STEREGPTICON PREPARATIONS OF WOODS.
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BIOLOGY LIBRARY
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THE
AMERICAN WOODS,
EXHIBITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS- . ;..-,%r;
AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,
ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.
PART V.
REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES
BY
TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.
LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.
PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR
1894.
H55
5
BIOLOGY LIBRARY
Copyrighted eighteen hundred and ninety-four
BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH.
WEED-PARSONS PRINTING CO.,
ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS,
ALBANY, N. Y.
TO MY VENERABLE FRIENDS
gtr. &. W. OPtxapmati,
AUTHOR OF
FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN STATES,
DEVOTEES TO NATURE, IN THE FIELDS WHERE THE
SPECIES OF PART V
AMERICAN WOODS
ARE FOUND, IT IS
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
743126
PREFACE TO THE SERIES.
The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
in these pages that value aud finish which his mind would have given
them.
Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.
The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.
The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, " transverse/' "radial" and "tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.
My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods
vi PREFACE TO THE SEEIES.
as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.
The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part being independent of the others.
The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing,
new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.
In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Eobert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Eeport on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Ninth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.
The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.
Succeeding parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view, of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.
Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.
Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of
profiting therefrom in the future.
LOWVILLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888.
PREFACE TO PART Y
The specimens represented in Part V, AMERICAN WOODS, were col-
lected in Florida, and prepared previously to those of Part IV, but it was
deemed best to hold them until Part IV had been issued, as the species
represented in that, as in the earlier parts, are distinctively woods of
New York and the adjacent States. Like Part IV, it has suffered the
interruption occasioned by the author's duties as Superintendent of the
Department of Forestry of the State of New York at the Columbian Ex-
position, as detailed in the preface to Part IV, and the specimen portions
of the first copies of Part V have, likewise, been sent out in advance of
the text.
I am pleased now to be able to send out the belated text, trusting
that I shall not again in the progress of AMERICAN WOODS have occa-
sion to issue the two portions of any part separately.
As for the nomenclature adopted in this part, I have only to say, as
heretofore explained, that the importance of conformity with the manuals
of botany in common use, and with the early parts of AMERICAN WOODS,
does not allow me to make all of the changes recently advocated by sys-
tematists, but such names as have a greater or less claim upon common
usage, have been mentioned as foot notes.
In the preparation of Part V, I gratefully acknowledge the assistance
rendered by Dr. Chas. Mohr and Mrs. E. G. Britton in determining the
synonyms in foreign languages. For aid in the field I am under obliga-
tion to Mr. A. H. Curtis, whose familiarity with the flora of Florida is
well known, and who generously rendered important service.
One event and obligation connected with the field work, which I
remember with greatest pleasure and which I wish1 especially to men-
tion, was the cordial reception and assistance rendered by the venerable
author of " Flora of the Southern States," Dr. A. W. Chapman. At his
distant home in Apalachicola, Fla., far remote from others of kindred
tastes, I found him, at the age of eighty-two, wonderfully well preserved
and surrounded with his books and specimens, as enthusiastic and ener-
getic as in the prime of life. It was an inspiration to visit with him,
and I acknowledge with gratitude the service he then and has since
cheerfully rendered.
We hope our patrons will be pleased with Part V and thank them
cordially for their continued favors.
LOWYILLE, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1894.
A KEY, BASED MAINLY DPON THE FLOWERS,
Designed as an Aid in the Identification of the Species represented in
Parts I, n, m, IV and V.
«. Angiospermae — seeds in a closed ovary.
b. Polypetalous — petals present and distinct.
c. Stamens numerous, more than 10, and
d. Calyx inferior — wholly free from the pistil or pistils.
e. Pistils numerous and cohering in a cone-like mass. (MagnoliacicB).
f. Anthers opening inward; leaves folded lengthwise in the bud (Mag-
nolia), pointed at both ends and
g. Thick
Glaucous beneath 51. M. GLAUCA.
Rusty tomentose beneath 101. M. GRANDIFLORA.
gr2. Thin, green beneath 1. M. ACUMINATA.
jf9. Anthers opening outward and leaves folded crosswise in the bud.
2. LlRIODENDRON TlJLIPIPERA.
e*. Pistils more than one, separate (or nearly so) stamens inserted on re-
ceptacle and filaments shorter than anthers (Anonacece).
76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.
€*. Pistil solitary and
/. One celled, style single, flowers perfect, stone of drupe bony (Prunus)
and
g. Compressed, with ridged margin; calyx-lobes glandular serrate.
81. P. NIGRA.
gr*. Marginless; flowers in
h. Racemes terminal 29. P. SEROTINA.
h*. Corembose umbels 55. P. PENNSYLVANICUM.
7i3. Umbels; leaves
Acuminate, hairy beneath 56. P. AVIUM.
Acute, nearly smooth beneath 82. P. CERASUS.
/*. Compound as shown by the styles and cells of ovary; leaves.
g. Punctate with pelucid dots (Aurantiacea)', stamens about
20; fruit globose, flattened at ends. ...103. CITRUS ATTRANTTUM.
35; fruit globose-oblong, pointed 104. CITRUS LiMONTJM.
gps. Not punctate.
h. Simple and calyx.
Valvate in the bud, deciduous (Tttiacecz) stamens polydelphous
(Tilifi) and with 5 petal-like scales opposite the petals.
3. TELIA AMERICANA.
KEY, BASED UPON FLOWEKS.
;'*." • " C .\ Imbricated in the bud, persistent; stamens at the base of petals
••• *l: , •.;.''*. -.(Temstr&miacece); calyx simple; stamens 5-adelphous (Gor-
donia); leaves coriaceous, evergreen. . . .102. G. LASIANTHUS.
h*. Compound (MeliaceoB) 105. MELIA AZEDARACH.
cP, Calyx superior — adnate — to the ovary or at least its lower half; ovules.
e. More than one in each cell; ovary
/. 2-5-celled; fruit a.
g. Pome with 2-5 papery carpels (Pyrus)', leaves
h. Simple and styles
i. United below; leaves
Serrate (not lobed), downy 30. P. MALUS.
Incisely serrate and sublobate, smooth 83. P. CORONARIA.
i2. Distinct 57. P. COMMUNIS.
h*. Pinnately compound. , 84. P. SAMBUCIFOLIA.
gr2. Pome drupe-like with 1-5 bony seeds (Cratvegus); leaves
h. Villous, cuniform, obovate 58. C. PUNCTATA.
h?. Glabrous, abrupt at base 86. C. COCCTNEA.
attenuate at base 85. C. CRUS-GALLI.
/2. Ovary 10-celled . , 59. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.
e2. Only one in each cell; stamens 4; styles and stigmas 1 (Cornacece); cymes
Subtended by a 4-leaved involucre 88. CORNUS FLORIDA.
Naked, leaves alternate 87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.
» Stamens few, opposite the petals and of the same number; pistil one, with
2-4-celled ovary; calyx lobes obsolete; petals valvate ( Vitacece).
78. VlTIS yESTIVALIS.
8. Stamens few, not more than 10, alternate with the petals when of the same
number.
d. Calyx inferior — free from the ovary.
e. Ovaries 2-5, separate; styles
Terminal and conniving 106. XANTHOXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS.
Lateral and distinct 4. AILANTHUS GLANDTJLOSUS.
C8, Ovary single, but compound as shown by the cells, styles or stigmas.
/. One-celled and one-seeded; styles or stigmas three; shrubs or trees
with regular flowers (Anacardiacece) ; leaves compound with 11-31
oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaflets; common petiole densely villous
and not winged; flowers in terminal thyrses 5 RHUS TYPHINA.
f*9 Two to several-celled and flowers
g. Irregular (Aesculus) 6. AE. HIPPOCASTANUM.
gr2. Regular, stamens as many as the petals; trees with leaves.
h. 3-foliate 77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA.
h?» Simple, persistent or subpersistent.
Stamens 5 107. CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA.
Stamens 4; fruit berry-like ILEX OPACA; 52.
Stamens 10; leaves simple, evergreen.
108. CLIFTONIA LIGUSTRINA.
ez. Ovary single and simple, with one parital placenta (Leguminosm) ; corolla
/. Papilionaceous ; stamens distinct 80. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA.
f*. Subregular and imbricated in aestivation.
g* Flowers dioecious; stamens 10; tree unarmed.
27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.
KEY, BASED UPON FLOWEKS. 3
gr2. Flowers polygamous; stamens 5; tree armed with thorns usually
triple (Gleditschia) pods.
Linear, many-seeded 28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.
Obliquely ovate, 1-seeded 109. GLEDITSCHIA MONOSPERMA.
d?. Calyx superior — adnate to the ovary; flowers in umbels; stamens 5;
styles 5; fruit drupe-like with 5 cells each with a single ovule (Aralia);
arborescent and armed with prickles 8. ARALIA SPINOSA.
