmann, (10-13 inclus.). These
and the physical conditions concerned have already been sum-
marized by the writer elsewhere (1); those for L. Erie being ably
stated by Jennings, (8), and for the Upper Ohio Drainage in the
Water Supply Papers of the U. S. Geological Survey.* At this
point we may conveniently add Simpson’s observations on the
type of Mussel Fauna concerned particularly with regard to the
problem we are dealing with. (16). ‘‘Species from the Mississippi
Valley are more richly colored internally and externally than those
of any other part of the globe. . ... All the Mississippi Valley
species of Najades that have entered the St. Lawrence or any
part of the Atlantic Drainage area have become changed . . . the
nacre losing its brilliancy; instead of the bright epidermis often
painted beautifully with rays in wonderful patterns, rich greens,
yellows, olives we have mostly dull, livid, ashy, rusty reddish
or brownish exteriors.’”’ Simpson did not believe these changes
were due in any measure to climate or colder water, for the shells
reach a similar development elsewhere. He further remarks that
the changes in form, size and coloring have led students to create
new species and varieties for what were originally Mississippi
Valley shells. For sake of convenience however, the outstanding
* See Horton, T. H., Hall, M.R., Bolster, R. H. Leighton, M. D. “‘Surface
Water Supply of the United States 1907-08. Part III Ohio River Basin,
Pp. 29, 35, 47. Water Supply papers, U.S. G. §. -
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. — ~ 251
points concerning the physical conditions are given in the following
‘contrasting columns.
LAKE ERIE
Water colder than in Upper Ohio
but with more even regulation of
temperature. Currents much less rapid
than in streams; less agitated, except
by very moderate currents carrying
but little sediment. Bottom of pebbles
or sand or mixture of these depending
on region of lake, with coarser sedi-
ment derived from wear of land.
Temperaiure conditions favor a more
uniform production of food if in less
UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE
Waer warmer, but with greater
extremes Of temperature to face.
Streams more rapid than current of
L. Erie; greater agitation, frequeni
falls and rapids, short stretches of
quiet poals. Rivers carry a load of
debris moving quickly over the bottom
which consists of mud, glacial fill,
cobbles. Food conditions (due to
extremes of temperature), are less
stable, even if at times food is more
abundance. Water is more highly abundant.
alkaline than that of Upper Ohio
Drainage.
Walker, (18) observes that L. Erie shells as a whole have brighter,
(clearer) colors than their fellows of the Upper Ohio Drainage,
are exceptionally polished, and otherwise characterized in dis-
tinction by their well developed lines of growth.
IV.—METHOD.
Befote attempting the study of the shells, the epidermis of each
was lightly scrubbed with a moderately stiff brush to remove any
sediment, etc., adhering to it. Care was taken not to injure the
epidermis in any way. Shells so badly eroded that a positive
determination of nacre color was impossible were ignored in further
study. The method pursued in the study of variation in epidermal
color was largely that used in the investigation of nacreous color.
(4). Here as with the nacreous colors, the epidermal colors did not
lend themselves to the determination of any well defined color
pattern. The problem is even more complicated in the latter,
since a large number of different colors may be represented in the
epidermis, due either to inherent causes or as the result of the
interaction, as we shall see is probable, with the environment.
To simplify matters to a stage where the problem could be grappled
with, at least two colors, obtained by comparison with the standard
colors of Ridgeway (14), were recorded for each shell. Following
the clue cited from Marshall’s paper, the first, (or primary), of these
two colors was that, which by its lighter hues, distribution and
relation to the other, (secondary) one taken was evidently the
252 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
present if not the original (juvenile) ground color of the entire shell.
In most cases this color was confined to the anterior and inferior»
portions of the shell. The secondary color was that most evi-
dent on the superior and posterior portions. If present at all, it
was usually, but not always darker than the primary color from —
which it was derived, and general observation showed that the
regions of the shell where it was found, to be the place of transition
from the primary color to it, whether to lighter or darker shades.
Where there seemed to bé doubtful relationships between these two
recorded colors, two or three additional ones were taken for the
purpose of tracing genetic relationship in the sequence of color
changes. The colors then judged most to match the Ridgeway
Standard Colors were then written in figuring books opposite cal-
culatings made for the morphological features of each shell. Only
oue color was usually taken in consideration when effort was made
to trace the sequence of change of color, but in view of the fact
that color variation might be traceable as stated above to various .
influences, it was thought well to possess data which would serve
to balance the conclusions. In Pl. III, (whose synthesis is afterwards
described), two colors are given, the first is the secondary color;
where only one is given, it represents the sole color determinable.
Further, as the specific descriptions given of some of the’ shells
indicate that the umbo may be lighter colored than the rest of the
shell, some confusion may arise when in carrying the writers scheme
in mind, it is observed that in Pl. III some of the secondary colors
are lighter than the primary ones, as obtained by the above pro-
cedure. The general plan when the tables of distribution of color
were prepared, was to give preference to that color most impressing
the eye with its preponderance or vividness in the epidermis.
The prevailing color then being alone taken into consideration
for the calculations, tables were prepared in the following way.
Where a large number of shells from one locality were concerned,
it was the usual practice to group all shells of a closely similar epi-
dermal color and compare as a whole with the shades given in
Ridgeway. By this means a general or average hue was obtained,
not accurate of course for every shell, but very convenient in
determining the “‘relative colors’’ of the shells at that locality
to ones near it, above or below in the particular body of water.
As a rule these relative colors were taken from a fairly large number
of shells, although a lack of material often compelled the use of
-
is
~
e.
t
4
2
=
>
CF OE eee
tw)
ae
eon Pe .
2 es eS ae
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 253
smaller numbers. Against such treatment however was the check
of a Separate color comparison for each shell. By means of this
method, it was possible to determine for each species shades of
epidermal color peculiar to the locality where the shells had been
collected, and this being done, charts were prepared showing the
sequence of color changes passing down stream, or the distribution
in different parts of the same body of water. This data, in con-
solidated form is presented in Pl. III. Even by this process of
condensation, a very large number of colors was obtained for each
species, making it imperative to simplify further in order that the
- evidence for the relative prevalence of different epidermal colors
in those species where more than one was described might be
rendered more intelligible for report. Just as the systematist for
rough descriptive purposes has picked out a number of the more
prominent epidermal colors of each species, the writer, following
largely Simpsons Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, (17),
chose from the previously prepared charts the ten to thirty leading
colors, (primary or secondary), in the epidermal colors of each
species to which the large majority of the rest could be assigned.
Percentages of these leading colors were then calculated for each
species in the bodies of. water, drainages, groups of drainages in
which they were found, as best seemed to throw light on the prob-
lems to be attacked. While all recorded shades in a large number
of cases would not conform to this treatment, they represent
percentages in the extreme minority, and may be inferred to exist
in those species where the tables of Distribution of Colors as a
Whole does not add up to 100%. Strictly speaking, even this
comparatively large number of ‘“‘leading colors’ could have been
condensed to a smaller number, but the largernumber was necessary
in order that certain close distinctions in the colors of the epidermis
for the purposes of the investigation might be made, for example,
between the colors of shells from a river and those from its tribu-
taries. In the discussion of any particular body of water, however,
the leading colors given, represent my reduction to lowest terms
of the colors represented in it.
Data on the sex of the animal, prevalence of rays, etc., were taken
at the time color comparisons were made. So far as observations
on epiderinal color as associated with the sex of the animal are
concerned, the small number of shells on which they are based is
explained by ‘the fact that the specimens were collected before Dr.
254 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Ortmann’s discovery that the sex of the animal is readily deter-
minable from the structure of the gills. In associating epidermal
color with the estimated age of the animal, the latter was determined
by counting the number of winter rings on the shell. As I have
given elsewhere some discussion of the accuracy and inaccuracy
of the results attending this method, (4), it need only be stated
that the conclusion staken from the Upper Ohio shells were checked
by similar ones from the L. Erie specimens, where this method of
estimating the age is less objectionable. Moreover, the conclusions —
are so general in character as not to be readily affected by mistakes
in the age of a very small minority. Pressure of these observations,
and also the fact that as a whole few differences could be observed
in the texture of the epidermis of shells, lead me to disregard the
latter character altogether. |
V.—RESULTS.
Each species is dealt with separately, there first being given in
parallel columns:
(a.) Descriptive material concerning epidermal color as taken
from Simpson.
(b.) The equivalent in the writers opinion of the Simpson
Colors in terms of the Ridgeway Color Nomenclature.
It is felt that by this arrangement and the inferences to be drawn
from the names of the Ridgeway Colors themselves, it will be
possible for the reader to sufficiently understand the terminology
used as to convey the principles this paper hopes to make clear.
Additionally the writer has endeavored to supplement this by
the use of such generalized color terms as he could command.
For the sake of greater clarity there are also given latterly in the
Ridgeway column the peculiar shades of the L. Erie shells, although
these are by the convenient and arbitrary arrangement adopted,
but varieties of the hues given in the tables dealing with ‘‘ Dis-
tribution of Colors as a Whole,’ in which effort is made to throw
light upon the first problem stated. There then follow tables
giving the relative distribution of epidermal colors in the Upper
Ohio Drainage as a whole; and separately, the component drainages.
The same is done for I. Erie and its various collecting stations.
Additionally, remarks largely in explanation of Pl. III, (chart
illustrating sequence of. epidermal color changes), and on the
prevalence and quality of the rays of the, epidermis. The dis-
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES: 255
cussion of each species terminates with the evidence for association
- of particular hues of the epidermis with the estimated age of Ee
animal and its sex. .
1.—Fusconaja flava
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY ~
Brown Brownish Olive.
: ‘Greenish Brown Ecru Olive, Yellowish Citrine
= Brownish, Blackish, (when Bister, Dresden Brown, Sepia,
a old) Carob Brown, Seal Brown.
4 Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
; L. Erie. (275 shells).
3 (SATS NESS ee aS BRS Oe rb he el eee Raase ROM URRY eal AE haa 40%
é LEE ol a ead Ea A ARTE Wire cee a eRe Sa aOR a ae EAB MRR 20%
: FEN EO NW MESTS) TACO 1 es er tes Bee eta ee ra een tel HE tn COs Rn ROE NE Ws Bs be ee | 20%
Poparemeve tenets: 210-0 sete Mo Me oi ce oN ieee 10%
£ Deere eran Hew e ee Hehe oN ae ee eee he ee se Mel 10%
: ; Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage.
ss (225 shells).
4 1 TES CKO Te 0 0 Wine ee agen ne ee a ee eS ene an EY ue teat ge se 40%
. ister 2. = i ee aces Cache ett Rte a LEN tesa ie eh eRe Septet en ge) 20%
ia TESCO hho i tW el! AC | Nig Sa is SSN 2 ee Be eu RM ie er er ae AMS LT. nk 20%
E22 Se eS geal estar call sree aah Ne eae tae eee RANE DE BON Ae eB 10%
EME MON Gre ee heh ep Seed 1) oer, eka Te in oly ee Coats Ye es Se 10%
3 ' Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries, ete.
2 Alle'ny Alle’‘ny Mon'g. Mon’'g. Ohio Ohio
Tribs. River Tribs. River River Tribs.
Wresden. Brows. Be <5 UGs.-022 OG. 20 Ae ee
ISS RE SOI IP, Ogee aes ae rane eal Os PRG AREY, ae poli ine MaDe te. 20 Fp 50%
SS Se ay ee Be ES ae NYO 2. 285, ye aie Sees 20°15) 20% 20 ae
= Beemer ee 0) ands ss hee ee gy 2099.0 20% 2G YG
SIBLE Cre 10 ee Meee ore Jee ere er Sere TE Mea 0) te aera rete Tain A ns SE AE
Mellowisne: Citrings: 98) Sg 0 Se ee AO Of so clan he ee ae ee 25%
PROMS BOLT ee aw eines See See tu SE eos 20 9p. AO pee Oye 25 U7
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (50 shells).
CSE Sa O07 BIT ig aE le os es ne a ar WR ee ea a SelM
Bro wilisiie Oliver sa Fe ete Te ey Ci as Oh Sia aie ole Bae SOU
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (52 shells).
esa itels Ove tie. es ee he eS ee a eee YS) es tee ss 20%
cesar eee Es ronvuli ein ee es ene Se hd we Oe red Oe Ge ee eS Pa eee 20%
~ Cinnamon Brown... SE ese ein tate ange ee tte ei ste GA 3 eee Sethe se Sa Ws Ears See 20%
Vice Shia Gibeiiien. em. Beiet aa ie le veh e es em SE) Os) es Bs Bae 20%
PNctat ead kone leahes pacha ttn. Wey Mod trey | bap prs ed DS me ee) he Cas 10%
260 THE, AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST . .
; »
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Presque I. Chautaugua L.
Chestnitt “Brow oe iss ase ee ee ee ew 25 meet 25%
Dresden... btOwdl 22. siete eee ee eee ee PA) [ae ee Ae 215 OF, or nn een eee
Cinnamon “Browne... eh eee ee 25 ges Eee oo Ue eee 25%
VellowishC ririne.%: 11s.) Age $2 eee Ss ates SOGjEs ee ok Chen 7 tare 25%
BrowirishwOlve so os ae i ea eae os ete ee 2507, a eee 25%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
L. Erie is seen to contain more yellow shells than the Upper
Ohio Drainage, and its browns are of a lighter color. Black seems
to be in a minority in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
In the. Upper Ohio Drainage.
