PRESIDENT (5) C0 FY useuM of | 3 New, 1O7 %. Co % %, Az oo™ 1869 THE LIBRARY S145 = - . « nie | f i q AD: i : / ) ‘ tay Md fy, . “ hat WS viet i Senet Se. SP ART en Wit ioe F meners Py LE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL VOLUME III, 1903 NEW YORK : PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1903 Committee of Publication EDMUND OTIS HOVEY, Editor FRANK M. CHAPMAN } LOUIS P. GRATACAP \ Advisory Board i WILLIAM K. GREGORY ] The American Museum of Natural History BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR 1903 MORRIS K. JESUP D. WILLIS JAMES ADRIAN ISELIN ARCHIBALD ROGERS J. PIERPONT MORGAN WILLIAM C. WHITNEY JOSEPH H. CHOATE GUSTAV E. KISSEL WILLIAM E. DODGE * ANSON W. HARD J. HAMPDEN ROBB WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER CHARLES LANIER GEORGE G. HAVEN D. O. MILLS H. O. HAVEMEYER ABRAM S. HEWITT * A. D. JUILLIARD ALBERT S. BICKMORE FREDERICK E. HYDE ANDREW H. GREEN * PERCY R. PYNE HENRY F. OSBORN OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1903 PRESIDENT MORRIS K. JESUP FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT J. PIERPONT MORGAN HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN TREASURER CHARLES LANIER DIRECTOR HERMON C. BUMPUS SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT TREASURER JOHN H. WINSER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE J. HAMPDEN ROBB, Chairman MORRIS K. JESUP H. O. HAVEMEYER J. PIERPONT MORGAN FREDERICK E. HYDE HENRY F. OSBORN PERCY R. PYNE CHARLES LANIER ANSON W. HARD AUDITING COMMITTEE ANSON W. HARD GUSTAV E. KISSEL GEORGE G. HAVEN The President, ex-officio FINANCE COMMITTEE J. PIERPONT MORGAN D. O. MILLS CHARLES LANIER A. D. JUILLIARD The President, ex-officto NOMINATING COMMITTEE D. O. MILLS WILLIAM E. DODGE * WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER The President, ex-officio MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE PERCY R. PYNE ARCHIBALD ROGERS ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES The President, ex-officio * Deceased. il Scientific Staff Director = Hermon C. Bumpus Department of Public Instruction Prof. ALBERT S. BIcKMORE, Curator Department of Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology Prof. R. P. WuirFfieLp, Curator Epmunp Oris Hovey, Ph.D., Associate Curator Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Curator FranK M. CuapMAn, Associate Curator Department of Vertebrate Paleontology Prof. HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBoRN, Curator W. D. Marruew, Ph.D., Associate Curator O. P. Hay, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Fishes and Chelonia Department of Entomology WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator Departments of Mineralogy and Conchology L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator GrorGE F. Kunz, Honorary Curator of Gems Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy Prof. Witt1AaM Morton WHEELER, Curator Georce H. SHeRwoop, A.M., Assistant Curator Prof. J. E. DuerpeN, Honorary Curator of Ccelenterates Department of Archeology Prof. FReEpERIC W. Putnam, Advisory Curator Prof. MARSHALL H. SAvILue, Curator of Mexican and Central American Archeology Harvan I. Smirnu, Assistant Curator of Archeology GeorGe H. Pepper, Assistant in Archeology of the Southwest Department of Ethnology Prof. Franz Boas, Curator Prof. LivinGston FaRRAND, Assistant Curator CLARK WissLeEr, Ph.D., Assistant Department of Physiology Prof. Raren W. Tower, Curator Department of Books and Publications Prof. Ratpu W. Tower, Curator Department of Maps and Charts A. Woopwarp, Ph.D., Curator iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. TITLE-PAGE COMMITTEE OF Ege TRUSTEES, OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES PAGE SCIENTIFIC STAFF. : : ‘ 3 ; : : ‘ iv CONTENTS . Vv List oF ILLUSTRATIONS Vii 1, JANUARY, 1903. FRONTISPIECE 2 EpiToriaAL NOTE 3 DEPARTMENT OF Veen ne ieee rae SeconD Cope COLLECTION 3 THE PAMPEAN COLLECTION 5 Tue Eskimo CoLLEcTION FROM HupsoNn BAY (iiicstrated) 6 Tue Museum’s Fin-Back WHALE 9 RECENT PUBLICATIONS F ite) LECTURES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS : ; , ; : 12 Tue EvoLution oF THE Horsr. By W. D. Marttuew, Ph.D. Supplement NO. 2, FEBRUARY, 1903. FRONTISPIECE 14 EpirortaL Note 15 THe PTarMIGAN GROUP (litaeteated) 15 News Notes 16 LECTURES 21 MEETINGS OF Seca ies F : Se Ture Hawk-Morus oF THE he OF cee Y ORK ore By W. BEUTENMULLER . “ : : ; ; Supplement NO. 3, MARCH, 1903. FRONTISPIECE. 24 EpiroriaL Norte 25 New MeErtuHops IN TRS (illustrated) 25 SKULL OF THE IMPERIAL MAMMOTH Be cane 26 A PosstBLE AMERICAN KIMBERLEY. By L. P. GRATACAP 28 Tue New Sea-Birp Group (Tilustrated) : ee) Tue New Insect HA tt (Illustrated). By W. BEureNmit ULER. 31 Vv CONTENTS THe ANDREW J. STONE COLLECTION OF 1902 : 34 ForTHCOMING REPORT ON THE SIBERIAN MAMMALS COLLECTED BY THE JESUP NortH Pacrric EXPEDITION 35 A New Species or Cotton FROM A PREHISTORIC Bony 36 News Nores sty NO. 4, JULY, 1903. FRONTISPIECE 40 EpirortaLt Note és Daa MARTINIQUE AND ST. Vancarae Ranges (llaenateay By Epmunp Oris Hovey 41 THE COLLECTION OF FISHES 57 A New CoLuectTion oF FosstL SPONGES 57 DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALZ ONTOLOGY 58 News Nores : ; : 3 » 162 THE Musica Aga OF THE Teens. By CuHartes W. Merap : : ; : : : : : Supplement NO. 5, OCTOBER, 1903. FRONTISPIECE 68 EpiroriaL Note : = G9 THe Jesup Nortu EMorers eee ee liasteated): By’ E. Boas 73 INTRODUCTION AND racer OF Pameere 72 OPERATIONS IN AMERICA 78 Dr. LAuFEeR’s EXPEDITION TO THE ee aes Ren AND THE ISLAND OF SAGHALIN 93 OPERATIONS IN ARCTIC SIBERIA: Mr. JoCHELSON’s NARRATIVE 102 Mr. Bocoras’s NARRATIVE 109 RESULTS 115 PUBLICATIONS 116 News Notes : : : E : 27 25 Tue COLLECTION OF Fossit Vinee, By W. D. Mar- THEW : ; ; ; : : ; , Supplement vl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. THE JOURNAL. SHAMAN’s CoAt—CoMER COLLECTION , : : Extinct SABRE-TootH TIGER, SMILODON; SKELETON IN COPE PAMPEAN COLLECTION é Map oF NoRTHERN PART OF ae Avenrem Serine RE- GIONS REPRESENTED IN THE ETHNOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN THE MusEuUM THE PrarMIGAN GRoUP SCENES FROM THE PTARMIGAN Gaenn THE NEw SPECIMEN OF THE VIRGINIA DEER SKULL AND TusKs OF THE IMPERIAL MAMMOTH : CENTRAL PorRTION OF THE GROUP OF BEACH-BREEDING eae oF Coss’s ISLAND Nest OF TERMITES AN EjectED BLocK FROM Pane BEOREN BY ITS aes SOUTHWESTERN Part oF PELEE, SHOWING THE ASH-FILLED GORGE OF THE RIVIERE BLANCHE, FEBRUARY 17, 1903 A PorTION OF THE ASH-FILLED GORGE OF THE BLANCHE, FEB- RUARY 20, 1903 : : ; ; LOOKING INTO CRATER OF PELEB, oe 25, 1903. REMAINS oF Morne Lacroix at Lert, BASE oF NEw Cone at RIGHT. LooKING INTO CRATER OF LA SOUFRIERE, MARCH 10, 1903. SUR- FACE OF Bortinc Mup Lake Is aBouT 2500 FEET BELOW Point OF OBSERVATION : Two StraGes oF A MINOR OuTBURST OF ae Soeiael Sr. Wine: CENT, 7.55 A.M., MARCH 3, 1903 : ASH-FILLED GORGE OF WALLIBOU RIVER, ST. ioogeemcs Mis 30, 1902 : : , THE SAME AREA, MARCH 7, 1903, Saowine BRGEuOuS AMOUNT OF EROSION A Seconpary Dusrt- Bore FROM THE = Bean IN THE or ee OF THE WALLIBOU RIVER, St. VINCENT. THE SOURCE OF THE Dust-FLow SHOWN IN FIG. 1 Jesup Nortnu Paciric ExPEDITION—FIELD OF OPERATIONS Roure-Map, Jesup Nortu Pacrric EXPEDITION Fort Rupert, VANCOUVER ISLAND Vii PAGE 43 43 47 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Harpa VILLAGE, QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLAND . : : - 70 Inp1AN Types, NortHwest Coast NortH AMERICA : 5 Oe GityAk House, AMuR RIVER, SIBERIA . ; 5 ty Mr. JocCHELSON’s CAMP IN THE STANOVOI Mena omen ASO Mr. JoCHELSON AND Party ON KorKODON RIVER, SIBERIA . 95 REINDEER-TEAMS TRANSPORTING MR. JOCHELSON’s OUTFIT ACROSS THE VERKHOYANSK MOUNTAINS . : : ~ oo SIBERIAN TYPES : 7 205 Markova ON ANADYR oe mane Meer Beene To OF Russta—VisITED BY Mr. Bocoras . : ; oe acer Martinsky Post, SIBERIA—COLLECTIONS OF joe NortH Paciric EXPEDITION READY FOR SHIPMENT : : sity) SUPPLEMENTS. To No. 1. THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. EVOLUTION OF THE HorSE—FEET . . 3 2 SKELETON OF EQUUS SCOTTI, FROM THE Lo wrae Bee eaOeE Are oF TEXAS . : ; : : : : ‘ ‘ 5 THe EVOLUTION OF THE etree : : : : 9 EARLY STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE Faas : ; Bs} Upper AND Lower TEETH OF EOHIPPUS, FROM THE LOWER EocENE oF Wyominc. NATURAL SIZE. ; : eabne eC LATER STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE FEET . : Be Upper AND LOWER TEETH OF MESOHIPPUS BAIRDI, FROM THE MippL& OLIGOCENE OF SoutH Dakota. NaATuRAL SIZE. 19 Upper MoLar oF MopERN Horst, SHOWING EARLY STAGES OF WEAR OF THE TooTH. CROWN VIEW. NATURAL SIZE. . 20 THREE-TOED Horst HyPouHipPus, FROM THE MIDDLE MIOCENE OF COLORADO : ‘ : ; : 5 : 21 PALATE AND UPPER ceed OF onus INTERMEDIUS, FROM THE LowER PLEISTOCENE OF TEXAS. ONE-THIRD NATURAL SWAB q ; ; : ; : J G2m RESTORATION OF THE Rouse -TOED ones ; ; ; 28 viii ILLUSTRATIONS To No. 2. THE HAWK-MOTHS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY PAGE Hemaris thysbe . : : : : ; : ¢ ; : 9 H. var. ruficaudis , g : : : : : , 5 9 H. var. floridensis 9 Hemaris gracilis E ; : ‘ : ; : é ; 9 Hemaris difjinis : : : : ; 2 : 5 ax) Hemaris axillaris ; é : ; : : ; : BFTST6 Aéllopos tantalus : : : . ; . t é Fale 2m! Fenyo lugubris . A : : ; : ‘ : ; re Vere Amphion nessus : ; : : ‘ ‘ ; ; oe ped Sphecodina abbotit : : , : < : 5 : : 12 Deidamia inscripta . : ; : 3 : : : eel Deilephila lineata ; : : : : ; : we Ds Deilephila galit, form peteicdss 3 ; : : : Sy. ta Theretra tersa . : ; : : : ; : 3 ; 14 Argeus labrusce x ; J : : : : SD ae Philampelus pandorus : é ; ‘ : . : Se Philampelus achemon ; : ; ; : ; : . EES Philampelus vitis : : : : : : : : aekG Philampelus linnet . : : : : : : 2 2 x6 Ampelophaga cherilus : 4 oe fe Ampelophaga myron . ; ; : ; : : : oe Ampelophaga versicolor. : : : : : : Sow eis! Dilophonota ello : : , A : : : x <8 Phlegethontius quinquimaculatus ; : : : : 5 HS) Phlegethontius carolina : : : F : : : _ 29 Phlegethontius cingulatus . , 4 : : F : 2 20 Phlegethontius rusticus 5 ; : ‘ : ; ; PL ete Sphinx druptferarum ; , ; : ; : : fe 2 Sphinx kalmie . ‘ : : : ; : : 5 “6 2a Sphinx lucitiosa A . é : : : : ae Sphinx gordius . : : ; : : : 4 ; ni 22 Sphinx chersis . , : , : : : : : poy 223 Sphinx canadensis. ; : ‘ : ; F : Lem R28 Sphinx eremitus ; : : ‘ : : : : 5) 624 Sphinx plebeius ; : ; : ; : : 22 Chlenogramma jasminearum f : : ; ; Pees Ceratomia amyntor . : : : 2 E ; +25 ix ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Ceratomia undulosa . : : : : ; : : 7 26 Ceratomia catalpe. : : : : ; , , S20 Dolba hyleus : : : 27 Lapara contferarum . : : : ‘ : : ‘ 5 FR Lapara bombycoides . . : : : : ; : 5 AS Amorpha modesta 5 : : : ; : : : 2) 28 Smerinthus geminatus F ; 3 : ; J : M29 Smerinthus excecatus : , : ; : : : of 1us29 Smerinthus myops 30 Smerinthus astylis : : 30 Cressonia juglandis . ; ‘ : ‘ : : ; « S30 To No. 4. THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. DECORATIONS FROM ANCIENT PERUVIAN TERRA CoTTA VESSELS 3 Pirate II [INSTRUMENTS OF PERCUSSION, ETC.]| : : : 9 Bone FLuTEs . : : : : : ; 14 Pirate III [Winp sgnentnrs. aa] ; : el a DESCRIPTIONS OF FLUTES REPRESENTED ON Pears Vv : 18, 19 Pirate IV [Winp INSTRUMENTS, ETC.] . ; é ; s¢ Sot MusicaL SCALES : : : : ‘ 50 R28 GoLpD ORNAMENT FROM Tom Peat : : F é 5 24 MusIcAL SCALES : : 5 : : ‘ : z Re OS Pract, V [Pruces| 4 ; : : ; : ; oes ey, AYO) INI@s 5s THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. Hatt oF Fossir MAMMALS 4 FossiIL SKELETONS IN THE ROCK 7 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT [DIAGRAM] : 9 SKELETON OF THE GREAT MARINE LIZARD IN THE een Corrr- DOR . ; : d 0 HUNTING FOR Resear IN THE Bap- PARDE et: é : son DIVISIONS OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS : é : 18e ExnIBITION HALLS—DEPARTMENT OF Vixnacehas PAL&ON- ToLoGy [DraGRraM]_. : ‘ ; : ; By! RESTORATION OF 7ITANOTHERIUM, AN Extinct Hoorep Mam- MAL OF WESTERN AMERICA 5 : : : : s 26 ILLUSTRATIONS MouNTED SKELETON OF TITANOTHERE, FROM THE BiG Bap- Lanps oF SourH Dakota é MouNTED SKELETON OF PHENACODUS IN Nowe emote 2 SKULL AND TuSKS OF THE IMPERIAL MAMMOTH EVOLUTION OF THE HorsE—FEET SCENE IN THE Bap-LANDS OF THE UINTA rene Fossit FieELD oF NORTHEASTERN UTAH SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS : TAKING UP Fossit DINOSAUR BONEs at “ Bone eae S Sunes WYOMING : DIvIstIONS OF THE AGE OF Buenos Eragniny xi PAGE 28 39 ss K poy muh 1 ING 4h \ ral Pa 4 ut ws) Miele BAYER are {ot ; SHAMAN’S COAT. COMER COLLECTION See page 7 The American Museum Journal Vou. III. JANUARY, 1903 No tI. =>) HE Supplement to the present issue of the JOURNAL discusses in a popular manner the exhibit in the Hall of Fossil Vertebrates, illustrating the evolu- tion of the Horse. The leaflet has been prepared by Dr. W. D. Matthew, Associate Curator of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, and is the first in the series of guide leaflets pertaining to the evolution of the fossil mammals as illustrated by the collections in the American Museum. Leaflets descriptive of other groups of fossil verte- brates are in course of preparation and will be issued as rapidly as circumstances permit. The study of fossil Horses at this Museum has been greatly extended and facilitated by the Wil- liam C. Whitney fund, ‘now beginning the third year of its usefulness. DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALASONTOLOGY. SECOND COPE COLLECTION. THREE years ago President Jesup presented to the Museum the collection of fossil fish, amphibians and reptiles brought from Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Texas and other portions of the great Rocky Mountain district between 1868 and 1896, by Professor Edward D. Cope. There has been some delay in completing the final negotiations with the executors of Pro- fessor Cope’s estate for the purchase of this and the Pampean Collection, but now fortunately the collections are available for immediate exhibition and description. This ranks as one of the most important events in the history of science in this city, since it gives the American Museum the same pre-eminence as to the older forms of vertebrates which it has held as to fossil mammals 3 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL since the acquisition in 1895 of the Cope Mammal Collection, and as to fossil invertebrates for many years by the possession of the James Hall Collection, This new collection of reptiles, et cetera, covers the history of vertebrate life upon the American continent for a period esti- mated by geologists at seventeen millions of years. It contains animals of all kinds, terrestrial, fresh-water and marine, from the primitive fish of the Devonian period and the earliest air-breathers of the Red Beds of Texas, to the great horned and hornless Di- nosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous and the small reptiles of Tertiary time which are the ancestors of the reptiles of the present day. Among the fishes are found some of the types upon which Cope based his re-classification of the group. The amphibia from the Permian or Red Beds are the most ancient of land vertebrates. They vary in size from that of a salamander to a large alligator with broad, flat heads. Associated with these forms are the most ancient types of Lizards, related to the ancestors of the Dinosaurs. From the chalk beds of Kansas and eastern Colorado there are many specimens of the Mosasaurs which inhabited the mediterranean sea occupying that part of America during the Cretaceous period. Among these are many of the types used by Professor Cope in his description of species. A nearly complete skeleton, more than forty feet in length, of the long-necked Plesiosaur recalls one of the historic controversies between Pro- fessor Marsh and Professor Cope. The former gentleman suc- ceeded, as is now known, in demonstrating that the latter had placed the head of this animal upon the end of its tail. From the Upper Cretaceous or Laramie, besides one of Pro- fessor Cope’s types of horned Dinosaurs there is a magnificent skeleton of Hadrosaur known as Diclonius mirabilis, the bones of ~ which are in an unusually fine state of preservation. This speci- men will be mounted free of the matrix, and it is of such large proportions (thirty-eight feet in length) that it will be even more imposing than the famous Iguanodons in the Museum at Brus- sels, to which it is somewhat closely related. The finest specimen from the Jurassic is Cope’s type of the 4 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL great Satiropod, Camarasaurus, the “Chambered-Dinosaur,”’ so called from the great cavities in its vertebree. This is the greater part of the skeleton of an animal about seventy feet in length, and it is hoped, with the aid of other material now in the Mu- seum, that it will be possible soon to place on exhibition a com- plete mounted skeleton of this, the largest of known quadrupeds. The cases in the new East Corner Wing of the Museum are now being put in order for the reception of this collection; and two preparators are working under Mr. Hermann’s direction es- pecially upon the Hadrosaur and the Camarasaur, so as to hasten forward these exhibits. EXTINCT SABRE-TOOTH TIGER, SMILODON ; SKELETON IN COPE PAMPEAN COLLECTION RESTORATION BY WOLFF THE PAMPEAN COLLECTION. Presented to the Museum by several of the Trustees. This collection, representing the Pleistocene fauna of South America, includes three series of specimens, brought together by Ameghino, Larroque and Brachet and sent by the Argentine Re- public to the Paris Exposition of 1878. Professor Cope was so captivated by this collection that he purchased it outright, and 5 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL brought it to this country. For more than twenty years it re- mained packed away out of sight, in the cellar of Memorial Hall in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. The Museum has acquired the collection through the generosity of H. O. Havemeyer, Wil- liam E, Dodge, D. Willis James, Adrian Iselin, Henry F. Osborn and the late James M. Constable. It includes a very full representation of the Pleistocene fauna of South America, especially of the large Edentates, Glyptodon, Lestodon and Scelidotherium. There are also numerous remains of Toxodon. Altogether there are in the collection six or seven skeletons of these rare animals which are so nearly complete that they may be mounted. The gem of the collection is a skeleton of the Sabre-toothed Tiger, belonging to the genus Smulodon. This superb specimen lacks only the forefeet, which will be sup- plied from casts taken from the skeleton in the Museum of Buenos Aires. It is now being mounted by Mr. Hermann for immediate exhibition. The two collections together embrace about 4000 specimens and include a large number of Professor Cope’s types. THE ESKIMO COLLECTION FROM HUDSON BAY. =) U RING the month of October the Museum received an interesting collection made among the Eskimo tribes of Hudson Bay and adjacent territory by ‘Captain George Comer, who sent a valuable Es- kimo collection to the Museum two years ago. The special interest of the new collection centres in material collected from places that are very difficult of access, and that have not been visited by white men for a very long period. One of the tribes represented is that of Igloolik, a village in the ex- treme northern part of Fox Channel (see map page 7). This place was visited by Parry in 1822. Since that time only a single white man has visited the region. The other collection is from the tribe inhabiting the most northern part of the American continent northwest of Hudson Bay. This tribe was first visited 6 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL by Sir John Ross in 1830. Later the ships commanded by Sir John Franklin were crushed by the ice near the coasts inhabited by this tribe, and the whole crew perished in their territory. Ever since that time the Eskimo of this district have utilized the copper and brass which they found on the lost ships to make their kettles, knives and other implements. In the collection a Hier Elion * Q ‘i = ia >s | Zi RIVER, Collection MAP OF NORTHERN PART OF NORTH AMERICA, SHOWING REGIONS REPRESENTED IN THE ETHNOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN THE MUSEUM made by Captain Comer there are a great many objects which are made of metal obtained from Sir John Franklin’s ships. Perhaps the most interesting of all the specimens in the col- lection is a shaman’s coat, which is figured on page 2. The coat is made of caribou skin, and ornamented with figures cut out of the white skin from the foot of the caribou. It is the only known specimen of a shaman’s coat used by an Eskimo, and it is inter- esting because it resembles in many details the shamans’ coats used by the tribes of northeastern Siberia. The circles and the 7 