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( ‘ ee wh) 1 * af i — fre a : 4 ‘ b , a ~ ce ~~" re 3 creas 3 te ——— ene a(R oes torr x z ‘ By ‘We ; y 5. : ark =. , : = ee abe - aug ‘ SUNS EDITOR'S PREFACE. A new edition of Doct. Dartincron’s Agricultural Botany having been called for, and as the author, at his advanced age, felt indisposed to as- sume the labor of a revision, the work was placed in my hands to pre- pare for the press, with the author’s permission to make such changes and additions as might seem desirable. Such alterations have been made in the botanical arrangement, and names, as the advance of the science required, and descriptions have been added of such plants, not included in the former edition, as are generally known as weeds. Besides these, I have noticed the common medicinal plants, and such of our native shrubs as are worthy of cultivation—those that are both ornamental and easily obtained. These latter may not strictly come within the class of “useful,” but are introduced with the hope of inducing farmers to render the exterior of their homes more attractive by surrounding them with beautiful shrubbery, which, once planted, will be a permanent source of gratification not only to the possessors, but to travelers who pass them. The yards of our country dwellings generally present a for- jorn appearance, which the attempt often made to cultivate a few coarse flowering plants, rather increases than removes. in the introduction of new plants, the plan of the original work has been conformed to, and the descriptions of these are taken from Darling- ton’s Flora Cestrica, when that work contained them ; in other cases, those in Torrey’s Flora of the State of New York, and Gray’s Manual of the Botany of the Northern States have been used. I am exceedingly indebted to Prof. Gray fer permission to use his Analytical Key to the Natural Orders, and have modified it, as well as some of his Synopses of Orders and Genera, to suit the present work. Doct. C. W. Suorr, of Kentucky, has kindly furnisned notes on some of [vii] Vill EDITOR’S PREFACE. the troublesome plants of the West, which have been acknowledged in the proper places. I am also indebted to J. A. Lapxam, Esq., for his offer, which came too late to be available, to furnish notes upon the weeds of Wisconsin. The more important illustrations in the work are from original drawings, by AntHony Hocusrery, Hsq., whose delicate sketches have hardly justice done them by being rendered in wood. The most of his drawings are designated by his initials. The remainder of the engravings were obtained from the best available sources. My friend, Mr. Frank A. Pouuarp, has rendered me most essential aid, both be- fore and during the rapid printing of the work, which I would gratefully acknowledge. Where new observations or other matter has been added, or the old ones essentially modified, a * has been appended. This, however, has been omitted where the alterations are unimportant ; in these cases any faults may be placed to the account of the editor. New York, January 31st, 1859. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. AGRICULTURE, in a broad and legitimate sense, being a comprehensive system of Natural Science—involving more especially a practical acquaintance with the useful portion of the Vegetable Creation,— I have long thought it due to the Profession, and desirable in every point of view, that the young Farmers of the United States should acquire an exact knowledge of the Plants which it immediately concerns them to know ; and that they should be enabled to designate, and treat of them, with the precision and methodical perspicuity which belong to scientific language and arrangement. Under this impression, and in the hope of promoting an object deemed so important, the present work has been compiled. In submitting it to those for whom it is more particularly intended, I am not unaware that its technical features are ill-suited to the notions of many plodding disciples of the old school of Agriculture, who despise every form of knowledge derivable from Books,—and whose ideas never stray beyond the manual operations of the field and the barn- yard. It is scarcely probable, indeed, that any written treatise—though couched in the most familiar dialect—would obviate the objections, or conciliate the prejudices of such antiquated tillers of the soil. My views, therefore, have not been directed to that unpromising quarter. I address myself to the youthful and aspiring Agriculturists of our country, who seek to elevate their noble Profession to its just rank among human pursuits,—and who feel that the exercise of zntel/ect, as wellas of muscle, is indispensable to the accomplishment of their purpose. I have preferred to treat of the Plants, which it more immediately behooves the farmer to be acquainted with, according to the most approved method of our day, and in the language of Systematic Botany. By exhibiting as much of the ciassification, or frame-work of the Science, as is requisite to present the Genera and Species, here described, in their natural and relative positions, the Student will be enabled to com- prehend their connection with the other portions of the System, and to examine them, as the Geologists say, in situ. In that process, he will necessarily have to learn something of their structure, and essential character ; and that I should consider as an important advantage,—even if his researches should there terminate. His knowledge, however lim- ited, will be established on a correct basis,—and will be always avail- able in his intercourse with men of science: but, to those who may subsequently resolve upon a more extended acquaintance with the vege- table kingdom, such knowledge will be a clear gain, and a valuable pre- (ix) x PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, liminary step ;—that step which, according to the proverb, is the only one which costs. In adopting the machinery of Science,—preferring the botanical to the 2 popular names of plants, as well as arranging them in kindred groups I have supposed that such a plan would be most conducive to accuracy of ob prea oe would, in fact, facilitate the investigation of their true character. By employing names and phrases which ‘have an exclu- sive application, and a definite meaning, the study of plants is realy simplified : and the knowledge acquired—being thereby communicable with more readiness and precision—is greatly enhanced in practical value. By using, everywhere, the same terms in the same sense, men of diferent regions, or districts, can be sure that they comprehend each other’s meaning,—and may then discuss questions understandingly. When disputes arise, ‘touching the merits or demerits of particalar plants, both parties will have clear. conceptions of the objects referred to,—and will consequentiy have the advantage of knowing exactly what they are tali- ing about :—which is far from being always the .case when they make use of a variable popular nomenclature. it is a great mistake, in my opinion, to suppose that the significant language of our Science must necessarily be merged in the vernacular idiom, or degraded into a local patozs, in order to adapt it to the capaci- ties of intellig ent practical men. An active intellect, I think, more readily acquires new terms, appropriate to a Science, than new meanings of old familiar words : and hence it is that most persons, as they advance in any department of knowledge, are apt to discard all equivocal terms, and to substitute those which are definite, technical, aud peculiar. In- stead, therefore, ef writing down to the level of boorish apprehension, I would rather see Agr icultural works gradually written up to the scien- tific standard. I would have our young Farmers taught to appreciate the importance of scientific precision, and incited to take their appro- priate position in the intellectual community. In the present work, it is hoped and believed that with the aid of the copious Glossar y, the Index of Common Names, and the other facilities annexed, there can be no difficulty in becoming familiar with the terms employed, nor in the investigation of the plants enumer- ated:* and the farmer who shall have accomplished that much, will find that he has obtained many new and interesting views of objects intimately connected with his Profession,—that he has acquired a-capac- ity for observing and profiting by numerous processes and phenomena * As a convenient and satisfactory mode of acquiring the requisite Botanical knowledge —and of keeping that knowledge always within reach, in case of forgetfulmess.—I would recommend to the young Farmer the formation of a select Herbarium, containing auihen- tic specimens—neatly prepared and appropriately labelled—of those plants which it is his interest to be acquainted with. Such a collection could readily be obtained by every one who has the taste, or even the curiosity, to extend his information in that direction. It would afford instructive subjects for investigation and comparison, in seasons of leisure; ani the contents, being duly arranged, could be examined or referred to, with the like facilities and advantages as attend the Consultation of a Dictionary. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xi in the vegetable economy, which had theretofore been unheeded, or im- perfectly understood. A spirit of research will often be awakened, which, in itself, is an unfailing source of gratification to ingenuous minds,—and not unfrequently leads to important practical results. The study of Borany, in its widest sense—comprising, as it does, the entire vegetable creation——will ever have its select votaries in those who can appreciate its manifold charms, and find their reward in the pleasures incident to the pursuit: But when regarded in a more limited and practical point of view, it may fairly challenge the attention even of the most inveterate Utilitarzazns. There are three aspects, or relations of the Science, in which its importance will scarcely be denied by the most penurious calculator of economical values: namely, 1. Agricultural Botany,—2. Medical Botany,—and 3. Artistical Botany, or the history of those plants which are employed, or afford materials, in the processes of the Arts and Manufactures. The Medical branch of the science has been often treated of, with something like system, by the Professional Writers of Europe and America. The other two divisions less fre- quently, and with less method, in various Agricultural Journals, Cyclo- pedias, and Mercantile Dictionaries. The attempt here made is an essay on the Agricultural branch,—or a systematic description of those Plants (both useful and pernicious) which more immediately interest American Farmers—especially those in the Middle States of this Confederacy. The Botany of the Arts, whenever undertaken, will afford a highly inter- esting theme for some future laborer in this elegant department of Nat- ural History. In compiling this Furmer’s Flora, I found it somewhat difficult to determine, satisfactorily, the line of demarcation between the Plants entitled to a place in it, and those which might properly be omitted. It may, perhaps, be thought by some, that the list 1s unnecessarily large,— while others may be of opinion tbat there are species left out which ought to have been inserted. My aim has been,—not, certainly, to describe all the plants which an accomplished Agriculturist might very properly desire to know; but—to include those only (whether in the wood-lands, the fields, or the kitehen-garden,) of which no intelligent Farmer would willingly be ignorant. When he shall have made him- self familiar with these, he can extend his acquaintance with the Vege- table Tribes, at pleasure, by having recourse to more general and com- prelensive works ; such, for example, as the Flora of North America, by Torrey and Gray,—or Prof. Dr Canpoiue’s Prodromus of a Nat- ural System, comprising all the known forms of vegetation upon this terraqueous globe. In my humble opinion, no Education can be deemed sufficient without some acquaintance with the rudiments, or first principles, of Botanical Science—some rational knowledge of the vast and multiform creation around us, known asthe Vegetable Kingdom. I consider such knowl- edge just as indispensable to a rightly instructed people, as any of the usual elementary branches of school learning. By this, however, I do xi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. not mean the smattering of a few obsolete terms, unconnected with any available ideas—which, in too many instances, passes under the impos- ing name of “ Botany”: but I do mean, that thorough conception of the general nature and relations of Plants, which may be acquired by the aid of such works as the Botanical Text-Book of Prof. A. Gray. In all other employments, it is very properly expected that a workman shall not only be expert in the manipulations of his art, but shall also be well acquainted with the nature of his materials : and I can perceive no good reason why it is not equally incumbent on a practical farmer to understand the true character of those plants, which it is his especial interest either to cultivate or to extirpate. If our American youths who are being educated with a view to Agricultural pursuits, were thoroughly instructed in the admirable Tezt- Book, above referred to,—and were then required to make themselves botanically acquainted with that portion of the vegetable kingdom which annually demands their attention, on the farm,—the Profession would speedily assume a new and engaging aspect. The labors of the field would be blended with the contemplation of facts and phenomena of the deepest interest to inquiring minds,—and Agriculture—instead of being shunned, as an irksome drudgery—- would be justly esteemed as one of the noblest employments of a free and intellectual people. If the present Essay may in any degree tend to promote that auspi- cious result, the Author will derive a siucere gratification from the belief, that the the time and attention devoted to its preparation have not been wholly misapplied. West CuHEstEer, PENNA., June, 1847. WEEDS. In popular language, any homely plant which is not noticeable for the beauty of its flowers, nor entitled to respect by a reputation for medic- inal or other useful qualities, is designated by the epithet weed. In an agricultural sense, the term is used with a more restricted meaning, and is applied to those intrusive and unwelcome individuals that will persist jn growing where they are not wanted,—in short, the best definition that has yet been given of a weed is the old one, “a plant out of place.” Most of the weeds troublesome in our agriculture are immigrants, either from the Old World, or the warmer portions of this continent. The num- ber of plants indigenous to our country, that are entitled to rank as per- nicious weeds, is comparatively small. As the aborigines disappeared with the advance of the whites, so do the native plants generally yield their possession as cultivation extends, and the majority of the plants to be met with along the lanes and streets of villages, and upon farms, are naturalized strangers, who appear to be quite at home, and are with difficulty to be persuaded or driven away. The labors of the agriculturist are a constant struggle; on the one hand, by presenting the most favorable conditions possible, he endeavors to make certain plants grow and produce to their utmost capacity ; and on the other hand, he has to prevent the growth of certain other plants that are ready to avail themselves of these favorable conditions. The farmer is interested in two points concerning weeds: how they get into his grounds, and how to get them out. As cultivation is all the more profitably carried on if the farmer knows something of the nature and character of the plants he would raise, so, if he would successfully opcrate in the other direction, and stop plants from growing, he can do so all the better if he knows what are the peculiar habits of the in, dividuals with which he has to contend,—and it is quite as important [xiii] X1V WEEDS. to be familiar with the manner of growth, and the mode of propagation of a weed, as it is to be with that of an useful plant. A plant that spreads itself entirely by the seed must, of course, be differently treated from one that multiplies by the root also, whether we would propagate or destroy. A sound constitution, established by a proper regard to the conditions of health, is not only the best preventive to the attacks of disease, but much faciltates recovery, if this be contracted ; in like manner thorough culture and good farming ensures a sort of general exemption from the pesti- lence of weeds, and renders easy the subjugation of those which happen to make their way into the grounds. In agriculture asin morals, idleness is the mother of vice, and if the ground be not occupied with something good, there will bea plenty of the opposite character to take its place. Possession is a great advantage in other matters than those of the law, and a plant, whether useful or troublesome, when once fully established is not disposed to yield without an argument. “That learned and saga- cious observer of Nature—the late professor Dz CanpoLtLe—remarks, that ‘all the plants of a country, all those of any given place, are ina state of war, in relation to each other. All are endowed with means, more or less efficacious, of reproduction and nutrition. Those which first establish themselves accidentally, in a given locality, have a tendency from the mere fact that they already occupy the space, to exclude other species from it: the largest ones smother the smallest ones; the longest lived ones supersede those of shorter duration ; the most fruitful gradu- ally take possession of the space which would otherwise have been occu- pied by those which multiply more slowly.’ The farmer, therefore, should avail himself of this principle, and aid the more valuable plants in their struggle to choke down or expel the worthless.” (Hd. 1.) Weeds are introduced upon a farm in a variety of ways. Many have their seeds sown with those of the crops; this is particularly the case where the seeds of the weeds and of the grain are so nearly alike in size that their separation is difficult. Proper care in procuring and preserv- ing clean seed will often save much future trouble and vexation. The observing farmer will notice the means which nature has provided for the scattering of seeds, and he will find that the most pernicious weeds seem to have been especially furnished with contrivances to facilitate their dispersion. The Clot-bur, Beggar’s Lice, and others, have barbs or WEEDS. XV hooks by which they adhere to clothing and the coats of animals, and are widely distributed by this agency. All of the Thistles, and many others of the same family, have a tuft of fine silky hair attached to the seed, or more properly fruit, by which they are buoyed upon the air, and wafted from place to place. So numerous are the ways by which seeds are dispersed, that, however careful a farmer may be upon his own prem- ises, a slovenly and neglectful neighbor may cause him infinite annoyance by furnishing his lands with an abundant supply. In some European countries a farmer may sue his neighbor for neglecting to destroy the weeds upon his lands, or may employ people to do it at the delinquent’s expense. The vitality of seeds, particularly if buried in the earth below the reach of the influences which cause germination, in some cases endures through many years ; hence, an old field, after deep plowing, has often a fine crop of weeds from the seeds thus brought to the surface. Weeds that have been cut or pulled after they have flowered, should not be thrown into the barnyard or hog-stye, unless the farmer wishes to have the work to do over again with their progeny, as the seeds will be thor- oughly distributed in the manuring of the land. In England they dry the pernicious weeds and burn them, not only destroying root and branch, but seed also. In all weeding, it is of the greatest importance that it should be done before the plants have formed seed. This should be re- garded equally with annual and perennial weeds. The prolific character of some weeds is astonishing ; each head of an Ox-eye Daisy or White- weed is not a simple flower, but a collection of a great many flowers, each of which produces a seed; and, as a single plant bears a great many heads, the number of seeds that a single individual is capable of supplying in a season amounts to several hundreds. In weeds, evil should be, emphatically, nipped in the bud. In this respect, the farmer should act in the spirit of the Western savages who kill the women and chil- dren of their enemies, as a tolerably sure way of preventing the muiti- plication of warriors. Annual weeds are much more readily kept in subjection than the perennial ones, which, especially those which multiply extensively by their underground stems or roots, often become truly formid- able. Here not only has the propagation by seeds to be prevented, but a subterranean and hidden enemy has to be combatted. It is very impor- tant that the agriculturist should understand the way in which these XVl WEEDS. plants grow, that he may know how to direct his efforts to subdue them. A perennial weed, like the Canada Thistle or Couch Grass, is, during the early stage of its existence, easily destroyed ; but later in the season it makes strong underground stems, or roots, as they are commonly but in- correctly called, which have great tenacity of life, and which have within them an accumulation of nourishment which enables them to throw up several successive crops of herbage ; plowing such weeds generally ag- gravates the trouble, for, unless every fragment be removed from the ground, a thing very difficult to accomplish, each piece that is left makes a separate plant. In the case of weeds of this description, the necessity of early eradicating them is apparent, for if once well established, and an underground provision depot formed, the farmer and the plant are placed in the condition of beseiging and beseiged forces—as long as the provisions hold out the latter can maintain its ground. It becomes a question of endurance, for the underground supply must be eventually exhausted in the attempt to produce new stems and leaves, and if the farmer, by persistently cutting these away, prevents any new accession to the stock of provision, the enemy must at length succumb. Often re- peated cuttings will at length exhaust the underground portion of its vi- tality. In some cases salt has been used with success, especially upon Thistles, applied immediately after mowing. ‘The farmer will do well to keep in mind two rules. Do not let weeds flower, and do not let them breathe, for the leaves may be considered the lungs of the plant, and without the aid of these it cannot lorg maintain itself. THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. Tuis chapter has been prepared for the purpose of giving those who use this work, some general notions upon the structure of plants. From the limited space allowed, the principal facts can only be stated, and those very briefly. Those who desire to be more fully informed upon this subject, are referred to the admirable works of Prof. Gray. His progressive series, ‘How Plants Grow,” “Lessons in Botany,” and “ Botanical Text-Book,”—the first for children, the second a compre- . hensive popular work, and the last an extended treatise,—are all that can be desired in the way of popular and at the same time thoroughly scientific elementary works. 1. The material world is divided into Unorganized (or Inorganic) substances, and Organized (or Organic) beings. The mineral substances of the earth and air and water belong to the first, and plants and animals to the second of these divisions. Unorganized substances have neither life nor growth, and are without parts or organs adapted to special offices. Organized beings have life and growth; they start from a simple germ, and go through progressive stages of developement : they are furnished with parts or organs which have particular functions to perform, either in promoting the growth of the individual or in per- petuating its kind. 2. Organized beings are of two kinds, Vegetables and An.mals. A vegetable or plant may be defined as a being which converts the unor- ganized matter (contained in the air, water and the earth) into organized material which is either directly or indirectly the food of animals. Animals have not the power of appropriating unorganized substances, but live upon the food furnished by plants, for the reception of which, they are provided with an internal cavity or stomach. Plants are pro- ducers of food, while animals are consumers of fcod. 3. The study of plants in all that relates to their growth and repro- duction, their resemblance to and difference from one another in the structure and arrangement of their parts, their distribution over the earth’s surface, and whatever relates to the history of a plant, constitutes the science of Botany. ‘The science is divided into several departments ; that which treats of the nature and functions of the different parts or organs is Structural Botany—that branch of the science of which we wish to give a brief outline in the following page:. 4, All plants fall into two great series : Ist, those which have manifest flowers and are reproduced by seeds—Flowering or Phenogamous plants; 2d, those which have no flowers and no proper seeds, but are 1 [1] 2 , INTRODUCTORY. reproduced by minute dust-like grains called spores,—Flowerless or Cryptogamous plants. As cryptogamous plants do not often appear as weeds and as their study is rather difficult, they are left out of con- sideration in the present work. 5. Flowering plants have two kinds of organs; those parts which are concerned in sustaining the life and growth of the plant,—Organs of Vegetation ; and those which provide for its perpetuation by means of seed,— Organs of Reproduction. 6. The organs of vegetation are three, viz.: Roor, Stem, and Lear. These the plant has at a very early stage of its existence. If a young seedling plant, as a Radish, Bean or Pumpkin be taken from the ground as soon as it has “come up,” it will be found to consist of a short stem with a pair of leaves at the top and a root at the bottom of it. By soaking the seeds until the seed-coat is softened, and then carefully breaking it open, the young plant will be found within, though in a much less developed state. The seed always contains within it the young plant, more or less developed, either lying straight in the seed or variously coiled or folded up; this is called the Embryo. By the influ- ence of the warmth and moisture of the earth, the embryo bursts the skin of the seed and begins to grow. The sprouting of the embryo is called germination. ‘The parts of the embryo are; Ist, the little stem, called the Radicle ; and 2d, the leaves which in the Radish, Bean, &c., first appear above ground and are usually called Seed-leaves, these are the Cotyledons ; between them there is a little bud (which is not always to be seen in the embryo, but appears soon after it begins to grow), the Plumule. In germination the radicle elongates, the lower end—what- ever the position the seed mav be placed in—pushes itself downward into the earth, and its upper end bearing the seed-leaves is raised to the light and air. That portion of the radicle which goes downward forms the Root or Descending Azis, that which rises above the surface of the earth is the Stem or Ascending Avis. In the instances quoted as illustrations (Radish, Bean and Pumpkin), the embryo is large and fills the whole seed ; the seed-leaves, in the Bean especially, are thickened and rounded from being filled with a supply of food which nourishes the young plant until it can form roots and draw sustenance from the soil. In many seeds, as the Pea, Acorn, &c., the cotyledons are very much distended and do not rise to the surface, but only open far enough to allow the radicle to protrude. 7. In many seeds the embryo, instead of containing the food for its early growth within its cotyledons, has a more or less abundant supply surrounding it, called Albumen. The embryo is placed sometimes in the centre of the albumen—or at one side, or sometimes coiled in a more or less complete ring around it. Seeds which contain albumen are said to be albuminous, those having none, exalbuminous. The albumen may be large in proportion to the embryo, or very sparing ; its texture varies, being farinaceous or mealy (as in Buckwheat), horny or corneous (like that of Coffee), ov/y (as in the Poppy), or mucdlaginous. 8. In the ovenitles given, the embryo has in each case two cotyledons ; THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. a plants having embryos of this kind are termed Dzcotyledonous (i. e. having two cotyledons or seed-leaves). There are many plants in which the embryo has but one cotyledon; this is the case with Wheat, Indian. Corn, the Onion, Lily, &c.; such plants are Monocotyledonous (i. e. having one cotyledon). This is an important distinction, and divides all our flowering plants into two great classes—Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous plants—which are further distinguished by impor- tant differences in their stem, leaves, and flowers. In the Pine Family, the embryo has several cotyledons in a whorl — Polycotyledonous, (Fig. 238). 9. The Roor or Descending Axis, is that portion of the radicle which grows downwards, fixing the plant to the soil; its office is to absorb nourishment from the earth, and to this end it is provided with an extended surface by being generally subdivided into branches and sup- plied with multitudes of delicate fibres or root-hairs. The root of a plant, which springs from the seed, makes its growth and produces flowers and seed all in one year, is called annual. When the plant re- quires two years to complete its career, it. is brennial ; and when it lives through a number of years, it is perennial. 10. The various forms which roots present, are produced either by the branching of the principal root, or by the eniargement of it and that of its branches. Where the main root continues distinct and unbranching, or sends off only occasional branches, a tap-root is formed ; ordinarily, how- ever, the main root is lost in its numerous branches, or many roots start from the lower end of the radicle, and we have a cluster of roots. Annual roots are very much divided into numerous thread-Jike branches ; such are termed fibrous roots. In biennial plants, the first year is occu- pied in storing up nourishment to be expended in producing flowers and seed in the following year ; this is frequently deposited in the root, hence the roots of biennials are usually thick and fleshy. If such roots taper regularly downwards (as in the Parsnip and*Carrot), they are conical. If they taper both upwards and downwards (the Long Radish, for example), we have a spindle-shaped or fusiform root. When much en- larged laterally, so as to be broader than long, the root is turnip-shaped or napiform. In these forms the branches are small and hair-like. In some perennial roots, those where the stem dies down annually, there is often an accumulation of nourishment and the roots become tuberous, as in the Sweet Potato. 11. Under favorable circumstances, roots may spring from any por- tion of the stem and branches. When a branch lies along the earth, or when a cutting is placed in the soil, roots are given out; these are termed secondary roots. Some stems throw out roots even at a great distance from the earth (aérial roots), which serve in some cases only as supports to the stems of climbing plants, adhering to rocks, the trunks of trees and other objects, as in the Ivy and Poison Oak,—or they at length reach the earth and help sustain the plant, as in the Indian Corn, which often throws out roots from the lower part of the stem, at some distance from the surface of the earth. Jn Parasites (those plants which 4 INTRODUCTORY. feed upon the juices of other plants), the roots adhere to or penetrate the plants upon which they feed, either above-ground, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, or they attach themselves to their roots beneath the surface, as in the various root-parasites. Roots branch without any regular order, and very seldom produce buds, in which they differ from the 12. Stem orn Ascenpinec Axis. As the elongation of the radicle lifts the cotyledons of the bean, &c., above the surface of the earth, so in turn the plumule or little bud is lifted up; its leaves, or leaf, as the case may be, expand, another bud is produced, and thus the process goes on, and the plant increases in length by the developement of a succes- sion of leaves separated by a greater or less length of stem. The point on the stem from which a leaf, or leaves, arise is termeda Node(or knot) and the spaces between the nodes are Internodes (or joints). A stem is made up of leaf-bearing internodes and terminated by a bud, which is a collection of very short internodes with their undeveloped leaves. The nature of the bud is seen in a marked manner in some trees in which the whole of the next season’s growth may be seen in miniature, just as the first internode of the plant is found in the seed. 13. A stem which continues to develope from the apex only, remains simple ; but commonly the stem branches. Branches proceed from buds which with few exceptions, appear on the stem in the angle formed by its union with the leaf (the az). The position of the branches is deter- mined by that of the leaves, and did all the buds develope, the form of the plant would be regular. Sometimes buds appear out of their usual place, (the axils of the leaves) and as roots may develope from any part of the stem, so under some circumstances may buds. Such buds are termed adventitious ; they may even appear on the root, which does not ordinarily produce buds. Where more than one bud appears in an axil, the additional ones are called accessory ; and where, as is sometimes the case, buds appear above the axil, they are extra-axdlary. When the stem continues to elongate by the terminal bud and the main trunk is kept distinct, as in the Fir Trees, the stem is excurrent ; but it is usual- ly Jost in the branches, when it is delaquescent. 14. If a stem of a plant dies down at the end of the season, it is an Herb. Herbs, according to the duration of their roots, may be annual, biennial or perennial (9) ; where the stem becomes woody it is, according to its size, a Shrub or Tree. Under-shrubs are woody plants with stems rising but little above the surface of the ground. If the stem is only woody near the base it is suffruticose; or when but little woody, suffrutes- cent. Shrubs and Trees differ only in size; those under 15 or 20 feet high and branching from near the ground are called shrubs. The jointed stem of grasses is called a Culm. 15. The various modifications of the stem and branches have received distinguishing names, of which the most used are given here. When the stem is too weak to stand erect but bends over, it is declined; if it partly lies on the ground, it is decumbent ; or if it lies entirely upon the ground, prostrate or procumbent. If it clings to objects by means of tendrils (16), like the Grape vine, or by aérial roots (11), like the Ivy, it is THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 5 climbing or scandent. If is winds around other objects like the Bean and Hop, it is voluble or twining. 16. Branches which arise from the main stem, below the surface of the earth, are called suckers. If a branch bends over so as to reach the ground and there takes root, a stolon is formed, which sends up branches of its own, and by the di- vision or the dying away of the connecting portion, becomes an inde- pendent plant. Plants multiplying in this way are stoloniferous. A long slender thread-like branch which strikes root at its extremity, as in the strawberry, is called a runner. Spies or thorns are hardened sharp-pointed branches; they may fre- quently be found bearing leaves, especially in their young state, which shows their true character. Sometimes the thorns are branched, as those of the Honey Locust. A tendril is a weak, leafless branch, capable of coiling around objects to support climbing plants (Fig. 95). Some tendrils, ‘however, belong to the leaf (26). 17. Besides the aérial form of the stem and branches, there are sey- eral subterranean ones which are often mistaken for roots, but are to be distinguished from them by having nodes, producing regular buds, and often having rudiments of leaves (11). The Root-stock or Rhizoma is an under-ground stem, advancing by its terminal bud and throwing off roots from each node or from the whole surface ; the Couch- or Quitch- grass furnishes a good illustration of one form of rhizoma ; ; it often be- comes fleshy, as in the Sweet Flag and Bloodroot. 18. Where an underground stem thickens at the apex, a Tuber is formed, as is the case in the Jerusalem Artichoke and Potato. Though popularly considered as a root, the potato is a short thick under-ground stem, having scars which are the rudiments or representatives of leaves, and the « eyes” are buds in their axils. A Cormor solid bulb is a more or less globular subterranean stem, as that of the Indian Turnip. A bulb is a very much shortened stem, covered with scales, which are the thickened bases of former leaves. The White Lily has the scales sepa- rate, and affords an example of the Scaly bulb, while in the Onion the scales surround one another and form a Twnicated or Coated bulb. The stem is here often reduced to a mere plate, from the lower surface of which proceed the roots, and from the upper the scales. Bulbdlets are small bulbs produced above ground; the Spotted Lily of the gardens bears these in the axils of the leaves, and in the Wild Leek, or Garlic, they appear in the place of flowers. 19. The internal structure of the stem presents two marked varieties. Tn dicotyledonous plants, the woody portion occupies a ring between the pith and bark, avd in stzms of this kind which last from year to year, they increase by an annual deposition of wood outside of that of the previous year; such plants are termed Exogenous or Exogens, (meaning outside gr owers). The stem of a monocotyledonous plant presents no such distinction into pith, wood and bark, but the wood is in threads or fibres, distributed irregularly throughout ‘the pith, as is seen in cutting 6 INTRODUCTORY. across a stalk of Indian Corn; these stems are called Endogenous or Endogens. (inside growers). The terms Dicotyledonous and Exogenous are used synonymously, as are Monocotyledonous and Endogenous. 20. Tue Lear. It is in the leaf that the important work of trans- forming the crude sap, which is taken up by the roots, into organized material fit to enter into the growth of the plant, is performed. In this process the agency of sunlight is required and a free exposure to the air, hence the leaves are so made and so disposed upon the stem as to present the greatest possible surface to these influences. A leaf, having all its parts, consists of an expanded portion, (the Blade, Lamina, or Limb,) a stalk by which it is attached to the stem, (the Petiole or Leaf-stalk,) and a pair of appendages at the base of the leat-stalk, called Stzpules. The petiole and stipules may one or both be absent, the essential portion being the blade. Leaves having a petiole are said to be petioled or pe- tiolate ; without a petiole they are sessile. Where the blade joins the petiole, or, if this be absent, the stem, is its base; the opposite ends are the apex, and the sides are the margins. 21. The blade of the leaf consists of a green pulpy substance through which runs a framework of fibres to give it strength ; these, as they are large or small, are called Ribs or Veins, and the mode in which they are distributed is termed venation. ‘There are two principal kinds of vena- tion: Ist, where the veins run mostly parallel, and do not branch nor form a network; these are parallel-verned (sometimes called nerved) leaves, and are mostly to be found in endogenous plants (19) ; 2d, where ‘the veins form a sort of network through the pulpy portion; the leaf is then said to be netted- or reticulately-veined. This kind of veining has two forms: Ist, where a strong rib, (the mzd7zb), runs from the base to the apex of the leaf, from which lateral veins branch off, like the plume upon a feather ; this is called feather-veined, or penni-nerved (Fig. 66) ; 2d, where several strong ribs start from the base and spread like rays from the centre; here we have a radzately-veimed leaf (Fig. 68); these, from their resemblance to a web-foot, are also called palmately-vemed. 22. Feather-veined leaves are usually longer than broad, while in the radiately-veined the form approaches the circular. The general outline of leaves, as well as that of other flat portions of plants, is described by a variety of terms. A very narrow leaf with two parallel margins is linear, as the leaves of most grasses (Fig. 260) ; when the blade tapers upwards or to each end, and is several times longer than broad, it is /an- ceolate (Fig. 179) ; when broader in proportion, oblong ; if both ends are rounded and of equal width, el/zptzcal ; when having the form of a hen’s ego cut lengthwise, with the broad end down, it is ovate; when nearly round, orbicular (Fig. 44). If the leaf tapers towards the base instead of towards the apex, it is oblanceolate and obovate, the reverse of lanceo- late and ovate. If rounded above and long and narrow below, it is spatulate, and cuneate when shaped like a wedge. 23. When the two sides of the base are prolonged and rounded, the leaf is said to be cordate or heart-shaped (Fig. 171) ; if such a leaf be much broader than long, it is kidney-shaped or reniform. If the pro- THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. re longed portions or lobes, instead of being round, are sharp and pointing downwards, the leaf is arrow-shaped or sagittate (Fig. 182 and 243) ; or if the lobes, instead of pointing downwards, are turned outwards, it is halbert-shaped or hastate (Fig. 181) : if the lobes are rounded, it is auricu- late or eared. When the lobes of a kidney-shaped leaf unite, and the petiole appears to be fixed in its centre, it is called peltate or shield- svaped. 24, Various terms are used to describe the apex or termination of leaves and similar bodies, viz. : ocute, when terminating in a sharp angle without much tapering ; acuminate or ported, if the apex is narrowed into a point; mucronate, if furnished with a small abrupt point ; obtuse, if ending in a rounded blunt point ; truncate, when it appears as if cut off abruptly ; retuse, if slightly indented at the apex ; notched or emargi- nate, when decidedly indented ; and obcordate, when so much so as to be reverse heart-shaped. 25. The margin of the leaf, when without any notches or indentations of any kind, is entive ; when with sharp teeth pointing forwards, like the teeth of a saw, it is serrate. If the teeth point outwards instead of to- wards the apex, it is said to be dentate or toothed ; if the teeth are rounded, it is crenate or scalloped. If these indentations of the margin are small in degree, then the diminutives, serrulate, denticulate and crenulate, are employed. A margin with a wavy outline is called repand, or if the indentations are deeper, shallow and rounded, senvate. When the teeth are irregular and sharp, the leaf is said to be incised or cut. A lobed leaf has the mar- gin deeply cut with a definite number of divisions ; if the divisions reach nearly to the middle, it is cleft; if nearly to the midrib, parted ; or it quite to the midrib or base, divzded. 'The number of these divisions is expressed by numerals ; thus we say 2-/lobed, 3-cleft, 4-parted, &e. The division of the margin follows the distribution of the veins, and a pin- nately-veined leaf will be pznnately-cleft, punnately-parted, &c., and a pal- mately-veined one will be palmately-lobed, palmately-divided, &c. 26. Leaves, as to the division of their margins, present every variety from entire to so deeply cut that the division reaches the midrib. The parts of a divided or parted leaf are called Segments or Lobes. However much it may be divided, the leaf is considered as simple unless the parts are jouted together, or articulated, in which case it becomes compound. The parts of a compound leaf are called Leaflets, and the same terms are used for them that are employed in describing leaves. Compound leaves, like divided ones, present two principal forms: when a pinnately-veined leaf becomes compound, it forms a pinnate leaf (Fig. 78), the leaflets being arranged on the midrib which becomes the Common Petiole or Rachis ; 30 a palmately or radiately-veined leaf becomes palmately com- pound or digitate, bearing the leaflets at the top of a common petiole (Fig. 64). When the leaflets of a pinnate leaf are in even pairs, the leaf is equally- or abruptly-pinnate ; odd-pinnate, if the common petiole terminates with a leaflet (Fig. 53). Sometimes the common petiole is prolonged into a Ten/ril (Fig. 71), and the leaf aids in supporting the 8 INTRODUCTORY. plant. When the leaflets themselves have a stalk (Petiolule) they are petiolulate. Often the leaflets of a pinnate leaf themselves become com- pound, when we have a doubly or twrce-pinnate leaf; this division may be continued to produce thrice-pinnate, &c. The number of leaflets in a compound leaf is expressed by pznnately 3-foliolate, 5-folrolate, &c., or palmately 3-folrolate, 5-foliolate, &c. Very much divided leaves, especially if irregularly so, are called de- compound. 27. The point of attachment of the leaf to the stem is its znsertion. Those leaves which are inserted at or beneath the surface of the ground, ‘are called Radzcal- or Root-leaves ; those along the ascending stem, cau- line ; and those near the flower, Floral-leaves or Bracts. The insertion of the leaf is in three principal ways: when two arise from each node or joint, they are opposite (Fig. 34) ; when there are 3 or more at each joint, they are whorled or verticilate (Fig. 114) ; and alternate, when only one is produced at each node (Fig. 24). Alternate leaves present a great variety in their arrangement. When one is pro- duced above another on exactly opposite sides of the stem, they are 2- ranked. When they are so placed that each is 3 the circumference of the stem from the other, we have the 3-ranked order, and so on for the 5-ranked and others. The subject of the arrangement of leaves, or Phyl- lotaxy, as it is called, is one which presents much interest to the curious, and will be found clearly explained in Gray’s Botanical Text Book. 28. When the bases of two opposite leaves grow together, appearing as if the stem passed through them, they are connate-perfolzate ; when a single leaf presents this appearance by the union of the lobes of its base beyond the stem, it is called perfolzate. Pairs of opposite leaves crossing each other at right-angles are decus- sate. Where several leaves are crowded together, so as to spring apparently from the same point, they are clustered or fasczcled. Leaves and other parts which fall soon after expanding, are fugaczous or caducous ; deciduous, when they fall at the close of the season ; per- sistent, when they last the whole year or longer. 29. The manner in which leaves are disposed in the bud is their verna- tion or prefoliation. When each leaf is infolded lengthwise, it is condu- plicate ; plicate, when several times folded or plaited ; mvolute, when the margins are rolled in ; revo/ute, when rolled backwards towards the midrib; convolute, when rolled up from one edge; and czrceznate, when spirally rolled from the apex downwards. 30. Stipules (20) are not always present. In the Magnolia Family their office seems to be to protect the bud, and they fall away early ; in other cases they remain with the leaves. When the leaflets of a com- pound leaf have stipular appendages, they are said to be stzpellate. If the stipules adhere by one edge to the petiole, they are adnate, as in the Clover (Fig. 74), and if they unite around the stem, they form a sheath or Ochrea, as is seen in Polygonums (Fig. 179). 31. Organs oF Repropuction consist of the flower, fruit and seed. THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 9 Flowers are developed from buds occupying the same position as those which produce branches, and the botanist regards the flower as a short branch with its leaves in a peculiar state of developement, the different parts of the flower answering to leaves. The manner in which flowers are arranged upon the stem is termed znflorescence. 32. The simplest form is when the stem is terminated by a flower-bud, as in the Tulip ; as the stem grows no longer in this direction, this is called determinate inflorescence, but it is generally the case that flowers are thrown out from the axils of the leaves, while the stem keeps on growing. This form, of which there are several modifications, is ande- termmate. If the flowers arise from the axils of the leaves of the stem which remain like those of the rest of the plant, the inflorescence is axillary (Fig. 184) ; but more commonly, when flowers are produced, the leaves become smaller, and the joints of the stem shorter, and some kind of a flower cluster is formed. In this case the reduced or transformed leaves are called Bracts, and the flower cluster receives various names according to the form it assumes. 33. When flowers arise each from the axil of a bract upon a short pedicel of its own, a Raceme is formed; the main stem or axis is its Rachis or Common Peduncle ; and the stalk of each flower, its Pedicel. Here the lower flowers open first. If the flowers are sessile instead of being raised upon pedicels, a Spike is produced. If the lower pedicels of a short raceme are elongated so that all the flowers are raised up to the same level, it forms a Corymb ; and if the internodes of the common peduncle are at the same time shortened so that the pedicels all appa- rently start from the same point, an Umbel (Fig. 108,) is the result, the pedicels of which are called Rays, and the collected bracts at their base form an Involucre. It is usually the case that the umbel becomes com- pound and the rays themselves bear small umbels or Umbellets ; if these have any involucres they are called Involucels. A. Head is where the flowers are closely crowded together as in the Clover (Fig. 74). In the Composite Family, of which the common Sunflower is an example, the apex of the stem is expanded to form a Receptacle, upon which the sepa- rate flowers or Florets are placed; here the bracts form an involucre around the head and sometimes appear upon the receptacle as Chaff. A fleshy spike like that of the Indian ‘Turnip and Skunk Cabbage is called a Spadix, and the hood-like involucre which sometimes surrounds it, a Spathe. A scaly spike, like those of the willow, is called an Ament or Catkin. if the pedicels of a raceme are branched a Panicle is produced. In the determinate form of inflorescence, the flowering is often con- tinued by the production of flowering branches from the axils of the leaves or bracts below the terminal flower ; these branches may throw out others, and thus a Cyme is produced. In this case the central or uppermost flower is oldest and it is thus distinguished from forms of 1n- determinate inflorescence. A flower-stalk which arises from below or near the surface of the ground is called a Scape. 34. Tur FLower has two kinds of organs; the flower-leaves or Floral al * 10 INTRODUCTORY Envelopes, which are usually in two series; the outer of usually green leaves, the Calyx or Flower-cup ; and an inner and more delicate por- tion, the Corolla ; and the E'ssentzal Organs, the parts necessary to the production of seed, the Stamens and Pistzls, which are also in two series. The portion of the stem to which these are attached is the Receptacle. These parts are arranged on the receptacle in a regular ascending order : first, the calyx; then the corolla ; within and above this, the stamens ; and in the centre of the flower, the pistils. (Fig. 4.) 35. The calyx is generally green and leaf-like ; the pieces of which it is composed are called Sepals. The corolla is of a more delicate texture than the calyx and of some other color than green ; its parts are called Petals. The broad expanded portion of the petal answering to the blade of the leaf, is its Lemb, and the narrowed base, cor responding to the petiole, is, when present, its Claw. 36. The stamens which are to be found next within the petals have also two parts; a rounded or lobed body or case called the Anther ; and the usually slender stalk which supports it, the Filament. Although the stamen is so unlike a leaf, the botanist regards it as representing in its anther, the blade of a leaf with its margins infolded to form a hollow bag, and in its filament, the leaf-stalk. This would perhaps be difficult to comprehend if there were not some plants which show a regular gra- dation from green calyx leaves to perfect anthers. In half double roses we can often see bodies that are half petals and half anthers, showing that they are but modifications of the same fundamental organ. As the blade is the essential part of the leaf so is the anther that of the stamen, and the filament may be wanting, when the anther is sessile. The anther produces a powder, usually ofa yellow color, which is discharged ordinarily by slits in its walls or sometimes by pores at the apex (Fig. 144) or by valves or trap doors (Fig. 16). The office of this powder, called Pollen, is to fertilize the ovary. Anthers are usually 2-celled, sometimes 4-celled, or one-celled by the confluence or running together of the cells. or by the abortion or disappearance of one of them. If the anther rests directly upon the apex of the filament it is innate ; if the whole length of one face is applied to the filament, it is adnate ; when it looks towards the centre of the flower, it is zntrorse ; when look- ing outwards, extrorse ; it is called versatile when hung to ‘the apex of the filament in such a way as to swing loosely in any direction. When the filament is prolonged between the anther-cells it is termed the Connective. The number of stamens is expressed by monandrous, diandrous, trian- drous, &c., for a flower with 1—2 and 3 stamens, &c.; polyandrous for many stamens : words obtained by putting the names of the classes of» Linneeus, monandria, diandria, &c., founded on the number of stamens, into the adjective form. 37. Tue Pisrin or pistils occupy the centre of the flower ; they are the parts which produce seeds. The pistil has three parts ; the hollow portion below, the ovary ; a more or less prolonged stalk above this, the style, which has a variously shaped termination, the stzgma. ‘The ovary THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. lef and stigma being the essential portions, the style may be, and frequently is, wanting, when the stigma is sessile. The ovary contains within it the rudiments of seeds or Ovules, which are, after they have received the fertilizing influence of the pollen which is communicated through the stigma, developed into seeds. The number of pistils in a flower is ex- pressed by prefixing the greek numerals to gynous ; a monogynous one having one pistil; a digynous one having two pistils, &c. For farther in relation to the structure of the pistil, see 45. 38. The stamens and pistils being the essential parts of the flower, one or both series of the floral envelopes may be wanting : when one of the series is absent, it is the corolla, and the flower is then apetalous (without petals) ; or when both are absent, the flower is naked. A complete flower has all four series of organs present : if either of these is lacking it is then mecomplete. An incomplete flower may pro- duce seeds, having both stamens and pistils, and as long as these are both present, the flower is perfect. If either of these is absent, the flower is imperfet. These organs are frequently produced in separate flowers (Figs. 69 and 70): when the stammate and pistillate flowers are both borne on the same plant, they are said to be monecious (i. e. in one household) ; or if produced on different plants, diacrous (in two house- holds). When some of the flowers are perfect and the others separated, they are polygamous. Flowers having the different series of organs with the same number of parts in each, are symmetrical ; those having the paris in each series of the same shape, are regu/ar ; or of different shapes, wregular (Fig. 13). 39. The infinite variety of forms which flowers present is produced by modifications in these four series of parts. Some parts of a set may be wanting or much changed from the usual form, or the number of parts may be multiplied. ‘The different parts of a set may unite and form one piece, or the structure may be st ll further varied by the cohering or growing together of the parts of two or more adjoining series. It is very common to find the sepals of a calyx or the petals of a corolla more or less joined by their contiguous edges so as to form a tube. When the sepals are distinct, the calyx is polysepalous; and where united, monosepulous. Where the union is only partial and the upper portions of the sepals free, it is sometimes convenient to say that it is cleft or parted as the case may be. If the corolla has distinct petals, it iz polypetalous ; when these are more or less joined. monopetalous or gamopetalous. In a monopetalous corolla the parts are not usually united for their whole length :—the free or expanded portion is the Lzmb and the narrower portion the Tube. Among the forms cf monopetalous corollas may be mentioned the follow- ing: the funnel-shaped or infundibuliform, when the tube is narrower below but spreads at summit (Fig. 167); the bell-shaped or campanu- late, with a rounded base and open or spreading border ; tubular, when elongated and more or less cytindrical throughout (Fig. 115) ; salver-s..aped, when the tube is very narrow and bears a broad spreading limb ; and wheel-shaped or rotate, with a broad limb and scarcely anv — 1 INTRODUCTORY. tube (Fig. 161). When the petals are irregularly united, a 2-lipped or dabzate corolla is produced (Fig. 152). 40. The stamens and pistils are also frequently united. When sta- mens unite by their filaments so as to form a tube, they are monadelphous, (i.e. forming one brotherhood,) as in the Mallow Family (Fig. 45) ; or when, as in the Pulse Family (Fig. 73), they are in two sets, they are diadelphous, (i. e. in two brotherhoods). The union into three or many parcels is expressed by the terms trzadelphous and polyadelphous. In the large Composite Family, the union takes place by the anthers, when they are syngenesious. 41. The pistils are oftener united than otherwise, so that what ap- pears to be a simple pistil is frequently made up of several united ores. The union may take place by the ovaries only, the styles remaining wholly or partly free, or it may be so complete that the real nature of the pistil can only be discovered by cutting it across, through the united ovaries, which will generally present as many cells or cavities as there are simple pistils that go to make up the compound one. 42. The union or consolidation of the parts of different series fre- quently occurs, and this often renders the structure of the flower at first sight rather obscure. When the calyx, corolla and stamens are all free from each other and are evidently inserted below the pistils, they are hypogynous (i.e. under the pistil), as in Fig. 4. When calyx, corolla and stamens cohere together, but are still free from the pistil, so that the latter two appear to be inserted on the former, they are perzgynous, (i.e., around the pistil,) as in the Peach and Cherry (Fig. 80).. The union often involves the ovary ; in this case, the stamens and corolla appear to be on the calyx, it is still perzgynous; but the union is sometimes so complete that the parts appear to be inserted directly upon the ovary, when they are said to be epzgynous; (i. e., upon the ovary). These terms are not so much used as formerly, as the condition of the parts is better expressed by saying, calyx half adherent or entirely adherent to the ovary, as the case may be. : 43. The symmetry of the flower (Fig. 38) is broken up either by the suppression or nondevelopment of some parts of a set or by the multi- plication of the parts: but as one or more series usually retains the nor- mal number, there is generally but little difficulty in making out the nu- merical plan upon which the flower is constructed. The number of parts in a whole flower or in a set is expressed by the following terms: binary, if in twos; ternary, in threes ; quarternary, in fours; quinary, in fives. Tetramerous, pentamerous, &c., (written 4-merous, 5-merous, &c.) are used to describe flowers with their parts in fours, fives, &c. 44, Ordinarily the parts of a symmetrical flower alternate ; that is, the petals are placed over the interval between the sepals, the stamens over the interval between the petals and consequently opposite the sepals, and so on. ‘This is to.be considered the usual position, unless otherwise stated, in the description of the plant. Exceptions, however, occur, as in the Buckthorn and Barberry, where the stamens are placed directly in front of the petals. : THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. . 13 The terms upper and lower, as applied to the parts of the flower, refer to their position in relation to the main stem or axis. The petal or sepal of an axillary flower, which lies next to the bract or farthest out- ward from the stem, is ower or anterior ; the one on the opposite side and nearest the stem is upper or superior ; and those placed right and leit of these are dateral. 45. Tue Pisriu in its simplest form, a single pistil, is regarded as a leaf with its margins folded together so as to form a closed bag or hol- low portion, the ovary; its prolonged apex is the style, and the upper end of this or some portion of its margin, the stigma. A simple pistil, composed of a single leaf, whether separate or forming a part of a com- pound pistil, is called a Carpel ; that portion where the margins of the leaves join, is the Ventral Suture ; and the portion opposite to this cor- responding to the midrib of the leaf, the Dorsal Suture. 'The Ovules (37) are placed at the ventral suture where the margins of the carpellary leaf are infolded and project more or less into the cavity, forming what is called the Placenta, to which the ovules are attached. 46. When two or more carpels unite, a Compound Pistil is formed ; this will have as many cells or cavities as there are simple pistils or carpels combined ; the placenta will be in the centre and the partitions or Dissepiments which separate the cells, being formed by the union of the contiguous sides of two carpels, will‘be double in their nature, although this may not be manifest (Fig. 33 represents a compound pistil of 3 carpels, cut across). Sometimes a compound pistil is but one-celled ; either from the early disappearance of the partitions, when the placen- tee will be left free in the centre of the ovary; or the ovary may be formed by the union of the contiguous edges of several carpellary leaves, without their folding together,—the placente in this case consist of the margins of two different leaves and may not project into the cavity of the ovary—such placenta are parietal, (i. e., on the walls). The num- ber of earpels of which a compound ovary is composed, is frequently in- dicated by the number of styles or stigmas. An ovary of two carpels is dicarpellary ; ‘one of three, tricarpellary, &c. 47. ‘he ovules are the little rudimentary bodies which are to become seeds: our limits do not permit us to describe their structure or to say much about them. After they have received the fertilizing influence of the pollen, communicated through the stigma, an embryo is developed within them as they mature, and a seed is formed. Hach ovule is placed on a little stalk, the Funiculus. When the ovule is straight it is called orthotropous ; when curved or bent upon itself, campy’otropous ; and if entirely inverted on its stalk so that its apex points to the placenta, anatropous. 48. Not only does the ovule enlarge and undergo a great change, in forming the seed, but the ovary also enlarges and is variously trans- formed and becomes the fruit. The Fructis the ripened ovary, (called Pericarp or Seed-vesse’,) its contents and sometimes the adhering adjacent parts, as the calyx. In the Checkerberry (Fig. 147) and in the Quince, it is the enlarged and fleshy calyx which is the eatable portion of the 14 INTRODUCTORY. fruit, while in the Strawberry, it is the large and pulpy receptacle which is eaten. 49. In the process of maturing, the walls of the ovary assume a va- riety of texture. If they become soft and pulpy a Berry is formed, or if the outer portion only becomes juicy and soft while the inner part be- comes hard and bony, a stone-fruit or Drupe is produced (Fig. 81). When the walls become thick or papery, we have some form of a Pod, or if bony, a Nut. The internal structure of the fruit is often different from that of the ovary; a several-celled ovary frequently producing a one-celled fruit, the other cells, and often all the ovules but one, being obliterated. It sometimes happens that more cells are present in the fruit than were contained in the ovary; this results from the formation of false partitions. 50. A pod formed of a single carpel, opening at maturity by its inner or ventral suture, is a Follicle (Fig. 7) ; if it open at bothsutures and splits into two valves or pieces, it is called a Legume, of which the Pea and Bean are familiar examples. A pod formed by a compound ovary is termed a Capsule ;—if this opens by regular valves it is dehzscent, otherwise zndehiscent. Dehiscence may take place either by splitting through the partitions, when it is septzcidal or through the back of each carpe! ; the latter mode is called loculic:dal. ‘That form of pod which is peculiar to the Mustard Family is called a Silzque (Fig. 23); this is composed of two carpels, the two valves at n aturity falling away from the two parietal placentee which remain as a frame-work or Replum,— in this the pod is two-celled by the stretching of a delicate false partition between the two placente. A short pod of this kind is called a Svlzcle or Pouch (Fig. 27). Some capsules open by a transverse line, the top coming off as a lid ; such a pod is called a Pyzxis and this kind of dehiscence, ezrcwmsissile. (Fig. 42). 51. A berry is a fruit, which like the grape, is pulpy throughout ; if the rind becomes hardened while the interior remains soft, a Gourd-fruzt or Pepo is formed. A Pome, as the Apple and Pear, is composed of the fleshy and enlarged calyx-tube ; the carpels being the thin plates which surround the seeds in its centre (Fig. 90). Fleshy and pulpy fruits are of course indehiscent. An Akene or Achenium is a small dry one-seeded fruit, often popularly called seed, as in the Crowfoot (Fig. 6) and in the Composite Family (Fig. 126 & 140). A Gram or Caryopsis is like an akene but with the pericarp closely adherent to the whole surface of the seed. An Uftricle is an akene with very thin walls. A Key or Samara is a kind of akene with a wing, as in the Ash or Maple (Fig. 68); in the latter case two are united. Multiple fruits result from several flowers closely crowded together, as in the Mulberry. A Cone or Strobile is a scaly-inbricated multiple fruit. 52. The seed has already been described as containing an embryo with or without albumen; it has two coats, the inner of which is very thin and delicate and not always to be made out,—the outer one, the Testa, is much thicker and often even hard and bony, and is variously _ THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. 15 marked. Sometimes it is expanded into a wing, and at others, as in the Milkweed, furnished with a tuft of hairs which serve to waft it from place to place. The mark left by the separation of the seed-stalk or funiculus is called the Hi/um, which is conspicuous in the Bean and Horse-chestnut. 53. Systematic Botany is that branch of the science which groups together plants according to their resemblances in structure. Individual plants that are so much like each other that they may be conceived to have a common origin, are comprised under the head of Species. Plants are apt tu vary much, from local influences, and to deviate somewhat from the regular form of the species ; these departures from the typical form are considered as Varieties. Where varieties perpetuate their pecu- liarities from one generation to another by the seed, they form Races ; of which our cultivated plants furnish numerous examples. Those species which have many points of resemblance, though differing in minor char- acters, are grouped together in Genera, and genera again are collected into Families or Orders, these into Classes founded upon fundamental dif- ferences in the structure of the embryo, stem, &c. The next group in the ascending order is that of Serzes, where the whole vegetable kingdom is separated into two great series, the one comprising the Flowering and the other the Flowerless Plants. 54. In the descriptions of plants, the account given of the Order should apply to all the genera included in it; that of.the Genus should include the important characters of all the species it comprises ; and that of a Species should present those points which distinguish it from other species in the same Genus. The names given to plants are double, corresponding to the surname and baptismal names of persons. The name of the Genus is placed first, followed by that of the species; the latter is usually in the adjective form. 55. Of course all the plants that one meets with will not be found in this work, it being intended only to include those which are to be found in cultivated sections. In order to find the name and description of any particular plant, the first thing to be settled, (it being of course a flow- ering plant.) is, to which class to refer it; this is usually indicated by the leaves, or, at any rate, it may be ascertained by making a cut across the stem. If it be an exogenous stem, then it must be ascertained whetber the corolla is present, and if present, whether it is composed of many pieces or is a more or less entire single one. These preliminaries being settled, a reference to the Key and a little patience will soon de- termine the Family to which it belongs. If upon referring to the description, the plant in question agrees with the character given to the Family, then the genus is to be ascertained, and after this the species. A KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS OR FAMILIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. Serres 1. FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants with flowers, having slamens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. Cuass J. Exogenous or DicoryLeponous Puants. Stems distinctly formed of bark, wood and pith ; the wood in stems lasting from year to year, increasing by annual layers on the outside next the bark. Leaves netted- veined. Hmbryo with two opposite cotyledons, or (in the Pine family) seve- ralin a whorl. Parts of the flowers usually in fives or fours. Sup-cLass 1. ANGIOSPERMS. Jistil a closed ovary, containing ovules and becoming the fruit. Cotyledons 2. Division I. PoLypEeTaLous: Calyx and corolla both present (except in some genera of Order I); the petals entirely separate (except in Order XXX., where they are sometimes united). A. STAMENS NUMEROUS, MORE THAN 10. 1. Stamens borne on the receptacle, entirely free from the calyx, corolla or ovary. Pistils more than one, entirely separate from each PAGE, other. Herbs with perfect flowers and divided leaves. RANUNCULACEA, 26 Small trees with 6-petalled flowers and entire leaves. ANONACEA, 36 Pistils numerous, grown together one above another, covering the long receptacle. MAGNOLIACEA, 34 Pistils only 1, or 2 — several, more or less completely united into one. Ovary simple and 1-celled, with only one placenta. Petals large. Filaments shorter than the anthers. Podophyllum in BERBERIDACEA, 36 Petals 4 and irregular, or else very small. RANUNCULACEX, 26 (16) KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. 17 Ovary compound, with many seeds from a PAGE, central placenta. PORTULACACEX, 62 Ovary compound, 1 —5-celled; if 1-celled, with 2—several placentze on the walls. Sepals falling when the flower opens, fewer than the petals. Herbs with . milky or colored juice. PAPAVERACES, 40 Sepals falling after blossoming, 5 in number. ‘Trees. TILIACER,. 68 Sepals remaining beneath the fruit. Leaves all opposite, with transparent or dark-colored dots. HYPERICACES, 54 2. Stamens connected with the base of the petals, and these borne on the receptacle, Filaments united in a tube or column; anthers : kidney-shaped, 1-celled. MALVACEA, 63 3. Stamens and petals united with and apparently borne on the calyx (perigynous). Petals many, in several rows. Shrubs. CALYCANTHACER, 1385 Leaves with stipules, alternate. ROSACE, 112 Leaves without stipules. Pod many-seeded. Shrubs, leaves opposite. Pod with several cells. Philadel- [phus in SAXIFRAGACEH, 143 Herbs; leaves fleshy. Pod 1- celled, Opening by a lid. PORTULACACEX, 62 Pod 2-seeded, 2-beaked. Shrubs or trees. Petals sometimes wanting. HLAMAMELACEH, 144 B. STAMENS 10 OR FEWER. 1. Corolla irregular, (Pistil one.) Leaves opposite, palmately compound. Calyx 5- toothed. Shrubs or trees. SAPINDACER, 87 Leaves alternate, with stipules. Filaments often united. Two lower petals approaching or joined. Pod simple with only one row of seeds. LEGUMINOSZ, 93 Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flower 1-spurred. Stamens 8. Fruit of 3 thick and closed pieces. TROPHOLACEX, 73 Flower somewhat papilionaceous. Stamens 4—8 in two sets; anthers 1-celled, opening at top. Fruit a 2-celled, 2- seeded pod. POLYGALACER, 92 18 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. 2. Corolla nearly er quite regular. PAGE Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Pistil and style 1 (the latter sometimes cleft at the summit). Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACES, 36 Anthers opening lengthwise. Woody vines. Calyx minute; petals falling very early. VITACEX, 81 Shrubs. Calyx larger, its divisions 4-5. RHAMNACEA, 85 Herbs. Sepals 2: petals 5: stigmas 3. PORTULACACER, 62 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many, or of some unequal number. Calyx-tube adhering to the surface of the ovary. Stamens more or less united with each other. Flowers moneecious. CUCURBITACE, 138 Stamens distinct, as many or twice as many as the petals. Seeds many in a 1-celled berry. Shrubs. GROSSULACE, 136 Seeds many, in a 2-celled or 1-celled pod. Styles 2. SAXIFRAGACEH, 143 Seeds many, in a 4-celled pod. Style 1: stigmas 4. ONAGRACE, 135 Seeds only 1 in each cell. Border of calyx obscure. Flowers in small axillary clus- ters. Pod 2-beaked. Shrubs or trees. HAMAMELACER, 144 Styles 2: fruit dry. Herbs with flowers in compound umbels. UMBELLIFERAE, 145 Styles 8-5 (rarely 2); fruit a berry. Shrubs or herbs, with flowers in simple or panicled umbels. ARALIACER, 155 Style 1. Flowers in cymes or clustered in heads, sometimes surrounded by an involucre. COoRNACEX, 157 Calyx free from the ovary, at least from the fruit. Leaves with transparent or blackish dots. Leaves simple, entire and opposite. HYPERICACE, 54 Leaves compound or divided. RUTACES, 74 Leaves without transparent dots. Pistils more than one. Leaves with stipules. ROSACES, 112 Pistils 2, nearly distinct. Stipules none. SAXIFRAGACEZ, 143 Pistil 1, simple, l-celled: style and stigma 1. LEGUMINOSA, 93 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. Pistil 1, compound; either its styles, stigmas or ovary cells more than 1. Style 1, entire, or barely cleft at top. Stamens united into a tube, with authers in its orifice. Trees with odd-pinnate or bipinnate leaves. Stamens distinct. Anthers opening by holes or chinks at top. Anthers opening «cross the top. Anthers opening lengthwise. Herbs. Stamens 6, 2 of them shorter. Woody plants. Fruit few- seeded. Stamens fewer than the 4 long petals. Stamens as many as the broad petals. Styles or sessile stigmas 2-6, or style 2 -5-cleft. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. One-seeded. Shrubs. Several- or many-seeded. Seeds in the cen- tre of the pod. Seeds on the walls or bottom of the pod. Ovary with 2-5 or more cells. Sessile stigmas and sta- mens 4-6. Styles or long stigmas 2: fruit 2-winged. Styles or divisions of the style 5. Stamens 5: pod partly or com- pletely 10-cell- ed. Stamens 10: pod _ §-celled. Leaves compound. Stamens 10 (or fewer): styles united with a long beak, split- ting from it when ripe. MELIACES, ERICACEZ, CRUCIFERZ, OLEACEA, CELASTRACEX, ANACARDIACES, 19 PAGE. 69 207 42 264. 86 Ue CARYOPHYLLACEH, 56 SAXIFRAGACEZ, AQUIFOLIACEA, ACERACES, LINACEA, OXALIDACE, GERANIACER, 143 216 89 70 71 20 KEY TO NATURAL OKDERS. 5 Division I. Monopetatous: Calyx and corolla both present; the petals more or less united. A. TUBE OF THE CALYX COHERENT WITH THE OVARY, the corolla ap- parently inserted on the ovary. Stamens united by their anthers, and Not by their filaments. Flowers in heads PAGE. which are furnished with an involucre. CoMPOSIT#, 168 Also more or less by their filaments. Flowers not in heads. Corolla irregular, cleft down one side. Flowers perfect. LOBELIACEA, 206 Corolla regular. Flowers moneecious. Tendril bearing vines. CUCURBITACEX, 188 Stamens separated from each other, and Inserted on the corolla. Leaves opposite or whorled. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in an involucrate head. DIPSACEZ, _ 167 Flowers not involucrate. Stamens 2-3. Corolla 5-lobed. VALERIANACER, 165 Stamens 4-5. Corolla 4-5- lobed. CAPRIFOLIACES, 160 Leaves opposite with stipules between them, or whorled without stipules. RUBIACEA, 163 Inserted with but not on the corolla. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. Woody plants. Huckleberry sub-family [in ERICACES, 207 B. CALYX FREE FROM THE OVARY; the corolla on the receptacle. 1. Stamens more in number than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves compound. Flowers commonly irregular. Pod 1-celled. LEGUMINOS4, 93 Leaves simple or palmately divided. Stamens united into a tube. MALVACE, 63 Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens united only at the base, or separate. Stamens cn the corolla, twice or four times as many as its lobes EBENACEZ, 217 ’ Stamens free from the corolla, twice as many as its lobes. ERICACES, 207 2. Stamens as many as the 5,4 or rarely 6-7 lobes of the regular corolla. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, 5 or rarely 4. Inserted on the receptacle. ERICACEE, 207 Inserted on the corolla, but connected more or less with the stigma. Juice milky. Filaments monadelphous. ASCLEPIADACEE, 261 : KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. 91 Inserted on the corolla free from the stigma. PAGE Style none: stigmas 4-6: corolla very short, deeply cleft. AQUIFOLIACEH, 216 Style 1, rarely 2, sometimes 2-cleft or 3- cleft. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, making 4 alkenes. Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic. LABIATA, — 228 Stamens 5. Leaves not aromatic. BORRAGINACE Bz, 241 Ovary and pod 1-celled: the seeds on the walls. Leaves entire and opposite. GENTIANACEX, 260 Ovary and fruit with 2 or more cells. Stamens 4. long. Flowers ina close spike. PLANTAGINACEA, 218 Stamens 5. Pod or berry many- seeded. Flower not quite regular. Style entire. SCROPHULARIACES, 223 Flower quite regular. Sta- mens all alike. SOLANACES, 250 Stamens 5. Pods with few large seeds. Twining herbs. CONVOLVULACEH, 246 3. Stamens always fewer than the lobes of the calyx or corolla, 2— 4.. Corolla more or less irregular, mostly 2-lipped. Ovary 4-lobed, making 4 akenes. Stems square; leaves opposite, aromatic. - LABIATA, 298 Ovary and fruit 4-celled and 4-seeded. Sta- mens 4. VERBENACE#, 228 Ovary and pod 2-celled, with many BES and winged seeds. ! B IGNONIACEA, 220 Ovary and ‘fruit irregularly 4 —5-celled, with } many large seeds. Ovary and pod 2-celled, with many or few small seeds. SCROPHULARIACEH, 223 Corolla regular. Stamens only 2. Corolla 4-lobed or 4-parted. Shrubs or trees. OLEACES, 264 22 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS: Division IIl..ApETALots: Corolla none; the floral envelopes being in a single series (calyx), or sometimes wanting altogether. A. FLOWERS NOT IN AMENTS OR CATKIN-LIKE HEADS. 1. Seeds many in each cell of the ovary or fruit. Calyx with its tube coherent with the 6-celled PAGE. ovary. ARISTOLOCHIACE, 268 Calyx free from the ovary. Pod 3-celled or 1-celled, with 8 or more styles. Mollugo, &¢., in CARYOPHYLLACE®, 56 Pod or berry 1-celled and simple. RANUNCULACES, 26 2. Seeds only 1-2 in each cell of the ovary or fruit. Pistils more than one to the flower, and separate from each other. Calyx present and petal-like. Stamens on the receptacle. RANUNCULACEZ, . 26 Calyx present; the stamens inserted on it. Leaves with stipules. ROSACE, 112 Pistil only 1, simple, or formed of two or more, with their ovaries united. Styles 10. Fruit a 10-seeded berry. PHYTOLACCACEH, 270 Styles or stigmas 2-3. Herbs with sheathing stipules and entire leaves. POLYGONACE4, 278 Herbs with separate stipules and com- pound or cleft leaves. URTICACEA, 291 Herbs with milky juice: stipules decidu- ous or none, and stigmas often forked. Fruit splitting into 2—3 2-vyalved pods. EUPHORBIACEA, 287 Herbs without stipules, and Without scaly bracts. Flowers small and greenish. CHENOPODIACES, 270 With scaly bracts around and among the flowers. AMARANTACES, 275 Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves. Fruit a pair of keys. ACERACES, 89 Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and deciduous stipules. Stamens on the throat of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. RHAMNACES, 85 Stamens on the bottom of the calyx. URTICACEA, 291 Style 1; stigma 2-lobed. Fruita key. Leaves pinnate. Fraxinus in OLEACES, 264 Style or sessile stigma 1, and simple. Calyx of 6 petal-like colored sepals: sta- mens 9-12: anthers opening by valves. Aromatic shrubs or trees. LAURACES, 285 Calyx in the sterile flowers of 3 — 5 green- ish sepals: stamens the same number. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. URTICACER, 291 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. 23 B. FLOWERS, ONE OR BOTH SORTS, IN AMENTS OR CATKIN-LIKE HEADS. Twining dicecious herbs; fertile flowers only in short aments. Humulus in URTICACE4, 291 - Shrubby plants, parasitic on trees. Fruit a berry. LORANTHACE#, 286 Trees or shrubs. Sterile flowers only in aments. Flowers PAGE moncecious. Leaves pinnate. Ovary and fruit with- out an involucre. JUGLANDACES, 302 Leaves simple. Nuts one or more in 4 eup or inyolucre. CUPULIFERS, 597 Flowers of both kinds in aments or close heads. ¢ Leaves palmately-veined or lobed. Calyx 4-clefi, in the fertile flowers becoming berry-like. Morus in URTICACES, 291 Calyx none: flowers inround heads. PLATANACEH, 301 Leayes pinnately-veined. Flowers dicecious, 1 on each scale. Pod many-seeded. SALICACEX, 328 Flowers moneecious, the fertile ones 2 or more uncer each scale. BETULACES, * 24 Flowers only 1 under each fertile scale. Fruit 1-seeded. MYRICACE, 323 | SuB-cLAss 2. GyMNOSPERMS. fistil represented by an ope® scale or leaf, or sometimes entirely wanting; the ovules and seeds naked. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Stems branched. Leaves simple. CONIFER, 333 24 KEY TO NATURAL ORDERS. Crass II. ENvoGenous OR MonocoryLeponous Prants. Stem not distinguishable into bark, wood and pith. Leaves mostly parallel-veined and sheathing at base. Parts of the flower usually in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon. 1. Flowers densely crowded on a spadix with or without a spathe. Herbs. The small and crowded flowers either naked or with a small perianth. Spadix with a large spathe surrounding it. ) PAGE. Flower generally naked: fruit a berry. _ | Spadix without a spathe. Perianth of 6 ges oat pieces. “Spadix without any proper spathe: perianth none; fruit an akene. TYPHACEA, 347 2. Flowers not on a spadix, but variously disposed, having a calyx and corolla, or a 6-leaved or 6-lobed (rarely 4-lobed) perianth colored and corolla-like. Perianth not adherent to the ovary, and Of 3 greenish sepals and 8 distinct and colored petals. Pistils many, in a ring or head, forming akenes. ALISMACEA, 347 Pistil 1, 3-celled, many —several-seeded : style one. Slender scurfy-leaved plants, growing on - trees BROMELIACE4Z, 349 Of mostly 6 petal-like leaves in 2 ranks, 3 out- side and 3 inside, or else 6- (rarely 4-) lobed, all colored alike. Stamens 6, or as many as the divisions of the perianth, all alike. Anthers turned outward, i. e., on the outer side of the filament. Leaves alternate with side ten- drils, netted-veined between the ribs. Flowers dicecious: styles or sessile stigmas 3. SMILACEA, 350 Anthers turned inwards, i. e., on the inner side of the filament *style 1: stigmas 1-3. LILIACE, 351 3. Flowers not on a spadix and without any colored or corolla-like perianth, but having glumes, i. e., husk-like or scale-like bracts. Stems rush- like or straw-like. Glumes 6 in a whorl to each flower, like a calyx. JUNCACE, 858 Glume one to each flower, the flower in its axil. Flowers collected into heads or spikes. CYPERACE, 358 Glumes 2-4 to each flower, of 2 sorts. GRAMINEZ. AMERICAN WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. SERIES I. FLOWERING PLANTS. Prants with flowers, having stamens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. CLASS I. EXOG’ENOUS, OR DICOTYLE’DONOUS PLANTS. ‘Svems distinctly formed of bark, wood and pith; the wood, in stems lasting from year to year, increasing by annual layers on the outside next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons, or rarely several ina whorl. Parts of the flower usually in fives or fours. SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPER’MOUS EX’OGENS. Pistm a closed ovary, containing ovules and becoming the fruit. Cotyledons 2. DIVISION 1. POLYPET’ALOUS EX’OGENS. FiLoraL ENvetopss consisting generally of both calyx and corolla, with the petals mostly distinct .* * In the Ranunculacez sometimes the petals are absent, and in Leguminose and Cucurbitaceze, some species have the petals more or less united. (25) 26 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS, OrpeR I. RANUNCULA’CEZ. (Crowroor Famity.) Herbs, or woody vines, with a colorless and often acrid juice, and usually dissected leaves, without stipules ; petals sometimes wanting, and the calyx, which is often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils, all distinct and unconnected. ruitf either dry pods, akenes or berries 1— several-seeded ; seeds with a firm, fleshy albumen, and a minute embryo. In many plants of this family, the juice is so powerfully acrid as to produce blistering ; the acridity in most is, however, destroyed by heat, and in many it is lost in drying. Many of the plants belonging to the order are cultivated for ornament, as the Colum- “bine, Clematis, Anemone, Larkspur, Peony, &. Some, as the Aconite,are eminently poisonous, while others, like Coptis, are simple bitter tonics. ; §1. Petals none. Sepals colored and petal-like. Pistilsseveral, becoming akenes in fru't. Upper leaves sometimes forming an involucre near the flower. Akenes several, not ribbed ; three upper simple leaves forming a calyx-like invyolucre near the fower. Radical leaves 3-lobed. 1. Hepamtics. Akenes several, ribbed. Involucre none. Leaves 3—4 times com- pound. 2. THATICTRUM. § 2. Sepals and petals present, the latter with a small scale at the base inside. Akenes in a head. : 3. RANUNCULUS. § 3. Sepals petal-like. Petals, when present, small and irregular. Pis- tils forming several seeded pods, or follicles. Flower regular. Petals none. Sepals yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped. 4. CALTHA. Petals small, hollowed at the apex. Sepals whitish. Pistils stalked. 5. Copmtis. Flower irregular. ; Upper sepal spurred, Petals 4, of two forms. 6. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal hooded, Petals 2, long-clawed. 7. ACONITUM. 4. Sepals petal-like, falling offas the flower opens. Petals small, 2- orned at the apex. Flowers in a long raceme. 8. CmocruGa. 1. HEPAT’ICA. Daullen. Laverirar. {Greek, Hepar, the liver, from a fancied resemblance in the leayes.] Invelucre of 3 simple leaflets, close to the flowers, resembling a calyx. Sepals 6-9 in 2-3 rows, colored and petal-like. Petals none. Akenes in a loose head, compressed, hairy, Leaves all radical. Flowers single, on hairy scapes. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 27 1 HL tri'loba, Ciaiz. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, or somewhat kidney-shaped, with 3 obtuse lobes ; sepals blue or purplish. Turee-Lopep Hepatica. Liverwort: Liverleaf. Leaves on petioles 3-5 incheslong. Scapes several, 4—6 inches long, silky-villous. Jn- volucre villous externally. . Open woodlands ; common. April. Obs. One of the earliest flowers of spring, blooming in rocky woods as soon as the snow disappears. The leaves remain through the winter, and when old are purplish below. A variety, or what is by some considered a species (H.acutiloba, DC.), has very acute lobes to the leaves. ‘This plant, which has no especial interest to the agriculturist, is noticed on account of some popular reputation it has as a remedy. It forms a slightly astringent mucilaginous infusion, which is used by the “ herb doctors” in diseases of the lungs, in which it is probably as harmless as any other warm drink. = 2. THALIC’TRUM, L. Meapow-zve_. [A name of obscure derivation. ] Often diecious or polygamous. Sepals 4—5, petal-like, soon falling. Petals none. Akenes 4-15, ribbed or grooved, pointed by the short style. Perennial herbs, with 2—3-ternately compound leaves and corym- bose or paniculate flowers. 1. T. Cornu'ti, L. Diccious or polygamous ; leaves ternately decom- pound, divided to the base ; those of the stem without common petioles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, glaucous and more or less pubescent; flowers white, in loose compound panicles. Cornutus’s Tuaticrrum. Meadow-rue. Stem 3-6 feet high, rather stout, branching, furrowed and hollow. Obs. This is very common in wet meadows and along rivulets, where its showy white flowers are likely to attract the notice of the farmer. It can hardly be considered a troublesome plant. * 3. RANUN ‘CULUS, L. Burrercur. Crowroor. {Latin, Rana, a frog ; the plant often growing where that animal is found.] Sepals 5. Petals 5, with a scale or pit on the inside, at the base. Sta- mens mostly numerous. Akenes numerous, compressed, ovate, pointed, disposed in roundish or cylindrical heads. Annual or perennial herbs, with mostly radical /eaves, and solitary or somewhat corymbed mostly yellow fiowers. 28 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. R. bulbo'sus, L. Hairy; radical leaves petiolate, irifoliolate and some- what pinnately divided ; leaflets usu- ally 3-cleft, incisely toothed, the mid- die or terminal one petiolulate ; stem erect, from a solid bulb-tike base; peduncles furrowed; calyx refiexed, shorter than the petals. Buisous Ranuncutus. Buttercups. Crowioot. Fr. Bassinet. Germ. Knolliger Ran- unkel. Span. Boton de Oro. Roo perennial Siem aboui a foot hich, oiienh Several from ithe same rooi, more or less branched, clothed with appressed hairs. Teapes variously cui, the sezmenis cumeaie. Pedundes 2—6 inches jong, sulcaieanzular. Paals sometimes more than 5 (Gowers doubie), deep yellow and shinms. Carpels i in a globose head. Pastures and meadows: introduced. Naiive of Kurope. Fi. May. #r. July- Obs. "his foreigner is extensively naturalized, and is considered quite a nuisance by farmers. The fleshy bulb is highly acrid, affording a powerful rubefacient, and even causing ulcers when externally applied. Beggars in Europe, it is said, use it for this purpose, in order to excite sympathy. I do not know that cattle have been injured by it, but as it is a troublesome weed, when fully iniro- duced, it may be well for farmers to know the plant, and eradicate it upon its first appearance in their grounds. 2. R.a’cris, L. Hairy; stem erect, not bulbous at base; leaves 3-divid- ed, divisions all sessile and 3-parted, their segments ent into lanceolate or linear lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; calyx spreading. Acrip Ranuxcuius. Tall Crowfoot. Buttercups. Perennial. Siem 1—2 feet high, branched above, sparingly leaity, and with the petioles clothed with spreading hairs, bui sometimes nearly smooth. Flowers nearly as large, but not 50 deep yellow, as m the’ precedims. Meadows and pastures. Native of Hurope. Sume— Aap: Obs. Like the foregoing, this is an introduced weed ; it is common in New England and in New York Staite, though, according to Dr. Dar- lington, it has not become abundant in Pennsylvania. Both species Fic. 1. Bulbous Crowfooi, or Buitercups (Ranunculus bulbosus), the upper and lower portions ofthe stem. 2. A separate petal, with a scale at the base. Sli. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 29 Fic. 3. Tall Crowfoot (Ranunculus acris), reduced. 4. An enlarged flower divided, to show the insertion of the distinct parts on the receptacle. separate akene. 5. A head of akenes. 6. A 30 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. are popularly known as Buttercups, and in some localities are so abun- dant in meadows, as to appear at a distance like an unbroken sheet of golden yellow. On account of their very acrid juice, cattle do not eat them in their fresh state, but when cut with the grass and dried, the acridity is dissipated, and they become apparently quite innocuous. Before the introduction of Spanish Flies, these and other species were used to produce blisters; being uncertain in their operation, they are now seldom employed. About a dozen other species are to be found in the woodlands and meadows, and a few aquatic ones in streams and ponds. The only one of these which assumes the character of a weed at the north is RB. repens, £., the long stems of which are usually pros- trate and rooting at the joints ; it has large bright flowers, and is some- times common in wet meadows. R. muricatus, L., is an introduced species, found in the fields in Virginia and southward. It has roundish, mostly 3-lobed leaves, and the akenes beset with spiny tubercles or bristles. Both R. bulbosus and R. acris frequently become perfectly double by the transformation of their organs of fructification into petals, and are frequently cultivated in gardens. In the double-f&. bulbosus, the flower is proliferous, the receptacle producing, instead of a head of pistils, a bud which developes as the old flower falls away ; this is repeated several times in succession. zs 4. CAL’THA, L. Marsn Maricoxp. [Greek, Kalathos, a goblet ; from the cup-like form of the flower. ] Sepals 4-10. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, without styles, forming in fruit many-seeded, compressed, spreading pods. Smooth perennials, with large round or heart-shaped entire /eaves. 1. C. palus'tris, L. Stem nearly erect, hollow, furrowed ; leaves round, heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, often wider than long, crenate or nearly entire. Marsu Cattrua. Marsh Marigold. Cowslip. Stem 5-10 inches high, succulent, sometimes branched. Radical leaves on petioles 3— 6, and finally often 12-15 inches long. Flowers an inch or more in diameter, few, some- what corymbose, bright yellow. Swamps and wet meadows ; common at the north. April. Obs. This plant has considerable acridity when fresh, but heat de- stroys it ; it is much used as a pot herb or “ greens ” in early spring. In New England its popular name is Cowslips (or corrupted into “ cows lops”). It has no botanical relation to the Cowslip nor to the Marigold. 5. COP’TIS, Salish. GoLDTEREAD. [Greek, Kopto, to cut ; on account of its divided leaves. ] Calyx of 5 —7 petal-like, deciduous sepals. Petals as many as the sepals, small, thickened, and hollow at the apex. Stamens 15 — 30, shorter than the sepals. Pistils 3-7, each upon a short stalk, which lengthens as the CROWFOOT FAMILY. 31 fruit matures: Pods membranaceous, spreading, pointed with the short, sometimes recurved style, few-seeded. Low, slender, smooth perennials with trifoliolate eaves, which survive the winter, and small white flowers borne on scapes. 1. C. trifo'lia, Salish. Leaves ternately divided; leaflets wedge-obo- vate, sharply toothed, dbscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1-flowered. THREE-LEAVED Coptis. Goldthread. Mouth-root. Rhizoma horizontal, creeping ; fibres bright yellow. Leaves on long petioles, very smooth and shining ; leaflets about an inch long. Scape slender but somewhat rigid and wiry, 3-6 inches long. Flowers about two-thirds of an inch in diameter. Sepals obtuse, white, ae purplish underneath. Petals much shorter than the sepals, yellow at the Obs. This beautiful little evergreen is found in boggy places and in damp woods from Maryland to Greenland. ‘The long bright yellow fibres of the root have caused it to receive the common name of Goldthread. It is purely bitter, without any astringency, and is used in medicine as a tonic. In some places it is a domestic remedy for the sore mouths of children ; whence the name “ Mouth-root.’”’ “ That eminent naturalist, Joun Exuis, in a letter to Linnarus, dated London, April 25, 1758, says: ‘Mr. Cotpren, of New York, has sent Dr. Fothergill a new plant, described by his daughter (Miss Jane Coxpen). It is called Fibraurea, Gold Thread. This young lady merits your esteem and does honor to your system. She has drawn and described 400 plants in your method only : she uses the English terms. Her father has a plant called after him, Coldenia ; suppose you should call this Coldenella, or any other name that might distinguish her among your genera.’ Linnarus, however, referred the plant to his genus Helleborus, and when it was subsequently ascertained to be distinct, SarisBury, regardless alike of gallantry and Justice, imposed on it the name of Coptis.”—Memozrs of Bartram and Marshall, p. 20. * . 6. DELPHIN’IUM, ZL. Larxspur. (Greek, Delphin, a dolphin ; from a fanciful resemblance in the flower. ] Sepals petaloid, irregular, the upper one produced into a spur at base. Petals 4, irregular, the two upper ones with a spur-shaped appendage at base inclosed in the spur of the calyx, sometimes united. Ovaries 1 — 5, mostly 3. Follicles many-seeded. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided. lowers in terminal racemes. 1. D. Consol’ida, L. Stem erect, with spreading branches ; leaves many-parted, the segments linear ; flowers few, in loose racemes ; pedi- cels longer than the bracts ; petals united ; pod solitary, smooth. Sotper Deteniniuy. Lark-spur. [ Caballero. Fr, Pied d’Alouette. Germ. Der Rittersporn. Span. Espuela de Root annual. Stem about two feet high, and with the foliage and nowers somewhat pubescent. Flowers blue or violet-purple, sometimes the petals are multiplied into double flowers. Grain fields and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe. FJ. July. Fr. August. oe WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. This plant (which gets its specific name from a supposed virtue in soldering or uniting wounded flesh,) has strayed from the gardens, in some places, and is an unwelcome intruder in grain fields and other cul- tivated grounds. This, and a kindred species, (D. Ajacis, L. with few erect branches, longer and more crowded racemes,) are so common in gardens, that it requires some attention to prevent them from trespass- ing on the farm. ‘here are several other species cultivated for orna- ment, among them the curious Bee Larkspur (D. eLatum), which has its Fic. 7. Field Larkspur (Delphinium Consolida). 8. Upper sepal. 9 & 10. Lateral sepals. 11. Lower sepals. 12. United petals. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 33 dark bearded petals folded up in such a way as to resemble an insect in the centre of the flower. 7. ACONI’TUM, Tournef. MonxsHoop. [The ancient name. ] Sepals petal-like, irregular, the wpper one hooded and larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3-lower entirely wanting or resembling sterile stamens), small spur-shaped bodies on a long slender claw, concealed under the hood. Prstils 3—5. Pods several-seeded. Acrid and poison- ous perennial herbs with palmately divided leaves, and racemes or pani- cles of showy flowers. A. Napeu’uus, L. Flowers race- mose ca short pedicels; hooded sepal semicircular ; divisions of the leaves parted into linear lobes ; root fusiform ; flowers blue. MonxsHoop. Wolfsbane. Aconite. Root somewhat woody. Stem erect, sim- ple, rather stout and very leafy. Flowers mostly dark violet or blue. Cultivated in gardens. Native of Europe. June. Obs. This is a very variable spe- cies of which De Candolle notices 29 varieties, differing in the color of the flowers and division of the leaves ; many of these are highly ornamental plants, and are often cultivated. All parts of the plant are highly poisonous ; especially is this the case with the root. Death has resulted from mistaking the roots for those of Horseradish in early spring. It is introduced here in order that its poisonous character may be known. * 8. CIMICIF’UGA, L. Buepane. [Latin, Cimex, a bug, and fugare, to drive away ; in allusion to supposed virtues. ] Sepals 4—5, falling soon after expansion. Petals (or altered stamens) minute, pedicelled,with 2 horns at the apex. Stamens numerous. Car- pels 1 —8, follicular, many-seeded. Perennial herbs. Leaves bi- or tri- ternately divided. flowers in virgate racemes. Fic. 13. Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus). Q* 34 > WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. C. racemo’sa, Evi. Racemes very long; carpels mostly solitary, ovoid, obliquely beaked by the short thick style. Racemose Concrruca. Tall Snakeroot. Black Snake-root. Root large, branching. Stem 4-6 feet high, slender, smooth, leafy near the middle, naked above and below, with one or two radical leaves on long ereci petioles. Leaves ternately decompound, petiolate ; leajld¢s 2-4 inches long, acute or acuminate, unequally incised-dentate, the terminal one larger and often 3-lobed. Racemes terminal, branching, 6-12 inches long. Sepals 4, orbicular, concave, greenish white. Seeds compressed and angular. Rich woodlands. Fl. June. Fr. September. Obs. The white terminal racemes of this plant, when in flower, are quite conspicuous in the woodlands. The stem and leaves, when bruised, emit a disagreeable odor. The root is somewhat mucilaginous and astringent. "Although a plant of no agricultural value,—and_ probably over-rated as a medicine,—the infusion of the bruised root is 30 gener- ally regarded as a sort of Panacea for stock (especially for sick cows), that every farmer ought to know it, and be able with certainty to desig- nate it. Orper Il MAGNOLIA’CE. (Macnoria Faminy.-) Trees or shrubs with the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules ; large, solitary, hypo- gynous, polyandrous, polygamous. flowers ; both sepals and petals colored and arranged in series of threes, imbricated in the bud. eaves alternate, entire or lobed (never serrate). Stamens in several rows ; anthers adnate. Pistils mostly packed together and covering the prolonged receptacle. Seeds 1—2-n each carpel ; albumen fleshy : ; embryo minute. A small but superb family, more ornamental, however, than important in agriculture. 1. MAGNO’LIA, LE. Maenotta. [Named in honor of Prof. Pierre Magnol, a French botanist. ] Sepals 3. Petals 6—9. Stamens with very short filaments and anthers opening inwards. Pistz/s crowded on the long receptacle, coherent in a mass, and forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like ‘JSruit ; each carpel opening by its dorsal suture. Seeds berry-like, 1-2in each carpel, from which they are suspended when mature by a long thread or funzculus. Buds conical, the coverings formed of successive pairs of stzpules. 1. M. gla’ ca, L. Leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, white beneath ; petals roundish-obovate ; cones small, oblong. Gravcovs Macvotra. Laurel or Small Magnolia. Sweet Bay. Shrub or small tree 4-20, or even 30 feet high, branching ; with a smooth, glaucous, aro- matic bark. Leaves thickish, 4-8 inches long, deciduous at the North but persistent at the South. Flowers white, ‘on thick , club-shaped peduncles, 2-3 inches broad, very fragrant. Swamps from Massachusetts southward, mostly near the coast. June—Aug. Obs. This charming little tree is well worthy the attention of those who wish to surround their dwellings with attractive objects ; it is per- fectly hardy, and in cultivation attains a respectable size. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 3D 2. M. acumina’ta, Z. Leaves oval, acuminate, green and slightly pu- bescent beneath, deciduous ; petals oblong; cones cylindrical. AcuminaTE Macnotia. Cucumber tree. Fr. Le Magnolier. Germ. Der Gurkenbaum. Span. Arbol de Castor. Tree from 50-80 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet indiameter at base. Leaves 6-10 or 12 inches long (on vigorous young saplings much larger—as is usually the case with all trees). Flowers large, bluish white, often with a tinge of yellow ; petals scarcely expand- ing. Fruit sub-cylindric, 3—5 or 6 inches long. Mountain forests, New York to Georgia. Fl. June-July. Fr. Sept. -October. Obs. The green fruit has some resemblance to a Cucumber (whence the common name of the tree) ; and being intensely bitter and somewhat aromatic, a tincture of it, prepared with whiskey, is a popular preventive of autumnal fevers, with those who are fond of an excuse for taking alcoholic medicine. Others of this genus may be cultivated in favorable localities; among them the Yellow Cucumber Tree (M. cordata, Mz.), with heart-shaped leaves and cream-colored flowers; the Ear-leaved Cucumber Tree (M, Fraseri, Walt.), which has leaves a foot in length with auriculate lobes at the base; the Umbrella Tree (M. Umbrella, Lam.), with leaves 1 —2 feet long and tapering at each end; and the Great-leaved Magnolia (M, macrophylla, /z.) having leaves 2 — 3 feet in length with a heart-shaped base. The great Laurel Magnolia (M. grandiflora, L.), with its thick evergreen leaves, which are rusty beneath, and its large deliciously fra- grant flowers, is a native of North Carolina and farther south ; it endures the winter as far north as Philadelphia, and should be planted wherever the winter is not too severe. M. consprcua and M. PURPUREA are Asiatic species often seen in cultivation in city gardens; the former bears white and the latter purple flowers, which in both cases appear in early spring, before the leaves are developed. The bark in all the species is bitter and aromatic, and is sometimes used in medicine. 2. LIRIODEN’DRON, L. Torp-tree. [Greek, Leirion, a lily, and Dendron, a tree ; from its lily-like flowers. ] Sepals 3, reflexed. Corolla campanulate; petals 6. Anthers extrorse. Carpels dry and samara-like, indehiscent, densely imbricated in a cone, 1—2-seeded. A large tree. Buds flat. 1. L. Tunirir’era, L. Leaves dilated, subcordate at base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad and emarginately truncate. TULIr-BEARING Lirn1iopENDRON. Poplar. Tulip Poplar. ‘Tulip-tree. Fr. Le Tulipier. Germ. Der Tulpenbaum. : Tree 80-120 feet high, and 2 or 3-5 or 6 feet in diameter. Leaves 4-6 inches long on old trees and about as wide as long—the side lobes often with a sinus making two points. Peals greenish-yellow, with tinges of reddish-orange. Carpels produced at apex into a lanceolate-oblong wing, and closely imbricated in a cone on the fusiform receptacle, Rich woodlands : Canada to Louisiana. Fl. May. Fr. October. Obs ‘The timber of this magnificent tree is highly valued in many brancnes of the mechanic arts, especially the varzety called yellow Poplar, 36 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. which is generally to be known by its thicker and more deeply-furrowed bark. The hygrometric properties of the wood—particularty of the whzle varvety—render it rather objectionable in cabinet furniture (causing it to swell in damp weather) ; but the yellow Poplar is much esteemed for its mellowness, lightness, and durability. The bark of the root, and young tree, is a valuable aromatic bitter. The prevalence of the Tulip- tree, in woodlands, is a pretty sure indication of a good soil. Orper Il. ANONA’CEA. (CustarD-appLe Famiy.) Trees or shrubs with naked buds, alternate entire and feather-veined leaves, without stipules, and hypogynous polyandrous flowers, with 3 sepals and 6 petals, in two rows, valvate in the bud. Anfhers adnate, opening outwards, on very short filaments. Pefails thickish. Fruit pulpy or fleshy. Seeds large, with a minute embryo at the base of ruminated albumen. There is but one genus in this country. The luscious Custard Apples of the West Indies, and the Chirimoya of Peru are afforded by trees of this order. 1. ASIM’INA, Adans. Norra American Papaw. [A name coined from Astminier, of the French colonisis.] Petals 6, increasing in size after the flower opens, the outer series larger and spreading. Stamens in a globular cluster, covering the receptacle of the few pzstils. Fruits 1-3, large, oblong or ovoid, pulpy, several- seeded. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. Shrubs or small trees with an unpleasant odor when bruised; flowers axillary and solitary. 1. A. tri’loba, Dunal. Leaves thin, obovate, lanceolate, pointed ; outer petals 3—4 times as long as the calyx, roundish ovate. ‘THREE-LOBED AsimiInAa. Papaw. Stem 10-20 feet high, branched. JZeaves 6—9 inches long ; pefioles scarcely 17 an inch in length. Flowers appearing rather before the leaves ; petals brownish-purple, veiny, with tinges of yellow within. Fruit1—3 inches long, consisting of 1-3 pulpy berry-like carpels. ; Western New York and southward. FI. May. #7. Sept. Obs. The fruit of this tree is edible in its wild state, and is said to be much improved by cultivation. It is introduced here with the view of inducing those curious in such matters, to try what careful culture may effect in a fruit which is prized by some in its natural condition. * Orper IY, BERBERIDA’CEZ. (Barperry Famiy.) Shrubs or herbs, with alternate (sometimes compound or lobed) leaves, and sepals and petals imbricated in the bud, in 2 or moré series of 2-4 each. Stamens hypogynots, as many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite them ; anthers opening by 2 lids hinged at the top (except in Podophyllum). Pistil only one; style short. Fruit mostly berry- like. Seeds albuminous. The fruit in this family is usually eatable, while the root, bark and foliage are astrin- gent, or possess cathartic or poisonous qualities. a BARBERRY FAMILY. BY & L BER’BERIS, L. Barperry. [Name from the Arabic.] Sepals 6, roundish, bracteo- late. Petals 6, obovate, with 2 gland-like spots near the base inside. Stamens 6, irritable. Stigma orbicular, depressed. Fruit a 1 — few-seeded berry. Seeds erect. Shrubs with acid leaves and berries, and yellow flowers in pendent racemes ; wood and inner bark yellow. 1. B. vulga’ris, L. Leaves scattered on the young shoots, mostly small with sharp-lobed margins, or reduced to sharp triple spines, from the axils of which, the next season, are produced fascicles of obovate- oblong closely bristle-toothed leaves, and drooping many- flowered racemes ; petals en- tire; berries obinng, scarlet. Common Barperry. Bar- berry. Shrub 3-10 feet high, producing numerous suckers. JLeaves about an inch and a half long and half an inch wide. Racemes 2 inches or more in length. Berries about half an inch long. New England and New York. 16 15 Fl. May. Fr. Oct. Obs. ‘This shrub is a native of Europe, and thoroughly naturalized throughout New England, and partially so in the State of New York. _A native species (B, Canadensis, Pursh.) is found in the Alleghanies, and also in the Himalayas of India. In New England the Barberry abounds along the road sides and in waste places, often forming dense thickets or natural hedges ; it sometimes, though rarely, assumes a tree- like form. It is a beautiful shrub, whether bearing its graceful yellow racemes of flowers in spring, or loaded with its coral-like berries in autumn. To those who observe plants closely, it presents several inter- esting peculiarities ; its stamens when touched with a pin, or other hard point, manifest their irritability by springing suddenly towards the pistil, where they remain for some time; the anthers have a curious con- Fic. 14. Barberry (Berberis vulgaris). 15. An enlarged petal, showing the glandular spots at the base. 16. A magnified anther, opening by valves hinged at the top. 38 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS, trivance for the liberation of the pollen; instead of emitting it, as is usually the case, through a longitudinal slit, there is a little valve or trap-door, hinged at the top, which opens spontaneously. The leaves of the young shoots afford a marked illustration of the nature of some kinds of spines. Though not generally enumerated among the hedge plants, it possesses many qualities which adapt it to this use; being very hardy, long lived, and easily propagated. It was formerly a popular belief, and one which prevails yet to some extent, that the Barberry possessed the power of blasting grain. The fallacy of this idea has been proved ; the only injury it can cause the grain is by shading it, which it is very likely to do when allowed to grow, unchecked, along the borders of fields. The berries, preserved in sugar, are in common use in New England, to eat with meat or to form an acid cooling drink in fevers. The inner bark has tonic and purgative properties, said to be somewhat similar to those of rhubarb ; it is one of the remedies of the so called “Indian Doctors,” according to whom the virtues are essen- tially modified by the way in which the bark is removed, whether by scraping upwards or downwards. : A yariety with reddish foliage, and several Asiatic species, are cul- tivated. The Mahonias, which are evergreen Barberries with pinnate leaves, are natives of the far west, and are fine ornamental shrubs. * 2. PODOPHYL’LUM, L. May-appre. [Greek, Pous, a foot and Phyllon, a leaf; the leaf resembling a web-foot.] Sepals 6, thin and caducous, not expanding, subtended by 3 caducous bracts. Petals 6-9. Stamens twice as many as the petals; anthers linear-oblong, opening lengthwise by a laterally hinged valve. Ovary ovoid, crowned by the thick sessile undulate stzgma. Fruit a fleshy berry, the numerous seeds crowded on the large lateral placenta, each in- vested with a pulpy ari. Herbs with 2-leaved 1-flowered stems arising from a creeping perennial rootstock. 1. P. pelta’tum, LZ. Stems bearing 2 deeply lobed leaves; flower solitary from the point where the petioles unite. PeLtate Popopuyitium. May-apple. Mandrake. Hog-apple. Stems 8-12 inches high, the flowerless ones bearing a single large peltate leaf. Leaves 46 inches in diameter, the lobes somewhat toothed at the apex. lower white, nearly 2 inches broad. Fruit 1-2 inches long, yellowish, slightly acid. Woodlands, common. fl. May. Fr. July-August. Obs. Besides the common names above given this is known in some parts of the country as Wild Lemon and Raccoon Berry. ‘The fruit is edible and harmless; its taste is mawkish and disagreeable to many persons. Both foliage and root are poisonous ; serious results have fol- lowed the use of the leaves as greens. The root is a violent purgative, resembling jalap in its action. Although one of the popular names of this plant is Mandrake, it is not related to the Mandrake or Mandragora BARBERRY FAMILY. 39 of the ancients: notwithstanding its poisonous character (the reason of our noticing it) it is a very respectable herb in comparison with that, , which, according to tradition, flourished best under a gallows, and had root resembling a man in shape, uttering terrible shrieks when it was Fic. 17. Field Poppy (Papaver dubium), reduced. 18. A capsule. 40 VEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. torn from the ground and possessing the power of transforming en and beasts. Orper V. PAPAVERA’CE&. (Poppy Famity.) Herbs with a milky or colored juice and regular polyandrous, hypogynous flowers with the parts in twos or fours ; sepals Gaducous ; : fruit a 1-celled pod. or capsule with 2 or more parietal placente ; seeds numerous, often crested ; embryo small, at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. Herbs with a white juice. Seeds not crested. Capsule crowned by the radiate united stigmas. 1. PAPAVER. Herbs with a yellow or orange-colored juice. Seeds crested. Stigmas 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly. 2. ARGEMONE. Stigmas 2. Pod narrow and smooth. 3. CHELIDONIUM. Stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid. ~ 4. SANGUINARIA. 1. sPAPA’VER, £. Porey. [Derivation of the name not well ascertained.] Sepals 2. Petals 4 (sometimes multiplied). Stigmas 4— 20, sessile, radiating on the summit of the ovary. Capsule obovoid, opening by chinks or pores under the edge of the crown formed by the stigmas ; placente extending into the cavity so as to form incomplete partitions. Flowers nodding before opening. ee Padic, bium, L. Stem clothed with slender spreading hairs— the peduncles with bristly appressed hairs; leaves pinnately dissected, the segments often incised, decurrent ; sepals hairy ; capsules obovoid- oblong, smooth. Dusious Papaver. Poppy. Field-poppy. Fr. Pavot batard. Germ. Der Saat-Mohn. Span. Amapola. Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, somewhat branched below. JZeaves 2-5 inches long. Peduncles terminal, 6-12 inches long, flexuose, leafless. Pefals pale red or brick dust colored. Stigmas about 7-rayed, on a convex disk. Cultivated grounds ; ; introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July, August. Obs. This has found its way intu some districts; and, if unattended to, may become a troublesome weed—as it and the “ Corn Poppy” (P. Rhoeas, L.) are in Europe. The common or Opium Poppy, (P. som- niferum, L.—a smooth species with stem-clasping leaves)—which yields the most efficacious and soothing of all anodynes—is often seen in the flowerbeds of our gardens. I believe there was an attempt made, near New York, some 30 or 40 years ago, to cultivate that species for the purpose of obtaining Opium: but it did not succeed—and perhaps its culture, even if practicable here, is better suited to the Orientals, on to the people of our country. . 2. ARGEMO’NE, L. Prickiy Poppy. [Greek, Argema, a disease of the eye ; supposed to be relieved by this plant.? Sepals mostly 3, prickly. Petals 4-6. Stigmas 3-6, subsessile, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening at the apex by 3-6 valves. Seeds crested. Herbs with large showy flowers and yellowish juice. Flower buds erect. POPPY FAMILY. 4l 1. A. Mezica’na, L. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed with prickly teeth, blotch- ed with white; petals white or pale yellow. Mexican Arcemone. Prickly Poppy. Annual or biennial. Stem about 2 feet high, branching. eaves 3-5 inches long. Sepals hooded at the apex and terminated by a stout spine. Gardens and waste places. Naturalized from tropical America. June —October. Obs. This is but sparingly natural- ized in the Northern States, though it is a common weed at the South. It is sometimes cultivated in gardens, and should not be allowed to escape, as it has a strong propensity to travel; having made its way from tropical America to “Asia, Africa, and the South Sea Islands. x 3. CHELIDO’NIUM, LZ. CrELAnpDINE. [Greek, Chelidon, a swallow ; its flowers appearing with that bird. ] Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed, sub- sessile. Pod linear, smooth, l-celled, opening from the base by 2 valves. Seeds conspicu- ously crested. Perennial herbs with brittle stems, an acrid yellow juzce, small yellow flowers and divided leaves. 1. C. Ma’jus, L. Leaves twice pinnatifid, glaucous ; flowers in umbel-like clusters. GREATER CHELIDONIUM. Celandine. Stem about 2 feet high, branched. Leaves 3-5 inches long. Pods about an inch in length, torulose. Fence rows and waste places. Native of Europe. May — August. Obs. A common weed about dwellings. Its very brittle stems, when broken, exude a saffron-colored strong-smelling juice, which is very bitter and acrid. The plant was at one time much extolled as a remedy for jaundice, but little use is made of it, except that the fresh juice is occasionally applied to warts. * 20 Fic. 19. A capsule of the Prickly Poppy (Argemone Mexicana), opening by valves at the top. 20. Celandine (Chelidonium majus), summit of a flowering branch. 42 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 4. SANGUINA’RIA, L. Buooproor. [Latin, Sanguts, blood ; in reference to the red color of its juice.] Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate oblong, the inner narrower. Stigmas 2-grooved, subsessile. Capsule oblong, ventricose, tapering at each end, 2-valved. Seeds strongly crested. Perennial herbs with thick rootstocks containing an orange-red acrid juice ; flowers on scapes. 1. S. Canaden’sis, L. Leaf mostly solitary, cordate reniform, long petioled ; flowers white, solitary on naked scapes. CANADIAN SancuinaRia. Bloodroot. Puccoon. _ ootstock thickish, fleshy, reddish-brown, about 2 inches long. Leaf about three inches long and wider than long ; petiole erect, finally 6-10 inches in length. Scape 4-8 inches high. Rich woods ; common. April-May. Obs. This is one of our earliest and most beautiful spring flowers. The flower, which is large for the size of the plant, is carefully protected by the leaf which envelopes it before expansion. Late in the season the leaves increase so much in size, and are so altered in appearance, that they but little resemble their early state. The plant does well in cultivation. An orange-colored juice is found in ali parts of the plant, but is most abundant in the rootstock, which, under the name of Blood- root, is used in medicine; it is an emetic, and is also used for coughs, &c.; in large doses it is poisonous. In some parts of the country the leaves are given to horses to promote the shedding of their hair, and the roots are given to destroy bots. = OrpEr VI. CRUCIF’ERAE. (Musrarp Famtty.) Herbs with a pungent, watery juice, leaves alternate without stipules, and flowers in ra- cemes or corymbs ; the pedicels without bracts. Calyx of 4 sepals, deciduous. Corolla of 4 regular unguiculate petals, their spreading limbs forming @ cross. Stamens 6, 2 of them shorter (tetradynamous). #ruita pod (called a Silique when much longer than broad, and a Silicle when short) , which is 2-celled by a membranaceous partition that connects the two marginal placente, from which the two valves usually fall away. Seeds without albumen. Embryo curyed ; cotyledons flat or plicate, either with their edges to the radicle or with the back of one of them to the radicle. This order is a remarkably natural or homogeneous one, as well in the sensible proper- ties as in the botanical characters of the plants belonging to it. The flowers so nearly resemble one another throughout the family, that the characters for genera are taken from the pods and seeds. There are but few important ones, however, besides those here noticed. The Woad, or Dyer’s weed (Isatis tinctoria, L.) is cultivated in Europe for its blue coloring matter, but I believe it is little known or attended to in the United States. § 1. Pod separating into two valves when ripe. Pod usually many times longer than wide (silique.) Pod not beaked. Seeds flat or oblong. Pod varying from oblong-linear to ovoid, nearly terete ; valves nerveless. Flowers white or yellow. ; 1. NASTURTIUM. Pod obtusely 4-angled ; valves I-nerved. Flower yellow. 2. BARBAREA. Pod awl-shaped, pressed close to the stem. Flowers small, pale yellow. 3. SISYMBRIUAL. MUSTARD FAMILY. 43 Pod terminating in a sirong beak. Seeds round. Flowers yellow. Calyx erect in blossom. 4, BRASSICA. Calyx spreading in blossom. - §, SINaPIS Pod short, not many times longer than wide (silicle or pouch). Pod globose (rarely forming). Flowers white. Leaves mostly undivided. 6. ARMORACTA. Pod pear-shaped, many-seeded. Flowers yellow. sd Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Pod triangular obovate. Seeds many. 8. Pod roundish, small. Seeds 2. 9. LEPIDIUM. §2. Pod not separating into valves but breaking up into joints when ri Flowers yellow or purplish. 10. RaPHANTS. 1. NASTUR’TIUM, R. Br. Warer-crzss. [Latin, Wasus tortus, a tortured nose, from the pungent effect of the plant.] Silique, nearly terete, sometimes almost as short as a silicle, usually curved upwards ; valves nerveless. Szeds small, irregularly disposed in a double series, not margined. Aquatic or subaquatic herbs. Leaves often pinnately dissected. 1. N. officinale, R. Br. Leaves pinnately divided ; segments rounded or oblong ; petals white, twice the length of the calyx. OrricinaL Nasturtium. Water-cress. Fry. Cresson de Fontaine. Germ. Die Brunnenkresse. Span. Bérro. Perennial. Stem 6—12 and 18 inches long, branching. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected segments in 3—4 pairs, the terminal one largest. Petals white. Brooks and riygvlets : probably introduced from Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. Obs. This plant (well known as the “ Water Cress” in England,) is frequently cultivated, and is naturalized in some places: It affords an excellent and wholesome salad, antiscorbutic in its properties, as all the Crucifere are, and being easily propagated, is worthy of being introduced into all suitable localities. 2. BARBARHE’ A, R. Br. WurytTeEr-cress. [So named from having been formerly dedicated to St. Barbara.] Silique linear, somewhat 4-sided, the valves keeled by a mid-nerve. Seeds in a single series. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. 1. B. prz’cox, R. Br. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe obovate, or rounded, coarsely sinuate-dentate; upper leaves pinnatifid, with entire linear-oblong segments ; siliques linear, elongated, scarcely thicker than their pedicels. Earty BarBaRes. Scurvy-grass. Early Winter-cress. Fr. Roquette des Jardins. Germ. Die Winter-kresse. Span. Yerba de Santa Barbara.. Root biennial? Stem 9-15 inches high, somewhat branching. Leaves smooth ; lower ones 3-4 inches long. Peals yellow. Siliques 2—3 inches long, slender. Gardens : cultivated. FI. May-June. Fr. July—Aug. 44 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. This plant, a native of Canada, and the country further north, is cultivated in the gardens, near Philadelphia, under the name of “ Scurvy-Grass,” and is becoming spontaneous farther south. The leaves afford a tolerable salad, but not equal to the common cress (Lepi- dium sativum, L.,) nor to the Water-cress (Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.) There is another and stouter species (B. vulgaris, R. Br., probably naturalized), growing along our streams, which is sometimes used as a salad, but it is bitterish and inferior in quality to this. 3. SISYM’BRiUM, ZL. Hepce-wostarp. [An ancient Greek name, applied to this genus.] Siligue somewhat terete; 4-6 sided; valves 1—3-nerved. Seeds oblong, marginless. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves various. 1. S. officina’le, Scop. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones some- what hastate ; racemes slender and virgate ; siliques erect, awl-shaped, close pressed to the stem. q OFFictnaL SisrmBrivm. Hedge-mustard. Fr. Herbe au Chantre. Germ. Der Hederich. Span. Jaramago. Root annual. Stem 1-3 or 4 feet high, with spreading branches. Jeaves pilose : lower ones 8—6 or 8 inches long. Peals small, greenish yellow. Siligues terete-Subulate or somewhat nerved and angular, tapering at apex. Cultivated grounds, lanes and road-sides : introduced. Native of Europe. Fil. May — Aug. Fr. Aug.—Oct. Obs. This foreigner is completely naturalized, and somewhat trouble- some as a weed. It was formerly held in some repute, in Europe, as a remedy for coughs, the hoarseness of singers, &c. (whence its French name); but its virtues were doubtless overrated, and it is now regarded by tidy farmers in this country merely asa plant to be expelled from their premises. 4. BRAS’SICA, EL. Casspace. Turnip. [Supposed io be from Bresic, the Celtic name for the Cabbage.] Calyz erect. Silique sub-terete ; valves concave, or slightly keeled by a central nerve. Seeds in a single series, globose. Foreign plants: mostly biennial herbs, with a short stem and long flowering branches. 1. B. olera’cea, £. Leaves somewhat fleshy, orbicular or oblong, strongly veined, repand or lobed, glabrous and glaucous. OLERACEOUS OR Pot-HERB Brassica. Cabbage. Fr. Chou potager. Germ. Der Kohl. Span. Berza. The following Sub-species or Varieties are more or less cultivated in the kitchen garden. MUSTARD FAMILY, 45 *Racemes paniculate. Sub-species AcrpH’ata. Stem elongated ; leaves expanded, not form- ing a head. Tree Cabbage. Bore-Cole. Headless Cabbage. Sub-species, Butta’ta. Stem somewhat elongated ; young leaves sub- capitate, finally expanding, bullate or crisped. Savoy Cabbage. Curled Cabbage. Sub-species Capita’ta. Stem short; leaves concave, not bullate, densely imbricated in a head before flowering. Head Cabbage. York Cabbage. Sub-species Cavuto Ra’pa. Stem with an oval or subglobose fleshy enlargement at the origin of the leaves. Bulb-stalked Cabbage. Kohl Rabi. ** Racemes corymbose. Sub-species Borry’tis. Leaves oblong, connivent, peduncles short, fleshy and coalesced in a head before flowering ; flowers often abortive. Var. a. CauLirto’RA. Stem short; heads thick, compact. Cauliflower. Var. b. AsparacorpEs. Stem taller; leaves elongated ; heads some- what branched ; branches fleshy at apex, bearing clusters of abortive flower buds. Broccoli. Biennial. Stem 6 inches to 1-2 feet high, branching the second year from the summit, or head of imbricated leaves. Leaves large (6-12 or 18 inches in length), suborbicular or oblong. Racemes long,loose. Peals greenish or citron yellow. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Fl. May-June. Fr. July. Obs. The forms above enumerated, although known by distinct popular names and in their cultivated state widely different in appear- ance, are all believed to be varieties of Brasstca oLERACEA, L., a native of the British Isles and the shores of northern Europe. They strikingly illustrate the changes which are produced in species by cultivation and the permanence of some varieties and races. They also give us instruct- ive lessons in the economy of vegetable life. In the several kinds known as cabbage (a name derived from the Latin caput, a head, through the French Cabus), the first year is passed in producing foliage and in accumulating in the thick leaves and stem a supply of nutriment for the growth of the plant the following year. If it is allowed to make its second year’s growth, branches are thrown up which develop with great rapidity, and produce an abundance of flowers and fruit. This growth takes place mainly at the expense of the material contained in the leaves and stem, and we find that the large leaves are soon exhausted of their nourishment and decay, and that the stem, which was before solid and 46 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. heavy, becomes light and spongy. Frequently the stems or stumps, from which the heads have been removed, are set out in gardens for the pur- pose of procuring a crop of sprouts or “greens.” ‘These are lateral branches, developed from axillary buds, and they will be found to start from just above the scars left by the fallen outer leaves. In the Kohl Rabi, the stem is the principal place of deposit of nutriment, and becomes consequently the eatable portion. In the cauliflower we eat the fleshy flower stalks and undeveloped buds, which are crowded together in a compact mass; it is the same also in the Broccoli, where the parts are more developed. a 2. B.campss’tris, L. Leaves slightly fleshy, glaucous; the young lower leaves lyrate, dentate, somewhat hispid or ciliate ; those above amplexi- caul and acuminate. Frevp Brassica. Turnip. Rutabaga,&c. » Biennial or annual. Root thick, turnip-shaped, depressed or orbicular, fleshy. Stem 1 —4 feet high, branched above. Racemes loose. Petals yellow. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Fl. June. Fr. July — August. The following are the principal varieties found in cultivation : Sub-species Napo-Bras’stca. Root tumid, turnip-shaped. Var. a. commu’Nis. Root white or purplish, with the summit and peti- oles greenish or purplish. Turnip-rooted Cabbage. Var. b. Rurasa’cGa. Root yellowish, subglobose. Rutabaga. Swedish Turnip. Sub-species Ra’pa. Root depressed-globose abruptly contracted beneath. Common Turnip. Obs. The Turnip has, like the Cabbage, by long cultivation, produced a number of marked varieties ; these were formerly considered to belong to different species, but the best authorities regard them all as forms of B. campestris, L., which is found growing spontaneously from the Bal- tic to the Caucasus. Besides those above enumerated as valuable for their roots, another variety (var. OLEIFERA) is largely cultivated in France and other parts of Europe, for the sake of the oil, which its seeds afford ; this, under the name of Colza oil, is used for burning in lamps, the manufacture of soaps and other purposes. As this oil is im- ported into this country to a considerable extent, it might be advisable for farmers to ascertain if it cannot be profitably produced on our own soil. The various kinds of Turnips are largely cultivated in the tem- erate portions of Europe as food for stock, but the farmers of the United States having the advantage of the Indzan Corn crop, do not much incline to the Root culture; perhaps not so much as might be beneficial to Stock during our long winters. Re MUSTARD FAMILY. - AY 5. SINA’PIS, Tournef. Mustarp. [A name of uncertain meaning ; derived from the Greek.] Calyx spreading. Silique sub-terete, with a short beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded) ; valves nerved. Seeds in a single series, subglobose. Annual or biennial "herbs—nearly allied to Brassica. Lower leaves usu- ally lyrate, incised or pinnatifid. Flowers in elongated racemes. 1. S. gra, L. Lower leaves lyrate and scabrous ; upper ones narrow and entire ; siliques somewhat 4-angled, smooth, appressed to the stem. Brack Sivapis. Mustard. Black Mustard. Fr. Moutarde noire. Germ. Schwarzer Senf. Span. Mostazo. Root annual. Stem 3-6 feet high, much branched, smooth. Leaves petiolate. Ra- cemes Slender. Petals greenish yeliow. Seeds numerous, small, dark brown. Gardens and waste places: introduced from Europe. Cultivated in some districts. Fl. June-July. Fr. August. 2. S. au’Ba, L. Leaves all pinnatifid ; siliques hispid, spreading, scarce- ly as long as the sword-shaped 1-seeded beak. Waite Sinapis. White Mustard. Fr. Moutarde blanche. Germ. Weisser Senf. Span. Mostazo blanco. Root annual. Stem 2-5 feet high, rather stout, branched. Leaves petiolate, lyrately pseudo-pinnate, the terminal segment large and 3 3 -lobed. Petals rather large, yellow. Seeds few, larger than in the preceding species, mies brown. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. #7. June. Fr. August. Obs. These two species, known as Black and White Mustard, from the color of the seeds, are naturalized in many places, having escaped from gardens, where they are cultivated for their foliage, which is used as “greens,” but especially for their seeds. The condiment known as Mustard or Flour of Mustard is prepared by grinding the seeds and sifting out the husks, both the white and black being used indiscrimi- nately ; ; the powder from the latter is the most pungent, but the other affords the handsomest product. The skin of the White Mustard seeds contains a large amount of mucilaginous matter which is dissolved out by boiling water. The seeds are sometimes administered whole as a remedy in dyspepsia, &c. It is worthy of remark, that the pungency of mustard is only developed when mixed with water: if the dry seeds are expressed they yield a mild oil which has scarcely any taste of mustard. A small quantity of sulphur is contained in Mustard, and in Turnips also ; it is this which causes the blackening of a silver spoon when ee in serving either of these articles. 3. S. arven’sis, L. Pods smooth, knotty, about twice the length of the conical 2-edged usually empty beak ; upper leaves merely toothed. Freip Sinaris. Wild Mustard. Charlock. Annual. Stem 2-3 feet high, diffusely branched and somewhat rough with short retrorse hairs. Lower leaves large, 6 inches or more in length, lyrate pinnatifid. Flowers bright yellow about the size of those of the common turnip. Pod about an inch long and pointed with the stout beak. Fields New York and westward. Native of Europe. June-August. 48 s WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. This is an exceedingly troublesome weed in Hurope, and is be: coming so in some portions of this country. It infests those grounds which are best suited to grain-culture ; as the seeds retain their vitality for a long time it is very difficult to eradicate it when once established. In this, as in other cases, the plant should be destroyed before the seed is formed ; as sheep are fond of the herbage they are sometimes turned into a field to destroy the crop of Charlock. a 6. ARMORA’CIA, Rupp. HorsErapisu. * [Name from one of the Greek names for Radish. ] Pod (pouch) elliptical or globose; the valves turgid, not nerved. Petals white, much longer than the calyx. Seeds numerous. Leaves undivided or the lower ones pinnatifid. 1. A. rustica’na,Rupp. Radical leaves on long petioles, oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate. Rustic Armoracta. Horseradish. Fy. Moutarde des Capucins. Germ. Der Meer-Rettig. Span. Rabano. Root perennial, long, terete, fleshy white, very acrid. Stem 2-3 feet high, angular- striate, smooth, with erect axillary branches. Radical leaves large (8-15 inches long— somewhat resembling those of a Dock, or Rumex) ; petioles 4-12 inches long. Racemes corymbose, elongating. Petals white. Silicles oval, usually abortive. ; Gardens: margins of ditches, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May-June. Fr. Jane -July. Fie. 21. Field Mustard (Sinapis arvensis), illustrating the general appearance of flowers in this family. 22. An enlarged flower opened to show the unequal stamens. 238. A pod. MUSTARD FAMILY. 49 Obs. The pungent root of this plant is a favorite condiment,—and one of the most valuable antiscorbutics. It requires little or no culture ; but thrives best in a moist, rich, deep soil. 7. CAMELI’NA, Crantz. Fatse Fuax. [Greek, Chamaz, dwarf, and Linon, flax ; from a fancied resemblance.] Pod (pouch) obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid ; valves 1-nerved ; cells many-seeded. 24 | A. A. b. C. satc’'va, Crantz. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, nearly entire, _Sagittate at base; silicles margined, mucronate with the longish sub- conical style. Fic. 24. False Flax (Camelina sativa), upper portion of a branch in fruit. 25. An enlarged capsule. 3 50 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. CULTIVATED Cametina. Wild Flax. Gold of Pleasure. Fy. Cameline cultiveé. Germ. Der Leindotter. Span. Miagro. Root annual, fusiform, rather slender. Stem 18 inches to 2 or three feet high, simple, paniculately branching at summit, roughish-pubescent below, smoothish above. Leaves 1-3 or 4inches long ; the lower ones longest and often somewhat spatulate or oblance- olate ; those above gradually smaller and smoother, sagittate with acute subamplexicaul lobes at base ; pubescence of the lower leaves and stem often branched or bifurcate. Racemes corymbose-paniculate, elongating ; pedicels half an inch to an inch long, without bracts. Petals pale yellow, rather small, cuneate or obovate-oblong, obtuse. Sitlicles about one-fourth of an inch long, with a keel-like margin on each side ; style about half as long as the silicle, persistent, finally splitting with the dehiscent valves. Seeds reddish yellow. Cultivated fields: among wheat, flax, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May - June. Fr. July Obs. This was introduced with Flax, and remains as a weed where the culture of that plant has been abandoned. It was formerly a popu- lar notion that the plant was a kind of transmuted or degenerate Flax, and is spoken of by the older writers as Pseudo Linum (False Flax). Such errors as this and the one that Wheat degenerates into Chess would no longer hold a place among agriculturists, did they but prop- erly inform themselves concerning the objects among which their lives are passed. 8. CAPSEL’LA, Vent. SnHerHErp’s Purse. [Diminutive of the Latin, Capsula, a capsule ; in allusion to the frunt.] Pod (pouch) inversely triangular-heart-shaped ; valves boat-shaped, coriaceous, not winged; cells many-seeded. Flowers small, in elongat- ing racemes. 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid ; stem-leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped, sessile. SHEPHERD’s Purse CapseLua. Shepherd’s Purse. [ Pastor. Fr. Bourse de Pasteur. Germ. Die Hirten-tasche. Span. Bolsa de Roof annual. Stem 3 or 4-18 inches high, more or less hirsute, and often branched. Radical leaves 2 or 3-6 or 8 inches long. Racemes at first corymbose, finally elongated. Petals white. Fields and road-sides: introduced. Native of Europe. #. April—September. '. June — October. Obs. This worthless little intruder is found in almost every field ; and is sometimes so abundant as to be rather a nuisance. Such small weeds, however, can generally be suppressed by careful culture. and in- ducing a vigorous growth of more useful plants. 9. LEPID’IUM, R. Br. Prpprrerass. Pod (pouch) roundish, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually notched at the apex; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell. Flowers small, white. Stamens often only 2. MUSTARD FAMILY. 51 1. L. sati’vum, L. Leaves oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid ; silicles elliptic-ovate, winged and notched at apex. CuttivaTeD Lepipium. Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass. Fr. Cresson Alénois. Germ. Die Garten-Kresse. Span. Lepidio. AH Frc. 26. Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris). 27. An enlarged pod (silicle or pouch) with one of the valves removed. 52 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Root annual. Stem 9-18 inches high, smooth, glaucous, corymbosely branched above. Leaves 1-3 inches long, deeply divided into linear or cuneate segments. Petals white. Seeds compressed. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Persia. FI. June-July. Fr. August. Obs. A pleasant antiscorbutic Cress, frequent in Gardens. 2. L. Virgin’icum, L. Pods orbicular, wingless, notched at the apex ; upper leaves linear lanceolate, toothed ; stamens 2. Virerntan Leprpium. Wild Pepper-grass. Annual. Stem a foot or more high, paniculately branched above, minutely pubescent. Flowers especially late in the season, minute. Pods on spreading pedicels. Common, June—September. Obs. This common weed is a native of the southern portion of our country, and is abundantly naturalized in many parts of Europe—thus making a partial return for the abundant supply of weeds which has crossed the ocean to our shores. It is very frequent in dry fields and along road-sides. ‘The reddish-brown seeds are sometimes found among clover seed, and excite apprehension of some pernicious intruder ; but although a worthless little weed, if there be nothing worse among clover seed, the farmer need not be alarmed. L. ruderale, L., with oval and smaller pods and no petals, and L. campestre, L., with winged pods roughened with minute scales, are European species which areas yet but sparingly naturalized. 10. RAPHA’NUS, &. Ranisa. (Greek, fa, quickly, and phatino, to appear from its quick germination.] Pod elongated, 2—many-celled by corky transverse partitions. Style long. Seeds in a single series, globose. Annuals or biennials, with yel- lowish, whitish or purple flowers. 1. R. sati’vus, LE. Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate ; upper ones ovate- oblong, serrate, subhastate-lobed at base, subsessile ; petals purple and greenish white ; siliques terete, torulose, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels, many-celled by corky false partitions. CULTIVATED RapHanus. Radish. Garden Radish. Fr. Radis. Raifort. Germ. Der Rettig. Span. Rabano. The following varieties are usually cultivated : Fic. 28. Cultivated Radish (Raphanus sativus), opened to exhibit the cellutar partitions. MUSTARD FAMILY. 5a Sub-species RaptctLa. Root more or less fleshy, tender, white or red. Var. a. rotunda. Root subglobose. Turnip-radish. Var. b. oblonga. Root oblong or fusiform. Common Radish. Sub-species Nicer. Root fleshy, solid and firm, more or less acrid, black externally, white within. Fic. 29. Wild Radish (Raphanus Raphanistrum), reduced. 54 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Var. a. oblongus. Root oblong. Var. b. rotundus. Root subglobose. Black Turnip-radish. Spanish Radish. Annual. Stem 1-3 feet high, sparsely hispid, branched. Leaves 8-12 or 15 inches long, hispid. Siliques with fungous or suberose partitions. Seeds few, large. Gardens, &c.: cultivated. Native of China. Fl. June-—September. Fr. July - October. Obs. The tender fleshy root of this plant is an universal favorite at table, in early spring, and is found in every garden; where, by succes- sive planting, it may be produced all summer. To produce the root in perfection, a rich mellow soil anda wet season are requisite. It is somewhat spontaneous in some places, the seed having escaped from gardens. 2. R. Raphanistrum, L. Pod long-beaked, 2-jointed ; the lower joint often seedless and stalk-like ; the upper one necklace-form by constriction be- tween the seeds, with no proper partition ; flowers yellow, turning white or purplish. Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock. Root annual, long and tapering. Lower leaves lyrate, the upper lobe large and rounded ; the upper leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, all rough with bristly hairs. Fields especially eastward. July —September. Obs. Naturalized from Europe, and a troublesome weed in New Eng- land and New York State, and extending westward. Orper VII. HYPERICA’CEZ. (Sr. Joun’s-wort Famity.) Herbs or shrubs, with a resinous juice. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules, punctate with black or pellucid dots. Flowers regular. Calyx of 4-5 persistent sepals, the 2 outer ones often smaller. Pefals 4-5, conyolute in the bud, often sprinkled with black dots. Stamens usually numerous and united in 38 or more clusters. Capsule with septici- dal dehiscence, many-seeded. Seeds destitute of albumen. An order containing but few genera ; and those of little interest to the Agriculturist,— with the exception of the obnoxious species here noticed. 1. HYPHR’ICUM, L. Sr. Jonn’s-wort. [A name of obscure derivation and meaning. ] Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique or unequal-sided. Stamens mostly numer- ous; the filaments united at base in 3—5 parcels. Styles 3—5, per- sistent, sometimes united. Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled by the pla- centae meeting at the axis. Herbaceous or shrubby. Flowers cymose. 1. H. perfora’tum, L. Herbaceous ; stem somewhat two-edged ; leaves linear-elliptic, rather obtuse, sessile, pellucid punctate ; flowers in leafy paniculate corymbs ; petals and anthers with dark purple dots; styles 3, long, diverging. PERFORATED Hypericum. St. John’s-wort. Fy. Millepertuis. Germ. Das Johannes kraut. Span. Corazoncillo. ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. 55 Root perennial. Stem herbaceous but finally hard, 1-2 feet high, often several from the same root, corymbosely branched. Leaves half an inch to an inch anda half long. Péals yellow or orauge-colored. Fields and pastures: introduced. Native of Europe. FJ. June-September. fr. July — October. Obs. This is a worthless and rather troublesome weed on our farms ; and ought to be diligently excluded. Some 40 or 50 years ago, it was very common for cattle—especially white cows, and horses with white feet and noses—to be affected with cutaneous ulcers during the pasture season ; and those sores were universally and confidently attributed to the St. John’s-wort. In those days, I never doubted the fact, myself : but I must in candor add, that, although the plant continues to be abundant in our pastures, I have not noticed any such sores for 2 num- ber of years past. Was the affection ascribed to a wrong source? and has the real cause ceased to exist? The flowers and leaves are evidently somewhat resinous; and a tincture of them has held a place among popular remedies for disorders of the stomach and bowels. It is worthy of remark, that in the year 1842, the St. John’s-wort totally failed to make its appearance (in Chester County—and I believe throughout Pennsylvania,) even in fields where it had previously abounded. The succeeding year it was quite rare; but it has since become as common as ever, in neglected fields. The cause of that total though temporary, disappearance of a perennial-rooted plant, is as ob- scure as the fact is curious. Fic. 30. St. John’s-wort (Hypericum perforatum), summit of a flowering branch. 31. An enlarged flower showing the clustered stamens. 32. A magnified pod. 33. The same divided crosswise. “56 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. This plant is called St. John’s-wort, because it was supposed, in olden times, to have the power of keeping off evil spirits, which were supposed to be particularly busy on St. John’s night. It is said that the custom is still followed, in the retired parts of “the Pyrenees, of hanging gar- lands of the herb over the doors to preserve the inmates of the house from “storms, thunder, heretics, and other evil spirits.” Orper VIII CARYOPHYLLA’CEA. (Pink Famity.) Herbs, with stems tumid at the nodes or joints, with opposite, often connate, entire leaves, usually without stipules, and mostly reguiar flowers. Calyx of 4-5 sepals, distinct or more or less cohering—often united into a tube. Corolla of 4 — 5 petals—or sometimes wanting. Stamens as many—or commonly twice as many—as the petals. Styles, or stigmas, 2-5. Capsule 2-—5-valved—or opening only at apex by twiceas many teeth or valve-points as stigmas. Seeds curved, mostly numerous: embryo coiled around the outside of mealy albumen An Order, comprising about 30 genera, and a great number of species,—some of them (such as the Pinks) are very pretty and fragrant : but none of agricultural value. The greater number of the representatives of the family growing wild, with us, are weeds which, with few exceptions, are not very troublesome, but as several are very frequent in cultivated lands and are likely to attract the notice of farmers, descriptions of the most common ones are given. §1. Prvk Sup-ramiry. Sepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals 5, each with a long slender claw and with the stamens borne on the stalk of the ovary. Pod opening at the apex. Calyx with leafy lobes, which are longer than the petals. Styles5. 1. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx without leafy lobes, cylindrical, even. Styles 2. 2. SAPONARIA. §2. CHICKWEED SUB-FAMILY. Sepals distinct or near ly so. Petals (some- times wanting) without claws, inserted with the stamens at the base of sessile ovary. Pod splitting into valves or opening by teeth, few- many-seeded. Pod 8-celled, many-seeded. Petals none. 3. MOLLUGO. Pod I-celled. Styles 3-5. Stipules none. Styles 5. Petals 5. Ped opening by 10 teeth. . 4, CERASTIUM. Styles 83-4. Pod splitting into valves. 5. STELLARIA. Leaves with scaly stipules. Styles 5. Leaves thread-like, whorled. 6. SPERGULA. 1. AGROSTEM’MA, ZL. Corn-cocxkur. [Name from the Greek, meaning crown of the field.] Calyx tubular, without scales at the base, with 5 long leaf-like teeth which fall off in fruiting. Petals 5, not crowned at the throat. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Pod opening at the top by 5 teeth. Annual or biennial. 1. A. Githa’go, L. Hairy; leaves lance-linear, acute; petals obovate emarginate. Grra-trke AGrostemma. Corn-cockle. Rose- -campion. Fr. La Nielle des Blés. Germ. Gemeine Rade. Span. Neguillon. Plant clothed with long appressed hairs. Roof annual. Stem 2—4 feet high, branched above. Leaves 3-5 inches long. Peduncles terminal, 4-8 or 10 inches long. Petals red- dish or pale violet-purple. Capsule ovoid. Seeds numerous, muricately ribbed, purplish- black. Cultivated grounds—chiefly among wheat and rye: introduced. Native of Europe. FT. June fr. July. PINK FAMILY, 57 Obs. This foreign weed (speeifically named Githago, from its fancied resemblance to “ Guth,” or Guinea Pepper), though diligently rcoted out by all neat farmers, obstinately maintains its ground in our grain fields. The rough black seeds, when abundant among wheat (and their size makes it difficult to separate them from it), are injurious to the quality _ and appearance of the manufactured flour. _ Fic. 34. Corn-cockle (Agrostemma Githago), reduced. 25. A pod «with the enclosing calyx divided lengthwise. @ A seed. 3% 58 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 2. SAPONA’RIA, LZ. Soaprwort. [Latin, Sapo, soap ; its mucilage affording a substitute for that article J Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule short-stalked opening with 4 teeth at the apex. Embryo coiled into a ring. 1. S. officina’lis, L. Leaves oval-lanceolate ; flowers in corymbose clusters ; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw. OrricinaL Saponarta. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. Perennial. Stem 12-18 inches high. Leaves 114-3 inches long. Flowers large, pale rose color, often double. Bs Waste places. Native of Europe. July —Sept. Obs. A conspicuous weed, spreading by the root and forming large bunches near buildings and giving a slovenly appearance to the farm. The plant has been employed medicinally in Europe, as a substitute for Sarsaparilla in diseases of the skin. x Fic. 36. Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). . PINK FAMILY. 59 3. MOLLU’GO, L. Carprt-wEeED. [An old Latin name, coined from mollis, soft.] Sepals 5, white within. Petals none. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Diffusely branched prostrate annuals. 1. M. verticilla’ta, L. Prostrate and dichotomously branched ; leaves spatulate, in whorls; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, forming umbel-like clusters. VerTIcILLATE Motituco. Carpet-weed. Indian Chickweed. Stem branching in all directions, forming patches a foot or more in diameter. Leaves somewhat succulent, about an inch long, usually in whorls of 6. Cultivated grounds, common. June-Sept. Obs. A very common little weed in cultivated grounds, especially where the soil is sandy, throughout the country. 4. CERAS’TIUM, & * Movuss-car CHICKWEED. [Greek, Keras, a horn ; from the shape of the capsules.] Sepals 5. Petals 5, 2-lobed. Stamens 5-10. Styles as many as the sepals and opposite them. Capsule longer than the calyx, opening at the apex by 10 teeth and many-seeded. Flowers white. 1. C. vulga’tum, L. Very hairy; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse ; sepals longer than the pedicels; capsule slightly curved, twice as long as the calyx. Common Cerastium. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Annual or biennial. Stems 5-10inches long. Leaves about half an inch long. 2. C. visco’sum, L. Pubescent and clammy, leaves oblong; sepals shorter than the pedicels ; capsule one half longer than the calyx. Ciammy Crerastium. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed. Perennial or biennial. Stems 6-15 inches long, spreading. Leaves 1g an inch to an inch long. Obs. Common in pastures and on the borders of fields; both natives of Europe. In flower from May-July. 5. STELLA’RIA, £. Curtcxweep. [Latin, Stedla, a star ; from the star-like flowers.] Sepals 5. Petals 5, deeply 2-cleft. Stamens 10 or fewer. Styles 3-4. Capsule opening by twice as many valves as styles. Flowers white. 1. S.me’dia, Smith. Stems procumbent, with an alternating pubescent line ; leaves ovate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the calyx ; stamens 3-10. MIDDLE STELLARIA. Chickweed. 60 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. _ Annual or biennial. Stems 8-15 inches long, dichotomously branching. Leaves 14 an inch to an inch long. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Common. Native of Europe. Obs. This little plant, so common around dwellings, is found in almost every part of the world. It is exceedingly hardy, and may be found in flower even in the winter months; wherever the snow melts away the little star-like flowers appear. During the warmer months the flowers are much less conspicuous, the ovary being usually fertilized a> = Uff Uf Yj without the flowers expanding. In damp cold soils it is sufficiently abundant to be troublesome, and sometimes occupies the soil to the exclusion of everything else. It is often given to canary and other cage birds. * 6. SPER’GULA, ZL. Spurrey. [Name from the Latin, Spargo, to scatter. ] Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5-10. Styles 5. Capsule 5-valved, valves opposite the sepals. Seeds orbicular with a narrow margin. Low herbs with narrow whorled leaves and minute stipules. 1. S. arvénsis, L. Leaves linear and thread-like, many in a waorl ;. Fic, 37. Chickweed (Stellaria media). 88. An enlarged fiower. 39. A petal. PINK FAMILY. . 61 stipules minute ; inflorescence loosely cymose ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; seeds rough. Fieitp Spercuta. Corn Spurrey. Tares. Annual. Stems about a foot long, erect or spreading. ZLeaves 1-2 inches long. Pedicels nearly an inch long, reflexed in fruit. Petals white, rather longer than the ovate sepals. Capsule about the size of a small pea. Seeds blackish. Fields. Native of Europe. May —-Oct. A.H. /s. This is only known as a weed with us. In some parts of Kurope it is cultivated as a forage plant ; cattle are said to be very fond of it, and sheep thrive remarkably well upon it. Fic. 40. Spurrey (Spergula arvensis). 62 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. OrpEer IX. PORTULACA’CE. (Pourstane Famity.) Succulent or fleshy herbs, with regular, unsymmeirical, axillary or termimal, usually ephemeral flowers. Calyx mosily of 2 sepals, often united below and adherins to the base of the ovary. Pedals 5, or rarely more numerous. Stamens variable in number, oppo- site the petals when of the same number. Siyles2-—8,united below. Capsule i-celled ; placenta central. Seeds mosily numerous, curved ; embryo coiled around mealy albumen. There are some 380 genera in the Order—of which the plani here noticed is the type. They are, however, of little or no interest io the farmer. 1. PORTULA’CA, Tournef. Purstane. [A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] Sepals 2, partly united, and adherent to the base of the ovary,—the upper portion finally circumscissed and deciduous. Petals mostly 5, in- serted on the calyx. Stamens 8-15 or 20. Stigmas 3-8. Cap- sule subglobose, circumscissed. Leaves scattered, often whorled near the flowers. 1. P. olera’cea, L. Prostrate, smooth; leaves oblong-cuneate, obtuse, fleshy ; flowers sessile, opening only in the morning sun. Pot-HERB PortuLaca. Purslane. Fr. Pourpier potager. Germ. Gemeiner Portulak. Span. Verdolaga. Root annual. Stem 6-12 or 15 inches long, fleshy, smooth, prosiraie, branching and radicating. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, alternate and opposite. Petals pale yellow. Gardens and cultivated grounds. Native of Europe and India. #1. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. This plant, though said to be indigenous in the far west, has every appearance of being a naturalized stranger with us. It was often Fic. 41. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea). 42. A pod, opening transversely. MALLOW FAMILY. 63 used formerly, as a pot-herb ; but is now generally superseded by better ones,—and is, indeed, only entitled to notice, here, as a troublesome weed in gardens. P. grandiflora, P. Gillesii and others, having terete leaves, hairy axils and showy flowers are now common in gardens; they are known in some places as ‘“‘ Wax Pinks ;” they become quite perma- nently established where they are once introduced and will doubtless become weeds wherever they escape from cultivation. Orper X. MALVA’CE. (Mattow Famity.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, palmately-veined leaves furnished with stipules. Flowers regular, mostly large, often with an involucel forming a double calyx. Calyr mostly of 5 sepals, more or less united at base. efals as many as the sepals, convolute in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, often indefinite ; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Styles as many as the carpels, distinct or united below. Fruif capsular, or the carpels separate or separa- ble. Seeds with little albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous, plicate and twisted. Mucilaginous plants with a tough bark. An Order comprising about 30 genera, and numerous species—some of them showy and handsome. They are generally remarkable for their mucilaginous and demulcent prop- erties : but the Cotton plant is preéminently interesting to the American people—both as yielding the great staple of the exports from the Southern States, and of the manufactures of the Northern States. There are, however, but few other plants of Agricultural im- portance belonging to the Order. 1. Anthers at the top of the column of united filaments. Cells of the uit united in a ring around a central axis from which they fall away when ripe. Involucel present. Carpels 1-seeded. Involucel 6—9-parted. Plant soft downy. 1. ALTHRA. Involucel 3-leaved. 2. MALYVA. Involucel none. Carpels 1-several-seeded. Seeds one in each cell. 3. Sipa. Seeds 2-9 in each cell. 4, ABUTILON. 2. Anthers along the sides of the upper part of the column of united ents. Pod of 3-5 cells, splitting into as many valves. Involucel of many thread-shaped leaves. Calyx splitting down one side when the flower opens. Pod long. 5. ABELMOSCHTS. Calyx not splitting down one side. Pod short. Seeds naked. 6. Hrsiscvs. Inyolucel of 3 heart-shaped, toothed leaves. Seeds bearing long wool. 7. GOSSYPIUM 1. ALTH ®’A, L. Marsnu-matiow. [Greek, Altho, to heal ; from its reputed virtues.] Tnvolucel 6-9 cleft. Fruit depressed, consisting of numerous 1-seeded, round-kidney shaped, indehiscent carpels, arranged in a ring around a central axis. 1. A. officina’ lis, L. Leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, often 3-lobed, velvety ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered. ial OrricinaL AttHzA. Marsh-mallow. Perennial. Root fusiform. Stem 2-4 feet high, erect. Leaves 2-4 inches long with ~ petioles about half their length. Flowers pale rose color, sub-paniculate. Cultivated, and spontaneous in salt marshes. July —-September. Cbs. The Marsh-mallow is a native of Europe, and is sometimes 64 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. cultivated ; it has become naturalized along the coast of New England and Long Island. The whole plant, especially the root, contains a great deal of mucilage, and is employed by European physicians for poultices and such purposes as Slippery Elm bark is used with us. ALTrHza ROSEA is the common Hollyhock of the gardens, many varieties of which are cultivated for ornament. 3 2. MAL’VA, £. Mattiow. [Latinized from the Greek, Malache, soft ; in allusion to its emollient nature.] Involucel of 3 oblong or setaceous bracts. Cuarpels several, dry, inde- hiscent, arranged in a circle round the axis, as in Althea. 1. M. rorunptFo’t1a, LZ. Stem herbaceous, prostrate; leaves cordate- orbicular, obscurely lobed, crenate-toothed ; pedicels axillary, 1-flowered, declined in fruit. RounD-LEAVED Matva. Running Mallows. Low Mallows. Fr. Petite Mauve. Germ. Rundblaettrige Malve. Span. Malva de hoja redonda. Root perennial. - Stem 1-2 or 3 feet long, branching only at base or from the root. Leaves 1-2 or 3 inches in diameter, obscurely 5—7-lobed ; petioles 2-6 or 8 inches long. Flowers small; bracts linear. Petals twice as long as the calyx, reddish white with purple veins. Yards, gardens and lots: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May—September. Fr. July — October. Fic. 43. Common Mallow (Malva rotundifolia), a flower. 44. Aleaf. 45. An enlarged flower with the petals removed to display the column of united stamens. 46. A ring of united carpels, forming the fruit and a separate carpel. MALLOW FAMILY. 65 Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized; and although some- what popular as an ingredient in cataplasms and demulcent drinks, is generally regarded as an unwelcome intruder in yards and gardens. M. Sylvestris, L., with an erect branching stem, 2—3 feet high and much larger flowers, is naturalized in Western New York. The Curled Mal- low (MM. crispa) is found in old gardens. . a: OL DAYLE. —SmA. [The ancient Greek name.] Involucel none. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals usually oblique. Styles 5 or more. Fruit when ripe separating into as many 1-seeded carpels as there are styles, which usually become 2-valved at the summit and at length sepa- rate from the axis. Embryo bent with the radicle pointing upwards. 1. S. spino’sa, L. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong with a tubercle at the base of the petiole. SPINOSE SIDA. Annual. Stem 10-18 inches long, low and branched. Leaves about 2 inches long, ser- rate, petioled. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petioles, articu- lated near the yellow flower. Road-sides and waste places ; more common southward. Native of India. July — August. 4. ABU’TILON, Tournef. Inprtan-matiow. [A name supposed to be derived from the Arabs.] Carpels numerous, cohering and forming a compound capsule, spreading at the summit where each splits open along the inner edge, scarcely separating at maturity. Seeds 2—9 in each carpel. 1. A. Avicénne, Gaertn. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, crenate- dentate, velvety-tomentose ; peduncles axillary, shorter than the petiole. Avicennaé’s ApuTiuon. Indian-mallow. Velvet-leaf. Root annual. Stem 2-4 or 5 feet high, branched. Leaves 4-6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 8 -5 inches long. Petals yellow. Carpels 12-15, verticillately arranged in a flattened, somewhat bell-shaped head. Cultivated lots and waste places: introduced. Native of Europe and Asia. Fl. July -September. Fr. August— October. Obs. This foreigner is a worthless and troublesome intruder—frequent in Indian-corn fields, Potato patches, and other cultivated. lots—and is of a size sufficient to be a nuisance. It should be always carefully eradi- cated before it matures its seeds. 66 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 5. ABELMOS’CHUS, Med. Ores. [Name said to be derived from the Arabic, Hub-ool-mocshk.] Calyx splitting down one side when the flower Opens, deciduous. Pod elongated. Otherwise as in Hibiscus. 1. A. escuten’tus, L. Herbaceous; leaves somewhat obtusely and pal- mately 5-lobed, cordate at base, the lobes dentate; fruit 10-angled, pyramidal. EsctLent Aspetmoscuus. Okra. Root annual. Siem 18 inches io 3 feet high, somewhat branched, pilose but not aculeaic. Leaves 3—6 imches long, and wider than long, lobed about half way to the base ; petioles about as long as the leaves. Pedals pale greenish yellow, with a dark purple spot at base. Capsule 2—3 inches long, ereci. Gardens: cultivated. Native of India. Fi. August. #r. Sepiember—October. Obs. This plant is cultivated for its green pods or capsules—which Fic. 47. Velvet-leaf or Indian-mallow (Abutilon Ayicenn=),a branch reduced in size with fruit. MALLOW FAMILY. 67 are remarkably mucilaginous. and much esteemed, by many persons, as a table vegetable, and as an ingredient in soups. 6. HIBIS’CUS, LZ. Rossz-sauiow. [An ancient classical name, for one of the Mallow Family.] Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Involucel of many linear bractlets. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united ; stigmas 5, capitate. Pod 5-celled, opening into 5 valves which bear the partition on their middle. Herbs or shrubs with showy flowers. 1. H. trio’num, L. Upper leaves deeply 3-parted, lower ones toothed ; calyx inflated, membranaceous, with bristly-ribs, 5-winged at the summit. THREE-LOBED Hipiscus. Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-hour. Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched. Leaves 1—3 inches long, the lobes lanceolate, the middle one longest ; pefioled. Flowers greenish yellow with a purple spot at base, axillary, solitary, fugacious ; peduncles about as long as the petioles. Stigmas 5. Gardens and lots. Native of South Europe and Africa. July —September. Obs. Formerly cultivated in gardens, and not rare as a weed in cul- tivated grounds. 2. H. Syrr’acus, LZ. Shrubby or tree-like ; leaves ovate-wedge-shaped, smooth, entire at the base, 3-lobed and toothed at the apex; pedicels scarcely longer than the petioles; involucel 6 —7-lobed. Syrian Hisiscus. Rose of Sharon. Shrubby Althea. Obs. Very common in cultivation, where it is usually kept trimmed ; when allowed to grow uncut it forms a large tree-like shrub, with long straggling branches. The flowers are of various shades, from white to deep purple; often becoming double. It is rather troublesome in grounds on account of the readiness with which it propagates itself by the seeds. : * 7. GOSSYP’IUM, LZ. Corton. [A name supposed to be of Egyptian origin ; etymology obscure.] Calyx cup-shaped, obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by a 3-leaved involucel ; the leafiets united and cordate at base, deeply incised-dentate. Stiles united ; stigmas 3 or sometimes 5. Capsule 3—5-celled, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, enveloped in a long fine wool. Young branches and leaves more or less covered with black dots ; the nerves beneath usually with one or more glands. 1. G. neRBa’ceum, L. Stem smooth; leaves 3 —5-lobed, with a single gland beneath ; lobes rounded, mucronate ; involucel serrate ; wool white. Herspaceous Gossypium. Cotton. Cotton-plant. Fr. Le Cottonnier. Germ. Die Baumwolle. Span. Algodon. Root annual. Stem 2-4 feet high, branched. Leaves 3-5 or 6 inches long ; pefioles 2-3 inches long. Pedals greenish yellow, tinged with purple at base. Seeds large, thickly beset with long wool-like cellular or tubular fibres, which, at maturity, are shrunk and contorted so as to render them in some degree adhesive, when pressed together y—and thereby susceptibie of being spun or drawn and twisted into delicate threads. Cultivated very largely in the Southern and South-western States. Native of Asia. 68 USEFUL WEEDS AND PLANTS. Obs. This plant—as yielding the material for light clothing, and especially in reference to its commercial value—may be regarded as one of the most important objects of American Agriculture. Although not so essential as the cereal tribe, the fibrous envelope of the seeds is scarcely less interesting, as an article of trade, and as the subject of useful and ingenious industry. Orper XI. TILIA’CEA. (Liypen Famity.) Trees or shrubs having the mucilaginous qualities and tough inner bark of the Mallow Family, alternate leaves with deciduous stipules and small axillary flowers. Sepals valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens usually,in clusters ; anthers 2-celled. Seeds albuminous. The Lindens are the only representatives of this order in the United States. Corchorus capsularis of India furnishes the fibre from which the Gunny-bags of commerce are made. Ll; TILIA, £. Lanpen. [The classical Latin name.] Sepal 5, connected at base. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, more or less cokering in 5 parcels, the central one of each parcel—in the North American species—conering with the base of a petaloid scale, opposite to the real petals. Ovary 5-celled ; cells with 2 ovules. Fruzt coriaceous or woody, globose, by abortion 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. ZTvees with sub- cordate serrate leaves, and a tough, fibrous bark. Flowers in pendulous cymes, with the lower half of the common peduncle adnate toa long membrano-foiiaceous bract. 1. T. Kuropz’a, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, puberulent beneath ; flowers without petaloid scales. European Tinta. Linden, or Lime tree. European Linden. Fr. Le Tilleul. Germ. Die Linde. Span. Tilo. Stem 20-40 or 50 feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter, the numerous branches forming a bandsome symmetrical top. Leaves 3-45 inches long ; petioles 1-2 inches long. Flowers yellowish white. Cultivated. Native of Europe. FJ. Beginning of June. Fr. Sept.—Oct. Obs. This foreign species has been extensively introduced as an orna- mental shade tree in our cities and villages. In the beginning of summer it is handsome, but the leaves begin to die or become diseased, assuming a scorched appearance, soon after midsummer ; and the tree is, more- over, infested by so many loathsome and destructive insects, that it is now being superseded by others less subject to such accidents. The flowers are said to afford to bees a superior quality of honey. 2. T. America’na, L. Leaves obliquely heart-shaped, or truncate at base, abruptly acuminate, thickish, smooth, or nearly so; flowers with petaloid scales, connected with the filaments. AmeErRIcAN Tinta. Linden, or Linn. Basswood. Whitewood. Stem 40-60 or 80 feet high, and 2-8 feet in diameter, with spreading branches. Leaves BEAD-TREE FAMILY. 69 3-6 inches long, unequal at base ; petioles 1-2 inches long. Flowers yellowish-white or cream-colored. Rich woodlands and banks of streams ; along the mountains, from Canada to Georgia. Fil. Latter end of June. Fr.Sept.—Oct. Obs. A variety of this species (var. pubéscens, Gray,) has the often thin leaves softly pubescent beneath. This form is common south and west, as well as the White Basswood (‘T. Heteroph’ylla, Vent.), which has very large leaves, sometimes 8 inches broad, silvery-white, with fine down beneath. The wood of all the Lindens, commonly known as Bass- wood, is light, soft and white, and is used for making boxes, bowls and other domestic utensils, for the panels of wagons, bottoms of drawers, &c. The inner bark, bast or bass, consists of long, tough fibres, and by soaking in water, readily separates into layers. That of the European species furnishes the matting, which forms an important item in the products of Russia. It is much used by gardeners for protecting tender plants from frost,and furnishes them the best material for tying up shrubs, and for binding up the wound made in the operation of budding. The gardeners of the Western States, it is said, obtain their supply of bast from our American species. T. Americana is sometimes planted as a shade tree. Its branches are more spreading than those of the Kuropean species, and its whole appearance is less symmetrical, more- over, it is, like that, liable to be infested by insects. * Orper XII. MELIA’CEZ. (Berap-rree Famity.) Prees or shrubs, with alternate, usually compound leaves destitute of stipules. Calyx of 3-5 sepals more or less connected. Petals3-5. Stamens twice as many as the petals, monadelphous, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk ; anthers sessile in the orifice of the tube of filaments. Ovaryseveral-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell ; styles and stigmas mostly united into one. Fruita drupe, berry, or capsule, often 1-celled by abortion, and the cell 1-seeded. Seeds with little or no albumen, and wingless. The genus which represents this Order is the only one belonging to it which is much known in our country, and that is pretty much confined to-the States south of the Potomac, 1. ME’LIA, £. Prive or Inpta. [The Greek name of a species of Ash, which this tree resembles.] Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, linear-oblong, spreading. Stamen-tube 10-cleft at summit, with 10 anthers in the orifice ; segments of the tube 2—3-parted. Ovary seated on a slightly elevated disk ; style filiform ; stigma capitate, 5-angled. Drupe ovoid, with a 5-celled bony nut ; cells 1- seeded. Embryo inclosed in thin fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat, foliace- ous. Trees with odd-pinnate or bipinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary panicles. 1. M. Azepa’racu, L. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets somewhat in fives, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, incised-dentate, smooth. Pride of India. Bead-tree. Fr. Arbre aux patendtres. “Germ. Der Zederach. Stem 20-40 feet high, and 1-2 or 8 feet in diameter, with branches clustered at irreg- ular intervals. Leaves deciduous ; leaflets 1~2 or 3 inches long, forming secondary pin- 70 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. ne of 2-3 pairs, with a terminal odd one. Flowers pale violet-purple or lilac-colored Drvupe with a soft yellowish pulp, and an obtusely angular nut. Cultivated. Native of Syria, Persia, and the far East. #7. April. Fr. Sept.-Oct. Obs. This tree has been introduced into the Southern States as an ornamental shade tree, and is now perfectly naturalized there and west to Arkansas. It will not endure the winters of Pennsylvania. The most northern point at which I have seen trees of any considerable size, was Norfolk, Virginia, and even there they are sometimes killed by frost. The bark of the root is reputed to be a good vermifuge. In the south of Europe, the nuts are often used for beads; whence one of its English and French names. OrperR XIII. LINA’CEA. (Frax Famtiry.) Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, without stipules, and regular hypogynous flowers, with all the parts in fives. Calyx imbricated and petals convolute in the bud. Stamens united at the base into a ring. Capsule globose, with twice as many 1-seeded cells as there are Styles. An order pretty much limited to the important genus which is its type. 1. LUYNUM, 2. Fuax. {The classical name for the plant.} Capsule of 5 united carpels, each 2-seeded, but divided into 2 single- seeded cells by a false partition, projecting from the back of the carpels. 1. L. usrratis’simum, L. Leaves alternate, lance-linear, very acute; flowers on long pedicels ; capsules globose, mucronate. Most Usrrvun (or common) Linum. Flax. Fr. Lin. Germ. Gemeiner Flachs. Span. Lino. Root annual. Stem 2-38 feet high, slender, terete, smooth, corymbosely branched at summit. Leaves an inch to an inch and a half long. Pefals rather large, blue, often with a tinge of purple, very caducous. Seeds lance-ovate, smooth and shining. Cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous in cultivated grounds. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July. Obs. This valuable plant—once considered so indispensable among the crops of our farmers—is now but little cultivated. I have not seen a flax-patch for a number of years : whereas, in the “good old times’”—before Spinning-wheels were superseded by Prunos— every rural family cultivated and manufac- tured as much flax as was required for do- , mestic purposes. But now, the Cotton-plant 4& of the South has nearly banished the Flax- plant from the Middle and Northern States. Nor is the revolution thus effected a subject of regret, with the farmer. Fic. 48. Flax (Linum usitatissimum), reduced. el , GERANIUM FAMILY. vial The flax crop is one which involves a good deal of troublesome, disa- greeable labor, and, without being profitable, is generally believed to be injurious to the soil: an opinion as old as the time of Virg7l—who says “Urit enim Lini campum seges, urit avene.’’—GerorG. 1.71. or, as rendered by Sotheby, “Oats and the Flaxen harvest burn the ground.” The seeds of this plant—besides yielding a most valuable drying oil, used in painting—afford one of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and dysenteric affections. Orper XIV. GERANIA’CEA. (Geranium F amity.) Mostly herbs with symmetrical, hypogynous, pentamerous flowers. Sepals imbricated. Pedals conyolute. Stamens 10, slightly monadelphous at base, the alternate ones shorter. Pistils 5, adhering to a central prolonged axis, from which they separate at maturity by curling up and carrying with them the small 1l-seeded pods. Seeds without albumen. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants with opposite or alternate, stipulate, scented leaves and astringent roots. The ornamental half-shrubby plants so common in collections of green-house plants and usually called Geraniwms, belong to the genus PELARGONIUM. 1. GERA’NIUM, ZL. Cranes-BiLu. [Greek, Geranos, a crane ; the beaked fruit resembling a crane’s bill.] Stamens all perfect, the 5 longer ones with glands at base. Styles co- hering at the summit, recurved from below, but not twisted, in the ripe fruit ; smooth inside. 1. G. macula tum, L. Stem erect, dichotomous above; leaves 3—5- parted ; petals entire, twice as long as the calyx. Sporrep GERANIUM. Cranes-bill. Perennial. Stem 12-18 inches high, hairy. Leaves 2—3 inches long, the divisions lobed and cut at the end, blotched with whitish as they grow old, the radical on petioles 3-6 or 8 inches in length, those of the stem on much shorter petioles and the upper ones subses- sile. Flowers purple, large, somewhat corymbose. Petals bearded on the claw. Woods and along fences, common. April—July. Obs. This plant is not troublesome as a weed, but is introduced here on account of its valuable medicinal properties; it being one of the best astringents used in medicine—equalling in importance any of the imported articles of that class—the agriculturist ought to be able to identify it. The thick, fleshy root, or rather rhizoma, which should be collected in autumn, is powerfully astringent, without bitterness or un- pleasant taste, and is useful in diarrhcea and other diseases where a medicine of this kind is required. Boiled in water and mixed with sugar and milk, it is easily administered to children. G. Carolinian’um, L., a native species, and G. puséll/um, an introduced one, are annual species, and common in waste places. Evrddium cicutarium, L., (which has the 5 shorter stamens sterile, and the styles, in fruit, twisting spirally,) is naturalized sparingly in the Atlantic States, but in California and Oregon it has taken complete possession of large tracts; it is there known as “ pin weed.” WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. i n/ 4/23 wy) Zz ee ta L , ca \ OrpeR XV. OXALIDA’CEA. (Woop-sorret Famity.) Herbs with sour juice and alternate compound leaves. Flowers regular nearly as in Gerani- um—but the styles separate, and the fruit a 5-celled several-seeded capsule. 1. OX’ ALIS, LZ. Woop-sorret. (Greek, oxys, sharp or sour.] Capsule membranaceous, deeply Petals withering after expansion. 5-lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the back. Seeds pendulous from the axis, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in a fleshy albumen. Leaves of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at nightfall,—the radical ones stipulate. 50. A ripe fruit Fic. 49. Cranes-bill (Geranium maculatum), a flowering summit. enlarged, showing the carpels separating from the axis. INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. Ge 0. strie’ta, LZ. Caulescent; stem mostly erect, branched and leafy; peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles. Urpricur Oxauis. Wood-sorrel. Yellow Wood-sorrel. Perennial? Stem 3 inches to near 2 feet high, more or less pubescent, often bushy, and sometimes nearly prostrate. JLeafles one fourth of an inch toan inch long. Peduncles 2-5 inches long, with 2-10 yellow flowers. Fields and cultivated grounds. May—September. Obs. The leaves of this very common plant have an agreeable acidity, and are frequently eaten by children. Another species is cultivated, especially in Europe, as a culinary herb. The juice of the various species contains a salt (Binoxalate of Potash) which, under the name of Salts of Sorrel, was formerly much used for removing ink-stains and spots of iron-rust from linen. * Orper XVI. TROPAOLA’CEA. (Inpray-cress Famtty.) Herbs with a pungent, watery juice, a straggling or twining stem, alternate petiolate pel- tate or palmate leaves with radiating nerves, and without stipules. Flowers irregular, large on long axillary peduncles. Fruit 3-lobed, composed of 3 united carpels, which are 1-seeded, indehiscent, and separate from the common axis when mature. Seeds without albumen, large ; cotyledons thick, distinct when young, finally consolidated or soldered together. A very small Order, and of little interest beyond the genus which represents it. 1. TROPZ’OLUM, L. Nasrurriom. {Latin, a little banner, or Trophy ; from a fancied similitude in the plant.] Calyx colored, 5-parted; the upper segment spurred at the base. Petals 5, unequal ; the upper two sessile, the others clawed. Stamens 8. Stigmas 2. 1. T. ma’sus, L. Leaves peltate, sub-orbicular, obscurely repand-lobed, the nerves not exserted ; petals obtuse. GREATER TropzoLumM. Nasturtium. Indian-cress. Fr, Grande Capucine. Germ. Die Kapuziner kresse. Span. Capuchina. Rootannual. Stem 3-6 or 8 feet long, fleshy, smooth. Leaves 2-3 inches in diameter the nerves which radiate from the centre not projecting beyond the margin (as they do in another species) ; petioles 3-6 inches long. Peduncles 1-flowered, mostly longer than the petioles. Peals yellowish or reddish orange, with dark purple stripes and spots—the three lower ones fringed at base. Carpels sulcate, fleshy, finally suberose or coriaceous. A Gardens. Cultivated. Native of South America. FJ. June—September. Fr. August-— ctober. Obs. This ornamental stranger is sometimes cultivated for show ; but chiefly for the young fruit—which is prepared as a condiment, and af. - fords a tolerable substitute for capers. The plant is said to be perennial in its native country (Peru), whence it was brought to Europe in the year 1684. 4 74 ' WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Carper XVII. RUTA’CHA. (Rvs Famity.) Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple or compound leaves, punctate with pellucid dots contain- ing a pungent, volatile oil (except in Ailanthus, a doubtful member of the Order,) and per- fect, polygamous or dicecious, hypogynous, regular, 3-5-merous flowers. Stamens twice as many as the sepals ; pistils 2-5 separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle or fleshy disk ; styles sometimes co- hering when the ovaries are distinct. 1. RU’TA, L. Roe. [Name of doubtful derivation.] Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4 (rarely 3—5). Stamens twice as many as the sepals, with a gland at base. Style 1. Capsule roundish, lobed. Seeds albuminous. Herbs, sometimes suffruticose, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. fi. 1. R. crave’ouens, L. Leaves decompound ; lobes oblong, the terminal one obovate ; petals entire or somewhat toothed. HeEAVyY-sMELLING Ruta. Rue. Garden-rue. Perennial. Stem bushy 2-3 feet high, woody at base, the branches smooth, yellowish green. Leaves dotted, glaucous or bluish green. Flowers in terminal corymbose panicles, pale greenish.yellow ; the first one which unfolds has 5 sepals and petals, and 10 stamens, while the succeeding ones have only 8 stamens and 4 sepals and petals. Pod roundish, warty, 4-5-lobed. The stamens approach in turns towaris the pistil, and after the an- thers have shed their pollen, retire. Native of Southern Europe. Cult. June - Sept. Obs. The Garden-rue, as it is commonly called, probably to distinguish Fic. 51. Rue (Ruta graveolens), a flowering branch. 52. A fruit of the same. RUE FAMILY. 5 it from Meadow-rue, is frequently found in old gardens, where it is culti- vated as a medicinal herb. The plant is very acrid, and when handled sometimes irritates or even blisters the skin, and to some persons it is highly poisonous. Its properties are stimulant and narcotic, and though sometimes used in domestic practice, in cholic, hysterics, &c., it is altogether too dangerous a plant to be employed unadvisedly. Its oil is a powerful poison. The plant was much used by the ancients, who ascribed wonderful virtues to it; they had the idea that stolen Rue flourished the best. At one time if was employed to sprinkle the holy water in the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic church, which is per- haps the reason of Ophelia’s saying : “ We may call it herb of grace, 0’ Sundays.” * 2. ZANTHOX’YLUM, Colden. Pricxiy Ass. ; [Greek, Zanthos, yellow, and Yylon, wood.] Flowers dicecious. Sepals 5, or wanting in one species. Petals 4—5, imbricated. Stamens 4—5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pustils 2—5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved when ripe, 1—2-seeded. Seed- coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. Shrubs or trees with mostly pinnate leaves; the stems and often the Jeaf-stalks prickly. Flcwers small, greenish or white. 1. Z. American’um, Mill. Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters ; Fic. 58. Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum), portion of a pistillate specimen in flower, the leaves not fully developed. 54. An enlarged staminate flower. 55. An enlarged pistillate flower. 76 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. leaflets in 4—5 pairs and an odd one; calyx none; petals 5; pistils 3—5,; pod short stalked; flowers appearing with the leaves. American ZantHoxytum. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree. Yellow Wood. Shrub 4-8 feet high. Stems prickly, the stronger prickles mostly in pairs at the base of the leaves. Leaflds 1-2 inches long, downy when young, becoming smooth above when old. Flowers sometimes polygamous. Pods about the size of a pepper-corn, with a brown or reddish tinge, pitted, fragrant with a lemon-like odor when rubbed. Seed solitary. River banks and rocky woods, north and west. April-May. Obs. In its wild state this shrub forms low thickets, but when cul- tivated and trimmed it forms a small tree sometimes 20 feet high. It has been proposed as a hedge plant, but we are not aware that any experiments have been made to test its value for this purpose. All parts of the plant are aromatic, and the bark is used in medicine; this when chewed has a sweetish aromatic taste which becomes bitter and acrid, causing a flow of saliva; it has been used for the tooth-ache, whence one of its popular names. An infusion is used in domestic medicine, in the treatment of rheumatism and in cholic, &e. == 2. Z. Carolinian’um, Lam. Leaflets 3—5 pairs and an odd one, ovate lanceolate, inequilateral, shining above; flowers in terminal cymes, ap- pearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5; pistils 3; pods sessile ; prickles very sharp. CaroLina ZantHoxyLtum. Southern Prickly Ash. Shrub or small tree 6-20 feet high and 6-10 inches in diameter. Grows in sandy soil along the sea coasts of the Southern States. Properties similar to the preceding. 38. AILAN’THUS, Desf. [From Ailanto, the name it bears in its native country.] Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted with the 10 stamens under a hypo- gynous disk. Carpels 3—5, samaroid, tumid in the centre, 1-celled, l-seeded. Stegmas capitate, radiately 5-lobed. Flowers diceciously polygamous. 1. A. GLanpDuLOsA, Desf. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate at base, with a gland on the under side of each tooth. GLANDULAR AILANTHUS. Chinese Sumach. Tree of Heaven. Tillow or Tallow Tree. Stem 30-60 feet or more high, much branched, young branches never multiplying during growth but developed only from the buds of the preceeding year. Leaves (on young trees especially) much elongated and consisting of many pairs (15-20) of smooth leafies, which are 3—5 inches in length and entire, except a pair or two of coarse teeth at base. Flowers pale greenish yellow, in terminal open thyrsoid panicles. , Cultivated as a shade tree. Native of China. F1.June. Fr. Sept. -Oct. Obs. Perhaps no tree has been the subject of as much newspaper discussion as the Ailanthus, and there is much to be said for and against CASHEW FAMILY. pay 67 its cultivation as a shade tree. It has in its favor a graceful habit, is cleanly and quite free from insects, gives a tolerable shade and is perfectly hardy, growing where almost any other would not survive. The objec- tions to it are, the disagreeable odor it emits when in flower, and the readiness with which it multiplies itself by suckers and by seeds. The odor, which is really offensive in sultry weather, is emitted by the stami- nate flowers, but as the tree is not perfectly diccious, the pistillate ones producing more or less staminate flowers, the difficulty could not be obviated by cutting down the sterile trees, there being no means of dis- tinguishing them while young. In streets the rapid multiplication is not so much of an objection as where the tree is cultivated in open grounds, though even here the seed will germinate wherever it can come in contact with the earth. The young plants spring up between bricks and flag-stones, in areas and small grass plots, and even on window-caps and in crevices in the walls of buildings; and in parks the multitude of seedlings becomes an absolute nuisance. Still, notwithstanding all these disadvantages, there is no tree so generaliy employed in the city of New York as a shade tree, where it attracts the eye of the stranger by the tropical aspect of its foliage and the large massy bunches of ripening fruit, which are variously tinged with red or brownish. The tree las been recommended for cultivation on prairie lands arid others where there is a scarcity of timber for fencing material. As far as rapidity of growth is concerned, it is certainly admirably adapted to this use, but it is not known whether the timber would be sufficiently durable. The wood, though brittle, is very hard and takes a good polish. - Orper XVIII. ANACARDIA’CE. (Casnew Famtty.) Tres or shrubs, with a resinous or milky, often acrid juice, which turns black in drying, alternate dotless leaves without stipules and small, often polygamous, regular pentandrous jlowers. Pedals imbricated in the bud. Ovary 1-celled (by abortion), but with 3 styles or stigmas, anda single oyule. Fruit indehiscent, usually drupaceous. Seed without albu- men ; embryo curved. In the tropical regions, this Family presents plants of much interest: such as that which yields the celebrated Mango fruit (Mangifera Indica, L.)—the Cashew nut (Anacar- dium occidentale, L.) and the Pistacia nut (Pistacia, vera, L.) ; with others which afford various kinds of Lacquer and Varnish. A species of Rhus (R. Cotinus, L.) affords the “* young Fustic,” of commerce—the ‘‘ old Fustic,’’ being the wood of Morus tinctorio, L. The Chian or Cyprus Turpentine is obtained from the Pistacia Terebinthus, L. 1. RHUS’, L. Svumacu. (Greek, Rhous,—or Celtic Rhudd,—red ; the prevailing color of the fruit.] Sepals 5, connected at base, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading, and with the stamens inserted under the margin of an orbicular disk. Drupe small, nearly or quite dry; nut bony, l-celled. Polygamo-diccious shrubs or small trees. Leaves sometimes simple, mostly compound (odd- pinnate or trifoliolate) ; common petiole enlarged at the base and cover- ing the buds of the ensuing year. * Leaves odd-pinnate. { Young branches densely hairy. "8 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. R. typhi‘na, £. Young branches and petioles densely villous leaflets in many pairs, acutely serrate, glaucous and somewhat pilose beneath ; drupes densely pubescent. TYPHA-LIKE Ruvus. Staghorn Sumach. Lactescent. Stem 10-15 or 20 feet high, and sometimes 4-6 inches in diameter, branched. Leaves composed of §—15 or 20 pairs of lance-oblong leafids (2-4 inches in length) ; com- mon petioles 1-2 feet long. Flowers yellowish-green, in thyrsoid panicles,—the fertile panicles smaller and more compact. Ovaries clothed with a long greyish velvety pu- bescence—which on the fruit becomes a bright purple, and sharply acid. Woodlands and banks of streams: Canada to Louisiana. Fl. June. Fr. September -— October. Obs. This is the largest and handsomest species of the genus—as seen in the Middle States. The fine purple clusters of fruit, on the fertile plant, render it quite ornamental ; and, if introduced into the yards and public squares of our cities, would present an almost literal exemplifi- cation of the much-admired R (h) us zm urbe! Its roots, however, are rather troublesome in sending up suckers. tt Young branches downy-pubescent. 2. R. copalli’na, L. Common petiole winged ; leaflets oblong or ovate- lanceolate, nearly entire. Copat Ruvs. Dwarf Sumach. Juice resinous. Slem 3-8 feet high, branched. TZeafles 1-3 inches long, usually 4-10 pairs with a terminal one, subcoriaceous, shining above. Flowers yellowish-green in ter- minal thyrsoid panicles. Frui densely pubescent, finally dark purple and acid. Dry hills, frequent. #7 July. #r. October. Obs. A very neat species, with very variable leaflets, which are some- times coarsely and unequally serrate. ttt Young branches smocth. 8. R. gla’bra, L. Branches and petioles glabrous; leaflets in many pairs, serrate, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath. Griaprovus Ruvs. Common or Smooth Sumach. Juice copiously milky. Stem 3-8 or 10 feet high, irregularly branching ; young Fic 56. Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra),a staminate flower. 57. Apistillate flower. 58. The same divided, all much enlarged. CASHEW FAMILY. 79 branches stout and thick, with a large pith, somewhat angular or compressed. Leaves composed of 8-12 or 15 pairs of leaflets (2-3 or 4 inches in length); common petiole 9-18 inches long, often dark purple. Flowers yellowish-green ; the fertile panicles smaller and more compact than the sterile ones. Ovaries clothed with a short greyish silky pt- bescence, which on the /ruit becomes bright purple, and contains a sprightly acid. Old fields, fence-rows, and thickets: Canada to Louisiana. FJ. June. Fr. September — October. Obs. This shrub is apt to be abundant in neglected sterile old fields ; and its prevalence, in arable lands, is strong evidence of the occupant being a poor thriftless farmer. 4. R. venena ta, DC. Branches and petioles smooth; leaflets in few pairs, very entire ; common petioles not winged ; fruit glabrous. Poisonous Ruvs. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. Swamp Dogwood. Juice resinous. Stem 8-12 or 15 feet high, branching aboye, young branches rather slender, terete, smoothish, slightly verrucose or dotted. Leaves composed of 3-5 or 6 pairs of leaflets (2-3 or 4 inches long); common petioles 4-10 or 12 inches long. Flowers greenish. Panicles slender, racemose, on long axillary peduncles. Drupes dry, smooth and shining, nearly twice as large as in either of the preceding. ; Low grounds along swampy rivulets: Canada to Georgia. FI. June. Fr. September. Fic. 59. Poison Summach (Rhus yenenata), a portion of a flowering branch, reduced. 80 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. This was formerly supposed to be identical with the oriental species which yields the Japan Varnish. It is a shrub to be carefully extirpated from the farm ; as it is not only worthless, but exceedingly poisonous to many persons, if they come in contact with it—or even get unawares in its immediate vicinity. ** Leaves trifoliolate. Aah 5. R. Toxicoden’dron, L. Stem erect, decumbent, or climbing by rootlets; leaflets in threes, obliquely ovate or rhomboid, acuminate ; fruit glabrous. Poison-TREE Ruus. Poison-vine. Poison-oak. Poison-ivy. Not lactescent. In the erect variety, stem 2-5 or 6 feet high ; leaflets larger (4-6 or 8 inches long), variously or coarsely toothed or lobed ; in the more common climbing variety, stem 8 or 10-30 or 40 feet long, branching, climbing and closely adhering to trees and other objects by means of numerous rootlets ; leaflets smaller and more commonly entire than in the other variety : thin or somewhat membranaceous in both. Flowers yellowish-green. Fic. 60. Poison Ivy (Rus Toxicodendron), reduced. VINE FAMILY. 81 Panicles slender, racemose, on short axillary peduncles. Drupes about the size of those in the preceding species, dry, smooth, and shining, pale brown. , Woodlands and old fence-rows: Canada to Georgia, and the Rocky Mountains. I. May-June. Fr. September. Obs. This species is also poisonous,—and should not only be known to the farmer, but diligently expelled from his premises. There are several other species of Rhus in the United States,—interesting to the Botanist—as all plants are,—but not immediately so to the practical Agriculturist. ‘The Venetian Sumach (R. Corinvs) is often seen in cultivation as an ornamental shrub. The flowers are mostly abortive and the slender very hairy pedicels remain after flowering, increasing in length and making large light bunches, giving such a peculiar ap- pearance to the shrub that it has received the popular name of “ Smoke Tree.” The leaves of this and other European species furnish the Sumach of commerce, which is imported for use in dyeing and calico- printing and for tanning morocco leather. The leaves of R, glabra, R. typhina and perhaps others of our native species are used for the same purposes. Doct. Darlington has in his garden, at Westchester, a re- markable variety of R. glabra, in which the leaves are more or less completely bipinnate ; it was found in Chester County, and is worthy of being propagated by the curious in such matters. * Orper XIX. VITA’CEA. (VINE Famizy.) Shrubby plants, generally with a loose stringy bark, and stems climbing by tendrils ; simple or compound leaves opposite the racemes which are sometimes partly or wholly changed into tendrils. Flowers mostly in compound racemes, often polygamous or dicecious, small, greenish. Calyx very small, entire, or 4—5 toothed, lined with a perigy- nous disk. Petals 4-5, valvate in estivation, sometimes cohering by the tips, caducous. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite them. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Fruita berry. Seeds with a bony tesia; embryo much shorter than the horny or fleshy albumen. nice 1. VI“EIS, 2. Grarz: {The ancient Latin name of the vine.] Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed, lined with a fleshy disk which bears the stamens and pistils. Petals 5, cohering at apex and speedily falling off (pushed off by the stamens), Sigma subsessile, obtuse. Berry 2-3- celled, 4-seeded,—-ssome of the cells and seeds often abortive. Perennial climbng shrubs. * Flowers perfect (foreign species) 1. V. vintr’ERA, L. Leaves lobed, sinuate-dentate, glabrous or to- mentose ; fruit of various sizes and colors. Wiye-propucine Vitis. Wine Grape. Foreign Grape, &c. Fr. La Vigne. Germ. Der Weinstock. Span. La Vid. Stem 10-20 feet or more in length (but usually kept shorter by lopping.) eaves more or less lobed and dentate, generally smaller than in our native species, scmetimes very glabrous and shining. Berries often large, of various forms and colors. - Cultivated. Native of Southern Asia. Jl. June. Fr. August~September. Obs. Many varieties (with names as numerous) of this plant have been a 82 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. produced by long culture in different soils,—and a number of them are cultivated in the United States, for their delightful fruit ; but the pro- duct is rather uncertain, in this climate, without great care and atten- tion. The excellence of the fruit of the Vine—whether fresh, or dried and preserved in the state of Raisins—is universally known and appre- ciated ; while the fermented juice of the Grape has been the theme of eulogy and song (and the excessive use of it, the cause of infinite mis- chief), from the earliest ages down to the establishment of Temperance Societies, in the present day. The Currants, of commerce (Corinths, or Grapes of Corinth)—often called Zante Currants—are believed to be a small-fruited, nearly seedless variety of this,—or perhaps a distinct yet nearly allied species. ** Flowers diecious-polygamous (Native species). 2. V. Labrus’ca, L. Leaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed, acutely dentate, densely tomentose beneath; racemes simple; berries large. Fox-Grape, of the Northern States. Stem 15-20 or 30 feet long, straggling over bushes and small trees. Leaves 4-6 inches in length—the tomentum beneath tawny ; petioles 2-3 inches long. Berries globose, large (about half an inch in diameter), when mature varying in color from nearly black to dark amber and greenish-white—with a thickish coat, a tough central pulp, and a musky or rancid flavor. Moist thickets, along streams: Canada to Georgia. Fl. June. Fr. September. Obs. This grape is distributed from Canada to Texas, and presents a considerable variety in its fruit, being of various colors, and differing in form, size and flavor. In general the fruit has a strong and “ foxy” flavor, but some of the varieties have this in a less degree and are highly esteemed. It is supposed that the generally cultivated Isabella and Ca- tawba grapes are varieties of this, as are also several others. 3. V. estiva’lis, Mz. Leaves broadly cordate, often 3-5-lobed or sinuately palmate, coarsely and unequally dentate, loosely tomentose beneath ; fertile racemes mostly compound, long, many-flowered ;_ ber- ries small. Summer Vitis. Little Grape. Common Wild Grape. Stem 20-40 and sometimes 60 feet or more in length. Zeaves 4-8 inches long, often palmately lobed with rounded sinuses—the younger ones with a loose cobweb-like russet pubescence beneath, which becomes coarser and more hirsute with age, and sometimes nearly disappears. Berries globose, small (generally about one-fourth of an inch in di- ameter), deep blue or bluish black when mature, and covered with a fine glaucous pow- der—the skin thinnish, and the flavor (especially after a little frost) a sprightly agreea- ble acid. Rich woodlands and thickets: Connecticut to Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. Obs. This is the tallest climber of all our Grape-vines, in Pennsylva: nia ; and I have seen an old vine, of this species, 8—10 inches in diame- ter, at base. The fruit varies in size and quality,—the best specimens being well worthy of culture. I have cultivated a native of this vicinity, in which the fruit often equals that of the “ English Grape” (or Miller's VINE FAMILY. 83 Burgundy,) insize ; and although somewhat harshly acid, it abounds in a rich purple juice, at maturity,—and makes a fine preserve for pastry. 4. V. cordifo’lia, Mz. Leaves thin, cordate, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, smooth and green on both sides; racemes slender, large, loosely compound ; berries small. Heart peaveD Vitis. Chicken Grape. Winter or Frost Grape. Stem 10-20 feet long, climbing and spreading over bushes. Leaves 2-6 inches long, smooth, the nerves pubescent beneath. Flowers greenish, in loose racemes which often Fic. 61. Leaf and tendril of the common Fox Grape (Vitis Labrusca). 62. An unex- panded flower bud, much enlarged. 63. An open flower, showing the pctalscohering by their tips and falling away in one piece. 84 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. have long abortive branches at base retrograding into tendrils. Fruit small, greenisb amber color, or sometimes nearly black when mature, ripening after frost, very acerb. Thickets, &c.: frequent. FJ. June. Fir. November. Obs. The flowers of this vine are delightfully fragrant. The fruit though too acid for eating is said to afford a very fine wine. There is a variety with broader and more cut and toothed leaves (var. riparia, Gray.) 5. V. vulpi‘na, L. Stam and branches with a close greyish-brown bark ; leaves orbicular, coarsely toothed with bluntish teeth, cordate at base, § smooth and shining on both sides ; fertile racemes compound, um- bellulate ; berries large. VULPINE oR Foxy Vitis. Fox-Grape, of the Southern States; also called “ Muscadine,” and “ Bullet- or Bull-Grape.” Stem 20-50 feet or more in length, with an adhesive greyish minutely warty bark. Leaves 2—8 inches in diameter. Berries globose, large (half an inch to three quarters in diameter), bluish black when mature, with a thick tough skin and not unpleasant flavor. Woodlands and banks of streams: Virginia to Florida. Fl. May-June. Fr. Julv- August. Obs. The most striking feature of this vine, is the close-even texture of its grey bark,—somewhat resembling that of the Beech-tree, or Horn- beam ; while all the other species, so far as I know, have a loose, lamel- lated, stringy, dark-brown bark, after the first year’s growth. It is quite probable, as suggested by Mr. Exxtort, that this is the original “ Fox-Grape,” or V. vulpina, of Linnarus. Ihave observed it growing in abundance in the vicinity of the village of Suffolk, Virginia; but have not seen the fruit. The inhabitants assured me, however, that the large black berries were quite palatable,—and were uniformly, in that region, known by the name of Fox-grapes. Mr. Exuiorr thought the species might be, some day, advantageously cultivated. 2. AMPELOP’SIS, Mz. Vireinta Creeper. [Greek, Ampelos, a vine, and opsis, aspect ; from its resemblance to the vine.] Calyx slightly 5-toothed, without a lining disk. Petals 5, concave, thick, opening at apex, expanding hefore they fall. LA quinguefo’ lia, Mz. Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong lanceolate leaflets ; flowers in cymose clusters. FIvE-LEAVED AMPELOPSIS. Virginia Creeper. American Ivy. Stem 10-50 feet long, diffusely branching, climbing trees and walls, adhering to them by sucker-like expansions at the tips of the tendrils. Leaflets 2-4 inches long with a few mucronate teeth, smooth ; common petiole 2-6 inches long. Flowers yellowish-green. Berries bluish-black ; peduncles crimson. Woods androcks: common. Fl. July. #r. October. Obs. This native vine is one of the most sretiaeneal of the climbers and is much cultivated, both in this country and in Europe for covering walls and buildings. It is perfectly hardy and gives a dense mass of brilliant green throughout the summer which in the autumn changes to the richest shades of crimson and purple. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 85 65 Orprer XX. RHAMNA’CEA. (Bucxtnorn Famtry.) Shrubs or smalltrees having simple mostly alternate leaves with stipules minute or obsolete, and small, regular, sometimes apetalous flowers. Stamens 4-5, perigynous, as many as the valvate sepals, alternate with them and opposite the hooded or concave petals. Sta- mens and petals inserted on the edge of a fleshy disk which lines the tube of the calyx and sometimes coheres with the lower part of the 2—5-celled ovary. Stigmas2-5. Fruita drupe or pod with 1-seeded cells ; seeds not arilled, embryo large, in a sparing fleshy albu- men. 1. RHAM’NUS, Tournef. Bucxtuorn. {An ancient Greek name, alluding to its numerous branchlets. ] Calyx 4—5-cleft, the bell-shaped tube lined with the thin disk. Petals 4—5, small, notched at the end, short-clawed, wrapped round the short stamens or sometimes wanting. Ovary free, 2—4-celled. Fruit a berry- Fic. 64. A palmately compound leaf of Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia). 65, An enlarged flower. 86 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. like drupe containing 2-4 separate, cartilaginous seed-like nutlets which are grooved on the back, as is the contained seed. Shrubs or small trees with loosely pinnately-veined /eaves and axillary clusters of greenish polygamous or dicecious flowers. 1. R. catHar’ticus, L. Erect ; branches thorny at the summit ; leaves ovate, minutely serrate ; flowers with the parts in fours; fruit nearly spherical, 4-seeded. CatHartic Ruamnus. Buckthorn. Shrub or low tree with greyish bark. Branchlets ending in sharp points, being stiff leafy thorns. Leaves 1-2 inches long, with a short abrupt acnmination, smooth above, often somewhat hairy on the 7-9 prominent veins beneath. Fertile flowers with abortive stamens. Sterile flowers with an abortive ovary. Fruit black, nauseous and cathartic. Cultivated and spontaneous. FJ. May. Fr. October. Obs. This shrub is a native of Europe and has become quite natural- ized in some places. The berries are a violent cathartic and were for- merly much used, in the form of syrup, in domestic practice. Before they are fully ripe and treated with alum, the berries furnish the water- color known as sap-green. The chief use of the plant is to form hedges, a purpose for which it is well suited, being quite hardy and bearing severe pruning : moreover it puts out its foliage early in the season and retains it until late. It is propagated by sowing the seeds, fresh from the tree in the fall ; planted in this way they vegetate in the following spring. * Orper XXI. CELASTRA’CEZ. (Srarr-tree Famizy.) Shrubs, rarely trees, with alternate or opposite simple leaves, minute fugacious stipules and small regular flowers with the parts in fours or fives and imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted under the flat disk that lines the bottom of the calyx. Ovary 2-5-celled, with one or few (erect or pendulous) ovules in each cell. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Seeds arilled ; embryo large in a fleshy albumen. 1. CELAS’TRUS, ZL. Srarr-Tree. [A name borrowed from the ancient Greek writers.] Polygamo-diecious. Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals and stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the cup-shaped disk. Fruzt a globose 3-celled, 3-valved capsule, opening loculicidally. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, erect, enveloped in a scarlet aril. Leaves alternate; flowers small and greenish. 1. C. scan’dens, L. Stem woody, twining, unarmed; leaves ovate oblong, finely toothed, pointed. ' Cirimpinc CrELAstrus. Wax-work. Climbing Bitter-sweet. - Stem 10-15 feet long. Leaves 2—4 inches long, on pefioles about 34 of an inch in length. Flowers yellowish-green, in small racemes terminating the short branches. Fruié about the size of large peas, orange color when mature, opening at length and exposing the seeds enveloped in their scarlet aril. Common in thickets and along streams. FI. June. fF. Oct. SOAP-BERRY FAMILY. 87 Obs. This is noticed as being one of our most elegant native climbers ; it is highly ornamental when trained upon a trellis-work, or around the supports of a piazza. The fruit presents, in autumn, a most bril- liant appearance, and is a conspicuous object in dry bouquets. The plant is readily propagated by seeds and by layers. The Burning Bush or Spindle Tree (Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq.) belongs to the same family ; it is an upright shrub with deeply-lobed capsules of a deep red color, and presents a most brilliant appearance after the leaves have fallen. < Orper XXII. SAPINDA’CEA. (Soap-Berry Faminy.) Trees or shrubs with opposite or alternate mostly compound leaves, no stipules and (often polygamous) mostly irregular and unsymmetrical flowers. Petals and sepals 4-5, imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 5-10 inserted on a fleshy disk, commonly more numerous than thie petals or sepals, but rarely twice as many. Ovary 2—3-celled and lobed. Frud capsular or berry-like. Seeds without albumen ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. Fic. 66. The Climbing Staff-tree, or Wax-work, (Celastrus scandens). 67. The fruit. 88 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. AS’CULUS, L. Horse-cuestnovt. [The ancient name of a tree whic bore esculent fruit.] Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules ; leaflets to pen- ninerved. Flowers unsymmetrical, in large showy terminal thyrsoid panicles cr racemes, often polygamous. Calyx of 5 connected sepals. Petals 5 (or sometimes 4, by the suppression of the lower one), un- equal. Stamens 6-8. Ovary 3-celled ; sty/es united intoone. Fruit a subglobose coriaceous capsule, echinate or unarmed, mostly 1-celled by abortion, 2—3-valved with a loculicidal dehiscence. Seed mostly soli- tary by abortion, large, subglobose, with a smooth shining reddish- brown coat and broad paler /ilum, destitute of albumen ; cctyledons very thick and fleshy, gibbous, cohering or soldered together, remaining under ground in germination. 1. “A. Hiepocas’tanum, L. Leaflets in sevens, obovate-cuneate, acute, dentate ; flowers 5-petaled ; fruit prickly. Horsk-CHESTNuT Aiscuutus. Horse-chestnut. Fy; Maronnier d’ Inde. Germ. Die Rosskastanie. Span. Castatio de Indias. Stem 30-50 or 60 feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter, with numerous symmetrical rather erect branches. Leaflets 4-6 or 8 inches long ; common petioles 4—6 inches long. Flowers white or ochroleucous, with red spots anda tinges of yellow. Cultivated. Native of Asia. Fl. May. Fr. Oct. Obs. This ornamental tree (which is often called English Horse Chest- nut, because it came to us by way of England—but which originally came from Northern India—) has not been as generally introduced as it deserves to be. Itis symmetrical and handsome, and although of slower erowth than some others, it is, in my opinion, well worth waiting for— on account of its rare beauty, and the perfect shade it affords. The young shoots, or branches of each year, complete their development, and come to a full stop, early in the summer,—the residue of the season being requisite to harden and prepare them to endure the succeeding winter ; and no secondary branches are ever put forth during growth. ‘This tree has usually been remarkably exempt from the depredations of insects, but during the past summer (1858) it has been, in some localities, badly infested by them. In Philadelphia, numerous fine specimens were com- pletely stripped of their foliage and probably the future vigor of the trees much impaired. The red flowering Horse-chestnut (Al. ruBIcUNDA and caRNEA Of the horticulturists) is probably a variety of this; it isa smaller tree and exceedingly beautiful when in flower. 2. FE. Pa’via, L.. Leaflets 5; calyx tubular; petals 4, erect and con- nivent, the upper 2 longest ; stamens not longer than the corolla, fruit smooth. Red Buckeye. : MAPLE FAMILY. 89 Shrub or small tree. Leaflets somewhat doubly serrate, shining above, smooth or some- what downy beneath. Flowers large, in a loose thyrsus, calyx and corolla bright red. Virginia, Kentucky and southward. May. Obs. The bruised branches of this are said, by Elliott, to be employed to stupify fish. Several other species are natives of the western and southern States, known by the name of Buckeye, “ from a resemblance of-the seeds to the eye of that animal. ‘These native trees, by reason of their abundance, have become the popular emblem of Ohzo—which is known throughout the Union by the soubriquet of the Buckeye State.” The wood of the various species is of little value. The seeds contain an acrid and narcotic principle and abound in starch, which has been man- ufactured from the common Horse-chestnut in Europe. The roots yield a mucilaginous matter which is sometimes used as a substitute for soap in washing woollens. i Orper XXIII. ACERA’CEA. (Mapte Famtty.) Trees with a sweet sap, opposite leaves without stepules, and polygamo-dieecious, regular but often apetalous and unsymmetrical flowers. Stamens and petals inserted on a fleshy, lobed disk. Fruita pair of more or less diverging separable 1-seeded winged keys (Samaras) with the outer margin thicker and obtuse. Seeds without albumen ; embryo coiled or folded ; cotyledons long and thin. G5 A’ CER, LL. Mapwe. [The ancient classical name of the Maple. Flowers polygamous. Calyx colored, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or often none. Stamens 4-12. Styles 2, long and slender, united below. Ovary 2- celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fru:t 2 1-seeded winged keys. * Flowers in pendulous racemes or corymbs, appearing with the leaves. 7 Petals 5. 1. A. Psrupo-pia’ranvus, L. Leaves heart-shaped at base, 5-lobed, un- equally toothed ; flowers in terminal pendulous racemes ; fruit diverging. Fatse-Puatanus Acer. Sycamore. Greater Maple. A large tree when fully grown. Leaves 4—6 inches long, on petioles about the same length. Racemes about 6 inches long ; rachis and filaments hairy ; flowers yellowish green, the sepals and petals nearly alike ; fruit smooth. Cultivated. Native of Europe. April. Obs. This has been introduced as an ornamental shade tree; but I consider our own Sugar Maple and the Norway Maple, as decidedly preferable, notwithstanding Cowper’s lines : we nor unnoted pass The Sycamore, capricious in attire, Now green, now tawny, and, ere autumn yet Haye changed the woods, in scarlet honors bright.” Both this and the Plane Tree (Platanus), are vulgarly called Sycamore in our language; but why, is not apparent. The true “Sycamore ”— -(perhaps the tree which Zaccuevus climbed)—is a species of Fig-tree (Ficus Sycomorus, L.) 90 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 2. A. puatanol’pEs, L. Juice milky ; leaves broadly heart-shaped, 5- lobed, coarsely toothed ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; fruit divaricate, smooth. PLATANUS-LIKE AcER. Norway Maple. A large tree when full grown. Leaves 4—6 inches in length and rather wider than long, deep shining green ; petioles about as long as the leaves, when broken exuding a nPilky juice. Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in loose terminal, somewhat pendulous corymbs. Keys remarkably divaricate. Cultivated. Native of Europe. April. Obs. This tree has been but recently introduced ; yet it promises to become one of our most desirable shade trees. Its foliage is remarkably fine, and abundant, continuing green longer than most other species ; and it is said that its milky juice prevents the ravages of insects. tt Petals none. 3. A. sacchari’num, L. Leaves broad, subcordate at base, 3 —5- lobed with the sinuses obtuse,—the lobes acuminate, coarsely and spar- ingly sinuate-dentate ; flowers apetalous, pendulous on long filiform, villous, fasciculate pedicels ; fruit turgid, smooth. SaccHARINE AcER. Sugar Maple. Stem 50-80 feet or more in height, and 2-3 feet in diameter: Zeaves 3-5 mches long, and generally rather wider than long, dark green above, paler beneath ; petioles 2-4 inches long. Calyx pale greenish-yellow, truncate and cup-like, the limb fringed with long hairs. Peialsnone. Frué{ ovoid at base, about an inch long—including the wing— slightly diverging. Rich woodlands : Canada to Georgia. #1. April-May. Fr. Sept. Obs. This is one of the most valuable and interesting of our native trees,—particularly in the forests of the North and West—where its sap, in early spring, yields an immense quantity of Sugar and Syrup. The beautiful wood, known as Bird’s-eye Maple—so much admired in cabinet work—is obtained from this species ; and it is, moreover, rarely surpassed, in any respect, as an ornamental shade tree. The Black Sugar Maple (A. nigrum, M:chkz. ) is regarded as only a variety of this ; its leaves are usually somewhat larger and of a darker green, and of a thicker and somewhat leathery texture. The wood of the Sugar Maple is highly valued as fuel, ranking near hickory ; it also furnishes a fine quality of charcoal. ** Flowers in short erect clusters, from lateral leafless buds, preceding the leaves. + Petals none. AAS dasycar pum, Ehrh. Leaves palmately and deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses acute, the lobes unequally incised-dentate; ovary densely tomentose. Harry-rrvirep Acer. Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple. Siem 30 —- 60 feet high, and 2 feet or more (‘‘ in the Western States sometimes 8-9.°°— Torr. & Gr.) in diameter, much branched,—the young branches virgate and straggling or drooping. eaves 8-6 inches long, bluish white or glaucous beneath ; petioles 2—d incues long. Flowers in fascicles mostly of fives and sevens. Calyx pale green, truncate and MAPLE FAMILY. 91 cup-like. Pefalsnone. Fruit (including the wing) 2-3 inches long, one of the carpels usually abortive ; pedicels of the fruit an inch long. Seeds large ; embryo nearly straight. Banks of rivers: Maine to Georgia. FT. April. Fr. May —June. Obs. This has been extensively introduced into our cities and vil- lages, as an ornamental tree,—and is often mistaken for the true Sugar Maple. It appears, indeed, from the researches of Prof. A. Gray, that Lixwaevs established the A.saccharinum upon a specimen of this plant; but, as it was done under a misapprehension of its character, the name has been very properly transferred, by all succeeding Botanists, to the real sugar-producing species. The Silver Maple, however, is by no means to be compared with the Sugar Maple, even as a shade tree— and much less for its economical value. tt Petals 5. 5. A. ru’brum, L. ees generally 3-lobed with the sinuses acute, subcordate at ‘base, —the lobes acute, spreading, unequally incised- dentate ; flowers aggregated on rather long pedicels ; ovary glabrous. Rep Acer. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Stem 40-60 or 80 feet high, and 1-2 feet or more in diameter, branched, the young branches purplish. Leaves 2-4 inches long ; pefioles1 or 2—5 inches long. Flowers ap- pearing before the leaves, in fascicles of fives. Calyx petaloid, and with the petals bright purple, or often yellowish-tawny. Fruit (including the wing) near an inch long. Fic. 68. A leaf of the Red Maple (Acer rubrum), with its winged key-fruit (samara.) 69. A staminate flower. 70. A pistillate flower, both enlarged. 92 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Moist low grounds ; swampy woodlands : Canada to Florida. Fl. March-April. Fr. September. j Obs. The variety with yellowish or tawny flowers is quite common in Pennsylvania,—and in a pretty extensive examination, I find those flowers generally staminate and sterile (rarely perfect) ; while the bright purple flowers are constantly perfect. The wood of the Red Maple— especially that variety or form of it, known as Curled Maple—is much used in the manufacture of various articles of furniture, &c., and the refuse timber makes excellent fuel. The bark affords a dark purplish- blue dye, and makes a pretty good bluish-black ink. The sap of all the species is more or less saccharine. 2. NEGUN’DO, Moench. Box-EuprEr. [Origin of the name obscure. ] Diecious. Calyx minute, 4—5-cleft. Petals none. Sraminate Fi. mostly with 5 stamens on capillary clustered pedicels. PisTILLATE Fl. in simple slender pendulous racemes. Fruit as in Acer. Leaves pinnate. 1. N. aceroi’des, Moench. Leaves pinnate in threes or fives ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely cut-toothed. ACER-LIKE Nrecunpo. Box-elder. Ash-leaved Maple. Stem 20 — 40 feet high, branched ; young branches with a yellowish-green bark. Leaflets mostly 3, sometimes odd-pinnate in fives, 3-5 inches long ; common petioles 3 — 4 inches in length. Flowers yellowish-green, from lateral buds ; ovaries hairy ; fru diverging. Low grounds : Middle and Southern and Western States. April. Obs. A handsome little tree, more abundant in the South and West than in the Eastern states. Orper XXIV. POLYGALA’CEA. (Mirxworr Famty.) Herbs with mostly alternate simple and entire leaves, without stipules, and irregular some- what papillionaceous flowers. Stamens 4-8, diadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at the summit. Style curved, often hooded. Fruita 2-celled 2-seeded capsule. 1. POLYGA’LA, Tournef. Mitxworr. [Greek, Poly, much, and Gala, milk ; from its supposed influence on the lacteal secretion. } Sepals 5, persistent ; the upper and two lower ones small, greenish ; the two lateral ones (called wings) much larger and petal-like. Petals 3, hypogynous, connectéd with each other and with the stamen-tube ; the middle or lower one keeled, often crested. Capsule compressed con- trary to the narrow partition, loculicidal. Seeds with a caruncle or variously shaped appendage at the hilum. 1. P. Sen’ega, L. Perennial, stems simple, terete; leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate ; raceme terminal, spike- PULSE FAMILY. 93 form; wings of the calyx orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than the petals. Seneka Snake-root. Milkwort. Mountain Flax. Root perennial, thick and somewhat woody, with coarse branches. Stems usually several from the same root, 9-15 inches high, herbaccous and rather flaccid. Leaves 1 or 2-4 inches Jong—those near the root small, ovate and scale-like. Flowers greenish-white. Capsule orbicuiar. Seeds large, pyriform, hairy, the arillus-like caruncles nearly as long as the seeds. Hilly woodlands : Canada to North Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. July. Obs. The root of this species is so valuable for its medicinal proper- ties—as a stimulating expectorant, in croup, &e.,—that although not a plant of agricultural interest, every farmer ought to know its charac- ter, and be able to recognise it when he sees it. Orper XXV. LEGUMINO’SA. (Putse Famtty.) Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate stipulate and usually compound leaves, and papilio- naceous or regular flowers. Stamens mostly 10 (rarely 5, sometimes many) monadel- phous, diadelphous (9 and 1), or rarely distinct. Pistil simple, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds without albumen, attached to the upper suture of the pod. This vast family—comprising upwards of 400 genera—is as important as it is compre- hensive. Among the remarkable plants, or products, belonging to the Order, and not here described, may be mentioned—on account of their value, beauty or other character- - istics—the Logwood (Hzematoxylon Campechianum, L.)—the Braziletto, or Brazil Wood (Czesalpinia Brasiliensis, L.)—the Rose Wood (a species of Mimosa)—the Sissoo Wood of India (Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb.)—the Red Sandal Wood (Pterocarpus santalinus, L.)—the Liquorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra, L.)—the Tamarind tree (Tamarindus Indica, L.)— the Tonka Bean eoitects odorata, Willd.)—the Senna of the Shops (Cassia Senna, L. the plants yielding Gum Arabic (species of Acacia),and various other gums and balsams —the pretty Laburnum (Citysus Laburnum, L.)—and the wonderful Sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica, L.), &c., &c: The famous Chinese condiment called ‘‘ Soy,” is also ob- tained from the seeds of a plant (Dolichos Soja, L., or Soja hispida, DC.) belonging to this pees ; and the bean called “‘ Dhal,’’ in Bengal, is, I believe, the seed of the Cajanus avus, DC. The numerous genera comprised in this Order are disposed in several sub-orders, tribes and sub-tribes. Those described in this work are arranged in the following synopsis : — 1. TRUE PULSE FAMILY. Paptinionacesz. Calyx of 5 sepals more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla irregular. Papiliona- ceous, consisting of 5 unequal petals inserted in the base of the calyx, the upper called the standard (vexiillum) larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud. The two lateral called wings are exterior to the two lower, which are more or less united at their edges and form the keel, which usually encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), diadelphous, sometimes monadelphous, or distinct. Ovary1-celled. Cotyledons large and thick, radicle, mostly incurved. Leaves simple or compound. * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod continuous and 1-celled, or sometimes 2-celled lengthwise. Cotyledons becoming green leaves in germination. Not climbing or twining (except Wistaria), nor tendril bearing. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers of 2forms. Leaves simple. : 1. GEnIsTA. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Leaves palmately 3-(or rarely pinnately 5-)foliolate. Pods small, resembling akenes. Herbs. . Flowers in heads. Pods thin, enclosed in the persistent calyx, 1-6- seeded. 2. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in racemes, or spikes. Pods wrinkled, coriaceous. 3. MELILOTUS. Pods curved or spirally coiled. 4, MEDICAGO. 94 : WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Stamens diadelphous. Pods several- yam seeded, at length 2-valved, 1-celled (rarely with cellular partitions be- Ver tween the seeds). Leaves unequally ON\/ ae pinnate. Flowers in racemes. Pods flat and thin, margined on.one edge. Trees or shrubs ; leaflets stipellate. 5. Ropinta N Nf {L/2s Pods tumid marginless. Shrubs AY (L-2 with long twining stems ; leaf- Ses lets not stipellate. 6. WISTARIA. Keel with a subulate spur on each y) ii side. Pods deflected on the \ Wii pedicel, with cellular partitions Sy {lk between the truncate seeds. Herbaceous. 7. INDIGOFERA ** Stamens diadelphous. Pod continu- ous, l-celled. Cotyledons remaining under ground in germination. Herbs with the common petiole generally produced into a bristle or tendril. Leaves without tendrils. Leaves odd-pinnate in 4-6 pairs. Pods inflated, 2-seeded. 8. CICER. Leaves equally pinnate. Pods form- ed under ground. 9. ARACHIS. Leaves with tendrils. Tendril simple, nearly obsolete. Seeds large, fixed by one end. Stem erect. 10. FABA. Tendrils nearly simple. Seeds small, lenticular, 2 in each pod. 11. Ervum Tendrils long and branching, calyx lobe leafy. Stipules large. Seeds globular. 12. Pisum. Tendril conspicuous, calyx lobes not leafy. Style hairy. 18. VicrA. “kt Stamens diadelphous. Cotyledons rising above ground in germination. Twining herbs, leaves without tendrils. Flowers in racemes. Keel spiral. 14. PHASEOLUS. Stamens 10 distinct. Keel petals distinct. Pods inflated. Leaves pal- mately 3-foliolate. 15. BAPTISIA. 2. BRASILETTO FAMILY. CasaLrinea. Corolla nearly regular, often somewhat papilionaceous, the standard then within the other petals. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct. Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, reddish, appearing before the simple roundish heart-shaped leaves. ‘Trees. 16. CERCcIS. Flowers not papilionaceous. Herbs with simply pinnate leaves and yellow flowers. 17. CASSIA Trees with leaves mostly twice pinnate. Flowers not at all papilio- naceous, dicecious or polygamous. Flowers dicecious. Stamens 10 and petals 5, inserted on the summit of the funnel-shaped calyx-tube. Pod broad and hard. Leaves 2-pinnate. 18. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers polygamous. ‘Stamens and Petals 3-5 on the bottom of the open calyx. Pod long and flat. Leaves 1-2-pinnate. 19. GLEDITSCHIA, Fie. 71. The common Pea (Pisum sativum), showing a pinnate leaf with very large stipules, terminated by a tendril ; a papilionaceous flower and an immature legume. 3% PULSE FAMILY. Fic. 72, An enlarged flower of a Pea (Pisum sativum) divided to show the position of the parts;illustrating the general structure of the true Pulse Family (Papilionacee). a Sepals. b Outer petal or banner. c One of the side petals or wings. d One of the two lower petals which form the keel. eStamen tube. f The ovary containing the ovules. 73. Pea flower with petals and calyx removed, showing the united stamens (diadelphous 9 & 1), enclosing the pistil. 96 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. GENIS’TA, ZL. Woap-waxen. [Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.] Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading. Keel oblong, straight, scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. Shrubby plants. Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. 1. G. rincto‘r1a, L. Low, thornless, with striate angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. Dyrr’s Gentsta. Woad-waxen. Whin. Dyer’s Green Weed. Stem about a foot high, erect or ascending. eaves sessile, rather distant. Flowers bright yellow with a small bract at the base of each. A native of Europe, Massachusetts and E. New York. June-July. Obs. This plant has become thoroughly naturalized in some places, especi- ally in Eastern Massachusetts, where it is so abundant in some localities as to give to the hill-sides a yellow appearance when in flower. It abounds in coloring matter, and is used to dye wool yellow. It is said that when cows feed upon it their milk becomes bitter. It has some medicinal repu- tation, and is a popular remedy among the Russian peasantry for hydro- phobia. : 2. TRIFO’LIUM, L. Cuover. {Latin, tres, three, and foliwm, leaf ; charactcristic of the genus.] Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-cleft ; segments subulate. Corolla usually withering ; petals more or less united, and mostly free from the stamen- tube; keel shorter than the wings and vexillum. Legume small, mem- branaceous, scarcely dehiscent, 1 — 2- (rarely 3—-4-) seeded, mostly included in the calyx-tube. Flowers mostly in heads or spikes. Stzpules adnate to the base of the petiole. * Florets sessile in compact heads ; corolla purple or pale pink and spotted. 1. T. arvénse, L. Stem erect, pilose ; leaflets linear-obovate or spatu- late, minutely 3-toothed at apex ; stipules narrow, subulate-acuminate ; heads oblong-cylindric, softly villous; calyx-segments longer than the corolla ; petals scarcely united. Fietp Trirotium. Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Rabbit-foot. Fr. Pied de Lievre. Germ. Der Hasen Klee. Span. Pié de Liebre. Whole plant softly pilose. Roof annual. Stem 6-12 inches high, slender, generally much branched. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long ; common petioles one-fourth of an inch to an inch long. Corolla inconspicuous, whitish or pale pink, with a purple spot on the wings. Legume 1-seeded. - ’ Sterile old fields: Canada to Florida: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June- August. Fr. August— October. Obs. This species—a naturalized foreigner—is only entitled to the notice of the farmer on account of its prevalence and its worthlessness. Its presence is a pretty sure indication of a thin soil, and neglected A gri- culture: and the appropriate remedy is to improve both. It is then easily superseded by more valuable plants. PULSE FAMILY. 97 2. T. pratense, L. Stems ascending ; leaflets oval or ovate-oblong, often retuse; stipules broad, terminating in a bristle-like point ; heads ovoid, dense-flowered, sessile, bracteate at base; calyx-segments scarcely half as long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the others. Merapow Trirouium. Red Clover. Common Clover. Fy. Tréfle des Prés. Germ. Der Wiesen-Klee. Span. Trebol. Root biennial, or perennial? large, fusiform. Stems several from the same root, 1-2 or 3 feet long, rather weak at base and often decumbent, somewhat branched, striate and pilose. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and a half long, sessile, usu- ally with a broad paler spot in the middle, hairy beneath ; common petiole half an inch to 4-5 inches long. Heads of flowers ovoid or subglobose, an inch or more in diameter. Corolla purplish-red (rarely white)—the petals all united into a slender tube about half an inch in length. Legume 1-seeded, included in the calyx. Seed reniform, greenish-yellow with a shade of reddish brown. Cultivated fields, meadows, &c. Canada to Florida: introduced. ; Native of Europe. Fl. May -Sept. AH. Fr. July — October. Obs. This plant (which is sometimes spoken of in works upon agriculture as a grass,) is one of the most valuable forage plants. It is thoroughly natu- ralized ; but it is also diligently cultivated by all good farmers. In con- junction with the grasses—especially with Timothy (Phleum pratense) it makes the best of hay-—though by itself it is rather indifferent pasture. Its culture exerts a most kindly influence on the soil, and its introduction as an ameliorating crop, has had a most beneficial influence upon Agri- culture. It is the crop most frequently cultivated to “turn in,” and thus enrich the soil with organic matter. The plant is generally con- sidered to be a biennial; but Mr. Josaua Hoopres—who is a very acute observer—assures me, he has satisfactorily ascertained that the plant will live more than two years. It is not known at what time clover came into general cultivation in this country; but it is recorded that Joun Bartram had fields of it, prior to the American Revolution. The flowers contain much nectar,—but the tube of the corolla is so long that the Honey Bee cannot reach the treasure with its proboscis; and conse- Fic. 74. A cluster or head of the flowers of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), and a tri- foliolate leaf. 75. A separate fiower, enlarged. a A pod, or rounded legume. 6 The seed. ¢ The embryo removed from the seed coat. 5 98 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. quently that insect rarely alights on the heads, but leaves them to the more amply provided Humble Bee. I have met with a number of in- stances in which the corolla was replaced by five distinct green leaflets— with other modifications of the flower, which finely illustrated Goethe's theory of retrograde metamorphosis. The nearly related Zigzag Clover (T. medium), which has entire and spotless leaflets and larger, deeper purple, and mostly stalked heads, is naturalized in E. Massachusetts. ** Florets pedicellate 1m umbel-like round heads ; corolla white or rose- color, turning brownish in fading ; the short pedicels reflexed when old. aoe le re pens, I. Stems creeping, diffuse ; leaflets roundish-obovate and emarginate, or almost obcordate, denticulate ; heads depressed-glo- bose, on very long axillary peduncles ; legumes about 4-seeded. Creepine T'rrrotium. White Clover. Dutch Clover. Fr. Triolet. Tréfle blanche. Germ. Weisser-Klee. Span. Trebol blanco- Root perennial. Stem 4-12 or 15 inches long, smooth, procumbent, radicating, diffusely branching from the base. . Leaflets half an inch to an inch long ; common petiole 1 or 2-6 or 8 inches long. Heads of flowers on erect sulcate naked peduncles which are from 2-S§ and twelve inches in length. Corolla white, withering and becoming a pale dirty brown. Legume 14-14 of an inch long, torulose,2 or 3—5-seeded. Seeds irregularly ovoid, reddish- brown. Pastures, woodlands, &c., throughout the United States. Fl. May—September. Fr. July — October. Obs. The pedicellate florets are somewhat corymbose—forming de- pressed-globose or vertically flatted heads. The outer or lower florets open first, and are successively reflexed,—so that, during the process of flowering, the heads appear horizontally divided between the withered and the young or opening florets. This species is everywhere common— and in some years very abundant.—though rarely cultivated. Its flowers are a favorite resort of the Honey Bee; and the plant is esteemed, as affording an excellent pasture in the cooler portions of the country— though Mr. Exxiorr speaks unfavorably of it, in the South. Torrey and Gray consider the White Clover as indigenous, while others be- lieve it to have been introduced from Europe. Jonatuan Dickinson, in 1719 (vzde Watson’s Annals), writing from Pennsylvania, says, “the white clover already tinges the roads as a natural production.” Kacy, in 1748, spoke of it as being abundant, here. T refiex'um, L., (Buffalo Clover), which has ascending pubescent stems, and very large heads of red and white flowers, and the nearly related T. stoloniferum, Mui. (Running Buffalo Clover), with long runners, are common at the West. But little is known of their agricultural value. Two introduced, annual species, are found in old fields and along road-sides ; they have both yellow flowers, which are reflexed and become chestnut-brown with age, viz.: TJ. agrarium, L., (Yellow or Hop Clover), which is mostly erect, with leaflets all from the same PULSE FAMILY. 99 point; 7. procumbens, L., (Low Hop Clover), usually procumbent, the terminal leaflet petiolulate. They are worthless species—which are gradually extending themselves from our sea-ports to the interior of the country. 3. MELILO’TUS, Tournef. Metmor. (Greek, Meli, honey, and Lotus ; a Lotus-like plant, attractive of Bees.] Calyx as in Clover. Corolla deciduous. Legume longer than the calyx, coriaceous, globose or ovoid, 1 — few-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. Herbs becoming fragrant in drying. lowers inostly i in long spicate racemes. 1. M. aiba. Lam. Stem rather erect, striate; leaflets ovate-oblong, somewhat emarginately truncate at apex, mucronate, remotely dentate- serrate ; racemes loose, elongated ; corolla white, the standard longer than the other petals ; legume ovoid-oblong, wrinkled ; 1 — 2-seeded. WHiItTE-FLOWERED Meutivotus. Tree Clover. Bokhara Clover. Fy. Le Melilot blanc. Germ. Weisser Steinklee. Span. Meliloto. Root biennial? Stem at first ascending or oblique, finally erect, 3-5 or 6 feet high, stout, striate-ribbed, smooth, paniculately branched. Leaflets an inch to an inch and a half long ; common petioles 1-2 inches long. Racemes 2—4 inches long, on axillary peduncles 1-2 inches in length. Flowers retrorsely imbricated before opening. Introduced, and partially cultivated. Native of Europe. #1. June-August. Fr. August-September. Obs. This plant has been introduced by some amateur farmers, and much commended as being specially suited for sowing (or cutting, as wanted, for stock that are kept up) ; but, without any practical know- ledge on my part, I cannot help doubting whether so coarse a plant can be as valuable as the common Red Clover. A former species of this genus (J. coerulea, Lam.)—but which has been separated, and is now the Trigonella coerulea, DC., a plant of strong and enduring odor—is employed, in Switzerland, to give the peculiar flavor to the famous Schabzeger, or (as it is usually called in the vernacular) “ Sap-sago” Cheese. Another species with yellow flowers (MM. officinalis, Willd.), is also found in waste places. 4. MEDICA’GO, Tournef. Menptiox. [So named by the Greeks, from having been introduced by the Medes.] Flowers mostly as in Melilotus. Legume usually many-seeded, of Various forms—always more or less falcate, or spirally coiled. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 1. M. sativa, L. Stem erect ; leaflets obovate-oblong, dentate ; stipules lanceolate, subdentate ; racemes oblong ; legumes spirally twisted, finely reticulated, several-seeded. CuttivateD Mepicaco. Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil. French Luzerne. Fr. La Luzerne. Germ. Der Schneckenklee. Span. Alfalfa. Mielga. 100 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Root perennial. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, smoothish. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long—the lateral ones subsessile, the terminal one petiolulate ; common pefiole one- fourth to three-fourths of an inch long. Racemes erect, on peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Corolla violet-purple, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Introduced : cultivated. Native of Spain. Fl. June-July. Fr. August. Obs. This was formerly cultivated on a small scale, as a fodder; but it did not find favor with our farmers, and is now rarely seen in Pennsyl- vania. It might answer, for soz/zmg, in suitable situations—though I think the stem is too ligneous and wiry to become a favorite fodder, where the red clover can be had. Its culture is successful in Northern Mexico, where it is cut several times during the season. The Saznt-foin (Hedysarum Onobrychis, L., or Onobrychis sativa, Lam., a plant of the Hedysarum tribe), is much cultivated for fodder, on the calcareous soils of Kurope—and the late Mr. Crawrorp, of Georgia, interested himself in endeavoring to introduce it into the Southern States; but I do not learn that its culture was adopted to any extent. I have never met with it on any farm; and presume it scarcely belongs to the Agriculture of this country. 2. M. lupuli’na, LT. Stem procumbent, pubescent ; leaflets wedge- obovate, denticulate at the apex ; flowers in short spikes, yellow ; legumes reniform 1-seeded. Hop-LikE Mepicaco. Black Medick. Nonesuch. Biennial? Stem 6-12 inches long, somewhat branched, procumbent. Leafles 14 an inch to nearly an inch long, sometimes nearly rhomboid. Common petioles 14 of an inch to an inch in length. Heads of flowers at first roundish, finally oblong, on slender pedun- cles 1-2 inches long. Legumes black at maturity. Fields, &. Nat. from Europe. June-Aug. Obs. This species which, when in flower, resembles a yellow clover, is quite common in pastures in England, and is sparingly naturalized in this country. Several other species, recognized by their spirally coiled pods, are sometimes found in waste places, their seeds having been intro- duce@#in wool. * 5. ROBI’NIA, L. Locwust-treer. [Name in honor of John and Vespasian Robin; French Botanists.] Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Vexzlum large and rounded, reflexed, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Legume compressed, Fic. 76. A curved pod of Lucerne (Medicago sativum). 3 PULSE FAMILY. 401 many-seeded, tne upper or seed-bearing suture margined. Trees or shrubs. Leajiets petiolulate, stipellate ; base of the leaf-sta/ks enlarged, covering the buds of the ensuing year. 1 R. Pseud-aca’cia, L. Branches virgate, armed with stipular prickles ; leaflets oblong-ovate ; racemes loose, drooping ; legumes smooth. Fatse-acacta Roprnta. Locust-tree. Stem 30-60 or 80 feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter. Leaflets 3 or 4-8 or 9 pairs, 1-2 inches long, each with a small subulate stipel at base ; common petiole pinnate nearly to the base, with 2 stout prickles in place of stipules. Racemes 3-6 inches long. Corolla white. Legume 2-3 inches long. Mountain forests : Pennsylvania to Arkansas. FI. May-June. Fr. September.” Obs. The Locust-tree, though generally found in the Middle and Eastern States, is only truly indigenous in the Western and Southern portions of the Union. It attains its greatest perfection in Kentucky and Tennessee, where it reaches to the height of 90 feet, with a diameter of 4 feet. The timber is one of the most valuable, whether for strength or durability ; in the former quality it ranks but little below the oak, while its resistance to decay, even when exposed to the most destructive influences, exceeds that of the wood of any other of our forest-trees. It is largely employed in ship building, and is preferred to any other wood for treenazls, as the pins are called which fasten the planks to the frame of the vessel. For posts, rail-road ties or sleepers, &c., it is invaluable. The Locust is often planted as an ornamental tree; it has a graceful habit, and is highly—even oppressively—fragrant, when in flower. The disadvantages attending its culture about dwellings are, the readiness with which its branches are broken by the winds, the many suckers its roots send up, and the numerous insects that live upon it. Indeed, so many insects prey upon this tree, that in some localities it seldom attains any great size. It is said that when the trees are planted closely, so as to form Locust Groves, they are much less liable to the attacks of worms than when they grow singly. Considering the value of the timber and the rapidity of its growth, even on light and poor land, the culture of the Locust is worthy of much more attention than it has yet received at the hands of our farmers. The Clammy Locust (R. visco’sa, Vevt.) is inferior in size and value; it has the branches clothed with viscid glands, and is found on the southern borders of Virginia, and further South. The Rose Acacia (R. his pida, I.) is a shrub 3—8 feet high, with large rose-colored flowers. It is often cultivated, but is inclined to spread and become troublesome if not kept within bounds. . 6. WISTA’RIA, Nutt. Wrsrarra. [Named for Prof. Caspar Wistar, of the University of Pennsylvania.] Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 short teeth; the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard large, with 2 callosities at base; keel scythe-shaped ; wings with one or two auricles at base. Pod stipi- tate, elongated, nearly terete, knobby, many-seeded. Twining shrubs 102 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. with unequally pinnate leaves of 9-13 leaflets, and minute stipules, with lilac-colored flowers in large racemes. 1. W. frutes’cens, DC. Wings of the corolla 2-auricled at base ; Ovary giabrous. Virginia, South and West. May. Woopy Wisrarta. Glycine. Carolina Kidney Bean. 2. W. Curxen’sis, DC. Wings of corolla 1-auricled at base ; ovary hairy. Cultivated. Native of China. May. CuinesE Wistaria. Glycine. Obs. These beautiful vines, the one a native of the rich alluvial soils of the southern portion of the Union, and the other from China, are eminently worthy of cultivation. They both grow readily, are quite hardy, and may be propagated with the greatest ease. ‘The Chinese _ species is most generally cultivated, its flower racemes being much larger than in the native one; but the other is much darker colored, and has more fragrance. a 7. INDIGOF’ERA, L. Inpico. [A Latinized name ; meaning a plant that produces or brings Indigo.] Calyx 5-cleft; segments acute. Vexillum orbicular, emarginate ; keel with a subulate spur on each side—at length often bent back elastic- ally. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Legume continu- ous, 1- few- or many-seeded. Seeds truncate at both ends, often separat- ed by cellular partitions. Herbaceous or suffruticose plants. Leaves various, usually odd-pinnate ; stzpules small, distinct from the petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes. 1. I. trxcto‘rta, L. Stem suffruticose, erect; young branches and common petioles clothed with a cinereous pubescence ; leaflets in 4 or 5 pairs, with a terminal odd one, oval or obovate-oblong, mucronate, petiolulate, somewhat pubescent beneath with whitish appressed hairs ; racemes shorter than the leaves; legumes sub-terete, torulose, curved and bent downwards. Dyer’s Inpicorera. Indigo. Indigo-plant. Fr. UTndigotier. Germ. Die Indigopflanze. Span. Indigo. Annual or biennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, branching. Leajles half an inch to an inch in length ; common petiole 2-3 inches long. Racemes 1-2 inches long. Corella purplish- blue. Legumes numerous, half an inch to three-quarters in length, deflected on the pedicel, curved upwards. F Southern States : cultivated. Native of Asia and Africa. Obs. This plant. so important in yielding a blue coloring matter— was formerly cultivated to a considerable extent, in Georgia, and some other portions of the South: but the supply from India, and other places abroad, seems to have curtailed that branch of Southern Agri- culture—and has probably turned the attention of the planters toa PULSE FAMILY. 103 more healthful and agreeable, if not a more profitable, employment. The indigo-plant is said to be annual, when subject to inundations,— as on the delta of the Ganges; but it is sometimes fruticose—yielding cne or two ratoon crops (i. e. successive growths of suckers, or sprouts), after having been cut off. Another species—I. Ant, L.—is said to be also cultivated at the South. It differs from the above chiefly in its flattened, even (not torulose) pods. 8. CI’CER, Tournef. Cutck-PEa. [The Latin name for a species of Vetch ; applied to this genus. ] Calyx somewhat gibbous at base, 5-parted; segments acuminate— the upper ones incumbent on the vexillum. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. Seeds gibbous. 1. C. arteti’num, L. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate ; stipules lanceolate, subdenticulate ; calyx slightly gibbous— the segments as long as the wings of the corolla. Ram Cicer. Coffee-pea. Chick-pea. Garavances. Fr. Le Pois Chiche. Germ. Gemeine Kicher. Span. Garbanzo. Whole plant canescent and glandular-pilose, the hairs secreting oxalic acid. Root annual. Stem 9-18 inches high, branching. Leajles about half an inch long, in 4-6 pairs (often alternate) with a terminal odd one instead of atendril. lowers axillary, solitary, white. Seed gibbous, pointed—in form resembling the head of a sheep—and hence the specific name. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe and the East. Fl. July-September. Fr. August — October. Obs. This is sometimes cultivated for the seeds—which are said to be a tolerable substitute for coffee. The seeds are much used, as food for horses, &c. in India,—being very abundant (as I recollect to have seen it) in the Bazaars at Calcutta, under the name of “Gram.” This vetch 1s the “ Hamoos Pea” which is announced as a novelty, or a great curiosity (discovered among the Arabs) in Lyncu’s Expedition to the Dead Sea ; though it has been familiarly known in the gardens, through- out the civilized world, ever since the days of Tournefort—if not of Homer! So much for the penny-wise policy of sending out Exploring Expeditions unaccompanied by competent Naturalists. 9. ARA’CHIS, L. | Peanut. [An ancient name of obscure meaning.] Dicciously polgyamous. The sterile and fertile flowers produced together in the axils; the srerILE, most numerous ia the upper axils, with a slender calyx tube, the limb bilabiate, the upper lip 4-toothed, the lower entire. Stamens monadelphous (9 united and 1 abortive,) ovary mi- nute, abortive. Ferrite ru. without calyx, corolla, or stamens. Ovary on an elongating stzpe by which it is thrust under ground, where it ma- ~ tures as an oblong obtuse terete pod, the indehiscent valves becoming thickened and somewhat woody, reticulately veined on the surface. 104 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Seeds irregularly ovoid with very thick cotyledons and a straight radicle. Herbs with even-pinnate leaves having elongated stipules adnate to the petiole, the stzpe or peduncle of the fertile flowers often elongating sey- eral inches beiore reaching the earth. (This plant properly belongs to a section of the order not included in our synopsis, and is placed here as a matter of convenience.) 1. A. Hypocm’a, L. Stem procumbent; leaflets obovate——the com- mon petiole not produced into a tendril. SuBTERRANEAN ARaAcHIS. Ground-nut. Pea-nut. Fr. L’Arachide. Germ. Die Erd-nuss. Span. Mani. oT Reot annual. Stem 9-18 inches long, prostrate or erect, branching, pilose. Leaflets an inch to an inch and a half long, subsessile, minutely mucronate at apex, entire and bor- dered by a pilose nerve; common petioles 1-2 inches long, channelled above, pilose. Sterile flowers, 1 or 2—5 or 7,in the upper axils, on long slender pedicels—the corolla crange-yellow. Cultivated. Native of South America. FT. July-September. Fr. September — October. Fic. 77. The Pea-nut (Arachis hypogsea), exhibiting the manner in which the ovaries, after flowering, bury themselves in the earth, where they ripen. : PULSE FAMILY. 105 Obs. The summers are rather short for this plant, in Pennsylvania, — where it is sometimes seen in gardens, as a curiosity : but, in the South- ern states it is cultivated to a great extent,—and from thence our nut- merchants derive their supply. ‘The seeds,—either raw, or roasted in the legumes—are quite a favorite with children, and others ; and large quantities of them are consumed at all public gatherings. The seeds are said, also, to yield a valuable oil. 10. FA’BA, Tournef. Horsk-Bran. {The Latin name for a Bean; appropriated to this genus. ] Calyx tubular, 5-cleft——the two upper segments shorter. Style bent nearly at a right angle with the ovary ; stzgma villous. Legume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong, subcompressed, with the hilum at one end. Stem erect. Tendrils simple and nearly obsolete. 1. F. vonea’ris, Moench. Leaflets 2-4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi- sagittate, obliquely ovate. Common F'asa. Horse Bean. Windsor Bean. Fr. Féve de Marais. Germ. Die Sau-Bohne. Span. Haba. Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple, smooth. Leaflets 2-3 inches long, entire, smooth ; tendrils obsolete ; stipules large. Flowers in simple erect axillary racemes. Corolla white, with a large black spot on each wing. Legume 2-3 inches long, torulose. Gardens : cultivated. F1. June-July. Fr. August. Obs. This bean—originally from the shores of the Caspian Sea— is sometimes cultivated for the table-—but is not generally admired. The seeds have a strong and rather unpleasant flavor. 11. ER’VUM, Tournef. Lent. [The Latin name for a species of Vetch or Tare.] Calyx 5-parted; segments lance-linear, acute, about as long as the corolla. Style ascending ; ; stigma glabrous. Legume 2 —4-seeded. 1. HE. Lens, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets elliptic oblong, some- what pilose; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; peduncles axillary, 2 —3-flowered ; legumes broad, short, finely reticulated, smooth, 2-seeded ; seeds lenticular. Lentil. Fr. La Lentille. Germ. Gemeine Linse. Span. Lenteja. Roof annual. Stem 6-12 mches high. Leaflets 3-6 or 8 pairs, half an inch long ; fen- drils nearly simple. Corolla white or pale purple. Legume about half an inch long. Seeds 2, orbicular, compressed, white or tawny yellow. "Gardens : "cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June-July. Fr. August. Obs. This Vetch is cultivated in the old world, chiefly, I believe, as food for stock,—both herbage and seeds serving that purpose. The plant is sometimes seen in gardens here; but it will scarcely command the attention of American agriculturists. When properly cooked, len- tils are a tolerable substitute for beans; they are much prized as food Be 106 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. by the Mexicans, and form the basis of the “ Linsen Soup ” of the Ger- mans. It appears from Dr. J. D. Hooxer’s Nofes, that the seeds of this plant are sometimes called “ Gram,” in India; but that name is believed to be more usually applied to the seeds of Cicer. 12. PI’SUM, Tournef. Pua. [The Latin name for the common Pea.] Calyx-segments foliaceous, the two upper ones shorter. Vezzlum large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous on the upper margin. Le- gume oblong. Seeds numerous, globose, with an orbicular hilum. 1. P. sart’vum, L. Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, rather obtuse. mucronate, entire ; stipules very large, ovate, semi-sagittate, crenate-dentate at base ; peduncles 2 or many-flowered ; legumes subcarnose. CuLtivaTED Pisum. Pea. Garden-pea. Fr. Pois cultivé. Germ. Gemeine Erbse. Span. Guisante. Plant smooth and glaucous. Roof annual. Stem 1-3 or 4 feet long ; fiaccid, climbing by tendrils. Jeajies usually 2 pairs,1—2or 3 inches long ; tendrils long and branch- ing ; stipules larger than the leaflets. Peduncles axillary, 1 or 2—6 inches long, often with two flowers atsummit. Corolla white. Style refiexed. Legume about two inches long, subterete. Gardens and lois: cultivated. Native country unknown. #7. June-July. fr. July— August. Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated (one or more of them in almost every garden), chiefly for the young seeds, or “ green peas,” which afford a favorite dish at table. In the Northern states, the field culture of Peas (for the mature seeds.) is much attended to; but it is rarely seen in Pennsylvania—or, I believe, south of that. The Sweet Pea and the Everlasting Pea, cultivated for ornament, belong to the genus Lathyrus of the same tribe. 13. VI’CLA, Tournef. VeEtcu. [The ancient Latin name for Veich or Tare.] Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, the two upper teeth shorter. Sty/e filiform, bent; stzgma villous. Legume oblong, mostly many-seeded. Seeds with the Aum lateral. 1. V. sati’va, Z. Annual; stem simple; leafiets 5-7 pairs, obovate- oblong to linear, retuse, mucronate; flowers mostly in pairs, nearly sessile. CuLtivateD Victa. Common Vetch. Tare. Stem 1-3 feet long, procumbent or climbing by tendrils. Leajlels $f of an inch to an inch and a half in length. Flowers violet purple, axillary. Cultivated grounds. Native of Europe. June — August. Obs. This species was formerly much cultivated, and seems still to be highly prized, in Europe, as a fodder for cattle ; but in this country it is regarded as a mere weed. PULSE FAMILY. 107 14. PHASE’OLUS, L. Bean. [The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.] Calyx somewhat bilabiate,—the upper lid bifid or emarginate, the lower one trifid. Keel (of the corolla) together with the stamens and style, spirally twisted or incurved. Ovary stipitate, the stipe sheathed. Legume linear or faleate, compressed or subterete, tipped with the base of the style, many- seeded. Seeds reniform, with an oval-oblong Ailum. Leaves trifoliolate. 1. P. vontea’Ris, Savz. Stem mostly volubile; leaflets ovate acumi- nate; racemes solitary, pedunculate; bracts as long as the calyx; le gumes nearly linear and straight, long-mucronate ; seeds reniform. Coymon Puaseotus. Kidney Bean. String Bean. Pole Bean. Fr. Haricot. Germ. Gemeine Bohne. Span. Fasoles. Root annual. Stem 4-6 or § feet long, slender, volubile and climbing (always twining, against the sun—W. S. E.)—cr short and erect (in the bunch variety). Leaflets 2-4 0r 5 inches long ; common petioles 1-5 or 6 inches long. Racemes on stout peduncles 1-3 or 4 inches long. Corolla mostly white. Legume 3-6 inches long. Seeds more or less reni- form, whitish, or of various colors. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Native of India. Fl. June-August. Fr. September. Obs. Very geuerally cultivated for the table——both seeds and le- gumes being eaten while young; when mature, the seeds only. The “baked beans” of New England, constitute a sort of national dish among the descendants of the Pilgrims. The P. nanus, L. Dwarf or Bunch Bean (with a short erect stem, more acuminate leaflets, and larger bracts), is supposed to be only one of the many varieties produced by long culture. 2. P. Luna’tus, L. Stem volubile, smoothish; leaflets obliquely- or deltoid-ovate, acute; racemes subpedunculate ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; legumes broad, compressed. scymitar-form or somewhat lunate ; seeds much compressed, broad. Lounate Puaseoutus. Lima Bean. Carolina Bean. Root annual. Stem 6-8 or 10 feet long, branching, slender, volubile and climbing. Leaf- lets 2 —4 inches long ; common petioles 2-6 inches long. Racemes loose flowered, on pedun- cles about two-thirds of an inch long. Corolla greenish-white, rather small. Legumes 2-3 inches long, and about an inch wide. Seeds few, large, flattish and mostly white. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Fl. July—August. Fr. September - October. Obs. This species (supposed to be a native of Bengal—though gen- erally named as if of South America,) affords a favorite dish, in the latter part of summer,—the large seeds only bein@used. Both species are tender plants, impatient of cold, aud killed by the slightest frost. 15. BAPTIS’IA, Vent. Fatse Inpico. “Greeck, Baptizo, to dip, or dye ; from its coloring properties. } Calyx 4—5-toothed. Petals nearly equal,—the keel-petals slightly connected. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume ventricose, stipitate in the persistent calyx, many-seeded. Herbs; leaves mostly trifoliolate, turn- ing bluish-black in drying. 108 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. B. tinecto’ria, R. Brown. Bushy; smooth, and rather glaucous ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate, deciduous ; racemes termi- nal, few-flowered. Dyerr’s Baptista. Wild Indigo. Horsefly Weed. Rattle Bush. Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, much branched. JLeaffets half an inch to an inch long ; common petioles 1 line to 14 of an inch in length. Flowers yellew ; calyx 4-toothed— i] the 2 upper segments being united. Legumes about half an inch long, inflated, conspicu- ously stipitate. Dry hills and woodlands: common. June -September. Obs. The Wild Indigo, which is introduced here on account of its re- puted medicinal qualities, is conspicuous when in flower, especially in sandy woods and fields. It is said that a coarse kind of Indigo can be prepared from its leaves, but we know of no reliable experiments upon this point. Medicinally, it is said to possess emetic and purgative prop- erties, and has been used externally as an application in foul ulcers. It is often used to drive flies away from horses, being attached to their harness, hence one of the common names; it is probable that its efficacy in this cage, if there be any, is wholly mechanical, and not due to any peculiar property of the plant. Several other species are found in the South and West; among these is B, australis, R. Brown, which is often cultivated—it is 4—5 feet high, with large racemes, 1 —2 feet long,—of handsome blue flowers. 2 16. CER’CIS, L. Rep-zup. (Greek, Kerkis, a weaver’s shuttle ; from the form of the legume.] Calyx 5-toothed, Corolla scarcely papilionaceous ; petals all distinct, un- guiculate—the vexillum smaller than the wings, and the keel-petals larger. Stamens unequal. Legume oblong, acute at each end, much compressed, 1-celled, many-seeded—the upper suture margined, seeds obovate ; radicle straight. Small trees, with simple entire leaves, and membranaceous caducous stipules. Flowers fasciculate along the branches, appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Canaden’sis, ZL. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, villous in the axils of the nerves beneath. Canaprian Crercis. Red-bud. Judas-tree. Stem 15-20 or 39 feet fen and 6-12 inches in diameter, with somewhat geniculate branches. Leaves 3-4 inches long ; petioles 1-2 zaches long. Flowers bright purpie, acid, on filiform pedicels which are clustered (4-6 or § from a bud) on the naked branches. Legumes about three inches long, subcoriaceous, smcoth. Banks of streams: Canada to Louisiana. #J. April. #r. June. Obs. This little tree is admired, in early spring, for its clusters of small flowers, which clothe the branches, and even the trunk, in purple, before the leaves appear. Although not of agricultural importance, it deserves to be known, and to have a place among ornamental shrubbery and trees, around the mansion of the tasteful farmer. PULSE FAMILY. 109 17. CAS’SIA, L. Senna. fAn ancient name of obscure derivation. ] Flowers perfect ; Sepals 5, scarcely connected. Petals 5, unequal, spread- ing, not papilionaceous. Stamens mostly 10, some of them often imper- fect ; anthers opening at apex. Herbs: leaves equally pinnate, with a gland near the base of the petiole. * Leaflets large; stipules deciduous: the lower anthers fertile, the 3 upper ones deformed and sterile. 1. C. Marilan’dica, LZ. Perennial; stem erect, leaflets 6-9 pairs, ovate oblong ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes axillary, the upper ones somewhat paniculate ; legumes at first hairy» at length smooth. Maryianp Cassta. Wild, or American Senna. Stem 3-4 feet high, rather stout, branching. JLeaflets 1-2 inches long, petiolulate ; common petioles 1—2 inches in length below the leaflets, with an obovoid subsessile gland on the upper side. Racemes pedunculate, those in the upper axils forming a sort of ter- minal leafy panicle ; flowers yellow, often becoming a dead white. Legumes 3-4 inches long, villous when young, compressed, somewhat curved, often sinuate on the edges from partial contractions ; seeds ovate-oblong, separated by a kind of transverse partitions. Low grounds along streams : frequent. August—October. Obs. This yery showy species is found in most parts of the United States; its leaves possess properties similar to those of the imported Senna of the shops—which is also furnished by several species of the ge- Fic. 78. Wild Senna (Cassia Marilandica), a short raceme in the axil of an abruptly- pinnate leaf. 110 WEEDS AND LSEFUL PLANTS. nus Cassia. While some writers state, that it requires a third larger dose than the imported senna, to produce the same effect, others claim for it an equal rank as a purgative. It is cultivated to considerable extent by the “Shakers,” and though it has not received the general attention at the hands of the medical profession that it deserves, it is frequently used in domestic and country practice. The leaves should be collected alien the fruit is ripe, the active principle being then more fully wes ed than at the flowering time. 2, C. oce.denta’lis, L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate lanceolate acute ; gland ovate ; pods elongated-linear, smooth. Western Cassta. Styptic Weed. Perennial. Stem4—-6feethigh. Leafiefs serrate-ciliolate. Flowers large, yellow. Le- gumz somewhat coriaceous, about 5 inches long, with a tumid border ; 20-30-seeded. Near buildings : Virginia to Louisiana. July — October. Obs. This plant, which is very common at the South, is believed to be introduced from Tropical America, where it has some medicinal reputa- tion. The root is said to be diuretic, and the leaves are used as a EES ing to slight sores. ** Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules persistent ; petio- lar gland cup-shaped ; anthers all perfect. 3. C. Chamecris’ta, L. Stems spreading ; leaflets 8 —15 pairs, linear oblong ; flowers large and showy ; stamens 10, unequal. Partridge Pea. Sensitive Pea. Magothy-bay Bean. Stem 1—2 feet high, firm and somewhat woody at base, much branched, often purplish. Leajias half an inch to near an inch long, minutely ciliate-serrulate, subsessile ; common péioles about one-third of an inch in length below the leaflets, with a depressed or cup- ike gland on the upperside. Flowers deep bright yellow (usually with purple spois at base), in lateral subsessile fascicles above the axils of the leayes—oiten In pairs, some- times 3-4. Legume about 2 inches long, hairy along the sutures. Sandy fields : common, especially southward. July —September. Obs. In a paper read before the American Philosophical Society, May 2, 1788, and published in the 3d volume of their Transactions, Dr. Green- way of Vir ginia, speaks favorably of this plant as a means of recruiting worn out lands, by its decomposition in the soil—though he considers the common corn-field Pea as preferable; and I have no doubt that the Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense), properly managed, is more eligible ‘than either. . 18. GYMNO’CLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Corree-treEe. [Greek, Gymnos, naked, and Klados, a branch ; in reference to its stout naked branches. ] Flewers dicecious, regular. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Petals 5, equal, ob- long, inserted on the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, inserted with the petals. Legume oblong, flat, the valves thick and woody, pulpy within. A tree with the young branches clumsily thick ; Jeaves odd-bipinnate. PULSE FAMILY. Tit 1. G. Canaden’sis, Lam. Leaflets 7-13 on the subdivisions, ovate, petiolulate,—the lowest a single pair ; flowers in axillary racemes. Canapian Gymnociapus. Kentucky Coffee-tree. Kentucky Mahogany. Siem 50-80 feet high, branching. Leaves 2-3 feet long, bipinnately branching ; leaf- lets rather alternate, entire, about 3 inches in length. Flowers greenish white. Legumes 6-10 inches long, and 1 —2 inches wide, somewhat falcate ; seeds nearly orbicular, a little compressed, over half an inch in diameter. Rich woods: W. New York to Mlinois and south-westward ; also in cultivation. 1. May. Fr. October. > Obs. This fine tree has been introduced into the Eastern States, from the West ; and although not equal to some others, as a shade tree, is worthy of a place in all ornamental plantations. The timber is valuable, possessing a fine and close grain; qualities which adapt it to the use of the cabinet-maker. 19. GLEDIT’SCHIA, L. Honey Loctsr. [Named in honor of John Gottlieb Gleditsch, a German. Botanist.] Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, equal, united at base. Petals as many as the sepals,—or fewer by abortion—or by the union of the two lower ones. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, or by abortion fewer. Legume stipitate, often intercepted internally between the seeds, dry or with sweet pulp around the seeds. Seeds oval. Trees: the super-axillary branchlets often converted into simple or branched spines. Leaves even-pinnate or bipinnate (often both forms on the same tree.) Flowers small, somewhat spicate. 1. G. triacan’thos, £. Spines stout, mostly triple ; leaflets linear or lance-oblong, somewhat serrate; legumes oblong, much compressed, somewhat faleate and undulate, many-seeded,—the intervals filled with sweet pulp. THREE-THORNED GuEDITscHIA. MHoney-locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Fr. Le Fevier a trois Epines. Germ. Der Honigdorn. Stem 30-50 or 60 feet high, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter. Leaflets about an inch or an inch and a half long. Flowers yellowish green. Legumes 6-12 or 15 inches long, and an inch or more in width, thin and wavy, or somewhat twisted. Pennsytvania to Louisiana: often cultivated. FU. July. #r. September -October. Obs. The light foliage of this tree gives it a pleasing aspect, but it is not a good shade tree. it is in frequent cultivation as an ornamental tree, and seems to be nearly naturalized around New-York. It has been used with success in some localities for hedging, its formidable thorns compensating, by their utility, for the beauty which a hedge with such light foliage must lack. The thorns are knocked off by the winds and, being often so compound that however they may lie, some points will “stick up, prove very troublesome by wounding the feet of cattle. 112 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Orper XXVI. ROSA’CEA. (Rose Famtizy.) Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers having a calyx of 5 (rarely 3-4 or 8) sepals more or less united, often with as many bracts, and pefals as many as the sepals, inserted with the numerous (rarely few) stamens on the calyx. Pistils 1-—many, free, or (in the Pear tribe) united within the calyx-tube. Seeds 1-—few in each ovary, without albumen ; radicle straight. This Order—comprising about sixty genera—is remarkable for the amount and variety of its esculent products. Many of the fruits are valuable, and some of them eminently delicious, while the type of the Order (Rosa) is by universal consent regarded as the queen of beauty among flowers. A few of the drupaceous species of the Order contain a dangerous quantity of Prussic Acid, in the nuts and leaves ; but the fleshy or succulent fruits are, almost without exception, innocent and wholesome. 1. Tue AtMonD SUB-FAMILY. Ovaries solitary, free from the deciduous calyx. Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). Trees or shrubs ; the bark exuding gum; the bark, leaves and kernels possessing the peculiar flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free. Stone of the fruit rough. Petals rose-color. 1. PERSICA. Stone of the fruit smooth. Petals white. Stone flattened, with grooved edges. Skin of fruit downy. 2. ARMENTACA. Stone more or less flattened, generally margined. Fruit with a bloom. 3. PRUNUS. § 1. Stone roundish or globular. Fruit without a bloom. 3. PRUNUS. § 243 2. Tue Rost SuB-FAMILY. Ovaries many or few, separate from each other and from the calyx, but sometimes enclosed by and concealed in its tube. Styles lateral or terminal. Fruit either follicles or little drupes. Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, with simple or compound leaves. Stipules usually united with the petiole. Pistils 5, forming follicles in fruit. Calyx 5-cleft. Styles terminal. 4. SPIR#A. Pistils numerous, forming in fruit dry akenes, tipped with the feathery persistent style. Calyx bracteolate, open. 5. GEUM. Pistils numerous. Styles often lateral, deciduous ; fruit of dry akenes. Calyx bracteolate, open. Receptacle of the fruit dry and small. 6. POTENTILLA. Receptacle of the fruit becoming large and pulpy, edible. 7. FRAGARIA,. Pistils numerous. Styles terminal, deciduous ; ovaries becoming little drupes, cohering with one another or with the receptacle. Calyx open, not bracteolate. 8. Rusus. Pistils numerous, akenes long, enclosed in the tube of the urn-shaped calyx. 9. Rosa. 3. Pear SuB-FAMILY. Calyx-tube fleshy in fruit, forming a pome. Pistils 2—5, their styles more or less separate, their ovaries united with each other and with the tube of the calyx. Cells of the fruit 1-2-seeded. Fruit drupe-like, containing 2—5 stones. Leaves simple. 10. CRATZGUS. Fruit with 3-5 parchment-like carpels. Leavespinnate. Fruit berry- like, scarlet. 11. Pyrus. § 3. Leaves simple. : é Fruit tapering to the stalk. Tl. Pyrvus. § 1. Fruit sunk in at both ends. il. Pyrus. § 2. Cells of the fruit many-seeded, parchment-like, enveloped in muci- lage. 12. CyDonza. ‘1. PER’SICA, Tournef. Pracs. [A name derived from Persia, its native country.] Calyx tubular, with 5 spreading segments. Drupe oval, tomentose or ROSE FAMILY. 1135 smooth, the fleshy and succulent pulp adherent or separable from the rugosely furrowed nut. Small trees. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, condu- plicate in vernation. Flowers subsessile, solitary or in pairs, preceding the leaves. 1. P. vunear’ts, Mill. Fruit densely tomentose. Common Perstca. Peach. Peach-tree. Fr. Le Pécher. Germ. Der Pfirschenbaum. Span. Kl Melocoton. Stem 8-12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 3-5 inches long ; petioles half an inch long, channeled above and glandular near the leaf. Petals palered or purplish. Drupe with the flesh white, yellow or reddish, either adhering to the nut, and then called Cling- stone, or separable from it—when it is termed Freestone. Cultivated. Native of Persia. Fl. April. Jr. Aug. —Sept. Obs. The fruit of this tree, like most of those which have had the advantage of long and careful culture, presents numerous varieties, the best of which have been perpetuated under distinctive names by the nurserymen ; such as “ George the 4th,” “ Morris White,” &c. These kinds, the number of which is rather formidable, will be found described in standard works upon Horticulture, and in fruit growers’ Catalogues. Although the tree is short-lived, its culture is managed with great spirit and success in the Middle States, particularly in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey ; and latterly, with the facilities afforded by steamers, our northern cities are supplied, early in the season, from as far south as Georgia. The most approved varieties are perpetuated by raising young stocks from the seeds, and inserting upon them the buds or scions of the desirable kinds. * This process, for changing the character of seedling trees, is alluded to by the great English Bard with his usual felicity : ce You see, we marry A gentler scion to the wildest stock, And make conceive a bark of baser kind, By bud of nobler race : This is an art Which does mend nature—change it rather ; but The art itself is nature.’’— Winter’s Tale, Act. 4. Var. ta’vis. Fruit smooth. Nectarine. The Nectarine, which was formerly considered as a distinct species, is now regarded as only a very marked variety of the Peach, from which it differs only in its smooth fruit, which presents the same varieties of cling-stone and free-stone. Cases are recorded, in which the same tree has produced both Peaches and Nectarines. The Almond (Amygdalus communis, L., which is nearly related to the Peach—except that the drupe is dry and fibrous, instead of succu- lent, and the seed is the eatable portion), has not yet, I believe, been much cultivated within the U. States: but it may probably be success- fully introduced into Florida, and perhaps some other southern States, it having succeeded even in Pennsylvania. A dwarf variety, with the flowers all double and sterile, is well known 114 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. as an ornamental shrub in gardens, as the Flowering Almond. There are two marked varieties of the Almond: the one with sweet bland seeds, Sweet Almond ; and the Bitter Almond, the kernel of which con- tains a bitter volatile oil impregnated with prussic acid. This oil, which is often used for flavoring pastry, &¢., exists, or one very nearly like it, in the peach kernel. Judging from observation, it wouid not seem to be generally known to our Pastry Cooks, that a peach pie baked with the fruit whole {i. e. simply pared, but the nut left in the peach), is vastly superior to one made of the mere fleshy portion cut in pieces. The process of baking, as I suppose, elicits the ezsential oil from the seed of the peach and diffuses it through the pulp, imparting to it a sprightly and delicious flavor, far beyond what it possesses when the stone is previously rejected. 2. ARMENIA’CA, Tournef. Apricot. [A name derived from Armenia, its native country.] Calyx campanulate, with 5 reflexed segments. Drupe roundish-oval, fleshy, clothed with a soft velvety pubescence ; nut compressed, the sur- face even and not roughly furrowed ; one margin obtuse, the other acute, both grooved. Small trees. Leaves subcordate or ovate, convolute in the bud. Flowers white, subsessile, solitary or few, preceding the leaves. 