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THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

Exhibited by Actual Specimens
AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART X.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

BY

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

GENERAL INDEX, PARTS I-X.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR.

1904.

Copyright nineteen hundred and four.
By ROMEYN B. HOUGH.

WEED-PARSONS PRINTIKG CO.,

ELECTROTYPE RS AND PRINTERS.

ALBANY, N. Y.

TO

OBSERVER AND LOVER OF NATURE,

THIS TENTH VOLUME OF AMERICAN WOODS

IS DEDICATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF AFFECTIONATE ESTEEM

/

Digitized by tine Internet Archive

in 2009 witii funding from

NCSU Libraries

Iittp://www.archive.org/details/americanwoodsexli10lioug

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
in these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them.

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would sho\v^ to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which lie did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no. plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, hov/ever, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," "radial" and " tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

vi Preface to the Series.

as tlie Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part being independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees rej^resented. It contains little, if any thing,
nev/ to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs, Gray, "Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisnc's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of tlie timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style Avith Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes oi
profiting therefrom in the future,

LowviLLE, N. Y., March 30;, 1888.

PKEFACE TO PART X.

In Part X, American Woods, we liave a continuation of the trees
of tlie Pacific Slope, the fifth instalhnent of the species of tliis region,
and taking np certain trees of special interest. "We are particnlarly
pleased to bring out in it sections of the singular Saguaro or Giant
Cactus of the arid regions, which always impresses travelers in crossing
the arid regions of the southwest. It was with considerable scepticism
that a trunk was felled and material taken from it for tliis use and
great was our surprise at finding that we could make and preserve
very satisfactory sections. We deem it best, however, to protect
them with mica in the mounted frames. We trust our patrons will
share ^vith us pleasure in being able to see in these sections the inter-
esting structure of these strange trunks.

We regret some delay in the appearance of Part X, occasioned by
demands upon the writer's time for attention to Teee Studies — the
companion work to American Woods (taking up illustrations of the
trees, their characteristic barks, leaves, flowers, fruit, etc.), as per
announcement which was made with Part IX. Much work has been
done in connection with that with results which we trust will please
those who have expressed a desire for its appearance.

In the preparation of American Woods Part X, I wish to grate-
fully acknowledge assistance and courtesies extended by Prof. Willis
L. Jepson, of the University of California, Mr. Chas. II. Shinn, Mr.
A. J. Johnson, Mr. A. L. House, Professors R. H. Forbes and A. J.
McClatchie of the University of Arizona, Prof.Wm. K. Dudley of
Stanford University, and last but by no means least Mr. and Mrs. Tlieo.
Hampe, whose sequestered home is among the Chiricahua Moimtains
of Arizona and in the vicinity of which several of our wood specimens
were gathered.

A General Index to Parts I-X is inserted at the close of this text.

LowviLLE, X. Y., Fel. 29th, 1904.

A KEY BASED DPON THE LEAVES.

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I to X
inclusive, when out of Season for procuring the Flowers.

N. B. — As this key applies only to the species thus far represented in AMERI-
CAN WOODS it is important always to confirm identification by applying the
more detailed description given in its proper place.

a. Deciduous Leaves. — falling in autumn.
b. Simple Leaves.
c. Laminate — with well marked blade and petiole.
(I. Main rib single — pinnately veined.
€. Entire or nearly so, pointed at both ends and
/. Oi^posite

8-5 in. long, thick, lustrous above 9. Nyssa MULTIFLORA.

5^6 in. long, thin, dull above 89. Catalpa bignonioides.

/'. Alternate, thinnish and in length
g. 6-12 in.

Oblong, petioles 4 in 1. Magnolia acuminata.

Lance-obovate; petioles, scarcely 2 in. long 76. Asinima triloba

g\ 2-7 in.,

h. Tliickish, and with light-colored pubescence, at least on the veins
beneath.

Petioles about 1 in. long 61. Diospyros tirginiana.

Petioles about i inch long , 110. Nyssa ogeche.

h''. Thinnish, oblong-obovate (often remotely serrate).

Convolute in the bud 193. Salix nuttallii.

Involute in the bud 238. Salix sitchensis.

f/\ 1-3 in., distinctly bluish-green 214. Quercus douglasu.

/^. Alternate, opposite and scattered upon the same plant, linear.

134. Chilopsis SALIGNA.
c'. Serrate, sei'ulate or dentate.
/. Inequilateral and cordate or truncate at base,
g. Ovate-orbicular, large, 4-5 in. or more in length.

3. TiLIA AMERICANA.

g-. Ovate, long-taper-pointed from a broad base.

12. Celtis occidentalis.
</'. Ovate-oblong and

/*. Very rough, especially above, rugose 11. Ulmus fulva.

Ji'K Smoothish and
/. 2-4 in. long, flowers and fruit in

Fascicles 33. Ulmus Americana.

Racemes 34, Ulmus racemosa.