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL alternating stripes of black and white fur are very much like the decorations used by the Chukchee and Koryak, and it is very suggestive to find a specimen of this make so far away from the coast of Asia. It may indicate an early and long forgotten connection between the tribes of this region and those of Siberia. Captain Comer received a full explanation of the significance of the various figures on the coat. The two hands signify that no supernatural being can touch the shaman, and the bears at the top of the back of the coat represent the guardian spirits of the owner, while the figure of an infant shown over the hands calls to mind a vision which the shaman had when he received his supernatural power. Many of the implements and games collected in Igloolik rep- resent new types. They somewhat resemble in form the speci- mens obtained from the northeastern coast of Baffin Land. Evidently there is a considerable amount of intercourse between Tgloolik and that region. Among the specimens from the region northwest of Hudson Bay are several dresses which are covered with amulets. Ona boy’s coat we find attachments of bear-teeth and pieces of rabbit- fur and of seal-skin, all of which are intended to secure good luck for the owner. The rabbit-skin is intended to make him tread softly, so that the deer will not hear his approach. The bit of seal-skin will enable him to become a good boatman, and prevent his capsizing in bad weather. Engraved bone implements from this tribe are of interest, also, because they are perhaps the first specimens of engravings obtained from the region, although it has been known for a long time that the Eskimo of Alaska are very expert etchers and engravers. In this the Alaskan Eskimo differ greatly from the eastern Eskimo, who are expert carvers, but who, it would seem, did not do any engraving before the advent of the whites. It is therefore of some interest to find this art fairly well developed as far east as Hudson Bay. Captain Comer also made a small collection of specimens from Southampton Island. The tribe inhabiting this island is re- markable on account of its primitive character. They still con- tinue to use the bow and arrows with flint points. They make 8 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL their knives of bone of the whale. For hunting whales and walrus they use harpoons with flint points, and drags made of whalebone and covered with seal-skin. The acquisition of this collection supplements the Eskimo collections of the Museum in a most desirable manner. With our previous purchases and expeditions the culture of the Eskimo of Smith Sound, of Baffin Land, of the west coast of Hudson Bay and of Alaska, was represented in the Museum. Captain Comer’s collection fills in the gap between the collections from Hudson Bay and those from Baffin Land, and adds a link in the long interval between Hudson Bay and Alaska, which is so diffi- cult of access, and which is not represented in the Museum. During the past year a collection was also received from the Siberian Eskimo, made by Mr. Waldemar Bogoras while he was engaged in researches for the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. It remains now to obtain collections from the southern part of West Greenland and from East Greenland, from Labrador, and from the regions east of Mackenzie River, in order to represent adequately the whole culture of the Eskimo tribes. THE MUSEUM’S FIN-BACK WHALE. very large female and a small male, were stranded on the beach near the Forked River Life-Saving Station, Forked River, N. J. Messrs. Sherwood and Figgins of the Museum were sent at once to investigate the matter and to secure the skeletons and other material of interest. The party found that the female was a magnificent specimen measuring 67 feet 6 inches in length and about 30 feet in circumference. The length of the lower jaw was 14 feet 7 inches, that of the pectoral fin was 3 feet, and the caudal fin, or tail, was 12 feet 4 inches from tip to tip. There were 375 plates of baleen, or ‘‘ whalebone,” on each side of the upper jaw. The skin of the ventral surface formed about eighty longitudinal folds. The color was slatey blue on the back, and white with 9 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL some blue markings below. The male was a very young one, only 16 feet long, but closely resembled the female, which evi- dently was its mother. The fact that the skeleton was incom- pletely ossified indicated the immature condition of the animal. The hard parts of both whales were obtained and cached for future attention. These individuals belong to the group of whalebone whales and to the genus Balenoptera. Probably they are specimens of B. musculus, which is the most common whale of temperate cli- mates. Whalers know this species as the “‘Finner” or “ Fin- back,’ and do not prize it, on account of the small amount of blubber and the small size of the whalebone which it carries. In the large specimen here mentioned the longest plate of whale- bone was only 2 feet long, while in the Right Whale it is often 12 feet in length. Whales, probably, are descendants of terrestrial mammals which have assumed an aquatic existence, a change of life which has been accompanied by remarkable modifications in the struc- ture of the animals. Some organs have become highly special- ized, while others have completely degenerated. Teeth, which are a characteristic feature of land mammals, are entirely lacking in the adult Fin-back, their place being taken in part by the whalebone. The forelimbs have ceased to be appendages of locomotion and have become mainly balancing organs. They resemble the pectoral fins of fish, although they still retain the structural plan of the mammalian forelimb. The hindlimbs and pelvis have disappeared entirely externally, and internally are represented only by two nodules of bone. The whale, in fact, is one of the best examples known illustrating the influence of environment in the modification of structure. RECENT PUBLICATIONS. The following articles of Vol. XVI (1902) of the Museum “Bulletin” have been issued since April 23, completing the volume: 190 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Nomenclatorial Notes on American Mammals. By J. A. Allen. 10 pages. American Eocene Primates, and the Supposed Rodent Family Mixodectide. By Henry Fairfield Osborn. 46 pages, 40 text illustrations. List of Mammals Collected in Alaska by the Andrew J. Stone Expedition of r901. By J. A. Allen. 16 pages. List of Birds Collected in Alaska by the Andrew J. Stone Expedition of r901. By Frank M. Chapman. 18 pages. A Preliminary Study of the South American Opossums of the Genus Didelphis. By J. A. Allen. 32 pages. New Canide from the Miocene of Colorado. By W. D. Matthew. 10 pages, 4 text illustrations. A Horned Rodent from the Colorado Miocene... With a Re- vision of the Mylagauli, Beavers and Hares of the American Ter- tiary. By W. D. Matthew. 20 pages, 17 text illustrations. The Skull of Hyptsodus, the Smallest of the Artiodactyla, with a Revision of the Hypertragulide. By W. D. Matthew. 6 pages, 4 text illustrations. List of the Pleistocene Fauna from Hay Springs, Nebraska. By W. D. Matthew. 6 pages. Boring Algzee as Agents in the Disintegration of Corals. By J. E. Duerden. 1o pages, 1 plate. Martinique and St. Vincent; a Preliminary Report upon the Eruptions of 1902. By Edmund Otis Hovey. 40 pages, 1 text illustration, 18 plates. Mammal Names Proposéd by. Oken in his ‘‘ Lehrbuch der Zoologie.”’” By J. A. Allen: 8 pages. Descriptions of Some Larve of the Genus Catocals. By Wil- liam Beutenmiller. 14 pages. The Earlier Stages of Some Moths. By William Beutenmul- ler. 4 pages, 1 plate. Notice of a New Genus of Marine Algz, Fossil in the Niagara Shale. By R. P. Whitfield. 2 pages, 1 plate. On Jurassic Stratigraphy on the West Side of the Black Hills. —Second Paper on American Jurassic Stratigraphy. By F. B. Loomis. 8 pages, 2 plates. THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL A New Caribou from Ellesmere Land. By J. A. Allen. 4 pages, 2 text illustrations. Descriptive Catalogue of the Noctuidae Found within Fifty Miles of New York City. Part II. By William Beutenmiller. 46 pages, 4 plates. The Hair Seals (Family Phocidz) of the North Pacific and Bering Sea. By J. A. Allen. 41 pages, ro text illustrations. Other publications issued during the year have been: Bulletin, Vol. XV, part I. The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. By Franz Boas. 370 pages, 172 text illustra- tions, 4 plates. Bulletin, Vol. XVI, part I]. Maidu Myths. By Roland B. Dixon. 86 pages. Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, part I. The Arapaho. By Alfred L. Kroeber. 150 pages, 46 text illustrations, 31 plates. Memoirs, Vol. VI. The Night Chant, a Navaho Ceremony. By Washington Matthews. 332 pages, 19 text illustrations, 8 plates. Quarto. LECTURES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS Prof. A. S. Bickmore announces the following programme for the second course of lectures to teachers, each lecture being given twice on successive Saturday mornings. It is hoped that the supply of coal will allow the course to begin on January 24 and continue uninterruptedly. London — Westminster Abbey and Oxford University. Edinburgh and Glasgow. The Adirondack Park. Our Native Trees. The Board of Education lectures on Tuesday and Saturday evenings will be resumed about the middle of the month. Regular meetings of the New York Academy of Sciences will be held on Monday evenings throughout the month, and meet- ings of the New York Linnzan Society and the New York Ento- mological Society will be held on the usual Tuesday evenings. 12 sesiaaiaskoils MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The Patios of the Horse ay IE ae F +e W. D. Matthew, Ph.D. Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palzontology SUPPLEMENT TO AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL VOL. Ill, No. 1, JANUARY, 1903 Guide Leaflet No. 9 Second Edition, May, 1905 American Museum of Natural History Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City OFFICERS President Morris K. Jesup First Vice-President Second Vice-President J. Przerpont MorGAaNn Tyesuer Henry F. OsBorn CHARLES LANIER Director Hermon C. Bumpus Secretary and Assistant Treasurer Joun H. WINSER BOARD OF TRUSTEES MORRIS K. JESUP WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER ADRIAN ISELIN* GEORGE G. HAVEN J. PIERPONT MORGAN H. O. HAVEMEYER JOSEPH H. CHOATE A. D. JUILLIARD J. HAMPDEN ROBB FREDERICK E. HYDE CHARLES LANIER PERCY R. PYNE D. O. MILLS HENRY F. OSBORN ALBERT S. BICKMORE GEORGE S. BOWDOIN ARCHIBALD ROGERS JAMES H. HYDE GUSTAV E. KISSEL ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES ANSON W. HARD . CORNELIUS C. CUYLER CLEVELAND H. DODGE * Deceased. Tue American Museum or Natura History was established in 1869 to pro- mote the Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people, and it is in cordial coéperation with all similar institutions throughout the world. The Museum authorities are dependent upon private subscriptions and the dues from members for procuring needed additions to the collections and for carrying on explorations in America and other parts of the world. The membership fees are, Annual Members.........- $ 10 ElLOWS: a5 > nieve eretaveveratoya) sioibia $ 500 Life Members............. 100 PAtrOnS..).s.nsems utalenacsieiere isis 1000 All money received from membership fees is used for increasing the collections, and for developing the educational work of the Museum, The Museum is open free to the public on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. Admittance is free to Members every day. 20) wep) sary 8m NuY3GOW 3N3901SI31d S4v9A OOO'DG tv OFivwiisg “"NVW 40 39°” winasnyy UROLAULY a4) UT UONIqIyXa UO Satiag 41334 “SSHOH 3H1L JO NOILNIOAS | $nadino) | I The Evolution of the Horse. A Guide Leaflet to the Collection in the Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology of the American Museum of Natural History. By W. D. MATTHEW, Pu.D., ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY. GUIDE LEAFLET No. 9. SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL, VotuME III, No. 1, JANUARY, 1903. New York. Published by the Museum, Second Edition, May, 1905 HALL NO 406 * FOURTH FLOOR. The collections upon which this Guide Leaflet is based may be found in the Horse Alcove in the southeastern section of Hall No. 406, the Hall of Fossil Mammals of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, on the fourth floor of the Museum Building. In the diagram the star indicates the situation of the Horse Alcove. PREFATORY NOTE. THE collections iliustrating the Evolution of the Horse are largely a result of the generosity of the late William C. Whitney, Esq., one of the Trustees of the Museum. The fund provided by Mr. Whitney made it possible for the curator, Professor Henry F. Osborn, to devote a large part of the energies of the department during three years to this subject, and he has given it his especial personal attention, as well. Mr. J. W. Gidley, now of the U. S. National Museum, was placed in charge of the collecting of new material in the western fossil fields, and of special researches in the Museum, and Mr. Adam Hermann of the mounting of the fossil skeletons. The final results of the studies upon the collections by the curator and Mr. Gidley will be issued in a series of monographs. The data obtained up to the time of the first publication of this guide (January, 1903) are embodied here, but for the more recent studies readers are referred to the following contributions: “Evolution of the Horse,’ by Henry F. Osborn. The Century Magazine, November, 1904. “Evolution of the Horse,” by Henry F. Osborn. Columbia Uni- versity Lectures, shortly to be published in book form. “Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Equus,” by J. W. Gidley. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1gor. “New Oligocene Horses,”’ by H. F. Osborn. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1904. And in particular to the series of monographic revisions in prepara- tion by the curator and Mr. Gidley. Epiror. THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. By W. D. Matruew, Ph.D., Associate Curator, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology. As a domestic animal the Horse is to be found almost every- where that man can live. He is spread all over the world — from torrid to arctic climates, in all the continents, in remote oceanic islands — he is completely cosmopolitan. But as a wild animal the Horse is at present limited to the Old World, and is found there only in the open arid or desert plains of Central Asia and Africa. There are two species in Asia, the Asiatic Wild Ass (Equus hemionus), and the little known Przewalsky’s Horse (E. przewalskit), while in Africa there are the African Wild Ass (£. asinus) and the several species of Zebra (E. zebra, E. burchellz, E. quagga). In the Americas and Australia there are no true wild horses, the mustangs and broncos of the Western Plains and South America being feral (domesticated animals run wild) and descended from the horses brought over from Europe by the early white settlers. When the Spaniards first explored the New World they found no horses on either continent. The Indians were quite unfamiliar with them and at first regarded the strange animal which the newcomers rode with wonder and terror, like that of the ancient Romans when Pyrrhus and his Greeks brought elephants—‘‘the huge earth-shaking beast’? —to fight against them. The Horse is distinguished from all other animals now living by the fact that he has but one toe on each foot. Comparison with other animals shows that this toe is the third or middle digit of the foot. The hoof corresponds to the nail of a man or the claw of a dog or cat, and is broadened out to afford a firm, strong support on which the whole weight of the animal rests. Behind the “cannon-bone”’ of the foot are two slender little * Macaulay —‘‘ The Battle of Lake Regillus.”’ 3 4 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE bones, one on each side, called splint-bones. These represent the second and fourth digits of other animals, but they do not show on the surface, and there is nothing like a separate toe. So that the horse may be said to be an animal that walks on its middle finger-nail, all the other fingers having disappeared. The teeth of the horse are almost equally peculiar. The molars are long, square prisms which grow up from the gums as fast as they wear off on the crowns. Their grinding surface exhibits a peculiar and complicated pattern of edges of hard enamel between which are softer spaces composed of dentine and of a material called ‘‘cement,’’ much like the dentine in quality but formed in a different way. The dentine is formed on the in- side surfaces of the enamel while the tooth is still within the jaw- bone; the cement is deposited on the outside surfaces of the enamel after the tooth has broken through the jaw-bone and before it appears above the gums. Various other peculiarities distinguish the Horse from most other animals; some of these are shared by other hoofed animals. The two long bones of the fore-arm (radius and ulna) are separate in the greater number of animals, but in the Horse, and in many other hoofed animals they are consolidated into a single bone. The same consolidation is seen in the bones of the lower leg (tzbza and fibula). The lengthening of the foot and stepping on the end of the toe raises the heel in the Horse, as in many other animals, to a considerable height above the ground, where it forms the hock joint, bending backward, as the knee bends forward. In these as in various other ways the legs of the horse are especially fitted for swift running over hard and level ground, just asits teeth are for grinding the wiry grasses which grow on the open plain. The Zebra and the Ass have the same peculiar structure of teeth and feet as the Domestic Horse, and differ only in the color of the skin, proportions of various parts of the body etc. Fossit Horses OF THE AGE OF MAN, The Age of Man, or Quaternary Period, is the last and by far the shortest of the great divisions of geological time. It includes the Great Ice Age or Glacial epoch (Pleistocene), when heavy mnasnfy SVX3L JO ANSOOLSISId YS3MOT SHL WOYS « ILLOOS SNNDOS,, JO NOL313XS EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE 7 continental glaciers covered the northern parts of Europe and North America, and the Recent Epoch, of more moderate climate during which civilization has arisen. In the early part of the Quaternary Period, wild species of Horse were to be found on every continent except Australia. Remains of these true native horses have been found buried in strata of this age in all parts of the United States, in Alaska, in Mexico, in Ecuador, Brazil and Argentina, as well as in Europe, Asia and Africa. All these horses were much like the living spe- cies and most of them are included in the genus Equus. A complete skeleton of one of them (Equus scottt) found by the American Museum expedition of 1899 in Northern Texas, is mounted in the large wall-case. The difference between it and the Domestic Horse (see framed diagram of modern horse skel- eton) is chiefly in proportions, the skull shorter with deeper jaws, the legs rather short and feet small in proportion to the body. In these characters this fossil horse resembles an overgrown zebra rather than a domestic horse. We know nothing of its coloring. It may have been striped, and in this case would have been very zebra-like; but there are some reasons for believing that it was not prominently striped. The bones are petrified, brittle and heavy, the animal matter of the bone having entirely disappeared and having been partly replaced by mineral matter. They are not much changed in color, however, and are so per- fectly preserved that they look almost like recent bone. All the remains of these native horses which have been found in America have been petrified more or less completely; this means that they have been buried for many thousands of years, for petrifaction is an exceedingly slow process.'' It serves as an easy method of distinguishing them from bones of the Domestic Horse, found buried in the earth. These cannot in any case have been buried for more than four or five centuries, and have not had time to petrify. Remains of these fossil horses from various parts of the United States are shown in the counter-case. One very rich ™The so-called petrifaction which occurs in some hot springs, coating objects dipped into them with a white, stony coat of lime is not true petrifaction. In true petrifaction the substance of the bone is replaced particle by particle with mineral matter. 