CAME

STEREOPTICON PREPARATIONS OF WOODS,

These are perfect for displaying before an audience, by means of a m;«
lantern, the structure of our various timbers. All the principal species are de-
signed to be represented, and each one is identified beyond question of doubt.
No one who has an instrument should be without these interesting and instruc-
tive preparations.

MICROSCC

These, like the st€
Each slide contains t
give a most perfect O£

PREPARATIONS

Although wood is sc
of these interesting an
display of colors, such
40, Note.

WOODE

FOR

Their
by any Tpaper and 11

CALLING CARDS,
RECEPTION INVIT

BIOLOGY LIBRARY

AS Advertising Farfls the., _^_—

WOODS.

legantly prepared,
tangential— which
ture.

mo COLORS.

have ever known
>f one form of the
)mpanyin<; text p.

*.

&RDS.

ate are unexcelled

WEDDING AND

ER CARDS, ETC.
ilue .

They are perfectly adapted id- pain ting and decorating, and no one w'

uses the brush, for painting Etc., should fail to try them.

N t B.— We aim to carry constantly in stock a supply of specimens, such as arc
mounted in "AMERICAN WooDS,"and are prepared to replace for our subscribers
any specimens which may have become damaged on their hands.

A small charge of 10 cents per specimen is made for this work, to defray pos
tage. etc. 1 wishing the specimens replaced will kindly send the damaged

frames by mail, securely protected and bearing on the wrapper the name of sen-
dor Address

LOWVILLE, N. Y.

THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

V •

EXHIBITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS :..::"-:-

«
•

AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART VII.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

BY

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR.
1897

V

MO

o\7Ub

i
- .

3iOLOGY LIBRARY

Copyrighted eighteen hundred and ninety-s jven
BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH.

WEED-PARSONS PRINTING CO.,

KLECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS,

ALBANY, N. Y.

TO THE
MEMORY OF

AS AN EXPRESSION OF

GRATITUDE AND ESTEEM,

THIS SEVENTH VOLUME OF

AMERICAN WOODS

is
.A/FF'ECTION'-A/rELY ID ED 1C ATE JD.

743128

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
in these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them.

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," "radial " and "tangential," a'e, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

vi PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, coultl be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part being independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing,
new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Ninth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view, of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of
piofiiing therefrom in the future.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART VII.

Part YII AMERICAN WOODS is a continuation of the woods of the
Pacific slope, and most of the woods represented in it were gathered at
the same time with those of Part YI — the first installment of the
woods of this region — and it was expected when that appeared that
Part YII could be brought out soon afterward.

It is with great regret that unforeseen interruptions have prevailed
to delay its appearance until this date, but they were circumstances
which we confidently expect will not retard the sequence of the
remaining Parts of the series.

For information aiding me in the collection of the woods of Part
YII, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Samuel B. Parish, Prof,
and Mrs. J. Gr. Lemmon, Mr. and Mrs. Brandigee and Miss Alice
Eastwood. I am under special obligation, too, to Mr. Chas. F.
Sonne, Prof. Chas. II. Shinn, Prof. Wm. K. Dudley and Mrs. J.
Morrow for material, with vouchers for identification, forwarded to
me since my return from the field; and to Pres. C. P. Huntington, of
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, I am under great obligation
for courtesies extended which have very materially aided me in my
work.

It is with special delight that I find myself able to include in Part
YII the sections of an endogenous wood, the Yucca arborescens, and
I feel that their appearance will be greeted with perhaps equal delight
on the part of our patrons. The only other endogenous woods with
which we have experimented, as yet, are. the Cabbage Palmetto (Sabal
palmetto), of the southeastern States and the Washington Palm ( Wash-
ingtonia fill/era) of California. With these we were unsuccessful in
making sections of sufficient strength to serve our purpose, but we
hope that future experiments may yet enable us to include those
species in AMERICAN WOODS, as their structure is most interesting.

The Yucca sections we have found naturally strong enough to
enable us to mount them in the specimen-pages, excepting the trans-
verse, which we have reinforced by immersing them in shellac var-

viii PREFACE TO PART VII.

nish. Should any improvement upon our method of treatment occur
to any of our readers, whereby the sections might be rendered tougher
without being discolored, we would (in behalf of all who study our
wood-sections, as well as ourselves,) be greatly obliged for -the infor-
mation. We desire it especially in connection with our further experi-
ments on the Palms, in which the fibro-vascular bundles are strong
and hard and the intervening parenchymatous tissue is very delicate.
It would seem as if some chemical treatment might toughen the
weaker tissue, but that is^ a question which we will have to leave to
sonie well-disposed chemist to answer.
LOWVILLE, N". Y., Oct. 25, 1897.

A KET BASED MAINLY UPON THE FLOWERS,

Designed as an Aid in the Identification of the Species represented in
Parts I to VII, inclusive.

EXOGENOUS PLANTS — those having stems formed of bark, wood (in
annual layers) and pith; cotyledons two or more.

a. Angiospermae — seeds in a closed ovary.
b. Polypetalous — petals present and distinct.
c. Stamens numerous, more than 10, and

d. Calyx inferior — wholly free from the pistil or pistils.
e. Pistils numerous and cohering in a cone-like mass. ( Magnoliacice) .
f. Anthers opening inward: leaves folded lengthwise in the bud (Mag-
nolia], pointed at both ends and
ff. Thick

Glaucous beneath 51. M. GLAUCA.

Rusty tomentose beneath 101. M. GRANDIFLORA.

f/2. Thin, green beneath 1. M. ACUMINATA.

/2. Anthers opening outward and leaves folded crosswise in the bud.

2. LlRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

e2. Pistils more than one, separate (or nearly so); stamens inserted on re-
ceptacle and filaments shorter than anthers (Anonacece) .

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.

e*. Pistil solitary and

/. One-celled, style single, flowers perfect; fruit
g. A drupe with stone bony (Prunus) and
h. Compressed, with ridged margin; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate.

81. P. NIGRA.

7i.2. Marginless; flowers in
«. Racemes

Terminal ; leaves deciduous 29. P. SEROTINA.

Axillary leaves persistent 156. P. ILICIFOLIA.

12. Corymbose umbels 55. P. PENNSYLVANICUM.

13. Umbles; leaves

Acuminate, hairy beneath 56. P. AVIUM.

Acute, nearly smooth beneath 82. P. CERASUS.

gr2. An achenium tipped with elongated style

130. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS.

/*. Compound as shown by the styles and cells of ovary; leaves
</. Punctate with pelucid dots (Aurantiacece); stamens about

20; fruit globose, flattened at end 103. CITRUS AURANTIUM.

35; fruit globose- oblong, pointed 104. CITRUS LIMONUM.

gr2. Not punctate.
h. Simple and calyx

Valvate in the bud, deciduous (Tiliacece) stamens polydel-
phous (Tilia) and with 5 petal-like scales opposite the petals.

3. TILIA AMERICANA.

Imbricated in the bud, persistent; stamens at the base of
petals ( Temstrcemiacece) ; calyx simple; stamens 5-adel-
phous (Gordonia); leaves coriaceous, evergreen.

102. G. LASIANTHUS.
7*2. Compound (Meliacece) 105. MELIA AZEDARACH.

2 KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS.

.' d-, Calyx superior — adnate — to the ovary or at least its lower half; ovules
e. More* than one in each cell; ovary

/. 1-ceHed, 2-ovuled; flowers dioecious 131. GARRYA ELLIPTICA.

/'*. 2:5-celled ; fruit a

g. Pome with 2-5 papery carpels (Pyrus) ; leaves
7t. Simple and styles
i. United below; leaves

Serrate (not lobed) , downy 30. P. MALUS,

Incisely serrate and sublobate, smooth... 83. P. CORONARIA.

i2. Distinct 57. P. COMMUNIS.

ft2. Pinnately compound 84. P. SAMBUCIFOLIA.

gr2. Pome drupe-like with 1-5 bony seeds (Cratcegus) ; leaves

h. Villous, cuniform, obovate 58. C. PUNCTATA.

ft2. Glabrous, abrupt at base 86. C. COCCINEA.

attenuate at base 85. C. CRUS-GALLI.

/2. Ovary 10-celled 59. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.

e2. Only one in each cell; stamens 4; styles and stigmas 1 (Cornacece);
cymes

Subtended by a 4-leaved involucre 88. CORNTJS FLORIDA,

Naked, leaves alternate. 87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

C5. Stamens few, opposite the petals and of the same number; pistil one,
with 2-4- celled ovary; sepals

Obsolete; petals valvate (Vitacece) 78. VITIS .^STIVALIS.

Present and valvate (Rhamnacece); fruit drupe-like berry with 2-5 nut-
lets; calyx and disk
Free from the t> vary (Rhamnus); leaves deciduous. .126. E. PURSHIANA.

Adnate to base of ovary (Clanothus) 151. C. THYRSIFLORUS.

C8. Stamens few, not more than 10, alternate with the petals when of the

same number.

d. Calyx inferior — free from the ovary.
e. Ovaries 2-5, separate; styles

Terminal and conniving 106. XANTHOXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS.

Lateral and distinct 4. AILANTHUS GLANDULOSIS.

e2. Ovary single, but compound as shown by the cells, styles and stigmas.

/. One-celled and one-seeded; styles or stigmas three; shrubs or trees

with regular flowers (Anacardiacece) ; leaves compound with 11-

31 oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaflets; common petioles densely

villous and not winged; flowers in terminal thyrses.

* 5. RHUS TYPHINA.
/2. Two to several-celled and flowers
g. Irregular (Aesculus); fruit

Prickly 6. AE. HIPPOCASTANUM.

Smooth 127. AE. CALIFORNICA.

gr2. Regular, stamens.
h. As many as the petals ; trees with

i. Leaves, 3-foliate 77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA.

i2. Leaves, simple, persistent or subpersistent.

Stamens 5 107. CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA.

Stamens 4 ; fruit berry-like 52. ILEX OPACA.

Stamens 10 ; leaves simple, evergreen.

108. CLIFTONIA LIGUSTRINA.

h2. From 2-5 more than the petals (Acer) flowers appearing.
i. Before the leaves in short umbels ; young fruit smooth,

i*. After the leaves, in drooping racemes 53. A. RUBRUM.

Ovary and young fruit

Glabrous , 79. A. PENNSYLVANICUM.

Hairy 152. MACROPHYLLUM.

e3. Ovary single and simple, with one parietal placenta (Leguminosce) ;

corolla
/. Papilionaceous ; stamens

Distinct 80. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA.

Monadolphons : leaves glandular- dotted 154. DALEA SPINOSA.

f^. Snbrpgular nnd imbricated in aestivation ; flowers

g. Perfect (Circidium) 128. C. TORREYANUM.

KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS. . 3

</2. Dioecious ; stamens 10 ; tree unarmed.

27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.

f/3. Polygamous ; stamens 5 ; tree armed with thorns usually triple
(Gleditschia) pods

Linear, many-seeded 28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.

Obliquely ovate, 1-seeded 109. GLEDITSCHIA MONOSPERMA.

f3. Regular, stamens

Ten ; petals distinct (Prosopis) 129. P. JULIFLORA.

Indefinitely numerous; petals united below (Acacia)

155. A. MELANOXYLON.

d2. Calyx superior — adnate to the ovary ; flowers in umbels ; stamens 5 ;
styles 5; fruit drupe-like with 5 cells each with a single ovule (Aralia);
arborescent and armed with prickles 8. ARALIA SPINOSA.

2. Gamopetalous — petals present and united ; stamens
c. As many as the lobes of the corolla which is

d. Irregular ; ovary 2-celled (Bignoniacece) ; leaves simple and

Broadly-ovate (Catalpa) 89. C. BIGNONIOIDES.

Linear (Chilopsis) 134. C. SALIGNA.

d*. Regular ; stamens

Two 112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANA.

Five (Caprifoliacece) leaves pinnate (Sambucus) and glaucous

157. S. GLAUCA.
c2. Fewer than the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its base and filaments

distinct 61. DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA.

c3. More numerous than the lobes of the 5-toothed corolla, distinct and free

from it (Ericaceae) ; fruit
d. Fleshy and ovary

5-celied, several ovules in each cell 132. ARBUTUS MENZIESII.

5-10-celled, single ovule in each cell. .133. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS.
d2. Dry capsule septicidal (Rhododendron) 138. R. CALIFORNICUM.

3. Apetalous — without petals.

c. Flowers not in catkins ; pistil one, simple or compound, and the cells of

the ovary containing 1-2 seeds each.

d. Ovary inferior — adnate its whole length to the calyx-tube — 1-celled
and 1-seeded ; styl^ 1, stigmatic down the side (Nyssd) ; fertile pe-
duncles

2-5 flowered 9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.

Single-flowered and peduncle short and downy.

110. NYSA OGECHE.

Two or more flowers 9. N. MULTIFLORA.

eZ2. Ovary superior — free from the calyx.

e. Stipules sheathing the stem ; trees with naked monoecious flowers
arranged in heads, which are

Solitary 13. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALS

2-7 together in a moniliform spike 135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA.

e2. Stipules not sheathing the stem or none.
/. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary, which becomes in
ff. Fruit a double samara (Acer).

h. Leaves simple and palmately veined ; flowers appearing
i. With the leaves in pendulous corymbs. . .7. A. SACCHARINUM.
i.2 Before the leaves in short umbels ; young fruit wooly

26. A. DASYCARPUM.

7i2. Leaves compound . . 54. A. NEGUNDO.

gr.2 Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara (Fraxinus).
h. Samara terete at base ; leaflets petiolulate

New growth smooth 10. F. AMERICANA.

New growth pubsecent 31. F. PUBESCENS.

7i2. Samara broad at base 62. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA.

/2. Ovules single in each of the 1 or 2 cells of the ovary.

gr. Anthers opening by uplifted valves ; stigma single and entire

(Lauracece) flowers
h. Perfect ; leaves evergreen ; calyx lobes

Persistent (Persea) 113. P. CAROLINENSIS.

Deciduous ( Umbellalaria) 159. U. CALIFORNICA.

KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS.

ft.2 Dioecious, calyx deciduous, leaves deciduous; involucre none

(Sassafras) 32. S. OFFICINALE.

gr.2 Anthers extrorse ; stigma 2-cleft ; fruit a
h. Samara, 1 -celled and winged all round (Ulmus).

i. Flowers nearly sessile ; samara not c ilia te-f ringed ; leaves

very rough above 11. U. FULVA.

i2. Flowers on drooping pedicels ; samara ciliate- fringed ; leaves
smooth.
Bud-scales glabrous ; flowers fascicled ; branches not

corky-winged . . 33. U. AMERICANA.

Bud-scales downy ciliate ; flowers racemed ; branches

corky- winged 34. U. RACEMOSA.

ft2. Capsule, dry, nut like, not winged (Planera).

114. P. AQUATICA.

g\ Anthers introrse ; fruit a dark-purple drupe , leaves long- taper-
pointed 12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS.

</4. Anthers laterally dehiscent ; fruit a drupe.

111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.

Flowers diclinous and one or both sorts in catkins.
. Only one sort (the staminate flowers) in catkins.

e. Fertile flowers single or clustered ; fruit naked ; leaves pinnately com-
pound (Juglandaceoe) .

f. Corolla present in the fertile flowers ; fruit with valveless epicarp
(Juglans) .

g. Fruit ovid-oblong and viscid-hairy 14. J. CINEREA.

</2. Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-hairy).

35. J. NIGRA.
/2. Corolla not present in the fertile flower ; fruit with usually 4-valved

epicarp (Carya) which is
g. Thick ; valves separating to base ; bark
ft. In loose plates ; leaflets

5, smoothish ; nut small 36. C. ALBA.

7-9 ; nut large 64. C. SULCATA.

ft2. Close, leaflets 7-9, tomentose 90. C. TOMENTOSA.

g-. Thin ; bark close ; nut
ft. Quite smooth, small, thin-shelled, leaflets

5-7 ; kernel edible 91. C. MICROCARPA.

7-9 ; kernel very bitter 37. C. AMARA.

ft2. More ridged, larger, thicker- shelled ; leaflets 5-9.

65. C. PORCINA.

ft3. Rugose, angular ; leaflets 11-13 115. C. AQUATICA.

e5. Fertile flowers 1-3 together, invested wholly or partly with an invol-

ucral covering ; leaves simple (Cupuliferce).

f. Involucre valveless, cup-like, composed of many scales and only
partly inclosing the one nut, i. e., acorn (Quercus); staminate
aments

g. Pendulous (section Lepidobalanus); stigmas
ft. Sessile or nearly so and dilated ; stamens 6-8; abortive ovules
mostly basal (subsec. Leucobalanus, WHITE OAKS) ; matura-
tion

i. Annual : nut glabrous inside; abortive ovules basal;
J. Leaves falling in autumn,
Jc. Sinuate-pinnatifid.
I. Obovate-oblong, pale below and with

m. Narrow oblique lobes 38. Q. ALBA.

m2. Wide lobes, less oblique and margin of lobes

Undulate- toothed 160. Q. LOBATA.

Entire or nearly so 136. Q. GARRY ANA.

V. Obovate with deep sinuses and the central pair of lobes

usually wide and spreading 93. Q. OBTUSILOBA.

7c, Lyrate-pinnatifid ; nut £ or more immersed.

"Peduncles shorter than petioles . . .39. Q. MACROCARPA

Peduncles longer than petioles 66. Q. BICOLOR.

fc3. Coarsely undulate-crenate-toothed (CHESTNUT OAKS)

KEY, BASED UPON FLOWEKS. 5

I. Obovate- oblong with mostly rounded teeth ;

Acorn less than 1-in. long 67. Q. PRINUS.

Acorn more than 1-in. long 116. Q. MICHAUXII.

I*. Lanceolate to oblong, sharply undulate-toothed

68. Q. MUHLENBERGII.

J2. Persistent, dark green, elliptical or oblong and entire or

remotely spinose-dentate 117. Q. VIRENS.

i2. Biennial ; nut tomentose inside ; abortive ovules basal or
lateral ; leaves persistent, oblong, entire or undulately

spinose-toothed 161. Q. CHRYSOLEPIS.

h1*. Styles elongated ; stamens 4-6 ; abortive ovules superior

(subsec. Melanobalanus (BLACK OAKS).
i. Maturation annual ; leaves persistent, orbicular-oblong, sinu-

ately spinous-toothed or entire 138. Q.AGRIFOLIA.

i2. Maturation usually biennial ; leaves

?. Deciduous and with teeth and lobes acute and bristle-
pointed ; leaves
k. Moderately pinnatifid

Cup very shallow, £ covering the nut ; scales fine.

15. Q. RUBRA.
Cup deeper, -£ covering the nut ; scales large.

162. Q. CALIFORNICA.
A;2. Deeply pinnatified ; lobes

Rather broad ; inner bark yellowish

93. Q. TINCTORIA.

Narrow ; sinuses broad and rounded ; acorn ovoid-
oblong, i invested in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. Q. COCCINEA.
j*. Flattened-globular, £ invested in fine-scaled cup.

94. Q. PALUSTRIS.

jz. Leaves subpersistent (part persisting and green throughout

the winter) ovate-spatulate globuous. .118. Q. AQUATICA.

grj. Erect with pistillate flowers at their bases ; stigmas linear; leaves

persistent (section Pasania) 50. Q. DENSIFLORA.

f1. Involucre 2-4-valved, becoming hard and prickly and inclosing 1-3
sweet, edible, flattened, subglobose nuts : sterile flowers in
catkins ; leaves

Deciduous 40. CASTANEA VESCA.

Evergreen 139. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA.

/3. Involucre 4-valved and inclosing two 3-cornered edible nuts.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.

e3. Fertile flowers in short catkins ; nuts small and achenium-like ; sterile
flowers destitute of calyx ; leaves simple.

/. Nutlet inclosed in a bladder-like bag 41 OSTYRA VIRGINICA.

/2. Nutlet not inclosed but subtended by an enlarged leafy bract.

42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.

e?2. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.
e. Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded.

60. LlQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.

e2. Ovary 1 -2-celled with a single ovule in each cell ; calyx of fertile flower
/". Not becoming succulent in fruit ; fertile flowers
g. Two-three at each scale of the catkin ; calyx
h. Very irregularly 4-lobed, stamens 2 ; scales of cone thin and

deciduous (Betula) ; bark
i Brown and close, catkins erect 44. B. LENTA.

12. Yellowish-gray and ragged, catkins sub-erect. . .17. B. LUTEA.

13. White, and leaves

Deltoid, smooth both sides 70. B. POPULIFOLIA.

Ovate, hairy on veins beneath 43. B. PAPYRACEA.

i\ Reddish-brown, shaggy 95. B. NIGRA.

h?. Four- parted ; stamens usually 4 ; fertile scales thick, woody

and persistent (Alnus) 163. A. RHOMBIFOLIA.

gr*. Single at each scale of the catkin (Myrticaceaz); flowers monoe-
cious 164. MYRICA CALIFORNICA.

6 KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS.

/*. Becoming succulent in the fruit 63. MORUS RUBRA.

e3. Ovary 1-celled and many-seeded, the seeds at maturity furnished

with a hairy tuft (Salicacece) .

f. Bracts of the catkins entire ; calyx wanting ; stamens 2-7 (Salix) ;
catkins on leafy branchlets with

g. Pallid villous dentate scales 140. S. LAEVIGATA.

gr2. Yellowish deciduous scales ; capsules glabrous ; stamens 3-5 ;

petioles
h. Glandular ; scales of catkins entire ; leaves

Narrow-lanceolate ; fruiting catkins rather dense.

45. S. NIGRA.
Lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, glaucous beneath, fruiting

catkins very loose 71. S. AMYGDALOIDES.

Tfc2. Not glandular; scales dentate 46. S. ALBA

/*. Bracts of the catkins lacerately fringed; calyx a disk-like cup;

stamens 8-30, leaves broad (Populus); styles with
g. Narrow lobes ; capsule small ; seeds minute, petioles laterally com-
pressed ; leaves

h. Cordate-orbicular, finely serrate 72. P. TREMULOIDES.

7i2. Ovate-orbicular, coarsely dentate, beneath

Glabrous at maturity 18. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.

