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THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

Exhibited by Actual Specimens
AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART M.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

BY

TWEXTV-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, X. v.. U. S. A.

published and sections prepared by the author.

>Sq5.

Copyrighted eighteen hundred and ninety-five
By ROMEYN B. HOUGH.

WEED-PARSONS PRINTING CO.,
KLECTROTYPER.S AND PRINTEl
ALBAKY, N. Y.

TO MY FRIEND AND CLASS-MATE

^vof. ucflUUum ^vclcjtsc,

DIRECTOR

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDENS,

AND AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBITOR TO THE SCIENCE OF BOTANY,
THIS SIXTH VOLUME OF

A.MERICA.N WOODS
>:^JEnEr'E;C'T'IO:S">VT'EIL,^' DKDIC^VTED.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2009 with funding from

NCSU Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/americanwoodsexh06houg

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
in these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them.

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would sho\s^ to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making tlie sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," ''radial " and " tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, eitlier in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

vi Preface to the Series.

as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part beii5g independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supi^ly to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
ac(piaintance with the trees re^H-esented. It contains little, if any thing,
nevv' to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in ro])ro-
ducing a nunil)er of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
liavc been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Siirgent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol, IX,
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of tlie timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and lie can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon tho reception Aviiich this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future i)arts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work Avill be thankfully received in hopes of
profiling therefrom in the future.

LowviLLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888.

rilEPACE TO PART A'l.

The wide spread interest in the woods of the Pacific Slope lias prompted
me to visit the marvelous forests of that region, that I may represent
their varied wealth of species next in Amekicax Woods. It is a region
of unparalleled interest to the lover of trees, as he notes the scores of
kinds which he finds there and nowhere else, while the size and density
of growth of some of them, under the benign influence of the Pacific,
can not fail to arouse in him feelings of admiration and awe. Indeed, I
found myself loath to turn away from the contemplation of tree-gr.>wth
there so grandly displayed, and not even the pouring of the winter rains
in the valleys or the depth of snow upon the mountains deterred me
Irom my purpose.

Once night overtook us unexpectedly far above the snow line (in
winter) without oven coats and vests on, so laborious had it been to make
our way through the deep snow up to the home of the Big Trees, and so
hotly does the sun even in winter sometimes beat down upon the Sierra
Nevadas. The nights on the other hand are very cold, and luckily on
that occasion we were able to seek shelter for the night at the home of a
hermit, which had been deserted on the approach of winter for a more
congenial clime down the mountain. Fortunate we thought we were, as
the thick ice which formed that night, even within our cabin, convinced"
us. The next day our laborious journey was rewarded by a visit with the
Sequoias, an experience which very few attempt in winter, and by night-
fall we had succeeded in getting out and dragging down to the place
where we had left our team a fine block of the wood, specimens from
which the reader now has before him.

Contrast this with along tramp over the burning sands of the Colorado
Desert, in quest of the Palo Verde and other trees of that region, with
a bare-headed, long-haired Indian as assistant, whose powers of endurance
against thirst and the intense heat are only equaled by those who, like
him, are inured to it. and one has an idea of what collecting the woods
in California means. Still, all of this has its fascination, notwithstand-
ing the rough places.

Among the pleasant experiences must be mentioned the occasional
contact with those of kindred spirit, who are engaged in the study of

viii Preface to Part VI.

the Botany of California, and their willingness to render assistance, by
giving directions to important localities, etc. I wish pariiciilaily to
mention in that connection assistance rendered by Mr. and Mrs. Braiide-
gee and Miss Alice Eastwood, of the California AcaJemy of Sciences,
and Prof, and Mrs. J. (}. Lemmoi), Botanists, of Oakland, Cal. At 8;in
Bernardino it was my delight and good fortune to meet Mr. 8. B. Paris!),
Author of Trees of Southern California, etc., who rendered nie very
valuable assistance, and who, witli ^Irs. Parish, made my stay in their
locality among the pleasantest experiences of my California trip.

Last, but by no means least, I wish to gratefully acknowledge the
courtesies extended by Mr. C. P. Huntington, President of the Southern
Pacitic Railroad Company, whose liberality in aiding the diffusion of
knowledge of our trees is already attested by his contiibutions to the
Jesup collection of Woods in the American Museum of Natural History
in New York.

Part VI, American Woods, comprises the first installment of the
woods of the Pacific Slope. Our present purpose is to continue the
woods of that region in the parts of the series immediately following,
Part VII being already well advanced.

LowviLLE, N. Y., March 5, 1895.

A KEY, BASED MAINLY DPON THE FLOWERS,

Designed as an Aid in the identification of the Species represented
Parts I to VI inclusive.

a. Angiospermae — seeds in a closed ovary.
b. Poli/petalous — petals present and distinct.
c. Stamens uuiuerous, more than 10, and

cl. Calyx inferior — wholly free from the pistil or pistils.

e. Pistils numerous and cohering in a cone-like mass. {Maf/noliacm).
f. Anthers opening inward; leaves folded lengthwise in the 'h\x.A{Mag.
nolia), pointed at both ends and
g. Thick

Glaucous beneath 51. M. glauca.

Rusty tomentose beneath 101. M. grandiplora.

{/'. Thin, green beneath 1. M. acuminata.

/'-. Anthers opening outward and leaves folded crosswise in the bud.

2. LlRIODEXDRON TULIPIFERA.
e'. Pistils more than one, separate (or nearly so) stamens inserted on re-
ceptacle and filaments shorter than anthers iyAnonaceo^).

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.
e'. Pistil solitary and
f. One celled, style single, tlowers perfect; fruit
g. A drupe with stone bony {Prunus) and

h. Compressed, with ridged margin; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate.

81. P. NIGRA.
li^. Marginless; flowers in

«. Racemes terminal 29. P. SEROTiNA.

i^. Corembose umbels 55. P. Pennsylvanicum.

«^. Umbels; leaves

Acuminate, hairy beneath 5G. P. Avium.

Acute, nearly smooth beneath 82. P. Cerascs.

gr'^ An achenium tipped with elongated style

130. Cercocarpds parvifoi.ius.
/'■'. Compound as sliown by the styles and cells of ovary; leaves
g. Punctate with pelucid dots (Aitrnntiaceo!); stamens about

30; fruit globose, flattened at ends. ..103. Citrus Aurantium.

35; fruit globose-oblong, pointed 104. Citrus Limonum.

gr'. Not punctate.
h. Simple and calyx

Valvate in the bud, deciduous (Tilincen>) stamens polydelphous
(Tilia) and with 5 petal-like scales opposite the petals.

3. Tii.iA Americana.

Key, Based Upon Flowers.

Imbricated in the bud, persistent: stamens at the base of petals
{Teiit,stra',iniacece); calyx simple; stamens 5-adelphous {Gor-
f/cj/ii'a); leaves coriaceous, evergreen. . .102. (J. Lasianthl's.

/<'. Compound {.\feUace(e) 10."t. Melia Azedakach.

cP. Calyx superior — adnate — to the ovary or at least its lower half; ovules
e. More than one in each cell; ovary

/. 1-celled, 2-ovuled; flowers dicTcious Kil. (Jakkya elmptica.

/^ 2-.']i-celled; fruit a

{/. Pome with 2-5 papery carpels {Pt/rus); leaves
h. Simple and styles
I. United below; leaves

Serrate (not lobed), downy 30. P. Malus.

Incisely serrate and sublobate, smooth y3. P. coronaiua.

iK Distinct 57. P. commums.

Ji^. Pinnately compound. S4. P. sambdcifolia.

g^. Pome drupe-like with 1-5 bony seeds (Cr(it(i'(/n»)\ leaves

/*. Villous, cuniform, obovate 58. C. punctata.

Ji''. Glabrous, abrupt at base 86. C. COCCINEA.

attenuate at base 85. C. Crus-galli.

/'. Ovary 10-celled 59. Amelanchier Canadensis.

c'. Only one in each cell; stamens 4; styles and stigmas 1 {Cornac-eu'); cymes

Subtended by a 4 leaved involucre 88. CoRXUs Florida.

Naked, leaves alternate 87. CoRNUs .\lternipolia.

'. Stamens few, opposite the petals and of the same number; pistil one, with
2-4-celled ovary; sepals

Obsolete; petals valvate ( VUnce(p) 78. Vitis yKSTlv.\Lls.

Present and valvate {Rhamimcece); fruit drupe-like berry with 2-5 nutlets

(Ehamnus) conve-x. oa hunk; leaves deciduous 126. R. Pi:rsiiiana.

:'. Stamens few, not more than 10, alternate with the petals when of the same
number.
(I. Calyx inferior — free from the ovary.
C. Ovaries 2-5, separate; styles

Terminal and conniving 106. Xantiioxviatm Clav.'^-Hercums.

Lateral and distinct 4. AiLANTiius oi.andulosus.

c'. Ovary single, but compound as shown by the cells, styles or stigmas.
/. One-celled and one-seeded; styles or stigmas tliree; shrubs or trees
with regular flowers (A nnno-diacece) ; leaves compound with 11-31
oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaflets; common petiole densely villous

and not winged; flowers in terminal thyrses 5 Rhus typhina.

f. Two to several-celled and flowers
g. \Tn'}xu\&r (Aesnilus); fruit

Prickly 6. Ae. Hippocastanum.

Smooth 127. Ae. Camkornua.

g\ Regular, stamens as many as the petals; trees with leaves

Ji. 3-foliate 77. Ptelea trifoliata.

/t". Simple, persistent or subi)er8istent.

Stamens 5 107. Cyrilla race.mifi.ora.

Stamens 4; fruit berry-like 52. Ile.\ opaca.

Stamens 10; leaves simple, evergreen.

108. Cliftonia ligustrina.

Key, Based Upon Flowers. 3

e*. Ovary single and simple, with one parital placenta (Zi^/7M»ii?iM(p); corolla

/. Papilionaceous ; stamens distinct . . .80. Robin [A Pseudacacia.

f. Subregular and imbricated in aestivation; flowers

(J. Perfect {Circidium) 128. C. Torreyanum.

gr*. Dioecious; stamens 10; tree unarmed.

27. Gymnocladus Canadensis.
g^. Polygamous; stamens 5; tree armed with thorns usually triple
(Gleditschia) pods

Linear, many-seeded 28. Gleditschia triacanthos.

Obliquely ovate, 1-seeded lOi). Gleditschia monosperma.

/^. Regular {Fronopis) 129. P. juliflora.

<P. Calyx superior — adnate to the ovary; flowers in umbels; stamens 5;
styles 5; fruit drupe-like with 5 cells each with a single ovule (Aralia);

arborescent and armed with prickles 8. Aralia spinosa.

b^, Oarnopetalous — petals present and united; stamens
c. As many as the lobes of the corolla which is

d. Irregular; ovary 2-celled (Bignoniacece); leaves simple and

Broadly-ovate {Catalpa) 89. C. bignonioides.

Linear (Chlopds) 134. C. saligna.

d^. Regular; stamens 2 112. Osmanthus Americanus,

c^. Fewer than the lobes of the corolla: inserted

d. On its base and filaments distinct . . .61. Diospyros Vjrginiana.

d^. On an hypogynous disk; ovary

5-celled, several ovules in each cell 132. Arbutus Menziesii.

5-10-celled, single ovule in each cell. . .133. Arctoslaphylos pungens.
6^. Apetalous — without petals.

c. Flowers not in catkins; pistil one, simple or compound, and the cells of the
ovary containing 1-2 seeds each.
d. Ovary inferior — adnate its whole length to the calyx-tube — 1-celled and
1-seeded; style 1, stigraatic down the side (J^yssa); fertile peduncles

2-5-flowered 9. Nyssa multiflora.

Single flowered and peduncle short and downy .110. Nyssa Ogeche.

Two or more flowers 9. N. multiflora.

d^. Ovary superior — free from the calyx.

e. Stipules sheathing the stem ; trees with naked monoecious flowers ar-
ranged in heads, which are

Solitary 13. Plat anus occidentalis.

2-7 together in a moniliform spike 135. Platanus racemosa.

e^. Stipules not sheathing the stem or none.
/. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary, which becomes in
g. Fruit a double samara (Acer).
h. Leaves simple and palmately veined; flowers appearing

i. With the leaves in pendulous corymbs 7. A. saccharinum.

i". Before the leaves in short umbels, and

Apetalous; young fruit woolly 26. A. dasycarpum.

Petals present, linear-oblong; fruit smooth. .53. A. rubrum.
t*. After the leaves, in drooping racemes

79. A. Pennsyi.vanicum.

h?. Leaves compound 54. A. Negundo.

g"*. Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara (Fraxinus).

Key, Based Upon Flowers.

h. Samara terete at base; leaflets petiolulate

New growth smooth 10. F. A.mkkicana.

New growth pubsecent 31. F. pubescexs.

/t*. Samara broad at base 62. F. sambucifolia.

/•. Ovules single in each of the 1 or 2 cells of the ovary.

g. Anthers opening by uplifted valves ; stigma single and entire
{Lnuracne) flowers

Perfect; calyx persistent; leaves evergreen {Perseu).

113. P. Carolixexsis.
Dioecious, calyx deciduous, leaves deciduous ; involucre none

(Safisafras) 32. S. officinale.

g''. Anthers extrorse ; stigma 2cleft ; fruit a

h. Samara, 1-celled and winged all round {Ulmus).

i. Flowers nearly sessile; samara not ciliate- fringed; leaves very

rough above 11. U. fclva.

«■-. Flowers on drooping pedicels; samara ciliate-fringed; leaves
smooth.

Bud-scales glabrous ; flowers fascicled ; branches not corky-
winged. 33. U. Americana.

Bud-scales do wny-ci liate ; flowers racemed; branches corky-
winged 34. U. RACEMOSA.

/*'•'. Capsule, dry, nut-like, not winged (Plano'o).

114. P. AQUATICA.

g^. Anthers introrse ; fruit a dark-])urple drupe ; leaves long-taper-
pointed 12. Celtis occidentalis.

gr*. Anthers laterally dehiscent ; fruit a drupe.

111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.
C'. Flowers diclinous and one or both sorts in catkins.
(L Only one sort (the staminate flowers) in catkins.
e. Fertile flowers single or clustered ; fruit naked : leaves piuuately com-
pound {Jiif/l(indaceii').
f. Corolla present in the fertile flowers ; fruit with valveless epicarp
{Jughini).

g. Fruit ovate, oblong and viscid-hairy 14. J. CINERE.V.

f/*. Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-hairy) 35. J. NIGRA.

f'^. Corolla not present in the fertile flower ; fruit with usually 4-valved
epicarp (Caryn) which is
g. Thick ; valves sei)arating to base ; bark
Jl. In loose i)lates, leaflets

5, smoothish ; nut small 36. C. ALBA.

7-9; nut large 64. C. SULCATA.

/t'. Close, leaflets 7-9, tomentose 90. C. TOMENTOSA.

g'-. Thin ; bark close ; nut

h. Quite smooth, small, thin-shelled, leaflets

J5-7; kernel edible 91. C. microcarpa.

7-9; kernel very bitter 37. C. amara.

fi^. More ridged, larger, thicker shelled ; leaflets 5-9.

65. C. PORCINA.

h^. Rugose, angular; leaflets 11-13 115. C. aquatica.

c'. Fertile flowers 1-3 together, invested wholly or partly with an involucral
covering; leaves simple {Ciipulifera').

Key, Based Upon Flowers. 5

/, Involucre valveless, cup-like, composed of many scales and only partly
inclosing the one nut, i. e., acorn (Quercus).
g. Leaves with teeth and lobes obtuse or rounded (not bristle pointed);
acorns maturing first year (and hence on new wood) and leaves
h. Oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, nut ^ immersed in the tubercled cup.

38. Q. ALBA.

h^. Lyrate-pinnatifid, nut ^ or more immersed.

Peduncles shorter than petioles 39. Q. macrocarp.\.

Peduncles longer than petioles 66. Q. bk olok.

h^. Obovate and deeply sinuate-lobed, the two lobes near the summit

much the largest 93. Q. obtusiloba.

h*. Oblong, undulately crenate-toothed, peduncles shorter than
petioles ; acorn

Less than 1 in. in length 67. Q. Prints.

More than 1 in. in length 116. Q. Mkiieauxii.

/i*. Lanceolate-oblong; sharply undulate-toothed ; acorn small.

68. Q. Mchlexbergii.

/*". Elliptical or oblong, evergreen 117. Q. viREXS.

/*'. Obovate-spatulate, partly deciduous 118. Q. aquatica.

h*. Oval-obovate, sinuses narrow and lobes broad.

136. Q. GARRYAXA.

/<'. Orbicular-oblong, sinuately-spinous-toothed, subpersistent.

138. Q. AGRIFOLLi.

g^. Leaves with teeth and lobes acute and bristle-pointed; acorns matur-
ing the second year (and hence on old wood); leaves
h. Moderately pinnatifid ; cup very shallow and saucer-shaped;

scales fine 15. Q. rubra.

7i'. Deeply pinnatifid; lobes

t. Rather broad; inner bark yellowish 93. Q. tixctorl\.

i*. Narrow; sinuses broad and rounded; acorn

Ovoid-oblong, | invested in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. Q. cocciXEA.
Flattened-globular, ^ invested in fine-scaled cup.

94. Q. PAI.USTRIS.

h?. Serrate-dentate, persisistent 138. Q. agrifolia.

f*. Involucre 2-4-valved, becoming hard and prickly and inclosing 1-3
sweet, edible, flattened, subglobose nuts ; sterile flowers in catkins
leaves

Deciduous 40. Castaxea vesca.

Evergreen 1.S9. Castaxopsis ciirysophyll-a..

f^. Involucre 4-valved and inclosing two, 3 cornered, edible nuts.

16. Fagis ferrugixea.
€?. Fertile flowers in short catkins ; nuts small and achenium-like ; sterile
flowers destitute of calyx ; leaves simple.

/. Xutlet inclosed in a bladder-like bag 41. Ostyr.v Virgixica.

/'. Nutlet not inclosed but subtended by an enlarged leafy bract.

42. Carpixus Carolinl\.na.
d?. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.
e. Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded.

60. LiQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLCA.

Kky, Bashd Up(jn Flowers.

e'. Ovarv 1-2-celled witli a single ovule in each cell ;
/. Calyx scale-like or none; stigmas 2, filamentous; fertile flowers arranged
2 or 3 together under each scale of the cone-like catkin {Betuld); bark

g. Brown and close, catkins erect 44. B. lenta.

j7^. Yellowish-gray and ragged, catkins sub erect 17. B. lutea.

</3. White, and leaves.

Deltoid, smooth both sides 70. B. populifolia.

Ovate, hairy on veins beneath -13. B. papykacea.

g*. Reddish-brown, shaggy 95. B. nk;ua.

/■'-. Calyx regular and succulent in fruit (53. MoRUS iu'BKA.

e^. Ovary 1-celled and many-seeded, the seeds at maturity furnished with a
hairy tuft {Snlicaccff).
f. Biactsof the catkins entire; calyx wanting; stamens 2-7 {Sal i.v); cat-
kins on leafy branchlets with

</. Pallid villous dentate scales 140. S. laevigata.

</.'- Yellowish deciduous scales; capsules glabrous; stamens; 3-5 petioles.
/*. Glandular; scales of catkin entire; leaves

Narrow-lanceolate; fruiting catkins rather dense. .45. S. nigra.
Lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, glaucous beneath, fruiting catkins

very loose 71. S. amvgd.\loides

h'. Not glandular; scales dentate 46. S. alb.\.

f^. Bracts of the catkins lacerately fringed; calyx a disk-like cup; stamens
8-30, leaves broad (Populus); styles with
ff. Niirrow lobes; capsule small ; seeds minute, petioles laterally com-
l)re.«sed; leaves

//. C irdate-orbicular, finely serrate 72. P. tremuloides.

/*•'. Ovate-orbicular, coarsely dentate, beneath

Glabrous at maturity . 18 Populus grandidentata.

Densely tomentose at maturity 96. Popdlus alba.

tt^. Deltoid; branchlets terete 73. P. dilatata.

jf'. Broad lobes; capsules large; seeds 1 line or more in length and
leaves
Acuminate, smooth, strongly reticulated and whitish beneath.

47. P. balsamifera.
Obtuse or rounded at apex, tomentose at least along the veins

beneath 97. P. IIETEROPIIYLLA.

Broadly deltoid; branchlets angled 48. P. moxilifera.

'. Gymncspermae — seeds naked, borne superficially on carpellary scales. Cone-

bcariiig {('"nifcnf) ; scales
b. Many, imbricated, each in the axil of a bract and bearing 2 inverted ovules;
seeds winged.
C. Leaves evergreen, fascicled ; cones maturing the second year {Pinus).
(I. Leaves in 2s ; cones with scales
e. Smooth (awnless) : leaves

5-6 in. long, with long sheaths 19. P. restnosa.

1 in. or thereabouts in length, sheaths short 99. P. Banksian.v.

e'. Armed with a prickle ; leaves
/". li-2A in. long; cones 1-3 in. cylindrical ovoid when closed, oblique.

148. P. CONTORTA.
/"'•. 2-3 in. long ; cone 2-2A in. Inng 122. P. CLAUSA.

Key, Based Upon Flowers. 7

/*. 3-5 in. long ; sheaths elongated ; branchlets

Rough ; prickle inclined nearly at right angle to the axis of cone

wben closed '. 75. P. MITIS.

Smooth ; prickle inclined more towards the apex of the cone.

123. P. GLABRA.

p. li-2i in. long : sheaths short 98. P. inops,

d^. Leaves in 3s and scales of cone thickened at apex and armed with a
prickle ; leaves

3-6 in. long, cone about 2 in. long ; prickles strong 50. P. rigida.

5-8 in. long ; cone 2-3 in ; prickles weak 121. P. serotixa.

