LOCKED
CAM

STEREOPTICON PREPARATIONS OF WOODS.

These are perfect for displaying before an audience, bv means of a magic-lantern, the structure of
our various timbers. All the principal species are designed to be represented and each one is indentified
bevond question of doubt. No one who has an instrument should be without these interesting and in-
structive preparations.

MICROSCOPIC PREPARATIONS OF WOODS.

These, like the stere
three sections — transvert
the minute structure.

PREPARAT

Although wood is so
and beautiful phenomena
cumber Wood, see accon

FC

Biology Library

•ed. Each slide contains
opportunity for studying

1C COLORS.

3\vn of these interesting-
such as seen in .the Cu-

IS.

! will at once recommend
ose grain and their tough-.

bv anv paper, and thev

n at once, and the recipi-
dng them to their friends
splaying the imprinted

The noveltv and att
them to every admirer o
ness, ivory-like smoothn

Their Printing Qual
are of greatest value as

A

This is owing to the fact
ents of such cards are oft
as something curious
advertisement.

They are also approp

CALLING CARDS,

DINNER CARDS, MENUS,

WOODEN WEDDING AND
RECEPTION INVITATIONS,

BIRTHDAY, HOLIDAY AND

EASTER CARDS, ETC., ETC.

Being perfectly adapted to hand writing, painting, and decorating, many are used thus embellished
or plain as GLFT CARDS of all sorts. No one who uses the brush should fail to try these cards for this
pretty use.

Prices furnished upon application.

LOCKED
CASE

THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

EXHIBITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS '•.'.'; '-.

AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART II.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

TWENTY-SIX SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR.

1891.

C5

BIOLOGY LIBRARY

Copyrighted eighteen hundred and eighty-eight.
BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH.

WEED, PARSONS & CO.,

ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS
ALBANY, N. Y.

TO

THIIE IMIEIMIOIR/Z"
MY FATHER,

FRANKLIN B. HOUGH,

AS AIM EXPRESSION DF GRATITUDE FDR THE CARE TAKEN TD INCLINE
MY FIRST THOUGHTS TD A CONTEMPLATION OF THE WORKS OF
NATURE, FOR GUIDANCE AND CONSTANT INSPIRATION
IN AFTER YEARS, AND BUT FOR WHOSE SUGGES-
TION THIS WORK WOULD NEVER HAVE AP-
PEARED. IT IS MOST AFFECTION-
ATELY DEDICATED,

743123

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
in these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them.

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," "radial" and "tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

vi PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

us tin- on,nuich, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part being independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing,
new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Ninth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view, of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of
profiting therefrom in the future.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART II.

It is with feelings of mingled delight and regret that I close the work
upon Part II of this series, and send it out to the many lovers of woods,
who are anxiously awaiting it.

The favor with which Part I was received has been a real delight — a
very gratifying reward for the time, labor and expense put upon it, with
the consciousness that upon its success must depend the success of the
whole work. While that favor has been all that could be hoped, still the
requisite growth of the subscription list has been slow, owing to the diffi-
culty of bringing the work, by means within reach, to the attention of
those likely to be interested. The consequent delay in the appearance
of Part II I regret exceedingly, but feel confident that no such interval
will occur hereafter in the succession of the remaining parts of the
series.

I feel great gratitude towards the many interested in the cause, who, by
their expressions of approval and personal efforts in making the work
known to others, have rendered great encouragement and very material
aid.

In the preparation of this part I have, as before, to acknowledge with
thanks the service kindly rendered by Rev. J. Hermann Wibbe and Mrs.
Elizabeth Gr. Britton in determining the German, French and Spanish
synonyms.

It is hoped that greater experience has enabled us to avoid in this part
some at least of the faults so noticeable in the first, and promising un-
remitting zeal in the future to keep the work up to the standard, we
hope to merit the continued good-will and favor of our patrons.

A KEY, BASED MAINLY DPON THE FLOWERS,

Designed as an Aid in the Identification of the Species represented in

Parts I and II.

a. Angiospermae — seeds in a closed ovary.
b. Polypetalous — petals present and distinct.
c. Stamens numerous, more than 10, and

(1. Calyx inferior — wholly free from the pistil or pistils.

e. Pistils numerous and cohering in a cone-like mass. (Magnolictcice.)
f. Anthers opening inward; leaves folded lengthwise in the bud (Magnolia),
pointed at both ends, oval, thin and green both above and below.

1. M. ACUMINATA.

ff. Anthers opening outward and leaves folded crosswise in the bud.

2. LlRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

ee. Pistil solitary and

/. One-celled, style single, flowers perfect, stone of drupe horny (Prunus),
turgid ovate, marginless; flowers in terminal racemes, leaves lance-
oblong, thickish 29. P. SEROTINA.

ff. Compound as shown by the styles and cells of ovary; calyx valvate in

the bud, deciduous (Tttiace®); stamens somewhat polydelphous (Tttia)

and with 5 petal- like scales opposite the petals .. 3. T.AMERICANA.

dd. Calyx superior — adnate to the ovary which is 2-5-celled with 2 ovules

in each cell, carpels cartilaginous (Pyrus); leaves simple, glandless,

serate, veins incurved, styles 5, united below 30. PYRUS MALUS.

CC. Stamens few, not more than 10, alternate with the petals when of the same

number.
d. Calyx inferior — free from the ovary.

e. Ovaries 2-5, separate; stamens distinct and inserted on the receptacle;
trees with pinnately compound and uniformly opaque leaves.

4. AlLANTHUS GLANDULOSUS.

ee. Ovary single, but compound as shown by the cells, styles or stigmas.
/. One-celled and one-seeded; styles or stigmas three; shrubs or trees
with regular flowers (Anacardiacece); leaves compound with 11-31
oblong lanceolate acuminate leaflets; common petiole densely villous

and not winged; flowers in terminal thyrses 5. RHUS TYPHINA.

ff. Three-celled with two ovules in each; style single; flowers irregular;

stamens 6-8 (Aesculus); fruit covered with prickles; leaves pal-

mately compound with 7 obovate leaflets. . . .6. A. HIPPOCASTANUM.

eee. Ovary single and simple with one parietal placenta, corolla subregular

(not papilionaceous) and imbricated in aestivation.
/. Flowers dioecious; stamens 10; tree unarmed.

27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.
ff. Flowers polygamous; stamens 5; tree armed with thorns (QleditscMa)

which are triple and pods linear 28. G. TRIACANTHOS.

dd. Calyx superior — adnate to the ovary; flowers in umbels; stamens 5;
styles 5; fruit drupe-like with 5 cells each with a single ovule (Aralia);

arborescent and armed with prickles 8. ARALIA SPINOSA.

bb. Apetalous — without petals.

c. Flowers not in catkins: pistil one, simple or compound, and the cells of the

ovary containing 1-2 seeds each.

d» Ovary inferior — adnate its whole length to the calyx-tube — 1-celled and
1 -seeded; style 1 stigmatic down the side (Nyssa}; fertile peduncle bear-
ing each two or more flowers. . 9. N. MULTIFLORA.

KEY,, BASED UPO:^ FLOWERS.

dd. Ovary superior — free from the calyx.

e. Stipules sheathing the stem; trees with naked monoecious flowers ar

ranged in heads 13. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALS.

ee. Stipules not sheathing the stem or none.
/. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary which becomes in

y. Fruit a double samara; leaves simple and palmately veined (Acer).
h. Flowers appearing with the leaves in pendulous corymbs (not sub-
sessile) 7. A. SACCHARINUM.

hh. Flowers appearing before the leaves in short umbels.

26. A. DASYCARPUM.

gg. Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara (Fraxinus); flowers dioecious;
calyx persistent at the terete base of the suniara; corolla none;
leaflets stalked.
h. Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets entire'or nearly so.

10. F. AMERICANA.

hh. Branchlets and petioles velvety pubescent. . . .81 .F. PUBESCENS.
ff. Ovules single in each of the 1 or 2 cells of the ovary.

g. Anthers opening by uplifted valves; stigma single and entire; flowers

dioecious; stamens 9; anthers 4-celled; involucre none; fruit an

ovoid blue drupe with reddish pedicel. .32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

gg* Anthers extrorse; stigma 2-cleft; fruit a 1-celled samara winged all

. round ( Ulmus).
h. Flowers nearly sessile; samara not fringed; ciliate; leaves very

rough above 11. U. FULVA.

hh. Flowers on drooping pedicels; samara ciliate-f ringed; leaves
smooth.

Bud-scales glabrous; flowers fascicled; branches not corky-
winged 38. U. AMERICANA.

Bud-scales downy-ciliate; flowers racemed; branches croky-

winged 34. U. RACEMOSA.

ggg. Anthers introrse; fruit a dark purple drupe; leaves long-taper-
pointed 12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS,

CC. Flowers diclinous and one or both sorts in catkins.
d. Only one sort (the starninate flowers) in catkins.

e. Fertile flowers single or clustered; fruit naked; leaves pinnately com-
pound (JuglandacecK).

f. Corolla present in the fertile flowers; fruit with valveless epicarp
(Juglans}.

</, Fruit ovate, oblong and viscid-hairy 14. J. CINEREA.

gg. Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-hairy) 35. J. NIGRA.

ff. Corolla not present in the fertile flower; fruit with usually 4-valved

epicarp (Gary a).
ff. Nut small and edible, depressed globular, shell hard, valves of the

epicarp thick and distinct to base 36. C. ALBA.

gg. Nut bitter, subglobose, shell tender, valves half united, sutures

prominent 37. C. AMARA.

ee. Fertile flowers 1-3 together invested wholly or partly with an involucral

covering; leaves simple (Cupuliferce).
f. Involucre valveless, cup-like, composed of many scales and only partly

inclosing the one nut, i. e., acorn (Quercus).

g. Acorns maturing the first year, sessile, leaves with rounded lobes.
h. Nut £ immersed in the tubercled cup; leaves deeply sinnate-pinna-
tifid, oblong in outline and with obtuse rounded lobes.

38. Q. ALBA.

hh. Nut deeply immersed (half or sometimes quite entirely) in a cup
composed of distinctly imbricated and hard pointed scales which
form a fringe about its margin; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid most

deeply in the middle 39. Q. MACROCARPA.

gg. Acorns maturing the second year; nut^ immersed in a shallow cup
composed of fine, closely appressed scales; leaves moderately

pinnatifid and with 7-9 awn-pointed lobes 15. Q. RUBRA.

ff. Involucre 2-4-valved, becoming hard and prickly and inclosing 1-3
sweet, edible, flattened, subglobose nuts; sterile flowers in catkins.

40. CASTANEA VESCA.

KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS. 3

fff. Involucre 4-valved and inclosing two 3-cornered, edible nuts.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.

eee. Fertile flowers in sliort catkins; nuts small and acheniuni-like; sterile
flowers destitute of calyx; leaves simple.

/. Nutlet inclosed in a bladder-like bag 41. OSTRYA VIRGINICA.

ff. Nutlet not inclosed but subtended by an enlarged leafy bract.

42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.
dd. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.

e. Ovary 1-2-celled with a single ovule in each cell; calyx scale-like or none;
stigmas 2, filamentous; fertile flowers arranged 2 or 3 together under
each scale of the cone-like catkin (Betula).
f. Trees with white bark and ovate leaves doubly serrate; veins hairy

beneath; fertile catkins drooping 43. B. PAPYRACEA.

ff. Trees with yellowish bark; leaves short-petioled, smoothish; fertile

catkins short and erect 17. B. LUTEA.

fff. Trees with reddish-brown bark; leaves cordate-ovate; fertile catkins

suberect 44. B. LENTA.

e. Ovary 1-celled and many-seeded, the seeds at maturity furnished with a

hairy tuft (Salicacece).

f. Bracts of the catkins entire; calyx wanting; stamens 2-7 (Scdix); cat-
kins peduncled, expanding with the leaves in late spring.
ff. Ovaries pedicillate and glabrous; scales greenish-yellow, deciduous,
stamens mostly 5; leaves lance-linear, tapering at each end.

45. S. NIGRA.
ffff. Ovaries sessile and glabrous; stamens 2; leaves lanceolate, tapering

both ways; branches yellow 46. S. ALBA var. VTTELLINA.

ff. Bracts of the catkins lacerately fringed; calyx a disk-like cup; stamens

8-30, leaves broad (Populus).
ff. Branchlets terete.

h. Leaves roundish ovate with large unequal sinuate teeth.

18. P. GRANDIDENTATA.

hh. Leaves ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, whitish and reticulate-
veined beneath 47. P. BALSAMIFERA.

ffff. Branchlets slightly angular, leaves broadly deltoid.

48. P. MONOLIPERA.

a a. Gymnospermae — seeds naked, borne superficially on carpellary scales. Cone-

bearing (Coniferm).
b. Scales of cone many, each in the axil of a bract and bearing 2 inverted ovules;

seeds winged.
c. Leaves evergreen, fascicled; cones maturing the second year (Pinus).

(1. Leaves in 2s with long sheaths; cones about half as long as the leaves

and with scales thickened at the apex but unarmed. .19. PINUS RESINOSA.

(Id. Leaves in 3s with short sheaths; cone about half as long as the leaves

and with scales thickened at the apex and armed with a reflexed spine.

49. P. RIGIDA.
ddd. Leaves in 5s with very short sheaths; cones longer than the leaves and

with scales not thickened at the ends, unarmed 50. P. STROBUS.

cc. Leaves evergreen, scattered (not fascicled); cones with thin scales, maturing

the first year (Abies).
d. Cones erect, cylindrical, large (3-4 in.) and with conspicuous bracts; leaves

flat, linear 22. A. BALSAMEA.

dd. Cones pendent and bracts inconspicuous.

€. Small, 8 lines or less, scales entire at tip; leaves linear.

21. A. CANADENSIS.

ee. Larger, 1-1| in., scales eroded at tip; leaves 4-angled 20. A. NIGRA.

CCC. Leaves deciduous, soft, needle-shaped and in fascicles of many each; cones
about 8 lines ill length, scales thin (Larix) and with inflected margins.

23. L. AMERICANA,
bb. Scales of cone few, without bracts and each bearing 2-8 erect ovules.

c. Flowers monoscious; scales of the oblong cone dry and divergent at maturity;

leaves evergreen THUJA OCCIDENTALIS.

cc. Flowers dioecious; scales fleshy and consolidated, making a small, dark blue,
berry -like fruit; leaves scale-like and imbricated in 4 rows.

25. JUNIPERUS VlRGINIANA.

K.EY, BASED UPON LEAVES.

A KEY, BASED UPON THE LEAVES,

Designed as an Aid in Identifying the Species represented in Parts I and II when
out of Season for procuring the flowers.

N. B.— In this Key no pretension is made to exclude species not of this series, and hence it
is necessary in all cases to confirm identification, by a careful comparison with the more
extensive description given of the species in its proper place.

ci. Deciduous Leaves — falling in autumn.
b. Simple Leaves.

C. Laminate — with well marked blade and petiole.
cl. Main rib single — pinnately veined.
e. Entire or nearly so, pointed at both ends and alternate.

/. Large, 5-10 in. long and thinnish 1. MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA.

jT2. Small, 2-5 in. long, of thicker and firmer texture.

9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.
e2. Serrate, serulate or dentate.
f. Inequilateral and cordate or truncate at base.

g. Ovate-orbicular, large, 4-5 in. or more in length.

3. TILIA AMERICANA.
gr2. Ovate, long-taper-pointed from a broad base.

12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALS.
gr3. Ovate, oblong and

h. Very rough, especially above, rugose 11. ULMUS FDLVA.

7t2. Smoothish and

Flowers and fruit in fascicles 33. ULMUS AMERICANA.

Flowers and fruit in racemes .34. ULMUS RACEMOSA.

/2. Equilateral and obtuse, rounded or cordate at base.
ff. Veins straight; leaves thinish.
/*. Ovate-oblong

Coarsely serrate with remote teeth, one at the end of each vein,
ciliate and covered with silky white hairs.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.
Doubly and sharply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. OSTRYA VlRGIKIACA.