P. 1-2 in. long and only slightly inequilateral.

114. Planera aquatica.
f. Equilateral and obtuse, rounded or cordated at base.
g. Veins straight or nearly so, leaves thinnish.
/*. Ovate-oblong.

Coarsely serrate with remote teeth, one at the end of each vein,
ciliate and covered with silky white hairs.

16. Fagus ferruginea.
Doubly and sharply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. Ostrya tirginica.
Unequally and sharply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy bract.

42. Carpintjs caroliniana.

Hough's American Woods.

ft,'. Ovate and
i. Finely and closely serrate, smooth, whitish and reticulate-veined

beneath 47. Populus balsamifera.

t'. Doubly serrate and
J. Thinnish ; petioles downy and
k. Of aromatic flavor ; bark of trunk

Yellowish-gray ; laminate 17. Betl'LA lutea.

Reddish-brown 44. Betula lenta.

A''. Not of aromatic flavor 236. Betula occidentalis.

J2. Thickish and bark white 43. Betula papyracea.

gr'. Veins incurved ; leaves
h. Orbicular-heart-shaped, thickish, 4-8 in. long.

Acuminate 63. MoRUS rubra.

Obtuse or rounded at apex 97. Populus heterophylla .

ft,'. Orbicular-ovate ; petioles laterally compressed ; leaves

Coarsely dentate 18. Populus grandidentata.

Serrate-dentate 72. Populus tremuloides.

ft3. Broad ovate, acuminate serrate 218. Populus trichocarpa.

h*. Elliptical to obovate, conspicuously netted-veined, above

Glabrous 207. Prunus subcordata.

Hairy along veins 126. Rhamnus purshiana.

JV. Ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath 209. Pyrus rivularis.

/^ Equilateral and acute at base, tapering botli ways,
g. Narrow-lanceolate, very long-attenuate; petioles

Bearing dark glands 237. Salix lasiandra.

Not bearing glands, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. Salix nigra.
g''. Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-4 in. long; capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. vitellina.

"With slender peduncles 71. Salix amygdaloides.

g^. Oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate.
h. Minutely serrulate, 3-7 in. long ; petioles downy.

140. Salix laevigata.
7i'. Serrate with teeth sharply

Awn-pointed and in about 20 pairs 40. Castanea vesca.

Mucronate and in 6-12 pairs 68. QuERCUS muhlenbergii.

Finely glandular-serrate 55. Prunus pennsylvanica.

g*. Oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, puberulous beneath.

165. Salix lasiolepis.
o". Obovate-oblong, serrate, hairy beneath; length

1-3 in., acute 208. Prunus mollis.

8-6 in. , long acuminate 56. Prunus avium.

gr'. Ovate ; petioles

Short, generally not more than \ in 163. Alnus rhombifolia.

Long; leaves very smooth and shining above. .57. Pyrus communis.
flr\ Wedge-obovate, veins very prominent.

Thin, smoothish and dull above 58. Crataegus punctata.

Thick, smooth and lustrous above 85. Crataegus crus-galll

g^. Ovate-oblong, veins incurved and petioles

ft. With 2-4 glands, smooth 29. Prunus serotina.

W. Without glands,

Glabrous both sides, sharply serrate.

59. Amelanchier canadensis.

Downv under-side and petiole 3U. Pyrus malus.

o*. Lanceolate oblong, 1-3 in. long, about equally acuminate at both ends.

111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.

/». Equilateral and truncate at base,
g. Serrate-dentate with cartilaginous teeth

Deltoid-ovate, rather long taper-pointed 48. Populus monilifera.

Deltoid-reniform, more abruptly pointed. . .194. Populus fremontil

Broadly deltoid 73. Populus dilatata.

g'^. Irregularly serrate or obscurely lobed 70. Betula populifoha.

€*. Pinnate! y lobed ; lobes at apex
/. Rounded (not bristle-pointed) and

Key, Based Upon Leaves. 3

g, Subequal, sinuses

Wide, lobes uarrow and nearly entire ; leaves 5-9 in. long.

88. QUERCrS ALBA.

Narrow, lobes wide and
mostlv undulate or crenate-tootlied ; leaves 2-3 in. long.

16U. Q. LOBATA.

Entire or nearly so and round or obtuse at apex.

136. Q. GARRYAXA.

gr'. Very unequal,
h. The two lobes nearest the summit much the largest.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA.

/t'. Lyrate-pinnatifid and sinuses extending

Nearly to the midrib and roundish 89. Quercus macrocarpa.

Usually not over half-way to the midrib and more acute.

GG. Q. BICOLOR.

/». Acutish and nuicronulate . .216. (Quercus macdoxaldil

/^. Bristle-pointed ; sinuses
g. ^Moderately deep and narrow;

Lobes narrowing towards apex and mostly terminating in 1-3 bristle-
pointed teeth 15. Q. rubra.

Lobes generally widening towards apex and terminating in 8-7 bristle-
pointed teeth 163. Q. califorxica.

g^. Deeper and broader ; lobes narrower 93. Q. tixctoria.

g^. Deep, broad and rounded ; lobes very narrow; acorn
Ovoid-oblong, \ immersed in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. QUERCX'S COCCIXEA.