62. Gamopetalom — petals present and united ; stamens
c. Fewer than the lobes of the corolla and inserted on it.
112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.
c3. As many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them or fewer; ovary
superior; corolla irregular; ovary 2-celled (Bignoniacece) pod terete; leaves
simple (Catalpa) 89. C. BIGNONIODES.
C3. 2-^tiines as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its base and fila-
ments distinct (Ebenaceoe) 61. DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA.
63. Apetalous — without petals.
C. Flowers not in catkins; pistil one, simple or compound, and the cells of the
ovary containing 1-2 seeds each.
d. Ovary inferior — adnate its whole length to the calyx-tube — 1-celled and
1-seeded; style 1, stigmatic down the side (Nyssa); fertile peduncles
2-5-flowered 9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.
Single flowered and peduncle short and downy . 110. NYSSA OGECHE.
Two or more flowers 9. N. MTJLTIPLORA.
d*. Ovary superior — free from the calyx.
ۥ Stipules sheathing the stem ; trees with naked monoecious flowers ar-
ranged in heads. 13. PLAT ANUS OCCIDENTALS.
€-. Stipules not sheathing the stem or none.
/'. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary which becomes in
ff. Fruit a double samara (Acer).
fl. Leaves simple and palinately veined; flowers appearing
i. With the leaves in pendulous corymbs 7. A. SACCHARINUM.
i3. Before the leaves in short umbels, and
Apetalous; young fruit wooly 26. A. DASYCARPUM.
Petals present, linear-oblong; fruit smooth. .53. A. RUBRUM.
i3. After the leaves, in drooping racemes
79. A. PENNSYLVANICUM.
7*2. Leaves compound 54. A. NEGUNDO.
gr2. Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara (Fraxinus).
h. Samara terete at base; leaflets petiolulate
New growth smooth 10. F. AMERICANA.
New growth pubsecent 31. F. PUBESCENS.
h*. Samara broad at base 62. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA.
/*. Ovules single in each of the 1 or 2 cells of the ovary.
g. Anthers opening by uplifted valves; stigma single and entire
(Lauracece) flowers
Perfect; calyx persistent ; leaves evergreen (Persea).
113. P. CAROLINENSIS.
Dioscious, calyx deciduous, leaves deciduous ; involucre none
(Sassafras) 32. S. OFFICINALE.
gr2. Anthers extrorse ; stigma 2-cleft ; fruit a
KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS.
h. Samara, 1-celled and winged all round (Ulmus).
i. Flowers nearly sessile; samara not ciliate- fringed; leaves very
rough above 11. U. FULVA.
i2. Flowers on drooping pedicels; samara ciliate-fringed; leaves
smooth.
Bud-scales glabrous ; flowers fascicled ; branches not corky.
winged 33. U. AMERICANA.
Bud-scales do wny-ciliate ; flowers racemed; branches corky-
winged 34. U. RACEMOSA.
ft2. Capsule, dry, nut-like, not winged (Planera).
114. P. AQUATICA.
gz. Anthers introrse ; fruit a dark-purple drupe ; leaves long-taper-
pointed 12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALS.
gr4. Anthers laterally dehiscent ; fruit a drupe.
111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.
C2. Flowers diclinous and one or both sorts in catkins.
d. Only one sort (the staminate flowers) in catkins.
e. Fertile flowers single or clustered ; fruit naked ; leaves pinnately com-
pound (Juglandacece).
f. Corolla present in the fertile flowers ; fruit with valveless epicarp
(Juglans).
g. Fruit ovate, oblong and viscid-hairy 14. J . CINEREA.
(/2. Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-hairy) 35. J. NIQRA.
/*. Corolla not present in the fertile flower ; fruit with usually 4-valved
epicarp (Carya) which is
g. Thick ; valves separating to base ; bark
h. In loose plates, leaflets
5, smoothish ; nut small 36. C. ALBA.
7-9; nut large 64. C. SULCATA.
h2. Close, leaflets 7-9, tomentose 90. C. TOMENTOSA.
gr2. Thin ; bark close ; nut
h. Quite smooth, small, thin-shelled, leaflets
5-7; kernel edible 91. C. MICROCARPA.
7-9; kernel very bitter 37. C. AMARA.
h?. More ridged, larger, thicker-shelled ; leaflets 5-9.
65. C. PORCINA.
h3. Rugose, angular ; leaflets 11-13 115. C. AQUATICA.
e*. Fertile flowers 1-3 together, invested wholly or partly with an involucral
covering; leaves simple (Cupuliferce).
f. Involucre valveless, cup -like, composed of many scales and only partly
inclosing the one nut, i. e., acorn (Quercus).
fft Leaves with teeth and lobes obtuse or rounded (not bristle pointed);
acorns maturing first year (and hence on now wood) and leaves
h. Oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, nut £ immersed in the tubercled cup.
38. Q. ALBA.
ft2. Lyrate-pinnatifid, nut \ or more immersed.
Peduncles shorter than petioles 39. Q. MACROCARPA.
Peduncles longer than petioles 66. Q. BICOLOR.
ft3. Obovate and deeply sinuate-lobed, the two lobes near the summit
much the largest 93. Q. OBTUSILOBA,
KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS. 5
h*. Oblong, undulately crenate-tootlied, peduncles shorter than
petioles ; acorn
Less than 1 in. in length 67. Q. PRINUS.
More than 1 in. in length 116. Q. MICHEAUXII.
/it5. Lanceolate-oblong; sharply undulate-toothed ; acorn small.
68. Q. MUHLENBEKGII.
h*. Elliptical or oblong, evergreen 117. Q. VIRENS.
h\ Obovate-spatulate, partly deciduous 118. Q. AQUATICA.
gr2. Leaves with teeth and lobes acute and bristle-pointed; acorns matur-
ing the second year (and hence on old wood); leaves
h. Moderately pinnatifid ; cup very shallow and saucer-shaped;
scales fine 15. Q. BUBRA.
h9. Deeply pinnatifid; lobes
t. Rather broad; inner bark yellowish 93. Q. TINCTORIA.
i2. Narrow; sinuses broad and rounded; acorn
Ovoid- oblong, -£ invested in a coarse-scaled cup.
69. Q. COCCINEA.
Flattened-globular, ± invested in fine-scaled cup.
94. Q. PALUSTRIS.
/'. Involucre 2-4-valved, becoming hard and prickly and inclosing 1-3
sweet, edible, flattened, subglobose nuts ; sterile flowers in catkins.
40. CASTANEA VESCA.
/3. Involucre 4-valved and inclosing two, 3-cornered, edible nuts.
16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.
e3. Fertile flowers in short catkins ; nuts small and acheniuin-like ; sterile
flowers destitute of calyx ; leaves simple.
/. Nutlet inclosed in a bladder-like bag 41. OSTYRA VERGINICA.
/9. Nutlet not inclosed but subtended by an enlarged leafy bract.
42. CABPINUS CAROLINIANA.
d?. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.
e» Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded.
60. LlQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.
e2. Ovary 1 -2-celled with a single ovule in each cell ;
/. Calyx scale-like or none; stigmas 2, filamentous; fertile flowers arranged
2 or 3 together under each scale of the cone-like catkin (Betula); bark
g. Brown and close, catkins erect 44. B. LENTA.
j/2. Yellowish-gray and ragged, catkins sub-erect 17. B. LUTEA.
gr3. White, and leaves.
Deltoid, smooth both sides 70. B. POPULIFOLIA.
Ovate, hairy on veins beneath 43. B. PAPYRACEA.
gr4. Reddish-brown, shaggy 95. B. NIGRA.
/*. Calyx regular and succulent in fruit 63. MORUS RUBRA.
e3. Ovary 1 -celled and many-seeded, the seeds at maturity furnished with a
hairy tuft (Salicacew).
f. Bracts of the catkins entire ; calyx wanting ; stamens 2-7 (Salix); cat-
kins on leafy branchlets with yellowish, deciduous scales; capsules
glabrous ; stamens 3-5 ; petioles
g. Glandular; scales of catkin entire; leaves
Narrow-lanceolate; fruiting catkins rather dense 45. S. NIGRA.
Lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, glaucous beneath, fruiting catkins
verv loose. . . 71. S. AMYGDALOIDES
6 KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS.
08. Not glandular; scales dentate 46. S. ALBA.
/*. Bracts of the catkins lacerately fringed; calyx a disk-like cup; stamens
8-30, leaves broad (Populus); styles with
g. Narrow lobes ; capsule small ; seeds minute, petioles laterally com-
pressed; leaves
h. Cordate-orbicular, finely serrate 72. P. TREMULOIDES.
h*. Ovate-orbicular, coarsely dentate, beneath
Glabrous at maturity 18 POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.
Densely tomentose at maturity 96. POPDLUS ALBA.
hz. Deltoid; branchlets terete 73. P. DILATATA.
gr2. Broad lobes ; capsules large ; seeds 1 line or more in length and
leaves
Acuminate, smooth, strongly reticulated and whitish beneath.
