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Hartwell Cornelius Martin

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THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

Exhibited by Actual Specimkns
AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A-

PART VIII,

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

BY

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR.
1899.

CopyrighU'd eighteen hiindreti anil ninet\-nine
Bv ROMEVN B. HOTTGH.

WEKD-PARSONS PRINTING CO.,
-ITROTYPERS A NT) PRINTERS,
ALBANY, N. ».

TO

W^v. Samuel ^. i^avisTl,

WHOSE BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN SOL'THERN CALIFORNIA HAVE DONE MUCH
TO EI.rCTDATE ITS INTERESTING FLORA,

PART VIII. AVIERICA.X WOODS,

IS DEDICATED AS AN EXPRESSION OK FRIENDSHIl' AND ESTEEM

Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

in 2009 witin funding from

NCSU Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/americanwoodsexli08houg

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused infornmtion concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is 'justification enough for
the ap])earance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my fatlier, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with tlie expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
_u these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making tlie st^ctions for tiiis work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, jiropi-sed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact find
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our Amcriian woi.ds,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain \see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufliciently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three jilanes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being iM)ssil)le but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, hov/ever, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," '"radial " and " taiigcurial," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My enaeavor is to shovv. either in a part or all oT tlie sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

vi Preface to the Seribs.

as the Sumach, for instance, wiiere usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

Tlie sequence of the Jiumbers given to the various species is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part beiiig independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing,
new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of tlie author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and lie can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as (his one.

Upon tho reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of
profiling therefrom in the future.

LowviLLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART VIII.

Part YIII, American Woods, is tlie tliird installment of the woods
of the Pacific slope, and in the announcement of its completion I feel
a special pleasure in that I am able to show in it the interesting wood
of a palm. The successful sectioning and representation of palm
woods has long been an unsolved problem with me, and not until my
recent experiments with the California Fan Palm have I met with any
success in its solution. The result of our experiments is shown in the
accompanying sections.

Another gratifying success is shown in the sections of the wood of
the Cactus, Opuntia Tuna. This, too, is a wood whicli we took up
hardly expecting to succeed with it. The result was a happy surprise
and the sections were found to be most interesting.

The sections of the Palm and Cactus are so fragile that we have found
it necessary to protect them with mica, which I trust will be sufficient,
and I feel confident that their appearance in American AV^oods will be
welcomed by our patrons with as much pleasure as we include them.

I am pleased to acknowledge gratefully the assistance rendered by
Mr. Samuel B. Parish, Mr. Chas. H. Shinn, Dr. H. E. Hasse and
others while gathering the woods.

For the privilege of collecting specimens of the interesting woods
on Santa Catalina Island I am under obligation to Mr. J. B. Banning,
and for courtesies and valuable assistance in the work to Mrs. Blanche
Trask and Mr. W. S. Lyon. I wish also to acknowledge with sincere
thanks the courtesies extended by Pres. C. P. Huntington, of the
Southern Pacific Railroad Company, which have greatly aided me in
my work.

LowyiLLE, N. Y., July 31, 1899.

A KEY BASED MAINLY UPON THE FLOWERS,

Designed as an Aid in the Identification of the Species represented in
Parts I to Vin, inclusive.

EXOGENOUS PLANTS — those having stems formed of bark, wood (in
annual layers) and pith ; cotyledons two or more.

a. Angiospermae — seeds in a closed ovary.
b. Polt/pcfdlous — petals present and distinct.
c. Stamens numerous, more than 10. and
d. Calyx inferior — wholly free from the pistil or pistils.
e. Pistils numerous and cohering in a cone-like mass. (Magnoliacice.)
f. Anthers opening inward ; leaves folded lengthwise in the bud (Magnolia),
pointed at both ends and
ff. Thick

Glaucous beneath 51. M. glauca.

Rusty tomentose beneath 101. M. GRANDIFLORa.

g-. Tliin. green beneatli 1 . M. accmicata.

/'. Antliers opening outward and leaves folded crosswise in the bud.

2. LiRIODENDRON TCLIPIFERA.

e'^. Pistils moTe than one, separate (or nearly so) ; stamens inserted on
Receptacle : filaments shorter than anthers (Anonacea;)

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.

Calyx-tube ; filaments longer than anthers

iy2. LYONOTHA:tfXUS FLORIBUXDUS.

e^. Pistil solitary and

/. One-celled style single, flowers perfect ; fruit
g. A drupe with stone bony {Primus) and
/t. Compressed, with ridged margin ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate.

81. P. NIGRA
/»'-'. Marginless : flowers in
i. Racemes

Terminal ; leaves deciduous 29. P. serotixa.

Axillary : leaves persistent 156. P. ILICIFOLIA.

I-. Corymbose umbels 55. P. Pennsylvanicum.

P. Umbels ; leaves

Acuminate, hairy beneath 56. P. Avium.

Acute, nearly smooth beneath 82. P. Cerasus,

gr'. An achenium tipped with elongated style

13'>. Cercocarpus parvifolius.
/'. Compound as shown by the styles and cells of ovary leaves
g. Punctate with pelucid dots (Auraiitiacece): stamens about

20; fruit globose, flattened at end 103. Citrus Aurantium.

35; fruit globose-oblong, pointed 104. Citrus Limonum.

«/'. Not punctate.
Jl. Simple and calyx.

Valvate in the bud, deciduous (Tiliacece) stamens polydelphous
(Tilia) and with 5 petal-like scales opposite the petals.

3. TiLIA A>fERICANA.

Imbricated in the bud. persistent; stamens at the base of petals

{TeDistrwrniaceo'); calyx simple; stamens 5-adelphous (Gorrfonm);

leaves coriaceous, evergreen .102. G. Lasianthus

Key, Basp:d Upon Fu)Wp:r!s.

/j'. Compound (Meliacece) 105. Melia xVzedarach.

d'. Calyx superior (adnate) to the ovary or at least its lower half; ovary
c. 1 -celled and ovules

Two in each cell; flowers dioecious 131. Garry a ellipitica.

Many in each cell: flowers perfect 184. Opl'NTIa Tuna.

C-. 2-5-celled; fruit a

/. Pome with 2-5 papery carpels {Pyrus); leaves
ff. Simple and styles
ft. United below; leaves

Serrate (not lobed), downy 30. P. Malus.

Incisely serrate and sublobate, smootli 83. P. coronaria.

;*•-. Distinct 57. P. COMMUNIS.

f/-. Pmnately compound 84. P. sambucifolia.

/-■. Pome drupe like with 1-5 bony seeds (Cratcegus); leaves

f/. Villous, cuniform, obovate 58. C. punctata.

'g\ Glabrous, abrupt at base 86. C. coccinea.

attenuate at base 85. C. Crus-oalli.

e'. Ovary 10-celled 5!t Amelanchier Canadensis.

c'.Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them: pistil one,
with 2-4-celled ovary: calyx lobes

d. Obsolete; petals valvate (Vitacece) 78. Vitis .estiyalis.

d^. Present and valvate (Rhamnacexe); fruit drupe-like berry witli 2-5 nutlets;

calyx and disk
e. Free from the ovary {Rhamnus); leaves

Deciduous; fruit black at maturity 126. R. Purshiana

Per-sistent; fruit red 176. R. insularis.

e'. Adnate to the base of ovary (Ceaiwtlnis): brancliiets consjiicuously

angled '. 151. C. thyrsiflorus.

Slightly angled 177. C. aboreus.

C^. Stamens'few, not more than 10, alternate with the petals wlien of the
same number.
(I. Calyx inferior — free from the ovary.
e. Ovaries 2-5. separate ; stvles

Terminal and connivent 106. Xanthoxylum Claya-Herculis.

Lateral and distinct 4. Ailanthus glandulosus.

e*. Ovary single, but compound as shown by the cells, styles and stigmas.
/. One-celled aud one-seeded : styles or stigmas three ; shrubs or trees with
regular flowers {Anacardiacece) stan\ens five (RJius); leaves.

g. Deciduous, compound with 11-31 leaflets 5. R. typhina.

fir*. Persistent, mostly simple, thick ; fruit.
h. Viscid-pubescent

2-3 lines long ; leaves acuminate 153. R. ovata.

5-6 lines long ; leaves rounded at apex 179. R. integrifolia.

/t^ Glabrous, small 180. R. laurina.

/'. Two to several-celled and flowers.
ff. Irregular (Aesadns) : fruit

Prickly 6. Ae. Hippocastanum.

Smooth 127. Ae. Californica.

g-. Regular ; stamens
/*. As many as the petals ; trees with

*. Leaves "3-foliate 77. Ptelea trifoliata.

P, Leaves simple, persistent or subpersistent.

Stamens 5 107. Cyrilla racemiflora.

Stamens 4 ; fruit berry-like 52. ILEX opaca.

Stamens 10 ; leaves simple, evergreen. . 108. Cliftonia lkjustrina.
/<;-. From 2-5 more tiian th(> petals {Acer) flowers appearing
i. Before leaves in short umbels ; young fruit smooth. . .53. A. RUBRUM.
i'^. After the leaves, in drooping racemes.
Ovary and young fruic

Glabrous ..." 79. A. Pennsylyanicum.

Hairy .152. A. MACROPHYLLUM.

e'. Ovary single and simple, with one ])arietal placenta {Leguminosce) ;
corolla

Kkv, Based Upon Flowers. 3

f. Papilionaceous : stamens

Distinct 80. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA.

Monadelphous ; leaves glandular dotted 154. Dalea SPInosa.

p. Subregular and imbricated in aestivation ; flowers

q. Perfect (Circidiuin) 128. C. Torreyanum.

{/■. Ditecious; stamens 10 ; tree unarmed. .27. Gymnocladus Canadensis.
(/■\ Polygamous; stamens 5; tree armed with usually triple thorns
( G I I'd itsch ia) pods

Linear, manv-seeded 28. Gleditschia triacanthos.

Obliquely ovate, 1-seeded 109. GLEDITSCHIA monosperma.

f^. Regular, stamens

ten ; petals distinct {Prosopis) 129. P. juliflora.

Indefinitely numerous ; petals united below (Acacia)

loo. A. melanoxylon.
d". Calyx superior — ad n ate to the ovary ; stamens
e. 4 ; styles and stigmas 1 (Oornacece) flower cluster

/'. Enveloped with petal like involucral scales which envelope the head
while dormanfand when developed are notched at apex

88. C. FLORIDA.

Subtend the head and when developed are acute at apex

185. C. NUTTALLII.

f'K Without petal-like involucral scales ; flowers in cymes

87. C. alternifolia.

e'. 5 ; styles 5 ; fruit a 5-seeded drupe- like berry 8. Aralia spinosa.

d"\ Calyx adnate to the lower half of ovary onlv. but closely enveloping the

hairy upper half in fruit 181." Heterojieles aubutifolia.

6-. Gamopetalous — petals present and united; stamens
c. As many as the lobes of the corolla which is
(1. Irregular ; ovarv 2-celled (Bigiwniacece) ; leaves simple and

Broadlv-ovate (Catalpa) 89. C. BIGNONIOIDES.

Linear'( Chiloj)siii) 134. C. saligna.

fV. Regular; stamens 5; leaves

Pinnatelv compound (Sajiibiicus) and glaucous 157. S. GLAUCA.

Simple, glaucous 188. Nicotiaxa glauca.

C-. Fewer tiian tiie lobes of the corolla — 1 or 2; fruit drupaceous and

Oily; corolla-lobes valvate 186. Olea Europea.

Dry; corolla-lobes imbricated 112. Osmanthus Americanus.

c^. More numerous than the lobes of the corolla
d. Distinct and fi-ee from it (Ericacece); fruit
Fleshy and ovary

5-celled, several ovules in each cell. 132. Arbutus Menziesii.

5-10-celled. single ovule in each cell.. .133. Arctostaphylos pungens.

Dry. capsule septicidal {Rhododendron) 138. R. Californicum.

d-. Inserted on its base and filaments distinct 61. Diospyros Virginiana.

&'. Apetalous — without petals.
c. Flowers not in catkins; pistil one, simple or compound, and the cells of the
ovary containing 1-2 seeds each.
d. Ovary inferior — adnate its whole length to the calyx-tube — and
c. 1-celled and 1-seeded; style stigmatic down the side (Xifssa): fertile ped-
uncles 2-5-flowered 9. N. multiflora.

Single-flowered and short and downy 110. N. Ogeche.

c'. Ses-eial-oelled; calyx opening by a dehiscent lid [Eucalyptus); capsules

axillary, top shaped 183. E. globulus.

<7'. Ovary superior — free from the cah'x.

e. Stipules sheathing the stem; trees with naked montecious flowers aiTanged
in heads, which are

Solitary 13. Platanus occidentalis.

2-7 together in a moniliform spike 135. Platanus racemosa.

e-. Stipules not sheathing the stem or none.

/. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary, which becomes in fruit a
g. Double samara (Acer)

h. Leaves simple and palmately veined; flowers appearing
i. With the leaves in pendulous corymbs 7. A. saccharinum.

Key, Basp:!) Fpon Flowers.
P. Before the leaves in short umbels ; young fruit wooly

26. A. DASYCARPUM.

/i^. Leaves compound 54. A. Negundo.

gr'. Single 1-celled and 1 -seeded samara (Fraxinus), which is
h. Terete at base ; lateral leaflets
*. Petiolulate and new growth

Smooth . . 10. F. Americana.

Pubescent 31. F. pubescens.

P. Sessile or nearly so ; leaves tomentose 167. F. Oregona.

!>'. Broad at base 62. F. sambucifolia.

f/\ Capsule 3-celled each cell with a single seed 189. Ricixus communis.

/■'. Ovules single in each of the 1 or 2 cells of the ovary.
{/. Anthers opening by uplifted valves; stigma single and entire (Ln»rnceoE) ;

flowers
h. Perfect ; leaves evergreen ; calyx lobes

Persistent {Persea) 113. P. Carolinensis.

Deciduous ( Umbellularia) , 159. U. Californica.

/*-. Dioecious, calyx deciduous, leaves deciduous; involucre none

(Sassafras) 32. S. officinale.

g.^ Anthers extrorse ; stigma 2-cleft ; fruit a
h. Samara, 1-celled and winged all round (Ulmiis).
i. Flowers nearly sessile ; samara not ciliate-fringed ; leaves very rough

above ' 11. U. fulva.

t^ Flowers on drooping pedicels : samara ciliate-fringed ; leaves smooth.
Bud-scales glabrous ; flowers fascicled ; branches not corky- winged

33. U. Americana.
Bud-scales downy ciliate; flowers racemed; branches corky-winged

34. U. racemosa.

h^. Capsule, dry, nut like, not winged (Planera) 114. P. aquatica.

g^. Anthers introrse ; fruit a dark-purple drupe, leaves long-taper-pointed

12. Celtis occidentalis.
gK Anthers laterally dehiscent ; fruit a drupe.

111. Forestiera acuminata.
e'. One or both sorts of flowers in catkins, diclinous.
d. Only one sort (the staminate flowers) in catkins.
c. Fertile flowers single or clustered; fruit naked; leaves pinnately compound

(Jiu/laiKlacece).
f. Corolla present in the fertile flowers ; fruit with valveless epicarp
(Juglans).

g. Fruit ovoid-oblong and viscid-hairy 14. J. cinerea.

g^. Fruit subglobose

U in. or more in thickness, roughly dotted 35. J. nigra.

l| in. or less in thickness, pubescent 190. J. Californica.

f. Corolla not present in the fertile flower : fruit with usually 4-valved
epicarp (Carya) which is
g. Thick ; valves separating to base ; bark
h. In loose plates ; leaflets

5, smoothish ; nut small 36. C. alba.

7-9 ; nut large 64. 0. sulcata.

/t'. Close, leaflets 7-9, tomentose 90. C. tomentosa.

g*. Thin ; bark close ; nut
h. Quite smooth, small, thin-shelled, leaflets

5-7 ; kernel edible 91. C. microcarpa.

7-9 ; kernel very bitter 37. C. AMARA.

h". More ridged, larger, thicker-shelled ; leaflets 5-9 65. C. porcina.

/*/*. Rugose, angular ; leaflets 11-13 115. C. aquatica.

e'. Fertile flowers 1-3 together, invested wholly or partly with an involucral

covering ; leaves simple {Ciipnlifevd').
f. Involucre valveless, cup-like, composed of many scales and only partly
inclosing the one nut, /. c. acorn (Qiiercus}; staminate aments
g. Pendulous (section LepidobitJaiius), stigmas
h. Sessile or nearly so and dilated ; stamens 6-8; abortive ovules mostly
basal (subsec. Lencobalanus, White Oaks); maturation

Key, 1>aski) Urox I'i.oweks. 5

i. Annual ; nut glabrous inside; abortive ovules basal;
J. Leaves falling;- in autumn,
' A'. Sinuate-piiniatiiid.

/, Obovate-oblong, pale below and with

m. NaiTow oblique lobes 38. Q. alba.

in'. Wide lobes, less oblique and margin of lobes

Undulate-toothed 160. Q. lobata.

Entire or nearly so 136. Q. Garryana.

I'K Obovate with deep sinuses and the central pair of lobes usually

wide and spreading 93 Q. OBTUSILOBA.

k. Lyrate-pinnatitid ; nut ^ or more immersed.

"Peduncles shorter than petioles 39. Q. macrocarpa

Peduncles longer than petioles 66. Q, bicolor.

A"^. Coarsely undulate-crenate-toothed (Chestnut Oaks)
I. Obovate-oblong with mostly rounded teeth ;

Acorn less than 1-in. long 67. Q. Prinus.

Acorn more than 1-in. long 116. Q. MiCHAUXll.

P, Lanceolate to oblong, sharply undulate-toothed

68. Q. Muhlenbergii.
./-. Persistent, dark green, elliptical or oblong and entire or remotely

spinose-dentate 117. Q. virexs.

i"-. Biennial ; nut tomentose inside ; abortive ovules basal or lateral ;
leaves persistent, both entire and undulately spinose-dentate,

Oblong, finally glabrous beneath 161 . Q. chrysolepis.

Oblong-lanceolate, tomentose beneath 191. Q. tomextella.

7l-, Styles elons-ated ; stamens 4-6 ; abortive ovules superior (subsection
'^MelanobalcDins Black Oaks).
'/. Maturation annual ; leaves persistent, orbicular-oblong, sinuately

spinous-toothed or entire 138. Q.agrifolia.

i-. Maturation usualh' biennial ; leaves

y. Deciduous and with teeth and lobes acute and bristlepointed ;
leaves
A;, Moderately pinnatifid

Cup very shallow, i covering the nut ; scales fine. .15. Q. rubra.
Cup deeper, 4 covering the nut ; scales large.

162. Q. Californica.
A;^ Deeply pinnatified ; lobes

I, Rather broad ; inner bark yellowish 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

1-. Narrow ; sinuses broad and rounded : acorn

Ovoid-oblong. ^ invested in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. Q. cocciXEA.
Flattened-globular, ^ invested in fine-scaled cup.

94. Q. PALUSTRIS.

J'. Subdeciduous — part persisting and green throughout the winter —

obovate-spatulate glabrous 118. Q. aquatica.

_p. Persistent, oblong-lanceolate 192. Q. Wislizexi.

</^ Erect, with pistillate flowers at their bases ; stigmas linear; leaves

persistent (section Pa sail ia) 50. Q. dexsiflora.

/-. Involucre 2-4-valved, becoming hard and prickly and inclosing 1-3
sweet, edible, flattened, subglobose nuts : sterile flowers in catkins ;
leaves

Deciduous 40. Castanea vesca.

Evergreen 139. Castaxopsis CHRYSOPirrLLA.

/^. Involucre 4-valved and inclosing two o-cornered edible nuts.

16. Fagus ferruginea.
e^. Fertile flowers in short catkins ; nuts small and achenium-like ; sterile
flowers destitute of calyx ; leaves simple.

/. Nutlet inclosed in a bladder-like bag 41 Ostyra Virgixica.

f'K Nutlet not inclosed but subtended by an enlarged leafy bract.

42. CaRPIXUS CAROLIX^AXA.
d^. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.
e. Ovary and pod 2-celled, many -seeded . . 60. Liquidambar Styraciflua.
e*. Ovary 1-2-celled with a single ovule in each cell ; calyx of fertile flower

6 Key, Baskd Fpox Fi,owkks.

/. Not becoming succulent in fruit ; fertile flowers
g. Two-three ai eacli scale of the catkin ; calyx
h. Very irregularly 4-lobetl, stamens 2 ; scales of cone thin antl decidu-
ous (BetiilK) ; hark

'/. Brown aud close, catkins erect 44. B. lenta.

i'K Yellowish-gray and ragged, catkins sub-erect 17. B. LUTEa.

i^, AVhite, and leaves

Deltoid, smooth both sides 70. B. populifolia.

Ovate, hairy on veins beneath 43. B. papyracea.

i*. Reddish-brown, shaggy 95. B. nigka.

/<-. Four-parted ; stamens usually 4 ; fertile scales tliick. woody and

persistent {Abuts) 163. A. rhombifolia.

f/. Single at each scale of the catkin (Myrticace(e); flowers monoe-
cious 164. Myrica Camforxica.

f. Becoming succulent in the fruit 63. MORUS rubra.

e^. Ovary 1-celled and many-seeded, the seeds at maturity furnished witli

a hairy tuft (Snlicacece) .
f. Bracts of the catkins entire ; calyx wanting ; stamens 2-7 {Salix) ;
catkins
y. Terminating leafy branchlets; stamens 3 or more; scales of the pistillate
aments falling before the ripening of the fruit; leaves
Narrow-lanceolate, often falcate, green above and below and glabrous.

45. S. NIGRA.

Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, pale and glaucous beneath.

71. S. amygdai.oides.
Oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, blue-green above pale glaucous

beneath 140. S. laevigata

Lanceolate, silky white both sides, glabrous above when old,

stamens 2 ". 46. S. alba var vitellina.

(/'-, Sessile or nearly so and peduncles mostly leafless; scales persistent under
the fruit; leaves
Oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, dark green above i)aler and

puberulous beneath 165. S. lasiolepis.

Oblong obovate, yellowish green above 193. S. NlTTALLH.

/■-'. Bracts of the catkins lacerately fringed: calyx a disk-like cup; stamens
8-30, leaves broad (Populiis); styles with
</, Narrow lobes; capsulesmall; .seeds minute, petioles laterally compressed;
leaves

/*. Cordate-orbicular, finely serrate 72. P. tremiloides.

/«-, Ovate-orbicular, coarsely dentate, beneath

Glabrous at maturity 18. PoPULUS grandidentata.

Denselv tomentose at maturity 96. PoPU lis alba.

7/.^ Deltoid: branchlets terete 73. P. dilatata.

g'. Bioad lobes ; capsules large ; seeds 1 line or more in lengtli and
leaves
Ovate-lanceolate, smooth, strongly reticulated and whitish beneath,

47. P. balsarifera.
Broad-ovate, obtuse at apex, tomentose at least along the veins beneath.

97. P. HIiTEROPHYLLA.

Broad-deltoid, with laterally compressed petioles and generally
Ten or more pairs of large crenate-serrate teeth ... .48. P. monilifea.

Less than ten ])airs. . 194. P. Fremontil

a-. Gymnospermae — seeds naked, borne superficially on carpellar\' scales ; cone-
bearing (Cniifevce) ; scales
h. Many, imbricated, each in the axil of a bract and bearing 2 inverted ovules;
seeds winged.
c. Leaves evergreen, fascicled ; cones maturing the second year (Piniia).
ll. Leaves in 2s ; cones with scales
e. Smooth (awnless) : leaves

5-6 ill. long, with long slieaths 19. P. RESixosa.

1 in. or thereabouts in length, sheaths short 99. P. Banksiana.

c'. Armed with a prickle ; leaves
/. U-2.^ in. long; cones 1-3 in.

Ki:v, iJAsEn Ui'ox Flowers. 7

Very oblique, brauchlets brown and rougli 148. P. contorta.

Not oblique, branchlets purple, quite smooth 98. P inops.

CI' ?"? ■"• /""^" ^°"'' ~"~* '"• '0"S 123. P. CLAUSA.

/ % 3-0 in. long, sheatlis elongated, cones
g. Scarcely 3 in. in length, solitary or in pairs and slightly if at all oblique-
branchlets
Rough; prickle inclined nearly at right angle to the axis of cone when

^ ^'losed 75. p Mixis.

Smooth ; pnckle nichned more towards the apex of the cone.

^ . , 123. P. GLABRA.

^ g'. 2-Si HI. long, mostly in umbels, very oblique 170. P. muric.\ta.

d-. Leaves in os and scales of cone thickened at apex and
e. Armed witli a prickle or spur ; leaves

/. 3-6 ill. long, cone about 2 in. long ; prickles strong 50. P. rigida

^,.' ^~^ "^- ^^"o '- •^'^"^ ~~^ i" ' prickles weak 121. P. serotina.

/2- "^-lO in. long, stout ; cone 3-5 in. long, sessile 147. P. ponderosv.

/^. 8-15 in. long : cones

4-8 in. long, oval, lateral long-stalked 198. P. Sabiniana

6-10 in. long, subterminal, slightly if at all oblique.

,„ ,. . , , 124. P. palustris.

lO-lo in. long, lateral, very oblique and heavy 169. P. Coclterl

e-. Unarmed at maturity, very oblique and scales very gibbous outside near

thebase^ 199. P. radiata.

a •*. Leaves in os ; scales of cones

e, Thiu and unarmed

4-6 in. long 49. p Strobus,

. J^~}^ '"; ^•^""•V 146. P. Lambertl^na.

e-. Thick and armed with a thick spur 197. P Torrey\n\

clK Leaves in both 2s and 3s, 7-12 in. long ; cone 3-6 in. long, glossy brown.
, T 125. "p. Cubensis.

c». Leaves evergreen, scattered (not fascicled) ; cones with

'?', '^h^^}^ scales, maturing the second year 196. P. monopyll\.

(1-. Thin scales, maturing tlie first year,
e. Cones erect ; cylindrical ; leaves mostly flat, linear (Abies.)

f. Cones 3-4 or 5 in. long ; leaves

Scarcely 1 in. long 22. A. balsmea.