7-10 in. long, stout; cone 3-5 in. long, sessile 147. P. poxderosa.

8-15 in. long ; cone (i-lO iu. long 124. P. palustris.

d^. Leaves in 5s with very short sheaths ; cones longer than the leaves and
with scales not thickened at the ends, unarmed; cones

4-6 in. long 49 P. Strobus.

12-18 iu. long 146. P. Lambertian.v.

d*. Leaves iu both 2s and 3s, 7-12 in. long; cone 3-6 in. long, glossy, brown.

125. P. Ctjbexsis.
c'-. Leaves evergreen, scattered (not fascicled) ; cones with thin scales, maturing
the first year.
d. Cones erect, cylindrical, large (3-4 in.); leaves Hat, linear (Abies)

22. A. balsamea.
</'-'. Cones pendent and

e. Bracts inconspicuous; cones
/". Small, 8 lines or less, scales entire at tip; leaves linear.

21. TsuGA Caxadexsis.
/-. Larger, leaves 4-angled {Picea)

1-1^ in. long, ovate, scales eroded at tip; branchlets pubescent.

20. Picea nigra.
2 in. loner, cvlindrical-ovoid, entire at tip, branchlets smooth.

100. Picea alba.
li-3 in. long, cylindrical, scales elongated and incisely denticulate

at tip 149. Picea Sitchexsis.

e-. Bracts conspicuously exserted, coue

2-3 in. long '. 150. Pseudotscga taxifolta.

C-\ Leaves deciduous, soft, needle-shaped and in fascicles of many each ; cones
about S lines iu length, scales thin {Lnrix) and with inflected margins.

23. L. Americana.
6-'. Few.

c. Imbricated, without bracts and each bearing two erect ovules; flowers

Monoecious, scales thinnish and 8-12 [Thuya) 24. T. occidentalis.

Direcious, scales fleshy and consolidated, making a dark blue berry-like

fruit .' 25. Juxipercs Virgtxiana.

C-, Valvate, thick, and only one pair fertile 141. Libocedrus decurrens.

C*. Peltate, with edges joined, cones
d. Subglobose, short,

^ in. in diameter, scales usually 6 {Channvcyparii<) 74. C. thyoides.

1 in or less in diameter; j^cales' 15-20 119. Taxodium distu hum.

d-. Ovoid-oblong, scales diverging at right angles to axis and rhomboidal at
apex; cones

2-3 in. long l^-- Sequoia gigaxtea.

1 in. or less 143. Sequoia sempervirens.

bK Differentiated into a fleshy covering or cup, with single erect seed.
c. With fleshv covering (drupe-like), sessile and

1 in. or slightlv more long 120. ToRRETA taxifolia.

About U in. long 1-15- Torreya Califorxica.

c2. Subt-nded bv a red fleshy cup 144. Taxus brevifolli.

Key, ISased Upon Leaves.

A KEY, BASED HPOH THE LEAVES,

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I to VI
inclusive, when out of season for procuring the Flowers.

N. B. — As this ke}- applies only to the species thus far represented in AMERICAN
WOODS it is important always to confi rin identification by applying the more detailed
description given in its proper place.

a. Deciduous Leaves — falling in autumn.
b. Simple Lenns.

c. Laminate — with well-marked blade and petiole.
d. Main rib single — pinnately veined.
€. Entire or nearly so, pointed at both ends and
f. Opposite

3-5 in. I'mg, tiiick, lustrous above 9. Nyssa multifora.

5-G in. long, thin, dull above 89. Catalpa BIGNONIOIDES.

/•. Alternate, and
{/. Large, thinnish

Oblong, 5-10 in. long, petioles 1-2 in 1. Magxolia acuminata.

Obovate-lanceolate, 6-12 in. long, petiole scarcely ^ in.

76. ASIMINA TRILOB.\.

f/'. Smaller, 2-7 in., thickish and with

/*. Whitish pubescence at least on the veins beneath.

Petioles about I inch long 61. Diospykos Virginiana.

Petioles about | inch long 110. Nyssa Ogeche.

/<•'. Brownish pubescence on veins beneath, margins wavy

126. RlIAMUNS PuKsniANA.
/•. Alternate opposite and scattered upon the same plant, linear.

134. Chilopsis saligna.
c'. Serrate, serulate or dentate.

/'. Inequilateral and cordate or truncate at base.
ff. Ovate-orbicular, large, 4-5 in. or more in length.

3. TiLTA Americana.
f/". Ovate, long-taper-pointed from a broad base.

13. Celtis occidentalis.
f/'. Ovate-oblong and

/*. Very rough, especially above, rugose 11. Ulmos fulva.

/«*. Smoothish and

i, 2-4 in. long, fruit in

Fascicles 33. Ul.MUS AMERICANA

Racemes 34. Ulmus RACEMOSA.

Kky, Based Upon Leaves. 9

i'\ 1-2 iu. long and only slightly inequilateral.

114. Planera aqcatica.

Flowers and fruit in fascicles 33. Ulmcs Amkricaxa.

Flowers and fruit in racemes 34. Ulmcs racemosa.

/■^ Equilateral and obtuse, rounded or cordated at base.
{/. Veins straight or nearly so, leaves thinnish,
h. Ovate-oblong,

Coarsely serrate with remote teeth, one at the end of each vein,
ciliate and covered with silky white hairs.

16. Fagus pekruginea.
Doubly and sharply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. OsTRYA Virgin If A.
Unequally and sharply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy

bract 4'2. Carpixcs Caroliniana.

/*-. Ovate and

*. Finely and closely serrate, smooth, whitish and reticulate-veined

beneath 47. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.

«"-. Doubly serrate and
J. Thinnish ; petioles downy and of aromatic flavor.

Bark of trunk yellowish-gray 17. Betula lctea.

Bark reddish-brown 44. Betula lenta.

J-. Thickish and bark white 43. Betula papyracea.

<7'. Veins incurved.

/*. Orbicular-heart-shaped, leaves thickish, 4-8 iu. long.

Acuminate 63. MoRUS rxibra.

Obtuse or rounded at apex 97. PoPULUS heterophylla.

/*-. Orbicular-ovate; petioles laterally compressed.

Coarsely dentate 18. Populus grandidentata.

Serrate-dentate 72. Populus tremuloides.

/^. Equilateral and acute at base, tapering both ways.

J/. Narrow-lanceolate, very long-attenuate, tomentose on midrib above

and petiole 45. Salix nigra.

J/-. Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-4 in. long; capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. yttellina.

With slender pedicels 71. Salix amygdaloides.

g^. Oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate.

/*, Minutely serrulate, 3-7 in. long; petioles downy.

140. Salix laevigata.
Jl'^. Serrate \\ ith teeth sharply

Awn pointed and in about 20 pairs 40. Castanea yesca.

Mucronate and in 6-12 pairs. .. 68. Quercus Muhlenbergii.

Finely glandular-serrate. .. 5o. Prunus Pexnsylyanica.

ff*. Obovate-obloug, serrate, hairy under surface. . .56. Pruxus Avium.

gr*. Ovate, very smooth and shining 57. Pyrus communis.

«/*. Wedge-obovate, veins very prominent.

Thin, smoothish and dull above 58. Crataegus punctata.

Thick, smooth and lustrous above. . .85. Crataegus Ckus-galli.
gr'. Ovate-oblong, veins incurved and petioles
Ji. With 2-4 glands, smooth 29. Pruxus serotina.

10 Key, Based Upon Leaves.

h'. Without glands,

(ilabrous both sides, sharply serrate.

59. Amelanciiieh Canadensis.

Downy under-side and petiole ;50. Pykus Malus.

g*. Lanceolate-oblong, 1-3 in. long, about equally acuminate at both

ends 111. FOKEt<TINA ACUMINATA.

f*. E(juilateral and truncate at base,

</, Serrate-dentate with cartilaginous teeth

Deltoid-ovate 48. POPULUS MONILIFERA.

Broadly deltoid 73. PoPULUS DILATATA.

</'. Irregularly serrate or ob.scurely lobed 70. Betula POPOLIFOLIA.

e'. Pinuately lobed; lobes
/'. Rounded at apex (not bristle-pointed) and

g. Subequal . . . 38. QUERCUS alba.

g-. Very unequal.

h. The two lobes next the summit much the largest.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA.

/«.'-. Lyrate-pinnatifid and sinuses extending

Nearly to the midrib and roundish. .39. Qdercus m.\crocarpa.
Usually not over half-way to the midrib and more acute.

GG. Q. BicoLon.
/*■'. Irregularly lobed with broad lobes and narrow sinuses.

136. Q. Garkyana.
f. Bristle-pointed; sinu.ses

g. Moderately deep and narrow, lobes broad 15. QuERCUS rubra.

g'. Deeper and broader; lobes narrower 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

</'. Deep, broad and rounded; lobes very narrow; acorn
Ovoid-oblong, A immersed in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. QUEKCUS COCCINEA.
Flatened-glohular, j immersed in a fine-scaled cup.

94. QUERCCS PALUSTRIS.

e*. Broad, truncate at both base and apex, and with two spreading lobes on

each side 2. Lihiodendron Tumpifeka.

e*. Wavy and spinous-loothed, very thick 53. Ile.x opaca.

C". I'udulately creuate-toothed: obovate-oblong,

.Slightly if at all pubescent beneath 67. QUERCUS Prinus.

Velvety pubescent beneath 116. QuERCUS MiCHAUXii.

e'. Sinuate-toothed, white-tomentose beneath 96. Populus alba.

c**. Cut-serrate or sublobate with slender petioles;

Ovate, coarsely cut-serrate 83. Pyrus coronaria.

Round-ovate, finely cut-serrate 86. Ck.\T/EGUS coccinea.

e". Crenate- serrate; petioles 1 in. or slightly less in length.

82. Pbunus Cerasds.
e"*. Obscurely crenulate-toothed; leaves

Alternate, petioles long, mostly U in. or more.

87. CORNDS alternifolia.

Opposite, petioles short (less than 1 in.) 88. CoRNUS Florida.

r". Doubly crenate-serrate with glandular teeth 81. Prunus nigra.

c''^ Doubly serrate, rhombic-ovate 95 Betui.a nigiia.

iV. Main ribs several, palmately-veined, etc.

Key, Based Upon Leaves. 11

e. Rib single at first but soon sending oflf a strong vein on eacU side and

leaves 8-lobed, 3-lobed or entire 32. Sassafuas okkicinale.

C*. Hibs three at first, but soon five by branching, leaves alternate, base of
petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud.
Obscurely 3-5 lobed with broad shallow sinuses.

13. Pl.vtanus occidextalis.
5-lobed with narrow and deeper sinuses. .135. Pl.\tanus uacemosa.
^. Kibs 5-7 from commencement; leaves
/'. Opposite, base of petiole subtending (not covering) the axillary bud.
g. Moderately incised with broad lobes which are

Sparingly sinuate-toothed 7. Acer s.vcciiarinuM.

Irregularly serrate and notched 53. Acer rubhu.m.

Sharply and finely doubly serrate. . . .79. Acer pennsylvanicum.

f. Alternate, tendril bearing vine 78. ViTis aestivalis.

g. Deeply incised with more or less acute sinuses and narrow divisions.
Star-shaped, lobes glandular serrate.

60. Liquidambar Styraciflua

Palmate, lobes incisely toothed 26. Acer dasycarpum.

C-. Linear, sessile in delicate 2-ranked sprays 119. Taxodium distichu.m.

c^. Needle-shaped — without distinction of blade and petiole — short, about 1 in.

in length, soft and in fascicles of many each 23. L.VRix Americana.

6'^ Compound leaves.

C. Palmate with usually

7 obovate leaflets 6. JilscuLUS Hippocastattm.

5 oblong lanceolate leaflets 137. ^EscuLUS Californica.

c'. Pinnate and with an cdd terminal leaflet, rachis

tJ. Finished with prickles 106. Xanthoxylum Cl.yv.\-Herculis.

d'^ Not-finished with prickles ; leaflets all
e. Petiolulate, leaflets
/. 21-41, each with one or two pairs of glandular teeth at its base.

4. AlLANTHUS GLANDUL0SU8.
p. 11-15,

With prickle-like stipules, entire 80. Robixia Pseudac.\cia.

With stipules, serrate 84. Pyrus sambucifolia.

/^. 7-9, ovate or lance-oblong, entire or obscurely serrate;

Petioles and branchlets glabrous 10. Fraxinus Americana.

Petioles and branchlets velvety pubescent.31. Fr.^xinus pubescens.
/■^. Lateral leaflets

Petiolulate, irresularly toothed 54. Acer Neguxdo.

Sessile, subentire 77. Ptelea trifoliata.

e'. Sessile or subse.ssile
/. Numerous (15-17) and pubescent, especially along the petiole and rachis.
g. Leaflets ovate -lanceolate, finely serrate; pubescence of short, rust-
colored clammy hairs.

Fruit subovoid, viscid-pubescent 14. Juglans cixekea.

Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-pubescent).

35. .JuGLAXS nigra.
</-. Leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely serrate; pubescence of copious, longer

and white hairs 5. Rhus typhina.

/-. 11-13 115. Carya aquatica.

p. (5-11).

12 Kkv, Baskd Upon Leaves.

g. 5, quite glabrous; fruit u ridged nut about 1 in. long with thick epicarp.

36. Cakya alba.
«/'. 5-7 or 9, glabrous, epicarp thin; nut

Small, thin-shelled 91. Cakya microcarpa.

Larger, moderately thick-shelled 85. Cakya porcina.

€/*. 7-9, epicarp thick and woody, leaflets

Puberulent, bark shaggy 64. Carya sulcata.

Tomentose and oderous 90. Carya tomentosa.

g*. 7-11,

Lanceolate, acute at base, minutely glandular and pubescent

beneath 37. C. amara.

Oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, obtuse or rounded at base : fruit a

samara, flat at base 62. Fraxinus sambucifolia,

6^. Decompound Leaves.

C, Petioles smooth or pubescent; leaves
(I, Regularly bipinnate; pinnae
e. 2, leaflets,

4-6, small (2-3 Ln^s long) 128. Cercidum Torretanum.

12-30 or more, 1-2 in, Jong 129. Prosopis juliflora.

e.^ 7, leaflets, sessile 105. Melia Azedarach.

(P, Regularly bipinnate excepting for the lowest pair of single leaflets ;

leaflets stalked 27. Gymnocladus Canadensis.

(P. Irregularly bipinnate, leaflets small and sessile,

12-18 in number 109. Gleditschia monosperma.

18-24 in number 27. Gi.editschia triacanthos.

c'. Petioles prickly, leaves large, with ovate, sessile, serrate leaflets.

8. Akalia spinosa.
a". Subdeciduous Leaves — a part only of the leaves falling in autumn, the rest
remaining green through the winter.
Obovate-si)atuIate, entire, shining green both sides . .118. QuERCUS AQUATICA.
a^. Persistent Leaves — evergreen .
b. Needle-sliaped and quite stiff, pointing every way.
c. In fascicles (Pt/i7/s) of

<l. Two each, a membraneous sheath inclosing the base of each fascicle, about

e. I in. long, sheathes very short 99. P. Banksiana.

e^. li-'2i in. long and

Stout; sheaths | in. or less; branchlets smooth and purple

98. P. TNOPP.

Slender J in. or more; branchlets rough-scaly 148. P. contorta.

e^. 2-3 in. long, slender with short sheaths 122. P. clausa.

e*. 3-5 in. long, slender; branchlets

' Rousjh 75. P. MiTis.

Smooth 123. P. glabra.

c\ 5-6 in. long, thicker, sheaths elongated 19. P. resinosa.

<i'^. Three each and

3-6 in. long , 50. P. RKiiDA.

5-8 in. long 121. P. serotina.

7-10 in. long, very stout 147. P. ponderosa.

8-15 in. long....". 123. P. palustris.

<P. Both two and three each 125. P. CUBENSIS.

<l*. Five each, 3-5 in. long, sheath deciduous.

Very slender: cones 4-6 in. long 49. P. Strobus.

Ratiier stout, cones 10-18 inches long 146. P. Lambertiana.

c'. Not in fnscicles (scattered), ridged above and below and with elevated
persistent bases, 4 angled and

Kkv, Baskd Vvos Leavks. 13

d. 4-sided ; branchlets

Pubescent 20. PiCE.v xigra.

Glabrous 100. PiCEA Alba.

il-. Flat ; branclilets smooth ; coues cylindrical 149. PiCE.v SiTCHENSls.

b-. Linear, Hat and

c. Conspicuously 2-ranked (diverging in two directions),
tl, Petioled and margin

Obscurely denticulate, 8 lines or less in length ... .21. TsuGA Canadensis.

Entire, revolute, ^-1 inch in length 144. Taxus buevifolia.

d'-. Subsessile rigid and sharply bristle-pointed, about 1 inch long and gene-
rally tapering from wide base 120. Tokreya taxifolia.

1-3 inches long, of more nearly uniform width

145. Tokreya Californica.
<r. Sessile, entire, |-| inches long, keeled below

Narrow-linear, obtusely pointed 22. Abies balsamea.

Wide-linear, pungent at apex 143. SEqroiA sempervirens.

C-. Somewhat 2-ranked, short petiolate 150. Pseudotsuga taxifolia.

b^. Scale like or awl-shaped, inbricated and closely appressed
(*. In 4 ranks and making a conspicuously

Flat two-edged brauchlet 24. Thuya occidentalis,

Flattish but narrower branchlet 141. LiBOCEDRUS Decurrens.

4-angled rather than Hat branchlet ; fruit a

Small spherical cone 74. Ch-VJI^cypais thyoides.

Bluish berry 25. JcNiPERUS Virgixiana.

c'. Scattered or spirallay arranged, mostly carminate . .142. Sequoia gigantea.
b*. Laminate and ovate to obovate

c. i~li in. long, serrate above, entire at base. .130. Cercocarpus paryifolius.
f'-. 1-5 in. long,

d. Rounded or truncate at base,

e. Pale glaucous beneath, darker above, 3-5 in long, entire, flat.

132. Arbutus Menziesii.
e'-. Tomentose and concave beneath, margin

Serrate-dentate 138. Quercus densiplora.

Entire and undulate 131. Gabry a elliptic a,

d-. Cuneate at base, glabrous or nearly so beneath, flat.

117. Quercus virens.
c'. 6-12 in. long, thick, entire, acute at both ends.

101. Magnolia grandiflora.
C*. 3-6 in. long, blade articulated to the petiole which is

Conspicuously winged; stamens usually 20 103. Citrus Aurantium.

Slightly if at all winged; stamens usually 35 104. Citrus Limonum.

b'\ Lanceolate oblong.
c. 3-5 in. long, margin

d. Crenate-serrate 102. GoRDONIA Lasianthus.

d'. Entire and leaves

e. Opposite, glabrous beneath 113. Osmanthus Americanus.

e^. Alternate and beneath

Rusty-pubescent 113. Persea Carolinensis var. palustrts.

Golden-scurfy beneath 139. Castanopsis chrysopiiyi,la.

r-. 2 in. long, entire, glandular beneath 108. Cliftonia ligustrixa.

b\ Oblong or elliptical, small, 1 J-4 in 11~. QfERCUS virexs.

*. Leaves Subnersistent — Evergreen southward, but more or less deciduous
northward, or individual trees shedding their leaves while most of the trees
do not.

Narrow obovate: 1-3'in. long. 107. Cyrilla r.acemiflor-I.

Lanceolate to oval, 3-6 'n. Ions:, glaucous beneath . . 51. Magxolia glauca.
Orbicular-oblong, sinuately spinous-toothed 137. QuERCUS agrifolia.

14 Key, Based Upon Fkuit.

A KEY. BASED UPON TBE FRUIT,

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I-VI,
elusive, when in Season for procuring the Fruit.

N. B. — The remarks concerning the use of the Key based upon the Leaves are
equally true with reference to this.

a. Free Fruit — formed by the ripening of a single pistil either simple or compound.
b. Inde/iiwcnt pericarp.
c. Samara — dry, usually 1-celled, 1-seeded and with 1-2 membranous wings.
(I, In terminal panicles; wing somewhat obloug-lanceolate, with a lenticular
seed at about its center, and beyond which the wing is twisted [Ailan-

thlis) 4. A. GLANDULOSUS.

(V. In terniiual c.vmes, a 2-seeded suboibiciilar samara, winged all around.

77. Ptelea trifoliata.

d?. In umbellate corymbs, each pedicel supporting a pair of samarfe with

oblanceolate wings, obtuse at the apex and with main rib on outer

margin {Acer).

€. Fruit maturing in the fall, wings slightly divergent. .7. A. SACcnARiNUM.

e". Fruit maturing in early summer.

/. Large 1 J in. or more, downy when young 26. A. DASYCARPUM.

/'. Smaller, smooth, pendulous and

Red, in umbels. ... 53. A. rubrum.

Greenish in racemes, wings incurved 5-1. A. Negundo.

(I*. In terminal racemes, 2 samane on a single pedicel with main rib on outer

margin . 79. Acer Pennsylvanicum.

rf'. In axillary racemes or panicles, winged at the apex with a more or less
lanceolate obtuse wing (Frd.vinuH).
e. Terete at base (seed-bearing portion); branchlets and petioles

Smooth 10. F. Americana.

Velvety pubescent 31. F. pubescens.

c'. Flat — wing extending along the seed-bearing portion.

fi2. F. SAMBUCIFOI.IA.

d*. In lateral fascicles or clu.sters. winged all round (TJlmnK).

Sessile or nearly so, cell pubescent and margin not ciliate. .11. U. fitlva.

In fascicles, cell smooth, margin densely ciliate 38 U. Americana.

In racemes, cell pubescent, margin ciliate 34. U. RACEMOSA.

C*. Drupe or drupe-like and with a single seed.
(I. Fibro-flesliy and dryish pericarp

e. Small, subglobose (Rhtifi). in terminal thyrses and clothed with crimson,
acid hairs 5. Rhus typhina.