Here we observe there is a greater percentage of dark colors in
the rivers than in the tributaries. A general darkening may be
observed descending the Allegheny—the primary color, originally
of an olive hue assuring brownish and buffy hues, while the second-
ary colors pass from light reddish brown shades to dark ones.
A similar change may be observed in French Creek, the Shenango
and Mahoning Rivers. A characteristic stream color of the latter
is an olive shade; that of the Allegheny, a brown. For others
see the combinations of primary and secondary colors presented
presented on PI. III.
Buffy primary colors characterize the Allegheny, Brownish Olive
French Creek, Buffy Olive the Shenango, Olive the Mahoning.
In L. Erie.
La Plaisance Bay alone is represented by yellow colors to an -
appreciable amount, those of Presque Isle are prevailingly brown.
Chautauqua Lake stands out for the absence there of vivid
reddish shades of brown.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson—‘‘often faintly rayed in young. specimens’’—32 of
509 shells were rayed. Rays may persist as late as the 14th year,
and were most abundant in specimens from small rivers and
creeks, were mostly medium in texture, and Greenish Olive was
their most common color.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal.
Dull green is more plentiful in the young of Upper Ohio shells,
yellowish brown in those of L. Erie. Shells from the former darken
rapidly after the 6th year, in the latter about the 8th. The mature
a
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 261
or old dge colors of brown and black may begin at 3-4 years and
be complete at 6. No one color or group of colors was found to be
peculiar of any age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Related to Epidermal
Color. (15 shells).
Males have a larger proportion of clear brown colors, young
males are largely brownish olive. Females are represented by
larger proportions of reddish browns, young females being Buffy
Olive.
4.—Pleurobema obliquum coccineum
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Tawney or yellowish green
when young. Buffy Citrine
Brownish Prouts Brown, Mummy Brown, Mars
Brown, Aniline Black
Reddish Brown Seal Brown, Warm Blackish Brown.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (263 shells.)
EATROURES PES LO IW il: cts seer eo an eae ew oe dee er, i Ae ol eae 30%
Mummy Brown............. pola eA AE eer NE, Ran ee ne Wich MENT Re RI 30%
Miaks “Browite 22 ot fo 5 Aiea PERM ty APs BG Re Be Pests NET gee gm Ae be wal 20%
Tip yae OTGIit Ghee eae eene ewe fet ee Sohne ioe Da 5 Sey, eigen Rt ats 10%
PEC REL LTO ates eet Ope Sr Tt 2 Nee oe Te Sor et dn pe ha eee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(247 shells). ~
ESCO PIES pubis Oly, Fuses eens Pas ee ete By So ee ee hg, | Ue a tees eee 30%
IWIN Tay hO Walls a nee ae a ete ett ante tk Jeet Red) ME eles ee ASE ial aes 30%
IMR TOW sn Gal Coe A Tae Pa DIO nT Or. Uwe iet POT Bre T Bet me Be 20%
VBS aTs vA yh See a Pele tees A gt DO a Paes ea a eee, a 2 eNO ear eh eee eC 10%
Jah sae TM ice BA ee yo Feo aa LN cs I Ed la Pk Dadi Ts BOM ARON See CIEE Nt Ly 10%
Distribution of Color as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries etc.
Alleghney Alleghney Beaver Beaver _ Tusca.
Tribs. seed Tribs. River River
Praiis Browns... Bad OES ile eM De BO Goi Bae PA Ge a eo ine ek DO frce mae e
WiniiMAT ype OW lt eS. eee yn ie 35% coun 50% ae 30% :.~-25' Te rath 75%
IV (ZW SM Bh RCo 41 01 Somes et yee ROE aa ee SENS jo Naas oi a Din. Wy arees Di O/ wah ng tenes
IRON ER yam Crit ee bo ke aca be eee eg aera me Eis 10% Thao \2g0 0! eae A pra BI au UT
Je\catl aoe an By be KO) “
Shell Pink Pale
\Grayish Blue Vi
White
Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
Vinaceous Drab }
Campanula Blue |
Pale Grayish
Vinaceous
Pale Pinkish Buff
~ Light Pinkish
Lilac
White to Pale
Aniline Lilac
Pearl Blue = =
Light Pinkish
Lilac
Pale Cinnamon Pale Pinkish Buff
Brownish
Pink i
Vinaceous
fi Salmon Color
| | Pearl Blue | at
Pearl Elue
{ | White
: | sine : Pinkish
Vinaceous Lilac
Vinaceous Lilac ig |
ttle Beaver Creek
annelton
ttle Beaver Creek
New Galilee
Onto - Raver
Raccoon Cr. New Sheflield
—e
Deeper Hermosa
| Pale Pinkish Buff
A
| a]
| _ Pearl Blue Pale
: = \ Grayish Blue Violet
Deep Vinaceous
Lavender
Pink
Pearl Blue Light
| _Pinkdas ile ¥
Pearl Blue Pal
| Pinkish Lilac
Light Purplish
Vinaccous
Sea Shell Pink Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
Vinaceous Gray Light Russet White to Pale
Ohio River, Shippingsport Pale Grayish
Vinaceous when ~ Vinaceous | Lilac
‘Ohio River, Industry Pale Vinaceous Pearl Blue Pale Pale Vina- Light Purpli ; ——~
. inkish Li i Light Purplish White Pearl Blue to Light Pi ine
; a, Gray : Pinkish Lilac ceous Lilac Vinaccous Pinkish Lilac ; Peart Dine oe
ATT eau’ | sau aa a a \ ~ =
95. Ohio River, Cook Ferry Pale Grayish Pearl Blue to Pale Laclia Pink 5 5 =
a Vinaceous Light Pinkish Buff alee neni | ale ce eon Light Pinklslt
[=e I - = : x } Lilac Blue Pe
Pen HO. River Smith's Ferry / Purplish Lilac Pale Grayish Pale Purplish —— wai
ae Blte Violet Vinaccous
Lake Erie | = im
— }
97. La Plaisance Bay Mich Light Gray. Bl. Vio.) Light Pinkish Burn Blue Deep Vinaceous Light Buff, Pale | Pale Pinkish Hydr: P, ieht Plakiet —_
“i Light Flesh Pink Violet Gray Cinnamon’ Pink } Lilac y range hile esaricicse: Poe ree 1
Cedar Point, Ohio Light Salmon Pearl Blue Vinaceous Laven- Peisl Blue Light Pinkish Pes ‘Rhodoni 5
ie Seange ee : erie 3! earl Blue Pale fon Light Pinkish
- —~ = a — a
Vermi Ohio Pearl Blue Laclia Pink Pearl Blue
. PREsQuE ISLE Deep Vinaceous | Pearl Blue
“Lake Erie off Presque Isle Lavender |
"Presque Isle Bay Beach ; Light Grayish Blue Pale Bluish Pal =
Pools Vivlet Pearl Blue Lavender ale Rhodonite bey f
Paul Blue Light Pinkish Pearl Blue
Pond
North Shore
id West of Water Works
Big Bend off Waterworks
‘Big Bend, West End
ig Bend, East End
3S
isery Bay
Crystal Point
Lilac
Light Flesh
Pink
Dep Lavender
Pale Rhodonite
Pearl Blue
Pink
dht Pinkish
lac
Li
"Violet
~ | Vinaceous Lilac j
| Pale Verbena Light Vinaceous Pale Ochraceous | Pal Aniline Lavender Pale Rhodonite Hydrangea Pink | Pearl Blue Lavender, Pearl | Light Pinkiah *
Violet Purple Salmon | Lilac Pink Blue, Pale Lilac Lilac
Deep Grayish Lav. Pale Vinaceous Dark Vinaceous Pale Ochraceous } Pale Aniline Pale Pinkish Light Purplish Pale Pinkish Lilac White Pearl Blue
Pearl Blue Pink Gray Bufl = Lilac Lilac Vinaceous Pale Rhodonite Pine a
Burn Blue Pale Pinkish Buff Pale Bluish Pale Vinaceous J
Lavender Pink
Pearl Blue
Burn Blue
White, Pale Pin!
Pale Persian
Lilac, Pearl Blue
Pale Congo Pink
Lilac
Deep Vinaceous Pale Pinkish Buff
Pearl Blue Pale
Lay., Pearl Blue
North Shore Crystal Point
‘ DiessHoc Bend
“A
"Pools, L. Erie
103. Port Colborne
10. |. Port Dover
Verbena Violet
Light Salmon Pearl Blue
5 Pearl Blue
Pale Bluish
‘ Lavender =
RES eS, ——————
Pearl Blue
White to Light
Pinkish Lilac
Pale Aniline
} Lilac
|
St. Mary's River
eskiort Ohio
ay Silver Gar
liams Co., Ohio
108. Maumee River Rapids
aumee River
Maumee River
lan Co., Ohio
je Grayish
Violet
_———————————
_
————————
———————————
(a Ee
Grayish Lavender
Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
|
See
, ' VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 263
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Related to Epidermal
Color. (13 shells)
Older males have warm reddish brown colors; in youth, lighter
yellows and olives are representative. Females have a greater
tendency to blacken, and have darker colors throughout life.
5.-—Symphynota costata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Yellowish Green Buffy Citrine
Tawney Brownish Olive
Brownish Bister, Chestnut, Mars Brown, Prouts
Brown, Mummy Brown.
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie
(68 shells). . :
TERS UST OO SIN A a oi ON eee ae i es No 20%
Psrgpinvaaicstaun(®) lice anes Sauk» OP eee SEE eee orig es. es 20%
TBSOUGTS , (Cites bra es 6 oe ee ee es eae ep ae 20%
Teta teem aN Rae i as EY ee ae ea a as ee ae 20%
TC eair gy TERT Cp Ses ss a So eo eR WL at ERIE 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
and L,. Erie (47 shells.)
Digi SEP amen heme ated oe he an ee ef 4 sua feet Mea 30%
Brownish (Nineteen eee OA PEL SCAT Rati. a ote MwA 20%
BEST symn (Ohl v take aia VN i eee anna ALUN ele A # an hi We Rat te 20%
Mummy Brown ............. SRE ee MEIN sible SON op be tas AB Dek YAN te le ea 20%
NSIS ee Teene Bnd stn vn teal tile en here ee SEG ONE a Oe SSA AAS a IND aioe ot ona 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio T tributaries ete.
Alle’ny Alle’ny Ohio Monong Beaver
: : Tribs. River River River Tribs.
AYY/ felch Oe ASS (=) of ee ee ane Ua ee ae ge ee a ISG) Gye ONO une Sa Pai final ea mee 2
Browash) Olives. 82 oe oe 16219 let) Seen 215 Ons ONG pen Rees
Bitty Olivies =. ars wan 2 es SS ei Oey i We ee FOG. SOUG 4 25) pee 2a
Mummy Brown... Gea Cath Poa. BY 2 ect eal G/L SUNN ME Te RNa NO 25%
TENT Sie Loe UE IS PA ON AMEE PD Lace TDA G2 Olas Die NaN ML Ta 13%
Distribution of Colors'as a Whole in L. Erie (21 shells).
Si eitlayer Catia lesen tare yen oa y YEE Jo RIA ee UN ee CFLS sl EI en aN oe ae 40%
KOs ibrar se va toy os ellie sed DEE lL aS ioe ltr lait Ee 4 rie a le 20%
HASTA ERGO SU LS ae Re 2 lo DN RP Vea RET Sa PR GS UO SUR ee ra Mele ene 20%
21: O CUS TO Wiles aes RRO ORC INN EL Seal Lays BES Se Ra 10%
NW Tettrnnttasy areas OW weldioow eee Shue Pee, Care te Sams SA be Mikael UN Naan. Seine a 10%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Presque
Bay Isle
BES sina is Tei hee ee eet er rane oie en eet eee? ty hee nha eee Uae Dh beans oy
(EINES ter teem ome Ws Onteniente eM Ul gino, Crneie See ea PAE fw Uman TUE 50%
IN [rai Sprig FO Witlnaoeae 2 FASS ie Ear | ibe Sot ARENAS Tie LOA es DH rs Desh ea 8 25%
——.
SEV] ueisisg 4 |
aed 93 aI ang | QF]
peg | iT INT
= | | Save | owes wiry | someVena | sna nea ee
ond eed i ang besa | blige E39) } | - =
} SROIIEIMIO aeq snoaseury daaq | INIA Bead | DPT amy seq ae dysmy Suing
tee mom | A | | “ewig “1 Fuiumemsg ‘99
ysturg 14207 proures | Seip, | | |
OSSEIEPO ASd | Smoaeaiy aseq | yurg KeuayrgD ang preg | —
— yajoray, ang rae } | | AIMASyIeTD sary oFumuays “So
i! aed TAR aiding ung
peensesoT A ; ie Pee JOSpuLM 212d snoaseut aqsrq | snosnius0 wNsty | Sinden lates ; ‘a
5 : ' oduruagS “Ay oSunuays “tg —
i WA anig s9pusacy ; =
e — qsikerg aq2ry — -——- +. stioaany | =
= = = = = - —- ithe == SS SS DWAUIAH “GaN OSuvuays “£9 y
ae prad eigen 2 SO10EA 2716 5a Tk |
ahd Dicioracoen | asceg 2 qrzq atding 38d IPAS uacisurel ieafyl OsumsgS
f SET siya | _ fare xe
WAT ania ead |
- = - } i z | UMOYs[ENH ‘ony qdjopuyy “19
sued aha a | | —
g 4st Styutg 2eH “ ;
| a = aries aTASoUYT “3924 ape “09
}- }
SOVNIVNC YSATY WSAVAG
Aug |
snoaseuty aeq | i
APIOKA ON Yst iF SNOdDEUI A PITA 7 - pia ees" s ‘
PID AV ‘OCA, qassmy 34407 epqoT aed
= | ‘ a | | quoMeypy “ary moO “SF
| qua -| ee
4uig essuespsy aiding Ont Pe
j= a = — Suv pws SAL ai id
| HOLA ANT YstAvIS) a 1 lis - AUT PLOT WAT ONO, et
ra OF qriq a1ding | |
= F = 5 Me | syodorso> “DAT OHO ‘98
Dey ystqurg SEBIET SHODIEUL A DEV] snoaseury i | x a
rT OF ay AN aed 01 YAN aug SnOaseUtA aed AVtd IPys | reg anig pswag bra | .