Densely tomentose at maturity 96. POPULUS ALBA.

h3. Deltoid; branchlets terete 73. P. DILATATA.

f/2. Broad lobes ; capsules large ; seeds 1 line or more in length and

leaves
Acuminate, smooth, strongly reticulated and whitish beneath.

47. P. BALSAMIFERA.

Obtuse or rounded at apex, tomentose at least along the veins

beneath 97. P. HETEROPHYLLA.

Broadly deltoid; branchlets angled 48. P. MONILIFERA.

«2. Gymnpspermae — seeds naked, borne superficially on carpellary scales ; cone-
bearing (Conferee) ; scales
b. Many, imbricated, each in the axil of a bract and bearing 2 inverted ovules;

seeds winged.

c. Leaves evergreen, fascicled ; cones maturing the second year (Pinus).
d. Leaves in 2s ; cones with scales
e. Smooth (awn less) ; leaves

5-6 in. long, with long sheaths 19. P. RESINOSA.

1 in. or thereabouts in length, sheaths short 99. P. BANKSIANA.

e2. Armed with a prickle ; leaves
/. li-2i in. long; cones 1-3 in

Very oblique, branchlets brown and rough 148. P. CONTORTA.

Not oblique, branchlets purple, quite smooth 98. P. INOPS.

/2. 2-3 in. long; cone 2-2i in. long 122. P. CLAUSA.

fz. 3-5 in. long, sheaths elongated, cones

g. Scarcely 2 in. in length, solitary or in pairs and slightly if at all

oblique ; branchlets.
Rough ; prickle inclined nearly at right angle to the axis of cone

when closed 75. P. MITIS.

Smooth ; prickle inclined more towards the apex of the cone.

123. P. GLABRA.

f/2. 2-3^ in. long, mostly in umbels, very oblique. .170. P. MURICATA.
d*. Leaves in 3s and scales of cone thickened at apex and armed with a

prickle ; leaves
e. 3-6 in. long, cone about 2 in. long; prickles strong. ... 50. P. RIGIDA.

e2. 5-8 in. long ; cone 2-3 in ; prickles weak 121. P. SEROTINA.

e3. 7-10 in. long, stout; cone 3-5 in. long, sessile. . ..147. P. PONDEROSA.
e4. 8-15 in. long ; cones

6-10 in. long, sub terminal, slightly if at all oblique.

124. P. PALUSTRIS.

10-15 in. long, lateral, very oblique and heavy. . .169. P. COULTERI.
d 3. Leaves in 5s with very short sheaths ; cones longer than the leaves and

with scales not thickened at the ends, unarmed ; cones
4-6 in. long 49. P. STROBUS.

KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS. 7

13-18 in. long 146. P. LAMBERTIANA.

d4. Leaves in both 2s and 8s, 7-12 in. long ; cone 3-6 in. long, glossy, brown.

135. P. CUBENSIS.

c2. Leaves evergreen, scattered (not fascicled) ; cones with thin scales, matur-
ing the first year.

d. Cones erect ; cylindrical ; leaves mostly flat, linear (Abies.)
e. Cones 3-4 or 5 in. long ; leaves

Scarcely 1 in. long 22. A. BALSANEA.

2 in. or more in length 173. A. CONCOLOR.

e2. Cones 6 or 8 in. long ; leaves quadrangular 174. A. MAGNIFICA.

d*. Cones pendent.
e. Bracts inconspicuous, leaves
/. Petiolate and generally flat and linear (Tsuga)-, cones

Small, f in. or less in length, Ieaves2-ranked. .21. T. CANADENSIS.

Larger, 2-3 long ; leaves scattered 171. T. PATTOINANA.

/. Sessille; Ieaves4-angled (Picea)

1-1^ in. long, ovate, scales eroded at tip, branchlets pubesent.

20. PICEA NIGRA.
2 in. long, cylindrical-ovoid, entire at tip, branchlets smooth

100. PICEA ALBA.
l-J-3 in. long, cylindrical, scales elongated and incisely denticulate

at tip 149 . PICEA SITCHENSIS.

C2. Bracts conspicuously exserted (Pseudotsugd) ; cone

2-3 in. long 150. P. TAXIFOLIA.

5-8 in. long 172. P. MACROCARPA.

c3. Leaves deciduous, soft, needle-shaped and in fascicles of many each ;
cones about 8 lines in length, scales thin (Larix) and with inflected

margins 23. L.AMERICANA.

b\ Few.

c. Imbricated, without bracts and each bearing two erect ovules ; flowers
d. Monoecious, scales thinnish and 8-12 (Thuya). ... .24. T. OCCIDENTALS.
d2. Dioecious, scales fleshy and consolidated, making a dark blue berry -like

fruit (Juniperus) which is

Lai ge (about £ in.), reddish-brown with sweet fibrous flesh ; seeds 1 or 2.

167. J. CALIFORNICA.
Smaller, bluish, with resinous flesh, leaves

Ternate, ciliate-denticulate, seeds 2-3 168. J. OCCIDENTALS.

Binate, entire, seed 1-4 25. J. VIRGINIANUS.

c*. Valvate, thick, and only one pair fertile 141. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

c3. Peltate, with edges joined, cones

d, Subglobose ; flowers monoecious ; cones dehiscent
e. Along the edges of the persistent scales

Small, i in. in diameter, maturing 1st year (Chamcecyparis)

74. C. THYOIDES.
Larger, 1 in. or less, maturing 2d year (Cupressus.)

66. C. GOVENIVNA.
e2. Scales breaking apart irregularly and 15-20 in number.

119. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM.

d2. Ovoid-oblong, scales diverging at right angles to axis and rhomboidal
at apex ; cones

2-3 in. long 142. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.

1 in. or less 143. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.

b3. Differentiated into a fleshy covering or cup, with single erect seed.
C.With fleshy covering (drupe-like), sessile and

1 in. or slightly more long 120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA.

About \\ in. long 145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA.

c2. Subtended by a red fleshy cup 144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA.

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS — those having stems in which the wood forms in wire-
like bundles, generally a single cotyledon and leaves
parallel veined: ovary superior and compound: peri-
anth corolla like ; flowers perfect (Liliacece).

175. YUCCA ARBORESCENS.

A KEY, BASED UPON THE LEAVES,

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I to VII
inclusive, when out of Season for procuring the Flowers.

N. B. — As this key applies only to the species thus far represented in AMERI-
CAN WOODS it is important always to confirm identification by applying the
more detailed description given in its proper place.

a. Deciduous Leaves. — falling in autumn.
b. Simple Leaves.

c. Laminate — with well marked blade and petiole.
d. Main rib single — pinnately veined.
e. Entire or nearly so, pointed at both ends and
/. Opposite

3-5 in. long, thick, lustrous above 9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.

5-6 in. long, thin, dull above 8d. CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES.

/8. Alternate, and
g. Large, thinnish

Oblong, 5-10 in. long, petioles 1-2 in.

1. MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA.
Obovate-lanceolate, 6-12 in. long, petiole scarcely -J in.

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.

gr2. Smaller, 2-7 in. , thickish and with
h. Whitish pubescence at least on the veins beneath.

Petioles about 1 in. long (51. DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA.

Petioles about 4 inch long 110. NYSSA OGECHE.

/I-2. Brownish pubescence on veins beneath, margins wavy.

126. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.
/3. Alternate opposite and scattered upon the same plant, linear.

134. CHILOPSIS SALIGNA.
e2. Serrate, serulate or dentate.
/. Inequilateral and cordate or truncate at base.
{/. Ovate-orbicular, large, 4-5 in. or more in length.

3. TILIA AMERICANA.
gr2. Ovate, long-taper-pointed from a broad base.

12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS.
g3. Ovate-oblong and

h. Very rough, especially above, rugose 11. ULMUS FULVA.

ft2. Smoothish and

i. 2-4 in. long, fruit in

Fascicles 33. ULMUS AMERICANA.

Racemes 34. ULMUS RACEMOSA.

is. 1-2 in. long and only slightly inequilateral.

114. PLANERA AQUATICA.

Flowers and fruit in fascicles 33. ULMUS AMERICANA.

Flowers and fruit in racemes 34. ULMUS RACEMOSA.

f*» Equilateral and obtuse, rounded or cordated at base.
g. Veins straight or nearly so, leaves thinnish.
h. Ovate-oblong.

Coarsely serrate with remote teeth, one at the end of each
vein, ciliate and covered with silky white hairs.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 9

Doubly and sharply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. OSTRYA VlRGINICA.

Unequally and sharply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy

bract 42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.

h?. Ovate and

i. Finely and closely serrate, smooth, whitish and reticulate-
veined beneath 47. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.

i2. Doubly serrate and
j. Thinnish ; petioles downy and of aromatic flavor.

Bark of trunk yellowish-gray 17. BETULA LUTEA.

Bark reddish-brown 44. BETULA LENTA.

tf. Thickish and bark white 4o. BETULA PAPYRACEA.

gr2. Veins incurved.

h. Orbicular-heart-shaped, leaves thickish, 4-8 in. long.

Acuminate 65. MORUS RUBRA.

Obtuse or rounded at apex 97. POPULUS IIETEROPHYLLA.

7fc2. Orbicular-ovate ; petioles laterally compressed.

Coarsely dentate 18. POPULUS GRAND IDENTATA.

Serrate-dentate 72. Poi JLUS TREMULOIDES.

/3. Equilateral and acute at base, tapering both ways.

gr. Narrow-lanceolate, very long-attenuate, tomentose on midrib

above and petiole 45. SALIX NIGRA.

gr2. Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-4 in. long;
capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. SALIX ALBA var. VITELLINA.

With slender pedicels 71. SALIX AMYGDALOIDES.

gr3. Oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate.
h. Minutely serrulate, 3-7 in. long ; petioles downy.

140. SALIX LAEVIGATA.
h2. Serrate with teeth sharply

Awn-pointed and in about 20 pairs 40. CASTANEA VESCA.

Mucron ate arid in 6-12 pairs 68. QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII.

Finely glandular-serrate 55. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANIA.

gr4. Oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, puberulous beneath.

165. SALIX LASIOLEPIS.

gr5. Obovate-oblong, serrate, hairy under surface. .56. PRUNIS AVIUM.
gr6. Ovate ; petioles short, generally not more than | in.

168. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA.

Long very smooth and shining above 57. PYRUS COMMUNIS.

gr1. Wedge-obovate, veins very prominent,

Thin, smoothish and dull above 58. CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA.

Thick, smooth and lustrous above. 85. CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI.
gr8. Ovate-oblong, veins incurved and petioles

h. With 2-4 glands, smooth 29. PRUNUS SEROTINA.

h*. Without glands,

Glabrous both sides, sharply serrate.

59. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.

Downy under-side and petiole 30. PYRUS MALUS.

gr8. Lanceolate oblong, 1-3 in. long, about equally acuminate at both

ends 111. FORESTINA ACUMINATA.

/*, Equilateral and truncate at base,

gr. Serrate-dentate with cartilaginous teeth

Deltoid ovate 48. POPULUS MONILIFERA.

Broadly deltoid 73. POPULUS DILATATA.

gr2. Irregularly serrate or obscurely lobed. .70. BETULA POPULIFOLIA.
\ Pinnately lobed ; lobes

f. Rounded at apex (not bristle-pointed) and
gr. Subequal sinuses

Wide, lobes narrow and nearly entire ; leaves 5-9 in. long.

38. QUERCUS ALBA.
Narrow, lobes wide and
mostly undulate or crenate-toothed ; leaves 2-3 in long.

160. Q LOBATA.
Entire or nearly so and round or obtuse at apex.

136. Q. GARRY ANA.

10 KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES.

gr2. Very unequal.
h. The two lobes next the summit much the largest.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA.

/i.2. Lyrate-pinnatifid and sinuses extending
Nearly to the midrib and roundish.

89. QUERCUS MACROCARPA.
Usually not over half-way to the midrib and more acute.

66. Q. BICOLOR.
/*. Bristle-pointed ; sinuses

g. Moderately deep and narrow;

Lobes narrowing towards apex and mostly terminating in 1-3

bristle-pointed teeth 15. Q. RUBRA.

Lobes generally widening towards apex and terminating in 3-7

bristle-pointed teeth 162. Q. CALIFORNICA.

gr2. Deeper and broader ; lobes narrower 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

gr3. Deep, broad and rounded ; lobes very narrow; acorn
Ovoid-oblong, £ immersed in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. QUERCUS COCCINEA.
Flattened-globular, £ immersed in a fine-scaled cup.

94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.
e4. Broad, truncate at both base and apex, and with two spreading lobes

on each side 2. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

e5. Wavy and spinous-toothed, very thick 52. ILEX OPACA.

e6' Undulately crenate-toothed ; obovate. oblong,

Slightly *if at all pubescent beneath 67. QUERCUS PRINUS.

Velvety pubescent beneath 116. QUERCUS MICHAUXII.

e1. Sinuate- toothed, white-tomentose beneath 96. POPULUS ALBA,

e8. Cut-serrate or sublobate with slender petioles ;

Ovate, coarsely cut-serrate 83. PYRUS CORONARIA.

Round-ovate, finely cut-serrate 86. CRATJEGUS COCCINEA.

e9. Crenate-serrate ; petioles 1 in. or slightly less in length.

82. PRUNUS CERASUS.
e10. Obscurely crenulate- toothed ; leaves

Alternate, petioles long, mostly 1| in. or more.

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

Opposite, petioles short (less than 1 in.) 88. CORNUS FLORIDA.

e11. Undulate-serrate, |~f in. long and bearing large scattered glands.

154. DALEA SPINOSA.

e12. Doubly crenate-serrate with glandular teeth 81. PRUNUS NIGRA.

e13. Doubly serrate, rhombic-ovate 95. BETULA NIGRA.

d?. Main ribs several, paltnately-veined, etc.
e. Rib single at first but soon sending off a strong vein on each side and

leaves 3-lobed, 2-lobed or entire 32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

e2. Ribs three at first, but soon five by branching, leaves alternate, base
of petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud, obscurely

3-5 lobed with broad shallow sinuses 13. PLAT ANUS OCCIDENTALS.

5-lobed with narrow and deeper sinuses. . . 135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA.
e3. Ribs 5-7 from commencement ; leaves

f. Opposite, base of petiole subtending (not covering) the axillary bud.
g. Moderately incised with broad lobes which are

Sparingly sinuate-toothed 7. ACER SACCHARINUM.

Irregularly serrate and notched 53. ACER RUBRUM.

Sharply and finely doubly serrate. .79. ACER PENNSYLVANICUM.
f/2. Deeply incised with more or less acute sinuses and narrow lobes.
h. Star-shaped, lobes glandular serrate.

60. LlQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.

h*. Palmate

Lobes incisely toothed 26. ACER DASYCARPUM.

Lobes furnished with 2-4 lobes 152. A. MACROPHYLLUM.

/2. Alternate, tendril bearing vine 78. VITIS AESTIVALIS.

c2. Linear, sessile, in delicate 2-ranke;l sprays ...119. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM.
c3. Needle-shaped — without distinction of blade and petiole — short, about
1 in. in length, soft and in fascicles of many each.

23. LARIX AMERICANA.

KEY. BASED UPON LEAVES. 11

ft2. Compound leaves.
c. Palmate with usually

7 obovate leaflets 6. ^EscuLUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets 127. ^ESCULUS CALIFORNICA.

c*. Pinnate with an odd terminal leaflet, rachis

d. Furnished with prickles 106. XANTHOXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS.

dj2. Not furnished with prickles ; leaflets all
e. Petiolulate, leaflets
/. 21-41, each with one or two pairs of glandular teeth at its base.

4. AlLANTHUS GLANDULOSUS.

/2. 11-15,

With prickle-like stipules, entire 80. EOBINIA PSEUDACACIA.

With foliaceous deciduous stipules 84. PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA.

/3. 5-9, glabrous, coarsely serrate 157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA.

/4. 7-9, ovate or lance-oblong, entire or obscurely serrate ;

Petioles and branchlets glabrous 10. FRAXINUS AMERICANA.

Petioles and branchlets velvety pubescent.

31. FRAXINUS PUBESCENS.
/5. 3-5, lateral leaflets

Petiolulate, irregularly toothed 54. ACER NEGUNDO.

Sessile, subentire 77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA.

e2. Sessile or subsessile
/. Numerous (15-17) and pubescent, especially along the petiole and

rachis.

</. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate; pubescence of short, rust-
colored clammy hairs.

Fruit subovoid, viscid-pubescent 14. JUGLANS CINEREA.

Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-pubescent).

35. JUGLANS NIGRA.
gr2. Leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely serrate; pubescence of copious,

longer and white hairs ". 5. RHUS TYPHINA.

/2. 11-13. 115. CARYA AQUATICA.

f\ 5-11.

g. 5, quite glabrous; fruit a ridged nut about 1 in. long1 with thick

epicarp 36. CARYA ALBA.

gr2. 5-7 or 9, glabrous, epicarp thin; nut

Small, thin shelled 91. CARYA MICROCARPA.

Larger, moderately thick-shelled 85. CARYA PORCINA.

gr3. 7-9, epicarp thick and woody, leaflets

Puberulent ; bark shaggy. . t 64. CARYA SULCATA.

Tomentose and odorous 90. CARYA TOMENTOSA.

g*. 7-n,

Lanceolate, acute at base, minutely glandular and pubescent

beneath 37. C. AMARA.

Oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, obtuse or rounded at base; fruit a

samara, flat at base 62. FRAXINUS SAMBUCIFOLIA.

#3. Decompound Leaves.

c. Petioles smooth or pubescent; pinnnee
d. Remaining on during the season; leaves
e. Regularly bipinnate; pinnae
f. 2, leaflets,

4-6, small (2-3 lines long) 128. CERCIDUM TORREYANUM.

12-30 or more, 1-2 in. long 129. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA.

/2. 7, leaflets, sessile .105. MELIA AZEDARACH.

e2. Regularly bipinnate excepting for the lowest pair of single leaflets

leaflets stalked 27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.

e3. Irregularly bipinnate, leaflets small and sessile,

12-1 8 in number 109. GLEDITSCHIA MONOSPERMA.

18-24 in number 27. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.

<?2. Quickly falling away and petioles developing into phyllodia

155. ACACIA MELANOXYLON.
c2. Petioles prickly, leaves large, with ovate, sessile serrate leaflets.

8. ARALIA SPINOSA.

12 KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES.

«3. Subdeciduous Leaves — a part only of the leaves falling in autumn, the rest

remaining green through the winter.
Obovate-spatulate, entire, shining green both sides.

118. QUERCUS AQUATICA.

a?- Persistent Leaves — evergreen.

b. Needle-shaped and quite stiff, pointing every way.
c. In fascicles (Pinus) of

d. Two each, a membranous sheath inclosing the base of each fascicle,
about

e. 1 in. long, sheaths very short 99. P. BANKSIANA.

e2. lf-3£ in. long and

Stout; sheaths -J- in. or less; branchlets smooth and purple

98. P. INOPS.
Slender i in. or more; branchlets rough-scaly ... 148. P. CONTORTA.

e3, 2-3 in. long, slender with short sheaths 122. P. CLAUSA.

e4. 3-5 in. long,
f. Slender; branchlets

Rough 75. P. MITIS.

Smooth 123. P. GLABRA.

/2. Thicker; cones in whorls and very oblique 170. P. MURICATA.

e5. 5-6 in. long, thicker, sheaths elongated 19. P. RESINOSA.

d?. Three each and

e. 3-6 in. long 50. P. RIGIDA.

e''. 5-8 in. long 121. P. SEROTINA.

e3. 7-10 in. long, very stout 147. P. PONDEROSA.

e*. 8-15 in. long; cones

Subterminal, slightly if at all oblique 124. P. PALUSTRIS.

Lateral, very oblique and heavy. 169. P. COULTERI.

d\ Both two and three each 125. P. CUBENSIS.

d4» Five each, 3-5 in long, sheath deciduous ; leaves

Very slender; cones 4-6 in. long 49. P. STROBUS.

Rather stout, cones 10-18 inches long 146.iP. LAMBERTIANA.

c2. Not in fascicles (scattered), ridged above and below and base
d. Elevated and persistent
e. 4 sided; branchlets

Pubescent ' 20. PICEA NIGRA.

Glabrous 100. PICEA ALBA.

e2. Flat; branchlets smooth; cones cylindrical. .149. PICEA STITCHENSIS.
d*. Not elevated nor persistent ; leaves short thick and crowded.

174. ABIES MAGNIFICA.
62. Linear, flat and

c. Conspicuously 2-ranked (diverging in two directions),
d. Petioled and margin

Obscurely denticulate, 8 lines or less in length. .21. TSUGA CANADENSIS.

Entire, revolute, £-1 inch in length 144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA.

&. Subsessile rigid and sharply bristle-pointed, about 1 inch long and gen-
erally tapering from wide base. 120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA.

1-3 inches long, of more nearly uniform width.

145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA.
d\ Sessile, entire, keeled below
e. Narrow linear, obtusely pointed

| in. long or less 22 ABIES BALSAMEA.

2-3 in. long 173. ABIES CONCOLOR.

e2. Wide-linear, pungent at apex, £ in. long or less

143. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.
c2. Somewhat-2-ranked, short- petiolate
d. Articulated on a permanent-base and keeled above

171. TSUGA PATTONIANA.

d2. Breaking away entire and leaving permanent leaf -scars
f to 1 in. long ; winter buds 5— j in.

150. PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA.

f to 1 i in. long ; winter buds £-£ in.

PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA.
b*. Scale-like or awl-shaped, imbricated and closely appressed

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 13

C. In 4 ranks and making a conspicuously

Flat two-edged branchlet 24. THUYA OCCIDENTALS.

Flattish but narrower branchlet 141. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

4-angled rather than flat-branchlet ; cone subglobose, with peltate val-
vate scales ; cones

Small, about £ in. in diameter 74. CHAM^CYPARIS THYOIDES.

Larger, & to 1 in 166. CUPRESSUS GOVEMANA.

c2. Ternate leaves

Roundish at apex 166. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA.