Key, Based Upon Fkuit. 15

e'. Large, about 2 in. in length, with edible enibyro (Juglnna).

Ovoid or oblong and clothed with brownish, fragrant-viscid hairs.

14. J. ( INKHEA.

Globose, roughly dotted (not viscid hairy) 35. J. nigka.

€P. Fleshy pericarp.
e. Ovoid and
/'. Clustered on axillary peduncles.

g. On the growth of the season, clustered 2 or 3 together, about 2i in.
long, blue and
Sessile upon the peduncle ; stone longitudinally striated.

9. NySSA ML'LTl flora.
With short pedicels ; stone not striated.

113. Persea Cakolinensis var palustuis.
g"^. On growth of the previous season. ...HI. FoKESTiERA .u'UMInata.
/-. Racemed, bluish and with short, fleshy, red pedicels.

33. Sassafras officinale.

e*. Ovoid-oblong, 1-1 i iQ- loQg. stone compressed 81. Prdnus nigr.^.

e^. Oblong, tipped with the remnants of the style and about 1 in. in length.
Reddish and stone longitudinally striated with membranous-edged

rido-es 110. Nyssa Ogechk.

Dark blue, stone not membranous-ridged.

112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.

e*. Globular,
/. Purple or purplish black and

g. Solitary, of a sweet sugary tiavor 12 Celtis occidextalis.

g\ Racemed (or partially so), of a vinous, slightly astringent flavor,

39. Prunus serotina.
g^. In umbels, larger, of

Acid- vinous flavor, ^ in. in diameter 83. Prunus Cerasus.

Sweet-vinous flavor, f in. in diameter 56. Prunus Avium.

/'. Red, small and very sour oo. P. Pennsylvanica.

•'. Drupe-like but containing more than one seed, and seeds
d. Inclosed in a bony
e, 2-3-celled stone

Blue, subglobose, in flat-cymes with red stems.

87. COKNUS alternifolia.
Bright-red, elongated, sessile upon an orange-colored disk.

88. CORNUS FLORIDA,
e'. 3-0-celled stone; yellowish-white, in loose axillary panicles.

105. Melia Azedarach.
d?. Distinct, (not inclosed in a common stone ) ; fruit
e. Crowned with persistent
/. Calyx-teeth,

Purple-black, 5-seeded, in umbels 8. Aralia spinosa.

Red or purplish, 4-8-seeded, axillary 52. Ilex opaca.

p. Style ; drupe small about t, in 107. Cvrilla racemiflora.

e'. Not crowned with either calyx-teeth or style.

Dark blue, scaly bracted beneath 25. JuNiPERUS Virginiana.

Black, more or less 2-3 lobed and ^-3 seeded.

126. Rhamnus Purshiana.

16 Key, Cased Upon Fkuit.

C*. Nut — bard, single coat and furnished with an involucral cup or covering,
(I. Ovoid oblong or ellipsoidal, surrounded at its base with an involucral cup
(Qiiercu.i), acorn borne
c. On the new wood of the season , cup

/". Less than ^ enveloping the oval acorn 136. Quercus Garryana.

f'. About i enveloping the small, ovoid nut; ccales thin and appressed.

68. Q. MUIILENBEROII.

f^. About ^ enveloping the nut

{/. Thick, scales very roughly tubercled, edge of cup rather inturned

after shedding the nut ; nut usually long-ovoid 38. Q. alba.

</'-, Thinner, scales thinnish ; leaves

Deciduous; peduncles shorter than petioles.

67. QuERCcs Prinus.
Subpersistent; acorns sessile or nearly so.

137. Quercus aguifolia.
/■•. Scarcely i enveloping the oblong-ovoid nut about 1^ in. in length.

116. Quercus Michauxii.
/=. About i or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles longer than the
])etioles ; nut

J in. long, light-brown 66. QUERCUs bicolor.

^ in. or less long, dark brown 117. Quercus virens.

f^. About ^ or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles

g. Longer than the petioles 66. Q. bicolor.

{/', Shorter than the petioles ; scales

Very loosely appressed, forming a moss-like fringed margin of

cup 39. Q. MACROCARPA.

More closely appressed and not forming a moss-like fringe.

92. Q. OBTUSILOBA.

e'^ On wood of the preceding season (subgenus Mehiiiohrdanus); cup
/. Very shallow, almost flat and with long-linear recurved scales.

138. Quercus densiflora.
/"■-. Saucer-shaped, J enveloping the nut, which is

if. Ovoid-oblong, about 1 in. long 15. Q. rubra.

</'•. Flattened-globose; leaves

Sinuate-pinnatifid with wide sinuses 94. Quercus palustris.

Obovate-spatulate, entire 118. QuERCUS acjuatica.

f^. Top-shaped, i enveloping the acorn ; scales thin and coarse

Inner b irk of tree reddish 69. Q. cocciNE.^..

Inner bark yellowish 93. Q. tinctoria.

d-. Club-shaped, short, surrounded with stiff hairs, tipped with the persistent
recurved style and arranged in globular heads, which are

Solitary 13. Platanus occidentalis.

2-7 together in a mouiliform spike 135 Platanus racemosa.

d". Achenium-like, small and borne in short catkins.

Inclosed in a membranous inflated sac, catkin hop-like.

41. OSTRYA VlRGINICA.

Subtended by an enlarged leafy bract 42. Carpinus Caroliniana.

&. Nut like, dry, not inve.sted with an involucre.

Smoothisli, globose, about J in. in diameter, in cymes with leaf-like bract

attached 3. Tilia Americana.

Rough, with scale-like points, ovate, coriacious. .114. Planera aquaticA.

Key, Based Upon Fruit. 17

c'. Pod (legume) whicli is

d. Oblong, llat, about 2 in. broad aud curved.

27. Oymnocladus Canadensis.
(V. Linear or nearlv so

10-18 in. long, contorted and twisted.. .28. Qleditsciiia tkiacanthos.
4-6 in. long, subterete. compressed between the seeds and thick-valved.

129. Pnosoi'sis julikloua
3-4 in. long, 2-8-seeded and thin valved. .128. Cehcidium Touheyanum.
(P. Obliquely ovate (1-2 in. long), long stalked and mostly 1-seeded.

109. Uleditsciiia monospeu:ja.
C''. Pome; capsules

(I. Cartilaginous; fruit
e. Sunken at insertion of pedicel,
/. Globular

Large, 1 in. or more, distinctly 5-celled 30. Pyrus Malus.

Small, more or less 10-celled . . .59. Amelanchier Canadensis.

f'K Flattened-globose, waxy, fragrant and very tart.

83. Pyrus coronaria.

e'. Not sunken at insertion of pedicel, pyriform 57. Pyrus communis.

(V. Not cartilaginous, 1-5 bony seeds

£ in. in diameter, red or yellow witli white spots.

5S. Crataegus punctata.

i in. in diameter, leaves round-ovate 86. Crat.vegcs coccinea.

^ in. in diameter, leaves wedge-obovate . . .85. Crataegus Crus-galli.
C®. Berry.

d. VVith persistent thickish calyx-lobes large (about 1 in. or more).

61. DiosPYRos Virginian A.
d-. Without persistent calyx lobes and smaller

e. In thy rses 78. Vitis .«stivalis.

e-. In compact-racemes and

Hoary-tomentose 131. Garrya elliptica.

Smooth and finttened globose 133. Akchstaphylos puxgens.

e\ In open panicles 132. Arbutus Menziesii.

c'. Fleshy with custard-like edible pulp 76. Asimina triloba.

c'". Berry-like pome, f in. in diameter and borne in dense clusters.

84. Pyrus sambucifoi.ia.
c". Hesperiduni — seeds in juicy pulp and rind leathery.

Subglobose. flattened at the ends 103. Citrus Aurantium.

Globose oblong, mammillate at the extremity ....104. Citrus Limonum.
c'-. Achenium.

3-4-augled aud with membranous wing like margins.

108. Cliftonia ligustrixa.
Linear-oblong, tipped wiih the prolonged tail-like style.

130. Cercocakpus parvifolius.
>.' Dehisrent perirarp.
C, Subglobose, and

d. Coriaceous or woody, dehiscent by

e, 2-3 valves and containing one or very few large seeds with smooth shin-
ing coat and a large scar (^-Esculua), fruit

Prickly and leaflets 7 6. ^scuLUS Hippocastanum.

Smooth and leaflets 5 127. ^SCULUS Californica.

8

18 Key, Baskd Upon Fruit.

e*. 4 more or less distinct valves (Carya).
f. Epicarp thick and separating quite freely to the base; nut ridged with
thick shell, globular ovoid and
y. Flattened.

1 in. or less in length 36. Carya alba.

li in. or more in length 64. Cary.v sulcata.

g.^ Not so much flattened, usually 4 angled.

90. Carya tomentosa.
f*. Epicarp only moderately thick and nut of medium size, moderately
ridged and with shell of medium thickness.

65. Carya porcina.
/'. Epicarp thin, nuts small and thin-shelled; kernel

g. Astringent and bitter; sutures of epicarp very prominent; nut
Quite smooth, whitish and only slighly compressed.

37. Carya amara.
Rough, reddish, strongly compressed and angled.

115. Carya aquatica.
g''. Slightly if at all bitter, nut whitish and sutures moderately promi-
nent 91. Carya microcarpa.

<?.' Covered with spines ; dehiscent
€. By four valves; nuts

Sharply 3-angled,2 together, involucre soft-prickly.

16. Fagl's ferruginea.
Subovoid, flattened, 1-3 together, involucral spines very sharp and hard.

40. Castanea vesca.
f'.' Irregularly; s])iiies many-branched; nut maturing the second year.

139. Castanopsis ciirysophylla.
C." Small, ovoid-lanceolate jmds arranged in catkins, opening by two valves and
containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down; leaves
d. Orbicular-ovate; petioles flattened; leaves

Dentate 18. Populus grandidentata.

Finely serrate, sharply pointed 73. P. themuloides.

Sinuate-toothed, tomentose beneath 96. P. alba.

Obscurely-serrate, with obtuse or rounded apex. 97. P. hetehophylla.
f?.' Ovate, closely serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath.

47. P. balsamifera.

f/.^ Deltoid -ovate 48. P. monilifera.

d.* Broadly deltoid 73. P. DtL.\T.n'A.

rf.* Linear-lanceolate, tomentose on midril) above and petiole.

45. Sai,ix: xkira
rf/ Lanceolate or elliptic-laaceolate, smooth above; capsules

e. Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. vitellina.

e.' With slender pedicels; leaves

2-4 in. long 71. -Salix amygdaloidks.

3-7 in. long 140. S.^.Lix laevigata.

C*. Linear compressed pods, opening by two valves.

80. KOBiNiA Pseud ACACIA.
C*. Subcylindrical pods, long, opening by two valves.

6-10 in. long, \ in. or less thick 134. ChtlOPSIS Saligna.

10-12 in. or more long, \ in. or more thick. ..89. Catalpa bignonioides.

Key, J3ased Upon Fruit. 19

c*. Ovoid, 5-valved capsule 102. Uordonia LvsiANTiiua.

c". Subovoid follicle with seeds suspended by funiculi when ripe.

106. Xantiioxyi.um Clava-Heuculis.
•'. Aggregated fruit — composed of many carpels, either closed or opened and co-
hering or closely massed together, forming a
b. Cone.

C, Scales of the cone open carpels {ConifercB).
d. Scales many and spreading at maturity.

e. Imbricated and each subtended by a bract ; ovules 2, inverted, and
/. Maturing the year after flowering {Pi/ius) ; cones
g, Subterminal and scales

h. Thin at tip and unarmed; cones sub-cylindric and

4-6 in. long 49. P. Strobus.

12-18 in. long 146. P. Lambektiana.

h?. Thickened at tip and

i. Armed with a recurved prickle.

j, 1-3 in. long, cylindric ovid, oblique 148. P. contorta.

j', 3-6 in. long, glossy-brown, separating from the tree by a
fracture

Within the peduncle 125. P. Cubensis.

Within the base of cone 147. P. ponderosa.

.y3. 6-10 in. long 124. P. palcstris.

»'. Unarmed cones about 2 in. in length, straight. . .19. P. resixosa.
</'. Lateral and scales thickened at tip; cones

ll. Ovid-oblong; leaves 3-5 in. long; scales armed with a weak prickle
directed
At about right angles from the axis of the cone. . . .75. P. MiTis.
Forward, at about 45° or less from the axis. . . 123. P. glabra.
h?. Ovoid-pyramidal.

J. Prickles strong; cones 2 in. or

Rather less in length; leaves \\-Z in. long; branchlets purple.

98. P. IXOP8.

Rather more: leaves 3-5 in. long 50. P. rigida.

4'. Prickles weak; cones 2-3 in. long, and

Wide-pyramidal; leaves in 3's 121. P. serotina.

Narrow-pyramidal; leaves in 2's 122. P. clausa.

h^. Ovoid-acuminate, less than 2 in. long and scales unarmed.

99. P. B.A.NKSrANA.

c'. Valvate, bractless, wedge-shaped, spreading, each with 3-7 inverted
ovules; cone woody oval and

2-3 in. long, scales usually 25-30 142. Sequoia gigantea.

1 in. or less, scales short, 20 143. Sequoia sempervirens.

f?. Maturing the first season — the autumn after blossoming.
f. Ovoid or oblong, \ in. long, pendent ; bracts inconspicuous ; scales per-
sistent on the axis, thin and with eroded tip 20. Picea nigra.

/'. Ovoid, small (8 lines or less), pendent, scales rounded and entire at tip.

21. TsuGA Canadensis.
f". Cyclindrical,

Erect, large (2-4 in.), and scales finally falling away from the axis.

22. Abies balsamea.

20 Key, Based Upon Fruit.

Nodding, small (about 2 in.) scales persisting on the axis and entire

at tip 100. PiCKA ALIJA.

Pendent, 14-3 in. long, scales incisely-deuticulate.

149. PiCEA SiTCIIKNSIS.

f*. Cylindrical-oblong, 2-3 in. long; bracts much exserted.

laO. PsEUUOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA.
/'. Ovoid or roundish, small, 9 lines or less, .scales persistent on the axis

at maturity 23. Lauix American.^.

tZ'^ Scales few, persistent, bractless; cone

e. Oblong and erect, with scales more or less thickened.

Loosely imbricated, 8-12, thinnish 24. Thuya occidentalis.

A'ulvate, 4-6, thick, only two scales fertile.

141. LllJOfEDKUS DECURRENS,

e-. Spherical, about j^ in. in diameter, with 3 pairs of peltate scales.

74. ClIAMAECVrARIS TIIYOIDES.

eP. Scales not spreading at maturity but breaking irregularly; cones globose.

119. Taxodium DISTICHUM.
c'. Scales 3 lobed bracts, each subtending 2-3 closed, indehiscent carpels — minia-
ture samarte {Betula).
f. Cones erect,

Sessile, ovoid-oblong, 1 in. in length 17. Betula lutea.

With downy peduncle, ovoid, smaller 95. Betula nigr.a..

/■■'. Cones suberect, ovoid-oblong; scales thicker and with short divergent
lobes: wing of nutlet not broader than the body .... 44. B. lenta.
/2. Cones pendent, cyclindrical and about

1 in. in length 70. B. POPULIFOLIA.

Ig in. in length 43. B. papyracea.

c'. Scales closed carpels, growing from an elongated receptacle and consolidated
together.
d. Dehiscent at maturity along the medium line of the back, and letting out
each 1-2 berry-like seeds suspended by extensile threads (Magnolia);
cone

Cyclindrical, curved, 2-3 in. long 1. Magnolfa acuminata.

Oblong, 1-1 i in. long 51. Magnolia glauca.

Oval, 3-4 in. long 101. Magnolia grandiflora.

(P. Indehiscent at maturity and falling away as samarae.

2. LiRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.
6'. Spherical head, hardened and bristling with 2-beaked capsules.

60. LUiUIDAMBAR StYRACIFLUA.

ft'. Sorosis — a spike with bracts and calyx-lobes all thickened and succulent.

63. MOKUS RUBRA.

rt'. A naked seed, subtended or surrounded by a fleshy disk.

ft. Drupe-like, with fleshy covering, sessile, scaly-bracted beneath and about

1 in. in length, oval 120. Torreya taxifoi.ia.

li in length, obovoid 145. Torreya Californica,

6'. Bony seed, subtended by a fleshy cup 144 Taxus brkvifolia.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

Species whose Woods are Kepresented in the Accom-
panying Sections.

The timbers comprised in the series, whicli this text is designed to
accompany, belong to what are known, botanically speaking, as Flower-
ing and Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore, we will, once for
all, define these groups; and, as the characters herein given are equally
true of all the species enumerated in the following pages, they need not
be repeated in the further definition of the various sub-groups and
species.

FLOWERING or PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Vegetables producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and
pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Plants are the Flotcerless or Cryptogamous
Plants, comprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply organ-
ized Slime Moulds and Bacteria np to the highly organized Ferns and Club-Mosses.
But in the study of timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few rare cases do
any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those exceptions are the
Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which sometimes attain the height
of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree trunks and tops consisting
of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds. They, however, are of practically no
value as timber.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith sur-
rounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark; the
stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each year to
the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves mostly netted-
veined. First leaves' of the embryo (cotyledons) two and opposite, or (in
the Conifers?) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in fours or fives,
very rarely in threes.

A second class of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the
Endogenous or Monocotyledonous Plants, characterized by having stems in which the

22 Hough's American Woods.

wood occurs as threads or bundles running througli a cellular, pitli-like tissue so that
a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings. Leaves
mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with single cotyledon , or rarely two, and then alter-
nate and unequal. Parts of the Hower generally in threes. In southern United
States and elsewhere in or near the tropics trees are found, such as the Palms, etc.,
which belong to this class, but none we have to do with at present.

Exogenous phmts arc subdivided into two well-niiirked groups or sub-
classes— A7igiosperm((' and (rijmnospermcB. The former includes by far
tiie greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the species repre-
sented in "■ American Woods " are representatives of it.

ANGIOSPERM.E.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil — with
stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into seeds at
maturity. This sub-class comprises many groups of plants known as
Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain the dimen-
sions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we propose to
consider in the following pages :

Order RHAMNACE.S] : Buckthorn Family.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate and with stipules small or wanting. Flowers
small, often polygamous and sometimes dioeciou.s; sepals valvate in aestivation,
small, distinct, concave and involute in the bud or wanting; stamens as many as the
petals and opposite them, inserted with them in the edge of a perigynous disk lining
the calyx-tube, short and sometimes connected with the lower part of the ovary ;
pistil solitary, with mostly superior ovary, 3-5-celled, each cell with a single erect
anatropous ovule; stigmas 2-5. Fruit a drupe or pod with one seed in each cell and
not arilled; embryo large with broad cotyledons and sparing fleshy albumen.

Order represented by small trees and shrubs of warm and temperate countries,
with slightly bitter juice and often nauseous or purgative fruits.

Genus RHAMNUS, Linneus.

Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately veined, entire or dentate, petiolate, condupli.
cate in vernation; stipules small and deciduous. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary
racemes or cymes, polygamous or dioecious ; calyx campanulate, the tube lined with
the disk, 4-5-cleft, the lobes keeled within and deciduous ; petals small, with short
claw, more or less notched at ajjex and turned in around the stamens, deciduous ;
stamens with very short subulate filaments and introrae 2-celled anthers opening
lengthwise; pistil free, with 2-4-lobed stigma and 2 4-celled ovary, each cell contain-
ing a solitary, erect, anatropous ovule. Fruit a globose or oblong, blackish, berry-
like drupe, with fleshy epicarp, and containing 2-4 cartilaginous, 1-seeded nutlets ;
seeds longitudinally grooved on the back.

Trees and shrubs of considerable economic importance, and the name Rhamnus is
the classical Greek name, pdnyoi, of the European Buckthorn.

126. E.HAMNU8 Pi RSHIANA — BeARBERRY. 23

126. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA, DC.

Bearberry, Sacked-hariv Buckthorn, Shittim-wood, Wild Cherry.

Ger., Ki-ci(zdorn von Pnrsh; Fr., Nerprun de Pursh ; Sp., Cascara

Sagrada.

Specific Characters : — Leaves deciduous, elliptical to obovate, prominently
veined. 2-7 in. long, mostly acute at apex and obtuse rounded or subcordate at base,
serrulate to nearly entire with wavy margins, with scattering hairs beneath and
along the veins above; petioles scarcely \ in. in length, and as with the new growths
clothed in a brownish pubescence; stipules early deciduous. Flowers mostly perfect,
5-iiumerous, with peduncles longer than the petioles, in umbellate cymes; calyx with
acuminate lobes ; petals minute and bifid at apex, hood-shaped and enveloping the
short stamens. Fruit black at maturity, globose-obovid, scarcely 4 in. long, more or
less 2-3-lobed, with thin flesh and containing 2-3 obovate nutlets rounded on the back.

(The specific name, Purshiana, is in compliment to Frederick Pursh, who first dis-
covered the species.)

A small tree occasionally attaining the height of 40 ft. (12 m.) and 18
in. (0.45 m.) diameter of trunk, with large branches and full rounded
top. The bark of trunk is of a bluish-gray color mottled with whitish,
quite sniootli and slightly checked longitudinally. It considerably
resembles the bark of the beech in the east.

Habitat. — From the vicinity of Puget Sound southward to Lower
California and eastward into Montana, Colorado and Texas, on slopes
and uplands, often in the shade of other trees, and attaining its best
development in northern California and western Oregon. In many
localities it is no more than a large shrub.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather light, hard, close-grained, com-
pact, satiny, susceptible of a smooth polish, and with numerous line
medullary rays. It is of a light yellowish-brown color, streaked with
purplish-brown, and with light yellow sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.5672 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.67; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.5634; Coefficient of Elasticity, 91268; Modulus of Rupture, 750; Re-
sistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 621; Resistance to Indentation, 192;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 35.35.