8 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE locality is on the Niobrara river in Nebraska, another in central Oregon. Many separate teeth and bones have been found in the phosphate mines near Charlestown, 5. C.; other specimens have come from central Florida, from southern Texas, Arizona, Kan- sas, Louisiana and even from Alaska. They are, in fact, so often found in deposits of rivers and lakes of the latest geological epoch (the Pleistocene) that the formation in the western United States has received the name of Equus Beds. In South America, in strata of the Pleistocene Epoch, there occurs, besides several extinct species of the genus Equus, the Hippidium, a peculiar kind of Horse characterized by very short legs and feet, and some peculiarities about the muzzle and the grinding teeth. The legs were hardly as long as those of a cow, while the head was as large as that of a racehorse or other small breed of the Domestic Horse. All these horses became extinct, both in North and South America. Why, we do not know. It may have been that they were unable to stand the cold of the winters, probably longer continued and much more severe during the Ice Age than now. It is very probable that man —the early tribes of prehistoric hunters — played a large part in extinguishing the race. The competition with the bison and the antelope, which had recently migrated to America — may have made it more difficult than formerly for the American Horse to get a living. Or, finally, some unknown disease or prolonged season of drought may have exterminated the race. Whatever the cause, the Horse had dis- appeared from the New World when the white man invaded it — (unless a few individuals still lingered on the remote plains of South America), and in his place the bison had come and spread over the prairies of the North. In Central Asia, two wild races persist to the present day; others were domesticated by man in the earliest times, and their use in Chaldea and Egypt for draught and riding is depicted in the ancient mural paintings. In Africa the larger species became extinct in prehistoric times, as in America, but the smaller zebras still survive in the southern part of the continent (one species, the Quagga, abundant fifty years ago, is now probably extinct), and the African Wild Ass is found in the fauna of the northern dissela yp sajiiday jo By ‘ayo skayuow JO aSOU} O¥I] YIeJ pue = —- = —— = = = = = SSS = disseane J004 yey UO say ALJ YJIM suojsoouy jeorjoyjodAy SS SSS SS = = snoareja.) (snddiyoa) @ Sipe yo wud U3ip 5h Jo wuydy i wintayjoresy S $90] 944] $90] 4An04 juoway snddiyo.iojoig Eg? woyyim @ sa0] 1noy PauMo.ty bs f 9 punosd ayy Suiyono) “Hous S90} apig $90] 20.14] u3ip gs Jo yurds $punosd ayy Suipnoy snddiyosay $90} APIS 7 S90] 9014] punosd ay) Suiyonoy you puntosd ayy Suiyono} jou 590} apis $0} api¢ snddiyojoug $20] 2244] So0] 944] ~judwa) ‘paumo. pornos) SSP Gb Pur mae SUBD Gh PMC paz jo syurdg jo sjurdg 90], 2UQ | ype, | toon pug =| goog nog | yey ulassoyy Jo adKy 2ystUa}e1eYy pue sajeyg paylu) wsajsaQy UI SUOHeULIO, 1:5 as a “ASUYOH AHL AO NOILATOAY AHL EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE II part. The Wild Horse of prehistoric Europe, a small race, short-legged and shaggy-haired, was domesticated by man, a fact that is known from the rude drawings scratched on bone or ivory by men of the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age. But the Domes- tic Horse now in use is derived chiefly from the Asiatic race, al- though it is probable that in some breeds there is a considerable strain of this shaggy, short-legged European race, and it is pos- sible also that African races may have been domesticated and to some extent mixed with the Asiatic species. The domesticated Ass is a descendant of the African species. Tue EVOLUTION OF THE HOorRsE. The history of the evolution of the Horse through the Ter- tiary period or Age of Mammals affords the best known illustra- tion in existence of the doctrine of evolution by means of natural selection and the adaptation of a race of animals to its environ- ment. The ancestry of this family has been traced back to nearly the beginning of the Tertiary without a single important break. During this long period of time, estimated at nearly three millions of years, these animals passed through important changes in all parts of the body, but especially in the teeth and feet, adapting them more and more perfectly to their particular environment, namely the open plains of a great plateau region with their scanty stunted herbage, which is the natural habitat of the Horse. In the series of ancestors of the Horse we can trace every step in the evolution of those marked peculiarities of teeth and feet which distinguish the modern Horse from an ancestor which so little suggests a horse that, when its remains were first found forty years ago, the animal was named by the great paleontologist Richard Owen, the Hyracotherium or “Coney-like Beast.”” Its relation to the Horse was not at that time suspected by Professor Owen, and was recognized by scientific men only when several of the intermediate stages between it and its modern descendant had been discovered. On the other hand this first ancestor of the Horse line is very difficult to distinguish from the contemporary ancestors of tapirs and rhinoceroses, and indicates how all the 12 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE . modern quadrupeds have diverged from a single type, each be- coming adapted to the needs of its especial mode of life. The earliest known ancestors of the Horse were small animals not larger than the domestic cat, with four complete toes on each forefoot and three on each hindfoot. There is reason to believe that the still more ancient ancestors of this and all other mam- mals had five toes on each foot. In the forefoot of the earliest known stage we find a splint-bone or small, slender rudiment rep- resenting the missing first digit or thumb, which no longer ap- pears on the surface of the foot, while in the hindfoot there is a similar rudiment representing the outer or fifth digit, but no trace is left of the innermost or first digit. The proportions of the skull, the short neck and arched back and the limbs of moder- ate length, were very little horse-like; recalling, on the contrary, some modern carnivorous animals, especially the civets (\V7ver- ride). The teeth were short-crowned and covered with low rounded knobs of enamel, suggesting those of monkeys and of pigs or other omnivorous animals, but not at all like the long- crowned complicated grinders of the Horse. Commencing with the Hyracotherium, twelve stages have been recognized from as many successive formations, showing the gradual evolution of the race into its modern form, and each stage is characteristic of its particular geological horizon. Some of the stages have been found in several parts of the world, but by far the most complete and best known series comes from the Tertiary Badlands of the Western States. Besides the main line of de- scent which led into the modern horses, asses and zebras, there were several collateral branches which have left no descendants. Of some stages all parts of the skeleton have been found; of others only the jaws, or jaws and feet, are known. We can mention only the more important stages. r and 2.* Hyracotherium and Eohippus. Lower Eocene, The Hyracotherium is the most primitive stage known, but only the skull has been found, so that it has not been determined exactly what the feet were like. The teeth display six rounded knobs or cusps on the upper molars and four on the lower ones, These numbers refer to the stages in the direct line of descent of the modern Horse; see frontispiece. Wnasnyy UBOMSWY 94) UL UONIGIYXa UO Salias ay wos) N , Whee HC t 1 © 1334 3H1 4O NOILNIOAS SHL NI SSDVLS ATHVS ———— 3N3209110 Hadan 3N3909N0 Fiaain 3N3903 W3ddn 3N3903 37100GIW 3N3903 Y3MO1 Bnav rae SMddiHOS3W SMddlHId3 SNddlHOWOLOUd SNdd!HO3 YOISIONY G3YIA0ISIONA 3 : if 4 Bae 1OJs uy De 7) Ly JIOVLAYO ‘yoo4 PUI}Y OY} Ul Seo] Sd14t Pp . jOO4 9104 9} Ul SEO] 4NO_| of | 9U9205 a Niet eons “pUnOsD ay} YONOY Sao] apic sy] , "4004 YVa LO S20] aa4Y] DALY SAS4O}] 9UaI08I10 | BaN 20RD Ue sO EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE rik and these are just beginning to show signs of fusing into cross- crests. The premolar teeth have only one main cusp, except the third and fourth premolars (next the molars) in each jaw, which have two and three, respectively. The only specimens which have been found were in the London Clay or Lower Eocene of England and are preserved in the British Museum. The Eohippus is much better known. It comes from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico, and is very like the Hy- FIG. 1.—UPPER AND LOWER TEETH OF “ EOHIPPUS,”? FROM THE LOWER EOCENE OF WYOMING. NATURAL SIZE racothertum except that the molar teeth have the cusps more clearly fusing into cross-crests, and the last premolar is begin- ning to look like one of the true molars. The forefoot of this animal has four complete toes and the splint of a fifth. The hindfoot has three complete toes and the splint of another. A specimen of the hindfoot is shown in the series in the A-case and many incomplete specimens, skulls, jaws etc., of several species in the counter-case. 3 and 4. Protorohippus and Orohippus. MippLE EOcENE. In these animals the splint of the first digit in the forefoot and the splint of the fifth digit of the hindfoot have disappeared, but there are still four complete toes in the fore- and three in the hind- foot. The crests on the molars are a little clearer and the last premolar has become almost like the molars, while the next to the last premolar is beginning to become so. A skeleton of Protorohippus is mounted in the wall-case. It shows an animal of the size of a small dog, and proportioned much like the breed known as the whippet, of which a skeleton has been placed near by for comparison with the Protorohippus skeleton. The Protoro- hippus was found by Dr. J. L. Wortman in 1880 in the Wind 16 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE River Badlands of Wyoming, and was described by Professor Cope and others under the name of the “ Four-Toed Horse.”’ Of Orohippus we have only parts of jaws and teeth. A specimen of the forefoot is exhibited in the Museum of Yale University. 5. Epihippus. Upper Eocene. Of this stage of the evolu- tion of the Horse only incomplete specimens have been found. The molar teeth have the once round cusps almost completely converted into crescents and crests, while another tooth of the premolar series has become like the molars. The toes are still four in the forefoot and three in the hindfoot, but the central toe in each foot is becoming much larger than the side toes, a feature which may be seen in the hindfoot shown in the series in the case. (This species happens to be somewhat smaller than those found in the Middle Eocene stage, but no doubt there were others of larger size living at the same time.) Paleotherium and Paloploitherium of the Upper Eocene of Europe form a side branch of the Horse line. They were very abundant in Europe, but have not been found in the New World. On each foot they had three toes of nearly equal size, and the teeth show a rather peculiar pattern. One of these animals was thought by Professor Huxley to be a direct ancestor of the Horse, but it now is considered to be merely a collateral relative. Some species of Palgotherium were of large size, equaltoatapir. They were first described in the year 1804 by the celebrated Baron Cuvier from remains found in the gypsum quarries of Mont-_ martre, Paris. A 7 oy e,% “a i _” ey y . “il a | i. _ , c h & * x ruff THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL SOUTH SIDE. Alcove No. tO 2. 3. Titanotheres Rhinoceroses Horses and Tapirs \ ” | Perissodactyls (‘‘odd-toed’’ hoofed mammals). NORTH SIDE. Alcove No. I. wm dm WwW Q. The most primitive hoofed mammals (Amblypods and Con- dylarths). . Insectivores, Rodents and the most primitive Mammals generally. . Flesh-eating Mammals (Creodonts and Carnivores). . Marine Mammals (Seals, Cetaceans and Sirenians). . Proboscidea (Elephants and Mastodons) in the center of the hall on the north side. . Pigs, Peccaries, Elotheres and other Artiodactyls (‘‘even- toed’ hoofed mammals) with simple conical cusps in the molar teeth. . Creodonts and other primitive Artiodactyls with crescentic molar teeth. . Pecora, or Ruminating Artiodactyls (those that chew the cud). Edentates and South American fauna generally. As a centerpiece has been placed the great head and tusks of the Imperial Mammoth, and with it a gigantic tusk of the Woolly Mammoth, from the new Siberian island, which has been secured recently through the Department of Anthropology. The guide leaflet descriptive of the Hall of Vertebrate Palaon- tology is undergoing complete revision and expansion to meet the new conditions, and will be issued in the fall. 61 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL NEWS NOTES. ——==—SHE thirty-fourth annual report of the Museum, 4 being the twenty-second report of Morris Kk. Jesup, Esq., as president, was issued in May. It shows clearly the wide scope and the importance of the activities of the institution. Those in- terested may obtain copies upon application. GROUND is being broken on Manhattan Square, west of the new lecture hall, for the construction of an addition to the Mu- seum building of interest both to members and to the visiting public. The new structure will be a thoroughly modern heating, lighting and power plant, which when completed will add a most attractive, appropriate and instructive feature to the already extensive series of exhibition halls. It is the purpose to have the apparatus for the conversion and transmission of heat, light and power open to the public, and instructively labeled and described. On June 16, the Board of Aldermen authorized an additional bond sale to the amount of $188,000 for constructing the ap- proaches to this new wing, for building a foyer to take the place of the old lecture hall and for other additions and improvements about the building. Among these additions will be two assembly- rooms for the use of scientific gatherings and visiting classes. DirEcToR Bumpus, Professor Allen and Mr. Chapman attended the annual convention of the American Ornithologists’ Union, which was held in San Francisco in May. At the convention announcement was made of the award to Professor Allen of the Walker Grand Prize in Natural History by the Boston Society of Natural History. In announcing the award to its recipient, Prof. Charles §. Minot, president of the society, wrote as follows: “Tt gives me great pleasure to inform you that the Walker Grand Prize has been awarded to you by a unanimous vote of the Council for your able and long-continued contributions to North American Ornithology and Mammalogy. The amount 62 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL of this prize is five hundred dollars, but in view of the high character of your investigations it was further voted to increase the amount to one thousand dollars. “T am very glad to have the privilege of conveying to you the official announcement of this public recognition of the ex- ceptional value of your services to science, which I hope you may continue to render for a long time.” FrankK M. CHapMAN, Associate Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology, is in California collecting material for making a group on the Cadwalader fund. He has an artist with him, who will make a study of the region in which the birds are found from which groups along the same lines as the new Cobb’s Island group, described in the last number of the JOURNAL, will be constructed. One of the proposed groups will represent the bird-life of the irrigated portions of the San Joaquin valley, and will include Stilts, Avocets, Cinnamon Teal, Coots, all breeding or with young, Forster’s and Black Terns, Pintail and Redhead Ducks, Great Blue Heron and Yellowheaded and California Red- winged Blackbirds. The background will show a great stretch of green irrigated country with the mountains of the Coast Range in the distance. THE plans of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology for field work this season are now being carried into execution. Walter Granger, accompanied by Albert Thomson, has gone into the old and much-explored beds in the region of Fort Bridger, southwestern Wyoming. Despite the fact that the Yale, Prince- ton and American Museums have already made rich collections from this region, there is reason to believe that as ‘‘ there are still more fish in the sea,’’ so there are still fossils to be found in the Bridger region which will settle some of the most important and interesting problems in the descent of mammals. Chief among these problems is perhaps the origin of the rhinoceroses. We also especially desire to secure the Middle Eocene stage in the evolution of the horse in such complete form that it can be mounted in the remarkable series which is now being collected with the aid of the William C. Whitney fund. Another object 63 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL of this expedition is to secure the comparatively small amount of material needed to mount the skeleton of Uintathertum. Barnum Brown has proceeded to southwestern Dakota to ex- plore certain marine Cretaceous beds, in the hope of finding additional remains of Mosasaurs, or Sea-lizards, and Plesiosaurs, or long-necked marine reptiles. The Museum collection is par- ticularly wanting in the Plesiosauria, although it is true that we have a superb specimen of Elasmosaurus, presented by Mr. Jesup in the second Cope collection, also a nearly complete skeleton of Cryptoclidus, presented in exchange by the ‘British Museum of Natural History, from the English Middle Jurassic. Both these skeletons, however, unfortunately lack the skull, a part which has very rarely been found, and this is naturally the great de- sideratum, which we hope to supply, at least for Elasmosaurus. The skull of the English Plesiosaur is promised us from the Brit- ish Museum. A third party, under the direction of Peter Kaison, is con- tinuing the excavation of the Reed Quarry and of the Bone Cabin Quarry in Wyoming, which have been so rich in results. The Whitney Expedition, conducted by J. W. Gidley, is con- tinuing the search for fossil horses in South Dakota. Dr. W. D. Matthew will join this expedition for a part of the season, and Dr. O. P. Hay will spend a short time .with Mr. Granger’s expe- dition in the Bridger Basin, Wyoming. AmonG the specimens recently mounted and placed on ex- hibition in the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology are the skeletons of the Saber-tooth Tiger from the Cope Pampean collec- tion, and of the Glyptodon from the Whitney Texas collection. Two new fossil proboscidean skulls make, with the two already on exhibition, a unique and impressive series illustrating four stages in the evolution of the Elephants. ProFressor ALBERT S. Bickmore sailed for Europe on June ro for the purpose of making an extended tour in connection with the work of the Department of Public Instruction. He will re- visit Holland, Belgium, Southern Germany, Austria and Hun- gary, and will be followed by Messrs. Abegg and Hofer, his 64 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL photographers, who will make the negatives to be used in the preparation of his new lectures on Europe. THE subjects for Professor Bickmore’s lectures to teachers and to members of the Museum next fall will be, ‘The Develop- ment of New York City,” “ Niagara, Berlin” and “ Potsdam and Vicinity.” 