= sari os os fo = -| He aI ystiotg vd | PeesE STAN UATE OO Bi |
auyruy [ra | | | houreumy — | . e
tc: 3 {= ‘s FE | SHA 91% samy UD snag FS
i +I —
= ae. ae E { } SOVNIVAG AAATY ONO.
SP ysiqur ep ysis in i
TAY AN qyary OF ag SOSH NoTee sty nLC aquest
oe al A ule | P A ystkesy req | _ BAT vpyetaonoyy LS —
ec ae iRRTEERA OS | eee ; | ung “OD puVjazounyss\y
oo Abs 2 a pea shalt SM hf E } - ysEutd aa } JAY BYE TUONO PT
uomrtaur
2 ol oc Sa ad eet i eal il Eee eee MONE Lg ait oa
; qed IOLA oa
at 4 -- 2 SUGeuE CE fat MUIQIIA MAIvd | JAN VPYWIUOHOWy “OF
CAG Es I- 3 1 | u J
ysiqurg 1440] Fi } womeuniy aTASUMID
=. a{< A 3 ie 2 ale | qsiyata Md | 3M IN wy, “HF
FOIA ONT 2 1
YSstABr5 veg natkeroten | snooowOrA ’
- -——_ -| - ae | (3 4\- 3 :. 4 | ysidusg 910g ALY “Y9UD ON MT “Bh
* ung {
| IOLA Sanqsoudy,
“OUT uvlsiag ated Ni al , elle Ysriuld eed TuaqiaA Id 4 ‘1m or ues ated é
_ snoaarur, i mies | M
ysthvsy aed 5 ale te ae Avi adoi olay | uoueS Wary OHM 4D paqund
; |-- -| >
snoaoeut\, yur snoaouuty Bune 2
aS Ate p ang Led | Ng domes ysydang sry oom aiuvig avg ] asunig wary SOW UN “M Paryand 8
Pekierua ajdang snoaa W | a
eo Mone eed | i iy ATR MEL E i WaADEL WayD GOAnT wang “He
oe bi ale i 4 ee HOVNIVAC, “A YUIYONONOTY —
ee One ants ania i Va IPL)
| bea oan | silt Led 18d Si BRE e nt ,
Seep ae = 4 =
i ane snoaorut, o%}
’ b Peo AA ysyding yay YW aaa
i ante (oouss0QF MON)
eae 2A = | aeod | Dany yinwuraTOy
P a Ata SIWIN SHOVES:
AW Ing snosse1y9Q snoaovulA Jy ArT TIUOWUUTIICY voy a
ELIE t 7
ae Peaq 03 ay AY apMIO HL "AIA MONA “OL
y ; MOVNIVAC AMAL SVUENUEIM
~ oun 1 He * see omy ustqurg | snoaseury | ee ee a laa Laan SNOVEUT AY OES JOOKA ONL AUT
sturdy at 7 AMAT OF AIT YstAeI aed Aud ys | ustidang aay | ea TA SAETO MPAs OS OUI ey |
} qeiq snoao :
“Pury IEC
Oe] yse{uta 0 VIOLA anieL :
ayary OF aI AL ysixerg wavy apisyvas
HOVNIVAC] XTTUD aXOOKD,
Japusar’y VIOLA ONT Ae AVI Auld ayApoog
07 ang zee ystdvig aeg = snoaseur, daaq Avuayeqg aed youd Aumoqey epavy “Se
¥ SOVNIVE MAM ANTAL GIT
i
umoyodooy ‘yaax9 avdng “FE
ne | = = le oe
IOWA AUtad niet 4
aug yng yshqurd ares uenaua A Leo IaVT (49949 at) MHA
VIOLA ante OPT i VIOLA ang UT onl
ystAvig aed UrISIag Id ystkeig aed Auld 14S BS snoaoeur, 34307 rod (19949,
(ae g yur i WOLA anita snoaoeury ania ona 4
oyuopoyy ered YStAeIg aeg ysyding Aapudae'y WYysVT Lead PNG ayn’T anwauUED
———— Be 4 a = -| = “(=
snovorul,.
ysiydand a04S “AV ayvy nou
a e ea
JOPUIAR'T -
snoaseut, daaqd 04S “AH
ms | ‘ JJOrA anig ORT snoadeut\
qstéeig W43rT ysitard garT, yStU org, |
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| ouyry uvisiag: ung
| aq OF DTN anid Lead ystqurd ed Pe ay
| JA1OLA ani ; x POA ONT ey aayinnayuor
ysidviy aed Ystkess ajeq | . oy We = APT op ke
etry 5 hw . a= . id eal
ani QUINT st lor ania ant sfuudg api at
ted At AY “AULT OF 93 AL ystheig 2yRIT Avuayrq) i udg s#puquied Re
a a lis 5 =| ]
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| > =| = -| - a | HOVNIVACL ANAS HON
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ti WIOLA INIA Hog ‘|[fAseuN,
YstAeig atd | puog ‘AIIt
= =| =. a ry
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ei fe = anid Ayuayog “sary Auays
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BIT WSPiotd 209,
M31 STAN yng woUleES Is anid Pd
= = = = "| ond ona
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o 4 Fs Ong W307 | |
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z - = 4 DeIYT ania Avg wOmTeS
snosounr, bine - ana fe at, SnoaseUrA Ie
a ystiding 3437 W591 : ysryutg eyed snoaseur, 34307 peed 4
- 2 : =| Tain eh a 7 s9purary Balorn anid
WPIOLA MUL ania Lead ©: : ‘ . oaorm, daa ysteeig aed
Tee aed OEINT ysryatd uM uvlsiog aed peed uom[es aed | snoaenrA d99q N
= = 5 391A ani SENT
= snopanut,, ant . sl ee en eee ysiknig 14887 muaqiaa aed
mn “ |e eS aaret eee ee eee |e | -
——— a a i —— ~ ~ -——- , GACT IF f
a a Roucegice i= aeare
ani eed ueisrd aed : 2 ! - ——— - |
“UIT QUINT ent ' Bias
ae ata anrprmy aed ystyurg yar ysuding 34507 ni = 7
2 5 5 snoasrur
é qsidang wT ©
= =| = SENT Bali: §
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: | ; a aiding snoz.ru SnosEUtA INI
JOPUIAe'T ’ qstyata 1A 34307 ystkerg 1g9t7
OVESTANY ania led 2 J
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utq auop Sat ’ ystseig aed “yy ded eed
¢ a eg al IO, 21 pemrene. tee
qstkeig Fd qsrigid ed Fa
= i | ee et
STON INL a gsryuid ard SS nS
SAzte SerT ystyetd :
NOSES + SMOSSEOTA J
QUIET SUIT ystamoig
ystutd 34ST ysieatd 9507 > 7
— a 2enT
a ep usted SUT usta SnOSJEDIA
3 Ped OF TAL -
MISE 03 SL dass = —_——— | aidan
yurq 9100p snosseni A 392!7
“OM WET SBT Asta | es SS ee
= ~ } nomyeS grid aidmd 2
“ snoases>0 343!T eeu FT
he | - a *Ly¥iVTIa _ "NID209 wivisod |
yios1a7 vijay ¥LVIV srmpvea ‘saa 5 aoe pera ae aerated enone vivcosaa :
SHUSER¥T VINASAS, vusiaowd vealavuva Saqd1OLNOGONY c -AHAKAS
‘ sHIdads
ESpEyG UlcH= jo WourIoe== hy SUUKCUG IP
ae
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Sea ae
sorsadg atp ut 0102) ae Jo uoneLEA Jo 9BUPY
aa == - Ee 4
264 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Light colors, (Buffy Olive), are apparently equivalent in the
Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie, but the browns are deeper hued
in the latter, much as in the preceding species.
In the Upper. Ohio Drainage.
Shells from the rivers are darker than those from the tributaries.
A partially incomplete series of darkening primary and secondary
colors may be traced descending the Allegheny, Shenango, and
Mahoning Rivers. This would be more complete had more material
been available. Characteristic primary colors are Buffy ones for
the Allegheny, Citrine for the Shenango. Due again to lack of
material, there is no outstanding differences between the shells
of the Monongahela and its Tributaries. Darkening of the epidermis
occurs descending the Ohio.
In L. Ene
Presque Isle shells are distinguished from those of La Plaisance
Bay by the abundance of browns, and the practical absence of
yellow colors.
Rays of Epidermts
Simpson—‘‘often rayed.”’ 3 of 68 shells showed raying, in shells
g-12 years of age, and persisting at least until that age. The
prevailing color of rays was greenish olive.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal.
With age, the Chestnut or dark colors become in the majority.
Darkening may occur as early as the 7-9 year, and seems complete
at 15. ‘‘Greenish’’ is always a minority color. Darkening occurs
less rapidly in L. Erie, and the percentage of yellows apparently |
increases with age in the Upper Ohio Drainage. Young shells were
not plentiful among my material.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Associated with E pider-
mal Color (6 shells).
Within the limits of the small number of shells considered, the
males stand out for blackish colors with age, and Buffy Olives in
youth. Females had lighter browns than males, and young speci-
mens were Brownish Olives.
- VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 265
6.—Anodonta grandis
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish brown Yellowish Olive, Olive Green
Brownish green Brownish Olive, Ecru Olive
Other Colors:
Buffy Citrine, Varley Green, Straw
Yellow, White.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (119 shells).
SBuRONGEMS] Ab TON iG ee De als a al Me ea A OR PR ee eo A 40%
Se BAN CEN GE SUN UG Tig ges, et SRR Yer § 1 dD ae RD IR MR eg 0 eR Ce RPGR I PS 20%
Olive Green. _.....: Rai eiNies peed (tae BWR Bees VI Pe EN eR 20%
Terres CNTR Se ES 5 Rg a th ee ee ee 10%
TS jusRtSy (CIMT a SPEARS eA Pte 5 Se a Phat 0 Ne ig ie ee cc ee Re 10%
Distribution of Color as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage (97
shells).
SE INO Ginn OP TP ere Pag ot es eee a ae a 40%
Orineeechee ewer ee aoe cee ane Spee ea ete = Jet ae ee ee 20%
prenmas Olive: ae sie Yi bee te Lee ee ate Za aoe, ee 20%
Sareea ue 0r na AR a LOR POR ye Ne ee ae 10%
To ive G 7 SAP tai NS iad ttl eA RR a aR RR A ROR SIS cts he 10%
Distribution of Colors in Opies Ohio Tributaries etc.
Allegheny Beaver Mgnong.
Tribs. Tribs. Tribs.
Brownish Olive Yi Ler pa eo au roe RN ae AT 5OVaeao PA tele eee eee
OlivisaG res nte 4 I e j) Va wet oemeotghs bic Mio Nt FPR Ns Di Opes sae 25%
CC TBC OSeI OVC. tenes ce eee oT SE a, bie ST AD ICA Y A eens, ML Eee 2) 25%
(LIE ea SMa See ear ae A Zi isihe Aaa gi Bis Of te eel ee
SESE ACerS ae ie a Ao hea et a nee ieee TOs BU) doa ee
BV ICCTirNER aE RON The enc wees See rms i tee ys a tt Ne Eee eae 50%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole ined. Brie and by localities.
Asa La Plaisance ‘Cedar Presque
Whole Bay Point Isle
MIRTLE Sk ee cone tt BO. AY epee 2 Oe 25%
Ecru Olive. ct seh Ae aR eer Fa eioc t i ns BO Re ore ae BOG soe 25%
Weimer: wise hese er a PY iy Aika MeO AGES OBER: FASC LE Eh 25%
Baracew mY ClRONGS eek eye ee eB ho 1) ae RO Ggte e 25 ps 25%
a tie ren Nee eg er Sot A aad DL), ee D5 gion ee, oe ee
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
The L. Erie shells may be distinguished from those of the Upper
Ohio by the abundance of yellowish and greenish yellow tints, those
of the latter being Brownish or Yellowish Olive.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage.
A darkening descending the Allegheny was observed in the
scanty material at hand. . This is more evident in French Creek
266 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST -
where an Olive hue is taken on, and to some extent is evident in
the Shenango and the Mahoning Rivers. Characteristic primary
colors are Yellowish Olive for the Shenango, and Varley, (bright)
Green for the Mahoning. Shells from the Ohio are deeper in color
than those from Raccoon Creek, a comparatively near tributary.