Uses. — Little, if any, use is made of the wood of this tree, but its
bark is a very important product on account of its medicinal properties.

Medicis^al Properties. — The bark of this tree is considered an
excellent cathartic mpdicine, and is extensively administered in the
form of extracts and tinctures.

Order SAPINDACE.E: Soapberry Family.

Leaves simple or compound. Flowers polypetalous, often irregular and mostly
symmetrical; sepals and petals each 4-5, imbricated in the bud, the petals inserted
with the 5-10 stamens on a perigynous or hypogynous disk; ovary 2-3-celled and
lobed. usually 1-2 ovules in each cell, embryo mostly convoluted: no albumen.
Fruit a membranous, inflated pod, a leathery thick subspherical pod with nut-like
seeds, or a winged samara.

24 Hough's American Woods.

Genhs .ESCULUS, L.

Leaves opposite, digitately compound, destitute of stipules; leaflets serrate and
straight-veined. Flowers paniculate, terminal, unsvminetrical, irregular, often
polygamous; pedicels jointed ; calyx tubular, O-tootlied. often rather gibbous at the
base; corrolla irregular, 4- or sometimes o-petaled, iit-arly hypogynous; stamens 6-8,
usually 7, distinct and often uut-qual, with long and slender Hlaments; style 1, fili-
form; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each c<'ll, only one of which, or one in each
cell, comes to maturity. Fruit roundish, coriaceous, dehiscent, 2-3valved, contain-
ing 1-3 large, smooth, leathery and shining seeds, each with a large, pale .scar;
cotyledons thick, bulky and inseparable, rich in starch, but of bitter taste, remaining
underground in germination.

{Aesculus is a liatin name, but in ancient times applied to a kind of oak.)

127. ^SCULUS CALIFORNICA, Xutt.

California Buckeye.

Ger., Californianische Roszkastanie ; Fr., Jfarronier dc Califurnie ;
Sp., Esculo Calif orniano.

Spkcific Ciiakacters. — Leaves of 4-7 (usually 5) leaflets slender petiole 3-4 in.
long, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, smooth, acute at apex, obtuse or
rounded at base, sharply serrate, with slender petiolules, ^ in. or less in length,
early deciduous, sometimes even falling before midsummer. Flowers May to July,
about 1 in. or slightly more in length, with short pedicels, in close long-stemmed
imViescent thyrses 6-12 in. in length, white or rose-colored; calyx 2-lobed, very
slightly toothed; petals narrow-oblong, slightly unequal; stamens 5-7, with long
slender filaments and orange-colored anthers; pistil with ovary densely pubescent.
Fruit pear-shaped, with thin unarmed brown valves, with slender stem and nsually
containing one large subglobose seed 1-2 in. long.

Usually a small tree, and often scarcely more than a shrub, but oc-
casionally attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. (10 m.) and with a short
trunk 2 or 3 ft. (0.90 m. ) in diameter, but with a wide base 5-G ft. (1.75 m. )
across at the surface of the ground. It is covered with a brownish-gray
bark quite smooth nntil old and then flaking off in irregular scales. The
top of the tree is wide and rounded with a symmetry suggestive of its
having been trimmed, and consists of many light-gray branches. It is
particularly beautiful in spring and early summer when in blossom.

Habitat. — California, from Los Angeles Co. to Mt, Shasta, growing
along the borders of streams and slopes of the Coast lianges and the
western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It reaches its great-
est development north of San Francisco Bay.

Physical PiiOPERTiES. — Wood light, soft, brittle, very closely-grained,
compict, with numerous fine medullary rays and susceptible of a very
smooth polish. It is of a delicate creamy-white color, with little distinc-
tion between the heart and sap-woods. Specific Grnvity, 0 4980 ; P^r-
ceniage of Aiih, 0.70; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, OA^^b', Coeffi-
cient of Elasticity, 68216; Modulus of Rapture, 635; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 355; Resistance to Indentation, 108; Weight of a Cubic
Foot i>t Pounds, 31.04.

12'>. CeKCIDIIM TuRUKYANLM GkEKX BAKKKl) AcACIA. 25

Uses. — Little use is made of tiiis wood, though its properties would
suggest its appropriateness for use in turnery, etc. The beauty of ihe
tree too should give it greater popuhirily tlian it now lias for ornanu-ntal
purposes.

Medicinal Properties are not claimed of this species.

Ordei! LEGUMINOS-ffi : Pur.sE Family.

Zeare,s alternate, usually compound, entire and furnished with stipules. Flmrers
with 5 sepals more or less united at the base ; petals o, papilionaceous or regular ;
stamens diudelphous, monodelphous or distinct and with versatile anthers; pistils
single, simple aud free. Fruit a legume (.pod) with mostly albumenless seeds.

Genus CERCIDIUxM, Tulasne.

Lfares alternate, abruptly bipinnate, with one or two pairs of 4-8-foliate pinnae,
and common petiole short ; %-ery early deciduous, stipules minute or wanting, leaflets
ovate to obovate without stipels. Flo'cers perfect, yellowish or whitish, on slender
pedicels, in short, loose few-flowered axillary racemes ; calyx 5-parted. produced at
base and jointed upon the pedicel, membranous, persistent, with acute deciduous
lobes, valvate in aestivation ; petals o, orbicular or oblong, clawed, yellow, inibiicated
in aestivation, the upper one broader, longer-clawed and within "the others, some-
what cordate, pubescent and glandular at base ; stamems 10, free, with filaments
hairy at base, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk, exserted, the upper
one gibbous on the upper side : anthers versatile, 2-celled and longitudinally dehis-
cent; pistil with filiform style turned inward in the bud, minute stigma; ovary
short-stipetate aud containing several anatropous suspended ovules. Fittit ». linear-
oblong legume, compressed, with thick margins, more or less contracted between
the seeds or sometimes not, obliquely veined, tardily dehiscent by two valves; seeds
ovate-oblong with long slender funicluli and thin crustaceous testa ; embryo com-
pressed and with thin hard albumen.

A genus of few species of the warmer parts of the New World and name taken
from the Greek Hepni^iov, an instrument used in weaving and applied on account
of a fancied resemblance in the pods.

128. CERCIDIUM TORREYANUM, Sarg.*

Greex-barked Acacia, Palo Verde.

Ger., Grilnrincle Acacie ; Yw, Acacia a ecorce vert ; Sp., Palo Verde.

Specific Characters. — Leaves few and scattered, about 1 in. in length, sparingly
pubescent, with slender petioles and 2 pinnae, each with 2-8 pairs of oblong, obtuse,
somewhat oblique, glaucous leaflets i in. or less in length. The leaves fall very
early, soon after expanding : branchlets sparingly pubescent when young but quiti
glabrous later, glaucous, furnished with stout prickles about ^ in. in length.
Fl'iicirs begin to appear in April with the leaves, and continue for three or fnur
months so that flowers and pods in various stages of development are found i-n the
tree at the same time, about f in. across when expanded, with long pedicels in 4-5-
flowered racemes, with small acute caducous bracts ; gland on the upper petal very
prominent; ovary glabrous. i''/-«i7 ripe in July, legumes 3-4 in. Jong, slightly tur-
gid, with 2-8 seeds and often contracted between the seeds ; nerve of ventral suture
grooved .

(The specific name, Torreyanum, is given in compliment to Dr John Torroy, the
botanist.)

' Pmkinsonia Toneyana. Watson in Botany of California, etc.
4

26 Hough's American Wik>ds.

A small tree, occasionally attaining the height of 30 ft. (10 m.), and
IG or 18 in. (0.50 m.) in diameter of trunk, with irregular top of many
fine tough branchlets, these and even the large branches covered with a
thin, smooth, yellowish green (pea green) bark. The bark of trunk
finally becomes fissured longitudinally and the smooth green epidermis
persists for a time on the summits of the ridges thus formed. Finally that
scales off and leaves a light brownish-gray bark, rough with irregular
longitudinal thick-scaly ridges.

It is a tree of handsome, curious aspect, owing to the generally i)re-
vailing light green color throughout its top, its numerous fine branches
and very limited foliage, and even that only seen for but a few weeks of
the year. It affords a delightful relief jigainst the everywhere prevailing
sand-color of the dreary parched desert in which it grows.

Habitat. — The "washes "'and depressions among the sand-hills of
the Colorado Desert in southern California, and the region of the Gila
Eiver in Arizona.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, moderately strong and soft, com-
pact, occasionally figured and susceptible of a smooth satiny polish.
The heart-wood is small and of a strong and very disagreeable odor when
fresh ; the abundant sap-wood is of a rich clear light-yellow color and of
rather pleasant odor. Specific Graviti/,0J>o'31; Percent (((je of Ash, 1.12 ;
Relative Approxuiiale Fuel Value, 0.G45.S; Coefficient of Elasticity,
55839 ; Modulus of Rupture, 546 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
417 ; Resistance to Indentation, 236 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
40.70.

Genus PROSOPIS, Linn.eus.

Leaves bipinnate with one or two (sometimes more) pairs of piunae, each with
several small, entire, rather rigid leaflets; stipules none and petioles, etc., usually
furnished with minute glands Flowers rega\&Y , small, greenish, and usually sessile
in cyllindrical or globose, axillary, pedunculate spikes or heads ; calyx campanulate,
with 5 very short teeth valvate in festivation ; petals 5, connate at first below, at
length fre(;, distinct, tomentoae within (in our species), hypogynous, valvate in aesti-
vation; stamens 10, free, exserted, those opposite the calyx-lobes rather the longer,
with oblong, versatile, introse, 2-celled anthers, dehiscent by lateral longitudinal
slits, and connective usually tipped with a minute deciduous gland : pistil witli fili-
forni style, minute stigma and villose (in the American species) ovary containing
many anatropous, suspended ovules in 2 ranks, from the inner angle of the ovary.
Fruit a linear coriaceous legume, compressed or nearly terete, straight, falcate or
twisted into a spiral, indehiscent, with usually thick spongy niesocarpand partitions
between the numerous compressed ovate-oblong seeds, which have a crustaceous
testa and contain horny albumen, an embryo with short straight radicle and flat
cotyledons.

(ienus represented in the United States by small trees and shrubs in the arid
regions of the Southwest. (The name Prosopi)< is the ancient Greek name of the
Burdock and is of obscure application here.)

120. Pkosoi'is .11 i.iki.oka — Mksqu it, Honey Pod. 27

I29U PROSOPIS JULIFLORA, DC.

Mksquit, Mes(^uite, Honey Pod.
Ger., ITnniijhiUse; Vw, Cosse de miel; Sy>., Alga^'oha.

Specific CnAi?ACTEni> : — Leares alternate or fascicled, glabrous or pubescent, de-
ciduous, with terete ])etiole 2-4 iu. in length and with 2 (rarely 4) pinnae 8-6 in. long
each with 6-15 pairs Of short, oblong-linear, acute or obtuse entire leaflets sessile or
nearly so, J— | in. in length, rigid and variously located upon the rachis, which ter-
minates in a slender point ; stipules deciduous ; branchlets with stout axillary spines
or unarmed. Flowers commencing in May and continuing for 2 months, small,
greenish-white, fragrant, nearly sessile, in the axils of minute deciduous bracts, in
slender spikes l-4in. in length and usually densely flowered, with peduncles scarcely
1 in. in length ; petals oblong-linear covered within with white hairs which project
as a tuft at the apex of the bud ; stamens twice as long as the petals and with large
conspicuous yellow anthers ; pistil with ovary clothed with silky hairs and with
short stipe. Fruit a straight or curved legume, 4-5 in. or more long and \-\ in. wide,
flat at first but subterete at maturity and compressed between the seeds, pointed at
both ends, pale-yellow or mottled with reddish, longitudinally veined and with thick
sweet pulp, containing 10-20 seeds each in a closed nut-like membranous covering
(endocarp); seeds obliquely located in the pods, oblong, flattened and with shining
light-brown testa.

(The specific name, JKliflora, is from the Ij&tixi Julius or iulius, doicn or moss, and
flos, flower, refering to the hairy nature of the flower.)

A small tree, and often but a mere shrub, but sometimes attaining the
height of 40 or 50 ft. (15 m.), with a short trunk 2 ft. (0.75 m.) in di-
ameter. It has usually a loose, straggling, wide top of crooked branches,
and the trunk is invested with a brownish-gray bark, checking longitudi-
nally into loose, shreddy, fibrous ridges.

Habitat. — Southern California and eastward to about central Texas,
northward to about tlie line of southern boundary of Utah and Colorado
and far southward, even into the south temperate zone, growing on dry
prairies and rocky plains. Its greatest development Avithin the United
States is found along the desert streams of southern Arizona, where it
forms forests of considerable size.

Phy'Sical Properties. — The wood of the Mesquit is quite heavy,
hard, not strong, compact, with numerous medullary rays and many
quite evenly distributed open ducts, very durable in contact with the soil;
of a light chocolate-brown color often streaked with darker, and with
thin, light-yellow sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7652; Percentage of Ash,
2.18; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.74:85; Coefficient of Elasticity,
58297; Modulus of Rupture, 485; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
588; Resistance to Indoitation, 3i3; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
47.69.

Uses. — This is a tree of great utility in regions where abundant. The
wood is used for the underpinnings of l)uildings, railway ties, fence posts,
paving blocks, etc., for which its great durability in contact with the soil
renders it very valuable. It is occasionally used for furniture, etc., and

28 II()L-gh\s Amekican Wo<n)S.

is excellent for fuel. It produces :i valuii])le charcoal. The pods of the
Mesquit constitute a valuable article of food witli the Indians and Mex-
icans, who grind or pound them into a flour and bake in cakes or loaves.
They also make a healthful beverage — Mesquitc Atole — from tiie fresh
pods, and from the flour a weak beer. The pods are also eaten with
avidity by cattle, horses, etc.

Medicinal Properties. — Mesquitegum, which exudes from the stem
and branches in the form of amber-colored tears, is quite similar to the
gum Arabic in properties.*

Note. — The roots of the Mesquite, particularly the tap-root, penetrates
to a great depth, it is said even 40 or 50 ft. or more beneath the surface
of the soil, to a stratum of subsoil where moisture may be found, and
there spreads out in all directions. So constant is this that the size and
thriftiness of the tree, it is said, has been found to indicate the distance
down to the water, and the larger the tree the nearer the water is iud'i-
Ciited to be to the surface of the soil.

The development of these roots is sometimes enormously out of pro-
portion to the size of the plant above ground, and they give the plant a
f )()thold and support which only can account for its maintenance of life,
0 1 some of the drifting sand dunes and desert plains on Avhicli they are
found. Providentially these roots are of great utility in those localities,
where nothing else can be procured for fuel, as they are dug or liauled
out with teams for that use.

Order ROSACEA: Rose Family,

Leaves alternate and with stipules wliicb sometimes fall early or are rarely want-
ing. Flowers regular; sepals 5 or rarely fewer, united at the base and often fur-
nished outside with bractiets resembling the sepals; petals as many as the sepals,
or, rarely, wanting, distinct and inserted on a disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens
distinct, numerous (with rare exceptions, and inserted with the petals on the disk of
the calyx-tube; pistils 1-many distinct or united and often combined with the calyx-
tube. Fniit various, as drupe, pome, aclienium, etc.; seeds solitary or few, mostly
albumenless, with straight embryo and large thick cotyledons.

Trees, shrubs and herbs, many of great economic value in the production of mo.st
useful fruits, beautiful flowers, choice perfumes, etc.

Genus CERCOCARPUS. IIBK.

Leai^es alternate, simple, evergreen, coriaceous, entire or serrate, straight-veined,
short-pptiolate; stipules very small and deciduous. F/oicers perfect, small, axillary
or terminal, solitary or fascicled, sessile or nearly so; calyx with narrow, cylindrical
tube, and cup-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous limb, lobes slightly imbricated: jjetals
none; stamens 15-30, inserted in two or three rows on the limb of the calyx, fila-
ments short, free, incurved in the bud; anthers oblong, usually pubescent, introse,
with cells distinct and opening longitudinally: pistil solitary, with singles carpel,
with filiform stvle, minute terminal stigma and ovary included in the calyx-tube',
terete, acute, silky and containing a solitary anatropous ascending ovule attached
near the base. Fruit a coriaceous, linear-oblong, villose, achenium. included in thn,

U. S. Dispt-nsatonj, Kith ed , p. 1857.

130. Ckrcocarpus PARviFonrs — Mountain Mahogany. 29

persistent and enlarged calyx-tube and tipped witli the elongated, persistent, plumose
style; seed solitary, linear-acute, erect, without albumen and with membranous testa,
(lenus represented by few species of shrubs and small trees of the interior moun-
tainous region of North America. (The name is from the Greek HSfjHoi, a i/ioime's
tail, and KLxpnoi, fruit, alluding to the singular tail-like fruit.)

130. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS, Xutt.

Mountain Mahogany.
Ger. Gehirgs-Mahogany ; Fv., Buisson a plumes; Sp., Caobade Monfa;la.

Specific Ciiakacters. —Leaves obovate, ^-11 in. long, coarsely. glandular ser-
rate towards the rounded or obtuse apex, cuneate and with entire, revolute margin
at base, somewtiat coriaceous, pale-pubescent when young, with minute silky
appressed hairs or quite glabrous and yellowish -green above at maturity, and paler,
whitish or ferruginous and minutely puberulent beneath, with prominent midrib
and veins; petiole short, broad and pubescent ; stipules early deciduous: juice of
leaves of aromatic and birch-like flavor. Flotcers pale-tomentose with short slender
pedicels and borne singly or 2—4 together in the axils of the crowded leaves; calyx-
lobes short, and the tube, at first 2-i lines long, becomes in fruit 6-8 lines long, deeply
cleft at the apex and of a purple-brown color. Fruit an acheuium, sulcate on the
back and terminating with persistent, tail-like style, 3-4 in long and all covered
with silky yellowish-white hairs.

Quite variable in the size, form and pubescence of leaf: as in var. fflnber, in the
vicinity of Santa Barbara, large with broader and glabrous leaves, and in par. jxnici-
dentatus, of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, with entire or sparingly toothed
leaves, and in hrenfolius, along the southern border, with very small leaves.

(The specific name, parcifoUus, is the Latin for small-leaved.)

Commouly a tall shrub branching from near the ground, but occa-
sionally a small tree with rigid upright branches, and rarely attains the
height of 30 feet (9 m.) with a trunk 8 or 10 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter,
with thin reddish-brown bark rough witli long irregular scales.

Habitat. — Among the mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico
and westward; not found, however, in Nevada, but occurring in southern
Oregon, and thence southward along the western slope of the Sierra
Xevada Mountains, and among the Coast Ranges into Lower California
and in Mexico. It is found on gravely slopes and ridges, and in desert
regions on the "washes"' leading from the mountains.

Physical Properties. — Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, com-
pact, with numerous fine medullary rays, and uniformly distributed fine
ducts, difficult to work, but susceptible of a beautiful polish. It is of a
rich, reddish-brown color, with thin whitish sap-wood, the transition
from sap-wood to heart-wood being in a uniform gradation, the color of
the former gradually darkening to that of the latter. Specific Gravity,
0.0365; Percentage nf Ash, 0.4.5; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.9323; Weight of a Cubic Font in Pounds, 58.30.

Uses.— An excellent wood for fuel and occasionally used in turnery, as
for tool-handles, etc., and the leaves serve as food for cattle to some
extent in late summer and autumn.

Medicinal Properties have not been detected in this sp'^cies.

30 Hough's American Woods.

OnDER CORNACEiE : Dogwood Family.

Leaves opposite (except in one species), simple, mostly entire. Flowers in cymes,
often involucrate, polypetalous (exceptionally apetalous), 4-numerous ; calyx-lube
adherent to the ovary, its limbs minute ; petals valvate in the bud, oblong, sessile,
and, with the stamens, borne on an epijjynous disk in the perfect flowers; ovary
1-celled, bearing a single suspended ovule: style single, somewhat club-shaped.
Fruit a 1-2-seeded baccate drupe, bearing the persistent limb of the calyx.

Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with bitter, tonic bark.

Genus GARRYA, Douglas.

Leaves entire, or nearly so, coriaceous, evergreen, and with short petioles con-
nate at base; branchlets more or less 4-angled. Flowers dioecious, in axillary aments,
solitary or three together between decussately connate bracts, apetalous ; the stami-
nate with calyx 4-parted, the segments linear and valvate; stamens 4, distinct; disk
and ovary wanting; pistillate floiters with calyx-limb of 2 short lobes or obsolete; disk
and stamens none ; pistil with 2 persistent styles, stigmatic on the inner side and 1-
celled ovary, containing 2 pendent ovules suspended by funiculi from top of
cell. Fruit an ovoid or subglobose blu« or purple berry, containing 1-2 oblong
compressed seeds with copious fleshy albumen and minute embryo with oblong
cotyledons.

131. GARRYA ELLIPTICA, Douglas.

Silk-tassel Tree, Quinine Tree.

Ger., Seidenquastenbaum ; Fr., Arhre a signets de sole; Sp., Arhol de
horlita de seda.

Specipic Characters. — Leaves elliptical, l^A in. long, rounded or acute and
mucromate at apex, truncate or rounded at base, thick, concave beneath, margins
revolute and undulate, smooth, dark green and shining above, densely pale-tomeu-
tose beneath as with the petioles and new growths at first. Flowers in solitary or
clustered pendulous amentw; the staminate 2-5 in. long, tassel-like with truncate or
acute bracts silky as with the calyx-lobes; pistillate aments shorter and stouter, 1-4 i
in. long, with acute or acuminate bracts; ovary densely silky-tomentose, sessile.
Fruit subglobose, about J in. in diameter, tipped with the remnant of the styles,
conformed to each other by mutual pressure in the compact raceme, densely pale
silky tomentose, with purple juicy flesh, this finally in drying separating from the
ejiicarp, which retains its original form, and dries down about the one or two com-
pressed seeds.