^. n '"• ""a """''^ "^ ^^"S*l' l'^3. A. CONCOLOR.

/ -.Cones 6 or b in. long ; leaves quadrangular 174. A. m\gnific\

e'-. Cones pendent.
/. Bracts inconspicuous, leaves
g. Petiolate and generally flat and linear (Tsuga): cones

Small, f in. or less in length, leaves 2-ranked 21. T. Canadensis.

Larger, 2-3 long : leaves scattered 171. T. Pattoniana.

«/'. Sessile : leaves 4-angled (Picea)

1-U in. long, ovate, scales eroded at tip. branchlets pubesent.
,01 ,.,.,., 20. Picea NIGRA.

J in. long, cyhndrical-ovoid, entire at tip. branchlets smooth
, , o . , ,. , . 100- Picea alba.

li-6 m long, cylindrical, scales elongated and incisely denticulate at

^, D ^''' : : 149 . Picea Sitchensis.

/-. Bracts conspicuously exserted (Pseudotsnga) ; cone

2-3 in. long 150 p taxifolia.

a-« in long. 172 p macrocarpa.

c^. Leaves deciduous, soft, needle-shaped and in fascicles of manv each ; cones
about 8 lines in length, scales thin (Lurix) and with inflected margins
^.^ p^^^. 23. L. Americana.

*':,^'?r'''''^'^^*'^' '^^it'iout bracts and each bearing two erect ovules • flowers
rt. Monoecious, scales thinnish and ^-12 (Tim y a). ...24 T occident\lis

a . Dioecious, scales fleshy and consolidated making a dark blue berrv-like
fruit (Junijjerus) which is
Large (about J in.), reddish-brown with sweet fibrous flesh ; seeds 1 or 2.

167. J. Californica.

8 Key, Based Upox Flowers.

Smaller, bluish, with resinous flesh, leaves

Ternate, ciliate-denticulate, seeds 2-3 168. J. OCCIDENTALIS.

Binate, entire, seed 1-4 25. J. Virgimanus.

c*. Valvate, thick and only one pair fertile 141. Libocedrus decurrens.

c*. Peltate, with edges joined, cones
il. Subglobose; flowers monoecious ; cones dehiscent
e. Along the edges of the persistent scales,

Small, i in. in diameter, maturing 1st year (Chaincecyparis)

74. C. THYOIDEs:.
Larger, maturing tlie second year {Cupressus)

A to nearly 1 in. long ; branchlets slender 66. C. Goveniana.

i to U in. long ; branchlets stout 195. C MACROCARP.\.

C-. Scales breaking apart irregularly and 15-20 in number.

1 19. Taxodium distichum.
rf*. Ovoid-oblong, scales diverging at right angles to axis and rhomboidal at
apex ; cones

2-3 in. Jong 142. Sequoia gigantea.

1 in. or less 143. Sequoia sempervirens.

6^ Differentiated into a fleshy covering or cup, with single erect seed.
c. With fleshy covering (drupe-like), sessile and

1 in. or slightly more l(jng 120. ToRREYA taxifolia.

About U in. long 145. Torrey'a Californica.

c^ Subtended by a red fleshy cup 144. Taxus brevifolia.

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS — those liaving stems in which the wood forms in wire-
like bundles, generally a single cotjledon and
leaves parallel veined; ovary superior ; perianth
corolla like : flowers
Not on a spadix ; ovules 2 or more {Liliacece).

175. Yucca arborescens.

On a spad ix ; ovules solitary (Palmce) ; leaves flabel-

late, filiferous and allumen entire ( Washingtonia).

200. W. FILAMENTOSA.

A KEY BiSED UPON THE LEAVES,

Dasigaed as an Aid in ideiitifyiag the Species represented in Parts I to VIII
inclusive, when out of Season for procuring the Flowers.

X. B— As this key applies only to the species thus far represented in AMERI-
CAN WOODS it is important always to confirm identification by applying the
more detaileil description given in its proper place.

n. Deciduous Leaves. — falling in autumn.
b. Simple Lea ves.

c. Laminate — with well marked blade and petiole.
(I. Main rib single — pinnately veined.
e. Entire or nearly so, pointed at both ends and
/. Opposite

3-0 in. long, thick, lustrous abore 9. Nyssa multiflora.

5-6 in. long, thin, dull above 89. Catalpa bigxonioides.

/"-. Alternate, and
(J. Large, thinnish

Oblong, 0-10 in. long, petioles 1-3 in.

1. Magnolia AConxAXA.
Obovate-lanceolate. 6-12 in. long, petiole scarcely ^ in.

76. ASIMIXA TRILOBA.

g-. Smaller, 2-7 in..

Thickish. and with light-colored pubescence, at least on the veins
beneath.

Petioles about 1 in. long 61. DiosPYROS Virginiana.

Petioles about \ inch long 110. Nyssa Ogeche.

Thinnish, oblong-obovate (often renaotely serrate).

193. Salix Nuttallii.
f^. Alternate, opposite and scattered upon the same plant, linear.

134. Chilopsis saligxa.
e'. Serrate, serulate or dentate.
/. Inequilateral and cordate or truncate at base,
g. Ovate-orbicular, large. 4-5 in. or more in length.

3. TiLIA Americaxa.
</•-. Ovate, long-taper-pointed from a broad base.

12. CELTIS OCCIDENT ALIS.

g^. Ovate-oblong and

//. Very rough, especially above, rugose 11. Ulmus fulva.

/**. Smuothish and
/. 2-4 in. long, fruit in

Fascicles 33. Ulmus Americaxa.

Racemes 34. Ulmus racemosa.

«'. 1-2 in. long and only slightly inequilateral.

114. Plaxera aquatica.

Flowers and fruit in fascicles 33. L"^lmus Americaxa.

Flowers and fniit in racemes 34. Ulmus racemosa.

/'. Equilateral and obtuse, rounded or cordated at base.
g. Veins straight or nearly so, leaves thinnish.

10 Key, Basp:i) Vvos Leaves.

h. Ovate-oblong.

Coarsely serrate with remote teeth, one at tlie end of each vein,
ciliate and covered with silky white hairs.

IG. Fagus ferruginea.
Doubly and sliarply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. OSTRYA VlRGINlC.\.
Unequally and sliarply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy bract.

42. Carpinus Caroliniana.
/*'-. Ovate and
*. Finely and closely serrate, siiiootli, whitish and reticulate-veined

beneath \ 47. Populus balsamifera.

/'-'. Doubly serrate and

J. Thimiish ; petioles downy and of aromatic flavor.

Bark of trunk yellowish-gray 17. Betula lutea.

Bark reddish-brown 44. Betula lenta.

f. Thickish and bark white 4:1 Betula papyRacea.

</-. Veins incurved ; leaves
It. Orbicular-heart-shaped, thickish, 4-8 in. long.

Acuminate 63. MoRUS rubra.

Obtuse or rounded at apex 97. POPULUS heterophylla .

/»-. Orbicular-ovate ; petioles laterall}- compressed ; leaves

(Joarscly dentate 18. PoPULUS grandidentaTa.

Serrate-dentate 72. PoPULUS TREMULOlDEs.

Jt^. Ellii)tical to obovate, conspicuously netted-veined.

120. Rhamnus Purshiana.
/2. Etjuilateral and acute at base, tapering both ways,
g. Narrow-lanceolate, very long-attenuate, tomentose on midrib above

and petiole 45. Salix nigra.

{/■-. Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate. 2-4 in. long; capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. vitellina.

With slender pedicels 71. Salix amygdaloides.

f/'. Oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate.
h. Minutely serrulate, 3-7 in. long ; petioles downy.

140. Salix laevkjata.
/<■'. Sen-ate with teeth sharply

Awn-pi)inted and in about 20 pairs.. 40. Castanea vesca.

Mucroiiateand in 6-12 pairs B8. QUERCUS MUHLENBERGil.

Finely glandular-serrate 55. Prunus Pennsylvanica.

g*. Oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, puberulous beneath.

165. Salix lasiolepis.

«/''. Obovate-oblong, serrate, hairy under surface 56. Prunus Avium.

g^. Ovate ; petioles short, generally not more than i in.

163. Alnus rhombifolia.

Long, very smooth and shining above 57. Pyrus COMMUNIS.

g'. Wedge-obovate. veins very prominent.

Thin, smoothish and dull above 58. CRATAEGUS PUNCT.\TA.

Thick, smooth and lustrous above 85. Crataegus Crusgalli.

</*. Ovate-oblong, veins incurved and petioles

It. With 2-4 glands, smooth. 29. Prunus serotina.

/*-'. Without glands,

(Jlabrous both sides, sharplv serrate.

59. Amelanchier Canadensis.

Downy under-side and in-tiole 30. Pyrus Malus.

g^. Lanceolate oblong. 1-3 in. long, about equally acuminate at both ends.

111'. FORESTIERA acuminata.
/*. Equilateral anil truncate at Ixise,
g. Serrate-dentate with cartilaginous teeth

Deltoi<l ovatp. rather long taper-pointed. . . .48. POPULUS MONILIFERA.
Dcltoid-reniform, more abruptlv pointed. .. 194. PoPULUS Fremontii.

Broadlv deltoid ' .73. PoPULUS DILATATA.

g\ Irregularly serrate or obscurely lobed 70. BetULA POPULIFOLIA.

e^. Pinnately lobed ; lobes
/. Rounded at apex (not bristle-pointed) and

Kky. Based Upon Lkaves. 11

g. Subequal, sinuses

Wide, lobes narrow and nearly entire ; leaves 5-9 in. long.

;^8. QUERCrS ALBA.

Narrow, lobes wide and
mostly undulate or crenate-toothed ; leaves 2-3 in. long.

1(50. Q. Lt)BAT.\.

Entire or nearly so and round or obtuse at apex.

136. Q. (iARRY.\XA.

g'. Very unequal,
h. The two lobes nearest the summit much the largest.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOB.A..

/*-'. Lyrate-pinnatifid and sinuses extending

Nearly to the midrib and roundisli 39. Ql'Ercus jiacrocarpa.

Usuallv not over half-way to the midrib and more acute.

GG. Q. BICOLOR.
/-. Bristle-pointed ; sinuses
g. iloJerately deep and narrow;

Lobes narrowing towards apex and mostly terminating in 1-3 bristle-
pointed teeth 15. Q. rubra.

Lobes generally widening towards apex and terminating in 3-7 bristle-
pointed teeth " 1G2. Q. Califorxica.

g-. D.^eper and broader ; lobes narrower 93. Q. tixctoria.

gr'. Dc^ep. broad and rounded ; lobes very narrow; acorn
Ovoid-oblong, \ immersed in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. QUERCUS COCCIXEA.

Flattened-globular, i immersed in a fine-scaled cup.

94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.

e*. Broad, truncate at both base and apex, and with two spreading lobes on

on eacli .side 2. Liriodendrox Tulipifera.

e^. Wavy and spinous-toothed. very thick 52. Ilex opaca.

e^ Uiidiiiatelv crenate-toothed ; obovate-oblong,

Slightly 'if at all pubescent beneath 67. Quercus Prinus.

Velvety pubescent beneath 116. Quercus Michauxh.

e". Sinuate-toothed, white-tomentose beneath 96. Populus alba,

e"". Cut-serrate or sublobate with slender petioles ;

Ov.ite. coar-sely cut-serrate 83. Pyrus coroxaria.

Ra.md-ovate, finely cut-serrate So. CraT-EGUS coccixea.

e'. Crenate-serrate ; petioles 1 in. or slightly less in length.

82. Pruxus Cerasus.
e'\ Obscurely erenulate- toothed ; leaves

Alternate, petioles long, mostly U in. or more.

87. CORXUS ALTERXIFOLL\.

Opposite, petioles short (less than 1 in.i; involucral scales when fully
ilevelopeJ.

Obcordate 88. CoRXUs Florida.

Pointed at apex 185. CoRXUS NUTTALII.

c". Undulate-serrate, i-f in. long and beai-ing large scattered glands.

154. DaLEA SPIXOSA.

c'-. Doubly crenate-serrate with glandular teeth 81. Pruxus xigr.a..

e^'^. Doubly serrate, rliombic-ovate 95. Betula xigra.

tV. M lin ribs several palmately-veined, etc.
e. Rib single at first but soon sending off a strong vein on each side and

leaves 3-lobed. 2-lobeil or entire 32. Sassafras OFFICINALE.

C-. Ribs three at first, but soon five or more by branching, leaves alternate,
base of petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud. obscui"ely

?i-5 lobel with broad shallow sinuses 13. Plataxus OCCIDEXTALIs.

5-lobe;l witli narrow and deeper sinuses 135. Pl.\T.\XUS RACEMOSA.

e^. Ribs 5-7 from commencement ; leaves

/. Opt)osite. base of petiole subtending (not covering) tlie axillary bud.
g. M > leratelv incise<l with broad lobes which ai'e

Sjiaringly sinuate-toothed 7. Acer saccharixum, Wang.

Irregularly serrate and notched 53. Acer RUBRUM.

Sharply and finely doubly serrate 79. ACER pennsylvaxicum.

12 Kev, Based LTi'<ix Leaves.

g°. Deeply incised witli more or less acute sinuses and narrow lobes.
h. Star-shaped, lobes glandular serrate. 60. Liquidambar Styraciflua.
h'. Palmate

Lobes incibely toothed 26. Acer dasycarpum.

Lobes furnished with 2-4 secondary lobes. .153. A. macrophyllum.

/^ Alternate, tendril bearing vine 78. Vitis aestivalis.

C-. Linear, sessile, in delicate 2-ranked sprays 119. Taxodium distichum.

(f-. Needle-shaped — without distinction of blade and petiole — short, about
1 in. in length, soft and in fascicles of many each..2;>. Larix Americana.
b'. Compound Leaves.
c. Palmate, with usually

7 obovate leaflets 6. ^SCULUS Hippocastanum.

5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets 127. ^SCULUS Californica.

c*. Pinnate witli an odd terminal leaflet, rachis

d. Furnished with prickles 106. Xanthoxylum Clava-IIerculis.

d-. Not furnished with prickles ; leaflets all
e. Petiolulate, leaflets
/. 21-41, each with one or two pairs of glandular teeth at its base.

4. AlLANTHUS GLANDULOSUS.
/■-. 11-15.

With prickle-like stipules, entire 80. Robixia Pseudacacia.

With foliaceous deciduous stipules 84. Pyrus sambucifolia.

/^. 5-9, glabrous, coarsely serrate 157. Sambucus gi.auca.

/•". 7-9, ovate or lance-oblong, entire or obscurely serrate ;

Petioles and branchlets glabrous 10. Fraxixus Americana.

Petioles and branchlets velvety pubescent. .;31. Fraxinus pubescens.
f^. 3-5 ; lateral leaflets

Petiolulate, irregularly toothed 54. Acer Negundo.

Sessile, subentire 77. Ptelea trifoliata.

e'. Sessile or subsessile

/. Numerous (15-17) and pubescent, especially along the petiole and rachis.
ff. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate: jmbescence of short, rust-colored
clammy hairs; fruit.

/*. Subovoid, viscid pubescent 14. Juglans cinerea.

/*'-. Subglobose, nut

Deeply sulcate 35. Juglans nigra.

Obscurely subcate 190. Juglans Californica.

g^. Leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely serrate; pubescence of copious, longer

and wliite hairs '. 5. Rhus typhina.

p. 11-13 115. Carya aquatica.

fK 5-11.
g. 5, quite glabrous; fruit a ridged nut about 1 in. long with thick

epicarp 36. Cauva alba.

gK 5-7 or 9,

h. Glabrous, epicarp tliin; nut

/t*. Small, thin-shelled 91. Carya microcarpa.

Larger, moderately thick-shelled 85. Carya PORCINA.

Toinentose; fruit a samara 187. Fraxinus Oregona.

r/\ 7-9, e])icarp thick and woody, leaflets

Puberulent : l)ark shaggy." 64. Carya sulcata.

Tomentose and odorous 90. Carya tomentosa.

g*. 7-11,

Lanceolate, acute at base, minutely glandular and i)ubescent

beneath 37. C. amara.

Oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, obtuse or rounded at base; fruit a

samara, flat at base 62. Fraxinus sambucifolia.

h^. Deonmpoitttd Lea res.
c. Petioles smootli or ])ubescent: ]iinnna!
d. Remaining on during the season; leaves
€. Regularly Ijipiimate; pinna^
f, 2, leaflets.

4-6, small (2-3 lines long) 128. Cercidum Torreyanum.

12-30 or more, ^U in. long 129. Prosopis juliflora.

Key, Based Upon Leaves. 13

/•• 7. leaflets, sessile 105. Melia Azedarach.

e'K Regularly bipinnate except for the lowest pair of single leaflets ;

leaflets stalked 27. Gymnocladus Canadensis.

e^. Irregularly bipinnate, leaflets small and sessile,

12-18 in number 109. Gleditschia monosperma.

18-24 in number 27. Gleditschia triacanthos.

(V. Quickly falling away and petioles developing into phyllodia

155. xVCACiA melanoxylon.
C-. Petioles prickly, leaves large, with ovate, sessile, serrate leaflets.
, 8. Aralia spinosa.

<( . Subdeciduous Leaves — a part only of the leaves falling in autumn, the rest
remaining green through the winter.
Obovate-spatulate. entire, shining green both sides.

^ „ . 118. QUERCUS AQUATICA.

ii\ Persistent Leaves — evergreen.

b. Simple

c. Needle-shaped and quite stiff, pointing every way,
d. In fascicles yPinus) of

e. Two each, a membranous sheath inclosing the base of each fascicle,
about

/. 1 in. long, sheaths very short 99. P. Banksiana.

f\ li-2i in. long and

Stout; sheaths i in. or less; branchlets smooth and purple

„, , 98. P. INOPS.

blender i in. or more; branchlets rough-scaly 148. P. contorta.

/^. 2-3 in. long, slender, with short sheaths ." 122. P. clausa.

f*. 3-5 in. long,
g. Slender; branchlets

Ro"gll 75. P. MITIS.

„ ^, Smooth 123 p glabra.

</-. Thicker; cones in whorls and very oblique 170. P. MURICata.

/\ 5-6 in. long, thicker, sheaths elongated 19. p. resinosa.

e'. Three each and
/. 3-6 in. long; cones

U-3 in. long, little if at all obliciue 50. P. rigida.

3-5 in. long, very oblique 1 99. P. radiata

f\ 5-8 in. long l^j p serotina.

fK 7-10 in. long, very stout 147. P. poxderosa.

/■•. 8-15 in. long; cones

Subterminal, slightly if at all oblique 124. P. p.alustris.

Lateral, very oblique and heavy

4-8 in. long; leaves slender, i)ale blue-green 198. P. Sabiniana.

10-14 in. long; leaves stout, dark green 169. P. Coulteri.

e\ Both two and three each 125. p. Cubensis.

e*. Five each,
3-5 in long

Very slender; cones 4-6 in. long 49. p. Strobus.

Rather stout, cones 10-18 inches long 146. P. Lambertiana.

9-13 in. long: cone-scales thickened at apex and furnished with strong

,., N. . P"^'^'^. •,• 197. P. TORREYANA.

(V. o<ot in fascicles (scattered)
e. Ridged above and below and base
/. Elevated and persistent
g. 4-sided; branchlets

Pubescent , 20. Picea nigra.

, Glabrous 100. Picea alba.

g: Flat; branchlets smooth; cones cylindrical 149. Picea Sitchensis

/'. Not elevated nor persistent ; leaves short thick and crowded.
„ „, 174. Abies magnifica.

e'. lerete 196. pj^ug monophylla.

c. Linear, flat and

d. Conspicuously 2-ranked (diverging ui two directions),

14 Kkv, I>askd I'l'oN Leavks.

e. Petioletl and margin

Obsciuely dt'nticulate, 8 lines or less in length. .21. TsuGA Canadensis.

Entire, revulute, j-1 inch in lengtii 144. Taxis buevifolia.

C-. Subsessile rigid and sliarply bristle-pointed, about 1 inch long and gen-
erally tapering from wide base 120. ToRKEYA taxifolia.

1-3 inches long, of more nearly uniform width.

145. Torreya Californica.
e\ Sessile, entire, keeled below
/'. Narrow linear, obtusely pointed

f in. long or less. . .'. 22 ABIES b.\LSAMEA.

2-3 in. long 173. Abies concolor.

/■'. Wide-linear, pungent at apex, f in. long or less

143. Sequoia se.mpervirens.
d-. Somewhat 2-ranked, shortpetiolate
e. Articulated on a permanent-base and keeled above

171. TsuGA Pattoniana.
e^. Breaking away entire and leaving permanent leaf-scars
f to 1 in. long ; winter buds J-J in.

150. Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
J to 1^ in. long ; winter buds \-^_ in.

PSEUDOTSUG.X MAt'KOCARPA.

c'. Scale-like or awl-shaped, imbricated and closely appressed
(I. In 4 ranks and making a conspicuously

e. Flat two-edged brancldet ". 24. Thuya oc cidentalis.

€*. Flatfish but narrower branchlet 141. Libocedrus decurrens.

e^. 4-angle(l rather than flat branchlet ; cone subglobose, with [leltate val-
vate scales ; cones about

]f in. long 74. Cham^cyparis thyoides.

i-1 in. long . 106. CUPRESSUS Goveniana.

lU in. long 195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA.

(P, Ternate leaves

Roundish at apex 166. Juniperus Californica.

More acute at apex 168. Juniperus occidentalis.

d.^ Scattered, or spirally arranged, mostly carniate. . .142. Sequoia gigantea.
c*. Laminate and
d. Ovate to oblong
e. Single-ribbed
/". \-h in. long, at base
(f. Rounded, truncate or slightly heart-shaped,
h. Pale or glaucous beneatli, darker above.

/. 1-1 J in. long, spinose-dentate 156. Prunus ilicifolia.

*•-. 2-3 in. long, entire 153. RHUS ovata.

i^, 3-5 in. long, entire

Wliitisli beneath, flat 132 Arbutus Menziesil

Greener beneath, curving lengthwise IbO. Rhus laurina.

i*. 2-4 in. long, nndulately spinose-toothed 52. Ilex opaca.

/t-. Tomentose and concave beneath ; margin

». Entire and undulate ... 131. Gakuya KLLIPTICA.

*-'. Both entire and sjiinose-toothed leaves on tlie same tree.
j. Lateral veins strongly im])ressed above, parallel and continuous to
the margins, which are serrate, or occasionally entire.

138. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA.
j-. Not Strongly impressed, and less parallel, pubescent at first beneath
and finally
Glabrous, margin undulate, spinose-toothed

137. QUERCUS AGRIFOUA.

Glaucous, sinuate spinose-dentate. . .161. QUERtUS chrysolepis.
J/'. Obtuse to acute, stiff, coriaceous, yellow-green beneath.

176. Rhamnus insularis.
J7^. Cuneate at base, glabrous or nearly so beneath, slightly revolute, flat.

159. Umbellulari'a Californica.
/^ 6-12 in. long, thick, entire, acute at both ends

101. Magnolia grandiflora.

Key, Based Upon Leaves. 15

/•''. 3-6 in. long, blade
g. Articulated to the petiole, which is

Conspicuoiisl}- winged ; stamens usually 20.

103. Citrus Aurantium.
Slightly, if at all, winged ; stamens usually 35.

104. Citrus Limonum.
g'-. Not articulated to petiole which is

Scarcely 1 in. long 158. Rhododendron Californicum.

1 5-3 in." long 188. Nicoti.\na glauca.

c'^ Three-ribbed (Ceanothus), in length

1-U in., oblong 151. C. THYRSIFLORUS.

2-4 in., broad ovate 177. C. arboheus.

<f. Obovate to oblong.

^ to li in. long, seiTate above and entire at base.

130. Cercocarpus parvifolius.
2 to 5 in. long, with

Entire revolute margin 117. Quercus virens.

Glandular serrate margin 181, Heteromeles ARBUTIFOLIA.

d^. Ovate-orbicular, thick and obtuse at apex 179. Rhus integrifolia.

d*. Lanceolate, lateral veins

Parallel 182. Lyonothamnus floribundus.

Not parallel. 2-4 in. long 186. Olea Europea.

d^. lianceolate oblong.
e. 3-5 in. long, margin

/. Crenate-serrate 102. Gordonia Lasianthus.

/■*. Crenate-dentate (and entire) tomentose beneath.

191. Quercus tomentella.
/■■'. Sinuate-dentate (and entire) glabrous beneath, dark-green above.

192. Quercus Wislizeni.
f*. Entire and leaves

</. Opposite, glabrous beneath 112. Osmanthus Americanus.

</-'. Alternate and beneath

Rusty-pubescent 113. Persea palustris.

Golden-scurfy beneath 139. Castanopsis chrysophy'lla.

e'. 3 in. long, entire, "glandular beneath 108. Cliftonia ligustrina.

d^. Oblanceolate, serrate, with short stout petioles .164. MyricaCalifornica.
d\ Linear-lanceolate, with broad clasping base and sharp horny tip

175. Yucca arborescens.
rf". Falcate and vertically disposed upon the branchlet.

183. EucALY'PTUS globulus.

d^. Peltate and palmately 7 — many-lobed. 189. RiciNUS communis.

d^". Flabellate, large and filiferous 200. Washingtonia filamentosa

'. Compound, drooping and with 12-15 pairs of lanceolate leaflets.

178. Schinus MOLLE.
. Leaves Subpersistent — evergreen southward, but more or less deciduous
northward, or individual trees shedding their leaves while most of the
trees do not.

Narrow obovate ; 1-3 in. long 107. Cyrilla racemiflora

Lanceolate to oval, 3-6 in. long, glaucous beneath.. 51. Magnolia glauca.
. Leat-es wanting; branches green, jointed and flattened .. 184. Opuntia Tuna.

A KEY BASED UPON THE FRUIT,

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I-VIII
inclusive, when in Season for procuring the Fruit.

N. B. — The remarks concerning the use of the Key based upon the liCaves are
equally true with i-eference to this.

a. Free Fruit. — formed by the ripening of a single pistil either suuple or com-
pound.
b. Indehiscent pericarp.
c. Samara — dry, usually 1-celled, Iseeded and with 1-2 membranous wings.
<l. In terminal panicles; wing somewhat oblong-lanceolate, with a lenticular
seed at about its center, and beyonil which tlie wing is twisted

(Ailauth Hs) ." 4. A . glaxdulosus.

fi-. In terminal cymes, a 2-seeded suborbicular samara, winged all around.