The Allegheny Tribs. have the most Brownish Olive, the Monon-
gahela Tribs. the most dark brown, greenish colors are most abun-
dant in the Beaver Tribs.
In Lake Erie
Yellow colors predominate at La Plaisance Bay, Olive at Cedar
Point and these are equivalent at Presque Isle.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson—‘‘rarely faintly rayed, but showing 3 broad dark rays
on the posterior slope.’’ Only a few specimens from creeks were
noted. In these the rays were bright green and medium in texture.
They were present at least until the 14th year.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage, Brownish rather than Yellowish
Brown increases with age, but at old age, these colors seem to be
equally prevalent. The old age colors of brown appear at 6-8 years
in both groups of shells and may be complete at this age. L.
Erie shells are mostly green at first. No colors seemed peculiar
to any given age. i .
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as associated with Epider-
mal Color. (8 shells)
In this small number of shells,-males were distinguished by a
preponderance of Olive colors; females ranged from yellowish
green to brownish hues.
7.—Paraptera fragilis
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish yellow Olive Lake, Deep Colonial Buff, Yellowish
Citrine.
Pale Smoky brown Brownish Olive, Buffy Olive.
Dark Colored Ecru Olive.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (58 shells).
Bert Olives. nce eet ee eee 30%
Deepr Colonial Bath ee Ne see ane eee ee 20%
*
'
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 267
Parrett NOM Vier cee eS ek ee ee eee ea eae ee ee 20%
CON OIL gai ele TES ihe RRS eR A Ee ee tone PRO 20%
TRU? OUTING Se nt see Gore IOI SSS Na 8 NI ey chao Vena ea oe Seen AY EN 10%
Distribution cf Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(28 shells).
Absa rate Oty ceea eee ne Pee, KON een a wey Nae Tn NE Ls ek nN Sane 20%
CHURS: Tbs) Wy SEED 1 a UT ee UN CAR Us 2G Ee ee Rt eae ee TURMNROR MRIS Det acids 20%
Bronvaisa (OLN e.4 oct BE TOUS E.Mey Oe TAP ena Bn 2 Ashe bat selon eta 20%
SFE Wrse Tyga) Lan eer aet 8 Sead teers on, A a Aen ae 20%
Rises Nour roan GLEN eae nee rere Radiat ne eo es et Ee ap a ae 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries,
and River.
Allegheny Ohio
River River
TE SIE OUT Te gOS SANT ane ORs RAL ON ka Ne Se OR AAT Ee REG es 2 od er 20%
QUIN RSeTLFSN) Rf SUDA aS a Oe FR ok 20 La GE PR ee 2 Of ee eee 20%
Bowailishts Oliver rr oo: et ae fi Rie eo depen ty SNe a de BOs) ae 40%
EMU INV Gua: eat Meneses Ceveeee ae eee cn Sle RPEe eae heen ICTY (eR mi POBEE
Rife lows ne hitless eee ee ee Aer TR FL are h ly She. bedi een ee eae 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (30 shells).
Summa cigar | obi Waren eee 0 2 te ek hee Se te 30%
OTE TS lei) thy Cx eeiee ented Vee Sie at ee Paes ee do ee 20%
SAcerndos™ Oliveseeeye 1 nile ee kee, Ue ees Per ON gon eed Seas 8 a eee 20%
Beeb: QUES a eee Ee Ie, AGATE 1s poh, tn eee Rea ies eee tee Ne 2e2OU
GrayisheOlive:. 29. ORM GA certian cat tobe: Piha 1S SS Pe pe a a 10%
Distribution of Colors in I,. Erie—Localities. »
La Plaisance Cedar Presque {sle
; Bay Point Bay
Deep Colonial Buff sd, Be See Nga a) eal eye a hae 500je Eee 20%
Bawls laa Oliv cl eeaee een Sie, SN Ae a ae Be OF Sas ee ate eee aes ioe 20%
saccardos Olive... mit Res ee eet) Re erg ont Be Ofer one 20 a aaa
[SESS OL SE ite a SO, ie eA eae ea pie Oe. wal tet ats ge, 2 eae 40%
Le sseanN SUTTON Vie cement, nec eg ee Ea TS ee a BsiO 7) ete ieae aN 20%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Shells from L. Erie are lighter than those from L. Erie although
both possess many colors in common. Buff colors predominate in
the former.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
Shells darken, both primarily and secondarily in going down
stream from the Allegheny to the Ohio. Olive Lake is a character-
istic primary color for the former, Buffy Citrine for the latter.
In Lake Erie
Buff colors are in the lead at Cedar Point, Olive at Presque
Isle, while Grayish Olive seems wanting at La Plaisance Bay.
a
268 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson ‘‘Often rayless, sometimes feebly rayed’’. 37 of 58
shells were rayed, the oldest age being 13. The texture of these
from the lake was prevailingly fine those of the rivers medium.
The-most common color was a Dark. Green.
Relation of Epidermal Colors to Estimated Age of Ammals.
In youth, 1-2 of the shells are either Brown or Green. Most have
become of a greenish hue about the 7th year. Green is more promi-
nent in L. Erie shells. Old age colors may appear at 6, completely
at 14 years. There appeared to be few if any completely dark
colored specimens. No colors seemed to be peculiar to any givenage.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Associated with Epider-
mal Color. (5 shells).
In the small amount of L. Erie material only green colors seemed
to characterize males, yellow, females.
_8.—Proptera alata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Brownish Mummy Brown, Buffy Brown, Bister, Light
Blackish Brownish Olive
Olive Green Buffy Citrine, Buffy Olive
Reddish Dresden Brown.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (55 shells).
BTEC er een ar Be a aes ee Sh a are ay peepee see NE SO ee 30%
Mitiminiy: Ser Ow! 22) er te ee Ae nn Bac ROI ee OO 20%
Bait yao Wilk ne. os. eRe Sen Mee et eld CaN TUR CE 2 eee ent oo 20%
IBS her so Mere 8S Se SS ire eee ee NE RR ea ete ca eo 20%
Bugthy” Cpbriame. 0s ee eG Na Sle ahs ini ee eee Sn 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage (24
shells).
OTT P ccd eT a ae aE ee MRE CME i a eat Be a ea een 20%
Mitniniy: Brown 2 oe Sill See Aer at that oe Spee Re oe Ve Nol. Sea oe 20%
Privy Olives 00 pe eo eae sa Pe alee a cra ag ee 12209,
Sa ae bal 5) ERs eee een ae PEE eke Seo oS ee Dh Ve aie eG Pe ere 20%
WH AB EO WH so 3 St ee ag a Locate 9 ee re a eal ne 10%
Saccardos: Waber ss. a. ee eee a se eee eee pe 10%
Olaye’ sf Re eg ON tn) Sea CENA le ah 20%
Miimimy > Browit2..2 Riko) ee Pee eS re ee eee ee 20%
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VARIATION OF EPIDERMAL COLOR OF CERTAIN
PLATE IIT.—GRIER on
SPECIES OF NAJADES.
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 269
sAIBCUNTEGSy TRUE Ye) ENS IE SPE SUEDE flee i, CMT gm ticked Ce NR ae Ag nO EO se 20%
SHEN URS TBM AYE tte Bek a al AR 8) RRR aL DR ae ON 10%
DaccaRaos Wimpbere 0 >! ste ey: dah Pac ete) i Seen Neel ot DIR Ae a oe Bees 10 %
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Alle’ny Riv. Monong. Riv. Ohio Riv.
OUR GR 25, oO 1 ENR SESS Sena Wd Sea Raieneosdg 8 Ad nee San ite ee Odo eS ee 2 On Se 3 a BO,
DVintertnnny: Ss RO Withee uh et EE ve ay oh BO pie eee Lean O/ a ekelonS 8 AT abes
Eerie vane @) ravi eaten tenant eee talgr a ot el Ree ily ga A od a ah SE es 25%
sitive mp lacks 200s) a ey iss 2 Mieke ily SUED tee Uh As RET oe PIU ERC Lea TEL 25%
SVEGENE?. LBW FCO) (Ame ea sel Ae PRUE aad ae fea mnt) SAL ar Ma aii Le 25%
NAeCrLGos sWimtibere 2. awe 8 es ae ee EBS N/a en AP AN eo a canes Ie oe eA
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (31 shells).
Light Brownish Olive_._........._.. De Rae INDE, JI RTA fia Die Mook es 9 Percale 30%
ENtHEV ANNO TEEN eee Sent Nee Reb oer Le ean UA Be Os Re Ty Pe oot Mya 20%
Bigthye Olivestis 8. sh highs tie NISMO A 2 hae Rona NE eee OLE A Ee aterm: yD Se 20%
IMUTELaRVTN Ye IBA) ial tae Sree eo hs eran ek OR SN es ely een eS CRE NER seed te feet 20%
HOES etiee STO Wille here ene eee wine Pa RL es ak ma Ot Te ots OG,
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities
Cedar Presque Maumee
Point Isle River
Piehtepirowmish Olive...) 2 oe 2s, Yas eeb pa Betas D5 Optsvar ee
ER CiitinvgmOrtigine ws te eb WR es NS DE AOR StE A coke Din jy eee eee ae 25%
EST itnnvan Olivieteee ce tS eee 1 Sctt Ea Aa SERINE DG ee te er Ta ae are Me 25%
itv OWA cee 1 ope a Os Yas ae ANT, tested tee BOT te. ae es 25%
DD ReCCOnmE RO Viieeasenees y ae <2 u® Tele Ne ees es ee D5 Os ie ie 25%
Deductions from Tables of er ee and Pl. II.
In this species also it is noted that the colors of the shells from
the Upper Ohio Drainage are darker. The browns of L. Erie are
of reddish hues, those from the Upper Ohio Drainage more blackish
in nature. L. Erie has also a larger percentage of olive colors.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
A darkening of colors from olive to brown may be traced down
the Allegheny and in primary colors, (olive to brown), from the
Monongahela into the Ohio. Darkening from Brown to Blackish
is characteristic of a large part of the Ohio. Saccardos Umber
would be a secondary color for the Allegheny; Buffy Olive for the
Ohio. Other characteristic colors are indicated in the tables given
above.
In Lake Ene \
Here the shells possess a brownish olive not found in the shellé of
the Maumee River which empties into it. Buffy Olive colors are
peculiar to Cedar Point shells, while the deeper browns belong to
Presque Isle shells.
270 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson mentions no rays in this species. However 34 of 55 shells
were found to be rayed, and rays persist at least until the 15th year.
In this case, lake shells had coarser rays than those of the river,
although there were a large number of fine rayed specimens in
both. Light green was the prevailing color.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Amimal.
The percentages of green colors tend to increase with age in
both Upper Ohio and L. Erie, while brown, the other juvenile
color, decreases with age. Color changes take place about the 12th-
14th year, old age colors may appear as early as 10 years, more
fully at 12. Blacks apparently decrease with age in the Upper
Ohio, but this is based on fragmentary data. No color or — of
colors seemed peculiar to any given age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as related to Epidermal
Color. (5 shells).
Males are more largely green, females brownish yellow.
9.—Anodontoides ferussacianus
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish Hellebore green; other colors: Buffy Olive
Brownish Olive, Yellowish Olive, Deep Olive
Isabella Color.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (69 shells).
aS TTL Wage) Mise aoe 2 ecient OEE Se ee. ee) Os, Nes Cee UR tr ets te ia iekn! 30%
Brow hish VOlivek..o ea Rn aah te Saae DE ne ce eae 20%
Yellowish Olive... PORE A, EY Saeki Ween ae ena Genes ee ta ar 20%
DEep; Olivet Re. 55 wok Bor see ee eee eae Sie a al eae ee ae 20%
OLIV C= oT Oe ee ee a gE a das se a ees ee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(45 shells.
1 EST Sagal Oat 6 Gib 1 \ seen Mae AUR a S08 Barer aes Rai Ret Aaa em Lees 9k 2 30%
BS EOMVEIIS HW OUIVEL soba ca teas Dacca Es St Starts ORR GAME oe Bw Bh eador af 08 Pen oen on Seen een 20%
Pra trella | CORE... oxen ea See A ee es me ce
Tellebore Greens. 22. ee 20%
UMD TE OMNES. a ats cpm an ac ae ee ok et eI EO eee 10%
Distribution, of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries etc.
Alle'’ny Beaver
Tribs. Tribs.
Biviey Cer ine oh d Cee : Rie ei ak Ne a ee BO teens 20%
Brawiishy Olive..30 to he a ha eae ae ae eed 2.60 Wp cua xe octeee BOYD
|
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. oF
Tae he (5) aye Sy ie tet ile enn tat RUIN ar 2 8 Seid Se Nadie eg Te 20%
TRUSS over Cy eyes i a eee es ee a ee ee ee ab cates Retna gear 20%
LEisaniy: (Oy bios aner bor ol aint AE LSet Rc Rae etre Renae PI Cy (gle ae 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (24 shells).