(The specific name, elliptica, is a Latin word and descriptive of the elliptical form
of the leaves.)

The Silk-tassel Tree is more often 11 crookedly branched shrub than a
tree, but it does occasionally attain the stature of a tree. The largest we
have seen was 13 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter of trunk which branched
about five feet from the ground into a wide-spreading, irregular top not
more than 20 ft. (6 m.) in height. The bark of trunk is of a brownish-
gray color and rough with thin irregular friable scales. It is a peculiarly
handsome and striking tree in January and February, with its long cat-
kins hanging in clusters like tassels of thick "chinchilla" worsted.

Habitat. — From the vicinity of Monterey northward to the Colum-
bia River, growing on hill-sides and the slopes of streams near the coast

132. Arbutus Mexziesii — Madrona. 3L

Physical Pkopekties. — Wood rather soft, brittle, not strong, shrink-
ing greatly in drying, tine-grained, and Avith many conspicuous medullary
rays; of a purple-brown color, and with abundant whitish sap-wood,
which soon, after being cut, assume a darker cast, especially if cut in
warm weather.

Uses. — Little if any use is made of this tree, although its unique
beauty, especially when in blossom, Avould certainly commend it for or-
namental purposes.

Medicinal Properties, so far as known, have never been found in
this species.

Order ERICACIjiE : Heath Family.

Leaves commonly alternate, but sometimes opposite and rarely wliorled, without
stipules. Flowers regular, symmetrical, perfect and 4-5-numerous ; corolla present
and lobed or of distinct petals; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, or twice
as many, free from it, but inserted with it on an annular disk; anthers usually in-
trorse, commonly appendaged and opening by terminal chinks or pores, pollen com-
pound, of 4 united grains (except in a few herbaceous species, the Monotropce); pistil
with single style, superior or inferior ovary, having as many cells as the lobes of the
corolla, or rarely fewer. Fruit a berry, drupe or capsule with small anatropous
seeds having small embryo in fleshy albumen.

A large family, mainly of shrubs, but a few trees and herbs, and ouite various in
characters.

Genus ARBUTUS, Tournefort.

Leaves alternate, coriaceous, petiolate, entire or toothed (sometimes in the same
plant), obscurely pinnately veined, without stipules and persistent. Floirers small,
white or pinkish, in terminal panicles, with pedicels developed each from the axils
of usually two ovate membranous and persistent bracts; calyx small, free from the
ovary, 5-parted nearly to the base, the lobes acute, membranous and persistent,
corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, subglobose or urn-shaped, white, pinkish or
greenish and with 5, recurved, obtuse teeth, imbricated in aestivation, stamens 10, in-
cluded, inserted on the bottom of the corolla, filaments dilated and hairy at base
and anthers 2-celled, short, laterally compressed, introrse, furnished near the sum-
mit behind with two reflexed awns, cells opening each by a pore near the top
anteriorly; pistil with single columnar exserted style with terminal obsurely .5-lobed
stigma and 5-celled ovary sessile upon the hypogynous glandular disk, the cells con-
taining numerous anatrapous ovules attached to central placent;e. Fruit a globose
berry with smooth or granular surface, 5-celled, and with several small compressed
pointed seeds in each cell, with axil embryo in copious hard albumen.

A genus of few species of interesting trees and shrubs of the warmer temperate
regions of both hemispheres. {Arbutus is the ancient Latin name of the European
species.)

132. ARBUTUS MENZIESII, Pcrsh.

Madrona, Madroxa Laurel, Strawberry Tree.

Ger., Erdheerhaum von Menzies; Fr., Arbouder Meazies; Sp., Madrona.

Specific Characters:— Z^'r/ces oval or oblong, 3-5 in. long, rounded at apex or
abruptlv pointed, mostly rounded at base, with entire (on young shoots often serrate)
and slightly revolute margins, thick, coriaceous, with strong midrib and at maturity
lustrous dark green above, pale beneath and with conspicuously reticulate veinlets;
petiole |-l in. in length, stout and with margins of blade often decurrent upon it.
Flowers'&hout i in. in length and borne in rather close, pubescent, compound terminal

32 Hough's American "Woods.

racemes forming a cluster 5-6 in. in lengtli and Avidth, witli slender pedicels in the
axils of scarious, ciliate bracts; calyx-lobes white and membranous; corolla sub-
globose, white; ovary glabrous. Fruit aa orange-colored subglob().se glandular-
roughened dryish drupaceous berry, about 4 in. long and with thin hardly edible tlesh,
and 5 cells, the walls of which are more or less perfectly developed into a cartilaginous
stone and each cell containing several dark brown angular pilose seeds, tightly-
pressed together.

(The specific name, Menziesii, commemorates the name of the discoverer, Archibald
Menzies, a Scottish naturalist who discovered the tree about a century ago.)

One of the most beautiful and interesting trees of the American forests,
and of which the Californians are justly proud. When growing in the
forests it attains, sometimes the height of 100 ft. (33 m.) with a tall
straight trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m. ) in diameter, but when growing by itself
it develops a wide rounded top with large horizontal branches and stout
trunk sometimes 5-7 ft. (2 m.) iu diameter, with wide burly base con-
siderably increasing the thickness at the surface of the ground. Such a
tree growing at the base of Mt. Tamalpias, near San Rafael, is perhaps
the most wonderful of its kmd iu existence. It measures 2J ft. in girth
3 feet from the ground and its oranches cover an area nearly 100 ft.
across. The beauty in the Madroiia is the clear wine color, very smooth
bark of branches and small trunks, in combination with the broad, rich,
evergreen leaves, and perhaps interspersed with the large panicles of white
flowers or the reddish-orange fruit. The outer layer of this bark exfoli-
ates annually in large thin scales. The bark of trunk is of a brownish-
gray color, checked longitudinally and crosswise into thin irregularly
oblong and square scales.

Habitat. — From the islands along the coast of British Columbia
southward among the mountains to southern California, growing on slopes
and in rich well-drained soil, within the influence of the fogs which
set in fi'om the Pacific. It attains its greatest size among the mountains
north of San Francisco and southward becomes reduced to a mere shrub.

Physical PiiOPERriES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, with many fine
medullary rays, close grained and checking badly in drying. It is of a
light red color with thin pinkish-white sap-wood. Sjjenific Gravity,
0.7052; Percentage of Ash, 0.40; Rdative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.7024; Caefftcieat of Elasticifij, 838 54; Modulus of Rupture, 907; Re-
sistance to Longitudijial Pressu7'e, 502; Resistance to Indentation, 207;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 43.95.

Uses. — The wood is used to some extent in the manufacture of furni-
ture, etc., and to considerable extent for charcoal for gun powder. Its
bark is also used sometimes for tanning purposes.

As a tree for ornamental purposes it well deserves extensive popularity,
as it is of rare good qualities.

MEDicijfAL Properties have not been discovered in this species.

133. Arctostaphylos pungens — Common Maxzanita. 33

Genus ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adanson.

Leaves alternate, thick, coriaceous, persistent (in all but one Arctic-alpine species),
entire or irregularly toothed. Flowers white or rose-colored, from the axils of per-
sistent bracts, in terminal and often clustered racemes ; calyx small, free from the
ovary, 4-5-parted nearly to the base, with membranous persistent lobes ; corolla ganio-
petaious, hypogynous, subglobose to urn-shaped, and with -1-5 short, obtuse, re-
curved lobes ; stamens 10 (occasionally 8), included, inserted on the base of the
corolla ; the anthers 2-celled, furnished near the apex with 2 reflexed awns and the
cells opening each by a terminal pore : pistil same as in tbe genus Arbxtus. but with
single suspended ovule in each cell. Fruit drupaceous or berry-like with thin, dry
and somewhat austere tlesh, and 5-10 seed-like, compressed bony nutlets, or .seme-
times more or less united into a 5-10-celled, or by obliteration even singled-celled,
nutlet, each cell containing a single suspended seed.

Genus represented by shrubs or small trees of several interesting but no sharply
defined species, mostly Californiau. (The name is from the Greek dcpHTuS, a bear,
and 6rLX<pv\i), berry.)

133. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS, HBK.*

CoMMox Manzaxita.

Ger., Calif or nianische Bdrentvaube ; Fr., Biisserole cle Californie ; Sp.,
Manzanita comun.

Specific Characters. — Leaees oblong-lanceolate to oval, mostly obtuse or acute
and mucronate at apex, and mostly rounded or obtuse at base, 1-2 in. in length,
more or less vertical upon the branchlet by a twist in the stout petiole, very rigid,
pale and usually glaucous-green, entire or sometimes on young vigorous shoots den-
tate ; branchlets, petioles and peduncles minutely cinereous-tomentose when young,
or glabrous (not hispid-hairy). Flowers in .short crowded racemes, white or pinkish,
with short glabrous pedicels ; stamens with filaments strongly ciliate-bearded ; ovary
glalirous. Fruits smooth, flattened-globose, about ^ in. or less in diameter, yellowish
at first but turning to a dull red, widi thin mealy flesh and separate outlets, or only
one or two pairs cohering, J in. or less in length.

(The specific name, pimgens, is the Latin for pointed, and of rather obscure applica-
tion, perhaps referring to the pointed nature of the leaves.)

The Manzanita is usually a slirub of but a few feet in heiglit with
many crooked stems and tortuous branches, but occasionally it attains
the dimension of a low wide-spread hig tree. The largest we have seen
was 18 ft. (4.50 m.) in height, with a veryshort trunk 7 ft. (2.10 m.) in
girth at the smallest place, and sending out immediately low wide-
reaching branches, making a spread of 48 ft. (14.50 m.), the branches
taking root where they touched the ground. The bark of the Manzanita
is very smooth, close and of a rich brownish-red or mahogany color, and
as the outer layer annually exfoliates in thin, papery curved scales, what
is left is almost as thin as paper.

Habitat, — The Facific Coast region from Oregon southward into
Me.xico, and eastward to Utah and Xew Mexico, growing on dry ridges
and mountain slopes of great range of altitude.

* Arctostaphylos Manzanita, Parry.

34 Hough's American Woods.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, luircl, easily splitting, with
very tine medullary rays and close grain. It is of a rich brownish red
color with thin whitish sap-wood,, the transition of color from the sap-
wood to that of the heart being of uniform gradation. It is when fre^li
a very handsome wood.

Uses. — The wood of the Manzanita is employed to some extent for
small articles of turnery and fancy work, as for cutf buttons, fancy boxes,
etc. The fruit is said to be eaten by Indians sometimes and it is also
an important article of food with bears and certain birds.

Medicinal Properties are not known of this species.

Order BIGNONIACS^S! : Bignonia Family.

Leaves simple or compound, opposite (rarely alternate), exstipulate. Flowers per-
fect, rather large and showy ; calyx 2-lipped, or 5-cleft or entire ; corolla monopeta-
lous, tubular or bell-shaped, irregular, 5-lobed or 2-lipped, the lowest lobe the
largest ; stamens 5, but only 2 or 2 pairs being fertile (the others existing as rudi-
ments) inserted on the corolla, anthers with 2 diverging cells ; pistil solitary with
superior 2-celled (rarely 1-celled) ovary, long style, 2-lipped stigma and numerous
anatropous ovules. Fruit a dry coriaceous 2-valved deliscent capsular pod with
numerous large flat and usually winged seeds.

Woody plants chiefly of the tropics.

Genus CHILOPSIS, Don.

Leaves opposite, alternate or scattered, linear or linear-lanceolate, 3 6 in. or more
in length and J--^ in. in width, long pointed, entire, without stipules, light green,
smooth or glutinous, involute in vernation, sessile or nearly so from an enlarged base,
midrib prominent both sides and with few conspicuous, prolonged lateral veins.
FlotDcrs in short puberulous crowded racemes 3-4 in. long terminating leafy branchlets
of the season, with slender pedicels, from the axils of acuminate, membraneous deci-
duous bracts and themselves furnished with two similar bractlets above tlie middle;
calyx membraneous, pale-tomentose outside, cleft to the base into two ovate concave
lobes minutely toothed at apex and closed before blossoming in an apicuiate bud,
corolla funnel-shaped, about \\ iu. in length and slightly less in width, white shaded
into pale purple, yellow-blotched in the dilated throat, slightly oblique, with an am-
ple bilabiate spreading limb, having rounded lobes and with erose undulate margin,
the upper lip of two lobes and the under of three, the central one longest ; stamens 4,
besides the rudiments of a fifth posteriorly located, inserted on the corolla near its
base, didynamous, with filiform, glabrous filaments and introrse anthers having two
naked diverging cells ooeninjj by longitudinal slits, pistil sessile on the anular disk,
with slender style 2 looed at the apex, and 2-celled, conical glabrous ovary, each cell
containing numerous amphitropous ovules horizontally inserted on a central placenta.
Fruit, a slender, thin-walled terete capsule, 6-10 in. loiig, thickest in the middle (about
^ in.) and gradually tapering both ways, dehiscent at maturity by two coriaceous
valves contrary to the thin loose partition and liberating the numerous light brown
exalbiiminous seeds about \ in. long, winged at both ends with a long fringe of soft
white hairs, the embryo filling the cavity with broad rounded cotyledons and short
radicle.

Genus represented by the following single species and name from the Greek
X^i^oi and o^z? of obscure application.

134. Chilopsis saligna — Desert Willow. 35

134. CHILOPSIS SALIGNA, D., Don.*
Desert Willow, Flowering Willow.

Ger., Wiiste-Weide; ¥v.. Senile du desert; Sp., Sauce del desirto.

Specefic Characters incorporated in the above generic description, this being
the only species.

(The specific name, saligna, is a Latin adjective from salix, the willoic.)

A small tree and commonly rather a shrub than tree, but under most
favorable influences it attains the height of 25 or 30 ft. (8 m, ), ^v]t\\ short
and often inclined trunk 12 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter, vested in a grayish-
brown bark, with broad, interbranchiug, firmly adherent, fibrous lidges.
Its habit of growth, with long slender and more or less drooping branch-
lets, is quite similar to the willows proper. It is a cheerful relief in the
desert, with its bright green grass-like leaves and handsome flowers,
which commence in early summer and continue for several months.
When leafless it is conspicuous on account of its long, slender pods which
swing among the branches long after the leaves have fallen.

Habitat. — San Bernardino Co. and southward in California, east-
ward into Texas, northward as far as Nevada and Utah, and southward
into Mexico, where it is said to attain its greatest development. It grows
along the courses of streams and in the " washes " and depressions of the
deserts in dry gravely soil.

Physical Properties.— Wood light, soft, not strong, checking badly
in drying, with many fine medullary rays and annual rings indicated by
large open ducts which are also quite uniformly distributed through the
rest of the ring. It is of a dark and slightly greenish-brown color with
thin lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5902 ; Percentage of Ash,
0.37 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.b^9>0 ; Coefficient of Elasticity,
5ii21; Modulus of Rupture, 578 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
297 ; Resistance to Indentation, 144 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
36.78.

Uses. — Little or no use is made of this wood, though the trees are
occasionally planted for ornamental purposes in the southwest and in
Mexico, for which it is admirably suited, blooming as it does all summer
long in spite of the dryness, with delightfully fragrant flowers, and can
be easily propagated by cuttings as well as by seeds.

♦ Chilopsis linearis, DC.

36 Hough's American Woods,

Ordek PLATANACEffi : Plane-tree Family.

Leaves simple, alternate, palmately-veiaed and lobed, with sheathing scarious
stipules. Flowers moncscious, destitute of both calyx and corolla, iu separate and
globular heads. Sterile flowers numerous ; stamens intermixed with small, club-
shaped scales ; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, linear. Fertile flowers : pistils
intermixed with little scales ; ovaries inversely pyramidal; style simple, awl-shaped,
stigmatic on one side. Fruit small, club-shaped, coriaceous nutlets, with bristly
tawny down at base, arranged in globose heads and containing a single, pendulous,
albuminous seed.

Represented by trees.

Genus PL AT ANUS, L.

Characters as given for the order, this being the only genus.

(The name Platanus is from the Greek, nXarvi, broad, probably in reference to
the leaves.)

135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA, Nutt.

California Sycamore.

Ger., Calif or nianische Platane ; Fr., Plalane de Californie ; Sp., Pla-
tano de California.

Specific Characters : — Leaves quite variable iu shape , broad heart-shaped
rounded, truncate or even cuneate at base, with blade decurrent upon the petiole,
mostly 5-lobed (sometimes 3-Iobed) the sinuses acute or rounded and extending quite
to the middle of the leaf, lobes acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate, mucronately
toothed or sometimes sinuate-toothed, densely covered at first with a pale or rusty
fugacious tomentum. often 1 ft. or more across, petiole 1-3 iu. long; stipules sheathing
the branchlet, deciduous, membranous, with dilated foliaceous entire or toothed limb,
cleft next to the petiole. Fruit nutlets scarcely ^ in. in length, tomentose when
young but finally nearly glabrous, beak slender, about | in. long, margined with
tawny hairs, in globose heads about 1 in. in diameter and 3-7 together in amoniliform
spike.

The California Sycamore is very nuicli like its eastern congener in
liabit growth. It sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) with a
trnnk 4-5 ft. in diameter (1.20 m-) (exceptionally much larger as with one
mentioned in the Botany of California as growing in Los Angeles Co.,
and having a girth of 29 ft. 7 in.) with light-gray bark exfoliating iu
large irregular scales and plates, and bark of branches sometimes nearly
white. When growing by itself the trunk is short, dividing into massive
sprawling branches and developing a large irregular top.

Habitat. — The river valleys of California, particularly of the interior
region and conspicuously the Sacramento valley; thence southward into
the southern part of the state, growing in rich moist soil along the
borders of streams.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather light and soft, brittle, com-
pact and very difficult to split, with conspicuous medullary rays and fine
grain; of a light reddish-brown color shaded into a buff-white sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.4880 ; Percentage of A ah, 1.11 ; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.4826; Coefficient of Elasticity, 62401; Modulus of Pnpture,

136. QuEKcus Garryana — Oregon Oak. 37

626; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressui'e, 324; Resistance to Inde^itation,
93; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 30.41.

Uses. — Like the eastern Sycamore the western species seems to have
been a long neglected wood, on account of the difficulty of working it
and its liability to warp, but cut " quartering/' i. e. radially, it possesses
rare and beautiful properties, giving it a peculiar value for furniture,
interior finishing, etc., which are now becoming appreciated and giving
the wood a well-deserved popularity.

Medicinal Properties are not known of this species.

Order CUPULIFERiE : Oak Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined ; the stipules, forming the bud-scales,
deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flotrers in clustered or racemed
catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech); calyx regular or scale-like; stamens 5-20.
Fertile fl'urers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an involucre which
forms a cup or covering to the nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth min-
ute and crowning the summit ; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules in each
cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disappearing before maturity ; stig-
mas sessile. Fruit a, 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together and partly
or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) involueral cup or covering;
seed albumenless, with an anatropous, often edible, embyro ; cotyledons thick ami
fleshy.

Represented by both trees and shrubs.

Genus QUERCUS, L.

Floicers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds; calyx 2-8-parted or cleft;
stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile floicers with ovary nearly 3 celled and 6-
ovuled, 2 of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive ; stigma 3-lobed ; involucre
developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is
1-celled, 1-seeded.

(The ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic quer, fine, and
cuez, tree.)

136. QUERCUS GARRYANA, Dotol.

Oregon Oak, Mountain White Oak.

Ger., Oregonische Eiche ; Fr., Chcne de Oregon; Sp., Rohle de Oregon.

Specific Characters. — Lerjhves deciduous, 4-6 in. long, oval or obovate in out-
line, coarsely and irregularly pinnately lobed, with narrow sinuses and broad rounded
and mostly obtusely pointed and entire or sometimes sparingly undulate-toothed
lobes ; dull-green above, paler, stronglv reticulate-veined and pubescent beneath ;
petioles ^-1 in. in length, these with the thick branchlets and large winter-buds
tomentose. Flowers as described for the genus : calyx-lobes 7-8, linear-lanceolate
ciliate ; stamens 6-8 : pistil with subsessile stigma and abortive ovules at the base of
tlie seed. F>vit acorns maturing the first season, sessile or nearly so, 1-li in. long
oblong-ovoid or obovoid, obtuse and with very shallow small cups, having small
lanceolate slightly pubescent closely appressed scales tuberculate at base.

A tree sometimes attaining the height of 100 ft. (30 m. ) with open top
of strong wide-spreading branches and a trunk 3-4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter,

38 Hough's American Woods,

or exceptionally considerably greater thickness and vested in a light gray
bark with rather narrow scaly ridges.

Habitat. — From Sonoma County, California, northward, principally
coastwise, through Oregon, Washington and into British Columbia,
growing on the foothills and mountain slopes to a moderate lieight in
dry gravely soil. Common and especially important northward.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, compact
and of a light-brown color with buff-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.7453; Percentage of Ash, 0.39; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7434;
('oefficient of Eladicity, 81109 ; ' Modulus of Biiptnre, 879 ; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 505; Resistance to Indentation, 340 ; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.45.

Uses. — One of the most valuable of the oaks of the Pacific coast, be-
ing there what the White Oak {Q. alba) is in the east, to which it is lit-
tle inferior, and it is applied to quite the same uses, as for furniture, the
manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, furniture, interior
finishing and for shipbuilding, cooperage, etc., and largely for fuel.

Medicinal Properties. — Though this species is not mentioned as of
medicinal value, astringent and tonic properties found in the other oaks
are also found in this.

137. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA, Nee.

Coast Live Oak, Holly-Leaved Oak.