Unequally and sharply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy

bract 42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.

h?. Ovate and

i. Finely and closely serrate, smooth, whitish and reticulate veined
beneath . . 47. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 5

i2. Doubly serrate and

J. Tkinish; petioles downy and of aromatic flavor.

Bark of trunk yellowish gray 17. BETULA LUTEA.

Bark reddish-brown 44. BETULA LENTA.

J2. Thickish and bark white 43. BETULA PAPYRACEA.

h3. Orbicular-ovate with large irregular teeth and long petiole.

18. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.

gr2. Veins incurved, leaves thickish,

Smooth, petioles with 2-4 glands 29. PRUNUS SEROTINA.

Downy on under surface and petioles .30. PYRUS MALUS.

/"2. Equilateral and acute at base, tapering both ways.

Linear-lanceolate, toinentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. SALIX NIGRA.
Lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, smooth above.

46. SALIX ALBA, var. VITELLINA.
Oblong-lanceolate with mucronate teeth, one at the end of each

vein 40. CASTANEA VESCA, var. AMERICANA.

fs. Equilateral and truncate at base, deltoid or deltoid-ovate, serrate-
dentate 48. POPULUS MONOLIFERA.

e3. Pinnatifid or lobed.
f. Moderately pinnatifid.

g. Oval, lobes bristle-pointed 15. QUERCUS RUBRA.

Lobes obtuse and rounded 38. QUERCUS ALBA.

0r2. Obovate or oblong and lyrate-pinnatifid.

39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA.
/2. Broad, truncate at both base and apex, and with two spreading lobes

on each side 2. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

ei2. Main ribs several — palmately- veined, etc.
€. Rib single at first but soon sending off a strong vein on each side and

leaves 3-lobed, 2-lobed or entire 32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

e2. Ribs three at first, but soon five by branching, leaves alternate, base of
petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud.

13. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS.

ez. Ribs 5-7 from commencement; leaves opposite, base of petiole subtend-
ing (not covering) the axillary bud.

Moderately incised with broad divisions and rounded sinuses.

7. ACER SACCHARINUM.
Deeply incised with narrow divisions and acutish sinuses.

26. ACER DASYCARPUM.

c2. Needle-shaped — without distinction of blade and petiole — short, about 1
in. in length, soft and in fascicles of many each... 23. LARIX AMERICANA.
ft2. Compound Leaves.

c. Palmate, with 7 obovate, serrate leaflets 6. AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

c2. Pinnate and with an odd terminal leaflet.
d. Leaflets all petiolulate.

e. Leaflets numerous, 21-41 each with one or two pairs of glandular teeth
at its base.. . . .4. AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS.

6 KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES.

e'1. Leaflets 7-9, ovate or lance-oblong entire or obscurely serrate.

Petioles and branchlets glabrous 10. FKAXINUS AMEKICANA.

Petioles and branchlets velvety pubescent. .31. FRAXINUS PUBESCENS.
d?. Leaflets sessile or subsessile.

e. Numerous (15-17) and pubescent, especially along the petioles and rachis.
f. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate; pubescence of short rust colored
clamy hairs.

Fruit subovoid, viscid-pubescent 14. JUGLANS CINEREA.

Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-pubescent).

35. JUGLANS NIGRA.
/2. Leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely serrate; pubescence of copious, longer

and whiter hairs 5. RHUS TYPHINA.

e2. Seven to 11 leaflets, the terminal subsessile 37. CARYA AMAKA.

e3. Five leaflets, the terminal petiolulate 36. CARYA ALBA.

ft3. Decompound Leaves.
C. Petioles smooth and

Leaves regularly bipinnate excepting for the lowest pair of single leaflets;

leaflets stalked 27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.

Leaves irregularly bipinnate, leaflets small and sessile.

28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.
C2. Petioles prickly, leaves large with ovate, sessile, serrate leaflets.

8. ARALIA SPINOSA.

tt2. Leaves Evergreen — remaining on over winter.
ft. Needle-shaped and quite stiff, pointing every way.
c. Long, 1 in. or more, in fascicles of

Two each, a broad membranous sheath enclosing the base of each

fascicle 19. PINUS RESINOSA.

Three each, sheath short 50. PINUS RIGIDA.

Five each, sheath deciduous 49. PINUS STROBUS.

c2. Short, 8 lines or less, scattered (not in fascicles), 4-angled, usually more or

less curved 20. ABIES NIGRA.

62. Linear, small, flat and diverging in two directions.

C. Petioled, obscurely denticulate, 8 lines or less in length.

21. ABIES CANADENSIS.

c2. Sessile, entire, 8 lines or more in length 22. ABIES BALSAMEA..

ft3. Scale-li^e or awl- shaped.

c. Imbricated and closely appressed in four ranks, but making a conspicuously

flat and two-edged branchlet • 24. THUJA OCCIDENTALS.

C2. Scale-like leaves smaller, appressed in four ranks and making a rather
4-angled than flat branchlet. Awl -shaped leaves arranged in whorls of
three each. . . . 35. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.

KEY, BASED UPOK

A KEY, BASED UPON THE FRDIT,

Designed as an Aid in Identifying the Species represented in Parts I and II
when in Season for procuring the Fruit.

N. B.- The remarks concerning the use of the Key based upon the Leaves are equally true
with reference to this.

«. Free Fruit— formed by the ripening of a single pistil either simple or com-
pound.
b. Indehiscent pericarp.

C. Samara — dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded and with 1-2 membranous wings.

(f. In terminal panicles; wing somewhat oblong-lanceolate, with a lenticular
seed at about its center, and beyond which the wing is twisted (Ailan-

tJms} 4. A. GLANDTJLOSUS.

tl*. In umbellate corymbs, each pedicel supporting a pair of samarse with
oblanceolate wings obtuse at the apex and with main rib on outer mar-
gin (Acer).
Fruit maturing in the fall, wings slightly divergent.

7. A. SACCHARINUM.

Fruit maturing in early summer, wings widely divergent.

26. A. DASYCARPUM.

ds. In axillary racemes or panicles, winged at the apex with a more or less
lanceolate obtuse wing (Fraxinus), terete at the base — the seed portion and

Petioles and brauchlets smooth 10. F. AMERICANA.

velvety pubescent 31. F, PUBESCENS.

d4. In lateral fascicles or clusters, winged all round (Ulmus).

Sessile or nearly so, cell pubescent and margin not ciliate.. 11. U. FULVA.
In fascicles, cell smooth, margin densely ciliate . . . .33. U. AMERICANA.

In racemes, cell pubescent, margin ciliate , 34. U. RACEMOSA.

c2. Drupe or drupe-like and with a single seed.
(I. Fibro-neshy and dryish pericarp.

e. Small, subglobose (Rhus} in terminal thyrses and clothed with crimson-
acid hairs .5. RHUS TYPHLNA.

e2. Large, about 2 in. in length, with edible embryo (Juglans).

Ovoid or oblong and clothed with brownish, fragrant-viscid hairs.

14. J. CINEREA.

Globose, roughly dotted (not viscid hairy) 35. J. NIGRA.

rf'2. Fleshy pericarp.
e. Ovoid and

Clustered two or three together on a single axillary peduncle; bluish-
black, stone striated 9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.

Racemed, bluish and with short, fleshy, reddish pedicels.

32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT.

e2. Globular, purple or purplish-black, small aud

Solitary, of a sweet-sugary flavor 12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALS.

Racemed (or partially so), of a vinous slightly astringent flavor.

29. PllUNUS SEROTINA.
C3. Drupe-like but containing more than one seed, subglobose.

(1. Five-seeded and crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth and styles (Aralia),

purple-black, numerous, in panicled umbels. ... 8. A. SPINOSA.

d*. Two to five-seeded, bluish-black with white bloom, scaly bracted under-
neath (Juniperus) 25. J. VIRGINIANA,

C4. Nut — hard, single coat, and furnished with an involucral cup or covering.
d. Ovoid oblong or ellipsoidal, surrounded at its base with an involucral cup

(Quercus) which is
e» Shallow, saucer-shaped and composed of

Smooth, closely-appressed scales, on wood of preceding year's growth.

15. Q. RUBRA.

Rough-tubercled, closely-appressed scales, on ne.w wood of the season,

38. Q. ALBA.

e. Deep and composed of distinctly imbricated scales, the upper ones usually
filiform and making a fringed margin; on new wood of the season,

39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA.

df2. Club-shaped, short, surrounded with stiff hairs, tipped with the persistent
recurved style and arranged in globular heads.

13 , PLATANUS OCCIDENTALS.
d3. Achenium-like, small and borne in short catkins.

Inclosed in a membranous inflated sac, catkin hop-like.

41. OSTRYA VlRGINICA.

Subtended by an enlarged leafy bract.. . . 42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.

c5. Nut-like, but not invested with an involucre, globose, about as large as

peas and arranged in cymes with a large, leaf-like bract attached to each

peduncle (Tilia) 3. T. AMERICANA.

C6. Pod (legume) which is

Oblong, flat, about 2 in. broad and curved. . 27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.
Linear, twisted and contorted, about 1 in. broad.

28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.

c7. Pome, globular 30. PYRUS MALUS.

2. Dehiscent pericarp.
c. Subglobose, and

d. Coriaceous, dehiscent by

2-3 valves and containing one or very few large seeds with smooth shin-
ing coat and a large scar (^Esculus), fruit prickly and leaflets 7.

6. ^ESCULUS HlPPOCASTANUM.

4 valves

Parting the whole length, nut thick, hard, whitish and embyro edible.

36. CARYA ALBA.
Parting half way and containing a thin-shelled, whitish and bitter

nut 37. CARYA AMARA.

<?2. Covered with spines; dehiscent by 4 valves.

Nuts sharply three-angled, 2 together, involucre soft-prickly.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.

Nuts subovoid, flattened, 1-3 together, involucral spines very sharp and
hard .40. CASTANEA VESCA, var. AMERICANA.

KEY, BASED UPOK FRUIT. 9

e2. Small, ovoid-lanceolate pods arranged in catkins, opening by two valves and
containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down; leaves

Orbicular-ovate, unequally dentate 18. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.

Ovate, closely serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath.

47. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.

Deltoid, serrate-dentate ... .48. POPULUS MONOLIFERA.

Linear-lanceolate, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. SALIX NIGRA.
Lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, smooth above.

46. SALIX ALBA, var. VITELLINA.

2. Aggregated Fruit — composed of many carpels, either closed or open and coher-
ing or closely massed together, forming a cone.
6. Scales of the cone open carpels (Coniferce).

c. Scales many, persistent and spreading at maturity, each subtended by a bract;

ovules 2, inverted.

(/, Maturing the year after flowering (Pinus).

e. Cones ovoid pyramidal, about 2 inches long, carpellary scales thickened
at the apex and

Smooth (unarmed) 19. PINUS RESINOS.

Armed with a recurved prickle 50. P. RIGIDA.

e2. Cylindric, 4-6 in. long, scales thin and unarmed 49 P. STROBUS.

(V. Maturing the first season — the autumn after blossoming.

e. Ovoid or oblong, | in. long, pendent; bracts inconspicuous; scales per-
sistent on the axis, thin and with eroded tip 20. ABIES NIGRA.

e*. Ovoid, small (8 lines or less), pendent, scales rounded and entire at tip.

21. ABIES CANADENSIS.
e3. Cylindrical, large (2-4 in.), erect; bracts conspicuous, exserted; scales

falling from the axis at maturity 22. ABIES BALSAMEA.

e4. Ovoid or roundish, small, 9 lines or less, scales persistent on the axis at

maturity ... 23. LARIX AMERICANA.

e2. Scales few, persistent, bractless; ovules 2-8, erect; cone oblong with oblong
loosely imbricated scales somewhat thickened at the tip; seed winged all
round 24. THUJA OCCIDENTALS.

62. Scales 3-lobed bracts each subtending 2-3 closed, indehiscent carpels — minia-

ture samarae (Setula).

Cones erect, short, scales thin and with barely spreading lobes, wings of

seed not broader than the body 17. B. LUTEA.

Cones suberect, ovoid-oblong; scales thicker and with short divergent lobes,

wing not broader than the body 44. B. LENTA.

Cones pendent, scales glabrous and with short divergent lobes; wing of

seed much broader than the body 43. B. PAPYRACEA.

63. Scales closed carpels, growing from an elongated receptacle and consolidated

together.

c. Dehiscent at maturity along the medium line of the back, and letting out
each 1-2 berry-like seeds suspended by extensile threads (Magnolia).

1. M. ACUMINATA.

c2. Indehiscent at maturity and falling away as samarae.

2. LlRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.
2

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

OF THE

SPECIES WHOSE WOODS ABE REPKESENTED IN THE ACCOM-
PANYING SECTIONS.

The timbers comprised in the series, which this text is designed to
accompany, belong to what are known, botanically speaking, as Flower-
ing and Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore, we will, once for
all, define these groups; and, as the characters herein given are equally
true of all the species enumerated in the following pages, they need not
be repeated in the further definition of the various sub-groups and
species.

FLOWERING OR PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Vegetables producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and
pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Plants are the Flowerless or Gryptogamous
Plants, comprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply organ-
ized Slime Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-Mosses.
But in the study of timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few rare cases do
any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those exceptions are the
Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which sometimes attain the height
of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree trunks and tops consisting
of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds. They, however, are of practically no
value as timber.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith sur-
rounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark; the
stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each year to
the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves mostly netted-
veined. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and opposite, or (in
the Coniferae) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in fours or fives,
very rarely in threes.

A second class of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the
Endogenous or Monocotyledonous Plants, characterized by having stems in which the

12 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue so that
a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings. Leaves
mostly parallel- veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two, and then alter-
nate and unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In southern United
States and elsewhere in or near the tropics trees are found, such as the Palms, etc.,
which belong to this class, but none that we have to do with at present.

Exogenous plants are subdivided into two well-marked groups or sub-
classes — Angiospermce and Gymnospermce. The former includes by far
the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and is represented in Part I of
this work by eighteen species. Let it be understood, therefore, that its
characters, omitted in further descriptions, apply equally to all the species
up to and including the eighteenth.

ANGIOSPERM^E.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil — with
stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into seeds at
maturity. This sub-class comprises many groups of plants known as
Orders, a few of which will be taken up in the following pages. Con-
sidering them in the sequence commonly accepted by botanists, we will
first characterize the

ORDEB SAPINDAOEJE: SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Leaves simple or compound. Flowers polypetalous, often irregular and mostly
symmetrical; sepals and petals each 4-5, imbricated in the bud, the petals inserted
with the 5-10 stamens on a perigynous or hypogenous disk; ovary 2-3-celled and
lobed, usually 1-2 ovules in each cell, embryo mostly convoluted; no albumen.
Fruit a membranous, inflated pod, a leathery thick subspherical pod with nut-like
seeds, or a winged samara.

GENUS ACER, TOTTRN.

Leaves opposite, simple, palmately-veined, 5 or occasionally 3-lobed; stipules
none. Flowers small, in axillary racemes or corymbs, regular, polygamo- dioecious,
usually unsymmetrical; pedicels not jointed; sepals 5 (or 4-9), more or less united,
colored; petals sometimes wanting, but, when present, 5 (or 4-9), equal and furnished
with short claws; stamens, commonly 8; ovary 2-lobed, formed of 2 united carpels,
each bearing 2 ovules, only one of which commonly attains maturity: styles 2, long
and slender, united only below and stigmatic down the inside. Fruit a double
samara, finally separating when mature and ready to fall, the wings strengthened
by a rib along one margin; cotyledons, long and thin.

(Ancient Latin name of the Maple.)

26. ACER DASYCARPUM, EHRHAKT.

SILVER-LEAVED MAPLE, WHITE OR SILVER MAPLE, SOFT MAPLE.