77. PtELEA TRIFOLIATA.

(P. In umbellate corymbs, each pedicel supporting a pair of samara? with
oblanceolate wings, obtuse at the apex and with main rib on outer
margin (Acer).
e. Fruit maturing in the fall, wings slightly divergent. .7. A. saccharixum,
e."^ Fruit maturing in early summer.

/. Large, 1^ in. or more, "downy when young 26. .\. dasycarpum.

fK Smaller, smooth, pendulous and

Red. in umbels oG. A. RUBRUM.

Greenish, in racemes, wings incurved 54. A. NEGri.DO.

d*. In terminal racemes, two samaraj on a single pedicel with main rib on
outer margins ; seed-bearing portion

Glabrous 79. ACER Pennsylvanicum.

Densely hairy 152. Acer macrophyllum.

d^. In axillary racemes or panicles, winged at the apex with a more or less
lanceolate obtuse wing (Fr(t.riiius).
e. Terete at base (seed- bearing portion) ; branchlets and petioles

/. Smooth 10. F. Americana.

/''. Velvetv pubescent; lateral leaflets

Petiolubate 31. F. pubescens.

Sessile or nearly so 187. F. Oregona.

c'. Flat — wing extending along the seed-bearing portion.

G2. F. sambucifolia.
rf*. In lateral fascicles or clusters, winged all round ( Uhnus).

Sessile or nearly so. cell pubescent and margin not ciliate.

11. U. FULVA.

In fascicles, cell smooth, margin densely ciliate 33. U. Americana.

In racemes, cell pubescent, margin ciliate 34. U. R.\CEMOSA.

c ' Drupe or drupe-like and with a single seed.
d. Fibro fleshy and dryish pericarp.
e. Small. ^ in. or less, subglobose (Rims), in terminal

/. Thyrses and clotlied with crimson hairs .5. R. typhina.

/*. Panicled spikes and clothed with viscid gray hairs, 2-3 lines in length.

153. R. OVATA.

Key, Based Upox Frtit. 17

5 lines in length 179. R. ixtegrifolia.

e'^ Larger and with edible embryo (Jnglans), in length

/. f-l| in., globose, with pubescent epiearp 190. J Californica.

/-. 2 in., ovoid-oblong, covered with brownish viscid liairs. .14. J. CINEREA.

CJlobose. roughly dotted 3.j. J. XIGRA.

d'-. Fleshy pericarp,
e. Ovoid and

/. Clustered on axillaxy peduncles.
{/. On the growth of the season. 3 or 3 together, 2i in. long, blue,
' h. Sessile upon the peduncle ; stone longitudinally striated.

9. Nyssa multiflora.
h^. Pedicellate, stone not striated; fruit subtended by

Persistent calyx-tube and lobes, ^ in. or less in length

113. PERSEA PALUSTRIS.

Enlarged calyx-tube only, 1 in. or less in length.

159. UilBELLULARIA CaLIFORXICA.

g^. On gx-owth of the previous season 111. Forestiera acuminata.

f'\ Racemed, bluish and with short, fleshy, red pedicels.

33. Sassafras officinale.

e'K Ovoid-oblong. 1-1^ in. long, stone compressed 81. Prunus nigra.

S^. Oblong, tipped with the remnants of the style and about 1 in. in
length.
Reddish and stone longitudinally striated with membranous- edged

ridges 110. Nyssa Ogeche.

Dark blue, stone not membranous-ridged; flesh

Thin and drvish 112. OsMANTHUS Americantts.

Thicker and Very oily 186. Olea Europea.

Black and borne in abundance on paniculate spadices.

200. Washingtonia filamentosa.
>-. Subglobose and surface
/. Smooth
g. Purple or purplish black and

/*. Solitary, of sweet flavor 13. Celtis Occident alis.

h-. In racemes and of a vinous or astringent flavor ; racemes
4-6 in. long ; drupes numerous and i in. thick.

29. Prunus serotina.

1-3 in. long ; drupesfew and larger 156. Prunus ilicifolia.

fl^. In umbels, larger, of

Acid-vinous flavor, i in. in diameter 82. Prunus Cerasus.

Sweet-vinous flavor, f in. in diameter 56. Prunus Avium.

</•-. Red, small and verv sour 55. Prunus Pennsylvanicum.

g\ Whitish

Not tipped with remnants of the style, rosy-cheeked

178. SCHINUS Molle.

Tipped with the stout styles 180. Rhus laurina.

/-'. Papillose and with waxy exudation 164. My'RICA C alifornica.

'. Drupe-like but containing more than one seed, and seeds
(f Inclosed in a bony
e. 2-:i-eelled stone,
/. Blue, subglobose. in flat-cymes with red stems.

_ 87. CORNUS alternifolia.

/'. tJright-red elongated, sessile, usually in a single head

Onlv 3 or 4 developing .' 88. CoRNUS FLORIDA.

30 or 40 developing. 185. Cornxs Nuttallii.

e". 3-5-celled stone ; yellowish- white, in loose axillary panicles.

105. Melia Azedarach.
d^. Distinct, (not inclosed in a common stone) ; fruit
€. Crowned with persistent
/. Calyx-teeth.

ff. Purple-black. 5-seeded, in umbels 8. Arali.v spinosa.

g^. Red or purplish,

4-8 seeded, axillary 52. Ilex opaca.

3-seeded in terminal panicles 181. Heteromeles arbutifollv

18 Key, Based Upox Fruit.

/'. St>'le or remnants of it ; fruit about

"^t in. long, dryish, in ratemes 107. Cyrili.a r.\cemiflora.

i in. long, juicy, in cymes 157. Sambucus glauca.

/'. Not crowned with either calyx-teeth or style,
g. Sessile, scaly-bracted beneath ; leaves evergreen.

Dark blue, seeds 1-4 25. Jr.MPKRUS Virgixiana.

Blue-black, seeds 2-:} 168. Juniherus occidentalis.

Red<lish-bro\vn, seeds 1-2 167. Juniperus Californic.\.

</•. Pedicellate, not scaly-bracted beneath, slightly 2-3-lobed, 2-3-seeded.

Black; nutlets indehiscent 1.26. Rhammus Purshian.a..

Red; nutlets dehiscent 176. Rhammus INSULARIS.

&, Nut — hard, single coat and furnished with an involucral cup or covering.
il. Ovoid oblong or ellipsoidal, surrounded at ics base with an involucral
cup (QuercHs), acorn borne
e. On the new wood of the season (/. e. maturation annual) cup

/. Less than J enveloping the oval acorn 136. QuERCus Garry ana.

f. About i enveloping the small

Ovoid nut f in. long : scales thin , 68. Q. Muhlenbergii.

Long, narrow nut, often 2 in. long 160. Q. lobata.

/^. About ^ enveloping the nut
g. Thick, scales very roughly tubercled, edge of cup rather inturned after

shedding the nut ; nut usually long-ovoid 38. Q. alba.

</^. Thinner, scales thinnish ; leaves

Deciduous ; peduncles shorter than petioles. . . .67. QuERCUS Prinus.
Subpersistent ; acorns sessile or nearly so. .137. QuERCUS agkifolia.
f*. Scarcely i enveloping the oblong-ovoid nut about IJ in. in length.

116. QUERCUS MiCHAUXII.
/'. About \ or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles longer than the
petioles ; nut

f in. long, light brown 66. QuERCUS BICOLOR.

^ in. or less long, dark brown 117. QuERCUS yirens.

/'. About I or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles

g. Longer than the petioles 66. Q. BICOLOR.

</•. Shorter than the petioles ; scales

Very loosely appressed, forming a moss-like fringed margin of cup.

39. Q. MACROCARPA.

More closely appressed and not forming a moss-like fringe.

92. Q. OBTUSILOBA.

e*. On wood of the preceding season (/. e. maturation biennial) ; cup
/. Very shallow, almost flat and with long-linear recurved scales.

138. Quercus densiflora.
/^ Saucer-shaped,

One-fourth enveloping the nut which is

1 in. or less in length; saucer thin 15. Q. RUBRA.

\l in. long ; .saucer thin at rim 191. Q. tomentella.

2 in. or less in length ; saucer usually thick 161 Q. CHRYSOLEPIS.

One-half enveloping an ovoid nut 162. Q. Californica.

gp. Flattened-globose ; leaves

Sinuate-pinnatifid with wide sinuses 94. Quercus palustris.

Obovate-spatulate, entire 118. Qlercus aquatica.

/^. Toj)-shaped, \ enveloping the acorn; scales thin and coarse ;

Inner" bark of tree reddish 69. Q. COCCINEA .

Inner bark yellowish 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

/». Turbinate, i e'nvt4oping the nut 192. Q. Wislizeni.

iP. Club-shaped, short, surrounded with stiff hairs, tipped with the persistent
recurved style and arranged in globular heads, which are •

Solitary 13. Platanus occidentalis.

2-7 together in a moniliform spike 135. PlataNUs racemosa.

d^. Acheiiium-like, small and Intrne in short catkins.

Inclosed in a membranous inflated sac, catkin hop-like.

41. Ostrya Virginica.

Subtended by a large leafy bract 42. Carpinus Caroliniana.

&, Nut-like, dry, not invested with an involucre,

Key, Based Upo\ Fkiit. 19

Smoothish, globose, about i in diameter, in cymes with leaf-like bract

attacheil 3 TiLi.v Americana.

Rough, with scale-like points, ovate, coriaceous.

lU. Planer A AQUATiCA.
c\ Pod (legimie) which is

ft. Oblong, flat, about 2 in. broad and curved .:27. (Jymnocladus Canadensis.
d'. Linear or nearly so

10-18 in. long, contorted and twisted 28. Gleditschia triacanthos.

4-6 in. long, subterete, compressed between the seeds and thick-

val ved 129. Prosopsis juliflor.\.

'S-i in. long. 2-b seeded and thin val ved.. 128. Cercidium torreyanum.
fP. Obliquely ovate (1-2 in. long), long stalked and mostly 1-seeded.

109. Gleditschia monosperma.

(IK Ovate, compressed and with accrescent calyx 154. Dalea spinosa.

(•'. Pome ; capsules
(I. Cartilaginous ; fruit
e. Sunken at insertion of pedicel,
/. Globular

Large, 1 in. or more, distinctly 5-celled 30. Pyrus Malus.

Small, more or less lO-celled. .". 59. AiiELANCHiER Canadensis.

/■•. Fattcned-globose, waxy, fragrant and very tart.. 83. Pyrus coronaria.
e-. Not sunken at insertion of pedicel, pyriform . ... .57. Pyrds communis.
d-. Not cartilaginous, 1-5 bony seeds.

f in. in diameter, red or yellow, with white spots.

58. Crataegus punctata.
I in. in diameter, leaves wedge-obovate. . . .85. Cr.\taegusCrus-galli.
c". Berry.
d. With persistent tliickish calyx-lobes, large (about 1 in. or more),

Gl. DiosPYROs Virginian A.
d-. Without persistent calyx-lobes and smaller

e. In tliyrses ' 78. ViTis .^stivalis.

€'■. In compact-racemes and

Hoary tomentose 131. Garrya elliptica.

Smooth and flattened-globose 133. Arctostaphylos pungens.

e-\ In open panicles 132. Arbutus Menziesii.

€*. Singly on the jointed flattened stem 184. Opuntia Tuna.

r-. Fleshy, with custard like edible pulp 76. AsiMiNA triloba.

&". Berry-like pome, f in. in diameter and borne in dense clusters.

84. PY'RUS sambucifolia.
r". Hesperidum — seeds in juicy pulp and rind leathery.

Subglobose, flattened at the ends i03. Citrus Aurantium.

Globose-oblong, mammillate at the extremity 104. Citrus Limonum.

c'-. Achenium.

3-4-angled and with membranous wing-like margins.

108. Cliftonia ligustrina.
Linear oblong, tipped with the prolonged tail-like style.

130. Cercocarpus parvifolius.

c". Baccate but with dry spongy pericarp 175. Yucca arborescens.

b-. Dehiscent pericarj).
<: Subglobose, and
d. Coriaceous or woody, dehiscent by

e. 2-3 valves and containing one or very few large seeds with smooth shining
coat and a large scar (JEsciilus), fruit

Prickly and leaflets 7 6 .^SCULUS Hippocastanum.

Smooth and leaflets 5 127. ^SCULUS Californica.

e^. 4 more or less distinct valves {Cat'ya).

f. Epicarp thick and separating quite freely to the base • nut ridged, with
thick shell, globular-ovoid and
g. Flatten(>d,

1 in. or less in length 36. Carya alba.

li in. or more in length 64. Carya sulcata.

g'K Not so mucli flattened, usually 4-angled . . . . .90. Carya tomentosa.

/-. Epicarp only moderately thick and nut of medium size, moderately

ridged and with shell of medium thickness 65. Carya porcina.

20 Key. Based Frox Fkuit.

/^ Epicarp tliin, nuts small and thin-shelled ; kernel
ff. Astringent and bitter ; sutures of epicarp very prominent ; nut
Quite smooth, whitish and only slighly compressed.

37. Carta amara.
Rough, reddish, strongly compressed and angled.

115. Carya aquatica.
f/'. Slightly if at all bitter, nut whitish and sutures moderately prominent.

91. Carya MicROCARPA.
c'. 5-20 valves recurving from central axis and liberating numerous fine

seeds 15«. Rhododendron Californicum.

dK Covered with spines ; dehiscent
e. By four valves ; nuts

Sharply 3- angled, 2 together, involucre soft-prickly.

16. "Fagus ferruginea-
Subovoid, flattened, 1-3 together, involucral spines very sharp and

hard 40. Castanea vesca.

e^. Irregulai'ly ; spines many-branched ; nut maturing tlie second year.

139. Castanopsis chrysophylla.
e^. Into three cocci, each liberating a single seed . . . .189. RiciNUS communis.
c"^. Small, ovoid-lanceolate pods arranged in catkins, opening by two valves
and containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down ; leaves
d. Orbicular-ovate : petioles laterally compressed; leaves

Coarsely dentate ' 18. Populus grandidentata.

Serrate, sharply pointed 72. P. tremvloides.

Sinuate- toothed, tomentose beneath 96. P. alba.

Obscurely-serrate, with obtuse or rounded apex.

97. P. heterophylla.
d"^. Ovate, closely serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath.

47. P. balsamifera.
d^. Deltoid-ovate, coarsely crenate- serrate, usually

Abruptly acuminate 48. P. monilifera.

Shorter pointed or acute 194 P. Fremontii.

d\ Broadly deltoid 73. P. dilatata.

ri\ Linear-lanceolate, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. Salix nigra.
d*. Lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate,
c. Smooth and capsules

/. Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. vitellina.

p. With slender pedicels ; leaves pale glaucous beneath and

2-4 in. long 71. Saux amygdaloides.

3-7 in. long 140. Salix laevigata.

c'. Pubescent; capsules about

^ in. long, ovate-lanceolate 193. Salix Nuttallii.

I in. long, oblong-ovoid 165. Salix lasiolepsis.

c^. Linear compressed pods opening by two valves; pods

4-5 in. long, k in. broad, quite straight 80. Robinia Pseud acacia.

2 in. long, i in. broad, often curved into a circle.

155. Acacia melanoxylon.
c*. Subcylindrical pods, long, opening by two valves.

6-iO in. long, Vt in- or loss thick. . " 134. Chilopsis saligna

10-12 in. or more long, ^ in. or more thick 89. Catalpa bignonioides.

d'. Ovoid 5-valved capsule 102. Gordonia Lasianthus.

C*. Subovoid follicles arranged

In pairs, seed not suspeniled by a funiculus.

182. Lyonothamnus floribundus.
Not in pairs; seed suspended by a funiculus.

. " 106. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis.
c'. Three-lobed capsules dividing into three dehiscent cocci; {Ceanothus)
branchlets

Conspicuouslv angled 151. C. THYRSIFLORUS.

Sliglitly angled 177. C. arboreus.

c*. Top-shaped capsule of 4 or 5 cells dehiscent at their summits.

183. Eucalyptus globitlus.

Key, Baskd Upon Fruit. 21

c'. Oblong-ovoid 2-valvefl capsule closely invested by persistent calyx.

188. NiCOTIANA GLAUCA.

a-. Aggregated Fruit — composed of many carpels, either closed or opened and

cohering or closely massed together, forming a
b. Cone.
c. Scales of the cone open carpels (Coniferce).
d. Scales many and spreading at maturity.

e. Imbricated" and each subtended by a bract ; ovules, 2, inverted, and
/. Maturing the year after flowering (Pinus); cones
f/, Subterminal and scales
/*. Thin at tip and unarmed; cones subcylindric and

4-0 in. long 49. P. Strobus.

12-18 in. long . . .146. P. Lambertiana.

/i-. Thickened at tip and
i. Armed with a recurved prickle.

J. 1-3 in. long, cylindric ovoid, oblique 148. P. CONTORTA.

J-. 3-6 in. long," glossy-brown,
/«•. Elongated conical, separating from the tree by a fracture

Within the peduncle 125. P. CUBENSIS.

AVithin tlie base of cone 147. P. ponderosa.

/»■«. Broad-ovoid 197. P. Torreyana.

,f. 6-10. in. long 124. P. PALUSTRIS.

i'-. Unarmed cones about 2 in. in length, seeds.

Winged, about ^ in. long 19. P. resinosa.

Wingless, about f in. long 196. P. monophylla,

g-. Lateral and scales thickened at tip, cones
/*. Slightly or not at all oblique
/. Ovoid-oblong; leaves 3-5 in. long; scales armed with a weak prickle
directed
At about right angles from the axis of the closed cone.

75. P. MITIS.

Forward, at about 45° or less from the axis 123. P. GLABRA.

P. Ovoid-pyramidal.
J. Prickles strong; cones 2 in. or

Rather less in length ; leaves l|-3 in. long ; branchlets purple.

89. P. INOPS.

Rather more ; leaves 3-5 in. long 50. P. rigida.

J'\ Prickles weak; cones 2-3 in. long, and

Wide-pyramidal; leaves in 3's 121. P. SEROTINA.

Narrow-pyramidal; leaves in 2's 122. P. clausa.

7t'. Markedly oblique

2-in. or less in length, scales unarmed 99. P. Banksiana.

2-34 in. long, scales armed with strong prickles. .170. P. muricata.
3-5 in. long, outer scales very gibbous; prickle deciduous.

199. P. RADIATA.

4-8 in. long; scales very strongly armed 198. P. Sabiniana.

10-15 in. long, armed with very large, strong prickles.

169. P. Coulteri.
e.'^ Valvate, bractless, wedge shaped, spreading, each with 3-7 inverted
ovules ; cone woody, oval and

2-3 in. long, scales usually 25-30 142. Sequoia gig.a.ntea.

1 in. or less, scales short, 20 143. Sequoia sempervirens.

/. Maturing the first season — the autumn after blossoming.
ff. Ovoid or oblong, ^ in. long, pendent : bracts inconspicuous; scales per-
sistent on the axis, thin and with eroded tip 20. Pice a nigra.

gr'. Ovoid, small (8 lines or less), pendent, scales rounded and entire at tip.

21. Tsuga Canadensis.
g^. Sub-cylindrical

h. Ei-ect : scales deciduous from the persistent axis {Abies).
i, 2-4 in. long ; leaves

Less than 1-in. long 22. A. balsamea,

2 or more in. long 173. A . concolor.

6 or 8 in. long 174. A. magnifica

^2 Key, Based ITpox Fruit.

h^. Nodding, small (about 2 in. long), scales persisting on the axis and

entire at tip 100. PiCEA alba.

M. Pendent, U-;i in. long, scales incisely denticulate.

141). PiCEA SiTCHENSIS.

g*. Cylindrical oblong ; bracts much exserted (Pseudots-iiga) : cones

2-3 in. long 150. P. taxifoi.ia.

5-8 in. long 172. P. macrocarpa.

gr'. Ovoid or roundish, small, 9 lines or less in length, scales persistent on

the axis at maturity 23. Larix Americana.

(l^. Scales few, persistent, bractless ; cone
e. Oblong and erect, with scales more or less thickened.

Loosely imbricated, 8-12. thinnish 24. Thuya occidkntaus.

Valvate, 4-6, thick, only two scales fertile.

141. LiBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

e^. Globose or subglobose.

A in. in lengtli 74. Cham^CYPARIS THYOIDES.

i in. or somewhat less in length 16(5. CUPRESSUS Goveniana.

1 U in. long 195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA.

d^. Scales" not spreading at maturity but breaking irregularly ; cones

globose 119- Taxodium distichum.

c'. Scales.
(I. Tiiin, 3-lo})ed and deciduous, subtending very small samar* (Betitla).
e. Cones erect.

Sessile, ovoid-oblong, 1 in. in length 17. B. LUTEA.

AVith downy peduncle, ovoid, smaller 95. B. nigra.

ft^ Cones suberoct, ovoid-oblong ; scales thicker and with short divergent

lobes ; wing of nutlet not broader than the body 44. B. LENTA.

e^. Cones pendent, cylindrical and about

1 in. in length 70. B. POPULIFOLIA.

13in. in length 43. B. papyracea.

iP. Tliick, wooily and persistent 163. Alnus rhombifolia.

c^. Scales closed carpels, growing from an elongated receptacle and consoli-
dated.
d. Dehiscent at maturity along the medium line of the back, and letting out
each 1-2 berry-like seeds suspended by extensile threads (i)/ogrJ?o//o) ,
cone

Cvlindrical, curved, 2-3 in. long 1. Magnolia acuminata.

Oblong, 1-H i»- long 51. Magnolia glauca.

Oval. 3-4 in. long 101. Magnolia grandiflora.

d". Indchiscent at maturity and falling away as samarae.

2. LlRIODF.NDRON TULIPIFERA.
h'. Spherical head, hardened and bristling with 2-beaked capsules.

60. LiQUIDAMBAR StYRACIFLUA.

fe3. Sorosis — a spike with bracts and calyx-lobes all thickened and sacculent.

63. MORUS RUBRA.

a\ A Naked Seed, subtended or surrounded by a fleshy disk.
6. Drupe-like, with fleshy covering, sessile, scalv-bracted beneath and about

1 in. in length, oval ". 120. Torreya taxifolia.

U in. lengtii, obovoid. . 145. Turreya Californica.

/>•. Bony seed, subtended by a fleshy cup 144. Taxus brevifolia.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY.

Species whose AVoods are Represented in the AccoM'
PANTING Sections.

The timbers comprised in the series which this text is designed to
accompany belong to what are known, botanically speaking, as
Floicering and mostly Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore,
we will, once for all, define these groups; and, as the characters
herein given are equally true of all the species enumerated in the fob
lo\ving pages, they need not be repeated in the further definition of
the various sub-groups and species.

FLOWERING or PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and
pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Pla.rds are the Flowerless or Cryptognmous
Plants, comprisinj!; the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply-
organized SUme Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club
Mosses. But in the study of timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few
rare cases do any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those
exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which some-
times attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree
trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds. They,
however, are of practically no value as timber.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central colimin of pith
surrounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark ;
the stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each
year to the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves
mostly netted-vein. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and
opposite, or (in the Coniferje) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower
in fours or fives, very rarely in threes.

24 Hough's American "Woods.

A second class of Flowering rinnta and comprisinfj: tho rest of the group is the
Endogenous or Monocofiilcdouoits I'lmifs, cliarartt'ri/.cil hy liaving stems in which
the wood occurs as threads or bundles running tlirough a Cflluhir, pitii-like tissue
8o that a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings.
Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two.
and then alternate and unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In
southern United States and elsewhere in or near the tropics trees are found, such
as the Palms, etc., which belong to this class, but none we have to do with at
present.

Exog(!nou8 plants are subdivided into two well -marked groups or
sub-classes — Angiospermce and Gymnospermce. The former includes
by far the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the
species represented iu " American Woods " are representatives of it

ANGIOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil —
with stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into
seeds at maturity. This sub-class comprises many groups of plants
known as Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain
the dimensions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we
propose to consider in the following pages :

Order RHAMNACEAl: Buckthorn Famh^y.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate and with stipules small or wanting. Floivers
small, often polygamous and sometimes dioecious ; sepals valvate in aestivation,
small, distinct, concave and involute in the bud or wanting ; staaiens as many as
the petals and opposite them, inserted with them in the edge of a perigynouB
disk lining the calyx-tube, short and sometimes connected with the lower part of
the ovary ; pistil solitary, with mostly superior ovary, 2-5 celled, each cell with
a single erect anatropous ovule ; stigmas 2-5. Fruit a drupe or pod with one
seed in each cell and not arilled ; embryo large with broad cotyledons and sparing
flieshy albumen.

Order represented by small trees and shrubs of warm and temperate countries,
with slightly bitter juice and often nauseous or purgative fruits.

Genus RHAMNUS, Linnaeus.

Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately veined, entire or dentate, petiolate, condupli-
cate in vernation; stipules small and deciduous. Floivers small, greenish, in
axillary racemes or cymes, ])olygamous or dioecious ; calyx campanulate, the
tube lined with the disk, 4-5 cleft, the lobes keeled within antl deciduous ; jietals
small, with short claw, more or less notched at apex and turned in aroimd the
Btamens, deciduous ; stamens with very short subulate filaments and introrse
2-celled anthers opening lengthwise ; pistil free, with 2 4-lobed stigma and 2-4-celled
ovary, each cell containing a solitary, erect, anatropous ovule. Fruit a globose
or oblong, blackish. berry-Hke drupe, with fleshy epicarp, and containing 2-4
cartilaginous. 1-seeded nutlets; seeds longitudinally grooved on the back.

Trees and shrubs of considerable economic importance, and the name, Rhamnus,
is the classical Greek name, ^d|ivos, of the European Buckthorn.

TliiAMxus ixsii.AHis — Island Blckthorx. 25

176. RHAMNUS INSULARIS, Ctukksk.

Island IUckthorn, Island Bearwood.