47. P. BALSAMIFERA.
Obtuse or rounded at apex, tomentose at least along the veins
beneath 97. P. HETEROPHYLLA.
Broadly deltoid; branchlets angled 48. P. MONILIFERA.
O?* Gymncspermae — seeds naked, borne superficially on carpellary scales. Cone-
bearing (Coniferce) ; cones with
b. Many imbricated scales, each in the axil of a bract and bearing 2 inverted
ovules ; seeds winged.
C. Leaves evergreen, fascicled ; cones maturing the second year (Pinus).
d. Leaves in 2s ; cones with scales
e. Smooth (awnless) ; leaves
5-6 in. long, with long sheaths 19. P. RESINOSA.
1 in. or thereabouts in length, sheaths short .99. P. BANKSIANA.
C9. Armed with a prickle ; leaves
/. 2-3 in. long ; cone 2-2| in. long 122. P. CLAUSA.
f*t 3-5 in. long ; sheaths elongated ; branchlets
Rough ; prickle inclined nearly at right angle to the axis of cone
when closed 75. P. MITIS.
Smooth ; prickle inclined towards the apex of the cone.
123. P. GLABRA.
/*. lf-2£ in. long ; sheaths short 98. P. INOPS.
ci2. Leaves in 3s and scales of cone thickened at apex and armed with a
prickle ; leaves
3-6 in. long, cone about 2 in. long ; prickles strong 50. P. RIGIDA.
5-8 in. long ; cone 2-3 in ; prickles weak 121. P. SEROTINA.
8-15 in. long ; cone 6-10 in. long 124. P. PALUSTRIS.
uoVo£, solitary, and drts^pjua, seed.)
A tree of medium size, rarely over 60 ft. (18 m.) in hight, or 2 ft.
(0.60m.) in diameter of trunk, with stout spreading branches which form a
rather irregular top. The bark of trunk is of a greyish-brown color,
thin and quite smooth, only slightly checking with age and flaking off
in small scales. Its fruit ripens in late summer and falls in autumn.
HABITAT. — Along the coast from South Carolina southward to Florida
and westward through the Gulf States into Texas; also up the bottom-
lauds of the Mississippi Valley to Southern Illinois and Indiana, most
abundant west of the Mississippi River and generally rare to the east-
ward. It grows in moist rich low-lands and in river-swamps subject to
occasional inundation.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard and strong, taking a
smooth polish ; of a rich reddish-brown color and with abundant light
yellow sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7342; Percentage of Ash, 0.73;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7288; Coefficient of Elasticity,
116991; Modulus of Rupture, 1027 ; Resistance in Longitudinal Pres-
sure, 584 ; Resistance to Indentation, 276 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 45.76.
USES. — Little use is made of this tree, though the properties of its
wood would seem to make it valuable where a strong and not too large
timber is required.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — So far as we can ascertain none have been
discovered of this species.
ORDER CORNAOEJE : DOGWOOD FAMILY.
Leaves opposite (except in one species), simple, mostly entire. Flowers in cymes,
often involucrate, polypetalous (exceptionally apetalous), 4-numerous ; calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary, its limb minute ; petals valvate in the bud, oblong, sessile,
* Gleditschia aquatica^ Marsh.
110. NYSSA OGECHE — OGEECHEE LIME, SOUR TUPELLO. 35
and, with the stamens, borne on an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers ; ovary
1-celled, bearing a single suspended ovule ; style single, somewhat club-shaped.
Fruit a 1-2-seeded baccate drupe, bearing the persistent limb of the calyx.
Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with bitter, tonic bark.
GENUS NYSSA, L.
Leaves mostly entire, but sometimes angulate-toothed, and mostly at the ends of
the branchlets. Flowers greenish and appearing with the leaves, dioecious or
polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary on axillary peduncles. Staminate flowers
more numerous, and in these the calyx-tube is small, limb truncate or 5-parted ;
petals usually 5, small, oblong and soon deciduous or wanting; stamens 5-12, com-
monly 10, inserted outside of a convex glandular disk, filaments slender ; anthers
short ; ovary none. Pistillate flowers much larger than the staminate ; calyx-tube
oblong, adherent to the ovary, limb a mere rim as with staminate flowers ; petals
2-5, as in staminate flowers, or wanting ; ovary 1-celled, style large, revolute, stig-
matic down one side. Fruit an ovoid or oblong, one-seeded drupe, with a striated
stone.
no. NYSSA OGECHE, MARSHALL.*
OGEECHEE LIME, SOUR TUPELLO, GOPHER PLUM.
Ger., Weisslicher Tupelobaum ; Fr., Tupelo Uanchatre ; Sp., Lima de
Ogeechee.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves oblong-oval to obovate, 4-6 in. long, usually acute
or rounded and apiculate at apex, cuneate to rounded at base, mostly entire, short-
petiolate, coriaceous, dark-green and with minute, scattering, appressed hairs above,
paler and pubescent beneath (especially when young, more glabrous later), with
stout mid-veins and petioles rufous-tomentose. Flowers appear in March or April,
the perfect Us. solitary, about ^ in. or less in length, on short tomentose peduncles fur-
nished at the apex with two bractlets ; calyx deep cup-shaped, 5-lobed tomentose ; petals
5, also tomentose outside, stamens 5-10, included, with short filaments and small an-
thers; pistil with short exserted style reflexed from near its base. Sterile flowers minute,
20 or more together in a globular head, with peduncle f to H in. in length, furnished
outside with pale hairs ; calyx short, 5-toothed ; petals oblong, rounded at apex ;
stamens 5-10, inserted beneath the edge of a thick disk, longer than the petals and
with anthers larger than in the perfect flowers, tubercled and rough. Fruit ripe
soon after mid-summer, reddish, oblong or obovoid, 1 in. or a little more in length,
glabrous, tipped with the remnant of the style and borne on tomentose stems about
£ in. in length, and thickened at the extremity; flesh juicy and strongly but agreeably
acid ; stone oblong, nearly as long as the drupe, compressed and shell marked with
10 to 12 longitudinal ridges which are continued into papery septa ; seed compressed
and furnished with thick albumen.
(The specific name is given to this tree from the name of a river in Georgia, the
Ogeechee, along which this tree is found in considerable abundance.)
A tree rarely over 50 ft. (15 m.) in height with a short thick trunk
sometimes 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, and dividing low down into two
or three large forks or sending out irregularly spreading branches. The
bark of trunk is of a brownish-gray color with firm longitudinal ridges
which are more or less divided by transverse fissures into irregular squares
and polygons.
HABITAT. — The Ogeechee Lime is found from the valley of the
Savannah "River through Georgia to northern Florida, growing along low
river-banks and swamps subject to frequent inundation. It is rare and
local in its distribution.
* Nyssa capitata, Walter.
36 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft and tough, very close
grained and with numerous very fine medullary rays, splitting with
difficulty on account of a marked interlacing of the fibers, as with other
representatives of the genus, and of a light chocolate-brown color with
an abundant whitish sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6413; Percentage of
Ash, 0.34; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4597; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 68083; Modulus of Rupture, 682; Resistance to Longitudinal Press-
ure, 431; Resistance to Indentation, 155; Weight of a Cubic Poo* in
Pounds, 28.75.
USES. — The wood of this rare tree is little used, but its fruit is some-
times made into a conserve in regions where abundant.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — None are known of this species.
ORDER OLEACE.ZE : OLIVE FAMILY.
Leaves opposite and single or pinnately compound. Flowers monopetalous (rarely
apetalous or polypetalous); calyx 4-cleft, toothed or entire, or sometimes wanting,
corolla regular, 4-cleft (or sometimes 4 petalous, or even wanting altogether); sta-
mens only 2 (or rarely 4); ovary 2-celled with usually 2 suspended ovules in each
cell. Fruit fleshy or capsular, containing 4 (or fewer) seeds.
Represented by trees and shrubs.
GENUS FORESTIERA, POIRET.
Leaves simple, opposite and often fascicled, deciduous. Flowers small, dioecious,
apetalous, in clusters from long scaly buds in the axils of last year's leaves; the &tami~
nate sessile, crowded ; calyx with 4, minute oblong caducous sepals ; stamens 2-4,
with oblong anthers laterally dehiscent; the fertile flowers on 1-3-flowered, umbellate
peduncles ; calyx obsolete ; pistil with slender style ; stigma capitate and slightly 2-
lobed; ovary ovoid 2-celled, each cell containing 2 pendulous ovules. Fruit a
small ovoid 1 -eel led and 1-seeded drupe.
(Genus named in compliment to M. Forestier, a French physician.)
in. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA, POIB.
SWAMP PRIVET.