Ger., Immergriine Eiche von der Kilste ; Fr., CMne vert de la cote, Sp.,

Encina.

Specific Characters. — Leaves oval-orbicular to oblong, 2-3 in. long, coriaceous,
subpersistent, siuuately spiuous-tootbed or occasionally a part of the leaves entire,
more or less concave beneath, obtuse or rounded (sometimes cordate) at base, rather
pale green and smooth when old, without lustre, with downy petioles usually about
^ in. long, these as with the new growths and leaves when young pubescent with
deciduous stel)at»3 hairs. i<7o?fers in abundant glabrate aments; calyx with 5-6 ovate
lobes: anthers about 6 (sometimes 8 or 10), obtuse or cuspidate; abortive ovules borne
at the top of the seed; stigmas on long spreading recurved styles. Fruit acorus ma-
turing the first season (hence on the young shoots) sessile or nearly so, solitary or
clustered, with elongated tapering nut 1-1| in. long and about \ in. thicli, conspicu-
ously liueate when fresh, and with thin turbinated cup, about as broad as deep, and
composed of small membranous imbricated, closely appressed, grayish-brown, pubes-
cent scales.

Var. fnitescens, the Scrub Oak, is shrubby in habit, with smaller leaves (about 1
in. long) and smaller crowded acorns scarcely 1 in. long.

(The specific name agrifolia is from the Latin acer, sharp, and /oliiwi, leaf, allud-
ing to the spinous-toothed leaves.)

This picturesque oak occasionally attains the height of 80 ft. (33 m.),
and 6 or 7 ft. (3 m.) in diameter of trunk, and rarely even surjiasses those
dimensions, but commonly does nut nearly attain them. It is a tree

138. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA TaN-BARK OaK. 39

with broad rounded top of many branches, sometimes of very wide ex-
panse and often very much resembling large apple trees in habit of
growth. Indeed, as one passes through a region where the tree is com-
mon, and growing as it often does sparsely scattered over the country,
at some distance apart, the thought constantly recurs to him — what a
splendid lot of large apple trees.

The persistence of the leaves, though properly evergreen, is quite vari-
able, some trees losing nearly or quite all of the leaves during the winter,
and others retaining them apparently intact. The bark of trunk is thick,
reddish and spongy within, of a dark-gray color outside, and fissured into
broad, large, firmly adherent, longitudinal ridges, the smooth gray epi-
dermis of the young tree long persisting on the centers of the ridges of
the old bark. It is very similar in its appearance to the bark of the
Rock Chestnut Oak {Q. Prinns) of the Eastern States.

Habitat. — California, in the vicinity of the coast, from Mendocino
County southward to Lower California, especially abundant and well-
developed southward and on Santa Cruz Island.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, compact, rather brittle,
the annual layers of growth not all easy distinguishable, with thick con-
spicuous medullary rays, between and parallel with which are open ducts
arranged in rows. The heart-wood is of a reddish-brown color, but only
seen in the large and very old trees, and the sap-wood, of which the small
trtes are generally wholly composed, is of a creamy-white color, when
freshly cut, but soon assumes a brownish cast, apparently caused by a
fermeutation of the sap. Specific Gravitij, 0.8--.^53 ; Percentage of Ash, 1. 28;
Relative Apjyro.ri mate Fuel Value, 0.8147; Coefficient of Elasticity, 95276;
Modulus of Rupture, 935; Resistance to Lomjitndinal Pressure, 463;
Resistance to Indentation, 235; Weight of a Cut)ic Foot iri Pounds, 51.43.

Uses. — Little used except for fuel, for which it is highly prized.

Medicixal Properties are only those common to other oaks, due to
an astringency of the bark.

138. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA, H. & A.

Tan-bark Oak, Evergreen Chestnut Oak.

Ger., Eiche mit dichten Blum en ; Fr., Chene a fleurs denses; Sp., Rolle

de fores densas.

Specific Characters. — Leaves persistent, oblong:, 3-5 in. long, obtuse or acute at
apex, rounded, obtuse or sometimes acute at base, with revolute and entire or serrate-
dentate margin, often strongly concave below, light irlaucous-green above, densely
yellowish tomentose beneath, as with the short petioles (\-^ in. in length) peduncles,
branchlets, etc , with stellate and more or less fugacious hairs. Floicers in dense
erect aments (those of all our other oaks being loose and pendent) 3-6 in. long,
stamenate above and pistillate below, or some wholly staminate, clustered on the cat-
kins in glomerules of three subtended by three bracts; calyx with 5 broad woolly
lobes; stamens 10, with long slender much exserted filaments and very small anthers;

40 Hough's American Wouds.

pollen only about half tlie size of that of the other oaks; stigmas linear. Fruit
acorns maturing the second year, solitary or clustered and sessile or with short
peduncles; nut oval or oblong, 1-U in. long, acute or obtuse and often obscurely
triangular at apex, with thick sliell tomeutose without and within, seated on a very
shallow, or even quite Hat, cup f-l| in. broad, silky tomentose inside and outside,
with long linear-subulate rigid and spreading or recurved scales.

(The specific name, densijlora, is the Latin for densely flowered, and descriptive of
the peculiar catkins of this species.)

This beautiful and symmetrical oak sometimes attains the height of 80
ft. (24 m.) with a trunk 3— i ft. (1 m ) in diameter invested with a gray-
ish-brown bark which, on small trunks, is of a light-gray color and quite
smooth, but finally becomes rough with rather firmly adherent longitu-
dinal ridges. Though it very rarely surpasses the dimensions above
given, it generally is much smaller, and sometimes but a shrub from 5-7
ft. in height, A very interesting tree to botanists as it is intermediate in
many respects between the other Oaks and the Uhestnuts.

Habitat. — From southwestern Oregon southward along the Coast
Kanges to the Santa Lucia Mountains, abundant and reaching its great-
est development in the Hedwood region.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, compact, perisha-
ble in contact with the soil, of close grain, easily worked and susceptible
of a smooth polish, with few large medullary rays and many open ducts
arranged in rows between them. It is of a light reddish-brown color
with abundant reddish-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6827; Per-
centage of Ash, 1.49; Reldtive Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6725; Coeffi-
cient of Elasticitij, 96347 ; Modulus of Rupture, 946 ; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 475 ; Resistance to Indentation, 224; Weight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 42.55.

• Uses. — The bark of this tree is very rich in tannin, and is considered
the most valuable of the Pacific Coasc trees for tanning purposes. It is
extensively gathered for that use, and we have seen immense numbers
of tiie prostrate trunks deprived of their bark and wasteful ly left by the
bark-petders to rot on the ground. The wood is extensively used for fnel.

Medicinal Properties. — The abundant tannin found in the bark is
available in medicine where an astringent or tonic effect is desirable,
especially in the form of a wash or external application.

Genus CASTANOPSIS, A. DeCandolle.

ZeaiJes mostly coriaceous and entire. Staminate flowers in slender axillary panicled
aments, upon the young shoots, with regularly 5-6-lobed perianth ; stamens twice as
many as the petals. Pistillate flowers 1-3, with scaly sessile involucre at the base of the
aments; lobes of perianth 6. in two rows ; pistil with usually 3 styles and 3-celled
ovary, each cell containing at its lower angle amphithropous ovules. Fruit an edible
nut maturing the second year, invested 1-2 together, with a subglobose involucre
densely covered with stout branched prickles, and finally irregularly dehiscent; seeds
solitary and cotyledons plano-convex, thick.

An interesting genus intermediate between Querrus and Castanen, represented by
few species of trees and shrubs mostly of Eastern Asia and adjacent islands. The
name is derived from Hd^ravov, chestnut, and o^tpii, appearance.

139. Castanopsis chrysophylla — California Chinquapin. 41

139- CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA, A. DC.

California Chinquapin", Evergreen Chestnut.

Ger., Californianische Kastanie ; Fr., Chdtaignier de Calif ornie; Sp.,
Castana de California.

Specific Characters : — Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong, 1-4 in.
long, mostly acuminate at both ends and decurrent upon the short petiole, with
entire revolute margin, green, sraoothish and with prominent reticulations above,
under-surface covered with minute golden yellow lobed scales. Stnnimate amenta
1-8 in. long, densely pubescent. Pistillate flowers with three stout glabrous, diverg-
ing styles. Fruit with involucre densely covered with stout subverticillate many-
branched sharp spines, ^ to 1 in. in length and nut usually solitary, about ^ in. long,
with triangular and obtusely-pointed apex.

(The specific name, chrysophylla, is from the Greek ^pu(;oS, gold, and (pvXXov,
leaf, alluding to the color of the under-surface of the leaf.)

The Western Chinquapin is found fruiting abundantly as a mere shrub
of but a few feet in height, but under favorable conditions sometimes
attains the dimensions of 100 ft. (30 m.) in height, or more, with a trunk
2 or 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter, and rather flat wide top of many-
branches. The bark of trunk closely resembles that of the chestnut of
the east, being of a mottled gray color, and checked into firm longitu-
dinal ridges, on the summits of which persists for a long time the smooth
epidermis of tlie young bark. The handsome evergreen foliage of the
tree, with golden under-surfaces, gives it a peculiarly characteristic
aspect by which it may be at once recognized. In the latter part of
summer it may be seen in flower and with fruit in all stages of develop-
ment at the same time.

Habitat. — Western Oregon and southward among the Coast Ranges
and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San
Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains in southern California, reaching
its greatest development in northern California.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, compact, close-
grained, with obscure medullary rays and annual rings marked by a single
row of large open ducts. It is of a reddish-brown color with numerous
lines of dark-brown radiating from the center, which gives the radial sec-
tion of the heart- wood a peculiar mottled appearance. The abundant
sap-wood is brownish-white. Specific (rravity, 0.5574; Percentage of
Ash, 0.35; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5554; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 101195; Modulus of Rupture, 741; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 4:35; Resistance to /dentation, 119; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 34.74.

Uses. — Occasionally used in the manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments, etc. The bark of the tree, though of little or no value for tan-
ning purposes, is sometimes fraiululently sold as that of the Tan-bark
6

42 Hough's American Woods.

Oak (Q. densijiora) which it quite closely resembles at a certain age.
The tree is occasionally planted for ornamental purposes, but not as
generally as its merits deserve.

iMedicinal Properties are not known of this species.

Order SALICACE^ : Willow Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, undivided and furnished with stipules, which are either
scale like and deciduous, or leaf-like and persistent. FlowerH dioecious, both kinds
in catkins, one under each Ijract or scale of the catkin and destitute of both calyx
and corolla, or the former represented by a gland-like cup; ovary 1 to 2-celled; styles
wanting, or 2 and short: stigmas often 2-lobed. Fruit a I or 2-celled, 2 valved pod,
with numerous seeds springing from 2 parietal or basal placentse and furnished with
long, silky down; seeds ascending, anatropous, without albumen; cotyledons tiat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

Genus SALIX, Tourn.

Leaves generally narrow, long and pointed and usually with conspicuous stipules;
bud scales single. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves in terminal and lateral
cylindrical, imbricated catkins, the scales or bracts of which are entire and each sub-
tending a flower, which is without calyx, and bears at its base 1 or 2 small nectiferous
glands. Sterile flowers with 2 (but sometimes more) distinct or united stamens. Fer-
tile flowers : ovary ovoid lanceolate, taper-pointed; style short; stigmas 2, short and
mostly bifid. Fruit a 1-celled pod, dehiscent at maturity by two valves which roll
back at the summit to liberate the numerous minute comose seeds.

Trees and shrubs with lithe round branches and growing mostly along streams and
in moist localities. (Salix is from the Celtic sal, near and lis, loater, alluding to the
favorite locality of the willows.)

140. SALIX LAEVIGATA, Bebb.

California Black Willow,

Ger., CaUfoniianische Schwarze Weide; Fr., BauU noir cle Calif ornie;
Sp., Sauce negro de California.

Specific Characters:* — Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, 3-7 in. long and f-H in. vvide, the earliest obovate with a mucronate point,
glabrous, dark -green glossy and prominently nerved above, paler or glaucous be-
neath, minutely serrulate; petioles downy, not glandular; stipules semicordate,
usually small or none. Flowers in leafy-peduncled, elongated, flexuose and rather
densely flowered aments; scales pallid, villous, dentate; in the male ament roundish-
obovate and cucullate; style obsolete or short; stigmas emarginate; scales in the
female ament narrower and truncate, with 2-4 irregular teeth at the apex, falling be-
fore maturity of the ament; stamens 3-5 witb filaments hairy below. Fruit capsule
conical from a thick base, acute, glabrous; pedicel 3 or 4 times the length of the
nectary.

Variety angustifolia has leaves narrower, taper-pointed, falcate, 3 or 4 in long,
9 lines broad near the roundish base; approaching S. niqra,. It is found near Yerka,
Cal. Var. congesta has short densely flowered aments scarcely exceeding the
ample leaves of the peduncle; capsules globose conical, shortly pedicelled.

(The specific name laevigata is the Latin for smooth.)

One of the largest willows of California, it occasionally attains the
height of 40 or 50 ft. (15 m.) with a trunk 18 in. (0.4.5 m.) in diameter,
vested in a dark-gray bark, fissured into rough scaly ridges.

* As eiven by S M. B°hb. Esq . in the Botany of California, for whose elaboration of this difficult
genus the botanical world is indebted.

141. LiBOCEDRUS DECURRENS — CALIFORNIA WhITE CeDAR. 43

Habitat. — California, from the Sacramento valley southward to the
southern border of the State, growing along streams and rich bottom-
lands. " Common from 2,000 ft. altitude on the southern slope of the
San Bernardino Eange to the Coast, and on Santa Catlina Island."*

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, moderately tough, close-
grained, compact, with light reddish-brown heart-wood and pinkish-
white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4872 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.58 ;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4844 ; Coefficient of Eladicity,
48828 ; Modulus of Rupture, 644 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
319 : Resistance to Indentation, 118 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
o0.36.

Uses. — Little use is made of this wood except in southern California
for fuel.

Medichstal Properties of an astringent and tonic nature are com-
mon to the genus and mentioned of the Salix nigra, Part II, p. 36-37.

GYMNOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons
frequently more than two. Floivers diclinous and very incomplete ; pistil repre-
sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertilized
by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a true
pericarp.

Order CONIFERS : Pine Family.

Leaves mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel-veined.
Flowei'S monoecious, or rarely dioeciaus, in catkins or cones, destitute of both calyx
and corolla ; stamens one or several (usually united); ovary, style and stigma want-
ing ; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, which serves as a carpel, or on an
open disk. Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or somewhat berry-like,
and with fleshy coherent scales, seeds orthotopous, emljryo in the axis of the
albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.

Genus LIBOCEDRUS, Edlicheu.

Leaves evergreen, small and scale-like, decussately opposite, closely imbricated,
api)ressed and making a rather flat branchlet. Floirers monoecious, in terminal
aments. with decussately opposite scales ; staminute flowers very numerous, small,
with 12 or more rounded filament-scales, beneath each of which are 3-4 iutrorse
anthers ; pollen grains simple : pistillate aments terminating shorter branchlets, with
few, 4-6 carpellary scales without bracts. Fruit small, cones maturing the first
vear. not reflexed, "of 4-6 thick valvate coriaceous scales, the lowest pair small and
sterile, the third pair when present also sterile and connate and the middle pair
bearing in its axils each two unequally 2 winged orthotropous erect seeds; cotyle-
dons 2.

A genus of very few species, only one of which is North American and the name
is the Greek for Incense Cedar.

S. B. Parish, " Trees of Southern California,'' p. 347.

44 Hough's American Woods.

141. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, Torr.

California White Cedar, Post Cedar, Incense Cedar.

Ger., Calif or 7iianische Weisze Zeder ; Fr., Thuya blanc de Calif ornie ;
Sp., Thuya bianco de California,

Specific Characters. — Leaves in two decussate pairs at each joint, closely ad-
nate excepting the short pointed tip, the lateral glandlesss and overlapping the
flattened obscurely pitted inner ones. 8tamiruitefiowersovsXQ,\s'\\\i 12-16 scales.
Fruit oblong cones, |-1 in. long and scaly-bracted at base, the lowest pair of scales
very short, and the second pair oblong, convex, obtuse at tip, fertile and closing
against a septum formed by the connate third pair of scales, all tipped with a short re-
curved mucro : seeds oblong-lanceolate, \-^ in. long, with outer wing narrower than
the other which nearly equals the scale.

(The specific name, decurrens, is a Latin word m.ea.mng rHn?iinff doton, and perhaps
refers to the manner in which the leaves continue down upon the branchlet.)

A stately tree of rather pyramidal habit of growth, with lax spreading
branches, and sometimes attaining the height of 150 ft. (45 m.) with a
columnar trunk 6 or 7 ft. (2 m.) in diameter.

Habitat, — Oregon and southward along the western slopes of the
Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and among the Coast Ranges to
southern California, mostly at from 3,000-8,500 ft. elevation.

Physical Properties.— Wood very light, soft, brittle, close-grained,
compact, odorous, durable in contact with the soil and with dark-colored
bands of summer cells. It is of a reddish-brown color, with lighter and
rather thin sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4017; Percentage of Ash, 0.08;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4014; Coefficient of Elasticity,
84729; Modulus of Rupture, 682; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
403; Resistance to Indentation, 98; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
25.03.

Uses. — A very useful timber for fencing, flumes, shingles, etc., and
also used for interior finishing.

Medicinal Properties have not been discovered in this species.

Genus SEQUOIA: Endlicher.

Leaves scattered or spirally arranged, decurrent, short-linear to ovate-lanceoiate
and appressed, carinate, scale-like and long persisting on the branchlet. Flowers
monoecious, in terminal or axillary globose-oblong aments on thj young shoots, and
with rather numerous spirally arranged scales. Staminate aments very numerous,
small, with an involucre of scale-like leaves, with ovate subpeltate connective scales,
beneath each of which are 8-5 anther cells; pollen-grains simple. Pistillate aments
erect with spreading scales and 3-7 inverted ovules at the base of each. Fruit an
oval woody cone, maturing the second year, with scales diverging at right angles
from the axis, thick, wedge-shape and with rhomboidal rugose, umbillicate, seta-
ceously macronate apex; seeds flat, oblong-obovate, with thick, spone-y lateral wines:
cotyledons 4-6. ^

A genus of two species of trees, both Californian. of great economic value and
gigantic growth. The origin of the name, Sequoia, unfortunately not recorded by

142. Sequoia gigantea —Big Tree, Gian^t Redwood. 45

Endlicher wlieu be described and named the genus in 1847, has been a matter of
considerable controversy. The most commonly approved explanation of the origin
is that it is the name of a Cherokee Indian half-breed, Sequoyah, v?ho invented a
syllabic alphabet for his tribe.

142. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA, Decsn.
Big-Tree, Giant Redwood, Redwood of the Mountains.
Ger., Rieseiihaum; Vv., Arbre gigantesque; STp., Arbol giganfeo.

Specific Characters: — Leaces small, scale like, 1-3 lines in length, pale green,
ovate-acuminate or lanceolate, rigid and pungent, spirally arranged, closely ap-
pressed or with points slightly spreading; leaves on very young plants linear, nar-
rower and more spreading; brauchlets pendulous. Staminate ameiits only 2-3 lines
long. Fruit, ovoid-oblong cones, 2-3 in. long and usually of 25-30 scales, which are
at apex 1x4 in. in size, depressed, and with a very delicate prickle in the center,
through which runs the longest way of the scale, an elevated ridge; seeds 3-7 with
each scale, about \ in. long, with chocolate-brown center (the seed portion), and golden
brown lateral thickish wing-like margins.

(The specific name, (jujanUa . is in Latin descriptive of the gigantic stature of
the tree.)

These marvelous trees, the pride not only of California but of all
America, have in all the world few if any peers in size and majesty.
They attain the height of upwards of 350 ft. (150 m.), with a trunk 30 or
35 ft. (10 m.) in diameter, vested in a very thick, reddish-brown, soft,
fibrous bark, with great rounded ridges 2 or 3 ft. (0.90 m.) or more some-
times in thickness. The branches of the Sequoia gigantea usually leave
the trunk at so great a height that the tallest tree of the Atlantic forests
could stand beneath them. They are short for the magnitude of the
trunk, mostly horizontal or somewhat deflected and dividing into a pro-
fusion of drooping branchlets, all forming an open cylindrical narrow head.

Habitat. — California, the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains from Placer County to the southern border of Tulare County, and from
about 4,000 to 8,000 ft. elevation. It does not form extensive tracts of
forest, but is interspersed with other trees, as the Sugar Pine, Douglas
Spruce, White Fir, Post Cedar, etc., and these trees, as if it were a
fashion set by the Giant Sequoia, also attain enormous dimensions, even
10-14 in. in diameter and of great height. To the northward of its
range it is found in isolated groups covering small area, but with large
trees, in moist swales and depressions among the mountains, while to the
southward it is more generally distributed over the mountain slopes,

Physical Properties. — Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, compact
and very durable in contact with the soil; of a rich, red color, more
intense in some places than in others, and with whitish sap-wood occu-
pying one or two hundred rings. Specific Gravity, 0.2882 ; Percentage
of A^h, 0.50; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.2868; Coefficient
of Elasticity, 45146 ; Modulus of Rupture, 459; Resistance to Lnngitudi-

46 Hough's American Woods.

nal Pressure, 388; Eesisiance to Indentation, 68; Weight of a Cubic Foot
in Pounds, 17.96.

UsKS. — Manufactured to some extent into lumber for general construc-
tion purposes, for fencing, boxes, shingles, etc.

Medicin"al Properties so far as known have not been detected in this
species.