Flattened-globular, I immersed in a fine-scaled cup.

94. QUERCrS PALUSTRIS.

e*. Broad, truncate at both base and apex, and with two spreading lobes on

each side 2. Liriodendron tulipifera.

c'. Wavy and spinous-toothed, very thick 52. Ilex opaca.

c'- Undulatelv crenate-toothed ; obovate-oblong.

Slightly "if at all pubescent beneath 67. QuERCUS prinus.

Velvety pubescent beneath 116. Quercus michauxil

e\ Sinuate-toothed, white-tomentose beneath 96. Populus alba,

e*. Cut-serrate or sublobate, witli slender petioles ;

Ovate, coarsely cut-serrate 83. Py'RUS coronaria.

Round-ovate, finely cut-serrate 86. CraT-EGUS coccinea.

c». Crenate-serrate ; petioles 1 in. or slightly less in length.

82. Pruxus cerasus.
c". Obscurely crenulate- toothed ; leaves
/. Alternate, petioles long, mostly lA in. or more.

87. CORXUS alterxifolia.
/'. Opposite, petioles short (less than 1 in.); involucral scales when fully
developed

Obcordate 88. CORXUS Florida.

Pointed at apex 185. CoRXUS xuttalii.

c". Undulate-serrate, 4-| in. long and bearing large scattered glands.

154. DaLEA SPIXOSA.

c". Doubly serrate,

Rho'mbic-ovate 81. Pruxus xigra.

Ovate-oblong 210. Crataegus douglasii.

c'^ Crenately lobed; lobes glandular dentate 217. Alxus oregoxa.

d!^. Main ribs several, palraately-veined, etc.; rib
e. single at first but soon sending off a strong vein on each side and leaves

3-lobed, 2-lobed and entire on same tree 32. Sassafras officixale.

e'. Ribs three at first, but soon five or more by branching, leaves alternate,
base of petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud, obscurely

3-5-lobed with broad shallow sinuses 13. Plataxus occidextalis.

5-lobed with narrow and deeper sinuses 135. Plataxus racemosa.

3-7-lobed with long slender lobes 232. Plataxus avrightil

e'. 5-7 from commencement ; leaves

c*. 7-9-ribbed and lobed. suborbicular 203. Acer circin.atum.

/. Opposite, base of petiole subtending (not covering) the axillary bud.

Hough's American Woods.

g. Moderately incised with broad lobes which are

Sparingly sinuate-toothe"d 7. Acer saccharinum, wang.

Irregularly serrate and notched 58. Acer rubrum.

Sharply and finely doubly serrate 79. Acer pennsylvanicum.

{/'. Deeply incised with more or less acute sinuses and narrow lobes.
h. Star-shaped, lobes glandular serrate. .. 60. Liquidajibar styraciflua.
1i'. Palmate

Lobes incisely toothed 26. Acer dasycarpum.

Lobes furnished with 2-4 secondary lobes. .152. A. macrophyllum.

/^ Alternate, tendril bearing vine 78. Vitis aestivalis.

c"-. Linear, sessile, in delicate 2-ranked sprays 119. Taxodium distichum.

c-K Needle-shaped triangular, short, soft and in fascicles of many each

\-\\ in. long ; bracts of core included 23. Larix AMERICANA.

1-lf in. long ; bracts exserted 250. Larix occidentalis.

&'■'• CoDipound Leaves.
c. Palmate, with usually

7 obovate leaflets 6. ^SCULUS hippocastanum.

5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets 127. ^SCULUS CALIFORNICA.

c'. Pinnate with an odd terminal leaflet, rachis

(L Furnished with prickles 106. Xanthoxylum clava-herculis.

(1-. Not furnished with prickles ; leaflets all
f. Petiolulate, leaflets
/. 21-41, each with one or two pairs of glandular teeth at its base.

4. AlLANTHUS GLANDULOSUS.
/'^ 11-15,

With prickle-like stipules, entire 80. Robinia pseudacacia.

With foliaceous deciduous stipules 84. Pyrus sambucifolia.

/•'. 7-9, ovate or lance-oblong, entire or obscui'ely serrate ;

Petioles and branchlets glabrous 10. Fraxinus Americana.

Petioles and branchlets velvety pubescent. .31. Fraxinus pubescens.
/*. 3-5 ; lateral leaflets
(/. Petiolulate and

//. Irregularly toothed 54. Acer negundo.

fiK Evenly serrate ; leaves and young shoots

Glabrous 157. Sambucus glauca.

Pubescent 229. Sambucus mexicana.

</^ Sessile, subentire 77. Ptelea trifoliata

/'. 3-9. generally petiolulate,

Entire or serrate, acuminate 212. Fraxinus velutina.