More ac Jte at apex 168. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALS.

c.3 Scattered, or spirally arranged, mostly carniate. .142. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.
64. Laminate and ovate to obovate
c. i to H in. long

With single midrib, serrate above and entire at base

130 CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS.
Three-ribbed, serrate above and at base

151. CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS.
c2. 1-5 in. long.

d. Rounded, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base.
e. Pale or glaucous beneath, darker above.

1-H in. long, spinose-dentate 156. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA.

2-3 in. long, entire 153 RHUS OVATA.

3-5 in. long, entire, flat 132 ARBUTUS MENZIESII.

2-4 in. long, undulately spinose-toothed 52. ILEX OPACA.

e2. Tomentose and concave beneath ; margin

/. Entire and undulate 131. GARRYA ELLIPTICA.

/*. Both entire and spinose toothed leaves on the same tree.

</. Lateral veins strongly impressed above, parallel and continuous
to the margins, which are serrate, or occasionally entire.

138. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA.

0r2. Not strongly impressed, and less parallel, pubescent at first be-
neath and finally
Glabrous, margin undulate, spinose-toothed.

137. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA.

Glaucous, sinnate spinose-dentate. . .161. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS.
cZ2. Cuneate at base glabrous or nearly so, beneath,

Markedly revolute margins 117 Q. VIRENS.

Slightly revolute, flat 159. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA.

c3. 6-12 in. long, thick, entire, acute at both ends

101. MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA.
c4. 3-6 in. long, blade

d. Articulated to the petiole, which is

Conspicuously winged ; stamens usually 20.

103. CITRUS AURANTIUM.
Slightly, if at all, winged ; stamens usually 35.

104. CITRUS LIMONUM.

d*. Not articulated to petiole. . 158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM.

b5. Lanceolate oblong.
c. 3-5 in. long, margin

d. Crenate-serrate 102. GORDONIA LASIANTHUS.

d*. Entire and leaves

e. Opposite, glabrous beneath 112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.

e2. Alternate and beneath

Rusty-pubescent 113. PERSEA PALUSTRIS.

Golden-scurfy beneath 139. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA.

e2. 2 in. long, entire, glandular beneath 108. CLIFTONIA LIGUSTRINA.

ft6. Oblanceolate. serrate, with short stout petioles .164. MYRIC A CALIFORNICA.
67. Linear-lanceolate, with broad clasping base and sharp horny tip.

175. YUCCA ARBORESCENS.

a*. Leaves Subpersisten — Evergreen southward, but more or less deciduous
north waiM, or individual trees shedding their leaves while most of the
trees do not

Narrow obovate ; 1-3 in. long 107. CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA

Lanceolate to oval, 3-6 in. long, glaucous beneath.. 51. MAGNOLIA GLAUCA.

A KEY, BASED UPON THE FRUIT

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I-VII
inclusive, when in Season for procuring the Fruit.

N. B. — The remarks concerning the use of the Key based upon the Leaves are
equally true with reference to this.

a. Free Fruit. — formed by the ripening of a single pistil either simple or com-
pound.

b. Indehiscent pericarp.

c. Samara — dry, usually 1-celled, 1-seeded and with 1-2 membranous wings.
d. In terminal panicles; wing somewhat oblong-lanceolate, with a lenticu-
lar seed at about its center, and beyond which the wing is twisted

(Ailanthus) 4. A. GLANDULOSUS.

e?2. In terminal cymes, a 2-seeded suborbicular samara, winged all around.

77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA.

d\ In umbellate corymbs, each pedicel supporting a pair of samarae with
oblanceolate wings, obtuse at the apex and with main rib on outer
margin (Acer).
e. Fruit maturing in the fall, wings slightly divergent.

7. A. SACCHARINUM.

e.2 Fruit maturing in early summer.

/. Large, 1± in. or more, downy when young 26. A. DASYCARPUM.

f1. Smaller, smooth, pendulous and

Red, in umbels 53. A. RUBRUM.

Greenish, in racemes, wings incurved 54. A. NEQUNDO.

d*. In terminal racemes, 2 samarae on a single pedicel with main rib on
outer margin ; seed- bearing portion.

Glabrous 79. ACER PENNSYLVANICUM.

Densely hairy 152. ACER MACROPH YLLUM.

d*. In axillary racemes or panicles, winged at the apex with a more or less

lanceolate obtuse wing (Fraxinus).
e. Terete at base (seed- bearing portion) ; branchlets and petioles

Smooth 10. F. AMERICANA.

«. Velvety pubescent 31. F. PUBESCENS.

e2. Flat — wing extending along the seed-bearing portion.

62. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA.

d6. In lateral fascicles or clusters, winged all round ( Ulmus).

Sessile or nearly so, cell pubescent and margin not ciliate.

11. U. FULVA.
In fascicles, cell smooth, margin densely ciliate. .33. U. AMERICANA.

In racemes, cell pubescent, margin ciliate 34. U. RACEMOSA.

C.2 Drupe or drupe-like and with a single seed.
d. Fibro-neshy and dryish pericarp.
e. Small, subglobose (Rhuft). in terminal.

Thyrses and clothed with crimson hairs 5. R. TYPHINA.

Spikes and clothed with viscid gray hairs 153. R. OVATA.

e2. Large, about 2 in. in length, with edible embryo (Juglans)

Ovoid or oblong and clothed with brownish fragrant-viscid hairs.

14. J. CINEREA.
Globose, roughly dotted (not viscid hairy) 35 J. NIGRA.

KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT. 15

d*. Fleshy pericarp,
e. Ovoid and
/. Clustered on axillary peduncles,

<j. On the growth of the season, 2 or 3 together, 2£ in. long, blue,
h. Sessile upon the peduncle ; stone longitudinally striated,

9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.

ft2. Pedicellate, stone not striated; fruit subtended by persistent
Calyx tube and lobes, £ in. or less in length

113. PERSE A PALUSTRIS.
Enlarged calyx-tube only, 1 in. or less in length.

159. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA.

</2. On growth of the previous season. .111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.
/2. Racemed, bluish and with short, fleshy, red pedicels.

32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

e2. Ovoid-oblong, 1-1£ in. long, stone compressed 81. PRUNUS NIGRA.

e3. Oblong, tipped with the remnants of the style and about 1 in. in

length.
Reddish and stone longitudinally striated with membranous-edged

ridges 110. NYSSA OGECHE.

Dark blue, stone not membranous-ridged.

112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.
e*. Subglobose and surface
/. Smooth

g. Purple or purplish black and

h. Solitary, of a sweet flavor 12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS.

7i2. In racemes and of a vinous or astringent flavor ; racemes
4-6 in. long ; drupes numerous and i in. thick.

29. PRUNUS SEROTINA.

1-3 in. long ; drupes few and larger. .156. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA.
h3. In umbels, larger, of

Acid- vinous flavor i in. in diameter.. .82. PRUNUS CERASUS.
Sweet-vinous flavor f in. in diameter. .56. PRUNUS AVIUM.

</2. Red, small and very sour 55. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANIUM.

f-. Papillose and with waxy exudation 164. MYRICA CALIFORNICA.

£2. Drupe-like but containing more than one seed, and seeds
d. Inclosed in a bony
e. 2-3-celled stone

Blue, subglobose. in flat-cymes with red stems.

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

Bright-red, elongated, sessile upon an orange-colored disk.

8«. CORNUS FLORIDA.
e2. 3-5-celled stone ; yellowish-white, in loose axillary panicles.

105. MELIA AZEDARACH.

d2. Distinct, (not inclosed in a common stone) ; fruit
e. Crowned with persistent
/. Calyx-teeth,

Purple-black, 5-seeded, in umbels .8. ARALIA SPINOSA.

Red or purplish, 4-8 seeded, auxiliary 52.. ILEX OPACA.

f1. Style or remnants of it ; fruit about

•J- in. long, dryish, in racemes 107. CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA.

i in. long, juicy, in cymes 157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA

/3. Not crowned with either calyx- teeth or style,
g. Sessile, scaly-bracted beneath ; leaves evergreen.

Dark blue, seeds 1-4 25. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.

Blue -black, seeds, 2-3 168. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS.

Reddish-brown ; seeds 1-2 167. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA.

g'2. Pedicellate, not scaly-bracted beneath, black, more or less 2-3

lobed and 2-3-seeded 126. RHAMMUS PURSHIANA.

C4. Nut — hard, single coat and furnished with an involucral cup or covering.
d. Ovoid oblong or ellipsoidal, surrounded at its base with an involucral

cup (Quercus) acorn borne

e. On the new wood of the season (i. e. maturation annual) cup
/. Less than £ enveloping the oval acorn. . . .136. QUERCUS GARRY ANA.

16 KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT.

f2. About i enveloping the small ovoid nut f in. long : scales thin.

68. Q. MUHLENBERGII.

Long, narrow nut often 2 in. long 160. Q. LOBATA.

3. About ^ enveloping the nut

g. Thick, scales very roughly tubercled, edge of cup rather inturned
after shedding the nut ; nut usually long-ovoid. .38. Q. ALBA.
gr2. Thinner, scales thinnish ; leaves

Deciduous ; peduncles shorter than petioles.

67. QUERCUS PRINUS.
Subpersistent ; acorns sessile or nearly so.

137. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA.
/*. Scarcely £ enveloping the oblong-ovoid nut about 1£ in. in length.

116. QUERCUS MICHAUXII.

p. About \ or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles longer than the
petioles ; nut

£ in. long, light brown 66. QUERCUS BICOLOR.

i in. or less long, dark brown 117. QUERCUS VIRENS.

/*. About \ or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles

g. Longer than the petioles 66. Q. BICOLOR.

gr2. Shorter than the petioles ; scales

Very loosely appressed, forming a moss-like fringed margin of

CUp 39. Q. MACROCAKPA.

More closely appressed and not forming a moss-like fringe.

92. Q. OBTUSILOBA.

es. On wood of the preceding season '(i. e. maturation biennial) ; cup
/. Very shallow, almost flat and with long-linear recurved scales.

138. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA.
/9. Saucer-shaped, ^ enveloping the nut. which is

1 in. or less in length ; saucer thin 15. Q. RUBRA.

2 in. or less in length ; saucer usually thick. 161 Q. CHRYSOLEPIS.
\ enveloping the ovoid nut 162. Q. CALIPORNICA.

gr2. Flattened-globose ; leaves

Sinuate-pinnatifid with wide sinuses 94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.

Obovate-spatulate, entire 118. QUERCUS AQUATICA.

f3. Top-shaped, -| enveloping the acorn ; scales thin and coarse ;

Inner bark of tree reddish 69. Q. COCCINEA.

Inner bark yellowish 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

rf2. Club-shaped, short, surrounded with stiff hairs, tipped with the persist-
ent recurved style and arranged in globular heads, which are

Solitary ... 13. PLAT ANUS OCCIDENTALS.

2-7 together in a uioniliform spike 135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA.

cP. Achenium-like, small and borne in short catkins,

Inclosed in a membranous inflated sac, catkin hop-like.

41. OSTRYA VlRGINICA.

Subtended by a large leafy bract 42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.

e5. Nut-like, dry, not invested with an involucre.

Smoothish, globose, about £ in diameter, in cymes with leaf-like bract

attached 3. TILIA AMERICANA.

Rough, with scale-like points, ovate, coriaceous.

114. PLANERA AQUATICA.
e6. Pod (legume) which is
d. Oblong, flat, about 2 in. broad and curved.

27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.
d*. Linear or nearly so

10-18 in. long, contorted and twisted.. 28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACVNTHOS.
4-6 in. long, subterete, compressed between the seeds and thick-

valved 129. PROSOPSIS JULIFLORA..

3-4 in. long, 2-8 seeded and thin valved.

128. CERCIDIUM TORREYANUM.
ds. Obliquely ovate (1-2 in. long), long stalked and mostly 1-seeded.

109. GLEDITSCHIA MONOSPERMA.

e?4. Ovate, compressed and with accrescent calyx 154. DALEA SPINOSA.

c7. Pome ; capsules
d. Cartilaginous ; fruit

KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT. 17

e. Sunken at insertion of pedicel,
/. Globular

Large, 1 in. or more, distinctly 5-celled . .30. PYRUS MALUS.

Small, more or less 10-celled 59. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.

/2. Fattened-globose, waxy, fragrant and very tart.

88. PYRUS CORONARIA.

e2. Not sunken at insertion of pedicel, pyriform . . .57. PYRUS COMMUNIS.
d*. Not cartilaginous, 1-5 bony seeds.

f in. in diameter, red or yellow, with white spots.

58. CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA.

-£ in. in diameter, leaves wedge-obovate . .85. CRATAEGUS CRUS-QALLI.
c8. Berry.

d. With persistent thickish calyx-lobes, large (about 1 in. or more),

61. DlOSPYROS VlRGINIANA.

d2. Without persistent calyx-lobes and smaller

e. In thyrses 78. VITIS ^ESTIVALIS.

e2. In compact-racemes and

Hoary -tomentose 131. GARRYA ELLIPTICA.

Smooth and flattened- globose 133. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS.

e3. In open panicles 132. ARBUTUS MENZIESII.

c9. Fleshy with custard- like edible pulp 76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.

c10. Berry-like pome, $ in. in diameter and borne in dense clusters.

84. PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA.
c11. Hesperidum — seeds in juicy pulp and rind leathery.

Subglobose. flattened at the ends. 103. CITRUS AURANTIUM.

Globose-oblong, mammillate at the extremity. . .104. CITRUS LIMONUM.
c12. Achenium.

3-4 angled and with membranous wing-like margins.

108. CLIFTONIA LIGUSTRINA.
Linear-oblong, tipped with the prolonged tail-like style.

130. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS.

cl\ Baccate but with dry spongy pericarp 175. YUCCA ARBORESCENS.

2. Dehiscent pericarp.
c. Subglobose, and

dm Coriaceous or woody, dehiscent by

e. 2-3 valves and containing one or very few large seeds with smooth shin-
ing coat and a large scar (AZsculus), fruit

Prickly and leaflets 7 6 ^ESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

Smooth and leaflets 5 127. ^ESCULUS CALIFORNICA.

e2. 4 more or less distinct valves (Carya).
f. Epicarp thick and separating quite freely to the base ; nut ridged

with thick shell, globular-ovoid and
g. Flattened.

1 in. or less in length .36. CARYA ALBA.

1^ in. or more in length 64. CARYA SULCATA.

</2. Not so much flattened, usually 4-angled.

90. CARYA TOMENTOSA.

/2. Epicarp only moderately thick and nut of medium size, moderately
ridged and with shell of medium thickness.

65. CARYA PORCINA.
/3. Epicarp thin, nuts small and thin-shelled ; kernel

</. Astringent and bitter ; sutures of epicarp very prominent ; nut
Quite smooth, whitish and only slighly compressed.

37. CARYA AMARA.
Rough, reddish, strongly compressed and angled.

115. CARYA AQUATIC A.

gr5. Slightly if at all bitter, nut whitish and sutures moderately promi-
nent 91. CARYA MICROCARPA.

e*. 5-20 valves recurving from central axis and liberating numerous fine

seeds 158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM.

d*. Covered with spines ; dehiscent
e. By four valves ; nuts

Sharply 3- angled, 2 together, involucre soft-prickly.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.

18 KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT.

Subovoid, flattened, 1-3 together, involucral spines very sharp

and hard 40. CASTANEA VESCA.

e*. Irregularly ; spines many-branched ; nut maturing the second year.

139. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA.
c9. Small, ovoid -lanceolate pods arranged in catkins, opening by two valves

and containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down ; leaves
d. Orbicular-ovate ; petioles flattened ; leaves

Coarsely dentate 18. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.

Serrate, sharply pointed 72. P. TREMULOIDES.

Sinuate- toothed, tomentose beneath 96. P. ALBA.

Obscurely-serrate, with obtuse or rounded apex.

97. P. HETEROPHYLLA.

d?. Ovate, closely serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath.

47. P. BALSAMIFERA.

ff3. Deltoid-ovate 48. P. MONILIFERA.

d4. Broadly deltoid 73. P. DILATATA.

d*. Linear- lanceolate, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. SALIX NIGRA.
d6. Lanceolate or elliptic -lanceolate, smooth above ; capsules ^

e. Sessile or nearly so 46. SALIX ALBA var. viTELLiNJf

e2. With slender pedicels ; leaves

2-4 in. long .71. SALIX AMYGDALOIDES.

3-7 in. long 140. SALIX LAEVIGATA.

cf. Oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate 165. SALIX LASIOLEPIS.

C3. Linear corn pressed pods opening by two valves; pods

4-5 in. long, k in. broad, quite straight 80. ROBINIA PSEUD ACACIA.

2 in. long, £ in. broad, often curved into a circle.

155. ACACIA MELANOXYLON.
C4. Subcylindrical pods, long, opening by two valves.

6-10 in. long, i/i in. or less thick 134. CHILOPSIS SALIGNA.

10-12 in. or more long, £ in. or more thick. .89. CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES.

c5. Ovoid 5-valved capsule 102. GORDONIA LASIANTHUS.

c6. Subovoid follicle with seed suspended by funiculi when ripe.

106. XANTHOXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS.
c7. Three-lobed capsules dividing into three dehiscent cocci.

151. CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS.
a2. Aggregated fruit — composed of many carpels, either closed or opened and

cohering or closely massed together, forming a
b. Cone.

c. Scales of the cone open carpels (Coniferce).
d. Scales many and spreading at maturity.

e. Imbricated and each subtended by a bract ; ovules, 2, inverted, and
/. Maturing the year after flowering (Pinus) ; cones
ff. Subterminal and scales
h. Thin at tip and unarmed; cones subcylindric and

4-6 in. long 49. P. STROBUS,

12-18 in. long 146. P. LAMBERTIANA.

W. Thickened at tip and
i. Armed with a recurved prickle.

J. 1-3 in. long, cylindric ovid, oblique 148. P. CONTORTA.

j*. 3-6 in. long, glossy-brown, separating from the tree by a
fracture

Within the peduncle 125. P. CUBENSIS.

Within the base of cone 147. P. PONDEROSA.

j3. 6-10. in. long 124. P. PALUSTRIS.

i2. Unarmed cones about 2 in. in length, straight.

19. P. RESINOSA.

<jr2. Lateral and scales thickened at tip, cones
h. Slightly or not at all oblique

i. Ovoid-oblong: leaves 3-5 in. long; scales armed with a weak

prickle directed
At about right angles from the axis of the closed cone.

75. P. MITIS.
Forward, at about 45° or less from the axis. . 123. P. GLABRA.

KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT. 19

i2. Ovoid-pyramidal.
j. Prickles strong; cones 2 in. or

Rather less in length ; leaves iy2-3 in. long ; branchlets

purple 89 P. INOPS.

Rather more ; leaves 3-5 in. long 50. P. EIGIDA.

j2. Prickles weak; cones 2-3 in. long, and

Wide-pyramidal; leaves in 3's 121. P. SEROTINA.

Narrow-pyramidal; leaves in 2's 122. P. CLAUSA.

/A2. Markedly oblique

2-in. or less in length, scales unarmed. . .99. P. BANKSIANA.
2-3£ in. long, scales armed with strong prickles.

170. P. MURICATA.

10-15 in. long, armed with very large, strong prickles.

169. P. COULTERI.
e.2 Valvate, bractless, wedge shaped, spreading, each with 3-7 inverted

ovules ; cone woody oval and
2-3 in. long, scales usually 25-30 . ... . . .142. SEQUOA GIGANTEA.

1 in. or less, scales short, 20 143. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.

/. Maturing the first season — the autumn after blossoming.

</. Ovoid or oblong, -| in. long, pendent ; bracts inconspicuous; scales
persistent on the axis, thin and with eroded tip.

20. PlCEA NIGRA.

0r2. Ovoid, small (8 lines or less), pendent, scales rounded and entire at

tip 21. TSUGA CANADENSIS.

</3. Sub-cylindrical

7*. Erect ; scales deciduous from the persistent axis (Abies).
i. 2-4 in. long ; leaves

Less than 1-in. long. 22. A. BALSAMEA.

2 or more in. long 173. A. CONCOLOR.

6 or 8 in. long 174. A. MAGNIFICA.

Nodding, small (about 2 in. long) scales persisting on the axis

and entire at tip . 100. PICEA ALBA.

Pendent, l|-3 in. long, scales incisely denticulate.

149. PICEA SITCHENSIS.
/4. Cylindrical oblong ; bracts much exserted (Pseudotsuga) ; cones

2-3 in. long 150. P. TAXIFOLIA.

5-8 in. long 172. P. MACROCARPA.

/5. Ovid or roundish, small, 9 lines or less in length, scales persistent on

the axis at maturity 23. LARIX AMERICANA.

d?. Scales few, persistent, bractless ; cone

e. Oblong and erect, with scales more or less thickened,

Loosely imbricated, 8-12, thinnish 24. THUYA OCCIDENTALS.

Valvate, 4-6, thick, only two scales fertile.

141. LlBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

e2. Globose or subglobose.

£ in. in length. 74. CHAIMUECYPARIS THYOIDES.

1 in. or somewhat less in length 166. CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA.

tP. Scales not spreading at maturity but breaking irregularly ; cones

globose 119. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM.

c2. Scales.

d. Thin, 3-lobed and deciduous, subtending miniature samarse (Betula).
e. Cones erect,

Sessile, ovoid-oblong, 1 in. in length 17. B. LUTEA.

With downy peduncle, ovoid, smaller 95. B. NIGRA.

e2. Cones suberect, ovoid-oblong ; scales thicker and with short diver-
gent lobes ; wing of nutlet not broader than the body.

44. B. LENTA.
e3. Cones pendent, cyclindrical and about

1 in. in length 70. B. POPULIFOLIA.

1 f in. in length , 43. B. PAPYRACE A.

e?9. Thick, woody and persistent 163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA.

c3. Scales closed carpels, growing from an elongated receptacle and consoli-
dated together.

20 KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT.

d. Dehiscent at maturity along the medium line of the back, and letting
out each 1-2 berry-like seeds suspended by extensile threads (Mag-
nolia); cone

Cyclindrical, curved, 2-3 in. long 1. MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA.

Oblong, 1-1$ in. long 51. MAGNOLIA GLAUCA.

Oval, 3-4 in. long 101. MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA.

df*. Indehiscent at maturity and falling away as samarse.