Ger., SilberUcitteriger Ahorn; Fr., EraUe Uanc ; Sp., Arce con hojas

plateadas.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves truncated at the base, deeply 5-lobed with rather
acute sinuses and incisely toothed lobes, silvery-white and smooth beneath, but

26. ACER DASYCARPUM — SILVER-LEAVED MAPLE. 13

downy while young. Flowers in fascicles or umbels with short pedicels, greenish-
yellow and appearing before the leaves; ovaries and young fruit downy; petals none.
Fruit with large divergent wings and smooth at maturity (though downy when
young).

(The specific name, dasycarpum, is from the Greek dadvS, hairy, and KapTto1*,
fruit.)

A handsome, graceful tree with wide-spreading top, more or less pen-
dent branches, and light airy foliage. The bark of the trunk is mod-
erately rough with not very firmly adherent longitudinal ridges and of a
brownish gray color. Growing as it does along the margins of ponds
and still- water, its graceful sprays and handsome party-colored leaves
seem by reflection in the mirror surface doubly beautiful. Isolated trees
in such situations sometimes have trunks 5 ft. (1.50 m.) or more in diame-
ter. They are short though as compared with the slim, straight trunks
of the forests where the trees are sometimes found 100 ft. (30 m.) or
rarely more in height.

HABITAT. — South-eastern Canada and eastern United States generally,
south to Florida and west to a little beyond the Mississippi river, grow-
ing along wet bottom lands and especially such tracts as are inundated
during the spring freshets.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, hard (but soft as compared with
the Hard Maple), rather brittle, strong, compact, easily marked, and on
account of its very fine grain susceptible of an exceedingly smooth polish.
It soon perishes on exposure. The heart-wood is of a reddish-brown
color and the sap-wood a delicate creamy white, sometimes flushed with
brown. Specific Gravity, 0.5269; Percentage of Ash, 0.33; Relative Ap-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.5252; Coefficient of Elasticity ', 110973; Modulus
of Rupture, 1019; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 482; Resistance
to Indentation, 181; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.84.

USES. — Sometimes used for interior finishing, flooring, etc. and valu-
able for wooden-ware, turned work, etc. It makes very good charcoal,
and the bark, with copperas as a mordicant, makes a purple-black dye.
Maple sugar is sometimes made from the sap of this tree, but it is esti-
mated that it requires about twice as much sap to yield a given quantity
of sugar as does the sap of the Sugar Maple, though the sugar is very light
color and excellent flavor.

The tree is a valuable and popular shade tree for streets of villages
and cities, though not casting as dense a shade as does the Sugar
Maple.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are ascribed to this species.

NOTE. — In this species we find occasionally that interesting freak of
nature in which the fibres, for some unexplainable reason, develop spi-
rally, and the result is a waved or corrugated surface when the timber is

14 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

split on any plane — radial, tangential or intermediate. When these sur-
faces are planed smooth, the appearance of the corrugations still re-
mains, the semblance to light and shadow in the smooth surface being
so perfect that we almost have to feel before we can believe that the
waves do not really exist.

This is the " curly figure." Maple timber which bears it is known
as CURLY MAPLE, and is very choice. It finds a ready sale, and is cut
into veneering for elegant furniture, interior car and cabin decoration,
etc. To represent this important figured wood we have introduced in
the accompanying specimens an extra set (marked #6a) of the Silver-
leaved Maple, which shows the figure very perfectly. It will be noticed,
on reference to that, that the figure, unlike that of the Blister and Birds-
eye Maples (represented in Part I as Nos. 7a and 7b), is scarcely, if at
all, noticeable in the transverse section. The figure is common to the
Red and Sugar Maples, as well as the one now before us, and is occa-
sionally found in other timbers.

It is more difficult to detect this figure in the untouched tree than
is the birds-eye figure. Indeed, it rarely can be detected, unless it be
very coarse, without exposing the wood, and then the surface is found to
be corrugated, the corrugations running transversely around the tree and
the inner surface of the bark corresponding. The size of the corruga-
tions is quite variable, one tree having several " curls " to the inch and
another, perhaps, not more than one or a part of one to the inch.

ORDER LEG-UMINOSJE: PULSE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, usually compound entire and furnished with stipules. Flowers
\dth 5 sepals more or less united at the base ; petals 5, papilionaceous or regular;
stamens diadelphous, monodelphous or distinct and with versatile anthers; pistils
single, simple and free. Fruit a legume (pod) with mostly albuinenless seeds.

GENUS GYMNOCLADUS, LAM.

Leaves alternate, large, sometimes 3 ft. in length, unequally bipinnate with ovate-
acuminate stalked leaflets 1-2 inches in length, standing vertically and of a dull-
green color, single leaflets sometimes being in place of pinnae: stipules wanting.
Flowers whitish, about 1 inch in length, dioecious or polygamous and in racemes 3-6
inches in length; calyx tubular, 5-cleft; petals 5, oblong', equal and inserted on the
summit of the calyx-tube; stamens 10, short, distinct and also inserted on the sum-
mit of the calyx-tube. Fruit a large, flat, oblong, curved pod 6-10 in. (15-25 cm.)
in length and nearly or quite 2 in. (5 cm.) in breadth, hard and of a brownish color,
pulpy inside and containing several very hard and flattish seeds over | in. (1.3 cm.) in
diameter.

Trees. (Gymnocladus is from the Greek yv/iiro's, naked, and nXatio'S, branc7i, in
allusion to the peculiarly bare appearance of the branches in winter.)

27. GYMNOCLADUS CANAPENSIS — COFFEE-TREE. 15

27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS, LAM.
COFFEE-TREE.

Ger., AmerilcaniscJier Schusser baum ; Fr., Ohicot, Gros Fevier ;
Sp., Arbol de cafe f also.

SPECIFIC CHAKACTERS. — Comprised in the above generic description this being the
only species.

A tree of rather slim, straight habit of growth, sometimes attaining
the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) with a trunk 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter,
conspicuous in summer from its large bicompound leaves of peculiar
tint. In winter, when the leaves are off, the absence of small twigs is a
striking feature, the branches having a peculiarly barren and dead ap-
pearance. From this character it has received its generic name, and for
the same reason the Canadian French call it " Chicot," i. e., stump
tree.

HABITAT. — Western New York (rare and local), southern Ontario and
westward to Minnesota, southward to Tennessee, growing in rich soil
along streams.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, strong, coarse-grained, quite
durable in contact with the soil, easily worked, handsome and taking a
high polish. It is of a rich brown color, marked or blotched as it were
here and there with red. The sap-wood is thin and of a greenish-white
color. Specific Gravity, 0.6934 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.67 ; Relative Ap-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.6888; Coefficient of Elasticity, 104822; Modu-
lus of Rupture, 771 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 400; Resist-
ance to Indentation, 160 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 43.21.

USES. — A very suitable timber for cabinet work, and it is used too to
some extent for building purposes, for fence-posts, rails, etc. It is valu-
able as an ornamental shade tree, and is quite extensively propagated for
that use. It is said that the leaves macerated and sweetened are used to
some extent as a fly poison.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are known of this species.

NOTE.— The name " Coffee-Tree" is said to have been given this tree
from the use which the early inhabitants made of its seeds as a substi-
tute for coffee, but which was discontinued when the real article could
be had.

GENUS GLEDITSCHIA, L.

Leaves abruptly once or twice pinnate and often the two forms on the same speci-
men. Flowers polygamous, greenish and inconspicuous in small spike-like racemes;
calyx short with 3-5 spreading lobes; petals 3-5 inserted on the base of the calyx

16 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

and the lower two sometimes united; stamens 3-5, occasionally more (and part of them
may be abortive), distinct, opposite the sepals and inserted on the base of the calyx;
style short. Fruit a flat pod containing solitary or numerous flat seeds and often a
sweet pulp.

Trees furnished with branched thorns •which are usually supra-axillary. (Named
in compliment to John d> OHeditsch, a botanist),

28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS, L.

HONEY LOCUST, BLACK OR SWEET LOCUST, THREE-THORKED ACACIA.

Ger., Dreidorniger Homgdorn; Fr., Fevier a trois epines ; Sp., Algarrobo

de miel.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves irregularly bicompound, single leaflets being often
replaced by pinnae; leaflets lanceolate- oblong, obtuse, and slightly serrate; thorns
very stout, from 2-12 inches (5-30 cm,) in length and usually triple, i. e., each
sending out two thorns as branches. Flowers (June) as described for the genus.
Fruit a flat linear brownish-red pod about 1 in. (2.5 cm.) or somewhat more in
width and often 1 ft. or more in length, twisted and contorted and containing a pulp
which is sweet at first (but after a few weeks ferments and becomes very sour) and
many hard, flat, brown seeds.

(The specific name, triacanthos is from the Gk. rpfTS, three and a navQa, thorn,
in allusion to the triple or three branched thorns.)

A tree sometimes 100 ft (30 m.) in height, or rarely taller, and 3 or 4
ft. (1 m.) in diameter, usually noticeable on account of the ugly branched
thorns, sometimes a foot in length which bristle out along its trunk and
branches in a most formidable manner (as the writer was -very forcibly
impressed, once in younger days,kwhen he had occasion to ascend one of
these trees after his pet owl which had escaped to its top). The foliage
is so thin and light that it offers little obstruction to the sun's rays.
After the leaves have fallen the long, contorted pods swing and rattle in
the wind for a long time, many until spring. The bark is blackish,
hard and smooth until with age it checks and becomes detached in
plates.

HABITAT. — A tree naturally of the central region of the United
States from Michigan nearly to the Gulf and particularly along the
Mississippi and Ohio river basins, growing best in the rich bottom lands.
It is extensively introduced, however, and apparently becoming natural-
ized in the Atlantic States.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong and durable in
contact with the soil. It is of a rich reddish-brown color with a yellow-
ish-white sap wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6740; Percentage of Ash, 0.80;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6686; Coefficient of Elasticity,
108579; Modulus of Rupture, 923; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
500; Resistance to Indentation, 168; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
42.00.

#9. PRUNUS SEROTINA — WILD BLACK CHERRY. 17

USES. — A valuable timber in sections where abundant for fence-posts
and rails, etc., and is used to some extent for the hubs of wagon wheels,
etc.

The tree is a popular one for ornamental purposes and young trees are
extensively used for hedges.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are known of this species.

ORDER ROSACE.ZE: ROSE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate and with stipules which sometimes fall early or are rarely want-
ing. Flowers regular; sepals 5 or rarely fewer, united at the base and often fur-
nished outside with branchlets resembling the sepals; petals as many as the sepals
or rarely wanting, distinct and inserted on a disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens
distinct, numerous (with rare exceptions) and inserted with the petals on the disk
of the calyx-tube; pistils 1-rnany distinct or united and often combined with the
calyx-tube. Fruit various, as drupe, pome, achenia, etc.; seeds solitary or few, mostly
albumenless, with straight embryo and large thick cotyledons.

Trees, shrubs and herbs many of great economic value in the production of most
useful fruits, beautiful flowers, choice perfumes, etc.

GENUS PRUNUS, TOURN.

Leaves simple; stipules free and commonly deciduous. Flowers perfect, with
calyx regular, free and falling away after flowering; petals widely spreading; stamens
15-80; pistil solitary with style terminal or nearly so and ovary 'containing 2 pendu-
lous ovules. Fruit a drupe, fleshy, with a smooth 1 -seeded (rarely 2-seeded) stone.

Trees, and shrubs. (" Prunas " is the ancient Latin name of the plum-tree.)

29. PRUNUS SEROTINA, EHRH.
WILD BLACK CHERRY.

Ger., SpdtUilJiende Traubenkirsche ; Fr., Mensier ; Sp., Oereza silvestre

negra.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves deciduous, 3-5 inches long and half as broad,
rather thick and shining above, lanceolate-oblong or elliptical, unequally serrate
with short callous teeth and the petioles bearing 2-4 reddish glands. Flowers (June)
appear after the leaves in elongated spreading cylindric racemes; petals white, obovate.
Fruit (cherry) somewhat larger than a pea, purplish-black and when ripe of pleasant
flavor.

(The specific name " serotina" is the Latin for late, doubtless in allusion to the
lateness of the appearance of the flowers as compared with some others of the genus.)

This tree sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) with a tall
straight trunk 3 or 4 ft. (I m.) in diameter undivided for some ways
from the ground. Its bark when young is smooth and close, the outer
layer peeling off in strips transversely, but as the bark grows older
breaking into small hard scales of dark color and giving the old trunks
a very characteristic appearance. When in blossom the showy cylindri-
cal clusters of white flowers are a prominent feature.

HABITAT. — Southern Canada and eastern United States generally,
though of small growth in the extreme south; said to attain its greatest
development along the Alleghany Mountains .
3

18 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood hard, strong, rather light, close-
grained, easily worked and susceptible of a fine polish. It is of a light
reddish-brown color when fresh, but darkens with age to a dull red; sap-
wood light yellowish. Specific Gravity, 0.5822; Percentage of Ash, 0.15,
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5813; Coefficient of Elasticity 9
85833; Modulus of Rupture, 829; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
547; Resistance to Indentation, 204; Weight of a CuUc Foot in Pounds,
36.28.

USES. — One of the most valuable and popular of our native woods for
interior finishing, furniture, etc. The fruit is sometimes used in a
domestic way for making a kind of brandy known as <f cherry brandy."

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are found in the bark and are readily yielded
to cold water — though owing to volatilization and chemical change
boiling water must not be used. They are of a tonic and sedative nature
and efficacious in cases of debility of the stomach or of the system in
general, phthisis, bronchitis,* etc.

We have seen in domestic use an infusion of the fresh bark with cider
and this is certainly very wholesome and invigorating for a weak stomach.

NOTE. — Tracts of cherry forest, at the season when the cherries are
ripe, are great places of rendezvous for the frugivorous birds, and
thither, too, the black bear is sure to find its way and fattens largely on
the luscious fruit.

GENUS PYRUS,f L.

Leaves simple or pinnate; stipules free. Flowers white or rose-colored in cor-
ymbed cymes; calyx-tube urn-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy in the fruit, limb
5-cleft; petals 5, obovate or roundish; stamens numerous; styles 5 (or sometimes 2-3),
and carpels (of the same number) 2-seeded, with papery or cartilaginous endocarp
and united with the calyx-tube. Fruit a closed pome, fleshy or berry-like.

Trees or shrubs, (" Pyrus " is the ancient Latin name of the pear-tree.)

30. PYRUS MALUS, L.

APPLE.
Ger., Apfelbaum ; Fr., Pommier ; Sp., Manzana.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves simple, 3-3 inches in length, ovate or ovate-ob-
long, downy and veins incurved. Flowers expanding with the leaves, in umbellate
cymes, white or rose-color, handsome and delicately fragrant; pedicels and calyx
when young downy-tomentose; petals with short claws; styles united below. Fruit
globose, sunken at the place of attachment of the stem and at the opposite ex-
tremity.

(" Mains " is the ancient Latin name of the apple-tree.)

A tree not often over 30 ft. (9 m.) in height, excepting in thickets or
with a trunk more than 2-J- ft. (0.76 m. ) in diameter, but with full, wide-
spreading top.

*U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., pp. 1241-4.
t Sometimes written Pirus.

31. FRAXINUS PUBESCENS — RED ASH, GRAY ASH. 19

HABITAT. — Europe is the native country of the apple, but from thence
it has been extensively introduced into all countries of temperate climate,
and now seems to be quite naturalized in the United States, self-seeding
very commonly.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, very hard and close-grained,
brittle, susceptible of a high polish and warping badly on drying. It is
of a brownish color, sometimes strongly tinted with red, and the sap-wood
is of a dull white.

USES. — Apple wood is of especial value in turned work for tool-handles,
buttons for plane-stocks, mallets, etc.

The valuable fruit of this tree is too well known to require comment.
In economic importance it is probably second to no other fruit.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not ascribed to this species.