AES MeCN VERT LMS NO) [Mireeeeeee ss eeree, wee See, © ROT ee eS eek eee rene ee 309
WirteSE tee ECO liee cores cers oie tae 2k AEE OR ed od ee 30 Yom
DarallcnwisbeiOlnjes Verse cee 2 Una tas eee Py ary ol Pt ee sears Ta eee 20%
CEO MO ter Ste wk FA er Bl eee Fel i eo ee ae ee 10%
FRY eile tera re zp Say Sei a Wh eae ea I SO eet OE Sl pitti hs RAe SOF SAL 10%
Distribution in I. Erie, with that in other localities to be-
compared.
i Presque Maumee Conneaut
; Isle River Lake
EO wiiniShOliveske. co ui nar We Ces Nas AO Ug ee ees SOU ee Se
ies EUItihe tO Wil. 4 2 ne Ce ey een ote L DOGG hee ae ete ree 50%
Wie ttowwyas ar leverce oe ae) A ele ee DS Of ei Toe) Nk Ne, es
IDE OY COI NG Gi, Nae et Racial RAE. 0 ieee ee DOUp se Le eee o. 25 ae A eee 25%
ellebore, Greene oe) eh 2 eed, rx hah PACE a as DOF es Nit eae Bee 25%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages etc.
Shells of L. Erie are olive or yellowish, whereas those of the
Upper Ohio are brownish or buffy.
‘In the Upper Ohio
It is observed that shells become more buffy in color in the
lower stretches of French Creek. A color change mostly toward
_darker green colors is observed going down the Shenango. Shells
darken from greenish colors in Padan and Pymatuning Creeks,
to brownish colors where they enter the Shenango. Characteristic
primary colors are Buffy Citrine in French Creek, Olive colors in
the Shenango. As a whole the Allegheny Tribs. stand out for
brownish colors; the Beaver for Olive, green, or yellow.
In Lake Erie
Presque Isle possesses colors not found in the Maumee which
drains into L. Erie. Conneaut Lake as compared with L. Erie has
yellowish rather than brownish epidermal! tints.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson—‘‘often faintly rayed.’’ 34 of the 69 shells showed
raying persisting at least until the 8th estimated year. Rays
were distinctly medium in testure when compared with those of
other species, and were most widely distributed in creeks. The
prevailing color was Brownish Olive, and the oldest age recorded
was 8 years. '
272 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Relation of Epidermal Colors to Estimated Age of Animals.
Bluish green is most common in young shells, decreasing with
age when the shells become brown, which may be an early as the
4th or 5th year. Old age colors may appear completely at 6. A
brownish deposit occurs on L. Erie shells of this and other species
which at times is apt to confuse the observer as to the true color.
No color or group of colors seemed peculiar to any given age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as associated with Epider-
mal Color. (4 shells).
Males—brownish or Yellowish Olive.
Females—green.
10.—Eurynia recta
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Black Bister T
Olive Green Olive, Brownish Olive, Dark Greenish Olive
Other colors noted: (browns) Warm Sepia,
Snuff Brown, Mummy Brown.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
(Cites ee a elim Re PS RP RMI AMES Pe apne Te Tee AS PANE A Le 30%
Watt epian ich oS si 10) hc SR ee Sa eee See eee 20%
SUAUBUEINS 5 10 11 16 0 eaeer SM a CEL EN Oye UR OE Ls wigs Math A ad ee 20%
NEG fol eee 5 Cee eer Ce ane Me ae nRE ned Uomo eet Pema. ite OL ae SL Rie cet oe 20%
Browilish. Olives ae) S00 oe ee a oe eka Cn ee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(33 shells).
Mii iany PIE O WW tt te sa eon ees ee ed Ce ee ee 30%
Oliver en Ba eee et Sige Pee > he Snes 20%
SCTE VB Ey eis ae ea hee cee Le ny ee ee ee ee 20%
Wiarti: Sepia. oer a el 0 ee ee ee ee 10%
Brawatsh) Olives. Sse ee a PM al 0 a oa eae 10%
Darki Greenish Olives 20es Sat eT ee ieee Re ee ee eee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Allegheny Allegheny Ohio Tuscarawas
; Tribs. River River River
Munimy (Browne Ae ee eee TOG Gs ee ee 2007. oe
GOV ee ec aoe war SE ee eee 1 Shue Roel. a Ay es aaa 2.0 Yon eee
Sn tril) “BOW ile cs) an ee ee AEE RO 6 Oana: Pee 2OOF: aie
DV itn Ae 1 ee eee ek eR oe TO Ug PG pte 20 C7 cee
Brownishe Oliv ee se Cr ee eee A AS) Seer ee D2 tee ZOO ee 50%
Dark Greenish Ojive i ey ee 32 OB Tiki wae aa ee 50%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie—Localities.
Chestawt 00 oe St ae ae eee Oe eh 220,
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 23
SUMMER IRS csc eke antes 2 ae ae eee a oe oe 20%
Brownish Olive... wh, SEAS SOW IeY BS oa. TB Gi en CRM TAPERED (tan Uae cots 20%
SEA Tetcd MNES Is NYC Vee ee en me Serr ne eee ne er ok LA RTS ee 20%
Dog SUE g pee alle ede Le Gaal RG eel oil alae tea elas Rte ¢ ake Ral Mede! BAND tae emote 10%
Peer etereciicd Olives crt lal et gy. ere a ea 10%
Distribution of Colors in L. Erie—Localities.
Cedar Point Presque Isle
ROHIES Patt ee en eee Ee ae 2 ee oe ee Cea BRO ae og aes 16%
(Cphisre, OYE) ie SANS Fear oie tat Se ee a ee Ba Oley re 33%
TESCO TEMRS Ta QIN SUR ISI eo Milnes epic aee Bern, Aare MUU eee mee oe ere EO at sree 16%
Raters ORES 0) Wg ee ee et ee Ie age ed Pn GO, gare es 16%
EAA SHSIE ate WEG ce eaa raise oe Senos ern By Bre ped AT) nS Sl Ee eee ae 16%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages, etc.
Browns are in excess in the Upper Ohio as compared with L.—
Erie. Olives and golden yellow hues are peculiar to L. Erie.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
For a great part of the Allegheny’s course a darkening may be
seen in the primary color from greenish to olive and brownish colors.
The series from French Creek and the Ohio apparently do not
conform to the general rule. More positive evidence can only be
secured with a larger number of shells. Dark Citrine could be
termed a characteristic primary color for the Ohio, Yellowish
Citrine for French Creek. We may note at any rate, that the darker
colors are more abundant in the tributaries than in the rivers and
vice-versa, while browns are more abundant in the Ohio than in the
Allegheny.
In Lake Erie
Browns are most numerous at Cedar Point, while Presque Isle
has the larger proportions of black colors.
Rays of Epidermis
6 of 54 shells showed raying persisting until the 15th year.
They were coarse in the specimens examined and appeared only
in those from rivers. Their color was Greenish Olive, and the
oldest age to which they persisted was 16 years.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animals.
Juveniles of this species are mostly green. Darkening may occur
as early as 7 years and is complete at 14. No color or group of
colors seems peculiar to any given age.
274 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as related to Epidermal
: Color. (45 shells). » ESE
Males are Greenish-Olive in younger stages. Snuff Brown when 2
old. Females are Brownish Olive when young, becoming darker
blackish brown with age. :
11.—Lampsilis luteola
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY :
Straw Colored Olive Lake $
Yellowish Buffy Olive
Greenish yellow Ecru Olive
Brown when old. Brownish Olive, Light Brownish Olive.
Dristribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio ‘Drainage
and LI. Erie (289 shells).
Browalish* Olives: 532i e Fee Se a er Ae eee es a ee ed eae 30%°
Brera ies aoe Us Sar et wa iS yy Te OD rs neler aa eee re 20%
Bitlet OLIVES wbe AO. eS AOR at 8 ocd iy kA oe es Oe a a 20%
CUVEE aE sesh Soe Se TA re Re ee eee ares ae nee 20%
BizhtVB row nishVOlives 2 4:10. ee eS coe et Ou. fi ee oy eee ere ee 10%
_ Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Drainage (187
shells). 1 -
Birt PO IVe ati S00) ten Sane be eae rely) Pd SO EE | oT a 30%
Silence! oe 205) re Paar ai re Se ee ee 20% .
JEN aN THIS E NN Ol bh he ae Meee SECS S, SOROS SPRL © ANNE see AROS To 20%
IEKGETE (O) Nig DS es ee ae a em Ae ater OR Cee a UNOS oe PMR Uy OBS eee 4 > 10%
Torin cowwisia Clave he a aes ole ea 207% 7 ?
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Uap Ohio Tributaries ete.
2 Alle’ny Alle’ny Monong. Monong. Ohio Beaver Beaver’ 3
Tribs. River River Tribs. River River Tribs.
BultysOuve.- 4.0 es: MY DRS RE Meted 25 %......25 %. 25 Yo. 50 gpa etoe s
Olive bake eel bonr rl ay BQ EL SOU D.) O50 DOGS. tees ee eae ee 30%
Brownish Glive Wy Fees Pi iets: ae INS OF ae, PAY mee NT ee ee 50% 1
Berm Olivers a! oo eee ie 25 %......50 Ws 125 Yp--25 os 25 op eae
Light Brownish Olive YB Seba dict UL elem Todo Wren SN EL ate Ula 25 Os Nee \ aoe
Distribution of Gaiocs as a Whole in L. Erie (111 shells). . !
IMTS BB EOWA: nee Raa ae pI MEA Dae ieee eee eee 30%
Olive na er ele: ey CFP ey BPE Ae 3 Ber a See i eee 20%
Dark (Olive Baths) Poptart to oy) ee es P< aaeeyt SE eee ean 209% :
Bitty Olives 2.5 e Mo ie Ae es) ae DSS a Or bo cl oinaee eee 20%
Heri oOlive 2 Un es hove, ee a ee ee 10%
Distribution of Colors in L. Erie—Localities.
Conneaut La Plais- Presque Chau- Maumee
Lake sance Bay Isle tauqua L. River
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 275
ite VOlinere cist a bas ROS MOE ea OE Oy i Mee so Ae aot
yer @ liver e rcs Serene toe ee Ea I Din Oe SE aaa ee 25 %....-.25 %p....--25%y
Deductions from Tables of Percentages, etc.
ly. Erie shells have greater proportions of Buffs and Yellows.
Browns are more numerous in the Upper Ohio.
In the. Upper Ohio Drainage
Shells lose their green color and become more yellowish descend-
ing the Allegheny. This is also mostly true of the French Creek,
Crooked Creek, Shenango and Mahoning Rivers. The-distinction
is not clear cut between the Monongahela River and its Tribs.
but is in the case of the other rivers and their tributaries which
~ as the tables of percentages show have yellow rather than greenish
colors characteristic. Changes in secondary colors are also not
well marked. This species and L. ovata do not readily darken in
the river. Characteristic primary stream colors are Yellowish -
Citrine for the Allegheny, Olive Lake for French Creek, Buffy
Citrine for the Shenango, Light Brownish Olive for the Mahoning.
In Lake Erie
The Maumee River, (draining into L. Erie) as well as its near
locality, La Plaisance Bay has a preponderance of buff colors.
Presque Isle possesses more browns and olives. Chautauqua and
Conneaut Lakes resemble Presque Isle in the distribution of color.
| Rays of Epidermtis
Simpson—‘‘Normally showing bright rays throughout.” 203
of 289 shells were rayed. Fine rays were most abundant in L. Erie,
coarser ones in the rivers, medium ones in creeks. ‘The oldest
age to which they persisted was 24 years, although such an age
estimated by counting the winter rings seems a little long fora
color to persist in a mussel. Coarse rays were most abundant
in male shells, fine in females. They. persisted in all ages of
the animals.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animals.
Juveniles are Yellow or Greenish Yellow, percentages of the former
decreasing, that of the latter increasing with age. Greenish Yellow
is perhaps always the more abundant color. Browns and blacks
appear as early as the estimated 1oth year in the Upper Ohio,
and somewhat earlier in L. Erie. ‘“‘Old age’’ colors as a rule are
not abundant in this or in the following species. No color or group
of colors seemed peculiar to any given age.
/
‘
276 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Associated with Epider-
mal C olor. (140 shells)
Young males are yellow green with maturity becoming brownish
green. Young females are Buffy Olive in color, with age becoming
a greenish gold, (Olive Lake.) \
12—Lampsilis ovata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish Olive ochre
Greenish yelléw Brownish Olive, Colonial Buff.
Brownish Buffy Olive, Mars Brown, Bister, Saccardos
Umber, Buffy Citrine, Ecru Olive.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (214 shells).
Bort p@Oliver: S28. Uc Fates Se Ret AEC ds ee la ee 20%
Baatiy Olivera = 8 a aa Sots 8 a Pee OE A oe ae et oo Sees ee
DBecmmchvGlives -) 2. Soe. eee Meee) eee 20%
COLO fas Ui! ess ere ie Seen Sas he pa ts Pe, ee a a 20%
Brltiy tC resin] et se ee A NE ST Seah HOLY oa. Aed ey Ueto ee ee 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
(188 shells).