1. A. vutea’RIs, Lam. Leaves orbicular-ovate, acuminate, dentate, sub- cordate at base; flowers sessile. Common Armentaca. Common Apricot. Moor-park Apricot. Fr. L’Abricotier. Germ. Der Aprikosenbaum. Span. Albaricoque. Stem 10-15 or 20 fect high, with rather stout spreading branches. Leaves 2-38 inches long ; petioles an inch to an inch and a half long, mostly with cup-like glands near the base of the leaf. Petals white. Drupe oval, yellowish when mature. Cultivated. Native of Armenia. Fl. April. #r. July. Obs. This tree yields a luscious and favorite fruit; and, in propitious seasons, the branches are so loaded as to remind one ‘of the admonitory passage in SHAKSPEARE : “Go, bind thou up yon’ dangling Apricocks, Which, like unruly children, make their sire Stoop with oppression of their prodigal weight : Give scme supportance to the bending twigs.”’ King Richard I. The name of this fruit in SHaKsPEARE’s time was written “ Apricocks,” perhaps by a corruption of the latin A. precox, meaning Early Armenzaca. t is melancholy to reflect how thoughtless and negligent mankind generally are, with respect to providing fruit for themselves. There are few persons who do not own or occupy sufficient ground to admit of 3 or 4 choice fruit-trees and a grape-vine ; such, for example, as an Apricot, a Peach, a May-duke Cherry, a Catharine Pear, and a Catawba grape ; yet the great majority seem never to think of planting such trees, while ROSE FAMILY. 115 they are ready enough to run after the rare fruit which some provident neighbor may have taken the pains to cultivate. It is high time that such disreputable negligence should cease, and that people should be more attentive to duties which are enjoined by every consideration of comfort and good taste—nay, even of sheer justice to those around them, who are now annually plundered of the fruits of their own care and labors. 2. A. DasycarR’PA, Pers. Leaves ovate or oval, somewhat acuminate, doubly serrate ; flowers pedicellate. Hatry-FRvITED ARMENIACA. Black Apricot. Stem 10-15 feet high; branches rather slenderand virgate. eaves 114 to near 3 inches long ; petioles about an inch long. Petals white. Drupe subglobose, hairy, dark purplish color when mature. Cultivated. Native conntry unknown. FI. April. #7. July. Obs. This species has more of the habit of a Prunus, or Plum-tree, than the preceding, and is reputed to be a more certain fruit-bearer ; but I have not found it so. It flowers freely; but the young fruit is soon stung by an insect, and nearly all falls off before it is half grown. 3. PRU’NUS, L. Puium anp CHerry. [The Latin name for the Plum.] Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy; stone smooth and even. Small trees or shrubs. Flowers usually white. [fhe Plum and Cherry are in most works considered as distinct genera ; we follow Dr. Gray and other recent authorities in arranging them as sections of the genus Prunus of Linnzus. | g1. Prunus, Tourn. (Puum.) Drupe usually with a bloom ; the stone flattened, or at least wider than thick ; leaves convolute in the bud ; flowers more or less preceding the leaves, from lateral buds ; the pedicels few or several, in simple umbellate clusters. * Introduced or cult.vated species. 1. P. spino’sa, L. Branches thorny ; leaves obovate oblong or ovate- lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels glabrous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid acute on one edge. Sloe. Black Thorn. Var. mszz’tia. Less spiny, the lateral branches often ending in a thorn ; pedicels and lower side of the leaves pubescent ; fruit round and black. Bullace Plum. Waste places. HE. New England, &c. Var. pomes’t1cA. Branches unarmed ; leaves lance-ovate or oval, mostly acute, serrate ; pedicels sub-solitary. Common Plum. Damascene, Gage, &c. Fr. Prunier. Germ. Der Pflaumenbaum. Span. Ciruélo. Stem 8-12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 1-38 inches long ; petioles halfan inch to an 116 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. inch or more in length. Flowers rather preceding the leaves, solitary or in pairs ; pedicels about half an inch long. Petals white. Drupe oval, ovoid or obovoid, of various colors, from black to pale greenish-yellow, covered with bloom, the fiesh rather firm. Cultivated. Fl. April. #7. August. Obs. Numerous forms of this are cultivated,—some of them of a large size ; but the depredations of insects render the fruit an uncertain crop— at least in the country. In cities, the insects seem to be less destruc- tive. The Sloe is used in Kurope for hedges, and is said to be natural- ized in some parts of the United States; it is now considered as the original of the numerous varieties of cultivated plum and of the Bullace Plum. ** Indigenous species. 9p. America ‘na, Marsh. Branches subspinose ; leaves oval and obovate, conspicuously acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate, very veiny, smooth when old; umbels subsessile, 2—5-flowered ; fruit roundish, oval, yellow, orange or red, nearly destitute of bloom ; the tur- gid stone more or less acute on both margins. AMERICAN Prunus. Red Plum. Yellow Plum. Stem §-12 or 15 feet high, much branched,—the young branches virgate, the old ones rugged and somewhat thorny. Leaves 2-3 inches long; petioles one fourth to half an inch long. Flowers preceding the leaves in numerous fascicles of threes or fours ; pedicels one third to half an inch long. Petals white. Drupe mostly reddish orange-colored, with a rich succulent yellow pulp, and a thick tough skin. Thickets, fence-rows and banksof streams. Canada to Texas. J. April. Fr. August. Obs. This Plum—about which foreign Botanists have been so bewil- dered—is extensively diffused through our country. In its wild state, the flowers are apt to be abortive,—and the fruit is small and rather acerb ; but by long culture, the drupe sometimes becomes as large as a common Apricot. Although ofa pleasant flavor, when fully mature, it is not adapted to culinary purposes. 3. P. maritima, Wang. Seldom thorny ; leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short, pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson, with a bloom. Beach Plum. * Sand Plum. A low straggling shrub 2-5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, rather stiff, smooth above, and downy, especially on the mid-rib and veins, beneath. Flowers in umbels of 2~ 6 ; pedicels 14 an inch long ; calyx pubescent. Fruit 3g an inch to an inch in diameter ; stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other. Near the sea: Massachusetts to Virginia. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. —Sept. Obs. This species is found along the sea-coast and often extends inland for twenty miles or more. When growing at a distance from the sea, its leaves are smoother and thinner and the fruit smaller.—forms which have been considered as distinct varieties or even species. The bush grows in little thickets and is in exposed situations nearly prostrate. The fruit varies in quality, often, when fully ripe, of an agreeable flavor ; it is much used for preserving along the New England coast and is sometimes sold in the markets. * 4. P. Chica’sa, J/z. Branches subspinose; leaves narrow, oblong ROSE FAMILY. 117 lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, finely serrulate with glandular-pointed teeth ; umbels sessile, 2—3-flowered ; fruit. globular, red; the stone ovoid, almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. Cutcasa Prunus. Chickasaw Plum. Mountain Cherry. Stem 6 -10 or 12 feet high, much branched, the young branches virgate, dark purple, smooth and shining, the old ones crooked or geniculate, and somewhat thorny. Leaves 1-2 inches long, smooth ; petioles slender, one fourth to three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers appearing with the leaves, in sessile fascicles of threes ; pedicels about half an inch long, slender and smooth. Drupe globose, red or yellowish-red, nearly or quite destitute of bloom, with a tender pulp and a thin skin. Cultivated. #1. April. Fr. July. Obs. This little tree (which is believed to be a native of our South- western territory,—where it is a small shrub, in its wild state——) by long culture produces a very pleasant fruit. When we consider the great difficulty attending the culture of the common plum, on account of the attacks of the curculio, it would seem that this and the other na- 79 tive species should receive more attention from our horticulturists than has yet been bestowed upon them. It approaches the Cherry, in char- acter and appearance, and may be considered as a connecting link be- tween the Plum & Cherry. @ 2. Crrasus, (Cuerry). Fruit destitute of bloom ; the stone globular and marginless ; leaves folded (conduplicate) in the bud ; flowers in umbellate clusters. 5). P. a’vium, L. Branches erect or ascending, rather stout ; leaves Fic. 79. A flower of the common Garden Cherry (Prunus avium). 80. A divided flower with its solitary pistil free from the calyx. 81. The fruit (drupe) divided to show the hardened inner portion of the fruit (stone) containing the seed. 118 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. oval or obovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, pilose and some- what glaucous beneath ; umbels sessile ; flowers scarcely preceding the leaves ; pedicels rather long; drupe roundish ovoid or subcordate at base. Birps’ Pronus. English Cherry. Bleeding-heart, &c. Fy. Le Cerisier. Germ. Der Kirschbaum. Span. Cerézo. Stem 30-60 feet or more in height, and often 2-3 feet in diameter at base, branching regularly, and somewhat verticillately, so as to form an oblong conical top. Leaves 8-5 or 6 inches long ; petioles an inch to an inch and a half long. Pedicels slender, an inch to an inch and a half long, usually 3 (often 2) in a fascicle. Petals white. Drupes of various size and color, tender and often very succulent, sweet or bitterish-sweet. Cultivated. #l. April #r. June-July. Obs. Cherries are said to have been originally brought to Rome from Cerasus, a city of Pontus, by the Roman Consul and General, Lucuuus, some 60 or 70 years before the Christian era ; and from Rome they have been distributed over the rest of the civilized world. Our cultivated Cherry trees seem obviously to consist of at least two original species,— viz. the sweet “ Hnglish Cherry,” so called—and the common Sour Cherry. The numerous varieties—produced by culture (and possibly some hybrids)—may be all referred to one or the other of those two. There are, undoubtedly, several very distinct sorts of fruit ; but I incline to think the general habit and aspect of the trees commonly seen in this country, warrant the reduction of them all to‘the two above referred to; and I shall so consider them in this work. 6. P. Cr’rasus, LZ. Branches spreading, slender and flexible ; leaves obovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base, acuminate or acute, serrate, smoothish ; umbels subsessile ; flowers rather preceding the leaves ; pedicels rather short ; drupe globose. Red or Sour Cherry, Morello Cherry, &c. Stem 10 - 20 feet high, irregularly branched ; branches rather slender and flaccid, spread- ing nearly horizontally, and forming a roundish bushy top. Leaves 1144-8 inches long : petioles half an inch to an inch long. Pedicels half an inch to an inch in length, 2, or more frequently 3, ina fascicle. Petals white. Drupes fleshy, more or less acid, red or dark purple when mature. Cultivated. Fl. April. #r. July. Obs. The “ Sour Cherry” is the most common and, for culinary pur- poses, the most valuable of the genus. The Morello Cherry is a re- markably fine variety, with a rich purple juice——and in the days of “Cherry Bounce,” was a great favorite: but, for the last 30 years it has almost entirely disappeared from Pennsylvania, in consequence of the ravages of an insect, causing large warty excrescences on the branches of the tree. The fruit first failed,—and since, the tree itself has become very scarce. P, Pennsylvanica, L., the wild Red Cherry, is a native tree belonging to this section, its fruit smail, sour and worthless. 23. Papus, (CuErry.) Fruit as in preceding section ; flowers in racemes terminating the branches, developed after the flowers. ROSE FAMILY. 119 % P. Virginia’na, ZL. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, abruptly acuminate, oEearely and often doubly serrate ; fruit red, turning to dark crimson. Vireintan Prunus. Choke Cherry. A tall shrub. Leaves 2—4 inches long, thinnish. Flowers in simple racemes 2-3 inches in length ; petals roundish. Frut about the size of a pea, very austere and astringent until perfectly ripe. River banks : most common northward. Jl. May. Jr. August. Obs. Doct. Gray found from the examination of the original speci- mens in the Linnean Herbarium that this is the true P. Virginiana, a name which had been previously applied to the following species. 8. P. sero’tina, Ehrhart. Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth, shining above, finely serrate with appressed or incurved callous teeth ; racemes S elongated ; drupes globose, small, purplish-black. Late Prunus. Wild Cherry. Black Cherry. Stem 40-60 or 80 feet high, and 2-3 feet in diameter at base, with large irregular spreading branches. Leaves 2—4 or 5 inches long, subcoriaceous ; petioles half an inch to three-quarters in length. Racemes simple, rather erect, 2-4 or 5 inches long. Petals white, obovate. Drupes dark purple or purplish black when mature, succulent, bitter and mawkish to the taste. Banks of streams ; fence-rows, &c.: Canada to Florida. Fl. May. Fr. August. Obs. The Wild Cherry tree attains its greatest perfection on the fertile banks of the Ohio and other rivers of the West, where it forms a fine forest tree. On the Atlantic coast it is seldom more than a foot in diameter. The wood is hard, close-grained, and takes a good polish ; it is of a pale reddish tint which deepens with age. The bark is bitter, with something of a peach-kernel flavor, and contains a small propor- tion of prussic-acid ; it is considerably used in medicine and i is consid- ered a very valuable tonic, and forms, or is said to form, the basis of several quack “ Balsams”’ and “ Pectorals.” The ripe fruit is a favorite food of birds; it is used to considerable extent in preparing “ Cherry Rum,” “ Cherry Bounce,” &c. It is probable that, like most wild fruits, the quality of this varies from local causes, some considering it eens when fully ripe, while to others it is nauseous. ¢ 4. Lavrocerasus, (LAuREL Cuerry). Leaves evergreen ; flowers from the axils of the leaves of the former season. 9. P. Carolinia’ na, Ait. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mu- cronate, entire or spiny-serrate, thick, smooth ; flowers in dense racemes, shorter than the leaves ; drupes black, juiceless, persistent. CaroLtina Prunus. Evergreen Cherry. Tree 30-50 feet high. Leaves shining above, almost veinless ; destitute of glands. Petals small. Stamens about 15. River banks ; South Carolina to Louisiana and Arkansas. March-April. Obs. This tree is noticed on account of the poisonous qualities of its leaves, which, according to Elliott, frequently destroy cattle that browse upon them in the spring of the year. From the leaves of the nearly related Kuropean Cherry Laurel (P. Laurocerasus) is distilled 120 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. the celebrated Laurel Water, a poison which owes its deadly properties to the large amount of prussic-acid it contains. * 4. SPIRH’ A, L. Merapow-sweet. Greek, Speirao, to wind ; from its fitness to form garlands. » SP ? ) Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 3-5 or more, each 2- 4- or many-seeded. Shrubs or herbs; leaves simple, sometimes lobed or even pinnately dissected. 1. S. opulifo’lia, L. Leaves roundish ovate and 3-lobed, doubly cre- nate-serrate ; flowers corymbose ; follicles inflated, 2 —4-seeded. OPULUS-LEAVED Spiraa. Nine Bark Shrub 3-10 feet high, with spreading branches, and a loose lamellated bark, the nume- rous layers suggesting the popular name. Leaves 1-2 inches in length, and nearly as wide as long, usually 3-lobed ; petioles half an inch to three-quarters in length. Corymbs sub- umbellate, convex, crowded, hoary pubescent when young; common peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Flowers white, often tinged with purple. Carpels 3-5, connate below, acuminate ; seeds obovoid. Margins of streams. June. Obs. A very showy ornamental species, which grows readily from cuttings, and should be generally cultivated. Sometimes called “ Nine- Bark Syringa.” 2. §. tomento’sa, Z. Stem and lower surface of the leaves covered with a rusty-colored wool; leaves ovate or oblong, serrate; racemes in a dense elongated panicle ; carpels 5, woolly. ‘ Wootrty Spir#a. Hardhack. Steeple Bush. Stem 2—38 feet high, brittle, clothed with an easily separable wool. TZeaves 1-2 inches long, on very short petioles ; the upper surface of a bright green color in marked contrast to the often nearly white under surface. Flowers pale purple. New England—Georgia ; more rare southward. July-August. Obs. This plant possesses considerable astringency, and is in com- mon use in New England as a domestic remedy in diarrhoea and other complaints where astringents are required. It is a really beautiful spe- cies, and as it is much improved by cultivation, it quite as much de- serves a place in the garden as some of the rarer kinds. Many other species of this genus are well known and justly admired ornamental plants; among them are S. utmirotia (Meadow-Sweet), S. rILIPEN- puta (Drop-wort), which are herbaceous, and several shrubby ones. * 5. GE’UM, L. AveEns. , [Greek, geuo, to relish, or taste well ; the roots being rather aromatic. ] Calyx concave, 5-cleft, usually with a bractlet at each cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Akenes numerous, in a head ; styles long, persistent, tailed, and after flowering hooked at the summit. Perennial herbs ; leaves pseudo-pinnate or lyrate. 1. G. riva’le, L. Radical leaves, interruptedly pinnate, the terminal ROSE FAMILY. 121 lobe large ; calyx segments erect ; petals purplish-orange, erect ; style jointed and bent in the middle, upper joint plumose. River Geum. Water Avens. Purple Avens. Stem about 2 feet high, nearly simple, rather retrorsely pilose. Principal leaflets 3-5 ; lateral ones obovate ; terminal one 2—3 inches long and wider than long ; common petioles 6-9 inches in length. Flowers nodding. Calyx brown-purple. Petals inversely heart- shaped, contracted into a claw, longer than the calyx. Carpels in a stalked head, very hairy. Styles slender, dark purple. Bogs and wet meadows: New England to Pennsylvania. May-June. Fic. 82 The Water Avens (Geum rivale), reduced. 122 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. The root of the Water Avens is tonic and powerfully astrin- gent, and is used as a popular remedy in diarrhoea, dyspepsia, &c. A decoction is made and taken with sugar and milk in the same manner as coffee. = 6. POTENTIL’LA, Z: Crnqueromt. [{Latin, potens, powerful ; in reference to supposed medical properties. ] Calyx 5-cleft, with an external bract at each cleft, thus appearing 10- cleft. Petals mostly 5. Stamens numerous. Style lateral or terminal, deciduous. dkenes numerous, often rugose, capitate on a dry persistent villous receptacle. Seed suspended ; radicle always superior. Herbace- ous or suffruticose. Leaves pinnately or palmately compound. 1. P. Norve’ gica, L. Hirsute ; stem erect, dichotomous above ; leaves palmately 3-foliofate, the cauline ones on short petioles ; leaflets obovate- oblong, the uppermost lanceolate, coarsely and incisely serrate ; pedun- cles axillary, cymose at summit and leafy ; petals shorter than the calyx ; akenes rugosely ribbed or striate. NorwEGIAN PorentiLua. Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, rather stout. Leaflets 1-3 inches long ; common petioles 1-4 inches long ; stipules large (often an inch or more in length). Flowers often numerous, in leafy cymes at summit, and on long solitary peduncles below—the lower peduncles ‘often opposite the leaves. Petals yellow. Pastures and roadsides: Northern States. Native of Lapland, Norway, and Northern America. Fl. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. This is said to be a native in the Northern States, and British America,—but it has very much the appearance of an introduced plant, —and has not yet, so far as I know, acquired a common name. It is only entitled to the notice of the farmer, as being a coarse, Bee worthless intruder in his pasture fields. 2. P. Canaden’sis, L. Villous; stems procumbent and ascending leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; leaflets cuneate- obovate, incisely erate. dentate near the apex; peduncles axillary, solitary, elongated ; petals longer than the calyx ; akenes somewhat rugose. Canapian Porentinia. Cinquefoil. Five-finger. Foot perennial. Stem 2 or 8-12 and 18 inches long, slender, somewhat branched, often several from the same root. Radical leaves on petioles 2-6 or 8 inches long ; stem leaves nearly sessile : leafless half an inch to 1-2 inches long. Peduncles about as long as the leaves. Petals yeliow. Old neglected fields ; borders of woodlands, &c. Canada to Georgia. Fl. April-June. Fr. June - August. Obs. The P. simplex, of authors, is no doubt properly regarded as only a variety of this. Both varieties are rather harmless, though worthless ; and are merely indicative of a poor soil, or a thriftless farmer. Some lands, when kept as pasture fields, seem to have an almost incurable tendency to lose the valuable Grasses, and to become speedily overrun ROSE FAMILY. 123 with Cinquefoil. Lime and manure, however, will work wonders in the worst of soils. 7. FRAGA’RIA, Tournef. SrrRawBerry. [Latin, fragrans, odorous ; in reference to its fragrant fruit.] Calyx, corolla, and stamens, the same as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Akenes numerous, smooth, scattered on the enlarged succulent or pulpy receptacle, or embedded in pits on its surface. Perennial sto- loniferous herbs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets coarsely dentate. Flowers ee cymose on a scape-like peduncle ; sometimes diecious by abor- ion. CSU Sg eae 1. F. ves’ca, L. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves ; calyx of the fruit reflexed ; fruit conical or hemispherical,—the akenes superficial. Earasie Fracaria. English Strawberry. Garden Strawberry. Fy. Le Fraisier. Germ. Die Erdbeerpflanze. Span. Fresera. Whole plant hairy. Root perennial, and the leaves often green through the winter. Stem very short—but several slender prostrate radicating runners, 1-2 feet long, are thrown out from the crown of the root. Leaves mostly radical ; common petioles 3-8 or 9 inches long ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate, plicate, 1-3 or 4 inches long. Cymes 5-12 or 15-flowered, with 2 or 3 foliaceous bracts at base, on peduncles 4 or 5-10 or 12 inches in length. Flowers sometimes abortive. Petals white. Receptacle (commonly regarded as the fruit) red or yellowish white, often long and slender, bearing the akenes super- ficially and rather prominently on the even surface. Gardens ; cultivated ; also indigenous. /#l. April. Hr. May —June. Fic. 83. The Strawberry flower (Fragaria vesca) with numerous stamens and pistils. 84. The fruit which consists of true fruits (akenes, one from each pistil) scattered over the surface of an enlarged and pulpy receptacle. 124 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. Varieties of this and of other species (as F. piatior, Ehrh. and F. CurtEnsis, Ehrh.), and probably hybrids, have been produced by long cultivation ; the list of those kinds that have been found valuable either for size, flavor or productiveness, is a long one, and is yearly increased by the efforts of cultivators to improve on the already established varie- ties. For several years past the so-called “strawberry question,” has occupied a large share of attention from fruit-growers and writers on horticulture,—the question involving the nature of the plant ; whether it was hermaphrodite or dicecious, whether the pistillate varieties changed to staminate, &c. These points have been discussed at great length, and to say the least, with earnestness. The following are the conclusions arrived at by the Horticultural Society vf Cincinnati, and published as the result of a long series of careful examinations. “Wild or cultivated, the strawberry presents, in its varieties, four dis- tinct forms or characters of inflorescence. Ist. Those called pistizlate, from the fact that the stamens are abortive, and rarely to be found without a dissection of the flower. These re- quire extrinsic impregnation. 2d. Those called stamznate, which are perfectly destitute of even the rudiments of pistils, and are necessarily fruitless. 3d. Those called Hermaphrodite or perfect, having both sets of organs, stamens and pistils, apparently well developed. ‘These are not generally good and certain bearers, as we should expect them to be. With few exceptions they bear poorly, owing to some unobserved defect, probably in the pistils. One-tenth of their flowers, generally produce perfect and often very large berries. Ath. A rare class—a sort of subdivision of the preceding—has not only hermaphrodite flowers, but also some on the same truss that are of a pis- tillate character ; and sometimes, in the same plant, a truss will be seen on which all the flowers are pistillate.” Individual plants are frequently to be found, in strawberry beds, in which the flowers are all abortive,—the stamens having the appearance of coarse blighted monstrosities—the pistils abortive—and the recepta- cle failing to enlarge. ‘The Gardeners call these male plants,—and insist that their presence is absolutely indispensable, to insure a crop of fruit. But the flowers in question, are palpably neutral, and nothing more than blights. Although the true fruit of this plant consists of mere dry specks, or bony particles (2. e. the minute akenes), scattered over the surface of the enlarged receptacle,—yet the receptacle itself furnishes a pulpy sub- stitute of the most delicious character. As it is only the receptacle and not the true fruit for which the strawberry is cultivated, the question has been raised, whether this enlargement of the receptacle may not take _ place, without the ovules being fertilized. Mr. G. W. Huntsman, of ¥lushing, L. I., gives in “ Pardee’s Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Strawberry,” (a valuable work for the growers of the fruit), an account of some experiments, which go to show that unless the ovules are impregnated, the receptacle fails to enlarge. He enclosed some ROSE FAMILY. 125 plants of a pistillate kind beneath a glass, to protect them from receiv- ing the pollen from neighboring plants, applying pollen to some blossoms and leaving the majority without this impregnation ; only those to which the pollen was applied perfected fruit. SHaxkspEare has the following allusion to the Aabztat, or associates of the plant, to illustrate a moral sentiment : “The Strawberry grows underneath the Nettle ; And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best, Neighbor’d by fruit of baser quality.’ King Henry V. * 2. F. Virginia’na, Ehrh. Peduncles commonly shorter than the leaves ; calyx of the fruit spreading ; fruit ovoid, nodding,—the akenes imbed- ded in the pitted surface of the receptacle. Vireinian Fracaria. Wild Strawberry. Obs. This native species is usually a smaller plant (perhaps for want of culture), but has a close general resemblance to the. preceding,—and is frequent in old fields and meadows throughout the U. States. Drs. Torrey and Gray remark, that “the deeply pitted fruit affords the only character for this species that can be wholly relied upon ;” and even that, I fear, is not unexceptionable. It is a deep purple, when mature,—and in its wild state, of a more sprightly (sub-acid) flavor than the cultivat- ed sorts. 8. RU’BUS, LZ. Bramste. [Latin, Ruber—or Celtic, Rub—red ; from the color of the fruit, or branches.] Calyzx flattish at base, 5-parted, without bracts at the clefts. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels mostly numerous, capitate on a protuberant spongy receptacle, becoming succulent and drupaceous, cohering and forming a compound berry, either deciduous or persistent. Perennial and and mostly suffrutzcose plants. Stems erect or procumbent, usually bien- nial and armed with prickles. Leaves pinnately or pedately compound, sometimes simple. 2 1. Carpets forming a hemispherical fruit, concave beneath, and decid- uous or falling away from the dry receptacle when ripe, (RASPBERRY.) * Leaves simple. 1. R. odora’tus, L. Stem fruticose, erect, unarmed, hispid with glan- dular hairs; leaves palmately 3 — 5-lobed, unequally serrate; stipules nearly free, deciduous ; corymbs terminal, spreading, glandular-pilose and viscid ; flowers large; sepals with a long acumination. Oporous Rusus. Rose-flowering Raspberry. Root creeping. Stem perennial, 3—5 feet high, branching. Leaves 4-8 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, cordate at base ; petioles 2—4 or 6inches long. Flowers corymbose ; peduncles and sepals clothed with a purplish clammy glandular pubescence. Petals mostly purplish rose-color. Fruit broad, on a large receptacle, of a palish bright red or scarlet when mature—often abortive. Pe sciste woodlands and mountains: Canada to Georgia. Fl. June-July. Fr. July - ugust. ad 126 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. The fruit of this is pleasantly flavored,—but is rarely perfected under cultivation ; and indeed is often abortive in its native localities. I have seen it on the mountains in August, bearing flowers and ripe fruit at the same time. It is rather a troublesome plant, when introduced into yards and gardens,—sending up numerous suckers. The nearly allied BE. Nutkanus, Mocino, the white flowering Raspberry, which has white and smaller flowers, is common along the lakes of the North-west, and is sometimes cultivated. ** Leaves (pinnately or pedately) 3 —5-foliolate. 2. R. Inz’vs, L. Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, not glaucous, hispid at base, and somewhat prickly above; leaves pinnately 3 — 5-folio- late ; leaflets rhomboid-ovate ; flowers in paniculate corymbs ; petals en- tire ; carpels slightly rugose, finely pubescent, not pitted in drying. Ina Rusvs. Antwerp Raspberry. Garden Raspberry. Fy. Framboisier. Germ. Die Himbeerstaude. Span. Frambuéso. Root creeping. Stem 3-5 feet high, branching, mostly hispid when young, especially towards the base—smoothish (or sometimes pubescent) and armed with slender recurved prickles aboye—the hispid bark, below, exfoliating the second year. Lower leaves odd- pinnate by fives, the upper ones by threes ; common petioles 1-3 or 4 inches long ; leaflets 2-4-inches long, acuminate, unequally incised-serrate, smoothish and green above, clothed with a dense white cottony tomentum beneath. Peals white. Carpels incuryed at apex, clothed with a very fine, short, dense pubescence, whitish, amber-colored or purple, when mature. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July. Obs. This species is much cultivated for its favorite fruit. The plant presents some varieties—particularly in the size and complexion of the fruit ; and I am not sure that the following nearly allied native species, which is found on our mountains, is not sometimes seen, and mistaken for it in the gardens. It requires some attention to keep the plant from spreading unduly, in a mellow soil, by means of its rambling roots. 3. R. strigosus, Mr. Stems slightly glaucous, beset with stiff straight bristles (some of them becoming beak-hooked prickles) ; leaflets oblong- ovate ; fruit light red. Srricose Rusus. Wild Red Raspberry. Stem 8-5 feet high, light brown. Lower leaves odd-pinnate by fives, the upper ones ternate ; leaflets about 3 inches long, hoary beneath, the terminal one often cordate at base. Corymbs 4-—6-flowered, axillary and terminal, often aggregated and forming a leafy pani- cle at the top. Hill sides—especially in cleared land. Fl. May. #7. July. Obs. This species is common northward, especially in mountainous regions. It often appears in great profusion where timber lands have been burned over. We have seen it on the clearings in Maine, in the fruiting season, in such abundance as to give an uniform red color to large tracts, and having a delicious flavor not equalled by the cultivated species—if that be really distinct. The fruit is largely collected in Maine for making Raspberry Syrup. If the juice is squeezed from the berries ROSE FAMILY. © 127 and allowed to ferment 12 or 24 hours, according to the temperature, a thick coagulum separates from the dark clear portion, which possesses a much higher flavor than the unfermented juice. If bottled, and the bot- tle filled so as to allow just room for the cork, the juice will keep in a cellar for a year or more. 2 4. BR. occidentalis, L. Stem suffruticose, rather flaccid and leaning or arched, terete, smooth and glaucous, armed with recurved prickles ; leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate; leaflets lance-ovate ; flowers in subum- bellate corymbs ; petals often emarginate ; carpels smoothish, pitted in drying. Western Rusus. Wild or Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. Black Caps. Stem 5-8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched, limber and often arching over so that the summit comes to the ground and takes root, mostly purplish and pruinose or covered with a fine bluish-white powder. Leaflets mostly in threes, 2-4 or 5 inches long, often with a long acumination, and subcordate at base, smoothish above, clothed with a dense glaucous tomentum beneath. Peals white. Fruit dark purple, or nearly black (rarely whitish albogue simillima Graculo!) when mature. Canada to Georgia and Missouri: Borders of woodlands, fence-rows, &c. Fl. May. Fr. July. Obs. The fruit of this is smaller and less esteemed than that of the preceding,—but is nevertheless sweet and agreeable. The plant, however, is generally treated as a weed, on all neat farms. g 2. Carpets forming an ovoid or oblong fruit, persistent on the some- what juicy receptacle (BLACKBERRY). 5. R. Canaden’sis, L. Stem fructicose, procumbent, armed with nume- rous short recurved prickles; leaves mostly 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate- acute, thin ; fruit large, sweet. Canapian Rusus. Dewberry. Running Brier. Stem 4-8 or 10 feet long, slender, trailing, smoothish—often several from the same root running in different directions, and giving out numerous leafy pubescent flowering branches, which are nearly erect, and 2-4 or 6 inches long. Leafles mostly in threes (sometimes pedately in fives), three fourths of an inch to an inch and a half long. Flowers terminal and subterminal on the short branches, few and rather large, somewhat corym- bose by the elongation of the lower axillary pedicels. Corolla white. Fruit oblong, obtuse or often roundish, large (half an inch to near an inch in diameter), black when mature, very succulent and sweet. Rocky sterile soils, old fields, &c. Canada to Virginia. FI. May. Fr. July. Obs. Our Dewberry is a fine fruit, the earliest and the sweetest Black- berry; but it is not the “ Dewberry” of England—which is the R. cesius, L, 'There has been some confusion respecting our plant, among the Botanists; and Prof. Dr Canpo.LiE seems not to have had a clear conception of the species. But there is scarcely a farmer’s boy who is not well acquainted with it, from having often encountered its prickly trailing stems with his naked ankles, while heedlessly traversing the old 128 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. fields where it abounds. On well-managed farms, however, the plant is becoming somewhat rare. 6. R. villo’sus, 47. Stem fructicose, erect, angular, branching, armed with stout curved prickles; young branches and peduncles glandular-villous; leaves 3-foliolate or pe- dately 5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or lance- oblong, villous beneath, the petioles and midribs aculeate; racemes elongated, many- flowered. Vittouvs Rugvs. Blackberry. Common Brier. Bramble. AH. S5 Fr. La Ronce. Germ. Der Brombeerstrauch. Span. Zarza. Foot creeping. Stem 3-6 or 8 feet high, stout, ridged or angular and somewhat fur- rowed. Leaflets 2-3 or 4 inches long, mostly acute. Racemes rather large, sometimes leafy. Petals white. Fruit ovoid-oblong or cylindric—sometimes near an inch long— changing from green to red or purplish, and finally black when mature Old fields, thickets and borders of woods: throughout the United States. #7. May Fr. July — Aug. = Obs. Every one knows the common Brier. The root, both of this and the preceding, being moderately astringent, is a popular remedy for diarrhcea and mild dysentery. The ripe fruit affords a pleasant jam, which is also considered salutary in such cases. Even the knots which are formed on the branches, from the puncture of insects, were formerly carried by credulous simpletons, as a sort of amulet or charm against the tooth-ache! The plant, nevertheless, is often something of a nuisance on our farms, from its tendency to spread and take possession of neglected fields. This plant varies considerably in habit and in hairiess, some forms being nearly prostrate, while others form erect bushes. The size and shape of the fruit varies exceedingly; apparently attaining its greatest perfection near the sea-shore. Latterly, considerable attention has been given to the cultivation of some of the finer varieties of this plant. The kind known as the “ Lawton” or “ New Rochelle Blackberry,” is a splendid fruit, and is now becoming abundant in the markets of our cities. Itis worthy of the attention of every fruit-grower. 7. BR. cuneifo lius, Pursi. Stem subterete ; branches pubescent ; leaves cuneate-obovate, sub-plicate, tomentose beneath ; racemes few-flowered. WEDGE-LEAVED Rusus. Sand Blackberry. Stem 3—5 feet high, branched. Leajlefs mostly ternate, 1-2 inches long, cuneate, and obtuse with a short abrupt acumination ; common petioles haif an inch to an inch in length. Flowers sometimes tinged with red. Fruit oval, about haif an inch long, black when mature, succulent and well flavored. New Jersey and southward. Fic. 85. Fruit of the Blackberry [Rubus villosus], divided to show thai it is made up of numerous small drupes, adhering to the receptacle. ROSE FAMILY. 129 Obs. This species, which is common in dry soils in the Southern States, produces a fruit which is considered superior in flavor to the preceding. 9. RO’SA, Tournef. Rose. [The ancient Latin name.] Calyx urceolate—the tube contracted at the orifice, including the nume- rous distinct ovaries, at length becoming fieshy or baccate ; the segments often foliaceous at apex. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the numerous stamens on the rim of the calyx-tube. Akenes numerous, crustaceous, hispid, included in and attached to the inner surface of the calyx-tube. Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves mostly odd-pinnate ; stipules adnate to the petiole. Fic. 86. The flower of a Rose, divided and exhibiting the numerous pistils inserted within a hollow receptacle. 87. A separate ripened pistil or carpel. 9&8. A carpel opened to show the seed. 6* 130 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. B. seti’gera, Mz. Stems climbing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute ; flowers corymbed ; styles cohering in a column as long as the stamens. Pricxity Rosa. Prairie Rose. Climbing Rose. Stem long and climbing, often growing from 10-20 feet in one season. Petioles glandu- lar. Leaflets acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath. Flowers reddish, nearly inodorous, deep rose color changing to white ; calyx glandular. Fruit globular. Borders of prairies : Ohio, Illinois and southward. July. Obs. This species is often cultivated, and is well adapted to train along walls, palisades, &c. It is the only native climbing rose. 2. R. leviga’ta, Mx. Glabrous; stems armed with strong, often geminate curved prickles; leaves 3- (sometimes 5-) foliolate; leaflets coriaceous ; stipules setaceous, deciduous; flowers solitary, terminal ; tube of calyx ovoid, muricate with long prickly bristles. Smootu Rosa. Cherokee Rose. Stem with long flexile branches 15-20 feet in length. Leaves persistent, often prickly on the midrib below. Flowers very large, white. South Carolina to Louisiana. April. Obs. This evergreen species has long been cultivated at the South as the “‘ Cherokee Rose ;” its origin is not known. It is highly commended as a hedge-plant, by Exurorr. “In our rural economy,” he says, “ this plant will one day become very important. For the purpose of forming hedges, there is perhaps no plant which unites so many advantages.” This Rose, however, will not stand our northern winters. 3. R. Caroli’na, L. Stem smooth, armed with stout recurved stipular prickles ; leaflets mostly 5—7, oblong-oval or elliptic-lanceolate, finely serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath ; flowers corymbose. CaroLtina Rosa. Swamp Rose. Stem 4-6 feet high, with numerous purple branches. Leaflets 1-2 inches long. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs of 3-6 or 7 inacluster. Pefals red or purplish. Fruit (i. e. the fleshy calyx-tube) depressed globose, a little glandular-hispid, dark red and shining when mature. Low swampy grounds and thickets : Northern and Middle States. Fl. June-July. Fr. September. Obs. This is often a troublesome plant in wet meadows and low grounds, forming unsightly thickets with other weeds, if neglected. Another native species, R, lu’cida, E/rh., the Dwarf Wild Rose, is very common; it differs from the preceding in its unequal bristly prickles and 1 —3-flowered peduncles. The Sweet Briar, R. rubiezno’sa, L., well known for its fragrant glandular foliage, is thoroughly natural- ized in many places. The cultivated roses, so justly prized among flowers, are varieties produced by long and careful culture from different species of this genus. An enumeration even of the most common would occupy too much space here. ROSE FAMILY. 131 10. CRATA’GUS, L. Hawruorn. [Greek, Kratos, strength ; in allusion to whe strength or firmness of the wood.] Calyz-tube urceolate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Styles 1—5. Fruit fleshy or somewhat farinaceous, containing 1-5 bony l1-seeded carpels. horny shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, often incised or lobed. Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs. Pe Crus-gal’li, L. Leaves obovate-cuneate or lance-oblong, serrate, coriaceous, smooth and shining, subsessile ; styles 1-3; fruit somewhat pyriform. Cock-spuR Cratzeus. Cockspur Thorn. New Castle Thorn. Stem 10-15 or 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with sharp tapering thorns 2 to near 3 inches in length. Leaves 1-214 inches long, on short petioles. Corymbs termi- nal on short rigid spurs. Petals white. Fruit middling sized, reddish brown when mature. Thickets, fence rows, hedges, &c.: Canada to Florida. Fl. June. Fr. October. Obs. This shrub—of which there are two or three pretty distinct va" rieties—is, in my opinion, the best adapted for hedging, of any of the genus. Properly treated, it makes a durable and effective hedge. But until timber shall become scarce, very few farmers will take the requisite pains to insure a complete hedge, and without such care it is worse than Jabor lost to make such an attempt. In the language of Mr. McManon’s excellent “ American Gardener’s Calendar,” referring to the hedging ex- periments of negligent, slovenly farmers : “ I would advise such to hold fast by the post and rail, and not to lose time in doing more hurt than good.” 2. C. corda’ta, Art. Leaves deltoid-ovate and sub-cordate at base, incised-serrate and somewhat 3-lobed, smooth, on slender and rather long petioles ; styles 5; fruit depressed globose. CorpatE Cratzeus. Washington Thorn. Virginia Thorn. Stem 15 —-20 feet high, much branched, and armed with slender tapering sharp thorns 1 to near 3 inches in length. JZeaves 2-3 inches long, often 3-lobed like a leaf of the Red Maple Corymbs terminating the young slender short branches, Petals white. Styles more or less united. Fruit small, bright reddish purple when mature. Banks of streams: Virginia to Georgia. Fl. June. Fr. October. Obs. This species is the one which has been chiefly cultivated for hedging, in Pennsylvania—where it was introduced, from the vicinity of Washington City, about the commencement of the present century. It makes a handsome hedge, but not a very substantial one ; and, in my opinion, is decidedly inferior to the Cockspur Thorn, for that purpose. J have used it extensively ; but have found it so subject to be broken into gaps, by thoughtless or reckless trespassers, that my hedges have been rather a source of vexation than of satisfaction. 3. C. oryacan’tha, L. Leaves cuneate-obovate, cut-lobed, often trifid ; styles 1— 3; fruit ovoid, small. SHarp-THORNED Crata#cus. Hawthorn. English Thorn. 132 _ WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Stem 6-12 feet high, much branched ; branches rugged, armed with tapering thorns about half an inch in length. eaves an inch to an inch and a haif long, and about as wide as long, variously lobed, often 3-5 lobed, with the terminal lobe trifid. Stipules of the young plant foliaceous, obliquely falcate-reniform. Corymbs terminal on the short branches, many flowered. Style mostly solitary. Fruif about 34 of an inch in diameter, purple when mature. Cultivated and naturalized. Native of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. October. Obs. This, the Hawthorn so often mentioned by English writers, and so interwoven in English poetry, is often used for hedges, and is to some extent naturalized. Like the other species of the genus, it has a marked tendency to “sport” or form varieties, and over thirty varieties are mentioned in the English works on horticulture. Some of them flower very late in the season, others have red flowers, and there are those with pendulous and with erect branches. It is capable of being trained into a neat compact tree, and growing thus, especially the red-flowered va- riety, when filled with its fragrant flowers, is really charming. The ripe fruit or “ haws,” are a favorite food of the birds. == 11. PY’RUS, ZL. Pear anp Appts. [The Latin name for the Pear.] Calyx-tube urceolate ; limb 5-lobed. Styles mostly 5, often united at base. Pome fleshy,—containing 2-5 cartilaginous or nearly membrana- ceous carpels. Seeds 2 in each carpel or cell; testa chartaceous or car- tilaginous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate. Flowers in terminal spreading cymes or corymbs. 1. Leaves simple. * Styles 5, distinct ; fruit not sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. (Pyrus.) 1. P. commu’nis, Z. Leaves lance-ovate, slightly serrate, the upper surface smooth; peduncles corymbose ; fruit turbinate. Common Pyrus. Pear. Pear-tree. Fy. Le Poirier. Germ. Der Birnbaum. Span. El Peral. Stem 15-80 feet high, branching ; branches virgatc, rather erect, forming an oblong or conical top. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles 1-2 inches in length. Pelals white. Fruit of various size (1-2 or 8 inches in diameter), fleshy or succulent, umbilicate at apex, obovoid, tapering to the peduncle, often somewhatecurved or oblique. Cultivated. Native of Europe. FI. May. Fr. August -November. Obs. Many varieties of this luscious fruit have been obtained by long culture,—in which the French seem particularly to excel. ** Styles 5, united at base; fruit sunk in at the base. (Malus.) 2. P. Ma’tus, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate, the upper surface pubescent ; peduncles subumbellate villous; fruit depressed, globose, or oblong. ; AppLE Pyrus. Common Apple. Appletree. Fr. Le Pommier. Germ. Der. Apfelbaum. Span. Manzano. Stem 15 —25 or 30 feet high, branching ; branches mostly spreading and often genicu- late, forming a broad bushy top, Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles an é@nch or more in ROSE FAMILY. 133 length. Petals mostly pale red. Fruit of various size (1-3 or 4 inches in diameter), fleshy, umbilicate at both ends. Cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl.May. Fr. July —November. Obs. The varieties of this valuable fruit are almost innumerable,— and every farmer provides more or less of an orchard; but there is far too little attention paid to the selection of the best. It is really won- derful to observe how many worthless trees are permitted to cumber the ground, which might just as readily, and far better, be occupied by those which bear the choicest fruit. 3. P. corona ria, L. Leaves broad-ovate, rounded or sub-cordate at base, incised-serrate and somewhat angulate-lobed, smoothish ; pedun- cles corymbose ; fruit depressed-globose. Fic. 89. The flower of the Apple (Pyrus Malus), divided and showing the ovaries cohering with the calyx-tube. 90. A section of an Apple, in which the bulk of the fruit (pome) is formed of the fleshy enlarged calyx-tube, surrounding and cohering with the z-seeded papery carpels. 134 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Crown Pyrvus. Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree. Stem 10 -15 feet high, branching ; branches spreading, rugged with short spurs, form- ing a rather bushy top. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles half an inch to an inch and a half in length. lowers large and fragrant ; petals pale rose red. Fruit rather small (about an inch in diameter), umbilicate at both ends, fleshy but firm and hard, smooth, pale greenish yellow and very fragrant when mature—yet extremely acid. ; eoneets of woodlands, road-sides, &c. New York to Louisiana. #l.May. Fr. Sep- ember. Obs. This native apple is now becoming scarce in the older settle- ments of Pennsylvania. In former times the ripe fruit was sought after, by notable housewives, for the purpose of making preserves. @2. Leav:s odd-pinnate; cymes compound ; styles separate ; fruit berry- like, small. (Sorbus.) 4. P. America’na, DC. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smooth ; cymes large, flat ; fruit red. AMERICAN Pyrus. American Mountain Ash. Small tree, 10-25 feet high, sometimes 4-6 inches in diameter, with a smooth bark. Leaves 8-12 inches or more in length ; leaflds 2-3 inches long, pubescent when young, Sie age. Flowers white ; corymbs very compound, 4-10 inches in diameter ; eae woods. New England to Wisconsin. June. Obs. This elegant tree is often seen in cultivation, and is especially conspicuous in the autumn, its large bunches of scarlet berries remain- ing, after the leaves have fallen, even through the winter. It is very nearly related to the European Mountain Ash, (P.aucuparta), which is also much cultivated. Both species are valuable as ornamental trees, whether for the beauty of their foliage or fruit. 12. CYDO’NIA, Tournef. Quince. [The name of a city of Crete,—whence it was obtained.] Calyx-tube subturbinate ; limb 5-lobed,—the lobes sometimes foliaceous. Styles 5. Pome fleshy, containing 5 cartilaginous carpels. Seeds sev- eral in each carpel or cell, covered with mucilaginous pulp. Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate. Flowers large, solitary, or subumbellate. 1. O. vunea’ris, Pers. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, very en- tire, tomentose beneath ; fruit sub-turbinate, tomentose. Common Cyponta. Quince. Quince-tree. Fr. Le Cognassier. Germ. Der Quittenbaum. Span. Membrilléro. Stem 8-12 or 15 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers terminal, solitary. Pedals reddish white. Stamens in a single series. Fruit 2 inches or more in diameter, somewhat obovoid, umbilicate at apex, abruptly tapering or produced at base, yellow when mature. y Cultivated. Native of Southern Europe, FI. May. Fr. September - October. Obs. The fruit of this is chiefly used for making preserves,—for which it is excellent. It is supposed to be the golden apple of the Hes- EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 135 perides, so celebrated in ancient fable; but if the Orange had then been known, it would doubtless have been esteemed a more precious fruit by the “Western Maidens.” The C. Japonica, Pers. (Pyrus Japonica, Willd.) is well known for its beauty as a flowering shrub, in the gar- dens; but the fruit, though remarkably fragrant, is very hard and acerb, and of little value. Orper XXVIJ. CALYCANTHA’CEZ. (Canroiina-aLusPice FaMiIty.) Shrubs with opposite entire leaves without stipules. The sepals and peals similar and inde- finite. Otherwise mostly as in Rosacee. 1. CALYCAN’THUS, L. [Greek, kalyx, a cup,and anthos,a flower ; from the closed cup which contains the pistils.] Sepals numerous, mostly colored like the petals, united below into a cup. Petals similar to the sepals, inserted in several rows on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, just within the petals ; some of them sterile. Pvstils many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face. Fruit like a rose hip, but larger and dry when ripe, enclosing the large akenes. Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, and large, lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic ; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fra- grance of strawberries. Carolina-allspice. Sweet-scented Shrub. Strawberry-bush. Obs. There are several species of this genus cultivated for the fra- grance of their rather unsightly flowers ; they are natives of the southern portion of the United States, but are quite hardy northward. The three species, or, as they are. classed by some, varieties, are distinguished as follows : C. flo’ridus, Z. Leaves oval or roundish, downy beneath. C. leviga’tus, Willd. Leaves oblong, smooth, green on both sides ; flowers smaller. é. glau ‘cus, Willd. Leaves oblong- or lance-ovate, pointed, glaucous or whitened beneath. Orper XXVIII ONAGRA’CEA. (Eventne Priveose Famiry.) Herbs with alternate entire leaves without stipules and axillary flowers with the parts in fours. Tube of the culyx adherent to the 2—4-celled ovary and prolonged above it; its lobes valvate in the bud. Petals valvate in the bud and with the 8 stamens inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube, Pollen grains connected by cobwebby threads. Stile single, slender ; stigma 2—4-lobed or capitate. Pod 4-celled, 4-valved ; placentz in iis axis. Seeds without albumen. An order containing some plants Guct as the eh: which are interesting for their beauty, but none of Agricultural value 136 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. @NOTHE’RA, L. Eventna Primrose. [Greek, Oinos, wine, and Thera, a chase ; application obscure.] Calyx of 4 membranaceous sepals, united below into a long tube ; limb reflexed, and, with a portion of the tube, deciduous. Petals 4. Sta- mens 8, erect or declined. Capsule more or less oblong and quadrangu- lar, 4-valved, many-seeded. 1. CE. Bren’nis, LZ. Stem erect, somewhat branched, pilose and roughish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-dentate; petals inversely heart-shaped ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, subsessile. BrennraL GinotHeRA. Evening Primrose. Night Willow-herb. Root biennial. Stem 2-5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, hairy and usually greenish. Leaves 2-6 inches long, sessile or subsessile. lowers large, in a terminal leafy spike. Calyx colored,—the tube much longer than the ovary. Peals yellow. Ovary oblong ; style rather longer than the corolla ; stigma cruciate, elongated, linear. Capsule ob- scurely 4-sided, an inch to an inch and a half long, smoothish, splitting into 4 sub-linear valves. Fields, fence-rows, &c. throughout the United States. #7. June-September. Fr. August — October. Obs. This coarse plant is entitled to the notice of the farmer, merely in consequence of being a common, rather conspicuous, and worthless weed, in pastures, and on the borders of cultivated fields. A variety, of yet stouter growth, and very large flowers (i. grandiflora, of some authors), is often tolerated in gardens. ‘There is another species (CE. fruticosa, L. of smaller size, with more slender, yet more rigid stems), which is quite common in old fields ; but is scarcely of sufficient impor- tance, even as a weed, to claim a place in this work. Orper XXIX. GROSSULA’CEA. (Currant Fatty.) Small shrubs, often spinose or prickly, with alternate palmately lobed and veined leaves and flowers in racemes or small clusters. Calyzx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes colored. Petals 5, small. Stamens 5. Ovary with 2 parietal placente ; styles more or less united. Jruit a berry, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the flower. Seeds mostly numerous ; embryo minute, in hard albumen. A small Order,—and of little or no interest beyond the genus here noticed. 1. RI’BES, L. GoosEBERRyY AND CuRRANT. [An ancient Arabic name,—of obscure meaning.] Bes> The Generic character the same as that of the Order. * Stems more or less prickly. 1. R. Uva-cris’pa, L. Leaves obtusely 3—5-lobed, somewhat villous beneath and on the petiole; peduncles mostly 1-flowered, bracteate ; sepals reflexed ; ovary and style villous ; berry hairy or smooth. Goose-berry. Fr. Vrai Groseillier. Germ. Die Stachelbeere. Span. Uva espina. Stem 2-3 feet high, diffusely branching. JZcaves 34 of an inch to an inch and a half in CURRANT FAMILY. 47, length, and as wide as long, incisely lobed and dentate ; petioles generally much shorter ~ than the leaves, often margined. Peduncles solitary or in pairs, often bracteate near the middle. Pefals pale greenish-yellow. Berries solitary, pendulous, large, oval, of a greenish amber color when mature. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. April. #r. July. Obs. This species is much cultivated for its fine fruit ; but (in Penn- sylvania, at least) it often fails to perfect the fruit, from some cause not well understood. Judging from specimens which I have seen, it ap- pears to succeed much better in England, and the fruit attains to a much larger size in that country. ** Stems not prickly. 2. R. rubrum, L. Leaves obtusely 3—5-lobed, smooth above, pubes- cent beneath ; racemes pendulous, nearly smooth ; calyx rotate, the seg- ments rounded. Rep Rises. Red Currant. Fr. Groseillier rouge. Germ. Gemeine Johannisbeere. Span. Ribes roja. Stems numerous, slender, sparingly branched, 2-4 feet high. JZeaves 1-2 or 3 inches long, and rather wider than long, unequally incised-dentate ; petioles about as long as the leaves. Racemes produced from lateral buds distinct from the leaves ; bracts ovate. Pe- tals greenish yellow, minute. Berries globose, red (rarely whitish or pearl-color) when mature. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe and the northern regions of America. 1. April. Fr. June-July. Obs. This is so easily cultivated, and is so constantly productive, that it is to be found in almost every garden. The fine acid fruit yields a favorite jelly for the table; and even the green berries are much used by the pastry cook. 3. KR. ni’erum, L. Leaves 3—5-lobed, sprinkled with yellow resinous dots beneath ; racemes loose, pilose ; calyx tubular-campanulate. Buack Rises. Black Currant. Fr. Cassis. Germ. Schwarze Johannisbeere. Span. Ribes negra. Stems numerous, slender, 3—5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, dentate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petioles shorter than the leaves. Racemes somewhat pendulous, generally with a distinct single-flowered peduncle at base : bracts subulate. Petals pale yellowish green (sometimes changed into stamens or staminodia) . Berries roundish-oyoid, purplish black when mature. _ Gardens: cultivated. Native of Northern Europe. FI. April. Fr. June-July. Obs. This is sometimes found in gardens; but the fruit being of a rather insipid or flat sweetish taste, it is not much esteemed. It how- ever affords a jelly which is a popular and useful remedy for sore throat, colds, &c. There are numerous other species of this genus ; but, so far as I know, the foregoing are all that are cultivated (and perhaps all that are worth cultivating) for the sake of the fruit. There are two species cultivated as flowering shrubs, one indigenous along the great rivers of the West, and the other a native of California. 138 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. OrpER XXX. CUCURBITA’CEA. (Gourp Famity.) Herbaceous mostly succulent vines with tendrils, alternate palmately veined or lobed leaves and monececious or dicecious (often monopetalous) flowers. Calyx of 4—5 (rarely €) sepals, united into a tube, and in the fertile flowers adherent to the ovary. Petals as many as the sepals, more or less united, and cohering with the calyx. Stamens 3-5 in- serted into the base of the corolla or calyx, distinct or variously united by their filaments and long, mostly tortuous, anthers. Ovary 1-8-celled,—the thick fleshy placenie often filling the cells ; stigmas thick, dilated or fringed. Fruit (Pepo) usually fleshy, with a firm | (sometimes a ligneous and occasionally a membranous) rind. Seeds fiat, destitute cf albumen ; cotyledons -foliaceous. This Order—so well known for its culinary products—contains some which are pos- sessed of active medicinal properties (such as the Colocynth, of the shops—Cucumis Colocyn- this, L.) ; but few, if any, of Agricultural interest, beyond those here mentioned. * Petals connected at the base only. 1. LAGENA’RIA, Ser. Gourp. [Greek, Lagenos, a flagon or bottle ; from the shape of the fruit.} Calyx campanulate or subturbinate, iaatherl —the segments subulate- lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Petals 5 obovate, inserted within and beneath the margin of the calyx. Stamens , triadelphous, the fifth one free. Stigmas 3, subsessile, thick, 2-lobed, granular. Fruit at first fleshy and pubescent, finally with a smooth ligneous rind. Seeds com- pressed, obovate, somewhat 2-lobed at apex, the margin tumid. 1. L. vetea’rts, Ser. Softly pubescent ; stem climbing; leaves round- ish-cordate, acuminate, denticulate, with two glands at base; fruit cla- vate-ventricose. Common Lacenarta. Calabash. Bottle Gourd. Fr. Calebasse. Germ. Der Kuerbiss. Span. Calabaza. Whole plant somewhat viscid, and emitting a fetid musky odor. Sfem 10-15 or 20 feet long, slender, branching, climbing by fendrils which are 2—4-cleft. Zeaves 4-6 or 8 in- ches long ; pefioles 2-6 inches long Flowers axillary, on long peduncles ; corolla white, with green nerves and veins. Fruit 12-18 inches long, and 4-6 or $ inches in diameter, unequally bi-ventricose, finally nearly hollow or partially filled with the loose dry sube- rose placente,—the rind yellowish or pale brown, thin and hard. Seeds in a dry mem- branous arillus. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Native of the tropicalregions. Fl. July—August. #7. September — October Obs. The thin firm woody shell of the fruit affords a very convenient kitchen utensil_—and the plant is sometimes cultivated for the sake of that fruit, by cottagers and farmers who cannot afford, or do not choose to purchase more costly utensils. There is cultivated occasionally, for the table, a cucurbitaceous fruit of extraordinary length, called “ Vegetable Marrow,’—which seems to belong to this species, and perhaps may be the var. clavata of Seringe. CU’CUMIS, L. Cucumper anp MELon. [Said to be derived from the Celtic, Cucc, a hollow vessel.] Ca/yzx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed,—the teeth subulate, scarcely as long as the tube. Petals 5, nearly distinct and but slightly adnate to GOURD FAMILY. é 139 the calyx. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Stigmas 3, subsessile, thick, 2- lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds white, lance-oblong, compressed, acute at base and on the margin. . 1. C. Mz’to, L. Stem prostrate ; leaves subcordate, obtuse, somewhat angled, the angles rounded ; fertile flowers perfect ; fruit oval or subglo- bose, torulose. Meton Cucumis. Musk-melon. Cantaloupe. Fr. Melon. Germ. Die Melone. Span. Melon almizcleno. Hirsute and roughish. Root annual. Stem 5-8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched ; tendrils simple. Leaves 3-4 inches long, and rather wider than long ; petioles 2-3 inches in length. Flowersaxillary, on short peduncles. Corolla yellow. Fruit 4-6 or 8 inches in diameter, often longitudinally ridged (torulose),—the flesh, when mature, yellowish, succulent, and of a saccharine spicy flavor. s Gardens and lots: cultivated. Native of Asia. F/I. June-July. #7. August. Obs. The fruit of this—of which there are several varieties—is a great favorite with many persons,——and it is often cultivated at the North ; but the best specimens are grown in the warm sandy soil of New Jersey, and the Southern States. IH 2. C. satr’vus, L. Stem procumbent ; leaves subcordate and angulate- lobed, the terminal lobe prominent ; fruit oblong, obscurely and obtusely trigonous, scabrous when young, finally smoothish. CuLtivaTteD Cucumis. Cucumber. Fr. Le Concombre. Germ. Die Gurke. Span. Pepino. Rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem 6-12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching ; tendrils simple. Leaves 3-5 or 6 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, somewhat 5-angled and lobed ; petioles 2-4 inches in length. Flowers axillary, on short peduncles ; corolla yellow. Fruit 6-12 inches long and 2—3 inches in diameter, rough with bristle- pointed tubercles when young, smoothish and tawny yellow when mature. Gardens and lots : cultivated. Native of Tartary and the East. #l. June—September. Fr. August — October. Fig. 91. A staminate flower of the Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). 92. A fertile flower of the same. 93. Apistil. 94. The stamens, showing the contorted anthers. 140 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. Known to every one,—and universally cultivated for the young or green fruit. The young fruit (sometimes called Gherkins) is much used for Pickles. In the Middle Siates, the popular time for planting the seeds is “ the first day of May, before sunrise.’ 3. C. Ancu’ri4, L. “Stem prostrate, slender ; leaves palmate-lobed and sinuate, cordate at base ; fruit sub-globose or oval, echinate. Prickly Cucumber. Jerusalem Cucumber. Hirsute. Roof annual. Stem 3-6 feet long, branching ; tendrils simple. Leaves 3-4 inches in length, deeply sinuate-lobed ; petioles 1-2 inches long. Flowers greenish yel- low, on short axillary peduncles. #rutt usually about an inch and a half long, oval, muri- cate, green. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Jamaica. FJ. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. Qecasionally cultivated for the young fruit,—which is used for Pickles. 3. CITRUL’LUS, Neck. Water-MeEton. [From Citrus, an Orange ; the pulp being mostly Orange red.] Calyx deeply 5-cleft,—the segments linear-lanceolate. Petals 5, connect- ed at base, adnate to the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, triadelphous. Style cylindric, trifid ; stigmas convex, reniform-cordate. Fruit sub-globose, fleshy, the placente mostly very succulent. Seeds numerous, colored, obovate-oblong, compressed truncate at base and obtuse on the margin. 1. C. vuiea’Ris, Schrad. Stem prostrate, rather slender ; leaves some- what 5-lobed, the lobes obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, bluish glaucous beneath ; flowers solitary, pedunculate, with a single bract ; fruit glo- bose or oval, very smooth, stellate-maculate. Common Citrutuus. Water-melon. Fr. Melon d’eau. Germ. Die Wasser Melone. Span. Sandia. Plant hairy. Roof annual. Stem 8-12 or 15 feet long, angular, somewhat branching , tendrils branched. Leaves 3-5 or 6 inches long, ovate in their outline ; peftoles2—3 inches long, generally erect. Flowers axillary, on hairy peduncles an inch or more in length. Corolla pale greenish yellow. Fruit 10-20 inches long, globose or oval, with a firm fleshy rind, and, when mature, with a tender sweet watery pulp within, which is usually purple or reddish orange-colored (sometimes nearly white). Seeds black or purplish brown. Gardens and fields : cultivated. Native of India and Africa. Fl. June-August. #7. August — September. " Obs. This plant—so well known for its delicious fruit—is extensively cultivated,—but succeeds best in the sandy soils along the Atlantic coast, or on the alluvial banks of our Western waters. ‘There is a nearly allied plant, often seen in gardens, which bears a considerably different fruit—known by the name of “ Citron,” the firm rind of which is used in making “ Sweet meats” or Preserves. The flesh is very firm, and the centre does not become red, tender nor watery, like the common Water-melon: yet the whole aspect of the plant, and external appear- ance of the fruit, so closely resemble this species, that I suppose it may be nothing more than a variety: perhaps the var. Pasteca, Ser. GOURD FAMILY. 141 4. SI’CYOS, L. ONkE-sEEDED STAR-CUCUMBER. [The ancient Greek name for the Cucumber.] Petals 5, united below into a bell- shaped or flattish corolla. Stamens 5, all cohering. Ovary 1-celled ; style slender; stigmas 3. Frurt ovate, compressed, dry and membranaceous, _ filled by a single seed, beset with barbed prickles. Climbing annuals, resembling the common Cucumber vine: fruzt in capitate clusters. 1 S. angula tus, L. Leaves cor- date at base, angulate 5-lobed ; fruit prickly and villous in small, dense, pedunculate clusters. ANGULATE Sicyos. One-seeded star- cucumber. Viscid pubescent. Stem 15 — 20 feet long, slen- der, branching ; tendrils somewhat umbellately branched. Leaves 3—5 or 6 inches long, and about as wide as long ; petioles2-3 inches in length. Flowers greenish-white, clustered on axillary common peduncles 1-5 inches in length, the staminate ones corymbose capitate with the peduncle longer ; the pistillate ones in dense capitate clusters. Fruit compressed, ovate in stellately-globose heads, which are about an inch in diameter, and armed with slender tawny spines. River banks. July —Sept. Obs. This cucumber-like Vine has found its way into gardens where it is a nuisance rather difficult to get rid of. It is, according to Dr. Short, a great pest in the rich corn- fields of Kentucky, “springing up after the crop ‘is laid by’ and so ex- tending from one corn-stalk to another as to make it extremely difficult to pass through the field.” The Balsam Apple (Momorpica Batsam- Ina, L.), the red fruit of which, made into a tincture, was formerly used as an application to wounds, belongs to this section and is some- times cultivated in gardens. zs ** Petals united with each other and with the calyx. Fic. 95. The one-seeded Star-cucumber (Sicyos angulatus). 142 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 5. CUCUR’BITA, L. SaquasH anp PUMPKIN. [The Latinized Celtic name for a Gourd or hollow vessel.] Calyz-tube ovoid club-shaped ; limb circumcissed and deciduous. Corolla dell-shaped. Fruct fleshy or finally hard and somewhat woody. Seeds white, obovate, convexly compressed, the margin scarcely tumid. 'Trail- ing annuals with subcordate leaves, branching tendrils and yellow axillary subsolitary flowers. * Fruit always fleshy. 1. C. Pr’po, L. Leaves obtusely cordate, somewhat o-lobed ; fruit subglobose oblong or clavate, smooth, always fleshy. Pumpkin. Fy. La grosse Citrouille. Potiron. Rough and hispid. Roof annual. Stem 10-20 or 30 feet long, sparingly branched ; tendrils branched. Leaves 9-15 or 18 inches in length ; petioles 3-6 or 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, large, axillary,—the staminate ones often solitary on a long peduncle. Fruit of various forms, sizes and colors,—the flesh of the rind usually yellow, the cavity loosely filled with a yellow stringy pulp. Fields and lots: cultivated (usually with Indian Corn, in Pennsylvania). Native of the East. Fl. July. Fr. October. Obs. Extensively cultivated for its fruit,—of which there are many varieties ; some of them attaining to an enormous size (2 feet or more in diameter),—but these are not so valuable. The better sorts are often used at table——affording the celebrated Pumpkin Pie of New _ England; and the coarser varieties are esteemed for feeding stock. When growing in the immediate vicinity of Squashes, the fruit of this species is liable to be converted into a Hyorid, of little or no value. I have had a crop of Pampkins totally spoiled, by inadvertently planting Squashes among them,—the fruit becoming very hard and warty—unfit for the table, and unsafe to give to cattle. ** Fruit finally becoming sublignecus. 2. ©. Mr’norepo, L. Leaves subcordate, somewhat 5-angled ; fruit mostly orbicular and much depressed, with the margin often tumid and torulose, at first fleshy, finally subligneous. Round Squash. Cymling. Fr. Bonnet de Prétre. Pastisson. Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 8-12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching ; tendrils branched,—sometimes transformed or developed into imperfect leaves. Leaves 6-8 inches long ; petioles as long as the leaves. Flowers yellow, rather large, pedunculate. Fruit of various colors (mostly yellow, pale green, or mottled), smooth or sometimes warty,—the rind finally hard and woody, containing a loose stringy pulp. Fields and gardens : cultivated. Native country uncertain. FI. July. Fr. October. Obs. Cultivated for the young fruit—which is generally esteemed, as a vegetable sauce. There are numerous varieties of the fruit—and of various qualities. There is also a kind of stunted variety of. the plant, with a short bushy stem, which is often a prolific bearer. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 143 3. C. verruco’sa, L. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the middle lobe narrowed at base ; fruit elliptic-oblong, or clavate and ofien arcuate, verrucose. Warrty Cucurpira. Warted Squash. Long-necked Squash. Hirsute. Root annual. Stem 10-15 feet long, somewhat branching ; tendrils branched. Leaves 8-10 inches long ; petioles nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers yellow, rather large. Fruit varying from oblong to oboyoid and clavate, often much elongated and curyed, rough with warts or obtuse tubercles,and of various colors, or shades, from yel- low to green and white, finally hard and subligneous or bony. Lots and gardens; cultivated. Native country unknown. Fl. July. Fr. October. Obs. Cultivated as the preceding (to which it is nearly allied)—and for the same purposes. Both species are apt to produce worthless Hy- brids among Pumpkins, when growing near them ; and therefore should neyer be planted in their immediate vicinity. Orper XXXJI. SAXIFRAGA’CEA. (Saxirrace Famtzy.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate leaves, and various, often cymose inflorescence. Sepals 4-5, persistent, more or less connected with each other, and often more or less adherent to the ovary. Petals as many as the sepals,—rarely want- ing. Stamens as many—or more commonly twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them into the throat of the calyx. Ovaries mostly 2, cohering at base and dis- tinct at summit. #ruitcapsular. Seeds numerous ; embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. An unimportant Order to the Agriculturist,—though some species of Hydrangea and Philadelphus are admired, and cultivated as Ornamental Shrubs. 1. SAXI’FRAGA, LZ. Saxirrace. [Latin, Saxum, a rock, and frangere, to break ; the plant often growing in clefts of rocks.] Calyx 5-parted, often adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, entire. Stamens mostly 10 (rarely 5). Capsule usually 2-beaked,—or rather consisting of 2 acuminate connate carpels, opening between the diverg- ing beaks. Radical leaves usually rosulate ; cauline ones mostly alter- nate. 1.8. Pennsytvan’ica, L. Leaves all radical, oblanceolate or oval, rath- er acute, obsoletely denticulate, tapering at base to a broad margined petiole ; scape leafless, striate, pubescent ; cymes in an oblong panicle ; flowers pedicellate ; petals linear-lanceolate, scarcely twice as long as the calyx ; ovary nearly free. PENNSYLVANIA SAXIFRAGE. Tall Saxifrage. Root perennial, with coarse fibres. Leaves 4-6 or 8 inches long, thin and smoothish, somewhat ciliate. Scape 2-3 (occasionally 4-5) feet high, rather stout, sulcate-striate. Cymes at first in conglomerate heads—finally rather loose, in an oblong open panicle 12-18 inches in length,—the branches glandular-pubescent and somewhat viscid. Petals greenish yellow, small. Stamens persistent ; anthers orange-colored with a tinge of pur- ple. Seeds angular, dark brown. Swampy meadows and low ground : Canada to Virginia and Ohio. FI. May. Fr. July. Obs. There are numerous species of Saxifrage on this continent, (a white-flowered one,—viz.: §, Virginiensis, Mz. is very common on rocky banks, in the woodlands of the middle States) : but this is the only 144 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. one which, by its size, and frequent occurrence in wet meadows, is likely to attract the notice of the farmer. It is a mere weed, but not difficult to get rid of, by draining and proper attention. The Heuchera Ameri- cana, L., or Alum-root—a plant belonging to this order, is frequent along fence-rows and borders of rich woodlands,—and its astringent root has been of some notoriety as an Indian remedy for cancerous sores : but it is scarcely of sufficient prominence, on the farm, to command the attention of the Agriculturist. Orper XXXII. HAMAMELA’CEAL. (Wircn-wazeL Famiy.) Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves, deciduous stipules and polygamous or mo- neecious flowers in heads or spikes. Calyx cohering with the base of the ovary. Pistils 2, united below. ruit a 2-beaked 2-celled woody pod, opening at the summit with one or two bony seeds in each cell; embryo large in a sparing albumen ; petals sometimes wanting. ‘ * Flowers with calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. 1. HAMAME’LIS, L. Wircew-azen. (Greek, Hama, like to, and Melis, an apple tree ; application not obvious. ] Flowers in little axillary clusters, with an involucre of 3 scale-like leaf- lets; calyx 4-parted, with 2 — 3 bractlets at base.- Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals having anthers, the others imperfect and scale-like. Capsule opening loculicid- ally from the top; the outer coat separating from the inner, which en- closes the large and bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. 1, H. Virgin’ica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, sinuate-dentate, sub- cordate at base, stellately pubescent. Viraintan Hamametis. Witch-hazel. Stem 6-12 feet high, with straggling flexuose branches. Leaves 2-6 inches long ; petioles about half an inch in length. Flowers greenish-yellow, clustered in threes, on a common peduncle near half an inch long ; petals narrow, linear, a little crisped, about 3% of an inch in length. Seeds black and shining. Damp woods. Fl. October, the fruit perfecting in the September following. Obs. This shrub is worthy of cultivation by the curious, on account of the singular lateness of its flowers, which appear at the time when most trees are shedding their leaves. The flowers are often seen as late as November, when the leaves have all fallen. It is said to grow readily in a moist situation. The twigs of the Witch-hazel were used in the days of superstition and witchcraft as divining rods, to indicate the position of hidden springs of water or deposits of precious ores,—a belief in their efficacy is not even now wholly extinct. 3 ** Flowers naked, with barely the rudiments of a calyx, and no corolla, crowded in catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many mm each cell. ae PARSLEY FAMILY. 145 2. LIQUIDAM’BAR, L. (Sweer-cum.) [Name compounded from Latin, Liquidus, fluid, and Arabic, Ambar, amber ; in allusion to a fragrant liquid that sometimes exudes from the tree.] Flowers usually moncecious, in globular heads or catkins ; sterze flowers in conical clusters, naked ; stamens numerous, intermixed with minute scales. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled, 2-beaked ovaries, sub- tended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical head ; the pods opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed- coat. Catkins racemed, nodding in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved decid- uous involucre. 1, L, styraci’flua, L. Leaves rounded, deeply 5 - 7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. Sweet Gum. Bilsted. A large tree, 60-70 feet high and 2 or more feet in diameter ; the corky layer of the bark often developed in ridges on the smaller branches. Leaves 3-5 inches in diameter, so deeply lobed as to appear star-shaped, fragrant when bruised. Fruzta globose prickly head, an inch or more in diameter. Woods. Connecticut, southward. Fl. April. #r. September. Obs. One of our finest forest trees, and deserving of more attention than it has yet received. It is especially conspicuous in autumn, when its beautiful star-shaped leaves assume a deep crimson color. The wood is fine-grained but warps readily, and soon decays when exposed to mois- ture. The balsamic liquid, from which the tree receives both its gene- ric and specific names, does not seem to be developed at the north. It has been obtained from trees growing in the warm parts of the Union : it is an aromatic liquid, having the consistence of honey, and has the stimulant qualities of the Storax of the shops. % Orper XXXII. UMBELLIF’ER. (Parstey Famity.) Herbs with usually hollow and furrowed stems, alternate, generally much dissected leaves with petioles more or less dilated and sheathing at base, and flowers in usually ivolucrate umbels. Calyx entirely adherent to the ovary, the limb obsolete or merely a toothed bor- der. Stamens and petals 5, inserted, alternately in the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles ; petals mostly with an inflexed point. Jrwit of 2 seed- like dry carpels (mericarps), cohering by their inner face, marked with 5 primary ribs and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; the spaces between the ribs often con- taining receptacles of aromatic oil (oil-tubes). Seeds solitary, suspended ; embryo minute, in the apex of copious horny albumen. The plants of this family can only be satisfactorily studied with the full-grown fruit. The number of oil-tubes is best seen by making a slice across the fruit and examining it with a magnifier. This large and important Order comprises about 200 genera,—and is remarkable for the aromatic and generally harmless character of the fruit—while the herbage (including root, stem and leaves), is often highly deleterious. The species best known on the farm, and in the kitchen-garden, are here noticed. Some medicinal gums are furnished by this Order, such as Asafcetida, Galbanum and Ammoniac. 146 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Inner face of the seeds flat (not hollowed out), where the two halves of the fruit join. ‘ Fruit with long prickles. Umbel becoming concave. 1. Daucus. Fruit not prickly but winged on the margin. Flowers yellow. All alike. 2. PASTINACA. Flowers white, the outer corollas larger. 3. HERACLEUM. Flowers white, all alike ; leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. 4, ARCHEMORA. Fruit neither prickly nor winged on the margin. Flowers yellow ; leaflets long and narrow. 5 Flowers white. ; Umbels usually without involucre or involucels. Divisions of the leaves very slender. 6. CARUM. Divisions or leaflets wedge-shaped. 7. APIUM. Divisions or leaflets ovate or lanceolate. 8. AEGOPODIUM. 9 0 iL . FOENICULUM. Umbels with 3-leaved involucels but no involucre. . ASTHUSA. Umbels with both involucre and involucels. Leaves decompound, finely divided. 10. PETROSELINUM Leaves 2-3 times compound ; leaflets coarse. alah Inner face of the seed grooved or hollowed out down the whole length of the inner face. : CICUTA. Leaves finely cut, with an unpleasant odor. 12. Conium. Inner face of the seed curved in at the top and bottom. Flowers white. 138. CoRIANDRUM. 1. DAU’CUS, Tournef. Carrot. [Daukos, the ancient Greek name of the Carrot. ] Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid oblong, somewhat dorsally compressed. Carpels with the 5 primary ribs slender and minutely bristly, the 4 secondary ribs equal, prominently winged, and each pectinately cleft into a single row of prickles with an od tube under each of them. Involucre many-leaved ; leaflets pinnatifid. Involucels many- leaved ; leaflets trifid or entire. Biennzals with leaves bi- or tri-pinnately dissected. 1. D. Caro’ta, L. Stem hispid ; leaves 2—3-pinnatifid ; segments pin- natifid, the lobes lanceolate and cuspidate; leaflets of the involucre nearly as long as the umbel; prickles about equal to the diameter of the oblong-oval fruit. Carrot Daucus. Carrot. Wild Carrot. Fr, Carotte. Germ. Die Moehre. Span. Zanahoria.. Plant greyish-green, hispidly pilose. Root fusiform, yellowish or orange-colored. Stem 2-8 or 4 feet high, rather slender, terete, sulcate-striate, branching. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid ; segments half an inch to an inch long, much incised. Umbels on long peduncles or naked branches, nearly level on the top when in flower—concave when in fruit. Petals white or ochroleucous—occasionally with a purplish tinge—the central floret of the umbel often abortive, with fleshy dark purple petals. #Fruié very hispid, the prickles on the secondary ribs somewhat barbed. Gardens, fields and road-sides : introduced. Native of Europe and the East. Fl. July - Sept. #r. Sept. -— October. Obs. The var. sativa, DC., or common Garden Carrot—with a large fieshy yellow or reddish orange-colored root—is much cultivated as a culinary vegetable, for soups, &c. In Hurope, it is highly esteemed as a food for Milch Cows, and other stock, during winter; but in this country, the root culture, for such objects, is but little attended to, probably less than it ought to be. The wild variety is extensively natu- Sa bil PARSLEY FAMILY, 147 ralized, and threatens to become a troublesome pest, on our farms. When it gets on the premises of a careless slovenly farmer, it soon mul- tiplies so as to become a source of annoyance to the whole neighborhood. It should be diligently eradicated before it matures its seeds. 2. PASTINA’CA, Tournef. Parsnip. [Latin, Pastus, food ; from the use made of the root.] Calyz-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flatly compressed, with a dilated flat margin. Carpels ribbed as in Heracleum. Ov/-tubes one in each channel between the ribs, and two on the inner face of the carpel, as long as the carpels. Involucre and involucels 0, or few-leaved. Stem sulcate, smooth. Leaves pinnately dissected ; the /eaflets incised-dentate or lobed. 1. P. sarr’va, L. Leaflets in 3—4 pairs with a terminal odd one, ovate- oblong, rather obtuse, incised-dentate, sessile ; the terminal one 3-lobed and petiolulate. CuLTIvATED Pastinaca. Parsnip. Garden Parsnip. Fr. Panais potager. Germ. Die Pastinake. Span. Chirivia. Plant yellowish-green. Root biennial, fusiform, large and fleshy. Stem 3-5 feet high, rather stout, furrowed and fistular, somewhat branching. Leaflets 2-4 inches long—the primary leaves of the young plant orbicular-cordate and incisely crenate. Umbels nearly level on the top. Pedals yellow, small, with the apex incurved or rolled in. Fruit thin or very flatly compressed on the back. Ribs filiform ; channels greenish-yellow ; cil-tubes dark purple, generally linear, sometimes a little clavate. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. fl. June-August. #7. August —October. Obs. Generally cultivated for its fine esculent root, which, in the best varieties (such as that called the “ Guernsey Parsnip”), is remarkably rich and marrow-like. The plant produces many seeds, and is apt to Fic. 96. An umbel of the Carrot [Daucus Carota]. 97. An enlarged fruit. 98. The same divided, showing an oil-tube under each of the prickly secondary ribs. 148 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. stray from the garden into the fields, where it speedily degenerates, and, if neglected, becomes a troublesome unsightly weed. 3. HERACLE’UM, L. Cow-parsnip. [Dedicated to Hercules. ] Fruit broadly winged-margined ; carpels slenderly 5-ribbed, the lateral ones close to the margin ; oz/-tubes shorter than the carpels. Stout peren- nials ; leaves large, ternately dissected ; petioles broad and sheathing ; umbels flat, large, the outer flowers commonly larger and appearing 2-cleft ; mvolucre few-leaved, deciduous ; znvolucels many-leaved. H. lana’tum, Mz. Woolly; stem sulcate; segments of the leaves broad, palmate-lobed, subcordate at base. Wootty Heractevm. Cow-parsnip. Masterwort. Stem 4-8 feet high, branched above. Segments of the leaves 4-10 or 12 inches in length and as wide as long, the middle one often 3-lobed ; petioles 1-4 inches long. Umbels some- times a foot or more in breadth, the rays 2—6 inches long. Jnvolucels of 5-8 leaves, which are lanceolate, witha long slender point. Flowers white. Rich low grounds. More common northward. May-July. Obs. This very conspicuous strong-scented plant is sometimes used in medicine. The seeds are aromatic. The root is very acrid when fresh, and produces blisters when applied to the skin. Much of its acridity is lost by drying, and in this state it is used as a stimulant. The plant has a doubtful reputation, and should be used with caution. 4, ARCHEM’ORA, DC. Cow-Bane. [Named from Archemorus,—who, it is said, died from eating Parsley.] Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit elliptic-ovate, convex or lenticularly compressed. Carpels with 5 equidistant obtuse ribs, the lateral ones dilated into a flattish thin-edged margin. Ovzl-tubes one in each channel, and 4—6 on the inner face. Involucre 0 or few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. Stem Fie. 99. Fruit of the Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum,) in which the oil-tebes do nof fill the whole length of the channels. 100. The same cut across, both enlarged. PARSLEY FAMILY. 149 terete, striate. Leaves pinnately or ternately dissected, the rather rigid leaflets entire or sparingly toothed near the apex. 1. A. rig’ida, DC. Leaflets 3—9, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, very entire or remotely incised-dentate near the apex ; umbels terminal and subter- minal, on long peduncles. Ricip or stirF ArcHEMorA. Cow-bane. Wild Parsnip. Whole plant smooth. Root perennial. Stem 2—4 or 5 feet high, rather slender, sparingly branched above. Leaves all simply pseudo-pinnate ; common petioles 1-5 or 6 inches long, channeled and somewhat margined ; leafies or segments 2-3 or 4 inches long—varying from linear to ovate-lanceolate and cuneate-oblong, often a little falcate. Umbels about 3, on rather long sulcate-striate peduncles. Involucre 0,or sometimes of 2-38 lance-linear leaflets. Invoe lucels of 6-8 subulate-linear leaflets. Petals white. Channels filled to convexity by the dark purple ozl-tubes. Inner face of the carpels a little concave, lined with a white corky coat. Swampy meadows and low grounds : New York to Louisiana. FJ. August. Fr. Oct. Obs. This is reputed to be an active poison, particularly to horned cattle, when eaten by them; and therefore every farmer is interested in knowing the plant, and causing it to be eradicated from his meadows and pastures. It varies somewhat in its features; but the above is a description of its usual form, in Pennsylvania. 5. F(NIC’ULUM, Adans. Fernnet. [Latin, diminutive of Fenum, hay ; from a resemblance in its odor.] Fruit elliptic-oblong, subterete. Carpels with 5 obtuse keeled ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal, and often a little broader. Channels with single od-tubes. Involucre and involuce!s 0. Biennial or perennial. Stems terete, striate. Leaves decompound, pinnately dissected, the seg- ments linear. lowers yellow. 1. F. voiea’re, Gaertn. Segments of the leaves subulate-linear, elon- gated ; umbels many-rayed. Common Fenicutum. Fennel. Garden Fennel. Fr. Fenouil. Germ. Der Fenchel. Span. Hinojo. Plant smooth. Root perennial? (biennial, DC.). Stem 4-5 or 6 feet high, branching, striate-grooved, purplish-green and somewhat glaucous ; leaves large, finely and somewhat biternately dissected ; segments an inch to an inch anda half long, almost filiform, the sub- divisions often dichotomous : common petioles much dilated, sheathing, produced into 2 mar- ginal lobes at summit. Umbels of 15-20 or 30 unequal rays. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe.. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. The whole plant is highly aromatic. Those who kept Bees, in former years, were much in the practice, when those insects swarmed, of rubbing the inside of the bee-hive with this fragrant herb, under the impression that the odor would attach them to their new domicil. It is chiefly cultivated for its aromatic fruit, which is occasionally used in domestic economy ; and is sometimes smoked, like tobacco, as a popular _ remedy for cholic. Those who have read the charming pictures of early New England life, in “Goodrich’s Recollections of a Lifetime,” will recollect the mention of the custom of the old ladies to carry to church 150 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. with them sprigs of fennel to keep them awake during the long sermon, a practice which is not entirely obsolete. In the more primitive portions of the country, the patch of fennel may still be seen growing, and the sanctuary is still redolent of its odors. * 6. CA’RUM, Koch. Caraway. [Said to be derived from Caria—the native country of the plant. Fruit ovate or oblong. Carpels with 5 filiform equal ribs. Channels with single o7-tubes. Involucre and involucels mostly wanting. Stems striate, smooth. Leaves pinnately dissected ; segments multifid. Flow- ers white. 1. C. Ca’rur, L. Leaves somewhat bipinnatifid, the segments linear ; involucre 1-leaved or 0 ; involucels 0. Cartan Carum. Common Caraway. Fr. Carvi. Germ. Gemeiner Kuemme:. Span. Alcaravéa. Root biennial? (perennial, DC), fusiform. Stem about 2 feet high, branched. Radical leaves rather large ; stem leaves multifid, the segments filiform. Peials white. Fruzt oblong or elliptic, often oblique at apex. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. This is sometimes cultivated for its highly aromatic fruit,—which is used to impart a flavor to cakes, and other articles of cookery. 7. A’PIUM, ZL. Crvery. [From the Celtic, Apon, water ; near which it naturally grows.] Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 Aliforn equal ribs. Channels with sin- gle ovl-tubes, the outer ones often with 2—3. Involucre and znvolucels 0. Stems sulcate. Leaves pinnately dissected, with wedge-shaped divisions. 1. A. GRave’ouens, L. var. dulce. Lower leaves on very long petioles ; segments cuneate, lobed. STRONG-SCENTED APpiIuM. CELERY. Fy. Celéri. Germ. Der Celeri. Span. Apio hortense. Whole plant glabrous. Root biennial, fusiform. Stem 2-8 feet high, branching. Radical leaves on stout succulent channeled petioles, 6-12 inches or more in length, and which are green, or often purplish, when not artificially blanched ; stem leaves on short petioles Umbels terminal and axillary the axillary ones often subsessile ; ays unequal, spreading. Pedals greenish-white. Fruit nearly orbicular. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. This is much cultivated for the sake of the succulent spicy petioles of the radical leaves,—which are used as a salad: but in order to be rendered palatable—or even eatable—they require to be blanched or etiolated by the exclusion of light,—which is usually effected by planting in trenches and covering them with earth. The var. rapaceum, DC., or Turnip-rooted Celery, is also cultivated,—though not so commonly. PARSLEY FAMILY. 151 8. ABGOPO’DIUM, L. Goart’s-Foor. [Greek, Aix, a goat, and podion, a little foot.] Fruit oblong, crowned with the conical bases of the deflexed styles. Carpels with 5 slender ridges, without oil-tubes. Leaves ternate or bi- ternate with broad pointed serrated leaflets. Involucres and involucels none. 1. Z. Podagra’ria, L. Root perennial, creeping extensively ; stems robust, hollow, furrowed, glabrous ; leaflets ovate or lanceolate,acuminate unequally toothed ; the lower leaves on long petioles ; the upper merely 3-cleft ; umbels many- rayed ; petals white. Goat’s-foot. Goat-weed. Herb Gerarde. Stem about a foot and a half high. Fruit very seldom perfected. Obs. This, which is considered an exceeding- ly troublesome weed in England, has made its appearance in some parts of Pennsylvania, and proves to be a nuisance not easily abated. It has hitherto resisted all attempts to get rid of it ; Don, in his General System of Gardening, &c., says that “ being a great creeper it cannot be admitted into gardens, for after it gets hold it is next to impossible to eradicate it again.” ‘The leaves are said to be used in the same manner as Parsley, which accounts for Don’s cautioning against introducing it. Such an invader should be carefully watched and its spread arrested. 9. ATHU’SA, L. Foot’s Parsury. (Greek, aitho, to burn ; on account of its acrid qualities.] Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate globose ; the carpels each with 5 thick, sharply-keeled ridges: intervals with single ozl-tubes. Annual erect poisonous herbs with 2—3 ternately compound and many cleft leaves. Involucre none ; znvolucels 1—3 leaved. Flowers white. 1. 4. Cyna’pivm, L. Segments of the leaves wedge-lanceolate ; involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. Fool’s Parsley. Stem 1-2 feet high, holiow not spotted. Leaves with ultimate lobes linear-Janceolate. Umbels terminal and opposite the leayes ; rays very unequal, the longest scarcely an inch in length. Jnwolucels 1-sided. Fru nearly as broad as long, with very prominent ribs. Cultivated grounds and waste places. Native of Europe. July —September. Obs. This poisonous plant is naturalized in New England ; it somewhat resembles the Poison Hemlock, from which it is distin- 103 Fic. 101. Fruit of the Goatsfoot [Hgopodium Podagraria]. 102. A section. Fic. 103. The fruit of Fool’s Parsley. 104. The same, cut across. 105. A petal with the point bent inwards. 152 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. guished by its unspotted stem, the long pendulous one-sided involucels and the straight ridges of the fruit. 10. PETROSELI’NUM, Hoffm. Parstry. [Greek, Petra, rock, and Selinum ; Rock Selinum,—from its native habitat. ] Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 equal ribs. Channels with single o7-tubes and two on the inner face of the carpels. Involucre few-leaved. Invo- lucels many-leaved. Stems somewhat angular. Leaves decompound. 1. P. sati’vum, Hoffm. Segments of the lower leaves cuneate-ovate, trifid and incised-dentate,—of the upper ones linear-lanceolate and nearly entire ; involucels subulate. CULTIVATED PETROSELINUM. Parsley. Fr. Persil. Germ. Die Petersilie. Span. Perexil. Plant smooth. oot biennial. Stem 2-4 feet high, striate with green and yellowish stripes, branched. Leaves shining green, the lower ones much dissected. Umbels terminal and axillary, pedunculate. Jnvolucre of a single leaflet (or sometimes 2-8) linear. Invo- lucels of 5-6 short subulate leaflets. Petals greenish-white. Fruit ovate. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Eastern Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. Cultivated for the pleasant-flavored leaves which are used in culinary processes. ‘The root has long been a popular diuretic. The var. CRISPUM, or Curled Parsley—with the segments of the lower leaves broader, and curled on the margin—is also frequent in kitchen gardens. 11. CICU’TA, L. Warer-HEemuock. [Latin name of the Hemlock.] Calyx with 5 minute teeth. Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 equal flat- tish ribs, with a single ozl-tube in each interval. Involucre few-leaved. Invelucels many-leaved. Sub-aquatic herbs. Stem terete, smooth, fistular. Leaves tripinnately or triternately dissected. 1, C. macula’ta, Z. Stem spotted or streaked ; leaves bi- or tri-ternately divided,—the segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate, the nerves ter- minating in the notches. Sporrep Crevra. Spotted Cow-bane. Water Hemlock. Root perennial, with thick oblong fleshy fibres. Stem 4-6 feet high, branching, dark purple, or striate with green and purple or brown ; leaves smooth, the lower ones on rather long petioles, triternately dissected with the terminal division mostly in fives ; segments or leaflets 2-3 inches long, petiolulate, penninerved— the nerves (as remarked by Dr. BiceLow,) running to the notches of the serratures instead of the points. Umbels spreading ; rays slender. Jnvolucre 0 or 1-2 ‘linear leaflets. Invo- lucels of 5-6 small lance-linear leaflets. Petals white. Fruit nearly round ; ribs rather broad ; channels reddish-brown or dark purple, filled with aromatic oily matter. Fic. 106. The fruit of the Water Hemlock [Cicuta maculata]. 107. A section of the same PARSLEY FAMILY. 153 Swampy grounds and margins of rivulets : throughout the United States. FU. July. Fx. September. Obs. 'The mature fruit of this plant has a strong anisate odor. The root is an active poison ; and the lives of children, and others, are often endangered and sometimes destroyed by eating it, in mistake for that of the Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis, DC.)—an aromatic plant of the same natural family. The herbage is also said to be destructive to cattle, when eaten by them: all which goes to show the propriety of possessing sufficient Botanical knowledge to be able to identify the plant—and likewise the necessity of extirpating it from all meadows and pastures. 12. CONI’UM, L. Potson-HEMLOocK. [From Koneion, the Greek name of the Hemlock.] Fruit ovate, compressed or contracted at the sides. Carpels with 5 prominent equal ribs which are undulate-crenulate when immature,—the anner face with a deep narrow groove ; ozl-tubes none. Involucre few- leaved. Involucels dimidiate or one-sided, about 3-leaved. 1. C. macula’tum, Z. Stem terete, spotted ; leaves tripinnately dis- sected,—seements lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes acute and often in- cised ; leaflets of the involucels lanceolate, shorter than the umbellets. Sporrep Contum. Common Hemlock. Fr. Cigué ordinaire. Germ. Der Schierling. Span. Ceguda. Plant smooth, deep bluish green, and sometimes glaucous. Root biennial, fusiform, whitish and fleshy. Stem 2-4 (sometimes 6-8) feet high, fistular, branched, some- what sulcate, streaked with green and yellow and often spotted with dark purple. Com- mon petioles dilated, neryed with scarious margins. Petals white. Fruit somewhat gib- bous. Carpels with the ribs wavy, especially while young—the faces inclining to separate between the base and apex when mature. Waste places : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June-July. Fr. September. Obs. This foreigner is partially naturalized in many places,—and being a powerful narcotic poison, it ought to be known by every person on whose premises it may occur. The plant when bruised emits a dis- agreeable odor. It is supposed to be the herb with which the ancient Greeks put their philosophers and statesmen to death when they got tired of them. An extract prepared from the plant was formerly used for the treatment of scrofula and malignant tumors, but it is now be- lieved that the only benefit, if any, derived from it, was that of a palli- ative anodyne. 13. CORIAN’DRUM, Hoffm. Corrtanper. [Greek, Koris, a bug ; the bruised leaves having the odor of a bed-bug.] Fruit globose. Carpels cohering, scarcely separating,—each with 5 un- dulate depressed primary ribs, of which the lateral ones are placed in front of an accessory margin ; the 4 secondary ribs more prominent and % WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 154 An umbellet 109. 111. A section of the fruit, without oil-tubes, the seed Fic. 108. A branch of the Poison Hemlock [Conium maculatum]. 110. An enlarged fruit. in fruit. curved in at the margins. 5* GINSENG FAMILY. 155 keeled. Channels without ozl-tubes. Seed curved in at top and bottom Involucre 1-leaved or 0. Involucels dimidiate, about 3-leaved. Flowers white, or tinged red before expanding. 1. C. satt’vum, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected,— segments of the lower ones bread-cuneate, incised-dentate,—of the upper ones narrow and linear ; carpels hemispherical. CULTIVATED CorIANDRUM. Coriander. Fr. Coriandre. Germ. Der. Koriander. Span. Cilantro. Plant smooth. Root annual (sometimes biennial, DC.). Stem 1-2 feet high, slender, striate, somewhat branched at summit. Umbels 3-5-rayed. Umbellets of numerous short unequal rays. Carpels very concave on the face, cohering by their margins so as to form apparently a simple globose fruit with 2 oil-tubes in a loose membrane, which covers the inner face of the seed. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Tartary and the East. Jl. June-July. Fr. August- September. Obs. Occasionally cultivated for its aromatic fru:t. The odor of the fresh herb is very offensive, notwithstanding which the Tartars are said to prepare a favorite soup from it. Orper XXXIV. ARALIA’CEA. (Ginseng Fatty.) Perennial herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, mostly compound leaves, destitute of stipules, and mostly umbellate flowers—the umbels often paniculate. Calyx adherent to the ovary ,—the limb usually very small, toothed or entire. Petals 5, valvate in estivation. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them. Ovary 8-several united carpels with a solitary suspended ovule im each cell ; styles as many as the cells—sometimes united. Fruit baccate or drupaceous,—sometimes nearly dry, but the carpels not sepa- rating. A small Order, with much the same characters as Umbelliferee, but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a 3-several-celled drupe. 1. ARA’LIA, £. Wip Sarsaparinua. Grinsenc. [Name of unknown derivation ; supposed to be of Canadian origin. | Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, on short filaments. Styles 2—5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short and united. Berry 2—5-celled with a single suspended seed in each cell, somewhat 5-lobed. Herbs or shrubs,—sometimes prickly. Leaves mostly decompound. Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. @1. Arata. Flowers moneciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually im corymbs or panicles ; styles or cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5 ; stems herbaceous or woody ; ultimate divisions of the leaves pimnate. 1, A, racemo’sa, L. Stem herbaceous, smooth, divaricately branched ; leaves ternately and quinately decompound ; leaflets cordate-ovate, acu- minate, doubly serrate; racemes axillary, compound, paniculately um- bellulate ; involucels small. Racemose Arata. Spikenard. toot thick, aromatic. Stem 3-5 feet high, with spreading and somewhat dichotomous branches, Leaflets 3~6 or § inches long, slightly hairy, mostly petiolulate. Flowers in 156 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. large umbellulate panicles ; peduncles pubescent. Involucels of several short subulate leaflets. Calyx with 5 small acute teeth. Petals greenish white. Styles united below ; stigmas diverging or recurved. Berries small, not torose, dark purple when mature. Rich woodlands : Canada to Georgia ; and in gardens, cultivated. Fl. July. Fr. Sep- tember. Obs. This plant is native in our rich woodlands ; but has been long introduced into gardens, as a popular medicine. ‘The root, and berries, infused in alcohol, made a favorite tincture, in times past, for those who indulged in the perilous habit of taking such stomachics. 2. A. spino’sa, £. Shrub or low tree; stem and petioles prickly ; leaves bipinnately compound; umbels in a very large much-branched panicle. Prickty Arata. Angelica Tree. Hercules’ Club. Stem unbranched, prickly below, 10-20 and even 60 feet high. Leaves crowded at the summit of the stem, 2-4 feet long ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, somewhat glaucous below. Flowers white. Pennsylvania, South and West. June-August. Obs. This striking species is sometimes seen in cultivation; at the North it is a low tree, but in the Southern States it sometimes attains the height of 40 or even 60 feet, its unbranched stems bearing the crowded leaves at their summits, having a palm-like appearance. The bark, root, and berries, have been used in medicine ; they are aromatic and stimulant like those of the preceding species. * 3, A. nudicau’lis, L. - Stem very short, scarcely rising above ground ; bearing a single long-stalked leaf, and a shorter naked scape, with 2-7 umbels. Naxkep-stemM AraLia. Sarsaparilla. False Sarsaparilla. Root creeping, thickish and long, somewhat aromatic but mawkish. Stem scarcely more than the crown of the root. Leaf on an erect petiole 6-12 inches long, 3-parted at summit ; each division 2—5 inches in length, and bearing 5 odd-pinnate subsessile leaflets. Scape 4-8 inches high, divided at summit into 2-7 smoothish peduncles, about 2 inches long, each bearing a naked, many-flowered, globose umbel, an inch or an inch and a half in diameter. Berries torulose, purplish black when mature. Obs. The root of this is sometimes used as a substitute for the Sarsa- parilla of the shops, (a species of Smilax.) I believe both the original and the substitute to be rather innocent medicines,—provided the dis- ease be not serious ! 22. Ginsenc. Flowers dieciously polygamous ; styles and cells of the (rea or reddish) fruit 2—3; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing at tts summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3-1 foliolate leaves (or perhaps rather a single sessile twice-compound leaf,) and a single umbel on a slender naked peduncle. 4, A, quinquefo lia, Gray. Root fusiform, often branched ; leaflets mostly in fives, obovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, petiolulate ; pe- duncle of the umbel rather shorter than the common petioles ; styles 2 ; fruit succulent, 2-celled, 2-seeded. FIVE-LEAVED Panax. Ginseng. rw CORNEL FAMILY. 15% Root perennial, 3—6 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, often forked downwards, whitish, transversely rugose. Stem 9-18 inches high, herbaceous, angular, smooth, with a verticil of 3 (rarely 4) petiolate compound leayes at summit, and a simple erect pedunculate umbel in the centre. Common petiole 3-4 inches long. Leaflets un- equal,—the 3 principal ones 3-5 inches long, the lateral ones much smaller. Umbel many-flowered,—the central flowers often abortive. Petals yellowish green. Ovary compressed, cordate-oyate, or gibbous at base on each side. Fruit a fleshy drupaceous reniform berry, crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth and styles, smooth, bright crimson when mature. : Rich woodlands : Northern and Western States. #1. July. Fr. September. Obs. The root of this plant is slightly stimulant, and rather pleasantly aromatic. It has long been, and continues to be, an article of some im- portance in our commerce with China ; and although it has but little to do with Agriculture, it is presumed that a brief description of a native plant, so abundantly produced in our western forests—and so highly prized in the “ Celestial Empire ’—will not be unacceptable. 2. HE’DERA, LD. Ivy. [Name supposed to be from-the Celtic word for cord.] Calyx of 5 teeth. Petals 5, broadest at base. Stamens 5-10. Style simple, or 5-10, more or less combined. Berry with 3-10 seeds, crowned by the calyx. Evergreen shrub adhering to objects by means of numerous rootlets. 1. H. He’trx, L. Leaves thick, angular-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, those of the flowering shoots ovate and pointed ; umbels erect. English Ivy. Irish Ivy. Stem long and tortuous, climbing walls, &c., to a great height, and adhering firmly. Leaves dark shining green, veined with white. Flowers in spherical heads or umbels, yellowish green. Berries obscurely 4-angled, about the size of peas, black. Native of Europe. Cultivated. Obs. This beautiful vine thrives well, when planted in a northern ex- posure, even at the south. ‘The so-called Irish Ivy is a broader leaved form. OrpER XXXV. CORNA’CE. (Cornet Famity.) Chiefly small trees or shrubs, with mostly opposite entire leaves destitute of stipules, and flowers in cymes, sometimes clustered into heads and surrounded by a large petaloid in- volucre. Calyx adherent to the 2-celled ovary,—the limb 4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate in zestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them. Styles united into 1. Fruit a 2-celled drupe, crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth. Seeds solitary, pendu- lous: embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. 1. COR’NUS, Tournef. Docwoon. [Latin, Cornu, a horn ; from the horny toughness of the wood.] Calyx 4-toothed,—-the teeth minute. Petals oblong, spreading. Sta- mens longer than the corolla. Style sub-clavate ; stigma obtuse or cap- itate. Drupe oval or subglobose, with a 2 — 3-celled nut. * Flowers capitate, w:th a 4leaved involucre. 158 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 112° 41138 1. C. flo’rida, L. Arborescent; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate ; in- volucre large,—the petaloid leaves obcordate or with a callous notch at apex ; drupes oval. F Lowering Cornus. Dogwood. Common Dogwood. Stem 15-20 (sometimes 380-40) fect high, and 83~4 to 6-8 inches in diameter, much branched —the young branches opposite or often verticillate in fours. Leaves 8-5 inches long, pilose with short appressed hairs, glaucous beneath. Flowers in terminal capitate clusters ; involucre about 3 inches in diameter,—the leaves in opposite pairs, white or sometimes tinged with purple. Corolla greenish yellow. Drupe bright red when mature. Woodlands : Canada to Louisiana. Fl. May. Fr. October. Obs. The wood of this small tree is very close-grained and firm, and is valuable for many purposes in mechanics. Cabinet-makers some- times employ it in the manufacture of small articles of furniture,—in which my friend Dr. Elwyn assures me it is very beautiful. The wood- man selects it as the best material for wooden wedges. The young, straight stems make good hoops for the cooper; and the slender verti- Fic. 112. Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida), the head of minute flowers, surrounded by a conspicuous involucre. 113. A separate flower, enlarged. CORNEL FAMILY. 159 cillate branches once furnished distaffs for spinsters,—in the “ good old times ” when that description of females had a practical existence in the community. The bark is an excellent tonic,—almost rivalling the Pe- ruvian in efficacy. A century since, according to Kam, there was so much faith in the virtues of the Dogwood, that “ when the cattle fall down in the spring, for want of strength, the people tie a branch of this tree on their neck, thinking it will help them!” Altogether, and with- out any joke—it is a valuable as well as ornamental little tree——worthy of a place in lawns and yards. Observing farmers have remarked that the proper time to plant Indian corn is when the involucres of the Dog- wood are first developed. ‘There are several other species, with flowers in large flat cymes, common in thickets. They all possess more or less beauty, and will be found described in the systematic works. 2. 48Y 38'S A,-L. “TurE.o. [The name of a Water Nymph ; applied to this genus.] Flowers diceciously polygamous, clustered. Sramrnate FLower with a small 5-parted calyx and 5-12, oftener 10 stamens inserted around a disk in the bottom of the calyx. Puistinuate FLowerr with a calyx having a short repand truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous or often wanting. Stamens 5-10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary l-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone. ‘Trees with small greenish flowers, the staminate ones in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles, the pistillate ones much larger, and either solitary or in clusters of 2—8; appearing with the leaves. 1. N. muxririo’raA, Wang. Leaves oval and obovate, acute at each end, often acuminate, entire ; fertile peduncles, mostly 3-flowered. Many-FLOWERED Nyssa. Sour Gum. Black Gum. Pepperidge. Tupelo. Stem 30-60 or 70 feet high, and 1-2 feet in diameter ; branches numerous, horizon- tally spreading and often a little drooping. Leaves 2-4 inches long, dark green and shin- ing above, paler and pubescent beneath ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, often mar- gined, conspicuously villous-ciliate. Staminate flowers pedicellate, 2-5 or 6 in a loose cluster, on a Slender common peduncle aboutan inch long. Fertile flowers sessile, mostly 3 in a dense involucrate cluster (sometimes 2, or only 1), ona clavate common peduncle, which at first is about half an inch—finally an inch to an inch and a half—in length. Drupe elliptic, near half an inch long, bluish-black when mature. Moist woodlands and low grounds: throughout the United States. Wl. May-June. Fr. September. Obs. The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so as to render it very difficult to split ; on which account it is much used for making naves, or hubs, for carriage wheels—-and also hatters’ blocks. The younger trees, when growine solitary, have much symmetry—af fording a fine shade ; and in autumn the leaves add greatly to the pic- turesque appearance of the country, by changing toa bright crimson color. 160 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. DIVISION IL MONOPET’ ALOUS EX’OGENS. FiLoraL ENVELOPES, consisting of both calyx and corolla,—the petals more or less united. Orper XXXVI. CAPRIFOLIA’CEZ. (Honrysuckite Famity.) Mostly shrubs, often twining, rarely herbs, with opposite leaves without stipules. Calyx ad- herent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or rotate, regular or irregular. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them—or rarely 1 fewer—inserted into the tube. Ovary 2—5-celled ; style long and filiform with a capitate stigma—or 3-65 sessile stigmas. Fruit baccate, or sometimes dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. § 1. Corolla tubular, often irregularly lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Style long and slender ; stigma capitate. Corolla tubular, mostly irregularly 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Berry several-seeded. 1. LONICERA. Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Berry 2-seeded. 2. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base. Fruit with 3-5 bony seeds. 3. TRIOSTEUM. § 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, regularly and deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas mostly 3, sessile. Inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3-seeded. Leaves simple. Fruit a drupe with 1 flat stone. . SAMBUCUS. . VIBURNUM. Op 1. LONICE’RA, L. Honerysuck.e. [Dedicated to the memory of Adam Lonicer, an old German Botanist.] Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at base, irregularly or nearly regularly 5-lobed. Ovary 2—3-celled. Berry several-seeded. ‘Twining or upright shrubs ; upper leaves often connate ; flowers axillary. 1. L. gra’ta, Ai. Leaves sub-perennial, obovate, 2—3 upper pairs connate, the lower ones sub-petiolate ; corolla not gibbous at base, tube | long. AGREEABLE Lonicera. Wild Honeysuckle. American Woodbine. Stem 10 -20 feet long, branching, the young branches often pilose. Leaves 1-3 inches long, rather obtuse and often slightly emarginate, glaucous and reticulately veined Dbe- neath. Flowers in verticils of about 6, in the axils of the upper connate leaves ; corolla externally red or purplish, the limb at first nearly white, soon becoming tawny yellow ,— the tube an inch or more in length, tapering to the base, smooth within. Stamens exserted, about equalling the style. Berries orange red at maturity, crowned with the persistent calyx teeth. 4 New York, Pennsylvania, and westward. Often cultivated. May. Obs. This and other species of Honeysuckle are favorite plants for decorating arbors and porticoes. Most of them are delightfully fragrant when in flower, and are much frequented by the exquisitely beautiful little humming-bird. | Among those most commonly cultivated are the Italian Honeysuckle, (L. Capriro’Lium,) with glaucous leaves, fragrant blush-colored flowers and yellow berries ; the Woodbine (L. PericLy’mENnum) with the leaves HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 161 all separate; the Trumpet Honeysuckle, (L. sEMPER’VIRENS,) a native scentless species with a long tubular, red or yellow corolla with the margin divided into 5 short, nearly equal lobes. 2. SYMPHORICAR’PUS, Dill. Snowsperry. [Greek, Symphoreo, to bear together, aug Karpos, fruit ; the berries growing in dense clusters. } Calyz-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Carolla bell-shaped regularly 5-lobed with as many stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled. Berry 2-szeded. Low shrubs with short petioled leaves. lowers in short close clusters. The upper flowers often developing after the lower ones of the cluster have matured their fruit. 1. S. racemo’sus, Mz. Spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often somewhat leafy ; corolla bearded within ; berries white. Snow-Berry. Shrub 2-4 feet high, with numerous slender branches clothed with loose bark. Leaves 1-2 inches long, more or less broadly ovate, often undulate on the margin, those of the young shoots sometimes obtusely toothed ; under surface softly pubescent, upper smooth- ish. Flowers about 14 of an inch long, rose color. Berries brilliant white. Rocky banks: North and West. June-—September. Obs. This is often seen in cultivation, its bright white berries, which remain on the busn until winter, making it a conspicuous object among the shrubbery. 3. TRIOS’TEUM, L. Ferver-wort. [Greek, Treis, three, and Osteon, a bone ; from its three bony seeds or nuts. Calyz-tube ovoid ; segments lance-linear, foliaceous, persistent. Corolla gibbous at base, nearly equally 5-lobed. Berry drupaceous, rather dry, 3-celled, with 3 bony 1-seeded nuts. Perennial hairy herbs ; leaves sub- connate, tapering at base ; flowers axillary, sessile, bracteate. 1. T. perfolia’tum, LZ. Softly hairy; leaves spatulate-ovate, ab- ruptly narrowed at base ; axils 1 —3-flowered ; flowers dark, brownish- purple. PrrFoLiaTe TriosttuM. Fever-wort. Horse Gentian, &c. Stem 2-4 feet high, simple, somewhat viscid while young. Leaves 4-6 inches long, and 2-4 inches wide, often narrowed almost to a petiole at base, but always connate, the margin ciliate pubescent. Corolla about half an inch long, viscid-pubescent. Berry oval, orange color when mature. Rocky woods. June. Obs. The root of this plant was formerly somewhat noted as an Indian medicine ; but is now neglected. Joun Barrram (in the Appendix to Suort’s Medicina Britannica) says it is “ called in our Northern Colo- nies Dr. Tinker’s Weed ; in Pennsylvania, Gentian ; and to the south- ward, Fever Root.” 162 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 4. SAMBU’CUS, Tournef. ELDER. {[Greek, Sambuke, a musical instrument ; said to have been made of this shrub.] Calyx with the segments minute. Corolla urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Fruzt sub-globose, baccate ; nucules 3, (rarely 5,) crustaceous, rugulose, each containing a suspended seed. Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected. Inflorescence cymose or thyrsoid. 1, S. Canaden’sis, £. Stem suffruticose; leaflets oblong-oval, acumi- nate, serrate ; flowers in 5-parted spreading cymes. CANADIAN SamBucus. Elderbush. Common Elder. Stem 5-8 or 10 feet high, finally shrubby, filed with a large pith, branching, nodose— the young branches tumid at the nodes. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs with a terminal odd one, 2-4 inches long, petiolulate. Cymes broad, terminating young branches, on pedun- cles 4-6 inches long. Corolla white. Berries numerous, small, juicy, dark purple or nearly black when mature. Thickets and fence rows: throughout the United States. FI. June. Fr. August. Obs. This is a rather troublesome plant, on our farms,—the long roots being very tenacious of life, and inclined to spread extensively along fence-rows and hedges. If neglected, it soon gives the farm a very slovenly appearance. This species is considered by some botanists as a mere variety of the European 8. nigra, which it certainly closely resembles. Like that spe- cies, it is considerably employed in domestic medicine. An infusion of its flowers, Elderblow-tea, is a harmless and efficient diaphoretic, and the juice of the berries makes a tolerable wine. The bark is said to act as a purgative and emetic. 5. VIBUR’NUM, L. Visurnvum. [A classical Latin name ; etymology obscure.] Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Fruat a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a scanty pulp and a erustaceous more or less flatten- ed nut. Shrubs; leaves simple, petiolate ; petioles sometimes bearing lit- tle appendage-like stipules. Flowers usually white, in flat compound mostly terminal cymes. * Flowers all alike and perfect. TV: Lenta go, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, sharply-serrate ; petioles with wavy margins ; cymes sessile, somewhat corymbose, termi- nal; drupes oval, slightly compressed. Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry. A tree 15-20 feet high. Petioles 44 an inch to an inch long, the undulate margin dotted with brown scales when young. Leaves 2-4 inches long. Drupes often half an inch long, ripe in October, changing from a rich scarlet to a bluish black with a glaucous bloom— adible especially after having been frozen. Canada to Georgia. May —June. MADDER FAMILY. 163 Obs. There are several other species belonging to this section ; this is the most elegant of them, and is really worthy of culture as an ornamen- tal tree, it being beautiful, whether clothed with its rich green foliage and profusion of flowers in spring, or bearing its plentiful clusters of fruit and its many-hued leaves in autumn. ** Marginal flowers of the cymes sterile, and with corollas many times larger than the others, forming a kind of ray. Dep O’pulus, I. Nearly smooth; leaves strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the lobes toothed ; petioles bear- ing stalked glands at the base; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid, red. Crauberry-tree. Bush, or High-cranberry. Shrub 3-10 feet high with spreading branches. JZeaves 3-5 inches in diameter with 3 very large divergent lobes and large unequal obtuse teeth. Cymes 3-4 inches in diameter, the outer and imperfect florets, more or less numerous, raised on longer stalks, destitute of stamens and pistils, the corolla nearly an inch in diameter, of 5 unequal rounded lobes. Drupes ¥ an inch long, intensely acid. Pennsylvania, northward. FJ. June. #r. September. Obs. This species is found in the swamps in the northernmost States, and extends to the Arctic circle. ‘he acid fruit is sometimes used as a substitute for cranberries, whence its popular name. It is better known in its cultivated state as the Guelder Rose or “ Snow-ball,”’ which is a variety with all the flowers sterile and bearing large corollas. The Snow- ball is one of the most generally cultivated shrubs, and is beautifully de- scribed by the poet, Cowper, as throwing up its— — “¢ Silver globes, light as the foamy surf, That the wind severs from the broken wave.’’ * Orper XXXVII. RUBIA’CEA. (Mapper Fairy ) Herbs, shrubs or trees with opposite or verticillate, entire leaves, connected by interposed stipules, or whorled without apparent stipules. lowers regular. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, or sometimes free,—the limb 3 -5-cleft or toothed—occasionally obsolete. Corolla inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube,—the lobes as many as those of the calyx. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them. Ovary mostly 2-celled ; styles mostly 2, more or less united ; stigmas mostly 2, distinct or con- crete. Fruit yarious,—baccate, drupaceous, capsular, or separable into indehiseent car- pels. Seeds solitary, few, or numerous in each cell: embryo in the axis, or at the extremity, of copious fleshy or horny albumen. This Order—comprising various Tribes, and nearly 250 Genera—contains many plants of great value—though but few of them immediately concern the North American farmer. Among the most important may be mentioned the Coffee plant (Coffea Arabica, L., which may yet, possibly, be advantageously cultivated in Florida, and some other places on our southern borders)—the Peruvian Bark (from various species of Cinchona)—and the Ipecacuanha (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Rich.) The well-known beautiful and fragrant Cape Jessamine (Gardenia florida) is also referred to this large Natural Family. 1. Mapper Sus-orpEr. Ovary entirely coherent with the calyx-tube. Leaves whorled. 1. RU’BIA, Tournef. Mapper. {Latin, Ruber, red ; the color produced by its roots.] Calyzx-tube ovoid-globose,—the /zmb 4-toothed or ohsolete. Corolla sub- 164 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. rotate, 4—5-parted. Stamens short. Styles 2, united at base. Fruzt didymous, subglobose, baccate, smooth. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Stems 4-angled, diffusely branching. 114 vA \ / 1. R. Tincto’rum, Z. Stem herbaceous, flaccid, aculeate on the angles ; leaves mostly in apparent verticils of six, lanceolate, sub-petiolate ; pe- duncles axillary, trichotomous ; lobes of the corolla with a callous acu- mination, but not cuspidate. Dyers’ Rusia. Madder. Dyers’ Madder. r. La Garance. Germ. Die Faerber-Roethe. Span. Rubia. Root perennial, large, reddish brown. Stems procumbent, 3-4 feet long, much branched, pubescent at the joints ; angles prominent, sometimes more than 4, aculeate with short retrorsely curved prickles. Leaves and stipules similar, 1-2 inches long—the midrib and margins retrorsely aculeate—flower-bearing branches axillary, opposite. Corolla brownish yellow, often 5-lobed. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Native of the East. #7. July. Fr. September. Fic. 114. The Madder Plant (Rubia tinctorum) reduced. VALERIAN FAMILY. 165 Obs. The root of the madder abounds in coloring matter, and is per- haps, the most valuable of all dyeing materials. Combined with proper mordants it produces a great variety of colors and shades, varying from the most delicate pink to the darkest brown, and even black. The great supply is from Holland, though it is cultivated to some extent in this country, especially in Ohio and Tennessee. Several species of Galium, known as “Cleavers,” “ Goose-grass’ or “ Bedstraw,” are botanically allied to madder—but they are not sufficiently important even as weeds to require notice. 2. Locanta Sup-orpeR. Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the calyx. 2. SPIGEH’LIA, L. [Named for Prof. Spigelius, a Botanist of the seventeenth century. ] Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel- form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from the base into two carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded. Herbs with the opposite leaves united by means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one- sided cymes. 1. §. Marilan’dica, L. Stem upright, simple; leaves sessile, ovate- lanceolate, acute ; spike 3-—8-flowered ; tube of the corolla four times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. MaryLanp Spiceuia. Carolina or Indian Pink. Puink-root. Worm- erass. Root consisting of a great number of fibres. Stems annual, numerous, somewhat 4- angled, purplish, 6-15 inches high. Leaves 2-3 inches long and about half as wide at base, pubescent on the margins and nerves. Corolla an inch and a half long, crimson outside, yellow within. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June-July. Obs. A showy and beautiful plant, sometimes cultivated in the flower garden, but is introduced here on account of its commercial value. The root is extensively used as an anthelmintic or worm-destroying medicine, and large quantities are collected for market in the southern and west- ern states. It should be collected in autumn, and carefully dried before packing. An infusion of the root, commonly known as “ Worm Tea,” is one of the most popular medicines of its class. * Orper XXXVIII. VALERIANA’CEA. (Vaxertan Famtry.) Herbs with opposite leaves without stipules. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; corolla tubular, mostly 5-lobed ; stamens fewer than the corolla lobes (usually 2-3) inserted on the tube ; stigmas 1-3 ; frwit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled or with 2 empty cells and the other 1-seeded ; seed suspended, without albumen. The Valerian of the shops is produced by a species of the genus Valeriana, and the roots of one of our native species are eaten by the Indians of the far west. The only plant of interest to the agriculturist is the one described on the two following pages. 166 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1.. FE’DIA, LZ. Corn-sauap. [Origin of the name obscure. ] Calyz-teeth 3-5 or obsolete. Fruzt 3-celled,—two of the cells empty, the other one 1-seeded, cellular-gibbous on the back. Leaves spatulate- oblong ; flowers in dense cymules. 1. F. olito’ria, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique,—the fertile cell with a corky mass at the back, the sterile ones often confluent ; flowers pale blue. Pot-HERD Frepia. Lamb’s Lettuce. Corn Salad. Fie. 115. The Carolina Pink (Spigelia Marilandica). TEASEL FAMILY. 167 " Annual. Stem 4-12 inches high, dichotomously branching. Jeaves half an inch to 2 inches long, sessile, subdentate, somewhat ciliate on the margin. Fruit finally broader than long. Meadow banks and flelds. May. Obs. This is found sparingly, as yet, in this country, but is a com- mon weed in Europe. It is cultivated for a spring salad, and is brought to the New York markets in considerable quantities. In order to ob- tain it early in the season, it should be sowed in the preceding autumn. * OrpeR XXXIX. DIPSA’CHA. (Traset Famity.) e Herbs with opposite sessile leaves and no stipules. Flowers aggregated, mostly in dense invo- lucrate heads. Calyx-tube wholly (or sometimes at summit only) adherent to the ovary — the limb cup-shaped and entire, or toothed—or forming a bristly or plumose ee Corolla tubular, the limb 4 —5- lobed, sometimes ringent or irregular. Stamens mostly 4 distinct. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule ; style filiform. ruié membrana- ceous or akene-like, indehiscent, crowned with the limb of the calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. The genus which is the type of this small Order, is the only one entitled to notice in this work. 1. DIP’SACUS, Tournef: TEasEt. (Greek, Dipsao, to thirst ; the stem-leayes holding water at their junction. ] Involucre many-leaved, longer than the acuminate subfoliaceous chaff of the receptacle. Involucel 4-sided, 8-furrowed, closely investing the ovary and fruit. Calyzx-tube adherent to the ovary,—the limb minute, cup-shaped or discoid, entire. Corolla with four erect lobes. Stout biennials. Stems angular and prickly. Leaves opposite and often connate at base. Heads large, oblong,—the florets commencing to ex- pand in aring about the middle of the head, and gradually extending the process towards base and apex! 1. D. sylves’tris, Mill. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, crenate-dentate and serrate, prickly on the midrib ; involucre curved upwards, longer than the head ; chaff at the receptacle straight and flexible. Wiip Diprsacus. Teasel. Wild Teasel. Root biennial. Stem 3-5 or 6 feet high, branched. Radical leaves 8-12 inches long ; stem leaves sessile, subconnate—those of the branches lanceolate and often nearly entire. Leaflets of the involucre lance-linear, pungent at apex, unequalin length. Heads of flowers ovoid-oblong ; corolla pale purple. Bracts or chaff of the receptacle oblong-cuneate, keeled, abruptly tapering into a straight flexible awn-like acumination, longer than the flow ers— those at the top of the head longest. Borders of fields, roadsides, &c. Northern and Middle States : introduced. Native of Europe. FI. July. Fr. September. Obs. This coarse plant is completely naturalized in some localities,— and is not only worthless, but threatens to become something of a nuis- ance to the farms, if not attended to. A little timely care, however, would soon subdue it. 2. D. Fuiio’num, Mill. Leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate, smooth- ish, serrate,—the upper ones entire; involucre spreading or reflexed, shorter than the head; chaff of the receptacle recurved, rigid. 168 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Fututers’ Diresacus. Fullers’ Teasel. Fr. Chardon a Foulon. Germ. Aechte Kartendistel. Span. Car- dencha. Root biennial. Stem 4-5 feet high, branched. Radical leaves obovate, narrowed to a petiole at base ; stem leaves connate-perfoliate. Leaflets of the involucre lanceolate, mucro- nate, rigid. Heads of flowers cylindric or elliptical ; corolla pale purple. Bracts or chaft of the receptacle cuneate-oblong, keeled, bristly-ciliate on the margin, terminating in a rigid subulate recurved acumination. Lots : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. This species is cultivated by some cloth manufacturers, for the sake of the heads,—the rigid recurved points of the chaffy bracts, on the mature heads, serving as a kind of card, to raise the nap on woollen cloth. Orper XL. COMIEOS’ITA. (Compostre Famtry.) Mostly herbs, with alternate or opposite, often lobed or dissected (never truly compound) eaves without stipules, and flowers in close heads upon a common receptacle, and embraced by leaflets or scales, which form a general trvolucre. Calyzx-tube closely adherent to the ovary ; its limb or border (called pappus) consisting of hairs, bristles, or scales ; some- times wanting. Corolla either tubular and 5- (rarely 3-4-) lobed, or strap-shaped (ligu- iate) and mostly 5-toothed. Stamens 5 (rarely 4), inserted on the corolla ; anthers united forming a tube which surrounds the 2-cleft style. Fruit an akene containing a single erect seed, which is destitute of aibumen. This immense Order contains about one-tenth of the known species of flowering plants. The flowers are either polygamous, moneecious or disecious. Aside from the terms noticed above, used in describing plants of this family, it may be well to mention that the strap- shaped corollas are termed rays, and those heads possessing them are termed radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; a head composed entirely of these is said to be discoid. The flowers of either kind are termed florets. The leaves or bracts forming to- gether the involucre are termed scales, whatever their texture. The scales which often grow upon the receptacle, among the flowers, are called chaff (palee), if the receptacle is without these it is naked. In systematic works, the distinctions into tribes are made upon minute characters of the style, too difficult for those who have not had some experience in examining minute objects ; in order to facilitate the determination of the genera, an artificial key, modified from that in Gray’s Manual, is appended. In this the systematic arrangement is broken up, but the genera as described are placed in their proper order. The * and ** prefixed to Erigeron and Senecio refer to sections of those genera. Susp-orDER 1. TUBULIFLORA. Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, regularly 5- (rarely 8-4-) lobed ; strap-shaped (ligulate) only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate enly or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil). : *§1. Heads without ray-flowers ; corollas all tubular. * Flowers of the head all alike and perfect. + Pappus consisting of bristles. Pappus double, the outer very short, the inner of longer bristles. 1, VERNONIA. Pappus simple, the bristles all of the same sort. Heads few or many-flowered. Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly hairy Akenes smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Leaves decurrent. Scales of involucre tipped with a spine. 25. Cirsium. Akenes smooth. Pappus plumose. Leaves not decurrent. Scales of involucre, thick and fleshy with a lanceolate appendage terminated by a spine. 24. CYNARA. Akenes wrinkled. Pappus of short and rough bristles. 27. LAPPA. Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. 26. ONOPORDON ! COMPOSITE FAMILY, Receptacle naked. Pappus of slender but rather stiff bristles. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales of involucre several. 2. Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. Flowers yellow. #22. == Flowers of two kinds in the same heads. 23. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, commonly enlarged. Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. Pappus of capillary bristles. Scales of the involucre imbri- cated, dry and scarious. 20. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre of but one row of scales. Heads very small. *5. Heads large. Pappus copious, very white. 21 Pappus obsolete or none. Akenes broad at the top. Pappus a short crown. 18. Akenes narrow at the top. Pappus none. *#% Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate. Heads monecious. Fertile involucre small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled. 8. Fertile involucre an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-seeded. 9. § 2. Rays present ; i. e., the marginal flowers, or some of them, with strap-shaped (ligulate) corollas. ‘ * Pappus of capillary bristles. Rays occupying several rows. (Rays all pistillate.) | Heads solitary upon a scape. 3. . ERIGERON. H Heads more or less corymbed. | Rays in one marginal row, and - White, purple or blue, never yellow. Pappus simple. - 7 Yellow, of the same color as the disk. : Scales of the involucre in onerow. Pappus soft and weak. *¥**22. | Scales of the involucre imbricated. Pappus simple. Heads small, racemed or clustered. 6. Heads large, terminating the branches. 7 *# Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or 2-3 awns, teeth or chaffy scales corresponding with the angles or edges of the akene, often with inter- vening minute bristles or scales. + Receptacle naked. Akenes terete or angled. Pappus none. 77 Receptacle chaffy. Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk flowers perfect. Receptacle strongly convex or columnar, and Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Receptacle flattish. 8 169 EvUPATORIUM. SENECIO. CENTAUREA. GNAPHALIUM. ERIGERON. ERECHTHITES. TANACETUM. 19. ARTEMISIA. AMBROSIA. XANTHIUM. TUSSILAGO. . ASTER. SENECIO. SOLIDAGO. . INULA. 17. LEUCANTHEMUM. Pappus none. 14. MarvrTa. Chaffy throughout. Akenes 4-sided, flat at the top. Pappus none, or a minute crown. 10. RUDBECKLA. Akenes flattened laterally. Pappus of 2 deciduous scales. 11. HELIANTHTS. Akenes flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns. 12. ACTINOMERIS. Receptacle flat. Akenes flat or 4-sided, with 2 or more downwardly barbed persistent awms. 13. BENS. Rays pistillate and fertile, as well as the disk flowers. Akenes flattened and margined. Pappus none. 16. ACHILLEA. Akenes 4-angled or terete. Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected. 15, ANTHEMIS. Sus-orpER 2. LIcuLIFLORz. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- ~ fect. Herbs with milky juice and alternate leaves. Pappus of numerous small chaffy scales. Flowers blue. 28. CiCHORIUM. 170 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. « Pappus plumose. Akenes spindle-shaped. Flowers yellow. 29. LEONTODON. Akenes long-beaked. Flowers purple. 30. TRAGOPOGON. Pappus not plumose, of bright white capillary bristles. : Akenes terete, long-beaked. Flowers solitary on scapes. 31. TARAXACUM. Akenes flat, long-beaked. Flowers in panicled heads. 382. Lacttca. Akenes flattened, not beaked. Pappus very soft. 3. SONCHUS. 1. VERNO’'NIA, Schreb. Iron-weep. [Named in honor of William Vernon, an English Botanist.] Heads many-flowered, in corymbose cymes. Jnvolucre imbricate, shorter than the flowers,—the inner scales longest. Receptacle naked. Akenes clavate, ribbed. Pappus double,—the inner series of numerous bristles— the outer mostly short, minute, often dilated and scale-like. Mostly pe- rennial herbs, with alternate leaves ; flowers bright purple. 1. V. Noveboracen’sis, W2l/d. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrulate; roughish ; heads numerous, in a terminal corymb ; scales of the involu- ere ovate, acute or often with a long filiform flexuous point. New-York VERNONIA. Iron-weed. Stem 2 or 3-6 or 7 feet high, somewhat branching at summit, finally firm and subligne- ous. Jeaves 3-6 or 8 inches long, subsessile, thickish or subcoriaceous. Akenes scabrous with short hairs ; pappus a dirty white, or often purplish, scabrous—the outer series con- sisting of short chaffy or scale-like bristles. Moist meadows and low grounds: throughout the United States. #7. August. F*. September. Obs. This plant is quite common in moist low grounds, and along fence-rows. Its worthless character and coarse hard stem cause it to be regarded as a rather obnoxious weed, in our meadows ; and of course it is carefully eradicated by all neat farmers. 2. EUPATO’RIUM, Tournef. THorovcu-wort. [Named from Eupator Mithridates ; who, it is said, first used the plant.] Heads 3-—many-flowered. Involucre oblong, cylindric or campanu- late,—the scales imbricated in 2, 3, or more series—or sometimes nearly equal in a single series. Receptacle flat,naked. Akenes5-angled. Pap- pus a single series of very slender bristles, rough or minutely serrulate. Perennial herbs, with leaves mostly opposite or verticillate, often resi- nous dotted ; flowers white or purplish. 1. E. perfolia’‘tum, £. Stem rigid, hirsutely villous, corymbosely branched above; leaves opposite and decussate, connate-perfoliate, ob- long-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, reticulately veined and rugose, very pu- bescent beneath ; heads about 10 or more flowered. PERFOLIATE Evpatortum. Thorough-stem. Boneset. Indian Sage. Stem 2-4 feet high, the branches whitish and very pubescent. Leaves 4-6 or 8 inches long, opposite and completely united at base—or sometimes contracted at base and scarcely connate (rarely verticillate in threes, and connate), tapering gradually to a slender point, sprinkled with resinous particles beneath. Meads of flowers crowded, in COMPOSITE FAMILY. 171 large corymbs. Scales of the involucre lance-linear, rather acute. Florets white. Akenes smoothish. Low swampy grounds: throughout the United States. FI. July-August. Fr. Sept. Obs. This species is so common in wet meadows, and low grounds, as to be regarded rather as an objectionable weed. But it is chiefly en- titled to notice for its medicinal properties,—being either emetic, ca- thartic, or tonic—according to the dose, or mode of exhibition. There are several other species of this genus, which meet the eye of the farmer in his meadows and along the borders of woods and thickets— particularly a tall, stout one, with verticillate leaves and purple flowers, (E. purpureum, L.) ; but they are scarcely of sufficient importance to claim a place in this work. 3. TUSSILA’GO, Towrnef. Coxts-Foor. [Name from the Latin, Tussis, a cough ; for the cure of which the plant is used.] Heads many-flowered, those of the ray narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fer- tile, in several series, the disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the in- volucre oblong obtuse, in nearly a single series. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical oblong. Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. A perennial herb with thick creeping root-stocks ; leaves radical, appearing later than the scaly scapes ; flowers yellow. 1. T. Far’fara, L. Scapes single-flowered, imbricated with scales, woolly when young ; leaves long petioled, cordate, angular-toothed. Colts-foot. Root-stock widely spreading. Scapes about a foot high. JZeaves which acquire their full size after the lowering season, 3-5 inches in diameter, the margin irregularly lobed and angular, smoothish above and white tomentose below. Heads of flowers about 34 of an inch in diameter. Along streams : New England and New York. Introduced from Europe. March - April. Obs. 'The Colts-foot which is sometimes a troublesome weed in the cultivated grounds of England, is perfectly established in the cooler por- tions of our country. It is not introduced here on account of any impor- tance it possesses with us as a weed, but for its popular, medicinal repu- tation. It is one of those harmless plants which have long been con- sidered as efficacious domestic remedies, and it is even cultivated in old gardens. An infusion of the whole plant is used for coughs and pulmo- nary complaints. It is probably about as valuable as any other mucilag- inous drink, with some tonic qualities. The leaves have sometimes been smoked for asthma. * 4, AS’TER, Towrnef. Aster. (Greek, Aster, a star ; the radiated heads of flowers resembling stars. ] Heads many-flowered—the ray-florets in a single series, pistillate,—those of the disk tubular and perfect. Scales of the involucre more or less im- bricated, usually whitish below and green or foliaceous at apex. Recep- ig2 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. tacle flat, mostly alveolate, (or pitted.) Akenes usually compressed. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Heads corymbose, paniculate, or racemose ; vays purple, white, or blue. 1. A. ericoi’des, L. Smoothish, much branched—the simple leafy branchlets or peduncles racemose and mostly unilateral on the virgate spreading branches; leaves rather rigid,—the radical and lower cauline ones oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, tapering to a margined petiole,— the others linear-lanceolate and linear-subulate, acute at each end; heads small, numerous, solitary on the branchlets ; involucre hemispheri- cal or subturbinate,—the scales loosely imbricated, linear-oblong, acute, spreading at apex. Erica, oR HEATH-LIKE ASTER. Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, often branched from the base. Radical leaves 1-3 or 4 inches long, sparingly serrate, ciliate, tapering to a petiole nearly as long as the leaf; stem-leaves 1-3 inches long, those on the branchlets smaller, subulate-linear. Rays white, or often tinged with pale purple,—the disk often becoming reddish purple. ~+ Sterile soils ; old fields, pastures, &c.: throughout the United States. FT. August -Sep- tember. Fr. October. Obs. Many species of this genus meet the eye of the farmer, in the latter part of summer, in his woodlands, low grounds, borders of thick- ets, &c., some of which species are quite ornamental; but the little bushy one here described (which, I believe, has not acquired a common name,) is almost the only one which invades our pastures to any material extent. In thinnish old fields, it sometimes becomes an abundant—as it is always a very worthless—weed. Good culture, and enriching the soil, soon cause it to disappear. The commonly-cultivated China Aster is placed by most botanists in an allied genus, Callistephus ; in the most prized varieties of which, known as “German Asters,’ the rays are not developed, but the disk flowers are very large. There are over 30 species of native Aster in the Northern States, and many more at the South ; some of these are quite showy in cultivation. 5. ERIG’ERON, L. Fres-Bane. [Greek, Er, spring, and Geron, an old man ; the plant being hoary in spring.] Heads many-flowered, somewhat hemispherical ; ray-florets very nume- rous and usually in more than one series, pistillate——those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre mostly equal, narrow, in a nearly single series. Receptacle flat, naked, punctate. Akenes- com- pressed, usually pubescent. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles, often with minute ones intermixed,—or sometimes with an exte- ee coroniform pappus of subulate scales. Heads corymbose or panicu- ate. : * Pappus single ; rays inconspicuous, white. - COMPOSITE FAMILY. 173 “16 417 i, E, Canaden’se, L. Stem hirsute, paniculately branched ; leaves lance-linear, mostly entire, hispidly ciliate ; heads of flowers emall, nu- merous, racemose on the branches ; rays minute, CANADIAN EriGERON. MHorse-weed. Butter-weed. Root annual. Stem 6 inches to 5 or 6 feet high. TZeaves 1-3 or 4 inches long, sessile,— the lower ones sparingly dentate. Rays white, very narrow, scarcely longer than the straw-colored pappus. Akenes oblong, sparsely hispid. Fields, road-sides, and waste places: throughout the United States. FU. August ~Sept. Fr. September - October. Fic. 116. Portion of the upper part of the stem of Canada Fleabane (Erigeron Cana- dense). 117. A separate floret. 144 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. This plant varies very much in size, according to the soil in which it grows. On dry sterile banks it is very dwarf. It has disseminated itself, more or less abundantly, all over our country,—and, it is said, all over Europe; and is a worthless weed, wherever found. Good farming is the mode for smothering out such intruders. ** Pappus double, the outer rcw of minute scales ; rays conspicuous, white. 2. E. an’nuum, Pers. Stem sparsely hirsute, corymbosely branched above ; leaves coarsely and sharply dentate-serrate,—the radical and lower ones ovate, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole,—the others sessile, lanceolate, acute, entire near each end ; rays very narrow, about as long as the sparsely setose involucre. AwnuaL Ericeron. Flea-bane. Daisy. Root biennial? (annual, DC.). Stem 2-3 or 4 feet high, rather stout, striate and often angular. Radical leaves 2-4 inches long, roughish and hairy, with narrow-margined petioles nearly twice as long as the leaves ; stem-leaves gradually smaller as they ascend. Heads of florets rather small ; rays white, or sometimes tinged with purple. Akenes ob- long, somewhat compressed, hirsute ; pappus whitish —the ray-florets destitute of pappus, except a few short coroniform teeth at or near the summit of the akene. Pastures and waste places: Northern, Middle and Western States. Fl. June-July. Fr. August Obs. A frequent worthless weed in our pastures ; not particularly in- jurious,—but conspicuous enough to attract the notice of the observing farmer ; and therefore worthy to be known by him. 3. E. strigo’sum, Muii. Stem more or less strigosely hairy, corym- bosely paniculate above ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at base, nearly en- tire,—the radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole ; rays narrow, nearly twice as long as the minutely hispid in- volucre. Srricose Ericeron. Flea-bane. Daisy. Root biennial? Stem 2-4 feet high, sulcate-striate and angular, rather slender, and often sparingly branched. Leaves 1-3 inches long. Heads of florets rather larger than in the preceding ; rays white. Akenes oblong, angular or ribbed, sparsely pilose : ‘‘ inner pappus in the disk, of about 15 slender fragile and deciduous bristles ; in the ray none, or some- times of one or two caducous bristles : the exterior a small setaceous-squamellate crown, similar in the ray and disk.”? ZYorr. & Gr. ; Pastures and upland meadows: Canada to Florida. Fl. June-August. Fr. July - September Obs. This plant has a strong general resemblance to the preceding, but is more common,—though they are usually both confounded under the same popular names. his one is apt to be very abundant in the . first crop of our upland meadows, in Pennsylvania, after a course of grain crops. After that—especially in good land—it becomes more rare,— being probably choked down by the grasses. All three of the species are equally worthless, unwelcome weeds. COMPOSITE FAMILY. 1% 6. SOLIDA’GO, L. GoLDEN-RoD. [Latin, Solido, to unite, or make firm ; from its supposed healing virtues.] Heads few- or sometimes many-flowered ; ray-florets few, pistillate ; disk- florets tubular, perfect. Scales of the obong lorty. [The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak ; applied here.} Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous, but many of them perfect: Calyr 4—6-toothed. Petals 4—6, separate, or only united at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4—6. The berry-like drupe containing 4-8 little nuilets. Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. @ 1. Parts of the flowers commonly in fours, sometimes in fives or sixes, most of them perfect ; drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-grooved on the back ; leaves coriaceous and evergreen. AQUIFOLIUM. 1. I. opa’ca, dz. Leaves oval, the margins wavy and sharply spinose- dentate ; flowers scattered or loosely fasciculate along the base of the young branches and the axils. Opaque Inex. American Holly. Stem 15-40 feet high ; branches spreading. Leaves 2-3 inches long; petioles 14 of an inch in length. #lowers whitish, ochroleucous, small ; pedicels with minute bracts at base. Berries small, roundish ovoid, red when mature, persistent. Woodlands: Maine and southwards. June. Obs. This becomes a handsome little tree under cultivation ; it has less elossy foliage than the Huropean Holly (I. aquifolium), which is in Europe considered to make the most durable hedge of any plant what- ever. Our own species might be advantageously used for hedges where the slow growth is not an objection. ‘The seeds do not germinate until the second year after planting. The bright berries of the Holly, and its dark foliage, make it one of the most desirable evergreens for those who decorate their homes ou Christmas. The wood is very compact and of fine texture, and is employed in the manufacture of whip handles, screws, and other small articles. The tree attains a much larger size in the Southern States than it does at the North. Doct. Torrey informs us that there were some years ago, at the Highlands of Neversink, New Jersey, several trees of unusual dimensions, some of them being as large round as a man’s body. The celebrated Paraguay Tea, or “ Mate,” which is a substitute for both tea and coffee to a large proportion of the EBONY FAMILY. 217% inhabitants of South America, belongs to this genus. One of our own southern species, J, Cassi’ne, L., known as Yaupon, furnished the black drink of the North Carolina Indians. * § 2. Parts of the sterile flowers in fours, fives, or sixes ; those of the fertile ficwers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sevens or eights) ; nutlets smooth and even. Shrubs. Prinos. 2. I. verticilla’ta, Gray. Leaves obovate, oval or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the veins beneath ; flowers all very short-peduncled ; berries red. VerticinLaTe Ibex. Black Alder. Winter-berry. Stem 6-8 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles about half an inch in length. Flowers greenish white, in sessile clusters or solitary. Berries about 14 of an inch in diameter. Low grounds : common especially northward. June, Obs. The bark and berries of this species have some medicinal reputa- tion as a cure for ill-conditioned sores—used both externally and inter- nally. Another nearly related species, [, leviga ta, Gray, found in wet swamps, has the leaves mostly smooth beneath, the sterile flowers long- peduncled, and larger berries than the preceding. Both are sometimes seen cultivated among shrubbery, their red berries rendering them very showy in autumn. J, gla’ bra.Gray, the Ink-berry, has evergreen, nar- row leaves, and black berries. It is mostly found near the coast, and is much sought after by the flower-merchants of our large cities, as it is one of the most suitable evergreens to work into bouquets. pares Orper XLIV. EBENA’CE. (Exony Famizy.) Trees or shrubs, destitute of milky juice, the wood often black. Leaves alternate and entire, without stipules. Flowers often polygamous. Calyx free from the ovary. Stamens twice to four times as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 3-several-celled. Fruit bac- cate. Seeds pendulous, bony, with cartilaginous albumen. A small Order, and the genus here given is the only one of any considerable impor- tance,—some of the species of which furnish the well-known hard black wood called Exony. 1. DIOSPY’ROS, L. Persimmon. [Greek, Dis, Dios, Jupiter, and Pyros, fruit ; a rather fanciful name for such fruit.] Dicciousty Potyeamous: calyx 4-—6-parted. Corolla tubular, some- what urceolate, 4 — 6-cleft. Srerite Fi. Stamens twice or many times (usually 4 times) as numerous as the lobes of the corolla ; anthers linear- lanceolate. Ovary abortive. Frrrine Fu. Stamens 8-16, mostly abortive. Ovary 4—8-celled; styles 2, 4, or several, more or less connate at base. Berry ovoid or subglobose, with the persistent calyx often adhering to the base, 8—12-seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed. Tees, or rarely shrubs. Flowers axillary, subsessile—the fertile ones solitary, the sterile ones mostly in threes. 10 218 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. D. Virernia’na, LD. Leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtusely acu- minate ; parts of the flower chiefly in fours ; corolla subcoriaceous. Vircrn1an Diospyros. Persimmon. Date Plum. Fr. Le Plaqueminier. Germ. Der Pseudo-Lotus. Stem 20-50 or 60 feet high, and 10-15 or 20 inches in diameter, irregularly branched. Leaves 2-8 or 5 inches long, subcoriaceous, green aboye, paler or somewhat glaucous beneath ; petioles half an inch to near an inch long. Calyx of the fertile flower spreading and persistent at the base of the fruit. Corolla ochroleucous or pale greenish-yellow, of a thick leathery texture. Berry about an inch in diameter, reddish-orange color when mature, soft and pulpy after frost. Seeds large, flattish. Rich bottom-lands, along streams : Middle and Southern States. Fl. June. Fy. Oct. — November. Obs. The ripe fruit of this tree is sweet and luscious, after being sub- jected to the action of frost; but is remarkably harsh and astringent in a green state. The bark is astringent and tonic. The Styrax Family (Styra’ cee), is nearly related to the Kbenacee. It has perfect and regular flowers, with the ovary more or less adherent to the calyx. Several species of Styrax belong to the Southern States. The Hale’sza, or Silver Bell, two species of which, one with 2-winged and the other with 4-winged fruit, are common in cultivation, and belong to this order; as does the Symplocos (Hopea) tincto’ria, the “‘ Horse Sugar” of the South, the green sweet leaves of which being a favorite food of cattle. Oxper XLV. PLANTAGINA’CEA. (Pranrain Famity,) Chiefly low, apparently stemless, perennial herbs, with radical, rosulate, strongly ribbed leaves and small spicate flowers on scapes. Corolla membranaceous and persistent. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla alternately with the lobes. Ovary 2-celled ; style single. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissed ; cells 1 -several-seeded. An Order consisting chiefly of the genus whose name it bears, and the species here described are those of chief interest to the agriculturist. 1. PLANTA’GO, Z. Puanrarn. [The ancient Latin name of the Plantain ; meaning obscure. ] Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, with dry membranaceous margins. Corolla salver-form, the border 4-parted, withering on the pod. Stamens 4, much exserted. Flowers whitish, small, bracted. * Pod 7T-—16-seeded. 1. P. ma’jor, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smoothish, obscurely dentate, on long petioles ; scape terete, smooth ; spike nearly cylindrical, rather s'ender and very long; flowers somewhat imbricated ; capsule about 6-seeded. GreaTeR Puantaco. Common Plantain. Way-bread. Fy. Plantain ordinaire. Germ. Der grosse Wegetritt. Span. Llanten. Root perennial. Leaves 3-6 or 8 inches long, strongly 5—7-nerved with an elastic filament in each nerve, generally smoothish (sometimes quite pilose), abruptly contracted at base to a channeled petiole about as long as the leaf. Scapes several, 6-18 inches high PLANTAIN FAMILY. 219 \ & + a4 : 4 be fy 4 ~ i i Ms See By , “ i fa. f iy ¥ © ty 1s ‘6 ‘ F HM KS) B 4 se is i i4< “WE 4 . a2 & : 4 v5 ao {y a sy -& | Ya ‘ea g Mh. ° a Ye fi ix” 4 ma yy e AH i, yy 2 ¢ , DS i ny a OO iy BW Sy J ry. / 7) x » DH fs % 3 - a Ag it iF i (including the spike of flowers, which varies from 2—12 or 15 inches in length). Bracteoles lanceolate, keeled, appressed, shorter than the calyx. Corolla whitish, inconspicuous, ventricose below, contracted into a neck above, shrivelling and persistent. Stamens about twice as long as the corolla. Moist rich grounds, along foot-paths, &c.; throughout the United States: introduced. Native of Europe and Japan. Fl. June—September. Fr. August—October. Obs. This foreigner is very generally naturalized ; and is remarkable for accompanying civilized man—growing along his footpaths, and flourishing around his settlements. It is said our Aborigines call it “the white man’s foot,” from this circumstance. Perhaps the generic name (Plantago) may be expressive of a similar idea—viz., Planta, the Fic. 148. Common Plantain (Plantago major), reduced. 220 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. sole of the foot, and ago, to act, or exercise. It is rather a worthless weed, but is not much inclined to spread, or be troublesome, on farm lands. The leaves are a convenient and popular dressing for blisters, and other sores ; a fact which seems to have been known in the time of SHAKSPEARE—as we may learn from his Romeo and Julvet, Act I, Se. 2. - © Rom. Your Plantain leaf is excellent for that. “ Ben. For what, I pray thee ? ‘* Rom. For your broken shin.” ** Pod 2-seeded. 2. P. lanceola’ta, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at. each end; scape sulcate-angled, long and slender; spike ovoid-cylindrie, short; calyx deeply 3- parted ; capsule 2-seeded. LanceoLate Piantaco. Ribgrass. English Plantain. Buckhorn Plan- tain. Root perennial. Leaves 4-8 or 10 inches long, hairy, narrowed gradually at base to a petiole 2-5 or 6 inches in length. Scapes several, 1-2 feet high, somewhat pilose with appressed hairs. Spike 1-2 inches long, at first oyoid-oblong, finally nearly cylindric, dense-flowered. Bracteoles ovate, acuminate, scarious on the margins and at apex—the slender point at length reflexed. Calyx deeply 3-parted (or rather of 3 sepals), the outer or lower segment or sepal oval, truncate, emarginate, with 2 green keel-like lines— the lateral segments or sepals rather longer, poat- shaped, acute, keel green, fringed with hairs near the apex. Corolla dirty white. Stamens several times longer than the corolla : anthers greenish-white. Seeds oblong, convex on one side concave on the other, shining, brown or amber-colored. Pastures and upland meadows: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May — August. Fr. July —September. Obs. This species, also, is extensively naturalized, and is particularly abundant in upland meadows, or clover grounds. The seeds being nearly the same size and weight as those of the red clover, they cannot readily be separated—and thus the two plants are disseminated together, in the culture of clover. Nearly all kinds of stock eat this Plaintain freely, and it has even been cultivated expressly for a Sheep-pasture ; but it is gene- rally much disliked, in Pennsylvania. I do not, however, perceive any mode of getting rid of it, or even of arresting its progress, unless it can be choked down by heavy crops of Clover and the valuable Grasses. OrperR XLVI. BIGNONIA’CEZ. (Bienonta Famtzy.) Woody or sometimes herbaceous plants, with mostly opposite, simple or compound leaves, and didynamous or diandrous flowers. Calyx 2-lipped or 5- cleft ; corolla tubular or bell- shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, deciduous ; ovary free, 2-celled by the projection of the placenta ; capsule coriaceous or woody, 2-valved, many-seeded ; seeds large, flat, often winged, destitute of albumen. SuB-ORDER 1. BIGNONES. Woody plants with 1 -2-celled and 2-valved pods. Seeds flat and winged. 1. TE’COMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. [Name abridged from the Mexican.]} Calyx bell shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form 5-lobed, a little irre- 5 BIGNONIA FAMILY. 221 gular. Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged. Woody vines with compound leaves. 1, T. radi’cans, | Juss. Leaves pin- ‘i nate; leaflets 5— jl, ovate, point- ed, toothed ; fiow- | ers corymbed. Rootinc Bicno- nia. Trumpet creeper. Stem climbing by rootlets. Leaflets about 4 inches long, taper- ing into a petiole which is often bordered on . one or both sides by the decurrent lumi- nar, ribbed, smooth on the upper surface, pubescent along the ribs below. Flowers corymbed on pedicels = about half an inch Y= ; long. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, some- what ventricose be- low, about 3 inches in length. Orange and scarlet, very showy. Stamens included. Pod very long, terete. Pennsylvania, Illi- nois and southward, June —September. * Obs. This beau- tiful climber, » which is cultiva- 4H. ted extensively, and readily bears the climate of New England, is, according to Dr. SHort, a great pest along the Ohio River, where it is much disposed to overrun wet places on high lands. : —— a my, 149 2. CATAL’PA, Scop. Cataupa. [A name said to be derived from our Southern Indians. ] Calyz bilabiately 2-lobed. Corolla campanulate—the tube ventricose, the limb unequally 5-lobed, sub-bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile and 3 sterile - Fic. 149. A flourishing branch of the Trumpet Creeper (Tecoma radicans) , reduced. 222 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. or abortive (rarely didynamous). Capsule silique-form, cylindric, long, 2-valved ; septum thickish, opposite the valves. Seeds numerous, trans- verse, compressed, produced at each end into a membranous wing, which is fringed or comose at apex. Trees. Flowers in terminal panicles. 1, C. bignonioi’des, Walt. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, pubes- . cent beneath ; panicles pyramidal, trichotomously branched. BIGNONIA-LIKE CaTaLpa. Catawba. Bean-tree. Stem 15 —25 feet high, with irregular spreading branches. Leaves 4-8 or 10 inches in length ; petioles 2-6 inches long, terete, smoothish. Corolla whitish, tinged with violet- purple, the throat spotted with purple and yellow, the lobes unequal, crenate and wavy. Capsule 6-12 or 15 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, pendulous, persistent. Seeds lance-oblong, about half an inch in length, apparently of 2 flat oval divaricate lobes, connate at base, with a membranous covering which is extended at the margin, and especially at the apex, each apex terminating in a slender filamentous tuft or coma. About farm-houses and along streams : Southern, Western and Middle States. J. June - July. #r. October. Obs. Cultivated as a shade tree, but indigenous in the South-west In the latitude of New York the larger branches, and frequently the whole tree, are killed by a severe winter. SUB-ORDER 2. SESAME. Herbs with the fruit more or less 5-celled. Seeds not winged. 3. MARTY’NIA, L. Untcorn-piant. [Named in honor of John Martyn, Prof. of Botany at Cambridge, England.] Calyx 5-cleft, with 2—3 small bracts at base. Corolla irregular, cam- panulate, gibbous at base,—the limb unequally 5-lobed. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous, with a fifth rudimentary one,—sometimes all, sometimes 2 only, bearing anthers. Capsule somewhat 4-celled, 2-valved, woody with a coriaceous and finally deciduous coat, ovoid-oblong, ter- minating in a curved beak at apex,—the beak parting into 2 horns, but the capsule scarcely dehiscent. Seeds few in each cell, arranged. in a single series along the septum, somewhat baccate, finally tuberculate- rugose. 1, M. probosci’dea, Gloz. Stem branching ; leaves orbicular-cordate entire, Petolate: —the upper ones alternate ; “peaks longer than the per- icarp. LoNG-BEAKED Martynia. Unicorn Plant. Plant pale green, viscid-pubescent and fetid. oofannual. Stem leaning or procum- bent, 1-2 feet long, branching, fistular. Leaves 2-5 inches long ; petioles 2-6 inches long. Flowers axillary ; peduncles 1-—3inches long. Corolla large, pale greenish yellow or ochroleucous, with orange-colored or brownish spots within. Capsule 2-3 inches long, somewhat sulcate in front, with a bipartible crest-like fringe along the suture in the broad shallow groove, tapering to a beak which is 2-3 or 4 inches long, and finally split into two rigid horns, which are incurved like claws. South-western States: gardens: cultivated. #l. July-August. #7. Sept. -October. Obs. This plant—a native of the valley of the Mississippi, and the plains of Mexico—is cultivated for its singular fruit—which, in its FIGWORT FAMILY. 223 young state—before it before it becomes hard and woody—is used for making pickles. 4. SE’SAMUM, L. Benne. Calyx 5-parted, the upper lobe smallest. Tube of corolla large, limb plicate somewhat bilabiate ; upper lobe emarginate, lower slightly 3-fid. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiment of a fifth. Capsule oblong, obtusely 4-angled, 4-grooved, 2-celled, 2-valved, valves recurved. Seeds numerous. Annual herbs with the upper leaves often alternate-solitary and axillary flowers and oily seeds. 1. S. In’picum, DC. Stem erect pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, the lower often 3-lobed ; capsule mucronate with the persis- tent style, velvety pubescent. Inpran Sesamum. Benne. Sesame. Stem 4-5 feet high, branching. Leaves petioled, very variable in shape, those near the base of the stem often 3-fid. FJowers on short peduncles, reddish white. Pods about an inch and a half long, filled with seeds which are white, or in some varieties black on the Native of India, cultivated. Obs. The Benne plant being a native of India, does not perfect its seeds in the northern States, but only succeeds in those climates in which the cotton plant can be cultivated. It is said that the plant was intro- duced by the negroes, who make use of the seeds as food. The seeds contain a large quantity of oil, which is obtained by expression in the same manner as Linseed oil ; it is bland and tasteless, and is used for the same purposes as Olive oil, answering for cooking or for burning. The plant is cultivated in many warm,countries for the sake of the oil. The leaves abound in mucilage which they readily impart to water ; one or two of them stirred in a half-pint of water will render it thick and ropy without affecting its transparency. The plant is often raised at the north, from seeds brought from the south, for the leayes, the mu- cilaginous drink made from them being considered serviceable in the bowel complaints of children, though it probably possesses no advantage over that made from the bark of the Slippery Elm, or the Sassafras Pith. * Orper XLVII. SCROPHULAR’IA’CEA. (Ficworr Famtty.) Herbs, shrubs or sometimes even frees with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves with- out stipules,a persistent calyx of 4-5 more or less united sepals, and a more or less irregular, bilabiate or personate corolla, with the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens either 4 and didynamous—the fifth stamen sometimes appearing in the form of a sterile filament, or very rarely antheriferous,—or often only 2—one pair being either suppressed or reduced to sterile filaments. Ovary 2-celled, with the placentze united in the axis. Capsule 2-valyed. Seeds indefinite, albuminous. . An Order of nearly 150 genera,—affording many curious and rather handsome flowers —some troublesome weeds—and a few plants of considerable medicinal powers—especial- ly the purple Fox-glove (Digitalis purpurea, L.). § 1. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in the bud. - Corolla wheel-shaped 5-cleft, the lobes somewhat unequal. Stamens 5 ; a part or all of the filaments bearded. 1. VERBASCUM. 224 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Corolla tubular with a spur at the base. Pod opening by holes. 2. LINARIA. Corolla tubular, not spurred. Calyx lobes thick and leathery. Stamens 4. Trees. 3. PAULOWNIA. § 2. Lower lip or the lateral lobes covering the upper lip in the bud. Corolla tubular, open ; the border slightly 5-lobed. Flowers in a long raceme. : 4, Dicrratis. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4 parted. Stamens 2. 5. VERONICA. 1. VERBAS’CUM, ZL. Moutuetn. [Quasi Barbascum ; Latin Barba, beard ; from its bearded or woolly habit.] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube ; limb sub-rotate, 5-lobed —the lobes nearly equal or the front one larger. Stamens 5, unequal, inserted on the tube of the corolla, declinate, exserted—the filaments (or some of them) bearded. Capsule ovoid or globose. Szeds numerous, rugose-pitted. 'T'all and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in dense spikes, or paniculate racemes. 1. V. Thap’sus, L. Stem simple, erect, tomentose ; leaves oval-lanceo- late or oblong, very woolly on both sides,—the cauline ones decurrent ; flowers in a dense terminal spike ; 2 lower filaments smooth. Tarsus VerBAscum. Mullein. Common Mullein. Fr. Bouillon blanc. Germ. Das Wollkraut. Span. Gordolobo. Whole plant pale greyish-green or hoary tomentose,—the pubescence much branched. Stem 3-6 feet high, rather stout, leafy, rarely branching unless injured. Radical leaves 6-12 inches long,—the cauline ones smaller. Spike cylindric, 6-12 or 15 inches long ; flowers bracteate. Corolla bright yellow. Stamens unequal,—the two lower ones longer, with smooth filaments. Neglected fields ; road-sides, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June-July. Fr. August-September. Obs. This plant, although abundant in all the older settlements, is undoubtedly a naturalized foreigner. It is a worthless, unseemly intru- der, in our pastures and cultivated grounds. There is no surer evidence of a slovenly, negligent farmer, than to see his fields over-run with Mul- leins. As®he plant produces a vast number of seeds, it can only be kept in subjection by a careful eradication while young—or at least be- fore the fruit is mature. When neglected, the soil soon becomes so full of seeds, that the young plants will be found springing up, in great numbers, for a long succession of years. 2. V. Blatta’ria, L. Smoothish and green; stem rather slender, often branched ; leaves oblong, serrate, not decurrent ; flowers racemose ; fila- ments all hairy. Mots Versascum. Moth Mullein. Stem 2-4 feet high, angular. Leaves 2-5 inches long,—the lower ones petiolate, often sinuate pinnatifid, the upper ones sessile and clasping. Raceme 6-18 inches long, leafy or bracteate, glandular pubescent ; pedicels 4 an inch to an inch in length ; flowers either bright yellow or white with a tinge of purpie. ; Pastures and road-sides. Native of Europe. June-August. Obs. A common weed, though not so much of a nuisance as the pre ceding. Besides the two species described above, a third, V. Lychni’tis, L., or White Mullein, is found in some localities. It is a tall plant with FIGWORT FAMILY. 2295 a thin, powdery woolliness and yellow (sometimes white) flowers, in a pyramidal panicle. It is said to hybridize or cross-breed with the com- mon Mullein, thus producing some remarkable varieties. 2. LINA’RIA, Tournef. Toap-Fuax. tin, Linum, flax ; from the resemblance of the leaves. ? x ? Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with the limb personate, the upper lip bifid with the lobes folded back—the lower lip trifid, closing the throat by its prominent palate ; tube inflated, spurred at base. Stamens 4, didyn- amous,—usually with a minute abortive rudiment of a fifth. Capsule ovoid or globose, membranaceous, 2-celled, opening below the summit by 1-2 pores or chinks, toothed. Seeds numerous, margined. Mostly herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or verti- cillate. Flowers usually racemose. 1. L. vulga’ris, Mill. Stem erect, simple ; leaves lance-linear, acute, alternate, numerous ; flowers imbricated, in a terminal raceme ; spur of the corolla acute, about as long as the tube. Common Linarta. Toad-flax. Ranstead-weed- Butter and Eggs. Fr. Muflier linaire. Germ. Das Flachskraut. Span. Linaria. Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Root perennial, creeping, subligneous. Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, slender, terete, leafy, sometimes branched at summit and bearing several racemes, generally growing in bunches or small patches. Leaves 1-2 inches long, narrow, irregularly scaf- tered on the stem, but very numerous. Flowers peduncu- late, ina dense bracteate raceme—the peduncles shorter than the bracts. Corolla pale greenish-yellow, smooth ,— the palate of the lower lip bright orange color, villous in the throat ; spur subulate, about half aninch long. Style shorter than the longest stamens ; stigma obliquely trun- cate. Capsule ovoid oblong, thin, smooth, longer than the calyx. Seeds with a dilated orbicular margin, roughish- dotted in the centre. Pastures, fence-rows, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fil. Jane—September. Fr. August —October. Obs. This is extensively naturalized,—and has become a vile nuisance in our pastures and upland meadows. Mr. Warson, in his annals of Philadelphia, says it was introduced from Wales, asa garden flower, by a Mr. Ransreap, a Welsh resident of that city ; and hence one of its common names. It inclines to form large patches, by means of its creeping roots,—and as far as it extends, takes almost exclusive pos- Fic. 159. Toad-flax (Linaria vulgaris). LO 226 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. session of the soil. Although the flowers are somewhat showy, it is a fetid, worthless and very objectionable weed,—the roots very tenacious of life—and requiring much persevering effort to extirpate them. The remarkable variety called Pelovia-—with a regular 5-lobed ventricose corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 perfect stamens—is occasionally to be observed. Sometimes these Pelorias are tetramerous ; 7. e. the corolla 4obed, with 4 spurs, &c. They are frequently, if not always, late flowers,—situated at the summit of the raceme of full grown capsules, and apparenily the latest floral developments of the plant. Two other European species are sparingly introduced, but they are fortunately not sufficientiy dis- seminated to warrant their description here. 3. PAULOW’‘NIA, Sveb. & Zucc. PavLownta. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, divisions thick. Corolla with an elongated de- clined tube and an oblique limb with 5 roundish divisions. Stamens 4, ascending from a declined base, without the rudiment of a fifth. Capsule woody, acuminate, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds numerous, oblong, sur- rounded by a membranaceous wing, striate— T7yees with the habit of Catalpa ; natives of Japan. 1. P. mperta’iis, Sieh & Zucc. Leaves opposite, petioled, somewhat 3-lobed or entire, broadly ovate cordate: panicle terminal large with many-flowered opposite branches. IMPERIAL PatLownrs. Paulownia. Tree with horizontal tortuous branches. Leaves when young canescent hairy on both sides, when old on the under side only, with the upper surface finely pubescent, six inches to a foot in length, and on the young suoois even larger. Calyx divided below the middle, the lobes oblong obtuse, externally tomentose. Corolia 134 —2 inches long, violet or rose color, dotted and streaked with brown and yellow within. Capsule an inch in length, 2-furrowed, persistent. Cultivated. #7. April-May. Obs. A tree of very rapid growth and having a strong resemblance to the Catalpa. The young trees are remarkably vigorous and bear leaves of an enormous size. It is a little too delicate for the climate of New York, for three years preceding the present (1858) the flower buds have been very generally killed by the severe winters. The capsules remain on the tree for a very long time and injure its appearance. * 4, DIGITA’LIS, L. Foxenove. [From the Latin, Digitale, the finger of a glove ; from the shape of the flowers.] * Calyx 5-parted. Corolla declined, tube ventricose above, contracted at base, the limb oblique, upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-fid with the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule ovate, with a septicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous, minute, oblong, angled. Herbs with crowded, petioled, radical leaves ; bearing showy flowers in a long raceme. 1. D. purpu’rea, L. Biennial; lower leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong, FIGWORT FAMILY. DOG crenate, downy, on winged petioles, those of the stem alternate, some- what decurrent ; raceme erect, one-sided, simple, of numerous drooping crimson or purplish flowers. Puree Dierratis. Fox-glove. Stem 3-4 feet high, angled, leafy below and terminated by the raceme. Leaves dull green, prominently netted-veined ; those of the stem gradually diminishing into bracts. Flowers 2—214 inches long, within somewhat hairy and beautifully spotted with deep purple dots surrounded by white rings, or nodding, solitary, axillary peduncles. Capsule downy, tipped with the persistent style. Seeds pale brown, pitted. Cultivated. Native of Europe. June-July. Obs. Common in gardens where it is prized for its showy flowers, and cultivated by the “Shakers” and others who raise medicinal plants for its leaves. The common name Fox-glove is said to be a corruption of the old Saxon name Folk’s glove. Medicinally Fox-glove is classed with Tobacco, Lobelia and other acrid narcotics, and should only be employed under the direction of a medical adviser as it is dangerous in large doses. ‘Though considerable quantities of the leaves are supplied to the drug market by the “ physic gardens” of this country, they are considered greatly inferior to those produced by the plant growing in its native localities. * 5. VERO’NICA, L. SprepWELu. [Origin of the name obscure ; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.] Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border un- equally 4-lobed, the lateral lobes, or the lower one, usually narrower. Stamens 2, one on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted ; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Capsule ovoid or obcordate and com- pressed at the apex, 2-celled, few — many-seeded. L ¥. peregri na, L. Annual; smooth; lower leaves opposite peti- oled, toothed, the upper alternate, sessile and entire ; flowers subssessile in the axils of leaf-like bracts; capsule orbicular, slightly notched. Foreren Veronica. Purslane Speedwell. Neckweed. Stem 3-6 inches high, often branched at base. Leaves half an inch to near an inch long, fleshy. Calyx lobes resembling the small upper leaves or bracts. Corolla whitish, smali and soon falling, the lobes nearly equal. Waste and cultivated grounds. April—June. Obs. A very common annual weed which has every appearance of an introduced stranger, though it is considered by most botanists as a native plant. It is widely different throughout the whole length of our conti- nent. It was at one time supposed to possess medicinal virtues in scrof- ulous affections,—which acquired for it the name of “ Neckweed.” There are a number of native and introduced species belonging to this genus, but this is the only one sufficiently common, as a weed, to be noticed. 228 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Orper XLVI. VEBBENA’CE. (Vervain Famtry.) Herbs (shrubs, and even trees within the tropics), having opposite leaves without stipules, and a tubular corolla with the limb 4-5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped and didynamous stamens. Ovary free, entire, 2-4-celled. Fruit dry (or sometimes drupaceous), and splitting into 2-4 indehiscent 1-seeded nudes. Seeds with little or no albumen. An Order of but little importance to the farmer,—though containing a number of plants interesting to the florist. The tree which furnishes the “ ever-during Ztak”’ of India (Zectona grandis, L.)—so celebrated in ship-building—belongs to this Order. 1. VERBE’NA, LL. Vervatin. [The Latin name for the leaves of any sacred herb ; etymology obscure.] Calyx tubular, 5-toothed,—one of the teeth often shorter. Corolla tub- ular, somewhat salver-form, with the limb rather unequally 5-lobed. Stamens included, the upper pair usually without anthers. Ovary 2 —4- celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Fruzt separable into 2-4 nutlets. Flowers mostly in terminal spikes, bracteate. 1. V. urticefo'lia,L. Leaves ovate and lance-ovate, acute, serrate, pe- tiolate ; spikes filiform, terminal and axillary, somewhat paniculate ; flowers distant. NETTLE-LEAVED VERBENA. Common Vervain. Roct perennial. Stem erect, 2-3 or 4 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, hirsutely pu- bescent, with slender axillary spreading branches above. Leaves 2-4 inches long, ab- ruptly narrowed at base to a short petiole. Spikes 1 or 2-5 or 6 inches long, green, very slender. Flowers distinct and finally a little distant, small, sessile, with a minute bract at base. Corolla white,—the throat closed by a delicate white villus. Fruit separating into 4 nucules, which are oblong and triquetrous, with the outer side convex. Pastures, road-sides, &c. : throughout the United States. #1. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. This is not a very pernicious or troublesome weed ; but as it is altogether worthless, and often so abundant in pasture fields as neces- sarily to attract the notice of the observing farmer, I thought it might be admitted into the present work. V. officina’lis, another introduced species with pinnatified or 3-cleft leaves and small purplish flowers is found in some localities. The spe- cies of this genus are remarkable for their tendency to hybridize ; several of our native species produce hybrids spontaneously. Various crosses and varieties of V. AUBLE’TIA, V. CHAMHDRIFO’LIA, and other species, are now among the most common and deservedly popular ornaments of the flower garden. The varieties are almost innumerable and are yearly in- ereased by the florists. Orper XLIX. LABIA’T A. (Mint Fanny.) Chiefly herbs with quadrangular stems, opposite or sometimes verticillate leaves without stipules, and flowers in. axillary opposite cymules or aggregated in terminal spikes, rarely solitary. Corolla more or less bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous, or sometimes 2; an- ther-cells parallel, or often divaricate,—sometimes separated by @ long filiform connective. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, becoming, in fruit, 4 little seed-like nzdélefs, surrounding the base of the style, in the bottom of the persistent calyx ; each lobe, or nutlet, containing a single seed with little or no albumen. Foliage containing receptacles of aromatic oil. ~ MINT FAMILY. 229 A highly interesting and valuable Order, containing upwards of 100 genera, and par- ticularly remarkable for the aromatic fragrance, and stomachic properties, of many of the species. The most important, however,—being generally cultivated,—are here in- serted. * Stamens 4, the lower pair longer, declined so as to rest on the lower lip of the corolla. Flowers in racemes, white ; upper lobe of calyx broad, orbicular- ovate. Leaves ovate. Flowers in terminal peduncled spikes, pale blue; calyx 5-toothed ; leaves narrow, hoary. 2. #¢ Stamens 4 or 2, not turned down. Corolla almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens 4, nearly equal. 3. Corolla manifestly 2-lipped. Stamens 2, or only 2 with anthers. Upper lip nearly flat or spreading, 2-lobed at the end. Throat of calyx bearded. Sterile filaments 2. 4, Upper lip arched, entire or slightly notched, holding the stamens. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Flowers in close and leafy-bracted ~ heads. 5. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with one cell at the end of a long connective astride the end of the filament. 6. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, all with anthers. Upper and inner pair of stamens longer than the lower or outer pair ; all ascending under the upper lip. Uz Upper and inner pair of stamens shorter than the lower pair. Upper lip of the corolla flat and open, or barely concave. Stamens distant or diverging, not approaching the upper lip. Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, 15-merved. Sta- mens long. 8. Calyx 10-13-nerved, ovate, bell-shaped or short- tubular. Calyx naked in the throat. Flowers clustered in the axils or spiked. 9. Calyx hairy in the throat. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts. 10. Flowers loosely clustered ; bracts minute. 11. Stamens with their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip. Calyx tubular, bell-shaped and 2-lipped. Corolla curyed upwards. Flowers few in loose clusters. £2. Upper lip of the corolla arched or hood-like. Calyx 2-lipped, closed over the fruit and very veiny ; the lips toothed. 13. 14. MARRUBIUM. Calyx not 2-lipped, 10-toothed. Clusters axillary, head- like. Calyx not 2-lipped and only 5-toothed, bell-shaped or top- shaped, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla enlarged in the throat. Calyx-teeth not spiny. 15. Corolla not enlarged in the throat. Calyx top-shaped with spiny teeth. 16. *=* Stamens 4, ascending, and projecting from the upper side of the corolla. Corolla cleft down the upper side, the lower lobe much larger than the other 4. Flowers purplish, rarely white, in a spike ; akenes veiny. 17. 1. O’CIMUM, L. Sweert-zasn.. ig Ocmrux. LAVANDULA. MENTHA. HEDEOMA. Monarpa. SALVIA. NEPETA. HYSSOPTS. SATUREJA. ORIGANUM. THYMUS. MELISSA. BRUNELLA. LAMIUM. LEONURUS. TEUCRIUM. [Supposed from the Greek, Ozo, to smell ; in reference to its fragrance.] Cal yz 5-cleft,—the upper segment dilated, orbicular-ovate. Corolla with the upper lip 4-cleft—the lower lip scarcely longer, declined, entire, flat- tish. Stamens 4, declinate, the lower pair longer,—the upper filaments often toothed at base. Nuftlets ovoid, often minutely punctate. Flow- ers in terminal interrupted racemes. 230 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. QO. Bastn’tcum, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, subdentate, smooth, with ciliate petioles ; calyx reflexed after flowering. Royat Ocimum. Sweet Basil. Fy. Basilic. Germ. Gemeines Basilienkraut. Span. Albahaca. Root annual. Stem 6-12 inches high, often much branched, smoothish at base, pubes- cent above with short reflexed hairs. Leaves half an inch to an inch long ; pefioles one- third to two-thirds of an inch long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, petiolate, ciliate. Calyz in- flated-campanulate. Corolla whitish or bluish-white. Gardens : cultivated. Native of India. Fi. July. #r. September. Obs. This fragrant little plant is one of the numerous kitchen-garden herbs, usually cultivated for culinary purposes. 2. LAVAN’DULA, L. Lavenper. [Latin, lavare, to wash,—the distilled water being used for that purpose.] Calyx tubular, ovoid-cylindric, ribbed, with 5 short teeth, the upper one sometimes dilated and produced at apex. Corolla with the upper lip 2- lobed, and the lower one 3-lobed; lobes all nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 4, included ; filaments smooth, not toothed. Akenes smooth and even, adnate to 4 fleshy scales on the margin of the disk. Peren- nial herbs, or suffruticose plants,—the stems leafy near the base, but often naked below the spike. Flowers in terminal spzkes. 1. L. ve’ra, DC. Leaves hoary, lance-linear, entire, revolute on the margin ; spikes interrupted. True LavanpuLa. Lavender. Garden Lavender. Fy. La Lavande. Germ. Der Lavandel. Span. Espliégo. Plané clothed with a short hoary tomentum. Stem suffruticose, branching from the base ; branches erect, 12-28 inches high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, crowded near the base of the branches,—often with fascicles of young leaves in the axils. Flowers in a terminal imbricated spike about an inch in length, with 1-2 distant cymules below. Corolla blue, pubescent, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern Europe and shores of the Mediterranean. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. The compound tincture of the flowers of this herb (or, as the good ladies term it, “ Lavender Compound’’—) is deservedly popular, for its cordial and stomachic properties. The distilled water is also highly esteemed for its pungent and grateful fragrance. The dried flowers are used to fill scent bags to lay in drawers with linen, and the oil distilled from them is much used in the manufacture of perfumery. 3. MEN’THA, L. Min. {From Minthe, a nymph ; fabled to have been changed into this plant.] Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a short included tube ; the border nearly equally 4-cleft,—the up- per lube broader and usually emarginate. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, distant ; filaments glabrous, naked ; anthers with 2 paratlel cells. Pe- MINT FAMILY. Qa rennials, with spreading root-stocks and cymules (in the species mentioned here) in terminal spzkes. 1. M. vir’idis, L. Stem erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, subsessile ; spikes terete, slender, elongated, tapering at summit,—the cymules mostly distant. GREEN MentHa. Spear-mint. Common Mint. Fy. Baume verte. Germ. Die Spitzmuenze. Span. Menta puntiaguda. Plant smoothish and rather pale green. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching. Leaves 1-2 or 3 inches long, very acute, incised serrate. Spikes of cymules, often numerous, 2—4 inches long. Corolla pale purple. Moist grounds, waste places, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. This pleasantly aromatic herb has beensso generally introduced into all the older settlements of this country, that it is now very exten- sively naturalized. It is deservedly popular as a domestic medicine, in relieving nausea, &c., and it is the species employed in preparing that most seductive beverage, known as “ Mint Julep.” 2. M. piperi’ta, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate ; spikes cylindric, rather short, obtuse,—the cymules loosely approximated. Peppery Mentua. Pepper-mint. Fy. La Menthe. Germ. Pfeffer-muenze. Span. Menta piperita. © Plant smoothish and purplish. Stem 1-2 feet long, branching. JZeaves 1-2 inches long, more or less ovate and rounded at base, dark green, on petioles one-fourth to balf an inch in length, rather acute, serrate. Spikes of cymules half an inch to an inch or more in length, terminal, solitary,—the cymules crowded,—except the lower pair which are often a little distant. Corolla purple, larger than in the preceding species. Moist low grounds, gardens, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. — October. Obs. This most grateful aromatic is generally allowed a place in gar- dens, or about houses,—and is apparently naturalized in many localities. The essential, oil, and distilled water, are well known for their stomachic properties, and deservedly held in high esteem. The plant is largely cultivated, especially in the State of New-York, for the manufacture of the Oil of Peppermint, of which great quantities are consumed by confectioners in flavoring candies, lozenges, &c., and by druggists and liquor-dealers in preparing essences, cordials and the like. Hssence of Peppermint, a popular aromatic remedy for pains in the stomach, &c., is a solution of the oil in alcohol, of a strength corres- ponding to the price at which it is sold. Besides the species mentioned, there is another foreign one sparingly naturalized around old settlements in Ohio and Pennsylvania, the Corn-mint, (M. arven’s?s, L.,) which has axillary cymules, and the stem hairy downwards ; its odor is remarkable, and has been compared to that of decaying cheese. A native species, M, Canaden’sis, L., is common in wet grounds; it has an odor much like that of Pennyroyal. & 232 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 4, HEDEO’MA, Pers. PEnNyYROYAL. (Greek, Hedeia Osme, a pleasant odor ; from its fragrance. ] Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the under side near the base, 13-nerved, bilabiate——the upper lip 3-toothed—lower one bifid; throat villous. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper lip erect, flat —lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 2, ascending, the two upper entirely want- ing,—or rudimentary and sterile. Herbs with small leaves and loose ax- illary clusters of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. 1. H. putecior’peEs, Pers. Leaves lance-ovate, rather obtuse, subserrate, narrowed at base, petiolate ; cymules about 3-flowered. PULEGIUM-LIKE HepEoma. -American-Pennyroyal. Roc annual. Stem 6-12 inghes high, hoary-pubescent, branched. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, slightly pubescent, narrowed at base to a pubescent petiole one-eighth to half an inch in length,—the floral leaves resembling the cauline ones. Cymules usually 3-flowered ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, scarcely as long as the pedicels. Corolla pale blue, with purple spots. Stamens scarcely exserted, ascending, the anthers approximated under the upper lip,—the upper pair of stamens reduced to mere abortive rudiments. Slaty soils, old fields, &c.: throughout the United States. FI. July-August. Fr. September. ; i . Obs. A warmly aromatic little herb,—in general use as a popular dia- phoretic, carminative, &c., and therefore entitled to a description by which it may be certainly recognized. This is not the “ Pennyroyal” of Europe ; but has been so called because of its resemblance to that plant,—which is a species of Mint—viz., the Mentha Pulegium, L. 5. MONAR’DA, L. Horse-mint. [Dedicated to Nicholas Monardez, a Spanish Botanist.] Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed; throat usually hairy. Corolla with a slightly expanded throat, and a strone- ly 2-lipped limb ; upper lip entire, or slightly notched, erect, embracing the filaments ; ower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest and slightly notched. Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla; anthers linear, the divaricate cells confluent at the junction. Flowers large in a few whorled heads closely surrounded with bracts. 1. M. did yma, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at base, the floral ones and large exterior bracts purplish; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth, much elongated, bright red; stamens exserted beyond the acute upper lip of the corolla. Oswego Tea. Bee Balm. Root perennial.. Stem 1-2 fect high, 4-angled, branching, somewhat hairy. Leaves 3- 5 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, somewhat hairy on both sides, especially on the veins below ; petioles half an inch long. Flowers in 1-2 (rarely 3) whorls : corolla an inch and a haif long. New England, West and South. July — August. MINT FAMILY. 233 Obs. A very showy plant, often found in fertile soil along streams, and very common in gardens. 2. M. puncta ta, L. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at base; bracts lan- ceolate, obtuse at base, yellowish and purple; calyx pubescent, with short rigid teeth ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spot- ted ; stamens not exceeding the upper lip of the corolla. Horse-mint. Root perennial or biennial? Stem 2-3 fect high, obtusely 4-angled, whitish downy. F lowers in several whorls ; calyx somewhat curved with a short beard in the throat. Sandy fields New York and Southward. August-September. Obs. This very odorous and pungent plant abounds in a volatile oil, and possesses stimulant qualities which give it a place among the do- mestic remedies, it being used in cholics, &c. The oil which the plant affords by distillation is one of the most powerful of its class, and is used as an external application in rheumatism, &c. It should be used with caution, as it in some persons blisters the skin. In some parts of the South the plant is incorrectly called “ Origanum,” which has been corrupted into “ Rignum.” = 6. SAL’VIA, L. Sace. {Latin, salvare, to save ; on account of supposed medicinal virtues. ] Calyx sabcampanulate, bilabiate,—the upper lip mostly 3-toothed—the lower one bifid ; throat naked. Corolla ringent,—the upper lip erect, straight, or faleate. Stamens 2; anthers halved,—the cells separated by the long linear connective, which is transversely articulated with the fila- ment. Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked racemed or panicled whorls. 1. S. orricina’1is, L. Stem shrubby at base, leafy, hoary-tomentose ; leaves lance-oblong, crenulate, rugose ; upper lip of the corolla as long as the lower one, somewhat vaulted. (See figs. 152 and 153.) OrricinaL Satvia. Sage. Garden Sage. Fr. La Sauge. Germ. Die Salbei. Span. Salvia. Root perennial. Stems 1-2 feet high, growing in bunches, branching from the base. TIeaves 1-2 or 3 inches long, rather obtuse, sometimes lobed near the base, clothed with a short pubescence, greyish green,—the upper or floral leaves sessile—the others on petioles about an inch long. Cymules 5-10-flowered, in interrupted terminal racemes. Corolla mostly violet-purple. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fl. May--June. Fr. July —- August. Obs. Generally cultivated in kitchen gardens, for culinary purposes. The infusion makes a good gargle, and is otherwise moderately medicinal. The plant would seem to have been once considered as a kind of pan- acea, if we may judge from the following monkish lines: “Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto ? Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis. Salvia salvatrix, Nature conciliatrix. Salvia cum Ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta.”’ 234 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. There is now, however, but little confidence placed in the virtues thus imputed or implied ; and in these temperance times, the doctrine of the concluding line would be denounced as rank heresy,—even though the charm be fortified “ with Rue,’—that “herb of grace o’ Sundays,” as SHAKSPEARE terms it—which is here appropriately enough associated with an indulgence in cups! We often find, on dry sterile meadow banks, a native species of this genus (§. lyra’ta, L.), which is a mere weed, but scarcely of sufficient importance to require a description here. Several tropical species are cultivated in gardens and green-houses ; some of which have the calyx, as well as the corolla, highly colored, and are very showy. 7. NECPERTEAS LE. Carnie: [Supposed to be named from Vepete,—a town in Italy.] Calyx tubular, sometimes ovoid, about 15-nerved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate——the upper lip erect, somewhat concave, emarginate or bifid—the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe largest; throat dilated. Stamens 4, ascending,—the lower pair shorter ; anthers mostly approximated in pairs, 2-celled ; cells diverging, finally divaricate. Pe- rennial herbs. 1. N. Cata’ria, L. Hoary-pubescent ; stem erect, tall ; leaves oblong- cordate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, upper floral ones small and bract-like ; cymules densely many-flowered, the upper ones crowded in a spike—the lower ones distant; calyx ovoid-tubular ; corolla one half longer than the calyx. Cat Nereta. Cat-mint. Catnip. Fr. Herbe aux Chats. Germ. Die Katzen muenze. Span. Gatera.. Stem 2-38 feet high, mostly several from the same root, somewhat branched. Leaves 2-3 or 4 inches long, green above ; canescent beneath ; petioles half an inch to an inch and a half in length. Cymules on short common peduncles, in interrupted terminal spikes ; bracteoles lance linear, a little longer than the pedicels. Corolla ochroleucous, with a reddish tinge and purple dots, pubescent ; upper lip emarginately bifid, the lower one crenate dentate, villous at base. Fence-rows, fields, and waste places: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June-Aug. Fr. July -September. Obs. This foreigner is so extensively naturalized as to be a rather troublesome weed. The dried herb, in infusion, is a highly popular medicine among the good ladies who deal in simples,—and is probably often useful. But, as a weed on the farm, it is objectionable, and, when permitted to multiply, gives to the premises a very slovenly appearance. 2. N. Glecho’ma, Benth. Stem procumbent, radicating at base; leaves cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate, all alike ; cymules few-flowered,— all distant, axillary ; calyx tubular; corolla nearly three times as long as the calyx. | ; Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. © Gill. Fr. Lierre terrestre. Germ. Die Gundelrebe. Span. Yedra terrestre. MINT FAMILY. 935 Stem 6 -18 inches long, slender and prostrate,—the flowering branches erect or ascend- ing, 4-8 or 10 inches high, retrorsely pubescent. Leaves three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a half long, and rather wider than long ; petioles 1-3 inches long: Cymules all dis- tant ; bracteoles minute, subulate and ciliate. Corolla blue or purplish-blue (rarely white), pilose—the upper lip bifid. Anthers approximated in pairs,—the cells diverging and presenting the figure of a cross. 2 Fence-rows and moist shaded places: introduced. Native of Europe and Northern Asia. Fl.May—-—June. Fr. July. : Obs. Naturalized about many settlements, and being a mere weed, is often inconveniently abundant. The herb was employed in England to clarify and give a flavor to ale (whence one of its common names), until the reign of Henry VIII., at which period hops were substituted. The infusion of the herb is a popular medicine,—like that of the preceding species. 8 HYSSO’PUS, L.. Hyssop. {Latinized from Ezob,—an ancient Hebrew name. ] Calyz tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed ; throat naked. Corolla bi- labiate,—the upper lip erect, flat, emarginate—the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe larger, bifid. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging, the lower pair longer ; anthers 2-celled,—the cells linear, divaricate. 1. H. orricina’tis, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, entire, sessile ; cymules secund, racemose,—the upper ones approximate. OrricinaL Hyssorus. Hyssop. Garden Hyssop. Fr. Hysope. Germ. Der Isop. Span. Hisopo. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, subterete, shrubby at base and much branched. Leaves three-fourths of an inch toan inch and a half long. Cymules rather crowded in a one-sided terminal raceme or spike, with a few distant ones below. Corolla bright blue, or sometimes purplish. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Europe and Asia. Fl. July Aug. Fr. Sept. Obs. Cultivated as a medicinal herb. The infusion has long been a popular febrifuge. The Dittany (Cunila Maria’na, L.)—which belongs to this tribe—is also a well-known artic'e in the popular Materia Med- ica ; but as it grows wild, and is usually confined to dry hilly woodlands, it is scarcely entitled to a place among agricultural plants. 9. SATURE’JA, ZL. Summer Savory. [the ancient Latin name. ] Calyx tubular-campanulate, 10-nerved, deeply and nearly equally 5- toothed, or obseurely bilabiate ; throat naked, or nearly so. Corolla bilabiate,—the upper lip erect, flat—the lower one spreading, 3-lobed, lobes nearly equal. Stamens 5, diverging. Herbs with small entire oe often fasciculate in the axils, and somewhat spiked, purplish owers. 1. 8. norten’sis, L. Stem erect, much branched, pubescent ; leaves oblong-linear, acute ; cymules axillary, pedunculate, few-flowered, some- what secund, remote or the upper ones somewhat spiked. 236 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. GarDEN SaturEJA. Summer Savory. Fr, La Sarriette. Germ. Die Saturey. Span. Ajedréa. Root annual. Stem 6-12 inches high, obscurely 4-angled, branched so as to appear bushy, roughish-pubescent, mostly dark purple. eaves half an inch to an inch long, narrowed at base to avery short. petiole. Cymules about 3-flowered—the upper ones crowded into a leafy spike. Corolla pale violet-purple, somewhat pubescent, scarcely longer than the hispid-ciliate calyx-teeth. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. #1. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. Cultivated as a culinary herb. 10. ORI’'GANUM, L. Marsoram. [Greek, Orvos, a mountain, and Ganos, delight ; in allusion to its native locality.] Calyx ovoid bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 5-toothed or bilabiate with the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower lip 2-toothed, truncate or wanting. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip emarginate ; lower lip longer, 3- lobed and spreading. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. Annuals or peren- azals with nearly entire /eaves and flowers in dense corymbose clusters or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. 1. O. Marsora’na, L. Somewhat branched ; leaves elliptic-obovate, downy and canescent on both sides ; spikelets oblong, clustered at the ends of the branches. Sweet Marjoram. Fr. La Marjolaine. Germ. Der Majoran. Span. Majorana. Root annual. Sfem 9-18 inches high, subterete. eaves one third of an inch to an inch long, varying from ovate to obovate and spatulate.. Spikelets one fourth to half an inch long, obtusely 4-cornered, hoary-pubescent, in sessile terminal clusters of threes, or on short axillary branches ; bracts very obtuse or rounded, ciliate-pubescent, quadrifariously and densely imbricated, the margins at base involute. Calyx with the upper lip free, like a distinct sepal, dilated, obtuse, ciliate-pilose and mostly 3-toothed at apex, narrowed below with the margins folded in, the lower lip or division ovate, smooth, very small. Corolla white or tinged with purple. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Africa and Asia. FJ. July—Aug. Fr. September. Obs. One of the fragrant culinary herbs, generally cultivated. ll. THY’MUS, L. Taye. [The ancient Greek name ; from Thyo, to burn perfume.] Calyx ovoid-tubular, 10-13 nerved, bilabiate——the upper lip trifid— the lower one bifid ; throat villous. Corolla with the upper lip erect, nearly flat, emarginate-—the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe longer. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. Humble shrubby or suffruticose perennials, with small and entire strongly veined deaves and purplish or whitish flowers. 1. T. vunea’ris, L. Stems erect or procumbent at base ; leaves oblong- ovate or lance-ovate, revolute on the margin ; cymules in terminal inter- rupted leafy spikes. Common Tuymus. Garden Thyme. Standing Thyme. MINT FAMILY. 230 Fr. Serpolet. Germ. Der Thymian. Span. Tomillo. Stems 4—6 inches high, numerous, slender, rather erect, much branched and matted together at basc, suffruticose, clothed with a short cinereous pubescence. Leaves one fourth to half an inch long, abruptly narrowed to a petiole, punctate, slightly pubescent beneath, fasciculate in the axils by reason of abortive branches. Calyx hirsute, strongly ribbed, punctate ; segments of the lower lip subulate, pectinately ciliate. Corolla pale purple. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. Fi. June-August. #7. August — September. Obs. A favorite condiment in culinary processes,—and generally cul- tivated in kitchen gardens. The creeping Thyme (T. Serpyl’lum, L.)— a species nearly allied in properties and appearance—is naturalized in many places. 12. MELIS’SA, L. Bam. [Greek, Melissa, the honey-bee ; the flowers being a fayorite of that insect.} Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, bilabiate——the upper lip mostly spreading, 3- toothed—the lower one bifid. Corolla bilabiate, with a recurved ascend- ing tube, dilated above. Stamens 4, conniving under the upper lip ; anthers 2-celled ; cells distinct, parallel, finely diverging. Perennial herbs with loosely few-flowered, one-sided cymules in the axes of leaf-like bracts. 1. M. orrictna’uis, L. Stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate, petiolate. Orrictinat Meuissa. Balm. “Common Balm. Fr. La Melisse. Germ. Die Melisse. Span. Melisa. Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2—3 or 4 inches long ; petioles half an inch to aninch and a half in length—the floral leaves resembling the cauline, but usually somewhat cuneate atbase. Cymules 3—6-flowered on a short common peduncle. Calyx dry, hairy. Corolla white or ochroleucous, sometimes slightly tinged with purple. Cultivated. Native of Southern Europe and Asia. Fl. July-August. #r. September. Obs. Commonly cultivated in gardens, and has become sparingly nat- uralized in some places. -An infusion of the herb, or “ Balm Tea,” is a popular domestic medicine, and it is probably as efficacious as any other harmless warm drink in producing perspiration. 13. BRUNEL’LA, Tournef. Srr- HEAL. [German, Die Braeune, the quinsy ; said to be cured by it.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 10-nerved, reticulately veined, bilab- iate,—the upper lip flat, dilated, truncate, with 3 short-teeth—the lower lip bifid, segments lanceolate. Corolla with the upper lip erect, vaulted, entire—the lower lip depending, 3-lobed, middle lobe rounded, concave, crenulate ; tube a little contracted at throat, inflated below it on the under side, with an annulus, or little ring of short hairs or scales, near the base within. Filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bear- ing the anther. Perennials with few-flowered cymules clustered in im- bricated spikes or heads. 238 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. B. vulga’ris, L. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, crenate dentate or obsoletely serrate, sometimes pinnatifidly incised, petiolate. Common Brunetia. Heal-all. Self-heal. Fy. Brunelle ordinaire. Germ. Gemeine Brunelle. Span. Brunela. Stem 8 -12 or 15 inches high, erect or ascending, somewhat branched, especially at base. Leaves 1-3 inches long ; petioles half an inch - 2 inches long (those of the radical or lower leaves often 3-4 inches long); the floral-leaves bract-like, orbicular-cordate, sessile, witha short abrupt acumination, the lower ones conspicuously acuminate. Cymules 3-flowered, crowded into compact imbricated oblong terminal spikes. Bracteoles none. Corolla vioiete purple (rarely pale purple or nearly white), smoothish. : Fields, road-sides, open woodlands, &c.: introduced. Native of the old world. Fl. July - September. Fr. August— November. Obs. This plant appears to be distributed over the four quarters of the globe ; but I should judge it not to be a native, here. Although not a pernicious weed, it is so common, on our farms, that it seemed proper to notice it in this work. Its ancient reputation for healing wounds—like that of many other such medicaments of the olden times— is now quite obsolete. The famous Mad-dog Scull-cap (Seutella’ria laterifio’ra, L.)—which once figured in the Gazettes as a specific for Hydrophobia—belongs to this tribe,—and is frequent in wet meadows. 14. MARRU’BIUM, L. Hoaruounp. [Said to be derived from the Hebrew, Maryob ; meaning a bitter juice.] Calyx tubular, 5—10-nerved, nearly equally 5—10-toothed,—the teeth more or less spiny-pointed, finally spreading. Corolla with the upper lip erect, flattish or concave, somewhat bifid—lower lip spreading, 3- lobed, middle lobe broader ; tube included in the calyx. Stamens in- cluded ; anthers 2-celled,—the cells divaricate. Akenes obtuse at summit, but not truncate. Hoary-tomentose perennials with rugose leaves and many-flowered axillary cymules. 1. M. vulga’re, L. Stems ascending ; leaves roundish-ovate or oval, crenate-dentate, softly villous and canescent beneath ; calyx with 10 subulate recurved teeth. Common Marrusium. Hoarhound. Fy. Marrub blane. Germ. Der weisse, Andorn. Span. Marrubio. Stems 9-18 inches high, czespitose or branching from the base. Leaves about 2 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base to a flat nerved woolly petiole half an inch to an inch long. Cymules dense, sessile in the rather distant axils; bracteoles subulate. Corolla white, small. Stony banks and waste places : introduced. Native of Europe and middle Asia. FJ. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. This has been introduced as a medicinal herb,—and is partially naturalized in many places. It has a weed-like appearance, but does not incline to spread much,—and may well be tolerated to some extent, for its valuable tonic properties. The Syrups and Candies, prepared from or with it, are excellent pectoral medicines. MINT FAMILY. 239 15. LA’MIUM, L. Derap-Nett3e. [Greek, Laimos, the throat ; from its gaping flowers.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved ; teeth 5, nearly equal, subu- late at apex. Corolla dilated at the throat,—the upper lip ovate or ob- long, arched, mostly narrowed at base; lower lip with the middle or lower lobe broad, emarginate, contracted at base and substipitate ; the lateral ones small at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; anthers approximated in pairs, 2-celled ; cells finally divaricate. Akenes triquetrous with the angles acute truncate at sum- mit, smooth, or minutely rugose-tuberculate. . 1. L.amplexicau'le, L. Leaves rounded, crenately incised,—the lower ones petiolate—the floral ones sessile, amplexicaul ; tube of the corolla naked within, the lateral lobes not toothed; an- thers hirsute. Stem-cLaspinc Lamium.—Dead Nettle. Hen-bit. Fr. Le Lamier. Germ. Die Taube-nessel. Span. Ortiga muerta. Root annual. Stems several, or much branched from the base, decumbent or ascending, 6-12 inches high, mostly purplish. Leaves halfan inch to three quarters in length, and mostly wider than long, the lower or cauline ones on pefioles half an inch to an inch long. Cymule densely many-flowered, axillary, the lower ones distant, the upper ones rather approximated. Calyx sessile, hirsute. Corolla bright purple, pubescent, the galeate upper lip nearly entire, clothed with a purple villus; lower lip obcordate; throat dilated, laterally compressed ; tube slender, much exserted. The corolla, in the lower cymules, is often minute or wanting. ; WZ 15 2 Gardens and cultivated lots: introduced. Native of Europe and Northern Africa. 1. April-May. fr. June. Obs. This worthless little weed is abundantly naturalized in and about our gardens in Pennsylvania,—and requires some attention to keep it in Fic. 151. A flower of the Garden Sage (Salvia officinalis). 152. The same with the corolla removed and the calyx divided to show the pistil and 4-lobed ovary. 153. The Purple Lamium (Lamium amplexicaule). & 240 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. due subjection. Another species (Z. purpu’reum, L.) has also been intro- duced in some localities ; but it does not appear to multiply so rapidly. 16. LEONU’RUS, L. MorHerworr. [Greek, Leon, a lion, and Oura,a tail ; from some fancied resemblance.] Calyx turbinate, 5—10-nerved—the limb truncate, 5-toothed; teeth subulate, subspinescent, finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate——the upper lip oblong, entire, flattish or somewhat arched—lower lip spreading, 3- lobed,—the lateral lobes oblong—the middle one entire or sometimes ob- cordate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximat- ed in pairs, 2-celled, the valves naked. Akenes triquetrous, truncate at summit, smooth. Mostly perennzal herbs with cut-lobed leaves and close whorls of flowers in their axils. 1. L. Cardia’ca, L. Lower stem-leaves palmate-lobed, the upper ones cuneate-obiong, mostly trifid, with a lengthened narrow base,—the lobes of all the leaves ovate or lanceolate ; corolla longer than the calyx-teeth ; the tube with a villous ring within at base; upper lip flattish, hirsutely villous ; lower lip spreading, the middle lobe entire. _ Carpiac Leonvrvs. Motherwort. Fr. L’Agripaume. Germ. Das Herzgespann. Span. Agripalma. Root perennial Stem 2-4 feet high, branched at base and above, retrorsely pubescent, with a hairy ring at the joints or nodes. eaves 2-4 inches long, rugose, the lower ones nearly orbicular in the outline ; pa@ioles 1-2 inches long. Cymules 3-6 or S-flowered, sessile, distant, forming an interrupted leafy spike 6-12 or 15 inches in length ; bracteoles subulate, smooth. Calyx strongly 5-ribbed, smoothish ; teeth acuminate, pungent, the lower ones rather longer. Corolla pale purple, externally very villous, especially on the t upper lip. Akenes hirsute at summit. Fence rows and waste places: introduced. Native of Europe and Asia. FI. June- July. Fr. August. Obs. This foreigner is completely naturalized, and is apt to occupy all neglected nooks and waste places about farm-yards and along field-sides. It is an utterly worthless weed—unsightly and disagreeable,—and speed- ily gives a forlorn appearance to the premises of the slothful and sloven- ly farmer. There is another species (L. marrubias’trum, L.) which has become partially naturalized in some districts; but it does not threaten to become so prevalent and troublesome. 17. TEU’CRIUM, L. Germanper. [Named from Zeucer, a Trojan prince, who, it is said, first used the plani.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the tube shori.—the 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly equal, oblong and de- clined, or very short and rather erect,—the lowest lobe largest, obiong cr rounded, mostly concave. Stamens 4, exserted from the cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla ; anthers with the cells confluent. Cymules few-flowered in a terminal rather crowded greyish-green spzke. © BORAGE FAMILY. 241 1. T. Canaden’se, L. Herbaceous, erect, hoary-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at base, on short petioles. CanaDIAn Tevucrium. Wood Sage. Germander. Root perennial. Stem 1-—2or 3 feet high, simple or sparingly branched, square with the sides, concave and the angles obtuse, clothed with a retrorse cinereous pubescence. Leaves 5 —5 inches long, on petioles one fourth to three fourths of an inch i ah length. Cymules 2-3-fiowered, mostly crowded, sometimes a little distant, in a spike 2-5 or 6 inches in length (en an opposite pair of racemes from the axils of the first leaves beneath). Co- rolla pale purple, minutely pubescent ; Jimb declinate, with a central fissure on the upper side—the upper or lateral lobes erect, acute, the middle or lowest lobe oblong or oboyate, concaye. Style longer than the stamens, curved, equally bifid at summit. Fence rows and low shaded grounds : throughout the United States. Fl. July. Fr. August —September. Obs. This plant is frequently to be seen in low grounds, along streams, and,sometimes along fence-rows and borders of fields ; but it has not be- come generally known as an intrusive weed. An observing farmer, how- ever, has recently brought to me some specimens of it collected in his fields,—where, he assured me, he found it a very troublesome weed—and moreover, exceedingly difficult to extirpate. I have, therefore, deemed it proper to describe the plant, and commend it to further notice,—so that its true character may be certainly determined, before its inroads become extensive. Since the above remark was written (1846), the plant has become very troublesome on some farms in Pennsylvania. Orper L. BORRAGINA’CEA. (Borace Famizy.) Mostly rough hairy herbs with round stems, alternate simple leaves without stipules and jlowers in often 1-sided clusters or racemes which are spiral (circinate) before expansion. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla mostly regular ; the limb 5-toothed, with 5 stamens inserted on its tube. Ovary deeply 4lobed ; the style proceeding from the base of the lobes, which in Fruit become little nuts or hard akenes, each with a single seed without albumen. Herbage not aromatic. An Order for the most part of rough homely plants, some of them very obnoxious weeds. A few are slightly medicinal. The Alkanet of commerce (a red coloring matter) is afford- ed by a plant of this Order, viz.: Anchusa tinctoria, L. Several species have showy flowers, and some of the Heliotropiums are admired for their fragrance. = Akenes or lobes erect, fixed by the lower end, separate from the style, not prickly. Corolla somewhat irregular, throat naked and open. The rather unequal stamens protruding. 1. Ecutum. Corolla regular. Its throat closed by 5 converging scales. 2. SYMPHYTUM. Its throat open, with 5 more or less evident projections ; lobes spreading, round, imbricated in the bud, white. 3. LITHOSPERMUM. **Akenes or lobes prickly, fixed by their side or upper end to the ee of the style. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 scales in the roat. Akenes erect, prickly on the margins only. Flowers small. 4, ECHINOSPERMUM. Akenes oblique or flattened from above, prickly or rough all over. 5. CYNOGLOSSUM. 1. E’CHIUM, Tournef. Viper’s-Buctoss. ~ (Greek, Echis, a viper ; from the resemblance of the seeds toa viper’s head.] Ccrolla subcampanulate, limb obliquely 5-lobed, unequal, the throat ex- dia pe WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. panded, naked. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Nutleis roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. ae vex 1. E. vulga’re, L. Stem tuber- nas / culate-hispid ; leaves linear- lanceolate, hispid ; flowers in lateral secund spikes, dispos- ed in a long narrow raceme. Common Ecuium. Blue-weed. Viper’s Bugloss. Blue Devils. Fr. Herbe aux Vipéres. Ger. Der Natterkopf. Span. Yer- ba de la Vibora. Root biennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, branched above. Radical-leaves 5-8 inches long, lanceolate, petiolate ; stem-leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate, acute sessile. Spikes numerous, ax- illary, secund and at first recurved, finally erect. Corolla at first pur- Iplish, finally bright blue, pubescent externally. Akenes subovoid, angu- lar on the inner side, keeled on the back, a little ncurved and acuminate, rough with tubercles of a greyish- brown color. Fields and road-sides : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. This showy but vile weed, has become extensively naturalized in some portions of our country,—and is a sad pest wherever it establishes itself. I have seen it in con- siderable quantities in the State of Maryland, and of late years it has become abundant : in New York—though I think rie it is yet rare in Pennsylvania. Prof. A. Gray informs us (Silliman’s Journal, Vol. 42, p. 13), that in the valley of the Shenandoah, Virginia, “for the distance of more than a hundred miles, it has taken complete possession, even of many cultivat- ed fields.” A veteran editor of a newspaper in the “ Old Dominion,” has long been noted for harping on the Ovidian phrase—* Princzpiis obsta,’ —i. e. meet and resist beginnings—or nip the first buddings of evil. If he had taught his agricultural fellow-citizens to apply his favorite maxim, practically to this plant, he would “ have done the State some service :” and every farmer would do well to bear that maxim in mind, Fic. 154. Flowering summit of Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare). BORAGE FAMILY. 243 not only in reference to this, but to all pernicious weeds. It would save a vast deal of vexatious labor at a future day. 2. SYM’PHYTUM, Tournef. Comrrey. [Greek, Symphyo, to join ; from its supposed healing virtues.] Corolla tubular with 5 short spreading teeth; the throat inflated and closed by 5 linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included ; anthers elongated. Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed by a large hollowed base. Coarse peren- mals with mucilaginous roots and yellowish white flowers in nodding hispid racemes. 1. S. officina’le, L. Stem winged above by the decurrence of the sessile leaves ; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a petiole, the upper narrower. OFFICINAL Symppytum. Comfrey. Stem 2-3 feet high, branched, grooved or angular, and hispidly pilose. Leaves 6-12 inches long, rugose ; petioles of the lower ones 3-5 inches in length. Racemes without bracts, the flowers rather crowded. Corolla rarely purplish ; scales of the throat gland- ular dentate. Gardens, and naturalized in some places. Native of Europe. June. Obs. Formerly used as a remedy for “internal wounds,” and still has some reputation in diseases of the lungs and bowels. The root is the part used ; it imparts a strong mucilage to water and has a slight astringency, and is at least harmless if not efficacious. 3. LITHOSPER’MUM, Tournef. GromweEtt. [Greek, Lithos, a stone, and Sperma, seed ; from the stony hardness of its seeds. ] Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; limb 5-lobed ; throat naked, or with 5 small gibbous projections. Anthers oblong, subsessile, included. Akenes bony, smooth or rugose, fixed by the base. 1. L arven’se, L. Hispidly pilose; leaves lance-linear, rather acute, entire, nerveless ; akenes rugose-pitted. Frevtp Lirnosrermum. Stone-weed. Gromvwell. Fr. Grémil des champs. Germ. Acker Steinsame. Roots annual. Stem 12-18 inches high, generally much branched from the root, and often branched near the summit. Leaves 1-2 inches long,—the lower ones often oblan- ceolate and obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile. Corolla ochroleucous, small, destitute of folds or appendages. Akenes ovoid, acuminate, rugose, brown when mature. Grain-fields and pastures : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May. fr. June. Obs. A worthless little foreigner, more noticeable for its frequency in our fields, than for any intrinsic importance, even as a weed. According to the doctrine of signatures—a fanciful theory of the early days of medical science, which assumed that all wedicinal substances indicated by some external character the diseases to which they were adapted, or the part of the body which they were supposed to affect—this, and other species, were formerly a reputed cure for the stone in the bladder, from the stony-like appearance of its seeds ; whence one of the popular names. 244 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 3. ECHINOSPER’MUM, Swartz. SticksEED. [Greek, Echinos, a hedgehog, and sperma, seed ; from the prickly nutlets.] Corolla salver-form, about the length of the calyx ; lobes rounded; the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect. fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or com- pressed, the back armed with 1-3 rows of przckles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. Rough-hairy greyish herbs, with small blue flowers in bracted racemes. 1. E. Lap’ pula, Lehm. Stem paniculately branched above ; leaves lanceo- Fic. 155. Corn Gromwell (Lithospermum arvense). 156. The fruit of 4 smooth nutlets, enlarged. BORAGE FAMILY. 945 late, rather obtuse, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double row of prickles on the margins, and tubercled on the back. Stickseed. Narrow-leaved Stickseed. Annual or biennial. Stem a foot or more in height, covered with greyish spreading hairs, simple below. Leaves 1-2 inches long, very hairy ; the hairs mostly tuberculate at the base. Flowers in leafy racemes, the pedicels very short. Waste places. Native of Europe: July. Obs. Rather common in some localities. The nutlets adhere to the coats of sheep and cattle, and on this account the weed is a troublesome one. 4. CYNOGLOS’SUM, Tournef. Hovnn’s-toncue. [Greek, Kyon, a dog, and Glossa, a tongue ; from the form of the leaves.] Corolla fannel-form—the tube nearly as long as the calyx ; throat closed by 5 obtuse scales; limb 5-lobed; the lobes very obtuse. Stamens in- cluded. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. Coarse herbs with a strong unpleasant odor, and mostly panicled racemes Which are naked above, but usually bracted at the base. Lower leaves petioled. 1, C. Moriso’ni, DC. Stem erect, somewhat hispid, divaricately branched at summit; leaves ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at base ; racemes somewhat in pairs, with the rachis villous; pedicels finally reflexed ; fruit densely covered with uncinate prickles. Morison’s Cynocuiossum. Beggar’s Lice. to} Root annual. Stem 2-4 feethigh. Leaves 3-4 inches long, acute at each end, scabrous, the lower ones petiolate—the upper ones subsessile. Racemes terminating the slender diyaricate branches, mostly dichotomous ; pedicels about as long as the fruit. Corolla bluish-white, small. Fence-rows and borders of thickets: Northern and Middle states. Fl. July. Fr. October. Obs. The slovenly farmer is apt to get a practical acquaintance with this obnoxious weed, in consequence of its racemes of bur-like fruit en- tangling the manes of his horses, and the fleeces of his sheep. 2. C. officina’le, L. Softly pubescent ; stem paniculate above, leafy ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart- shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. OrricinaL CrnocLossum. Hound’s-tongue. Biennial. Stem about 2 feet high. Radical leaves 9-12 inches in length, lance oblong, petiolate ; stem leaves 3-6 inches long. Racemes 2-5 inches long, mostly erect, secund ; pedicels 14 - 34 an inch in length ; corolla reddish or purplish brown, (rarely white). Waste places and pastures. Native of Europe. May-July. Obs. Troublesome in the same manner with the preceding species. The disagreeable odor of the plant has been compared to that of nests of young mice. 246 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Orper LI. CONVOLVULA’CEA. (Coxvoivotus Famty.) Mostly trailing or twining herbs, often with a milky juice ; leaves alternate (in Cuscuta reduced to minute scales) ; flowers regular, hexandrous ; calyx of 5 imbricated persistent sepals ; corolla 5-plaited or 5-lobed, twisted or convolute in the bud ; ovary 2-celled (rarely 38-celled) with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming 4-celled ; the embryo large, curved or coiled ina mucilaginous albumen. Fruit a globular 2—6-seeded pod. * A family containing many showy plants, some of which are cultivated for ornament. The medicinal products, Jalap and Scammony, are furnished by plants of this order. ; Fic. 157. Common Hounds-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale). 158. Portion of the corolla with the scales which close the throat. 159. The fruit, consisting of prickly nutlets adher- ing to the base of the styel. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. QAT 1. BATA’TAS, Rumph. Sweer Poraro. [Apparently an aboriginal or barbarous name,—adopted for the genus. ] Corolla campanulate—the limb spreading. Stamens 5, included. Style simple ; stigma capitate; 2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds 4, erect. 1. B. E’puxis, Chois. Stem creeping, rarely voluble ; leaves subhastate —cordate with the sinus broad and shallow, often angular and partially lobed, petiolate ; peduncles as long or longer than the petioles, 3 -4- flowered. EatasBie Baratas. Sweet Potato. Carolina Potato. Fy. Patate jaune. Germ. Bataten Winde. Span. Batata de Malaga. Root perennial, tuberous ; tubers oblong, terete, acute at each end, yellowish-white, or sometimes purple externally, yellowish within. Stem 4-8 feet long, slender, prostrate, radicating, pilose. Leaves 2—3 or 4 inches long ; petioles about 2 inches in length. Corolla purple (fide DC.). Gardens and lots : cultivated. Obs. Cultivated for its large sweet edible farinaceous roots, especially in the Southern States, though its culture has been found practicable much farther North than was formerly supposed. The warm sandy soil of New Jersey produces fine specimens, and it has succeeded in some of the States of the West. In the Middle States it does not flower, but is propagated altogether by cuttings. The plant is generally supposed to have originated in tropical America; although it has extended, in culti- vation, throughout the warmer portions of both continents, it has never been detected by any botanist in the wild state. The word potato is said to be a corruption of Batata, the name it bore among the aborigines of some portion of this continent. This is doubtless the potato spoken of by SHAksPEARE, and contemporary writers; the “Irish Potato,” so called (Sota’NUM TUBERO’sUM), being then scarcely known in the Old World. Sweet Potatoes were among the presents which Columbus carried to Isabella, from the newly-discovered world. 2. CONVOL’VULUS, L. Brinp-weep. [Latin, Convolvo, to entwine, or wind about ; descriptive of the plant.] Corolla campanulate. Sty’e simple; stigmas 2, terete-linear, often revolute. Capsule 2-celled. Szeds 4, erect. Stems twining procumbent, often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening at dawn. 1. C. arven’sis, L. Stem voluble or often prostrate ; leaves ovate- oblong, mostly obtuse, sagittate at base; peduncles mostly 1-flowered, bibracteate—the bracts small, remote from the tlower. Fretp Convoriyvutus. Bind-weed. _ Fr. Liseron des champs. Germ. Die Ackerwinde. Span. Corregiiela. Root perennial, creeping, long. Stem about 2 feet long, slender, branching, procumbent 245 WEEDS AND USEFUL: PLANTS. or twining round other plants, twisted, a little hairy. Zeaves an inch to an inch and a half long—the smaller ones rather acute, the larger ones obtuse and somewhat emarginate —all of them with a minute pusH at the énd of the midrib ; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Peduneles axillary, 1-214 inches long, with 2 minute bracts half an inch to an inch below the flower. Corolla pale red or reddish- white. Cultivated lots : introduced. Native of Europe and Asia. FJ. June-July. Fir. Aug. Obs. This foreigner has been introduced into some portions of our country,—and may give the farmers some trouble, if they do not guard against it. We are told that incessant vigilance is the condition on which alone the rights of freemen can be maintained ; and I believe the farmer will find a similar condition amexed to the preservation of his premises from the inroads of pernicious weeds. The following remarks, from the Flora Londinensis, will afford some idea of the character of this Convolvulus, as observed in England,—and may serve as a salutary caution here : “ Beautiful as this plant appears to the eye, experience proves it to have a most pernicious tendency in Agriculture. 'The field of the sloy- enly farmer bears evident testimony of this; nor is the garden wholly exempt from its inroads. The following experiment may serve to show what precaution is necessary in the introduction of plants into a garden, especially when we want them to grow in some particular situation. “Tempted by the lively appearance which I had often observed some banks to assume from being covered with the blossoms of this Convol- vulus, I planted twelve feet of a bank in my garden, which was about four feet in height, with some roots of it: it was early in the spring, Fic. 169. BinlJweed (Convolvulus arvensis.) CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 249 and the season was remarkably dry, so that I scarcely expected to see them grow ; but a wet season coming on, soon convinced me that my apprehensions were unnecessary, for they quickly covered the whole sur- face of the bank, to the almost total extirpation of every other plant. It being a generally received opinion, that if a plant was cut down close to the ground, it would thereby be destroyed, or at least very much weakened, I was determined to try the validity of this opinion by an experiment, and accordingly, the whole of the Convolvulus was cut down somewhat below the surface of the earth. In about a month the bank was covered with it thicker than before. I then had recourse to a second cutting, and afterwards to a third: but all these were insuffi- cient ; for now at this present writing (August) the bank is wholly covered with it; nor do I expect to destroy it, but by levelling the bank and destroying the roots.” The common Morning-glory is placed by some botanists in this genus, and by others, it is referred to Ipoma@a, which differs from Convolvulus chiefly in its capitate, and often 2—3-lobed stigma. ‘This, the Ipome’a purpurea, L., issparingly naturalized about dwellings ; and a very hairy species, I. Ni/. Roth, is found in similar situations in the Southern States. The beautiful Cypress Vine, often cultivated, and somewhat spontaneous Southward, is Quam’ociir vuLGA’RIS, Chors. 3. CUS’CUTA, Tournef. Dopperr. [A name of uncertain derivation and obscure meaning, ] Calyx 4—5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate or tubular,—the limb 5 or rarely 4-cleft. Stamens furnished with a scale-like, often fringed appen- dage at the base. Ovary free, 2-celled and 4-ovuled; styles 2, rarely united into 1. Fruit mostiy capsular,—the pericarp membranaceous, circumscissed at base or bursting irregularly. Embryo spiral, filiform, more or less convolute in and around fleshy albumen. Parasitic Herbs, with slender twining leafless orange-colored stems ; germinating in the earth, but speedily attaching themselves to other plants by radicating processes, through which they derive nourishment,—and, dying at the root, soon lose all direct connection with the soil. Flowers clustered. 1. OC. epini’num, Weih. Stem filiform ; flowers in dense capitate sessile rather distant clusters; corolla globular, 5-parted, scarcely exceeding the calyx, withering on the capsule ; scales minute ; stigmas elongated ; pod opening regularly around the base by a circumsissile dehiscence. Frax Cuscuta. Flax-vine. Dodder. Fy. Fil de terre. Germ. Die Flachs-seide. Span. Cuscuta. Annual. Stem 2-3 or 4 feet long, very slender, smooth, pale orange-color. Flowers in gmall dense heads or clusters. Calyx seyments 4-5 ovate, rather acute. Corolla yellowish- white or pale orange-color, subglobose-urceolate, 4-—5-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, some- -what spreading. Stamens inserted at the clefts of the corolla. Scales adnate to the corolla below the stamens, short, truncate, crenate-laciniate. Capsule depressed-globose, Seeds reddish-brown, scabrous or almost muricate under a lens, Parasitic on flax ; introduced, Natiye of Europe, FJ, June. Fr. July, 250 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. 'This singular plant—formerly a great pest among the flax crops -—has become quite rare, since the culture of flax has declined. There are several native species of this genus, the most common of which, C, Grono vii, Wulld., is often seen in swampy places, from August to Octo- ber, twining over other plants in tangled masses, which have been likened to bunches of threads of yarn, and to copper wires. Orper LIL. SOLAN A’CEA. (NicursHapE Famiy.) Mostly herbs, with a watery juice and alternate leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers on bractless pedicels ; corolla plicate or infolded-valvate in the bud ; stamens inserted into the corolla, as many as its lobes and alternate with them. frwit a 2: celled (rarely 3-5-celled) many- -seeded berry or capsule ; seeds with fleshy albumen. An Order compr ising plants with widely different properties ; sometimes the foliage and fruit are highly poisonous, while on the other hand it affords ‘some of our most valuable esculents. *Corolla wheel-shaped. Stamens closely converging or united around the style. Fruit a berry. Anthers longer than the very short filaments, and connected with each other, opening lengthwise. k 1. LyCcopERSICcUM. Not connected, opening at the top by two pores. 2. SOLANUM. Anthers shorter than the filaments, heart-shaped, opening length- wise. Berry inflated, pod-like, pulp very pungent. 38. CAPSICUM. *kCorolla between wheei-shaped and bell-shaped. Anthers separate. Calyx becoming inflated around the eatable berry. 4. PHYSALIS. **&Corolla funnel-shaped, bell-shaped or tubular. Stamens separate ; filaments slender. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Shrubby with vine-like branches and narrow leaves. Corolla fannel-shaped, small. Fruit a berry. 5. Lycium. Annual herbs with an unpleasant odor. Fruit a pod. Corolla and stamens rather irregular. Pod in the urn-shaped calyx opening at the top by a lid. 6. HyoscyaMUS. Corolla perfectly regular, long funnel-shaped. Calyx 5-angled, long, falling away after flowering. Pod large and prickly. Calyx not angled, persistent. Pod smooth. . DATURA . NICOTIANA. De-i 1. LYCOPER’SICUM, Tournef. Tomato. [Literally Wolf-Peach ; a metaphorical name, having reference to the fruit.] Calyx 5 —10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate; tube very short ; limb plicate, 5—10-lobed. Stamens 5-6, exserted ; anthers oblong-conical, cohering by an elongated membrane at summit, longitudinally dehiscent on the inner side. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, with the placentse adnate to the dissepiment, many-ovuled. Berry 2—3-celled. Seeds numerous, reni- form, pulpy-villous. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected. Flowers in lateral racemose clusters. 1. L. escuren’tum, Mill. Stem herbaceous; leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate,—the segments petiolulate, lance-ovate, acuminate, deeply incised-serrate ; fruit depressed-globose, mostly torose. Hscutenr Lycorersicum. ‘Tomato, or Tomatoes. Love-apple. Fr. Pomme d’ amour. Germ. Der Liebes-Apfel. Span. Tomate. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 251 Plant of a greyish aspect, viscid-pubescent andsomewhat fetid. Roof annual. Stem 2- 4 feet long, branching, often straggling or procumbent unless supported. Flowers in naked lateral racemose clusters ; common peduncle 1-2 inches long, dichotomously divid- ed, the sub-divisions articulated to the pedicels of the flowers. Calyx-segments 5-10, linear-lanceolate, long. Corolla yellow, pubescent, the lobes 5-10, lanceolate, spreading. Anthers cohering, acuminate, with the points recurved. Berries large (1-3 or 4 inches or more in diameter), globose or flatly depressed and orbicular, often remarkably torose or distorted by large swelling ridges, red or reddish orange-color when mature. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Native of Spanish America. Fl. June-August. Fr. August —September. | Obs. This is cultivated for its succulent acid fruit—which, as asauce, is considered very healthful,—and_ has, of late years, become a favorite and almost universal dish, in its season. Numerous varieties are found in cultivation ; the fruit varying in color, being yellow, deep-red and light- crimson ; some have the surface smooth, and in others it is deeply fur- rowed. The larger berries are usually in an abnornal condition, con- taining numerous cells, and sometimes appearing as if produced by the union of several ovaries. The small round kind, known as “ Cherry To- mato,” is probably L. crrastrorme, Dunal ; this, also, varies in color, | and has probably hybridized with the ordinarily cultivated species, to produce the intermediate forms that are often met with. a 2. SOLA’NUM, L. NicutsaapE anp Poraro. [A name of obscure and uncertain meaning. ] Calyx 5-10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; tube short ; limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens mostly 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted ; anthers connivent, opening at apex by 2 pores. Berry 2- (rarely 3-4) celled. Leaves various ; ge in cymose clusters—on mostly lateral and extra-axillary pedun- cles. * Anthers blunt ; plants not prickly. 1. S. n’grum, L. Stem herbaceous, angular, branched, scabrous on the angles ; leaves ovate, obscurely repand-dentate ; flowers subumbel- late ; fruit globose, black. Buiack Sotanum. Nightshade. Fr. Morelle noire. Germ. Der schwarze Nachtschatten. Span. Yer- ba mora. Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, much branched, angular or slightly winged. Leaves 2-3 inches long ; petioles about an inch long. Umbels lateral above the axils, few-flowered, nodding. Corolla white. Waste places, about gardens and dwellings. Native of Europe. FI. July. Fr. Sept. Obs. A homely, worthless, and even deleterious weed,—which ought to be carefully expelled from the vicinity of all dwellings. - 2. S. Dulcama’ra, L. Somewhat shrubby and climbing ; leaves cor- date-ovate, the upper ones often hastate or with 2 ear-like lobes at base ; flowers in lateral cymes; fruit oval, red. 252 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. BirtER-SWEET SoLanuM. Bitter-sweet. Woody Nightshade. Perrenial. Stem 4-8 feet long, flexuose, smoothish. Zeaves 2-4 inches long ; petioles half an inch to an inch in length. Cymes opposite the leaves, nodding ; pedicels half an inch long, clavate ; common peduncle about 2 inches in length ; corolla violet-purple, the lobes spreading or reflexed, each with 2 green dots or tubercles at base. Berry near half an inch long. About houses, &c. Native of Europe. FI. July. Fr. September. Obs. Extensively naturalized in fertile soils, and is often tolerated and Fic. 161. A branch of Nightshade (Solanum nigrum). 162. A fruit. 168. The same divided NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 253 even sometimes cultivated to train over walls and fences, as its flowers and fruit are showy. ‘The berries are said to be poisonous, though this is denied by some authors; but as it is an unsettled question, and as their bright red appearance. when ripe, may tempt children to eat them, the plant should be regarded as a dangerous one. The twigs are used in medicine to increase the secretions of the kidneys and skin. ul 3. S. rupero’sum, L. Underground shoots producing tubers; leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate,—the lobes ovate, entire ; fruit globular, rather small, greenish yellow. Tuserous SoLtanum. Common Potato. Irish Potato. Fr. Pomme de terre. Germ. Die Kartoffel. Span. Batatin. Annual ; the base of the stem producing tuberous oblong or roundish pedicellate rhizomas. Stem 2-3 feet high, thickish and succulent or fleshy, often decumbent, some- what pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnately dissected,—the segments somewhat petiolulate, sometimes opposite, the alternate pairs very small. lowers in terminal nodding corymbs, on a common peduncle 3-5 inches long ; pedicels articulated. Corolla bluish-white. Anthers orange yellow, often slightly cohering. Berries globose, about half an inch in diameter. Kitchen gardens and fields: cultivated. Native of South America. Fl. June-July Fr. September. ' Obs. This most important plant is more or less cultivated, for its escu- lent tubers, by every owner or occupant of land. It is one of the indis- pensable crops for a family. Numerous varieties of tubers—purple, white and yellow—have been obtained, by long culture, or from seedling plants. According to M’Cuttocu, Potatoes were introduced into Eng- land, from Virginia, by Str Water Raveicu, in 1586 ; into Ireland in 1610,—where they have “long furnished from three-fifths to four-fifths of the entire food of the people” ; and into Scotland in 1728. ** Antherslong and taper-pomted ; stem and leaves prickly. 4. §. escuten’tum, Dunal. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple; leaves ovate, somewhat sinuate-lobed, tomentose ; flowers 5-7 or 10-parted ; peduncles solitary, thickened, nodding ; calyx aculeate ; fruit ovoid or oval, dark purple or white, mostly very large. Escutent Sotanum. Egg-plant. Fr. Aubergine rouge. Germ. Hifriichtiger Nachtschatten. Whole plant clothed with a stellated tomentum. Rootannual. Stem about 2 feet high, hollow, aculeate, finally subligneous Leaves 6-9 inches long,—the nerves and petioles aculeate ; petioles 1-3 inches long. Peduncles lateral, supra-axillary, thick, (sometimes slender and dichotomous, or bearing 2 flowers), aculeate. Corolla purplish, pubescent ; lobes ovate, spreading. Berries 3-5 or 6 inches in diameter, smooth. . Gardens: cultivated. Native of India. #7. July-August. Fr. September — October. Obs. This is cultivated for its fruit—which is quite a favorite culinary vegetable. Long culture has produced several striking varieties, some of which have been described as species ; the white-fruited variety is nearly destitute of prickles. 5, S. Carolinen’s2, L. Stem suffruticose, branching ; leaves ovate- 254 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. S/ VA) IW Ae 164 oblong, acute, sinuate-angled and often subhastate, prickly on both sides ; racemes simple, loose; fruit globose, small, orange yellow. CAROLINIAN SoLAnumM. Horse-nettle. Root perennial. Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, annual but firm and almost shrubby, hollow, branching, armed with sharp spreading prickles. Leaves 4-6 inches long, aculeate on the midrib and larger nerves on both sides, clothed with a hirsute stellate pubescence ; petioles half an inch to an inch anda half long. Racemes lateral, opposite to and often Fig. 164. The Horse-nettle (Solanum Carolinense). NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 255 longer than the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, aculeate. Corolla bluish-white. Berries one-fourth to one-third of an inch in diameter. Pastures and cultivated grounds—especially in the Southern States. #1. July. Fy. October. Obs. This is an exceedingly pernicious weed,—and so tenacious of life that it is almost impossible to get rid of it, when once fully introduced. It grows in patches so thickly as to deter stock from feeding among it, and even to monopolize the soil_—while its roots gradually extend around, and to a great depth. It is a native of the Southern States,— but has found its way to several localities in Pennsylvania. The farmers will do well, therefore, to enable themselves to know it when they meet it,—and moreover, to eradicate it, promptly and effectually, wherever they find 1t on their premises. 3. CAP’SICUM, Tournef. Capsicum. [Greek, kapto, to bite ; from its hot or biting quality.]} Calyx angular, 5-—6-cleft, persistent. Corolla sub-rotate, with a very short tube,—the limb plicate, 5—6-lobed. Stamens 5-6, exserted ; anthers shorter than the filaments, heart-shaped, longitudinally dehiscent. Berry nearly dry, inflated, polymorphous, incompletely 2 -3-celled. Seeds numerous, compressed, reniform. 1. C. an’nuum, L. Stem herbaceous ; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, glabrous ; peduncles solitary, axillary. Annus Capsicum. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. Fr. Poivre d’Inde. Germ. Spanischer Pfeffer. Span. El Pimentero, and El Chili. Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, angular, branching above. Leaves 2-4 inches long, deep green ; petioles 1-3 inches long, semi-terete, slightly channeled above. Corolla white, with ovate-oblong spreading lobes. Anthers white, with a tinge of blue. Berry hollow, terete and slender, ovoid-oblong, or depressed-globose, angular or torose, red when mature. Gardens and lots: cultivated. Native of South America. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Oct. Obs. Cultivated for its fruit,—which is powerfully stimulant, and much used as a condiment. Several varieties (perhaps distinct species)—with the fruit of various forms—are to be met with in the gardens. That one with slender terete elongated fruit, is sometimes cultivated on a large scale,—for the manufacture of Cayenne Pepper, from the mature fruit : the other forms with thicker rinds, are used in the green state for pickles. In Mexico and other warm countries of this continent, this is almost one of the necessaries of life. The common people living mostly upon vege- table food, use this stimulant freely, and either in its green state, “ chili verde,” or ripe, “ chili colorado,” it forms an accompaniment to every meal. C. baccatum, C. frutescens, and perhaps other species, furnish the imported “bird pepper” which is, when green, used to make pepper-vinegar or pepper-sauce, and in the ripe state ground to form the Cayenne of the shops. 256 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 4, PHY’SALIS, LZ. Grounp-Currry. [Greek, Physa, a bladder, or bag ; in allusion to the inflated calyx.] Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging after flowering, becoming much inflated, and in- cluding the 2-celled globular (edible) fleshy berry. Corolla spreading bell-shaped, marked with 5 concave spots at the base; the plicate bor- der somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Leaves somewhat in pairs ; pedun- cles extra axillary, nodding, 1-flowered. 1. P. visco’sa, L. Root perennial; divergently branching ; leaves somewhat heart-ovate, repandly toothed ; corolla brownish in the throat. Ciammy Puysaris. Ground-cherry. Stem 12-18 inches high, branched somewhat dichotomously and with the whole plant clammy pubescent. Leaves 2-4 inches long, varying from lance-ovate and acute to roundish ovate or sub-cordate and obtuse ; petioles 1-2 inches long. Corolla greenish- yellow, with fuscous or purplish brown spots at base, about twice as long as the calyx. Berry greenish-yellow or sometimes orange color, when mature. Peduncles of the fruit about an inch Jong. Common in light sandy soils: also cultivated. FU. July. Fr. September. 2. P. ALKeKen’cI, Z. Perennial; leaves deltoid-ovate, acuminate ; corolla not spotted. Strawberry Tomato. Ground-cherry. Less branching than the preceding. Leaves attenuated into a long petiole ; 3-4 inches jong including the petiole and 114-2 inches broad The inflated calyx becoming reddish at maturity. Berry red. Native of Europe. Cultivated. Obs. Both the species of Physalis above-mentioned have within a few years come into cultivation. The ripe fruit has a very pleasant flavor, and is eaten raw or cooked. 5. LY’CIUM, L. Marrimony-vine. {Named from Lycia, in Asia Minor.] Calyz irregularly 2 —3 or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular-funnel-form ; border mostly 5-lobed, spreading. Stamens usually exserted ; filaments bearded. Berry 2-celled ; seeds reniform. Shrubby vines with entire leaves ; flowers solitary or in pairs on extra-axillary peduncles. 1. L. Bar'barum, L. Somewhat spinose ; branches elongated, flaccid and dependent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, often clustered ; calyx mostly 5-cleft. Barpartan Lycrum. Bastard Jasmine. Matrimony-vine. Barbary Box-thorn. Duke of Argyle’s Tea-tree. Perennial. Stem 10-20 feet long, slender, much branched, with indurated points at the axils or base of the leaves. Leaves 1-3 inches long, tapering at base toa petiole about half an inch in length. Peduneles about an inch long, slender, often 2-4 together ; corolla greenish-purple ; berry oval, orange-red when mature. ‘ About dwellings. Native of Northern Asia. June-July. Obs. This straggling half-vine kind of shrub is partially naturalized in NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 257 many places; and being rather difficult to get rid of when once estab- lished, is often something of a nuisance. It is frequently cultivated to cover screens, &c.; but there are so many plants better adapted every way to the purpose, that its culture is not to be recommended. 6. HYOSCY’AMUS, Tournef. Hensane. [Greek, Hys, Hyos, a hog, and Kyamos, a bean, because it either is or is not poisonous to hogs,—a point upon which authors differ.] Calyz bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. -Corol/a funnel-form, oblique, Fic. 165. The Ground or Winter-cherry (Physalis Alkekengi). a. A fruit with half of the inflated calyx cut away. 958 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. \ with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod enclesed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid. Clammy pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with lurid flowers in the axils of the angled or toothed leaves. 1. H. niger, L. Leaves clasping, sinuate, toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticu- lated with purple veins. Brack Hyoscyamus. Common or Black Henbane. Annual or biennial. Whole plant viscid and hairy, of a glaucous hue. Stem 1-2 feet high. Lower leaves petioled, spreading on the ground. Calyx closely embracing the seed-vessel, strongly netted-veined. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, the surface strongly reticulated. Road-sides and waste places. Native of Europe. July-August. Obs. This plant which is but sparingly naturalized as yet, is power- fully narcotic and poisonous. A small fragment of a leaf, or a drop of the juice of the plant falling upon the eye, dilates the pupil in a remark- able manner. It is used in medicine as a substitute, in some cases, for opium. 7. DATU’RA, L. TuHorn-appue. {Supposed to be from Tatorah ; the Arabic name of the plant.] Calyx tubular, prismatic, separating transversely above the base in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, the limb spread- ing, plicate, 5—10-toothed. Sta- mens included. Style simple ; stig- ma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid or sub- globose, prickly, (rarely smooth), haif 4-celled at summit, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, laterally compressed, sub-reniform, roughish-dotted. -An- nuals, with coarse, fetid and nar- cotic leaves, somewhat in opposite pairs, and large, solitary, axillary or dichotomal flowers, on short pe- duncles. 1. D. Stramo’nium, L. Stem dicho- tomously branching; leaves ovate, sinuate-dentate, petiolate, smooth ; capsule aculeate, erect. Jamestown (corruptly Jimson) weed. Thorn-apple. Fr. Pomme epineuse. Germ. Der Stech-apfel. Span. Estramonio. Fig. 166.4 capsule of the Thorn apple (Datura Stramonium). NIGHTSHADE FAMILY, 259 Root annual. Stem 2-5 feet high, rather stout, terete, pale yellowish-green (dark purple in var. Tatula), smooth. Leaves 4—6or 8 inches long, sinuate or somewhat angu- lar-dentate ; petioles 1-3 or 4 inches in length. Calyx prominently 5-angled, nearly half as long as the corolla. Corclla ochroleucous (pale violet purple in var. Tatula), about 8 inches long ; capsule about an inch in diamter. Waste places, farm-yards, road-sides, &c. Fl. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. A native of Asia or tropical America. Both varieties, the one with green and the other with purple stems, are very common. The herb and seeds are powerful narcotic poisons. They are used medici- nally, and the dried root is sometimes smoked as a remedy for asthma. Both varieties are coarse unsightly weeds, and should be carefully extir- pated by the farmer. 8. NICOTIA’NA, ZL. Tosacco. [Named in compliment to John Nicot ; who introduced it into France. ] Calyx tubular-campanulate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form,—the limb spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Stamens included. Style simple ; stigma capitate. Capsule covered by the calyx, septicidally 2-valved at apex, the valves finally bifid, retaining separate placenta. Seeds very nume- rous, minute. 1. N. Tasac’um, L. Leaves large, lance ovate, sessile, decurrent ; lobes of the corol- la acuminate, the throat inflated. Togpacco Nicotiana. ‘Tobacco. Fr. Le Tabac. Germ. Der Taback. Span. Tabaco. Whole plant viscid-pubescent. Roof annual. Stem 4-6 feet high, stout, finally almost woody at base, paniculately branched above. Leaves 1-2 feet long, smaller as they ascend. Calyx about one third the length of the corolla, ventricose, the segments lanceo- late erect. Corolla about 2 inches long; limb rose-colored, spreading ; tube pale yellowish-green. Capsule ovoid, sulcate on each side. Seeds reniform, rugose. Fields : cultivated extensively in the Southern and Western States. Native of the warmer regions of America. Known to Europeans about the year 1560. Fl. July-August. Fr. Sept. Obs. The extent to which this nauseous and powerfully narcotic plant is cultivated, its commercial importance, and the modes in which it is employed to gratify the senses, constitute, altogether, one of the most remarkable traits in the history of civilized man. Were we not so practically familiar with the business, we should doubtless be dis —, Fic. 167. Flowers of Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum). 260 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. posed to regard the whole story of the tobacco trade, and the uses made of the herb, as an absurd and extravagant fable. In view of the facts and circumstances, it does seem like sheer affectation, on our part, to pretend to be astonished at the indulgence of the Chinese, and other Asiatics, in the use of Opium. The habitual use of Tobacco is always more or less injurious to the system—especially the nervous system ; and in many instances it is highly deleterious. I speak from long ob- servation, and a personal experience of many years, having smoked and chewed the herb, until its pernicious effects compelled me to es-chew it altogether. Orper LIT. GENTIANA’CEA. (Gentian Fammty.) Smooth herbs with a colorless bitfer juice, opposite, entire and sessile leaves without stipules ; Jlowers regular ; stamens as many as and alternate with the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute in the bud ; a 1-celled oyary with 2-parietal placente ; the fruit a 2-valved, septicidal many-seeded pod ; seeds with fleshy albumen. An Order containing many beautiful species—a number of them yaluable for their bitter, tonic properties ; among which may be mentioned the Gentian of the shops (Gen- tiana lutea, L.). Few or none, however, are of any agricultual importance. 1. SABBAT’IA, Adans. Crntaury. [Named after Liberatus Sabbati ; an Italian Botanist.] Calyx 5-—12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate——the limb 5 -—12-lobed, convo- lute (twisted to the right) in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla- lobes ; anthers erect, opening by a longitudinal fissure, finally recurved. Style 2-parted,—the branches stigmatiferous, at length spirally twisted. Capsule 2-valved, septicidal, 1-celled, with spongy placente along the sutures. Biennzals or annuals with slender stems and handsome flowers in a cymose panicle. 1. 8. angula’ris, Pursh. Stem acutely 4-angled, somewhat winged ; leaves ovate, sessile and amplexicaul; calyx-segments mostly 5, linear- lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the corolla ; corolla mostly 5-parted, the lobes obovate, rather obtuse. ANGULAR SapBatra. Centaury. Root annual? (biennial, DC.). Stem 12-18 inches high, often bushy with numerous branches. Zeaves about an inch long, 5-nerved. Flowerssometimes composed of 6 parts. Corolla rose red, with a pale green star in the centre. Capsule oblong-ovoeid, mucronate, with a keeled suture on each side. Seeds rugosely pitted, under a lens. Sterile old fields : Canada to Carolina. Fl. July-August. Fr. September. Obs. This plant has but little connection with agriculture ; yet it is so generally and deservedly popular as a bitter and tonic medicine, that it would seem desirable for every farmer to be able to identify it, and therefore I have inserted it. There is another plant in the South and West belonging to this tribe, which is highly commended for similar roperties, namely, the Wild Colombo, (Fra’sera Carolinen ‘sis, Wait.) do not deem it necessary, however, to do more than mention it here. L——— =. MILKWEED FAMILY. 261 * Ozper LIV. ASCLEPIADA’CEA. (Mirgweep Famtty.) Plants mostly with milkyjuice, and entire, usually opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) leaves without stipules ; flowers regular, 5-merous and 5-androus ; lobes of corolla mostly yalyate inthe bud ; filaments united into a tube which encloses the pistils, the tube augmented by a crown of 45 lobes or scales, at summit ; the anthers united to the stigma and the pollen in peculiar wax-like masses as described under the first genus ; fruit a follicle, seeds compressed and mostly margined and comose. An Order remarkable for the peculiar structure of the flowers (well illustrated in Prof. Gray’s admirable text-book), and containing a number of plants interesting to the botan- ist, though but few of any economical value. 1. ASCLE’PIAS, £.. Mitgxweep. [fhe Greek name of sculapius ; to whom the genus is dedicated. ] Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent ; divisions small, spreading. Corolla 5-parted, reflexed, deciduous. Cvown of 5 hooded lobes, seated on the tube of the stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, in- serted on the base of the corolla; filaments united into a tube. which encloses the pistil ; anthers adherent to the stigma, each with two verti- cal cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous pol- len-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by their slen- der summits from five small black shining cloven glands, at the angles of the stigma. Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles ; the large de- pressed 5-angled fleshy stigma common to the two. ollicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds flat, margined, im- bricated downwardly all over the large placenta which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs at the hilum. Perennzal herbs, with thick and deep roots ; peduncles terminal, or mostly lateral and between the petioles, bearing simple, many-flowered umbels. 1, A. Cornu'ti, Decaisne. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acute, tomentose be- neath ; pods clothed with soft spinous projections and woolly. Cornutus’s Ascuepias. Silkweed. Milkweed. Stem 3-4 feet high, stout, somewhat branched, smoothish. Leaves 6~8 inches long, acute or with a slight point ; contracted at the base into a short but distinct petiole. Umbels 2-4, axillary near the summit of the stem ; common peduncles 2-3 inches long ; pedicels 1-114 inches in length, with lance-linear bracts at base ; flowers numerous, sweet- scented, many of them abortive ; divisions of the corolla ovate, greenish-purple, about one-fourth the length of the pedicels ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the stout claw-like horn ; follicles few, 3-5 inches long. Rich soils: common. FI. June. Fr. September. Obs. This, the most common among our numerous species of the genus, has recently been noticed by a Western correspondent of one of our agri- cultural papers, as a most troublesome weed, and one exceedingly difficult to exterminate. It does not bear this character in the East. When well established in a fertile soil, its long deep reots will doubtless be - exceedingly difficult to extirpate. The seeds are readily wafted to a great distance by means of the copious silky hairs. The plant, when 262 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. wounded, emits an abundance of milky juice, from which it receives one of its common names; the other being given to it on account of the beautifully silky hairs of the seeds. The plant was named A. Syrzaca, hy Linnaus, who perhaps thought it was a Syrian plant; but it is an exclusively American species. * 1G. 168. The common Milkweed (Asclepias Cornuti) reduced. 169. A separate flower, eaarged. 170. Pods, reduced. MILKWEED FAMILY. 263 2, A, tubero’sa, £. Hirsute; not lactescent ; stem ascending, divari- cately branched at summit, leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear- oblong, mostly alternate-scattered, lowest opposite, subsessile ; umbels numerous, lateral and terminal, often forming a spreading corymb. Tuserous Asciepias. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. Whole plant mostly very hairy. Roct perennial; large, tuberous. Stem about 2 feet high, generally more or less oblique or leaning ; branches spreading and often recurved. Leaves 2~4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, scattered or rarely opposite, varying from lance-linear to oblong and oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly obtuse at base, on very short petioles. Stamineal crown bright orange color,—the hoods erect, lance-oblong, distinct, abruptly narrowed below, the infolded margins with each an obtuse tooth near the base ; horns subterete, tapering to a point, incurved. ollicles about 4 inches long, somewhat ventricose, acuminate, tomentose-pubescent. Old fields, pastures and fence-rows: throughout the United States. FJ. July - August. Fr. Sept. - October. Obs. This is inclined to make its appearance in our cultivated grounds, or pasture fields ; and, though a rough, coarse weed, is not a troublesome one. When in bloom, the bright orange-colored umbels of this species are quite showy. ‘he root once had a reputation for being medicinal ; but it is now generally neglected. 2. ENSLEN’IA, Nutt. ENsuenta. [Dedicated to Emslen, an Austrian botanist, who collected in the Southern States early in the present century. ] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex, where they have a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. Anthers nearly as in Asclepias ; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceolate, smooth. Seeds with a tuft as in Ascle- pias. Perennial twining herbs. 1. E, al’bida, Nutt. Leaves opposite, ovate-heart-shaped, acute, long- petioled ; flowers small, in raceme-like clusters on slender axillary pe- duncles. Wuttiso ENSLENIA. Stem 8 -12 feet high, climbing, slightly pubescent or smooth. Leaves 3~5 inches long and about the same in width, with a broad sinus at base, somewhat pubescent on the nerves below ; petiole equalling or exceeding the blade in length. Peduncles about half ar inch long, sometimes several from the same axils ; flowers greenish or yellowish-white, sweet-scented, on pedicels about their own length. Alluvial soil. West and Southwest. July ~September. Obs. This plant is introduced on account of the statement of Doctor Suort, the distinguished botanist, of Kentucky, who says that it is a ‘great nuisance on the farms along the Ohio river. Weare not informed whether it has acquired a popular name. ce 264 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Orper LV. OLEA’CEA. (Ontve Famtity.) frees or shrubs with opposite simple or odd-pinnate leaves and perfect and complete or sometimes apetalous and dicecious flowers, in terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-lobed or 4-toothed, mostly persistent, rarely obsolete. Coroila 4-cleft, or of 4 dis- tinct petals—sometimes wanting ; xstivation mostly valvate. Stamens usually 2. Frutt. various—baccate, drupaceous, capsular or samaroid,—2-celled, and by abortion often l-celled and 1~2-seeded. Seeds pendulous, mostly albuminous. A small but interesting Order. Olives and Olive oil are afforded by the genus (Olea) which is the type of the family ,—the pericarp, instead of the seed, yielding the oil. The Manna of the shops is derived from a species of Ash. Fic. 171. A branch of Enslenia albida. OLIVE FAMILY. 265 SYREN GAYE. imac. [From the Latin, Syrinz, a pipe ; from the straight branches filled with pith. ] Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, with a tube much longer than the calyx ; limb 4-parted. Stamens 2. Capsule ovate-lanceo- late, compressed, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds narrowly winged ; albumen fleshy. Shrubs with the terminal buds in pairs, opposite, entire, petioled leaves, and lilac or white flowers in thick panicles. 1. S. vurea’ris, L. Leaves cordate, smooth; limb of the corolla some- what concave. Common Syringes. Lilac. . Cultivated. Native of Persia, Hungary, &e. May —June. Obs. This, one of the commonest ornamental shrubs, is frequently seen in old gardens, forming dense clumps 10-20 feet high. It throws up suckers abundantly from the root, and by this means is easily propa- gated. There are several well-marked varieties, differing in the compact- ness of the flower clusters and the color of the flowers, which vary from deep purple to white. * 2. S. Prr’stca, Z. Leaves lanceolate, acute, frequently divided or pin- natifid ; limb of corolla flattish. Persian Syrineca. Persian Lilac. Cultivated. Native of Persia. Obs. A much more delicate species than the common Lilac, growing to the height of 6—8 feet. There are two forms, one with entire leaves (var. INTEGRIFOLIA), and the other (var. LactnraTa) with the leaves, even on the same branch, presenting all the forms between perfectly entire and pinnately divided ; a most interesting illustration of the true nature of pinnatifid leaves. The flower-clusters in both varieties are more slender than those of the preceding species. a 2. LIGUS’TRUM, Tournef. Priver. [The Latin classical name. } Calyx with a short tube, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4-parted ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, inserted on the tube of the corolla, included. Style very short ; stzgma bifid, obtuse. Berry globose, 2-celled ; cells 2- (or by abortion 1-) seeded. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. F/owers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. 1. Li vurea’re, L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mucronu- late, glabrous ; panicle compound, contracted. Common Licustrum. Privet. Prim. Fr. Le Troéne. Germ. Die Gemeine Rheinweide. Span. Alhefia. Stem 6-8 or 10 feet high, much branched ; branches opposite. Leaves 1-3 inches long, varying from lanceolate and acute, to elliptic or oblanceolate and obtuse, on short petioles. Corolla white. Berries black (rarely greenish-white) when mature. Way-sides, fence-rows, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June. J’r. October. 12 266 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. Introduced for the purpose of hedging, for which it is now used to a less extent than formerly. It has become completely natu- ralized, and is found plentifully in New England, New York and Pennsylvania. The European Olive (Olea Europcea) so valuable for its oil, belongs to this tribe. It grows and perfects its fruit in the grounds around the old Jesuit Missions in Southern California, and might doubt- less be profitably cultivated in the Southern Atlantic States where there is a native species, Olea Americana, a small tree which has the popular name-of “ Devil-wood.” = 3. CHIONAN’THUS, L. FRinGE-rREE. [Greek, chion, snow, and anthos, a flower ; from its snow-white blessoms.] Calyx very small, 4-parted, persistent. Corolla of 4 long linear petals, slightly connected at base. Stamens 2, (sometimes 3-4), very short. Stegma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular; nut striate, 1-seeded; seed without albumen. Small trees; buds remarkably 4-cornered and pyra- midal ; leaves entire; flowevs in loose pendulous trichotomous racemes. 1. Ce Virgi nica, L. Leaves oval or obovate lanceolate, sub-cori- aceous, smoothish ; racemes terminal and axillary. VirGinian Cuionantuus. Fringe-tree. Stem 10-20 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 4-6 inches long, acute at each end ; petioles about half an inch in length. Racemes 83-4 inches long, somewhat pancicu- late.—the terminal pedicels by threes. Petals white, nearly an inch long. Drupes of a - livid blackish color when mature. Pennsylvania and southward. June. Obs. The singular beauty of this ornamental little tree is beginning to be appreciated by our people ; and it is consequently making its ap- pearance in the yards and lawns of all persons of taste. The mature fruit has a remarkably disagreeable bitterish taste. 4, FRAX’INUS, Tournef. Ass. [The classical Latin name of the Ash.] Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dicecious. Calyx small and 4- cleft, toothed, or entire or obsolete. Corolla of 2—4 oblong petals or (in the North American species) wholly wanting. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single; stzgma 2-cleft. Fruit a1 or 2-celled samara (key fruit), flattened, winged at the apex. Trees, with petioled pinnate /eaves ; the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year’s leaves. * Fruit winged from the apex only, barely mai gined or terete towards the base ; calyx minute, persistent ; leaflets stalked. 1, F. America’na, 2. Leaflets 7—9, petiolulate, ovate or lance-ob- long, acuminate, entire or obsoletely dentate, glaucous beneath ; petioles and young branches terete, smooth; buds with a rufous velvety pubes- cence; panicles compound, loose, axillary; samaras terete and margiu- OLIVE FAMILY. 267 less below, above extended into a lanceolate, oblanceolate or wedge-linear wing. AMERICAN Fraxtnus. White Ash. Stem 40-60 and 80 feet high, and 2—3 feet in diameter,—the young branches smooth and dotted with white specks. Leaflets 2—4 inches long,—at first downy, finally smooth and green above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers with a minute 3 or 4-toothed calyx. Samara terete at base, with a narrowish lance-oblong wing. Woodlands : throughout the United States,—but particularly in the Northern States. Fl. May. Fr. Obs. The timber of this tree is highly valuable, and much used by wheelwrights, coachmakers, &c. It also makes excellent fuel. 2, F. pubes’cens, Lam. Leaflets 7-9, petiolulate, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate ; petioles and young branches velvety-pubescent ; samaras linear-lanceolate. Pusescent Fraxinus. Red Ash. Stem 30-50 or 60 feet high, and 12-18 inches in diameter. Leaflets 2-3 inches long ,— more lanceolate and narrower than in the preceding—more pubescent beneath—and the petiolules shorter. Samaras acute at the base, flattish and 2-edged, the edges gradually dilated into the long oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate wing. Low grounds, along streams : throughout the United States. Fl. May. Fr. Obs. This has considerable resemblance to the preceding species ; but, besides the pubescence of the young branches, it is a smaller and less valuable tree. 3. F. viridis, Mz. f. Glabrous throughout; leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright green on both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-edged or margined. GREEN Facus. Green Ash. Small or middle-sized tree. Along streams : New England to Wisconsin and southward. ** Fruit winged all round the seed-bearmg portion; calyx wanting, at least in the fertile flowers, which are entirely naked. 