Coarsely serrate above middle. 231. Fraxinus dipetala.

e'. Sessile or subsessile

/. Numerous and pubescent, especiallj' along the petiole and rachis.
g. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate; pubescence of short, rust-colored
clammy hairs; leaflets

7-13, yellow-glandular-dotted , 115. Carya aquatica.

11-17, fruit subovoid, viscid, pubescent 14. JUGLANS CINEREA.

9-23, fruit subglobose, nut obscurely sulcate.

190. JUGLANS CALIFORNICA.

f/'. Leaflets lance-oblong, coarselv serrate ;

9-28, finelv pubescent \ 223. Juglans rupestris.

11-31, velvety pubescent 5. Rhus typhina.

f. 5, quite glabrous: fruit a ridged nut about 1 in. long with thick

epicarp. 36. Cauya alba.

/3. 5-7 or 9,

g. Glabrous, epicarp tliin; nut

Small, thin shelled 91,. Carya microcarpa.

Larger, moderately thick-shelled .'. .85. Carya porcina.

g'. Tomentose; fruit a samara 187. Fraxinus oregona.

f*. 7-9, epicarp thick and woody, leaflets

Puberulent ; bark shaggy 64. Carya sulcata.

Tomentose and odorous 90. Carta tomentosa.

/'. 7-11,

Lanceolate, acute at base, minutely glandular and pubescent
beneath 37. Carya amara.

Kky, Based Upon Leavks. 5

Oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, obtuse or rounded at base; fruit a

samara, flat at base 62. Fraxinus sambucifolia.

/». 3-5, subentii-e 77. Ptelea TRIFOLIATa.

b^. Decompound Letwes.
c Petioles smooth or pubescent; pinnnae
d. Remaining on durnig the season; leaves
e. Regularl}- bipinnate; pinnae
/. 2, leaflets,

g. 4-6. 2-3 lines long, petiole, ^-i in 138. Cercidium torreyanum

gK 8-12, 1-2 lines long, petiole almost or quite wanting.

204. Parkinsonia microphylla.
g\ 10-30, petiole

i-| inches long 205. Prosopis odorata.

2-1 inches long 129. Prosopsis julifloka

p. 7, leaflets, sessile''. " 105. Melia azedarach.

/^ 8-15, nuQierous, 1-4 lines long

Ratlier distant 206. Acacia decurrens.

Crowded '-~- ACACIA MOLLISSIMA.

€\ Regularly bipinnate except for the lowest pair of single leaflets;

leaflets stalked 27. Gymnocladus canadensis.

e^. Irregularly bipinnate, leaflets small and sessile,

12-18 in number 109. Gleditschia moxosperma.

18-24 in number 27. Gleditschia triacanthos.

d-. Quickly falling away and petioles developing into phyllodia

155. Acacia melanoxylon.
c'. Petioles prickly, leaves large, with ovate, sessile, serrate leaflets.

8. Aralia SPIXOSA.
a'. Subdeciduous Leaves — a part only of the leaves falling in autumn, the rest
remaining green thi'ough the winter.
Obovate-spatulate, entire, shining green both sides.

118. Quercus aquatica.
«' Persistent Leaves — evergreen.
6. Simple

c. Needle-shaped and quite stiff, pointing every way,
d. In fascicles (Piims) of

e. Two each, a membranous sheath inclosing the base of each fascicle,
about

/. 1 in. long, sheaths very short 99. P. banksiana.

/*. 1^-2* in. long and

Stout; sheaths ^ in. or less; branchlets smooth and purple

98. P. INOPS.

Slender ^ in or more; branchlets rough-scaly 148. P. contorta.

f^, 2-3 in. long, slender, with short sheaths 122. P. clausa.

f^. 3-5 in. long,
g. Slender; branchlets

Rough 75. P. MITIS.

Smooth 123. P. glabra.

g^. Thicker; cones in whorls and very oblique 170. P. muricata.

f". 5-6 in. long, thicker, sheaths elongated 19. P. resinosa.

e*. Thi-ee each and
/. 3-6 in. long; cones

Little if at all oblique li-3 in. long 50. P. rigida.

Very oblique and scales manimillate on outer side.

Ovoid scales furnished with minute prickles 50. P. radiata.

Cylindrical ovoid, prickles stouter 222. P. attenuata.

f. 5-8 in" long 121. P. sekotina.

/^ 7-10 in. long, very stout 147. P. poxderosa.

/^, 8-15 in. long; cones

g. Subterminal, sliglitly if at all oblique 124. P. palustris.

g''. Lateral, very oblique and heavy

4-8 in. long; leaves .slender, pale blue-green 198. P. sabixiax.\.

10-14 in. long; leaves stout, dark green 169. P. COULTERl.

C*. Both two and three each 125. P. CUBENSIS.

e*. Four each (occasionally five) 245. P. quadrifoli.v.

Hough's American Woods.

c'. Five each,

f, 1-1| in. long ; cones 3^-5 in. long 246. P. balfouriana.

/"■'. l|-8 in. long ; cones ironi

"1^-3 in. long 244. P. albicaulis.