Ger., Ell dnd'i. seller Kivnzdorii ; Fr. , y^erprun hisulaire ; Sp.,
Iiff/nno d<' isla.

Specific Characters :• — Leare.s altercate, persistent, ovate-oblong, 1 to lA and
sometimes 3 in. in length, coriaceous, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, about
equally pointed at both ends, minutely glandular crenate-serrate with short stout
petioles and straight prominent mid-ribs, yellowish green, paler and frequently
yellowish beneath : stipules faUing away early ; new growths'sparingly pubescent.
Flowrra four-nunierous, dioecious, greenish, in small clusters from the axils of
the leaves on the shoots of the year, or of small bracts, with slender sparingly
pubescent pedicels rather more than i in. in length ; calyx canipanulate with
acuminate lobes ; petals wantmg (tiiough according to Prof. Trelease are some-
times present) : stamens with stout incurved tilaments and large antlers : pistil
with ovoid ovary ami rather slender style two-lobed above. Fruit red. subglo-
bose, about I in. or a tritie more in length, slightly grooved, with thin, dry flesh
and containing 1-8 ovoid nutlets pointed at the apex, dehiscent along the inner
angle, grooved on the back, with thin bi'own testa and thick foliaceous cotyledons.

{lusiilaris is the Latin for belonging to an island and relates to the habitat of
the species.)

A small tree with rio;id branches, rarely more than 25 ft. (7 m.) in
height, with trunk sometimes 12 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter and having
a dark l)rown l)ark abont ^ in. thick and rough with small, iirm,
irregular scales and ridges.

Habitat. — The islands off the coast of southern California, Santa
Cruz Mountains on the adjacent mainland and Cedros Island off the
coast of Lower California, growing along slopes with Scrub Oak,
whicli it considerab'ly resembles in general aspect, Ceanothus afhoreiis,
etc.

Physical Properties. — Wood very heavy, hard and close grained,
with very line regularly arranged ducts, susceptible of a very smooth
polish and of a rich red-brown color with scant yellow sap-wood.

Uses. — We know of no use to which this small tree is applied,
though the bark might be used for dyeing purposes, as with other
representatives of the genus, and the wood would make excellent fuel.

Medicinal Properties we believe have not been reported of this
species, but would doubtless be found to be tonic and laxative as with
other species of the genus.

Rhamnns hiftularis, Greene, is considered by some botanists as a
variety of lihamnus erocea, jVutt., {Rhamnufi crocea insularh,
Sa/'(/.), 1)ut it is certainly a well-marked form differentiated from the
true R. crocea i)y characters as important as distinguish many otliet
species, and I am inclined to agree with Prof. Greene in giving it
specific rauk.

Hough's Amkrican Woods.

Genus CEANOTHUS, Linnaeus.

Leaves mostly alternate, petioled. coriaceous or somewhat so, glabrous or vari-
ously pubescent, deciduous or persistent, with slender stipules falling away early,
Floicers perfect, in showy terminal or axillary thyrsoid or cymose clusters, blue
or white and with colored pedic-els ; calyx colored. 5-lobed, cohering witli the
ovary below, the triangular lobes incurved and deciduous ; petals much exserted.
hooded, spreading, witii long slender claws : stamens 5, opposite the petals and
inserted with them, spreading and often persistent, with long filaments anti
introrse 3-celled antiiers longitudinally dehiscent ; pistil with three short styles
united below and single 3-celled and usually 3-lobed ovary surrounded with a
fleshy persistent disk and containing a single erect orthotropous ovule in each
cell. Fruit subglobose, 3-lobed. drupe-like at first, with persistent calyx-tube
adnate at base, finally becoming dry and separating into three 2-valved dehiscent
cocci each liberating a single obovate lenticular seed with thin crustaceous testa,
ventral raphe and fleshy albumen.

The genus is composed of about thirty species, mainly of shrubs, and is confined
*^^o North America, the greater number being found in California where some
natural hybrids seem to occur. The name is of classical Greek origin and of
ratner obscure application.

177. CEANOTHUS ARBOREUS, Greene.*
Tree Myrtle.

Ger., Baiimisehe Myrte ; Fr., Myrte d' arhre ; Sp.. Mirto de Arhol.

Specific Characters : — Leaves alternate, ovate to broad elliptical, 2-4 in. long,
acute, rounded at base, glandular cienate-serrate, dark green above, and with
pale dense short tomentum and inominent veins beneath : petioles i-| in. in length
and, as with the new growtlis, (iensely i)ale-toinentose; stipules about i^ in. long and
early deiiduous -. branchlets slightly angled. Flowers pale blue, produced in
ample <(iin|M.uii(l lHiary-i)nl)es(eiit tliyrsoidal clusters on axillary peduncles near
the extieinities of youiig l)ranches, with slender hair-like pedicels produced in the
axils of large »carious hoary caducous bracts. Fruit black when mature and
i in. in diameter.

(Arboreus is a Latin adjective from arbor, tree.)

Tlii.-^ is a small liaiidsonie tree with wide top, rarely over 25 ft.
(7.50 111. ) in lieiiilit, or with trunk more than 10 or 12 in. (0.30 m.)
in diameter. The hark, at tirst of a gray color and quite smooth,
becomes with age of a dark hi-owii color lissured into small square
thickish scales. It is the most truly arboreal representative of the
genas, though in many regions is only a bush with many slender
branches.

Habitat. — The islands of Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz and Santa
Rosa, off the coast of .-outhern C^difornia, growing along the slopes
and sides of canons.

PiivsicAi, Properties. — Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained,
with annual layers marked by an aggregation of tine open ducts, and
of a red-brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specijic Gravity, 0.7781 ;
Percentage of Ash, 2 (K^; Relatire Approximate F'nel Value, 0.7622;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 48.49. •

vdutinus, var. arborew, Sarg.

SCHINI!? IMoLI.E PePPKK TkKK, ('llll.l I'kI'I'KK. 27

Uses. — Xo use is iiiade of this tree tlu^uu-h its heautv, ospecially
when in tlower, should ^ive it rank in ornamental ])lantin<2;. The
wood is doubtless excellent for fuel.

Medicinal Properties. — We do not know that the medicinal
properties of this species have yet been studied.

Order ANACARDIACEiE : Cheshew Family.

Leaves alternate, simple or coiupound. without pellucid dots : stipules none.
Flowers polypetalous, small, often polyganunis, regular and furnished with
bracts ; sepals '6-r>, united at the base, persistent ; petals o (or sometimes wanting),
imbricated in the bud ; stamens 5 or 10, alternate with the petals and perigynous,
ovary free, 1-celled and 1-ovuled : styles or stigmas 3. Fruit a berry or drupe,
the seed containing no albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a milky resinous or gummy acrid juice, which, as well as
the exhalations, are often poisonous.

Genus SCHINUS, Linnaeus.

Leaves evergreen, alternate, unequally pinnately compound, with sessile leaf-
lets. Flowers, small, whitish, dioecious, in laige axillary terminal bracteate
panicles ; calyx short, with 5 imbricated lobes ; petals 5, imbricated, annular disk
rather broad ; stamens 10. styles 3: ovary 1-celled with single ovule suspended
from above the middle of the cell. Fruit, small globose oily drupes.

A genus of trees and shrubs of about a dozen mostly tropical American species
and the name. Schinus, is the old Greek name, o-xivos, of the Mastic-tree, applied
to tliis genus on account of the mastic-like juice which exudes from its various
representatives.

178. SCHINUS MOLLE, L.

Pepper-tree. Chili Pepper. False Pepper.
Ger., Pfefferhainn ; Fr., Poivrler faux ; Sp., Phniento falso.

Specific Characters : — Leaves 8-12 in. long, of numerous (13 or 15 or more)
pairs of remi)te and irregularly disposed lanceolate sessile entire or remotely ser-
rate leaflets, the terminal one longest; leaves and new growths generally" very
thinly coated with agummj- exudation. Flowers (in Feb. and Mar. in California)
in large pendent tbyrses. small yellowish green, terminating the long flexuous
branchlets. Fr?nY small drupes scarcely as large as peas, beautifully rosy-cheeked,
of strongly pungent flavor and hanging in long loose clusters.

The specific name, Molle. is a modification of the Peruvian name of the species
MuUi.

A tree sometimes 3 or -1 ft. (1 m.) in diameter of trunk, with rather
irregular, wide top, of few large branches and long, gracefully pend-
ent branchlets. It is a very handsome tree in all seasons of the year,
with its drooping graceful habit and airy evergreen foliage, but when
bedecked with its many clusters of light-red fruit lianging from
the tip of each branchlet it is of very striking and beautiful appear-
ance. The bark of trunk is of a grayish-brown color and with age
becomes split into many longitudinal and obliquely connecting, firm,
fibrous ridges.

28 Hough's American Woods.

Habitat, — The Schinus Molle is a native of tropical America,
Mexico to Brazil and Peru, but has been extensively planted in warm
countries elsewhere for ornamental purposes. The climatic conditions
of southern California seem thoroughly congenial to it and it has
there been vei-y extensively planted, becoming naturalized in places.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather soft, light, tough, with
obscure layers of growth, fine medullary rays and quite regularly dis-
posed bands of fine ducts. It is of a mottled brown color with coi)i-
ous pinkish or brownish- white sap-wcod.

Uses. — Almost the exclusive use of this tree with us is for orna-
mental planting, for which it is justly very popular. It is found
ornamenting the streets and door yards everywhere throughout south-
ern C'alifornia where it grows rapidly and attains its largest size. In
that region it is now a feature of almost every snl)url)an scene. The
trees when felled make fairly good fuel.

Medicinal Properties. — The leaves and bark and the gum-resinous
exudation have been employed medicinally. Tlie fruit has been used
successfully in the treatment of gonorrhoea, as a substitute for culjebs.*
It also possesses purgative properties.

Note. — When fragments of the fresh leaves of this tree are placed
in water they move about by jerks as they float upon its surface, as
though animate objects possessed of an ability of voluntary motion.
This motion is caused by the bursting of glands in tlie tissues and tlie
discharge tlierefrom of a volatile oil.

Genus RHUS, Linnaeus.

Leaves alternate, mostly compound (rarely simple) without stipules. Flowers
minute, white or greenish, |)olyKamoiis or dioecious by abortion, in axillary or
terminal compound i)anicles ; calyx 5-lobed, generally persistent ; jietals Ti. longer
than the lobes of the calyx and inserted under the margin of tlie disk which sur-
rounds the base of the free ovary imbricated in aestivation ; stamens 5. alternate
with the petals, with subulate filaments and oblong introrsse 2-celled anthers,
attached by the back and longitudinally dehiscent, rudimentary iji tlie pistillate
flowers ; pistil with 1-celled ovary, three terminal styles with capitate stigmas, the
ovary containing a single anatropous ovule suspended by a funiculus rising from
the base of the cell. Fruit a smooth or hairy berry with thin dryish and resinous
sarcocarji and crustaceous or horny endocarp ; seed destitute of albumen and with
thin membranous testa.

(The name, /?//».s, is the old Latin and (Jreek name of the Sumach.)

179. RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA, 3. & H.

SoUR-WOOD. SolK Oak, SdrU-HKURV, ^rAHOOAXY.

Ger., Rcmerhoc re : Y\\, Smaur Occ'uh^nfal; Sp., Zumaque Occidental.

Specific Characters : — Leaven usually simple (but sometimes showing a dis-
position to become compoiuid, as leaves are found, especially on Santa Catalina
Isd., with from two to five leaflets) jiersistent. irregularly ovate-orbicular to obo-

U. S Dii-pdimiory, 17th ed., p. WM

RmS INTF.GRIFOLIA SoUR-WOOD, SoiR OaK, ]\[a11()(; ANY. 20

vate U to 3 in. long, rounded or obtusely pointed at apex, thick, coriaceous, with
revulute margin, irregularly spinose-dentate or entire, puberulous wlien voung
but at maturity glabrous, of a yellow-green color, i)aler beneatli, with broad' tliick
midrib, prominent veins and stout thick puberulous petioles about i in. in length.
Flowers (Feb. to April) dioecious or poiygamo-dici'cious, about i in. across in
sliort dense puberulous racemes which form terminal panicles 1-3 in. in length ;
pedicels short and each furnished with from two to four ciliate bracts ; sepals
concave, rose-colored, with ciliate margin ; petals about twice as long as the
sepals, rose-colored, ciliate and refiexed ; stamens as long as ju'tals, with slender
Hlaments and pale yellow anthers; pistil pubescent with hroadly ovoid ovary and
three-lobed capitate stigma. Fruit a red flattened subgloljosc ilrujie I in. or less
in length, very viscid-pubescent, tart in flavor and containing a flattened kidney-
shai)ed brown thick-Avalled stone.
(The specific name is from the Latin integer, entire, and folium, leaf.)

A small evergreen tree with low wide top of strai;-oliiiir branches,
the lowermost often reclining upon the gronnd, and all forming a
dome of foliage. In its center is found a short thick trunk, some-
times 2 or 3 ft. (O.T m.) in diameter, covered with a reddish-gray
bark which flakes olf in rather small irregular scales. It sometimes
attains the height of 30 ft. (9 m.). It is commonly only a wide
impenetrable bush, and when in exposed places close to the coast
seeming like a bank of foliage smoothly trimmed from the ground
up, and when these banks are bestrewn with its many waxen rose-
colored panicles of honey-scented flowers, or later with its hunches
of viscid red drupes, it is a very handsome object.

Habitat. — This Sumach is found along the Paciflc Coast from
near Point Conception into Lower California, and on some of the
off-lying islands, attaining its greatest development in Lower Cali-
fornia.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, with flue
grain and susceptible of a smooth polish ; the heart is of a salmon
pinkish color, lemon-yellow near the thin white sap-wood of eight
or ten annual layers. Specific Graviti/, 0.7SS0', Percentage of Ash ^
0.20; Relative Approximate Fuel Value 0.7815; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Paunch, 48.80.

Uses. — Little use is made of this wood save for fuel for which it
is very useful in regions where it abounds. The species is well worthy
of prominent rank, however, for ornamental purposes. A pleasant
refrigerant drink is made from the fruit as with the allied Rhus ovata.

Medicinal Properties are not recorded of this species, though the
beverage made from the fruit might suggest its usefulness in this
direction.

30 nouGn's Amekicax "Woc^ds.

i8o. RHUS LAURINA. Xitt.

Laikki, Sumach, Simach

Ger.. Loi'hr/'hlattr'Kjrr Simuich ; Fr., Suiiuk' ih- laurirr ; Sj).. Zum
aque de laurel.

Specific Characters : — Leaves simple, persistent, coriacious, 24-5 in. in
length, the i)etiole about half as long as tlie blade, which is ovate-lanceolate to
oblong, obtuse or rounded and mucronaie at apex, rounded at base, entire,
glaucous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, small (about a line in lengtii), yellow-
ish, in dense ample terminal or axillary compound panicles, 2-4 in. long. Fniit
a small oblong ovoid-globose whitish glabrous drupe, scarcely \ in. in length,
beaked with the stout styles, with thin tiesh and hard compressed stone.

(The specific name is'an adjective from the Latin, Jaurus, laurel, and refers
to the resemblance between the leaves of this species and those of the laurel.)

Generally an evertjreen, wide-branched, rather open shrub, but in
sheltered places on Santa Catalina Island it attains a height of 25 ft.
(7 or 8 m.), with crooked trunk 10 or 12 in. (o.oO m. i in diameter,
vested in a thin smooth beech-like bark less tlian \ in. in thickness
and of a dark gray color.

Habitat. — TXid ItJius lanrma is found along tlie coast from Santa
Barbara southward into Lower California, growing on the mesas and
hills near the coast and on the oif-lying islands.

Physical Properties. — AVood quite soft, light, not str(jng, witli
quite uniformly distributed ducts and susceptible of a smootli ])ohsh.
Specific gravity, etc.. we believe, have not been determined. The
largest trunks we have been able to find have contained no heart-wood;
hence we are unable to show or describe that. They consisted
entirely of sap-wood, wliich is of a pinkish-white color, darkest at the
rings, and showing quite rapid growth.

Genus HETEROMELES, Roemer.

Leaves persistent, simple, alternate, 2-4 in. long, coriacious. ol)ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, margin remotely serrate with sharp glandular
teeth, or occasionally almost entire, dark shining green above, jmler beneath,
with stout grooved petioles and broad mid ribs grooved above and often with one
or two glandular teeth near I he blade; stipules, subulate and early deciduous;
branchlets and leaves at first puberulent. Floicera (June to August) regular, per-
fect, in ample terminal corymbose panicles. 4-6 in. across, with caducous bracts;
calyx with turbinate tube inore or less tomentose below and withshort triangular
spreading persistent globes imbricated in a?stivation : petals 5, broad, white,
emarginate or minutely lobed at apex and inserted near the edge of the calyx
tube ; stamens 10. inserted in a single row witli the petals, with subulate incurved
filaments, and emarginate introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally; pistil
consisting of two carpels united with each other and with the calyx tube below ;
styles distinct, with terminal truncate stigmas, ovary 2-celled. each cell contaming
two ascending anatropous ovules. Fruit (ripe in Nov. and Dec.) scarlet, obovoid
or subglobose fleshv drupe-like berrv. mealy ami astringent in flavor, and formed
bv the thickening "of the calvx tube connate with the membranaceous carpels
below the middle but free above, and with the calvx lobes which close ni over the

HETKKONtKI.p;s AK'nrTIF(1I,IA ClIKIS r>[ AS-PjFKUY, Toi.i.ox. .'U

upper hairy I'lulsof tlio carpels and their tips turning outward erown ihesummit ;
seeds usually solitary in each cell, ovate lenticular, slightly ri<lged on the back,
with membranaceous light brown puncticulate testa and a conspicuous hilum, no
albumen.

The genus consists of the single following species and its name is derived from
the Greek t'Ttpos, different, and \i.f(kov, fruit, alluding to the difference between this
fruit and that of the allied genera.

i8i. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA, K<>kmeh.

Christmas-berry, California Holly, Toyox, Tollon.

Ger., Christfestheere ; Fr., lloux de CaUforiue ; Sp., Tollon.

The Cliristinas-berry is a small round-topped tree, sometimes 'M) ft,
(0 m.) ill height, \vith a trimk IS in. to 2 ft. (0.50 m.) in diameter,
vested in a rather thin light-gray hark, mottled with whitish, which
becomes fissured with age and reticulated by firmly adherent ridges.
Or it is often found fruiting as a shrub. It is a particularly l)eauti-
ful object when laden with its bunches of light-red berries, M'hicli
contrast strongly with its shining dark green foliage.

HABirAT. — The coast region of California, along slopes and the
l)orders of streams, from Mendocino Co. to Lower California, and on
the islands off the coast, where it attains its greatest development. It
extends eastward to the foothills of the Sierra Xevada and San Ber-
nardino Mountains.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
susceptible of a satiny polish, and often with a handsome mottled
figure. It is of a reddish-buff color, light near the bark, but gradually
darkening to the chocolate-brown heart-wood. Specijiic Gravity,
0.9326; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds, 58.12.

Uses. — Very little use is made of the Tollon, save for Christmas
decorations in California, for which its large bunches of bright scarlet
berries and shining dark green foliage make it very popular.

The highly ornamental value of the tree, especially when in fruit,
should give it high rank for ornamental pnrposes in parks and gardens.

]\[fdicixal Properties. — Tannic, gallic, and hydrocyanic acids
have l)een found in this plant.*

Order SAXIFRAGACE.ff3: Saxifrage Family.

Leaves simple or compound, alternate or whorled. with or without stipules.
Flowers perfect and mostly regular; sepals usually five, connate or distinct; cor-
olla of distinct petals, alternating with the sepals (or very rarely wanting);
stamens live, alternate with the petals, or double the number and iiiserted with
them on the cah'x-tube; pistil with ovary superior, carpels usually two united or

* U. S. Dispensatory, 17th ed., p. 16.52.

32 Hough's Americax "Woods.

rarely tbree; styles free or united at base and with terminal stigmas; ovules
numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarelj- indehiscent, and more rarely
fleshy with albuminous seeds.

Order consists of herbs. shrul« and trees of many species and wide distril)U-
tion.

Genus LYONOTHAMNUS, Gray.

Leaves opposite, persistent, coriacious, 3-8 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate,
rounded or wedge-shaped at base, long petiolate, simple or variously j.arted into
from 2-y remote segments, entire, irregularly crenate serrate or serrate-lobate
(sometimes all on the same branchlet). smooth, dark-green above, lighter and
more or less pubescent beneath, with prominent straight midribs, and very small
transverse parallel lateral veins; stipules minute and caducous; branchlets at first
pale or orange color and covered with pubescence which soon disai)pears, and
they are then smootli and of a reddish color. Flowers (June to July) jierfect, in
broad compound terminal pubescent cymes, 4-8 in. or more across, with minute
persistent acute bracts and bractlets ; calyx 1-8 bracteolate, with nearly triangular
persistent lobes, imbricated in a?stivation; petals 5, white, nearly orbicular and
also imbricated in aestivation; stamens 15 inserted on the margin of the disk
lining the calyx tube, with incurved subulate filamenls as long as the petals
and oblong introrse two-celled longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistils two, suj)e-
rior, with ovoid ovaries flattened on contiguous sides and glandular pube.scent;
style short, with capitate stigma: ovules four susjiended in each cell, anatropous.
Frnit (ripe in August and September) an ovoid glandidar woody follicle arranged
in pairs, y\ in. long, dehiscent along the ventral suture and partlv along the
dorsal, liberating its four ovate-oblong liglit-browu .seeds pointed at both ends,
with thin testa, broad wing-like raphe and .scant albumen.

The genus is represented by the following single species, and is named in com-
pliment to Mr. Wni. S. Lyon of Los Angeles, Cal., who discovered it in 1884.

182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS, (;kay.

Santa Catalixa Irox-wood, Santa Ckuz Irox-wood.

Ger., Elsenholtz von Scuita Catalina ; Fr., Bolfi dur <le Santa Caia-
lina y Sp., Arhol de Ilierro de Santa Cat a1 in a.

This verj interesting tree attains tlie lieiglit of from 30 to 50 ft. (15
ni.), with straiglit trnnk nsually ridged aiul fluted, 12- IJ: in. (0.35 ni.)
in diameter, vested in a reddish-gray hark which exfoliates in long
strips, similar to that of old Grape xiwa trunks, revealing purple-
hrown papery layers l)eneath. With small graceful hranches and
rather open foliage the tree has a very characteristic appearance, and
when adorned with its broad cymes of white flowers terminating each
branchlet is a beautiful object.

Habitat. — Found only on the uplands of Santa Cruz, Santa Cata-
lina and Santa Ilosa, growing in small, very exclusive groves along
the slopes and ridges near the bottoms of canons, rarely, if ever,
growing singly or scattered to any extent among other trees. The
exclusive nature of the species, at least as I have seen it on Santa Cat-
alina Island, is singidarly interesting, the patches of foliage produced
by the small groves scattered here and there along the canons being
very conspicuous as looked down upon from a commaiuling summit.

Elcai.vpti s (ii.ojui.rs — Elcalvi'Tis. I5i.ri; ( iiM, (iiM-TRKi;. ''^3

Piivsu'Ai, pKDi'KKTiKs. — Tlic w'ood is Very heavy, (jtiitc hard,
close-iiTaiiied, ■witli fine mednllary rays, and susceptible of a good
])()lisli. Ir is of a })iiikish liiitl" coloi", the lieart-wood srriped and
ni(»riKMl with piirpHsli hrown, ;uid aiiiph; sap-wood jiiottled witii
oranii:e. Specijia Gravit//, 0.S()'2!); Relative Approximate Fuel
Yahi(\ 0.71^88; Percentage of A-sh, (I.T)!; Weif/ht of a CuVw Foot in
PoHiidx. :)(».( 15.*

UsKs. — Little ii.se is r.iade of this tree, though it will doubtless liud
the place in oi-naniental planting or for potting in green houses to
which the beauty of its flowers and singularity of its foliage entitle it.
Medr'ixai, Pkopekties are not known of this species.

Order MYRTACEiE : Myrtle Famha'.

Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, without stipules, often pellucid-punctate,
coriacious and with marginal vein. Floicers usual!}' perfect ; calyx-lobes valvate
or imbricate or consolidated into a lid : petals 4 or 5 (rarely 6 or wanting) epigy-
nous : stamens numerous; ovary usually inferior (rarely free) 2-many celled
(rarely 1-celled), styles undivided ; ovules 2 or many, amphitropous. Fruit a cap-
sule or berry ; seeds without albumen.

A large and important order of about 1800 species, mostly of trees and shrubs
of warm climates, generally pervaded with a fragrant and pungent volatile oil
and producing various spices, edible fruits, etc.

Genus EUCALYPTUS, L'Heritier.

Leaves thick, coriacious. smooth, mostly alternate though on young shoots
generally opposite, entire or nearly so, with thick margin, opposite sides generally
alike ami arranged vertically by a twist in the petiole, glandular- punctate and of
marked flavor and odor vviien bruised. Floicers in 3-15 flowered umbels or soli-
tary in th(' axils of the leaves, with firm cup-like calyx which opens with a decid-
uous lid ; [)etals wanting ; stamens very rmmerous, with slender filiform filaments
incurved in aestivation and conspicuously crowning and radiating from the edge
of tlie cup after tiie lid falls away, and with small introrse anthers ; ovary inferior
with s'veral cells containing numerous ovules on axial placentae. Fruit a firm
woody cup-like, cajjsule loculicidally dehiscent at the top when mature and liber-
ating many abortive and perfect seeds.

A very interesting and important genus of nearly 150 species of trees, confined
in a native state to Australia and tlie neighboring islands, some of great economic
value and among them there are giants attaining the great height of 400 ft. and
upwards — the only rivals of our great Sequoias in size. The name Eucalyptus
is from the Greek. «v, 7rell, and, KaXvirreiv, to cover, alluding to the stamens being
well covered by the lid.

183. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, Labill.
ErcALYPTus, Blue Gum, Gum-tree.

Ger., Fncali/ptif.'i ; Fr., Eucalyptus ; Sp., Eucalyptus.