9 66 THE DuxKe or Lousat, to whom the Museum is so much indebted for the development of its collections in Mexican arche- ology, has again shown his interest in American archeology by the liberal endowment of a chair in Columbia University, which has been designated as the “ Loubat Professorship of American Archeology.” The Trustees of Columbia have appointed as the incumbent Marshall H. Saville, Curator of Mexican and Central American Archeology in this Museum. This is the third pro- fessorship of American archeology which the Duke of Loubat has endowed,—the other two being at the University of Berlin, and the College of France. PROFESSOR SAVILLE, is spending the month of July in Mexico. A part of the time will be devoted to the ruins of Mitla in order to complete his observations and obtain additional photographs for the report on the explorations recently carried on there by the Loubat Expedition, and to make further studies of Zapotecan antiquities. While he is in the City of Mexico arrangements will be made for an exchange of archeological specimens be- tween the Muséo Nacional and the American Museum. H. H. Sr. Ciair, 2d, has gone to Oregon to make an extended stay among the Indians of Siletz, Oregon. Mr. St. Clair is carry- ing on the ethnographical investigation of the Indian tribes of the Far West through the codperation of the United States Bureau of Ethnology with the American Museum. THE use of the collections of the Museum by classes of pupils from the public schools is increasing. President Jesup has directed that the duplicates of the exhibition series be made accessible to use by the school children. For several years small collections of rocks and minerals have been loaned to teachers asking for them, but this has not brought the Museum 65 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL into the desired intimate connection with the schools of the city to the degree accomplished by the present extension of the plan. Recently classes of high-school boys and girls have been at the Museum examining and handling mounted skins and skeletons of mammals in their study of Natural History. Teachers desirous of having their pupils study nature in this concrete manner make application for the privilege, stating the specimens needed and the line of work proposed. On the specified day the material may be handled by the children under the guidance and super- vision of some member of the Museum staff. j-- Haran I. Situ, Assistant Curator of Archeology, who is making investigations for the Museum in the State of Washing- ton, writes from the field that he has discovered prehistoric picto- graphs carved in the rocks of the north side of Selah Cafion near North Yakima. Such carved inscriptions are known along the coast, but they have not been found heretofore in the interior. Mr. Smith also reports finding a prehistoric quarry in the same region from which the early Indian inhabitants obtained ma- terial for the manufacture of flint arrowheads. Joun Hancock of Philadelphia spent a few days in June going over the specimens of the Bement mineral collection in Morgan Hall to add items of interest to the labels. Mr. Han- cock had the care of the collection for many years while it was growing under Mr. Bement’s hand; and for this reason he has been able to make valuable suggestions regarding the collection as displayed in the Museum. A MAGNIFICENT garnet crystal from Salida County, Colorado, has just been added to the gem collection, a gift from David L. Gluck, Esq. The crystal is nearly five inches high, weighs five and one-half pounds and is like a model in its symmetry of development. The exterior has been altered to the familiar green chlorite to a slight depth, but the interior has not been affected by the decomposing agencies. Durinc the last week in June the Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology received from J. H. Batty his second shipment of skins and skulls of birds and mammals. The shipment con- tained 457 birds of many species, 18 Deer, 4 Coyotes, 1 Fox, r1 Jack Rabbits, 4 Skunks, 315 small Rodents, 18 Spermophiles, 1 Squirrel, ro Bats and 1 Turtle. The animals were obtained amid the high mountains of northern Mexico, and represent the fruits of much hard labor and exposure. In January Mr. Batty sent in his first shipment of the present expedition, consisting of 142 skins of mammals collected in southern New Mexico. 66 — Mp ee © oak 5 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The Musical Instruments of the Incas Charles W. Mead Assistant, Department of Archeology SUPPLEMENT TO AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL VOL. Ill, No. 4, JULY, 1903 Guide Leaflet No. 11 American Museum of Natural History Officers President Morris K. Jesup First Vice-President Second Vice-President Witiram E. DopcGE Henry F. Osporn Treasurer Director CHARLES LANIER Hermon C. Bumpus Secretary and Assistant Treasurer Joun H. WinsER Scientific Staff Director Hermon C. Bumpus Department of Public Instruction Prof. ALBERT S. BicKMorE, Curator Department of Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology Prof. R. P. Wuirrrevp, Curator Epmunpb Ortts Hovey, Ph.D., Associate Curator Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Curator Frank M. CuapMan, Associate Curator Department of Vertebrate Paleontology Prof. Henry FairFIELD OsBorn, Curator W. D. Martruew, Ph.D., Associate Curator O. P. Hay, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Fishes and Chelonia Department of Entomology WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator Departments of Mineralogy and Conchology L. P. Gratacap, A. M., Curator Grorce F. Kunz, Honorary Curator of Gems ~ Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy Prof. Witt1AMmM Morton WHEELER, Curator GeorGE H. SHERwoop, A.M., Assistant Curator Prof. J. E. DuErpEeN, Honorary Curator of Coelenterates Department of Archxology Prof. Frepertc W. Purnam, Advisory Curator Prof. MArsHauu H. Savitie, Curator of Mexican and Central American Archeology Harvan I. Smiru, Assistant Curator of Archeology GeorGE H. Pepper, Assistant in Archeology of the Southwest Department of Ethnology Prof. FRANz Boas, Curator Prof. Livincston Farranp, Assistant Curator CLark Wisster, Ph.D., Assistant Department of Physiology Prof. Ratpu W. Tower, Curator Department of Books and Publications Prof. Rarpu W. Tower, Curator Department of Maps and Charts A ieee Ph.D., Curator The Musical Instruments Ol the -Incas A Guide Leaflet to the Collection on Exhibition in the American Museum of Natural History By CHARLES W. MEAD Assistant in Archeology PUBLISHED BY THE MUSEUM AS SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Vox. III, No. 4, JuLy, 1903 Guide Leaflet No. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE IND ROD Ui CELO Niece vaicicteteis pers ccloceirsypearalaketersherratate ais fer ksleeiole ener eet 5 INS DRUMBEN SO RAPER GUSSIO Nesters sieretoia isla aie stel-tetstet terete 7 Hugi Lights ey OOM ORE SOUR OOO Omab rin sudo. tno ok obo bnS aoc 7 The WiBelbie . /eecsre eceas hee cover ey -tene yous esos ec oer a eepey et evel role atc eRe oy ken eee ee Mhe wattle varidCy wip al wee nterspe ge tote nelle eta ete leper eels teaser chet eer eeterenees II AUS De UNESP OME ON ENS IA Seg nodegeda chaos cen bs6 soe bh UD oom ctonose II hei SyrinxiorvPan—pipes secrete le tenderers ieee ener tebettenerelsietenat II The Wwe 55 5 al ak sce Seeks hate er seete dara onel auceole ta Naes ote suse Aoi ane soe ated at anene 14 TheryResonatorswihistle con serene atrserekevhciste ieve terriers dncncaetere terete ncaete 23 Ati bg ihe oa ee ere odd CO OW AGO STO AdOOU ADU IOs orem OO It o8 24 The Double Whistling Jar............... ¥oo raha gets = els Genes 1c ote ae ea 26 AMON Cis c0l-) oes IRIS C50 CPO MO OMCOO CIT DOO Oe tama O OA 6.0 85 29 SRIN Gas EN SUE RIW IMI BSIN AD Siatepene rete dietstahrelet ire ots tanetette tls fet aiote tei ate araetaenee 20 (COMCICUSMOING sa orenondc. coodeanoohoancopsoros OjOODGAODOOmdO00 4 3c 30 2 & MeA KR EAA FAA MOOR FIGURE THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. By CHARLES W. MEAD, Assistant, Department of Archeology. INTRODUCTION ANCIENT Peru, the land of the Incas, extended, according to the historians, Garcilasso de la Vega‘ and Prescott, ? from about the second degree of north latitude to the Maule River in Chile, about the thirty-sixth degree of south latitude. The country included the region now comprised within the Republic of Peru, and the greater part of Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile, and was nearly equal in size to that part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The Incas had no written language, and no small part of our knowledge of their customs has been derived from their practice of representing the scenes of daily life in the decoration of their pottery vessels. In the study of the musical instruments in particular, the decorations on the pot- tery of the ancient Peruvians is important, because the Spanish conquerers of the land and their followers have left in their ac- counts but little information bearing upon the subject. From the pottery and other objects found in the ancient tombs and burial places, therefore, we have derived most of our knowledge of the musical instruments of the Incas, and the present dis- cussion is based upon a study of the prehistoric Peruvian col- lections in the American Museum of Natural History. In these collections there are not only many of the musical instruments themselves, but also artifacts, principally pottery vessels, deco- rated with figures of men in the act of playing upon such instruments. It is commonly said that ‘‘ Peru is a puzzle’’; and certainly this may be truthfully said of its music. Although we find re- corded a number of characteristic songs, known to the Peruvian Indians for nearly two hundred years, we cannot say positively of any one of them that it is wholly pre-Spanish. Dr. von ' Royal Commentaries of Peru. Ed. Rycaut, Part I, Book I, Chap. III. 2 Conquest of Peru, Vol. I, p. 28. 5 6 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. Tschudi has published three Peruvian elegiac songs or haravis * which he says “might serve to test the musical knowledge of the ancient Peruvians,’ but an examination of these pieces is very disappointing. Carl Engel remarks: “At all events they must have been tampered with, as they ex- hibit exactly the form of the Spanish bolero. Even allowing that the melodies of these compositions have been derived from Peruvian haravis, it is impossible to determine with any degree of certainty how much in them has been retained of the original tunes, and how much has been supplied besides the harmony, which is entirely an addition of the European arranger.” ? The first and simplest element of music is rhythm, and in singing or dancing a desire for some sound that shall elearly mark it is universal; hence, in the absence of musical instru- ments, the custom of snapping the fingers, clapping the hands, beating the hips and stamping the feet; and I am inclined to follow Rowbotham 3 in believing that the art of instrumental music in prehistoric times passed through three stages, which may be designated the ‘““drum”’ type, the “pipe”’ type, and the “lyre” type. The first type includes all instruments of percus- sion, as drums, rattles, gongs, castanets, etc.; the second, all wind instruments, and the third, all stringed instruments. In support of this theory he cites the evidence furnished by the mechanical complexity of the instruments themselves. The drum is the simplest form; the pipe is more complex than the drum; and the lyre, which makes use of stretched strings, is the most complex of all. That the drum was the first instrument of primitive man is _ strenuously opposed by Wallaschek, who says: “The most ancient discoveries (from the youth of mankind) of flutes and pipes, but not of drums, are definite facts which no specu- lation can put aside, and I am rather inclined to believe that Wagener was correct in saying that a wind instrument was undoubtedly the fitStewee t Antigtiedades Peruanas, pp. 135, 136. 2? Musical Instruments, p. 70. 3 Journal Anthro. Institute Gr. Brit. and Ireland, Vol. X, pp. 380-38r. 4 Primitive Music, p. 84. THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. 4 The entire absence of drums and the large number of flutes in the prehistoric Peruvian collections in museums would seem t: support this claim in Peru were it not for the fact that numerous pottery vessels decorated with figures in the act of beating the drum are found with mummies in the ancient graves. (See Plates I and II.) The fact that a tribe has flutes and no drums is not proof that their earliest instrument was not the drum. There are well-known cases of the “dropping out’’ of musical instruments In Guatemala the marimba has become a national instrument Professor O. T. Mason, referring to this instrument, says: “In one.case we have a musical instrument imported by negro slaves given to the Indians with its native African name and aban- doned by the negroes themselves.” ! INSTRUMENTS OF PERCUSSION. In instruments of this class the drum undoubtedly held the first place, although, as has been stated, none has been found in the ancient graves up to the present time. This may be accounted for by the perishable material of which they were made; or, through the existence of some superstition on account of which they may never have been buried with the dead. However this may be, the numerous representations on pottery vessels, and the accounts of early writers, give us a pretty accurate idea of their form and construction. The drums appear to be identical with those in use in many parts:of Peru to-day and were made by stretching a skin over a hoop of wood or over one end of a short section of the trunk of a tree which had been hollowed out to a thin cylinder. These two forms of drum are shown on Plate II, where two men (figs. 7 and ro) are beating very thin drums, which would seem to repre- sent the hoop form, while another drummer (fig. 9) plays upon one much thicker, which is probably of the second type. Judging from these representations, the drums would not exceed fourteen or fifteen inches in diameter. We are told frequently by early writers that small drums were used on different occasions; but Drum ' American Anthropologist, Vol. X, No. rr. 8 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. no mention of larger ones, so common in many Indian tribes, has been found. The Abbé Molina, describing the method of curing the sick, says: “The Machi directs the women who are present to sing with a loud voice a doleful song, accompanied with the sound of some little drums, which they beat at the same time.” ! Doubtless the heads of these drums were usually made of the skin of the deer and other animals common to the country, but this was not always the case. The Huancas “flayed the captives they took in war, making some of the skins into drums.” ? Garcilasso says: “They were a sort of fierce and warlike people fleaing those whom they took in the wars, the skins of which they filled with ashes and hanged them up in the temples for trophies; with the skins of some they make drums, being of opinion that the sound of them would terrify their enemies.” 3 Copper bells, in form resembling our sleigh-bells, appear to have been in common use. Figs. 2, 3, and 4 of Plate II show three, each of which has a pebble in the cavity. Fig. 1 shows a flattened form, decorated on either side with a figure, probably representing the sun. This bell has been broken, and the pebble or “‘clapper”’ is missing. Cieza de Leon, who is perhaps the most reliable of the contemporaneous writers, remarks: Bell ‘“When the chiefs [Guayaquil, Ecuador] were sick, to appease the wrath of their gods, and pray for health, they made other sacrifices of a superstitious nature; killing men (as I was told), and believing that human blood was a grateful offering. In doing these things they sounded drums and bells before certain idols shaped like lions and tigers, which they worshipped.”’ + In the Museum collection there are three bronze objects, circular in outline and slightly concavo-convex, each having a 1 History of Chili, p. 92. 2 Travels of Cieza de Leon, Ed. Hakluyt, Part I, p. 290. 3 Royal Commentaries of Peru, Ed. Ryecaut, Part I, Book VI, Chap. X. 4 Travels of Cieza de Leon, Ed. Hakluyt, Part I, p. 203. i) 3LV1d osed >, \a * py je py : p vier Dy , Bae A ve fer Ya Valse Sastbiber NEE ‘ : é a ey ee THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. II projection perforated for suspension. When struck with any hard substance, they give out a remarkably clear and resonant sound. One of these is shown as fig. 12 of Plate II. It is three and seven-eighths inches in diameter. Ewbank, describing Senor Barboza’s collection of Peruvian antiquities, figures three of these objects, two of which he states are of copper and one of bronze. He says: “I took them for mirrors; but they do not seem to have been polished.” * None of the three in the Mu- seum shows any indication, on either side, of having been polished, and there seems to be no reason to doubt that they were used as gongs or bells. Of the various forms of rattles it is hardly necessary to speak in detail. They consisted of small shells and nuts, seeds of a species of laurel tree, etc., and were often strung together. (See Plate II, fig. 8 and Plate III, figs. s, acc 7, 8.) These were attached to the wrists, ankles and ae Cymbal other parts of the body in dancing. A common form of tattle was a gourd containing seeds or pebbles. The use of shells as paint cups or palettes was very common, as is attested by numerous specimens, which still contain paint, found in graves; but their use as musical instruments in ancient Peru, has not been noticed before. Figs. 5 and 6 of Plate II represent water vessels of terra cotta, decorated with figures striking shells together, as cymbals are played. The “cymbals”’ are so well modeled that there can be no doubt that they represent Spon- dylus (Spondylus pictorum, Chem.) shells. (See Plate II, fig. rz). WIND INSTRUMENTS. Lone before the conquest the Peruvians had emerged from the first or drum stage, and reached the second, which C. K. Wead defines as that “having instruments mechan- ically capable of furnishing a scale” *—a tremendous stride in the art. The most important instruments of this class are the syrinx or Pan-pipe (huayra puhura) and the flutes of bone and cane. Fig. 7 of Plate IV shows a syrinx Syrinx or Pan-pipe t Life in Brazil, Appendix, p. 454. 2 Contrib. to the Hist. of Musical Scales, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 421. 12 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. consisting of eight reeds of graduated lengths, held in position by a crosspiece of split cane lashed to the reeds with a cord made of the woolof the llama. This pipe has all the reeds open at the lower ends, and yields the following scale: = se Fy Jae =. Other Pan-pipes are found with reeds closed at the lower end; and still another form has a double set of the same dimensions, —one set open at the bottom and the other closed, those of corresponding length being placed opposite each other. By this arrangement octaves are produced, the closing of a pipe at one © end, as is well known, lowering its pitch an octave. This same law is utilized by the modern organ builder in the. employment of the so-called open and stopped diapasons. A curious and unique syrinx of stone is shown as fig. 3 of Plate II]. The illustration is made from a plaster cast. The original, which was procured by the French general Paroissien, is made of greenish talc, and is said to have been found on a mummy ina Peruvyiantomb. This interesting specimen has been described at length by Carl Engel.t Figs. 1 and 2 of Plate IV represent water jars, in human form, made of terra cotta; both figures are represented in the act of playing the Pan-pipes. Garcilasso says: “Tn music they arrived to a certain harmony, in which the Indians of Colla did more particularly excel, having been the inventors of a certain pipe made of canes glued together, every one of which having a different note of higher and lower, in the manner of organs, made a pleasing music by the dissonancy of sounds: treble, tenor and bass, exactly corresponding and answering each to other; with these pipes they often played in consort, and made tolerable music, though they wanted the quavers, semiquavers, airs, and many voices which per- ” fect the harmony amongst us.” 2 These pipes are as popular with the modern Indians as they ' Musical Instruments, p. 66. ? Royal Commentaries of Peru, Ed. Ryeaut, Part I, Book 11, Chap. XIV. THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. 13 were with their ancestors in the days of the Incas. Indian couriers frequently use this instrument to announce their ar- rival and departure, as the post-horn was used by the driver or guard of a mail coach in England, and as it is now used by a New York coaching party. E. G. Squier, who witnessed the chuno or potato festival of the Aymara Indians, says: “Each group danced vigorously to its united music, which made up in volume what it lacked in melody—wild and piercing, yet lugu- brious: the shrill pipe [Pan-pipe] and the dull drum, with frequent blasts on cow’s horns by amateurs among the spectators, filled the ear with discordant sounds. Every man seemed anxious to excel his neighbor in the energy of his movements, which were often extrava- gant; but the motions of the women were slow and stately. The music had its cadences, and its emphatic parts were marked by cor- responding emphatic movements in the dance. The ‘devilish music’ that Cortez heard after his first repulse before Mexico, lasting the livelong night, and which curdled his blood with horror, while his captured companions were sacrificed to Huitzlipochtl, the Aztec war- god, could not be stranger or more fascinating, more weird or savage, than that which rung in our ears during the rest of our stay in Tia- huanaco.”’ ! Lieut. Gibbon describes the “church performances” of the Aymara Indians thus: “The wind-instruments are made of a succession of reeds of differ- ent sizes and lengths [Pan-pipes], upon which they blow a noise, little resembling music to our ear, keeping time with the drummers, the slow-motioned dancers respecting them both. . . . The women again appeared, each bringing with her a jar of chicha, which they served out in cups, giving to each individual as much as he could drink, which was no small quantity, for the morning was cold. The music again struck up, and the women again joined in the dance. One of them came out with her sleeping ‘wawa’ slung to her back, which soon commenced a laughable discord; but not a smile could be discovered in any of their faces; neither did the woman stop till the dance was ended.” ? t Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas, pp. 306, 307. ? Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, Part II, pp. 117, 118. 14 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. Bearing this description in mind, it will be interesting to turn to Plate I, fig. 2, which represents figures of men and women in relief, forming a band around a pottery water vessel. ‘There is every reason to believe that the potter who moulded these figures was gathered to his fathers long before the coming of the Spaniards, yet he depicts the identical scene described by Lieut. Gibbon after so great a lapse of time; showing how such customs persist with these Indians. The musicians play upon Pan-pipes and the drum. The woman with her “ wawa”’ (baby) strapped to her back is here, nor are the jars of chicha wanting. Chicha is a fermented drink made of maize, and is still the national drink of the Indians. J. S. Skinner relates that, “Tn alternation of dancing, singing, and drinking they remain for several days and nights without intermission, until all the jars are empty. Father Figueroa pleasantly observes that he is at a loss to conjecture how they have a head for so much noise, a throat for so much excla- mation, and a tooth for so much liquor.” ' On Plate V, twenty-six flutes are rep- resented. Nos., 2 and 3 are of cane; Nos. 7, 8 and 9 are made from the wing bone (ulna) of the pelican; INKoiS5 agi, te eI, aly Bhaval (6) from combined ulna and radius of the llama; No. 131s a small gourd. All the others are made fvom the ulna of deer. They are simply tubes, open through- out their length, and all belong to the class known as “end-blown.”’ In playing, the breath, crossing the opening at the upper end, impinges, on the sharp edge, which is often notched, setting up vibration in the column of air within the instrument, thus producing the sound. It is a well-known law that the frequency of vibration, Flute cc BONE FLUTES %4 ' Present State of Peru, p. 290. FLATE Ill ~ 15 THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. 17 or, in other words, the pitch of a note produced, depends chiefly on the length of the column of air within the flute. In the flutes represented the vents or holes for changing the length of the vibrating column of air vary in number from three to seven. In those made of cane they are all on the upper side, while the bone flutes often have one of the holes on the under side, which was closed by the thumb. Nos. 4, 5,6, 10, r1, 14 and 17 to 26 are of the latter kind. All attempts to discover any rule or law governing the po- sitions of the openings or vents have been unsuccessful. ag THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL skin which are quite new to science. I have had very good success in using the phonograph, and have obtained songs of the Gilyak and Tungus. Linguistic work on Saghalin was very difficult, because there are no interpreters capable of translating texts. There is no one who knows more than the most common phrases of Russian. Among the Ainu, Russian is entirely unknown; and for the purpose of interpret- ing I had to use Japanese, with which, however, they are not very familiar either. Nevertheless, my knowledge of the Japanese language facilitated my work among them since they like the Japanese people. I collected most of my material among the Ainu during the night-time, because it is only at this time that everything is active. There isa great difference between the Ainu dialects of Yezo and Saghalin, the latter being much more archaic. I did not succeed in obtaining any anthro- pometric measurements. The people were afraid that they would die at once after submitting to this process. Although I had their con- fidence, I failed in my efforts in this direction, even after offering them presents which they considered of great value. I succeeded in measur- ing a single individual, a man of imposing stature, who, after the measurements had been taken, fell prostrate on the floor, the picture of despair, groaning, ‘‘ Now I am going to die to-morrow!” I started comparatively late on my journey along the east coast of Saghalin, because I was detained for two months and a half by a severe attack of influenza. As soon as I had sufficiently recovered, I visited one of the Gilyak villages where the people were celebrating one of their bear festivals. I was welcomed with much delight, since I met several of my acquaintances of last summer. For five days I assisted in the ceremonial, and was even permitted to witness the sac- rifice of the dog, which is kept secret from the Russians. . . . On New Year’s eve I reached my southernmost point on the island. On the following day I took phonographic records of songs, which created the greatest sensation among the Russians as well as among the natives. A young Gilyak woman who sang into the instrument said, “It took me so long to learn this song, and this thing has learned it at once, without making any mistakes. There is surely a man or a spirit in this box which imitates me!” and at the same time she was crying and laughing with excitement. On the 2d of January I started by dog-sledge northward. This journey was exceedingly difficult, and sometimes even dangerous. At one time I narrowly escaped drowning when crossing the ice at the foot of a steep promontory. I broke through the ice, which was 97 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL much weakened by the action of the waves. Fortunately my guide happened to upset his sledge at the same moment when I broke through. Thus it was that he saw my situation, and extricated me with his staff. Toward the end of the month I arrived at Korsakovsk, making the last hundred versts (sixty-seven miles) on horseback. Originally I intended to return from this point along the west coast of the island; but this proved to be impossible, since there is no means of communi- cation in winter. For this reason I had to return northward the same way that I came, and had to travel as rapidly as possible in order to reach Nikolayevsk in time, for by the end of March it be- comes impossible to cross the ice between the island and the main- land. Therefore I returned with all possible speed; working and collecting, however, whenever opportunity offered. On March 21 Dr. Laufer crossed to the mainland in order to take up his studies of the Gold, a Tungus tribe. He reached Khabarovsk on March 25. Since a considerable number of Gold are located at that point he settled there and carried on his investigations among the natives. By the end of May, naviga- tion on the Amur being reopened, he started on a boat journey down the river, visiting villages of the Gold, and farther down those of the Gilyak. After reaching Nikolayevsk, he paid a visit to the Gold tribes on the Amgun River; and finally returned to Vladivostok. On October 19, 1899, Dr. Laufer started home, and after spending some time in Japan, reached New York early in 1900. Mr. Fowke had left Vladivostok a little earlier, and reached New York in the fall of 1899. The plans for the work in the arctic part of Siberia were elaborated with the assistance of the Imperial Academy of Sci- ences of St. Petersburg. Professor W. Radloff, director of the Ethnographical Museum and a member of the Academy, sug- gested that the work be intrusted to Messrs. Waldemar Jochelson and Waldemar Bogoras, who had for several years carried on important studies in Siberia under the auspices of the Imperial Geographical Society. In the summer of 1898 Professor Boas visited Europe, and, after consultation with Professor Radloff, had a number of conferences with Mr. Jochelson, in which the 98 SNIVLNNOW YSNVAOHMYSA SHL SSOHOV LISLNO SitNOSTSHOOP "YW ONILYOdSNVYL SAVWS1-YSS0NI9Y 66 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL general plan of the expedition was decided upon. According to this plan, Mr. Jochelson was to undertake the study of the Kor- yak and Yukaghir; Mr. Bogoras, that of the Chukchee and Es- kimo. Through their former expeditions Mr. Jochelson was already familiar with the Yakut and part of the Yukaghir, while Mr. Bogoras knew the western Chukchee intimately. The expedition was to begin in the year 1900. Mr. Bogoras was to stay among the Chukchee and Eskimo until the summer of 1901, while Mr. Jochelson proposed to begin his studies on the Sea of Okhotsk, and then to travel westward over the Stanovoi Mountains to the Yukaghir, whence he intended to return by way of Yakutsk and Irkutsk in 1902. Later this plan was slightly modified, in that Mr. Bogoras undertook the linguistic study of the Koryak, whose speech is closely related to that of the Chukchee. Messrs. Jochelson and Bogoras reached New York in March, 1g0o. A considerable part of the outfit of the expedition had been purchased in Europe and shipped to Vladivostok direct. The rest of the purchases were made in America, and in April the party left San Francisco bound for Vladivostok, which was reached May 16. In New York Mr. Norman G. Buxton was added to the party. He was charged with the making of collec- tions of zodlogical material. Mrs. Jochelson and Mrs. Bogoras, who were to share the hardships of the journey with their hus- bands, and to undertake part of the work of the expedition, had gone to Vladivostok by way of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Be- sides, Mr. Jochelson had engaged Mr. Alexander Axelrod of Zurich as a general assistant, particularly for carrying on the geographical work incidental to the expedition. Mr. Jochelson undertook the general leadership. At Vladivostok the expedition separated into two parties. Mr. and Mrs. Jochelson and Messrs. Axelrod and Buxton were to make their headquarters at Gishiga; Mr. and Mrs. Bogoras, at Mariinsky Post, at the mouth of the Anadyr River. The Bogoras party left Vladivostok on June 14, on board the steamer “ Baikal.”’ The departure of the Jochelson party was delayed until July 24, because, owing to the political complications in China, the gov- Io! THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL ernment transport “ Khabarovsk,” which visits Gishiga once every year, was employed for military purposes. Mr. Jochelson reports on the progress of the expedition in his immediate charge as follows: On August 16, r900, we landed in Kushka, a small village at the mouth of the Gishiga River. The condition of affairs in the district of Gishiga was very sad. In the winter of 1899-1900 this region had been visited by an epidemic of measles. According to the church registers, 179 persons out of a total of 500 had died at Gishiga between December 25, 1899, and March 1, 1900. When we reached Gishiga, the grippe prevailed and everybody was sick abed. Contrary to my expectations, there were no Koryak near Gishiga. The Reindeer Koryak, who are in the habit of wintering near this place, had moved far into the mountains with their herds, in order to escape the ray- ages of the prevailing epidemic. Neither was it easy to reach the villages of the Maritime Koryak, which are located on Penshina Bay, east of Gishiga. There is no regular means of communication in summer, because at that season travel across the tundra by dog- or reindeer-team is impossible. Sea-going boats which could withstand the heavy seas at Cape Taigonos, between the bays of Gishiga and Penshina, were not available, so that, in order not to lose the remain- ing summer months, I made up my mind to attempt the tundra with pack-horses. These, however, were hard to get. There were sixty- five horses in all, in the region, the property of the Russian inhabi- tants of Gishiga. Most of these had been hired by a Russo-American gold-mining company, which was represented by an American en- gineer, Mr. Shockley. After a great deal of trouble I succeeded in hiring twenty horses, some of which were almost too young for use. Mr. Buxton staid in Kushka in order to make zodlogical collections, while the rest of our party started on September ro. We were accompanied by a Cossack, an interpreter and two packers, who also served as guides. The trail across the boggy tundra and over the hills was very difficult. Pack-horses as well as saddle- horses became mired and had to be extricated, so that we did not average more than ten miles a day. One day, while our Cossack and interpreter were hunting two pack-horses that were carrying provi- sions and had run away up a side valley, I tried to proceed on my journey, accompanied by Mrs. Jochelson and Mr. Axelrod. We ex- 102 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL pected soon to overtake our guides, who had gone ahead with the rest of the pack-horses; but when ascending a hill we lost the trail, and for two days we wandered about in the high, treeless tundra without food, fire or protection against wind and frost. At length we gathered a large pile of wood and started a fire, the smoke of which was dis- covered by our men, who had been searching for us all the time. At the foot of the last pass we had to cross we were overtaken by a snow- storm, which detained us for three days. At length on October 5, we reached Paren, a winter village of the Koryak. The village, however, was deserted, since the people were still living in their summer village, about fifteen miles distant. I sent my men to notify them of our arrival, and on the following day two skin boats arrived at the mouth of the river to convey us to the village Kuel, on the river of the same name. Before our departure from Paren, I sent back my two guides with the horses, which were exhausted by the long journey. The return journey of these men lasted eighteen days, and was full of accidents. In a snowstorm they lost six horses, the men themselves almost perished of cold and hunger, and after their arrival in Gishiga six more horses died of exhaustion. After our arrival at Kuel, our investigations began. During the ‘first half of the winter 1900-01 we carried on our work in the villages of the Maritime Koryak of the bays of Gishiga and Penshina. The second half of the winter was spent in the camps of the Reindeer Koryak in the interior of the country. When the winter trails were in good condition, I went to Gishiga to replenish my provisions and barter, and then we started with twenty dog-sledges for Kamenskoye, where I staid for some time. While we were located at this place, Mr. Bogoras came overland on a visit from Anadyr, and spent the month of December with us. During this time he was engaged in studies of the Koryak lan- guage. After his arrival, I sent Mr. Axelrod to Anadyr to take charge of Mr. Bogoras’s station until his return. Mr. Bogoras completed his linguistic studies, and then proceeded to visit the villages of northern Kamchatka. After his return, Mr. Axelrod staid with him at Anadyr. In all my journeys I was accompanied by Mrs. Jochelson, who, being a candidate for the degree of medicine at the University of Zurich, took charge of the anthropometrical and medical work of the expedition and of most of the photographic work. While among the Maritime Koryak, we lived most of the time in 103 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL their underground dwellings, which are reached by a ladder leading down through the smoke-hole. It is almost impossible to describe the squalor of these dwellings. The smoke, which fills the hut, makes the eyes smart. It is particularly dense in the upper part of the hut, so that work that has to be done in an upright position becomes almost impossible. Walls, ladder and household utensils are covered with a greasy soot, so that contact with them leaves shining black spots on hands and clothing. The dim light which falls through the smoke-hole is hardly sufficient for writing and reading. The odor of blubber and of refuse is almost intolerable; and the inmates, intoxi- cated with fly agaric, add to the discomfort of the situation. The natives are infested with lice. As long as we remained in these dwell- ings we could not escape these insects, which we dreaded more than any of the privations of our journey. The winter tents of the Reindeer Koryak are so cold that we could not work in them; therefore we had to put up a tent of our own. It was furnished with a small iron stove, and there we carried on our ethnological and anthropometrical work. At night, however, the tent was very cold, and we slept in bags made of wolf-skins. While on the way, we spent the nights on the snow, covered with fur blankets. Several times we were exposed to snowstorms, and had to wait under our blankets, covered with snow, until the gale was over. In May we returned to Kushka, and I was engaged until June in packing up and cataloguing the collections which we had made in the winter. In June we started in two boats on the dangerous jour- ney to the mouth of the Nayakhan River. At that time there were assembled at this place more than sixty tents of nomadic Tungus whom I proposed to visit. On our return journey the tempestuous sea drove us into the Bay of Atykyna, where we had to stay for five days, almost without any provisions. Fortunately on the fourth day of our stay my men killed two seals. In July I made a trip by boat from Gishiga to the mouth of the river Ovekova, where I visited a camp of Maritime Koryak. This was my last stay with the Koryak, and on July 28 I returned to Kushka. While Mr. Bogoras’s party was returning to Vladivostok from Mariinsky Post, and while Mr. Buxton was waiting for the steamer that was to take him back, I had to stay another year in northeastern Siberia, the object of my further investigations being the study of the Yukaghir of the Kolyma. 