2. LlRIODKNDRON TULIPIFERA.

ft"2. Spherical head, hardened and bristling with 2-beaked capsules.

60. LlQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.

ft3. Sorosis — a spike with bracts and calyx-lobes all thickened and sacculent.

63. MORUS RUBRA.

a3. A naked seed, subtended or surrounded by a fleshy disk.
b. Drupe-like, with fleshy covering, sessile, scaly-bracted beneath and about

1 in. in length, oval 120. TORREYA TAXIFOLI A.

H in. length, obovoid 145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA.

ft3. Bony seed, subtended by a fleshy cup 144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

OF THE

SPECIES WHOSE WOODS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE ACCOM-
PANYING SECTIONS.

The timbers comprised in the series, which this text is designed to
accompany, belong to what are known, botanically speaking, as
Flowering and Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore, we will,
once for all, define these groups; and, as the characters herein given
are equally true of all the species enumerated in the following pages,
they need not be repeated in the further definition of the various sub-
groups and species.

FLOWERING OR PILENOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Vegetables producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens
and pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Plants are the Flowerless or Cryptogamous
Plants, comprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply
organized Slime Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-
Mosses. But in the study of timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few
rare cases do any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those
exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which some-
times attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree
trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds. They,
however, are of practically no value as timber.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith
surrounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark ;
the stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each
year to the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves mostly
netted -veined. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and oppo-
site, or (in the Coniferae) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in
fours or fives, very rarely in threes.

A second class of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the
Endogenous or Monocotyledonous Plants, characterized by having stems in which

22 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

the wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue
so that a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings.
Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two,
and then alternate and unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In
southern United States and elsewhere in or near the tropics trees are found, such
as the Palms, etc., which belong to this class, but none we have to do with at
present.

Exogenous plants are subdivided into two well-marked groups or
sub-classes — Angiospermce and Gymnospermce. The former includes
by far the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the
species represented in " American Woods " are representatives of it.

ANGIOSPERMCE.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil —
with stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into
seeds at maturity. This sub -class comprises many groups of plants
known as Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain
the dimensions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we pro-
pose to consider in the following pages :

ORDER RHAMNACE2E : BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate and witli stipules small or wanting. Flowers
small, often polygamous and sometimes dioecious; sepals valvate in aestivation,
small, distinct, concave and involute in the bud or wanting; stamens as many as
the petals and opposite them, inserted with them in the edge of a perigynous
disk lining the calyx-tube short and sometimes connected with the lower part of
the ovary; pistil solitary, with mostly superior ovary, 2-5 celled, each cell with
a -single erect anatropous ovule; stigmas 2-5. Fruit a drupe or pod with one
seed in each cell and not arilled; embryo large with broad cotyledons and sparing
fleshy albumen.

Order represented by small trees and shrubs of warm and temperate countries,
with slightly bitter juice and often nauseous or purgative fruits.

GENUS CEANOTHUS, LINNAEUS.

Leaves mostly alternate, petioled, coriaceous or somewhat so, glabrous or vari-
ously pubescent, deciduous or persistent, with slender stipules falling away
early. Flowers perfect, in showy terminal or axillary thyrsoid or cymose clus-
ters, blue or white and with colored pedicels; calyx colored, 5-lobed, cohering
with the ovary below and triangular lobes incurved and deciduous; petals much
exserted, hooded, spreading, with long slender claws; stamens 5, opposite the
petals and inserted with them, spreading and often persistent, with long fila-
ments and introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistil with three
short styles united below and single 3 celled and usually 3-lobed ovary sur-
rounded with a fleshy persistent disk and containing a single erect orthrotropous
ovule in each cell. Fruit subglobose. 3-lobed, drupe-like at first, with persistent
adnate calyx-tube at base, finally becoming dry and separating into three 2- valved
dehiscent cocci each liberating a single obovaite-lenticular seed with thin crusta-
ceous testa, ventral raphe and fleshy albumen

The genus is composed of about thirty species, mainly of shrubs, and is confined
to North America, the greater number being found in California where some
natural hybrids seem to occur. The name is of classical Greek origin and of
rather obscure application.

151. CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS, ESCHSCH. — BLUE MYRTLE. 23

151. CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS, ESCHSCH.
BLUE MYRTLE, BLUE-BLOSSOM, CALIFORNIA OR WILD LILAC.

Ger., Californischer Flieder; Fr., Lilas de Calif ornie; Sp., Lilas

de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves persistent, alternate, minutely glandular-
serrate, conspicuously 3-ribberi from base, oblong to oblong -ovate, 1-14 in- long,
smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent beneath as are also the stout peti-
oles and new growths ; branchlets conspicuously angled and covered with pale
pubescence at first but finally glabrous, unarmed. Flowers (appearing in early
spring) blue and fragrant, in pedunculate somewhat leafy thersoid clusters 2-3
inches in length, springing from axillary buds near the ends of the leafy shoots
of the season. Fruit (July to September) black, not crested and containing,
smooth blackish seeds about one line in length.

(The specific name, thyrsiflora, is derived from the Greek and is descriptive of
the form of flower-cluster.)

A small tree, rarely 30 ft. (9 m.) in height and 12 in. (0.30 m.) in
diameter of trunk with long slender branches, but more often a tall
shrub and to the southward of its range a low shrub. The bark of the
trunk is thin, of a chocolate -brown color and checks with age into firm
rectangular plates.

HABITAT. — California, among the coast ranges from Humboldt
County southward into San Diego County, growing along slopes and
the border of forests and forming in places almost impenetrable thick-
ets. It attains its maximum development in Mendocino County.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of this species is rather soft,
light, tough, compact, close-grained, with fine medullary rays and of
a light reddish-brown color with pinkish-white sap-wood, whitest near
the bark. Specific Gravity, 0.5750; Percentage of Ash, 0.69;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5710; Weight of a Cubic Foot
in Pounds, 35.83.

The fragrant handsome flowers of this species give it well -deserved
recognition, and it is often cultivated for ornamental purposes. Little
if any other use is made of it.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Although so far as known no medicinal
properties have been ascribed to the Blue Myrtle, it is not improbable
that its bark may possess the tonic and astringent properties ascribed
to other representatives of the genus.

ORDER SAPINDACE^I: SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Leaves simple or compound. Flowers polynetalous. often irregular and mostly
symmetrical: sepals and petals each 4-5. imbricated in the bud, the petals
inserted with the 5-10 stamens on a perisynons or hypogenous disk; ovary 2-3-
celled and lobed. tisuallv 1-*J ovules in eacli cell, embryo mostly convoluted: no
albumen Fruit a membranous, inflated pod, a leathery thick subspherical pod
with nut-like seeds, or a winged samara.

24 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

GENUS ACER, TOURN.

Leaves opposite, simple, palmately- veined, 5- or occasionally 3-lobed; stipules
none. Flowers small, in axillary racemes or corymbs, regular, polygamo-
dicecious, usually unsym metrical; pedicels not jointed; sepals 5 (or 4-9), more or
less united, colored; petals sometimes wanting, but, when present, 5 (or 4-9),
equal and furnished with short claws; stamens commonly 8; ovary 2-lobed,
formed of 2 united carpels, each bearing 2 ovules, only one of which commonly
attains maturity; styles 2, long and slender, united' only below and stigmatic
down the inside. Fruit a double samara, finally separating when mature and
ready to fall, the wings strengthened by a rib along one margin; cotyledons long
and thin.

(The generic name, Acer, is the ancient Latin name of the Maple.)

152. ACER MACROPHYLLUM, PURSH.
OREGON MAPLE, BROAD OR BIG-LEAVED MAPLE, MAPLE.

Ger., Grossblattriger Ahorn; Fr., Erdble a grandes feuilles; Sp.,

Arce de hoja grande.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves simple, palmately 3-5 sinuate-lobed with nar-
row sinuses and the acuminate lobes themselves furnished with 2-4 acute lobes,
leaves cordate at base, minutely pubescent at first but finally smooth, coriaceous,
lustrous dark-green above, paler beneath, 8-12 inches in width and with long
stout petioles; branchlets smooth, green or dark red with small white spots,
encircled at base with scars of the bud-scales and marked at the nodes with the
scars of the clasping bases of the leaves. Flowers appear after the leaves, poly-
gamo-dioecious, bright yellow, fragrant, about one-quarter inch long, in crowed
pendulous puberulous terminal racemes 3-6 in. in length, the pedicels often
branched and ^-f in. long; sepals pataloid, obovate, slightly larger than the
petals; stamens nine or ten, with slender filaments hairy at base and exserted in
the sterile flowers, shorter and included in the perfect flowers; pistil with long
exserted styles united only at base and ovary pale tomentose. Fruit (maturing
in autumn) with seed bearing portion about £ in. long and densely covered with
long pale hairs and the wings (about i in. long) slightly diverging and glabrous
with the exception of scattering hairs along the thickened margin.

(The specific name is the Latin for large leaf.}

A large handsome tree sometimes 100 ft. (30 m.) in height and 3-5
ft. (1 m.) in diameter of trunk, with stout branches forming a com-
pact symmetrical head when growing alone. The bark of trunk is of
a brownish gray color becoming fissured longitudinally with age and
rough with friable scales, very much resembling the bark of A.
rubrum in the eastern states.

HABITAT. — This tree ranges along the coast region from Alaska at
about latitude 55° north, southward to southern California, being
abundant along the slopes of the Cascade and Coast Range, and of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains. It attains its greatest development in
southern Oregon. It prefers moist bottom-lands and the banks of
streams, and is rarely found at a greater altitude than 4,000 ft. above
sea-level.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood is rather light and soft, close-
grained, compact and susceptible of a smooth polish. It is of a reddish

153. RHUS OVATA — LEMONADE TREE. 25

brown color with lighter whitish sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4909;
Percentage of Ash, 0.54; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4882;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 78,032; Modulus of Rupture, 684; Resist-
ance to Longitudinal Pressure, 381; Resistance to Indentation, 162;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 30.59.

USES. — Extensively used in Washington and Oregon for turned-
work, tool -handles, etc., and in the manufacture of furniture, for
which the " figured " trees occasionally found are especially valued.
Sugar is occasionally made from this species. The tree is also of
recognized value for ornamental purposes, and for that use it has been
introduced into Europe.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES have not been ascribed to this species.

ORDER ANACARDIACEJE : CHESHEW FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple or compound, without pellucid dots; stipules none.
Flowers polypetalous, small, often polygamous, regular and furnished with
bracts; sepals 3-5, united at the base, persistent; petals 5 (or sometimes wanting),
imbricated in the bud; stamens 5, alternate with the petals, perigynous; ovary
free, 1 -celled 'and 1-ovuled; styles or stigmas 3. Fruit a berry or drupe, the seed
containing no albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a milky resinous or gummy acrid juice, which, as well as
the exhalations, are often poisonous.

GENUS RHUS, LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate, mostly compound (rarely simple) without stipules. Flowers
minute, white or greenish, polygamous or dioecious by abortion, in axillary or
terminal compound panicles; calyx 5-lobed, generally persistent; petals 5, longer
than the lobes of the calyx and inserted under the margin of the disk which sur-
rounds the base of the free ovary, imbricated in aestivation; stamens 5, alternate
with the petals, with sublulate filaments and oblong introrse 2-celled anthers,
attached by the back and longitudinally dehiscent, rudimentary in the pistillate
flowers; pistil with t-celled ovary, three terminal styles with capitate stigmas, the
ovary containing a single anatropous ovule suspended by a funiculus rising from
the base of the cell. Fruit a smooth or hairy berry with thin dryish and resinous
sarcocarp and crustaceous or horny endocarp; seed destitute of albumen and with
thin membranous testa.

(The name, Rhus, is the old Latin and Greek name of the Sumac.)

153. RHUS OVATA, WATSON.
LEMONADE TREE.

Ger., Limonadenbaum; Fr., Arbre de Limonade; Sp., Arbol de

Limonada.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leases simple, ovate to orbicular-ovate, acute or
acuminate, revoluteand entire or rarely sparingly toothed, thick coriaceous, shin-
ing dark yellowish green above, paler below. 2-3 in. long, evergreen, with stout
reddish minutely pubescent petioles 4-8 lines long and broad mid-ribs: branch-
lets minutely pubescent. Flowers in dense panicled terminal spikes. ^ in. long
or less, the "pedicels conspicuously furnished with rounded puberulous bracts;

26 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

sepals purplish, petals light yellow. Fruit compressed-ovate, 2-3 lines long,
viscid-pubescent.

(The specific name, ovata, is the Latin for ovate or egg-shaped, descriptive of
the shape of the leaf.)

This is generally a handsome bush with dense shining evergreen
foilage, bedecked with its numerous flower or fruit-clusters, but
occasionally attains the height of 20 ft. (6 m.), with well rounded top
and trunk 10 in. (0.25 in.) in diameter, vested in a reddish brown
bark which exfoliates in irregular friable scales.

HABITAT. — California, from San Diego to Los Angeles County, on
the hills and mountains back from the coast, the Cantillas Mountains
in Lower California, in southern Arizona, and on Santa Catalina
Island.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood quite hard, heavy and strong, close-
grained and susceptible of smooth polish. It is of a rich reddish or
yellowish brown color with a lighter sap-wood occupying the growth
of six or eight years. Specific gravity, etc., we believe has never
been determined.

USES. — - The principal use of the wood of this species seems to be
for fuel. In localities where it attains sufficient size, as notably the
region near Riverside, California, where considerable of it is marketed.

The pleasant acid fruit is used for making a wholesome refrigerant
drink, suggestive of lemonade; hence its popular name, Lemonade
Tree.

The tree is well deserving of popularity for ornamental planting,
as it is very handsome at all seasons of the year.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not known of this species.

ORDER LEGUMINOSJE : PULSE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, entire and furnished with stipules. Flowers
with 5 sepals more or less united at the base; petals 5, papilionaceous or regular,
stamens diadelphous, monodelnhous or distinct and with versatile anthers; pis-
tils single, simple and free. Fruit a legume (pod) with mostly albumenless seeds ;

GENUS DALEA, LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, or rarely digitately H-foliate or simple,
with small entire and often stipellate leaflets and generally minute subulate
deciduous stipules. Flowers nearly sessile, in loose pedunculate spikes or
racemes, or rarely solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves ; calyx nearly equally
5 toothed or cleft, persistent; corolla papilionaceous, purple, blue or white, rarely
yellow, petals unguiculate, standard cordate with claw free, wings arid keel usu-
ally longer and their claws adnale and joined to the statninal tube; stamens 10
(sometimes 0) monadelphous, forming a tube cleft above, anthers uniform,
2 celled, opening longitudinally; pistil with slender subulate style, minute termi-
nal stigma and sessile or subsessile ovary which contains usually 2 (sometimes
3-6) amphitropous ovules attached to the inner angle. Fruit an ovate legume

154. DALEA SPINOSA — DALEA, INDIGO BUSH. 27

partly inclosed in the accrescent calyx, membranous, sometimes ribbed, gener-
ally indehiscent and containing a single oblong or reniform seed with coriaceous
testa and without albumen.

Genus confined to the New World and represented by glandular-punctate herbs
and shrubs, and in the arid regions of southwestern United States one or two
species of small trees.

(Genus named in compliment to Dr. Samuel Dale, an English botanist.)

154. DALEA SPINOSA, GRAY.

DALEA, INDIGO BTJSH.
Ger., Dorniger Dalea' Fr., Dalea d epines; Sp., Dalea espinosa.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves simple, mostly^ to £ in. long, few and scat-
tering, cuneate to linear-oblong, sessile or nearly so, entire or undulate-margined
or on vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, hoary-pubescent, marked with few large
glands and very early deciduous, remaining on the branches only a few weeks;
branchlets reduce to slender sharp spines clothed with very minute hoary pubes-
cence and bearing prominent scattered glands. Flowers (appearing in early sum-
mer) scarcely \ in. long, sessile or nearly so, in loose racemes, 1 to H in. long, with
hoary-pubescent spinescent rachises furnished with minute bracts; calyx-tube
10-ribbed and bearing about five conspicuous glands between the dorsal ribs,
lobes ovate or rounded and much shorter than the tube; petals dark violet-blue,
the standard reflexed and bearing two conspicuous glands, wings and keel about
equal in size, each furnished with a lobe near the base and attached to the stam-
inal tube only by their bases. Fruit a pubescent 1 -seeded ovate compressed pod
about twice as long as the accrescent calyx and tipped with the remnants of the
style; seed reniform, about |- in. long, pale brown with irregular darker spots.

(The specific name is the Latin for spinose, referring to the spinose nature of
the branchlets.)

A low tree occasionally 18 or 20 ft. (6 m.) in height, with long
irregular branches and short trunk, sometimes 18 in. (0.45 m.) in
diameter, clothed with a thin grayish-brown bark, which becomes
fissured finally into shallow, firmly adherent ridges. More often it is
rather an intricately branched shrub than a tree.

No one but those who have seen the arid desert regions of the south-
west can fully understand the singular aspect of this tree, bluish-gray
in color throughout, with low, sprawling branches, which finally
terminate in a profusion of spines and bearing leaves for only a few
weeks in the year.

HABITAT. — Southern California — about the eastern washes of the
San Jacinto Mountains — the valley of the Gila River in Arizona and
in Lower California.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of this species is rather hand-
some, of coarse grain, with small quite evenly distributed ducts and
fine medullary rays. It is of a walnut-brown color with thick creamy-
white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5536; Percentage of Ash,
4.04; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5312; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds, 34. 50.

28 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

USES. — No particular use is made of this wood, excepting it may
serve as fuel for the camp-fire of the traveler crossing the dreary
desert.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not known of this species.

GENUS ACACIA, NECKER.

Leaves variable, in the native American species bipinnate with usually small
leaflets in many pairs, but in many of the exotic species the leaflets fall away
and the petioles expand, becoming phyllodia; stipules spinescent or inconspicu-
ous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, small, generally yellowish or greenish -white
in pedunculate globose or cylindrical spikes, each flower in the axil of a minute
linear or spatulate bractlet; calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed or sometimes divided
into distinct sepals, or reduced to hairs, valvate in aestivation; petals of the same
number as the lobes of the calyx, generally more or less united below or rarely
wanting; stamens numerous and indefinite, usually more than fifty, exserted,
free or slightly united at base, inserted beneath the ovary, filaments filiform,
anthers small, 2-celled, versatile, iritrorse, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary sessile
or stipitate, two or many-ovuled, contracted into a long slender style with
minute terminal stigma; ovules anatropous, suspended in two ranks from the
inner angle of the ovary. Fruit a legume, dehiscent by two valves or indehiscent,
continuous within or variously divided, very rarely separating into one-seeded
joints, the seeds usually ovate, compressed, without albumen and with thick
crustaceous testa.

Genus composed of over 400 species of trees, shrubs and a few herbs of warmer
climates, and especially of Australia. About a dozen species are found native in
southwestern United States. The name is thought to be derived from the Greek
d/ed^a), to sharpen, alluding to the spines with which many of the species are
armed.

155. ACACIA MELANOXYLON, AITON.

BLACK-WOOD.
Ger., Schwarzes IIolz; Fr.,, Boisnoir; Sp., Madera negra.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves when they first appear bipinnate with many
pairs of small leaflets about one-quarter-inch long, but the pinnae soon fall away
and the remaining petioles develop into lanceolate-oblong somewhat falcate entire
obtuse prominently nerved phyllodia. Flowers yellow, in few heads arranged in a
raceme. Fruit a linear elongated curved pod, 2 in. long, £ in. broad, often curved
into a circle, flat with thickened margins and coriaceous glaucous valves; seeds
orbicular-oblong, black, with very long colored funicle more or less encircling
the seed in a double coil.

(The specfic name, Melanoxylon, is from the Greek, yut'Ao:?, black, and £vhovf
wood.)

A large, handsome tree, of very rapid growth, and with full
rounded top of shining evergreen foliage. The bark of the large
trunks is of a reddish-brown color, with rather rough and firm longi-
tudinal ridges.

HABITAT. — The natural home of the Black- wood is in semi-tropical
Australia, but it has been introduced as an ornamental tree into Cali-
fornia, and there has become, in places, thoroughly naturalized;
hence is entitled to consideration as an American wood.

156. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA — ISLAY, HOLLY-LEAVED CHEEKY. 29

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood moderately heavy, hard, strong,
close-grained, very durable and susceptible of a smooth polish. It is
of a rich dark chocolate -brown color with olive-white sap-wood.

USES. — The wood of this tree is one of the most useful of the
numerous Acacias, and is highly prized in Australia for ship -building,
cabinet-making, gun-stocks, turned-work generally, and in fine for all
sorts of construction purposes. It is also valuable for fuel. The tree
is extensively grown in conservatories and for ornamental purposes, for
which latter use it was introduced into California.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species, though other
representatives of the genus are valuable on account of astringent
properties in the production of gum arabic, etc.

NOTE. — The great utility of the wood of this tree, its beauty, its
very rapid growth (for under ordinary conditions it will develop a
trunk eighteen inches in diameter in as many years) and its peculiar
adaptability to the soil and climate of southern California bespeak for
it a promising future, in that region at least. Few if any trees give
greater promise for forest planting.

ORDER ROSACE2E: ROSE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate and with stipules which sometimes fall early or are rarely
wanting. Flowers regular; sepals o or rarely fewer, united at the base and often
furnished outside with bracelets resembling the sepals; petals as many as the
sepals, or, rarely, wanting, distinct and inserted on a disk which lines the calyx-
tube: stamens distinct, numerous (with rare exceptions) and inserted with the
petals on the disk of the calyx-tube; pistils 1-many, distinct or united and often
combined witli the calyx-tube. Fruit various, as drupe, pome, achenium, etc.;
seeds solitary or few, mostly albutnenless, with straight embryo and large thick
cotyledons.

Trees, slirubs and herbs, many of great economic value in the production of
most useful fruits, beautiful flowers, choice perfumes, etc.

GENUS PRUNUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves simple; stipules free and commonly deciduous. Flowers perfect, with
calyx regular, free and falling away after flowering; petals widely spreading;
stamens 15-30; pistil solitary with style terminal or nearly so, and ovary contain-
ing 2 pendulous ovules. Fruit a drupe, fleshy, with a smooth 1-seeded (rarely
2 vseeded) stone.