Leaves variable to the extreme on the same tree, those of young trees to the
lieight of ten or fifteen feet and tiiose on tiie lowermost brandies to about the
same lieigiit on larger trees, being opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong, heart-shaped at
base, 4-S in. long and 2-4 in. broad, very glaucous blue green, erect and horizon-
tally disposed upon the branchlet, which is strongly four-angled and glaucous

* Garden and Forest, Vol. Ill, p. 344.

<J4 Hovgh's AM?:RirAx "Woods.

blue-green. The leaves on the upper branches, and uonstituting the bulk of the
foliage of large trees, are alternate, petiolate, linear-lanceolate and more or less
falcate, wedge-shai)ed at base, 012 in. long and |-2 in. broad, not glaucous, of
a yellow-green color, penilent and vertically disposed on the branchlet by a twist
in the petiole. Floicers large, generalh" solitary in the axils of the leaves, with
thick flattened peduncle about as long as broad; young operculum conical, the
length of tlie four-sided cnpule. Fruit a top-sliaped capsule about an inch long
and broad, glaucous and with four longitudinal ridges outside (hence somewhat
four-sided) nearly flat above but depressed and mucronate in the middle, dehiscent
at maturity by a slit near the center on top ac the summit of each of tlie four or
five cells, and through these are liberated the black angular irregular fertile seeds,
about one line in diameter, and a considerably larger number of brown compressed
linear sterile seeds.

The specific name is the Latin, globulus, given to this species on account of its
" button-shaped " capsules.

This very interestino; tree in the forests of its native land attains tlie
great height of -ioO ft. (120 ni.), with straight cohimnar trnnks 14-16
ft. (5 ni.) in diameter. In CaHfornia it lias not yet had time to attain
such dimensions, but the climatic conditions seem perfectly adapted to
it, and it may attain such dimensions here in time. Such is its marvel-
ous rapidity of growth that trees in San Jose, Cal., for example,
known to be only ten years old, have been found to be eighteen inches
in diameter of trunk and in the vicinity of 80 or 90 ft. high.* The
young trees, until 10 or 15 ft. in height, present ''a Unished type of
elegance," exclusively with rich glaucous foliage, its bluish cast being
a very conspicuous feature. As the tree grows older the narrow
sickie-shaped yellowish-green leaves appear at the summit, and in time
these constitute the bulk of the foliage. Its two kinds of leaves give
it a very singular appearance. The tree develops a tall, narrow and
generally irregular head, sometimes almost spire-shaped, and, owing
to the vertically arranged upper leaves, which ])resent a minimum
amount of surface to the sun's rays, casts but little shade. The bark
of the trunk is of a mottled grayish-brown color, smooth and thin,
owing to the annual exfoliation of the outer layers which fall off in
long strips and irregular plates, leaWng a yelloM-ish -brown inner bark,
which gradually darkens on exposure to the light.

Habitat. — The native home of the Blue Gum is southern Aus-
tralia and Tasmania, whence it has been extensively introduced into
the warmer parts of Euro))e, Asia and America. In California it is
very extensively planted and thrives wonderfully throughout the state
generally, where the temperature does not fall much, below the frost
mark, and it has become naturalized in places.

Physical Pkoperties. — The wood is quite heavy, hard, strong,
with many fine open ducts, with both annular rings and medullary

* Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees. By El wood Cooper, p. 20.

Order Cactack.k. 35

rays rather obscure, very fliirahle in contact with sea water anrl ditli-
cnlt to split owing to an interhraiding of the fibers. It is of a grayish-
brown color, with lighter sap-wood.

Uses. — The wood is little used in this country, save for fuel, for
which it is excellent. This fact, together with the rapidity of growth
of the tree, make it pre-eminently the fuel tree for the regions in
which it thrives best, and which happen often to be regions most
poorly supplied with native trees; hence, most in need of it. In its
native land the wood of the Blue Gum is highly prized for various
construction purposes. The value of the tree for ornamental plant-
ing, and especially for wind-breaks, is of great importance, and it has
lieen found of hygienic value for planting in malarial regions, the
miasma being counteracted by its presence. So strongly is this
attribute appreciated in Southern Europe, where it is extensively
planted for reclaiming malarious marsh-lands, that it is known there
as the Fever-tree. Its presence greatly diminishes the number of
cases of fever and ague.

A decoction of the leaves is used to cut the rust in stearr^ boilers,
Medicixal Properties. — A volatile oil is extracted from the fresh
leaves by distillation and this applied locally acts as a powerful irri-
tant. Taken internally, it is a stimulating narcotic and lias been used
with asserted success in migraine and other forms of neuralgia. xVs
an antispasmodic it has been highly lauded in asthma, for which affec-
tion it is best given by inhalation. Cigarettes made of the drv leaves
are sometimes smoked or the vapor from boiling water containing the
oil is inhaled for the same affection. It is often employed to advantage
in bronchitis. It is claimed also to have superior antiseptic proper-
ties; hence its usefulness applied externally with chronic skin affec-
tions and ulcerations where a stimulant antiseptic application is
indicated.*

Order CAOTACEJE : Cacti-s Faotly.

Leaves generally wanting, sometimes minute and deciduous (rarely perfect,
flat, and petiolate); stems green, fleshy, covered with tubercles, cylindrical, flat,
or variously angled, channelled or winged, elongated, simple or branched or glo-
bose, with thick usually green bark and loose cellular tissue, without stipules,
usually furnished with remarkable spines springing in fascicles from ariola? in
the axils of leaves or absent leaves. Flowers perfect, usually solitary, often
large and showy, ephemeral: sepals numerous, the inner petal-like, united below
for considerable lei)gth into a tube adnate to the ovary: petals delicate, in twi;
or more rows united below with the sepals: stamens numerous in several rows,
with long filiform filaments and introrse two-celled longitudinally dehiscent
anthers: ovary inferior, one-celled with parietal placent* and numerous anatro-
pous ovules: style simple, elongated and stigmas as many as the placenta?.

* U. S. Dis-penmUtry , 17th ed., p. 516-51".

#> Hoi'dn's .V.MKKICA.N AV(»!»1)S.

Fruit a pulpy umbilicate berry, smooth or furnished with spines and containing
numerous seeds, with or without albumen, buried in the pul|>.

A large order of few -jenera, but many species, of plants of very i)eculiar aspect,
confined quite exclusively to the American continent, natives of dry arid regions
and most abundant in or near the tropics.

Genus OPUNTIA, Tounrefort,

Leaves small, subulate, on the young branches and early deciduous. Flowers
yellow, red or purple, sessile and solitary, on the joints of the previous year,
springing from tiie ariola? which produce the spines, with short cuji-shaped
tube; calyx-tube not protkiced beyond the ovary, lobes numerous; petals spread-
ing or half erect; stamens siiorter than the petals; ovary bearing bristles in the
axils of the deciduous sepals. Fruit succulent and often edible, pear-shaped or
barrel-shaped berries, truncate, with wide umbilicose apex, bearing small and
easily detachable spines in the ariolaj and containing large white compressed
seeds having embryo coiled around the albumen; cotyledons large and foliacious.

Fleshy, articulated and much-branched plants, low and prostrate or erect and
shrub or tree-like with stems quite terete at base and branches flattened or
terete and bearing in ariolse numerous minutelj' barbed spines and bristles.
A large genus of one hundred and fifty or more species, natives of America, but
some have become widely naturalized in the old world. Opmitia is from the
name of a Greek town, 'Oirovs, near which some cactus-like plants wei-e men-
tioned by Pliny as growing.

184. OPUNTIA TUNA, Mill.

Missiox Cactus. Indian Fig. Prickly Pear.

Ger., Indimhe Fe'uje ; Fr. , Eigne d' Lidien • Sp., Tnnal.

Specific Characters; — Joints of the branches flat and obovate to oblong with
/ather distant fascicles of stout yellow spreading unequal minutely barbed
spines. Fruit rich carmine within, 2-4 in. long and furnished with minute
prickles, edible.

{Tuna is the Spanish name of the fruit of the Indian Fig.)

An erect or inclining Cactus, sometimes 15 ft. (4.50 m.) in height,
witli brandies formed by the wide flat joints, armed with strong yel-
low spines, sometimes 2 in. in length, and short cylindrical but still-
jointed trunk, sometiines 12 or 18 in. (0.40 m.) or more in diameter.
In thickets of the Cactus the trunk is longer, sinuous and partially
procuinl)ent.

IIahitat. — The native liome of tlie Opnntki Tmia is South
America and the West Indies. It has been extensively introduced,
however, into southern Europe and other warm regions. It was
early planted about the old missions of southern California, and has
there become naturalized, springing occasionally from seed and often
from detached joints wliich liave been dumped in waste places and there
take root.

Physical Propertiks. — "Wood <>f very kK)sc open structure, really
a framework, with intervals tilled with a thick viscid, colorless fluid,

OpiNTiA Tl'na — ]\[issiox Cactus, Indian Fig, Pkr-ki.y Peak. 37

which disappears wlieu the stems are cut and dried, and only the
framework remains. These skeletons of cactus stems and leaves,
some of them heautiful specimens of filagree, persist for a time after
the plant has died, hleached white and bestrown over the gi-ound of
the cactus regions.

Usf:s. — The principal use of the O^mntia Tumi with us is for
ornamental ])lanting and for hedges, and most effective l)arriers do they
make, o\ving to their many strong and exceedingly sharp spines.
They Avere quite generally planted about mission walls in southern
California in early days, and we can imagine invading Indians must
have considered it worse to pass than the adobe wall itself. The
plant has also been used extensively for hedges in southern Europe,
and we learn that when the Island of St. Christopher was to be divided
between the English and French three rows of this cactus were planted
by common consent along the boundaries. The fruit is edible l)ut
unless the numerous minute hair-like prickles are thoroughly wiped
off and rind removed before ti^dng to eat it the barbed prickles are
sure to become lodged in the lining of the mouth and annoy one for
some days after

This is a favorite species of Cactus for supporting the cochineal insect,
an industry principally of Mexico, Central America and the Canary
Islands.

Medicinal Properties are not recorded of this species.

Order CORNACEiE : Dogwood Famly.

Leaves opposite (except in one species) simple, mostly entire. Flowerft in cymes
often involucrate. polypetalous (exceptionally apetalous), 4- numerous ; calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary", its limb minute ; petals valvate in the bud, oblong, sessile
and, with the stamens, borne on an epigynous disk in the ])erfect flowers ; ovary
1-celled, bearing a single suspended ovule ; style single, somewhat club shaped.
Fruit a 1-2 seeded baccate drupe, bearing the persistent limb of the calyx.

Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with bitter, tonic bark.

Genus CORNUS, Tournefort.

Leaves opposite (excepting one species, C. aUernifolia). simple, deciduous, entire,
without stipules and clustered at the ends of the branchlets; bud-scales accrescent.
Flowers perfect (in some foreign si)ecies dioecious), small, 4-nunierous, in nakei!
cymes, or in iieads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre : calyx with 4 minute
segments; petals distinct, oblong, spreading, sessile; stamens exserted, with slender
filaments : pistil solitary, with slender style, terminal stigma and inferior ovary;
cells usually 2 each containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a small drupe
containing a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone ; seeds oblong, with embyro straight or
nearly so and surrounded with co]iious albumen.

Trees, shrubs and perennial herbs with bitter tonic bark, chiefly of the northern
temperate zone of both hemisphei'es. {Coniut* is the Latin for horn, in allusion
to the hardness of the wood. )

gb Horfars Amkrk'an AVoods.

185. CORNUS NUTTALLII, Aldubox.
Westeu.n J)()(;\\()()i>. FL()\vi;iii.\(; Doowood.

Ger., WestUchcr IIai'frl>'(jd ; Fr., Coriiu'iUici' oecklental • Sp.. Cor-
nel occidental .

Specific Characters : — Leaves involute in vernation, ovate to obovate, 3-5 in.
long, faintly crenulate-serrate, acute apex and wedge-shaped at base, tonientose
at first but finally pubei-ulent above and pubescent beneath, clustered at the ends
of the branchlets, with prominent mid-ribs impressed above, and stout petioles
I in. or so in length and having large clasping base; branchlets light gi-een
and pale tonientose at first, but finally darker and marked with elevated lunate
leaf-scars. In autumn the leaves assume brilliant orange and scarlet hues before
falling. Flotcers open in early spring in dense cymose heads which appear
the summer before from the axils of the uppermcst pair of lateral leaf buds and
remain dormant during tlie winter, while the tree is leafless. They are then
hemispherical, about a half incli across, subtended (but not enveloped) by 4 to G
involucral scales and supported by a stout pubescent peduncle an inch or less in
length. When the flowers open the involucral scales are verN' conspicuous
becoming by that time H— 3 in. long, oblong to obovate or nearly orbicular in
outline, entire, thickened and more or less acute at apex, white or tinted with
yellow or pink, puberulous and conspicuously 8-ribbed ; caly.x terete, slightly
urceolate, puberulous outside and yellow-green, or in one form light purple, with
four reddish purple lobes; i)etals 4, strap-shaped, I'ounded at apex and j-ellow-
gi-een or yellow below the middle and purplish above ; pistil solitarj- with
columnar style and capitate stigma. Fruit (ripe in Oct.) ovoid bright red or
orange drupes about a half inch long crowned with the persistent calyx lobes and
mutually compressed into a dense subsplierical head, with flesh thin and mealy
and stone obtuse at both ends, 2 celled (sometimes 1-eelled by obliteration of the
other) and with a single compressed seed in each cell.

(Species named after the naturalist, Thos. Nuttall, who first distinguished it
from the eastern C. JJorida.)

A beautiful tree ordinarily not more tlian .">(» or 60 ft. (18 m.) in
^leig^lit, exeeptionally 100 ft. (30 in.), or with trunk more tliaii 2 ft.
(OJ'A) u\.) in diameter, with rather slender spreading branches form-
in<2; a roiindcd top. 'V\\c. l)ark of trunk is very smooth, of a gray-
brown color mottled wliitisli in j)atchcs. On very large trees it is of
a red-lirown color chccki'd on the snrface into small thin appressed
scales.

IIaiutat. — From the valley of the F^razer River and Vancouver's
Island southward along the coast region of Wasiiington and Oregon
to the San Bernardino Mountains in California and along the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, thriving in the shade of the
coniferous forests and attaining its largest size in the Redwood region
of northern California and northward. In the somber gloom of these
evergreen forests its showy tlowersin springtime, or later its brilliant
fruit and orange and scarlet autunmal foliage have a very striking
and pleasing effect. No tree of tlie western forests bears more
beautiful or conspicuous tiowi-rs than the Hower clusters of this tree.

Olea Europea — Olive. 39

Physical Properties. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough,
ch)se-graiiied, with tine luedullary rays, and susceptible of a very
smooth polish. The heart-wood is of a light red-brown color, which
does not generally appear, however, until the tree is upwards of forty
or fifty years old, and the abundant sap-wood is of a creamy-white
color. Speelp'c Gmviti/, O.l-iSl; Percentage of Ash, 0. hi) \ Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7444:; Coefficient of Elasticity, 103081;
Modulus of Rupture, 991 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 663;
Resistance to Indentation, 242 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds^
46.62.

Uses . — Wood valuable for use in turnery, as for tool liandles,
mallets, etc., and, as with the eastern Dogwood, for metal-spinners'
forms. It is also used to some extent in cabinet making.

The highly ornamental nature of the tree would suggest its occupy-
ing a foremost rank for decorative purposes, but, as if Nature were
covetous of its beauty for the fastnesses of the forests which it nat-
urally adorns, it is difficult of propagation elsewhere, and though
repeated attempts have been made to raise it elsewhere in America
and in Europe, they have generally met ^vith failure.

Order OIjIjACE.S: : Olive Family.

Leaves opposite and single or pinnately compound. Floivers monopetalous
(rarely apetalous or polypetalous) ; calyx 4-cleft. toothed or entire, or sometimes
wanting, corolla regular, deleft (or sometimes 4-petalous, or even wanting alto-
gether) ; stamens only 2 (or rarely 4) ; ovary 2-celled with usually two suspended
ovules in each cell. Fruit fleshy or capsular, containing 4 (or fewer) seeds.

Represented by trees and shrubs.

Genus OLEA, Toltixefort.

Leaven simple and entire or rai-ely toothed, persistent. Flowers small, white,
fragrant and in (Centripetal axillary or terminal clusters; calyx small with indu-
plicate lobes, persistent ; corolla funnel-shaped with valvate lobes and short tube :
stamens 2 or 1, little exserted ; style short and stigma bifitl. Fruit a subglobose
or oblong oily drupe, with l-2celled pit, one cell being often abortive, and fleshv
albumen.

A genus of about '65 species of trees and shrubs mostly natives of Asia and Africa
and the name is the ancient Latin name of the Olive tree.

i86. OLEA EUROPEA, Lixn.eus.

Olive.

Ger.. Olivenholz ; Fr., Olivier; Sp., Olivo.

Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, stiff , coriacious, 2-4 in. long, mucronate at
apex, and gradually narrowing at base to a very short petiole, with entire revolute
margin, .smooth dark green above, whitish squamose beneath with minute silvery
scales : branchlets angular and hoary-squamose. Flowers in panicles lobes of
corrola valvate in the bud. Fruit an ellipsoidal oily drupe, "from al)out | to

40 ir<H(;n*s Amkkicax Woods.

11 in. in lungth, uf a bkiish-hhu-k color and astringent bitter flavor only fit to
eat alter being treated and picrkled. It has been greatly improved by cultivation,
the fruit of tiie wild tree being small and comparatively worthless. Many varie-
ties are found in cultivation based mainly npon the (piality of the fruit.

A small to niediuin-sized ever«roeii tree of ■willow-like aspect occa-
sionally attaining the height of 40 or 50 ft. (14 ni.) with irregular top
of few large branches and rather open airy foliage, parti-colored, as
the wind tnrns up the leaves and reveals the white under surfaces in
strong contrast with the dark green of the upper surfaces. The trunk
is irregular, with ridges, buttresses and burls, and occasionally attains
the diameter of 12 to IS in. (0.40 m.) or more, clothed with tliin gray
bark scarcely more than ^ in. in thickness fissured into narrow
iibrous thick-scaled ridges. It commences to bear fruit very earlv,
the fourth year from slips or cuttings and the seventh or eightli fi-om
the seed, and also lives to very great age.

Habitat. — The Olive is thought to be a native of Asia Minor, l)ut
has been cultivated from the earliest times in Syria and Palestine,
and was thence distributed throughout the whole IMediterranean
region where it has generally become naturalized. AVitli the found-
ing of the old missions it was introduced into soutliei-n California
where olive-growing has now become a great and lucrative industry,
and the tree has become sparingly naturalized. Tt thi-ives in neai-ly
every well-drained soil, even those that are too poor for (»ther fruits,
and has a wonderful constitution for withstanding drouth.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, of very
smooth Une grain, with irregular annual rings, minute evenly dis-
tributed ducts and line obscure medullary rays. It is susceptible of a
very smooth ])olish aiul is of a ]Mnk-buff color mottled and streaked
with rich orange-brown, which appears in irregular continent and
concentric rings in the transverse section, and the sap-\vood is of a
very light yellow coloi-.

The wood is much valued in turnery, but the great value of the tree
is in its fruit, and it is this which makes it one of the most valuable of
trees. The fresh fruit is of a strongly astringent l)itter flavor when
fresh, and has to be soaked in water containing potash and lime to
expel its bitterness befoi-e it is fit to eat. It is then bottled and
marketed in an aromatized salt ])ickle. For this use its green fruit
has generally l)een used, though .there is a constantly increasing
demand for the pickled ripe olives.

Olive oil, which is the lightest of the fixed non-drying oils, is
obtained from the pulp of the ripe fruit by expression. So rich

Fkaxtms Oheooxa — ()ki:<;<>\ Ash. 41

is the fruit in tliis oil tluit a siujj;le old Olive tree in the Levant is
recorded as liavino- ])r()dn('ed in a sino;ie season 24-0 ([narts of oil.

A gum-resin exuding from the old trunks has an odor like vanilla
and is used in Italy as i)erf umery.

JNIkdicinal Properties. — Olive oil is niucli used in medicines,
mainly as a constituent of liniments, ointments, cerates and plasters,
and as a vehicle or diluent of more active substances. It is occasion-
ally o■i^•en as a feeble purgative in cases of irritable intestines, and is
also useful when taken in larger quantities to involve acrid and poison-
ous substances and mitigate their action. Externally applied, it is
useful in relaxing the shin and in sheathing in-itated surfaces from
the air.'"

Genus FRAXINUS, Tournefort.

Leaven petioled. oddly-pinnate, with 3-15 toothed or entire leaflets. Flower.t
small, racemed or panicled. from the axils of the last year's leaves, the American
representatives ditecious and apetalous; calyx and corolla, when present, as
described for the order; anthers large, linear or oblong; style single, stigma
2-cleft. Fruit a l-2-celled, flattened samara, winged at the apex, 1-2 pendulous
seeds in each cell.

(The ancient Latin name of the Ash; supposed to be from tlie Greek «})pa|is, a
separation, alluding to the facility with which the wood splits.)

187. FRAXINUS OREGONA, XrxT.
Oregon Ash.

Ger., Orf(j<mh<'hp Iurh(' ; Fr., Frene d''Ore(j(m; Sp., Fre.mo <1e

Oregon.

Specific Characters : — Leaves more or less tomentose (sometimes becoming
glabrous wiien old) .5-14 in. long, with 5-7 oval to oblong sessile orsubsessile leaf-
lets ((.he terminal petiolulate). acute, entire or nearly so, o-l in. long, gradually
narrowing at base, light green above, paler beneath. Flowers appear in April or
May, as the leaves unfold, dioecious, in compact glabrous panicles, the scarious
rounded bracts early deciduous: calyx of the staminate flower minute, that of
tbe pistillate flower lacineate ; stamens two with short filaments and oblong
apiculate anthers ; style stout and conspicuously 3-lobed. Fruit 1-3 in. long,
clavate. marginle-s iit base, gradually margined above and predated into a wing
rounded and variously einarginate or apiculate at apex.

A line tree, sometimes 80 ft. (24 m, ) in height, with symmetrical
top of stout branches and columnar trunk ?> or 4 ft. (1 m.) in
diameter. Tlie bark of trunk is of a dark grayish-brown color,
tissured into broad ridges and exfoliating in thin scales.

Haritat. — The Oregon Ash is found throughout -western Wash-
ington, Oregon and the coast region of California as far .south as the
vicinity of San Francisco, and along the western bases of the Sierra

*(V. S. Dispensatory, ITth edition, p. 956.)

^ Hough's Amkkican AVoods.

Nevada Mountains to the southern part of the state, growinu; in'
bottom-lands and along the borders of streams.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, quite strong, coarse-
grained, Avith thin medullary rays and with annual rings marked l)y a
conspicuous band of large open duets. It is of a brownish color, with
abundant lighter sap-wood. S/h'rific Gravity, 0.5781; Pevcentaije
^y'yl .*?/<, 0.34; Relatii''(' Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5712; Coefficient
of Elasticity, 84818; Modulus of Rupture, 665; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 520; Resistance to Indentation, 166;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 85.72.

Uses. — One of the most useful of the deciduous-leaved trees of
the Pacific states. The wood of the Oregon Ash is extensively used
in the manufactnre of furniture and interioi- linishing, in cooperage,
for the frames of vehicles and for fuel. It is also ot value as a shade
tree for street planting.

Order SOIiANACE.53 : Nightshade Family.

Leaves alternate (the uppermost generally geminate), without stipules. Flou-era
perfect and regular or nearly so, 5-numerous ; calyx-lobes persistent ; corolla
ruonopetalous. hypogenous ; stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and
inserted on them ; ovary 2-celled with very numerous ovules on axial placenta* ;
stvle simple and with simple stigma. Fruit a 2-celled capsule or berry contain-
ing many amphitropous or campy lotropous seeds with fleshy albumen.

A large and important order of mostly herbs but some shrubs (erect or climbing)
and fewer trees. Most of tlie representatives are pervaded by a narcotic poison,
yet some of the lepsesentatives, as the potato, tomato, etc.. are among our most
important food-plants. Some are of great medicinal value.

Genus NICOTIANA, Touknefort.

Leaves simple, entire or rarely sirmate-lobed. Flowers generally in terminal
racemes or panicles, the lowermost sometimes solitary in the axils ; calyx cani-
panulate or oblong, n-cleft. i)ersistent ; corolla various, funnel-form or salvei-
form, usually with a long tul)e and the 5-toothed limb plaited and convoluted m
the bud; stamens mostly inehided and witli stout anthers opening lengthwise;
pistil Willi long style and cai)itate or depressed stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Fruit
a smooth 2-celled capsule, closely invested by the persistent calyx, with broad
axial placentae bearing numerous" minute seeds and dehiscent at maturity by two
to four valves from tlie apex.

An extensive genus of mostly rank, viscid, pubescent, acrid-narcotic annual
herbs, but few somewhat woody at b.ase. and one a glabrous small tree. The
iiame is after Jean Nicot who lived in tiie Kith century and is rejwrted to have
«ent the tirst tobacco to Queen Catherine de Medici who soon acquired a taste for it.

XicoTiAXA (w.AiTA ^ Trek Tobacco, Wild Toisacco. 4:5

i88. NICOTIANA GLAUCA, Ukaii.

Trek Tobacco, A¥ili) Tobacco.

Ger., Baumifiche/' Tdbdk ; Fr., Tahav d'arhre ; Sp., Tahaco de

Arhol.

Specific Characters : — Leanes persistent from broad-ovate to lance-oblong,
G-6 in. long, with long [)etioles more tlian half as long as the blade, mostly acute
at apex and cuneate or ronnded at base, sometimes subcordate, glaucous, as are
also the branchlets. F/owei-s in lax slender terminal panicles, the lowermost
flowers from the axils of leaves, tlie others mostly from the axils of small sub-
ulate bracts ; calyx tubular, campanulate, about i in. long, with 5 unequal sharp
teetli : corolla greenisli yellow, pubescent outside, tubular. 1-1 J in. long, con-
tracted below the very short cup-shaped limb and with five very short segments.
Fruit an oblong-ovoid, 2-valved capsule, about i in. or less in length, closely
invested by the persistent calyx, dehiscent septifracally from the apex by two
valves each again splitting down loculicidally part way and the placental column
is left in the center with its numerous minute oblong seeds about -J line in
lengtii.