ORDER OLEACE^E: OLIVE FAMILY.

Leaves opposite and single or pinnately compound. Flowers monopetalous (rarely
apetalous or polypetalous); calyx 4-cleft, toothed or entire, or sometimes wanting;
corolla regular, 4-cleft (or sometimes 4-petalous, or even wanting altogether); sta-
mens only 2 (or rarely 4); ovary 2-celled with usually 2 suspended ovules in each cell.
Fruit fleshy or capsular, containing 4 (or fewer) seeds.

Represented by trees and shrubs.

GENUS FRAXINUS, TOURN.

Leaves petioled, oddly-pinnate, with 3-15 toothed or entire leaflets. Flowers small,
racemed or panicled, from the axils of the last year's leaves, the American repre-
sentatives dioscious and apetalous; calyx and corolla, when present, as described for
the order; anthers large, linear or oblong; style single, stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a
1-2-celled, flattened samara, winged at the apex, 1-2 pendulous seeds in each cell.

("Fraxitius" is the ancient Latin name of the Ash; supposed to be from the Greek
cppa'&S, a separation, alluding to the facility with which the wood splits.)

31- FRAXINUS PUBESCENS, LAM.

RED ASH, GRAY ASH.

/
Ger., Rotliesclie ; Fr., Frene rouge ; Sp., Fresno Colorado.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves with 7-9 ovate or eliptic-lanceolate, taper- pointed,
stalked leaflets 2-3 inches in length, only slightly serrate and pale beneath; petioles
and terete branchlets for the first season velvety pubescent. Flowers with calyx
present and persistent in the fruit. Fruit (samara) 1^-2 inches in length, with nar-
row lanceolate or oblanceolate obtuse wing, the edges of which are decurrent some-
what upon the calyculate and nearly terete base.

(" Pubescens " is the Latin for pubescent in allusion to the downy covering of the
new twigs and petioles.)

A tree sometimes 50 ft. (15 ni.) or more in height and 2 ft. (0.60 m.)
in diameter of trunk with grayish, scaly bark, closely resembling the
Black Ash, but with foliage and fruit resembling the White Ash.

HABITAT. — Southern Canada and eastern United States south to the
Gulf States, but reaching its greatest development in the north. It is

20 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

found in company with the Black Ash along streams and in swamps sub-
ject to inundation.

.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood moderately heavy and hard, strong,
coarse-grained and compact; of a rich reddish-brown color and thin yel-
lowish-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6251; Percentage of Ash,
0.26 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0. 6235 ; Coefficient of Elasticity,
81222 ; Modulus of Ruirture, 869 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
435 ; Resistance to Indentation, 204 ; Weight of a Culic Foot in Pounds,
38.96.

USES. — This wood is used to some extent in the manufacture of agri-
cultural implements, and (as with the Black Ash) for interior finishing,
furniture, etc., and in rural districts for fence rails.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are known of this species.

ORDER LAURACE.ZE: LAUREL FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, generally marked with pelucid dots and (as with the
bark) aromatic. Flowers in clusters; sepals 4-6; colored, slightly united at the base,
strongly imbricated in 2 rows in the bud; stamens definite with 2-4 celled anthers
which open by recurved lid-like valves; pistil solitary, free. 1-celled, 1-ovuled and
with single style. Fruit a drupe or berry with single suspended anatropous albu-
menless seed. Trees and shrubs.

GENUS SASSAFRAS, NEES.

Leaves deciduous and in fall turning to a buff or handsome yellow color, these and
the twigs very mucilaginous. Flowers dioecious, greenish-yellow, appearing before the
leaves in terminal corymbose racemes and furnished with linear bracts; calyx 6-
parted with spreading and equal lobes, deciduous. Sterile flowers with 9 stamens
at the base of the calyx in three rows, the inner row furnished with a pair of stalked
glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled; ovary abortive. Fertile flower with 6
rudimentary and imperfect stamens; pistil with an ovoid acuminate ovary, short
styles and capitate stigma. Fruit an ovoid drupe blue and on a short, fleshy, reddish
pedicel.

Trees. ("Sassafras" is from " salsafras" the Spanish for " saxifrage," ihe proper-
ties of which have been attributed to this.)

32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE, NEES.
SASSAFRAS.

Grer., Fenchellioltz. Fr., Laurier des Iroquois. Sp., Sasafras.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves glabrous (excepting when young) and of various
shapes, all more or less cuneate at the base, but some oval or ovate lanceolate and
entire, others 3-lobed and still others with a single lobe on one side, giving the
leaf the shape of a mitten.

("' Officinale " is the Latin for " official " or " officinal."}

This tree is characterized by the soft bark of the trunk being cleft
into prominent longitudinal ridges, of a brownish-gray color on the sur-
face but within of a reddish-brown. The bark of the twigs and young
shoots is of a delicate green. Every part of the tree possesses a pleasant
aromatic flavor and fragrance, but this is most conspicuous in the bark and

32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE — SASSAFRAS. 21

particularly that of the roots. When growing in tall forests one is im-
pressed with the peculiarly crooked and almost vine-like appearance of
the trunks. In favorable localities this tree attains the height of 50 ft.
(15 m.) with a trunk 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter.*

HABITAT. — Eastern United States north to about the latitude of cen-
tral New York, westward to Kansas and southward to the Gulf, reaching
its greatest development in the southern and south-western part of its
range. In the north it is usually a mere shrub, the trees being rare and
local.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, rather brittle, coarse-
grained and of a delicate brown color, the sap-wood, which occupies but
a few rings, being of a yellowish white. It partakes slightly of the aro-
matic nature of the bark, and lasts well in contact with the soil. Specific
Gravity, 0.5042 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.10 ; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.5037 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 51910 ; Modulus of Rupture,
602 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 382 ; Resistance to Indenta-
tion, 134 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 31.42.

USES. — The timber is used to some extent in the manufacture of pails,
buckets, ox-yokes, etc., for which its lightness makes it suitable, but it
is more extensively used for fence-rails, posts, etc., where it is of value
owing to its enduring long exposure to the weather. The odor of the
Sassafras, which is slightly noticeable in the timber, is said to be obnox-
ious to insects, and for that reason boxes, chests, etc., made of this wood
are to a certain extent insect-proof.

A flavoring extract, due to an essential oil which is distilled from the
bark of the roots, is of great value and popularity. In this oil, too, as
well as a mucilage derived from the pith of the young shoots, lies a
medicinal virtue, on account of which the Sassafras was one of the first
trees of America to become known to the Europeans, it being scarcely more
than half a century after the landing of Columbus when this was pub-
lished to the world by the Spanish writer, Monardes. f

The mucilaginous leaves of the Sassafras dried and pounded are used
in the South in the preparation of "gumbo" soup, and a decoction of
the bark is said to make a durable orange-color dye for woolen good s.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are found in the pith of the young shoots,
which, treated with water, yield a peculiar mucilage, and in the bark,
especially of the roots, from which a volatile oil is extracted.

The mucilage is much employed as a soothing application in inflam-
mation of the eyes, and forms an agreeable and useful drink in dysenteric,

*Prof. C. S. Sargent reports this tree as exceptionally attaining a very much larger size —
even 90 ft. (27 m.) in height and 7 ft. 6 in. (2.25 m.) in diameter of trunk, which dimensions
must be very rare.

•I- We might add, however, that some of the properties ascribed to the Sassafras in those
early days are not claimed of it now.

22 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

catarrhal and nephritic diseases. It may be prepared by adding a drachm
of the pith to a pint of boiling water. Owing to its volatile oil and tonic
acid, the bark of the Sassafras root is an aromatic stimulant and as-
tringent. It is used almost exclusively as an adjuvant to other more
efficient medicines, the flavor of which it improves, while it renders them
more cordial to the stomach. The volatile oil may be used as an aro-
matic. In overdose it is capable of producing marked narcotic poison-

ing.*

ORDER ULMACE^3:f ELM FAMILY.

Leaves simple, alternate; stipules caducous. Mowers perfect or polygamous by
abortion, apetalous, in loose clusters, not catkins; calyx somewhat bell-shaped, free
from the ovary; stamens springing from the calyx, usually as many as its lobes and
opposite them; filaments straight, ovary 1-2-celled with a single suspended ovule in
each cell; styles or stigmas two. Fruit, a samara or drupe with suspended seed; no
albumen.

Represented by trees, rarely shrubs.

GENUS ULMUS, L.

Leaves short petioled usually rather rough, markedly straight-veined, unequally or
obliquely heart-shaped or abrupt at the base, stipules small, caducous. Flowers ap-
pearing before the leaves in our species, purplish or yellowish, apetalous, polyga-
mous, in lateral clusters or racemes; calyx 4-9-cleft; stamens 4-9, with long, slender
filaments; ovary 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled, compressed; styles 2, short and diverg-
ing. Fruit a samara with a broad, membraneous margin, 1-celled by obliteration,
and 1-seeded; seed with no albumen, large cotyledons and straight embryo.

( minus, is the ancient Latin name of the Elm.)

33. ULMUS AMERICANA, L.

WHITE ELM, WATER ELM, AMERICAN ELM.

Ger., Weisse Ulme, Ruster ; Fr., Orme parasol ; Sp., Olmo bianco.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves ovate-oblong, oval or obovate, sharply serrate
(often doubly so), unequal at the base and rather abruptly narrowing at the apex to
a tapering point; smooth above and soft-pubescent or glabrous beneath and 2-4
inches in length; branchlets glabrous; branches without corky ridges. Flowers (April)
in umbellate clusters with slender pedicels, jointed above the middle; calyx-lobes
7-9, roundish; stamens 7-9, exserted; anthers purple. Fruit (May and June) about
i inch long, oval or ovate, smooth, but with densely ciliate margin, and the incurved
sharp points at the apex meeting and closing the notch.

A magnificent tree of very characteristic and beautiful form. It tow-
ers sometimes to the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) or more, with a trunk 6 or
7 ft. (2 m. ) in diameter, and with a magnificent wide-spreading top and
long, pendulous branches. In graceful beauty and symmetry of form this
tree is certainly not surpassed by any tree in America, and Micheaux,
who studied the trees of this country, now nearly a century ago, pro-
nounced it " the most magnificent vegetable of the temperate zone/'
The bark of the White Elm is of a light-gray color and rough, with
longitudinal and not very closely adherent ridges.

*Z7. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 1339.

t Ranked by som authors as a sub order of the order Urticacem.

34. ULMUS RACEMOSA — CORK ELM, ROCK ELM. 23

HABITAT. — A tree of extensive range, being found in suitable localities
from New Fouridland and Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains and south-
ward to Georgia and Florida, preferring the rich, humid bottom lands
along the courses of streams. It reaches its perfection in the latitude of
New England and northern New York, where it characterizes almost
every landscape.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, strong, tough, compact and
usually very difficult to split owing to an interlacing, as it were, of the
fibers. The heart-wood is of a light brown color and the sap-wood
yellowish-white. Specific Gravity, 0.6506; Percentage of Ash, 0.80;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0 . 6454; Coefficient of Elasticity, 74742;
Modulus of Rupture, 852; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 446;
Resistance to Indentation, 170; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
40.55.

USES. — A valuable timber in the manufacture of agriculture imple-
ments, tool handles, wagon-wheels, especially the hubs, in cooperage and
in ship-building.

Though not casting a very dense shade elms of this species are of first
importance as ornamental trees.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not claimed of this species.

34. ULMUS RACEIMOSA, THOMAS.

CORK ELM, ROCK ELM, CLIFF ELM, WHITE ELM.

Ger., Trauben Ulme ; Fr., Or me a grappe ; Sp., Olmo de corcho.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Learns ovate, oblong or obovate, sharply and doubly ser-
rate, unequal at base, taper-pointed, smooth above, minutely pubescent beneath;
bud-scales minutely pubescent and ciliate; young branchlets somewhat pubescent;
branches usually with thick corky ridges or wings. Flowers (April) in racemes with
slender pedicels jointed above the middle; calyx 7-8-cleft; stamens 7-10. Fruit
(May, June), ovate-elliptical samarse, about f in. (2 cm.) long, pubescent and with
ciliate margin.

(" Macemosa" is a Latin word descriptive of the form of flower cluster — a raceme.)

Trees of striking aspect owing to the thick corky projections or wings
along its branches, commencing with about the third or fourth year's
growth. The bark of the trunk is thick, of a grayish color and rough
with firm longitudinal ridges. It sometimes attains 80 ft. (24 m.) or
more in height and 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter of trunk.

HABITAT. — Western New England, Ontario and westward to Iowa,
southward into Kentucky, growing along hill- sides and river banks.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, compact, exceedingly
tough and strong, and usually very difficult to split, owing to its con-
torted and, as it were, interlaced fibers. The heart- wood is of a light-

24 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

brown color, and the sap-wood yellowish or greenish white. Specific
Gravity, 0.7263 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.60; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.7219 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 109628 ; Modulus of Rupture,
1066 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 592 ; Resistance to Indenta-
tion, 205 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 45.26.

USES. — A very valuable timber for agricultural implements, wheel-
stock, axe-helves, etc. It is particularly valuable for the hubs of wheels
owing to the difficulty with which it splits, and its superiority over Hick-
ory for axe-helves is attested by the greater price which they command
in market.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are claimed of this species.

ORDER JUGLANDACE2E: WALNUT FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, pinnate and without stipules. Floicers monoecious and apetalous,
except in some cases in the fertile flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins with an irregu-
lar calyx adnate to the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers solitary or in small clus-
ters, with calyx regularly 3-5-lobed, adherent to the incompletely 2-4- celled, but
1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a sort of dry drupe (a tryma), with a fibrous and more or less
fleshy and coriaceous outer coat (shuck) very astringent to the taste, a hard, bony in-
ner coat (shell), and a 2-4-Jobed seed, which is orthotropous, with thick, oily and
often corrugated cotyledons and no albumen.

All representatives of the order are trees.

GENUS JUGLANS, L.

Leaves odd-pinnate, with numerous serrate leaflets; leaf -buds few-scaled or nearly
naked. Sterile flowers in long, simple, imbricated, axillary catkins from the wood of
the preceding year; calyx unequally 3-6-cleft; stamens 12-40 with very short and free
filaments. Fertile flowers several in a cluster or solitary at the ends of the branches;
calyx 4-toothed and bearing in its sinuses 4 small petals; styles 2, very short; stigmas
2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit drupaceous with a fibrous and spongy,
somewhat fleshy, indehiscent epicarp (shuck), and a rough irregularly furrowed en-
docarp (shell); embryo edible and wholesome.

Trees with strong-scented resinous-aromatic bark and a pith which separates into
thin transverse disks. (Juglans is contracted from Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jove.}

35. JUGLANS NIGRA, L.
BLACK WALNUT.

Ger., Schwarze Wallnussbaum ; Fr., Noyer noir ; Sp., Nogal negro.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, somewhat heart-shaped at the
base, taper-pointed, smooth above, lower surface and petioles minutely glandular
pubescent, emitting, when bruised, a characteristic aromatic odor. Flowers (April
and May) as described for the genus. Fruit (October) globose, 2 inches in diameter
with roughly dotted surface, odoriferous, spongy; nut globose, somewhat flattened,
corrugated.

A tall and handsome forest tree with dark, deeply furrowed bark and
sometimes attaining the height of 125 ft. (38m.) and 8 ft. (2.5 m.) in di-
ameter of trunk. When growing in the open it develops a full, round top
of symmetrical outline and casting a dense shade.

35. JlIGLANS NlGRA — BLACK WALNUT. 25

HABITAT. — Central and eastern United States, north to the latitude of
central New York and south nearly to the Gulf; most abundant and lux-
urious along the Ohio river and its tributaries.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood rather hard, heavy and durable, taking
a beautiful polish and easily worked. It is of a violet-brown color, turn-
ing blackish with age. The sap-wood, which is thin, is of a yellowish-
white, in striking contrast with the color of the heart-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.6115; Percentage of Ash, 0.79 ; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.6067; Coefficient of Elasticity -, 109200; Modulus of Rupture, 856;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 583 ; Resistance to Indentation, 196;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 38.11.