Bemioiy ets. 03.) Ft ee erie og OLE tee SORE eee. eae 20%
IBatiiey,. Onivierert soc. $c mae He in ee ay 8 Ce Dip cna gd oe ie et alae 20%
Olive SOCRTC eek oii ee ea ee ee ee ee 20%
Ves AONE 8 ol I Re Ae epee ee Oe 20%
552) 0S A el aie Ca RCI WAUIRER OB. cles ONE, alee esi nop Re mR IER YE Je 10%
Naceard os gimmie Ne he aN SE SE DES TE ae Saree eee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Ally: All’y Ohio Ohio Beaver Beaver
Tribs. River River Tribs. River Tribs.
ere Olmert a soar y ees PO SCA et 25% 25 30% 2 BG OGe aoe
Bitty Olive! Atel tak: Rien 3 26 2 25.Upe. 225 Void 20x 225 pee
Olive Ochre............ Biter ce tenae 20%. «50 Wyk 25 Vp 20 Ye 5 one eae
Brownisne Olive. 2.) Sie OR FN as eae ULE EN Fy OMe eae te 37%
PSTSCet: seen: Atle be aera tee ae CH In eee ha NM PSS ML SIN Ne dah PEAS et A 12%
Saecarwos Umber ea) Pes he Pees eh Ca asics ook ore aan 20% 2
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (26 shells).
oC olotita dk TBs > 3 eo so agp EE eas eet Se aed A eae 30%
Baiiy: 2 OU inc eee ee eas re a han pe ee ee ee 30%
Brows “Olver. os kote i ren ee el oe a ee 20%
Bris Gy tines Os Ss 0 PR ee SIRE A PADRE GhE OES Te SMe ge eR 10%
Mars tBrowini.t: att ab i bie Tine: oie De ete heen eee ee 10%
Distribution in 1. Erie—localities, and Chautauqua Lake.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque Chautauqua
: Bay Point Isle Lake
Colonial _Buff......2.... LA ny Seen, ee ee ROOD ss. ee 50 Gao SO Uji xs
-VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. oy,
ESeUiinvga Oe tees ee, ee Oe 2 des SG PSO a eames Die pe erg whoa st Pek 50%
Browse Olives ess eC eT Te Ns OO Y ik une laa Anabaena hes Papo cae 2 ea 2G
VBSB UT CG 0 See. ROE ae ee a NOt WS ane de
RWB VAS, TESTO Nia ca Rau Oi Pane Ate S.C Mati ek eso ener resp a PNT YA EN DASE ees
Meare wie Fs \fik eer eee nt we ek Pt Se ee Ne eee 25%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. IIf.
Yellow and Yellow Green colors are prominentin L. Erie; browns
in the Upper Ohio. *
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
A tendency to darken both in primary and secondary colors is
seen descending the Allegheny—from yellowish to brownish or
buff colors. This is the general change found also in the course
of the Crooked and Neshannock Creeks; Ohio, Shenango and
Mahoning Rivers. In most cases the shells of the tributaries will
be found to have lighter colors than those of the main streams. Char-
acteristic primary stream*colors are Olive Lake in the Allegheny,
Isabella Color in the Ohio, Olive Ochre in the Shenango, Olive
Yellow in the Mahoning, Buffy Citrine in the Little Beaver.
tek. Erie :
Yellows appear to be equally abundant at all the lake stations
given, Hut these differ in their proportions of Buffy and Brownish
Colors. Chautauqua Lake seems characterized by an abundance
of the former. As was found with nacreous color, this and the last
'named species show little variation in epidermal color.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson: ‘‘Broad bright green rays, wanting in older shells.”’
140 of 180 shells were rayed. Coarse rays were most abundant in
lake specimens, medium and fine rays in the rivers, with coarse
and medium textures about equally divided in the creeks. Colors,
yellow to dark green, with a tendency toward black in the Upper
Ohio Drainage. Coarse and fine rays are most abundant in male
shells; medium in female.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal. °
No juveniles were comprised in the material worked with.
Green is most abundant in shells beneath 12 years of age. Greenish
yellow appears to increase in older shells in both L. Erie and the
Upper Ohio Drainages. Shells:may become brown or black as early
as 11 years, although such colors are not abundant in either of the
- Lampsiline shells possibly due to their more highly polished epi-
278 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
~
dermis. No color or group of colors was found to be peculiar of any
given age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as associated with Epider-
mal Color. (106 shells).
Greenish gold colors, (Olive Lake) appear to predominate in males.
Less of green and more of brown are to be found in females.
VI.—CoNCLUSIONS.
1. In the species of Najades dealt with, there exists a wider
range of variation of epidermal color than that indicated by
standard specific descriptions. :
2. In practically all the species dealt with, a decided change of
epididermal color is obsirved going down stream from the head-
waters to the mouth. The usual tendency is for the primary epider-
mal, or ground color to darken from an Olive Green or Olive Gray
shade to Brownish or Buffy Colors, and this darkening is true in
part of all colors of the epidermis, whether due to inherent causes or
to those associated more with environmental causes. Within the
limits of the material dealt with, itis further recognized thata darken-
ing of the epiderinis may occur with advanced maturity or oldvage,
which is quite independent of the geographical locality, but such
colors are always darkest in specimens from furthest down stream.
3. The shells of L. Erie have in general lighter epidermal colors
than those of the Upper Ohio and Maumee Drainages. Lighter
yellows, browns and greens are more common among thein, and
in this respect they resemble the smaller tributary streams of the
Upper Ohio Drainage. The shells of Conneaut and Chautauqua
Lakes have much the same relation as those of L. Erie. Other
conclusions, not however as completely substantiated as those
given above, but still sufficiently evident from the present data as
to deserve mention are,
4, Each drainage leaves its own imprint on the shells collected
from it in the additional form of an associated or peculiar hue of
epidermal color, as has already been shown with regard to nacreous
and certain other physical characters of the shell. While the same
general hue may be present in different drainages, these may be
characteristically differentiated when necessary by the presence
of varying proportions of other colors.
5. Asarule, the color distinctions may be carried so far as to
a
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 279
say tentatively at least that certain shades of epidermal color are
characteristic even of different parts of a given locality.
6. ‘The rays of the epidermis disappear with age and have in
the limits of the material worked with, their widest ee
is specimens from small rivers and creeks.
7. With regard to the relation of epidermal color to the esti-
mated age of the animals, it was found that no one color or group
of colors was peculiar to a given age of the animals, except the
yellowish or grayish colors of early youth, or the deep browns and
blacks of old age and advanced maturity. :
8. The epidermis of most species. shows clearly defined sex-
correlative coloration.
VII.—SUGGESTIONS AS TO CAUSES OF FacTs.
Introductory rematks embody the writers comments on the
first of these conclusions. In view of the evidence presented, the
most plausible explanation of the second would seem to be found
in the physical and chemical conditions under which the shells
live. A summary of the more outstanding physical and chemical
conditions in the Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie has been
previously given.
A physical condition which may seem closely related to the problem
of epidermal color is the warmer temperature of the water in the
former, for it has been shown that the shells from the Upper Ohio
possess more pigment, pigment is the result of chemical reactions,
and the degree of chemical reaction in general is increased by heat.
It is readily comprehended that the problein of epidermal color is
a more complicated one than that of nacreous color. The epidermis,
protectory in function, is in direct contact with the environment,
and is the recipient of all chemical and physical forces involved
whereas the nacre, while probably the subject of all forces acting
through solution, is probably interacted upon by relatively few
physical forces. Ina previous paper it was shown that the ints
of nacreous color lighten going down stream in the Upper Ohio
Drainage, and that the nacre of L. Erie shells possesses lighter hues
than those of the former. Suggested causes for these phenomena
were,
1. Presence of humic acid in the headwaters of streams, which
with a greater amount of available light due to less amount of
silt there, affords favorable cciditions for the production of pigment.
280 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST .
2. Reaction of humic acid upon the yellow or red Fe203 of the
soil or of the water, resulting in its reduction to FeO, whence FeO
by interaction with COz of soil water or environment becomes
FeCO3, a whitish or yellowish compound.* It was additionallly
pointed out that iron is a part of the composition of the mussel
shell, and reasoning from the basis that it is known to be an im-
portant constituent of animal and vegetable piginents, it was
suggested that the deeper tints of nacreous color in the headwaters
was due by some similar process to the inclusion of greater amounts
of Fe203 in the shell, especially since the water in the tributaries
has a greater degree of oxygenation (due to greater rapidity of the
current), whence the transition from carbonate to ferric oxide might
be affected. In L. Erie, the nacreous colors of shells seemed more
closely related to the greater degree of alkalinity of the water.
3. Further down stream, the reaction of the Humic acid upon
the ever increasing amount of lime may produce COz2. This or
other available CO2 may attact the iron oxides producing Fe2CO3.
Under the conditions present, this latter compound may remain
stable, since oxygenation, (slower current) is less, light is less due
to increasing aimounts of silt, and organic matter is more. Now it
is also known that organic matter at times may mask the red or
yellow iron oxides in clay, giving the latter a bluish, greenish or
bluish, greenish or even other colors. Provided then that Fe2CO3
is the iron compound available downstream for mussel shells, and
that there is a greater inclusion of organic matter at such localities,
plausible explanation for the changes or fading out of nacreous
color is found.
Much of the above may be made to apply to the problem of
epidermal color also when the following is born in mind. It has
been shown that the change in epidermal color is opposite to that
reported for nacreous color. Under the conditions, 2 groups of
factors acting separately or jointly may produce such an effect,
representing.as they do natural and unnatural environments of
the shell.
1. In connection with the natural group, it may be pointed out
that the amount of silt as well as the darkening of the epidermis
increases going down stream. Further, the mussel shell is subject
to constant erosion from COz2 or other chemicals in the water
*For a full discussion of Humic acid and its relation to iron compounds see
Pirsson, L. F. and Schuchert, C. S., ‘‘A Textbook of Geology.” «
Ee
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NOJADES. 281
and from the current itself, especially when the latter carries sus-
pended matter. Darkening then might be due to the use of minute
particles of the silt in the shell building activities of the animal or
to their external deposition on the shell. This general proposition,
that the silt is indirectly or indirectly responsible for the blackening
of the shell, is borne out by the fact that in L. Erie where there is
relatively less silt, the shells are lighter and clearer in epidermal
colors. sit
If we now endeavor to relate the facts stated to those seemingly
furnishing a reasonable hypothesis for the change in nacreous
color, we may tentatively suggest that shells are yellow or yellowish
green upstream and in the tributaries on account of the yellow
oxide of iron (Fe203) they may contain. Downstream the inclusion
of greater amounts and variety of organic matter in the silt darkens
them as organic matter darkens clay. That the degree of pigmenta-
tion seems to depend largely on the environment colors. There
appeared to be no regular sequence of development of epidermal ~
color beyond the fact that most shells are yellowish when young,
and with age become blackish or brownish. A shell from a given
locality may have old age colors when it is still comparatively
young, while another locality may show shells retaining juvenile
colors to an advanced maturity. We have also noted that shells
darken with age in the tributaries and headwaters, that is, quite
‘independent of their geographical locality. A fair reason is presented
when we coinbine the time element with the factors stated above,
and take into consideration the physical characters of the shells.
While the water in the tributaries is swifter, erosion of the shells
may be slowed down, for such characters as greater compression
there, (as has been confirmed by many investigators) enable it to
present less surface to the eroding waters, and while silt is present
it is not in abundance and variety as is the case further down
stream. If silt plays any part in the coloration of the epidermis,
it is evident that a longer time will be required to affect the shell,
and it follows, that age for age, colors will be lighter in the tribu-
taries than further down stream. A convenient analogy here is
that applying to the bark of certain trees. The cork will become
black more quickly in an industrial community under the influence
of smoke or chemicals in the air, than it will in the virgin forest,
but ultimately it becomes black in either locality. As the shells
were first thoroughly scrubbed before making color comparisons,
282 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
it might be fairly assumed that any remaining coloration, making
allowance for the possible effects of stream pollution was character-
istic for the shell at the locality. Finally, the natural conditions
of the Upper Ohio are also largely true of the streams draining
into L. Erie, and similar explanations may be advanced for thé.
shells living them.
2. The pollution of streams by sewage and industrial wastes
presents a most unnatural factor affecting the epiflermal color of
shells.* While as Ortmann and Baker have independently pointed
out, pollution from either source may be so extensive as to ulti-
mately kill the animals, for the purposes of our problem we may
only consider their possible relations to epidermal color. Sewage
is largely organic matter and would seem first hand to be most
largely concerned with the amount of silt in the stream. According
to Prof. Earl Phelps of the U. S. Public Health Service, the in-
dustrial wastes are largely sulfuric acid and sulfate of iron. Where
the former chemical is present in sufficient abundance it would
burn the organic matter, (conchiolin) of the shell black and thus
be partly responsible for darker colors, while the sulfate of iron
might form discoloring deposits. As it happens that the pollution
of the water by these wastes increases going down stream, un-
doubtedly some of the change of color indicated is due to it, at
least in the lower stretches of the Allegheny and the Monongahela
as conditions now stand. ‘This deposit of iron is frequently so
tenacious as to require acid to dissolve it.
The fact that each drainage leaves its own imprint on the shells
collected from it is well known to experienced collectors. In wew
of the data previously presented with regard to the great uniformity
in epidermal color determinable at a given locality, such seems
readily referable to peculiar stages in the development of the
_environmental conditions outlined, Similarly, causes underlying
conclusion 5 may be sought for. The rays of the epidermis may
disappear with age on account of the darkening of the epidermis
due to the causes suggested. The rays have their widest distribution
in small rivers and creeks, where of course, silt is not in its greatest
variety and abundance. ‘The conclusion as stated that age has no
relation to a regular sequence of epidermal color change somewhat
bears out the opinion ventured concerning the greater effect of the
* The localities from which my material was collected gave evidence of
pollution at the time, and a large number of them are now completely barren.