Trees and shrubs. (Prunus is the ancient Latin name of the plum-tree.)

156. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA, WALP.
ISLAY, HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY, WILD OR EVERGREEN CHERRY.

Ger., Stechpcdmenbldttrige Kirsche; Fr., Cerisier dfeuilles de Houx;
Sp., Cerezo de hojas de Acebo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves evergreen, from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, acute at apex, obtuse rounded or truncate (sometimes slightly cordate or on
the other hand wedge-shaped) at base, thick, rigid, lustrous dark green above,

30 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

paler beneath, coarsely spinose-toothed, l-2£ in. in length, with short thick chan-
neled petioles; stipules early deciduous. Flowers (March to May) about -^ in. in
diameter, borne in slender racemes 1-3 in. in length from the axils of the leaves of
the previous year, with short pedicels which spring from the axils of bracts which
fall away before the flowers expand; calyx-tube cup-shaped, orange-brown, with
minute lobes deciduous; petals white, obovate, rounded at apex; stamens slightly
exserted, with slender incurve! tapering filaments and minute anthers; pistil
with glabrous ovary, slender ctyle usually bent at right angles near the summit
and large teraiinal stigma. Fruit (ripe November to December) subglobose,
somewhat compressed, apiculate, | to f in. in diameter, at first red and finally
purple or nearly black, with thin flesh of agreeable slightly acid astringent flavor
and ovate slightly compressed pointed pit, the thin brittle walls yellowish-brown
marked with orange -colored lines.

A variety known as var. integrifolia is found on islands off the California
coast, and less abundantly on the main land, having mostly entire leaves and
somewhat larger fruit.

(The specific name, ilicifolia, is the Latin for Holly-leaved, alluding to the
strong resemblance between the leaves of this species and those of the Holly.)

A small tree, sometimes 30 ft. (9 m.) in height, with a short trunk
rarely more than 2 ft. (0.60 m.) in thickness and with handsome com-
pact head of very lustrous dark -green foliage. The bark of trunk is
scarcely a half -inch in thickness, of a reddish-gray color, checked both
longitudinally and transversely into small square -cornered scales.

More often the Islay is a shrub than a tree, especially to the south-
ward of its range and on dry slopes. Its handsome foliage always
makes it an object of beauty, and its orange and white flowers or its
red and purple fruit add not a little to its attractiveness.

HABITAT. — California, from San Francisco southward among the
Coast Ranges into Lower California, the San Bernardino Mountains,
and on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands, flourishing best in the
moist soil along streams and the bottoms of canons, and reaching its
greatest development in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, on the Islands
and in Lower California. The Islay is said to occur also in Arizona.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
with fine, evenly distributed ducts and numerous medullary rays, and
susceptible of a very smooth polish. It is of a light, reddish-brown
color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.9803; Percentage
of Ash, 0.78; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.9727 ; Coefficient
of Elasticity, 73201; Modulus of Rupture, 782; Resistance to
Longitudinal .Pressure, 544 ; Resistance to Indentation, .305 ; Weight
of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 61.09.

USES. — Little use is made of the wood, but the tree is of highly orna-
mental value, and for that purpose is planted in California and in Europe.
It is useful, too, for hedges, making in localities very rapid growth.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not reported of this species, though the
leaves of the allied P. lauro-cerasus of Europe have properties similar to
those of hydrocyanic acid, and the same are likely to be found in these.

157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA — ELDER, PALE ELDER, ELDERBERRY. 31

ORDER CAPRIFOLIACE2E : HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

Leaves opposite and mostly without stipules. Flowers perfect, 4-5-numerous;
calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; petals united, forming a tubular or rotate
corolla; stamens inserted in the corolla and usually as many as its lobes; pistil
•with inferior 2-8-celled ovary containing two to many anatropous ovules. Fruit
a berry drupe or pod; seed with small embryo and fleshy albumen.

Order composed mostly of shrubs, a few trees and a few herbs.

GENUS SAMBUCUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves unequally pinnate, destitute of stipules, leaflets serrate, pointed; leaf-
buds scaly; branchlets stiff and containing large pith. Flowers small, regular and
perfect (rarely polygamous), articulated with small pedicels, in broad terminal
compound cymes; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, with 3-5 broadly spreading
lobes; corolla with 3-5 equal lobes broadly spreading, white (or tinted with yellow
or red); stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, alternate with its lobes; stamens with
extrorse versatile 2-celled anthers, attached by the back and opening longitudi-
nally; pistal with mostly inferior 3-5-celled ovary, short thick style and terminal
3 5-fobed stigma, each cell of the ovary containing a single suspended ovule.
Fruit a drupe-like juicy subglobose berry, tipped with the remnants of the style
and containing 3-5 nutlets, each containing an oblong compressed seed with
membranous testa, fleshy albumen and minute embryo.

Genus composed of trees and shrubs (rarely perennial herbs), having a rank
smell when bruised. The name is the classical name of the Elder tree of Europe,
and is supposed to be derived from the Greek dajufivxr?, a musical instrument,
probably alluding to a use of the pithy shoots.

157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA, NUTT.

ELDER, PALE ELDER, ELDERBERRY.
G-er., Holunder; Fr., Bureau; Sp., Sauco.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves with 5-9 leaflets and stout grooved petioles
much enlarged at base, leaflets 26 in. long, with slender petiolules, of thin, firm
texture, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate with sharp callous-tipped
teeth, unequally wedge-shaped or rounded at base, the lower leaflets sometimes
3-parted or pinnate, the terminal one sometimes bearing one or two lateral leaf-
lets, somewhat pubescent when young, glabrous at maturity, bright green above
and paler beneath. Flowers small, about £ in. across, in flat 5-parted long-
branched cymes 4-6 in broad, with linear caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx
ovoid with acute scarious lobes; corolla rotate, yellowish white. Fruit subglo-
bose, % in. in diameter, tipped with the remnants of the style, blue-black and
covered with copious bloom, juicy and of pleasant sweet flavor.

(The specific name, glauca, is the Latin for bluish gray, and refers to the bloom
which covers the fruit.)

A small tree, sometimes 30 ft. or more in height, with compact
rounded top of spreading branches and trunk occasionally 2 ft. in
thickness, often twisted, clothed in a dark yellowish-brown bark of
yielding texture and deeply fissured into narrow friable ridges. More
often than it attains the full stature of such a tree it is a tall shrub
with perhaps two or more stems. When in flower or fruit it is decid-
edly handsome in appearance.

HABITAT. — From Vancouver Island southward into southern Cali-
fornia, and eastward to the Wasatch Mountains in Utah, most abund-

32 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

ant in the coast region, and preferring gravelly bottom-lands. It
attains its greatest development in western Oregon.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, weak, with numerous
medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed small ducts. The heart-
wood is of a light pinkish-brown color and usually checks badly
between the rings. The sap-wood is of a yellowish-white color and
more sound. Specific Gravity, 0.5087; Percentage of Ash, 1.57;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5007; Coefficient of Elasticity,
30517; Modulus of Rupture, 370; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 275; Resistance to Indentation, 138; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in pounds, 31.70.

USES. — The wood of this tree is of no commercial value, but the
tree is occasionally planted in the Pacific states for ornamental pur-
poses. The fruit is considered well worth gathering by the rural
people, and with it excellent pies, preserves and jelly are made. The
fruit is considered very superior in flavor to that of the Sweet Elder
(S. Canadensis) in the eastern states.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The Elders generally possess various
medicinal properties. The flowers are gently excitant and sudorific,
the berries diaphoretic, aperient and alterative, the inner bark a
hydragogue cathartic, and the leaves a violent purgative.*

GENUS RHODODENDRON, LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous or membranous, persistent or deciduous,
without stipules and usually clustered at the ends of the branches. Flowers per-
fect, showy, in terminal umbels or corymbs from large cone-like scaly buds, the
thin scales falling away as the flowers develop; calyx 5-parted or toothed, often
very small or obsolete; corolla large with petals united, usually funnel-shaped or
campanulate, with five (or rarely more) somewhat irregular lobes, deciduous;
stamens usually 8-10 (exceptionally more or less) unequal, generally declined
with filiform filaments pilose at base; anthers 2-celled, attached by the back, each
cell opening by a terminal pore; pistil with long style somewhat declined or
incurved, with capitate lobed stigma and superior 5-20-celled ovary, each cell
containing numerous anatropous ovules attached to a central placenta. Fruit a
woody capsule of 5-20 cells splitting at maturity along the septa from the apex
and turning back from the seed-bearing axis, thereby liberating the numerous
saw-dust like seeds, having a loose testa produced at the ends into short laciniate
appendages; embryo minute in fleshy albumen.

Genus composed of trees and shrubs of nearly 200 species, mostly Asiatic, and
in cultivation innumerable forms are produced by hybridization. The name is
derived from the Greek podbv, rose and SsvSpor, tree.

* U. 8. Dispensatory, 16th ed., pp. 1318-1319.

158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM — CALIFORNIA ROSE BAY. 33

158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM, HOOK.
CALIFORNIA ROSE BAY, RHODODENDRON.

Ger., Californische Alprose; Fr., Rhododendron de California} Sp.,
Rhododendron de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves oblong, 3-6 in. long, obtuse at apex with short
acuminate point, acute at base, coriaceous, evergreen, with short thick petioles,
bright green above, paler, reticulate veined and with midrib prominent beneath,
margins slightly re volute. Flowers large, in showy several-flowered corymbs or
umbels with glabrous pedicels; calyx with five very short rounded lobes; corolla
rose purple, over 1 in. long, broadly campanulate, with wide undulate lobes, the
upper ones yellowish and spotted within; stamens shorter than the corolla and
filaments incurved; ovary rusty-hirsute. Fruit capsule oblong.

Ordinarily the Californian Rose Bay has been ranked as a shrub 3-8
or sometimes 16 ft. (1-5 m.) in height and having several stems, but
we have found it in the forests of Mendocino County attaining the true
stature of a tree. There it may be seen 30 or 40 ft. (10 m.) in height,
with slim straight trunk 8 in. (0.2 m.) in thickness and vested in a
very thin purple-brown bark which checks with age both longi-
tudinally and transversely into very small subrectangular and quite
firmly adherent plates.

HABITAT. — The coast region of California from Mendocino County
northward to Oregon.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood moderately heavy, strong, of very
fine, close grain, with numerous medullary rays and easily worked. It
is of quite a uniformly light creamy-brown color. The specific
gravity, etc., of this species, we believe, have not been determined.

USES. — The California Rhododendron is of no value except for
ornamental purposes, and for that it deserves to be much more exten-
sively planted than it is.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The Rhododendrons generally possess
bitter astringent and narcotic properties.

ORDER LAURACE-SE: LAUREL FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, generally marked with pelucid dots and (as with the
bark) aromatic. Flowers in clusters; sepals 4-6; colored, slightly united at the
base, stronglv imbricated in 2 rows in the bud; petals absent; stamens definite,
with 2-4-celled anthers which open by recurved lid-like valves; pistil solitary,
free, 1-celled, 1-ovuled and with single style. Fruit, a drupe or berry with sin-
gle suspended anatropous albumenless seed. Trees and shrubs.

GENUS UMBELLULARIA. NUTTALL.

Leaves alternate, evergreen, thick, coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, taper-
ing to an acute or rounded point, acute or rounded at base, with entire slightly
revolute margins and short grooved petioles, exstipulate. of strong spicy flavor
and odor when bruised, pubescent at first but finally glabrous, shining dark-

34 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

green above, paler beneath with yellowish midrib and veins somewhat united
near the margins. Flowers perfect, in pedunculate many-flowered umbels, which
are included before expansion by an involucre of 4-(i broad caducous bracts, the
last umbels subsessile, pedicels slender, puberulous, developed from the axils of
deciduous bracts; calyx with six broad obovate pale-yellow lobes divided almost
to the base and arranged in two series, imbricated in aestivation, reflexed after
the flower opens and finally falling away; corolla wanting; stamens 12, inserted
on the calyx-tube in four series, the innermost sterile, filaments short, flat, glab-
rous, pale yellow, those of the innermost series furnished near the base each with
two orange-colored glands; anthers innate, oblong, 4-celled. the outermost series
extrorse, the others introrse, opening by persistent lids; pistil with short columnar
style, shorter than the lobes of the calyx, with discoid capitate stigma and glab-
rous ovate sessile ovary containing a solitary anatropous ovule suspended from
the apex of the cell. Fruit an ovate or subglobose drupe subtended by the
enlarged calyx-tube yellowish green or tinted with red. having thin pericarp and
ovate light-brown seed with hard woody testa and containing no albumen.

The genus contains but a single species and the name is the Latin diminutive
of umbella, a little umbrella, and refers to the form of flower-cluster.

159. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA, NUTT.

CALIFORNIA LAUREL, SPICE TREE, BAY TREE, PEPPER-WOOD.

Ger., Californiscker Lorbeer; Fr., Laurier de Calif ornie; Sp.,
Laurel de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS are mainly included in the above generic description.
Leaves 2-5 inches long. Flowers appear in the latter part of the winter or in
early spring before the new leaves appear, in the axils of the leaves of the pre-
vious year, and later occasionally in the axils of the new leaves. Fruit about
1 in. or less in length hanging generally two or three together with thickened
stems from which they fall away in autumn leaving the stems attached to the
branches.

This beautiful tree, often a characteristic one of the California
landscape, attains the height of 90 or 100 ft. (30 in.) with a trunk
sometimes 4-6 ft. (1.50 m.) in thickness, having a grayish -brown bark
with irregular, somewhat yielding, scaly, longitudinal ridges. When
growing by itself it develops a rather round, compact head with stout
spreading branches. All parts of the tree are characterized by an
aromatic, pungent,' volatile oil of spicy flavor and odor.

HABITAT. — From southeastern Oregon southward, west of the
crest of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, to the southern slopes of the
San Bernardino Mountains, growing abundantly along water-courses
and bottom-lands. It reaches its greatest development in the northern
part of its range.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, compact, close-
grained, susceptible of a beautiful polish, with small, evenly dis-
tributed ducts and numerous fine medullary rays. It is of a light
brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.6517; Percentage of Ash, 0.39; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.6492; Coefficient of Elasticity, 106766; Modulus of

160. QUERCUS LOBATA CALIFORNIA WHITE OAK. 35

Rupture, 806; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 568; Resistance
to Indentation, 199; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 40.61.

USES. — One of the most valuable of the woods of the Pacific Coast
for interior finishing and for furniture for which the figured logs occa-
sionally found are very beautiful and valuable. The wood is also
useful in ship -building and for other purposes where a strong, close-
grained timber is required.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — A pungent, aromatic, volatile oil distilled
from the leaves of this tree produces dizziness and headache when
inhaled, and is supposed to have a marked action upon the nervous
system. It is recommended for nasal catarrh and nervous headache ;
and its use in cerebro-spinal meningitis is said to have been followed
by favorable results. It is believed to possess curative properties in
chronic diarrhoea and colic and to relieve rheumatic pains if applied
externally. *

ORDER CUPULIFERJE: OAK FAMILY.

leaves alternate, simple, straight veined; the stipules, forming the bud- scales,
deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustured or racerned
catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech); calyx regular or scale-like; stamens
5-20. Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an invo-
lucre which forms a cup or covering to the nut; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
its teeth minute and crowning the summit; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous
ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disappearing before
maturity; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several
together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) invo-
lucral cup or covering; seed albumenless, with an anatropous, often edible,
embryo; cotyledons thick and fleshy.

Genus is represented by both trees and shrubs.

GENUS QUERCUS, L.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds; calyx 2-8-parted or
cleft; stamens 3-12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers with ovary nearly 8-celled
and 6-ovuled, 2 of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive; stigma 3-lobed;
involucre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn,
which is 1-celled, 1-seeded.

(Quercus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic
quer, fine, and cuez, tree.)

160. QUERCUS LOBATA, NEE.
CALIFORNIA WHITE OAK, WEEPING OAK, VALLEY OAK.

Ger., Californische Weisseiche; Fr., Chene ~blanc de Calif ornie; Sp.,
Roble bianco de California, Roble.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves deciduous, from 2£ to 3 in. or slightly more in
length, oblong or obovate, rounded at apex, wedge shaped rounded or cordate at
base, generally deeply, though sometimes slightly, lobed, with narrow sinuses, but
wider near the center of the leaf, the lobes rather numerous and small, entire or

* Sargent's Silva of North America, VII. p. 20.

36 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

more or less undulate or crenate-dentate and broad at apex, stellate-pubescent
above, paler and pubescent beneath; petioles £-£ in. long, also pubescent; branch-
lets slender, pubescent at first but finally glabrous and marked with scattered
lenticels; winter- buds ^ in. or less in length with puberulous scarious scales often
ciliate-margined. Flowers appear when the leaves are about half grown, the
staminate in pendent catkins from 2-3 in. long, pubescent; calyx light yellow
with six or eight acute lobes ; stamens of the same number as the calyx-lobes
and with yellow emarginate anthers. Pistillate flowers solitary and sessile or
exceptionally in few flowered spikes, scales of involucre broad-ovate pointed and
pale tomentose outside; calyx-lobes narrow and about as long as the involucral
scales. Acorns maturing the first year, solitary or sometimes in pairs, sessile or
nearly so, the nut elongated, narrow-conical, often 2 in. or slightly more in length,
tapering to an acute or rounded mucronate apex, clothed with a whitish persist-
ent pubescence; cup deeply hemispherical, pale-tomentose and with scales thick
tubercled and strongly appressed below but smaller and with elongated free tips
nearer the margin.

(The specific name, lobata, is from the Greek Aofict, a lobe, alluding to the
lobed leaves.)

One of the most majestic oaks of the Pacific slope, as well as one of
the largest and most graceful of its genus, the Q. lobata occasionally
attains 100 ft (30 m.) or more in height, with sturdy trunk 8 or 10 ft.
(3 m.) in diameter, clothed with a light brownish-gray bark, rough
with loose, scaly ridges. The trunk usually divides twenty or thirty
feet above the ground into great far-reaching branches, and finally
into long, drooping branchlets which sometimes nearly sweep the
ground, the whole forming a well-rounded head, perhaps a hun-
dred and fifty feet in diameter. Its resemblance in habit of growth to
the best type of the favorite Elm of the New England states is very
marked, and it lends that same peculiar charm of aspect to many a Cali-
fornia valley.

HABITAT. — California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, from
the upper Sacramento valley southward to the vicinity of Los Angeles,
confined to the bottom-lands, where it forms groves primarily of vast
extent. Being entirely free from under-brush and carpeted with
grass between and beneath the trees, as it were, one vast lawn, these
natural parks defy competition in landscape gardening, and were early
noted among the charms of Californian scenery.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of the Yalley Oak is of mod-
erate strength and hardness, rather fine-grained and brittle, abundantly
supplied with large open ducts which mark the rings of growth and
more abundantly than most oaks with the fine intervening ducts. It
is of a light chocolate -brown color, with abundant lighter sap-wood.
Specific Gravity ', 0.7409; Percentage of Ash, 0.30; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7387; Coefficient of Elasticity, 71664;
Modulus of Rupture, 864; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
424; Resistance to Indentation, 188; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 46.17.

161. QlJERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS MAUL OAK, HlCKORY OAK. 37

USES. — The wood is but little used, excepting for fuel. The
acorns which are borne in profusion were formerly an important article
of food with the California Indians, who gathered them in large quan-
tities.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not reported of this species.

161. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS, LIEBM.

MAUL OAK, THICK-CUP LIVE OAK, HICKORY OAK, CANON LIVE OAK.
Ger., Schlagel-Eiche; Fr., Chene de Maillet; Sp., Roble de mazo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves persistent, thick, coriaceous, oblong-ovate to-
elliptical, acute, generally rounded but sometimes truncate or cordate at base, 1 to
4 in. long, with thickened entire or serrate-dentate margin with few or many teeth
tipped with short spines (both forms being often found together on the same tree),
fulvous-tomentose at first but finally smooth and shining above and pale and gla-
brous, or nearly so, beneath; petioles yellowish \ in. or less in length; winter-
buds about \ in. long with puberulous scales closely imbricated; branchlets at first
fulvous-tomentose but finally more or less glabrous. Flowers appear in May or
June, the staminate in slender toinentose aments 2-4 inches long, calyx yellowish,
pubescent and with 5-7 broad-ovate acute lobes; stamens with slender filaments
and large oblong acute anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile, or nearly so, or rarely
in few-flowered spikes; involucral scales broad-ovate, tomentose; stigmas sessile,
red. Fruit, acorns maturing the second year, usually solitary, sessile or nearly
so; nut oblong to ovoid acute or rounded and puberulous at apex, light brown
and from | to nearly 2 in. in length, shell thick, tomentose within, abortive ovules
lateral, scattered over the side of the seed; cup variable, saucer-shaped or hemi-
spherical, thin or sometimes very thick, covered with hoary pubescent, closely
appressed, and often rather obscure scales.

Subspecies vaccinifolia, Eng., is an alpine form reduced to a shrub with small,
mostly entire leaves scarcely an inch in length, small acorns with thin, shallow
cups and acutely pointed nuts not more than -£ in. in length.

Subspecies Palmeri, near the boundary line, between California and Lower
California, is a shrub or small tree with very rigid leaves spinose-dentate, the
pistillate flowers sometimes long-pedunculate, leaves and acorns fulvous-lepidote,
nut? 1 to 1£ in. long, ovate acute and cups shallow and thin.

(The specific name, chrysolepis, is from the Greek, xpvtioS, gold, and AfTTzS,
scale, alluding to the yellowish scale-like tomentum with which the young leaves
and new growths, and especially the acorn cups, are furnished.)

This Oak in the sheltered canons of the coast ranges and among the
foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas, where the conditions of growth are
most favorable, is almost unsurpassed in beauty and majesty of stat-
ure. There it sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.), with a
trunk 8 or 10 ft in diameter, with wide-reaching branches and droop-
ing branchlets forming a top 150 ft. across, but such trees represent
an extreme development. It is usually not more than half the above
size, and high on the mountains is found as a mere shrub, forming
almost impenetrable thickets. The bark of the trunk is of a light
grayish-brown color, flaking off with age in friable, thinnish scales.