USES. — This is one of the most valuable of our American timbers for
cabinet-making, interior-finishing, gun-stocks, etc. This use has gen-
erally supplanted its earlier use for fence-rails, posts, shingles, boat-build-
ing, etc., for which it was highly esteemed. The fruit of this tree is a
valuable nut with a kernel of peculiar flavor,, and though it is generally
considered as delicious, many have to acquire a taste for it. It is very
rich, and an oil is sometimes expressed from it which is said to be used in
cookery. The kernel has also been used in making bread.

The pulpy husk surrounding the nut yields a dye which imparts to
wool a substantial dark-brown color.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The leaves are supposed to possess the same
properties as do those of the allied European Walnut (J. regia), which have
been found in the highest degree efficacious in scrofula, an infusion or
extract being taken internally, and, at the same time, a strong decoction
being applied to the ulcers and used as a collyrium when the eyes are dis-
tressed. It appears to act as a moderately aromatic, bitter and astring-
ent. They are said to have proved useful as a topical application in ma-
lignant pustule.*

NOTE. — Micheaux mentions dug-out canoes made of this timber, and
some of them (made from single logs, of course) as being "more than
forty feet long and two or three feet wide."

GENUS CARYA, NUTT.

Leaves odd-pinnate with few leaflets; leaf -buds scaly and from them appear
generally both kinds of flowers, the fertile at the extremity of the growth and the
sterile at the base, the leaves between. Sterile flowers in slender, imbricated, mostly
forked catkins; scales 3-parted; calyx mostly 3-parted; stamens 3-10, free, filaments
short or wanting and anthers hairy. Fertile flowers clustered 3-5 together, their
common peduncle terminating the shoot of the season; calyx 4-cleft, superior; petals
none; stigmas sessile, 2-lobed, the lobes bifid, papillose, persistent. Fruit (October)
with a coriaceous but at length dry and hard epicarp (shuck), finally falling away in
4-valves, and a smoothish horny endocarp (shell) with a 2-lobed nucleus.

Trees with hard bark, very tough wood and continuous pith; pubescence stellate.

(" Carya" is the ancient Greek name — Kapi^a — of the Walnut.)

* U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 850.

26 HOUGH'S AMERICAK WOODS.

36. CARYA ALBA, NUTT.
SHELL-BARK HICKORY, SHAG-BARK HICKORY.

Ger., Rindenschdlende Hickory ; Fr., Noyer tendre ; Sp., Nogal de

America.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS.— Leaves with long petioles and 5 finely aerate leaflets
which are subsessile excepting the terminal one, the upper three obovate-lanceolate
and the lower two very much smaller, defiexed and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-
pointed and minutely downy beneath, especially when young, inner bud-scales
persist for a time and become large and conspicuous. Flowers appear in April or
May; sterile catkins long, pendulous and in threes with common peduncle; fertile
flowers 2 or 3 together, sessile. Fruit depressed-globular, the four valves of the
epicarp being thick (though quite variable in this), woody, distinct and promptly
separating to the base; nut nearly white, roundish, compressed, slightly mucronate,
the shell rather thin and the kernel sweet and delicious.

(" Alba" is the Latin for white.)

A sturdy and beautiful tree with long slim trunk and always noticeable,
when of sufficient age, from the long plates of its outer bark which
bristle or hang loosely about it, giving it a decidedly shaggy appearance,
and it is from this that it receives its name. It sometimes attains and
rarely surpasses the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) and 3 ft. (0.90m.) in thick-
ness of trunk.

HABITAT. — Eastern United States generally, west to beyond the
Mississippi river and south nearly to the Gulf coast; said to thrive best
west of the Alleghany Mountains.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, tough, strong and flexi-
ble; the heart-wood is of a light-brown color and the sap-wood creamy-
white. Specific Gravity, 0.8372; Percentage of Ash, 0.73; Relative Ap-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.8311; Coefficient of Elasticity, 138839; Modulus
of Rupture, 1200; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 625; Resistance
to Indentation, 271; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 52.17.

USES. — A very valuable wood for agricultural implements, the wheels
and runners of vehicles, axe-helves, baskets, etc., and its nuts are an
important article of commerce, most of the hickory nuts of the market
being produced by this species.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The leaves of most, if not all, of the
hickories are somewhat aromatic and astringent, and the bark astringent
and bitter. Great advantage has been found from chewing the inner
bark in dyspepsia, and a tincture has been used with great success in the
treatment of intermittent fever.*

* U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 1744.

37. CAEYA AMARA — BITTER-NUT HICKORY. 27

37. CARYA AMARA, NUTT.

BITTER-^UT HICKORY, SWAMP HICKORY.
G-er., Bittbrffuchtige Hickory ; Fr., Noyer amer ; Sp., Nogal amargo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaflets 7-11, sessile (excepting the odd terminal one,
which is subsessile), ovate or oolong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, smooth both
sides, though pubescent, as with the catkins, when young ; bud-scales, about 6,
orange-yellow, valvate and falling away early. Fruit subglobose with thin epicarp,
sutures prominent above, valves united below; nut subglobose or somewhat obcor-
date, white, smoothish, and shell so thin that it can be broken with the fingers; ker-
nel intensely bitter.

(" Amara" is the Latin for bitter.)

A graceful tree resembling the Ash. somewhat in its fine-cut foliage, and
a conspicuous feature at all seasons is its orange-yellow buds. The bark is
of a gray color, with a faint yellowish tinge, and is cleft longitudinally,
but the outer layer adheres closely — i. e., does not become shaggy as in
the Shag-bark Hickory. It sometimes attains 80ft. (24m.) in height
and 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter of trunk.

HABITAT. — Eastern United States, generally preferring swamps and
moist flat-lands, though not wholly confined to such localities.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong and flexible, of a
brownish color, with light sap-wood, liable to check in seasoning. Spe-
cific Gravity, 0.7552; Percentage of Ash, 1.03; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.7474 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 102986 ; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 1101 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 522 ; Resistance to In-
dentation, 242 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 47.06.

USES. — The timber is inferior to that of the Shag-bark, but, like it,
used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, tool-handles, etc.,
and for hoops, ox-yokes, etc. The nuts are practically useless — too bit-
ter for even squirrels to eat when other food can be found. In early days
it is said that an oil expressed from the kernel was used to some slight
extent for illuminating purposes.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — For mention of these, in common with those
of the other Hickories, see (under Shell-bark H.) page 26.

ORDER CUFUIjIFERJE : OAK FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined; the stipules, forming the bud-scales, decid-
uous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustered or racemed catkins
(or in simple clusters in the Beech); calyx regular or scale-like; stamens 5-20. Fertile
flowers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an involucre which forms a
cup or covering to the nut; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth minute and
crowning the summit; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules in each cell, but all
of the cells and ovules, except one, disappearing before maturity; stigmas sessile.
Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together, and partly or wholly cov-
ered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) involucral cup or covering; seed albumen--
less, with an ariatropous, often edible, embryo; cotyledons thick and fleshy.

Represented by both trees and shrubs.

2$ HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

GENUS QUERCUS, L.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds; calyx 2-8-parted or cleft;
stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers with ovary nearly 3-celled and
6-ovuled, 2 of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive; stigma 3-lobed; involu-
cre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is
1-celled, 1-seeded.

(The ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic quer, fine, and
cuez, tree.

38. QUERCUS ALBA, L.

WHITE OAK.
Ger. Weiszeiche ; Fr., Chene Mane ; Sp., Roble bianco.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves short petioled, oblong or obovate in outline, cune-
ate at base, obliquely sinuate-pinnatifid with oblong or linear obtuse and usually
entire lobes, smooth (excepting when young) and coriaceous, bright green above,
paler beneath. Fruit (October) an edible acorn, maturing the first year (hence borne
on the shoot of the season), f to 1 inch in length, ovoid or oblong, not more than a
third immersed in somewhat hemispherical or saucer-shaped cup, which is rough
with little tubercles.

A noble and picturesque tree, the very embodiment of strength and
sturdiness. It attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.), with a trunk 6 ft.
(1.80 m.) in diameter, and, in very favorable localities, even surpasses
these dimensions. Its bark is rough with longitudinal fissures, and of a
whitish-gray color — whence the name, White Oak. It is also noticeable
in winter from its peculiarity of retaining until nearly spring many of the
dead and withered leaves of the preceding summer.

HABITAT. — Eastern United States generally, reaching its greatest de-
velopment west of the Alleghanies.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very strong, heavy, hard, tough and
durable. It is of a brownish color with lighter sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.7470 ; .Percentage of Ash, 0.41 ; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.7439; Coefficient of Elasticity, 97089; Modulus of Rupture,
905; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 511 ; Resistance to Indenta-
tion, 213 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.35.

USES. — This is one of the most generally useful of American timbers
where a hard wood is required. It is very valuable in ship-building, for
sills, etc., for casks, buckets and in general cooperage, for agricultural
implements, etc. It is deservedly very popular for furniture, interior
finishing, etc., where a beautiful effect is produced by "quartering"
the timber. The bark is sometimes used for tanning.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Oak bark is astringent and somewhat tonic,
but it is not employed as an internal remedy. The decoction may be
advantageously used as a bath, particularly for children when a com-
bined tonic and astringent effect is desirable, and the stomach is not

39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA — BURR OAK. 29

disposed to receive medicines kindly. It has been employed in this way
in marasmus, scrofula, intermittent fevers, chronic diarrhoea and cholera
infantum. As an injection in leucorrhcea and as a gargle in slight in-
flammation of the fauces the decoction is often useful.*

39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA, MICHX.
BURR OAK, MOSSY-CUP OAK, OVER-CUP OAK.

Ger., Grossfruclitige Eiche ; Fr., Chene a gros gland ; Sp., Roble con

bellotas musgosas.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves large (sometimes 12 inches long or more) obovate
or oblong in outline, pale beneath, lyrate, sinuate-lobed, the sinuses being deepest
near the middle and the lobes obtuse and irregular or repand. Fruit a large acorn
sessile on the new growth of the season, globular-ovoid and sometimes nearly covered
by the deep cup which is composed of thick, hard scales distinctly imbricated, the
upper ones awned or filiform-pointed so as to make a more or less conspicuously
fringed or mossy margin.

("Macrocarpa " is from the Greek itaxpdz, large, and uaprtoS, fruit.)

A beautiful tree with rough (from longitudinal fissures), light gray
bark, but especially conspicuous on account of its large leaves and
acorns. It attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) or sometimes more, with
a trunk 6 or 7 ft. (2 m.) in diameter.

HABITAT. — Canada, north-eastern United States and south-westward,
west to the the Rocky Mountains. Prof. Sargent notes that it is " in
the prairie region the principal growth of the ' oak openings ' and ex-
tending farther west and north-west than any oak of the Atlantic

forests."!

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, compact and
very durable in contact with the soil. The heart-wood is of a rich brown
color and sap-wood lighter. Specific Gravity, 0.7453; Percentage of Ash,
0.71; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7400; Coefficient of Elasticity,
92929; Modulus of Rupture, 982; Resistance of Longitudinal Pressure,
491; Resistance to Indentation, 233; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
46.45.

USES. — This is a timber of great value in ship-building, cooperage,
for furniture, etc. ; in fine for all the uses in which that of the White
Oak is employed and which it equals or even surpasses in value. For
fuel it is very useful and its handsome luxuriant foliage gives it a high
rank as an ornamental tree.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are officially recognized of this
species.

* U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 1261.

t Tenth Census of the United States, 1880, vol. ix, p. 140.

30 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

GENUS CASTANEA, TOUKN.

Leaves alternate, strongly straight-veined, acuminate and expanding before tlie
flowers. Sterile flowers clustered in long naked cyliudric axillary catkins; calyx 5-6
parted; stamens 5-20 with slender filaments and 2-celled anthers. Fertile flowers
usually three together inclosed in an ovoid, 4-lobed, scaly invoiucral cup; calyx 5-6
lobed, adherent to the 3-7- celled, 6-1 4-ovuled ovary; stigmas awn-shaped and as many
as the cells; abortive stamens 5-12. Fruit a globose, hard, very prickly, 4-valved
dehiscent involucre, inclosing each, 1-3 coriaceous 1-seeded nuts; cotyledons very
thick.

Trees and shrubs. (*' Gastanea " is the ancient Greek name of the chestnut.)

40. CASTANEA VESCA, Var. AMERICANA, MICHX.
CHESTNUT.

Ger., Kastanie ; Fr., Chdtaignier j Sp., Castanet.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate, the
mucronate teeth projecting with the straight veinlets; smooth and green both sides
when mature, 6-9 inches in length. Flowers appear in June or July, the long yellow
catkins quite equaling the leaves in length. Fruit (October) a spiny invoiucral burr
containing usually 2-3 ovoid nuts variously compressed according to the number in
each burr, and smooth excepting near the extremity where it is villous.

A lofty tree with firm longitudinally furrowed gray bark. It is some-
times nearly or quite 100 ft. (30 m.) in height and with trunk sometimes
10 ft. (3 m. ) in diameter.

HABITAT. — Eastern United States, north to about the latitude of
central New York; south about to the Gulf States and west to the
Mississippi river, said to reach its greatest development on the western
slopes of the southern Alleghanies.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, very coarse-grained, dura-
ble in contact with the soil, not very strong and liable to warp in drying.
The heart-wood is of a brownish color and the thin sap-wood lighter.
Specific Gravity, 0.4504; Percentage of Ash, 0.18; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.4496; Coefficient of Elasticity, 85621; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 696; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 381; Resistance to In-
dentation, 106; Weight of a Culic Foot in Pounds, 28.07.

USES. — The timber is largely used for interior finishing, cabinet-
work, etc., and its great durability renders it especially serviceable for
fence-posts, rails, etc.*

It is a valuable wood for charcoal and the bark which is rich in tannin
is valuable for the tanner and may be used as a dye. The sweet and
delicious nuts of this tree are too well known to require comment.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The leaves have been found to possess some
remedial value in the treatment of whooping-cough. They yield their

*We have recently received from Haydn Brown, Esq., of West Newbury, Mass., apiece
of a fence rail of this timber which he says was exposed to the weather one hundred years, as
he has good reason to believe.

41. OSTRYA VlRGINICA — HOP-HORNBEAM. 31

virtues freely to water and may be administered in infusion or fluid ex-
tract. An infusion, prepared with three or four drachms of the leaves
and a pint of boiling water and well sweetened has been administered to
a child — as much as it would drink.*

NOTE. — The American variety of the chestnut differs from the Span-
ish chestnut of Europe — the true C. vesca, L. — in having leaves more
acute at base and nuts much smaller and sweeter.

The chestnut tree in Europe attains a prodigious size and age. One
exists on the side of Mount Etna famous as Castagno di cento cavalli,
because it is said to have sheltered a hundred mounted cavaliers. It is
scarcely more than a shell now, but is said (on the authority of Michaux)
to measure 160 ft. in circumference. At Sancerre, France, is a tree
which Michaux tells us " at six feet from the ground is thirty feet in
circumference; 600 years ago it was called the Great Chestnut, and,
though it is supposed to be more than one thousand years old, its trunk
is still perfectly sound and its branches are annually laden with fruit."
The fruit in that country is a favorite and valuable article of food.

GENUS OSTRYA, MICHELI.