The specific name, glauca, is a Latin word descriptive of the blue-green color
of the leaves and branche~

A small tree, (jiiite distinct on account of its slim top, straight
wand -like branches, with sea-green bark and sparse glaucous foliage.

It occa.sionally attains the height of 20 ft. (6 m,), with a trunk S
or 10 in. (0.25 m.) in diameter, having a rather thin l)rown ])ark
fissured into irregular plates and papery scales.

IlAniTAT. — The Xicofldna glanoa is a native of Buenos Ay res. It
has been introduced into southern California, presumably for
oriuimental purposes, and has become thoroughly naturalized, at least
in the Coast region, and is common along streams, bottom-lands and
neglected lots in the vicinity of towns.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, l)rittlc, with minute
regularly arranged open ducts and tine medullary I'ays. It is of a
jjrownish yellow color, with lighter sap-wood.

TsES. — We know of no use to which this tree is ap{)licd save for
ornamental planting. Its leaves are in no way suitable as a substitute
for tobacco, as its name and affinities might imply.

Order EUPHORBIACE A.ffl : Spurge Family.

Leaves alternate, mostly simple and with fungacious stipules. Flowers monoe-
cious or dioecious, sometimes without floral envelopes; calyx, if present, gamo-
sepalous ; corolla poly{)etalous or monopetalous, liypogenus or perigenous, or
commonly wanting, imbricated or twisted in a?stivati(>n : stamens 1 to many
with globose or dulymous anthers : pistil witli free usually 3-celled ovary (rarely
1 to 2 or several-celled) with a single or pair of anatropous ovules suspended from
the summit of each cell. Fruit a capsule mostly 3-celled and :Mobed, the lobes
elastically separating from a persistent axis and then loculicidally splitting into
two valves ; seeds anatropous, crustaceous, with large straight embryo, broad
cotvledons and rather scant albumen.

44: n< iron's A^lkricax Woods.

A very large and important order of over 3,000 species of lierbs, slirulis and
trees, usually with ii^ilky, acrid juice. About half of the representatives belong
to tropical America and some yield valuable medicines, others active poisons and
others important foods.

GENUS RICINUS, Tourxefort.

Leaves alternate, large (often a foot or two acro.ss) peltate and palmately seven
to many lobed. lobes unecjually serrated. Floirers monoecious, disposed in long,
glaucous, sub- paniculate racemes at the ends of the branches, short pediceled, the
staminate clustered above pistillate flowers ; calyx in the staminate flowers closeil
in the bud, in the pi.stillate sheath-like, cleft and very caducous ; petals wanting
in both sorts of flowers: stamens very numerous, with crowded branched filaments,
each branch bearing two separate roundish anther-cells ; ovary 3-celled with
2-cleft plumose styles and a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a subglobose smooth
or prickly capsule, hardly 1 in. in diameter and dehiscent septicidally from tlie
base into three cells (cocci) which in turn are dehiscent loculicidally and from
each is liberated a large compressed oblong seed, with smooth crustaceous brown
and white testa, terminal hilum, fleshy albumen and broad flat cotyledons.

A genus of the single following species (of which, however, there are several
garden varieties) and the name, Ricinus, is the ancient Latin name of a tick which
insect the seeds of this plant are said to resemble.

189. RICINUS COMMUNIS. L.

Castor-ijka.v Trkk. Taima Ciikista.

Ger.. Iitriiiushaum : Fr., Arhfi' de Jilcin ■ Sp., ArhoJ <!(' Ricino.

The Castor Bean Tree, or the Castor Oil Plant as it is commonly known, is
remarkable in that in temperate climates it is an herbaceous annual, blossoming
and maturing its fruit the flrst year, but in tropical and sub-tropical regions it
becomes a woody perennial — a veritable tree. It sometimes attains the height
of 20 or 80 ft. (7.50 m.) with broad, rounded, full top and trunk sometimes a foot
(0.80 m.) in diameter, with quite thin smooth gray bark.

As ail niiiinal, tlirongliout the ijreater part of \\\v Cnircd States, it i,-
a \iiioruus stately plant from ?> to lo feet in lic'i<^''ht. nf a sti'ikiiiu- aiul
liii^iily ornamental aspect on account of its symmetrical form, lariic
peltate leaves and consjncuons flower clusters. In its tree fi»i-m it is
scarcely less ornamental, tliou<i:;1i there the leaves do not often attain
tlie maximum dimensions.

IlAiuTA'r. — The native home of the Castor Bean is thouij^ht to he
isither tropical Africa or tropical Asia, Imt so ahundantly has it heen
])lante(l and hecoiriC naturalized throui^hout all warm coujitries that it
is a point difficult to determine. Jt is thorouirhly naturalized in
scnithern California, growini>- luxuriously in rich l>otrom-lands. espe-
cially in the vicinity of Los Angeles and San Pedro.

PuvsicAi. pRoi'ERTiKs. — AVood vcrv light, soft, not strong, of rapid
growth, with (piite large evenly distrihuted open ducts, obscure annual
rings and tine medullary rays. The heart- wood is of a mottled hrown
?olor, and the sap-wood is nearly white, green-tinted near tlie hark.

Jrci.ANs Califoknioa — California AValmt. 45

UsKs. — The gvent economic value of tlie liichm.s fojurnxnis^ and
for which the phint is extensively grown in warm countries, is the
valual)le tixed oil which is expressed from its seeds. This is used
chietly in medicine, hut is also valuable as a lubricant and formerly
was used as a luminant. Some years ago the streets of Lima, Peru, it
is said, were lighted by it, and the machines used in the works of the
sugar plantations of Peru were lubricated by it. Tlie Castor Bean is
very popular for ornamental gardening for wiiich it is admirably
adapted, as it springs (piickly from the seed and soon becomes a large
and beautiful plant of tropical aspect.

Medicinal Properties. — Castor Oil, expressed from the seed, is
a mild and speedy cathartic, decidedly the best and safest cathartic, as
a general rule, for children.

Order JUGLANDACEiE : Walnut Family.

Leaves alternate, pinnate and without stipules. Flotcers monrecious and apetal-
oup. excejit in some cases in the fertile flowers. Sterile Jloirers in catkins with
an irregular calyx adnate to the scale of the catkin. Fertile fiowers solitary or
in small clusters, with calyx regularly 3-5-lobed, adherent to the incompletely
'2-4-celled. but lovuled ovary. Fruit a sort of dry drupe (a tryma), with a fibrous
and more or less fleshy and coriaceous outer coat very astringent to the
taste, a hard, bony inner coat, and a 2-'4-lobed seed, which is orthotropous,
with thick, oily and often corrugated cotyledons and no albumen.

All representatives of the order are trees.

Genus JUGLANS, L.

Leaves odd-pinnate, with numerous serrate leaflets : leaf-buds few-scaled or
nearly naked. Sterile flowers in long, simple, imbricated, a.xillary catkins from
the wood of the preceding year ; calyx unequallv 3-6-cleft ; stamens 12-40 with
very short and free filaments. Fertile Jtoicers several in a cluster or solitary at
the ends of the branches; calyx 4 toothed and bearing in its sinuses 4 small petals:
style 2. very short : stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit
drupaceous with a fibrous and spongy, somewhat fleshy, indehiscent epicarp
and a rough irregularly furrowed endocarp; embryo edible and wholesome.

Trees with sti'ong-scented resinous-aromatic bark and a pith wiiich separates
into thin transverse disks. {Juglans is contracted from Latin Jovis glans, the
nut of Jove.)

190. JUGLANS CALIFORNICA, AVatson.

California Walnut.

Ger., Californlsche Wallnusdjaum ; Fr., Xoyer de Califoi'nie ;
Sp., Xogal de California.

Specific Char.vcters : — Leaves 6-9 in. long and composed of 11 to 17 ovate-
lanceolate somewhat falcate acuminate serrate leaflets, li-3 in. in length and
with short stout petiolules Stamiuate flowers (OY>ening \n April and May after
the stigmas of the pistillate flowers have begun to wither) in slender puberulous
aments, 2-3 in. long, the 61obed perianth elongated, light green and as with the
bract riifous-pubescent outside ; stamens 30-40 with yellow anthers and connect-

<^ IIoigh's American Woons.

ive bifid at apex. Pintillate flowers ovate-globose, i in. long, i»uberulons. calyx
lobes broad-ovate, jiubescent and subtended by a ring-like border of short bract? ;
stigmas club-shaped, I in. long, yellow. Friiif globose, -J to 1| in. long, with
thin dark brown [lubesccnt husk, which being removed reveals a subglobose dark-
brown nut, slightly (onipn'sse'l, without sutural ridges but with remote shallow
grooves. It is four-celled at base, rather thin walled and contains a large sweet
kernel.

(Tenei-allv a small tree with feM^ stout l)ranclies forming a rounded
or broad head, and sometimes hardly more than a .^hrub, but occasion-
ally it attains tla' height of 5o or <*)<» ft. (lO iii. i. with trunk 18 in.
(0.50 m.) or more in diameter. The bark (tf trunk of a gray-l)rown
color is rather iil)rous within, tissured into flat longitudinal I'idges
wliich exfoliate in thick plate-like scales.

Habitat. — The California Walnut is found along the Coast region
of California from a little north of San Francisco southward to the
southern slopes of San Bernardino Mountains, preferring the banks
of streams and rich bottom-lands.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather heavy and hard, of moderate
strength, easy to work, with rather large, quite uniformly distributed
open ducts, and small obscure medullary rays. It is of a dark
purple-brown color, sometimes handsomely mottled, and with thick
yellowish white sa])-wood, which, however, soon after being cut
assumes a markedly green cast, changing afterwards to brownish
white color. Sj/ec/jic Gramt;/, 0.4:086; Weight of a Ciihic Foot in
Pounds^ 25.46.

Uses. — The wood is not extensively used, though sound trunks,
when large enough, are suitable for sucli uses as the allied Black
Walnut is applied, as in cabinet making, etc. It is often planted as
a shade tree. The fruit, though small, is considered, by cliildren at
least, as well worth gathering on account of the good edible qualities.
They are sometimes })lanted as young stocks on which to graft the
English AValnut.

Order CUPULIFERJE : Oak Family,

Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined ; the stipules, forming the bud-scales,
deciduous. Flowers moncpcious, apetalous. Sfrrile floxers in clustered or racemed
catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech) : calyx regular or scale-like: stamens
.')-20. /'(^rf/^'/fo»-<'/-.s' solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnislieil with an invo-
lucre wliich forms a cup or covering to the nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
its teeth minute and crowning the summit ; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous
ovules in each cell, but all of the (X'lls and ovales, except one. disappearing before
maturity ; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several
fogethei- and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) invo-
lucral cup or covering ; seed albumenless, with an ahatrapous. often edible,
fmbryo ; cotyledons thick and Heshy.

Genus is represented by both trees and shrubs.

QlKRCrS TOMKXTKLI.A Isi.AND LiVK OaK. 47

Genus QUERCUS. L.

Flouns greenish or yellowish. Stei-ile powers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
\\ liich spring singly or several together from axillary buds ; calyx 2-8-parted or
(left ; stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled Fertile Jfotvers with ovary nearly 3-celled
and (i-ovuled, two of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive : stigma o-lobed ;
involucre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn,
which is 1 -celled, 1 -seeded.

(QuercHS is the ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic
quer,Jine, and ci'cz, tree.)

191. QUERCUS TOMENTELLA, Enoki.m.

IsLAxi) Live Oak, Santa Catalina White Oak.

Ger., Eildndische Steahjxilme ; Fr., Chene vert insulait'e ; Sp.,
Enc'nia de isla.

Specific Characters : — Leaves persistent, thick, coriaceous, oblong-lanceo-
late, from 2 to 4 in. long, acute or occasionally rounded, periiajis cuspidate, at
apex, coarsely crenate-dentate with teeth tipped with very small bristles, or entire
(often both forms on the same branch) dark bluish green, stellate pubescent above
when young, but finally glabrous or nearly so, with prominent mid-riband veins,
beneath lighter and, as with the short petioles and branchlets, densely covered
with hoary stellate pubescence : stipules caducous. (Sfej/M'ua^e^/foit'er.s in stellate-
pubescent pendent bracteate aments, 2 in. or more in length, appearing from the
axils of young leaver. ; calyx light yellow, pubescent, i)-7-lobed ; stamens 5-10
exserted, witii slender filaments and yellow oblong pointed anthers. Pistillate
flowers subsessile, in tlie axils of more terminal leaves or on few-flowered axillary
spikes ; calyx and involucral scales stellate-pubescent ; stigma red. Fruit sub-
sessile, ripening at tiie end of the second season, with ovoid nut 1-H in. long, the
thick shell pubescent within toward the apex, and shallow, thickish woody cup,
with thin rim. i to | enveloping the nut, tubercled and hoary stellate-tomen-
tose outside with small tips of scales free.

A tree of medium size in sheltered canons, attaining the height of
75 ft. (22 in.) or somewliat more, with trunk 2 ft. (0.60 m.) or less in
diameter. The bark of trunk is of a light gray color, quite thin and
rough on the old trunks, with longitudinal ridges which flake off in
iirm scales revealing a red-hrown inner l^ark.

Habitat. — The Qucrcus toinentella\s> distinctively an insular Oak,
being found only, so far as known, on certain islands off the coast of
southern and Lower California. It was discovered " on a bleak crest
near the northeast end of Guadaloupe Island," and has since been
found on the (^alifornian islands, Santa Cruz, Santa Kosa and Santa
Catalina. 1 hive seen it only on Santa Catalina Island, and there
found it forming small groves, with a few outlying trees, in a number
of sheltered canons. These groves are conspicuous when viewed from
a distance on account of the gray -green tint of foliage and the stature
of the trees, as they tower above most of the surrounding vegetation.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, com-
])a('t, with open ducts arranged in broad bands parallel with the

4^8 lIoLuii's Amkkican nVood^;.

medullary rajB, which are few and small for an Dak. Tt is of a pale
yellow-hrown color, with abundant lighter sa|) wood. Sj,rcip'c
Gravltif^ O.T21i; Percentage of Ash, 1(h) \ Belat ire Appro.vhnate
Fuel Value, 0.7142; Weight of a Cuhie Foot in Pounds, 44.95.

Uses. — Xot of sufKcieut abundance to be of commercial impor-
tance, though the wood is excellent in quality for the uses to which
the Oaks are generally a])plied.

192. QUERCUS WISLIZENI, A. de C.

IIiGHLAXD Live Oak.

Ger., Ilochlandische Stechpalme ; Fr., Chene vert montagneux ; Sp.,
Encina mantanosa.

Specific Characters: — Leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, but varying from
lanceolate to oval, mostly 1-8 in. long, thick, coriaceous, acute or rounded and
generally apiculate at apex, truncate rounded or abruptly vvedge-sliaped at base,
entire, sinuate or serrate-dentate with spreading, rigiil, bristle pointed teeth,
stellate-pubescent at first, soon glabrous dark green above and somewhat paler
and moi-e yellowish beneath : slightly if at all concave beneath ; ])etioles rather
slender hoary pubescent at first and usually more or less so at maturity : the
cilliate stipules caducous ; Staviiiiate flowers in hairy aments 2-4 in. long ; calyx
glabrous with broad cilliate lobes; stamens 3-G, exserted, with slender filaments
and yellow apiculate anthers. PistiUate floirers are subsessile. witli hoary
tomentose peduncle and involucral scales ; styles often more than three, slender
and recurved. Fruit ripens in the autumn of the second year, sessile on short
peduncles, acorns solitary or few together, with slender taper-pointed chestnut-
brown and often striated thin-shelled nut, 'j-li in. long and .scarcely i in.
broad at base, sericio-tomentose within ; cup tliin". turbinate, varying from'-J to
1 in. deep, or sometimes shallow and covered with thin light' brown closely
imbricated more or less iiubescent scales.

The specific name, Wish'zeui, is given in compliment to Dr. F. A. Wislizenus. an
eai-ly botanical explorer who gathered the type specimens on which the species
was founded.

This beautiful tree attains the height of 75 or 80 ft. (24 m.), with
round wide close top of strong spreading branches and dense dark
green foliage. The trunk, which is generally short, is occasionally 5
or fi ft. (1.5(1 m.) in diameter, and its bark is of a dark brown color,
ridged longitudinaliy and covered with firm closely ajij^ressed scales.
It is a handsome tree and adds not a little to the charms of tlie land-
scape scenery in the regions in which it abounds.

Habitat. — California — from IMount Shasta southward along the
foothills of the Sierra Xevada Mountains to the Tehachapi ^NEountains
and among the Coast ranges as far south as Santa Lucia ]\rountains.
In its tree form it is confined to the interior, back some distance from
the sea, being supplemented near the coast by the Quercus agrifolia,
a tree of very similar aspect and with which it was at first confounded.

QiKKcrs ^"isi.izExi — TIkjiilam) Livk Dak. 40

The IIif»;hlaii<l Live Oak near the coa.st and on Santa Rosa and Santa
Crnz Ishxndsisof more shrubby habit, and in that form extends south-
ward into Lower California.

Physical Properties. — AVood heavy, very hard and stroni;-, (luitc
elose-trrained, with annual rings more distinctly indicated by larf:;e
open ducts than is the case with the evero;reen Oaks (generally, the
structure being rather between tliem and the deciduous species. It is
of a light reddish-brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood, the
heart-wood in fact only appearing in trees of considerable agt'.
Specific Gmvlti/, 0.7855; Percentage of Ash, 1.02; Relative Approx-
imate Fuel Valae, 0.7775; CoefflGient of Elastic itij,^.QOho\ Modulus
of Rupture, 818; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 533; Resist-
ance to Indentation, 272; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 48.95.

Uses. — The main use of this tree is for fuel, for which it is excel-
lent, but the qualities of the wood are such that it is suitable for vari-
ous manufacturing purposes as for furniture, agricultural implements,
etc. where lirmness and strength or ornamental (pialities are required.

Order SALIC ACE^: Willow Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, undivided and furnished with stipules, which are
either scale-like and deciduous, or leaf-like and persistent. Flowers dioecious,
botli kinds in catkins, one under each bract or scale of the catkin and destitute
of both calyx and corolla, or the former represented by a gland-like cujj ; ovary
1 to '^-celled ; styles wanting, or 2 and short ; stigmas often 2-lobed. Fruit a 1 or
3-celled, 2-valved pod, with numerous seeds springing from two parietal or basal
placenta? and furnished with long, silky down ; seeds ascending, anatropous,
with albumen ; cotyledons fiat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

Genus SALIX, Tournefort.

Lenves generally narrow, long and pointed and usually with conspicuous stip-
ules : bud scales single. Floicers appearing before or with the leaves in terminal
and lateral cylindrical, imbricated catkins, the scales or bracts of which are
entire and each subtending a flower, which is witliout calyx, and bears at its
base 1 or 2 small nectiferous glands. Sterile floicers with 2 (but sometimes more)
ilistinct or united stamens. Fertile flowers : ovarj' ovoid lanceolate, taper-pointed;
style short: stigmas 2. short and mostly bifid. Fruit a 1 -celled pod, dehiscent
at maturity by two valves which roll back to the summit to liberate the numer-
ous minute comose seeds.

Trees and shrubs with lithe jound branches and growing mostly along streams
and in moist localities. (Sali.r is from the Celtic, sal, near and, lis, water, allud-
ing to the favorite locality of the willows.)
4

50 Hough's Amekicax "Woods.

193. SALIX NUTTALLII, Sarg.*

NUTTALL AViLLOW.

Ger., Weide von Nuttall ; Fr., Saule de Xuttall ; Sp,, Sance de

Nuttall.

Specific Characters : — Leaves involute in tlie bu<l, oblong-obovate. generally
1^4 in. long, acute or abruptly acuminate or, particularly the lowermost,
rounded at apex, wedge-shaped at base, entire or remotely and irregularly serrate
or crenate-serrate, pilose and pale ])ubescent at first, but at maturity lustrous
dark yellow-green above, pubescent along the broad midribs, pale and glabrous
or puberulous to i)ilose beneath ; petioles | to i in. in length : stipules foliacious,
semilunar, glandular-serrate, mostly caducous : branchlets pale pubescent at first,
sometimes continuing until mid-summer or longer. Flowers appear in early
spring, before the leaves, in oblong-cylindrical erect nearly sessile aments, on short
tomentose branchlets bearing two or three silky white tomentose scale-like leaves.
6'to7/it»«^f catkins about 1 in. long, pistillate catkins 1.1 in. long and rather lax,
but becoming 2-3 in. long at muturity ; scales oblong. 'dark colored, coated with
long silky white hairs and persistent in the fruit ; stamens 2, with free glabrous
filaments ; ovary long-pointed, hoary pubescent, raised on a short stalk about
one-third as long as the scale and crowned with the nearl}- sessile, broad, emar-
ginate stigmas, the style obsolete. Fruit an ovate-lanceolate pale-pubescent cap-
sule, about ^ in. long.

Salix NuttaUii, var. hrachystacliys. Sarg., is the name given to the representa-
tives of this species in the Pacific Coast region, from Alaska to Santa Barbara,
which differ mainly fi'om the typical form as above described in having shorter
and more curved pistillate aments. The branchlets, etc. .are often copiously
clothed with silky pale tomentum the first season and it may persist duiing the
second season.

The species is named in compliment to Thos. Nuttall who discovered and
first described it as S. flavascens, a name not now considered tenable.

The Nuttall Willow is a small tree, and often only a sliriil) »>f l>ut a
few feet in height. Occasionally it attains the height of 5(> or BO ft.
(IT in.) with erect or reclining trunk 2 ft. (0.60 in.) or less in diameter
with contorted branches and drooping branchlets, and when growing
in the open forming a rounded top. The bark of trunk is of a light
gray color checked into irregular plate-like scales. When they flake
off it is of a reddish brown color with flat flbrous ridges.

Habitat. — The Nuttall Willow is distrilnited from southern
British Columbia and Alberta southward, along the banks of Rocky
Mountain streams to New jSIexico and Arizona, and along the Sierra
Nevadas to the San Bernardino Mountains, where, at from 7,000 to
10,000 ft. altitude, Mr. S. B. Parish has found it as a shrub. It is
represented in the coast region at mucli lower elevations, in its variety
hrar/)}/.9tat7ii/ft, from the Alaskan boundary to the vicinity of Santa
Barbara, Cal.. and particularly abundant and well -developed in the
swamps and bottom-lands about Puget Sound.

* Slalix flavescens, Nutt.

POPULUS FkEMOXTII "Wliri-K r\)IT(>XW<)<iI). 51

Physuai, Propektiks. — The wood is ]iii:]it, tonsil, (juito strong-,
elose-p^rained, and of a light reddi.sh-l)ro\vn color, witji ligiit pinkish-
white isap-wood, wliire>t near the bark. Speaijic Graoitij, 0.41)<)9;
Pi'i'(H'nta<je of A^h. o.»ll ; Rclatlo' Appi'o.riiimte Fud Yalue, 0.4989;
Coeljic'u'at ()f El(t--itlc(tij^ 108507; ^LodnlaH of R*ipiai'<\ 808; Reaht-
iince to Longltudhial Pressure, -iiOS; Resistance to Lidentation, dS]
Wi'lijht of a Cubic Foot hi Pounds, 30.97. Of the variety hrachij-
xt(u7)i/s, the Specif e GraoiUj is 0.5-1:12; Percentage of Ash, 0.39;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5391; CoeJficiAint of Elasticity,
\-lCr2h\\ Modulus of Rupture, 909; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pf('s.siiri\ 4<)8; Resistance to Indentation, 126; WeigJd of a Cubic
foot in Pounds^ 33.73.

Uses. — Little use is made of this timber.

Genus POPULUS, Tournefort.

Leaves broad, more or less heart shaped or ovate, and with long and often ver-
tically compressed petioles. Flowers appearing before the leaves in long, drooi>
ing. lateral, cylindrical catkins, the scales of which are furnished with a fringed
margin ; calyx represented by an oblique, cup-shaped disk with entire margin ;
stamens. 8-30 or more, witli distinct filaments ; pistil with very sliort, bifid style,
ail I large 2-lobed stigma. Fruit as described for tiie order.

Genus represented mostly by ratiier large trees, and the name is a Latin word,
meaning people, applicable either from the fact that these trees are often set
along public walks, or in allusion to the tremulous motion of the leaves, wliich
are in constant agitation like a crowd of people.

194. POPULUS FREMONTII, Watson.
White Cottonwood, Fremont Cottonwood.

(Tcr., Weis>!e Pappel ; Fr.. Penplier blanc ; Sp., Alamo bianco.

Specific Characters: — Leaves thick and firm, broadly deltoid or reniform
narrowing to a short entire point, truncate, slightly cordate or abruptly wedge-
shaped at the wide entire base, coarsely and irregularly crenate-serrate with few or
a dozen or more incurved teeth on eacli side, coated as with the petiole with pale
fungaceous pubescence at first but finally lustrous green, blade 2 to 3 in. long
and about as wide; petioles 1 to 8 in. long, laterally compressed: branchlets
terete, light green and pubescent at first, finally light yellosvish gray. Flowers
appear in February and March in aments with glabrous rachis and bracts; the
staminate. li to 3 in. long, densely flowered and witli slender stems : scales tliin,
liglit brown,'scarious. dilated and fimbriated at ape.x and caducous : stamens 60 or
more witli large dark red anthers inserted on a broad disk, 3-4 lines broad, with
entire margin : pistillate aments with stouter and often puberulous stems, more
sparsely flowered and 3-4 in. long : ovary ovoid or ovoid-oblong, glabrous, sub-
tended by the cup shaped, membranous persistent disk; stigmas 3, broad and
irregularly crenate-lobed. Fruit ovoid capsules nearly I in. long, with thick
slightlv pitted walls, stout peduncle 1 line in length, on drooping racemes 4-5 in.
long and dehiscent by 3 (rarely 4) valves ; seeds nearly ^ in. in length, ovoid and
copiously surrounded with long soft wiiite cottony hairs.

The specific name is given in compliment to the botanical explorer, Capt. John
C. Fremont.