HABITAT. — From southern Oregon southward, along the coast
ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains

38 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

into Lower California, and, mostly in its shrubby form, on the
mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico. In its tree form it
is never found in any considerable numbers together, forming groves
or exclusive tracts of forests, but rather as isolated trees or interspersed
among other species.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough and
close-grained, with open ducts, small (for an oak) and distributed, as
is the case generally with the evergreen oaks, in bands parallel with
the large medullary rays, and not distinctly indicating the annual
rings. It is of a light-brown color, with abundant lighter sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.8493; Percentage of Ash, 0.60; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8442; Coefficient of Elasticity, 119810;
Modulus of Rupture, 1268; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
545; Resistance to Indentation, 317; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 52.93.

USES. — The wood of this tree is said to be the most valuable of the
Calif ornian Oaks, and indeed of all the broad -leaved trees of Cali-
fornia. It is very useful in the manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments, wagon-wheels, tool-handles, etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not known of this species, though doubt-
less the astringency of the bark common to the genus might be of
some avail.

162. QUERCUS CALIFORNICA, COOP.*
CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK, MOUNTAIN BLACK OAK, KELLOGG'S OAK.

Ger. , Californische Schwarzeiche ; Fr. , Chene noir de Calif ornie; Sp. ,
Roble negro de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves deciduous, oblong or obovate in outline, from
3 to 6 inches long, truncate rounded or wedge-shaped at base, pinnately and more
or less deeply sinuate-lobed, with sinuses oblique and rounded at base, and the
lobes usually repand-dentate with three or four acute bristle-pointed teeth. When
the leaves first appear they are tomentose, but, at maturity, thick, firm and
lustrous dark green, lighter and glabrous or pubescent beneath (exceptionally the
leaves and petioles are pubescent at maturity) ; stipules scarious, about £ in. long
and caducous; petioles terete, yellow and from one to two inches long; branchlets
rather stout, furnished with a pale tomentum at first, but which soon disappears,
and marked with minute pale lenticels; winter buds about £ in. long, with scales
ciliate-margined and pubescent near the apex. Flowers appear when the leaves
are about half grown, the staminate in hairy aments 4 or 5 in. long; calyx pube-
scent, with five or six broad-ovate acute lobes; stamens of the same number,
longer and with ovate apiculate anthers; pistillate flowers tomentose, on short
peduncles and with ovate involucral scales; stigmas recurved dark red. Fruit,
acorns maturing the second year, solitary or two or three together, with thick,

* Quercus Kellogyii. Newb.

162. QUERCUS CALIFORNICA — CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK. 39

stout peduncles about £ in. in length; nut oblong or obovate, -J to 1| in. long;
puberulous at least at the apex, light chestnut-brown and often longitudinal stri-
ated, shell thin, tomentose inside, cup generally about one half or less covering the
nut (but exceptionally nearly enveloping it), puberulous inside and composed of
thin ovate-lanceolate light brown scales with membranous eroded margins.

The Black Oak of California occasionally attains the height of 100
ft. (30 m.) with a trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, clothed in a
dark reddish-brown or blackish bark (whence the name Black Oak)
checked into small and firm scales or on the largest trunks into broad
longitudinal scaly ridges and plates.

HABITAT. — Among the coast ranges from the vicinity of Eugene
Oregon southward a little distance back from the coast and on the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to near the southern
boundary of California, growing in elevated valleys and on slopes to
the altitude of about 8,000 ft. It is especially abundant and vigorous
to the northward in its range, and at about 6,000 ft. elevation on the
mountains.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong but rather
brittle, with numerous but comparatively small medullary rays and
numerous large open ducts marking the annual rings, of a pinkish-
brown color with buff-white sap wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6435;
Percentage of Ash, 0.26; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.6418; Coefficient of Elasticity, 74488; Modulus of Rupture, 768;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 449; Resistance to Indenta-
tion, 174; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 40.10.

USES. —-The wood of the Black Oak is used to some extent for
fuel, and its ornamental value would suggest its usefulness for interior
finishing, etc., though we understand it is not much used. The bark,
which is quite rich in tannin, is used to some extent for tanning pur-
poses and is said to be of about double the value of Hemlock bark for
that purpose.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species, but doubt-
less the tannin of the bark would be of value where an astringent
action is required.

ORDER BBTULAOEJE: BIRCH FAMILY.

Leaves simple, alternate, straight-veined and furnished with stipules which
fall away early. Flowers mostly naked, monoecious, both kinds in catkins 2 or 3
together under a 3-lobed bract or scale. Sterile flowers with distinct stamens
and 2-celled anthers. Fertile flowers with two thread-like stigmas, and a 2 celled
ovarv. each cell containing 2 pendulous ovules, becoming by abortion in Fruit, a
small, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded nutlet, often with membranous wings; seed anatropous,
albumenless, with flattish, oblong cotyledons which become foliaceous in
germination.

Trees or shrubs, with bark which separates more or less easily into thin layers.

40 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

GENUS ALNUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves deciduous, alternate, generally serrate, pinnately veined, furnished with
caducous stipules which inclose them in the bud, fall in autumn while still green
in color. Flowers expand in early spring with or before the leaves (or rarely in
autumn) in pedunculate aments, formed during the summer or autumn of the
previous season, from the axils of leaves or bracts and remaining naked and erect,
monoacious, apetalous, sessile, one to six together beneath the peltate short-stalked
scales of the ament. Staminate aments long, pendulous and generally in pani-
cles, the scales of the ament usually 2-4-flowered, the flowers subtended by
minute bractlets adnate to the base of the scale ; calyx usually 4-parted;
stamens of the same number or exceptionally half as many as the calyx-lobes
and opposite them, filaments erect with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally
dehiscent. Pistillate aments erect from axils below those producing the staminate
aments, ovoid or oblong, scales fleshy and beneath each are usually two flowers
subtended by minute bractlets, these aments becoming in Fruit ovoid, oblong or
subglobose strobiles with scales thickened at apex, woody and closely imbricated
over the minute brown compressed nutlet slightly or not at all winged, tipped
with the remnants of the style and containing a single suspended exalbuminous
seed. The strobiles persist for a time after liberating the seed with truncate
thickened scales divergent.

Genus consists of trees and shrubs with astringent bark, watery juice and soft
wood very durable in water. Alnus is the ancient Latin name of the Alder.

163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA, NUTT.
CALIFORNIA ALDER, WHITE ALDER, MOUNTAIN ALDER.

Ger., Californische Erie' Fr., Anue de Calif ornie; Sp., Aliso de

California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves ovate to oval, 2 to 3£ in. long, rounded or acute
at apex, wedge-shaped at base, serrate, generally irregularly so, and sometimes
doubly serrate, with spreading glandular teeth, furnished with white deciduous
tomentum at first but finally lustrous dark green and frequently glandular-dotted
above, lighter and slightly puberulous beneath, with slender yellow hairy peti-
oles from i to f in. long. The staminate aments which in the previous summer
were nearly an inch long, shining dark brown and erect, in autumn begin to
lengthen and by mid winter when the tree is leafless are drooping and from 4 to 6
in. long, in racemes with short slender stems; scales of ament orange- brown ;
calyx yellow, with four lobes rounded at apex and shorter than the stamens
which are usually two (exceptionally 1 or 3) together under each scale. Pistil-
late aments in short pubescent racemes do not appear until late autumn and are
fully developed by January; scales broad-ovate rounded at apex; styles exserted.
Fruit oblong strobiles •£ to £ in. long, with scales thickened and lobed at apex,
fully grown by midsummer, but do not until the next winter open and liberate
their nutlets, which are broad-ovate with thin acute margins.

(The specific name is of obscure application.)

This Alder occasionally attains the height of 80 ft. (24 m.), with
straight columnar trunk 2-3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter, vested with a
thickish dark -brown bark, rough with irregular longitudinal ridges,
on the summits of which commonly persists the smoothish ash-gray and
somewhat horizontally laminated epidermis of the young bark. It
is particularly a conspicuous tree in winter when leafless, with its long
yellow catkins hanging in abundance from its slender branchlets.

HABITAT. — From the vicinity of the British boundary southward

163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA — CALIFORNIA ALDER. 41

through Washington and Oregon on the eastern slope of the Cascade
Mountains, and into Idaho, southward to southern California, ascending
the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to an altitude of
nearly 4,000 ft. It grows along the banks of streams and is the com-
mon Alder of central California, shading its mountain torrents more
largely perhaps than any other tree.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of the Alder is light, soft,
brittle, close-grained, with numerous fine and obscure medullary rays
and occasional widely-dispersed, large, conspicuous rays. It is of a
light-brown color, with abundant buff -white sap-wood which is nearly
white when freshly cut, but almost immediately upon exposure to the
air assumes a markedly reddish tint, as does also the cut surface of the
bark. Specific Gravity, 0.4127; Percentage of Ash, 0.31; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4104; Coefficient of Elasticity, 84580;
Modulus of Rupture, 683 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
356; Resistance to Indentation, 78; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 25.72.

USES. — The wood of this species is not extensively used, though,
were it in a section not favored with more useful timbers, it would
doubtless be considered useful for various purposes, and the bark,
etc., might be used for dyeing and tanning purposes.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are those common to the genus and due to
the astringent and alterative principles of the leaves and bark. They
may be extracted by means of decoctions, and are used in domestic
practice for purifying the blood, in intermittent fevers, in diarrhoea,
hgematuria, etc. , and as a gargle. The bruised leaves are used as a
topical remedy for wounds, ulcers, etc.*

ORDER MYRICAOEJE: SWEET-GALE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, resinous or waxy-dotted, generally fragrant and without sty-
pules or with caducous stypules. ^Flowers monoecious or dioecious with both
staminate and pistillate flowers in scaly catkins, calyx and corolla wanting;
stamens usually 4-6 (2 to 16) sessile or with filaments united into a sort of stipe;
ovary inferior/1-celled, with single erect orthotropous ovules, styles two filiform,
stigmatose along the inner sides. Fruit, drupaceous, often waxy-coated and
containing a single exalbuminous seed.

GENUS MYRICA, LINNEAUS.

Leaves alternate, evergreen or deciduous, resinous-dotted, irregularly dentate
or lobed (rarely entire) pinnately veined, without stipules or stipules falling away
early. Flowers monoecious or dioecious in aments which form in the summer in
the 'axils of the leaves of the year (the staminate from axils below those produc-
ing the pistillate when both are borne on the same plant), and remaining over
winter open the next spring, the small, naked flow-ers appearing in the axils of
the scales of the ament. Staminate aments oblong-cylindrical, dense; stamens

* T. S. Di-'pematory , 16th ed., p. 1705.

42 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

2 to 16 at the base of the scale, subtended by two or more scale-like bractlets; fila-
ments free or united at base into a sort of stipe, anthers erect, ovate, 2-celled.
longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers in ovoid ameiits; ovary sessile, styles
forked, stigmatic on inner faces. Fruit a small subglobose drupe with exocarp
generally papillose and covered with a waxy exudation, endocarp thick and hard,
seed erect, exalbuminous with straight embryo.

Genus composed of small trees and shrubs, mostly of temperate and warmer
climates, several of them being of considerable economic importance, mainly
from the yield of wax which is exuded from the surface of the fruit.

(Myrica is the ancient greek name of some kind of shrub, thought to be the
Tamarisk, and probably from juvpi^a), to perfume.

164. MYRICA CALIFORNICA, CHAM.
CALIFORNIA WAX-MYRTLE, BAYBERRY, GREASE-WOOD.

Ger. , Calif omiacher Kerzenbeer; Fr. , drier de Calif ornie; Sp. ,
Arrayan de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long,
coriaceous, evergreen, slightly fragrant, acute at apex, gradually narrowing at
base and decurrent on the short, stout petiole, margin thickened, revolute, sharply
and rather remotely serrate, lustrous dark green above, paler and glabrous, or
puberulous and minutely glandular-dotted beneath ; the reticulated veins
impressed above ; leaf-buds, with brown-tomentose, loosely imbricated scales
which persist and grow, for a time, upon the branchlets. Flowers monoecious,
subtended by conspicuous bractlets. the staminate aments simple, oblong-cylin-
drical, often an inch in length, from axils below those producing the pistillate
flowers, the intermediate buds often producing androgynous aments; scales of
aments ovate, acute, pale-tomentose and with small lateral bractlets; stamens
generally 10-16, exserted, with slender filaments united below, so as to form a
short-stemmed exserted cluster ; anthers emarginate ; ovaries ovoid, with
two red exserted styles stigmatose along the contiguous surfaces. Fruit ripens in
early autumn, globose, dark-purple, papillose, with thin coat of grayish wax on
surface.

A small tree, occasionally attaining the height of 40 ft. (12 in.) with
a trunk 15 in. (0.40 m.) or exceptionally more in diameter, with smooth
brownish-gray bark which checks tardily as the trunk enlarges, making
many short thick-edged fissures through the epidermis and into the
chocolate-brown inner bark beneath. In many localities it is a shrub
in habit of growth.

HABITAT. — The Pacific Coast region from Puget Sound southward
to the vicinity of Santa Monica, Cal., near the coast, under the influ-
ence of moisture from the ocean.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — - The wood of the Wax-Myrtle is heavy,
hard, strong, rather brittle, close-grained, with very fine ducts and
numerous thin medullary rays. It is of a dark-brown color with
abundant pinkish-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6703; Per-
centage of Ash, 0.33; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6681;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 99161 ; Modulus of Rupture, 1036 ; Resist-

165. SALIX LASIOLEPIS — CALIFORNIA WHITE WILLOW. 43

ance to Longitudinal Pressure, 532; Resistance to Indentation, 188;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 41.77.

USES. — The wood is little if at all used, but the tree is occasionally
planted for decorative purposes.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES, though not reported of this particular
species, would probably be found to be the same as with other repre-
sentatives of the genus. Myrtle-Wax has been used as a remedy in
dysentery. The bark is acrid, astringent and stimulant, and has been
used in the treatment of diarrhoea, etc.*

ORDER SALICACE-ZE : WILLOW FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, undivided and furnished with stipules, which are
either scale-like and deciduous, or leaf -like and persistent. Flowers dioecious,
both kinds in catkins, one under each bracht or scale of the catkin and destitute
of both catyx and corolla, or the former represented by a gland-like cup; ovary
1 to 2-celled; styles wanting, or 2 and short; stigmas often 2-lobed. Fruit a 1 or
2-celled, 2-valved pod, with numerous seeds springing from two parietal or basal
placentae and furnished with long, silky down; seeds ascending, anatropous,
without albumen; cotyledons flat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

GENUS SALIX, TOURN.

Leaves generally narrow, long and pointed and usually with conspicuous stip-
ules; bud scales single. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves in terminal
and lateral cylindrical, imbricated catkins, the scales or brachts of which are
entire and each subtending a flower, which is without calyx, and bears at its
base 1 or 2 small nectiferous glands. Sterile flowers with 2 (but sometimes more)
distinct or united stamens. Fertile flowers: ovary ovoid lanceolate, taper-
pointed; style short; stigmas 2, short and mostly bifid. Fruit a 1-celled pod,
dehiscent at niaturiiy by two valves which roll back to the summit to liberate
the numerous minute comose seeds.

Trees and shrubs with lithe round branches and growing mostly along streams
and in moist localities. (Salix is from the Celtic sal, near and Us, water, allud-
ing to the favorite locality of the willows.)

165. SALIX LASIOLEPIS, BEBB.
CALIFORNIA WHITE WILLOW, BIGELOW WILLOW.

Ger., Calif ornische Weisse Weide; Fr., Saule Hanc de Calif ornie;
Sp., Sauce bianco de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lower
sometimes spatulate, 3-6 in. long and |-1 in. wide, generally inequilateral or fal-
cate, acute, acuminate or occasionally rounded at apex, duneate at base, entire
or irregularly serrate with small callous teeth, tomentose at first, but finally
glabrous, dark-green above with impressed reticulations, paler and glabrous or
puberulous beneath, coriaceous, involute in vernation; petioles slender ^ to £ in.
in length; stipules mostly minute, tomentose and caducous, but sometimes
remaining on and foliaceous; leaf-buds ovate, acute, contracted laterally into
thin margins; branchlets tomentose first but finally glabrous. Flowers appear in
very early spring, before the leaves, in densely flowered sessile or subsessile
aments from 1| in. (the staminate) to 3 in. (the pistillate) long, with a few small
leaves or deciduous hairy bracts at base ; scales oblong obovate, rounded or acute

* U. S. Diipensatory, 16th ed., p. 394, etc.

44 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

at apex, dark, densely clothed with crisp white hairs and persistent; stamens two,
yellow, three times the length of the scale, with glabrous filaments untied below
the middle; ovary narrow with long tapering point, dark green, glabrous, with
short style and broad stigmas Fruit capsules about ^ in. long, oblong-ovoid,
light brown, smooth, acuminate with short pedicel.

(The specific name is from the Greek A.a6ioS, hairy, and XETtiS, scale.)

A tree occasionally attaining the height of 30 ft. (10 in.), with loose
open head, and trunk 18 in. (0.45 in.) in diameter, vested in an ash-
gray, rather firm bark checked into irregular, longitudinal and obliquely
connecting ridges. To the northward in its range and at high eleva-
tions it is reduced to a shrub.

HABITAT. — California generally, along the banks of streams and in
moist low lands, ascending the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains to the height of three or four thousand feet. In its
shrubby form it is found in Lower California and among the mountains
of Arizona.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
with evenly distributed fine ducts and numerous fine medullary rays.
It is of a light-brown color with abundant pinkish- white sap- wood ,
nearly white near the bark and gradually redder towards the center.
Specific Gravity, 0.5587; Percentage of Ash, 0.98; Relative Approx-
imate Fuel Value, 0.5532; Coefficient of Elasticity, 88778; Modulus
of Rupture, 813; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 385; Resist-
ance to Indentation, 140; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 34.82.

USES. — Considerably used for fuel in southern California.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES of an astringent and tonic nature are com-
mon to the genus and mentioned of the Salix nigra, Part II., pp.

O/> Qf7

oo-o/.

GYMNOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly paralled- veined and cotyledons
frequently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete; pistil repre-
sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertil-
ized by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a
true pericarp.

ORDER CONIFER2E : PINE FAMILY.

Leaves mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel-
veined. Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in. catkins or cones, destitute
of both calyx and corolla; stamens one or several (usually united); ovary, style
and stigma wanting; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, which serves as
a carpel, or on an open disk. Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or
somewhat berry-like, and with fleshy coherent scales, seeds orthotopous, embryo
in the axis of the albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.

GENUS CUPRESSUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves persistent, small, scale-like, decussately opposite, thick, rounded or
keeled, adnate to and decurrent upon the stem, usually glandular-pitted on the

166. CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA NORTHWEST CoAST CYPRESS. 45

back, appressed or slightly spreading at the pointed or rounded apex, margin
entire or denticulate; leaves on vigorous young shoots commonly awl-shaped or
linear-lanceolate and spreading ; branchlets not forming flat sprays. Flowers
appear in early spring, monoecious, in small catkins terminating the leafy branch-
lets; the staminate aments oblong or cylindrical, consisting of a few pairs of
decussately opposite, yellowish ovate or orbicular subpeltate scales attached to
the under sides of each of which are two to six subglobose pendulous anther-
cells opening by a longitudinal slit; pollen-grains simple. The pistillate flowers
terminate short branchlets, subglobose, scales thick, ovate acute and bearing
attached to their bases on the inner surface generally numerous, erect, orthotro-
pous bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a subglobose, short-stalked, rugose woody cone,
generally maturing the second year, scales closely valvate peltate, polygonal in
outline at apex, flattened and bearing more or less prominent central bosses, at
maturity opening along their margins and persisting after liberating their numer-
ous irregularly compressed acutely angled thick-coated seeds, which are borne in
several rows on the base of the scale; embryo erect in fleshy albumen, coytledons
usually two.

Genus consists of resinous trees with generally fragrant wood of considerable
economic value, especially in Japan. About a half dozen species are found in the
United States along the Pacific slope.

(Cupressus is the classical name of the Cypress tree.)

166. CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA, GORD.
NORTHWEST COAST CYPRESS, GOWEN CYPRESS.

Ger., Cypresse von Gowen; Fr., Cypres de Gowen; Sp., Cipres de

Gowen.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves as described for the genus, dark-green, from
-^ to £ in. long, dorsal glands wanting or obscure; the acicular leaves on young
shoots about ^ to ^ in. long. Flowers appear in very early spring, yellow, as
described for the genus; the scales of the pistillate catkins six or eight, slightly
spreading and about i in. long; branchlets slender. Fruit a subglobose or oblong
strobile, from £ to 1 in. in length, lustrous purplish brown, composed of six or
eight peltate or obpyramidal scales triangular to hexagonal or suborbicular in
outline and nearly flat, rounded or with short central bosses; seeds lustrous,
about £ in. long or less, irregularly compressed and angled and about twenty in
number under each scale.

(The specific name, Goveniana, is in compliment to Jas. Robert Gowen, a dis-
tinguished horticulturist of England.)

A small or medium-sized tree, occasionally attaining the height of
50 ft. (15 m.), with handsome symmetrical top, and trunk 18 in. (0.45
m.) in diameter. On the " plains " of Mendocino County, Cal., we
have seen it with free, straight stem, scarcely one foot in height,
mature and bearing its crop of fruit — a handful of small persistent
«ones which would quite equal the bulk of its scanty foliage. The
bark of trunk is fibrous, of a grayish-brown color, and fissured length-
wise into prominent ridges. It is often pitted with numerous small
holes, the work of woodpeckers, and in the bottom of these glisten the
amber-colored tears of the exuded gum.

HABITAT. — California, from Humboldt County southward, along
the coast and among the coast ranges into San Diego County, prefer-

46 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

ring ricli soil along the courses of streams, and ascending the mountain
canons to an altitude of nearly 3,000 ft. It is not abundant as a tree,
but occupies extensive tracts of sandy barrens in its shrubby form.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — »Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-
grained, odorous, durable, and of a rich pinkish-brown color, with
buff- white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4689; Percentage of Ash,
0.45; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4668; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 49941 ; Modulus of Rupture, 539 ; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 359; Resistance to Indentation, 178; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.22.