© shee Pe” | eel
w= =~ es ve”
— aI. Se
a ee a a
. VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 283
environment in determining what the epidermal color shall be.
In the case of brighter hues of nacreous colors in females, such a
finding with regard to the epidermal color may also be safely re-
garded as a “‘metabolic accident.”
VIII.—RELATIVE VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN
SPECIES DEALT WITH.
The shells were so unevenly distributed with regard to localities
that it was impossible to determine those places where the great-
est ajnount of variation in epidermal color took place. Some idea
may be obtained from Pl. III, when such is studied from the stand-
point of any great body of water as a whole. In an effort to make a
partially balanced determination of the relative variability of
epidermal color among them, a rough and arbitrary comparison
was taken by dividing the number of ‘“‘relative colors’’ observed
in each shell by the number of that species examined. From
this data, it seems that within’ the limits of this investi-
gation that the larger number of shells is apparently associated
with less variation in epidermal color. At the same time the results
are hardly fair for those species represented by a small number of
specimens. Results from this method show the relative varia-
bility of the shells to be as indicated in the following table. The
small numerals following the name of each species indicate its
order in range of variation of nacreous color similarly determined.
(4). and from it a convenient comparison of the relative variability
of epidermis and nacre may be taken.
Species No. Relative Colors taken No. of Shells Facior Calculaied.
1. Kurynia recta (1) 45 54 83
2. Proptera alata (2) 42 55 .76
3. Anodont. ferussacianus (6) 45 69 .65
4. Paraptera fragilis (3) 33 58 56
5. Anodonta grandis (7) 54 ' 119 3
6. Symphynota costata (11) 31 6a55e 41
7. Lampsilis ovata (9) 62 214 .28
8. Amblema plicata (5) 59 185 127
g. P. obliquum coccin. (4) 59 263 22
10. Lampsilis luteola (12) 63 289 21
11. Fusconaja flava (8) 42 275 ST
12. Elliptio dilatatus (10) 65 561° a1
If, in view of difficulties the reader will comprehend were en-
countered in organizing this type of data, 2, (or in some cases 3) +
ranks in the above table on Relative Variation of Color is allowed
-
' 284 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
for inaccuracy of color determination, it will be seen that variability.
in epidermal color is closely associated with that of nacreous color.
; SOURCES OF ERROR. °
The Ridgeway Color Nomenclature was used with careful con-
sideration of the directions given in it. It may well be urged that
the sense of color is so varied in its development among humanity
that results of this kind may not have the same significance for all
interested in such problems. But the same criticisin could be applied
to the ornithologist who uses the Nomenclature continually. The
writers confidence in his own observations is largely based on the
fact that U. S. Army Tests have shown his vision to be normal in
every way. A
It is also true that at times, the mussels migrate from place to
place in the same stream, and probably from the rivers into the
tributaries. Where a small number of shells were used in making
comparisons this might have some effect on the results obtained,
but as the evidence of most observers is that migration is com-
paratively rare among them, this can hardly have any effect on-the
general impressions this paper hopes to convey, indeed, they might
be held to account for discrepancies which will be observed here
and there. Finally, pollution of streams by sewage, industrial
waste, erosion by gravel and water etc., may be so extensive as to
produce a color in some cases thoroughly unnatural to the animal.
A check which covered most of these cases was the primary color
taken which part being usually buried in the mud, would be more
immune to such influences, and apt to show its truest tints.
Washington and Jefferson College,
Washington, Pa.
1. Grier, N. M. ‘‘Morphological Features of Certain Mussel Shells of
L. Erie Compared with Corresponding Ones of the Upper Drainage.’’ Annals
Carnegie Museum, 1920.
2. Ibid. ‘‘On the Erosion and Thickness of the Shells of the Fresh Water
Mussels.” Nautilus, 1920.
3. Ibid. ‘‘Sexual Dimorphism and Some of its Correlations in the Shells
of Certain Species of Najades.’”’ Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol. 6, 1920. p. 165.
4. Ibid. ‘Variation in Nacreous Color of Certain Species of Najades
Inhabiting the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corresponding Ones in L.
Erie.’”?” Amer. Mid. Nat. 1920. .
/
ea ee
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 285
5. Hey, W. C. ‘‘Fresh Water Mussels in the Ouse and Foss.” Journ.
Conch. Vol. 3, No. 9, 1882.
6. Huber, L. von. ‘‘Zur Naturgeschichted. Unionen.’’ Jahrbuch des
Naturhistorischen Landes Museum V. Karnthen. Heft. 10, p. 155-57 1870.
7. Israel, W. von. ‘‘Die Najadeen des Weidgebietes.’’ Beilage z. Nach-
richsblatt d. Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. No. 4, 1910, p. 4.
8. Jennings, O. E. “A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa.’’-
Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. 5, 1909.
g. Marshall, W. B. ‘‘Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of
Albany N. Y.” Bull. N. Y. State Museum Nat. History, Vol. 2, No. 9.
ro. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘The Alleghenian Divide and its Influence upon
the Fresh Water Fauna.’’ Proc. Amer. Philos. Society, Vol. LII. no. 210. p.
275 301, -309, 312, 351; 353. ;
11. Ibid. ‘‘Notes upon the Family and Genera of Najades.’’ Annals
Carnegie Museum VIII, 1912.
12. Ibid. ‘‘The Najades or Fresh Water Mussels of the Upper Tennessee
Drainage with Notes on Synonomy and Distribution.’’ Proc. Amer. Philos.
soc. Vol. 57,. 1918. .
Mem. Car. Musem
”
13. Ibid. ‘‘ Monograph of Najades of Pennsylvania.
Ve 1Ort..- VII To19,
14. Ridgeway, Robt. ‘‘The Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.”’
Published by Mrs. J. Evelyn Ridgeway, 3447 Oakwood Terrace, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 1914. 53 Pl. 1115 named colors.
”
15. Sell, H. von. ‘‘Biologische Beobachtungen an Najadeen.’’ Kopen-
hagen. Archiv. f. Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde, 1907-08. p. 129-188. °
16. Simpson, C.T. ‘‘On the Mississippi Valley Unionidae Found in the
St. Lawrence and Atlantic Drainage Areas.’’ Amer. Nat. Vol. 30, p. 379,
1896.
“17. Ibid. ‘A Descriptive Catalogue of the Najades.’’ Published by
B. Walker, Detroit.
18. Walker, B. ‘“The Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’’ Nautilus,
Mol.277; c
-
286 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Observations on Some Marine Plants of the lowa Devonian, with
Descriptions of New Genera and Species.
BY CLEMENT L. WEBSTER, M. SC.
INTRODUCTION.
In most divisions of the rocks of the Iowa Devonian, there occur
at certain horizons from a few to great numbers of fossil marin®€
plants, nearly all of them apparently referable to the “‘seaweeds.”’
But little attention has thus far been paid to these most interesting
forms of ancient plant life by the workers in this field, and but
little reference to them has so far appeared in the literature of
Iowa Devonian geology.
So far as certainly known, not a single species of any of these
plant forms occurring in the lower and middle Devonian of Iowa,
appears in the upper Devonian or Hackberry group. In all these
divisions varigus species of this or other class of plant life occur,
and sometimes the strata are crowded with their fossil remains.
One of these localities of special interest is that at Bloody Run in
. Floyd County, where several genera and species occur in the rocks
of the middle Devonian. Another horizon especially rich in these
remains is that of the lower beds of the Upper Devonian or Hack-
berry group, where certain strata are crowded with them.
A critical study of these forms as they occur in the rocks of this
age in Iowa, reveals much of special interest as certain of the ancient
conditions existing at that time are revealed. A quite exhaustive
study of these forms has for many years been conducted by me, and
the results to be published in the form of a well illustrated report on
them. But few if any of the forms found in the Iowa Devonian are
with certainty known to occur in rocks elsewhere outside this region,
and which adds great interest to this subject.
MARINE FossiL PLANTS.
Genus ZEARAMOSUS. N. Gen.
Fossil sea plants or sea weeds, attaining a medium to quite
large size; main plant occurring in quite large rounded dense
bunches or clusters with short rounded heavy succulent stems more
or less bifurcating. From this plant springs a peculiar long and
heavy compound central stalk resembling somewhat in general
Se + - >
REPORT ON THE UNIOND& OF ST. JOSEPH RIVER. 287
structure and appearance a ‘“‘bunch’”’ of celery; character of the
termination of the middle portion of this central compound stalk
is unknown having been broken away, but surrounding this central
portion and springing from the base, are two or more heavy rounded
succulent stalks 3!4—-5 inches or more in length terminated by
3-4 large heavy elongated lobes giving to the same a unique appear-
ance. :
-
Zearamosus elleria. N. Sp. on
This species is based upon the new Genus Zearamosus, of this
paper, which is perhaps a sufficient description of the species.
It is gregarious in habit. This species covers the upper surface of a
1-2 inch bed of hard limestone low down in the stratum at Bloody
Run, Iowa, three miles southeast from Charles City. ‘There is
considerable doubt as to just what sort of a sea plant or sea weed
this may have been, as it appears to stand alone as to its peculiar
form and structure. In this same stratum, both above and below
this interesting horizon, great numbers of ‘‘fucoids’’ sometimes
occur. i :
This species is named in honor of Mrs. Ella E. Webster, who is
the discoverer of this unique plant form.
Now in the author’s collection.
Buthotrephis thomasia. N. Sp. s
Fossil plant composed of thick succulent stems springing from
a common “root’’; stems branching; branches divergent; bi-
furcating; from about half an inch to three-fourths inch in height;
growing singly, or in dense bunches three to four inches in diameter,
and often in places covering the surface of a certain thin bed of hard
limestone.
Position and locality: Central portion of the middle Devonian
(“Cedar Valley’) at St. Ansger, West Mitchell, Osage,» Charles
City, etc., in north-central Iowa. This is a prominent and really
~ remarkable species of sea weed in the rocks. This species is named
in honor of Mr. A. O. Thomas, Professor of Geology in the Iowa
State University.
Now in the author’s collection.
288 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Genus GRACILERECTUS. N. Gen.
Fossil sea plants or seaweeds, attaining a small to medium size;
stems simple, succulent, cylindrical or sometimes compressed;
broadly or sharply curved, but sometimes straight; g«nerally
distantly branched, branches sometimes opposite; surface smooth
or at times irregular; terminations sharp to rounded; root of medium
size, flattened or subcircular, generally constricted above, surface
smooth or marked by elongated elevations.
Gracilerectus Hackberryensis. N. Sp.
Stem of this seaweed simple, surface nearly even, cylindrical
or sometimes compressed, surface smooth so far as known; broadly
curved; distantly branched, branches sometimes opposite. ‘Ter-
minations round to pointed. Diameter 1-4 to 3-4 inch; length
apparently six inches to two feet or more.
This fossil, in its usual aspect, presents the appearance of nu-
merous linea stems, often extending half a foot to two feet or more
in length, and always appears in the form of casts.
Position and locality: Often crowding the strata of the lower
portion of the Lower Hackberry Group (the lower part of Fenton’s
‘““Cerrogordo Sub-stage’’; at Mason City, Iowa, and other points.
So far as known this species is restricted to the Hackberry Group.
Now in the author’s collection.
Genus FRUTICRISTATUM. N. Gen.
Stems of this seaweed rounded, not known to attain a greater
diameter than one fourth inch or slightly more, stems terminated
by a tuft of long, rounded succulent branches equal in diameter
to the main stem, and these branches sometimes bifurcate; surface
of main stem smooth, usually straight but somet‘mes bent.
Fruticristatum iowense. N. Sp.
Stems of this remarkable seaweed or ‘‘fucoid,’’ round, three-
sixteenths to one-fourth inch or slightly more in diameter, three
and a half to four or more inches in length. Stem terminated by a
tuft of long, rounded succulent branches equal in diameter to the
main stem. These branches sometimes bifurcate. Main stem
smooth, usually straight but sometimes bent.
The large slab of limestone before me-and whose upper face is
road
’ - ,
ae i ee ee a ve
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME WARINE HLAFTS 289
crowded with this really strange form, is so massed as to make a
description of the species especially difficult, and may be somewhat
modified when isolated forms are procured enabling this to be done.
I know of no other fossil marine plant approaching this in form or
general appearance.
Position and locality: Covering the surface of a certain bed of
hard limestone below the two nodular Stromatopora beds of the
upper part of the middle Devonian (‘‘Cedar Valley’’), at Bloody
Run, Floyd County, Iowa, and so far as known restricted to this
horizon and locality.
Now in the author’s collection.
Fruticristatum noraense. N. Sp. at
Stem of this seaweed or ‘“‘fucoid’’ small and slender; circular;
broadly to sharply curved or bent; solitary; gradually and grace-
fully tapering from the base; termination sharp to rounded;
generally from one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diameter near the
base; varying in length from ne and one half to six inches; surface
apparently smooth; known only in the form of casts.
Position and locality: Occurs in considerable numbers in narrow
bands of crinoidal limestone at Nora Springs, Bumgardner’s quarry,
at Rock Grove, at John Turner’s quarry, Rockford, and other
localities in the north-central part of Iowa, in the central part of the
middle Devonian. 2
Now in the author’s collection.