Note. — The age of tlie Big Trees is an interesting matter of speculation,
and we believe it is generally -very mucii underestimated. By way of
illustration let us consider the age of the tree from which the material
for the accompanying sections was taken, as a large chip out of the side
of a tree left standing. This tree was 8 ft. in diameter inside the bark. Xow
by counting the rings of the section we have, and a little figuring, we will
see that this tree, only 8 ft. in diameter, was about 1,800 years old, if
the rings were of the same thickness throughout as those shown in the
section. It is reasonable to suppose that they were about the same, but
even allowing that they were not as thin (they may have been even thin-
ner) it is right to presume that this tree must have been at least twelve
or fifteen hundred years old. If that be s^ what must be the age of the
largest trees, 30 ft. and upwards in diam 'ter ? Many of the trees now
standing must have been quite large trees at the commencement of the
Christian era.

Unlike the Redwood of the coast, which reproduces so abundantly by
sprouts or suckers, this species sends up but few if any suckers, and
reproduces freely from seeds, many little seedling shoots springing up
after the trees have been removed.

143. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS, Endl.

Redwood. Redwood of the Coast.

Ger., Calif or nianischer Rhotholz ; Fr., Rouge-bo i ■^ ; Sp., Madera roja.

Specific Characters : — Leaocs of two sorts, the priucipal ones linear, ^-J in.
long, mostly acute and pungent, sessile, keeled below and by a twist in the bases
forming a flat spray, bright green above, glaucous beneath and the leaves centrally
located upon the spray the longest, the others gradually shorter botb ways. The
other sort of leaves is found ou the peduncles, main shoots, and at the bases of the
spreading flat sprays; they are shorter, likewise keeled below, scale-like, appressed.
with free point and about 2-8 lines in length, differing little from the leaves of the
Sequoii gif/antea, excepting in being less acuminate. The foliage often presents a
brovynish or bronze-green aspect. Siamiaate amcntft rather larger than in the
8. gigantea. Fruit oblong, cones 1 in. or less in length, with about 20 scales, each
bearing 3-5 brown seeds, 3-2:^ lines in length.

(The specific name, semperurens, is the Latin for evergreen, although a character
equally true of the other species.)

A magnificent tree, second only to its brother, the Giant Tree, in
size, it sometimes attains the height of 300 ft. (92 m.) or more, with a

143. Skqloia sempervirens — Redwood of the Coast. -±7

trunk 21 ft. [7 m.) in diumoter, straight, coliiinmif and cloihed in a tirni
cinnamon-colored bark with large prominent ridges often 12 in. (U.3Um.)
or more in thickness. It h:is a narrow open top, composed of short hori-
zontal branches and seeming very small for tlie size of the trnnk.

Uabitat. — California, tlie coast region from the northern part of the
state southward to the southern boundary of Monterey County, growing
in the cool protected canons of the Coast Ranges and along the borders of
streams and slopes near the ocean. There it often occupies exclusive
tracts and with a marvelous density of growth, the large straight col-
umnar trunks ranging from a f^w feet to fifteen or twenty feet in diame-
ter, and so close together that 50 or 75 may sometimes be counted on a
single acre. The tops of about uniform height, quite regardless of the
thickness of trunks, almost completely exclude the sunlight from the
ground beneath; and the first impression of solitude, gloom and awful
grandeur of these wonderful groves as one walks among them for the
first time is never forgotten.

Physical Properties. — Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle,
compact, very durable in contact with the soil, susceptible of a smooth
polish, easily worked and splitting with such facility that buildings, in
regions remote from saw-mills, are sometimes erected with timbers,
rafters, siding, and all, split out instead of sawed.

It is of a light-red color, with comparatively thin whitish sap-wood.
S2Jecific Gravity, 0.4208; Percentage of Ash, 0.14; Relative Approximate
Fuel Fa/i^e, 0.4202; Coefficient of Elasticity, G7646 ; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 597; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 4:1(5; Pesistance to Inden-
tation, 77; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 26.22.

Uses. — Altogether the most important, commercially, of the Cali-
fornia woods; it is very largely manufactured into lumber for general
construction purposes, for railway ties, fencing, shingles, water-tanks,
etc., and the burls, and curly and bird's-eye trunks occasionally found,
can scarcely be crpialed in ornamental value for interior finishing, furni-
ture, etc.

Medicinal Properties are not known of this species.

"N"ote. — The remarkable tendency of this tree to reproduce by means
of sprouts or suckers is equaled by few if any other trees. The young
shoots are found coming up in abundance about the bases of stumps,
sometimes in a complete circle and vyinsf with each other for supremacy.
On- of the most remarkable of these circles of trees we have seen is at
Mill Valley, near the foot of Mt. Tamalpias, and it there marks the
form'T existence of a Coast Redwood tree, to all appearance even rivaling
the Giant Redwood in girth. The base of the tree may be traced nearly
the entire circumference by the shell of the stump which now remains
and indicates the di.imeter of 50 ft. at the surface of the ground. Closely

48 Hough's American Woods.

about this shell is a complete circle of "sprouts" ranging from a few-
inches to three or four feet in diameter. More than likely this gigantic
stump, though seemingly of a single tree, was at one time the common
base of a group of trees, as two or more are not infr. quently found grow-
ing so close together that the bases are united and give the appearance
of being a single trunk there, though distinct above.

Genus TAXUS, Tournefot.

Leaves evergreen, flat, more or less rigid, mucrouate, mostly scattered, long per-
sisting upon tiie branclilets and forming flat, two-ranked sprays; buds scaly. Flowers
dioecious (sometimes monnecious) axillary, from scaly buds, without floral envelopes;
the staminate aments small globose or elongated, enveloped at the base with the im-
bricated bud-scales and consisting of a few (usually 8 or 10) naked stamens ; anther-
cells 5-9, longitudinally dehiscent and attached to the under side of the peltate,
somewhat lobed connective; pollen globose; pistillate flowers on short scaly peduncles
and consisting each of a naked, erect ovule, sessile upon an annular disk which
becomes if Fruit a fleshy red berry-like cup surrounding and nearly enclosing the
free small bony seed which contains farinaceous albumen and two cotyledons.

Trees and shrubs mostly of temperate and cool regions, and name supposed to be
taken from the Greek ro^ov, a bow, for which the very elastic wood of these trees
is peculiarly suited.

144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA, Nutt.

Pacific Yew, California or Oregon Yew.

Ger., CaUfornianischer Eibenbcmm ; Fr., If de CaUforme ; Sp., Tejo de

California.

Specific Characters. — Leaves linear, |-1 in. long, cuspidate, margins somewhat
revolute (.strongly so when dry) bright green above, glaucous beneath, furnished
with a short petiole. Staiidnate nment.^ about i in. long when fully expanded. FVuit
with coral-red, somewhat translucent flattened cup ; seed 2-4 lines long, somewhat
compressed and 3-angled above, acute and terminated by the micropyle, minutely
roughened.

(The specific name, breoifolia, is from the Latin brens, short, smA folium, leaf.)

The Yew of the Pacific coast is of rafher open loose pyramidal habit
of growth, with long horizontal and deflected lower branches and droop-
ing branchlets. It occasionally attains the hight of 75 or 80 f^ (24 m.)
with a trunk 2 or 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter, clothed in a very thin reddish-
brown bark, which checks with age and the outer laver exfoliates in fi-
brous strips, or flakes off in irregular scales, the outlines of which are in-
dicated in the remaining bark by raised lines about the places from which
they came.

Habitat.— From the Santa Cruz Mountains, and the vicinity of the
Yosemite Valley in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, northward to the islands
and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, and eastward as a shrub to Idaho
and Montana. It attains its greatest development in western Oregon,

145. ToKREYA Californica — California Nutmeg. 49

Washington and British Cohimbia. It grows in low rich soil, close along
the banks of streams over which it extends its long flexuous branches.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather heavy, hard, very close-grained
and strong, elastic, very durable in contact with the soil and susceptible
of a exceedingly smooth polish. It is of a soft pinkish-brown color with
thin nearly white sap-wood. Soon after being cut, the exposed end of
the heart-wood turns to a bright blood-red color, but that is only on the
surface and unfortunately does not appear in our sections. Specific Grav-
ity, 0.6391 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.22; Relatice Approximate Fuel Value,
0.6377; Coefficient of Elasticity, 76133 ; Modulus of Rupture, 1078 ; Re-
sistance to Longituditial Pressure, 483 ; Resistance to Indentation, 264;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 39.83.

Uses, — Valuable for fence-posts, etc., on account of its great durability
in contact with the soil, and it is particularly adapted to turnery. The
Indians of the Northwest use it for their paddles, fish-hooks, etc., and
the elasticity of the wood is such that they find in this the choicest
material for their bows. For that reason we are told that they designate
the Yew by a name which translated means "fighting wood, " a name
strangely referring to the same property and use as that referred to when
the ancient Greeks named the European Yew Ta^o^ from ToBov, a
bow.

Medichstal Properties have not been investigated of this species, nor
is it known whether the leaves and seeds of this tree possess the poisonous
properties found in the European species.

145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA, Tore.*

California Nutmeg, False or Wild Nutmeg.

Ger., Californianische Muskatennusz ; Fr., Muskade de Calif ornie;
Sp., Xuez moscada de California.

Specific Characters: — Leaves linear, 1-3 in. long, very rigid, acuminate and
pungent, with short stout appressed petioles, bright green above, paler beneath, and
most of the leaves twisting at the base so as to form a flat 2-ranked spray. Staminate
aments 4-5 lines long, with the inner basal scales scarious and toothed; anthers
nearly 1 line, in length. Fruit oblong to obovoid, \-\\ in. long, with smoothish
slightly compressed nut, somewhat resembling a pecan nut, but more acute, and
when covered with the fleshy testa both externally and internally resembling the
commercial nutmeg in appearance, though of no value for flavoring purposes.

A handsome graceful tree of rather wide pyramidal head of dark-green
foliage and of peculiar aspect on account of the width of its flat sprays;

* Tumion Califomicnm. Greene.

50 Hough's American Woods.

and so rigid and sharp are its leaves that one has to approach them about
as cautiously as he would a spiny cactus. The leaves when crushed emit
a strong odor very much like that of tlic tomato vine, as is the case with
the Florida species.

Tlje tree from which the accompanying sections were taken was the
largest we have any record of, and its dimensions might be cited as per-
haps the maximum attained by the species. This tree, which stood in
Mendocino Co., Cal., a few miles from the coast, had but a few days pre-
vious to our visit fallen in consequence of an almost unprecedented
freshet, Avhich had so weakened its footing that it fell, a monarch whirh
had withstood the storms of centuries heretofore. As it lay with its roots
in air and foliage still fresh we had an excellent opportunity of noting
it dimensions. The extreme top was dead and had been broken off at a
point where it was 5 in. (12.7 c. m.) in diameter, probably a loss of several
feet, but measuring from the roots to that point we found it to be 85 ft.
(25.90 m.) and its straight columnar trunk was 4 ft. (1.22 m.) in diameter
at 18 in. from the ground line and densely overgrown with moss and
ferns, as is common in those shady canons, nearly its entire length. At
35 ft. from the ground, where we took out the material for the accom-
panying sections it wns 33 in. in diameter. The handsome log that was
left we were told would be taken to the saw-mill (of the Union Lumber
Company) at Fort Bragg.

Habitat. — An uncommon and rather local tree, being found along
the streams and bottoms of the canons of the mountains near the coast,
from Mandocino County southward to the Santa Cruz Mountains, and
also on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains from Yuba to
Tulare Counties.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, compact, very durable in
contact with the soil, with fine close grain, easily worked and susceptible
of a smooth polish; of a clear light-yellow color with whitish sai)-wood.
The heart-wood possesses the same strong peculiar and somewhat tere-
binthinate odor which we have noted of the Florida species. Specific
Gravity, 0.47G0; Percentage of Ash, 1.34; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.4696; Coefficient of Elasticity, iO14:0; Modulus of Rupture, b>^'^;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 351 ; Resistance to Indentation,
122; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.66.

TJsKS. — Too rare a wood to be popular for any particular use, but of
excellent properties for skilf-building, etc., where a light and durable
wood is desired, and for cabinet-making, fencing, etc.

Medicinal Properties. — None are known of this species.

14G. PiNLs Lamhkrtiaxa — Sugar Pixe. 51

Genus PIXUS, Tournefort.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, nienibrauous scales. Floirers
appearing in spring, mond'cious. SUrile floirers in catkins, clustered at the base of
the shoots of the season; stamens numerons with very short filaments and a scale-like
connective; anther-cells, 2, opening lengthwise; pollen grains triple. Fertile flowers
in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales,
each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted
ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the
imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex,
pt-rsistent, when ripe, dry and spreading to liberate the two nut-like and usually
winded seeds: cotyledons 3-12, linear.

{Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

146. PINUS LAMBERTIANA, Dougl.

Sugar Pine.

Ger., Zi(l-re-Ftchte; Fr., Pin a Sucre; Sp., Pino de azucar.

Specific Characters — Leaves in 5s, 3-5 in. long, rather thick, rigid, with denti-
culate margins and with loose deciduous sheaths. Starninate aments oval, i in. long,
and with 10-15 involucral scales; crest of anthers denticulate. Cones subterminal,
cylindrical, large, 12-18 in. or even more in length, and 2-4 in. in diameter when
closed (expanding to 6 or 8 in.), drooping, 1-4 together on pedicels 2-3 in. long, with
broad, round-pointed scales slightly thickened at apex, the apophysis and seeds h in.
or somewhat more in length, black, smooth, with edible kernel, obtuse wing not
quite twice as long as the seed and widest below the middle; cotyledons 13-15.

A magnificeut tree, the grandest of the important genus to which it
belongs, and but for the Sequoias would be considered one of the won-
ders of the world in the line of arboreal growth. Indeed, it may well
be as it is, as individuals are recorded as attaining the height of 300 ft.
('JO m.), and with trunks 20 ft. (6 m.) in diameter, though such trees
are a half or a third larger than commonly seen. It has a beautiful
columnar trunk, destitute of branches to a height of 100 feet or more,
then develops an open pyramidal head, small for the size of trunk, but
still large, and from the ends of the branches hang its wonderful cones
fully in keeping with the size of the tree. The bark of trunk is of a
dark gray color, rough with rather firm longitudinal ridges, resembling
that of the white pine (P. Strobus). Upon the stumps and burned
trunks may be found a sugary manna-like exudation from which the
tree takes its name.

Habitat, — From northern Oregon southward among the Cascade,
Sierra Nevada and Coa=;t Ranges, mostly from 300 to 8,000 ft. altitude,
generallv interspersed with other timbers and over which it rears its
lofty head, attaining its greatest size on the Sierras of central and north-
ern California.

Physical Pkopkrties. — Wood light, soft, compact, easily worked,
quite satiny, Avitli very large and conspicuous resin passages and bands of

52 Hodgh's American Woods.

summer-cells thin ; of a delicate pinkish-brown color with yellowish-
white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.3684; Percentage of Ash, 0.22 ;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3G76 ; Coefficient of Elasticity,
79375 ; Modulus of Rupture, 597 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure^
336; Resistance to Indentation, 78 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
23.96.

Uses. — This timber is applied to quite the same uses as the White
Pine of the east, and is the most highly valued of the woods of California
for doors, sash, blinds, etc., and is applied to many other uses. The
sugary exudation is sometimes used as a substitute for sugar, and the
seeds as an article of food.

Medicinal Properties. — The sugary exudation is actively purgative,
and is used to some extent in domestic practice.*

147. PINUS PONDEROSA, Dougl.

California Yellow Pine, Bull Pine.

Ger., Calif ornianische Gelbe Fichte ; Fr., Pin jaune de Calif ornie ; Sp.,
Pino amarillo.

Specific Characters. — Leaves in threes, very stout, mostly 7-10 in. long, with
ragged sheaths at first \ to f in. long (finally about 4 in.), springing from the axils of
linear fimbriated bracts with thick persistent bases and densely crowded at the ends
of the thick rough branchlets. Stamiaate ameitts cylindrical, fleuxuous 1^-2 in.
long, densely ci'owded into a short head, involucre of 10-12 bracts ; anthers with a
large semi-circular scarcely dentate crest. Cones subterminal, often several (2-5 or?)
together in a whorl, 3-5 iu. long, sessile or nearly so, of a rich brown color, narrow
ovoid when closed (ovoid when open), somewhat carved, spreading or reflexed upon
the branchlet, scales thickened at the apex and with umbo high and stout, straight
prickle; seeds dark-brown 1 in. long, with straight wing about 1 in. or slightly less
in length and widest above the middle ; cotyledons 6-9. The cones at maturity
break away from the branch by a fracture within the base of the cone, leaving some
of the basal scales attached to the branch.

Var. scopalorum is a smaller and mi>re spire-shaped form of tree found among the
Rocky Mountains to the eastward, with leaves and cones somewhat smaller than
in the type form.

(The specific name, ponderosa, is the Latin for heavy.)

Another giant representative of its genus, being but little inferior to
the Sugar Pine in stature, the largest individuals attaining 300 ft, in
height, and 15 ft. (4.50 m.) in diameter of trunk. Trees of those di-
mensions are rare, but individuals of upwards of luilf the dimensions
noted are by no means uncommon. Its branches are long and liori-
zontal, or droopitig and forming a flat-pvramidal or rounded summit. The
bark of trunk is characteristic, being thick, of a yellowish-brown color,
and checked into large, irregular, flat and smooth plates 8 or 10 in. wide
on large trunks.

♦ U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 955.

148. PiNUS CONTORTA — CALIFORNIA ScRUB PlNE. 53

Habitat. — The most widely distributed of the western pines, being
found from Mexico northward among the mountains of the Pacific
Eegion into British Columbia, and eastward as far as the Black Hills of
Dakota, thriving on dry rocky mountain slopes, and forming extensive
tracts of forest interspersed witli Sugar Pine, White Fir, etc. It attains
its greatest size on the Sierra Nevada Mountains of central and
northern California.

Physical Properties.— Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, compact,
not durable in contact with the soil, very resinous and of a light reddish-
brown color, with thick sap-wood nearly white. Specip'c Gravity, 0.4715 ;
Percentage of Ash, 0.35; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4698;
Coefficient of Elasticity/, SS731; Modulus of Rupture, 720; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 381 ; Resistance to Indentation, 107 ; Weight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.38.

Uses. — A tree of great economic value, being largely manufactured
into lumber for general construction purposes and for railway ties, etc.
It is a favorite wood for "shakes'" in some localities where the Redwood
is not found, as it splits with great facility.

Medicinal Properties are those of the turpentine, etc., which may
be derived from the tree, though not the commercial source.

148. PINUS CONTORTA, Docgl.
California Scrub Pine.

Ger., Californianische Schlechte FicMe ; Fr., Pin tordu de Cali-
fornie ; Sp., Pino torcido.

Leaves in pairs, mostly 1^2^ in. long with slieatlis ^ in. or less in length, rigid,
closely serulate, deeply channeled, bracts scarcely fringed. Staminate anients cylin-
drical-oblong ^ in. long; anthers with semi-circular crests. Cones sm&W, 1-3 in. long,
subterminal, singly or two or more together, sessile or nearly so, cylindrical-ovoid
when closed oblique, often curved, deflected, many persisting long upon the tree ;
scales obtusely pointed, thickened and armed with a long and rather weak prickle ;
seed blackish, wing ^ in. long, widest above the base and tapering upward ; cotyle-;
dons 5, sometimes 4.

(The specific name contorta, is the Latin for twisted, or distorted.)

This interesting little pine with very dense top is found close along the
bluffs of the Pacific Coast liiie a breastworks in battliui^ against the
tempests from the ocean, and behind which the taller tre-^s can grow in
safety. In these situations the outermost trees are smill with foliage
massed together, and those further back attaining the height of 30 or 40
ft. (10 m.) with wide rounded close top and with trunk 1-3 ft. (0.60 m.)
or sometimes more in diameter. Occasionally trees are found alone in

54 Hough's Amkkican Woods.

these situations when they are very much distorted by tlie prevailing
winds from the ocean, leaning and reaching almost full length otT to
lea ward.

Physical Propertiks. — Wood light, soft, (or sometimes quite hard)
of moderate strength, brittle and usually very resinous. It is of a light
pinkish yellow or brown color with lighter sap-wood and when freshly
cut markedly fragrant with an odor suggestive of that of lemons,
Specific Gravity, 0.5815; Percentage of Ash, 0.19; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Fa/?/.e, 0.5804 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 158533; Modulus of
Rupture, 993 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 554; Resistance to
Indentation, 149 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 36.24.

Habitat. — In the close proximity of the coast from Mendocino
County, California, to Alaska, and farther inland on the western slopes
of the Coast Ranges.

XJ8ES. — Wood little used, but the shelter offered by the barrier of
these trees against the storms from the ocean in winter is really worthy
of mention. Not only tender plants but cattle, etc., are sheltered by it.

Medicinal Properties. — None are mentioned of this tree.

149. PICEA SITCHENSIS, Carr.

Tide-land Spruce.

Ger., Flutliland-Tanne ; Fr., Sapin du rivage de la mer ; Sp., Abefo de
la ribera del mar.

Specific Characters : — Leaves \-i in. long, flat but keeled above and below, I
line or less in width, rigid, abruptly pointed, with conspicuous stomata, glaucous
whitish, prominently so when young, pointing every way, with prominent bases,
persistent on the long ihickish drooping glabnms branchlets. Cones cylindrical, U-3
in. long and scarcely 1 in. thick when closed, pale yellowish-brown, with thin elon-
gated scales, rather truncate and incisely denticulate at apex and lanceolate rigid
bracts of .', or i their length; seeds 1 line long or somewhat more and with wing |-^
in. long by about lA lines broad; cotyledons, 4-G.

(The specific name, Sitclienms is a Latinized word, meaning of Sitka, near which
place this tree is abundant.)