Ger., Sumpf-Raimveide; Fr., Troenemarecageux; Sp., Alhena pantanosa.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves small, 1-3 in. long, ovate to lance-oblong, about
equally acuminate at both ends, serrate above, thin, glabrous, green both sides and
with slender petioles. Flowers appear in early spring before the leaves, as described
from the genus. Fruit a glabrous, purple, fleshy, elongate-oblong, usually pointed
drupe.
(The specific name, acuminata, is the Latin for pointed and is descriptive of the
leaves).
A small tree occasionally attaining the hight of 40 ft. (12 m.) with
trunk 12 or 16 in. (0.40 m.) in diameter, and thin smoothish, light
yellowish-brown bark with peculiar small straight transverse fissures sur-
rounded by small elevated ridges. This peculiar formation would seem
to indicate a very considerable stretching of the outer layer before check-
ing. Often the Swamp Privet is but a large shrub sending up clusters of
large stems.
112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANOS — DEVIL- WOOD, WILD OLIVE. 37
HABITAT. — From southern North Carolina southward to northern
Florida, westward into Texas and up the Mississippi valley to southern
Illinois and Indiana, growing in wet soil and particularly along -the banks
of sluggish streams and river-swamps subject to inundation. In these
localities when covered with its yellow flowers it is quite a conspicuous
object. We were impressed with that feature as we were riding down
the Apalachicola River soon after the middle of February, when the de-
ciduous trees were quite as bare as in midwinter. The Swamp Privet
with its masses of yellow bloom, and the Red Maple with its deep crimson
keys were in conspicuous relief against the generally prevailing somber
gray of the Spanish Moss and naked branches on all sides.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, of very close
grain, with fine medullary rays and yielding a smooth polish. The
heart-wood is of a light brown color and the abundant sap-wood nearly
white. Specific Gravity, 0.6345; Percentage of Ask, 0.72; Relative Ap-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.6299; Coefficient of Elasticity, 70282; Modulus
of Rupture, 717; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 401; Resistance to
Indentation, 107; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 39.54.
USES. — This wood is little used owing to its limited abundance of
proper size, though its properties would suggest a usefulness in turnery
etc.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — So far as known this tree does not possess
any medicinal properties.
GENUS OSMANTHUS, LOUREIRO.
Leaves simple, opposite, entire or toothed, persistent and without stipules. Flowers
polygamo-dioecious, appearing in spring or autumn, in short axillary racemes or
cymes, or axillary or terminal fascicles, with pedicels subtended by scale-like bracts;
calyx canipanulate with 4 short lobes, persistent; corolla white or yellowish, with 4
ovate, obtuse spreading lobes ; stamens 2 or rarely 4, with slender filaments and 2-
celled anthers opening by longitudinal slits along their sides: pistil with columnar
style, capitate, entire stigma, and 2-celled ovary, containing 2 laterally attached,
pendulous, anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe, usually 1-seeded, tipped
with the remnant of the style, with thin fleshy epicarp, and thick hard stone ; seed
with elongated embryo and fleshy albumen.
(Osmanthus is from the Greek oonrj , odor, and av&oS, flower, alluding to the
fragrance of the flower of the type species.)
112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS, B. AND H.
DEVIL-WOOD, WILD OLIVE.
Ger., Amerikanischer Oelilbaum ; Fr., Olivier d'Amerique; Sp., Madera
del diablo.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves lanceolate-oblong to narrow obovate. 4-5 in. long,
generally acute at apex and gradually narrowed to a broad stout petiole, entire, with
revolute margin, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, lustrous green above at maturity, with
straight veins and conspicuous mid-rib depressed above, prominent beneath, and small
38 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
veins obscure, involute in vernation. Flowers appear in March, from buds formed
during the previous autumn, in the axils of the leaves, short pedicillate and borne
three together in pedunculate cymes or short panicle-like clusters; bracts scale-like,
keeled and persistent; calyx with acute rigid lobes; puberulous outside; about \ in.
long and wide when expanded , stamens inserted on about the middle of the corolla-
tube and scarcely exserted, smaller or rudamentary in the pistillate flowers; pistil
abruptly contracted into the style and slightly exserted, in the staminate flowers
rudimentary. Fruit ripe in early autumn, ovoid or oblong, about 1 in. in length,
dark-blue; flesh dry and thin; stone pointed and seed with thin brown coat marked
with pale radiating veins.
A small tree rarely attaining the hight of 50 ft. (15 m.) and with
trunk 10 or 12 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter, clothed in a dark brown bark,
which checks irregularly and flakes off in small fragments and scales.
Commonly it is only a tall shrub.
HABITAT. — The coast region from North Carolina southward to about
the latitude of Tampa Bay in Florida and thence westward into Lousi-
ana, growing generally in moist rich soil along the courses of streams,
the borders of swamps, etc.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, very strong, hard and difficult
to split (hence the name, Devil-wood), of very fine grain, with thin me-
dullary rays and numerous lines of open ducts arranged in an irregularly
radiate manner from the center. It is of a reddish color, with ample
pinkish-white sap-woood. Specific Gravity, 0.8111; Percentage of Ash,
0.46; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8074; Coefficient of Elasticity,
123133; Modulus of Rupture, 1051; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
sure. 547; Resistance to Indentation, 247; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 50.55.
USES. — This wood is not much used, though its properties would
suggest its great appropriateness for tool-handles, mallets, etc.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not ascribed to this species.
ORDER LAURACEJE : LAUREL FAMILY.
Leaves alternate, simple, generally marked with pelucid dots and (as with the
bark) aromatic. Flowers in clusters: sepals 4-6; colored, slightly united at the base,
strongly imbricated in 2 rows in the bud; petals absent; stamens definite with 2-4
celled anthers which open by recurved lid-like valves; pistil solitary, free, 1-celled,
1-ovuled and with single style. Fruit, a drupe or berry with single suspended an-
atropous albumenless seed. Trees and shrubs.
GENUS PERSEA, GAERTNER.
Leaves entire, evergreen. Flowers perfect, greenish or white, in small axillary
pedunculate clusters or cymes, without involucre; calyx 6-parted, persistent;
stamens 12 in 4 rows, those of the innermost sterile and rudimentary; anthers
4-celled, one pair above the other, opening by uplifted valves; anthers of three
stamens extrorse, the others introrse. Fruit, an ovoid drupe with peristent calyx at
base and containing a single large seed.
Genus represented by trees and shrubs of which the delicious Avogado or Alliga-
tor Pear, the P. gratissima is one represntative. (Persea is a classical name of some
Oriental sacred tree.)
113. PERSEA CA.ROLINENS18 — SWAMP RED BAY. 39
113. PERSEA CAROLINENSIS, NEES. VAR. PALUSTRIS, OH. f
SWAMP RED BAY.
Ger., Rother Lorberbaum; Fr., Per sea de Carolina; Sp., Laurel Colorado.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, about equally
pointed at both ends, 4-6 in. in length, with short petioles |-f in. in length, with
coriaceous, entire, revolute margins and strong straight midrib, smooth, deep green
above, glaucous beneath; branchlets glabrous. Flowers small, in close, simple or
compound, long-pedunculate cymes, with short pedicels; calyx-lobes coriaceous, the
three outer smaller. Fruit, a blue drupe scarcely A in. in length, usually two or
three together, with red stem.
VARIETAL, CHARACTERS. — The variety palustris differs from the species, as de-
scribed above, in having the new growths, petioles, flower-clusters and under surface
of the leaves throughout and the veins above and below densely ferruginous tomen-
tose. Flowers are slightly larger and on longer peduncles. The variety is confined
to swampy localities, and not generally growing as large as the other.
A small tree with irregular top, rarely over 60 ft. (18 m.) in hight,
and with trunk 12 or 16 in. (0.33 m.) in diameter, clothed in a reddish
brown bark furrowed into prominent and rather firm ridges. The juices
of leaves, inner bark, etc., are pleasantly aromatic.
HABITAT. — From North Carolina near the coast to Florida and west-
ward to Mississippi, on low swampy ground.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
compact, taking a smooth polish, containing many fine medullary rays
and ducts quite uniformly distributed; of an orange-brown color and
with buff-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0,6396; Percentage of Ash,
0.37; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6372; Coefficient of Elasticity,
84918; Modulus of Rupture, 820; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
367; Resistance to Indentation, 192; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
39.86.
USES. — When found large enough this timber is useful for interior
finishing, for furniture, shipbuilding, etc.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not known of this species.
ORDER ULMACEJE : * ELM FAMILY.
Leaves simple, alternate; stipules caducous. Flowers perfect or polygamous by
abortion, apetalous, in loose clusters, not catkins; calyx somewhat bell-shaped, free
from the ovary; stamens springing from the calyx, usually as many as its lobes and
opposite them; filaments straight, ovary 1-2-celled with a single suspended ovule in
each cell; styles or stigmas two. Fruit, a samara or drupe with suspended seed; no
albumen.