3-10 in long 243. P. FLEXILIS.

/^. 3-5 in. long-
Very slender; cones 4-6 in. long 49. P. strobus.

Thicker; cones 5-1 1 in. long 221. P. monticola.

Stont; cones 10-18 in. long 146. P. lambertiana.

f*. 9-13 in. long; cone-scales thickened at apex and furnished with strong

prickle .197. P. torreyana.

iV. Not iu fascicles (scattered)
e. Ridged above and below and base
/, Elevated and persistent
g. 4 sided; branchlets
h. Pubescent ; leaves

f-f in. long, quite stiff 20. PiCEA NIGRA.

1-li in. long, quite flexible 247. Picea engelmanni.

/*,'. Glabrous 100. Picea alba.

g\ Flat; branchlets smooth; cones cylindrical 149. Picea sitchensis.

f. Not elevated nor persistent ; leaves short thick and crowded.

174. Abies magnifica.
c'. Ridged below, grooved above, nearly equally 4-sided ; bracts of cones

Included, about half as long as scale 249. Abies amabilis.

Exserted and strongly reflexed 225. Abies nobilis.

e^ Terete 196. Pinus monophylla.

c'. Linear, flat and

d. Conspicuously 2-ranked — diverging in two directions,
e. Petioled and mai"gin

/. Obscurely denticulate, obtuse at apex and witli persistent bases of
petioles (Tsuga)

Slightly grooved above, cones pedicilate . . .21. T. canadensis.

Conspicuously grooved, cones sessile 223. T. heterophylla.

/'. Entire, revolute, acute at apex 144. Taxus brevifolia.

e"^. Subsessile rigid and sharply bristle-pointed, about
/. 1 inch long, widest at base and with broad shallow grooves beneath

120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA.

/'. 1-3 inches long, more uniform in width.
White-stomatose beneath.

248. Abies venusta.
With deep narrow grooves beneath.

145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA.

c*. Sessile, entire, keeled below those of the sterile branches
f. Narrow-linear

I in. long, obtusely pointed 22. Abies balsamea.

\ in. long, conspicuously emarginate 224. Abies grandis.

I in. long, obtuse or acute at apex, rounded above

173. Abies concolor.
p. "Wide-linear, pungent at apex, f in. long or less

143. Sequoia semper virens.
(V, Somewhat 2-ranked, sliort-petiolate
e. Articub.ted on a permanent-base and keeled above

171. TsUGA PATTONIANA.

e'. Breaking away entire and leaving permanent leaf -scars
I to 1 in. long ; winter buds \-l in.

150. PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA.

I to IJ in. long ; winter buds \-i in.

171. PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA.

c'. Scale-like or awl-sliaped, imbricated and closely appressed
d. In 4 ranks and making a conspicuously
e. Flat two-edged branclilet; cones with leathery scales and

4 scales usually fertile 24. Thuja occidentalis.

6 scales usually fertile , 220. Thuja gigantea.

e'. Flattish but narrower branchlet 141. LiBOCEDRUS decurrens.

Key, Based Upon Leaves. 7

e'. 4-angIetl rather than flat branch let ; fruit
/'. Subglobose cones with peltate valvate scales and
g. Maturing the first season, small and
h. Conspicuously glandular, cones about

\ in. long 74. Chaivi^cyparis thyoides.

i in. long 241. Cham^ecyparis lawsoniana.

W^. Eglandular ; cones nearly ^ in.

240. Cham.ecyparis nootkatexsis.
fir'. Maturing the second season ; leaves denticulate
h. Obscurely glandular; and dark green; cones

1-U in. long 195. Cupressus macrocarpa.

^-1 in. long 166. Cupressus goveniana.

W. Conspicuously glandular, glaucous green branchlets

Stout 289. Cupressus arizonica.

Slender 219. CuPKESSUS macnabiana.

/'. Fleshy berrj'-like strobiles; glands of leaves

Inconspicuous; fruit dark blue J in. in diameter

25. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.

Very conspicuous; fruit nearly ^ in, in diameter.

5{42. JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLOEA.

d, Terenate leaves

Roundish at apex 166. Juniperus californica.

More acute at apex 168. Juniperus occidentalis.

d.^ Scattered, or spirally arranged, mostly carniate. . .142. Sequoia gigantea.
<r*. Laminate and
d. Elliptical to ovate, about 1 in. long, coriaceous. .201. Ceanothus SPINOSUS.
d'. Ovate to oblong
€. Single-ribbed
/. 1-5 in. long, at base
g. Rounded, truncate or slightly heart-shaped,
h. Pale or glavicous beneath, darker above.

i. 1-U in. long, spi nose- dentate 156. Prukus ILICIFOLIA.

i^. 2-3 in. long, entire 153. Rhus ovata.

i^. 3-5 in. long, entire

Whitish beneath, flat 132 Arbutus menziesii.

Greener beneatli, curving lengthwise 180. Rhus laurina.