A tree of rare beauty, developing as it does a vigorous wide pyramidal
top, with long gracefully curved lower branches festooned with its droop-
ing sprays and beset with its handsome pendant-like cones. Probably
the tallest of its genus, it sometimes attains the height of 200 ft. (01 m.)
with a trunk even 15 or 16 ft. in diameter, and vested in a thin and rather
smooth reddish-brown bark, which flakes off in irregular rounded seales.

Habitat. — The near pro.ximity of the Pacific Coast from Mendocino
County, California, northward to Alaska, in rich moist soil, and especially
abundant and well-developed in western Oregon and Washington where
it forms extensive forests.

150. PsEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA DoUGLAS Sl'IiUCE. 55

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, strong, with close straight
grain, compact and with satiny lustre. It differs from our eastern rep-
resentatives of the genus in having more highly colored heart-wood, which
is of an orange-brown color. The rather thin sap-wood is of a yellow
ish-Avhite color. Specific Graviti/, 0.4"-^87; Percentage of Ash, 0.17
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4280 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 99001
Moduhis of Rupture, G49; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 353
Resistance to Indentation, 73; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 26.72

Uses. — A valuable timber for interior finishing, fencing, boat-building,
general construction purposes, cooperage, etc.

Medicinal Properties have not been recorded of this species.

Genus PSEUDOTSUGA, Carriere.

Leaves flat, linear, sulcate above, ridged beneath, short petiolate, somewhat 2-ranked
by a twist in the base, whitish stomatose beneath only, and when breaking away
from the glabrous brauchlet leaving prominent transversely oval leaf gears. Flowers
from the axils of the last year's leaves the staminate short, cylindricoblong and sur-
rounded with the conspicuous orbicular bud-scales, the anthers short, obcordate,
2-celled and opening obliquely by a continuous slit, crest short and tubercular; pollen-
grains ovfite-subglobose. Cones subterminal, cylindric-oblong, maturing the first
year, reflexed and pendent, with wide rounded thin persistent scales, and between
these broad-linear, 8-lobed ligulate, persistent bracts, much exserted on young and
vigorous trees, but less so on others; seeds without resin- vescicles, and the wing
finally breaking off; cotyledons 6-12.

An American genus with name derived from ipivdoS, false, and Tsuga, Hemlock,
alluding to its resemblance with that genus.

150. PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA, Lambert.*

Douglas Spruce, Ked or Yellow Fir, Oregon Pine.

Ger., Tannevon Douglas ; Fr., Sapin de Douglas ; Sp., Abeto de Douglas.

Specific Char.^^cters. — Leaves f-1 in. long by f line wide (somewhat larger on
more vigorous shoots). Staminate flowt'TS 5-\0 lines long, half inclosed by the loose
involucral bud-scales. Cones 2-3 in. long (exceptionally, 4 in. on vigorous young
trees); seed subiriangular, reddish-brown above, whitish below, i in. or less in length,
wing i-i in. long, broadest near the base, 3-3 lines; cotyledons 6-8.

(The specific name, taxifolia, is from Taxus, the yew, and folium, leaf, not well ap-
plied, it would seem, as the resemblance in the leaves is not marked.)

Another tree of marvelons dimensions at times, beautiful aspect, and
of which America may well be proud. It occasionally attains the height
of 300 ft. (92 m.), with straight columnar trunk 10 or 12 ft. (3 m.) in
diameter. When growing apart from other trees, it developes a graceful
pyramidal top. The bark of trunk is characteristic, being of a dark-gray
color, rough, with thick firm ridges which branch and unite with each
other in such a- manner as to suggest, we might almost say, a braided ap-

*Pseudotsujga Doitglaaii, Carr.

56 Hough's American Woods.

pearance. We see occasionally quite similar bark, though in a smaller
way, in our eastern Hemlock. The bark of the young trees contains
blisters filled with pitch similar to that seen in the eastern Balsam and
other Firs.

Habitat. — A tree of extensive range, being found abundantly in
British Columbia, south of latitude 55'' N. and southward among the
mountain ranges generally, as far east as Montana, Wyoming, Colorado
and western Texas, and into Mexico, excepting the region between the
Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains. It is a tree of great range
of altitude also, being found equally vigorous near the coast and 8,000 or
10,000 feet above tide. It is particularly an abundant tree in Oregon,
Washington and northern California, and in places forms exclusive for-
ests of great density and grandeur of growth where "the trees stand
relatively as near to each other, and the trunks are as tall and slender as
the canes in a cane-brake."

Uses. — The most valuable timber, taking into consideration its great
abundance and the variety of its usefulness, of the Pacific region, being
manufactured into lumber for all kinds of construction purposes, for
railway ties, and especially valued for the spars of vessels and in ship-
building. Vast quantities of this timber are shipped to foreign coun-
tries. The bark is useful for tanning purposes.

Physical Properties. — Wood quite variable in properties, but hard,
strong, durable, difficult to work, and bands of summer cells conspicuous,
broad and hard. The heart-wood is of a yellowish or reddish-brown
color and the sap-wood nearly white. The lumbermen recognize two
varieties of the lumber as Yellow Fir and Red Fir, according to the
color, the former being of finer grain and more valuable than the latter.
These are distinctions in the wood only and not accompanied by distinc-
tions in botanical characters. Specific Gravity, 0.5157; Percentage of
Ash, 0.08; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, O.blhZ; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 128297; Modulus of Rupture, 881; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 519; Resistance to Indentation, 100; Weight of a Chibic Foot in
Pounds, 32.14.

Medicinal Properties are not claimed of this species.

INDEX.

No. Page.

Abeto de Douglas 150 55

de la ribera del mar 149 54

Acacia a ecorce vert 128 25

Acacia, Green-barked 128 25

Acacie, Qrunrinde . 128 25

^sculus 24

Calif ornica 127 24

Aliiaroba 129 27

Angiosperm.e 2'2

Arbol de borlita de seda 131 30

giganteo 142 45

Arboiisier Menzies 132 31

Arbre a signets de soie 131 30

srigantesque 142 45

Arbutus .... 31

Menziesii 132 31

A rctostaphylos Manzanita 3:}

pungens 133 33

Barentraube, C'alifornianische. . 133 33

Bearberry 126 23

BlGNONIACE.K 34

Bignonia Family 34

Big-tree 142 45

Buckeye, California 127 24

Buckthorn Family 22

Sacred-bark 126 23

Buisson a plumes. . 130 !i9

Busserole de Californie 133 33

Caoba de Montana 130 29

Cascara Sagrada 126 23

Castana de California 139 41

Casldiiopds 40

chrysopliylla 139 41

Cedar, California White 141 44

Incense 141 44

Cercidlum 25

Torreyaiium 128 25

Vercocarpiis 28

paroifoUits 130 29

Chataignier de Californie 139 41

Chene a Hears denses 138 39

Cheiie <le Oregon 136 37

Cliene vert d« la cote 1 37 38

Cherry, Wild 126 23

Cliestnut, Evergreen 139 41

Chilopsis 34

linearis 35

saligaa 134 35

Chinquapin. California 139 41

CONIFKR.K 43

CORNACE^ . . .
Cosse de miel .

CUPCLIFER.E.

Dicotyledonous Plants.
Dogwood Family

Eibenbaum, Californianischer. .

Eiche mit dichten Blumen

Eiche, Oregonische

Eiche von der Kiiste, Immer-

grune

Encina

Erdbeerbaum von Menzies.

Ekicace.e

Esculo Californiano

Exogenous Plants

Ficlite, CalifornianischeGelbe. .
Schlechte.

Fir, Red or Yellow

Fluthland-Tanne.. ..

Oarrya

elUptica . . .
Gebirgs-Mahogany .
Gymnosperm.e

No. Page.

30

129

27

37

21

30

144

48

138

39

136

37

137

38

137

38

132

31

31

127

24

21

147

52

148

53

loO

55

149

54

30

131

30

130

29

43

Heath Family

Honey Pod 129

Honighiilse 129

If de Californie. ...

Kastanie, Californianische.
Key, based upon Flowers . ,

Fruit

Leaves. . . ,
Kreuzdorn von Pursh

Laurel, Madrona

Libocedrus

decurrens.
Leguminos^

144
139

126
132
141

Madera roja 143

Madrona 132

Mahogany, Mountain 130

Manzanita, Common 133

Manzanita comun 133

Marmnier de Californie 127

Mesquit 129

58

Index.

No.

Mesquite 129

Muskade de Californie 145

Muskatennusz.Californianisclie. 145

Nerprun de Pursb 126

Niiez mo.scada de California. ... 145

Nutmeg, California 145

False or Wild i45

Oak, Coast Live I37

Evergreen Chestnut 138

Holly-leaved 137

Mountain White 136

Oregon 136

Post 141

Tan-bark 138

Oak Family

Palo Verde 128

Parkinsonia Torreyana

Phaenogamous Plants

Pkea Sitchensis 149

Pin a Sucre 146

Pin jaune de Californie 147

Pin tordu de California 148

Pine, Bull I47

California Scrub 148

California Yellow 147

Oregon 150

Sugar 146

Pine Family

Pino amarillo I47

de azucar 146

torcido 148

Plnus

contorta 148

Lambertiana 146

ponderosa I47

Plane-tree Family

Platan ACEyE

Platane, Californiani.sche 135

Platane de Californie 135

Platano de California 135

Platanus

rncemosa 135

jora ! 129

Pseudotsuga

Doiiglasii

taxifolia 150

Pulse .Family ,

Quercus

agrifolia 137

densiflora 138

Garryana 136

Quinine Tree 131

Redwood I43

Page.
27
49
49

38
49
49
49

38
39

38

Redwood, Giant

of the Coast

of the Mountains...

RhamnacExE

Rhamuxis

Purshiana

Riesenbaum

Roble de fiores deusas

Roble de Oregon

i^OSACE.!-: ...

Rose Family

Roszkastanie, Californianische.

Rotholz, Californianischer

Rouge-bois

-No. Page.
142 45

Salicace^

Salix

laevigata

Sapin de Douglas

du rivage de la mer.

Sapindace.e

Sauce del desirto ....

negro de California. .
Saule du desert

noir de Californie. ..

Seidenquastenbaum

Sequoia

gigantea

sempervirens

Shittim-wood

Silk-tassel Tree

Soapberry Family. . . .

Spruce, Douglas

Tide-land.. . .
Strawberry Tree . . . .
Sycamore, California.

Tanne von Douglas

Tai'us

hrevifolia

Tejo de California

Thuya blanc de Californie. .

bianco de Californio.

Torreya Calif or nica

Tumion Calif ornicum

Weide, Californianische

warze

Willow, California Black.

Desert

Flowering

Wiiste- Weide

sch-

Yew, California.
Oregon . . .
Pacific. . . .

1 Zedar. Californianische Weisze.
46 I Zukre-Fichte

143
142

126
142
138
136

127
143
143

140
150
149

134
140
134
140
131

142
143
126
131

150
149
132
185

150

144
144
141
141
145

140
140
134
134
134

144
144
144

141
146

126. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA, DC.

Bearberry, Sacred-bark, Buckthoru, Shittim-wood, Wild Cherry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

^<iz. Kreuzdorn von Pursh. §z, Nerprun de Pursh.

Sp. Oascara Sagrada.

126. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. DC.
Bearberry, Sacred-bark, Buckthorn, Shittim-wood, Wild Cherry

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SEC

^cz. Kreuzdorn von Pursh. §z, Nerprun de Pursh

Sp. Oascara Sagrada.

127. AESCULUS CALIFORNICA, InIutt.
California Buckeye.

TRANSVERSE SEC

ENTIAL SECTION

(^cz. Califomianische Roszkastanie. §z. Marronier de Californie.

Sp. Esculo Oaliforniano.

127. AESCULUS CALIFORNICA, NUTT.
California Buckeye.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION,

ANGENTIAL SECTION

(|e^. Oalifomianische Eoszkastanie. §^. Marronier de Californie.

Sp. Esculo Oaliforniano.

128. CERCIDIUM TORREYANUM, WATSOlt

Green-barked Acacia, Pale Verde.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^>e>t. Griinrinde Acacie.

eFt. Acacia a ecorce vert.

Sid. Palo Verde.

128. CERCIDIUM TORREYANUM, WatsOi
Green-barked Acacia, Palo Verde.

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

ANGENTIAL SECTION

e^'r. Griinrinde Acacie.

gF^. Acacia a 6corce vert.

PaJo Verde.

129. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA, DC,

Mesquit, Mesquite, Honey Pod.

RANSVERSE SECTION

^,^5iiv%'i

RADIAL SECTION,

ANGENTIAL SECTION

§%. Oosse de MieL

Sp. Algaroba.

129. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA, DC.

Mesquit. Mesquite, Honey Pod.

RANSVERSE SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(^cz, Honighiilse. f^.

S-p. Algaroba

eF^. Oosse de Miel

130. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS, NUTT.

Mountain Mahogany.

ANGENTIAL SECTION

^cz. Gebirgs Mahogany. §z, Buisson a plumes.

Sp. Caoba de montana.

130. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS, NUTT.

Mountain Mahogany.

TANGENTJAL SECTION

§c^. Gebirgs Mahogany. §z. Buisson a plumes.

S-p. Caoba de montana.

131. GARRYA ELLIPTICA, DOUGL.

Silk-tassel Tree, Quinine Tree.

RADIAL SECTION,

ANGENTIAL SECTION

^et>. Seidenquastenbaum, , cF't. Arbre a signets de sole.

Sp. Arbol de borlita de seda.

131. GARRYA ELLIPTICA, DOUGL.

Silk-tassel Tree, Quinine Tree.

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

\cz., Seidenquastenbaum. §z. Arbre a signets d^ sole.

>. Arbol de borlita de seda.

132. ARBUTUS MENZIESII, PURSK

Madrona, Madrona Laurel, Strawberry Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(|c^. Erdbeerbauin von Menzies.

Sp. Madrona.

eF-r. Arbousier Menzies.

132. ARBUTUS MENZIESII, PURSH.

Madrona, Madrona Laurel, Strawberry Tree.

RANSVERSE SECTION

RAOrAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECT

(|e^. Erdbeerbaum von Menzies.

Sp. Madrona.

§z. Arbousier Menzies.

133. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS, HBK.

Common Manzanita

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

iTADfAL sccrroH.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

§<i^. Oalifornianische Barentraube. §^, Busserole de Oahfomie.
Sp. Manzanita comun.

133. MCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNQENS, HBK.

Oommon Manzanita.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

r/cirrAL section

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^CT. Califomiamsche Barentraube. §%. Busserole de Califomie,

>. Manzanita comun.

134. CHILOPSIS SALIGNA. D. DON

Desert Willow, Flowering Willow.

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

§e^. Wuste-Weide

^eide. f^. Saule du desert.

Sp. Sauce del desirto.

134. CHILOPSIS SALIGNA, D. DON,
Desert Willow, Flowering Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

§e^, Wuste-Weide. f^. Saule du deser

Sp. Sauce del desirto.

135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA, NUTT.
California Sycamore.

RANSVER8E SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION.

(^^ic.. Caiifornianische Platane. §z. PI

Sp. Platano de California.

§z. Platane de Califomie.

135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA, NUTT.
California Sycamore.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

ANGENTIAL SECTION

Oaiifornianische Platane.

fz. Platane de Oalifomie.

>p. Platano de California.

136. QUERCUS GARRYANA, DOUGL,
Oregon Oak, Mountain White Oak.

RAN8VERSE SECTION

(^c^, Oregonische Eiohe. §z. OMne de Oregon.

Sp. Roble de Oregon.

136. QUERCUS GARRYANA, DOUGL
Oregon Oak, Mountain White Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

§ei^. Oregonische Eiohe. §^, OhSne de Oregon.

i>ic>. Eoble de Oregon.

137. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA, NEE.
Ooa»t Live Oak, Holly-leaved Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

(^cv. Immergnine Eiche von der Kuste. §z. Ohene vert de la cote.

K Encina.

137. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA, Ne'e.
Coast Live Oak, Holly-leaved Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

§«*. Mmergriine Eiche von der Kuste. §x. Ohtoe vert de la cote,
i Sp. Enoina.

138. QUERCUS DENSIF^ORA, H. & A.
Tan-bark Oak, Evergreen Chestnut Oak.

(^cz. Eiche mit ditchen Blumen. §z. 01

S-p. Roble de flores densas.

§z. Ohene a fleurs densas.

138. QUERCUS DENSIFcORA, H. & A.
Tan-bark Oak, Evergreen Chestnut Oak.

RADIAL SECTION

ANGENTIAL SECTION

Ge^. Eiche mit ditchen Blumen.

Wz. Chens a fleurs densas

S-p. Roble de flores densas.

139. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA, A. DC,

California Chinquapin, Evergreen Chestnut

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

§^^. Californianisohe Kastanie. §^, Ohataipter de Oalifomie.

Castana de California.

139. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA, A. DC,

California Ohinquapin, Evergreen Chestnut.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

ANGENTIAL SECTION

Califomianische Kastanie

[astanie. §z. Ohataigni^r de Califomie.

p. Castana de California.

140. SALIX LAEVIGATA, Bebb.

Oalifomia Black Willow.

TRANSVERSE SEC

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(^c^. CaUfomianisclie Schwartze Weide. cF-l. Saule noir de Oalifornie.

S-p. Sauce negro de California.

140. SALIX LAEVIGATA, Bebb.
California Black Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^et. Oaliforniamsche Schwartze Weide. qH. Saule noir de Oalifornie.

S-p. Sauce negro de Oalifornia.

141. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, TORR.
Califomian White Oedar, Post Cedar, Incense Cedar.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

(^cz^. Califomian Weisze Zeder. §z. Thuya blanc de Californie

Sp. Tuya bianco de California.

141. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, TORR.

OaUfornian White Cedar, Post Cedar, Incense Cedar.

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

(^nz. Oalifomian Weisze Zeder. §z. Thuya blanc de Califomie.

Sp. Tuya bianco de California.

142. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA, Decsn.
Big Tree, Giant Bedwood, Eedwood of the Mountains.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

(^et. Eiesenbaum. §^. Arbre gigantesque.

Sp. Arbol giganteo.

142. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA, Decsn.
Big Tree, Giant Redwood, Redwood of the Mountains.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

\cx-. Riesenbaum. f^. Arbre gigantesque.

Sp. Arbol giganteo.

143. SEQUOIA SElViPERVmENS Endl

Redwood

SECTION

RA09AIL SECTION

ANOENTIAL SECTION

&er. Californianisc' er Eothholz Fr- Bois rouge
8p. Madera roja

W3. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS Endl

Redwood

Ger. Californianischer Rothholz Fr- Bois rouge
Sp. Madera roja

144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA, NU"

Pacific Tew, California or Oregon Tew.

RANSVERSE SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^«t^. Oalifomianischer Eibenbamn.

IFt. K de Oalifomie

Sp. Tejo de California.

144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA, NUTT.
Pacific Tew, California or Oregon Tew.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

^r-^^-

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(Sc't. Oalifomianischer Eibenbaum.

§z. K de Californie.

>p. Tejo de Oalifornia.

145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA, TCRR.

California Nutmeg.

TRANSVERSE SEC

RADIAL SEGTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(^et. Californianisclie Muskatennusz.

§^. Muskade de Oalifoniie.

Sp. Nuez moscada de California.

145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA, TCRR.
California Nutmeg.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

§e^. Califormanisclie Muskatennusz. §t, Muskade de Oalifornie.

>p. Nuez moscada de California.

146. PINUS LAMBERTIANA, DOUGL.
Sugar Pine.

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

ANGENTIAL SECTION

Zuckre-Fichte.

§x.. Pin a Sucre.

Sp. Pino de azucar.

146. PINUS LAMBERTIANA, DOUGL.
Suffar Pine.

ERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION,

^«i>. Zuckre-Fichte.

eF't. Pin a sucre.

Sp. Pino de azucar.

147. PINUS PONDEROSA, DOUGL.

California Yellow Pine, Bull Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornianische Gelbe. Fiohte. §z.. Pin jaune de Oalifomie.
Sp. Pino amarillo de California.

147. PIN US PON DEROSA, DOUGL.

California Yellow Pine, Bull Pine.

RAN8VER9E SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornianisolie Gelbe. Fichte.

he Gelbe. Fichte. §z. Pin jaune de Oalifornic
S-p. Pino amarillo de California.

148. PIN US CONTORTA, DOUGL.
California Scrub Pine.

TRANSVERSE SEC

RADIAL SECTJO

(^c-^. Oalifornianische schlechte Ficlite. eFt.. Pin tordn de Oalifornie.
Sp. Pino torcido de California.

148. PINUS CONTORTA, DOUGL,
Oalifomia Scrub Pine.

**!,

ANGENTIAL SECTION

(^ci^. Californianische schleclite Fichte. §z. Pin tordn de Californie
Sp. Pino torcido de California.

149. PICEA SITCHENSIS, Carr.

Tide-land Spraoe.

^^^^^^kT' ''/

TRANSVERSE SECTIC

RADIAL SECTION,

Qe^. Fluthland-Tanne

-Tanne. Wx.. Sapin du rivage de la mer.

Sp. Abeto de la libera del mar.

149. PICEA SITCHENSIS. Carr.

Tide-land Spruce.

RA[>IAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SEC

§ei:.. Fluthland-Tanne. §z. Sapin du rivage de la mei

5^. Abeto de la ribera del mar.

150. PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA, Britton,
Douglas Spruce, Eed Fir, Yellow Fir, Oregon Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

y ;• f'j

RADIAL SECTION,

^nz. Tanne von Douglas. §z. Sapin de Douglas.

. Sp. Abeto de Douglas.

150. PSEUDOTSUGA TAXI FOLIA, BRITTON,
Douglas Spruce, Red Fir, Yellow Fir, Oregon Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

i^^t^, Tanne von Douglas. §^. Sapin de Douglas.

- Sp. Abeto de Douglas.

. ..i.«.\>. ,,'i:,t.jj7ijjiiia»fc*i<, . _. ,__'.;iCiV';;

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