Leaves ovate or oblong with straight veins. Flowers appear in early spring with the
leaves. Sterile flowers in cylindrical, drooping catkins from buds near the tip of the
branches of the preceding year; calyx a mere bract, roundish-ovate, ciliate and bear-
ing in its axil several stamens with short and sometimes forked filaments; anthers
1-celled and conspicuously hairy -tipped. Fertile flowers in short, imbricated, brac-
tiate catkins terminating the shoots of the season, bract deciduous and bearing in its
axil a pair of pistils, each adherent to a calyx -scale and surrounded with a tubular or
sac-like bractlet, which later completely envelops it; ovary incompletely 2-celled and
2-ovuled ; stigmas 2 filiform. Fruit a pendent strobile, very much resembling a hop,
made up of the imbricated, enlarged and closed involucral sacs, each of which con-
tains a single, smooth nutlet.

Small trees. (" Ostrya " is the ancient Greek name.)

41. OSTRYA VIRGINICA, WILLD.

HOP-HORNBEAM, IRON-WOOD, LEVER-WOOD.

Ger., Amerikanisclie Hopfenbuche ; Fr., Bois dur ; Sp., Ojaranzo de

lupulo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate,
with 11-15 principal veins, smooth above, under-surface and petioles somewhat
downy; leaf -buds slender and acute. Fruit (fully grown by August) as described
for the genus, involucral sacs downy, furnished at the base with rigid hairs.

A rather small tree with fine spray, developing a full, round top when
growing alone, and often with twisted trunks. Its hop-like fruit, which
develops early and remains on until late, characterizes it during the sum-

* U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., pp. 381-2.

32 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

mer, and at all seasons it may be recognized by its peculiar brownish-gray
bark checked into long, narrow scales or strips loosely adhering to the
trunk. It rarely surpasses 50 ft. (15 m.) in height and 2 ft. (0.60 m.) in
diameter of trunk, and is usually much smaller.

HABITAT. — Canada, north-eastern United States and southward along
the Alleghanies, westward to Kansas and Indian Territory.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, durable, yery strong and
tough (as its name implies), of a dull brownish color with whitish sap-
wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8284; Percentage of Ash, 0.50; Relative Ap-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.8243; Coefficient of Elasticity, 137276; Modulus
of Rupture, 1134; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 542; Resistance
to Indentation, 231; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 51.63.

USES. — A valuable timber for axe-helves, tool-handles, levers, fence
posts, etc., but not generally found of sufficient size to make it a very
important timber of commerce. It is an excellent wood for fuel.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are attributed to this species.

GENUS CARPINUS, L.

Leaves ovate, straight-veined and serrate. Sterile flowers in loose, drooping cylin-
dric catkins; calyx a mere ovate scale or bract, each subtending 8-14 stamens, with
very short, mostly 2-forked filaments and 1-celled, slightly hairy tipped anthers.
Fertile flowers in loose, terminal catkins, each pair subtended by a small, deciduous
bract, and each flower furnished with a persistent involucral bractlet, which remains
open, enlarges and becomes foliaceous in fruiting. Fruit an ovoid, furrowed,
1-seeded nutlet subtended by the foliaceous bractlet.

Small trees or shrubs. ('.' Carpinus " is the ancient Latin name of the Hornbeam.)

42. CARPINUS CAROLINEANA, WALT.
HORNBEAM, BLUE BEECH, WATER BEECH, IRON-WOOD.

Ger., Hairibuche ; Fr., Char me ; Sp., Ojaranzo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves ovate or eliptical, pointed, sharply and unequally
serrate, about 3 inches long and half as wide, nearly smooth when mature; leaf -buds
slender, acute. Flowers appear in early spring with the leaves, as described for the
genus. Fruit a small, dark-brown, 1-seeded, furrowed nutlet subtended by the in-
volucral bractlet, which is halberd-shaped, oblique, 3-lobed and cut-toothed on one
side.

A small tree, or often a mere shrub, preferring the borders of streams
and swamps, and always recognizable from its smooth, bluish bark —
very much like that of the Beech — and its peculiar sinewy, corrugated
or ridged trunk. In summer the terminal light green fruiting catkins,
in contrast with the darker green of the foliage, are a conspicuous feature.
When growing alone it develops a wide, full top.

In very exceptional cases it attains the height of 50 ft. (15 m.) and 2
ft. (0.60 m.), or slightly more, in thickness of trunk.

42. BETULA PATYRA.CEA — CANOE BIRCH. 33

HABITAT. — Canada and eastern United States generally, said to attain
its greatest size along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Moun-
tains and thence westward.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very hard, strong, tough, close-grained
and heavy, nearly white. Specific Gravity, 0.7286; Percentage of Ash,
0.83; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7226; Coefficient of Elasticity,
114881; Modulus of Rupture, 1149; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
498; Resistance to Indentation, 213; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
45.41.

USES. — This timber is used to some extent for beetles, tool-handles,
levers, etc., for which its strength and hardness admirably qualify it. It
is used also for making hoops.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are known of this species.

ORDER BETULACE^! : BIRCH FAMILY.

Leaves simple, alternate, straight- veined and furnished with stipules which fall
away early. Floirers mostly naked, monoecious, both kinds in catkins, 2 or 3 together
under a 3-lobed bract or scale. Sterile flowers with distinct stamens and 2-celled
anthers. Fertile flotrers with two thread-like stigmas, and a 2-celled ovary, each cell
containing 2 pedulous ovules, becoming by abortion in Fruit, a small, 1-celled,
1-seeded nutlet, often with membranous wings; seed anatropous, albumenless, with
flattish, oblong cotyledons which become foliaceous in germination.

Trees or shrubs, with bark which separates more or less easily into thin layers.

GENUS BETULA, TOURN.

Leaves ovate, serrate; these, with the twigs, especially the latter, spicy-aromatic.
Flowers appearing in early spring with or before the leaves. Sterile flowers in long,
drooping, cylindrical, both terminal and lateral., yellow catkins, appearing in summer
and remaining dormant during the following winter to open and perform their function
early the next season; bracts 3-lobed, shield-shaped, and beneath each are 2 bractlets
and 3 flowers with calyx represented by a mere scale, which bears the 4 short stamens,
each with a single-celled anther. Fertile flowers in cylindrical or oblong catkins
with 3-lobed scales, and beneath each scale are 2-3 naked pistils without braclets or
calyx. Fruit a small, broadly- winged, scale-like nutlet or samara.

Trees and shrubs with outer bark horizontally fibrous and usually separable in
sheets, that of the branchlets dotted, inner bark more or less aromatic and of pleasant
flavor.

43. BETULA PAPYRACEA, AIT.
CANOE BIRCH, PAPER BIRCH, WHITE BIRCH.

Ger., Papier- Birke ; Fr., Bouleau a Canot ; Sp., Abedul.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves of rather firm texture, ovate, with heart-shaped
or abrupt base, somewhat doubly serrate, smooth dark green above, beneath pale,
glandular dotted and hairy along the veins; petiole not often over i or ^ the length
of the leaf-blade. Sterile catkins 1-2 inches long. Fertile catkins (mature in July
or August) pedunculate, pendulous or nodding, cylindrical, 1 in. or more in length
and about ^ as thick, with glabrous scales having short roundish lateral lobes; wing
of nutlet much broader than its body.

(" Papyracea" is the Latin equivalent of papery.)

5

34 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

A tree of medium size and rapid growth, sometimes attaining the
height of 80 ft. (24 m.) and 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter of the trunk. It
is recognizable at all seasons from its beautiful snowy white bark which
peels off transversely in large sheets, and which in turn may be sub-
divided into an indefinite number of thinner sheets. The outer surface
of tbe bark of very old trunks is rendered rough and ragged by the curl-
ing up of strips of the outermost layers. On twigs and small branches
the bark is of a dark brown color.

HABITAT. — A distinctively northern tree. It is found from about the
latitude of Pennsylvania northward to Hudson's Bay and in the north-
west to the arctic regions. Professor Sargent observes that it reaches a
higher latitude than any deciduous tree of the American forests.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, strong, tough and hard; heart-
wood of a reddish-brown color and sap-wood yellowish- white. Specific
Gravity, 0.5955; Percentage of Ash, 0.25; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.5940; Coefficient of Elasticity, 130557; Modulus of Rupture,
1065; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 487; Resistance, to Indenta-
tion, 126; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 37.11.

USES. — A favorite timber for small articles of wooden- ware, such as
clothes-pins, spools, pill-boxes, shoe-lasts, pegs, etc. It is also used for
wood-pulp and to some extent for furniture, especially when stained to
imitate cherry or mahogany.

With the aborigines of this country this must have been the most
valuable of our trees, because from its bark they were able to make their
indispensable canoes, of such strength and lightness that one calculated
for four persons with their baggage is said to have weighed only from
forty to fifty pounds. This bark, too, was used for making their tents
and for troughs, baskets, etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are known of this species.

NOTE. — The bark of this tree is impervious to water and almost imper-
ishable. Fallen trunks are sometimes found with bark in a tolerably
good state of preservation, but with wood in the very last stages of decay
or even reduced to mould.

The Indian, when he wished to make a birch-bark canoe, would select
a large tree with as smooth bark as he could find, and then make two in-
cisions around it, several feet apart, and connect the two with a vertical
incision. Then he would carefully peel off the coveted sheet, which
perhaps, would measure three or four feet in width and eight or ten in
length. Another tree would yield another sheet, and these, while fresh
and pliant, he would sew. together with the strong, supple roots of the
spruce, and deftly shape them into a beautiful craft. The seams he
would smear with pine pitch or resin from the Balm-of-Grilead, and the
wales he would reinforce with saplings securely lushed on. A short time

44. BETULA LE^TA — SWEET BIRCH. 35

is required for the bark to dry and harden, and then he is prepared to
launch out in a craft of combined speed and steadiness, and so light that
he can carry it for miles on his shoulders with comfort.

44. BETULA LENTA, L.

SWEET BIRCH, CHERRY BIRCH, BLACK OR MAHOGANY BIRCH.
Ger., Kirsche-Birke ; Fr., Bouleau doux; Sp., Abedul dulce.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves thinnish, ovate or oblong, taper-pointed, more or
less heart-shaped at base, finely and sharply doubly serrate, smooth (when mature)
and bright green above, below glabrous, except along the veins, which, with the
petioles, are hairy. Sterile catkins 2-4 in. long. Fertile catkins pedunculate, erect
or slightly reclining, oval-oblong, 1 in. or more in length, and at least -£ in. in
thickness; scales of catkins hairy, lobes obtuse, subequal, diverging; nutlet ellipti-
cal and the wings not broader than the body.

(" Lenta" is the Latin for pliant, tough.)

A handsome, medium-sized tree, sometimes attaining the height of 80,
ft. (24 m.) and 4 ft. (1.20 m.) in thickness of trunk, with smooth, red-
dish-brown bark on the limbs and young stocks very much like that of
the Cherry-tree — and hence its name, Cherry Birch. On older trunks
the outer layer breaks up into hard ligneous scales or plates. The
bruised leaves, twigs and inner bark of this tree possess a delightful, aro-
matic flavor and fragrance very much like that of the Wintergreen
(Gaultlieria).

HABITAT. — Canada, north-eastern United States and southward along
the Alleghanies.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained
and taking a beautiful satiny polish; heart-wood reddish-brown; sap-wood
yellowish-white. Specific Gravity, 0.7617; Percentage of Ash, 0.26;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7597 ; Coefficient of Elasticity,
141398; Modulus of Rupture, 1216; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
619; Resistance to Indentation, 226; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
47.47.

USES. — A valuable timber in the manufacture of furniture, and, when
stained, making a particularly good imitation of Mahogany and Cherry.
It is very useful for small wooden-ware, and is used to considerable ex-
tent in ship-building. It makes a very good fuel. Extract of Birch, a
popular flavoring for candies, etc., is largely, if not wholly, a product of
this species, and is derived from an essential oil contained in the leaves,
bark, etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — An infusion of the leaves is sometimes used
as an excitant and diaphoretic.

36 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

ORDER SALIC ACE.ffi: WILLOW FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, undivided and furnished with stipules, which are either
scale-like and deciduous, or leaf-like and persistent. Flowers dioecious, both kinds
in catkins, one under each bract or scale of the catkin, and destitute of both calyx
and corolla, or the former represented by a gland-like cup; ovary 1 to 2-celled; styles
wanting, or 2 and short; stigmas often 2-lobed. Fruit a 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved pod
with numerous seeds springing from 2 parietal or basal placentae and furnished with
long, silky down; seeds ascending, anatropous, without albumen; cotyledons flat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

GENUS SALIX, TODRN.

Leaves generally narrow, long and pointed and usually with conspicuous stipules;
bud scales single. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves in terminal and lateral
cylindrical imbricated catkins, the scales or bracts of which are entire and each sab-
tending a flower which is without calyx and bears at its base 1 or 2 small nectiferous
glands. Sterile flowers with 2 (but sometimes more) distinct or united stamens. Fer-
tile flowers: ovary ovoid-lanceolate, taper-pointed; style short; stigmas 2, short and
mostly bifid. Fruit a 1-celled pod, dehiscent at maturity by two valves which roll
back at the summit to liberate the numerous minute coniose seeds.

Trees and shrubs with lithe round branches and growing mostly along streams and
in moist localities. (Salix is from the Celtic sal, near and Us. water, alluding to the
favorite locality of the willows.)

45. SALIX NIGRA, MARSHALL.
BLACK WILLOW.

Ger., Scliwarze Weide ; Fr., 8aule noir ; Sp., Sauce negro.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves lanceolate and lance-linear, tapering at each end,
serrulate, green on both sides and smooth (when mature) excepting the midrib above
and the petiole which are tomentose; stipules small, dentate and caducous. Flowers
(May-June, with the leaves) in peduncled, long, loose, villous catkins, at the ends of
lateral leafy shoots of the season; scales rounded or oblong, greenish-yellow, wooly
and deciduous; glands large; stamens 3-6, hairy at base; ovary pedicellate, ovoid o*r
oblong, smooth; styles short; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit matures in June, an ovoid rather
long-pointed pod.

A variety of this willow known as Var. falcata has elongated scythe-shaped leaves
and large, lunate, reflexed stipules.

(Nigra is the Latin for black in allusion to the dark color of the bark of the trunk.)

A small tree not often over 50 ft. (15 m.) in height or 18 inches
(0.45 m.) in diameter of trunk, and often a mere shrub, of pleasing
aspect owing to its pale yellow branches and bright green slender leaves.
Its branches are brittle at base but otherwise pliant and tough. The
bark of the trunk, especially near the base, is of a blackish gray color
and rough with longitudinal ridges.

HABITAT. — Canada and the Eastern and Central States to the gulf
coast, also found in the far west, California, Arizona, etc. , growing along
the banks of streams.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, soft, close-grained and
easily worked, of a reddish-brown color with nearly white sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.4456; Percentage of Ash, 0.70; Relative Approximate

46. SALIX ALBA — YELLOW WILLOW. 37

Fuel Value, 0.4425; Coefficient of Elasticity, 39062; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 424; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 213; Resistance to In-
dentation, 93; Weight of a Cubic Foot in pounds, 27.77.

USES. — The wood of this species is not of much commercial value,
though useful for charcoal and fuel. The bark is rich in tannin and has
been used to some extent for tanning purposes. The slender branches
are sometimes employed in basket-making.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES which are common to the genus are found in
the bark and are readily yielded to water. A decoction of this is astrin-
gent and feebly tonic and used as a febrifuge in domestic practice. The
active principle is salicin, and it has been efficacious in the treatment of
rheumatism, and as an antiperiodic it appears to possess some controlling
influence over malarial disorders. Salicylic acid — very valuable in
medicine and the arts — can be derived from salicin, but at an expense
so much greater than with other known sources as to be impracticable.*

46. SALIX ALBA, L. Var. VITELLINA, KOCH.

YELLOW WILLOW, GOLDEN OSIER.
Ger,, Dottenveide ; Fr., Saule jaune ; Sp., Sauce amarillo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, taper-pointed and
tapering to the petiole, serrate with thickened teeth, smooth (or sometimes slightly
pubescent) above and more or less supplied with silky hairs beneath; stipules small,
lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers (May with the leaves) in peduncled, long, loose
catkins at the ends of lateral leafy shoots of the season; scales ovate-lanceolate,
greenish-yellow, pubescent outside and deciduous; stamens 2; ovary nearly sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, smooth; "styles very short; stigmas thick, 2-lobed, recurved. Fruit
matures in June.