«■*. 2-4 in. long, undulately spinose-toothed 52. Ilex opaca.

/i-'. Tomentose and concave beneath ; margin

i. Entire and undulate 131. Garrya elliptica.

t''. Both entire and spinose-toothed leaves on the same tree.
j. Lateral veins strongly impressed above, parallel and continuous to
the margins, which are serrate, or occasionalh' entire.

138. Quercus densiflora.
J'. Not strongly impressed, and less parallel, pubescent at first beneath
and finally
Glabrous, margin undulate, spinose-toothed

137. Quercus agrifolia.

Glaucous, sinuate spinose-dentate 161. Quercus chrysolepis.

{/'. Obtuse to acute, stiff, coriaceous, yellow-green beneath.

176. Rhamnus insularts.
(/'. Cuneate at base, glabrous or nearly so beneath, slightly revolute, flat.

159. UilBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA.

f. 6-12 in. long, thick, entire, acute at both ends.

101. Magnolia grandiflora.
/'. 3-6 in. long, blade
g. Articulated to tlie petiole, which is

Conspicuously winged ; stamens usually 20.

103. Citrus aurantium.
Slightly, if at all, winged ; stamens usually 35.

104. Citrus limonum.
gr'. Not articulated to petiole which is

Scarcely 1 in. long 158. Rhododendron californicum.

-3 in. long 188. NiC0TL\NA glauca.

Hough's American "Woors.

c'. Three-ribbed (Ceanothiis), in length

l-U in., ovate, branchlets terete 202. C. SOREDIATUS.

1-2 in., oblong, branchlets angular 1.51. C. THYRSIFLORUS.

2-4 in., broad ovate 177. C. arboreus.

d^. Obovate to oblong.

i to li in. long, serrate above and entire at base.

loO. Cercocarpus parvifolius.

1-3 in. long, blue-green 215. Quercus ekgelmanni.

2 to 5 in. long, v^'ith

Entire re volute margin , . . .117. Quercts virens.

Glandular-serrate margin 181, Heteromeles arbutifolia.

d*. Ovate-orbicular, thick and obtuse at apex 179. Rhus integrifolia.

d^. Lanceolate, lateral veins

e. Parallel 182. Lyonothamnus floribundus.

e\ Not parallel.

f. Opposite, 2-4 in. long 186. Olea europea.

/"'^ Alternate and beneath

Glabrous H-3 in. long 230. Arbutus arizonica.

White-tomentose, 2-4 in. long 235. Qdercus hypoleuca.

d*. Lanceolate oblong.

l-2i in. long, entire or repand-serrate 234. Quercus Emoryi.

e'\ 3-5 in. long, margin

/. Crenate-serrate 102. Gordonia lasianthus.

/'■'. Crenate-dentate (and entire) tomentose beneath.

191. Quercus tomentella.
/^. Sinuate-dentate (and entire) glabrous beneath, dark-green above.

192. Quercus wislizeni.
/■*. Entire and leaves

ff. Opposite, glabrous beneath 112. Osmanthus americanus.

g'\ Alternate and beneath

Rusty-pubescent 113. Persea palustris.

Golden-scurfy beneath 139. Castanopsis chrysophylla.

e^. 2 in. long, entire, glandular beneath 108. Cliftonia ligustrina.

d\ Oblanceolate, serrate, with short stout petioles .164. Myrica californica.
d*. Linear-lanceolate, with broad clasping base and sliarp horny tip.

175. Yucca arborescens.
<i'. Falcate and vertically disposed upon the branchlet.

^-^ in. broad 211. EUCALYPTUS rostrata.

f-1 in. broad 183. Eucalyptus globulus.

rZ'". Peltate and palmately 7-many-lobed 189. RiciNUS communis.

d". Flabellate, large andfiliferous 200. Washingtonia filamentosa.

d". Palmately 3-lobed with rufous stellate j)ubescence

226. FREMONTODENDRON CALIFORNICUM.

^. Compound, drooping and with leaflets.

11-21, irregularly cut-lobed 213. Grevillea robusta.

25-30, entire or remotely serrate 178. SCHINUS molle.

. Leaves Subpersistent — evergreen southward, but more or less deciduous
northward

Narrow obovate ; 1-3 in. long 107. Cyrilla racemiflora

Lanceolate to oval, 3-6 in. long, glaucous beneath. .51. Magnolia glauca.
, Leaves wanting; stems green.

Flat and jointed 184. Opuntia tuna.

Columnar, large and vertically ribbed 228. Cereus giganteus.

A KEY BASED DPON THE FEOIT

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I-X
inclusive, when in Season for procuring the Fruit.

N. B. — The remarks concerning the use of the Key based upon the Leaves are
equally true with reference to this.

a. Free Fruit. — formed by the ripening of a single pistil either simple or com-
pound.
h, Indehiscenf pericarp.
c. Samara — dry, usually 1-celled, 1-seeded and with 1-2 membranous wings.
d. In teraiinal pauicles; wing somewhat oblong-lanceolate, with a lenticular
seed at about its center, and beyond which the wing is twisted

(Ailanthus) 4. A. GLANDULOSUS.

d'. In terminal cymes, a 2-seeded suborbicular samara, winged all around.