104 CHUKCHEE YUKAGHFIR TUNGUS nat 105 GILYAK AINO SIBERIAN TYPES THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL After the necessary preparations had been completed, I started with Mrs. Jochelson on August 15 from Kushka, on our journey across the Stanovoi Mountains to the Kolyma. I had hired twenty saddle- and pack-horses from the Yakut, and was accompanied by four Yakut packers, one Tungus guide, one Tungus interpreter and one Yukaghir chief. Our journey from Kushka, at the mouth of the Gishiga River, to Verkhne-Kolymsk, on the Yassachna River, a tributary of the Kolyma, took fifty-six days—from August 15 until October 9, 1901. We were the first whites to cross the Stanovoi Mountains at this point. In winter, nomadic Tungus visit this country, but in summer it is de- serted by all human beings. This journey was the most difficult one that it was ever my fate to undertake. Bogs, mountain torrents, rocky passes and thick forests combined to hinder our progress. Part of our provisions consisted of bread and dried fish. A heavy rain which fell during the first few days of our journey soaked the loads of the pack-horses and caused the provisions to rot. Therefore we had to cut down our rations from the very beginning. After crossing the passes of the Stanovoi Mountains, we reached the upper course of the Korkodon River. By this time our horses were exhausted, and it was necessary to take a long rest. Meanwhile the cold was increasing day by day, and haste was necessary if we were to reach Verkhne-Ko- lymsk before the closing of the river. Therefore I left three Yakut with the horses and the goods, and prepared to descend the river on a raft with the rest of my party, hoping thus to reach a camp of the Yukaghir which is located on the course of the Korkodon. It took us one day to build a strong raft, and then we began the descent of the river, made dangerous by numerous rapids and short bends, by the rocky banks and by jams of driftwood. Our guides had intimated that we could make the descent in two days, but in- stead we spent nine days on the raft. It was my desire to leave ample provisions with the three Yakut who staid with the horses, and for this reason I had reduced our own allowance to the very lowest limit. Thus it happened that three days’ rations had to last us through the nine days which we spent on the raft. For the last six days we had to be satisfied with forty-five pounds of flour, or an allowance of two cups a day for every person and a little tea without sugar. We spent four days among the Yukaghir of the Korkodon, and after finishing our work and purchasing a supply of fish, we continued our journey to Verkhne-Kolymsk in a boat down the Korkodon and 107 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL the Kolyma. The journey took seven days. In the night following the seventh day the river froze up while we were still forty miles from our goal. We left the boat, and after a tramp of two days reached Verkhne-Kolymsk on October 9, rgor. There I found the goods which I had sent ahead in t900 from the Bay of Ola. From Verkhne-Kolymsk, a village of eight houses and one church, I visited the Yukaghir of the River Yassachna. It was December 8 when the Yakut whom I had left on the Korkodon reached Verkhne-Kolymsk. Then we proceeded to Sredne-Kolymsk, the capital of the district and a town of five hundred inhabitants, arriving there December 24. On January 6, 1902, we continued our journey to Nishne-Kolymsk, and then to the Yukaghir of the tundra west of the Kolyma. February I5 we returned to Sredne-Kolymsk, and March 6 started on our return journey. Passing Verkhoyansk we reached Yakutsk April 25, 1902. The condition of affairs in northeastern Siberia happened to be very unfavorable during the time of my visit. A famine prevailed among the Yukaghir of the Yassachna. I assisted them as far as I could, and sent a messenger to Sredne-Kolymsk to request the assist- ance of the government. In the spring of 1902 the inhabitants of three Yukaghir tents on the Omolon were found starved to death. Even in Sredne-Kolymsk the fishing had been a complete failure, and the people were compelled to kill their dog teams because they could not feed them. Hunting on the tundra had also been a failure. Besides this, there were unusual demands made upon the horses and reindeer that are used as means of conveyance on the post-road from Yakutsk to Kolymsk, so that the animals were quite exhausted. On this road we met officers from Yakutsk, government messengers, and members of several expeditions:—the Mammoth expedition of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences, part of the polar expedition of Baron von Toll, and the English newspaper expedition of Harry de Windt. For these reasons the conveyance of the Yukaghir collec- tions to Yakutsk was very difficult. We spent some time in the dis- trict of Yakutsk, where 1 made a Yakut collection. We started homeward July 16, 1902; reached Irkutsk August 8, where we took the railroad for St. Petersburg, and finally arrived at New York November 18, rgo2. The distance covered by myself and Mrs. Jochelson from Gishiga to Irkutsk amounted to nearly eight thousand miles. The results of our work are complete studies of the ethnography and anthropology of the Koryak and Yukaghir, illustrated by.extensive collections. 108 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL These collections embrace three thousand ethnographical objects, forty-one plaster casts of faces, measurements of about nine hundred individuals, twelve hundred photographs, one hundred fifty tales and traditions, phonographic cylinders, and skulls and archzological spe- cimens from abandoned village sites and from graves. I also made a small zodlogical collection, and obtained a large mammoth tusk weighing two hundred twenty pounds. During the whole period of my absence I kept a meteorological journal. Mr. Jochelson does not state in this report that on his whole journey overland to the Kolyma, and from there through the district of Yakutsk, certain Russian officials, following a secret order issued by the Minister of the Interior, did all they could to hinder the progress of the expedition and to thwart its success. This action seems difficult to understand, in view of the hearty support and assistance rendered by the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the open letters issued by the Russian Government, requesting the officials of Siberia to render assistance whenever possible. ' Mr. Bogoras gives the following description of his expedition: We left Vladivostok June 14, 1900, for Mariinsky Post at the mouth of the Anadyr River, taking the only regular means of convey- ance, the Russian mail steamer, which visits the place but once a year. Contrary to my expectations, I had not been able to charter a special steamer to carry the Anadyr branch of the Jesup North Pacific Ex- pedition to the Chukchee Peninsula. Mariinsky Post is the most remote settlement of the Russians in northeastern Asia. We arrived there after a five weeks’ journey. A detachment of Cossacks is stationed there, by the side of a small native village. The Cossacks live in barracks built of timber and covered all over with earth. The native village is the southernmost settle- ment of the Maritime Chukchee, and is distant several days’ journey from the nearest village of the same tribe. On account of an epi- demic of measles which was ravaging the Chukchee villages, I could not hire a boat’s crew for a journey to the north. Therefore I had to delay my visit to the northern villages until the next spring, when I crossed Holy Cross Bay on the ice. Before starting I had arranged to meet Mr. Jochelson at Kamenskoye, on the Sea of Okhotsk, where I was to spend some time studying the Koryak language. I also 109 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL thought that it would be possible to proceed from Kamenskoye to northern Kamchatka, in order to study such remnants of the Kam- chadal language and folk-lore as might still exist in some remote vil- lages, and then to return to Anadyr in time for a journey northward. I spent the first four months of my field-work at the mouth of the Anadyr, visiting the camps of the Reindeer Chukchee, which during the summer are scattered on the seashore. I made collections and took photographs and anthropometrical measurements. During this time I also made a study of the language of the Ai’wan tribe, which forms the main branch of the Asiatic Eskimo. In this I had the aid of two Ai’wan families who live with the Chukchee at Mariinsky Post. The conditions of the summer were rather unfavorable. An epidemic of measles brought by a Russian trader from Vladivostok to Kam- chatka the previous year swept along the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk and of Bering Sea, carrying away hundreds of victims. In some places the fatality amounted to about thirty per cent. of the whole population. In the summer of rg0o0 it reached the Pacific shore of the Chukchee Peninsula, where the loss of life was just as consider- able. Therefore the summer fair which is held at Mariinsky Post early in August every year was not visited in rg00o by any of the native traders from the northern Chukchee and the Eskimo villages. About the end of October, a considerable time after the freezing of the Anadyr River, I left Mariinsky Post, together with one of my Cossacks, bound for the village of Markova on the middle Anadyr, from there to Kamenskoye on the Okhotsk Sea. From that period till the end of my field-work I spent my time in continuous travel, and did not remain at any one place more than three or four weeks. Mrs. Bogoras staid on the Anadyr till the next summer, traveling between Mariinsky Post and Markova, and making the greater part of the collections for the Museum, while I spent my time chiefly in collecting scientific information. She was assisted by Mr. Axelrod, whom Mr. Jochelson sent to Mariinsky Post from Kamenskoye. We traveled almost exclusively with dogs, several of which I bought from the natives, picking out the best, and from time to time exchanging for fresh ones those that became unfit for further travel. Of these dogs I formed three teams, which allowed us to travel fast enough, when the weather and the conditions of the snow were favor- able. We could carry no heavy loads, however, and had to leave everything behind except our scientific instruments and a few objects for barter. This obliged us to rely almost wholly on the food-supply T1090 ‘ Lateny j 5 * MARKOVA, ON ANADYR RIVER, SIBERIA, MOST EASTERN TOWN OF RUSSIA. VISITED BY MR. BOGORAS III THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL of the country, and during the whole time we lived on dried fish, reindeer-meat, seal and walrus blubber etc. I found it more difficult to get food for my dogs than for ourselves especially in the spring, when food is scarce in the maritime villages. Thus we were obliged to carry some dog-food all the time, which lessened still more our carrying-capacity for other purposes. In traveling I was usually accompanied by one Cossack and a native guide. Each of us drove his own team of twelve animals. The winter of 1r9g00-or was very severe in the Anadyr country. It began with heavy snowfalls, which were followed by a general thaw. The moss pastures were covered with a crust of ice, and thus the reindeer herds were half starved because they could not break the ice with their hoofs. Therefore the winter fairs were sparsely attended, the people remaining scattered all around the country, unable to undertake any extensive journeys. Blizzards were frequent, and directly after leaving Mariinsky Post we were overtaken by one which lasted several days and spoiled the track to such a degree that our dogs were hardly able to drag themselves through the deep snow. We had to make the greater part of the journey to Markova on snow- shoes and assist our teams in dragging the sledges. I reached Kamenskoye after a month’s journey, and found Mr. and Mrs. Jochelson there. Near the end of December, after four weeks’ stay, I left Kamenskoye, and went across the plateau of Para- polsky Dol to the first villages of the Kamchatka Koryak, and thence to the villages of the western Kamchadal, on the west coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. There, in eight villages, I found that the Kamchadal language was still spoken, though rapidly giving way to Russian. The language was found to belong to the same stock as the Chukchee and the Koryak. In several details the Kamchadal lan- guage appears to be more complicated and probably more ancient than the two northern dialects. About the end of February I left Kamchatka and started on my return journey to the Anadyr, along the Pacific coast, through a part of the country hitherto wholly unknown and unexplored. The journey had to be made hurriedly, because I had to reach Mariinsky Post on March 25, since I had left directions with the Anadyr branch of the expedition to have everything ready by that time for a journey northwards. Unfortunately I was taken ill with influenza in one of the Kamchatka villages and lost my voice temporarily, so that I could communicate with the natives only by means of signs during 113 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL more than a fortnight. At one time, indeed, my illness became so alarming, that the Cossack, who also felt responsible for the success of the expedition, asked me for instructions as to which way to carry my body and my “‘official papers’’ in case I should die on the route. I ordered him to tie up everything in curried leather, and to take it with all possible despatch to the Anadyr. My route lay across the border-line between the Koryak and the Chukchee reindeer-breeders, who in former times were involved in continuous warfare with each other, and then along the line of Kerek villages. The latter are a branch of the Maritime Koryak, who live in the most remote part of the country, which is very poor in natural resources. In former times they lived chiefly on walrus; but within the last few decades, 7. e., since the arrival of American whalers has driven the walrus farther to the north, they have been rapidly dying out from continual starvation. Between the Kerek villages and the first camps of the Anadyr Reindeer Chukchee lies an uninhabited, mountainous country. It is unknown to the Kerek, who therefore could not supply us with guides, and we had to pass through it, guided solely by the course of the frozen mountain rivers up to the watershed, and then down to the tributaries of the Anadyr. This journey lasted seventeen days, and nearly exhausted the strength of both dogs and drivers. I reached Mariinsky Post on March 26, and after a stay of two weeks started northward with a party of native traders, who were returning from the annual traffic with the Anadyr Cossacks. I was accompanied by Mr. Axelrod and four Russianized natives with extra teams, carrying provision and wares for barter. During this journey Mr. Axelrod made a survey of the overland route. A journey of four weeks brought us to Indian Point, where we staid about a month, during which time I made a boat journey to St. Lawrence Island. My studies at that place were devoted to the Maritime Chukchee and ~ Asiatic Eskimo. At the end of June I started on my return journey towards the mouth of the Anadyr. For this purpose I bought the frame of a native boat and had it covered with walrus hides. Our journey in this boat lasted thirty-two days, and we arrived at Mariinsky Post on July 28, rgo1, ten days before the arrival of the annual postal steamer which took us back to Vladivostok. From there I shipped our collections to New York by way of Suez, while we returned over the Trans-Siberian Railway to St. Petersburg. There I was unfor- 114 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL tunately taken ill, and was unable to return to New York until April 17, 1902. The results of this work are studies of the ethnography and an- thropology of the Chukchee and Asiatic Eskimo, and partly of the Kamchadal and of the Pacific Koryak. These studies are illustrated by extensive collections, embracing five thousand ethnographical ob- jects, thirty-three plaster casts of faces, seventy-five skulls and archeological specimens from abandoned village sites and from graves. Other material obtained includes three hundred tales and traditions; one hundred fifty texts in the Chukchee, Koryak, Kam- chadal and Eskimo languages; dictionaries and grammatical sketches of these languages; ninety-five phonographic records, and measure- ments of eight hundred sixty individuals. I also made a zodlogical collection and kept a meteorological journal during the whole time of my field-work. The investigators who took part in the field-work of the expedition are all engaged in studies of the materials collected. Some of the results have been published, but much remains to be done. It is of course premature to draw any final conclu- sions from the materials collected, because the greater part is not yet available for purposes of comparison, and the investiga- tion of the anthropometrical material has not even been taken up. It seems clear, however, even at this time, that the isolated tribes of eastern Siberia and those of the northwest coast of America form one race, similar in type, and with many elements of culture in common. It would seem that the unity of race was much greater in former times than it is now; that the in- vasion of eastern tribes in America, such as the Eskimo, Atha- pascan and Salish, and of western and southern tribes in Asia, such as the Yakut and Tungus, have disturbed the former con- ditions. Nevertheless enough remains to lead us to think that the tribes of this whole area must be considered as a single race, or at least that their culture is a single culture, which at one time was found in both the northeastern part of the Old World and the northwestern part of the New World. Thus the Jesup Ex- pedition seems to have established the close relationship between the peoples of Asia and America. 115 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Tue following Museum memoirs have been published, em- bodying results obtained by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. The number of the volume is that which each bears in the series of Museum memoirs. Vol. II. Anthropology. Parr I. — Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Columbia. By Franz Boas. Pp. 1-24, pll.i-vi. June 16, 1808. Part II. — The Mythology of the Bella Coola Indians. By Franz Boas. Pp. 25-127, pll. vii—xii. November, 1898. Part III. — The Archeology of Lytton, British Columbia. By Harlan I. Smith. Pp. 129-161, pl. xii, and 117 text figures. May, 1899. Part IV. — The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. By James Teit. Edited by Franz Boas. Pp. 163-392, pll. xiv—xx, and 198 text figures. April, 1900. Part V.— Basketry Designs of the Salish Indians. By Liv- ingston Farrand. Pp. 393-399, pll. xxi-xxiti, and 15 text figures. April, 1900. Part VI. — Archeology of the Thompson River Region. By Harlan I. Smith. Pp. 401-442, pll. xxiv—-xxvi, and 51 text figures. (With title-page, contents, and index to Vol. II.) June, 1900. Vol. IV. Anthropology (not yet completed). Part I. — Traditions of the Chilcotin Indians. By Livingston Farrand. Pp. 1-54. June, 1900. Part IJ. — Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. By - Harlan I. Smith and Gerard Fowke. Pp. 55-76, pli. i-v, and 9 text figures. January, 1901. Part III. — Traditions of the Quinault Indians. By Liv- ingston Farrand, .assisted by W.S. Kahnweiler. Pp. 77-132. January, 1902. Part IV.— Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River. By Harlan I. Smith. Pp. 133-190, pll. vi, vii, and 59 text figures. December, 1902. 116 MARIINSKY POST, SIBERIA. COLLECTIONS OF JESUP NORTH PACIFIC EXPEDITION READY FOR SHIPMENT 117 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Vol. V. Anthropology (not yet completed). Part I.— Kwakiutl Texts. By Franz Boas and George Hunt. Pp. 1-270. January, 1902. Part IT. — Kwakiutl Texts (continued). Pp. 271-402. De- cember, 1902. Vol. VII. Anthropology (not yet completed). Part I.— The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes. By Berthold Laufer. Pp. 1-79, pll. 1-xxxiii, and 24 text figures. January, 1902. ETHNOGRAPHICAL ALBUM. Ethnographical Album of the North Pacific Coasts of America and Asia. Part I, pp. 1-5, pll. 1-28. August, 1900. Among those in preparation are: Vol. IV, Part V.— The Lillooet of British Columbia. By James Teit. Vol. VII, Part Il. — The Chukchee. By Waldemar Bogoras. Vol. VIII, Part I. — The Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. By John R. Swanton. Ethnographical Album of the North Pacific Coasts of America and Asia. Part II. NEWS NOTES =HE Department of Vertebrate Paleontology has re- cently received two very handsome gifts: the skull of the white rhinoceros of Africa from J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq.; and casts of the skull, brain cavity and foot of two species of Uintatherium, a cast of the skull and jaw of Brontops robustus and a cast of the skeleton of Anchisaurus, presented by the Yale University Museum through Professor Charles E. Beecher. ProFessor J. E. DuerpDEN, Honorary Curator of Cotlenter- ates, who has spent the past year as interim professor of biology 119 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL at the University of North Carolina, was at the Museum for a few days in July, on his way to England. He will spend the next academic year at the University of Michigan, as acting assistant professor of zodlogy. ProFessor HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN spent several weeks in August and September visiting the various places in the West, where the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology has been carrying on field work during the past season. These localities, as stated in the July number of the JouRNAL, were Fort Bridger and vicinity, Reed and Bone Cabin Quarries in Wyoming, and the southwestern part of South Dakota. Dr. E. O. Hovey of the Department of Geology visited Vienna in August to represent the Museum at the ninth triennial meeting of the International Geological Congress. He gave a public lecture before the congress on the recent volcanic erup- tions on the islands of Martinique and St. Vincent. Mr. Frank M. CHAPMAN’S quest for birds and accessories in California, mentioned in the last number of the JOURNAL, was very successful and he brought back to the Museum a large amount of material from which groups will be constructed for our exhibition halls, as well as specimens for the research col- lections and numerous photographs. Mr. W. BeuTtENMULLER’S expedition to North Carolina in May and June for insects was very successful. A full account of the trip may be expected in a future number of the JOURNAL. 