Represented by trees, rarely shrnbs.
GENUS PLANERA, GMELIN.
Leaves very much like those of the Elm but smaller. Flowers monoecio-polyga-
mous, inconspicuous, appearing before the leaves in small auxiliary clusters; calyx
* Ranked by some authors as a sub-order of the order Urticacece.
^ Persea palustris, 8arg.
40 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
campanulate, 4-5-cleft; petals none; stamens 4-5, anthers extrorse; pistil with two
spreading oblong styles stigmatic down the inner sides, and an ovoid, 1-celled and
1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a nut-like, dry, coriaceous, not winged and indehiscent cap-
sule; straight embryo and no albumen.
Genus represented by trees of few species, only one of which is found in this
country. (It was named in compliment to John J. Planer, a German botanist.)
114. PLANERA AQUATICA, GMEL.
PLANER TREE.
Ger., UlmenUattrige Planera; Fr., Planera aquatique ; Sp., Planera
aquatica.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves small, 1-2 in. in length, ovate, often slightly in-
equal at base, nearly glabrous, serrate and with short petioles. Flowers in auxiliary
clusters of 2-5 each. Fruit an ovate, nut-like capsule rough with scale-like
points.
A large shrub or small tree, with upright habit of growth quite similar
to that of the Elms, and rarely attaining the hight of 40 ft. (12 m.) and
18 in. (0.45 m.) in diameter of trunk, with thin smooth brown bark
flaking off in irregular, round-pointed scales.
HABITAT. — From North Carolina southward through northern Florida,
and westward into Texas, growing in rich bottom-lands and swamps
subject to occasional inundations.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood moderately soft and light, with close
grain, numerous fine medullary rays and with an arrangement of fine
ducts in lines similar to that seen in the Elms, but finer; of a light brown
color with light yellowish- brown sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5294;
Percentage of Ash, 0.45; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5270; Co-
efficient of Elasticity, 55167; Modulus of Rupture, 621; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 394; Resistance to Indentation, 146; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.99.
USES. — Such is the scarcity of this wood in size suitable for commer-
cial purposes that it is very little used, though of very good qualities.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not claimed of this species.
ORDER JUGLANDACE2E: WALNUT FAMILY.
Leaves alternate, pinnate and without stipules. Flowers monoecious and apetalous,
except in some cases in the fertile flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins with an irregu-
lar calyx adnate to the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers solitary or in small clus-
ters, with calyx regularly 3-5-lobed, adherent to the incompletely 2-4-celled, but
1-ovuled, ovary. Fruit a sort of dry drupe (a tryma), with a fibrous and more or less
fleshy and coriaceous outer coat (shuck) very astringent to the taste, a hard, bony in-
ner coat (shell), and a 2-4-lobed seed, which is orthotropous, with thick, oily and
often corrugated cotyledons and no albumen.
All representatives of the order are trees.
115. CARYA AQUATICA — WATER HICKORY, BITTER PECAN. 41
GENUS CARYA, NDTT.*
Leaves odd-pinnate with few leaflets; leaf -buds scaly and from them appear gene-
rally both kinds of flowers, the fertile at the extremity of the growth and the sterile
at the base, the leaves between. Sterile flowers in slender, imbricated, mostly forked
catkins: scales 3-parted; calyx mostly 3-parted; stamens 3-10, free filaments short
or wanting and anthers hairy. Fertile flowers clustered 2-5 together, their common
peduncle terminating the shoot of the season: calyx 4-cleft, superior; petals none;
stigmas sessile. 2-lobed, the lobes bifid, papillose, persistent. Fruit (October) with
a coriaceous but at length dry and hard epicarp (shuck), finally falling away in
4-valves, and a smoothish horny endocarp (shell) with a 2-lobed nucleus.
Trees with hard bark, very tough wood and continuous pith; pubescence stellate.
(Garya is the ancient Greek name — Kapia — of the Walnut.)
115. CARYA AQUATICA,
WATER HICKORY, SWAMP HICKORY, BITTER PECAN. J
Ger., Sumpf -Hickory ; Fr., Noyer aquatique ; Sp., Nogal acuatico.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaflets 11-13, lanceolate-acuminate, somewhat oblique and
inequilateral, subentire, shining green, slightly pubescent below, the lateral leaflets
sessile, the terminal petiolulate. Flowers as described for the genus; lobes of the
staminte catkins nearly equal in length, the lateral ones broader, Fruit compressed-
globular, pedunculate with thin epicarp having prominent sutures and splitting quite
freely to the base; nut angular, rugose, with very thin reddish shell and bitter, as-
tringent, much convoluted kernel with purple testa.
A medium size tree occasionally attaining the height of 60 or 70 ft.
(20 m.) withatrunk 30in. (0.90 m.) in diameter, but usually of smaller
dimensions, with bark of trunk furrowed longitudinally with scaly rather
closely adherent ridges.
HABITAT. — Along the sea-board from Virginia southward to about the
latitude of Tampa Bay, and thence westward in the Gulf States into
Texas; northward in the Mississippi valley to Missouri, growing in rich
low bottomlands and river-swamps.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood moderately heavy and hard, strong,
with numerous thin medullary rays and fine open ducts more uniformly
distributed through the year's growth than in the other Hickories, and
hence causing the annual rings to be less sharply defined. It is of a
reddish brown color with abundant creamy-white sap-wood very com-
monly spotted and streaked with purple-brown. These spots seem to be
caused by the infiltration of some substance along certain ducts, and it is
so hard as to turn the edge of the hardest steel. Specific Gravity, 0.7407;
Percentage of Ash, 1.27; Relative Approximate Fuel Value. 0.7313; Co-
efficient of Elasticity, 101261; Modulus of Rupture, 884; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 486; Resistance to Indentation, 274; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.16.
* Hicoria, Raflnesque.
+ Hicoria aquatica rMichv. n Britton.
% Britton Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club XV, P. 284.
6
42 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
USES. — This is perhaps the poorest wood produced by the Hickories
and is little used save for fuel, fencing, etc.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Although this species in particular is not
mentioned as possessing medicinal properties doubtless those known of
the others of the genus are also +rue of this, viz. : the aromatic and
astringent properties of the leaves, and the astringent and bitter properties
of the inner bark which are made use of in the treatment of dyspepsia,
intermittent fever, etc. (See Carya alba, Part II, pp. 36.)
ORDER CUPULIFERffi: OAK FAMILY.
Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined ; the stipules forming the bud-scales,
deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustered or raceined
catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech); calyx regular or scale-like; stamens 5-20.
Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an involucre which
forms a cup or covering to the nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth mi-
nute and crowning the summit ; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules in each
cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disappearing before maturity ; stig-
mas sessile Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together, and partly
or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) involucral cup or covering ;
seed albumenless, with an anatropous, often edible, embryo ; cotyledons thick and
fleshy.
Represented by both trees and shrubs.
GENUS QUERCUS L.
Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds ; calyx 2--8-parted or
cleft ; stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers with ovary nearly 3-celled and
6 ovuled, 2 of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive ; stigma 3-lobed ; involu-
cre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is
1-celled and 1-seeded.
(The ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic quer, fine and
cuez, tree.)
116. QUERCUS MICHAUXII, NUTT.
BASKET OAK, Cow OAK, SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK.
Ger., Korb-Eiclie ; Fr., Chene de panier ; Sp., RoUe de canasto.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves 5-8 in. long, oval to obovate oblong, acute or
accuminate, obtuse or occasianally cordate at base, prominently pinnately veined and
regularly and coarsely but not deeply crenate-toothed, rather thick, shining green and
smooth above and usually pale gray and fine velvety beneath. Flowers with usually
10 stamens ; stigma subsessile and abortive ovules at the base of the perfect seed.
Fruit a large oblong-ovoid acorn maturing the first year, sometimes 1| in. in length,
scarcely half immersed in the rather shallow and hoary cup, with hard stout acute,
tuberculate scales without fringe, short pedunculate, inner side of nut-shell glabrous
kernel sweetish and edible.
A majestic Oak sometimes attaining the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) or
more with a trunk even 6 or 7 ft. (2 m.) in diameter, clothed in a light-
gray bark which is rough with longitudinal loose scaly ridges.
117. QlJERCUS VlRENS — LlVE OAK. 43
HABITAT. — From Delaware to Florida and thence into eastern Texas;
west of the Alleganies, from southern Indiana, Illinois and Missouri to
the Gulf, growing in rich moist bottom-lands and along the borders of
streams subject to inundation.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.— Wood heavy, very hard and strong, durable
in contact with the soil, medullary rays few and large, and annual layers
marked prominently with large open ducts. It is of a light reddish-
brown color with buff-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8039 ; Per-
centage of Ash, 0.45 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8003; Coeffi-
cient of Elasticity, 96373; Modulus of Rupture, 1118; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 48*2 ; Resistance to Indentation, 233 ; Weight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 50.10.