77. PtELE A TRIFOLIATA .

d^ In umbellate corymbs, each pedicel supporting a pair of samarte with
oblanceolate wings, obtuse at the apex and with main rib on outer
margin ( Acer).
e. Fruit maturing in the fall, wings.

Slightly divergent 7. A. SACCHARlNUil, waxg.

Widely divergent 203. A. CIRCUMatl'm.

c' Fruit maturing in early summer.

/'. Large, 1;^^ in. or more, downy when young 26. A. D^SYCARPUM.

/'. Smaller, smooth, pendulous and

Red, in umbels 53. A. riorum.

Greenish, in racemes, wings incuiwed .54. A. >'EGUNdo.

d*. In terminal racemes, two samaras on a single pedicel with main rib on
outer margins ; seed-bearing portion

Glabrous 79. Acer pexnsylvanicuai.

Densely hairy 152. Acer macrophyllum.

d*. In axillary racemes or panicles, winged at the apex with a more or less
lanceolate obtuse wing (Fra.viniis).
e. Terete at base (seed-bearing portion) ; branchlets and petioles

/. Smooth 10. F. AMERICANA.

/'. Velvety pubescent; lateral leaflets
Petiolulate and

3-7 in number 212 Fraxixus telutiv^

7-9 in number 31. Fraxixus pubescexs

Sessile or nearly so 1S7. F. oregoxa.

c». Flat — wing extending along the seed-bearing portion.

1-U in. long; leaflets sessile 62. Fraximus SAirerciFOLi \

1 in. long ; leaflets petiohilate 231. Fraxixus dipet.\la.

d*. In lateral fascicles or clusters, winged all around (Ulmits).
Sessile or nearly so, cell pubescent and margin not ciliate.

11. U. fulva.

In fascicles, cell smooth, margin densely ciliate 83. U. americaxa.

In racemes, cell pubescent, margin ciliate 34. U. raci:mosa.

C ' Driipe or drupe-like and with a single seed.
d. Fibro fleshy and dryisli pericarp
e. Small, i in. or less, subglobose (Rhm). in terminal
/. Thyrses and clothed with crimson hairs 5. R. typhixa.

10 Hough's American Woods.

/'. Panicled spikes and clothed with viscid gray hairs,

2-3 lines in length. 153. R. OVATA.

5 lines in length 179. R. INTEGRIFOLIA.

W. Flesliy pericarp,
e. Ovoid and

/. Chistered on axillary peduncles.
g. On the growth of the season, 2 or 3 together, 2^ in. long, blue,
h. Sessile ujDon the peduncle ; stone longitudinally striated.

9. Nyssa multiflora.
/*■*. Pedicellate, stone not striated ; fruit subtended by

Persistent calyx-tube and lobes, ^ in. or less in length

113. Perse A palustris.
Enlarged calyx-tube only, 1 in. or less in length.

159. Umbellularia californica.

fir*. On growth of the previous season 111. Forestiera acuminata.

/"■'. Racemed, bluish and with short, flesh}', red pedicels.

32. Sassafras officinale.
c'. Ovoid-oblong. l-l^J^ in. long; petioles

Biglandular; pit compressed 81. Prunus NIGRA.

Eglandular; pit more turgid 207. Prunus SUBCORDATA.

e'. Oblong, tipped with the remnants of the style and about 1 in. in
length.
Reddish and stone longitudinally striated wnth membranous edged

ridges 110. Nyssa ogeche.

Dark blue, stone not membranous-ridged; flesh

Thin and dryish 112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.

Thicker and Very oily 186. Olea EUROPEA.

Black and borne in abundance on paniculate spadices.

200. Washingtonia filamentosa.
e*. Subglobose and surface
/. Smooth
g. Purple or purplish black and

/i. Solitary, of sweet flavor 12. Celtis occidentalis.

h^. In racemes and of a vinous or astringent flavor ; racemes
4-6 in. long ; drupes numerous and i in. thick.

29. Prunus serotina.

1-3 in. long ; drupes few and larger 156. Prunus ilicifolia.

7t'. In umbels, larger, of

Acid-vinous flavor, i in. in diameter 83. PiiUNUS CERASUS.

Sweet-vinous flavor, f in. in diameter .56. Prunus Avium.

gr'. Light-red, very sour, in umbels 55. Prunus pennsylvanica.

fir'. Dark-red, very bitter, in corymbs 208. Prunus mollis.

g*. Whitish

Not tipped with remnants of the style, rosy-cheeked

178. SCHINUS MOLLE.

Tipped with the stout styles 180. Rhus laurina.

/-. Papillose and with waxy exudation 164. Myrica californica.

c'. Drupe-like but containing more than one seed, and seeds
(I. Inclosed in a bony
e. 2-B-celled stone,
/, Blue, subglobose. in flat-cymes with red stems.