USES. — A useful timber for posts, fencing, etc. , and the tree is
occasionally planted for ornament, for which latter use it has been
quite extensively introduced into European gardens.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species.

GENUS JUNIPERUS, LINNAEUS.

Leaves evergreens, opposite or in whorls of three, rigid and of two forms, one
awl-shaped and the other scale like, often both found on the same bush or tree.
Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, in very small catkins. Sterile catkins ovate,
with shield-shaped scales, each bearing at its base 3-7 anther-cells. Fertile catkins
ovoid or globose, with few (3-5) fleshy, concave, united scales, each bearing one
ovule, and these together becoming in Fruit a sort of berry, but in reality an
altered cone, scaly-bracted underneath, blackish or bluish in color, furnished
with a lighter-colored bloom, and containing from 1-3 bony, wingless seeds; coty-
ledons two.

(Juniperus is the classical Latin name of the Juniper.)

167. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA, CARR.
CALIFORNIA JUNIPER, SWEET-FRUITED JUNIPER.

Ger., Californischer Wachholder; Fr., Genievre de Calif ornie; Sp.,
Enebro de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaven thick, scale-like, small (£ in. or less in length),
arranged in threes, closely appressed, acute or obtuse at apex, glandular- pitted
and somewhat keeled on the back, with thin minutely eroded edges. The leaves
on vigorous young shoots are linear-lanceolate i to ^ in. in length, not appressed,
rigid, sharp-pointed and whitish above. Flowers appear in very early spring,
terminal; the staminate aments scarcely ± in. in length, beneath each of the
rhomboidal scales of which are 3-4 anther- cells. The pistillate aments have
usually six more spreading ovate scales. Fruit drupe-like, globose-oblong, matur-
ing the second season, £ in. or less in length, reddish brown, with abundant glau-
cous bloom, thin, dry, sweetish flesh, and one or two large ovoid irregularly
lobed and angled thick- walled seeds with two-lobed hilum; cotyledons, 4-6.

The California Juniper in localities attains the height of 40 ft. (1.20
m.), with conical top of stout branches and unsymmetrical trunk, 2 ft.
(0.60 m.) in diameter. More often it is shrubby, and along the
borders of desert regions is very low, dividing immediately above

168. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS WESTERN JUNIPER. 47

the ground and sending out wide-spreading, contorted branches. The
bark of trunk is of an ash-gray color, longitudinally fibrous, and
becoming in time very loose and shreddy.

HABITAT. — California, the plains and dry mountain slopes of the
coast ranges from San Francisco southward, along the western slopes
of the southern Sierra Nevadas and the foot-hills of the San Bernardino
Mountains.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, not strong, with very
close grain, strongly odorous and very durable in contact with the
soil. It is of a light pinkish-brown color, with yellowish-white sap-
wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6282; Percentage of Ash, O.T5; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6235; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 39.15.

USES. — The wood of this species is extensively used for fuel and
fencing in southern California, and the berries are said to be an
important article of food with the Indians, who eat them both fresh
and dried and ground into a flour.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not reported of this species, but doubt-
less would be found to be about the same as those of other species of
the genus, and mentioned of the J. Virginiana, Part I., pp. 75-76.

168. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS, HOOK.
WESTERN JUNIPER, YELLOW CEDAR.

Ger., Westlicher Wachholder; Fr., Genievre occidental; Sp., Enebro

occidental.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves arranged in threes, scale-like, thick, and
closely appressed, ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, with thin dentinculate
margins, rounded and conspicuously glandular pitted on the back, about •£ in.
or less in length ; branchlets stout, reddish-brown after the leaves fall and
covered with loose papery scales. Flowers in short terminal aments, the stami-
nate about £ in. long with 12-18 thin ovate-orbicular, rounded or pointed denticu-
late-margined scales; pistillate aments with ovate acute spreading scales.
Fruit subglobose or oblong, ±-£ in. long, blue-back with abundant glaucous
bloom and bearing traces of the scales of the flower, with thin, dry resinous flesh
and two or three bony seeds about i in. in length, ovate-acute, deeply pitted or
grooved on the rounded outer side, flattened on the inner side, light brown and
marked below with a two-lobed hilum, cotyledons two.

(The specific name occidentalis is the Latin for western.)

The Western Juniper occasionally attains the height of 60 ft. (18 m.),
with long, straight trunk, perhaps 3 ft. in diameter (0.90 m.), but
commonly it is a lower tree, with short, thick trunk, sometimes 10 ft.
(3 m.) in diameter, and large wide-spreading branches. The bark of

48 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

trunk is rather thin and of a rich purple -brown color in general
appearance, but upon, closer examination it is found to be composed of
laminae of alternately purple and light-brown colors. It becomes
fissured with age into broad longitudinal and obliquely connecting
ridges and finally exfoliates in thin papery strips.

HABITAT. — The Western Juniper is found in eastern Washington
and Oregon, in Idaho and southward, near the summits of the
Cascade, Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains, rarely below
an altitude of 6,000 ft., and ascending to elevations nearly 10,000 ft.
above the sea, where upon exposed summits it withstands the force of
the fiercest gales.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, very close-grained,
susceptible of a smooth polish, moderately odorous and very durable
in contact with the soil. It is of a rich pinkish-brown color, with
nearly white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5T65; Percentage of
Ash, 0.12; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5758; Resistance
to Indentation, 186; Weight of a Cubic foot in Pounds, 35.93.

USES. — A valuable wood for fencing and fuel, and the fruit is said
to be gathered and eaten by the Indians.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES of this species, we believe, have not been
studied, but probably would be found upon investigation to be similar
to those of other representatives of the genus and mentioned of the
J. Virginiana, Part I., pp. 75-76.

GENUS PTNUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers
appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base
of the shoots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a
scale-like connective; anther cells 2, opening lengthwise; pollen grains triple.
Fertile flowers in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated,
carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base
within a pair of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second
year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often
thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe, dry and spreading to
liberate the two nut-like and usually winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12, linear.

(Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

169. PINUS COULTERI, DON.
BIG-CONE PINE, COULTER PINE.

Ger., G roszfruchtige Fickte; Fr., Pin de cones grands; Sp., Pino

de conos grandes.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves in threes, large and stiff, mostly crowded at
the ends of the branchlets, 8-12 in. or more in length, serulate, with stomata
upon all sides, with membranous persistent sheaths at base at first 1 in. or

169. PlNUS COULTERI BlG-CONE PlNE, COULTER PlNE. 49

more in length, but finally retracing more than half, bracts fringed ; branchlets
very thick Flowers appear laterally upon the branchlets at a little distance
from the terminal bud, the staminate aments ovate-oblong rather more than one
inch in length ; anthers crested. Fruit lateral cones reflexed or spreading, very
large and heavy being 10-15 in. long and weighing often (5 or 8 pounds (the
heaviest cones known), long-oval, pointed, somewhat oblique, occurring one, two
or three together, yellowish brown with very thick scales terminating in a very
strong incurved point, like bear's claws, sometimes 2 in. or more in length.
(During the first year these prickles lie closely imbricated.) These ponderous
cones generally persist upon the branches for several years after liberating their
seeds at maturity, which are •£— f in. long, oval, black, and furnished with wings
1 to H in. in length ; cotyledons 11-14.

(Species named in compliment to its discoverer, Dr. Thos, Coulter an English
botanist. )

The Big-Cone Pine is a tree generally of medium stature (for Cali-
fornia), but occasionally surpasses 100 ft. (30 in.) in height, and has a
trunk sometimes 4 ft. (1.20 m.) or more in diameter. The bark of
trunk is of a dark reddish-brown color, cleft into large, irregular,
scaly plates. The habit of the tree is to form a rather broad and
more or less irregular pyramidal top with long lower branches in-
clining downward. Its foliage in large tufts at the ends of the
branchlets is not sufficiently dense to entirely obstruct vision. Hang-
ing here and there near the ends of the branches are its ponderous
remarkable cones, perhaps still containing seed, and towards the
trunk are old weather-beaten cones persisting long after opening and
the seeds have taken wing, sometimes till their bases become partly
embedded in the growing wood.

HABITAT. — California, among the coast ranges from Mount Diablo
southward nearly to the southern border of the state, along dry ridges
and slopes from 2,000 to 6,000 ft. elevation.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, brittle, not strong, very
resinous, and with rather coarse grain. It is of a pinkish buff color,
with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4133; Percentage of
Ash, 0.37; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4118; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 114108; Modulus of Rupture, 761; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 367 ; Resistance to Indentation, 92 ; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 25.76.

USES. — Timber useful for general construction purposes when its
resinous and brittle nature are not objectionable, but with the abund-
ance of more valuable woods in California it is not extensively used.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The only medicinal properties which may
be expected of this species are those of turpentine, etc., common to
the genus.

50 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

170. PINUS MURICATA, DON.
PRICKLE-CONE PINE, CAL. SWAMP PINE, BISHOP'S PINE, OBISPO PINE.

Ger., Calif ornische Sumpffichte; Fr., Pin de mariasj Sp., Pino de

pantano.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves in pairs, rigid, 3-6 in. long, serrulate and with
sheaths 1 to f in. long at first, but finally much shorter, bracts lightly fringed
and subpersistent. Flowers staminate anients about 1 in. long. Cones sessile,
spreading and more or less recurved, mostly in whorls of from 3-7, very oblique
ovoid of a chestnut-brown color, 2-3| in. long and 1^-2 in. thick, the scales on the
outer (longer) side with very prominent recurved tubercles, those of the opposite
side being quite flat and all armed with a short, sharp and stout curved prickle.
These cones often remain tightly closed for years before liberating their seeds,*
which are about £ in. long, black, grooved and rough, with wing | in. or slightly
more in length, widest above the middle; cotyledons, 4-5.

(The specific name, muricata, is the Latin for prickly.)

Under most favorable conditions the Prickle-cone Pine rarely attains
the height of 150 ft. (45 m.), with a trunk 5 or 6 ft. (1.80 m.) in
diameter, but usually it is a slender, medium-sized tree, of not over
half the above dimensions, with wide, rounded top of dense, dark-
green foliage. The bark of trunk is of a chocolate-brown color, more
or less grayish on weather-beaten surfaces, and with long, very promi-
nent and quite firm ridges, sometimes 6 inches or more in thickness,
while at the bottoms of the fissures the bark may be no more than 1-8
in. in thickness.

HABITAT. — California, along the coast from Mendocino County
southward to San Luis Obispo County, in swampy soil or on bluffs
close along the coast, and frequently bathed with moisture from the
ocean.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, strong, coarse-grained, com-
pact and of a pink, lightish-brown color, with thick, lighter sap-wood.
^Specific Gravity, 0.4942; Percentage of Ash, 0.26; Relative Approx-
imate Fuel Value, 0.4929; Coefficient of Elasticity, 119357; Modu-
lus of Rupture, 1031; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 509;
.Resistance to Indentation, 122; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
30.80.

USES. — Not abundant enough to be extensively used, but makes
good ordinary lumber for general construction purposes, etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are those common to the genus.

GENUS TSUGA, CARRIERE

Leaves petiolate and articulated on permanent bases, flat in most species,
appearing two rank, whitened beneath, with a single dorsal resin-duct, ever-

*Prof. J. G Lemmon states (West American Cone-bearers, p. 43) that "The cones have been
known to remain unopened for 20-30 years, then to release good seeds."

171. TSUGA PATTONIANA — MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK. 51

green. Flowers in very early spring, monoecious ; the sterile sub-globose
clusters of stamens from the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the stipes
surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob
and cells opening transversely by a continuous slit ; fertile aments terminal on
the branchlets of the previous year, erect, bracts somewhat shorter than the
scale. Fruit pendulous cones maturing the first year ; scales thin and persistent
on the axis ; bracts short, inclosed ; seeds with resin vesicles on the surface
and wing finally breaking off ; cotyledons three-five or six.

Genus consists of trees of few species with slender and often drooping terminal
branchlets. Tsuga is the Japanese name of one of the representatives of the
genus,

171. TSUGA PATTONIANA, ENGELM.*

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK, ALPINE HEMLOCK, PATTON'S HEMLOCK, WEEP-
ING SPRUCE.
Ger., Alpische Tanne; Fr., Peruche alpestre; Sp., Abeto alpino.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves linear, scattered (not strictly two-ranked)
convex or keeled above, i to 1 in. in length, acutish at apex, narrowing at base
to a slender petiole, often curved, stomatose above and below, branchlets
slender, pubescent. Flowers, the staminate small, globose, clustered at the
ends of the branchlets, with very slender stipes and pollen grains bilobed.
Cones largest of the genus, two or three inches long, cylindrical-oblong, purple
until mature, then light brown, with numerous scales quite uniform in size, ^
inch or less in width, thin, striated, and usually refiexed at maturity ; bracts
small, spatulate : seeds scarcely ± inch in length, angular, the wing about £ inch
long, obliquely obovate, widest above.

Var. Hookeriana. of the alpine regions of the Cascade Range and eastward, is
a smaller pinnacle-shaped tree with shorter drooping branches and cones not
exceeding two inches in length and bearing less striated and less spreading scales.

(Species named in compliment to Mr. Patton, a Scotch botanist.)

The Alpine Hemlock occasionally attains the height of 100 feet
(30 m.) or more, with the trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) or exceptionally 10
or 12 ft. (3 m.) in diameter, vested in a rather thin, grayish-brown
bark checked longitudinally into loose, irregular, scaly ridges. Its
top is of a beautiful pyramidal shape, with long, horizontal lower
branches, while those above are successively shorter, incline at first
downward upon leaving the trunk., and then curve gracefully outward.
Add to this its' soft light-green foliage, interspersed with conspicuous
purple or brown cones, and we must declare it one of the handsomest
trees of its range.

HABITAT. -- The high Alpine regions of the Sierra Nevada and the
Cascade Mountains, from the head-waters of the San Joaquin River,
at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 ft. northward into British Columbia,
where it is found at 2,000 or 3,000 ft. elevation; eastward into Idaho
and Montana. It grows along dry slopes and ridges near the limit of
tree growth.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, close-grained, not

*Hesperopeuce Pattoniana, Lemtnon, in Second Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry.

52 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

strong, susceptible of a satiny polish, of a light, pinkish-brown color,
with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4454; Percentage of
Ashy 0.44; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4434; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 77524; Modulus of Rupture, 719; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 379 ; Resistance to Indentation, 104 ; Weight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 27.76.

USES. — A useful timber for general construction purposes and
fencing, and the tree is of considerable value for ornamental purposes.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species.

GENUS PSEUDOTSUGA, CARRIERS.

Leaves flat, linear, sulcate above, ridged beneath, short-petiolate, somewhat 2-
ranked by a twist in the base, whitish stomatose beneath only, and when breaking
away from the glabrous branchlet leaving prominent transversely oval leaf scars.
Flowers from the axils of the last year's leaves, the staminate short, cylindric
oblong and surrounded with the conspicuous orbicular bud-scales, the anthers
short, obcordate, 2-celled and opening obliquely by a continuous slit, crest short
and tubercular; pollen-grains ovate-subglobose. Cones subterminal, cylindric-
oblong, maturing the first year, reflexed and pendent, with wide rounded thin
persistent scales, and between these broad-linear, 3-lobed ligulate, persistent bracts,
much exserted on young and vigorous trees, but less so on others; seeds without
resin-vesicles, and the wing finally breaking off; cotyledons, 6-12.

An American genus with name derived from ifrevdoS, false, and Tsuga, Hem-
lock, alluding to its resemblance with that genus.

172. PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA, MATB.
BIG-CONE SPRUCE.

Ger., Grossfruchtige Tonne; Fr., Sapin de cones grands; Sp., Abeto

de conos grandes.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves £ to 1J in. long, from f to 1 line in width'
strongly keeled below; winter buds £-£ in. long, considerably larger and more
acute than in the P. taxifolia. Flowers as described for the genus; staminate
aments nearly an inch long. Cones often produced in great abundance, large
and cylindrical-ovoid, 5-8 in. long and 2-3 in. thick (when open), scales large in
proportion, obicular, convex, with eroded margins, bracts exserted i to £ inch,
widest above (f in.), tipped with three acute teeth, the central one narrow and
considerably prolonged. (In young cones the exserted bracts almost hide the
scales from view.) Seeds large, 3 or 4 lines long, with elliptical wing about f
in. long.

(Specific name, macrocarpa, is the Latin for large fruit.)

A medium-sized tree, rarely over 100 ft. (30 m.) in height or with
trunk more than 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter. Its top, with few
long branches, is usually not very symmetrical, but its lack of sym-
metry is fully compensated by its conspicuous pendent cones. Its
bark of trunk is thick, furrowed with prominent and quite firm ridges
so disposed as to suggest frequently a braided appearance.

HABITAT. — A tree quite local in distribution, being found only

173. ABIES CONCOLOK — WHITE FIK, SILVER FIR. 53

about the San Bernardino and adjacent mountains in southern Cali-
fornia, growing along the sides of canons from 2,500 to 5,000 ft. ele-
vation. Mr. S. B. Parish has observed that it is rarer on the northern
slopes and found at a higher elevation, 7,000 ft. on Gold Mountain,
than on the southern slopes.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, of medium strength and
of a light reddish-brown color, with lighter sap-wood. /Specific
Gravity, 0.4563; Percentage of Ash, 0.08; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.4559; Coefficient of Elasticity, 105007; Modulus of
Rupture, 846 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 463 ; Resistance
to Indentation, 102; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 2844.

USES. — Not as valuable a wood as the more generally distributed
Douglas Spruce, but useful for general construction purposes. Like
the other species, the bark is rich in tannin and valuable for tanning
leather.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES, so far as known, are only those of the
tannin, in which the bark abounds.

GENUS ABIES, LINK.

Leaves sessile, short, solitary, usually more or less flattened and entire, with
circular and not prominent bases, often emarginate, more or less two-ranked
especially on the horizontal branches and young trees by a twist near the base,
bearing stomata usually only below, with two resin ducts ; branchlets smooth,
bearing the more or less circular not prominent leaf scars. Flowers from the
axils of last year's leaves ; the staminate borne in abundance along the under
side of the branchlets, oblong or cylindrical, with short stipes surrounded by
numerous bud-scales ; anther-cells two, extrorse, opening transversly, the con-
nective terminating in a knob ; pollen grains large with two air sacs ; pistillate
flowers erect, with bracts larger than the scales ; ovules two, adnate to the inner
side of each scale near the base. Cones erect upon the upper branches and maturing
the first year, sessile, nearly cylindrical, with numerous spirally arranged, imbri-
cated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a thin membranous bract which with
the scale falls away at maturity from the persistent axis ; seed covered with
resin-vesicles and each bearing a membranous wing, the base of which covers
the outer and laps over upon the inner surface; cotyledons 4 to 10.

Trees of about sixteen or eighteen species, generally of remarkable pyramidal
growth, confined to the northern hemisphere of both continents and represented
in the United States by nine species mostly on the Pacific Slope. (Abies is the
ancient Latin name of the Fir.)

173. ABIES CONCOLOR, PARRY.
WHITE FIR, SILVER FIR, BALSAM FIR.

Ger., Californische Weisse Tanne; Fr., Sapin blanc de Calif ornie;
Sp., Abeto bianco de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves large, 2 in. long and even 3 in. on vigorous
shoots, flat, one line or more in width, two-ranked, obtuse and slightly notched
at apex, pale green and with stomata both sides, convex above with slight

51 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

central channel, the leaves on the upper cone-bearing branches being shorter,
broader, thicker, falcate and crowded along the upper side of the branchlet.
Cones oblong-cylindrical, mostly 2 to 4 inches in length, and about H in. in
diameter, pale green until mature ; scales rounded above, slightly pubescent,
convex, one inch or rather more in width, furnished with a curved peduncle
i in. long ; bracts small £ in. long, lanceolate, acuminate ; seeds elongated, tri-
angular, with a light purple oblique wing, broadest above and as long as wide.

Var. Lowiana, Lemmon. Representatives of this species in California from the
Siskiyou Mountains and Mt. Shasta southward throughout the Sierra Nevada
and coast ranges have rather longer leaves with fewer stomata (hence darker)
above, cones more cylindrical and bark grayer, and are considered by some
botanists as constituting a distinct variety (var. Lowiana). Murray has even
given them specific rank, which latter view, however, is not generally con-
curred in by most botanists.

(Concolor is the Latin for of the same color.)

The White Fir is a large tree of handsome pyramidal habit
of growth, sometimes attaining the height of 150 ft. (45 m.), with
trunk 4 or 5 ft. or more (1.5 m.) in diameter, and vested in a thick
whitish or gray bark (sometimes darker outside, but always whitish
within), with firm longitudinal ridges. The bark on young trunks is
smooth and covered with numerous ' ' blisters, ' ' out of which pitch of
crystal clearness issues when punctured.

HABITAT. — From southern Oregon southward among the mountains
to the San Bernardino arid San Jacinto Mountains, and eastward to
southern Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico, growing along the
moist slopes of canons from 3,000 to 9,000 ft. elevation.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-
grained, compact, and of a light buff-brown color, with sap-wood
scarcely distinguishable. Specific Gravity, 0.3638; Percentage of
Ash, 0.85; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3607; Coefficient of
Elasticity r, 90889; Modulus of Rupture, 703; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 390 ; Resistance to Indentation, 78 ; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 22.67.

USES. — A peculiarly appropriate wood for butter-tubs and boxes,
packing cases, etc. , where a scentless wood is required.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are those of turpentine, which may be
obtained from the tree.

174. ABIES MAGNIFICA, MURRAY.
CALIFORNIA RED FIR, SHASTA FIR, MAGNIFICENT FIR.

Ger. , Californische Rothe Tanne; Fr. , Sapin rouge de Calif ornie;
Sp., Abeto Colorado de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS:— Leaves short, often only from \ to f in. in length
thick, rigid, quadrangular, only slightly, if at all, wider than thick, obtuse at
apex, whitish beneath, curved upward closely along the sides and thickly crowded

174. ABIES MAGNIFICA — CALIFORNIA RED FIR, SHASTA FIR. 55

on the tops of the branchlets. Cones erect, largest of the genus, 6 to 8 in. long,
and from 2^ to 3£ thick, purplish-brown with lanceolate, acuminate bracts shorter
and mostly concealed beneath the wide scales, which are about 1| in. in length;
seeds slender with very oblique, obovate-cuneate wing; coytledons 8-10.