Variety mtellina differs from the true alba in having bright yellow branches and
shorter and broader leaves. Another variety (Var. coerulea) has leaves quite smooth
beneath and are of a bluish cast.

A fine large willow of very rapid growth, sometimes 60 ft. (18 m.) in
height and 3 or 4 ft. (1 m. ) in diameter of trunk, with smooth bright
yellow twigs and brownish-gray roughly furrowed bark of trunk.

HABITAT. — Introduced into this country from Europe and now very
common, seemingly almost naturalized. It is a tree of wide range and
grows luxuriantly wherever set in sufficiently damp soil.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, not strong, easily worked
and taking a beautiful polish. The abundant sap-wood is nearly white
and the irregular heart-wood reddish-brown, most marked along the line
of transition.

USES. — The most important use is as a shade tree, for wind-breaks
and for setting along the banks of streams to prevent erosion. For this

*U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 1316.

38 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

it is invaluable owing to the ease with which it is started and its very
rapid growth. Stakes made from vigorous branches before the sap has
started in the spring are simply driven into the ground and nature does
the rest. They soon take root, send out branches and after getting
well started grow with wonderful rapidity, sometimes increasing nearly
or quite two inches in diameter in a season. The timber is used to some
extent for fencing, fuel, etc., and its cottony fiber would suggest its value
for paper-pulp. It makes a valuable charcoal and the ashes are rich in
potash. The bark abounds in tannin and is of use for tanning purposes,
and the small branches are used in basket making.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Those mentioned of the Black Willow
(S. nigra) are equally true of this.

GENUS POPULUS, TOTJRN.

Leaves broad, more or less heart-shaped or ovate, and petioles, which are long and
often vertically compressed. Flowers appearing before the leaves in long, drooping,
lateral, cylindrical catkins, the scales of which are furnished with a fringed margin:
calyx represented by an oblique, cup-shaped disk with entire margin; stamens 8-30
or more, with distinct filaments: pistil with very short, bifid style, and large, 2-lobed
stigma. Fruit as described for the order.

Represented by rather large trees. (A Latin word, meaning the people, and appli-
cable either from the fact that these trees are often set along public walks, or in
allusion to the tremulous leaves which are in constant agitation like a crowd of
people.)

47. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA, L.
BALSAM POPLAR, TACAMAHAC.

Ger., Balsampappel ; Fr., Peuplier baumier-; Sp., Alamo balsamico.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves ovate, pointed, finely and closely serrate, smooth
both sides, whitish and reticulate- veined beneath; buds in spring large and copiously
covered with a fragrant aromatic varnish; branchlets terete. Flowers appear in
April or May, the sterile catkins 2-3 inches and the fertile 4-6 inches in length;
stamens very numerous, purple; scales of catkin dilated, laciuiate-fringed and
slightly hairy.

A variety of this species known as var. candicans, and popularly as the Balm of
Gilead, has broader, heart-shaped leaves and commonly hairy petioles. It is ranked
by some authors as a distinct species.

(Balsamifera is the Latin for balsam bearing, alluding to the balsamic varnish
found on the buds.)

A tall tree, sometimes attaining the height of 80 ft. (24 m.) and 6 or
7 ft. (2 m.) in diameter of trunk.

HABITAT. — Northern United States, Canada and north-westward to
Alaska, preferring the damp soil of the low-lands, river banks, etc.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — "Wood very light, soft, close-grained and not
strong; sap-wood thick and nearly white; heart-wood reddish-brown.
Specific Gravity, 0.3635; Percentage of Ash, 0.66; Relative Approximate

POPULUS MONOLIFERA — COTTONWOOD. 39

Fuel Value, 0.3611; Coefficient of Elasticity, 85690; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 550; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 320; Resistance to In-
dentation, 75; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 22.65.

USES. — Little use is made of this timber, so far as we are aware, ex-
cepting for paper pulp, for which it is excellent.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The virtues- of poplar buds are probably
analogous to those of the turpentines and balsams. They have been used
in pectoral, nephritic and rheumatic complaints in the form of tincture;
and a liniment made by macerating them in oil has been applied exter-
nally in rheumatism. It has been ascertained that poplar buds are
capable of imparting a principle to ointments which in a powerful
degree obviates their tendency to rancidity.*

NOTE. — Captain Franklin, in speaking of the Balsam Poplar, noted
that it constituted " the greater part of the drift timber that we ob-
served on the shores of the Arctic Sea/' This would indicate the prev-
alence of the timber in the far north.

48. POPULUS MONOLIFERA, AIT.

COTTON WOOD, NECKLACE POPLAR, WHITE WOOD, BIG COTTONWOOD.
Ger., RosenJcranz-Pappel : Fr., Peuplier ; Sp., Alamo de collar.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves broadly deltoid or deltoid-ovate, smooth, but with
prominent veins, serrate-dentate with incurved, slightly hairy and cartilaginous teeth,
truncate or somewhat heart-shaped and nearly entire at base, taper-pointed, 2-4 inches
in length; length of petiole and length and width of blade about the same ; leaf-buds
varnished; branchlets angled, becoming terete. Flowers appear in April or May, the
fertile catkins recurved or pendulous and very long (4-8 inches) with capsules re-
mote: scales of catkin laciniate-fringed (not hairy); stigmas very large, nearly sessile
and toothed.

(MonoLifera is from the Latin monolium, a necklace, and fero, 1 bear, in allusion to
the long, necklace-like fruiting catkins.)

A large tree, attaining the height sometimes of 150 ft. (45 m.) and 6
or 7 ft. (2 m.) or more in diameter of trunk. The old trunks have a dark
and longitudinally furrowed bark. The large, varnished buds are a con-
spicuous feature when the leaves are off, and the tree presents a striking
appearance when in fruit on account of the long, fruiting catkins — the
" necklaces " — which it bears in abundance. Later every gust of wind,
for a time, bears away some of its delicate white cotton with appended
seeds. This "cotton" gives to the tree its popular name, Cottonwood,
and is a provision of nature for disseminating the seeds.

HABITAT. — From western New England southward to Florida and
westward to the Rocky Mountains, in moist soil along streams, lake

*V. 8. Dispensatory, 10th ed., p. 1897.

40 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

shores, etc. It is particularly abundant along the streams of the western
plains.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, soft, close-grained and not
strong, of a brownish color, with very thick, nearly white, sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.3889; Percentage of Ash, 0.96; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.3852; Coefficient of Elasticity, 99417 ; Modulus of
Rupture, 770 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 353 ; Resistance to
Indentation, 83; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 24.24.

USES. — A timber used to some extent for cutter dashes, light boxes,
etc., but is particularly valuable for paper pulp owing to its long cottony
fibre.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are ascribed to this species, though
those mentioned of the Balsam Poplar would probably be found to be
true of this also.

NOTE. — We have seen on Rev. Dr. J.Jones' grounds at Aurora, N. Y.,
a fine tree of this species measuring eight feet in diameter at base. It
has a full and very wide-spreading top, though not very great height, and
is certainly a magnificent tree.

GYMNOSPERM^E.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and
cotyledons frequently more than two. Floivers diclinous and very in-
complete; pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether want-
ing, with ovules naked, fertilized by direct contact with the pollen, and
seeds at maturity naked — without a true pericarp.

ORDER OONIFERJE: PINE FAMILY.

Leaves mostly awl-sliaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel-veined.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in catkins or cones, destitute of both calyx
and corolla; stamens one or several (usually united); ovary, style and stigma want-
ing; ovules one or several at tlie base of a scale, which serves 'as a carpel, or on an
open disk. Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or somewhat berry-like, and
with fleshy coherent scales; seeds orthotrouous, embryo in the axis of the albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous j uice.

GENUS PINUS, TOURN.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membraneous scales. Flowers
appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base of
the shoots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like
connective; anther cells, 2, opening lengthwise; pollen grains triple. Fertile flowers
in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales,
each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted
ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the
imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex,
persistent, when ripe dry and spreading to liberate the two nut-like winged seeds;
cotyledons 3-12, linear.

(Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

49. PINUS STROBUS — WHITE PINE. 41

49. PINUS STROBUS, L.

WHITE PINE, WEYMOUTH PI^E.

Ger., Weimutliskiefer ; Fr., Pinblanc; Sp., Pino bianco.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves slender, glaucous, in 5s, with a short, loose-
scaled, deciduous sheath enveloping the base of each fascicle. Sterile catkins 5 or 6
together, ovoid, about £ in. (1 cm.) long and with 6-8 involucral scales at base. Cones
4-6 in. (10-15 cm.) long, terminal, solitary, cylindrical and often curved, loose, pen-
dant and falling after shedding the seeds; scales slightly, if at all, thickened at the
tips and not furnished with a prickle; seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10.

(Strobus is a classical name of a tree.)

A majestic tree, tallest of our eastern forests, it sometimes towers to
the height of 160 ft. (49 m.) or more, with a straight, columnar trunk,
perhaps 8 ft. (2.40 m. ) in diameter, and free from branches for 80-100 ft.,
it holds its entire top above the heads of the surrounding trees. The
bark is comparatively smooth, but on old trunks it is rendered rough
with longitudinal furrows and firm ridges. Its tufted foliage of fine
bluish-green needles are recognizable at once.

HABITAT. — Canada, the North-eastern States, and southward along
the Alleghanies to Georgia, growing best in a damp, sandy soil. It is
preeminently a tree of the valley of the St. Lawrence river and the Great
Lakes, where, in places, it forms extensive tracts of forests.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very soft, light, compact, straight-
grained, easily worked, of a delicate pinkish-brown color with lighter and
thin sap-wood. One point of considerable value is the comparatively
small degree to which it shrinks and swells owing to changes in the
atmosphere. Specific Gravity, 0.3854; Percentage of As7i, 0.19; Rela-
tive Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3847 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 85093 ;
Modulus of Rupture, 62G ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 339 ;
Resistance to Indentation, 74 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 24.02.

USES. — The most useful and indispensable tree of the American for-
ests, affording a timber of greatest value for many uses, as for finishing,
interior work, doors, sash and blinds, for shingles, etc., etc. Indeed,
builders would hardly know what to do without White Pine in many
places. Owing to its lightness, it is of great value for the masts and
spars of vessels.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are known of this species.

6

42 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

50. PINUS RIGIDA, MILLER.

PITCH PINE.
Ger., Pechkiefer ; Fr., Pin de goudron ; Sp., Pino de pez.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves 3-6 in. (8-15 cm.) long, rigid, dark green, arranged
in 3s, with a short, close sheath enveloping the base of each fascicle. Sterile catkins
clustered, slender, oblong, ovoid, with 6-8 involucral scales at the base. Cones lat-
eral, pyramidal -ovoid, 1-3 in. (2.5-3 cm.) in length, often clustered, and with scales
thickened at the end and furnished with a short, thick, recurved prickle, persistent
after shedding the seeds, which are scarcely, if at all, ridged beneath; cotyledons
usually 5.

(Rigida is the Latin for stiff, rigid, alluding to the leaves.)

A tree conspicuous on account of its tufted dark-green foliage of coarse,
rigid needles, and the dark color of the bark of its trunk rough with
large and prominent longitudinal ridges, the outer surface of which flakes
off in small, irregular scales. It attains the height sometimes of 80 ft.
(24 m.) and 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in thickness of trunk.

HABITAT. — Eastern and Southern Canada and southward, particularly
along the Atlantic States to Georgia, growing mostly in sandy, barren
soil.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, with coarse,
conspicuous grain, and abundantly supplied with resin. The heart-wood
is of a light brownish-red color and sap-wood yellowish-white. Specific
Gravity, 0.5151; Percentage of Ash, 0.23; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.5139; Coefficient of Elasticity, 58127; Modulus of Rupture,
739 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 355 ; Resistance to Indenta-
tion, 133 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.10.

USES. — Used to some extent for coarse lumber, flooring, sills, etc., to
some extent for charcoal, and it is said considerable tar, turpentine and
lampblack has been procured from this tree. The great amount of resin
which the wood contains makes it very inflammable, and hence it is of
great value for fuel, especially for engines, etc., for use in brick-making,
etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The medicinal properties claimed of this
species are those found in the turpentine, tar, etc., sometimes derived
from it, but, as by far the greater part of those products are derived from
the Georgia Pine (P. palustris), mention of them will be reserved to be
given with that species.

INDEX.

No. Page.

Abedul 43 33

dulce 44 35

Acacia, Three-thorned 28 16

Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart .... 26 12

Alamo balsaniico 47 38

de collar 48 39

Algarrobo de Miel 28 16

ANGIOSPERMvE 12

Apfelbaum 30 18

Apple 30 18

Arbol de cafe false- 27 15

Arce con liojas plateadas 26 12

Ash, Gray 31 19

Red 31 19

Balsam Poplar 47 38

Balsampappel 47 38

Beech, Blue 42 32

Betula lenta 44 35

papyracea 43 33

BETULACE^E 33

Bircli, Black 44 35

Canoe 43 33

Cherry 43 33

Family 33

Mahogany 44 35

Paper 43 33

Sweet 44 35

White 43 33

Birke, Kirsche 44 35

Papier 43 33

Bitter-nut Hickory 37 27

Black Birch 44 35

Locust 28 16

Walnut 35 24

Willow 45 36

Blue Beech 42 32

Bois dur ... 41 31

Bouleau a Canot 43 33

Bouleau doux 44 35

Burr Oak 39 29

Canoe Birch 43 33

Carpinus Carolineana 42 32

Cari/a alba 36 26

Castanea vesca 40 30

Castana . 40 30

Cereza silvestre negra 29 17

No. Page.

Charme 42 32

Chataignier 40 30

Chene a gros gland 39 29

blanc 38 28

Cherry, Wild Black 29 17

Cherry Birch 44 35

Chestnut 40 30

Chicot 27 15

Cliff Elm 34 23

Coffee-tree 27 15

CONIFERS 40

Cork Elm 34 23

Cottonwood 48 39

CUPULIFER^E 27

Curly Maple 26a 13

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 11

Dotterweide 46 37

Eiche, Grossf ruchtige 39 29

Elm, American 33 22

Cliff 34 23

Cork 34 23

Water 33 22

White 33 22

34 23

Elm Family 22

Erable blanc 26 12

EXOGENOUS PLANTS 11

Fenchelholtz 32 20

Fraxinus pubescens 31 19

Frene rouge 31 19

Fresno Colorado 31 19

Fevier a trois epines 28 16

Gros 27 15

Gleditschia triacanthos 28 16

Golden Osier 46 37

Gray Ash 31 19

Gymnocladus Canadensis 27 15

GYMNOSPERM^E , < . 40

Hainbuche 42 32

Hickory, Bitternut 37 27

Bitterf ruchtige 37 27

Rindenschalende 36 26

Shag-bark 36 26

44

INDEX.

No. Page.