4. F. sambucifo'lia, Lam. Leaflets 7-11, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, somewhat rounded and unequal at base, hirsutely bearded beneath on the midrib and in the angles of the nerves; flowers naked ; samaras oblong, obtuse at each end. SAMBUCUS-LEAVED Fraxinus. Black Ash. Water Ash. Stem 30 — 40 or 50 feet high, and 12-18 inches in diameter ; young branches glabrous, green, sprinkled with black elliptic dots or warts. Leaflets 3-4 inches long, rugose and shining aboye, with tufts of tawny pubescence in the angles of the nerves beneath. Samaras broadish, of nearly uniform width. Low grounds, along rivulets, &c. : Northern and Middle States. #J. April. Fr. Obs. The wood is very tough and easily separable into layers which are used for making baskets, chair-bottoms, &c. There are several other Species in the Scuthern and Western States, but I have not judged it expedient to swell the work by a particular notice of them. 268 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. DIVISION IT. APET’ALOUS EX’OGENS. CoroLLa none; the floral envelopes being in a single series (calyx), 0 sometimes wanting altog ether. Orper LVI. ARISTOLOCHIA’CEA. (Birrawort Famty.) Herbs or shrubby planis,—sometimes nearly sfemless, sometimes twining and climbing ; leaves alternate, simple, entire, more or less cordate at base, petiolate, often with leaf-like Stipules ; calyx- tube More or less coherent with the ovary the border- mostly 3-lobed, valvate in the bud ; stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style ; anthers adnate, ex. trorse ; ovary mosily 6-celled ; fr uit a many-seeded 6-celled pod or berry ; seeds with a large raphe and a minute embryo in a fieshy albumen. ad 1. ARISTOLO’CHIA, Tournef. Brrrawort. [A Greek name,—having reference to the medical virtues of the plant.] Calyx colored, tubular—the lower portion adherent to the ovary, ven- tricose above the ovary, straight or curved; limb oblique, 2—3-lobed, —the lower lobe somewhat ligulate or exteaded to a lip. Stamens 6; the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the bac of the short and fleshy 3—6-lobed or angled stigma. Capsule naked, 6-valved. Erect or twining perennials with lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flow- ers. Ca apsule coriaceous, 6-celled, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds numerous 1, A, Serpenta ria, L. Stem erect or ascending, flexuouse; leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, entire, cordate (and sometimes auriculate) at base ; peduncle sub-radical ; calyx-tube much bent. Snake-root ARIsToLocHia. Virginia Snake-root. Root perennial, of numerous rather coarse fibres. Stem herbaceous, 9-15 inches high, simple or branched from the base, slender, angular, pubescent, leafy above, nearly naked or with small abortive leaves below. eaves 2-4 or 5 inches long ; peioles one- fourth of an inch to near aninch long. Flowers rather large, few or solitary, near the base of the stem, and often concealed beneath dead leaves, on a fiexuose bracteate pe- duncle 1-2 inches in length. Calyz a dull purplish brown, subcoriaceous, angularly bent, gibbous at the angle,—the limb dilated and somewhat 3-lobed. Capsule turbinate or roundish-obovoid, somewhat fleshy , pubescent. . Rich woodlands : throughout the United States. Fl. June. Fr. July — August. Obs. This little plant is to be found in almost every woodland, where the soil is good; and its medicinal value, as an aromatic stimulant, ren- ders it desirable that every person should know or be enabled to recog- nize it. For this reason I have been induced to give it a placehere. Another species A SU I’ Her., the Pipe Vine, or Dutchman’s Pipe, is a native of the West ‘and South. It is a tall climber, and is “often cultivated as an ornamental vine. Its singularly curved flowers, resembling a Dutch Pipe, are very interesting “and curious, but the BIRTHWORT FAMILY. © 269 coarseness of its foliage—the full-grown leaves being a foot in breadth, renders it less beautiful than many others of our native climbers. The Canada Snake-root, or Wild Ginger, Asarum Canadense, L., belongs to this family ; it is common in rich woodlands, and is readily recognized by having a single pair of broad kidney-shaped leaves, and a single large brownish-purple flower borne in the fork of the long peti- oles. ‘The root, or, more properly, root-stock, is highly pungent and aromatic; it is largely collected to supply the drug trade; its taste somewhat resembles that of ginger, and it is used as a substitute for it in some parts of the country. = IX YS INS = Fig. 172. Virginia Snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria). a. A pod. 270 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Orper LVII. PHYTOLACCA’CE. (Poxeweep Fanny.) Herbs or suffruticose plants, having alternaie entire leaves without stipules, and racemed flowers of 4-5 petaloid slightly connected sepals, with as many or twice as many stamens, or sometimes indefinite. Ovary compound (rarely simple), consisting of 10 confluent 1-ovuled carpels ; styles or stigmas distinct. Fruit baccate ; embryo curved round mealy albumen. A small Order, and of little interest in Agriculture. 1. PHYTOLAC’CA, Tournef. Poxkeweep. (Gr. Phyton, a plant, and Lachanon, a pot-herb ; the young shoots being so used.] Flowers perfect. Calyx of five roundish-oyate, petal-like, persistent sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary free, composed of 5-12 carpels united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a de- pressed-globose 5 —12-celled berry with a single vertical seed in each cell. 1. P. decan’dra, L. Stout; smooth and often purple; leaves ovate- oblong ; berries 10-celled, juicy, dark-purple. Decanprous Puyrotacca. Poke. Poke-weed. Pigeon-berry. Garget. Fy. Morelle 4 Grappes. Germ. Kermesbeere. Span. Yerba carmin. Root perennial, large, fusiform and branching. Stem herbaceous, 4-6 feet high, stout, branching, terete or obtusely ribbed below the petioles and branches, finally purpie. Leaves 5-10 inches long, acute or acuminate, thin ; pefioles half an inch to 2 inches or more in length. Racemes 3-6 inches long, simple, mostly opposite the leaves, on angular peduncles 2—4 inches long. Sepals white, membranaceous at the margin. Berries verti- cally depressed, umbilicate, orbicular, obscurely ribbed, 10-celled, 10-seeded, dark pur- ple and juicy when mature. Seeds compressed, roundish-reniform. Rich soils ; on banks, borders of fields, in clearings, &c. : throughout the United States. Fl. June-September. Fr. August-—October. Obs. The young shoots of this plant afford a good substitute for As- paragus ; the root is said to be actively emetic ; and the tincture of the ripe berries is, or was, a popular remedy for chronic rheumatism. The mature berries, moreover, have been used by the pastry cook in making pies of equivocal merit. Notwithstanding all this, the plant is regarded and treated as a weed by all neat farmers. Orper LVIII. CHENOPODIA’CEA. (Gooszroor Famiry.) Chiefly coarse weed-like herbs, with mostly alternate, more or less fleshy leaves, without stipules ; flowers minute, greenish, without scarious bracts,—often dicecious or polygamous ; calyx free from the ovary, 2—5-lobed, imbricated in the bud, persistent, embracing the fruit ; stamens usually as many as the calyx-lobes, and opposite them ; ovary 1-celled, becoming a thin 1-seeded wtricle, or rarely akene in fruit ; embryo (in the genera noticed here) coiled in a ring around the mealy albumen. § 1. Flowers mostly perfect, or merely polygamous by the want of stamens in some of them. Calyx 3- 5-cleft, or parted, the lobes merely keeled in fruit. Seed horizontal (rarely vertical when the calyx is only 2—8-cleft). 1. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 5-cleft, the base indurated and corky in fruit. Seed horizontal. 2. Bera. Calyx of 38-5 sepals, dry or juicy in fruit. Utricle membranaceous. Seed vertical. 3. BLITUM. ee Flowers dicecious. alyx of fertile flower, inflated-tubular, unequally 2 —4-toothed. 4. SPINACIA. , GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 271 . 1. CHENOPO’DIUM, L. Goostroor. (Gr. Chen, a goose, and Pous, podos, a foot ; in allusion to the form of the leaves.] Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, rarely 2—4-cleft or parted, with the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5; filament filiform. Styles 2,rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in No. 3.), lenticular ; embryo partially or fully coiled round the mealy albumen. eeds, mostly annuals, usually with a white mealiness or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spzked panicles, blooming throughout the summer. . * Leaves strongly and sharply-toothed (mealiness obscure or none), on slen- der petioles ; calyx-lobes slightly keeled. 1. C. hy’bridum, L. Leaves green on both sides, cordate-ovate, acumi- nate, angularly and remotely dentate ; racemes loosely paniculate, leafless. Hysrip Cuenopopium. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Stem 2-4 feet high, rather slender, angular and striate, much branched. Leaves 2-4 inches long, thin, bright green ; petioles 1-2 inches in length. Flowers paniculate,—the sub-divisions cymose ; terminal panicle long and loose, with divaricate branches. The smooth calyz-lobes keeled. Seed sharp-edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely to it. About dwellings and along streams : common. Native of Europe. June-August. Obs. A common weed with a heavy odor, like that of Stramonium. * * Leaves toothed, repand-angled, or sometimes nearly entire, more or less white-mealy as well as the flowers; calyx-lobes distinctly keeled. 2. C. al’bum, L. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose-dentate, entire and tapering towards the base,—the upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire ; racemes erect, branched, somewhat leafy. Waite Cuenopopium. Lamb’s Quarters. Goosefoot. Fy. Anserine blanche. Germ. Der Gaense- fuss. Root annual. Stem 3-5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, angular, often striped with yellow and green, some- times purplish, branched. Leaves 1-3 inches long, covered with very minute flat or cup-like scales (espe- cially on the under surface), which give them a glau- cous or mealy appearance ; petioles 1-2 or 3 inches long. Flowers in pulverulent clusters. Calyx depressed, 5-angled by the prominent keels of the incurved segments, greenish and glaucous. Seed dark purple or nearly black, lenticular, smooth and shining. ‘ric. 173. An enlarged flower of the Common Goosefoot (Chenopodium album.) 174. The same divided. 175. A section through the seed, showing the coiled embryo outside the albumen. - ae WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Gardens, yards, and waste places : introduced. Nativeof Europe. Fl. July-August. Fr. Oct. z Obs. This coarse and rather homely weed has become very extensively naturalized throughout the United States, and is quite troublesome in gardens. The young plant is sometimes used as a pot-herb, but would be gladly dispensed with by all neat gardeners and farmers. cs *** More or less viscid glandular, with a strong balsamic odor, not mealy ; embryo not forming a complete ring. 3. C. ambrosioi’des, L. Leaves oblong; acute at each end, remotely jentate ; racemes interrupted, leafy. AMBROSIA-LIKE CHENOPoDIUM. Mexican Tea. Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high,much branched, angular. Leaves 1-2 inches long,— those on the stem narrowed to a petiole, those on the branches and racemes lance-linear, mostly entire, subsessile. Flowers in intérrupted sessile clusters, on slender axillary leafy branches. Var. anthelminticum, Gray. Perennial (?). Leaves more strongly tocthed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate pinnatifid. Spikes mostly leafless. Naturalized from tropical America. Obs. Most authors consider C. ambrosioz’des and C. anthelmin’ticum as distinct species; we follow Gray in placing the latter as a variety of the former. Both forms are common in waste places, especially southward ; they have both a strong odor which is most powerful and disagreeable in the var. anthelmin’ticum, which is popularly known as Worm-seed. The whole plant contains a volatile oil to which the odor is due. This is most abundant in the seed, or rather in the utricle which surrounds it. The seeds themselves, and the oil which they yield are well-known and effective worm-destroying medicines. There are several other species of this genus to be met with, especially near the coast, but they are not sufficiently common to be admitted here. =e 2. BE’TA, Tournef. Beret. [Celtic, Bai, red ; or from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B (Bela).] Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, finally indurated at base—the lobes remaining unchanged. Ovary depressed ; stigmas 2. Utricle immersed in the base of the calyx and covered by the lobes. Seed horizontal. Herbaceous, with a large fleshy root formed of concentric zones. Flowers glome- rate in spikes or paniculate racemes. 1. B. vunea’rts, L. Smoothish ; greénish purple; lower leaves ovate- oblong, wavy ; upper ones lance-ovate; flowers in dense sessile axillary clusters, interruptedly spicate. Common Beta. Beet. Garden-beet. Sugar-beet. Fr. Betterave. Germ. Gemeiner Mangold. Span. Acélga. Root biennial, fleshy, large (often 3-4 inches in diameter and more than a foot long), terete, tapering downwards, deep purple or yellowish—exhibiting, on a transverse section, concentric layers, which seem to have some relation to the number and size or vigor of GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. ate the radical leayes—perhaps severally formed and nourished by them. Slem 2-4 feet high, suleate-angled, somewhat paniculately branching. Radical-leaves 6-12 inches long ; petioles 4—§ inches long, succulent, channeled above ; stem-leaves lance-ovate, acute, petio- late, smaller as they ascend. Calyz purplish-brown, fleshy at base, finally indurated or externally corky—the segments keeled, incurved and subsaccate at apex. Seed depressed, cochleate-orbicular, loosely farinaceous, enveloped in a purple membrane and lodged ina bony cell at the base of the calyx. Gardens and lots : cultivated. Native of Southern Europe. FI. July. Fr. September. Fic. 176. Summit of a branch of Wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides, var. anthel mninticum). 12* 274. WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Obs. Very generally cultivated for its fine esculent root—of which there are several varieties. That one called ‘“ Sugar-beet ”—with a pale, yellowish root-—is extensively cultivated, on the continent of Hu- rope, for the purpose of making sugar,—and has been partially tried in this country: but while we have the Sugar-maple and Sugar-cane to supply us, it is not probable the Beet will be much relied upon, for that object. A large rooted variety of B. Cicla, L. (a nearly allied species), called Mangel Wurtzel, or Scarcity Root, is sometimes cultivated for stock,-and is probably entitled to more attention than it has yet received from our farmers—who are not generally partial to the culture of root crops. 3. BLI’'TUM, Tournef. Butte. [The ancient Greek and Latin name of some pot-herb.] Caylx 3-—5-parted, either unchanged or (in the species here noticed) be- coming berry-like in fruit, not appendaged. Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform. Styles, or stigmas, 2. Seed vertical, compressed globular ; the embryo coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. Hersb with petioled triangular, or halberd-shaped, and mostly sinuate-toothed Jeaves. 1. B. capita’ tum, L. Stem ascending, branching : leaves triangular- hastate, acute, sinuately toothed ; flowers interruptedly spiked ; calyx pulpy and bright-red in fruit. : CiustErED Buitum. Strawberry Blite. Annual. Stem about a foot long, diffusely branched. Flowers in dense roundish clusters which are collected towards the summit of the branches. On recently turned grounds and dry places, especially westward. June. Also a native of Europe. Obs. We are not informed whether this is a troublesome weed, but as it is rather common in some places, and as it must, from the strawberry-like appearance of its ripe fruit, attract the notice of the observing farmer, we give it a place. 4. SPINA’CIA, Tournef. Sprnacu. [Latin, Spina, a thorn : the covering of the fruit being often prickly.] FLowers piccrous: Stam. Fit. Calyx 4—5-parted,—the lobes equal. PistiLuatE Fi. Calyx ventricose-tubular, 2 —3-toothed. Ovary ovoid ; styles 4, elongated, filiform. Akene included in the turgid indurated calyx, which is often 2 —3-horned on the back. Seed vertical, compress- ed; embryo annular, surrounding the farinaceous albumen. Herbaceous : flowers axillary, glomerate,—the staminate ones in racemose-paniculate clusters. 1. S. onera’cea, Miller. Leaves petiolate, hastate-lanceolate, often in- cised at base, or sagittate and entire. Por-HerB Sprnacta, Spinach, or Spinage. AMARANTH FAMILY. . 275 Fr. Epinard des potagers. Germ. Der Spinat. Span. Espinaca. ; Root annual. Stem 18 inches—2 feet high, somewhat branched, or often simple. Leaves 2-4 inches long, cuneately tapering to a petiole 1-3 or 4 inchesin length. Flowers green- ish. Fruitenclosed in the subglobose persistent calyx, which is scarcely cleft at maturity, and often not prickly in the variety usually cultivated. Gardens : cultivated. Native of the east. Fl. June-July. Fr. Aug. —September. Obs. This well-known pot-herb—said to have been first brought into Spain by the Arabs—is frequently found in gardens,—especially in the vicinity of our cities and market towns. The Atriplex hortensis, L., or Garden Orach, is another pot-herb, belonging to this tribe; but I be- lieve it is not much cultivated in the United States. Orper LIX. AMARANTA’CEA. (Amarantu Famtizy.) Weed-like herbs ; characters nearly as those of the preceding Order—but the flowers imbricated with dry scarious persistent bracts, which are usually colored, commonly 3 in number ; calyx of 3 —5 sepals, dry scarious and persistent. The plants of this Order are mostly natives of tropical countries, a number of them have become naturalized among us as weeds, while others are cultivated as ornamental plants. Among the best known of the latter are Love Lies Bleeding and Princes’ Feather (both species of AMARANTUS), Coxcomb (CELOSIA CRISTATU), and the Globe Amaranth (Gom- PHRUM GLOBOS4). 1. AMRAN’TUS, EL. Amaranta. [Greek, a, not, maraino, to fade, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers not changing or fading. ] Flowers moneciously polygamous: calyx of 3—5 sepals, mostly colored, slightly connected at base. Stamens 3—5,free. Stigmas 2-3. The fruct an ovoid, l-seeded membranaceous utricle, 2—3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely all round,—the upper part falling away asa lid. Embryo coiled intoa ring around the albu- men. Coarse annual weeds, with minute flowers in axillary or terminal- spiked clusters. * Flowers im terminal and axillary, simple or mostly panicled sprkes, green ; — stem unarmed ; stamens and sepais 5. 1. A. hy’bridus, L. Bracts awned, sometimes tinged reddish ; fruit 2 - 3-cleft at the apex, nearly smooth, not exceeding the calyx. Hyprip Amarantus. Green Amaranth. Pigweed. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate, acute, smooth bright green. Spikes erect, obtuse, in loosely branched panicles, the terminal one longer. 2. A. chlorosta’chys, Willd. Bracts awn-pointed, rather longer than the calyx, which is shorter than the 2 — 3-toothed rugose fruit. GREEN-SPIKED AMARANTUS. Leaves bright deep green, long-petioled, ovate or rhomlic-ovate. Spikes ascending, acute crowded in an open panicle, the terminal one long and often nodding. 3. A. retroflex’us, L. Bracts pointed, twice the length of the calyx, whick is longer than the rugose fruit. USEFUL PLANTS. AND WEEDS 276 REFLEXED AMARANTUS. Roughish and pubescent. Leaves pale or dull green or rather glaucous, long-petioled Amarantus retroflexus. Fic. 177. AMARANTH FAMILY. 7h ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate. Spikes crowded in a stiff panicle, acutish, more or less spreading, green, the terminal one shortish and erect. ; Obs. In the confusion which exists concerning this genus, we have adopted above the characters given by Gray; they are probably, as he suggests, all forms of one species. They are natives of tropical Amer- ica, and are exceedingly common about waste places and in cultivated soils, especially in the latter part of summer. ** Flowers greenish ; stem armed with spines borne in pairs in the axils of the leaves ; stamens and sepals 5. 4 A. spino’sus, L. Stem striate, smoothish, much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; axils spinose ; flowers pentandrous, in compound ter- minal and axillary spikes. Fic. 178. The Thorny Amaranth (Amarantus spinosus), a branch. 278 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. THorny AMARANTUS. Root annual. Stem 18 inches—2 or 3 feet high, often purple. Zeaves 1-2 inches long, rather obtuse, mucronate, entire, roughish-dotted, with glaucous blotches beneath petioles about as long as the leaves, with 2 subulate spines at base, one fourth to half an inch in length. lowers small, clustered in oblong terete, erect terminal and subterminal spikes. Cultivated lots, way-sides and waste places: introduced. Native of India. FJ. August. Fr. October. Obs. This foreigner is naturalized in many places—especially in the unfrequented streets and outskirts of our sea-port towns,——and is grad- ually extending itself into the country. It is a vile nuisance wherever it prevails, and cannot be too sedulously guarded against. *%** Flowers in close and small axillary clusters ; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2. 5. A. al‘bus, L. Pale green and smooth, much branched ; leaves obo- vate and spatulate-oblong, emarginate, setaceously mucronate ; flowers triandrous, in small axillary clusters. Waite AMARANTUS. Stem 1-2 or 3 feet high, rather stout, pale green or whitish, generally much branched —the principal branches near the base, spreading. eaves half an inch to an inch and a half long, entire, narrowed at base to a slender petiole, one fourth of an inch to an inch anda halflong. Flowers pale green, inconspicuous, in small axillary bracteate clusters ; bracts subulate-lanceolate, spinescently acuminate, longer than the flowers. Barn-yards, cultivated fields, &. #1. August. Fr. September. Obs. A worthless common weed, considered by some as a native of this country, but it has all the appearance of a naturalized plant, and probably came from tropical America. Orper LX. POLYGONA’CEZ. (Bucxwueat F amity.) Herbs -with alternate, usually entire, leaves, with stipules cohering and forming sheaths (ochrez) around the stem above its swollen joints ; flowers generally perfect, with a more or less persistent 3-6-cleft calyx ; stamens 4-12 inserted on the base of the calyx ; ovary 1-celled, bearing 2-38 styles, becoming akene-like in fruit. Seed single, erect, straight, with the embryo curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its Centre. *Sepals mostly 5. - Embryo curved around one side of the albumen. Cotyledons slender or flat. 1. POLYGONUM. Embryo in thealbumen. Cotyledons broad and twisted-plaited. 2. FAGOPYRUM- ** Sepals 6. Fruit 3-angled, wingless. 35. RUMEX. 4. RHEUM. Fruit 3-angled, winged at the angles. 1. POLY’GONUM, L. K-wort-weep. [Greek, Polys, many, and Gonu, a knee or joint ; the stem being much jointed.] Calyx often colored, embracing the fruit. Stamens 4-9, mostly 8. Ovary 1-celled, compressed or triquetrous ; styles 2—3, more or less united below. Akenes lenticular or triquetrous, according as the styles are 2 or 3; embryo in a groove of the albumen, and curved half way around it. Flowe7s often with sheathing bracts ; pedicels articulated. " , BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 279 3 1. Stems more or less erect. * Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. : + Sheaths salver-form. 1. P. orienta’le, L. Tall; hairy ; leaves ovate-acuminate ; sheaths salver- form, ciliate ; stamens 7. OrrenTAL Potyeonum. Ragged Sailor. Prince’s Feather. Annual. Stem 4-8 feethigh, paniculately branched above. Leaves 4-6 inches long, often subcordate at base ; petioles 1-2 inches in length, somewhat winged by the decur- rence of the leaves ; stipules tubular with the border spreading or reflexed. Racemes numerous, 2—3 inches in length, nodding on hirsute peduncles. Flowers bright purple, rather large, crowded ; pedicels rather longer than the ciliate sheathing bracts. Gardens and waste grounds. Native of Asia. July —-September. Obs. This showy species is sometimes cultivated, ahd has become sparingly naturalized. Joun Bartram probably refers to it, in a letter to Miss Coiprn, where he says: “The species of Persicary thee men- tions, is what TourNEFoRT brought from the three churches at the foot of Mount Ararat.” | tt Sheaths cylindrical, not ciliate. 9. P. Pennsylvan icum, I. Leaves lanceolate ; sheaths smooth, not ciliate ; spikes oblong, somewhat nodding, on glandular-hispid peduncles ; stamens 5-8. PENNSYLVANIAN POLYGONUM. Root annual. Stem 2-3 or 4 feet high, smooth below, geniculate, with tumid nodes, paniculately branched above,—the branches glandular-hispid. eaves 3-6 inches long ; petioles about half an inch long. Stipules scarious, not fringed at summit. Spikes numer- ous, rather large (1-2 inches long.) Flowers bright palish-purple or rose-colored, in crowded fascicles ; pedicels rather longer than the sheathing bracts. Moist grounds, waste places, &c. : throughout the United States. FI. July-—Aug. Fr. Sept. -—Oct. Obs. This has much general resemblance to the following—usually growing in company with it—and equally worthless. It is, however, a stouter plant, and readily distinguished by the characters above noted. ttt Sheaths ciliate or fringed with bristles. 3. P. Persica’ria, L. Leaves lanceolate, usually marked with a dark lunate or triangular spot near the middle; sheaths somewhat pilose, ciliate at summit ; peduncles smooth; stamens 6. PEACH-LEAVED Potyconum. Lady’s thumb. Spotted Knot-weed. Fr. Persicaire. Germ. Flohkraut. Span. Persicaria. Root annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, smooth, often purplish. Leaves 2-4 in- ches long, tapering at base to a short petiole. Stipules truncate, fringed with bristles one- fourth to one-third their length. Spikes about an inch long. Sepals purple or bright crimson. Pedicels about as long as the bracts. Waste places, road-sides, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.- October. Obs. A very common weed about farm houses, which should be kept in subjection by every neat farmer. 280 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 179 4. P. Hydropi’per, L. Smooth, very acrid ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid- dotted, wavy margined ; sheaths ciliate with shortish bristles; racemes filiform, flaccid and nodding ; fascicles few-flowered, rather distant ; calyx glandular-dotted. Fic. 179. The Pennsylvanian Polygonum (P. Pennsylvanicum.) 180. An enlarged flower, opened. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 281 Warer-PEPPER Potyconum. Water-pepper. Smart-weed. Annual. Stem 1-2 feet high, more or less branched, sometimes decumbent, often pur- plish. Leaves 2-4 inches long, acute at each end, subsessile ; sheaths tubular, somewhat inflated, hairy, fringed with bristles, 14 - % the length of the tube. Racemes 2—4 inches long, slender and interrupted, at first nodding, finally erect ; fascicles 2—4-flowered ; flowers greenish with white edges ; pedicels proceeding from bristly-ciliate sheathing bracts. Styles 2-3. Achenium flattish or obtusely triangular. Moist waste grounds : introduced from Europe. Aug.—Sept. Obs. A worthless weed, as most of the species are ; and it is, more- over, a highly acrid plant, some times causing obstinate ulcerative inflammation when incautiously ap- plied to the skin. The medical men of the Middle Ages highly extolled it for its remedial quali- ties, but it is not used at present. *%* Flowers axillary, 2—3 together. 5. P. avicula’re, L. Stems pro- cumbent or spreading ; leaves ses- “sile, lanceolate or oblong ; sheaths lacerate; stamens 5—8; akenes triquetrous. Brrp Potyconum. Knot-grass. Goose-grass. Door-weed. Annual. Stem 6-12 inches long, much branched and spreading, smooth. Leaves 44 an inch to an inch long. Stipules white. Flowers green, edged with white, and often tinged with purple, small, subsessile. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, dull, minutely wrin- kled or granular under a Jens. Yards and foot-paths. June- Auf. Obs. This humble weed is thor- oughly naturalized, and is one of AH & the commonest everywhere about dwellings. There are several vari- E18] eties, one of which, var. erectum, is quite common in rich shady places ; its stems are nearly erect, 1-2 or 3 feet high, with oval leaves 1—2 inches in length. Fic. 181. A branch of the Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb (Polygonum arifolium.) 282 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. g 2. Stem weak, not twining but somewhat cimbing or supported cn other plants by means of the prickles on the angles of the stem and petioles. 6. P. arifolium, L. Leaves halberd-shaped, acuminate, on long petioles ; clusters racemose, few-flowered; peduncles glandular-hispid ; stamens 6; styles 2; fruit lenticular. ARUM-LEAVED Potyconum. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Root annual. Stem 3—6 feet long, rather coarse, grooved-anzl branching, often pur- ple. Leaves 2—5 inches long, and 1-3 inches aie ae midrib on nerves hirsute ae téoles half an inch to 3 inches long, retrorsely aculeate. Stipules ciliate. Calyx often of 4 connected sepals, purple, with the margins pale red. Bie tes low grounds, along rivulets, &.: throughout the United States. FZ. Aug. 7. Sept. Obs. This and the following species often grow in company,—clamber- ing over other plants. and forming entangled bunches. Both are worth- jess, unwelcome weeds, especially among the second crop of wet mead- ews. Ditching and draining are the remedies for the evil. 7. P. sagitta'tum, £. Leaves arran alana acute, cn short pe- tioles ; clusters capitate; peduncles smooth ; stamens 8; styles 3; fruit sharply 3-angled. SacittateE Potyconum Arrow- leaved Tear-thumb. Root annual. Siem 2-4 feet long, slender, branching, acutely quadrangular. Leanes1—3 inches long,and half an inch to an Inch wide, Sagzitiate ab base —the midrib and petiole re- trorsely aculeate. Stipules smooth. Szpais pale red, with the margins nearly white. Swampy meadows and thickets: New York io Florida. Fi. August. Fr. Sepiem- ber. . Obs. Several other species of Polygonum are met with about our farms (descriptions of which may be found in the Floras),—but, as they — are not particularly troublesome, they are omitted here. Fic. 182. The Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb (Polygonum sagiiaizm). BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 283 2. FAGOPY’RUM, Tournef. Buckwueat. [So named from its fruit resembling that of the Fagus, or Beech.] Calyx nearly equally 5-parted ; /obes petal-like, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit. Stamens 8. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Akene 3- sided, embraced at base by the persistent calyx; embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts; cotyledons broad, foliaceous, plicate and twisted. Annuals with stems finally purple, and white flowers fasciculate in paniculate racemes. 1. F. escuLen’tum, Moench. Stem erect, paniculately branched, sulcate- angled, smoothish ; leaves triangular-sagittate or subhastate, acute, pe- tioled ; racemes compound, terminal and axillary. Escutent Facopyrum. Buckwheat. Fy. Blé Sarrasin. Germ. Der Buchweitzen. Span. Trigo Sarraceno. Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2-3 or 4 inches long, and 1-2 inches wide, often a little hastate at base, on petioles 1-2 or 3 inches long ; stipules short, smooth. Flowers in somewhat paniculate racemes ,—the fascicles rather crowded ; pedicels slender, longish, obscurely articulated above the middle. Sepals mostly white, with tinges of green and pale purple. Akenes equally and acutely triquetrous, somewhat acuminate, much longer than the withered sepals, smooth, dark brown when mature, often striately clouded. Fields : cultivated. Native of Middle Asia. FJ. Aug. Fr. Sept. — Oct. Obs. This is extensively cultivated for its seeds,—the farinaceous albumen of which affords a delicious article of food, when properly managed,—and a very sorry one, if unskilfully treated. The glandular flowers are a favorite resort—and afford a rich reward to the labors—of the Honey-Bee. ‘This 4s considered one of the most valuable plants for plowing in—it growing very rapidly, and succeeding on very poor soils. It readily escapes from culture, and has become naturalized. 3. RU’MEX, L. Dock. [The ancient Latin name, of unknown derivation. ] Flowers sometimes dicecious. Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer sometimes united at base, spreading in fruit ; the 3 inner ones larger (valves) in- creasing after flowering, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas pencil-tufted. Akene 3-angled, wingless. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen. Coarse perennials with petioles somewhat sheathing at base, and small, mostly green flowers, verticillate in paniculate racemes. 31. Flowers perfect : herbage bitter. * Inner sepals entire, and all graniferous. 1. R. cris’pus, L. Radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, curled or wavy on the margin; inner sepals large, cordate ; verticils crowded. ~CurLED Rumex. Sour Dock. Curled Dock. Narrow Dock. 284 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Fr. Patience friseé. Germ. Krauser Ampfer. Root rather large, fusiform, yellow. Stem 2-58 or 4 feet high, angular-sulcate, smooth- ish, paniculately branched above. Radical leaves 8-12 or 15 inches long, and 1-2or 3 inches wide ; petioles 2—4 inches long ; the stem-leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in crowded verticillate fascicles, with scarious involucres at base. Calyx green ; inner sepals much larger than the outer ones, entire or obsoletely denticulate near the base,— each with an ovoid acuminate excrescence, or grain, on the back. Moist grounds ; meadows, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. May-July. Fr. July —September. Obs. The radical leaves of this are often used as a pot-herb, or early “ oreens ;” but the plant is an unsightly and troublesome weed,—and has become so extensively naturalized as to require a vigilant attention to keep it in due subjection. ** Inner sepals dentate-—one principally grantferous. 2. R. obtusifo'lius, L. Radical leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse, crenu- late ; verticils loose and rather distant. OBTUSE-LEAVED Rumex. Bitter Dock. Broad-leaved Dock. Root thickish, branching, brown externally, yellow within. Stem 2—4 feet high, angu- lar-sulcate, roughish, paniculately branched. Radical leaves 8-12 inches long, and 4-6 inches wide ; petioles 3-6 inches long. Flowers in interrupted verticillate fascicles. Calyx green,—the inner sepals with long acute teeth near the base, and one of them bearing a large grain on the back. Grass lots ; gardens, meadows, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. #7. June-July. Fr. August — September. Obs. This species is even more worthless than the preceding ; but— although completely naturalized—it is not quite so prevalent. The presence of either imparts a very slovenly appearance to a meadow or pasture lot. is 22. Flowers diecious: herbage acid. 3. R. Acetos’etua, L. Leaves lanceolate-hastate——the lobes acute, spreading ; inner sepals entire. Sheep Sorrel. Field Sorrel. Fr. Petite Oscille. Germ. Der Sauer Ampfer. Span. Acederilla. Stem 6-12 or 15 inches high, slender, branching, somewhat angular and furrowed. Leaves 1-2 inches long ,—the lower ones mostly all hastate and on petioles as long or longer than the leayes—the upper ones on short petioles, and sometimes not hastate. Flowers in paniculate racemes, finally becoming purple,—the verticils 6-8-flowered. Pistillate plants mostly taller than the staminate. Sandy fields and pastures ; about old stumps, &c.: introduced. Native of Europe. 7. May. Fr. August. Obs. This little species (well known for its acidity.) is often so abun- dant as to be a nuisance on the farm. Improving the land—especially by adequate dressings of Lime—is believed to be the best mode of ex- pelling this, as well as many other obnoxious plants. 4. RHE’UM, L. Rrvpars. [From Rha, the ancient name of the river Volga,—its native region.] Cal yz of 6 sepals, in a double series, persistent and shrivelling. Stamens 9, arranged in pairs opposite the outer sepals, and singly opposite the LAUREL FAMILY. 285 inner ones. Styles 3, short; stigmas large, multifid. Akene triquetrous, winged at the angles, surrounded at base by the withered calyx. Her- baceous : leaves chiefly radical, large ; flowers fasciculate, racemose-panic- ulate. 1. R. Reapron’ticum, Azt. Leaves cordate-ovate, rather obtuse,—the sinus at base dilated ; petioles with a shallow channel above, rounded at the edges. Raapontic Rueum. Rhubark. Pie Rhubarb. Root perennial, tubereus, large, reddish-brown, yellow within. Stem 3-5 feet high, stout, striate-sulcate, smoothish, fistular, paniculately branched at summit. Radical leaves becoming very large (18 inches to 2 feet long), smoothish above, pubescent on the veins beneath; petioles thick and succulent, 4-8 or 10 inches long,—the stem-leaves smaller, and petioles shorter, as they ascend ; stipules large, membranaceous, sheathing. Flowers in large terminal racemose panicles,—the pedicels fasciculate, slender, one-third to half an inch long, articulated near the middle. Sepals greenish, with white margins,— the outer ones rather narrow. Stigmas large, multifid, reflexed. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Scythia. Fl. May. Fr. July — August. Obs. Frequently cultivated for the sake of its fleshy acid petioles— which are used by the pastry cook, in early spring, as a substitute for fruit, in making pies. The root of other species affords the medicinal Rhubarb, and this species is cultivated in England for its roots, which form an inferior kind of the drug. OrperR LXI. LAURA’CEA. (Lauren Famity.) Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves, without stipules, and clustered often polygamo-dicecious flowers ; calyx of 4-6 colored sepals, imbricated in two rows in the bud ; stamens definite, usually more numerous than the sepals ; anthers 2 -4-celled, open- ing by uplifted persistent valves ; style single ; fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed sus- pended, without albumen. The tropical plants of this Order are highly interesting,—affording Cinnamon, Cassia and Camphor ; and also that species of Laurus (L. nobilis, L.) of which the ancients formed their Laurel wreaths or crowns. The species in the United States are of less im- portance. 1. SAS’SAFRAS, Nees. Sassarras. [Altered from Salsafras, the Spanish name. ] Flowers dicecious. Sepals 6, membranaceous, united at base, persistent. Sram. Fut. Stamens 9, in three series, all fertile—the 3 innermost with a pair of stipitate glands at base; anthers introrse, linear, 4-celled. PistinuaTe Fi. Stamens 6, all sterile. Berry on a thickened clavate fleshly pedicel. Trees with leaves often lobed but the margins entire, ae greenish yellow flowers in corymbose racemes, appearing with the eaves. 1. S. officina’le, Nees. Leaves ovate or some of them 3-lobed and cuneate at base; drupe dark blue ; peduncle purple. OFFICINAL SASSAFRAS. Sassafras. 286 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Stem 15 - 40 or 50 feet high, and 6-12 inches (in some rare instances, near 2 feet) in diameter, branching.—the young branches yellowish and pubescent. Leaves 3—5 inches long, and 2—4 inches wide,—silky-pubescent when young, finally smooth ; pelicles hali an inch to an inch long. Flowers from the same buds, and contemporaneous with the leaves. Sepals oblong, rather obtuse, pale, greenish-yellow. Berries ovoid-oblong. Woodlands ; fence-rows and old fields : Canada to Florida. #1. April. Fr. September. Obs. The bark of this well-known small tree is a powerful, yet pleas- ant, aromatic stimulant, and possesses valuable medicinal properties ; which acquired for it, at an early day, in Europe, an exaggerated repu- tation. An infusion of the roots, or bark of the roots, makes an exce’- lent diet drink. The pith of the young branches contains much mucilage, and is used to make a wash for inflamed eyes. We learn, also, from Micuavx’s Sylva, that bed steads made of the wood “ are never infested with insects;” which circumstance—to adopt the language of the Gazettes—is certainly “ important, if true,”—and well worthy of notice. 2. BENZO’IN, Nees. Frver-susu. [A name said to be derived from the Arabic,—expressive of perfume.] Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Sepals 6, connected at base. Sram. FL. Stamens 9, in three series,—the innermost lobed at the summit, and eland-bearing at the base; anthers 2-celled. Puistirtate FL., with 15-18 alternating filiform and spatulate rudzments of stamens. Drupe oval ; peduncle not clavate. Shrubs with yellow flowers in small lateral fascicles (which are surrounded by a deciduous znvolucre), appearing be- fore the leaves. 1. B. odoriferum, Nees. Leaves obovate-oblong cuneate at base; drupe red, or finally dark purple. Oporirerous Benzotn. Spice-wood. Wild Allspice. Fever-bush. mostly acute, often Stem 6-8 or 10 feet high ; branches virgate, brittle. Leaves 2—4 inches long, mostly acute or with a short acumination (sometimes obtuse and rounded at apex) ; pefioles about half an inch long. Flowers in involucrate clusters of 3—5 from a bud, on pedicels 1 —2 lines long ; flower-buds distinct from the leafbuds,—usually a flower-bud on each side of the leaf-bud. Sepals greenish-yellow, obovate-oblong, obiuse. ; Moist rich low grounds ; borders of thickets, &c. Canada to Florida. FT. April. Fr. September. Obs. This is a strongly aromatic shrub. In early times—before Phy- siclans were sO numerous—an infusion of the brittle spicy twigs was much used as a popular remedy, and even as a preventive, of the fevers which attacked the first settlers; but it is now chiefly prescribed as a diet-drink for sickly cows, in the spring of the year. Orper LXII. LORANTHA’CEZ. (Mistietor Famiry.) Shrubby plants parasitic on trees, having mostly opposite entire thick leaves w-thout stipules and moncecious or dicecious flowers in short catkin-like jointed spikes. Calyz-tube (of the fertile flowers) adherent to the ovary ; border obsolete or 3-4 toothed. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes. Fruit a 1-seeded berry. Hmbryo small in mucilagirous albumen. Chiefly tropical plants. The Mistletoe of Europe is Viscum album. SPURGE FAMILY. 287 1. PHORADEN’DRON, Nii. MustLeror. [Greek, phor, a thief, and dendron, tree ; because they steal their food from the trees they grow upon.] Flowers diwcious, usually several under each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- (rarely 2-4-) lobed. StTaMINATE FL. with a sessile anther at the base of each lobe, transversely 2-celled. Stzgmasessile. Berry globular, 1-seeded, with a gummy viscid pulp. Stem and branches jointed ; flowers greenish, in short axillary spikes. l. P. flaves’cens, Nutt. Leaves elliptic-obovate, obtuse, somewhat longer than the spikes in their axils, somewhat petioled, yellowish-green ; berries pearly-white. YELLOWISH PHORADENDRON. Mistletoe. False Mistletoe. Stem 9-18 inches high, terete, much branched ; branches opposite. Leaves 3-114 inch long, 3-neryved beneath, smooth, fleshy or somewhat leathrey, narrowed at base to a thickish terete petiole i—2 lines in length. Flowers small. Branches of trees ; New Jersey, South and West. April. Obs. This well-known parasite, feeding as it does at the expense of the trees upon which it fastens itself, is in some places so abundant as to be injurious to valuable forest trees. In some parts of the West it proves very troublesome. Doct. Short writes that the severe winters of the few years just past had killed it out in Kentucky ; but that now it is again overrunning the Elms, Hickories, Wild Cherries, &c., of that region. * Orper LXIIJ. EUPHORBIA’CEZ. (Spurce Famtry.) Plants usually with an acrid milky juice, mostly simple leaves, with small and deciduous stipules or 22 and various, usually moneecious or dicecious flowers ; the fruit of 2-3 or several 1—2-seeded pods united around a central axis, separating when ripe. Seed sus- pended ; embryo in fleshy albumen. Stigmas 2-3 or more, often forked. Calyx usually yalyate in the bud, sometimes wanting. Petals sometimes present This large and yaried—vyet essentially natural Family—comprises upwards of 100 genera.—many of them possessing very active properties, or otherwise curious and inter- esting. Of these may be mentioned, the Croton Tiglium, L., which yields the powerful Croton Oil or Oil of Tiglium.—tbe Jatropha Manihot, L., which affords the Cassava and Tapioca,—the Crozophora tinctoria, Juss., yielding Turnsol,—the Siphonia elastica, Pers. , affording the true Caoutchouc or Gum clastic.—the Buxus sempervirens, L., afford. ing the beautiful Box-wood ,—the Hura crepitans, L., or curious Sand-box tree, &c., &c. 1. EUPHOR’BIA, L. Spurce. [Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba of Mauritania.} Flowers moneecious, included in a cup-shaped 4—5-lobed znvolucre re- sembling a calyx or corolla, with glands at its sinuses. Sramrnate FL. numerous, lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel; anther cells globular, separate. Pisti~LatTe FL. solitary, in the middle of the involu- cre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a naked 3-lobed, 3- celled ovary ; styles 3, bifid. Capsule separating into 3 carpels which 288 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. severally split elastically into 2 valves. Seeds 1 in each carpel. Poly-: morphous herbs, with an acrid milky juice ; peduncles lateral or terminal, often in umbellate clusters. @1. Leaves opposite, small, serrate, often hairy and falcate, furnished with awl-shaped or scaly stipules ; stems much branched ; involucres in the forks or axils ; seeds transversely wrinkled-pitted ; annuals. 1, E. macula ta, L. Prostrate; peduncles equailing the petioles, crowded in lateral clusters; pod acutely angled, puberulent ; seeds ash- colored, sharply 4-angled. SporteD Kupnorsia. Milk Purslane. Spotted Spurge. Stem 6-12 inches long. much branched from the base and lying close to the ground. Leaves 14 - 4 an inch long, very oblique at the base and serrulate towards the apex, often with a dark purple spot above ; petioles scarcely a line in length. Involucre small, its minute glands with a petal-like, white or purplish, somewhat crenate margin. Gravelly places and cultivated grounds. July - October. _ Obs. Very common everywhere, especially in Indian corn-fields, where it lies close to the ground, branching from the root in every direction, and forming a close mat. : Oh. hypericifo lia, L. Ascending or erect; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose, leafy cymes ; pod obtusely angled, smooth ; seeds blackish, obtusely angled. H{YPERICUM-LEAVED EupHorpta. Black Purslane. Large Spotted Spurge. Eye-bright. Stem 9-18 inches high, rather slender and leaning as if top-heavy, with somewhat dichot- omous spreading branches above, smoothish, often purple. eaves half an inch to near an inch and a half long, obliquely ovate-oblong or sub-falcate, rather obtuse, sharply serrate, nearly entire towards the base on the rounded or convex side, more or less pilose with longish fine hairs, often stained with purple blotches along the midrib ; petioles scarcely a line in length. Clusters of flowers axillary and dichotomal, pedicellate, forming small corymbs at the ends of the branches ; appendages of the involucre minute, white, or purple edged with white, entire. Sandy fields ; pastures, road-sides, &c.: throughout the United States. Fl. July - September. Fr. Septembe: - October. Obs. This species is very common in dry pasture fields—especially in thinnish sandy soils,—-and has been suspected of being the cause of saliva- tion, or slabbering, with which horses are often affected, in the latter part of summer. I cannot say how much foundation there may be for the suspicion ; but I have often observed that horses are not apt to eat much of any acrid or unpalatable plant,—and are, moreover, very expert in selecting esculent herbs from among those which are not so. ‘This plant is a worthless, obnoxious little weed—and If believe is best kept down by improving the soil, and choking it out by more valuable sub- stitutes. Besides the species above noticed there are several others, both native and naturalized, to be found in various parts of the country, but they do not come within the scope of this work. E, Ipecacuan‘he, ES SS -a, perennial species with a large root which possesses powerfully emetic SPURGE FAMILY. 289 qualities, hence it is called Wild Ipecac. LE. La’thyrus, L., the Caper Spurge, a biennial species, is found in gardens, and is partially natural- ized ; it has a stout stem 2—3 feet high, with thickish, mostly opposite leaves ; flowers in umbel-like clusters, the glands on the involucre with 2 short horns; this is sometimes called Mole Tree, from a popular notion that it kept moles out of gardens. An allied perennial species with run- ning root-stocks, E. Esula, L., is naturalized in some parts of Massachu- setts, where it is likely to become troublesome. 2. CNIDOSCO’LUS, Pohl. Spurce-nerrie. [Greek, Knide, a nettle, and Skolos, a prickle.] Flcwers moneecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Sraminate Fu. Calyx corolla-like (white), salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, monadelphous below, the inner ones longer. Puistinuate Fx. Calyx as in staminate flowers, but 5-parted. Ovary 3-celled: styles 3, short, somewhat united, many-cleft. Pod 3- celled, bristly-hairy, 3-seeded, separating into three 2-valved carpels. Perennial herbs with stinging bristles. 1. C. stimulo’sa, Gray. Stem branching; leaves roundish-heart- shaped, 3—5-lobed, lobes sinuate toothed. Stineine Cyiposcotus. Spurge-nettle. Tread-softly. Root long with long branches. Stem 6-18 inches high, and, as well as the leaves, covered with stinging bristly hairs. Leaves about 2 inches long and somewhat wider. Sterile flowers about half an inch in length, hairy. Virginia and southward. Throughout the summer. Obs. A troublesome weed in light sandy soils, its long branching roots penetrating 3—5 feet. The prickles produce great irritation for a short time. 3. RI’CINUS, Tournef. Casror-om Puan. (Latin, Ricinus, a tick, or bug ; from the resemblance of the seeds. ] Flowers moneecious. Calyx 3-—5-parted,—the lobes valvate in estiva- tion. Corolla none. Sraminate Fx. Stamens numerous; filaments variously united and much branched ; anthers with the cells distinct and pendulous from the apex of the filament. Ovary globose, 3-celled ; cells l-ovuled ; style short ; stigmas 3, deeply 2-parted, oblong, colored, plumose. Capsule mostly echinate, 3-lobed ; cells or carpels 1-seeded. 1. R. commu’nis, L. Stem herbaceous, hoary ; leaves alternate, petio- late, peltate, palmately 5 —'7-lobed,—the lobes lanceolate, glandular-ser- rate ; capsule echinate. Common Ricinus. Castor-oil Bean. Palma Christi. Fr. Le Ricin ordinaire. Germ. Der Wunderbaum. Span. Ricino. Root annual. Stem 4-6 feet high, stout, branched, terete, nodose, smooth, mostly purplish and covered with a glaucous powder. Leaves 6 - 12 inches across, palmate-lobed, 290 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Leet J ARE / ) y an . 4 J ‘ ™ WENA aE VA Sp ~ , = KL AVE, “a uy LH Wik Ny, S aM uldlues, —the undivided portion nearly orbicular , petioles 3-6 inches long, with a gland at apex, and sometimes 1, 2 or 3 near the base ; stipule opposite to each leaf, embracing the stem, caducous. Flowers terminal, paniculate—the staminate below, the pistillate above, all on articulated pedicels. Calyx yellowish-green. Pistils purple and glaucous. Capsule cover- ed with subulate points. Seeds subovoid, smooth, mottled. Gardens and fields ; cultivated. Native of India. #l. July-September. Fr. Sept. - October. Obs. Extensively cultivated in the south and west, and even as far north as New Jersey, for the valuable medicine, Castor-oil, which is afforded by its seeds. In our climate it is an annual, but in tropical countries it is perennial, and forms a small tree 30-40 feet in height. Often seen in gardens and door-yards as an ornamental plant. 3 Fic. 1838. Summit of the Spurge-nettle ier scaee stimulosa), with the staminate flowers above and the fertile ones in the axils of the leaves below. NETTLE FAMILY. 291 Orper LXIV. URTICA’CEA. (Nertie Fatty.) Herbs, shrubs or trees, with stipules and moncecious, diozcious or sometimes perfect flowers, having a regular calyx, free from the 1-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary, which forms a 1- seeded fruit. Embryo in the albumen, when this is present ; radicle pointing upwards. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite to them, or sometimes fewer. A comprehensive and very important Order,—containing plants of various, and, in some instances, of remarkably dissimilar aspect and properties ; such as the Nettle and the Mulberry—the bitter Hop.and the luscious Fig—the nutritious Bread-fruit (Artocarpus incisa, L. f.) and the deadly Upas (Antiaris toxicaria, Leschen). The celebrated Cow-tree or Palo de Vaca (Brosimum Galactodendron, Don.), of South America, ‘‘ which yields a copious supply of rich and wholesome milk,’’ belongs to this Order ; as also does the yel- low dye-wood, called Fustic (Maclura tinctoria, Don)—and the wide-spreading Banyan- tree (Ficus religiosa, L.), of India. A species of Ficus (PF. elastica, Roxb.) also yields Caoutchouc, or Gum elastic. We follow Doctor Gray in the arrangement of this Order ; he places as sub-families of this, several which have been considered as families. * 1. Exim Sup-Faminy. Trees with watery juice, alternate leeaves and perfect or moneeciously polygamous flowers. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruita samara or drupe. Seed suspended. Flowers mostly perfect. Anthers extrorse. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled, dry, winged. 1. Utmus. Flowers polygamous. Anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a small drupe. 2. CELTIS. 2. BREAD-FRUIT AND Fic SuB-FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with milky or colored juice and alternate leaves ; monce- cious or dicecious flowers, in catkin-like heads or spikes, the parts of the fertile ones becoming fleshy in fruit, or both kinds in a fleshy receptacle. Styles 1-2. Ovary 1- (rarely 2-) celled, ripening as adry akene. Inner bark often tough and fibrous. Flowers minute, enclosed in a pear-shaped receptacle which is pulpy when ripe. 3. Ficus. Flowers monecious ; both kinds in separate catkin-like spikes, the calyx &c., becoming berry-like in fruit. Stamens 4, styles 2. 4. Morvs. Flowers dicecious ; the fertile ones collected in a close round head, which is fleshy in fruit. Sterile flowers in spikes. Unarmed. Sterile flowers in racemes. Branches spiny. . BROUSSONETIA. . MACLURA. Oo 3. NetrLe Sus-Faminy. Herbs with a watery juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers monoecious or dicecious in spikes, racemes, &c., not in catkins. Ovary 1-celled, forming an akenein fruit. Stylel. Stamens as many as the sepals. Sepals 4, in both sterile and fertile flowers. Plant beset with stinging bristles. 7. URTICcA. 4. Hemp SuB-FAMILY. Herbs with a watery juice,a tough fibrous bark and mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves. Flowers dicecious ; the sterile in panicles or racemes, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens ; the fertile crowded, with only one sepal which embraces the ovary. Stigmas 2, long. Erect, annual. Fertile flowers in spiked clusters. Leaves 5-7 divided. 8. CANNABIS. Twining from a perennial root. Fertile flowers in short membranace- ous catkins. Leaves 3-5-lobed. 9. HuUMULUS. 292 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. UL’MUS, L. Ex. [An ancient Latin name ; of obscure etymology .] Calyx membranaceous, turbinate-campanulate, 4—9-cleft. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx. Ovary compressed, ovate, 2-celled, with a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell; styles 2, diverg- ing, stigmatose on the inner side. Samara membranaceous, compressed, winged all round, by abortion 1-celled and l-seeded. Albumen none ; embryo straight; the cotyledons large. Flowers purplish-brown in lat- eral clusters preceding the leaves. 1, U. America’na, L. Leaves ovate, oblong, smooth above, very un- equal at base, rather simply serrate—the serratures uncinately acumi- nate ; flowers conspicuously pedicellate, in loose fascicles ; samara oval, densely villous-ciliate on the margin. American Utmus. White Elm. Weeping Elm. Stem 60-80 feet or more in height, and 2-3 or 4 feet in diameter ; branches long and spreading, or often rather drooping. Leaves 3-5 inches in length, acuminate ; pefioles one fourth to half an inch long, smoothish. Stipules smooth. Styles pubescent, nearly white. Samara emarginate or bifid at apex between the 2 styles—the segments incurved so as $0; leave an apparent foramen through the wing ; margin densely fringed with soft white Haas of streams, borders of swamps, &c.: throughout the United States. #7. April. Fr. June. Obs. This fine large tree is the species so much cultivated as a shade tree in New England. The noble avenues of Elms at New Haven, Conn., are the admiration of all visitors ; and nothing is required but a little attention at the proper season, to have every village in the land similarly adorned. Why will not the people of all our American towns and villages learn to do that much for the sake of taste and their own future comfort? 2. U. ful’va, Mz. Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, conspicuously acu- minate, very scabrous above, rather unequal and somewhat cordate at base, doubly serrate; buds clothed with a fulvous tomentum ; flowers in dense subsessile fascicles ; samara orbicular, naked on the margin. Tawny Uximus. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Stem 30-50 feet high, and 12-18 inches in diameter ; branches virgate. Leaves 4-6 or 8 inches long—the upper surface remarkably rough, the under surface tomentose-pubes- cent, especially along the midrib and nerves ; petioles about one third of an inch long, pubescent. Stipules pilose. Calyx about 7-cleft ; lobes obtuse, clothed and ciliate with a reddish-tawny pubescence. Stamens often 7, much exserted. Sfyles glandular-pubescent, purple. Samara radiately veined, on a slender pedicel the length of the calyx, cleft at apex between the styles—the segments acuminate and so incurved and over-lapped as to give the margin the appearance of being entire at apex. Rich low grounds, fence-rows, &c.: throughout the United States. Fl. April. Fr. June. Obs. The inner bark of this species contains a large quantity of mu- cilage,—which has caused it to be added to the materia medica in our shops. The military on the Canada frontier, during the last war, fed their horses with it, when destitute of the usual forage, and found it a NETTLE FAMILY. 293 tolerable substitute for hay. The tree being smaller, and the branches straggling, it does not answer for a shade tree so well as the preceding. Besides these species, U, racemo’sa, Zhomas, the Corky White Elm, with racemed flowers and the bark often with corky ridges, is found in the North and West; and U, ala’ta, M/z., the Winged Elm, or Wa- hoo, with small leaves and corky-winged branches, at the South and South-west. U. Campxs’rris, L., the English Elm, is frequently culti- vated. It is a less graceful tree than our American Elm, having more © the sturdy habit of an oak. Its wood is very valuable, as it is not liable to split or warp. 2. CEL’TIS, Tournef. NetTLE-TREE. [An ancient name of the Lotus ; applied to this genus.] Flowers monceciously polygamous. Calyx 5 — 6-parted, persistent. Sta- mens as many as the sepals. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, with a single sus- pended ovule ; stigmas 2, elongated, recurved. Drupe globose, fleshy, smooth, l-seeded. Cotyledons conduplicate, enclosing a scanty gelati- nous central albumen. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, dull, green- ish-yellow. 1, C. occidentalis, L. Leaves obliquely ovate, acuminate, serrate ; fruit on a peduncle once or twice the length of the petiole, reddish or yellow, turning dark purple at maturity. Fic. 184. Flowers of the Nettle-tree (Celtis occidentalis). 185. Fruit and developed leaves. a. An enlarged flower opened to show the embryo. 294 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Western Cettis. Nettle-tree. Sugar-berry. Hack-berry. Many- berry. Stem 20-60 or 80 feet high. Leaves 2-4 or 5 inches long, more or less scabrous on the upper surface, and somewhat hairy beneath, finally coriaceous ; peticles one third or half an inch in length. Sepals dull greenish-yellow, oblong-lanceolate. Stigmas densely pubes- cent, long, divaricate, with the points often incurved. Drupe edible, the pulpy coat thin, sweetish. Rich light soils : throughout the United States. FU. May. Fir. September. Obs. A widely distributed but not very abundant tree, at least in the northern States, which seems to vary considerably ; a low form found at the South is the C. pumila, Pursh ; a variety with thick leaves is C. crassifolia, Lam. According to Michaux, tke wood is but little es- teemed, as it is not durable when exposed to the weather. It is said however to afford a fine charcoal. 3. FI’CUS, Tournef. Fic. [An ancient name ; of obscure derivation.] Receptacle pyriform or subglobose, fleshy, concealing the florets in a central cavity,—the orifice at apex, close by small scales. Vorets numerous, very minute, pedicellate, crowded on the internal surface of the receptacle, dicecious, or the upper ones staminate and the others pistillate. Sraminate Fi. Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 3, opposite the calyx-segments ; anthers incumbent, 2-celled. PistintaTE Fu. Calyx 5-cleft,—the tube decurrent on the pedicel. Ovary seated somewhat laterally on a short stipe, l-celled; style lateral, filiform ; stzgma bifid. 1. I’. Cart’ca, LZ. Leaves cordate at base, 3-—5-lobed, repand-dentate, lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; receptacles pyriform, glabrous. ; Cartan Ficus. Fig-tree. z Fy. Le Figuier. Germ. Der Feigenbaum. Span. Higuera. Stem 6-10 or 12 feet high—a stout branching shrub, with an acrid milky juice. Leaves 6-9 inches long, deeply 3-lobed with 2 shorter side-lobes ; petioles 3-5 or 6 inches long, with large convolute stipules at base. Receptacles axillary, turbinate or pear-shaped, about an inch in diameter. . Cultivated. Native of Caria, in Asia. FU. July. Fr. Obs. This shrub requires the shelter of a green-house, in the middle and northern States,—where is produces freely. In the southern States it succeeds in the open air. The inflorescence, or position of the flow- ers, of the Fig—(concealed within the body of what is commonly re- garded as the fruit,) is very remarkable ;—being just the reverse of that of the Strawberry,—in which the minute pistils are scattered over the exterior of the enlarging succulent receptacle. In all the spcimens I have examined the florets appear to be pistillate. 4, MO’RUS, Tournef. MuLBerry. (Greek, Morea, tne Mulberry.] Flowers moncecious or dicecious in separate axillary catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted,—the segments ovate. Stamens 4. Ovary sessile, ovoid, NETTLE FAMILY. 295 2-celled ; one of the cells smaller and disappearing ; stigmas 2, terminal, filiform, villous on the inner side. Akene compressed, ovate, covered by the persistent succulent cul/yx—the whole spike thus becoming a com- pound terete oblong berry. 1. M. ra’bra, L. Leaves cordate-cvate and acuminate, or some- times 2 — 3-lobed, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; fruit dark purple. Rep Morvs. Red Mulberry. Stem usually 15 - 25 feet high, and 9-18 inches in diameter (in some instances consider- ably taller and larger), with numerous spreading branches at summit. Leaves 4-6 or 8 inches long, more or Jess cordate (on young plants often 2—3 lobed, and very scabrous above), dentate-serrate, with an entire acumination, deep green and roughish on the upper surface, softly, and, while young, somewhat hoary-pubescent beneath, especially along the nerves ; paiioles 1-2 or 3 inches long, with linear membranaceous caducous stipules at base. Flowers greenish, small, numerous, in axillary pedunculate ament-like spikes—sometimes dicecious, and not unfrequently the spikes are androgynous. Staminate spikes 1—near 2 inches long. Pistillate spikes more densely flowered, cylindric, about an inch long, becoming juicy, dark purple and pleasantly esculent when mature. Peduncle of the berry about an inch long. Rich woodlands, fence-rows, &c.: throughout the United States. Fl. May. Fr. June- July. - Obs. The wood of this small tree is exceedingly durable, and highly valued for making posts, &c. The leaves have been successfully used for feeding silk-worms ; but the product is said to be not so fine as that afforded by the White Mulberry. The fruit is more admired than that of any other species. 2. M. al’b7, L. Leaves obliquely cordate-ovate, and somewhat lobed, acute or sub-acuminate, serrate, smoothish and shining; fruit mostly yellowish-white. Waite Morvus.— White Mulberry. Fr. Marier-blane. Ger. Weisse Maulbeere. Span. Morera. Stem 10-20 or 25 feet high, and 8-12 or 15 inches in diameter, much branched at sum- mit. Leaves 2-4 inches long (sometimes, especially in young plants, 2-3 times that size), unequally crenate-serrate, often partially lobed, smoothish, shining and yellowish-green ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, with lance-linear stipules at base. Pistillate spikes shorter and smaller than in the preceding. Fruit pale yellow or straw color when mature —rarely dark purple or nearly black. About houses, fence-rows, &c.: introduced. Native of China, Persia, &c. Fl.May. Fr. June —July. Obs. This species was introduced nearly a century since, with a view to the feeding of Silk-worms, and the production of silk. The silk-culture, however, was soon abandoned,—for, in that early stage of the colonies, the sparsely settled Agriculturists found it more important to multiply mammiferous animals, rather than Insects : but the tree be- came partially naturalized—and is still frequently to be met with. About twenty years ago, a variety of the White Mulberry—of smaller stature, and much larger leaves, (well known by the name of Morus multicaulis), was introduced, as being still better adapted to the feed- ing of Silk-worms; and soon afterwards, a scene of speculation and in- 296 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. fatuation was exhibited, throughout the United States, which bade defiance to all the suggestions of reason and common sense. There was a sort of Multicaulis monomania (or Moro-mania !)—so universal, and engrossing, that it became absolutely ludicrous; and was scarcely ex- ceeded in absurdity, by the nearly contemporaneous epidemic, which afflicted the nation in reference to its financial concerns. Almost every body was eagerly engaged in cultivating myriads of trees, to sell,— without stopping to enquire where they could be sold, or who would be likely to buy! At some future day—and under different circum- stances,——it is quite probable that a portion of our population will find the Silk-culture an eligible business, and the Morus multécaulis a valua- ble little tree. The European Black Mulberry, M. nr’era, L., is some- times cultivated. 15. BROUSSONE’TIA, Vent. Paper MuLperry. [Dedicated to P. NV. V. Broussonet, a French Naturalist. ] Flowers dicecious. STAMINATE FL. in an ament-like spike, bracteate. Calyx 4-parted. PuisTiLuaTte FL., capitate, densely crowded ona glo- bose receptacle, and mixed with hairy scales. Calyx urceolate, 3— 4- toothed. Ovary 1-celled, pedicellate ; style filiform, excentric, stzgma- tose on one side. Akene softly fleshy, elevated on the baccate pedicel, which is surrounded at base by the calyx. 1. B. papyrir’erA, Vent. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent beneath, —those on the young branches lob- ed, on the older ones mostly undivi- ded, roundish-ovate or sub-cordate, acuminate, serrate. PapER-PRODUCING BROUSSONETIA.— Paper Mulberry. Stem 15-20 or 25 feet high, and 8-12 or 15 inches in diameter, with spreading bran- ches,—the branches coated with a remark- ably tough bark. Zeaves 3-6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 1-3 inches long. Staminate spikes about 2 inches long, resembling loose aments. Pistillate flowers in a dense capitate v Sai cluster. Gis if About houses: introduced. Native of LL Japan and the South Sea Islands. #J. May. A 186 Fr. Sept. Obs. This tree was introduced some years since, as a shade-tree ; but is inferior to many others in beauty, —and is now rarely planted for that purpose. The roots are so prolific in suckers, as to be quite a nuisance, about yards and gardens. ‘The Fic. 186. A branch of the Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), reduced, with fertile aments and variously lobed leaves NETTLE FAMILY. 297 leaves upon the young shoots and suckers present a remarkable diversity of shape. The pistillate tree is much less common than the staminate ; and is even more cbjectionable than that, in streets, on account of the dirty appearance produced by the fallen fruit. The inner bark of this tree affords the South Sea Islanders a kind of tough paper, which they use as substitute for cloth. 6. MACLU’RA, Nutt. OsaGE-oRANGE. [Named in honor of William Maclure,—a munificent patron of Natural Science.] Fiowers dicecious. Staminate Fi. racemose. Calyx 4-parted. Pist1- “LATE FL., capitate, densely crowded, and coalesced, on a globose fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, oblong, cucullate-concave, fleshy. Ovary sessile, 1-celled ; style terminal, bifid—one branch elongated and much exserted, stigmatose on the inner side—the other branch small or abortive. Akenes severally embraced by the fleshy sepals, which are all co- alesced into a large compound globose Jactescent berry, with a glabrous, but uneven, verrucose or irregularly tessellated surface. Small trees, with branches armed with very sharp slender spznes. 1 M. auranti aca, Nut. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, entire, gla- brous and shining above, roughish-puberulent beneath ; berry subsessile, axillary, solitary. ORANGE-LIKE Mactura. Osage-orange. Bow-wood. Bodock. Stem 15-25 or 30 feet high, with a much-branched bushy top,—the branches virgate, but often inclined to droop or curve downwards, armed with small and very sharp spines. Leaves 4—6 inches long, subcoriaceous, mucronate by the extended midrib ; petioles 1-2 inches long ; stipules oblong, somewhat cucullate, caducous. Pistillate flowers coélesced in a solid globose head, which is 2 to near 3 inches in diameter, when fully grown ; styles near an inch long, villous and finally purplish. South Western States. FI. May—June. Fr. Sept. —Oct. Obs. The roots of this tree are of a bright orange color, and so abun- dant and extensive as to be troublesome in gardens. The wood is very hard and durable. It was highly valued by the aborigines as a mate- rial for making bows, from which fact it was called by the early French settlers Bois d’arc, which has degenerated into Bodock in some parts of the country. Silk-worms feed greedily upon its leaves; and the plant, properly managed, makes a very neat and effective hedge. 7. URTI’CA, L. Nettie. {Latin, uro, to burn, factus, touch ; from the sensation produced by touching it.] Flowers monecious or dicecious, in panicled racemes or spikes, or close clusters. Sram. Fx. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup- shaped rudiments of a pistil. Pistinnare Fu Sepais 4, in opposite pairs; the outer pair much smaller, somewhat keeled, spreading; the two inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened akene. Stigma pencil-tufted. Plants with opposite /eaves, greenish flowers, and armed with stinging hairs. " v2 298 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. U. diot’ca, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, cor- date at base, coarsely and acutely serrate; flowers often dicecious, in clustered paniculate spikes longer than the petioles. Diorcous Urrica. Nettle. Stinging-nettle. F;. Grande Ortie. Germ. Die Brennessel. Span. Ortiga. Root perennial. Stem 2-3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, branching, very hispid. Leaves 2 or 3-5 inches in length ; petioles half an inch to 2 inches long, hirsute ; stipules linear- lanceolate. Flowers small, in interrupted clusters, on slender axillary branching hispid spikes. About houses, waste places, &c. : introduced. Native of Europe and Asia. Fl. June- Aug. Fr. Aug. —Sept. 2. U. u’rens, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, coarsely and deeply serrate with spreading teeth ; flowers in simple capitate clusters, on peduncles, shorter than the slender petioles. Fic. 187. The small Stinging-nettle (Urtica urens). 188. A staminate flower. 189. A pistillate one, both enlarged. NETTLE FAMILY. 299 Srinerse Untica. Small Stinging-nettle. Annual. Stem 8-12 inches high, erect. Leaves 1-2 inches long, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base. Wasie places. New York State and Eastward. Obs. These naturalized weeds, so well known for their stinging quali- ties, are apt, especially the first mentioned. to become trouolesome where they are allowed to flourish. The quaint old herbalist, CcLPEPPER, remarks “that they may be found by feeling on the darkest night.” In some parts of England nettles are used asa pot-herb, and the tough ‘bark is said to afford a thread superior in durability to that from flax. There is a large-leaved native nettle which is now placed in another ge- nus (Lapor’ tea canaden’ sis, Gaudich). the Wood-nettle, which is not inclined to intrude on cultivated lands. 8. CAN’NABIS, Tournef. Heme. [An ancient Greek name.—of obscure etymology.] SrammaTe FL., in axillary compound racemes, or panicles with 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. PistittaTEe FL., spicate-glomerate, with single bracts. Ca/yz of a single membranaceous sepal, folded around the sub- globose ovary. Nut 1-celled, 2-valved, indehiscent. 1. C. satr’va, L. Leaves digitate, petiolate; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate, serrate. Cuitivatep CannaBis. Hemp. Fr. Le Chanvre. Germ. Der Hanf. Span. Caiamo. Root annual. Stem 5—§ or 10 feet high, obtusely angular and sulcate, scabrous-pubes- cent, often branched. Leaves mostly opposite (the upper ones often alternate) ; leaflas 3-5 inches long (the outside or lateral ones much ae than the others, and often en- tire—especially on the staminaie plant) ; common petioles 1-2 or 3 inches long; stipules lanceolate. Staminate flowers greenish, in loose pedunculate axillary clusters, rather crowded in a kind of dense panicle at summit. Pistillate flowers axillary, sessile, mostly in pairs. Calyx subglobose, acuminate, pubescent, green, slit on one side. Stigmas long, slender, densely pubescent, somewhat tawny. Nué ovoi id, slightly compressed, smooth, greenish, reticulated with whitish veins, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Cultivated. Native oi Persia. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. Obs. This plant—so important in Commerce and the Arts—is culti- vated on a large scale in Kentucky and some others of the fertile west- ern States; but only to a limited extent in the middle and northern States. 9. HU’MULUS, L. Hop. {Latin, Humus, moist earth, or mould ; in allusion to its place of growth.] SrammvaTe Fx. in loose oblong axillary-panicles with 5 sepals, and 5 erect stamens. PistinaTe FL. in short axillary and solitary strobile- like aments ; bracts foliaceous, imbricated in several rows, 2-flowered. Calyx a single membranaceous scalelike enlarging sepal, its folded mar- 300 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. gin embracing the ovary. Nuts roundish-ovoid, inclosed in the persis- tent truncate calyx. Cotyledons linear, spirally involute. 1, H. Lu’pulus, L. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, cordate at base, petiolate, scabrous. Hor. Hop-vine. Fy. Houblon. Germ. Der Hopfen. Span. Hoblon. Root perennial, branching. Stem 10-15 or 20 feet long, several from the same root (or rhizoma), slender, volubile, somewhat angular and mostly twisted, retrorsely aculeate, with slender branches above. JZeaves 3-5 inches long, generally opposite—the upper ones often alternate and not lobed,—all very scabrous on the upper surface ; petioles 1-2 or 3 inches long ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, connate below, free at summit. Staminate flowers in oblong panicles. Pistillate flowers in pendulous ovoid-oblong bracteate strobiles, or aments, which are proverbially numerous and crowded (‘‘ as thick as hops’), 1-2 in- ches long at maturity ; bracts orbicular or broadly-ovate, with a short abrupt acumina- tion. Cultivated, but indigenous in most parts of the United States. #JU. July. Fr. Septem- ber. Obs. The value of the Cones, or Aments, of the pistillate plant, is well known to every house-keeper; and it is cultivated for culinary Fic. 190. The Hop (Humulus Lupulus), a branch of a staminate plant, reduced. 191. A separate staminate flower. 192. A young pistillate ament. 193. A ripe ament or strobile 194. A much magnified grain of Lupulin. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. ool purposes, in almost every garden. The medicinal virtues of the cones are also very considerable ; they reside in the little res‘nous atoms (lupu- lin), which abound near the base of the scales. ‘The hops for the brew- eries are cultivated on a large scale, in some districts of the middle and northern States—particularly in Western New York,—where, it is said, they are a profitable crop. The staminate plant is of so little account, that it is scarcely known except to the botanists. Orper LXV. PLATANA’CEHA. (Puane-trer F amity.) Trees, with a watery juice, and alternate, petiolate, palmately-nerved and lobed leaves with sheathing, deciduous stipules and petioles which are tumid and hollow at base, concealing the young buds. Flowers moncecious, minute and inconspicuous, densely crowded on globose receptacles,—both kinds destitute of floral envelopes ; heads pendulous on long slender peduncles. SraMINAaTE Fi. Stamens numerous, irregularly mixed with subcla- vate scales, densely crowded. PisTmLATE FL. Ovaries numerous, obconic or filiform-cla- vate, densely crowded, mixed with spatulate scales (abortive ovaries) ; style elongated, subulate, stigmatose on one side, near the apex. Fruit a l1-celled 1-seeded clavate coria- ceous little nut,—the base surrounded with pappus-like hairs. Seed cylindric-oblong, pendulous ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. : An Order consisting of the single genus here given,—and the generic character, of course the same as that of the Order. 1. PLAT’ANUS, ZL. Puane-treEr. [Greek, Platys, broad ; in allusion to its wide-spreading branches and foliage.] 1. P. occipenta’tis, L. Leaves roundish-pentagonal, acuminate, obscurely palmate-lobed, sinuate-dentate, pubescent beneath. Western Puatanus. Button-wood. Sycamore. Plane-tree. Stem 60-100 feet high, and 2-4 or 5 feet or more, in diameter, with large spreading branches, and a smoothish cinereous bark, which exfoliates in broad thinnish plates. Leaves 3-6 or 8 inches long, and wider than long,—the base at first truncate, finally sub- cordate, obscurely palmate or angulate-lobed, unequally sinuate-dentate with the teeth acuminate, loosely clothed with a hoary branching deciduous pubescence ; petioles 1-3 inches in length, tumid and hollow at base, covering the young bud which is formed within and occupies the cavity ; stipules somewhat salver-form, sheathing the young bran- - ches immediately above the petioles,—the limb spreading, foliaceous, coarsely and un- equally toothed. Staminate heads or globes small, on peduncles 1 —2 inches long, deciduous. Pistillate heads about an inch in diameter, pendulous on slender terete peduncles 3-5 in- ches long, persistent. Nudg about one-third of an inch long, slender, subterete, clavate, mucronate ,—the base acute and invested with tawny pappus-like hairs. 6 Banks of streams, road-sides, &c. : throughout the United States. Fl. April-May. Ir. ct. Obs. This stately tree—originating from a very small seed—often attains to a larger size than any other, east of the Rocky Mountains. It is sometimes planted for shade,—but becomes rather large for streets, or to stand near houses. The timber is not much esteemed,—though occasionally sawed into joists, and other lumber. For several years 302 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. past, the trees (or, at least, the branches), in the spring, appeared every- where to be diseased and dying ; but they have still recovered again, more or less completely, in the course of the summer. The cause of this phe- nomenon,—(whether insects, as some suppose—or late unseascnable frosts, as I incline to think,) has not been satisfactorily determined. OrperR LXVI. JUGLANDA’CEA. (Watnor Famiry.) Trees with a resinous sweet or watery jutce, alternate and odd-pinnate leaves, without sét- pules, and moneecious flowers,—the staminate ones with an irregular calyx in amenis,—the pistillate ones with a regular 3—5-lobed calyx, adherent to the ovary, solitary or in small clusters. Ovary incompletely 2—4-celled, with but one ovule, becoming in frutta kind of dry drupe, with a bony endocarp (nut-shell), containing a large 4-lobed seed, without albumen. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuate-lobed. An Order consisting chiefly of Walnuts and Hickortes,—valuable for their wood and some of them for their frutt. 1. JU’GLANS, L. Watnvr. [Latin, Jovis Glans, the nut of Jupiter ; by way of eminence.] Aments of staminate fl. simple, cylindric, proceeding from buds without leaves. Calyx adnate to an entire 1-flowered bract, 5 or 6-parted,—the segments membranaceous, unequal. Stamens numerous, sub-sessile. Pistilate fl. terminal, solitary, or few andclustered. Calyz-tube ovoid adherent to the ovary,—the limb 4-toothed, with 4 small petals alternat- ing with the calyx teeth. Styles 2, very short. Stigmas 2, elongated, recurved, papillose-fimbriate. Fruit drupaceous, containing a single nut,—the epicarp (or hull) somewhat fleshy, fibrous within, indehiscent, —the nut woody, rugose and irregularly suleate. Juzce resinous-arom- atic ; pzth separated into transverse laminge or plates; young branches brittle. Trees with nearly naked buds and odd-pinnate leaves of numerous serrate leaflets. 1. J. re’ata, L. Leaflets oval, rather acute, smooth, nearly entire ; fruit roundish-oval ; nut sub-compressed, smoothish. Royat Jueuans. English Walnut. Madeira Nut. Fr. Noyer commun. Germ. Die Wallnuss. Span. Noguera. Stem 20-30 or 40 feet high, branched. Leaflets 2—5 inches long, acute, or sometimes rounded and emarginate at apex, subserrate or entire, villous in the angles of the nerves beneath, in 8-5 pairs with a terminal odd one,—the lower pairs smaller. Aments ovoid- oblong, 2—3 inches in length. Pistillate flowers in small terminal clusters of 2-3, ona rather short common peduncle. Drupe oval or subglobose, mucronate, about 2 inches long and 1-2 inches in diameter, with a smoothish subcoriaceous -epicarp ; nut smoothish or somewhat corrugated. About houses: cultivated. Native of Persia. FI. May. Fr. Oct. Obs. This oriental species is called English Walnut, in consequence, as I suppose, of its having come to us by way of the mother country. Such misnomers are not unfrequent, among cultivaied plants. This one WALNUT FAMILY. . 303 is occasionally cultivated for the young fruit——which makes a favorite pickle. The tree is rather impatient of the climate, in the rural dis- tricts of Pennsylvania ; but does very well in the shelter afforded by our cities and Jargetowns. The nuts are rarely perfected, here ; but those imported, are highly esteemed. 2. J. cinerea, L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, softly pubescent beneath, with the petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs; drupe ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, viscid-pubescent ; nut elliptic- oblong, acuminate, conspicuously sculptured. CinerREOus JuGLANsS. White Walnut. Butter-nut. Stem 20 —50 feet high, with numerous branches and a smoothish cinereous bark. Leaflets 2-4 or 5 inches long, serrate, sessile, softly pubescent and paler beneath, in 7-8 pairs with a terminal odd one. Aments 3-5 inches long. Pistillate flowers 3-5 or 7, in a ter- minal spike, rather distant, sessile on a long common peduncle. Drupe 2-8 inches long, and 1 to near 2 inches in diameter, elliptic-ovoid with a short tapering protuberance at apex, often slightly compressed and obscurely angular, softly hairy and clammy,—the epicarp somewhat coriaceous. Rich bottom lands, along streams, &c. ; throughout the United States. FI. May. Fr. Sept. — Oct. Obs. The batk of this tree affords an extract (Butter-nut Physic), which isa convenient and popular cathartic. The young drupes, col- lected about the last of June, make excellent pickles. ‘The kernel of the mature fruit is oily, and soon becomes rancid. The bark as well as the husks of the fruit are sometimes used as a dye, and the wood, though lighter colored and less valuable than that of the following species, is durable when exposed to heat and moisture, and is used for panels of coaches and similar purposes. 3. J. nigra, L. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at base, the under surface and petioles slightly pubescent ; drupe globose, roughish- dotted, spongy ; nut subglobose, rugose-sulcate. Buack Jucuans. Black Walnut. Stem 40-60 or 80 feet high, with spreading crooked branches,—often forming a broad roundish and rather open top. Leaflets 2-4 inches long, serrate, subsessile, in 7-10 pairs, with a terminal odd one which is often starved, or abortive. -Aments about 2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in small terminal clusters of 2-4, on a shortcommon peduncle. Drupe an inch and a half to 214 inches in diameter, mostly globose, sometimes oval or oblong- ovoid, greenish-yellow when mature,—the epicarp (or “ hull’’) more or less succulent and spongy. d Rich woodlands, fence-rows, &c. : throughout the United States. Fl. May. Fr. Octo- ber. Obs. The dense dark-brown wood of this species is valuable,—and is much used by Cabinet-makers, as a substitute for Mahogany. The spongy epicarp is often employed as a domestic dye-stuff—and the nu- cleus, or kernel, although somewhat oily, is generally esteemed. The young fruit and leaves, when rubbed or bruised, emit a strong and not unpleasant resinous odor. This tree, when prevalent, is a pretty sure indication of a fertile soil. 304 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 2. CA’RYA, Nutt. HuicxKory. [Greek, Karya,—the ancient name of the Walnut. ] SraminaTE FL. in slender lateral aments, which are mostly in threes, from the same buds with the leaves. Calyx scale-like, unequally 3- parted. Stamens 3-8; anthers sub-sessile. PisTmLLaTE FL. in terminal clusters of 2—3. Calyx 4-cleft; petals. none ; stigmas large, 4lobed. Fruit with a thick leathery husk, opening more or less completely by 4 valves ; nut long, smooth, usually somewhat 4-angled. Juzce watery or often sweetish ; pzth continuous; young branches tough and pliable; leaflets acuminate ; pubescence stellate. All flowering in May and drop- ping their nuts in October. * Seed edible ; valves of the hull completely separating. + Fruit oblong ; the husk thin: bark of the trunk not shaggy. LG: Rees mis, Nutt. Leaflets 11 — 15, lanceolate and somewhat falcate, serrate, subsessile—the terminal one petiolulate ; fruit obovoid- oblong ; epicarp rather thin ; nut olive-shaped, obseurely 4-angled, with an even surface. _QLIVE-SHAPED Carya. Pecan Hickory. Pecan nut. Stem 40-50 feet high. Leaflets in 5-7 or 8 pairs, with a terminal odd one, 3-6 inches in length, smooth, with a short roughish pubescence on the midrib and nerves beneath. Fruit 1 to near 2 inches long ; nut with a thin frangible shell,_the kernel large. Wet low grounds : Western and South-western States. Obs. This tree is little known, in the North, except by its very fine nuts,—which are even superior to those of the admired Shell-bark. tt Fruit globular, with a very thick husk: bark of the trunk shaggy, fall- ing off im strips. 2. C. al’ba, Nuit. “Leaflets 5, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate ; aments smoothish ; fruit depressed-globose ; epicarp thick ; nut 4-aneled, compressed, with the shell thin. Ware Carya. Shell-bark, or Shag-bark Hickory. Stem 60-80 feet high, with the outer bark exfoliating in long scales or plates, which generally adhere in the middle, while one or both ends are detached and elevated, making the surface very rough and shaggy. Leaflets mostly in 2 pairs with a terminal Odd one 3 or 4-6, 8 or 10 inches long, the terminal one usually largest, and the lower pair much smaller. Aments at the base of the young growth, 2 or se 4 or 5 inches long, triple or 3-parted on a common peduncle, smoothish, pendulous, with a linear-lanceolate bract at the base of each branch or lateral ament. Stamens mostly 4,—the anthers somewhat hairy. Pistillate flowers terminal, mostly 2-3 together, sessile on a common peduncle. Fruit somewhat umbilicate at the ends, and depressed or sulcate along the sutures of the valves ; epicarp (or hull) thick and subcarnosely coriaceous, opening at maturity into 4 distinct valves or pieces ; nué about an inch long, suborbicular or oval, compressed and somewhat 4angled, white ,—the shell thin and frangible. Low lands ; along streams, &c. New England to Carolina. Obs. The nuts of this tree are well known, and highly esteemed. I think there are some varieties,—with the bark less shaggy, the fruit with a thinner epicarp, a thicker shell, and the kernel of inferior quality. The WALNUT FAMILY. 305 Thick Shell-bark Hickory, C. sulea’ta, Nvit., is a nearly allied species found in Pennsylvania and westward. It is distinguished by having 7-9 leaflets, an oval 4-ribbed fruit with intervening furrows and a yellowish, thick-shelled, strongly-pointed nut. %* Seed small, but edible ; valves of the hull only partially separating. 3, C. tomento’sa, Nuit. Leaflets 7-9, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, Fic. 195. The flowers of the Mocker Nut Hickory (Carya tomentosa) the pistillate flow- ers above, the staminate ones in loose hanging aments. 196. A separate pistillate flower. 197. The ripe nut showing the husk (epicarp) splitting into 4 valves. 306 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. slightly serrate, rough-downy below ; aments tomentose ; fruit globular or ovoid ; nut rather large, somewhat 6-angled, pale brown and thick- shelled. TomenTOosE Carya. White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut. Stem 60-80 feet or more in height,—the bark with the fibres interlocked and not ex- foliating. Leaflets generally in 3 pairs with a terminal odd one, 3 cr 4-8 inches long (the two lower pairs considerably smaller than the others), smoothish above, clothce with a roughish stellate pubescence beneath, and sprinkled with minute dark-purple par- ticles among the pubescence. Aments 4-6 or 7 inches long, filiform, pubescent. Distillate flowers mostly in pairs, sessile on a short thick bracteate common peduncle. Fruit cveil or oblong-oyal, large (often 2 inches or more in length, and 134 in diameter) ; epicarp thick and coriaceous, opening by 4 valves more than half way to the base ; nut some- what 6-angled near the apex,—the shell very thick and bony,—the kernel rather small, and, though esculent, much inferior to the preceding. © Upland forests : New England to Virginia. #l. May. Fr. October. Obs. This species, also, appears to present several varieties,—some of them producing remarkably large fruit. All the Hickories are noted for affording good fuel; but the wood of this one (which is white to the heart—while the others are more or less red, within,) is considered the best of all, for that purpose. It is replete, in early summer, with a sweet syrup-like sap,—and when cut, at that season, is much preyed upon by worms. ‘The proper time for cutting it is the month of August. 4, C. gla’bra, Torr. Leaflets 5- 7, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, nearly. smooth ; fruit pear-shaped or roundish, thin; nut smooth and even, thin- nish-shelled but hard. Smoota Carya. Pig-nut Hickory. Broom Hickory. Stem 40 -60 or 70 feet high, with a close bark, and numerous tough branches. Leaflets usually in 8 pairs (not unfrequently in 2-4 pairs,) with a terminal odd one, 2 or 3-5 or 6 inches long, generally smooth on both sides—sometimes a little pubescent beneath— sprinkled with minute purple particles. Aments ternately branched or in pairs 2-4 or 5 inches long, filiform, smoothish. Pistillate flowers terminal, solitary, or 2 or 3 sessile and rather distant ona common peduncle. Fruit rather small, subglobose, oblong, or obo- void,—the obovoid variety often a little compressed and retuse, or obcordate ; epicarp thin and coriaceous, opening partially (at summit) by 4 valves ; nué smooth and even,— the shell often hard, but sometimes thin and frangible ; kernel often astringent and bitter,—sometimes esculent, but of inferior quality. Moist woodlands and low grounds : New England to Carolina. Fl. May. Fr. October. Obs The young saplings of this species were much used, formerly, for making splint brooms ; and the tough sprouts, or seedling plants, are often employed as ligatures, in rural economy, under the name of hick- ory withes. The wood of the older trees is used by wheelrights for making axles of carts and wagons: and, like that of all the species, is much esteemed for fuel. The small fruited Hickory, C, microcar pa, Nutt., has similar foliage but is distinguished by its very small fruit, which is only 7 of an inch in diameter. The Bitter-nut, C, ama’ra, Nutt., OAK FAMILY. 307 is another species resembling the Pig-nut, having small thin-shelled nuts, the kernels of which are intensely bitter. Oxper LXVII. CUPULI’'FERZ. (Ox Fammy.) Trees or shrubs with alternate simple penni-nerved leaves, deciduous stipules and monce- cious flowers ; the staminate ones in cylindrical (capitate-clustered in the Beech), aments ; the pistillate solitary or clustered, furnished with an involucre which forms a kind of cup (cupule) to the 1-celled 1-seeded indehiscent nut. Ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell ; all the cells and ovules but one disappearing in the fruit. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the minute calyzx-teeth crowning its summit. Seed without albumen, filled by the embryo,—the cotyledons thick and fleshy. * Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster. Inyolucre 1-flowered, of many little scales, forming a cup around the base of the hard, rounded nut or acorn. Inyolucre 2 —3-flowered, forming a prickly bur, enclosing 1-3 nuts and splitting into 4 thick valves. Involucre 2-flowered, prickly, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply tri- 1. QUERCTS. 2 angular nuts. Sterile flowers in small head-like clusters. 3. FAGUS. . CASTANEA. Involucre 1-2-flowered becoming a leafy cup, much enlarged and cut or torn at the apex, longer than the bony nut. #* Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament. Involucre an open 3-lobed leaf, 2-flowered. Fruit asmalloyoid nut. 5. CARPINUS. Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered, the whole catkin in fruit ap- pearing like a hop. Fruit small and seed-like. 6. OSTRYA. . CORYLUS. J. QUER’CUS, BL. Oak [The ancient classical name.]} Srammnate Fx. Aments slender, pendulous, without bracts. Calyx 6 —8- (mostly 5-) parted. Stamens 5-12; anthers 2-celled. PisTILLaTE Fu. scattered or c'ustered. IJnvolucre 1-fiowered—formed of minute bracts, and scales, imbricated in many series, and coalesced into a cup, and becoming woody or bark-like. Calyz adherent to the ovary,—the limb 6-toothed. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules in pairs in the cells, collateral, suspended ; sf7gmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Nut (or Acorn) by abortion 1-seeded, ovoid or oblong, mucronate, coriaceously woody, embraced and more or less included by the indurated cup-like znvolucre. Seed pendulous ; testa membranaceous, thin; cotyledons plano-convex, thick and fleshy. Mostly trees with greenish or yellowish flowers, the pistillate ones quite inconspicuous ; all appearing in May, and the fruit generally mature in October. In a portion of our species the acorns are biennial,—i. e., 2 years in coming to maturity. This peculiarity serves to divide them into 2 sectzons which are subdivided into greups distin- guished by the outline of the leaves. 21. Fruit annual (ripening in the fall after flowering) ; clusters mostly peduncled : leaves not bristly-pointed or toothed. * Waite Oak Group. Leaves obtusely sinuate or pinnatifid lobed, all pale, whitish or grayish-downy underneath. 308 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1, @. macrocar pa, Mz. Leaves deeply and somewhat lyrately sinuatelobed, the lobes ob- tuse, sparingly and obtusely toothed ; acorn very large ; cup hemispherical, fringed above with hard and thick-pointed scales, the upper- most of which are awned ; nut ovoid, more than half immersed in the cup. LARGE-FRUITED Quercus. Bur-oak. Over- cup Oak. Mossy-cup White Qak. Trunk 40-60 feet high. Leaves obovate in outline, 6-12 inches or more in length ; the smaller ones entire. Acorns 1-14 inch long, sometimes entirely enclosed in the con- spicuously fringed cup. West New England, west and southwest. Obs. A handsome middle-sized tree with luxu- riant foliage and remarkably large acorns. The wood is valuable for those uses which re- quire stiff and durable wood. As a fuel it takes rank with the White Oak. A variety with narrower and more deeply lobed leaves and oblong fruit is the Quercus oliveefor’mis of Michaux. 4 2. Q@. obtusi loba, Mz. Leaves tawny pu- Vad bescent beneath, obovate-oblong, cuneate at | base, irregularly sinuate-lobed, the upper ram! ‘a ; lobes larger and often 1—3-notched ; acorn \ Se roundish ovoid, rather small. Dae: BeWeY Sp fountains. The imposture, and the credulity on which it operated, have both reached our shores; but the Filbert not being indigenous here, a capital substitute was discovered in the Witch Hazel (Hamamelis) ! The twigs of Peach trees also, have been found to answer the purpose nearly as well as the Witch Hazel; and thus the occult sciences of ore- Fic. 220. A flowering branch of the cultivated Filbert or Hazel-nut (Corylus Avellana), the staminate flowers in long aments, the pistillate ones in small bud-like clusters. 221. A scale from the aments, showing the anthers beneath it. 222. A pistillate flower with the involucre spread open. 228. A branch in fruit, the nut surrounded by the enlarged leafy inyolucre. 14* oe WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. finding, and water-smelling have been enabled, in some degree-—even in this “ progressive” age—to keep pace with the sublime mysteries of Clairvoyance. and Spiritual Rappings, as well as with the lucrative manufacture of Panaceas, and Indian Specifics. It is indeed both hu- miliating and discouraging to contemplate the facility with which a large portion of mankind can be made the dupes of such miserable trumpery. 2, €. America’na, Marshall. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate ; stipules ovate ; involucre ventricose-campanulate, much larger than the nut, with the limb compressed, dilated, lacerately many-cileft. AMERICAN Coryuus. Hazle-nut. Wild Filbert. Shrub. Stem 4-6 feet high, slender, branching,—the young branches virgate, pubes- cent and glandular-hispid. JZeaves 3-6 inghes long, varying from roundish-cordate to ~ ovate and obovate, dentate-serrate, pubescent ; petioles one-fourth of an inch to an inch long. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Aments preceding the leaves, 1 —2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in pedunculate squamose clusters,—the scales finally enlarging, uniting and forming the involucres of the nuts. Mut subglobose, somewhat compressed at apex, rather wider than long, finely pubescent, embraced by the subcoriaceous tinvolucre, which is twice as long as the nut, glandular-hirsute externally, ventricose at base, with the limb bilabiate and irregularly lacerate-dentate. Borders of thickets, fence-rows, &c. : throughout the United States. Fl. March - April. Fr. Sept. i Obs. This shrub is generally well known for its esculent seeds, though I believe it has never been thought worth while to cultivate it. There is another native species common northward, the Beaked Hazle-nut (C, rostra ta, Azt.), which has the involucre prolonged into a bristly beak extending an inch beyond the nut. 5. CARPI’NUS, L. Hornpeam. [The ancient classical name. ] SraminaTe FL. in lateral drooping aments with simple ovate scale-like bracts, without a proper calyx. Stamens 12 at the base of each bract ; anthers 1-celled, hairy at apex. Puistm.are FL. in pairs, with small de- ciduous bracts and enlarging foliaceous 1-sided involucres, arranged in ter- minal loose ament-like racemes. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Nuts in pairs, small, ovoid, sub-compressed, striate-ribbed, stalked, each with a l-sided enlarged open and leaf-like znvolucre. Shrubs or small trees with obtusely and irregularly ridged trunks, a thin smooth ash-colored bark, and flowers preceding the leaves. 1, C. America’na, Mz. Leaves ovate-oblong, doubly serrate ; involu- cres 3-lobed, sub-hastate, unequally cut toothed on one side. AMERICAN Carpinus. Horn-beam. Iron Wood. Water Beech. Stem 10 — 20 feet high, often branched from the root, and growing in clusters. Leaves 2-4 inches long ; petioles 14-14 an inch ia length. Pistillate aments 2-3 inches long. LInvolucres finally about an inch long. Nuds about 8-ribbed, smoothish, dark brown. Margins of streams, &c.: common. FT. April. Fr. Sept. SWEET-GALE FAMILY. 323 Obs. A tree of very slow growth, and does not attain to a very great size. It is readily distinguished by its peculiarly ridged trunk. The rich colors of its leaves in the fall add much to the variety and beauty of the autumnal scenery. ‘The wood is exceedingly hard and close- grained, and is well suited for turned work, and for such purposes as require great compactness and solidity. 6. OS’TRY A, Michel. Hor Hornpeam. [Greek, Ostreon, a shell, or scale,—in allusion to the structure of the fruit.] SrammvaTe Fx. nearly as in Carpinus. Pistmiare Ft. in terminal, loosely imbricated aments with small deciduous bracts. Svales of the in- volucre in pairs, hairy at base, membranaceous, uniting by their margins and enclosing 1—2 flowers. Ovary 2-celled; 2-ovuled, crowned with the entire and ciliate border of the calyx; stigmas 2, subsessile, elongat- ed, filiform. Fruzt in a strobile (or cone), formed of the scales of the involucre, which are membranaceous, nerved, and coalesced into wtrzcles or little sacs. Nuts solitary within the utricles, compressed, ovate-lan- ceolate, smooth, l-seeded. Slender ivees, with brownish, slightly fur- rowed bark, and flowers appearing with the leaves. 1. O. Virgin ’ica, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- rate; cones ovoid-oblong ; involucres thickly beset with tawny bristles at the base. Viremntan Ostrya. Hop Horn-beam. Iron Wood. Lever-wood. Stem 20-40 or 50 feet high, and 5-8 or 10 inches in diameter. Leaves 2-4 inches long on short petioles. Staminate aments an inch to an inch anda half long. Pistillate aments mostly terminal and solitary, 1 to near 2 inches long, slender and, while young, linear ; flowers in pairs,—each pair subtended by an ovate-lanceolate tawny caducous bract ; each flower contained in a membranaceous sac formed by the united scales of the involucre,— the sac enlarging and becoming a bladder-like envelope of the nut, slightly inflated, ovate, imbricated, and forming altogether, at maturity, a pedunculate pendulous cone, about the size of, and much resembling, the Common Hop. Woodlands : New England to Carolina. Fr. April-May. Jr. Sept. Obs. The wood of this small tree is remarkably firm and tough ; and although neither very common nor very important, it may be well, per- haps, for the intelligent farmer to know what it is when he meets with it. According to Mr. Emerson, it is known by the name of Lever-wood in New England. Orper LXVIII. MYRICA’CEA. (Sweer-care Famizy.) Shrubs witi alternate, simple, resinous-dotted often aromatic, mostly stipulate leaves and moncecious or dicecious flowers in small aments,—the pistillate globose or ovoid ; ovary 1-celled with a single erect ovule, surrounded by persistent scales ; fruit a dry nut or some- times drupe-like and covered with a waxy secretion ; embryo without albumen. l. MYRI’CA, Z. Bavyperry. (The ancient name of some shrub.] Flowers dicecious. Stamtnate FL. in oblong or cylindrical aments. 324 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Stamens 2-8, filaments somewhat united below, beneath a scalelike bract with a pair of bractlets. Pistttnate Fu. in small ovoid aments, Ovary with 3 scales at its base and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular nut covered with wax-like grains. Leaves deciduous or evergreen, more or less serrate. 1. M. cerif‘era, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed towards the apex or entire, shining and resinous—dotted on both sides; sterile aments loose, the bracts naked ; fruit spherical, distinct. Wax-Bearine Myrica. Bayberry. Wax-myrtle. Shrub 3-8 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2-4 inches long and from 44 an inch to nearly an inch wide, pubescent underneath. Flowers appearing before the leaves are fully expanded. Sterile aments about 14 an inch long. Nuts about the size of a pepper-corn encrusted with a whitish dry wax. : Sandy soil: along the Sea-coast and Lake Erie. FJ. May. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Obs. The foliage of this shrub is, when bruised, pleasantly fragrant. In New England the wax which invests the berries is collected in con- siderable quantities; it is obtained by boiling the berries in water, when the wax melts and rises to the surface. Under the name of Bay- berry Tallow it is often used, in the rural districts at the east, to make candles either alone or mixed with tallow ; it is also employed in soap- making, and great quantities are consumed for an apparently insignificant use,—the stiffening of the ends of circular or solar lamp wicks. DASA fe Virginia ‘na, L. Leaves in four rows,—on young plants and rapidly growing shoots, awlshaped and somewhat spreading in pairs and threes—on the older ones very small and scale-like, triangular-ovate. ‘VIRGINIAN JUNIPERUS. Red Cedar. 3 < PINE FAMILY. 343 Shrubby, or a small tree, 20 - 50 feet high ; bark of the trunk separating in loose scales or ribbons, that of the small branches purplish and smooth. Berries small, purplish, witha glaucous bloom. Common on dry hills. Obs. This tree, which is common in all parts of the country, is one of the most widely extended in geographical range, it being found also in Europe and Asia ; in high northern latitudes it becomes a prostrate shrub. The wood is exceedingly durable, very light and close-grained ; the heart wood is red, and is used in making lead pencils; it is also used for the manufacture of pails and tubs, and is employed in ship and boat building. *% 8. TAX’US, Tournef. Yew. [Probably from the Greek, Taxon, a bow ; the wood being used for bows.] Flowers mostly dicecious, axillary, from scaly buds. STAMINATE AMENTS globular, small, composed of naked stamens; anther-cells 3—6, clustered under a shield-shaped and somewhat lobed connective. FERTILE FLOW- ERS solitary, scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of a solitary naked ovule seated in a cup-shaped dzsk which finally becomes pulpy and berry- like,-—sometimes nearly enclosing the seed. Cotyledons 2. Leaves ever- green, linear, rigid, mostly 2-ranked ; pulp of the disk orange red. 1. T. Bacca’ta, L. A low tree, finally with a large trunk; leaves acute, nearly flat, deep green, two-ranked or sometimes crowded round the branches. Berriep Taxus. Common Yew. — Stem (in this country) but a few feet high ; branches numerous and spreading. Leaves 14-114 inch long, mostly two-ranked. Cultivated : Native of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. Oct. Obs. Frequently cultivated in rural cemeteries and church-yards. A variety called the Irish Yew has compact branches and densely crowded leaves. We have an indigenous Yew which was formerly considered as a distinct species, but is now regarded as a variety of this, viz.: var. Canaden’sis, Gray. A low diffusely branching shrub; leaves two- ranked. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. Stem 2-4 feet high, with straggling branches. Leaves 34 - 34 of an inch long, entire, dark green on both sides, narrowed at base into a very short petiole. Common northward and southward on the mountains. 9. SALISBU’RIA, Smith. Ginexo. [Dedicated to Anthony Salisbury ; an English Botanist.] STAMINATE AMENTS axillary, filiform, pedunculate; anther-cells pendu- lous from the lacerated scale-like connective. FrrtiLE FLOWERS termi- nal, solitary, on simple or fasciculately branching peduncles ; ovule naked, 344 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. seated in a cup-shaped disk in the thickened concave apex of the pedun- cle,—the disk finally becoming fleshy, embracing the base of the nut- like seed. Cotyledons 2, linear, elongated. Trees ; leaves plicately invo- lute in the bud, deciduous, alternate or somewhat fasciculate, on long petioles, fan-shaped and striate nerved, more resembling p/yllodia than true leaves. 1.8. adiantifo lia, Smith. Leaves broadly wedge-shaped and trun- cate, or inversely deltoid, often bifidly incised at the apex, coria- ceous and striate with diverging _ nerves. A DIANTUM-LEAVED SALISBURIA. Gingko, or Jinkgo. Stem 40-80 feet high, with a light grey bark, and branching, with something the habit of an Aspen. Leaves 2—3 inches long and 3-4 inches wide at apex ; petioles about 3 inches in length. Cultivated : a native of Japan. Obs. A remarkable tree, and very unlike the rest of the family in its general appearance. For a long time there was but one speci- men in the country, but it is now becoming frequent in cultivation. ENDOG’ENOUS PLANTS. Srem not distinguishable into bark, wood, and pith ; the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles and irregularly distributed through the cellular tissue; perennial stems without annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined and sheathing at base, almost always alternate or scattered, and not toothed. Parts of the flower usually in threes. Em- bryo with a single cotyledon. Orper LXXII. ARA’CEA. (Arum Famity.) Perennial herbs with an acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound leaves, with petioles sheathing at base, and moncecious or perfect flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe. Floral envelopes none or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry ; seeds with fleshy albumen, or sometimes a large fleshy embryo, without albumen. 1. ARIS_’MA, Martius. Inp1an Turnip. [A play upon Arum, the ancient name.] Flowers moncecious, with the pistillate below on the same spadzx,—or Fic. 242. A branch of the Gingko or Jinkgo Tree (Salisburia adiantifolia) - - ARUM FAMILY. 345 dicecious by abortion. Spadix naked and elongated above. Floral en- velopes none. STAMINATE FL. of whorls of 4 or more stamens ; filaments very short; anthers 2—4 celled. Pistituate FL. consisting of a 1-celled ovary with a depressed stzgma, containing 5—6 straight ovules, erect from the base of the cell. Fruzt 1 —few-seeded ; seeds subglobose, albu- minous. Perennial herbs with a tuberous rhzzoma ; leaves dissected ; petioles elongated ; spadix on a scape ; berries orange-red. L. A. triphyl’lum, Torr. Leaves mostly in pairs, ternately divided,— the segments elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, entire, sessile ; spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than the spathe. THREE-LEAVED Aris@Ma. Indian Turnip. Root perennial, consisting of numerous fibres proceeding from the base of an orbicular depressed rugose cormus, or subterranean stem. Aerial stem none. Leaves mostly 2 (sometimes solitary), ternate ; the leaflets or segments 2 or 3-6 or 8 inches long, smooth, green or often purplish, thin and membranaceous, or almost scarious, when dried ; com- mon petioles 9-18 inches long, inserted on the cormus, and embracing the central scape at base. Scape 6-15 inches high, situate between the leaves, the base inclosed by the sheathing petioles. Spathe 3-5 inches long,—the lower half conyolute, the upper half (or limb) a little dilated, flat, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and cucullately incurved, often variegated with dark-purple and yellowish stripes and spots. Spadix mostly unisexual, with the summit clavate, naked and smooth, much shorter than the spathe, but a little ex- serted from the convolute portion. Berries numerous, in a dense oblong cluster around the base of the spadix, orange-red or scarlet when mature. Rich shaded grounds : throughout the United States. FI. May. Fr. August-—Septem- ber. Obs. The turnip-like subterranean stem (designated by the name of Cormus), is highly acrid in its fresh or green state; but that quality is dissipated, in a great measure, by boiling or drying. The recent tuber, grated and boiled in milk, is a popular medicine in coughs and pulmonary consumption. It is said to yield a starch equal in quality to that from the potato, and a substance called Portland Arrowroot, or Portland Sago, is prepared from it in some parts of England. A plant nearly allied to this, called ‘‘ Tanyer’”’—(the Tallo, or Tarro, of the New Zealanders), is said to be cultivated, occasionally, in the gardens of the Southern States, for the sake of the cormus, or tuberous rhizoma,—which is used at the table as a substitute for the potato or yam. 2. SYMPLOCAR’PUS, Salisb. (Greek, Symploke, connexion, and Karpos, fruit ; descriptive of the plant.] Flowers with floral envelopes, perfect. Spathe conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadiz pedunculate, oval, or subglobose, densely covered with flowers. Sepals 4, persistent, becoming fleshy or baccate. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals ; filaments linear, flattened, included ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary l-celled; ovule single; style 4-sided, tapering to a minute terminal stigma. Berries coalescing, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed destitute of al- bumen. 1, 8. fee’tidus, Sa/zsb. Stemless; leaves cordate-oval, enlarging ; spadix oval. 15* 346 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. Fetip Sympiocarpus. Swamp Cabbage. Skunk Cabbage. Root perennial, with fleshy fibres from a thick truncate rhizoma. Aerial stem none. Leaves appearing after the spadix has flowered, at first orbicular-cordate, at length cor- date-oval, becoming very large (often near 2 feet long, and a foot or more in width), en- tire, smooth ; stipules expanding, ovate-oblong, acuminate, or often spatulate. Spathe subsessile, spotted with purplish-brown, green, and yellow. Spadix about an inch in diam- eter, on a short thick peduncle. Flowers compact, appearing tessellated. Sepals dark- brown, fleshy, cuneate, truncate, the apex and margins inflected. Aathers slightly ex- serted. Style projecting a little above the sepals. Fruit fleshy, coalesced with the base of the persistent sepals, and imbedded in the surface of the receptacle. Seeds globose, about the size of a common garden pea. Wet, low grounds: Canada to Virginia. Fl. Feb.—March. #7. Sept. _ Obs. This plant—so readily known by its skunk-like odor, when wounded—is quite common in wet meadows, and other swampy low grounds in the middle and northern States. It is a worthless weed,— and its bunches of large leaves are sufficiently unsightly to command the attention of the neat farmer. 3. AC’ORUS, L. Sweet Fraa. [Gr. a, privative, and Xore, the pupil of the eye ; a supposed remedy for sore eyes.] Flowers perfect, without a proper spathe, crowded on a sessile sub-cylin- dric spadix which emerges from the side of a scape which closely re- sembles the leaves. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the sepals ; anthers reniform 1-celled, transversely dehiscent. Ovary trigonous, 3-celled ; ovules numerous, pendulous ; stzgma sessile, minute. Fruit somewhat baccate, indehiscent. Seeds few, inverted, albuminous, nestling in a gelatinous matter. 1, A. Cal’amus, L. Scape leaf-like, extending much above the lateral spadix. Reep Acorus. Calamus. Sweet Flag. Fy. Acore odorant. Germ. Der Kalamus. Span. Acoro Calamo. Root perennial, in coarse verticillate fibres from a horizontal creeping pungently aro matic rhizoma. Aerial stem none. Leaves radical, ensiform-linear, 2-3 feet long, and half an inch to near an inch wide,smooth. Scapeas long as the leaves and much re- sembling them, somewhat triangular below the spadix. Spadia 2-3 inches long, terete, tapering to an obtuse point. Sepals greenish, cuneate-oblong, keeled, with scarious margins. Swampy meadows, about springs, &c. #l. May-June. Fr. Sept. Obs. A native of Europe and Asia as well as some parts of this country. The whole plant is warmly aromatic—especially the creeping rhizoma; and that subterraneous portion is deservedly popular for its medicinal virtues. JI have seen some wet meadows, however, in which the plant had got possession to such an extent as to become something of a nuisance,—and a difficult one to get rid of. It would be well, therefore, in introducing it, to plant it only in circumscribed swamps. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 347 Orper LXXIil. TYPHA’CEZ®. (Car-ram Famity.) Marsh herbs, with linear or narrow-ensiform leaves, sheathing at base, and monececious , destitute of proper floral envelopes in a dense cylindric spadix-like spike or glome- rate in heads. Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded. Seed suspended ; embryo straight, in copious albumen. 1. TY’PHA, Tournef. Cart-rat. [Greek, typhos, a bog or marsh ; from its place of growth.] Flowers in a long dense terminal cylindric interrupted spzke with an intervening caducous spathe-—the upper portion consisting of stamens only, intermixed with simple hairs,—the lower portion consisting of ovaries surrounded by numerous clavate bristles; style simple. Nutlets minute, stalked. Smooth perennials with creeping rhizomas, and simple jointless stems and long narrow, thickish, erect /eaves which nearly equal the culm. 1. T, latifo’lia, ZL. Leaves somewhat ensiform-linear, flat ; staminate and pistillate spikes mostly contiguous. BroaD-LEAVED TypHa. Cat-tail. Coopers’ Reed. Reed-mace. Fy. Masse d’eau. Germ. Die Rohrkolbe. Span. Espadana. Culm 4-5 feet high, simple, terete, smooth, solid with pith, leafy at base. Leaves about as long as the culm, and % — 2 of an inch wide, tapering at apex but obtuse, sheathing the culm at base. Staminate spike, or spadix, 6-8 inches long, and near an inch in diam- eter, yellowish-brown, with a sheathing membranaceous caducous spathe as long as the spike. Pistillate spike immediately below (and about as thick as) the staminate one, 4-6 inches long, greenish-brown, sometimes in contact or continuous with the staminate spike, sometimes with a naked space of near half an inch between them. Pools and swampy springs: throughout the United States. Fl. June-July. F7.Sep- . tember. - Obs. The leaves of this plant are (or formerly were) much used, by the coopers, to secure the joints of casks, &c., from leaking. Poor people sometimes collect the fruit with its hairy involucels, from the mature spikes, for the purpose of filling beds; but it becomes exceedingly dusty and unpleasant, and is even unhealthy,—in every respect a miserable substitute for clean Oats chaff, or cut straw. A narrow-leaved variety, by some considered a species (T, angustifolia, Z.), is found in similar situations ; it usually has the staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated by an interval. Orper LXXIV. ALISMA’CEA. (Warer-Piantain Famiry.) Marsh herbs with scape-like stems and perfect or moncecious flowers, not on a spadix, fur- nished with both calyz and corolla ; sepals and petals each 3, distinct. Stamens hypogy- nous,6-many. Ovaries 3-many, becoming as many 1 -2-seeded pods or akenes. Seeds ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Leaves sheathing at base. 1. SAGITTA’RIA, L. Arrow-HeEap. [Latin, Sagitta, an arrow ; from the prevailing form of the leaves.] Flowers moneecious (sometimes dicecious), mostly whorled in threes, the 348 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. staminate ones above. Calyx green and persistent. Petals white, decid- uous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous; anthers extrorse. Ovaries many, in depressed-globose heads, in fruct becoming flattened winged akenes. Smoothish perennials ; roots often tuberiferous ; leaves polymorphous, usually sagittate ; scape sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles. aia see 243 1, S. varia’bilis, Engelmann. Scape simple or branched ; leaves very various, mostly sagittate ; pedicels of the fertile flowers about half the length of the sterile ones; filaments awl-shaped, nearly twice the Fie. 243. The Arrowhead (Sagittaria variabilis). 2 PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 349 leneth of the anthers ; akene obovate, with a long and curved beak 3 or 4 its length. VARIABLE SAGiTTaRtIA. Arrow-head. Root perennial producing oval fleshy tubers (or rhizomas) 1-2 or 3 inches in diameter. Leaves 3 or 4-8 or 10 inches long (including the lobes), and 1 or 2-6 inches wide, Sagittate-lobed at base,—the lobes ovat2-lanceolate, about as long as the lamina of the leaf ; petioles 4-12 or 15 inches long. Scape 9-18 inches high, smooth. Pedicels one quarter to half an inch long, with membranaceous bracts at base. Pistillate flowers with ovaries forming depressed globose heads, which, in fruit, are one-half to two-thirds of an inch in diameter. Ditches and swampy springs ; throughout the United States. Fl. July-August. Fr. September — October. Obs. This plant frequently occurs in ditches and swampy places, and is of a size to attract the notice of the observing farmer. Some half- dozen varieties, founded on the variation in size and shape of the leaves, are described. Katm says that the Indians and Swedes called the plant “ Katniss” ; and that the tubers were sometimes “as big as a man’s fist” ; that when roasted, they tasted well, but were rather dry. (See Travels, vol. 2, pp. 96, 97.) Hogs are fond of the tubers,—and when these ani- mals have access to their place of growth, are apt to disfigure the ground very much by rooting. Draining is the remedy for this, and for most other aquatic weeds. The Alisma Plantago, L.. or Water Plantain, (belonging toa genus which represents the Order,) is frequent in wet places,—and at one time made some noise among gossiping dealers in marvellous specifics, as a certain remedy for Hydrophobia; but it was soon forgotten,—and is now scarcely noticeable, even as a weed. Orper LXXV. BROMELIA’CEZ. (Privxe-aprreLe Famizy.) Chiefly tropical herbs or suffruticose plants, often stemless with perennial rhizomas and mostly by rigid, dry and channelled leaves sheathing at base and scurfy or scaly on the surface. Flowers perfect, spicate, racemose, or paniculate, bracteate. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6, or more. Ovary free, or adnate to the calyx, 3-celled ; style trigonous, simple or sometimes separable into 3 ; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-celled, baccate and indehiscent, or more frequently capsular and septicidally (or sometimes loculicidally) 3-valved. Seeds mostly numerous ; testa coriaceous ; embryo small, straight or curved, in the base of mealy albumen. The plant of chief interest, in this Order, is that which affords the delicious Pine-apple ; the fruit of which is formed by the consolidation or blending of the imperfect flowers, bracts, and receptacle into one fleshy succulent mass, which is usually crowned with a terminal tuft of leaves. 1. TILLAND’SIA, L. ~ Lone Moss. {Named in honor of Elias Tillands, a Swedish Botanist.] Calyx free from the ovary, unequally 3-parted, persistent,—the segments somewhat convolute. Corolla 3-cleft, tubular below, spreading above. Stamens 6, hypogynous,—the alternate ones mostly adhering to the petals; anthers incumbent. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform or dilated at apex. straight or twisted. Capsule cartilaginous, cylindrical or ovoid, O00 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 3-celled, 3-valved. Sveds several, linear-clavate, stipitate——the stipe in- vested with pappus-like hairs ; embryo straight. 1. T. usneoi des, 2. Stem filiform, flexuose, branching, pendulous; - leaves subulate-filiform ; peduncles 1-flowered, short. Usnea-LIKE Trntanpsta. Long Moss. Perennial, parasitic, taking root in the fissures of the bark of trees. Stem 8-6 feet or more in length, branched, pendulous in long tangled bunches from the limbs of old trees, very slender, terete, covered and somewhat roughened (as well as the leaves) with minute whitish membranaceous scales which are dotted in the centre,—the centre of the stem and leaves consisting of a black horny elastic thread. Leaves subterete, slender, acute. Flowers yellowish-green, Pursh. (purple, Loudon, Ency.), solitary, axillary, sessile, with 3-4 small leaves (or bracts) at base. Calyx and corolla deeply parted,—the segments equal in length, lanceolate, membranaceous. Ovary oblong. Capsule nearly cylindrical, 2—3-celled. Seeds several in each cell, oblong, acute at each end, comose. Grows on the forest trees, in the low-land districts of the South. FI.June-—Sept. Fi. Obs. This singular parasite extends as far north as the Dismal Swamp, in Virginia; but I have not had the pleasure of seeing it in its native forests. Mr. Ex.torr (from whose sketch I have chiefly derived the above details) says, “ black cattle eat this plant in winter with avidity, and sometimes trees are felled, during a series of severe frosts, to place the moss within their reach. The moss, when dried, is beaten until the bark falls off, and the cartilaginous hair-like flexible stem used for stuff ing mattresses, chairs, &c.’’ The uses, here mentioned, seem to entitle the plant to a place in the present work. Orper LXXVI. SMILA’CEA. (Sminax Fairy.) Herbs or climbing shrubby plants with ribbed and netted-veined leaves and regular dic- cious or perfect fowers. Perianth 6-10 parted ; stamens as many as the perianth-lobes, Ovary free, 3-5-celled ; styles or sessile stigmas many and distinct. Fruit a few-—many- seeded berry ; embryo minute, in a hard albwmen. 1. SMI’LAX, Tournef. GREEN-BRIER. [The ancient Greek name, meaning obscure. ] Flowers dicecious, in axillary pedunculate simple umbels. Calyx some- what corolla-like, campanulate, deeply 6-parted,—or rather of 6 petaloid sepals in two series, the outer ones broader. Sraminate Fi. Stamens 6; anthers linear, adnate to the filaments. Pistmiate Fi. Ovary 3- celled ; ovules solitary ; stzgmas 3, subsessile. Berry 1—3-celled, 1 -—3- seeded. Shrubs or rarely perennial herbs, often evergreen and prickly, climbing by tendrils on the petioles ; flowers greenish yellow. 1. S. rotundifo’lia, L. Stem shrubby, prickly, moré or less 4-angled or sub-terete ; leaves orbicular-ovate, acuminate, subcordate at base ; common peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. RowuND-LEAVED Suitax. Green-brier. Rough Bind-weed. Plant glabrous, yellowish-green. Stem 20-380 (sometimes 50) feet long, slender, flexu- ose, somewhat branched, armed with straight rigid prickles, and climbing by tendrils. LILY FAMILY. aol Leaves 2—3 inches long, and often as wide as long ; petioles one-third to three-fourths of an inch long, striate, margined at base, giving out a simple, filiform, but strong tendril on each side, at the summit of the margin. lowers greenish-yellow, in small globose axillary umbels. Berries dark blue, or bluish-black with a glaucous bloom, when mature. Moist thickets and woodlands,—climbing bushes and trees: Canada to Carolina. FT. June. Fr. October. Obs. This rugged shrubby vine is often abundant in moist low grounds,—forming almost impenetrable thickets ; and is a great annoy- ance to the woodman, when employed in clearing out such places. A form with the branches 4-angled ; a smaller plant and seldom climbing is yet more difficult to subdue. It is quite frequent in sterile old fields, on our slaty hills——and always indicates a low state of agriculture. There are several other prickly species in the United States—especially in the South; and some of them may be as annoying to the planter or farmer as these,—but I cannot speak of them from my own knowledge. We have an unarmed herbaceous species (8, herba’cea, L.)—frequent along fence-rows and borders of thickets—which is chiefly remarkable for the carrion-like fetor of its flowers. Orper LXXVII. LILIA’CE A. (Liry Famty.) Herbs with parallel-nerved, sessile or sheathing leaves and regular perfect Jlowers. Divi- sions of the perianth petal-like, similar, 6. Stamens 6; anthers introrse. "Styles united : stigmas 3, sometimes united. Fruit a 3-valyed loculicidal capsule, or sometimes a berry ; seeds few or many ; embryo in fleshy albumen. A very large order, the different genera of which present a great variety of appearance. Besides the few we have mentioned below many are well known in cultivation, and are among the most brilliant ornaments of the garden, as the Hyacinth, Lily, Crown Imperial, Tulip, &. The medicines Squill and Aloes are produced by plants of this order, as is the New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax, Forst.), so valuable for the strength of its fibres. Fruit a berry. Herbs from root-stocks, no bulbs. Stem branch- ing. Leaves fine and thread-shaped. 1. ASPARAGUS. Fruit a 3-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves when ripe. Seeds black. * Roots fascicled, not bulbous. Perianth united into a tube below ; funnel-form. 2. HEMEROCALLIS. #% Scape simple from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, white ; style 3-sided. 3. ORINTHOGALUM. Flowers racemed, blue or purple ; style thread-like. 4. Soria. Flowers in an umbel, from a scaly bract or involucre. 5. ALLIUM. Fruit a 3-celled many-seeded pod. Seeds pale. Perianth of 6 petal-like distinct divisions. Anthers fixed by their middle, swinging free ; stems from a scaly ‘bulb, leafy to the top. 6. LILiom. 1. ASPAR’AGUS, L. Asparagus. [The ancient Greek name. ] Perianth of 6 nearly equal linear-oblong divisions, slightly connected at base, spreading at apex. Stamens 6,—the lower half of the filaments adnate to the base of the sepals; anthers peltate. Style short ; stiamas 3. Berry globose, 3-celled; cells 2-seeded. Perennials with much- branched stems from thick and matted root-stocks, very narrow leaves in ~ clusters, and small, greenish-yellow flowers. 352 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 1. A. orFicina’Lis, L. Unarmed; stem herbaceous, erect, paniculately branched ; leaves fasciculate, setaceous and flexible. OrricinaL Asparacus. Asparagus, or (corruptly) “ Sparrow Grass.” Fr. Asperge. Germ. Der Spargel. Span. Esparrago. Root perennial, consisting of numerous coarse fleshy fasciculate fibres.. Plant smooth, 5-6 feet high,—the turions, or young stems, at first simple, stout and fleshy, with leaves in the form of appressed scales—finally the stem is ramified into a large panicle. Leaves unequal, one-third of an inch to an inch or more in length, very narrow, linear, flat, ab- ruptly acute, in fascicles of 8-10 or 12 (often 6), with a minute ovate acuminate scarious stipule at the base of each fascicle. Peduncles in pairs (sometimes solitary), lateral (not axillary) at the base of the alternate branches, about half an inch long, slender, the upper half (above the thickened ring, or articulation) siightly clavate. Calyx pale green- ish-yellow. Berries globose, slightly umbilicate, red when mature. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May—July. Fr. September. Obs. Almost every garden has a bed of Asparagus roots, for the sake of the young T'urions—which afford a favorite vegetable dish in early spring. The plant has in some cases escaped from gardens and become naturalized, especially near the coast. 2. HEMEROCAL’LIS, LZ. Day Liry.. [Greek, Hemera, a day, and Kallos, beauty ; the flower lasting but a day.] Perianth funnel form,—the short tube enclosing the ovary.—the 6-parted border spreading and lily-like, withering at the close of the day. Stamens 6, inserted at the throat ; filaments and style long and thread-like, de- clined and ascending. Capsule 3-angled, rather fleshy, 3-valved ; seeds several, subglobose, black. Smooth, showy perennzals with fleshy-fibrous roots and long linear-keeled /eaves, 2-ranked at the base of the tall scapes which bear at the summit several large showy bracted flowers. 1. H. ful’va, L. Perianth copper-colored or orange-tawny, the inner lobes obtuse and wavy on the margin. Tawny Hemerocatuis. Day Lily. Leaves about 2 feet long and an inch wide, acute. Scape 3-4 feet high, corymbosely branched at summit, the branches bracteate at base. Perianth about 4 inches long,— the tube contracted, about an inch in length. Gardens and about houses. Native of China. July. Obs. This has strayed from gardens, where it is often cultivated and is naturalized in many places. It is very difficult to eradicate when once established. The H. riava, L., a yellow-flowered species of smaller growth, is often seen in gardens. 3. ORNITHOG’ALUM, Tournef. Star or Breraienem. [Greek, Ornis, ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk ; an ancient whimsical name.] Perianth white, (or partly colored.) corolla-like, of 6 sepals slightly con- nected at base, spreading above the middle, 3—7-nerved. Stamens 6, the filaments dilated at base, narrowed and subulate at apex. Style 3-sided ; LILY: FAMILY. » 853s stigma 3-angled. Capsule membranaceous, roundish, obtusely trigonous, 3-celled. Seeds few in a cell, subglobose or angular ; testa black, rugose. Scape and linear-channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corym- bose, or racemose, bracted. 1. O. umbella’tum, L. Racemes corymbose ; peduncles longer than the bracts ; perianth lobes white within, green outside, with white margins. UMBELLATE OrniITHOGALUM. Ten o’clock. Star of Bethlehem. Fy. Dame d’onze heures. Germ. Die Vogelmilch. Span. Ornitogalo. Bulbs biennial? small, white. Zeaves radical, numerous, 6-12 inches long, very smooth, green with a whitish longitudinal line. Scapes 6-9 inches high, terete, smooth, corymbosely branched at summit,—the branches or peduncles alternate, 1 —2 inches long, each with a membranaceous linear-lanceolate acuminate bract at base. Sepals white within, externally green with a white margin. Ovary somewhat trigonous-turbinate, often abortive. Pastures and cultivated fields : introduced. Native of the old world. Fl. May —June. Fr. July. Obs. This foreigner has escaped from the gardens, in many places,— and multiplies its bulbs so rapidly as to become a great nuisance, if neglected. The bulbs are exceedingly tenacious of life; and when once completely in possession of the soil, it is an almost hopeless task to at- tempt to extirpate them. ‘The leaves generally die, however, in the early part of summer,—and, in good land, are replaced by the valuable grasses ; so that this obnoxious little intruder is not quite so serious a pest as some others ;—such, for example, as the Canada Thistle, or Ox- eye Daisy. 4. SCIL’LA, LZ. Sauirn. [The ancient name.] Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading divisions, mostly decidu- ous, with 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, 3-valved, with several black, roundish seeds in each cell.— Scape and linear-leaves from a coated bulb ; the usually bracted flowers in a simple raceme. 1,8. Fra’seri, Gray. Leaves long, linear, keeled ; bracts solitary, lon- ger than the pedicels ; stigma minutely 3-cleft. Fraser’s Scrnta. Hastern Quamash. Wild Hyacinth. Bulb onion-like. Scape about a foot high, bearing a long raceme of pale blue flowers. Sepals widely spreading, half an inch long, 3-nerved. Prairies and banks of rivers : Ohio and westward. Obs. This is the celebrated Quamash, or Camass, which serves as food for some of the Indian tribes of the far west; the bulb is roasted, and is said to be sweet-tasted and agreeable. (eV) C1 phe WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. 5. AL’LIUM, L. Gartic. Onton. [The ancient Latin name of Garlic.] Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, distinct or united at the base, 1- nerved, becoming dry, more or less persistent. Flaments subulate-fili- form, more or less dilated below,—the inner or alternate ones often mem- branaceously dilated, trifid or with a slender cusp or tooth at summit, on each side. Style filiform ; s!2gma simple or sometimes trifid. Capsule rembranaceous, trigonous, or somewhat 3-lobed. Seeds few, roundish and angular; testa black, rugose or minutely granular-dotted. Herbs Fic. 244. The Ten O’clock, or Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum). LILY FAMILY, 359 of a strong odor, with tunicated (biennial?) bulbs. Scapes naked, or with sheathing-leaves below, solid or fistular. Leaves mostly narrow, channelled, semi-cylindric, or terete, often hollow, sometimes flat. Umbel terminal, embraced by a membranaceous 1 — 2-valved marcescent spathe- like involucre. Flowers sometimes changed into bulblets. * Umbel often densely bulb bearing, with or without flowers. 7 Leaves flat. 1. A. sati’vum, L. Scape terete, leafy to the middle; leaves lance- linear, somewhat channeiled ; spathe 1-valved, with a long acumination, caducous. CuntivateD Axiium. Garden or English Garlic. Fr. WAil. Germ. Der Lauch. Knoblauch. Span. Ajo. Growing in bunches. Radical bulbs compound, consisting of small bulbous offsets, called cloves. Scape 1—2 feet high, smooth—the lower half apparently leafy, by the ex- tension of the sheaths. Leaves 9-15 inches long, distichously arranged. Heads or um- bels bearing numerous small ovoid-oblong bulbs, each bulb with a membranous cover ing. Calyz pale purple. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. Cultivated as an article of medicine and used by some to season food, for which purpose it is extensively used in the Spanish American ' parts of our continent. + 7 Leaves terete and hollow. 2. A. vinea’le, L. Scape terete, slender, sparingly leafy to the mid- dle ; leaves terete, with a narrow channel on the upper side; spathe ab- ruptly acuminate. Vine (or Vineyarp) Auiium. Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow Garlic. Fy. Ail des Vignes. Germ. Acker-Lauch. Wein-bergs-Lauch. Bulbs small. Scape 2-3 feet high, very slender, with a few leaves below the middle* Leaves § -12 or 15 inches long. Umbel globose, about an inch in diameter (smaller and densely capitate when bearing bulbs—the bulbs often vegetating while in the heads) ; pedicels of the flowers filiform, clavate. Calyx deep purple, tinged with green. Pastures and cultivated grounds : introduced. Native of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. Obs. Tradition says, this species was introduced by the first Welsh immigrants to Pennsylvania, for the purpose of supplying an early pas- ture. It is now completely naturalized, and was formerly so abundant in some districts, as to be quite a nuisance. It not only imparted a dis- gusting flavor to milk, butter, &c., but, by its abundance among the wheat, seriously injured the flour,—and rendered the manufacture of it difficult. Our best farmers, however, have now nearly subdued it, by the improvement of their land, and a judicious rotation of crops. A native species, the Meadow Garlic (A, Canaden’se, Ka/m.), is frequent in moist meadows ; it has flat leaves borne at the base of the scape. 3. A. Ce’pa, L. Scape leafy at base only, fistular, and ventricose below 356 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. the middle, much longer than the leaves; leaves subterete, fistular, somewhat ventricose ; umbel globose, usually capsule-bearing ; spathe 1- or finally 2-valved, with a short acumination. Onion. Garden Onion. . Fr. Oignon. Germ. Die Zwiebel. Span. Cebolla. Bulb depressed or turnip-shaped, large (2-3 inches in horizontal diameter). Scape 2-3 feet high, terete, often an inch or more in diameter in the most ventricose portion, smooth, glaucous. Leaves 6 inches to a foot or more in length. Umbel 2-3 inches in diameter—the pedicels filiform. Spathe greenish-white. Sepals lance-oblong, white witha green keel. Outer stamens about as long as the calyx, spreading—the inner ones nearly twice as long, erect ; filaments white, the 3 inner ones much dilated at base, obscurely toothed. Gardens and fields: cultivated. Native country unknown. Fl. July. #r. September. Obs. This species—universally known and cultivated, as a culinary vegetable—is by. far the most valuable of the genus. The culture is car- ried to a great extent in some favorable localities——as at Wethersfield, Connecticut. There is a variety with bulb-bearing umbels, or heads, sometimes to be seen in gardens. The expressed juice of the Onion is a popular remedy for the croup, in children. Its stimulating quality is thus playfully alluded to, by SHaxspEarg, in the Taming of the Shrew: *¢ And if the boy have not a woman’s gift, To rain a shower of commanded tears, An Onion will do well for such a shift ; Which in a napkin being close conveyed, Shall in despite enforce a watery eye.”’ * * Umbel bearing only flowers and capsules. 7 Leaves flat. 4, A. Por’rum, L. Scape rising from the centre of a simple bulb, terete, leafy to the middle ; leaves broad, somewhat channelled or folded, and keeled, acute ; umbel globose; sepals with a rough keel ; stamens a lit- tle exserted. Leex Axuium. Leek. Garden Leek. Fr. Porreau. Germ. Gemeiner Lauch. Span. Puérro. Bulb middle-sized. Scape 2—3 feet high, stout and solid. Leaves distichously arranged on the lower half of the scape, 6-12 inches long, and about an inch wide at base, with the margin sometimes ciliate. Spathe with along acumination. Umbel globose, dense, rather large (2 inches or more in diameter): pedicels of the flowers clavate. Calyx pale violet- purple. Filaments white. Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. This species—which is regarded as a sort of national emblem by the Welsh, is thus noticed by the poet, Gay: “ Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter ’s dear, Of Irish swains potato is the cheer ; Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind.” Cultivated for use in soups. ¢ | Leaves terete, hollow. LILY FAMILY. ODF 5. A. Scu@nopra’sum, L. Scape naked or few-leaved at base, about as long as the subulate-filiform leaves; spathe 2-valved, about equal to the umbel. RusH-LEEK ALLium. Chives, or Cives. Fr. Ciboulette. Germ. Der Schnittlauch. Span. Cebollino. Growing in bunches. Bulbs small. Scape 6-9 inches high, smooth. Leaves erect, about as long as the scape. Umbel about an inch in diameter. Spathe of 2 ovate mem- branaceous nerved purplish valves. Calyx purple with a tinge of violet. Gardens : cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. Cultivated as a culinary herb ; and often used as a kind of me- dicinal food for young poultry. Two or three other species of thissgenus are cultivated in Europe; namely, A.-Scorodoprasum, L., or Rocambole —A. Scalonicum, L., or Schallott, &. But I believe they are not much attended to, in this country. We have, also, a few native species; but they are scarcely of sufficient importance to require the notice of the Agriculturist. G20 hve i Tay. [The classical Latin name. ] Perianth bell-shaped or funnel-form, of 6 distinct petal-like sepals, either clawed or sessile, often recurved or revolute, with a central groove in- side near the base, deciduous. Anthers linear, versatile. Style longer tlean the stamens, somewhat clavate ; stzgma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, 3-angled, with the angles grooved; seeds flat, margined, in 2 rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly ; stems simple, leafy ; leaves sessile, alternate, or whorled ; flowers very large. 1. L. Canaden’se, L. Leaves generally and remotely whorled, lanceo- late, nerves and margins roughish-pubescent; flowers nodding,—the lobes sessile, recurved. Canapian Linium. Wild Yellow Lily. Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, in rather distant whorls of 4-6. Flowers 5-7 or 10 (rarely solitary), all nodding, on peduncles 3~6 inches in length. Perianth yellow (sometimes reddish-orange), with numerous dark purple spots inside ; lobes 2-3 inches long, recurved from near the middle. Common in meadows. June-July. ° Obs. This, which is so very abundant and showy, is introduced as a representative of several native and cultivated species. Besides this, we have several other wild sorts, which will be found described in the flo- ras ; the most conspicuous of them being the Turk’s-cap Lily (L, Super- bum, L.), which has sometimes as many as 20-40 flowers ; it is said to improve much by culture. The beautiful White Lily (L. Arsum,) is well known from being frequently cultivated in gardens, as is the Tiger Lily (L. BuLsirerum)—which produces little blackish bulblets in the axils of the leaves. ‘The newly introduced Japan Lilies (L. panctrouium, 308 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. and others), are perfectly hardy, and so beautiful that they should have a place in the smallest flower garden. OrperR LXXVITI. JUNCA’CEZ. (Rvsa Famiry.) Herbs with jointed stems, grass-like or terete leaves and regular mostly periect flowers. Perianth of 6 similar, dry and glumaceous, persistent sepals. Stamens 6 (rarely 3) ; an- thers mntrorse. Ovary free, forming in Fruit a 1-58-celled 3-valved many-seeded capsule. Style single. Seeds erect ; embryo enclosed at the base of hard albumen. An Order possessing but little beauty or value. 1. JUN’CUS, L. usu. [Latin, Jungere, to join ; being used to tie or bind objects together.] Sepals 6, glumaceous. Stamens mostly 6, inserted on the base of the sepals,—sometimes those on the 3 inner sepals abortive. Stzgmas 3, subsessile, filiform, villous. Capsule 3-celled, or somewhat 1-celled by the incompleteness of the dissepiments, 3-valved, i the dissepiments in the middle. Seeds numerous. Chiefly per Seaals with mostly simple and scape-like pzthy stems and cymose, ——— or clus- tered small greenish or brownish flowers. 1. J. effu’sus, L. Stem naked, often sterile, furnished with short leaf less sheaths at base, filled with spongy pith ; panicle produced from the side of the scape above the middle, diffusely n-uch branched. EFFUSED Juncus. Common Rush. Soft Rush. Root perennial, forming tussocks. Culms 2—3 feet high, simple, soft and pliable, sheathed - at base, and terminating at summit in a long tapering point. Inflorescence cymose-panic- ulate, bursting from a fissure in the side of the culm near the summit, often proliferous, practeate ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, scarious. Stamens 3, shorter than the Sepals, oppo site the $ outer ones ; anthers white. Capsule trigonous-obovoid, obtuse. Szeds minute, oblong, acute at each end, yellowish. Moist meadows and low grounds: throughout the United States. #1. June. Fr. July- August. Obs. The genus is a numerous one,—comprising about 100 known species—of which some 18 or 20 are natives of the U. States. They are all homely plants, and entirely worthless to the farmer; but the one here given is ‘the most troublesome.—centinually forming numerous un- sightly bunches or tussocks, in wet low grounds—and requiring some attention to keep it in proper subjection. Mr. Exttorr says that in S. Carolina, this Rush “ occupies and almost covers rice-fields as soon as they are thrown out of cultivation.” The “ Black Grass” so common in salt marshes along the coast is J. bulbosus, L., and the little species so common along footpaths, seem- ing to flourish best where it is most trodden on, is J, bufonius, = Orper LXXIX. CYPERA’CE. (Sener Fammy.) Rush-like or grass-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culms), and closed sheaths. Flowers usually one in the axil of each of the glume-like bracts which form an imbricated cluster or spikelet. Perianth none, or cousisting of scales or bristles. S‘amzns SEDGE FAMILY. 359 mostly 3. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule, becoming in fruit an akeze, which is lenticular when the style is 2-cleft, and triangular when it is 38-cleft. Embryo minute at the base of farinaceous albumen. An Order of some 50 genera, remarkable for their worthlessness ; and also for their presence, or prevalence, at least, being an indication of swampy, neglected, or valueless land. The herbage of this Order, unlike that of a large number of the Graminez, or true Grasses, contains but little saccharine matter ; and therefore is neither nutritious nor palatable to stock. An example is given of three of the genera, selecting such as are likely to attract the no- tice of the farmer. They are favorite plants with the Botanist, and those who have a curiosity to know more of them will find them described in the Floras. Flowers perfect, 2-ranked : spikes few -many-flowered. Perianth none. 1. CYPERUS. Flowers perfect, scales imbricated in several ranks. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Achenium pointed with the continuous base of the style. 2. SCIRPUS. Flowers moneecious in the same or separate spikes (sometimes dicci- ous). Achenium enclosed in a sac, lenticular or triangular. 3. CAREX, 1. CYPE’RUS, L. Gantneate. * {An ancient Greek name,—of uncertain etymology-} Spikelets many-flowered, or rarely few-flowered. Scales distichously im- bricated,—the lowest ones empty and sometimes smaller. Perzanth none of any kind. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles 3 (rarely 2,) united below into one, deciduous. Akene crustaceous, triquetrous or compressed. Perennial herbs. Culms simple, often triquetrous, leafy and sheathed at base. Leaves grass-like. Spzkelets in loose spikes, involucrate fascicles, or umbels ; pe- duncles unequal, sheathed at base. Le strigosus, L. Spikes compressed, linear awl-shaped, crowded at the summit of the rays of a large open umbel; sheaths of the pedun- cles 2-bristled ; style trifid ; stamens 3; achenium linear-oblong. Srricosr Cyperus. Bristle-spiked Galingale® Culm 1-2 or 3 feet high, triquetrous, smooth, leafy below and tuberous at base. Leaves rather broad, acute, keeled, nearly as long as the culm, somewhat scabrous on the mar- gin. Umbed 3-6 or 9-rayed, rather spreading ; rays unequal, 1 or 2—4 or 5 inches long, triquetrous, sheathed at base, the central ones suppressed (i. e. the central spikes sessile). Spikes yellowish, about three-fourths of an inch long,—the scales somewhat loosely imbri- cated, striate, with a green keel and yellowish sides. Styles long, 3 united in one, distinct at summit. Akene triquetrous, oblong, acute, roughish-dotted. Wet meadows and low grounds: throughout the United States. Fl. August. Fr. Sep- tember. : Obs. This species is inserted—not as being a particularly troublesome weed, but—as one of the most conspicuous of the genus, in the swampy meadows of the middle and northern States. The two which follow belong rather to the Southern States,—and are there regarded as real scourges by the Planters. 2. C. phymato’des, Muhi. Root creeping, tuberiferous at the ex- tremities ; umbel mostly simple, 4—6-rayed ; involucre about 3-leaved, - much longer than the rays; spikes linear, obtuse, sub-compressed, ap- _ proximated, somewhat spreading, each 12 — 20-flowered. “ Nut Grass,” of Florida. 360 WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS. + Root (or rhizoma) creeping extensively, and sending up numerous suckers,—the fibrous branches often terminating in tubers the size of a pea. Culm 1 to near 2 feet high, trique- trous, very smooth. Leaves 9-18 inches long, and 2-8 lines wide, keeled, smooth or slightly scabrous on the margin, yellowish green. Umbel rather erect,—the rays 1-2 or 3 inches long. Jnvolucre usually 3-4-leaved. Spikes half an inch to three-quarters in length, a little compressed, obtuse when mature, somewhat distichously arranged on the common rachis ,—the lowest ones often in pairs or fasciculate ; scales oblong, rather acute, nerved, pale tawny. Styles 3, united in one, distinct at summit. Akenze triquetrous, ob- long, minutely punctate. Banks of streams, pastures, and cultivated grounds : New England, west and south. Obs. This species is, fortunately, rather rare, in the Northern and Mid- dle States ; but it is said te be a troublesome plant, in the South. 3. C. rotun’dus, L., var. Hy’dra, Gray. Rhizoma creeping, tuber- iferous ; umbel mostly simple, 3—4-rayed ; involucre 2 —3-leaved, about as long as the rays ; spikes distichous ; spikelets 4—9 on each ray, lance- linear, acute, much compressed, 10 —40-flowered, dark chestnut-purple. Hypra Cyperus. “ Nut-grass,” of S. Carolina. “ Coco-grass.”? Rhizoma creeping,—its branches ending in tubers nearly half an inch in diameter Culm 3-8 and 12 inches high, triangular, smooth, naked.- Leaves all radical, shorter than the culm, about 2 lines wide, acute, slightly channelled, often recurved, somewhat glau- cous. Jvolucre sometimes shorter thanthe umbel. Rays of the umbel 2~3 inches long, erect or slightly spreading. Spikes nearly an inch long, alternate and distichous along the upper part of the rays,—the scales closely imbricated, bright chestnut-color with a green Keel, not nerved, slightly mucronate. Styles 3, united below, distinct at summit. ricated; the edges lying | closely and regularly over the next series, oe shingles on a roof, or scales on a h. Imperfect flower; when either stamens or pistils are deficient. Incised; cut or gashed; separated by inci- sions. Inclinate. or inclined; bent over towards | the ground, or some other object. Included; wholly contained within a tube, or cavity; the opposite of exsert. d. Incomplete flower: when either Calyx or Corolla is wanting Inerassate: thickened upwards, or towards the summit. Incum*ent; lying upon, against, or across. Ineumbent anther. Attached at or near its middle, and lying horizontally across the summit of the filament. Incumbent cotyledons. Having the radicle bent over and applied to the back of one of the cotyledons (represented by this sign 0}).. Incurved; bent or curved inwards. Indejinite; not distinctly limited, or de fined; numerous, and of no constant or determinate nnmber. Inéehiseent; not opening at maturity. Indigenous ; native: growing naturally, or originally in a country. Indu plicate: folded inwards. Indurated; hardened: become hard. Inferior ealyx. Having the ovary above, . and free from the calyx. % the calyx, or rather its segments :—. ¢., adnate to the fuze of the calyx, and con- sequently bearing the segments (if any) | at its summit. Injiated ; distended or swelled like a blown bladder. Inflected, or inflered; bent suddenly in-| wards. Inflorescence. The disposition or arrange- ments of flowers and their footstalks on a! Lance-linear, Lance-ovate, Jerior ovary. Situated apparently below | a cross-breed between | 423 plant,—such as Umbel, Panicle, Raceme &e. Innate anther; erect, having its base resting directly on the apex of the filament | Inserted ; fixed upon, or growing out of. Internode. That portion of a culm, or stem, between the nodes or joints. Interpetiolar stipules. Situated or origi- nating between the petioles of opposite leaves. Intesrupted ; having intervals; or the con- tinuity broken. | Interruptedly pin ate; having smaller pinn, or leaflets, between each pair of larger ones. | Intra-petiolur stipules. Situated within and aboye the petioles,—usually sheath- | ing the branch above the axil of the leaf; asin Plutanus. Introrsxe anthers. Having the cells turned inwards, or towards the pistils,—and the filament, or connective, extending up the outer side. Inversel, ; in a contrary position; end for end, or upside down. Involucel. The verticil of leaflets at the | base of an umbellet. Involucellate ; having involucels. | Inevclicrate ; having = an involucre. Inwolucre. An assemblage of modified | leaves accompanying certain forms of inflorescence,—usually verticillate at the base of an Umbel,—or in imbricated series beneath or around the heads of aggregated flowers. | Invelute ; rolled inwards. Irregular; the component parts differing in size and shape. Keel. A longitudinal central ridge on the back of a leaf, sepal, &c., resembling the keel of a boat : also, ‘the lower pair | of united petals in a papilionaceous flower. Keeled ; having a keel. See Carinate. Kernel; the nucleus, or seed contained ina nut. Knot; a node; a solid, eq Ae and often swelling joint—as in the stem of the grasses, &c. Lacer ate ; divided into irregular segments asif torn. Laciniate ; jagged; the margin irregularly cut into unequal segments. Lactescent ; milky ; containing a milky or whitish juice. | Lacunose; pitted, furrowed, or having little cavities. Lamellate; divided or dilated into thin plates. Lawnina; a thin layer or plate; the ex- panded or flat portion of a leaf, or petal, as distinguished from the petiole, or claw. | Lanate; woolly: clothed with wool. Lanecolate; tapering gradually from near the base to the apex,—like the head of an ancient Lance, or Spear. &c., linear, ovaie, &c., with something of the lance-} olaie form. Lance oresd ; ege-shaped, with 2 swelling base and tapering apex. | Lanuginous; clothed with a loose wool | Sugeral; 2% the side i fat rally eompressed; ‘iatted on the} sides; the lateral edses pressed towards each other Lez ; loose, or limber; not compact. Teajias. Partial leaves; the constituent leaves of a compound leat Leaflike ( foliaceous); having a texture and expansion resembling 2 leat Leafy ( joliosus); Tornished or abounding with leaves. Lequme. Single carpel of 2 valves, with the seeds anixed along the upper suture, only. Leguminous; haying the structure of 2 /| Legume; bearing or producing the fruit ealled a Legume, or Bean. Leniicwar; having the form of a Jens: orbicular and compressed, but convex on both faces. Sagneous; woody; of a firm woody tex- tare. Lignesceni; becoming somewhat woody - Tigulaie, strap-shaped, or ribband-shaped ; fiat and linear. Higulz; the usually membranous appen- | daze at the base of the leaf, or summit of the sheath, in the grasses. Limb; the sumit of a monosepalous ealyx; or the upper spreading part of a mono- petzalous coro! Taine; the tweltth part of an inch. Sinear; of an uniform width; long and natrow with parallel sides. Linear lanceolate, Ke. 5 taking of both forms, but more of the latter. | Sap; the wpper or under division of a| | Monogynous; having Dut one pistil iaie mower; or the lower perianth- sezment of many Orchidaccous fowers. A Bean,—or fruit formed of a/ | Mericarp; GLOSSARY. > terminal and pores fea sini ro = mosily | Maméillate ; eonieal, with a rounded apex. Mareescent; withering and shrivelling on the stem, instead of falling off. Margin. The edge or circumference of a leaf, or other € ion : alse, the thin wing-like border of certain seeds. Ke. Marginal; belonging to, or situated at, the marcin. Murginaiz or margimed; baving 2 border or edeine of 2 texture or color diferent from that of the disk; surrounded by 3 wing-like expansion, or narrow mem- belie! | Medullary rays. Bands or thin plaies of cellular tissue, which pass from the pith to the bark, in woody stems. Méliferous: producing or containing honey. Membranaceour, or membranous: thin, flexible, and often slightly translucent. & hame siven to the indehis- cent carpel of the Umennuirse:. Micropyle; the small foramen, or open- ing in the proper coats of a seed, to which the radicle always points. : Midrib. The main central merve of a leaf, apparently 2 continuation of the petiole. | Monadédphous; having the filaments all | United im one set, usually forming a tube. | Monadndrous: having a simgle stamen. | Mono; in composition ; one or single. | Moniliform; arranged like, or resembling the beads of a necklace. Monoclinous; baving the stamens and pis- tils in the same flower. Monocotylédonous plants. Where the em- | bryo has but = single lobe, or cotyledon. mas lle A description (usually am- ple and elaborate) of = thing, or class of things, as of a Genus, Tribe, or Family, &e. Mon xcious, or Monoicous; having siami- Lobe: the division, or segment, ofa petalj| nate and pistillate flowers distinct, but on or leaf: the free poriion of a gamopeia-| the same plant. lous corolla. | Monweiously orm Us Lobate, ox lobed; ext or divided inio lobes. | Jocuicaidal debiseemce; when the peti- | €2rp opens naturally on the back of 4| eell (i. ¢. at the dorsal suture) direcily | into the eavity. | Loment; an indehiseent 2- or several-| seeded lesume, contracted bebween each | seed, and finally separating at the joini- hike contractions. Lomeniaczous legume, or pod; a pod of 2or more seeds, witha joint-like €on- | traction, or transverse partition, between the seeds. | Longitudinal; lengthwise; parallel with | the axis, or in a direction from the base | towards the summit or apex. Limaie or lunulaie; haying the ficure of 2 | new moon. H Lut=cemi > yellowish. Lyrate; \yre-shaped; pimrz‘ifid, with the | z i polygam having perfect and impertect flowers on the same plant Monopaatous: having but one petal: or, more ¢@ iy, the petals united into one. See gamopealousx Monophylous; consisting of a single leaf. Monosxépalows: = of one sepal, or rather, several sepals united more or less completely. See gamosepalous. Mucronaie: terminated by a mucro, or small projecting poimi, usually the pro- longation of the midrib, in leaves. Micronulaie; having a ‘small TUCFO, OF terminal projecting point. Multifd; many-cleft; cat into numerous segments. Multiple. A number containing snother number several times withont 2 fraction , or remainder; as 9 is a muliiple of 3. | Multiple fruits. Where there is a combi- GLOSSARY. 4235 nation of several flowers into one aggre-@Obdévate; inversely ovate-——or with the gate mass, as in the Pine-apple, Mulber broadest end above. ry, Xe. Obovoid; inversely ovoid. Muricute; armed or covered with short | Obsolete; indistinct, as if worn out. spreading points, or acute excrescences, |) Otwuse; blunt, or rounded. like a lure. | Obversely; turned contrary to the usual po- Mutice or muticous; awnless or pointless: | _ sition. the opposite of mucronate. | Ochrea. A menrbranous stipniar sheath, Naked; destitute of the usual covering, or| embracing the stem like a boot-leg; as in appendage,—as a sfem without leaves or| Polgonawim, ete. seales, leaves without pubescence, corolla Ochrolewcous; yellowish-white, or cream without a calyx or crown, seeds without eolored. a pericarp, a receptucte without chaff or | Octandrous; having S stamens. hairs, an wel without an involuere, \¢. | Odd-pinnute leat. Having the leaflets in Napiform; turnip-shaped. opposite pairs, with a terminal odd one; Natural Order, family, or tribe. An asso-| often termed émpuri-pinnate. ciation or group of kindred genera,—or | Oficinal; used in, or belonging to,a shop, of plants which are nearly related in their| | or medical office. structure, and most important characters. | Oleruceows; of the nature or quality of pot- Nect riferous; producing honey. herbs. Nectary. That organ, or portion of a flow- | Opaque; not transparent. er which secretes honey; aterm formerly | Opércular; opening like a lid that is fixed applied to all disguised or modified forms} by a hinge at one side. of petals and stamens. Opposite; situated directly against each Nerved; having nerves, or coarse rib-like| other, or at the same height, on contrary fibres. sides of the stem. Nerves. Rib-like fibres (in leaves, &c.)| Orbiculur; circular and flat. like a coin: the which usually extend from the base to,| length and breadth equal and the circum- or towards the apex. ference an even cireular line: a term appli- Neutre or neutral flower. Having neither} ed to leaves, or flatted bedies. See Zerete. stamen nor pistil. Order. A family or group of allied natural Nodding; turning downwards; somewhat} objects; a subdivision of a Class, embrac- drooping. ing kindred Genera. Node. The knot, or solid and often tumid | Ordinal; belonging to the Orders, or to an joint of a stem or branch. Order. Nodose; haying numerous nodes or tumid | Ordinal names. The names of the Natural joints. Orders, or families of plants. Normaz; according to rule; agreeing with | Orthotropous ovule or seed. Straight; not the pattern or type. euryed, or turned from its original or Nuciform; nut-like; resembling a nut. natural direction. Nucleus. A central body; the seed or} Oval; jonger than broad, with the two ends kernel of a nut. of equal breadth and eurvature, and the Nucules. Little nuts, or nut-like fruit. sides curving from end to end. Nut. A hard t-celled indehiscent fruit,| Ovary. The young seed-vessel, or fruit; usually containing a single seed. the hollow portion at the base of the pis- Ob; a preposition which inverts the usual} til, containing the ovules, or bodies des- mneaning of the word to which it is pre-} _tined to become seeds. fixed. Ovate; flat, with the outline of a longitudi- Obcompressed akenes (in the Composi-| mal section of an Egg; a somewhat oval T¥.) Flattish, with the greatest diam-| figure, but broader near the base. eter from right to left,—or with the flat- | Ovate-lanceolate; lanceolate, inclining to . ted side to the front, or periphery of the} ovate at base. head. Ovate-oblong; oblong, with an ovate dilata- Obconic; inversely Conical,—i. ¢.. with the} tion near the base. point or apex downwards. Ovoid; egg-shaped; terete, and swelling Obcordate; heart-form, with the sinus at] near the base—Z. e., having the outline of summit, and the narrowed point at place} an entire egg. of insertion. Ovoid-ollong; the ovoid form Tengthened Oblanceolate inversely lanceolate—or with| out. the widest part above the middle, and ta-| Ovwles. The rudiments of future seeds, pering gradually to the base. contained in the Ovary, or young fruit. Oblique; a position between horizontal and | Palate. The prominence in the lower lip erect; also descriptive of the base of a} of a personate corolla. leaf, ete., when it is unequal or produced | Palea (plural pal @. Chaff; a term ap- on one side. plied to the inner, or immediate floral Oviong; longer than wide, with the sides} covering of the Grasses. (Corolla of parallel, or nearly so. Linn). See Glumes, 426 Paleaceous; chaffy ; of a chaffy texture,— or furnished with chaff-like scales. Palmate; hand-shaped; deeply divided, with the segments nearly equal and spreading like fingers on the open hand. Palmately veined, or cleft——having the veins or segments divergent, like the spreading fingers of an open hand. Pandurijorm; fiddle-shaped; oblong, with the sides contracted, like a violin. Panicle. A loose irregular compound ra- ceme,—in which the peduncles are un- equally elongated and variously and ir- regularly subdivided; as in Oats, &e. Panicled, or paniculate; disposed in the form of a panicle. Papilionaceous corolla. Butterfly-shaped: when complete, consisting of 5 petals,— the upper one (mostly largest) called the vexillum or banner,—the 2 lateral ones termed the alae or wings,—the 2 lower ones more or less cohering by their lower margins, and frem their form, denomina- ted the seed. Papiutate, or papillose; having the surface eovered with fieshy dots, or points, like minute teats. Pappus. The crown of the fruit,—being the segments, or free portion of an adhe- rent calyx, in the Comrosir#, and some other plants,—usually hairy-like or plu- mese,—sometimes in the form of minute ehaft or scales, Parusite. A plant growing on, or deriving sustenance from, another plant; as Dod der, Mistletoe, &e. Parasitic; being or relating to, a Parasite. Parenchyma. The soft spongy cellular tissue (often green), which forms the pith of stems, the pulp of leaves and young fruit, and fills the interstices of woody or vascular fibres. Paries (plural, parietes). The outside wall, er enclosing shell, which circum- scribes the cavity of a pericarp. Parvetal; affixed to, or belonging to, the paries or outer wall of the seed-cell of a pericarp. Parietal placente. When the placente are borne upon the walls, instead of the axis, of the ovary or pericarp. Parted; divided deeply, almost to the base. Purtial; aterm applied to constituent:por- tions of a compound whole. Partition. See Dissepiment. Patelxform,; in the form of little plates or dishes. Péctinate; finely, regularly and deeply cleft, so as to resemble the teeth of a comb. Pedate leaf. Like a bird’s foot; divided nearly to the petiole in narrow segments, with the lateral ones diverging. Pédicel. Repand ; having the margin slightly in- dented with shallow sinuses. Replicate; folded back on itself. Réplum. A name given to parietal pla- cent when separated from the valves; also, the persistent border of a fallen le- gume. Restipinate; turned upside down. Reticulate ; netted ; having veins or nerves crossing each other, or branching and retiniting, like network. Retrorse, or retrorsely ; pointing back- wards or downwards. Retwse; haying a shallow sinus at the end. Rewolute ; rolled backwards, or outwards. Rhizoma. air a= 2 ee Lf Ad 2 oe as oe se eece Oe Cen et Sat) A ee 5c hale ee ee Seas Alachofa 2 TDA > ESE aera wee See Pats (= el et .e\-« (e's .0, 0) ae: 62/6 feo: 6 pride ht re ree Amapold. ...2-2---- +--+ s+ e PL ITZITLT E Ampfer. Krauser....... bcos ae a SORLEDS Spa EERIE Andorn. Der Weisse............ Anserine blanche..............- Apfdbaum. DG Se EE ISTE AEE OO Oe Aprikosenbaum. Der LOATH Ea a YL UG GOO See ATIGis 3 Adiga s2. e AL as a AAG ee ee Aubergine rouge Arena see eee eee eee a ASE DS Noa ae Balm, Common Lic uss), 9:05) 1) Harperry Bamily.............. emer eee Os i= Paes oe cs 2 x Barbary Box-thorn......-..... LL AYES all A i eA eR OUMT LOW EO. <5. fois ess “ce PTiatarie eee le elelje (lee .e ESO OCs ei ke es a és BVV STN Ae See . 1 ee ene WREST ese ve Be wee SE 28 | Carolina Potato...........---- Batéta de Malaga........... +. 247 ; Carpet-weed <2... =) eee label ss 38 2/S ce eet 247.) Carrot, Garden... 9.4 eee J BULTUL AR pees ep EE A 253 | OS Wild® eee WTAE DETIC. VI ee +... 231 | Castor-oll Plants... eee SIUC PIE es = cs eee 61 | Catalpa: _. >. 522 ae ee SEE RRDS Sos 5A AO Se 43) Catmint 2 7 ee eee PEPER A 5555 5 545 095 SoS Sa 85s 44 i Catnip. .:... 3 222 eee Wee TAVe.. «acciecee- >>> +++c0e Zhe | Cat-tall Hamlyn BITTEN. UIET ete tain elie to elo 132,| Gat-tail. 2. 62 so CELA DA AS Be tag Bek ie Se, ase a et ee . 389 | Ganliflower-)-)o. -- oe aPC OUTSOSHIIED tae eis se cree 283°: Cedar, Deodar. . 2... s2aneeeer = BLY eee S655 555574 Sas ss 194 : Cedar of Lebanon... —. =e. Cedar White cate 377275 ae (a letha lol ea, (wim, ee) (mice hele =| wieohelin oie make je ,'o, of ete a, Centaury Ghamomile, Garden. .........: Charlock. ne TST a eee Llp See ee Py so ae Nid ates: 6 6." 2.13 @6).6. «2 e208 Cherry oe eee oo a0 le a ate 06. \ee 6 e: Morello. eee Ya ict at aia elimrels sia ee wae &\e « 2 se « “. Upright. . Chestnut, American. ....... oe Spanish Chickweed, Indian ms Larger Mouse-ear. . os Mouse- BRAY = easier sok Chinquapin Gives OF CHIVES. ...-.---:.5-:- rd ni < nina. =\e.- =12)= -%=.+ G@maque-foil: .....--.--+---2--: “OTE. 1 er mie, ele leis ere ©) se sm iere INDEX. 445 PAGE-, PAGE BAO Coekle-D Wt a. cacti elit pens 179 aa OUSlOOb 2 eaccis/2 ane afersds lo ote ee APPR OMIE ys spice beter Ma eek 243 150 ; Composite Family............. 168 BO0r sO one-flower-., 2a... -hersto-sy. eee 186 185 | Convolvulus Family........... 246 47 | Gooperisttceds 5 gs... ee a 347 DAI MOORANGED 52 2.8) 2 yes ago oes ices 153 Os EOL eS TOOMS 45.2 0, cee 412 Ped We Chocolate cn -ts5 5 es 412 115 Battal CRITIC AM 8 cei cae me celerete 412 119 LENG Tey 3 eee oe eee Ef 407 PhO | Corm-cocklew. 42% . 28k oe) See: 56 BEG sCOrnoMmi Mee i iso a ee gee 231 BVO @orn-salad-s), 3s. Aes ee ce 166 BLS: Corel Wamily. - . 5215 30242 Sie 157 Hii) @otton-plants 54 6.0 eee ees 67 HLS iGotton-wood. -...2 2-2. -.t0 ie Sol UES FAO Ow: BANC A cic;-,t0- sho icc ts re ok ee 148 119 POLLed es - Se WAN eee as 152 UbOAoayslipe | ache. ee 30 AOD e GTA CEL qatar ons wiams Oa 209 387 Sialife ete os Se aes 210 318 Wplandiet ses laeee iN 2 9 Granberry-teee: 8 tose ee ws wis te 163 @ranes-billwe a et eek ae vel 3 | Crowfoot -Bamily.. ;.....-...-- 26 DONO TO WIOULe eat oe eee 27 ST SUN OL GUINIDER sco meccx Nuc cic carers bce 138 Si os Jerusalem... os... 140 200 Bri ckdvaseaee ee 140 122 eS One-seeded Star. .... 141 140 | Cucumber-Tree, Yellow........ 35 178 x © ~6Far-leaved.... 35 MS OnGird weediice | 25002 ee ox. ees 191 GG PpGurrant Mamily...% 2. 5. hea 136 98 Currant, Blackest eee? Fe eae WS) 98 | Rede aees os Ouathe 137 oe | | GnrrantsaAanters. 3 Sos Sees 82 | Custard-Apple Family......... 3 : RGM Peaks cS iis22 S-soet 142 98 | WML CSSA taf rectt s css, 5 Slee aes 340 99 ae IE ees Be coe eter a8) L Wh eCypress Wines. 2... dec 249 BGs WO Laba zane ho sieiaco ss =m eetele 138 Shs |p clr] CDOSSC UM =e. Ang os sicia davon ate 138 96 | Cameline culitvée............4.. 50 98 | Camomille romaine............. 186 98 | CHA ees BS. 5s a et 387 See "CCMAZUCOTS <3 deeb olniee Soa 410 AAG INDEX. PAGE PAGE CONVENOR OR Bree apace ny oer eee 299) Date: Plame aia 5 eee 218 CANNED SUCTEO eee 4:1:0'| Déad-nettlé. 25 2 ee 239 CUP UCHUTMON Me ate sienna are 73°). Devil-wood'i 2250 ace eee 266 Capucine \GTANGe tenet te 13 | Dew-bernry Sa.2 3... ¢ oo ne 127 GPA CNCRG Ae RN oe ee 168); Dock 2: ey as. sens es 283 GAP OOS EB BAL ae es ee 196 Bitterman ee eres 284 COTOLEO TE Ee 8 OE ORG ee 146 i Broad-leaveds 2 - senee ae 284. COROT CAA NATE COO RIOT. ge IM en BBI tes 150 Me Caled eee aces ee ern 283 COSSIS ESE: 2 ee a 37 oh Narmowiio. ate eee 283 COSLATIO RN 5 SoG ee? er 318 SOUR Se Caan eee eee 283 se ex INA1aS.\, Biel eee 88 | Dog'siMenneliit tee at ees 185 Cpa Ras ke Ns ae ea eee 393 | Dogwood, Common): seen 4 157 CeO aR a Oe ales, it 356"| Doddet ic see eee 249 Cobollang oa eee as Se 30 F Door-weedsy te eee 381 Cegudacen tic, cK Cee @ erate Mertehee 153:| Drop-Wworts) 32a oo eer ee 120 Celeri: Cclert Dery. 2n 3 ic 5 oes 1505) DreLinkers Wiceds sere ace 161 Center Org it woeke ecient lates 392 | Duke of Argyle’s Tea-tree..... 256 Cen ezon 2 ae ee GAG ELS Dupree icc aes ee et eee 412 Cerisien oie, Wace teers oo 118") Dutchmanis: Pipe... es 268 Chantre’-Herbeiaus io... 005i. 44') Dyeris Green Wieede o.)....90 ee 96 Chanvre Lie via sates wabe seus oa 299 | Dactyle Pelutonné....... lp 376 Chardon aux Anes............ 197 | Dame d’onze heures........... 353 oS QT HOULO. =e ee 168 )|-Dent.deLicn ne . eee 203 sie CRLANCCOLES: ue Mare aes 195 | Hbony Hamily 55 see eee 217 Chatargniens Wier iar tna. 318 | Heo) Plante 20/5 ts eee reer 253 Chicorée sauvage.......00..5003 200;)\Elderbushi.. 222.2 eee 162 Ciiien-dent Fee cee pu 390:\ Elder, Commons: sneer 162 ORUTVOU sa es toa se aes eRe 147 | Mlecampame: 3.5: Scere 175 Choufleur potager .........0000. AA’ Wil 2 00s Pieces che ae eee 292 ONO) LU ERS RE Me 194. A MenICane ia een eet 292 CHOULE er eat ay aet ee Chel. 357 (22% > Corky, Wihite =m eee ee. 293 Cigtecondinaire: | a 27 a a 153) Sat) Hing ish eae eee Lee CHANG On spent ie re Oe 155 be Red 25 sie eee eee weet 292 Citrouille. La grosse........... 142, | 92%: sSlippetyis cea) at eee 2)2 COmnassIep De co a ieee PBA RC. Whee tia: er reer 292 CONCOMOTE IE CON as he en nante fe 139 the NG ee Ait ie ies ase a cae 292 Conaconcwdlonn oo ae 54 ct Winvedia sg eerie 293 COmMaNd Tes ee Si Ne See 1551 Hnslenia: 2 eee eee 263 Comncguelan Wai. hea ieee 247 -Huropean Oliviess 22: 266 Gotoniien solver conte ro ceeds 67| Evening Primrose Family...... 135 COC Fe eg a age M ML Paes 181] | Bvening Primrose: 377). rie 136 Cresson—Alénois........00.05. 51 | Kye-bright ......--.++--- 206 288 Hep Ge RU ONLGUC 8. ote ai. 3 | Enidibia= 5s eee ee a eke rorene 202 DAIS aint ee) eae WTA | ndivie.” Ties meaerotoe cco ait 202 Berg OKCOVC Mediate gas fee 188 | Epinard des potagers.......+-.- 275 Mamascencrs whee ee eae: 115'| Brbse, Gemeine. 2%)... . 2 eteteee “ke 106 Dangle-berryies ase csan se ces 208 | E’rd-Artischoke. Die. ....6.02055 181 Dandehons i eae eh ays 203 | Hrdbeerpfianze. Die......0...4+ 123 im Wale ae ae Whose ae 902 | Hrd-nuss Die. 2.222% 2% eto: 104. Damnel ag psec aera Pe 388) Psdirag oi: = ss sett cierto 100 INDEX 447 PAGE PAGE RIL ILO alate . epee. 404 | Goosefoot, Maple-leaved......-- 271 ELIA cee a eee cee 407 | Goose-gTaSs. ...-+----+--- SISOS 281 ee GT OCI es oe Ken eee 383 | Gourd Family......-----++-:- 138 war @achrehor soccer 406 | Gourd, Bottle... .<<25 eae: 13 ‘* Herds (of New England Gromwell ..< ..2-.=s2se5ee= 943 and New York)...... 372 | Gum, Black......-.-+--+--++e-- 159 © Herds (of Pennsylvania). “313 | °° Sour... -ss2s2ee=ee ee 159. ie indian.) eecee ee 411 | Gaensefuss. Der-...-++-++- som eee #3 is (Finger-spiked 411 | Garance, Lacs 5.455: sane 164 és os (Oat like) ....... 411 | Garbanzo: <.<- 2+ «2 = seeniven === 103 go Wanna 80 ce eo 381 | Garten-kresse. Die. ...-----+++: 51 ie bs a aes RS Sheet od OS 31G| Gutera.., s22eke eee Ete re 234 ci Pe MeadOWerce a: os eeae ee 381 | Gersie. Geman. =. s 22-25 = ee 393 ‘ (Dwarf)... 22. : 382 | Glowteron. .. 2 eee cece ee ccees 200 ‘“ (Harly)<22A4-- 382 | Gordolébo........--222s~----- 224 < (Flat-stalked)... 383 | Gremil des champS..o.-.+++-+--- 243 ce (Howl) ..<63- 33 382 | Groseillier rouge........-+----- 137 (Rough)....... 382 | ie 136 cS : (Smooth)...... 383 | Guisante-. . 222.05. 3e eee 106 << Nut (of Florida) ?. . 359 | Gundelrebe. Die ee 234 33 a OUAS. Carolina) ?. + 360-| Gurke. Die... ccs. ee eee 13 TA! (PF RE a 8 396 | Gurkenbaum. Der........<-2-- 35 pee OI watelin. ks 2 et ioee 403 | Hack-berry:...< se; =o) seer 294 rr gOrchard: (he )onn. cic 379 | Hackmatack... 22-c = eee eee 339 ee anic: AQ) | Siardhack-3. <<. -eeeece 2... 3 eee 68 TEOESCHOGUM ED) CR acti ree 118°} Tiver-leat. 25. {6.cee eee ee 26 TGV CP TAW CASSCF so. ss ele Re 98). Liverworts. =. eee Pu ON See Der sWiesei cass. eer 91 Lobelia Bamily . 2-2-2 s2ejaseeee 206 AGLI 077 eGR SG Sear Se: 200); Lobelia. 2.722 3.3 eae 206 Knauel-gras. Geneines......<<.. 309; LLocust-tree.. |... -.) aaa 100 dGnoblauch: Der. = 2s nae: 355-lJocust...2.-... 2 eee 101 ERORLS DD CF. Si Neted nas seals otc pen Re duit t -Clammy. 23 Seer 101 PROTON C2 DCT ise) ae eee. 155)| Tiong: Moss: 2-2... serene 349 ORTNOLUTNC Dix. © se ee ae 194. Loye-Apples = 2-..)-ee eee 250 eG GtSOstel ies ate ake eee 195. -Tnicerne.24 + eee 99 i Die Acker: 2: eerie. 197 | Iauzerne, Brench? -2))-). ceeeee 99 SG ESC esINCUIUZINET tc «eee 13 | Lattue. L222. 205 Kuemmel. Gemeiner............ 150 “Damier: De... eee 239 SCT UUSS IDET, ee arg ez ea 138 Lampazo pequeno.....-+:2-23-: 199 hadyis Minmipe 2-8. 3c sp eee 219° Lampourde +. 154.62 eee 179 ATI all ieee eae ae 214) auch? Den so ee ee 355 Hramibisnmettucestsiss a eee 166°. Lauch: sDer: Acker: see eee 3855 anes gQuaclerse- euteeet a ere 271 .. Gemeinegrs 2265 356 rane eee ee easiiee (<< i's see ee 338 «> Der. Schnitt: — eee B07 Bebe NCNICATIN ca xiic nis eee 339)" | Weinbergs- a ee = eee 355 oe WABI EVO). 5 Aik ook Men SR eg Oe $39) Dhechuga: . 9.0 eee 205 ENN DITO. cerns: So eee 339°. Geindotter. Der 2. >see ee _ 50 Tiarks puis iran «tiers Sie S1: Denteja. :. wns ote ee = eee 105 anksSpurmsecespetiert.... tcacoaee 32. Dentille. Da.> . == eee ee 105 Tiaurel Hamil yeeiaz. oats 285 | Lepidio <. 2o22..- a ee e -51 Laur el PAMenCanl en mer cies a. 213 InebeseApfel. Der.....+..-...-- 250 Diwarte epee ek ts lees 214. Inerre terresire. 2 J asee- eee 234 EO Uead Ga SEEN HN os VE by a gree ae 294. TiS DANO sg oe en Ee 70 Se Mountalnuerr 5 gene QA TANGhIOS Ss Oo ws os ae eee 225 ele SOUCODs aasenin rte eae ee 214 . Dinde: Die. a ee eee 68 INDEX. 451 P2GE PAGE WHRESPEG CINCINE= Hn 6 210 to es 105 | | Mexican Tea...... sHe(eves choy svohst ere 272 Liseron des champs............ QAP EMO oe. Sas cress eee: etree LOT _ DUE AAW eee re 208'| Malk wort Pamily. 52 22. oe. 6 < 92 Maree inet Mer 62 ios... +: 203) Milkwort..........0..eeeee-- 92 Lolch. Ausdauernder...... .... 389| Milkweed Family............. 261 Lise iy oe 3G) gh Tillaygererc area Aachen eee 261 Madder Family............... oceMileh = fc 2. el tes ae: 406 WE ee bots SEOs 163 | meee SINAN et gee Sec ake A12 Dyers se. 2: ss: Peo Ming Waminly so. nk. ote ok oe OO ETA a ae BU MEE os o25 Ss a 8She o's sw 'v oPece encie ete te 230 LL | A Dre O OMNMIOH cn eh eee a es 231 Magnolia Wamily.............- 34.| Mistletoe Pamily....:.....2'... 286 Magnolia, Great-leaved........ OP MISTIC LOG ayer. oe ars «cee ee eer 287 ze SHIA | as gia ar eae 34 . HAISCr iar ee eee 287 ee Mateless 222555555. 34" MOCkKer nut.) saan s ees 306 Momow Pamily..:..-.-.5.... Ga.) Monkshootts 2.05 fh0 5.6 tom 33 REPRE Nei os 2 2-2 a. tke: 64| Morning-glory................ 249 Peerage! =... bs, 2. G5; Mother-wort=.... acs... eS 239 Bee 255505565. 63 Mewntam 2a American...... 134 pe ONCH Ee S92 S.e 2.5 2 a's 67 *“Kraropean .: 2... 134 Mallows, Running Low........ 64 von Se eretnist ares nee == 31 WEMMMEAROE se 253s ool. SOR PMPICEDY a5 54. 2 sche cnc 6 ae are 295 Mansel Wurtael. 2........5... 274 European Black...... 296 13 175 Dah 0 294 “ Fee nsec wine See 295 bul e LS0n 89 SS Whiter ea. 2: se oe 2 eee 224 1 LE 89! Mullein Common ............. 224 /. 518 (0) Gt eee 92 t Moth2= > 2. nee noes 224 iraeeeye 322. i. i. 90 TS Page A CAL TY Sat cor eae aa 224 lack SUCAE Ss... ls. OPIS CACM. oc nes os cic oul: 84 Grirlcdt eee cis Pl 32 (Mustard Wamnily . 40.22%... 2 « 42 GECMIEES 6 ec oe oe os 89 Mustard, la Kaen cot eet eae AT Worwey. =. 05202525 90 Hedger. Pesta oes 44 oe ee 91 LGW HILOS cots cho porce egress 47 pepevorleaved. 2.2.02... 90 eWathihen os oes eee oes oe AT LILES Se ere NW Gti Uae Sone ae SO tee ae 35 SEIS Cae ee 2 0 Lid etes BLE oper ore ee aD 236 8 Ie 8 aa ieee I) GUT IPI Sta age a 236 Moarjovam Sweet... .......2.-- 236} Malva de hoja redonda......... 64. Marsh LG 6) (0 ee 30 | Malve. Rundlaetrige............ 64 REAMECW OVE Ch oo iiss oe ek ie: 148 | Mangold. Gemeiner............ 272 Matrimony-vine............... OM EMATO Bee oie CR ds Se Se we 104 Levi 21) Gi rr 38 | Manne de Prusse.....-:......- 381 May Ween ees ee SUN Mom zane. © Saco Sk a aces 186 MicanoOw-ule.: io... et ee PLU Ps We ao os 185 Meadow-sweet........0. 0.6... CAM WUE 172717 eS 132 Wemek: 0.2523. eee tes St 99| Margarita mayor.......... Pea koU, “NSS Leb td ea ea Be LOO MAT OLOINGs IAM. << oe oho st oe ees 236 eee hee Er SE SON OU Cn regener se 8 aie as oe vd 185 11 SOLES ag ha ee 138 | Maronnter @ Inde... oso so o.+ oe 88 "SLATES 2a ae re ESS lag rue blame rs hoe PRESS ee 238 MW CUCE 2) roast SS. WAOU Mar Goi <5 oo sb acre ob 5.3.8 0 Oe 238 452 INDEX. PAGE PAGE Masse Teau......... San Aue 341 | WMielle des Bles. “a... eee 56 Maulbeere- Weisse.......2+++--- 295 | Noguera... Willow as se hee 312 MAN GCTS UL RAR EDR A, 5 is Se ABE 295) #* “Yellow sc. sans aero Silsll Wastin tiam.c.<)) ee one ee ee 3 Yellow=barked..- tse 315 INeckweedtntuss-ce Ase 227} Oat... . a eee eave 393 Nectarineson 4-5. nate 113) Oats. Common. 394 Nettlesblamnlliy:-. 0. wea ceieeee eee 292 | “Skinless; (245-3 -eeereee 395 ING ttlelas tae. nie aero ee 297 (Okra. ..2..c2 ce eee eee 66 smalls Stinging. recs fee 299)| Olive Hamilys ga. eae 264 OMENS DUONG 1 tose ee Rieke eee 298: Onion. 23. 2.425208 ee 354 Ce MENOO Cae eter. ieee Wee eee: 299 [2 Garden. sta cacem eee 356 Nie ttle-Uhee ane scrtee ye ee 293'| Osage-oran@es: = c= see 297 Nightshade Family............ 2'50:|' OSIEL. ... Mountain'3 a. 2 eee INDEX. 455 PaGE PAGE eee ANG, ooo PRES SOs reuch-q7ras. Das <. Sects ore 32.0 des 398 BME Gla cose ceca cts iw elas S09.- Sage, Gardens y=... Gecae sl... 233 LOSE LACT eae oe MUA a alas yk cies alah See ose 205 OSS: 03 rae Betrirctate 129 fe Curledi scott oe eesti 205 SSC Ya50 0) ec a PRO tes “OS Elie adeinw’ S85.2 sue Shoe este 205 Pee CHIMING: <5, gee nS Ou OAlis PUP Ana, «vee ei ne see oe 344 smear iweatiic Wall. Ates-3 5 ese ss WS ORSAISIY IS ere lone guage Bee Face 203 NAMI OG. 2 ens: sake Se 8's SOs Sarsaparilla,. 5 y.. tse 156 SOWA 20. Se SW, 22 130 st RAISQi eae inc seee es 156 “=| Gate) (01) ee ee ae 163 4 Waldsteecs eae 155 LE CRS 150i A gs ea ee eee SHAS eB aSsaltas: rs 8. 5 oe sok oe os SU 285 IOSe-CammypiON.. 62 62 56 | Saxifrage Family............- 143 BOSeTOl SHALOM... ae IA 67 Saxifrage, Pennsylvania ...... 143 1G 0701, a TA. G MAM sos eS acct een: 143 ee ALON oo ce oven ee ee ots 14 (Searcityy Root.) yc ie... bse): 274 SS lye SIO MOCULY-OTASS ae. 5 sass Uae oosles 43 SU a ar re SoS poedeevHamily : 222.5 oes% = sn 358 22 “(O00 0) 5 a er SOS SCAG 2. use... een oe Sean 361 20 (hs /01 1 Pape eo SAG Sete 358 Par UISSOC Kee ieee eee ee ay 363 emi lauemMaker S... 2... 2. oe. 361 Self. healed Meee aleneseneeneyec ss keys 237 LTB (Ca a 46 | Seneka Snake-root............ 93 LG SAS ee rere ag? wena AMENICAMs. 1... 22 orien 109 “ODES STH 010) 0p oe a ea 392 Tia MaMa CLs ya 21 sea OBES ae 109 Lo OTE 5 3 oa eee AES) PSCSAMNCH ciclo sae Gas Foe 223 RIC IGENICING 2.0.2 = cis cleo ses oe 56 ONGC psDeREY. 2 cos us Paces see 162 Lt, SC) 52) |pohepherd’s) PUrse. 2. sesh as 50 I OTD DET. ko ee SOs oly. AlGbses oo env exsite es 30 67 Ranunke. Knolliger........... 2 Sal S12 ea nee eae ee Be cea 65 PRPS Mercrarer No rs-os! oa! ole a ses ss Bio el UT SIUM Mele aimee Pete Cel ce rte < c 261 FSCS IS IE a SG9silver Bell ..-.cysesvea avove verericrerens 218 LUD, IO o2 tekunk Wabbage .....0 wie... ee 346 SOT ee Ai NO Circe ayer o1ssoynescesiey wralonatawe) nore ter ete 115 Rheinweide. Gemeine.........-- POOH WOMAN b= WEE Cag she ea kinesvs tevel ere ore 281 EM BOGTD ix. oie a's 4 eons bos =e ion oma exe eMart ly. —.e.esraofe ole cleo 350 BOs 52 Fees eo wotel. «ea hone wsmalceroots Wallies so css ~..: .. -- eee 275 SUCCOLV sna kere iier ee Oe 200 | Spitekiette. DO. oe See 179 * Garden... 2.060. .:.... 202 | Spiemuenze. Die oceee eee 231 ieee Wall oct. cereus ee 9200'| Siachelbeere. Die... 24. nana 136 SUP aT DeUGy,. ie siemens oe a 294 | Stechapfels Der... 20. eee 258 Duran i Cane ss cae ane et 410| Stenkle. Weisser. . > 2-2 eee 99 INDEX PAGE SS 2 ae Ziad kurnip COMMON 2. =.= 75. eeeeee Weeping ee. eater 329 | Vedra terrestie. a\s2 one ete oe Wihite to: seat e see 329°) Yerba Carnines <2 a. steel Car eC LONT.52 ek eter 32925 > MOTd.. a3 - See eee Wim ter-beriyenes ei eee 217| ** de Santa Barbara, ieaeeds NWATITCTAChESG yet i-35 on tafor i eee A3| 3 dela Viberd..\. cae WANTETOT CEH 4 01. o o:ni00 oie = atwteie ie 213 | Zanahoria .. <2. eer eee WESTATID) Ai. a.55 57, ieaie aie 101 | Barz. 2... «. skeee oe eee stor, Ghineser tetas senses oe. 102 | Zederach. Ders xe eee i te NWVOOU YAR Re cece ok 102 | Zucher-rohr. Aechtes......<...- Witeh-hazel Bamily. ....2.2..; 144 | Zwiebel. Die.......-. Seen Rict Waitcl-lazels. st slices 14 PAGE 96 33 160 240 72 12 165 190 389 302 218 200 81 190 372 43 224 189 289 187 217 343 343 234 270 251 45 242 146 NAMES OF THE PLANTS ILLUSTRATED IN THIS WORK. PAGE Actinomeris, Squarrose........ 182 MME NOTING. a 3'2 ee eas 217 i eee. 5. fs ysii 276 PANIC retools ek cievnun cee c= ne 2 133 LS) EEO \ ee ce ene 5 PRET OWWNCAM coca o 6 o's ane scores = 348 EMS A NVIALET 6 ala /30 oo os oe ce ss 121 LEA TNC CIA es ee rae oH Barley, 2-rowed.....-...+.-++- 394 IBCATDOLYrtv cc cee eee et ehe 211 HPO aWEEO 4 oe = 3 ote se enone = 248 imme Black or Red.......-.=. 326 eomntanoe or Paper... 2..'«:2< 325 | Sweet or Cherry........ 327 Sem MAVAYNTG) arch) x ce ANE oem wiaslanal date 325 LSNSA CCH Ea ee eee 194 5 Fe] OSS! V1 01) Hee a 242 DAIIGE 4 3 Ao Ee ea Pa 364 (TE TECTS 6 oe aan 147 (Ore! 010 2 ere 41 CHeGREEDEREY. 3 6. icin dees nae s 212 Chery Garden....s cee tes 117 Chesson Cheat... 26 oe eee et ws 386 Olmelawieed sn s.5c05e 26 oe fee ea 60 Cichory or Succory, Wild...... 201 Sloteome: Rhormy:. 0.028. ). ale. 7s) OM oKife1 bo) Xe(0 ie ee ae oT WOE“ DU s ue y.ue 2 5 sls oie 2 ween 178 Conm-Cocde si... Bees 57 WG UPOMEWOO MW .. 6 Sie es ice oo edhe 331 Cramer. eaters die sieves (odes 72 Mrawioor, Valin cc hace acc oes 29 (JO STU) 00) 07S Halo an ee 139 WyPROSSites ekcecrag.4. ese weeevaiceerete Dogwood, Flowering.......... BITS OM aids teeta cea) tenet ous des noes eececreo sere ee ee oe GAPS MOKiay sso ss euacie.s eclrenareen Grass, Canary (Reed).......... Couchvor @uitche =. 2. Gea, ORC AN A Oe bee te etal See MCOLVICE tr aie tsa Sten Yoong ‘Vernal (Sweet-scented).. . Grass, General structure of..... Crom we llea@owtlnn steve vc. soars Groundsel wife! shee) ele} (5) (8) (ef (| /0\ 1a ee) #0) 'el° tate ral dil Saree ARMIN Tg a 460 Pace | Mallow. Common. @ 3.303 7 a0. 64. Velvet-leaf or Indian.. 66 Maple Redes tn ecee mee 91 May WEG iets Sates cee 186 Milkweed..... SPe ve siete eee apcheastons 262 Monkshood e008 c25. ae aecraes 33 Mulberry, Paper.cic secs 296 Moustard\ hic de yet ae aeuean 48 Nettle, Helorsezicar ccc ccc ee 254 oCoih SPUN Carne ret olsiaks cic weuegslar: 290 Gor SULA LO OF oot eae Ate eet ee 298 INettlettnee nice wdeem ice oa 293 Niglntshades i. scsiccteicre cents 252 Oak, Blake si. sa mpeiuva wie sores osha > ee 2 » > = = —e p> ee » a ’ >. » ‘ >» se era 2 >) DD) » 5) > Sek 2» >> TS >>» ‘» >) »y» » i Me, a ee Sis Soue> id 0's ™ » > pS ?2D» i) aes 3