Fruticristatum pervetus. N. Sp.
Stem compressed to sub-circular; strong and robust; quite
strongly curved; surface uneven, and not otherwise marked;
length unknown but apparently attaining six to eight inches;
sending out strong lateral branches at intervals of an iach and a
half; diameter six-eighth to three-fourths inch; root medium
large, flattened or sub-circular, smooth or marked by elongated
elevations, sharply constricted above; known only in the form of
casts.
Position and locality: Found associated almost everywhere with
F. noraese, and is quite abundant.
Now in the author’s collection.
290 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST E Pais Pie
Birds Observed at Brookland, D. C. from Aug. 19'to Sept. 7, 1920.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
When was About When was aes did it Byte Was it
as
NAME OF BIRD it first how it next ecome REMARKS
seen? many? seen? common? seen?
Blackbird, Red-winged No Records
Bluebird Aug. 20 5 Aug. 2t Aug. 20 Sept. 5 Eight Records
Bobolink Aug. 25 1 Aug. 26 Sept. 7 Seven records
Cardinal Aug. 20 3- Aug. 21 -Aug. 20 Sept. 7 Sixteen records
Catbird Aug. 20 1 Aug. 21 Aug. 20 Sept. 7 Fourteen records
Chickadee Aug. 22 1 Aug. 25 Aug..25 Sept. 7 Seven records
Cowbird No records
Crow Aug. 20 4 Aug. 21 Aug. 20” Sépt.i 6 Thirteen records
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Aug. 27 1 Aug. 31 Sept.i 2 Three records
Cuckoo, Black-billed No records
Flicker Aug. 24 1 Aug. 25 Aug. 28 Sept. 6 Eleven records
Flycatcher, Acadian No records
Flycatcher, Crested Aug. 29 1 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Two records
Flycatcher, Least No records
Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied -.No records
Gnatcatcher No records
Goldfinch ANT 2ES Oe ALES 7 Sept. 1 Six records
Grackle, Purple Aug. 20 3 Aug. 21 Aug. 20 Sept. 6 Thirteen records
srosbeak, Rose-breasted No records
Hummingbird No records
Jay, Blue Aug. 19 3 Aug. 20 Aug. 19 Sept.’ 7 Eighteen records
Kingbird Aug. 22 1 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Two records
Martin, Purple Aug: 22° x Ag. “23 Aug. 2 Three records
Meadowlark Aug. 20 3 Aug. 21 Aug. 22 Sept. 6 Five records
Mockingbird Sept. 2 4 B One record
Nighthawk @ No records
Nuthatch, White-breasted Aug. 2 t Aug. 22 Aug. 23- Sept. 5 Nine records
Oriole, Baltimore Aug. 21-2 Auge Aug. 27 Four records —
Oriole, Orchard 3 No 1ecords
Ovenbird Aug.*24 1 Ang ces Sept. 5 Five records
Pewee, Wood Aug. 19. 3 Aug. 20 Aug. 19 Sept. 7. Eighteen records
Phoebe Aug. 27 1 One record
Redstart Aug: ro) -a. “Aziz. 2 Aug. 25 Sept. 6 Five records -
Robin Aug. 19 3 Aug. 20 Aug. rg Sept. 6 Seventeen records
Shrike, Loggerhead No records
Sparrow, Chipping Aug. 22 3 Aug. 26 Aug. 26 Two records
Sparrow, Field Aug..22 1 Aug. 27 Aug: 27 Two records
Sparrow, Grasshopper Wo records
Sparrow, Savanna No records
Sparrow, Song Aug. 22 1 Aug. 22 Aug. 22 Sept. 5 Seven records
Sparrow, Vesper No records
Starling No records
Swallow, Eaves Aug. 21 1 Aug. 22 Sept. 4 Four records
Swift, Chimney Aug. 23° 4 Aug. 28 Sept.,1 Four records ”
Tanager, Scarlet No records
Thrasher, Brown Aug. 2t 1 Aug. 22 Sept. 3 Eight records
Thrush, Wood Aug. 27. 3. Aug. 27 Aug. 31 Sept. 6 Five records
‘Titmouse, Tufted Aug. 26 1 Aug. 31 Aug. 31 Sept. 5 Four records
‘Towhee Aug. 21 1 Aug. 24 Aug. 2 Sept. 7 Ten records
Vulture, Turkey t Fifteen records
Vireo, Philadelphia Aug. 31) 1 One record
Vireo, Red-eyed Aug. 20 6 Aug. 21 Aug. 20 Sept. 6 Fourteen records
Vireo, Warbling No records
Vireo, Yellow-throated Aug. 20 4 Aug. 21 Sept. 1 Six records
Warbler,Blackthroated Green * No records
Warbler, Canadian Aug. 31 1 One record
Warbler, Connecticut Sept rics One record ¢
Warbler, Magnolia Septy 32 Sept. 4 Sept. 5 Four records
Warbler, Black and White Aug. 24 1 Aug. 25 Aug. 31 ‘Three records
Warbler, Pine Aug. 24 1 Aug. 25 Aug. 25 Sept. 3 “Three records
Warbler, Yellow No records 2 :
Waxwing, Cedar No records
Whip-poor-will No records
Woodpecker, Doway Aug. 21. 1 Aug. 25 Sept. 6 Five records
Woodpecker, Hairy Aug. 27 . 1. Septs-2 Sept. 6 Three records
Woodpecker, Red-headed Aug. 22 3 Aug. 26 Sept. 7 Eleven records
Wren, House Aug. 20 1 Aug. 21 Aug. 21 Sepe. 2 Seven records
Wren, Carolina No records
Yellowthroat, Maryland Sept. 2 1 Sept. 32 Sept. 3 Two records
Dove, Mourning > Several records
Hawk, Sparrow Sept. Ws. ex One record
INDEX
PACE Vic see = Serge +e eee i ee 80
MdSOLption. SElECh =. tt 159
Aci platlaiisns, ce eee 162
IBASOPUILOUG 8 es STR
INCAS EIOTIG fot ke rest tie eM TRESS 163
SULIT ada yes =. een Re 163
PMO TOMEOKOM Ss. 2. 18 SE eer 207
Mahamavelantss ©. «oo os eey LH
JAN Go (2s SS ene ee i Rat Oh SP gk 79
LSUG IDEM teed Ih (eae Seen rete ONE 128
Basophilous adsorption... .-....... 159
BaCtehia TON eps se See ee 161
Bacteria adsorption.__.____4__--_--.-- 161
1B 7ax6 lO) cece Wao ene oy MENS Se ca, hee a 122
Teles SA VEO 20 eee ale aan enee ote RE AG 126
: Sete) rite iS ia ilar nN i I
1650510675; 09,, 103, 145;
TAQ, 177, 208, 245, -290
BMS LES ts Ofc eee ha ee etme ese e 98
© 2 3 hANG Eyer on ena ita di esse aaieier fh DM 103
Birds, November: 145
IDeCE miei sree eee eee 149
BGok Review... =.2-<.-.: 29, 245
Biachuypiry lia: - seen es Elen 4I
IBAMteniHiesk. 2. eee | 13
‘ (Cabbage. mae 32 1 fs 14
Clovesisulp. 2s he ee 13
Mionmarchis: '. camer fo ae 13
Mourning: Cloakeis)- ers
Rotike-ob- =. eer A 14
BirialowVioth:. Tee "| ee 120
Buthotrephis Thomasia, n. s....__.. 287
e ipilla Se 5 ERI np Pa 94
Cabbage Butterfly. 13
Case Making Moth 119
Cardiophyllum 206
Cerro Gordo Substage --183
Chaimaemtorus..... Ae 2205,
Chipping Sparrow. a pe:
Chicory, Variation in... 0.6. 148
Mlowets, 260 tee eee 149
Tnyolicre: Soi ase 149
Clover Sulp Butterfly 13
Comimutata: =. 28 a oto eee Sa 61
Cosnillat oo" Coc u oe ee Renee 207
@nspidatear = so +2775 eee Manan 92
(Giurtisetosa 2 4. a el ee 35
Gricket; "Hiouse= "> ats ener nee 117
DIALOG: 0% ee ae eee 162
Devonian; lowa:-2'.. see esG
Wecember Birds 1 as eee 149
Whrhart, Genera of. 2202. “306
Cardiophry lice ee 206
Cornillase 5 Ss Sor oe eee 207
Chaniaemorus] = 2S. Se 205
FICC CO nia s ee ae ete rey 206
LY POPIEV Si Se oe 2s ee 205
elleporine. =o = seas 204
Hy arophila: sey os 3 eee 203
IGeUCOCOMA: 25.5 te eee 202
DAH OS =e aL See 203
IMStISCIS = ee dese see 203
Monanthitint.- 23 206
Phalocepholum. 22. ee 201
Practi¢olas coi sera reer ree os 203
Sty photrhiza 2 ee ee 204
‘Tiphopetont2 2S eee 203
‘Enichophylhttm: 2 ss eee 204
Bntomostracases 5 ste eres 128
Epidermal Colom vats. see
Bield’ Spatrow:.-.:.-. 5. ae 54
12) hin aed Cb Glee ee ee es ee III
Bilig Pars elon 2 See re. aaa eee 20
Noth? Dake. 5°. 5 sa riia eae 29
Please. beta eet see ee ron 123
Hlowers, Chicory <_< sso a 148
4
INDEX
ing catchers ee So oe as FOr” SUCAStA se oe i Se eee ee 80
TaN Ko (23 Padget ok Ny ark Mie a ARRAS pier 79. bakes rie Plankton. 142
PCAC AL ee te Me eee Sag. TL ieereie i ee ne ee ie ae 122
- LSS eh al SS a ea detie eae ea 70k Lanell (Dr. Joel 22s) Se ae eae 243
i ECs] 0} 6 (6 ROR ee ae ge aE Soe 7. Avencocoma:: <1. Ieee ee 202
GAS tas @ teeemenee nde 8 VEL Aedes SOL mnasewG ee el Wee Pv ae 203
IPOD er: eet ee Oe eee 78
Wood a $2.9 Maricens? 250 1! 203
Vellow-bellied 80”. Marine Plants... os 286
sie oso EN os eee 7S. +: Mangess laliaiin.- Ye ets 153
Fossil, Plants Marine ee See eee 286 Metachromosia Wa Sth eR Ld. he oes Oe ree 160
Fox Sparrow Sn eee 56 -Mexicana Mrubl ot eee 22
Brutienstatum, mi. ‘gy 202 288 Mirage; (Prainie:... > eee eee 172
TOWense S28 fe 288 Mourning Cloaks... 5
WNordense, 118 62g ee sia 289° Monarchs... 2 20) 6 ee 13
Pervetus, IES WS Soe cena re gees 289 Mosquitoes Sih 2 NG Ps, ee ae 113
Moths: 527-25" eee ee LUO. an
ereilodtal.. aire ee 63. ,Mionaathinin 2 ee eee _.206
isoillora “ent tt ee ess be dighlenbergial.“ = “"9-" = ae 17
Grasshopper, Sparrow.....-........-..--- 56
CGraeierectus;-n. ge Se 283" -siNajadeste + = Sve eee eines 165
Sex Din. 2 2 ie eee 165
IIa GKDeGErVyensis; Te. Sise se 288 Naiades. eens ay
Hackberry Stage. 180. Nacreous Color var... 2A
North: Dakotatiloras. sees eee 29
Nests; Birds 23. 2 ont See 177
Insects n-ne een 13,111 November Birds, 2-0 145
Batteriites: 22) te ete: 13 INiGraense dh sa ee e ee 289
Clovercoulp x sy eS 13
Sela, ings | a TE Go Rae "4 Owen Substage.... 2 Nee eee 186
ERR TOMAR Cr wo 13 Obitilatry: <2 Oe ee 243
Mourning Cloaks._--____-...... 15
Route of... RSPR Cs iaite 1S Panicum: Lineare ee 49
Household & Remedies._...........!111 Plant Gueyey.<. See. oe eee 29
i 18: ' Plankton 204.02 ee ee ee 142
Bedbug. — Laketitie.c... eee 142
Beetle, Ham. 126 Sandusky Bay. 33-2 143
Cricket, House. aay, Plants, ... eae ae ‘ichoph yltwar 2.2210 ee eee 204
a 35 Vesper Sparrow tie) ee 53
Raireiinitmceeen se ran ee etn ee Sele yooh Ba
Chipping Sa eMeewih Beau. >) Tk ee Pee 127
10 lS a ie Oo ee ee 56 ‘«Waterfowl in Neb.’”’ Book Rev. 245
ORS 18) 0] 0) eRe er 56 White Throated Sparrow... 55
S(Ovi eo ee, Se eA Re, eee Sued sme, Wibite Crowned) 2s ers ee 56
WESTER a Sal YE Saee Wood Pewee. 2 = oe eae
Witte “chroateds. = eas 55
Wihite\Grownedss2- 2 e522 56 Yellow Bellied Sparrow._.__...........- 80
Meer as fe PM Be eT ees 55, 148
Silver Hish sVieth 2... es 120 wZearamosus, Ng. 2 eee 286
DUWMMOnMMRZ A= tek tee 204 Bilerias n., stn) See ee 287
= bh cn al eg rl iiehahlehklehe ehertrc
NOTE
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THE Epiror, Notre Dame, Indiana.
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