52 Hou(;n's A^rEKicAN Woods.

A tree occasionally attaiiiiiiii^ the height of 100 ft. (80 in.), with
rather open broad head of stout spreading branches and short trunk 5
or (> ft. (!..")(» 111.) ill diameter, having light gray bark, furrowed witli
linn rounded longitudinal and obli<piely connecting ridges whicli
Hiially exfoliate in small scales.

Habitat. — The Fremont Cottonwood is found in California from
the head waters of the Sacramento River southward and eastward
through Nevada into Utah, marking the courses of streams and moist
bottom-lands, and is especially al)undant in central California, where
it attains its largest size.

Physical Propertiks. — Wood soft, light, close-grained, not
strong, of a light reddish-brown color with nearly white sap-wood.
SpeoAfic Gravittj, 0.491-t; Percentage of Ash, 0.77; Relatu'e Approx-
imate Fuel Value, 0.4870; Coerjjiclent of Elud'icitij, 105116;
Modulus of Rupture, 'oK^i^', Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
378; Resistance to Indentation, 86; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in
Pounds, 30.62.

Uses. — The wood of this tree is extensively used for fuel, it beino;
the chief source of supjdy in some localities and by jiollarding the
trees a crop of branches may be gathered for that use every four or
live years. The tree is extensively planted along street-sides, etc., for
shade and ornamental purposes. The inner bark was formerly used,
it is said, by Indians of the southwest for making petticoats.

Medicinal Properties, though not specifically mentioned of this
tree, are doubtless the same as those mentioned of the Populus
monilifera, Part XL, p. 39.

GYMNOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons
frequently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete ; pistil repre-
sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertil-
ized by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a
true pericar}).

Order CONIFEKiE : Pine Family.

Leaves mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and jiarallcl-
veined. Flowers monoecious, or larely dioecious, in catkins or cones, destitute
of both calyx and corolla ; stamens one or several (usually united) ; ovary, style
and stigma wanting ; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, wliich serves as
a carpel, or on an open disk Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or
somewhat berry-like, and with fleshy coherent scales, seeds orthotropous, embryo
in the axis of the albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.

Genus CUPRESSUS, Tournefort.

Leaves persistent, small, .scale-like, decussately opposite, thick, rounded or
keeled, adnate to and decurrent upon the stem, usually glandular-pitted on the
back, appressed or slightly spreading at the pointed or rounded apex, margin

CrrKKSSlS MAOKOCAUPA ^[oNTKRKY CyPRESS. 53

entire or tlenticulate : leaves on vigorous young shoots coniiuonly awl-sliaped or
linear-lanceolate and spreading; branchlets not forming flat sprays. Floirers
appear in early spring, uionci»cious, in small catkins terminating the leafy branch-
lets : the staminate anients oblong or cylindrical, consisting of a few pairs of
decussately opposite, yellowish ovate or orbicular subpeltate scales attached to
the under sides of each of which are two to six subglobose pendulous anther-
cells opening by a longitudinal slit : poUeu-grains simple. The pistillate flowers
terminate short branchlets, subglobose, scales thick, ovale acute an 1 bearing
attached to their bases on the inner surface generally numerous, erect, orthotro-
]ious bottle shaped ovules. Fruit a subglobose, sliort-stalked, rugose woody cone,
generally maturing the second year, scales closely valvate peltate, polygonal in
outline at apex, flattened and bearing more or less prominent central bosses, at
maturity opening along tlieir margins and persisting after liberating their numer-
ous irregularly compressed acutely angled thick coated seeds, which are borne in
several rows on the base of the scale : embryo erect in fleshy albumen, cotyledons
usually two.

Genus consists of resinous trees with generally fragrant wood of considerable
economic value, especially in Japan. About a half dozen species are found in the
United States along the Pacific slope.

(Ctqu'essus is the classical Latin name of the Cypress tree. )

195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, Gord.

Monterey Cypress.

Ger., Cypresse von Monterey ; Fr., Cypres de Monterey ; Sp., Cipres
de Monterey.

Specific Characters :— Leores broad ovate, about i in. long, dark green,
acute, closely appressed or slightly spreading at apex, thick and obscurely gland-
ular-pitted on the back and often \vith a longitudinal furrow on each side. Those
on young plants spreading and acicular ; branchlets short and covered with red-
dish-brown bark with papery scales. Fioicers (February and March) yellow ; ihe
staminate small, about 1 in. long, oblong, quadrangular, with 6-8 decussately
opposite stamens with broad peltate connectives slightly erose on margins and
each bearing 4-5 orange-colored pollen sacs : pistillate flowers oblong, terminal,
about ^ in. long and with spreading acute scales. Fruit subglobose or oblong
clustered cones, maturing the second season, from 1-1^ in. long, puberulous, with
siiort peduncle about \ in. in length, with four or six pairs of peltate scales
having elevated or sub-conical central bosses ; the upper and lower pairs of scales
smaller than the others and sterile, and beneath each of the other scales are pro-
duced about twenty light brown angular seeds about i\ in. long.

(The specific name is the Greek for large fruit.)

This exceedingly iiiterestiiio: tree is found only in or near its famons
home on the bluffs of Cypress Point, which projects out into the Pacific
near ^Monterey, California. They are there trees of very striking
aspect, with sturdy contorted trunks, sometimes 5 or 6 ft. (1.80 m.) in
diameter, and huge gnarled l)ranches supporting a dense flat top,
almost like a platform composed of the flat sprays of the topmost
branches. 50 or 00 ft. (IS m.) above ground, and with little or no
other foliage. This arrangement offers the least resistance to the
ever-prevailing winds from the ocean and the greatest amount of sur-
face tt) tiie sun. Sheltered by these o-iant vancruards the trees o^rad-

54- Iloron's American AVoods.

nally present fuller and more open tops and far less sturdy trunks as
we go back away from the coast into the adjoining forest. Here in
young trees we find the habit of growth is distinctly pyramidal.

The bark of trunk is of a purple-brown coloi-, in exposed situations
bleaching out to almost whiteness, rougli with longitudinal and
obliquely connecting ridges which exfoliate in long scales and fibrous
strips.

Habitat. — Though doubtless a tree of much wider distribution in
earlier times its natui-al range is now the most restricted of the Amei-i-
can Coniferge, being found only in Monterey Co., California, at
Cypress Point and southward to the shores of Carmel Bay and across
the bay at Point Lobos, in all a distance of scarcely five u'iles. It
extends inland only a few rods from the great breakers of the coast,
and there mingles with the Monterey Pine which gradually replaces
it altogether. One of the most interesting spots on the American
continent for the lover of trees is this Cypress Point, where lie may
see the famous monarchs above described scattered singly or in groups
with interlocked branches on a rolling glade like one vast lawn fre-
quently bedewed with moisture from the ocean. They seem to i"ejoice
in their ceaseless battle with the winds from the Pacific and approach
so closely to it as to be frequently liathed with its spray. One thinks
it strange that a tree loving this bleak spot so well can adapt itself to
almost any soil or climate not too cold from Vancouver's Island to Lower
California, for it is the most extensively ])lanted and the most ra]ud
grower of the coniferous trees throughout all this region.

Physical PROPErn'iES. — The wood is moderately heavy, hard and
strong, close-grained, easily worked, slightly fragrant and susceptible
of a very smooth pnlish. It is of a light-brown color streaked with
yellow and light purple; sap-wood buff -white. Speeific Grdvifif,
o.r.-jiC.l ; Percentage of xi^li^ O.HT; Relafire Appmximate FnrJ Vtdne,
( ». (5225 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 1( tT82T ; Modulus of Ihtpturr, 1 (i-tr) ;
Resistance to Indentation, 237; WeiyJd (f a Cubic Foot in Pomidx,
81>.()2.

TsES. — The most extensively jjlanted coniferous tree in the Pacific
States for ornamental jiurpose, wind-breaks, aiul hedges, growing
with wonderful vigor and enduring amiual trinuning to a remarkable
extent. It is planted sometimes in oui- southeastern states, in South
America, Australia, and extensively in southern and western Europe.
Note. Visitors to the home of the ^Monterey Cypress are often
told by the people residing thereabouts that " this tree is only found

PiNUs >[oxopnYLLA— Single-leaf Pinox Pink. 55

lierc and in the Holy Land." This is an error. The tree in the Holy
Land t(» which reference is made in this statement is the Cedar of
Lchanoii {Ct^/i'us Libani), very different, of course, from the Cypress
hitanically, though its habit of growth is so similar to that of the tiat-
ropped Cypress trees of Cypress Pouit that it has given rise to the
])opular helief, among people not particularly versed in trees, that
they are the same.

Genus PINUS, Tournefort.

Lea I'es evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Floicers
appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile floicers in catkins, clustered at the base
of the shoots of the season : stamens numerous with very short filaments and a
scale-like connective : anther cells. 2, opening lengthwise ; pollen grains triple.
Fertile Jiuirers in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated,
carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base
within a pair of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second
year, a cone formed of tlie imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often
thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe, dry and spreading to
liberate the two nut-like and usually winged seeds : cotyledons 3-12, linear.

(Piiins is a Latin word from Celtic ^i'« orpe», a crag.)

196. PINUS MONOPHYLLA, Torr.

Single-leaf Pinon Pine, Xut Pine, Pinon.

Ger., Elnsi(jhlaHrl(/t' Ft<'hte ; Fr., P'rn monofeuiUter ; Sp., Pino
(](' .sola hnjii.

Specific Characters : — Leaves solitary, terete, from 1 to 2| in. long (occa-
sionally in 2-leaved fascicles and semi-terete) stout, rigid, incurved and spine-like,
with sharp callous tips, pale glaucous-green, with 18 to 26 rows of stomata, 2 to
several resin ducts and a single central fibro-vascular bundle, sheathes with short
and reflexed scales which soon fall away leaving thin persistent bases. Staininate
Jtoirers oval, about } in. long, dark red, usually surrounded by G involucral
bracts : anthers terminating in minute knobs or teeth. Pistillate ftoirers oval,
lateral, with thick ai)iculate scales and raised on short thick peduncles which are
surrounded by about half a dozen involucral bracts. Fruit stout, ovoid, bright
green cones, H to 2.V in. long and of nearly the same thickness with few
scales (the central ones only bearing fertile seeds), rounded at apex, | in. across
or less, the thick exposed portion being four-angled and bearing a prominent
truncate or concave umbo After maturity the ccmes open widely and are of a
lustrous liglit yellowisli brown color : seeds edible, falling away from the light
brown wings which remain attached to the scales, compressed, dark reddish
brown oblong, about f in. or less in length, pointed at apex, rounded at base,
mottled yellowish brown, spotte<l with purple, with thin brittle shell, oily albu-
men and" embryo with 7-10 cotyledons.

(The specific name is from tlie Greek |j,6vos, .solitary, and <}>vXXov, leaf. }

A small tree, with low rounded or irregularly wide pyramidal top,
with long crooked lower lu-anches, almost resting on the ground. I
have seen it some over 30 ft. (9 m.) in height, but generally it is
considerably less, with short trunk, rarely over 18 in. (0.45 m.) in
diameter, covered with a rather thin liijht-brown bark, with broad

50 Hough's American AVoods.

irregular plate-like ridges which tiake off in brittle rounded ^?cales.
The distinctly gi'ay or light l)luish-green full foliage of the tree
gives it a conspicuous and characteristic aspect.

Habitat. — From the Wasatch Mountains in Utah, westward to
the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and in localities
on the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevadas, the San
riaphael and San Bernardino Mountains, and southward into Lower
California and in Arizona on arid slopes and mesas, from 3,(»0C) to 7,000
ft. altitude. It is especially abundant in Nevada and along the east-
ern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
of slow growth and with yellowish brown heart -wood and lighter sap-
wood. Speeijic Gravity, 0.!d&b^\ Pereentage of Ash, i).(\>i\ Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5620; Coefficient Elasticity, 48488;
Modulus of Rupture, 288; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
274; Resistance to Indentation, 169; Weight of a Cuhie Foot in
Pounds, 35.26.

Uses. — The wood is extensively used for fuel and charcoal, for
which latter use it is employed more extensively in the Great P>asiii
than any other timbei*.

The seeds of this tree form a very important article of food with
the Piute, Shoshone and Penamint Indians and other tribes of the
regions in which it grows. They gather the cones in great fpiantities
and roast them sufficiently to make them open and liberate the nuts,
which are then eaten raw, roasted or ])()iinded into a flour with which
tliev make a sort of bread.

197. PINUS TORREYANA. Parry.

Torrey PixE, Del Mar Pine. Soledad Pine.

Ger., Fichte von 'Torrey ; Fr., Pinde Torrey ; Sp., Pino de Torrey.

Specific Characters: — Leaves in clusters of five eacli, from the axils of lan-
ceolate fringed bracts, stout, 8 to 13 in. long, sharply and minutely serrulate,
with acute callous tips and growing in large tufts at the ends of the branchlets,
witli sheathes at first an inch or two long, with loose fringed scales, but finally
become reduced to i or f in. in length. The leaves contain two dbro vascu-
lar bundles, generally three resin ducts and several rows of stomata on each
face: branchlets thick and rough with tlie thick persistent bases of the bracts.
FloweiH appear from January to March, the staminate cylindrical, 2i in. in
length, with involucral bracts "at base and in short dense heads; antliers yellow
with dentioilate crests: the pistillate flowers oblong-ovoid, about | in. long, m
subterminal pairs, with stout peduncles about 1 in. in length covered with chest-
nut-brown scarions bracts Fruit broad-ovoid cones. 4-6 in. long, with stout
peduncles generallv somewhat deflexed, of a cliocolate brown color, with scales
about 1 in. broad, witli short point at apex very thick and furnished with wide-

Pints Tc^rrkyaxa — Torkkv Pine, Dki. ^SFak Pixk. 'n

based short or elongattnl spine-tippetl umbos; rones generally breaking away
from tbe tree tlnougli tlieir l)ases two or three years after maturity, so tliat a
few of tlie umhjveloped scales are left on the peduncles attached to the brancii;
seeds subovoid. about f in. long, yellowish brown with hard shell nearly ^^ in.
thick, short thick dark-brown wing extending about J in. beyond the apex and
rich delicious kernel.
(Tlie specific name, Torreyana, is in compliment to the botanist, Dr. John Torrey.

This intere.'^tino- tree, as usually seen on the hlnli" coast, is a very
low tree with wide-reachino; branches, bnt in sheltered cafions it
attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. (14 ni.), with foliage conspicuously
arranged in large tufts at the extremities of the branchlets. The bark
of the trunk is of a rich brown color, rough with thick scaly ridges
which flake otf in irregular scales.

Habitat. — The Torrey Pine, the most limited in distribution of
all our Pines, is found close along the Pacific coast of California,
frciu a point within the extended city Ihnits of San Diego northward
about eight miles to the San Dieguito River, and inland about a mile
and a half. Isolated from this locality by a distance of one hundi'ed
and seventy-five miles to the northwestward, on the bluffs of the east-
ern end of the island Santa Rosa, is found another grove, the only one
known outside the range as above defined.

Physical Properties. — AVood light, soft, not strong, coar.se-
grained, and of a light reddish brown color, with thick yellowish-
white saj)- wood. Specljic Gravity, 0.4879; Perceidtuje of A-sli, 0.35;
lieldtirr Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4862; Coefficient of El asti city ,
54:^13; MorJulm of Rupture, 756; Resistance to Longitudinal
Prtssiifi', 290; Resistance to Indentation, 147; Weight of a Cuhic
Foot in Pounds, 30.41.

Uses. — The wood of this tree has been used for fuel, and its large
seeds, which are rich and delicious in flavor, are often gathered and
eaten raw or roasted.

Note — The inroads upon this tree for fuel by irresponsible people
residing near it has been so great that its extermination has been
greatly feared, hut fortunately the city of San Diego has recently
pas.sed an ordinance jn-ohibiting the cutting of any of the trees within
the city limits under penalty of a heavy fine. As most of the existing
trees are in the city limits, as now extended, it is reasonable to expect
that the species will be perpetuated at least for a long time to come
in its native home.

58 Hough's Amkrican Woods.

198. PINUS SAB INI ANA, Doiol.

Ctray-leaf Pine, Diggek Pine, Sabixe Pine.

(rer., frrauhlafti'itjc Fichtc : P>., Pin rhfeuiUfiR <jrl<i ; Sp., PhuxJc
hojas gris.

Specific Characters : — Leaves in clusters of three eacli, 8-12 in. long, f>f a
pale blue-green color, with slender long callous tips, sharply serrulate, flexible,
pendent after the fir.st season and furnished with man}' rows of stomata on each
face, witli one to three parenchymatous resin ducts, sheathes at first about 1 in.
long, but finally not more than about half that : branchlets Isrge, pale glaucous
and distinctly marked with depressed lines giving the appearance of fish scales.
,S7'/»///H^^'//o;(V'r.s-ol)long cylindrical, about an inch in length, surrounded at base
by 10 to 15 invobicral bracts, tlie outermost minute ; anthers yellow, bearing semi-
orbicular crests. P'lHtiUnte flowers are oblong-obovate about i in. long, witit
purple glaucous scales borne on spreading peduncles from li-2 in. long and
covered with ovate acute bracts. Cones oblong-ovoid from 4 to 8 in. long,
nearly as wide and weighing from 2 to 5 lbs., reddish brown, with scales about an
inch wide and rounded at ape.v, the expo.sed portion consi)icuously keeled trans-
ver.sely and bearing each a prominent flattened tliick spine, whicli above the
middle of the cone is erect or incurved, below the middle, reflexed ; seeds large.
al)out J in. long, oblong, somewhat compressed, with thick hard shell ridged
hiterally and inclosed each by the thickened margin of its wing, which is broad
and rounded at apex and about one third of an inch longer than the seed ; kernel
oily and of slightly resinous flavor.

(The specific name, Sabiniana, was given to this tree after Joseph Sabine an
English botanist )

Tlie (xrav-loaf Pine ofcasionally attains the heiu-lit of S(i fr. (24 m.j,
^Yitll a trunk ;> oi- 4 ft. (1 ni.) tliick. The bark of trunk is of a red-
dish l)rown coh))- and with very prominent ridges wliicli exfoliate in
ii-re<;-idar lirittle scales.

It is rcmarkahle as a Pine in that instead of fonnino; a sin<i'le
niidisided trind< its ti'unk usually divides 15 or 20 ft. from the ground
into two or nioi-e secondary trunks, Avhieh in turn send out hranches,
and all foi'iiia large, rather iri-t^gnlar top, with very oj)en aii-y foliage.
Its slender drooping gray -green leayes, with conspicuous cones, are
clustered maiidy near the extremities of the branchlets, and olfer yery
little resistance to the sun's rays; conse<piently, it casts a very meagre
shade. The whole aspect of the tree is yeiy ditt'erent from that of all
other Pines with which I am familiar. Prof. ,] . G. Lennnon aptly
likens the api)earance of groves of these trees as observed from a dis-
tance to " masses of fog on the |»lains oi- hands of clouds in the
mountain canons of California.''

Habitat. — ('alifornia — the sunl)eaten western foothills of the
Sierra Nevadas and Coast ranges from near the northern boundary of
the state .southward to the Sierra Libre Mountains, and ranging fntm
500 to 4,000 ft. in altitudinal distril)utiun.

Pints kadiata — ^roxTKKKv Pink. 50

Physical Properties. — Wood soft, \U^ht, brittle, not strong, of
rapid growth, with yellowisli hrown heart-^^ood and abundant pale yel-
low sap-wood. .S'/>rr/>'6' (Tr(ivitf/,0AS4:0; Pereentage o/' ^l.sVi, 0.4(i;
Relai'tTe Appi-odhiuite Fuel Value^ 0.4821; Coeffioient of Elasticity,
58517; Jlodidm of Rupture, 779; Resistance to Longitudinal
l^rcKsiwe, 337; Resistance to Indentation, 13S; Weight of a Cuhic
Foot ;„ Pounds, ^O.IQ.

Uses. — Wood very inferior for lumber and fuel; hence but little
used. The delicious edible nuts in early days were an important
article of food with the Indians of California, known as Digger
Indians, and from that fact it derived its common vernacular name,
Dio^o'er Pine.

Medici XAi. Properties. — A volatile oil is distilled from the resin-
ous exudation of this tree and is extensively used in California under
the name of (d>'u'tene and other less appropriate designations (as
erasine, auraiitine and theoJine'). It is a nearly colorless liquid, with
the odor of oil of Oranges, and is believed to possess powerful anaes-
thetic properties. Its value in medicine has probably been. over-
estimated, though it is extensively employed for removing grease spots
and stains from clothine;, and to some extent as an insecticide.*

199. PINUS RADIATA, Don f

Monterey Pine.

(rer., Fichte von Monterey ; Fr., Pin de Monterey; Sp., Pino de
Monterey.

Specific Characters: — Leases from 4-6 In. long, in clusters of three eacli;
slieatlies at first loose, scarious and from i to f in. long, but finally firmer,
darker colored and onh' ^ in. long, leaves serrulate, stonatiferous on three
faces, with two fibro-vascular bundles and usually a single liarenchymatous resin
duct. Staminate flowers in densf cylindrical (iblong spikes 1 to U in. long,
with ten involucral bracts and yellow anthers terminatijig in orbicular denticu-
late crests. Pistillate flowers lateral, generally several together in a whorl on
short stout bract-covered peduncles, dark purple, with, ovate slender-tipped
scales and conspicuous orbicular bracts. At tlie end of the first year the young
cones are nearly horizontal, ovoid, about 1 in. or less long and with niinute
incurved spines. Cones wlien mature are 8 to 5 in. long, lustrous chestnut
brown, short-stalked, very .ililicjue-ovoid, pomted at apex, deflexed, with scales
rounded at tlie ai)ex. piu-ple beneath, the exposed portion of the scales on the
outer side to\v;ir<l tlie base very thick gibbous, elsewiiere quite flat, eacli with an
obscure transverse ridge and small purplish umbo tipped with a minute decidu-
ous prickle; seeds about ^j^ in. long, with black compressed jnirple-brown tuber-
culate testa ami thin light-brown wing, about 1 in. in length, longitudinally
striated; cotyledons 5 to 7.

• U. S. Dispenntorii. ITth ed., pp. 972 and 1354 ; also Sargent's SUva XI, p. 96.
Pii)ui< uis/(/»ii.--, Dou{;l.

CO HoucrH's Amkkicax Woods,

A variety known as Vai-. hinata, Lenimon, growing on tlie Islands of Santa
Rosa, Santa Cruz and Guadaloupp, is (juite shrubhj- in liabit of growtli, li:is
leaves mostly in pairs, and small cones about 'd in. long with scales nearly devoid
of tubercles.

(The specific name, radiata, radiated, is suggested by the arrangement of the
cones, which are commonly in whorls about the branches and hence radiate in
(lifTerent directions.)

Tills handsome Pine occasionally attains the hei^-ht of l(t(i ft. (3(1
ni.), Avith a trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 in.) or more in diameter, having a
rather thick hark of a dark })urple-hrown color on the surface and
deeply divided into hroad ridges which exfoliate in irregular plate-
like scales. It forms a handsome round-pyramidal head of bright
green dense foliage in sheltered localities, but on the bluils of the
coast it is very much distorted by the winds. There a tree with trunk
'2 ft. or more in thickness may not attain a height of more than 20
feet, but reaches far off horizontally to leeward.

Habitat. — A tree of very limited distribution the Monterey Piiie
is found along the Pacific Coast of California from Pescadcro to San
Simeon Bay, with headquarters, we might say, at Point Pinos, just
south of Monterey Bay, where it forms a small tract of forest and
attains its largest size. It extends but a few miles inland. It is
found in a more scrubby and somewhat altered form (var. hindtd) on
the islands of Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz and Guadaloupe.

Physical Properties. — "Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle and
usually of very rapid growth. It is of a ])alc ])urple-l)rown color,
^vitll abundant yellowish-white sap-wood. Speeifie (ri'avlty, 0.4574;
J^ercmtdyc (ifAsJi, (».3(>; Tichitli'e Approximate F'lit J VuJik, <i.4r)<)();
('ocfficicrit of Khhsiififi/, l)Tsr)(>; Moditlns of R>i2>tiir<\ 74(»; lusisf-
(otce to LoiKjltud'mol Pt'esNKi'e, 417; Jtc-^isto/in' to Jmlentat'ion^ Ic."):
Wchjld of a Cuh'ic Foot hi Povnds, 2S.51.

l'si;s. — Formei'ly the ]\[onterey l^ine M'as used foi- hnnber, bur
now it is only ut^cA to a limited extent tor fuel. The tree is very
extensively ])lanred for ornaiuiMital j)urposi's and wind-bi-eaks. for
which it is admirably suited, owing to its rapidity of growth and
ada])tability to conditions of soil and climate. In this respect it
re.sendtles the ]\[onterey Cypress, whicli, strangely, hails from the same
l<K'alitv, and is its only peer in poj^ularitj' for this use along the Pacific
Coa.-t IVom tlie boundary of the P>i-itish possessions to southern Cali-
f(U'nia. It is also successfully ])lanted in the southeastern states,
]\rexico, Australia ami New Zealand, and has long been ])0])ular in
M'estern and southern Europe.

Gknus, Washix(;t<)Nia. 61

ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flc^wt-rin,-; plants, in the steins of which the -.voody fibers an.l vessels are irregu-
larly imbedded in bundles in cellular tissue (not in annual layers). The leaves
are" mostly parallel-veined, sheathing at the base, alternate or scattered, not
toothed and rarely separating by an articulation. First leaf of the embryo ^coty-
ledon) single and the parts of tiie flower generally in tln-ees.

FALM.^ : Palm Family.

Leares flabellate or pinnately divided, rarely simple, springing from the ter
minal bud, alternate and with base slieathing the stem. Floicers usually diclinous,
on a branched spadix : perianth of six herbaceous segments in two rows ; stamens
six ( rarely fewer or more) hypogynous or perigynous ; pistil with superior 3-
(rarely if celled ovary of three separate carpels with a single or rarely 2 ovules
ia each cell; styles short, free or connate. Fruit commonly a berry or drupe,
with large seeds having a minute peripheric embryo in tiesliy or horny albumen.