USES. — The most valuable white oak of the Southern States it is used
extensively in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wheel stocks,
furniture, for fencing, cooperage, baskets, fuel, etc. The edible acorns
are devoured with avidity by the hogs and sheep.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species although
those common to most of the Oaks and mentioned of the White Oak
(Part II, p. 28) are doubtless true of this also.
117. QUERCUS VIRENS, AIT.
LIVE OAK.
Gen., Immergrune Eiclie; Fr., Chene vert; Sp., Rolle siempre verde.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves small, 1^-4 in. long, coriaceous, evergreen, oblong
or elliptical, obtuse, or rounded at apex, tapering to a short petiole, with entire and
revolute margin (rarely with few rounded or pointed teeth), lustrous green above,
paler and hoary beneath, as with the petioles, peduncles and new growths, especially
when young. Flowers with 6-8 stamens; stigmas subsessile; abortive ovules at
the base of the perfect seed. F/uit a small ovoid-oblong dark-brown abruptly
pointed acorn, maturing the first year, about i in. in length, f immersed in the top-
shaped cup composed of many thin membranous, pointed, hoary scales and borne 1
to 3 together, sessile upon conspicuous peduncles about 1 in. in length; kernel
sweetish bitter.
(The specific name, mrens, the Latin for green, refers to the evergreen foliage.)
This interesting evergreen oak attains the hight of 60 or 70 ft. (20 m.)
with a trunk sometimes 6 or 7 ft. (2 m.) in diameter, with light-gray bark
having firm thick ridges, finally breaking off in fragments rather than
scales. When growing alone it is a tree of low and very wide-spreading
habit of growth, its sturdy limbs leaving the massive trunk at 10-12 ft.
or less from the ground, and reaching out horizontally sometimes 40 or
50 ft. or more in all directions and shading an immense area. Such a
tree festooned as it usually is with long locks of Spanish Moss, which
here finds a most convenient resting place, is a beautiful and characteristic
scene of the southern States, and one never to be forgotten by the
lover of trees.
44 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
HABITAT. — The maritime region from southern Virginia to nearly
the southern extremity of Florida, and westward to western Texas and
into Mexico and Central America. In the western part of its range it is
found at much higher altitudes than in the east, and of smaller stature
or even shrubby.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, com-
pact, close-grained and taking a beautiful polish, but difficult to work,
with strong thick medullary rays and with principal ducts rather smaller
and more distributed than in most of the oaks. It is of a light-brown
color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravitq, 0.9501; Percentage of Ash,
1.14; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.9393; Coefficient of Elasticity,
113627; Modulus of Rupture, 1017; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
547; Resistance to Indentation, 324 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
59.21.
USES. — Formerly extensively used in ship-building for which it was
more highly valued than any other oak. Of late it is still somewhat
employed for the same purpose, but it has been largely replaced by other
material.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES, owing to the astringency of the bark, though
not specifically reported, are probably those common to most of the oaks.
118. QUERCUS AQUATICA, WALT.
WATER OAK, DUCK OAK, POSSUM OAK, PUNK OAK.
Gen., Wasser-Eiche; Fr., Chene aquatique; Sp., Roble acuatico.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves thickish, glabrous and shining, green both sides,
mostly deciduous, obovate-spatulate, entire, and more or less obscurely and irregu-
larly 3-5-sinuate-lobed with rounded apex and lobes, but sometimes, especially on
young shoots with more pointed and even mucronate lobes and apex, generally
narrowing to a very short petiole. Flowers with mostly 4-6 stamens, styles long and
spreading and abortive ovules near the top of the perfect seed. Fruit a small, sub-
sessile acorn ^ in. or less in length, maturing the second year, with subglobose and
often shortened nut tomentose within, and about i immersed in the very shallow,
saucer-shaped cup, composed of many thin and pointed scales.
A handsome tree of medium-size and with full rounded top, under the
most favorable conditions attaining the height of 80 feet (24 in.) with a
trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, clothed in a smooth grayish-brown
bark blotched with whitish and on large trunks only very slightly fissured
with irregular longitudinal checks. Few oaks compare with this in
smoothness of bark.
HABITAT. — From Delaware southward to about the latitude of Tampa
Bay in Florida and westward to central Texas; in the Mississippi valley
it ranges as far north as Kentucky and Missouri, growing mostly in wet
soil along the banks of streams, bottom-lands and swamps.
119. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM — CYPRESS. 45
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, bard, strong, compact, rather
coarse-grained, medullary rays not numerous and of rather small size,
annual rings marked by large open ducts; of a light mottled pinkish-
brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.2744; Percentage
of Ashf 0. 51; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7207; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 122657; Modulus of Rupture, 1052; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 501; Resistance to Indentation, 198; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 45.14.
USES. — Wood used for fuel and doubtless to some extent for furniture,
interior finishing, etc., though not considered as valuable a wood as that
of some of the other oaks.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not claimed of this species, though like
the other oaks it possesses astringent bark.
GTMXOSPERM^l.
Flowering, exogenous plant with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons fre-
quently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete; pistil represented
by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertilized by
direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a true pericarp.
ORDER CONIFERE, PINE FAMILY.
Leaves mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel -veined.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in catkins or cones, destitute of both calyx
and corolla; stamens one or several (usually united); ovary, style and stigma want-
ing; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, which serves as a carpel, or on an
open disk. Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or somewhat berry-like, and
with fieshy coherent scales, seeds orthotopous, embryo in the axis of the albumen.
Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.
GENUS TAXODIUM. RICHARD.
Leaves alternate, linear, sessile, slender, arranged in delicate flat 2-ranked
sprays, light green, deciduous, as also a part of the slender brauchlets; leaf-buds not
scaly. Flowers monoecious, the sterile in terminal panicled spikes; stamens few
with scale-like shield-shaped filaments bearing 2-5 anther cells; fertile flowers in
small, ovoid, scaly catkins, the scales bractless and with a pair of ovules at the base
of each scale. Fruit a globular closed cone, about 1 in. or less in diameter, com-
posed of the spirally arranged scales which are now woody, much thickened, angular
and somewhat shield-shaped, with two-angled seeds at the base of each scale.
(Name derived from the Greek ra?o5, a yew, and e'ldot, resemblance.)
119. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM, RICHARD.
BALD CYPRESS, BLACK CYPRESS, RED CYPRESS, WHITE CYPRESS.
Ger., Zweizeliche Eibencypresse ; Fr., Cypres afeuille; Sp., Cipres
deshojado.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS are incorporated in the above generic description.
(The specific name distichum. is from the Greek di't, twice or double and dn'xo?,
rank, referring to the 2-ranked arrangement of the leaves.)
A large tree sometimes attaining the hight of 150 ft. (46 m.) with a
trunk 10 or 12 ft. (3 m.) in diameter, with fibrous brownish bark marked
46 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
with prominent longitudinal ridges, which peel off in strips. It is a
tree with rather wide-spreading top, when growing by itself, with light
airy foliage and trunk very wide at base and reinforced with strong but-
resses, an evident necessity to give the tree stability in the soft wet soil
in which it grows.
Another interesting peculiarity of the tree is its habit of sending up
from its large roots, when growing in very soft ground, conical or stee-
ple-shaped projections, known as "cypress knees," varying from a few
inches to 3 or 4 ft. in hight above the surface of the ground. They are
hollow, excepting the smallest, covered with a .smoothish bark like that
of the roots, destitute of branches and foliage, and their function or use
to the tree has never been satisfactorily explained. Perhaps they aid the
tree in securing a firmer footing in the loose soil in which it grows.
HABITAT. — From southern Delaware southward along the coast nearly
to the southern extremity of Florida, and westward through the Gulf
States to central Texas, up the Mississippi valley to southern Illinois and
Indiana, growing along the inundated bottom lands which border many
of the southern streams, swamps and ponds of the Pine barrens. In
such localities, unfit for almost every other use the bald Cypress flour-
ishes in sometimes very extensive forests, and where it is likely to hold
undisputed sway in years to come.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft and of medium strength,
easily worked, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the
soil, medullary rays thin and numerous; of a light or dark brown color,
with brownish-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4543; Percentage of
Ash, 0.42; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4524; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 103206; Modulus of Rupture, 682; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 423; Resistance to Indentation, 81; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 28.31.
USES. — One of the most valuable trees of its range, being extensively
manufactured into lumber for general construction purposes, coopering,
fencing, railway ties, etc.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not claimed of this species.
NOTE. — The lumbermen of the Cypress regions recognize two kinds
of Cypress lumber, as " Black" and " White," the former being of a
darker brown color, harder and more durable than the latter. The dif-
ference seems to be solely in the wood itself and doubtless occasioned by
the conditions of environment during growth, as botanists can find no
distinction in other characters.