Var. Shastensis, Lemmon, Shasta Fir, is a form found high on Mt. Shasta and
neighboring mountains, having cone-bracts protruding from \ to 1 in. between
the scales, "rendering the large purple cones thus decked out with tasseled
fringes, a most beautiful object," as Prof. J. G. Lemmon aptly describes them.

Var. Xantliocarpa, Lemmon, the Golden Fir, of the high sub-alpine regions
from Mt. Shasta to Mt. Whitney, is somewhat smaller than the typical tree, with
cones also smaller, 4-5 in. in length and of a golden color while growing.

(The specific name, magnified, is the Latin for magnificent and fitly describes
the stature of the tree.)

The largest of the Firs, this beautiful tree sometimes towers to the
height of 250 ft. (75 m.) or higher, with a trunk nearly, if not quite,
10 ft. (3 m.) in diameter, having a thick reddish-brown bark, weather-
ing to a grayish brown outside, with large, firm, scaly ridges. The
great size of this tree, with its strictly regular pyramidal form of
growth, the whorls of branches regularly decreasing in length from
lowest to summit, make it one of the most beautiful and majestic of
the cone-bearing trees.

HA*BITAT. — California, from Mt. Shasta, where between 4,900 and
8,000 ft. it forms extensive forests, southward along the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to Kern County, where it is found at
about 10,000 ft. elevation. It is most abundant northward.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-
grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil and of a very light,
reddish-brown color, with sap-wood lighter. Specific Gravity,
0.4701; Percentage of Ash, 0.30; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.4687; Coefficient of Elasticity, 66220; Modulus of
Rupture, 701 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 435 ; Resistance
to Indentation, 96; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.30.

USES. — The durability of this wood in contact with the soil makes
it valuable for bridge timbers, etc. It is also manufactured into lum-
ber for general construction purposes, and largely used for fuel.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species.

ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants, in the stems of which the woody fiber and vessels are irregu-
larly imbedded in bundles in cellular tissue (not in annual layers). The leaves
are mostly parallel-veined, sheathing at the base, alternate or scattered, not
toothed and rarely separating by an articulation. First leaf of the embryo (coty-
ledon) single and 'the parts of the flower generally in threes.

ORDER LILIACE JE : LILY FAMILY.

Flowers regular, perfect and symmetrical; perianth (sepals and petals together,
three of each), six-parted or divided: stamens as many as its divisions and oppo-
site them (in one instance four), with 2-celled anthers, ovaries superior, usually

56 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

3-celled, ovules two-many. Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry with usually ana-
tropous or amphitropous seeds containing small embryo inclosed in copious
albumen.

A very large and important order of mostly herbaceous (rarely woody) plants
noted for their beauty and the fragrance of their flowers, for medicinal proper-
ties or for food.

GENUS YUCCA, LINNAEUS.

Leaves numerous, alternate, thickly clustered at the summit of the stem, linear-
lanceolate, with broad clasping base, then abruptly narrowing and becoming widest
at about the middle, tipped usually with a sharp, horny point, thick and rigid (some-
times thin and flaccid), more or less concave above and convex below, smooth or
scabrous, with margin entire, serrulate or filamentose and separating into threads,
exstipulate, involute in the bud, erect at first but finally reflexed and long per-
sistent; buds naked, flattened-ovoid, acute, in the axils of the leaves. Flowers
in large compound many-flowered terminal bracteate panicles (or occasionally
simple racemes or spikes), perfect, expanding in the evening for a single night,
entoniophilous, odorous; perianth six-parted, with segments in two series more
or less united at base, thick, ovate-lanceolate, pure white or tinted, those of the
other series smaller and more colored, finally withering and persisting afterwards;
stamens six in two series, hypogenous, usually shorter than the ovary, with rather
fleshy filaments, at first erect and finally recurved, anthers introrse, attached on
the back, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally and curling backward to expel
the pollen; ovaries superior, usually sessile, nectiferous, white, glabrous, three-
celled, with three-lobed style, the lobes emarginate at apex, ovules numerous in
each cell. Fruit baccate and indehiscent or capsular and dehiscent, six angled,
six-celled, usually beaked at the apex and surrounded at base with the rudiments
of the perianth; seeds compressed-triangular, or obovate to orbicular, with thin
black testa; embryo straight or more or less curved, diagonal in hard albumen.

A New World Genus represented in the southern United States by a dozen
species, eight of which assume the habit of trees. Several species are popular in
cultivation on account of their beautiful waxy white flowers and singular habit
of growth. The name, Yucca, is said to be derived from the Carib name of the
root of the Cassava.

175. YUCCA ARBORESCENS, TRELEASE.
TREE YUCCA, JOSHUA TREE.

Ger., Baumartige Yukka; Fr., Yucca dSarbre; Sp., Yucca

arborizada.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves lanceolate, very rigid, concave above the mid-
dle, imbricated and densely crowded at the ends of the branches, lustrous reddish
brown at base, 5-8 (or on vigorous shoots 10-12) in. in length and £-£ in. in width,
at base from -£-2 in. in width, glaucous, bluish-green, smooth or nearly so, taper-
ing to a sharp dark brown point and with thin yellowish margin serrated with
minute sharp teeth. Flowers (March to May) in dense nearly sessile pubescent
panicles, 15 or 16 in. long and about half as broad, with stout rachis l£ in. thick
at base, from conspicuous cone-like buds 8 or 10 in. long formed by the closely
imbricated leathery cream-white bracts; lowermost bracts sterile and more
resembling the leaves, those above ovate-oblong, acuminate, large below (7-8 in.
long), and successively smaller above; flowers 1-2 in. long, globose to oblong,
waxy greenish- white, with strong rather disagreeable odor ; segments of perianth
thin below, thicker, incurved and concave above, glabrous inside, with a few
hairs at base and apex, pubescent outside: stamens about half as long as ovary,
filaments clavate, papillose; ovary conical, sessile, three-lobed above the middle,
light green, with nearly sessile six-lobed white stigma having a wide stigmatic
canal. Fruit ripens in May or June, then spreading or somewhat pendent bac-
cate, ovate-oblong. 2-4 in. long, acute, slightly three-angled, tipped with the
stigma and surrounded at the base by the remnant of the perianth, light brown

175. YUCCA ARBORESCENS TREE YlTCCA, JOSHUA TREE. 57

and indehiscent (excepting slightly when thoroughly dry), with dry spongy peri-
carp about i in. thick; seeds •£ in. or less in diameter about -^ in. thick; albumen
entire.
The specific name, arborescens, is the Latin for becoming a tree.

This very strange tree occasionally attains the height of 30 or 40 ft.
(10 m.), with a stout trunk 2 or 3 ft. (0.8 m.) in diameter, and, what
is contrary to expectation with an endogenous stem, covered with a,
thick gray bark furrowed longitudinally and checked into yielding,
corky plates and ridges. It forms a broad rounded or ovoid, quite
symmetrical head, with its thick contorted branches, only at the tips
of which are seen the tufts of growing leaves. Below these are the
conspicuous reflex withered leaves which long persist, until finally,
wasting away by the action of the elements, their shredded bases alone
remain, and they finally fall off in patches revealing its elm-like fis-
sured bark.

HABITAT. — The Mohave Desert, in southern California, where it
reaches its greatest development and forms open forests of considerable
•extent, and thence northeastward through southern Nevada and north-
western Arizona to the Beaverdam Mountains in Utah, growing along
gravelly slopes at the bases of mountains and on mesas from 2,500 to
7,000 ft. elevation.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, spongy, of a creamy-
white color, and, what again seems strange for an endogenous stem, its
fibrovascular bundles are arranged in a somewhat annular manner.
Specific Gravity, 0.3737; Percentage of Ash, 4.00; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3588; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 23.29.

USES. — An attempt has been made to utilize this wood for paper
pulp, but the process of manufacture was found to be too expensive to
be practical. Cut into thin layers, the wood has been found to be
excellent to wrap about the stems of young fruit trees to protect them
against girdling by mice, etc.

NOTE. — The trunks of the Yucca are attacked by some borer which
excavates a devious tunnel about J in. in diameter, and the tissues of
the wood adjacent to it for about one-half inch or more in, become in-
filtrated with a substance which preserves it for a long time from decay
and renders it of such hardness as to turn the edge of the hardest
steel. These hardened portions of a reddish brown color may be
found as the only remnants of trunks otherwise quite completely de-
cayed, and are gathered by the country people as the choicest bits of
fuel obtainable. They speak of the material as " petrified wood," and
say that it burns with very little smoke and great heat.

58 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

Scientists have found that the Tree Yucca is preeminently depend-
ent upon the insect world for the fertilization of its flo^ ers, and this is
accomplished in a very remarkable way. The insect in this case
plainly sets about its task with the fertilization of the ovnle its ob-
jective point, instead of that being an incidental consequence of the
visit of the insect which is generally the case as far as the insect is
concerned. With this plant the female nocturnal moth (Pronuba
synthetica, Riley) gathers pollen from one flower and carrying it to
another places it on the stigma there, depositing its egg in the pistil of
the flower at the same visit. Her object in thus fertilizing the flower
is purely maternal — that the ovules may develope and furnish food for
her offspring, which requires, however, but a small portion of the
quantity resulting from her labors and the surplus goes to perpetuate
the species.

For more detailed information regarding this interesting fertilization
of the Yucca, see The Silva of North America, by Charles Sprague
Sargent, vol. X, pp. 1 and 2, note, where other references are also cited.

YUCCA ARBORESCENS, TRELEASE
Tree Yucca, Joshua Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RAOirL SECTIO

TAJJQENTIAL SECTION

ct, Baumartige Tukke. f^. Yucca d'arbre,
Sp. Tuca arborizada.

Published and Sectfons made t>v Rormyr, B. Houirh, B. A., Uwvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

TRELEA;

JoshuarTreex

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Baumartige Tukke. IF^. Yucca d'arbre,
S. Yuca arborizada.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A,; lowvllle, N. V., r

174. ABIES MAGNIFIGA, MURR,

Gal. Bed Fir. Shasta Fir, Magnificent Fir.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifomische rothe Tanne. eFt . Sapin rouge de Oalifornie,
S-p. Abeto Colorado de California.

Pubfohed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllie, N. Y., U. S. A. ^

174. ABIES MAGNIFICA, MURR.
Oal. Red Fir. Shasta Fir, Magnificent Fir.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornisclie rothe Tanne. eFt. Sapin rouge de Californie,
Sp. Abeto Colorado de California.

Publiihed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough,' B. A., Uwvflle, N. Y., U. S. A.

173. ABIES CONCOLOR, PARRY.
Oal. White Fir.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornische Weisse Tanne. eF*. Sapin blanc de Californie,
Sp. Abeto blanoo de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

173. ABIES CONCOLOR, PARRY.
Cal. White Fir.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Califomische Weisse Tanne. &*. Sapin blanc de Californie,
Sp. Abeto bianco de California.

Pubfithed and Sections made by Romeyh B. Hough, B. A., lowville, N. Y., U. S.

PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA, MAYR,

Big-cone Spruce.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Grossfriichtige Fichte. $i. Sapin de cones grands.
S. Abeto de conos grandes.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

172. PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARP

Big-cone Spraee.

•Bi

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Grrossfriichtige Fichte. $i. Sapin de cones grand*
Sp. Abeto de conos grandes.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvilte, N. Y,

171. TSUGA PATTONIANA, ENGELM.
a Hemlock, Alpine Hemlock, Patton's Hemlock, Weeping Spruce,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Alpische Tanne. ft. Peruche alpestre. Sp. Abetoalpino.

ubn*hed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. V., U. 8. A.

171. TSUGA PATTONIANA, ENGELM.
Mountain Hemlock, Alpine Hemlock, Patton's Hemlock, Weeping Spn

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Alpische Tanne. eF*. Peruche alpestre. Sp. Abeto alpin<

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. V., U. 8, A.

0. PIN US MURICATA, DON.
i-cone Pine, Swamp Pine, Bishop's Pine, Obispo Pine,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

. Oalifornische Sumpffichte. oFt. Pin de marias,
Sp. Pino de pantano.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

1 7O< PI N US M U RICATA, DON.
Prickle-cone Pine, Swamp Pine, Bishop's Pine, Obispo Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

. Oalifornische Sumpffichte. eFt. Pin de marias,
Sp. Pino de pantano.

Published and Section* mad« by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., towville, N. Y., U. S. A.

169. PINUS COULTERI, DON
Big-cone Pine.

TRANSVERSE SEC

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Grossfrachtige Fichte. &*. Pin de cones grands.
Sp. Pino de oonos grandes.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

169. PINUS COULTERI, DON
Big-cone Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Grossfruchtige Fichte. #*. Pin de cones grands,
S. Pino de conos grandes.

PttbHthed and Sections made by Romayn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS, HOOK,

Western Juniper, Yellow Cedar.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Westiicher Wachholder. '9*. Genievre occidental,
Sp. Enebro occidental.

PublUhed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, M. Y., U. S. A.

168. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS, HOOK
Western Juniper, Yellow Cedar.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

. Westlicher Wachholder.

Genievre occidental,

Sp. Enebro occidental.

Published and Section* made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

167. JUNIPERUS CALI FOR MICA, CARR.

"V

California Juniper, Sweet-fruited Juniper.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornisclier Wachholder. &*. Genievre de Oalifoniie.
Sp. Enebro de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B A.t low/Me, N. Y., U. S. A.

167, JUNIPERUS CALIFQRNICA, XDAf?R,

^

California Juniper, Sweet-fruited Juniper,

SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornisclier Wachholder. gFt. Genievre de Oalifornie.
S. Enebro de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, 8 A.f Lowvllie, N. Y., U. S. A.

UPRESSUS GOVENIANA, GORD.
Northwest Coast Cypress, Gowen Cypress.

RANSVERSE SECTION

DIAL SECTION

TANGEKJIAl SECTION

*. (typresse von Gowen. ^. Oypres de Gowen
§p. Cipr6s de Gowen.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., lowvllle. N. Y . U S A

166. CUPRESSUS GOVENIAI

t~ ,'

Oypr/ss, Gowen Oypres^
///

RADIAL S

TANGENTIAL SECTION

t. Oypresse von Gowen. eFt^. Oypres de Gowen,
Sp. Oipr6s de Gowen.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

IS, BENTH.

California White Wjjlow, BigelowWillow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Californische Weisze Weide. eF^. Saule blanc de CaUfornie,
So. Sauce bianco de California.

165- SALIX LASIOLEPIS, BENTH.
California White Willow, Bigelow Willow.

TRANSVER

RADIAL SECT

TANGENTIAL SECTION

OaUfornische Weisze Weide. eF^. Saule blanc de Californie,
Sp. Sauce bianco de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., towvllie, N.

. MYRICA CALIFORNICA, CHAM
California Wax-Myrtle, Bayberry, G-reaae-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

\<LI,. Oalifornischer Kerzenbeer. eFt>. Oirier de Oalifornie,
Sp. Arrayan de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

164. MYRICA CALIFORNICA, GF

California Wax-Myrtle; Bayberry, Grease-wood

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Californischer Kerzenbeer. UVCirier de Oalifo]
S. Arrayan de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., lowvllie, N. Y.

'

163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA, NUTT.
lalifornia Alder. Mountain Alder, White Alder.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Californische Erie.

Anue de Oalifornie,

Sp. Aliso de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA, NUTT.
California Alder, Mountain Alder, White Alder.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oatifornische Erie.

Anue de Oalifornie.

Sp. Aliso de California.

Published and Sections made by Roroeyn B. Hough, B. A., lowvllle, N. Y., I.

162. QUERCUS CALIFORNIA, COOP.
California Black Oak, Mountain Black Oak, Kellogg's Oak,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

'••- — :

TANGENTIAL SECTION

c-r. Califoniische Schwarzeiche. &*. Chfine noir de Oalifomie,
S. Roble negro de California.

Published and Sections made by Roroeyn B. Hough, B. A.. Lowvllle, N. Y.. U. S. A.

162. QUERCUS CALIFORNIA, COOP.
California Black Oak, Mountain Black Oak, KeUogg's Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornische Schwarzeiche, Sr,. Chfine noir de Californii
S. Roble negro de California.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N

161. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS, LlEBM.
Maul Oak, Thick-cup Live Oak, Hickory Oak, Canon Live Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

"

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^«r Schlagel-Eiche, eFt, Chene de inaillet.
Sp. Roble de mazo.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Uwvllle, N. Y.. U. 8. A

161. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS, LIEBM,
Maul Oak, Thick-cup Live Oak, Hickory Oak, Canon Live 0

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(§«.. Schlagel-Eiche. $t. Ohei
Sp. Roble de njazo.

Published and Sections made by Rom«yn B. Hough, B. A., I.

Gheno do maillet

16O. QUERCUS LOBATA, NEE.
CaL White Oak, Weeping Oak, Valley Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Californiscbe Weisseiche. eFt . Ohene blanc de Oalifornie,
Sp. Roble bianco de California, Roble.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

16O. QUERCUS LOBATA, NEE.
OaL White Oak, Weeping Oak, Valley Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornische Weisseiche.

Chtae blanc de California

Sp. Eoble bianco de California, Roble.

Pufohed and Section* made by Romayn B. Hough, B. A., lowvflle, N. Y., U. S. A.

UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA, NUTT.
California Laurel, Spice Tree, Bay Tree, Pepper-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornischer Lorbeer.

Laurier de Califontie,

So. Laurel de California.

Publish*! ami Sections made by Romeyn B. Houcrh, B. A.. LowviHe. N. Y.. U. S. A.

159. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNIA, NUTT
California Laurel, Spice Tree, Bay Tree, Pepper-wood.

••HH

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

. Californischer Lorbeer.

Laurier de Californie.

Sp. Laurel de California.

158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM, HOOK,
California Rose Bay, Rhododendron.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Californische Alprose. &t. Rhododendron de Oalifornie.
Sp. Rhododendron de California.

'ubiishfld id Sections mad* hv Rnnu>vn R

R A 1 nwul!l. M V n c i

158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORN1CUM, HQOK,
California Rose Bay, Rhododendron.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifornische Alprose. &t. Rhododendron de California,
S. Rhododendron de California.

PublUtud and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough. B. A., Lowvllie, N. Y., U. S. A.

157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA, NUTT.
Elder, Pale Elder, Elderberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Holunder. eF*. Bureau. Sp. Sauco.

Published and Sections made by Row>yn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM, HgpK,

California Rose Bay, Rhododendron.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oalifomische Alprose. eF^. Rhododendron de Californie.
S. Rhododendron de California.

and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough. B. A., Lowvilie, N. V., U. S. A.

157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA, NUTT.
Elder, Pale Elder, Elderberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Holunder. eF*. Bureau. Sp. Sauco.

Published and Sections made by Roowyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA, NUTT
Elder, Pale Elder, Elderberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Holunder. &*. Bureau. Sp. Sauco,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A.

156. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA, WALP.

Islay, Holly-leaved Cherry, Wild or Evergreen Cherry,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(^c*. Stechpalmenblattrige Kirsche.
Cerisier a feuilles de Houx- Sp. Cerezo de hojas de Acebo,

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Uwvilie, N. Y., U. S. A.

156. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA. W.ALP.

Islay, Holly-leaved Cherry, Wild or Evergreen Cherry,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

<fy*. Stechpalmenblattrige Kirsche.
Oerisier a feuilles de Houx- Sp. Cerezo de hojas de Aceb

Published and Sections made bv Romevn B. Hou<rh, B. A., towville, N. Y., U. S. A.

ACACIA MELANOXYLON, AlTON
Black-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

• . . .

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Schwarzes Holz. 3x Bois noir. Sp. Madera negra,

Publiehed and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y., U. S. A.

155. ACACIA MELANOXYLON

Black-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

...

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Schwarzes Holz. Ux Bois noir. Sp. Madera negra.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., L

154. DALEA SPINOSA, GRAY,

Dalea, Indigo Bush.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Dorniger Dalea. eFt. Dalea a epines. S, Dalea espinoso

Published and Sections made bv Romevn 8. Houeh. B. A.. Lowville. N. Y.. U. S. A.

154. DALEA SPINOSA, GRAY.

Dalea, Indigo Bush.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Dorniger Dalea. ft. Dalea a epines. Sf>, Dalea espinosc

PublliKad and Sections made bv Romevn B. Hooch. B. A.. Lowvltle. N. Y., U. S. A.

153. RHUS OVATA, WATS,
Lemonade Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Limonadenbaum. IF*. Arbre de limonade,
S. Arbol de limonada.

Published and Sections made by Romeya B. Hough, B. A., LowvHIe, N. Y., U. 8. A.

153. RHUS OVATA, WATS
Lemonade Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Limonadenbaum.

Arbre de limonade

So. Arbol de limojiada.

Published and Sections made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lov

152. ACER MACROPHYLLUM, PURSH
Oregon Maple, Broad or Big-leaved Maple, Maple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Grossblattriger Ahorn. IF*. Erable a grandes feuilles,
~>p Arce de hqja grande.

Published and Sections made by Homey n B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

152. ACER MACROPHYLLUM, Pu
Oregon Maple, Broad or Big-leaved Maple, Maple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Grossblattriger Ahorn. <0^. Erable a grandes fenil

Arce de hoja grande.

Publlitwd and Sections made bv Romevn B. Houirh. B. A.. LowviUe. N. Y..

THYRSiFLORUS, ESCH
Blue Myrtle, Blue-blossom, California or Wild Lilac.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Californischer Flieder. &*. Lilas de Oalifornie,

>, Lilas de California.

••to by Rorneyn 8. Hough, B. A.. Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A.

151. CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS, ESCH
Blue Myrtle, Blue-blossom, California or Wild Lilac.

BUS

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Californischer Flieder.

Lilas de Oalifornie

Sp. Lilas de California.

Published and Sections made by Roneyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowviiie, N.

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