The order consists of upwards of 1.000 species of perennials — trees and shrubs
— of tropical and subtropical regions, of elegant or majestic habit of growth and
many of tiiem of great economic importance. Their stems present the typical
endogenous structure, the wood forming in dense wire like bundles, known as
fibro-vascular bundles, between which is a mass of thin walled pith like cells
known as parenchynm. The woody bundles are crowded more closely together
toward the peripliery of the stems, which is generally tiiere (juite hard in con-
sequence and the central portion is comparatively soft. There is no true bark on
these stems nor is there a central pith column as with exogenous stems.

Genus Washixgtoxia, Wendlaxd.

Leaves fiabellate, orbicular, plicate in vernation, deeply divided into many
2-eleft segments, from tlie margins of which hang numerous pale thread-like
fibres, and at the union of the petiole with the blade above is a thin elongated
laciniate ligula; petioles long, broad, with margins armed with strong, variously
hooked and straight wide-ba.sed but thin spines, the base of petiole widening out
and margined with a broad fabric-like chestnut-brown network of strong fibres.
Flowers perfect, small, white, from the axils of ovate acute scarious bracts, on
elongated paniculate glabrous spadices, which appears from among the leaves
with numerous flexuose [lendulous branches; spathes luimerous. narrow, elon-
gated, glabrous; calvx tubular, scarious. with tln-ee small eroded lobes, indurate
at base, persistent, imbricated in ajstivation; corolla funnel-sliaped with fleshy
tube half as long as the three lanceolate acute striate reflexed lobes, imbricated
in aestivation, deciduous; stamens usually six. sometime three or many,
exserted. with free filaments thickened below the middle, slender at apex and
bearing linear-oblong 2-celled versatile pale yellow anthers, attached on the back
and longitudinally dehiscent: ovary superior, sessile, 3-lobed. 3-celled, with
elongated flexuose exserted style, stigmatic at apex and containing a single
lateral erect anatropous ovule "^in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, small, blackish,
globose-elliptical, sliort stalked and crowned with the remnants of the style and
abortive carpels, the fleshy pericarp thin and sweet, and the seed oblong-ovoid,
with minute sublateral hilum, conspicuous raphe, thin brown testa, hoi-ny albu-
men and minute lateral embrvo.

Genus composed of two species; one. found in California and the adjacent
regions of Lower California, is described below, and the other, WasJiiiigtonia
Sonorae. is found in the mountain canons of western Sonora and southern
Lower California and as yet is quite imperfecth' known.

62 II()i(,n's Amkrican "Woods.

200. WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA. <>. K.

Califokma Fan Pai.m, I)i;si;kt Pai.m.

Ger. , Callfor/if'sr/ie Wi'ilAjMiliiK' • Fr., Ptilmn
Pdhtia (le (ihanico.

Specific Characters: — Leaves light green, 5 to 6 ft. in length and nearly as
broad, with stout elongated petioles 4-6 feet long and about 2 in. bioad at tlie
ujtper end, 5 or 6 in. at base, where they split and widen into the slieathing base,
and strongly armed along the margins with variously curved and straiglit tliin
broad-based spines; ligulas 4-G in. long irrejrularly lariniate. Floicers (May to
June) slightly fragrant, in glabrous light-green paniculate spadices. 10 to 12 feet
long, from tlie axils of upper leaves, at first erect and spreading, but finally
pendulous. Fruit (ripe in September) very abundant black drupes, about I in.
long with thin sweet pulp; seed i in. long.

flie specific name, iila>iientosa, is from the hfitin filum, thread, refeiYing to the
tliread-Uke fibres hanging from the edges of the leaves.

This beautiful Palm, the lari^est of the family ^rowin^ within the
United States, sometimes attains the lieiglit of 75 ft. (22 m.j, with a
trunk o ft. ( I m.)(»i' somewhat more in diameter at liase. It !.-
crowned with a tuft of i>;reat fan-s'haped liejht «rreen leaves, which,
sprinii'ino; vertically from the f»:rowing summit, }j;radually hend <>nl-
ward, and when finally brown and lifeless lop down about the trunk
where a great mass of them accumulates and persists for some years
until they gradually drop away and leave the naked brown columnar
trunk rough with the projecting wire-like bundles of wood. This is
the appearance of the tree unkempt, in its desert home, but with
ornamental trees the old leaves are usually trimmed off as soon as they
l)econie unsightly and droop. The trunk is then left, either wickered
over, as it were, with the forked l»ases of the old leaves or those too
are trimmed away and an annulated rind-like covering remains,

riAiJiTAT. — Along the borders of the depression in the Colorado
Desert, which was once filled l>y an inland sea, extending uj) some ot
tlie canons <.'f the neighlioring San ,Iacinto and San Bernardino
]\Iountains and ranging southward into Lower California, growing in
moist and usually alkaline soil near the beds of canons and water
courses where it forms in jilaces small open groves.

Physical Propehtiks. — The wood of this Palm is liglit and .«>ft,
with rather large fibro- vascular bundles of a garnet color in old
trunks, and sparsely distributed through the mass of pinkish colored
pith like intervening tissue (parenchyma), each bundle with two or
three large ducts near the periphery. The color above alluded to is
wliat I have seen in old wood taken from near the base of the trunks

"Washixgtoxia filamkntosa — Camfoknia Fan Paf.m. 63

wliose exterior was charred by repeated burnings of the accumulated
(lead leaves about their crowns by the Indians, and I am inclined to
think that the tissues of the trunk were colored in consecjuence. In
new wood the parenchyma is nearly white, and the bundles of a light
greenish yellow color.

The wood shrinks very greatl}' in drying, the area covered by one
of our transverse sections being now only about half what it was when
the tree was freshly cut. As the shrinkage is mainly in the paren-
chymatous tissue the bundles of wood must not be considered as being
as close together in the growing tree as shown in the accom])anying
section.

UsKs. — The fruit of this tree has long been an article of food by
the Indians, who eat it fresh and also grind the seeds into a flour.
They have a habit of setting lire to the dead leaves which accumulate
about the crown of the tree and which they are said to do for a double
purpose — offering incense to the souls of theii- departed ancestors and
hastening the ripening of the fruit, which I am told they can do l)y
about a month.

The Washington Palm is justly very popular for ornamental plant-
ing, and so extensively has it been planted along the streets and about
the orange orchards of southern California that it has become a
feature already prominent in the aspect of the region, and in time will
giv3 it the appearance in places, it would seem, almost of palm forests.

INDEX

No. Page.

Alamo bianco 194 51

Anacardi.^ce^ 27

Angiosperm-i: 24

Arbol de Ricino 189 44

Hieno de Santa Cata-

lina 182 32

Arbre de Riciii 189 44

Ash, Oregon 187 41

Bearwood, Island 176 25

Bois dur de Santa Catalina. . . . 182 32

Bucktiiorn Famil}' 24

Buckthorn, Island 176 25

Cactace.^ 35

Cactus Family 35

Cactus, Mission 184 36

Castor-bean Tree 189 44

Ceanothus 26

arhoreus 177 26

velnlinus, Var. arbo-

reus 26

Cheiie vert insulaire 191 47

montagneux 192 48

Clieshew Familv 27

Cluistfestbeere."^. 181 31

Christmas-berry 181 31

Cipres de Monterey 195 53

Conifers .' .52

corxace.e 37

Cornel occidental 185 38

Cornuillier occidental 185 38

Coraus 37

Nuttallii 185 38

Cottonwood, Fremont 194 51

White 194 51

CUPULIFERiE 46

Cypres de Monterey. 195 53

Cypress, Monterey 195 53

Cyi)resse von Monterey 195 53

Cupressus 52

Duicrocarpa 195 53

Dicotyledonous Plants 25

Dogwood Family 37

Flowering 185 38

Western 185 38

Eisenholtz von Santa Catalina. 182 32

Encina mantaiiosa 192 48

No. Page.

Esche, Oregon ische 187 41

Encina de isla .191 47

Eucalyptus y3

globulus 183 33

EUPHORBIACE.^; 43

Exogenous Plants 23

Feige, Indische 184 36

Fichte, Einzigblattrige 196 55

Graublattrige 198 58

von Monterey 199 59

von Torrey 197 56

Fig, Indian ". 184 36

Figue dlndian 184 36

Flowering Plants 23

Fraxinus 41

Oregona 187 41

Frene d'Oregon 187 41

Fresno de Oregon 187 41

Gum, Blue 183 33

Gum-tree 183 33

Gymnosperm^ 52

Hartriegel, Westlicher 185 38

Heteromeles r 30

arbutifolia 181 31

Holly, California 181 31

Houx de Califorme 181 31

Iron-wood, Santa Catalina 182 32

Santa Cruz 182 32

Juglans 35

Calif ornica 190 45

JUGLANDACE.E 45

Key based upon flowers 1

fruit 16

leaves 9

Kreuzdorn, Eilandischer 176 25

Lyonothamnus 32

floribundus. . . . 182 32

Mahogany 179 28

Myrtace/E 33

Myrte, Baumische 177 26

darbre 177 26

MirtodeArboi 177 26

60

Index

No. Page.

Mvrtle. Tree 177 26

Mrytle Family 33

Nerprun insulaire 176 25

Nicotiana 42

glaum 188 43

Nightshade Family 42

Nogal de California 190 45

Noyer de Calif orme 190 45

Oak, Highland Live 192 48

Island Live 191 47

Santa Catalina White. .. . 191 47

Sour 179 28

Oak Family 46

Olea 39

Europea 186 39

Oleace^ 39

Olive 186 39

Olive Family 39

Olivenholz 186 39

Olivier 186 39

Olivo 186 39

Opuntia 36

Tuna 184 36

Palm, Desert 200 62

California Fan 200 62

Palm Family 61

Palma Christa 189 44

deabanico 200 62

Palm.43 61

Palmier d'eventail 200 62

Pappel, Weisse 194 5l

Pear, Prickly 184 36

Pepper, Chilli 178 2?

False 178 27

Pepper-tree 178 27

Peuplier blanc 194 51

Pfctferbaura 178 27

Piia»nogamous Plants 23

Pimiento falso 178 27

Pin de feuilles gris 198 58

IMonterey 199 59

Torrey 197 56

monofeuillier 196 55

Pine, Del Mar 197 56

Diggei 198 58

Gray-leaf 198 58

Monterey 199 59

Nut 196 55

Sabine 198 58

Single-leaf Piiion. 196 55

Soledad 197 56

Torrev 197 56

Pine Family 52

Pino de hojas gris 198 58

Jlonterey 199 59

sola hoja 196 55

Torrey 197 56

Pifion 196 55

Pinus . 55

monophylla 196 55

Phuis radial a

Sahiviana 198

Torreyana 197

Poivrier faux 178

Populus

Fvemontii 194

No. Page
199 59

Quercus 47

tomentella 191 47

Wislizeni 192 48

Ramno de isla 176 25

Rhamnace^ 24

Rliaiiinns 24

crocea insiUai^is 25

insula7'is 176 25

Rhus 28

integrifolia 179 28

laurina 180 30

Ricinus 44

communis .. 189 44

Ricinusbaum 189 44

Salicace^ 49

Salix 49

Nuttallii 193 50

Sauce de Nuttall 193 50

Saule de Nuttall 193 50

Saxifragace^ 31

Saxifrage Family 31

Schinus 27

3Iolle 178 27

Solanaceje 42

Sour-berry 179 28

Sour- wood 179 28

Spurge Family 43

Stechpalme, Eilandische 191 47

Hochlandische ... 192 48

Sumac de laurier 180 30

Sumach 180 30

Laurel 180 30

Lorberblattriger 180 30

Tabac d arbre 188 43

Tabak, Baumischer 188 43

Tobacco, Tree 188 43

Wild... 188 43

Tabaco de Arbol 188 43

Tolloii 181 31

Tovon 181 31

Tunal 184 36

Wallnussbaum. Californische. . 190 45

Walnut, California 190 45

Walnut Family 45

WasJiimjtonia ... 01

filavmitosa 200 62

Wedelpalme, Californische 200 62

Weide von Nuttall 193 50

Willow, Nuttall 193 50

Willow Faniily 49

Zumaque de laurel

180

176. RHAMNUS INSULARIS Greene

Island Buckthorn,

Island Bearwood.

SECTION

EAL SECTION

Ger. Eil ndisoher Kreuzdorn. Fi. Nerprun insularie.
Sp. Eamno de isla.

Published and Sectlont M«d« by Romtyn B. Hough, B. A., Lewvllle, N, Y.

176. RHAMNUS INSULARIS Greene,

Island Buckthorn,

Island Bearwood.

6er. Eilandisher Kreuzdorn. Fr Nerprun insulaire.
Sp, Eamno de isla„

Made by Romeyrt e. Hough, m. A,. Lowvill@, N.

177. CEANOTHUS ARBOREUS Greene.

Tree Mvrtle.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Baumische Myrte. Fr. Myrte d'ailie.
Sp. Mirto de arbol.

177. CEANOTHUS ARBOREUS Greene.

Tree Myrtle.

TRANSVERVC SECTrON.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Baumisclie Myrte. F''- Myrte d'aibie
Sp. Mirto de arbol.

178. SCHINUS MOLLE L

Pepper-tree, Chili Pepper, False Pepper.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAl. SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger Pfefferbaum. ^- Poivrier faux.
Sp. Pimiento falso.

178. SCHiNUS MOLLE '

Pepper-tree, Chili Pepper, False Pepper.

rnANsvEnsE sectiow.

TANGENTJAl. SECTJOi

Ger Pfefferbaum. f^- Poivrier faux,
Sp. Pimiento false.

179. RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA B.&H.

Sour-berry. Sour-wood. Sour Oak. Mahogany.

SECTION

AL SECTION

Ger, Sauerbeere.

Fr. Baie aigre.

Sp. Baya agria

Published and Sections Made by Romevn

179. RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA B.&H

Sour-berry. Sour-wood. Sour Oak. Mahogany.

TRANSVERSE

: SECTION.

■

■

IJHJI^^^^HB^m^lHHE

i^SSiS^^^S^BSB^^HH

RADI AU SECTION

SECTION

Ger Sauerbeere,

Fr. Baie aigre.

Sp. Baya agria.

iblished and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough,

180. RHUSlLAUllNA Nutt.

Laurel Sumach.

Sumach.

RADIAL. SECTION

SECTION

Ger. Lorberbl'attriger Sumach. Sp. Zumaque de laurel,

Fr. Sumac de laurier.

Id Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., LoWvlll.

180. RHUS LAURINA Nutt.

Laurel Sumach.

Sumach.

SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

Ger. Lorberblattriger Sumach.

Sp, Zumaque de laurel,

Fr. Sumac de lauri

iblished and Sections Made by Ronne/n B. Hough, B.

181. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA Roem.

Christmas-berry. California Holly. Toyon. ToUon.

SECTION

At SECTION

6er. Christfestbeere. Fr. Houx de Californre.

Sp. Tollon.

Fubll.hed and Section. Made by Romeyr, 8. Hough. B. A.. Uowv„.l. .

181. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA Roem

Christmas-berry. California Holly. ToyoD. Tollon.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RAOIAI, SECTION

^^m

TANGENTIAL SECTION

6er, Christfestbeere.

Fr. Houx de Californie.

Sp. Tollon.

5d and ^Sections Made by Romeyn 8. Nr.u8h,

182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLOIRBUNDUS Gr.

Siata OitilLna Iron-wood, Santa Cruz Iron-wood, *

,«^-'\?^5^

».-' •'J'lMISt'r'^SJWS JRHW-^""*"?

i^M^

RADIAL SECTION.

r.i,-:>.'>i^w.iii-U.-iJi

fitl/^L SECTION.

Ger EisenLoltz von St Cutaliia. Fr. Bcis dur de St. Oati^W^'
Sp. Arbol de Hierro de Santa Catalina.

. -... J Rom«yn 8. Httugh, S. A, Uow...,., „ , „ «, j „

182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLOIRBUNDUS Gr.

Sinta Oitiiina Iron-wood, Santa Cruz Iron-wood.

?^?sfl*S^^^

isMis^V;^ -''-^

ri::'-,:-f;;^-*^fcv.=i;t^

jyst-

TANGENTIAL SECTION,

Cer.. EisenLoltz von St Cutalina. fr. Bois dur de St. Catalina,
Sp^ Arbol de Hierro de Santa Catalinao

183. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS Labill.

Eucalyptus-

Blue Gum.

Sum-tree.

SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Eucalyptus.

Fr. Eucalyptus.

Sq. Eucalyptus.

and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lewvllle, N. Y.

183, EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS Labill

Eucalyptus. Blue Gum. Gum-tree.

«AD(AU SeCTiON

SECTION

Ger. Eucalyptus.

Fr. Eucalypti's.

Sp. Eucalyptus.

Publlthed and Sections Made by Rom«yn B. Houah, B. A., CowvHIe, N. Y.

184. OPUNTIA TUNA Mill.

Mission Cactus. Indian Fig. Prickly Pear.

i

W

U:

AhseihiTsAk 81CYI©?V

Ger. indische Feige

Fr. Figue dMndien

Sp. Nopal

Published and Section* Made fay Romeyn S. Hough. B. A., L©wvl»fe, H. Y.

^ 184. OPUNTIA TUNA Mill.
Mission Cactus. Indian Fig. Prickly Pear.

.„.. .^;__-^,i^ifa

■I 't'!\i '■']'[ •:'.'ii:iCr , ' ( , V:'

SECTION

^ — — -=« — .-^- .->->,,•.. — _ — *■ — - .. "- Li - - .^- -^

TAISi«J%lMTIAL SEQTiON

Ger. Indische Felge.

Fr. Figue d'Indien,

Sp. Nopal.

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough. 3. A., Lt

185. CORN US NATTALLII Aud.

Western Dogwood, Flowering Dogwood,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAt SECTION.

Ger Westlicher Hartriegel Pr. Cornuiller occidental.
Sp, Cornel occidental. ; '

by Rom.yr, B. Hough. B. A.

185. CORNUS NATTALLII Aud

Western Dogwood, Flowering Dogwood.

TRAMsvcnae section.

RADIAL SCCTtON.

TAHOCHTIAI. SCCTIOM.

Ger Westlicher Hartriegel. fr. Cornnilier occidental,
Sp. Cornel occidental.

186. CQJ£BA EUROPEA Linn.

Olive.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIA

Ger. Olivenholz

Fr Olivier

Sp. Qiivo.

.hed and Sections Made by Romeyi

A.. LpwvlMe, N. V.

1^6. OLEA EUROPEA Linn,
Olive.

TRANaVlRai tKCTION

RADIAL SECTION

Ger. Ollvenholz.

Fr. Olivier.

Sp. Olivo.

PuJ>n«h«d ind SeetJont Mad« by Rom«yn B. Mough, B. A., Low>

187. FRAXINUS OREGONA Nutt.

Oregon Ash.

RADIAL SECTION

AL SECTION

Ger. Oregonische Esche. Sp, Fresno de Oregon.

Fr. Frene d'Oregon.

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y.

187. FRAXINUS OREGONA Nutt.

Oregon Ash.

Ger. Oregonische Esche.

Sp. Fresno de Oregon.

Fr. Frene d'Oregon.

Publlahed and Sectlon« Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvill«, N. Y.

188. NICOTIANA GLAUCA Grah.

Tree Tobacca

Wild Tbbaccio.

t E C 1 1 ox

Ger. Baumischer Tabak.

Fr. Tabac d'arbre.

Sp. Tabaco de arbol.

#»ublt.h«4i ntse Section* Mad* by Rom*yn B. Moi

188. NICOTIANA GLAUCA Grah.

Tree Tobacco.

wad Tobacco.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RAOIAI. SECTION,

SECTION

Ger. Baumischer Tabak.

Fr. Tabac d'arbre.

Sp. Tabaco de arbol.

^ubliahed and Stctlon* Made by Rom«yn B. HouaN B> A., UowvrUe. M

189. RICINUS COMMUNIS L

Castor-bean Tree.

Palma Ohrista.

SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

Ger. Ricinusbaum,

Fr. Arbre de Ricin

Sp. Arbol de Ricino.

•yn S. Hough. B. A., LowvJ

189. RICINUS COMMUNIS L

Castor-bean Tree.

Palma Ohrista.

ANQENTSAL SECTION

Ger. Ricinusbaum,

Fr, Arbre de Rici

Sp. Arbo( de Ricino,

)d Sections Made by Romeyn B.

190. JUGLANS CALIFORNICA Watsi

California Walnut.

Californische Wallnuszbaum. fr. Noyer dc C^
*>/'• Nogal de California

190. JUGLANS CALIFORNICA Watson,

California Walnut*

'mmmm'

Californische Wallnuszbaum, *'/% Noyer de Gilifornif
'*>>. Nogal de California

191. QUERCUS TOMENTELLA Engelm.

Island L.va Oak, Santa Catalma White Oak.

BAJiwrcasc *ECTi»a.

■AVIAL «KCn««.

TAMQCNTIAL SCCTtOH.

Oer. Eilandische Stechpalme. fr, Ohene vert la^^e.
^P' Encina de isla.

N»l)tti»« tM M«««M m*4» ky tUm^^ym B

%»*„ v.. «.$.,.»

191. QUERCUS TOMENTELLA Engelm

..^Island L.V3 Oak. Santa CaLalma White Oak.

rWANSVERSE SECTION,

RABIAL SECTION.

Encina de isla.

192. QUERCUS WISLIZENI A. de C.

Highland Live Oak.

THANSVCRSC SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

i£^G£^^Mi

■--^'■\^rf?i

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer HocWandische Stechpalme. fr.. Chene vert montagn|ux,

^P Encina montanesa.

....... . f

8. Houih. B. A. LoYwilK N. Y^ U. S. A *

192. QUERCUS WtSLIZENI A. de C.

Highland Live Oak.

rANGCNTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Hochlandische Stechpalme. fr. Chene vert montagneux,
Sp. Encina montaiiesa.

193. SALIX NUTTALLII Sarg.

Nuttall Willow.

RADIAL SECTION.

INGENTIAL SCCTIO

Ger. Weide von Nuttall. Fr, Saulc dc Nuttali,

sp. Sauce de NuttalL

193. SALIX NUTTALLII Sarg.

Nuttall WiUow.

ADIAL SECTION.

«er. Weicic von Nuttall. Fr. Saulc de Nuttall.

mmMMm:^i

Sauce dc Nuttall.

mamm

HfiUiiiiliiiilliflliiiliiaii^^

194. POPULUS FREMONTII Watson.

White Cottonwood. Fremont Cottonwood.

TRAi^SVERSE

RADIAL SECTION

'TJL

Ger. Weisse PapDe!

Fr. Peupller b

Sp. Alamo bianco.

>meyr> B. Hough. B. fkl

194. POPULUS FREMONTII Watson.

White Cottonwood,

Fremont Cottonwood,

RADIAL. 8ECTIO

Ger. Weisse Pappel

Fr, Peuplier blanc,

Sp. Alamo bianco.

Publlthed and Sections Made by Romeyn

195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA Gord.

Monterey Cypress.

TRANSVERSE

RADIAL SECTION

lypiiipjiliiijii , ,L

TANGENT

Ger. Cypresse von Monterey. Sq. Cipres de Monterey

Fr. Cypres de Monterey.

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn 1. Hougf

195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA Gord

,i Monterey Cypress.

r

SECTION

SECTION

Ger. Cypresse von Birbnterey. Sp. Cipres de Monterey.

Ffi;^€ypres de Monterey,

Published and Sections Made by Ron^eyn B. Hough,

196. PIN US MONOTPHYLLA Torr.

Single-leaf Pinon Pine, Nut Pine, Pinon.

T«AN»>rCR«C SCCTION.

RADIAL SCCTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

C^r. EinzigUattrige Pichte. Fr. Pin monofeuillier.
Sp- Pino de mona hoja.

196. PINUS MONOTPHYLLA Torr.

Single-leaf Pinon Pine, Nut Pine. Pinon.

TRANSVCnSC SKCTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger Einzigblattrige Fichte. fr. Pin monofeuillie]
•^P- Pino de mona hoia.

197. PIN US TORREYANA Parry.

Torrey Pine, Del Mar Pine, Soledad Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTIOI

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTrAL SECTION

Oer. Fichte von Torrey. /v. Pin de Torrey.

"^P- Pino de Torrey.

197. PINUS TORREYANA Parry.

Torrey Pine, Del Mar Pine, Soledad Pine.

RADIAL SECTIO

TANGENTIAU SECTION

Oer Fichte von Torrey. /r. Pin de Torrey.

Sp. Pino de Torrey.

198. PINUS SABINIANA Dougl.

Gray-leaf Pine, Digger Pine, Sabine Pine,

^■^I^W^^^^T^:

TRANSVERSE SEGTJON.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

G^r. Graublattrige Fichte. /v. Pin de feuillesgris,
•^P' Pino de hojas gris.

19a PINUS SABINIANA DougL

Gray-leaf Pine, Digger Pine, Sabine Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

m

RASIAt. SCCnON.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Graublattrige Fichte. /r, Pin de fenilles gris,
i>. Pino de hqjas gris.

199. PINUS RADIATA D.Don.

Monterey Pine.

Ger FJchte von Monterev

Fr. Pin de Monterey,

Sp. Pino de Monterey.

PubUBhed and Seetfens Wade by Remeyn

Uewvllle, N. Y.

199. PINUS RADIATA D.Don.

Monterey Pine.

RADIAL S e

Ger, Fichte von Monterey, ^|pl Fr. Pin de Monterey,
Sp, Pino de Monterey.

Published and Sections Made by Remeyn 3. Houah, S.

200. WASHINGTOmA FILAMENTOSA O.K

Oalifornian Fan ]^Ki. Desert Palm.

E SECTION

Ger. Californische Wedelpalme. Fr. Palmier d'eventail.

Sp. Palma de abanlco.

IS Made by Romeyn B, Hougf

200. WASHINGTONIA FILAMEhTOSA O.K.

Oalifornian Fan Palm.

Desert Palm

vv/^-' v>i^9 ,\.!'^.viy-'

RADIAL SECTION

6er. Californische Wedelpafiihe. Fr. Palmier

Sp. Palma de abanico.

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B.

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