GENUS TORREYA, ARNOTT.*
Leaves evergreen, linear to linear-subulate, subsessile, convex and lustrous dark-
green above, concave, paler, and marked with two conspicuous parallel grooves run-
* Tumion, Rafenesque.
120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA — YEW-LEAVED TOKREYA. 47
ning the length of the leaf beneath, in flat 2-ranked sprays, rigid and sharply
bristle-pointed. Flowers dioecious, axillary, the sterile many together, in short
oblong aments, with bracts at the base, imbricated in 4 rows; stamens in the form of
peltate, pedicilate scales, bearing each 4 anther-cells at base; fertile aments ovoid,
1-tiowered, with solitary naked ovule surrounded with imbricated persistent bracts.
Fruit quite resembling a plum in appearance, sessile, glaucous, with fibre-fleshy
testa, which dries down to a thin wrinkled covering after falling, and hard smooth
nut-like inner coat, and embryo at the apex of a large ruminated albumen.
Genus represented by trees of few species and named in compliment to the emi-
nent botanist, Dr. John Torry.
120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA, ARN.
YEW-LEAVED TORREYA, STINKING CEDAR, SAVIN.
Ger., Stink-Ceder ; Fr., Torreya a feuilles d'lf; Sp., Cedro fetido .
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves about 1 in. in length, mostly linear-sululate;
widest at the base and gradually tapering to a mucronate tip. Flowers with yellow,
crowded sterile ameuts. Fruit about 1 in. or slightly more in length when fresh
(scarcely an inch when dry), with globose oblong, obtusely pointed and more or less
compressed nut.
(The specific name, taxifolia, is from taxus, yew, and folium, leaf, alluding to a
resemblance in the leaf of this tree to those of the Tew.)
A handsome tree of rather wide pyramidal habit of growth, occasion-
ally attaining the hight of 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.), with a trunk rarely 2 or
2-J ft. (0.75 m.) in diameter, with thin brown bark checking longitudi-
nally in thin scaly ridges. The odor of the crushed leaves is strong and
very much resembles that of the tomato vine.
HABITAT. — A very rare and local tree, being found only in Florida
along the Apalachicola River between Chattahoochee and Bristol, and
there, all but a small group of trees, on the eastern bank. It grows
along the slopes of that stream or of its tributaries nearby, in rich, moist
but well drained soil. It is found in such limited numbers that its ex-
termination is greatly to be feared, and the tree, as it were conscious of
that danger, seems wonderfully persistent of life. Indeed we have seen
few if any trees its equal in that respect. The trunks and stumps of
trees prostrated by the wind send up branches which eventually become
tree trunks themselves, roots being sent down from the opposite side, if
in contact with the soil and affording them support. Then quite com-
monly in the vicinity of the fruit-bearing trees may be seen seedlings in
all stages of growth, from a few inches to a few feet in hight. Nature
is certainly doing her part there in good earnest to perpetuate the
species.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, strong, compact, very
close-grained, susceptible of a beautiful polish, easily worked and very
durable in contact with the soil. It is of a clear brownish-yellow color
48 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
with thin whitish sap-wood and of a strong characteristic and somewhat
terebinthinate odor. Specific Gravity, 0.5145; Percentage of Ash, 0.73;
Relative Approximate Fuel Va lue, 0.5107; Coefficient of Elasticity, 82833;
Modulus of Rupture, 887; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 460; Re-
sistance to Indentation, 158; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.06.
USES. — Very valuable for fences, etc., owing to its great lasting quali-
ties, and for which most of the best trees in the vicinity of Chatta-
hoochee have been cut down.
MEDICINAL PBOPERTIES are not known of this tree.
GENUS PINUS, TOUKNEFORT.
Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers
appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base of
the shoots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like
connective; anther-cells, 2, opening lengthwise; pollen grains triple. Fertile flowers
in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales,
each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted
ovules, Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the
imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex,
persistent, when ripe dry and spreading to liberate the two nut-like and usually
winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12 linear.
(Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.}
121. PINUS SEROTINA, MICHX.
POND PINE.
Ger., Teicli-Fichte ; Fr., Pin d*Etang ; Sp., Pino pantanoso.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves three together, 5-8 in. in length, somewhat
crowded, from a dark sheath about ^ in. in length. Fruit very short-pedunculate or
often sessile, lateral, ovoid-pyramidal cones, when closed, '2-3 in* in length (about as
broad as long when expanded), brown or grayish, often in pairs or clusters, scales
rounded and thickened at the extremity and furnished with a very small, weak
prickle.
(The specific name, serotina is a Latin adjective meaning late or backward, and
refers to the lateness of the tree in shedding its cones.)
A tree occasionally attaining the height of 80 ft. (24 m.) and 30 in.
(0.90 m.) in diameter of trunk as its maximum dimensions. It is a tree
with wide-spreading, lofty top. with remote, rough, scaly branches, bear-
ing close along their sides many scattering or clustered cones which re-
main on the tree, and some even retain their seeds, for six or seven years
or more after attaining maturity. The bark of trunk is of a grayish-
brown color, checking with age into very wide irregular ridges or patches
composed of many loose irregular friable scales.
HABITAT. — A rather uncommon tree found along the coast from
North Carolina southward to about the latitude of Tampa, Florida,
growing in moist soil along the borders of streams, swamps and ponds of
the pine region.
122. Pixus CLAUSA — SAND PINE, SCRUB PINE. 49
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, com-
pact, very resinous and of a brownish-orange color, with abundant yel-
lowish-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7944; Percentage of Ash,
0.17; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7928; Coefficient of Elasticity,
116957; Modulus of Rupture, 1164; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
505; Resistance to Indentation, 296; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
49.49.
USES. — The wood of this tree is considered of inferior quality and not
much used; occasionally for lumber for general construction purposes.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Not recognized in medicine though its
pitch posesses the properties common to the genus.
122. PINUS CLAUSA, VASEY.
SAND PINE, SCRUB PINE.
Ger., Sand-Fichte; Fr., Pin sablonneaux; Sp., Pino de arena.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves 2-3 in. long, slender, arranged in pairs with short
sheathes £ in. or slightly more in length. Fruit a narrow pyramidal cone 2-2^ in.
in length and (when closed) broadest near the rounded base where it is £ to 1 in. thick,
nearly sessile, spreading or reflexed, often in pairs or in whorls of three upon the
branchlets, scales ronnded and thickened at the apex and armed with a long slender
weak prickle which soon breaks off, however leaving only its prominent wide base.
The cones when fully expanded are oblong-ovoid and slightly oblique.
(The specific name, clausa, is the Latin for closed, alluding to the long time the
cones remain closed.)
This tree rarely attains the dimensions of 80 ft. (24 m. ) in hight with
a trunk 30 in. (0.75 in.) in diameter, invested in a brown bark, checked
longitudinally into loose scaly ridges. Growing as it does near the sea
and in localities exposed to the sea- winds it is often much distorted and
of small stature.
HABITAT. — Florida along the Gulf coast from Pensacola to Charlotte
Harbor, and along the coast a little distance near St. Augustine, growing
on the very barren sand-dunes and ridges, soil which will hardly support
any other tree.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, easily worked
with numerous resin-passages and close grain. It is of a brownish-orange
color with abundant creamy white sap-wood. Specific Gravity 0.5576;
Percentage of Ash, 0.31; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5559; Co-
efficient of Elasticity, 54295; Modulus of Rupture, 502; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 377; Resistance to Indentation, 131; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 34.75.
USES. — Wood generally considered valueless, but it certainly possesses
properties which would recommend its use for lumber for general con-
struction purposes, etc.
7
50 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not known of this species save those com-
mon to the genus, and mentioned of other species.
NOTE. — The retention of the cones of this tree is worthy of special
notice. They attain maturity the second year, but remain on the tree
and closed for a long time, many until the thickening branches begin to
form new wood over them. Some are found further down towards the
trunk half enveloped by the new wood, and a few persist until entirely
grown over in the advancing development of the tree. The seeds of such
cones cannot then be liberated until after the decay of the tree and the
reason of nature's retaining these seeds so long after attaining maturity is
an interesting problem.
123. PINUS GLABRA, WALT.
LOWLAND SPRUCE PINE, WHITE PINE, CEDAR PINE.
Ger., Glatte-Fichte ; Fr., Pin de Oedre; Sp., Pino liso.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves in twos, rather slender, 4-5 in. long, with short
close sheath 1£ in. or less in length, branchlets smooth and whitish. Fruit, ovid-
cylindrical cones (ovoid when expanded) about 2 in. in length, solitary or in pairs
(rarely in whorls of three), with scales thickened at the apex and armed with a very
weak prickle, inclining strongly forward toward the apex of the cone.*
(The specific name glabra, is the Latin for smooth and is descriptive of the con-
spicuously smooth bark of branches and branchlets. )
This Pine attains the height, sometimes of 80 or 100 ft. (30 m.) and
a trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, with smooth bark of branches, and
bark of trunk fissured into narrow firm ridges. The character of the
bark throughout quite closely resembles that of the White Pine
(P. Strobus) farther north, and in that differs from all of the other
southern Pines.