Hickory, Shell-bark ... 36 26

Swamp 37 27

Honey Locust 28 16

Honigdorn, Dreidornige 28 16

Hop Hornbeam 41 31

Hopfenbuche, Amerikanische.. . . 41 31

Hornbeam, 42 32

Hop 41 31

Iron-wood 41 31

42 32

JUGLANDACE^E 24

Juglans nigra 35 24

Kastanie 40 30

Key, Based upon Flowers 1

Fruit

Leaves 4

Kirsche-Birke 44 35

LAURACE.E 20

Laurel Family

Laurier des Iroquois 32 20

LEGUMINOS^E 14

Lever- wood 41 31

Locust, Black 28 16

Honey 28 16

Sweet , 28 16

Mahogany Birch 44 35

Manzana 30 18

Maple, Curly 26a 12

Silver-leaved 26 12

Soft 26 12

White 26 12

Merisier 29 17

Mossy-cup Oak 39 29

Necklace Poplar , 48 39

Nogal amargo 37 27

de America. 36 26

negro ... 35 24

Noyer arner 37 27

noir 35 24

tendre 36 26

Oak, Burr 39 29

Mossy-cup 39 29

Over-cup 39 29

White 38 28

Oak Family . . 27

Ojaranzo 42 32

delupulo... 41 31

OLEACE^E 19

Olive Family 19

Olmo bianco 33 22

de corcho 34 23

Orme a grappe • • • 34 23

parasol ... 33 22

Ostrya Virginica 41 31

Over-cup Oak 39 29

Paper Birch 43 $

Pechkiefer 50 42

PH AENOGAMOUS PLANTS H

Pin blanc 49 41

de goudron 50 42

Pine, Pitch 50 42

Weyniouth 49 41

White 49 41

Pine Family 40

Pino bianco 49 41

de pez 50 42

Pinus rigida. . 50 42

Strob'us 49 41

Pitch Pine 50 42

Pommier 30 18

Poplar, Balsam 47 38

Necklace 48 39

Prunus serotina 29 17

Pulse Family 14

Pyrus Mains 30 18

Quercus alba 38 28

macrocarpa 39 29

Peuplier. . . .,„ 48 39

Baumier 47 38

Populus balsamifera 47 38

monolif&ra 48 39

Red Ash 31 19

Roble bianco 38 28

con bellotas musgosas ... 39 29

Rock Elm 34 23

ROSACES 17

Rose Family 17

Rosenkranz-Pappel 48 39

Rothesche 31 19

Riister 33 22

SALICACE^E

Salix alba 46

nigra 45

SAPINDACE^E

Sauce Amarillo 46

negro 45

Saule jaune 46

noir .... .45

Sassafras

32

Sassafras officinale 32

Schusserbaum, Amerikanischer. . 27

Shag-bark Hickory 36

Shell-bark Hickory 36

Silberblatteriger Ahorn 26

Silver-leaved Maple 26

37
36
12
37
36
37
36
20
20
15
26
26
12
12

Soapberry Family 12

Soft Maple 26 12

Sweet Birch 44 35

Sweet Locust 28 16

Tacamahac 47 38

Three-thorned Acacia 28 16

Traubenkirsche, Spatbliihende. . 29 17

INDEX.

45

No. Page.

... 22

Ulme, Trauben 34 23

Weisse 33 22

Ulmus Americana , . 33 22

racemosa ... 34 23

Walluussbaum, Schwarze 35 24

Walnut Family 24

Walnut, Black 35

Water Beach 42

Weide, Scliwarze .45

Weisseiche 38

Elm.. . 33 22

No. Page.

Weymouth Pine 49 41

White Birch 43 33

Elm 33 22

34 23

Maple 26 12

Pine 49 41

Wood 48 39

Wild Black Cherry 29 17

Weimuthskiefer 49 41

Willow, Black 45 36

Yellow 46 37

Willow Family 36

ERRATUM.

Instead of monolifera, in Populus monolifera, No. 48, page 39 and
elsewhere, read moniUfera, and consider its derivation from (Latin)
monile instead of monolium, both which words mean necklace, and fero,
I bear.

26. ACER DASYCARPUM, EHRHART.
Silver-leaved Maple, White or Silver Maple, Soft Maple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Silberblatteriger Ahorn.

Erable blanc.

Arce con hojas plateadas.

Published and Sections made by Homey* B. Hough, B. A.. Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

26. ACER DASYCARPUM, EHRHART.
Silver-leaved Maple, White or Silver Maple, Soft Maple,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

;. Silberblatteriger Ahorn.

Erable blanc,

Sp. Arce con hojas plateadas.

Published and Sectlwu made by Romeyu B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

26a- ACER DASYCARPUM, EHRHART.
Sflver Maple -Curly Figure, Curly Maple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Gtekranselter Morn. IF&. Erable frise,

S. Arce rizado.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S.

26a' ACER DASYCARPUM, EHRHART.
Silver Maple -Ourly Figure, Curly Maple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Gekranselter Ahorn. &?,. Erable frise.

S. Arce rizado.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvitle, N. V., U. S. A,

27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS, LAM.

Coffee-Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Amerikamseher Schusserbaum. eF^. Chicot, Gros Fevier,
Sp. Arbol de caf6 falso,

Published and Sections made by Romevn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllie. N. Y., U. S. A.

27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS, LAM,

Coffee-Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Amerikanischer Schusserbaum, eF^. CMcot, Gros Fevier,
S. Arbol de caf6 falso,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS, L

Honey Locust, Black or Sweet Locust, Three-thorned Acacia,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Dreidorniger Honigdorn. &v. Fevier & trois Spines.
Sp. Algarrobo de mieL

Published and Section! made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., UwvHIe, N. Y., U. S. A.

28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS, L.

Honey Locust, Black or Sweet Locust, Three-thorned Acacia,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

5r--^^/=" -Tf=...-- - '- .^JT3 '^^_^«

--**- --— ' -" - '' ".-1

= r-.-rjs^ ^--j

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Dreidorniger Homgdorn. eF^. Fevier ^ trois 6pines.
Sp. Algarrobo de miel,

PubHslMd and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowvfUe, N. Y., U. S. A.

29. PRUNUS SEROTINA, EHRH,
Wild Black Cherry.

TRAN8VER8E SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Spatbliihende Traubenkirsche, eFt. MMsier,
S. Oereza silvestre negra,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowvUle, N. Y., U. S. A.

29. PRUNUS SEROTINA, EHRH
Wild Black Oheny.

mm

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Spatbliihende Traubenkirsche. &v. M6risier,
Sp. Cereza silvestre negra,

Published and Sections made .by Romevn B. Houch, B. A., Lowvflle, N. Y., U. S. A.

30. PYRUS MALUS, L

Apple,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Apfelbaum.

Pommier. Sp. Manzana.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

30. PYRUS MALUS, L

Apple,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Apfelbaum* eF^. Pommier. S-. Manzana,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowviKe, N. Y., U. S. A.

FRAXINUS PUBESCENS, LAM,
Red Ash, Gray Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Rothesche. if*. Frfine rouge. Sp. Fresno Colorado,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

31. FRAXINUS PUBESCENS, LAM
Red Ash, Gray Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Rothesche. cfc. Frfine rouge. Sp. Fresno Colorado,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE, NEES,
Sassafras,

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

- -~

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Fencnelholz. IF^ Laurier des Iroquois. Sp. Sasafras,

iblUhed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B, A., Low^llle, N. Y., U. S. A.

32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE, NEES,

Sassafras,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Fencnelliolz. IF*. Lanrier des Iroquois. Sp. Sasaf

'ubilshed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B A., LowvJlie, N. Y., U. S. .»..

33. ULMUS AMERICANA, L.

>• ,

White Elm, Water Elm, American Elm.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Weisse TJline, Buster. &v, Orme parasol

&p. Olmo bianco,

*

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B, Hourh, B. A., LowvHIe, N. Y,, U. S. A.

33. ULMUS AMERICANA, L

White Elm, Water Elm, American Elm.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Weisse Ulme, Blister. §^. Orme parasol

Sp. Olmo bianco,

Published and Sections made by .Romeyn B. Hourh. B. A.. Lowvlile, N. Y.. I

34. ULMUS RACEMOSA, THOMAS.
Cork Elm, Bock Elm, Cliff Elm, White Elm.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

. Trauben Ulme, &*. Orme d grappa,

Sp. Olmo de coreho,

Published and Swtion* mad* by Ronwyn 8. Hough. B. A., Lowvlile, N. Y., U. S, A

34. ULMUS RACEMOSA, THOMAS.
Cork Elm, Bock Elm, Cliff Elm, White Elm.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Trauben Uhne,

Orme a grappa,

Sp. Olmo de corcho,

Publlihed and Sections made bv Romevn B. Hou*h. B. A.

35. JUGLANS NIGRA, L
Black Walnut

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Schwarze WaUnuszbaum. |fc. Noyer noir
Sp. Nogal negro,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

35. JUGLANS NIGRA, L.
Black Walnut

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Schwarze WaUnuszbaran. IFr. Noyer noir
S. Nogal negro,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

36. CARYA ALBA, NUTT.

Shell-bark Hickory, Shag-bark Hickory,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

£*DIAL SECTION,

•NMMMMM

TANGgftTtAi. SECTION

Bindenschalende Hickory, <P^. Noyer-tendr

Sp. Nogal de America.

yJwd and Sections made by Rrnieyt 8 Hwgb, B. A., Lowvllle, H Y., U- ?V A-

36. CARYA ALBA, NUTT.

Shell-bark Hickory, Shag-bark Hickory.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

--^— .

TANGENTIAL SE

BMenschaleiide Hickory eFt,. Noyer tendrs.

S. Nogal de America.

!»d and Stctions made by ften*yft H Haufh, 8

37. CARYA AMARA, NUTT.
Bitter-nut Hickory, Swamp Hickory,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Bitterfruchtige Hickory,

Noyer amer.

. Nogal amargo..

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, 8. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A

37. CARYA AMARA, NUTT.
Bitter-nut Hickory, Swamp Hickory.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Bitterfruchtige Hickory, IF*. Noyer amer,
Sp. Nogal amargo..

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, 8. A., Lowvllle, N. V., U. S. A.

38. QUERCUS ALBA, L.
White Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Weisseiche, eFt. Chene blanc. Sp. Eoble bianco,

'ubllshed and Sections made by Homeyn B. Hou?h; B, A., Lowvllte, N. Y., U. S. A.

38. QUERCUS ALBA, L
White Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

,. Weisseiche. cF&. Chene blana Sp. Roble bianco,

Published and Soctions made by Ronwyn 8, Hough, 3. A., Lowville, N. Y.? U. S. A.

39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA, MlCHX,
Burr Oakf Mossy-cup Oak, Over-cup Oak.

SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Srossfruchtige Eiche, IF*. Oh&ie d gros glaad.
Sp. Eoble con bellotas inusgosas.

PiifeiJahed and Sections nutfo by ?iomey« B, Kou«h. B. A., Lowville. N. Y., U. «. A.

39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA, MiCHX,
Burr Oak, Mossy-cup Oai, Over-cup Oak,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

I "

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(Jrossfruchtdge Eiche. &v, Ohfine a gros gland,
Sp. Boble con bellotas musgoBas.

PubKihed and S«ctiont made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowvIHe, H, Y., U. 4J A.

40. CASTANEA VESCA VAR. AMERICANA, MlCHX,

Chestnut.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

-- =£'

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Kastanie, ^. OMtaigiiier, S. Castana,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

40. CASTANEA VESCA VAR. AMERICANA, MlCHX

Chestnut,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Kastanie, &v. Ohataignier, Sp. Castana,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

OSTRYA VIRGINICA, WlLLD.
Hopflornbeam, Iron-wood, Lever-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

. Amerikanische Hopfenbuche.

S. Ojaranzo de lupulo.

Bois dur,

Published and Section mad« by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvtlle, N. Y., U. S. A.

41. OSTRYA VIRGINICA, WlLLD,
Hopflornbeam, Iron-wood, Lever-wood,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Amerikanische Eopfenbuche.

S. Ojaranzo de lupulo.

. Bois dur,

PuWUhed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA, WALT.
Hornbeam, Blue Beech, Water Beech, Iron-wood,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Hainbuche. IF^. Gharme. Sp, Ojaranzo,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. V., U. S. A.

42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA, WALT.
Hornbeam, Blue Beech, Water Beech, Iron-wood,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Hainbuche,

Charme.

Ojaranzo,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

43. BETULA PAPYRACEA, AIT,
Canoe Birch, Paper Birch, White Birch.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Papier-Birke, &*. Bouleau & Canot. S. AbeduL

Published and Sections made by Roroeyn B. Hough, B. A.. Lowville, N. Y.. U. S. A.

43. BETULA PAPYRACEA, AIT.

Canoe Birch, Paper Birch, White Birch,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

•••••MB

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

, Papier-Birke, &v. Bonleau 2, Oanot Sp. AbeduL

Published and Sections made bv Romevn B. Hou*h. B. A., Lowviile, N. Y., U. S, A.

BETULA LENTA, L.

Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Black or Mahogany Birch.

k

\

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

racbe-Birke, §^ Bouleau doux, Sp. Abedul dulce,

B. A., LowvJDe, N.'Y., U. S.

44. BETULA LENTA, U

Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Black or Mahogany Birch,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

> I

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

.*W. Kireche-Birke. IFr-. Bouleau doux, Sp. Abedui duL

PublJshed and Sections made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B, A., Lowvlile, N. 'Y., U. S. A.

45. SALIX NSGRA, MARSHALL
Black Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Schwarze Weide. eF&. Saule noir. .&p. S4uce negro,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

45. SALIX NIGRA, MARSHALL,
Black Willow,

..-..-. . .iii* :>.-.- - l-l'.'" ."•'

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Scbwarze Weide, eF*. Saule noir, S. Sauce negro.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Houyh, B. A., Lowvilte, N. Y., U. S. A.

46. SALIX ALBA, L. VAR. VITELLINA, KOCH.
Yellow Willow, Golden Osier.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Dotterweide, S». Saule jaune. Sp. Sauce amarillo,

PuMlthtd and Suction, imde by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvlll., N. Y., U. S, A.

46. SALIX ALBA, L. VAR. VITELLINA, KOCH,
Yellow WiUow, Golden Osier.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION,

Dotterweide. IF*. Saule jaune. Sp. Sauce amarillo,

Published and Scctlont made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowvlHe, N. Y., U. S. A.

POPULUS BALSAM IFERA, L

Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

. BalsainpappeL &*. Penplier baumier,
S<p. Alamo balsdmico.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough. B. A.f Lowvlile, N. Y., U. S. A.

47. POPULUS BALSAyiFERA, L
Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

e*. BalsampappeL $*,. Peuplier baumier.
§<p. Alamo bals&mico,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hourh. B. A., LowvMe. N. Y.. U. S. A.

48. POPULUS MONOLIFERA, AIT.
Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar, White Wood, Big Cottonwood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Bosenkranz-PappeL eFt. Peuplier, Sp. Alamo de collar.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, 8. A./ lowvllle. N. Y., U. S. A.

48. POPULUS MONOLIFERA, AlT.
Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar, White Wood, Big Cottonwood,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

ICENTIAL SECTION

Rosenkranz-Pappel, eFr. Peuplier, 5p. Alamo de collar.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

49. PIN US STROBUS, L.H.
White Pine, Weymouth Pine,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Weimuthskiefer. $<&. Pin Wane.

Pino bianco,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

49. PINUS STROBUS, L.K
White Pine, Weymouth Pine,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Weimuthskiefer, eF&. Pin Wane, Sp. Pino bianco,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvilie, N. Y., U. S, A.

60. P'NUS RIQIDA, MILLER,
Pitch Pine,

II

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

-;: , . -^ BBBI

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Pechkiefer, IF*, Pin de goudron. &p. Pino do pe&

Published and Sections made by Romeyn 8. Hou-fh, P. A., Lowville, H. Y., U. S.

60. P<NU3 R1GIDA, MILL
Pitch Pine,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

PeohMefer. IF*. Pin de goudron. Sp. Piao do pez

Published artd Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, P. A., LowviHe, M. Y.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY

PIATISS

Please collate before charging
and before discharging.

Is

f!

0

M

In

The above scale of sizes is based upon the metric system of measurement, the
number of any size being intended to designate its length in centimeters; the widths
varying eight millimeters successively from the width of No. 9 (5 cm.) as a starting
point.

\. 15. --In using water colors for decorating these cards avoid having- them too moist and with oil colors
"cut' the oil by the admixture of a little turpentine. For perforating- the cards

5C a solid or ''conductor's'

or's" punch; and when using with glue, as
id place it not upon the card but, upon the surface the card is to be glued to.

pannel

s for mounting on ribbon, etc.,
ork, use "Royal" or fish glue