120 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The Collection of Fossil Vertebrates BY W. D. Matthew, Ph.D. Associate Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology SUPPLEMENT TO AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL VOL. III, No. 5, OCTOBER, 1903 Guide Leaflet No. 12 American Museum of Natural History Officers President Morris Kk. Jesup First Vice-President Second Vice-President J. Prerpont MorGan Henry F. Ossporn Treasurer Director CHARLES LANIER Hermon C. Bumpus Secretary and Assistant Treasurer Joun H. WrnseEr Scientific Staff Director Hermon C. Bumpus Department of Public Instruction Prof. ALBERT S. BicKMoRE, Curator Department of Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology Prof. R. P. Wuitrievp, Curator Epmunp Oris Hovey, Ph.D., Associate Curator Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Curator Frank M. CuapMan, Associate Curator Department of Vertebrate Paleontology Prof. Henry FairFIELD Ossporn, Curator W. D. Matruew, Ph.D., Associate Curator O. P. Hay, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Fishes and Chelonia Department of Entomology WitiiAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator Departments of Mineralogy and Conchology L. P. Graracap, A. M., Curator GeorGE F.-Kunz, Honorary Curator of Gems Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy Prof. Witt1amM Morton WHEELER, Curator GeorceE H. SHerwoop, A.M., Assistant Curator Prof. J. E. DuERpEN, Honorary Curator of Coelenterates Department of Archeology Prof. Freperic W. Putnam, Advisory Curator Prof. MarsHatr H. Savitve, Curator of Mexican and Central American Archeology Hartan I. Smiru, Assistant Curator of Archeology GeorcE H. Pepper, Assistant in Archeology of the Southwest Department of Ethnology Prof. FRaNz Boas, Curator Prof. Lrvincston Farranp, Assistant Curator CLarRK WissL_er, Ph.D., Assistant Department of Physiology Prof. Ratpw W. Tower, Curator Department of Books and Publications Prof. Ratpu W. Tower, Curator Department of Maps and Charts A. Woopwarp, Ph.D., Curator The Collection of Fossil Vertebrates A Guide Leaflet to the Exhibition Halls of Vertebrate Palaeontology in the American Museum of Natural History By W. D. MATTHEW, Ph.D. Associate Curator, Department of Vertebrate Palzeontology PUBLISHED BY THE MUSEUM AS SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Vou. III, No, 5, OcroBER, 1903 Guide Leaflet No. 12 PREFATORY NOTE THE COLLECTION of fossil vertebrates belonging to the American Museum of Natural History comprises the extensive material col- lected by the late Professor E. D. Cope chiefly between 1870 and 1890 and the much larger collections made by the expeditions which have been sent out by the Museum every year, beginning with 1891. Most of the Museum expeditions have worked in the western States. From the beginning of the department in 1891 the collection and exhibition of these fossils have been under the direction of Pro- fessor Henry Fairfield Osborn, the curator. From 1891 to 1898, in- clusive, the exploring parties in the field were under the immediate supervision of Dr. J. L. Wortman. Since that time Messrs. Matthew, Granger, Brown and Gidley have been in charge of the field work. The funds necessary for sending out the expeditions and for the purchase of the Cope Collection have been furnished chiefly by Presi- dent Jesup and Messrs. Osborn, Whitney and Constable. The ex- hibit illustrating the evolution of the Horse is mostly the gift of Mr. William C. Whitney. EDITOR. = = ~~ 2 =e Ao) } a! ere pe YF ae , o q ¢ 7 : - 7 nals MT GTIR oe * * THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. By W. D. Matruew, Ph.D., Associate Curator, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology. TABLE OF CONTENTS. LTR NS URCTIONT er bb wk aBiOno cL vos boo boO poten Bon ooo EEE Un 457 cena 5 What Fossils Are. The Divisions of Geological Time. How Fossil Skele- tons are Mounted and Exhibited in this Hall. General Arrange- ment of the Collections. East Corripor. No. 405. Fossil Marine Repitles.............2.00000 10 How they come to be Buried, Fossilized, Found and Collected. Ple- siosaurs. Mosasaurs. Ichthyosaurs. Fishes. ASTEWIINGS NOAA O04 | DTOSSTL IVE GIMINGIS 50.006 02 oe 5 5 ot ables Ode eh sz aie mie 12 Arrangement. Titanotheres. Rhinoceroses. Horses. Primitive Hoofed Mammals. Primitive Clawed Mammals. Elephants, Mammoths and Mastodons. Artiodactyls. South American Fossil Mammals. Instances of Evolution. Restorations. Trans- parencies. Charts, etc. By AS MUNIN MMM COPEL Oise pce Aras A ciate, eae |e afeta Slats ys Gra lehe aeie'y Soles loka ie al ehste ayers 26 Fossil Reptiles. Dinosaurs: Amphibious, Carnivorous, Beaked. Crocodiles. Lizards. Turtles. Primitive Reptiles. EIISELPAMEDHLD TUNIS we SUCLOCE DUANE. fe cis ec cicie gees Qe ewe ee se eee esis ve 31 Fossil Fishes. WDinichthys. Green River Fishes..............-.0-0200+ 32 INTRODUCTION. WHEN we dig beneath the present surface of the ground we sometimes find remains of ancient cities, dwellings, bones of men and animals, buried many centuries ago under accumulations of débris, deposits of river mud or drifted sand. From these have been gleaned many facts concerning the early history of man- kind of which there is no written chronicle. From the study of these facts the science of Archzology has arisen, the science which deals with the early history of mankind, with the evolu- tion of civilization. Most of the lower animals of which the archeologist finds traces are like those now living, although a few have what Fos- become extinct. But in those more ancient deposits _ sils Are. which are now consolidated into clays, sandstones etc., indica- 5 6 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES tions of man are not found, and the remains of lower ani- mals which they contain are unlike any now living—the more unlike as the rock is more ancient. These remains are called fossils. They consist only of the hard parts of animals (bones, shells, spines etc.). The soft parts are never preserved, and only very rarely is some trace of skin or hair, horns or hoofs, to be distinguished. As in the course of ages the mud or sand in which they are buried changes to rock, so little by little the fossils have been changed by heat, pressure and especially by the slow infiltration of mineralized waters into brittle, stony material, while retaining their outward form and usually their peculiar structure. But mud and clay, in changing into rock, settle down and contract considerably, and the fossils are flat- tened out correspondingly, sometimes to such a degree, in the case of a rock which has once been a soft, oozy mud, that they suggest rather a picture or a bas-relief than the original form of the animal. The fossil skeletons of marine reptiles and fishes on the walls of the corridor hall and in the case opposite the elevator have been flattened out in this manner, especially the Ichthyosaur skeletons. From fossils we can interpret the history of the world of life during the long ages before man appeared. The science which Science of deals with the ancient history and evolution of the Palzon- animal kingdom is Paleontology (zalazos, ancient, tology. ovra, living beings, -Aoy/a, science). It tells us of a long period of time before Man appeared, probably millions of years, during which Mammals of great size and unfamiliar form were the dominant animals—of a yet longer era before that, during which huge Reptiles were rulers of earth, sea and air— and of other still more ancient periods during which Amphibians, Fish and Invertebrate Animals held sway in turn. Vertebrate Paleontology deals only with the higher classes of fossil animals, the Vertebrata, or those that have backbones (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). Earth-history or geological time has been divided into many Geological Parts according to the evidence furnished by the rocks Time, and the fossils contained therein. The principal sub- divisions are shown in the accompanying table: FOSSIL SKELETONS IN THE ROCK This slab of soft chalky clay contains five skeletons of an extinct animal. One is an old male, the other four are young 8 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES GEOLOGICAL ERAS, PERIODS AND AGES. Eras. | Periods. Ages. ~ Age of Man, Quaternary = 50,000 years Cenozoic Byer Age of Mammals, Tertiary 2 3,000,000 years Cretaceous = ? ove > isles Mesozoic Jurassic Age of Reptiles, 7,000,000 years Triassic Permian Age of Amphibians and Coal Plants, Carboniferous 5,000,000 years bs ; Age of Fishes, Paleozoic Devonian 2,000,000 years Silurian ie 4 | Age of Invertebrates, : ; 10,000,000 years Cambrian Algonkian Eozoic (No fossils) Archean The estimates in years of the geological periods given in this table, which is arranged in descending order from the most recent to the most ancient time, must be understood to be merely very rough approximations. Thereis no known method of finding any exact equivalent in years of any geological period, although the relative length of each to each is much more nearly known. The estimates given herewith are based on the careful study of the subject made by C. D. Walcott, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. In concluding his discussion Dr. Walcott stated his belief that the duration of geological time (the entire period included in this table) might be measured by tens of millions of years, but not by single millions or by hundreds of millions. THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 9 To give the visitor a clear idea of these extinct animals, the skeletons usually have been removed entirely from the rock in which they were found and have been mounted as yoy Fossil much as possible like skeletons of modern animals. Skeletons To mount a petrified skeleton in this manner is a very are difficult matter, for such skeletons are rarely perfect, ase cr and the bone is always very brittle and more or less shattered and crushed out of shape. In the mounted skeleton the missing parts have been restored in tinted plaster, modeled from other individuals or from nearly related animals in which these parts are known. The outlines of the restored parts of bones are marked off with red lines, while entire bones modeled in plaster are marked with a red cross, or with a red circle if supplied from other individuals. All the skeletons are original specimens ex- cept the Megatherium at the far end of the hall; and all are of extinct animals except a few which are placed with the others for comparison. With each fossil skeleton will be found, besides a descriptive label, a small model and a water-color restoration of the animal, showing its probable appearance during life and indicating its supposed habitat. The transparencies in the win- dows show the localities where the fossils are found, chiefly in the Bad-lands of the western States. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT. FOSSIL REPTILES FOSSIL MAMMALS mee FISHES The collections are arranged to illustrate the geological his- tory and evolution of the different groups of Verte- Geral Ar brata, especially those of North America. They fill rangement two large halls and a corridor. of Collec- tions. East Wing. Hall No. 406. Fossil Mammals. IO THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES East Wing. Hall No. 407. Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians and Fishes. In addition East Corridor, No. 405 (in which are the elevator and stair- ways), contains fossil Marine Reptiles and Fishes of the Age of Reptiles. SKELETON OF THE GREAT MARINE LIZARD IN THE EAST CORRIDOR THE EAST CORRIDOR. No. 405. On stepping from the elevator the visitor sees before him a case filled with skulls and skeletons of. the marine reptiles and The Preser- {Shes which inhabited the great inland sea that once vation of spread over the center of the North American conti- Fossilsin nent, from Canada to Mexico. The reptiles were of the Rocks. yinds now long extinct, Plesiosaurs with long snaky neck, short bulky body with long flippers and stubby tail, and Mosasaurs with short neck and longer tail. Some of the fishes were ancestors, collateral or direct, of certain modern fishes, others belonged to groups now extinct. These animals lived and died, their carcasses sank to the bottom of the sea, and were buried in whatever sediment was being deposited there—soft white ooze in the open sea, dark gray or black mud nearer the shores. In the course of ages this ooze or mud settled gradually and consolidated into chalk or shale. Afterwards as the conti- nent rose above the waters and assumed more nearly its present dimensions, the rivers flowing over the broad plains excavated HUNTING FOR FOSSILS IN THE BAD-LANDS Members of the American Museum Expedition of 1894 in the Uinta Basin, Utah Ir 12 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES broad shallow valleys in the chalk and shale. In the dry climate The Find. ©! the present day the sides of these valleys often are ingand bare rock, carved by wind and the infrequent storm- Collecting bursts of rain into the fantastic maze of cliffs and of Roselle. winding canons known as “bad-lands.” Here and there, projecting from an outstanding ledge or trailing in frag- ments down some crumbling slope, a fossil bone may be seen by the trained eye of the collector as he searches along the rock exposures; and quarrying in around the bone he is sometimes rewarded by a skull, sometimes by a string of vertebra, occa- sionally by a whole skeleton, buried in the rock except for such parts of 1t as have been weathered out and washed away. To excavate the fossil without damaging the brittle bones, buried as they are in a weak and shattered mass of heavy shale or chalk, is a slow and delicate operation, requiring special methods and considerable care and skill. Then the specimen must be packed, and sent in to the Museum, where the rock is removed and the specimen is prepared for exhibition. When the bones are as much crushed and distorted as those represented in the photograph (page ro) the matrix is removed from one side only, and the specimen is thus placed on exhibition. Temporarily placed in the bottom of the case is a large Ple- siosaur skeleton, only partly removed from the rock. This Important specimen unfortunately lacks the skull. Beside the Specimens |ower stairway is a Mosasaur skeleton, the finest speci- in Corridor, __ : : ‘ Moe men of its kind ever found, and above it is a large fish skeleton which was found in the same strata in western Kansas. Beside the upper stairway are three skeletons of Ichthyosaurs, another long extinct group of marine reptiles, of fish-like appear- ance, paralleling the modern Whales among mammals. EAST WING. HALL NO. 406. FOSSIL MAMMALS. The ancestors of our modern quadrupeds are to be found in the East Wing, No. 406, together with many extinct races more Arrangement OF less nearly related to them. All the fossil speci- of the Fossil mens of each group of mammals are placed together Mammals. in one alcove, where they have been arranged ac- cording to their geological age. Thus all the fossil Horses, direct Dae WESTERN LAKE BASINS and THE TERTIARY ee ares ARE REPRESENTED IN — WESTERN AMERICA BY A SERIES OF DEPOSITS FORMED ON THE BOTTOMS OF SUCCESSIVE qr Radlah Ld LAKES. THEIR TOTAL THICKNESS EARLY 12000 FEET. REQUIRING PROBABLY Two OR THREE MILLION YEARS TO FORM LOUP DEEP RIVER FORK ' WIND RIVER ; Bi ROM\N G.) TORREJON (NEW MExICO) PUERCO ‘THE AGE OF MAMMALS (CENOZOIC. OR TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY.) CHARACTERISTIC MAMMALS” IN THE SEDIMENTS OF THESE LAKES WERE BURIEO THE REMAINS OF MANY OF THE ANIMALS WHICH LIVED AROUND THEIR SHORES, LEAVING THUS A RECORD OF THE SUCCESSIVE SPECIES WHICH INHABITED THE LAKE REGION THR) CHARACTERISTIC: MAMMALS MSS} iso | Grea Spi S CAMELS ONE TOED HORSES, CAVE BEARS PECCARIES. TAPYRS. COGS wines avons Raceers iso GROUND SLOTHS CAMELS ONE TOED HORSES FIRST WHEMAS. FURST TRUE CATS PRCCAMHS enarers | | MASTODONS, TRUE BORNLESS RHINOCEROSES 400) Last ORLODONTS CAMELS. THHED TOLD HORSES; DLER, FIRST PRONG HORN ANTELOPES TRUE SS RHINOEE ROSES corkoDOWTS CAMELS STOOONG FIREY TRUE OLER HORNLESS awo TWIN HORNED RHINDCEROSES LAST ELOTHERES. oReoooNTS PRIMITIVE CAMELS. PRIMITIVE DEER moctMTs. DOGS, \woLves. Foxes ec) CATS (SAGRE-TOOTH TIGERS) ~~ THYOPOTAMIDS, PROTOCERAS, rrccames LAST CREGOONTS, 0005 a CATS. rest nearts ELOTHERES. CURSORIAL RRINOCLOOSES TAPIES FIRST THREE TOLD HORSES |MESONIPPUS) SWIMMING RHINOCEROSES (AMYNODOMTS Fi8ST CAMELS. FOHST O8FOCONTS TAPIRS FOUR TOLD HORDES. PRIMATES, RODENTS LAST UINTATHERES, coe cme canooents UINTATHERES. TITANOTHERES (raccowvors rcumarovecmiun! PRIMITIVE RHINOCEROSES (HYRACHYUS) FIRST ELOTHERES (ACHANODON) LARGE CREODONTS (MESONYX} CAT LINE PRTIOOILLS) ot O08 UKE MIRCES Cx RST SELEMOOOST ABTIODACTYLS (WOMACODON)| FOUR TOKO HORSES (ORONIPPUS) LAST PRIMITIVE GROUND SLOTHS PRIMATES. @cOCNTS. OATS, LAST TILLODONTS| LAST CORYPHODONS, FIRST UINTATHERES FIRST TITANOTHERES, LAST CONDYLARTHS| FOUR TOCO HORSES [PROTOROMIPPUS | PRIMATES! CHEODONTS. RODENTS, HATS, TILLODONTS: AMBLYPODS (CORYPHODON) CONDYLARTHS [PHENACOOUS) FIRST FOUR TOL HORSES (wYRACOTHERIUM) YETEMODON) CREODONTS os PRIMITIVE CARNIVORES, (RESEMBUKG CATS. D0GSas» BEARS) FIRST RODENTS TILLODONTS, INGECTIVORES PRIMITIVE GROUND SLOTHS 0 eeeoconts $ “oo TIVE SOENTATES ee cea em Capt MULTITUREREOLyES CONDYLART#S o* PRIMITIVE KOOFED MAMMALS 500 |CRECOUNTS om PRIMITIVE CARKIVORES MULTITUBERCULATES MONOTREMES?) PRIMITIVE EOENTATES /GROUND SLOTHS tw DIVISIONS OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS Characteristic fossil mammals, and the geological formations in which they are found vI ADOIOLNOSV1Vd S41VYESLASBTA AO LNAWLAVdSO S law NEO rere nel SI / = S3HSI4 > mt) e e e = S3SYOH Del ey ele) eM Utne SSBHSBHLONVIIL Im 40% °N NVH > e e e e e e & S3AHSI4 oe 7m 90+ °N 17VH B e any e aU SIVWWVW 11SSO4 wet Sa lliidawd 1iSsso4a c e e e e e wn e e e S31V1INONN STIVYWWYW G3AMv13 SunvSOnia SiNVHd3714 a30 aAqa THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 5 or collateral ancestors of the modern Horses, Asses and Zebras, are in one alcove, arranged in series from the most ancient to the most recent. The most ancient and structurally primitive groups of mammals come first, the most modern and familiar types come last. Soutu (RiGuHT) SIDE. Nortu (Lert) SIDE. ( TITANOTH ERES AMBLY PODS ' Primitive Hoofed Chalicotheres CONDYLARTHS Mammals Monkeys, Bats, Rodents, Insectivores and other Small Primitive Mammals Marsupials CREODONTS © } Carnivorous CARNIVORES J Mammals Seals, Dolphins, Whales, ) Marine Peeendacenl Sirenians etc. § Mammals erissodactyls P z ? 4 MASTODONS 1 or Odd-Toed ier kiedeths SnepE ANTS mene t Proboscideans Hoofed | RHINOCEROSES | ELOTHERES : . Mammals Ab thencotheccs Artiodactyls Pi P ies of ee + Even-Toed CAM ELS Hoofed Palzotheres DEER etc. Mammals HORSES ae | Fossil Mammals oso gehen Peculiar to South Typotheria America. L EDENTATA J SOUTH (RIGHT) SIDE. The south side of the hall is entirely devoted to the PEris- SODACTYLS or Odd-Toed Hoofed Mammals in which the number of toes (in the hind foot and generally in the forefoot) is either 1, 3 or 5, while in the other main division of hoofed animals, the Artiodactyls, it is either 2 or 4; or more exactly, the axis of symmetry of the foot passes through the central toe in Peris- sodactyls, while in Artiodactyls it passes between two toes. The TITANOTHERES come first in the series of Perissodactyla, large animals which suggest rhinoceroses in general goin al. proportions, but have a differently shaped head and cove I. peculiar teeth. These began as hornless animals of Titan- otheres moderate size (Cases 1 and 17) and increased in size and developed large bony horns (Cases 3, 5 and 19) before they 16 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES became extinct. The Titanotheres occupy the first of the three main alcoves into which the south side of the hall is divided. The second alcove is devoted to the RHINOCEROSES, which ign TEx RK J A RESTORATION OF TITANOTHERIUM, AN EXTINCT HOOFED MAMMAL OF WESTERN AMERICA The picture shows a bull, a cow and a calf From the original water-color, based on mounted skeleton and skulls in American Museum of Natural History were very common beasts in North America as well as in the Old oath World during the Tertiary period. They also began in Alcove 2, the Eocene as small hornless animals (Hyrachyus, Case Rhinoce- 7), but diverged in the Oligocene into cursorial, aquatic TOsee: and true (terrestrial) Rhinoceroses of which the two former soon became extinct. True Rhinoceroses also became ex- tinct in America by the Pliocene epoch, while in the Old World several of them have survived to the present day. Third Alcove. HorseEs.t This fine exhibit is due chiefly to * For more detailed information regarding the evolution of the Horse, see Guide Leaflet No. 7, “The Evolution of the Horse.’’ Published January, 1903. MOUNTED SKELETON OF THE TITANOTHERE, FROM THE BIG BAD-LANDS OF SOUTH DAKOTA 18 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES the liberality of Mr. Wm. C. Whitney. The Evolution of the South Horse is illustrated by a series of feet and skulls, and Alcove 3. of complete skeletons, from the little Four-Toed Horse Horses. of the Lower Eocene to the different varieties of the modern animal. The construction of the modern Horse, structure of the bones, the way in which the teeth grow, characters of the different races of domestic Horse and of the different wild species are shown in the end case (Case 15). NORTH (LEFT) SIDE. First come the AMBLyPops and CONDYLARTHS. These groups of Primitive Hoofed Mammals are first found in the lowest Eocene North strata, at the very beginning of the Age of Mammals Alcove r. and they became extinct before the end of the Eocene Amblypods, epoch. Like so many other races the Amblypods begin et. with small hornless animals (Pantolambda) and finally develop into huge elephantine beasts (Uintathertum) with six horns on the skull, and great sabre-like tusks. The Condylarths were more slender types, fitted for running. The best known among them is Phenacodus, which is considered to represent very nearly the prototype of the hoofed mammals, although it was not the direct ancestor of the later groups. The second alcove is devoted to Rodents, Insectivores, Bats, Marsupials and other groups of small mammals, among which North are the ancestors of the Monkeys and Lemurs and col- Alcove 2. lateral ancestors of Man. Most of these remains are Small small and incomplete. Here are also some very frag- Mammals. mentary remains of ancient and primitive mammals which represent all that we know of the evolution of the mam- malia during the Age of Reptiles, before the Age of Mammals began. These teeth and jaws are of interest because they are the oldest of mammals, from some of which are probably de- scended all the later mammal groups. In the third alcove are the Carnivorous Mammals, on one side North the CrEopDoNTs or Primitive Carnivora, on the other the Alcove 3. True CARNIVoRA (Dogs, Cats, Bears, Martens etc.), rep- Carnivora. +esented by a number of finely preserved mounted skele- tons, and a large series of skulls, together with other specimens. TED SKELETON OF PHENACODUS IN NORTH ALCOVE 2 ugh not a direct ancestor, represents the prototype of the hoofed 20 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES Most remarkable among extinct carnivora are the Sabre Tooth Tigers, in which the upper canine teeth are enlarged into long, curving, flattened, serrate fangs, most terrible weapons, effective no doubt against the thick hides of the primitive pachyderms. North The fourth alcove is very narrow. In it are placed Alcove 4. a few remains of fossil marine mammals: Seals, Ceta- Marine ceans and Sirenians. These groups are very imper- Mammals. f.tly known as fossils. The fossil ELEPHANTS and Mastodons are in the next broad North alcove, about the middle of the hall. The evolution of Alcove 5. these animals is shown by a series of skulls. The Probos- Mastodon skeleton and the skull and fore-limb of the Gidea: Imperial Mammoth from Texas, and tusk of the Si- berian (Hairy) Mammoth are noteworthy specimens. Beyond the Elephants are the ARTiopAcTyLs or Cloven- Hoofed Mammals. They divide into two groups, typified by the North Pigs and the Ruminants, the latter including the greater Alcove 6. part of modern hoofed mammals, but by no means pro- Elotheres. ortionally common as fossils. First among the fossil artiodactyls are the Elotheres, an extinct race of large animals distantly related to Pigs and Hippopotami. Next are the fossil Peccaries; then the Oreodonts, pig-like animals with the teeth North of ruminants, very abundant in America during the Alcove 7. middle and later Tertiary, but extinct before the Plio- rie cene epoch. Then come the Camels, which although Oreodonts, now found only in Asia and South America, originated Camels. in North America, and afterwards migrated to these other continents and became extinct in their native land. The evolution of these animals is shown by a series of stages only less complete than the stages in the evolution of the Horse. The higher ruminants (Deer, Antelope, Sheep and Cattle) are rather poorly represented in the collections. The Great Irish North Deer is the most striking among the extinct species; Alcove 8, attention is also called to the mounted skeletons of Deer, Ante- Pyotoceras, a deer-like primitive ruminant of the Oligo- lope etc. cone epoch, and of Merycodus, a graceful little animal of the Miocene epoch intermediate between the Deer and the Prong-horn Antelope. SKULL AND TUSKS OF THE IMPERIAL MAMMOTH From a photograph of the specimen on exhibition in the American Museum of Natural History 22 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES The northeast corner of the hall is devoted to a number of peculiar groups of SourH AMERICAN Fossit MAMMALS, almost all North extinct. During the Age of Mammals the two great Alcove 9. northern continental areas were joined together from ae time to time, so that there has been an occasional iRncetil interchange of animals and plants among them, the Mammals. races developed in one continent spreading to the other. The animals of North America therefore, although mostly of species distinct from those of Europe and Asia, are more or less nearly related to them. But during most of the Age of Mammals South America was an island continent, as Aus- tralia is still; and its extinct animals are as peculiar and as dif- ferent from those of the rest of the world as are the living animals of Australia different from those of other continents. It is by no means certain where these animals originally came from, but there is much evidence to show that both South America and Australia were peopled from an Antarctic continent, now sunk beneath the ocean or buried in the ice fields of the more frigid climate of modern times. Of these peculiar South American groups the most extraor- dinary are the Edentates, including the Sloths, Armadillos and Anteaters which still survive, and the huge MEGATHERIA or Ground-Sloths and GLiyproponts or Tortoise-Armadillos which have become extinct. Others were the ToxoponTs, TYPOTHERES, ASTRAPOTHERES and LiropTerNa, peculiar groups of hoofed ani- mals all now extinct. Some of the Litopterna lost their side toes and evolved into a one-toed race curiously like the horses of the northern hemisphere, although not at all related to them; this is one of the most interesting examples of the parallel adaptation of two different races of animals to similar conditions of life; the horses in the plains and prairies of the north, the litopterna in the pampas of the southern continent. The best example of the evolution of a race of animals is shown in the southeastern corner of the hall. Here is exhibited Instances of the Ancestry of the Horse, the specimens from succes- Evolution. sive geological strata showing how the modern Horse has descended from diminutive ancestors with four toes on each forefoot and three on each hind foot, and with teeth and other REPTILES = ee Ace or MAN. ESTIMATED AT 50,000 Years ~r4 PLEISTOCENE Pleistocene Horses have One Toe on each Foor ne Tors.others have n Fost MODERN Modern Horses hive One Tow up € PLIOCENE MIOCENE Miocene Horses Nave Three Toes oneuck Fact The Side Tews 40 09 touch the Greved OLIGOCENE | f Oligerene Mors Theos Toes on sath Fost ; The Side Toss Taub the Grund , - RETAL ADOCERTD ANCESTOR * EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. FEET 23 24 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES parts of the skeleton different from those of their modern repre- sentatives. Almost equally complete, although less familiar, is the series illustrating the Ancestry of the Camel, which may be found on the north side of the hall near the east end. These animals, like the Horses, evolved from small and primitive ancestors to large and highly specialized descendants, and then became extinct in their former home, the broad and arid plains of western America, before the advent of civilized man, but survived to modern times in other parts of the world (Asia, Africa and South America). Less com- plete series are the skulls and skeletons illustrating the ancestors of Titanotheres and the ancestors of Rhinoceroses. These are ranged along the south side of the hall beginning at the entrance. All these series have been placed according to geological age. The most ancient specimens, found in the lowest rock-strata, and hence representing the earliest stage of evolution, are placed first in the series. The most recent ones, found in the upper- most rock-strata, and representing the final stage of evolution of the race, are placed last. Arranging the species of a race from each stratum in the order of the age of the strata, we find that they show a regularly progressive change from the most ancient to the most recent. At no point in a given series can we draw a line and say: This is and that is not, a Horse—or a Camel—or a Rhinoceros. The visitor, therefore, can demonstrate for himself the evolution of the race of Horses or Camels or Rhinoceroses, within certain limits. Of the evolution of Man we have no satis- factory illustration from fossils. It should be observed that the evolution of a race consists mainly in the adaptation of the structure of the animals to par- ticular surroundings and habits of life. There is also a universal progress in intelligence, the more ancient animals having rela- tively smaller brains than their successors. The water-color restorations by Charles R. Knight, done under the immediate supervision of Professor Osborn, mainly Water-color based on complete skeletons exhibited in this hall, Restora~- show the probable appearance of the different extinct pe animals, according to our best judgment, as indicated by the characters of the skeleton, appearance of their nearest THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 25 surviving relatives and the habits of life for which the animals seem to have been fitted. The general proportions of the animal, the outlines and form of head and body, and, to a great extent, the expression of the features are usually accurately known from the fossil skeleton. The nature of the skin is sometimes but not often certainly known, and the coloring is always conjectural, 4 SCENE iN THE BAD-LANDS OF THE UINTA BASIN—TERTIARY FOSSIL FIELD OF NORTHEASTERN UTAH the paleontologist and the artist having been guided by the col- oring of living relatives and the supposed habits of the animal. The window transparencies are enlargements from photo- graphs of the regions where the fossils occur, and generally show the localities where unusually fine specimens in this window hall were found. The expeditions sent out yearly to Transpar- the fossil fields carry with them photographic outfits, ena and several hundred characteristic views have been taken, from 26 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES which these have been selected. The pillar cards and general labels in the cases give detailed information about each group of fossils. One of the cases in the center of the middle aisle illustrates the method by which the fossils are collected and con- veyed to the Museum. The charts at each side of the entrance show the order in which the rock-strata lie, one over another, and the kinds of fossils found in each stratum. EAST WING. HALL NO. 407. FOSSIL REPTILES, ETC. This hall forms an introduction to an earlier world, the Age of Reptiles. These fossils are of strange and unfamiliar out- lines, quite unlike ordinary quadrupeds; they represent an era, long since passed away, when reptiles were the “lords of crea- tion.’ Chief among them were the Dinosaurs, great land and amphibious reptiles to which the greater part of this hall is devoted. They occupy the north, east and west sides and the center. The Ampuisious Dinosaurs, on the west and north sides and in the center of the hall, were the largest of land animals, Amphibious Some of them sixty to seventy feet in length, and of Dinosaurs. enormous bulk. They were quadrupedal beasts, with long necks and long tails, and comparatively long and very massive limbs. The head was very small in proportion to the size of the animal, and the brain inferior to that of modern reptiles. They were cold-blooded, slow-moving, unintelligent creatures, vast storehouses of flesh which lived and grew to huge size with but little occasion for very active exertion amidst the rich vegetation of the moist and tropical climate of the reptilian era. Several incomplete skeletons of Amphibious Dinosaurs are exhibited, besides limbs and other separate parts. The Bronto- saurus skeletons in Case 1 (on the right-hand or south side of the entrance) and in the center of the hall are among the largest. The thigh bone in this animal was nearly six feet long and weighs in its petrified state 500 to 600 pounds. The Diplodocus (Case 2 on the left-hand or north side of the entrance) was less robust but almost as long. This specimen lacks the fore part of the skeleton and most of the limbs, but the tail is very perfectly SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS RESTORATION OF THE SKELETON OF AN AMPHIBIOUS DINOSAUR OF THE AGE OF REPTILES, » THE SKELETON WAS 65 FEET LONG 27 TAKING UP FOSSIL DINOSAUR BONES AT “BONE CABIN’? QUARRY, WYOMING 28 Parts of several skeletons appear in the photograph THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 29 preserved. In Case 4 are limbs and other parts of several species of Amphibious Dinosaurs. The BEAKED Dinosaurs (Predentata) northeast corner of the hall, had a horny beak or bill at the front of the jaw, and teeth at the back of it. They were most extraordinary Beaked and bizarre animals, huge in size, although not so Dinosaurs, large as the Amphibious Dinosaurs. Stegosaurus had’ aes a series of great bony plates projecting from the back, ana ae and stout bony spines on the tail. Triceratops kad an rosaurus. enormous skull with three great horns projecting forward, and a strong bony frill projecting backward around the neck. Both these were quadrupedal animals with massive limbs and elephan- tine feet. Hadrosaurus was a bipedal dinosaur with long hind limbs and three-toed bird-like feet, but with hoofs instead of claws. Its beak was broad and flattened, as in the spoon-bill duck or Ornithorhynchus of Australia. The Carnivorous Dinosaurs are exhibited on the east side of the hall (opposite the entrance). They were bipeds with bird- like feet, sharp claws and large heads with sharp- Garnivor- pointed teeth. Some of these, the Megalosaurs, were ous of gigantic size, much larger than any modern car- Dimosaurs. nivore. Allosaurus was as large as an elephant, while other Megalosaurs were even larger. Other Carnivorous Dinosaurs, such as Oriuitholestes, were small and of slender proportions; these probably lived on the small animals of that period—toothed birds, pterodactyls, small reptiles of various kinds—-while the large herbivorous dinosaurians were more probably the chief prey of the Megalosaur. All the Dinosaurs had become extinct by the end of the Age of Reptiles. Their place was taken by the more intelligent and adaptable mammals, the evolution of which into the differ- ent kinds of modern quadrupeds has been seen in the Other Rep- Hall of Fossil Mammals. tiles— On the south side of the Fossil Reptile Hall are ae fossil remains of four other groups of reptiles, the Prades CrocopILes, TuRTLES, LIZARDS and SNAKES, which, tyls etc. more fortunate than the dinosaurs, have survived to the present day, though in much diminished numbers and importance. wat “ (OF REPTILES PRECEDED THE AGE DURING THIS AGE THE REPTILES APPEARED. IAMMALS, AND IS REPRESENTED IN | FLOURISHED GREATLY. ANDO DECLINED AT — PARTS Oj ITS CLOSE TO THEIR PRESENT IMPORTANCE URRY oe FRESH-WATER DEPOSITS | THE MAMMALS APPEAREO WELL DOWN IN BED INTO THREE GREAT PERIODS, | THIS AGE BUT REMAINED SMALL ANO | TRiaS: IC, JURASSIC AND CRETACEOUS. || SCARCE UNTIL ITS END. TURTLES NUMEROUS HONY MIEHER (TELCOSTS) CARNIVOROUS DINOSAURS HERBIVOROUS DINOSAURS LAST PLESIOSAURS ; FIRST SOFT SHELLED TURTLES MODERN TAILED AMPHIBIANS (SAL AMAROES) BIRDS, PROBABLY TOOTHED, PTERODACTYLS TOOTHLESS 1200|/MOSASAURS and PLESIOSAURS| 8700)GIGANTIC MARINE TURTLES DOLICHOSAURIAN LIZARDS SARKB, CAT:FIGH, STURGEON wad O48 PIKES WP PLE LF TOOTHED MIRDS TOCTALESS PYEROOACTYLS | DINOSAURS 1000) MOSASAURS ani PLESIOSAURS 3000] LARGE MARINE TURTLES BONY FISHES (reeosrs) SHARKS GANOID FISHES . ial baa S00} FIRST SNAKES: TRUE LIZARDS ané DOUCHOSAURS: HERBIVOROUS DINDSAURS)\cusnooomre| CARNIVOROUS DINOSAURS (mecatosaues PTERODACTYES, TOOTHED asd TOOTHLESS| COMANCHE MOSASAURS Ba REPTILES x ICHTHYOSAURS an PLESIOSAURS. S WEALO EN CROCODILES. TURTLES. Q POTOMAC SHARKS and GANOID FISHES CHIMAROIO FISHES PRiwirive WAM MALS /MARSUPIUS Iw we MOLTITUBERCULATES) CARNIVOROUS DINOSAURS (CERATOSAURUS) HERBIVOROUS DINOSAURS |ATLANTOSAURUS } TURTLES. PTERODACTYLS: FIRST PIROS WITH TEETH (SeuRURa) ICHTHYOSAURS [TOOTHED and TDOTHLESS) PLESIOSAURS. PTERODACTYLS {TOOTHED)| SMALL PRIMITIVE MAMMALS ans ONE NOSED CROCODILES ‘TueosAuRs) fst MERBIVOROUS DINOSAURS JURASSIC LUWLE MILE UPPER SKANK ate CHOMDROSTEAR CHOVONOSTEAN PiSRES REPTILE MAMMALS (OROMATHERIUM. TACVLODON, MICROLESTES) S RICHMOND COAL- FIRST CARNIVOROUS DINOSAURS § [and CONN. and NEW JERSEY LAST LABYRINTHODONTS | N PRIMITIVE CROCODILES (BELODON) x TRIASSIC LARGE AMPHIBIANS (LABY-| | RINTHODONTS) FIRST PLESIOSAURS | NOTHOSAURS) LOWES MIDDLE FIRST REPTILES (COIYLOSAURS, PROGANOSAURS ant PELYCOSAURS, PRIMITIVE AMPHIBIANS STEGOCEPHALIA SHARKS. LUNG FISHES. [CMONGHOST LAR ine CROSTOOTINVEUR FiGHLS, DIVISIONS OF THE AGE OF REPTILES Characteristic fossil reptiles, amphibians and fishes, and the formations in which they are found 30 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 31 Crocodiles in their palmier days were of world-wide distribu- tion and comprised marine as well as fresh-water types. Turtles are among the commonest of fossils in the Bad-lands and some of them of very large size. Lizards and snakes, the only common reptiles of modern times, are very rare and fragmentary as fossils, and little is known about them. Besides these surviving groups, several extinct groups of rep- tiles are shown on the south side of the hall. The BELoponTs, of the dawn of the Reptilian Era, were partly intermediate be- tween Dinosaurs and Crocodiles. The still older PELyYcosAuRS were remarkable for an enormous rigid bony fin on the back; among the contemporary THERIODONTs there existed perhaps the remote ancestors of the Mammals. The Preropactyts or Fly- ing Reptiles were the most extraordinary of reptiles, tailless, with batlike wings, supported on the enormously lengthened little fin- ger, and with a spread in the largest species of twenty feet from tip to tip. The RHYNCHOCEPHALIANS are an interesting group of very primitive reptiles, of which a single species, the Tuatara, still survives in New Zealand. Fossit AMPHIBIANS. The Age of Reptiles was preceded by an Age of Amphibians, when the dominant animals were allied to modern Frogs, Toads and Salamanders, but had the skulls covered by a gq iovea solid bony roof and the bodies by more or less scaly Amphibi- armor. These Armored Amphibians have been called ans (Stego- Stegocephalia (oréyn, xepady = deck-head) or Laby- °¢Pnala). rinthodonts (AafudpivG0s, ddovs = labyrinth-tooth, from the com- plicated fluting or infolding of the enamel on the teeth). Some of them, like Eryops, were large animals with heads eighteen inches long and a foot wide; others resembled colossal tad- poles; but the majority of them were quite small animals, either proportioned like salamanders or else long and eel-like with minute limbs or none at all. These fossil Amphibians are the most ancient of fourfooted animals, and are not far removed from the central type from which all the higher vertebrates are believed to be descended. They are exhibited near the middle of the south side of the Hall of Fossil Reptiles. a2 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES Fossit FIsHEs. Some of the finest specimens of fossil fishes in the collection are exhibited in the corridor hall. Others are placed in the southwest corner of the Fossil Reptile Hall. These range from the exceedingly ancient and archaic types, such as the huge Dinichthys of the Age of Fishes, older even than the fossil Am- phibians, to more modern and familiar types such as the fossil Perch and Herring of the Green River Tertiary formation. rae: oT at Al ak * Aa fu A heals? heey Fone ieeamtte? > } rs n as Hi - Ley a bt 7 ve Ss a idan Lon tst Pe. Deke |