HABITAT. — A. rather rare and local tree, found near the coast from
South Carolina to middle Florida and westward along the Gulf coast
into Louisiana growing in the rich soil of low-lands.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.— Wood light, soft, not strong, not durable in
contact with the soil, containing but little resin and easily worked ; of a
light pinkish-brown color and with abundant whiter sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.3931 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.45 ; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.3913 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 44750 ; Modulus of Rupture,
496 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 288 ; Resistance to Indenta-
tion, 106 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 24.50.
* This character, the inclination of the prickle to the axis of the cone, or the inner surface of the
scale when the cone is expanded, I deem quite reliable in distinguishing: the cone of this species from
that of the P. mit it, which it otherwise closely resembles, and in which the prickle is more reflexed,
so as to point at right angles or nearly so from the axis of the cone. The character is best shown
in the young cones only partially developed and before the weak prickles have been broken.
124. PINCTS PALUSTRIS — LONG-LEAVED PINE. 51
USES. — Too uncommon a timber to be extensively used, though its
properties would strougly commend it for the uses to which the northern
White Pine is applied. Few if any of the southern pines as closely
resemble the White Pine in working qualities as this.
MEDICINAL PKOPEKTIES are not claimed of this species.
124. PINUS PALUSTRIS, MILL.*
LONG-LEAVED PINE, HARD PINE. GEORGIA PINE, SOUTHERN PINE.
Ger., Langnadelige Ficlite; Er., Pin de feuilles allonges; Sp., Pino con
hojas largas.
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. — Leaves in 3s, very long, 8-15 in., with long ragged and
fimbriated sheaths f-1 in. long, crowded at the ends of very rough, scaly, thick branch-
lets. Staminate flowers in rose-purple aments, 2-3 in. long. Fruit, large, cylindri-
cal or couical-oblong terminal cones. 6-10 in. long, sessile or nearly so, with scales
thickened at the extremity and armed with a short recurved spine.
(The specific name, paLustris, is the Latin for swampy, and inappropriately applied
to this tree as it is rarely found in swampy places.
A tree occasionally attaining the hight of 80 or 90 ft. (25 m.) with
lofty wide top of few large branches, the foliage tufted at the ends of the
branchlets, and trunk rarely over 3-3| ft. (1 m.) in diameter, clothed in
a grayish-brown bark, checked into large elongated patches the outer
surfaces of which flake off in irregular friable scales.
HABITAT. — From southern Virginia southward along the coast to
about the latitude of Tamp i, Fla., and thence westward to Louisiana
and Texas, growing in dry, sandy soil and occupying vast tracts known
as the Pine Barrens, and of which this was originally almost the exclus-
ive tree.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood hard, heavy, strong, tough, coarse-
grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil and very resinous.
It is of a pinkish-brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.6999; Percentage of Ash, 0.25; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.6982; Coefficient of Elasticity* 148733; Modulus of Rupture, 1152;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 629; Resistance to Indentation, 153;
WflJrilit of n Culic Foot in Pounds, 43.62.
Fp. Lima de Ogeechee.
Published and Sections made by Roroeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowvHIe, N Y., U. S. A.
110. NYSSAOGECHE, MARSHALL
Ogeechee Lime, Sour Tupelo, Gopher Plum.
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Weisslicher Tupelobaum. eFt Tupelo blanchatre.
Sp. Planera aouatica,
PuWWwd »n. Nogal acuatico,
Publithed and Section* made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A.
116. QUERCUS MICHAUXII, Nun
Basket Oak, Cow Oak, Swamp Chestnut Oak
TRANSVERSE SECTION.
,,*'
RADIAL SECTION,
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Korb-Eiche. ft. Chtoe de panier, &p. Roble de canasto,
Published and Section* made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowvUle, N Y., U. S. A.
116. QUERCUS MICHAUXII, NUTT
Basket Oak, Cow Oak, Swamp Chestnut Oak
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Korb-Eiche, IFt. Oh6ne de panier, Sp. Eoble de canast
Published and Sections made bv Romevn B. Hou*h. B. A.. Low
villff N V II R
117 QUERCUS VIRENS, AIT.
Live Oak,
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
^cr. Immergriine Eiche. eF^.
>-p. Eoble siempre verde
Chene vert.
Published and Section* made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A.
117 QUERCUS VIRENS, All
Live Oak,
TRANSVERSE SECTION.
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Immergriine Eiche. IFt.
S. Eoble siempre verde
Ohene vert,
PuWWted and Section* made by Romeyn 6. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A.
118. QUERCUS AQUATICA, WALT.
ier Oak, Duck Oak, Possum Oak, Punk Oak.
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
;
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Wasser-Eiche, 3^. Chene aquatique, Sp. Eoble acuatico,
Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A.
118. QUERCUS AQUATICA, W,
Water Oak, Duck Oak, Possum Oak, Punk
RANSVERSE SECTION,
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Wasser-Eiche. $*,. Chtae aquatique. Sp. Eoble acuatico,
PuWi.h«d and Stctions made by Ronwy. B. Hough, B. A. . ' lowvffl., N y,, U. S. A.
119. TAXODiUM DISTICHUM, RICH.
aid Cypress, Black Cypress, Red Cypress, White Cypress.
TRANSVERSE SECTION.
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Zweizeliche Eibenoypresse. §*. Cypres afeuille.
Sp. Cipres deshojado,
PuWwtod and Secttms made bv Romeyn B. Hwirh, B. A.. Lowville. N Y.. U. S. A.
119. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM, RICI-
Bald Cypress, Black Cypress, Red Cypress, White C,
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Zweizeliche Eibencypresse, . Rno pantanoso.
Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LowvHIe, N Y., U. S. A.
121. PINUS SEROTINA, M
Pond Pine,
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
^
Teich-Fichte, &i. Pin d'Etang, S-p. Pino pantanoso,
Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A.
122. PINUS CLAUSA, VASEY.
Sand Pine, Scrub Pine, Upland Spruce Pine.
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Sand-Fichte. 9*. Pin sablonneaux. Sp. Pino de arena,
Punched and Section, made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., towville. N Y., U. S. A.
122. PIN US CLAUSA, VA
Sand Pine, Scrub Rue, Upland Spruce 1
TRANSVERSE SECTION.
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Sand-Fichte. 9*. Pin sablonneaux. Sp. Pino de arena,
Published and Section* made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A., Lowviile, N Y., U: S. A.
123. PINUS GLABRA, WALT.
Pine. White Pine, Oedar Pine.
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Glatte-Fichte. #*. Pin de Oedre. Sp. Pino liso.
Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A.
123. PINUS QLABRA, WALT.
Lowland Spruce Pine, White Pine, Cedar 1
TRANSVERSE SECTION.
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Glatte-Fichte.
Hn de Oedre.
Pino liso,
Publithed and Sections made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A.
PINUS PALUSTRIS, MILL.
laved Pine, Hard Pine, Georgia Pine, Southern Pine.
TRANSVERSE SECTION,
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Langnadelige Fichte. jft. Pin de feuiUes allonges,
Sp. Pino con hojas largas.
PubHthed and Sections made by Romeyn B*. Hough, B. A., LowvHIe, N Y., U. S. A.
124. PINUS PALUSTRIS, MIL
Long-leaved Pine, Hard Pine, Georgia Pine, Sou
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Langnadelige Fichte, &t. Pin de feuilles allonges,
Sp. Pino con hojas largas.
Published and Sections made by Romeyn BU Hough, B. A., Lowville, N Y., U. S. A,
IENSIS, GRISEB.
Pine, Meadow Pine.
TRANSVERSE SECTION
RADIAL SECTION.
TANGENTIAL SECTION
. Oubanisohe Fichte. &*. Pin taillade,
Sp. Pino recortado.
Pushed Md SKtMM made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A. , LowvflU, N Y., «J. 8. A.
125. PINUS CUBENSIS, GRISEB
Slash Pine, Swamp Pine, Bastard PL
TRANSVERSE SECTION.
RADIAL SECTION
TANGENTIAL SECTION
Oubanische Fichte. ft>. Pin taillade,
St>. Pino recortado.
Published and S«ctiot>« made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A., Lowvilie, N Y., U. S. A.
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ESPECIALLY SELECTED FOR ARTISTS' USE.
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No.
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No.
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N. B.— In using Water Colors for decorating these cards avoid having them too moist and with Oil
Colors "cut" the oil by the admixture of a little turpentine. For perforating the cards, as for mounting
on ribbon, etc., use a solid or "conductor's" punch; and when using with glue, as in paunel work, use
"Royal" or fish glue and place it, not upon the card, but upon the surface the card is to be glued to.