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

/*. Bright-red, elongated, sessile, usually in a single head

Only 3 or 4 developing 88. CORNUS FLORIDA.

30 or 40 developing 185. CORNUS NUTTALLII.

e'. 3-5-celled stone ; yellowish-white, in loose axillary panicles.

105. Melia azedarach.
(V. Distinct, (not inclosed in a common stone) ; fruit
€. Crowned with persistent
/. Calyx-teeth,

g. Purple-black, 5-seeded, in umbels 8. Aralia spinosa.

gr'. Red or purplish,

4-8-seeded, axillary 52. Ilex opaca.

2-seeded, in terminal panicles 181. Heteromeles arbutifolia.

Key, Based Upon Fkuit. 11

/^ Style orreuinants of it ; fruit about

g. i in. long, dryish, in racemes 107. Cyrili.A RACEMIFLORA.

y*. I in. long, juicy, in cymes.

With glaucous bloom 157. Sambucus GLArCA.

Witiiout bloom 229. S.VMBUCL'S mexicana.

/'. Not crowned with either calyx-teeth or style,
gr. Sessile, scalybracted beneath ; leavee evergreen; fruit
h. Smooth — flower scales obliterated — dark blue; seeds 1-4.

25. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.

h^. Nearly smooth — scales nearly obliterated —

Red-brown, seeds 1-2. 167. Juniperus californica.

Dark-blue, seeds 2-3 1G8. Juniperus occidentalis.

7t^. Tuburculate with points of flower scales, red brown; seeds usually 4.

242. Juniperus pachyphloea.
gr'. Pedicellate, not scaly-bracted beneath, sliglitly 2-3-lobed, 2-3-seeded,

Black ; nutlets indehiscent 126. Rhammus purshiana.

Red; nutlets dehiscent 176. Rhammus INSULARIS.

c*. Nut and furnished with an involucral cup or covering.
d. Ovoid obloug or ellipsoidal, surrounded at its base with an involucral

cup (Qiiercus), acorn borne
e. On the new wood of the season (i. e. maturation annual) cup
/". Less than i enveloping the oval acorn, which is

Obtusely pointed; foliage yellow-green 136. Q. GARRY ANA.

Acutely pointed; foliage bluish-green 214. Q. douglasii.

/'. About i enveloping the small

Ovoid nut f in. long : scales thin 68. Q. muhlenbergii.

Long, narrow nut, often 2 in. long 160. Q. lobata.

/*. About i enveloping the nut
g. Thick, scales very roughly tubercled, edge of cup rather inturned after
shedding the nut: foliage
h. Yellow-green, deciduous; nut long-ovoid; leaves

5-9 in. long; lobes rounded 38. Q. ALBA.

U-3i in. long, lobes pointed 216. Q. macdonaldi.

h^. Blue-green, persistent; nut ovid 215, Q. Engelmanni.

gr'. Thinner, scales thinnish ; leaves

Deciduous; peduncles sliorter than petioles. .. ,67. QuERCUS printjs.
Persistent; acorns sessile or nearly so, leaves

Orbicular-oblong 137. QUERCUS AGKIFOLIA.

Oblong-lancelate ; 237. Quercus emoryi.

f*. Scarcely J enveloping the oblong-ovoid nut about 1^- in. in length.

116. Quercus michauxii.
/*. About I or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles longer than the
petioles ; nut

f in. long, light brown 66. QuERCUS BICOLOR.

■J in. or less long, dark brown 117. QuERCUS VIRENS.

/*. About ^ or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles

g. Longer than the petioles G6. Q. bicolor.

g^. Shorter than the petioles ; scales

Very loosely appressed, forming a moss-like fringed margin of cup.

39. Q. MACROCAKPA.

More closely appressed and not forming a moss-like fringe.

92. Q. OBTUSILOBA.

' c'. On wood of the preceding season (?'. e. maturation biennial) ; cup
/. Very shallow, almost flat and with long-linear recurved scales.

138. Quercus densiflora.
/'. Saucer-shaped,
g. One-fourth enveloping the nut which is

1 in. or less in length: saucer thin 15. Q. RUBRA.

H in. long ; saucer tliin at rim 101. Q. tomentella.

2 in. or less in lengtli; saucer usually thick 161 Q chrysolepis.

g^. One-third enveloping the nut; leaves persistent and wooly beneatli.

235. qI hypoleuca.
g^. One-half enveloping an ovoid nut 162. Q. californica.

12 Hough's American Woods.

g*. Flattened-globose ; leaves

Sinuate-pinnatitid with wide sinuses 94. QUERCUS PALUSTKIS.

Obovate-spatulate, entire 1 18. QuERCUS aquatica.

f^» Top-shai)ed, ^ enveloping the acorn ; scales thin and coarse ;

Inner bark of tree reddish. , C9. Q. coccinea.

Inner bark yellowish 'd'i. Q. TI^X'TORIA.

p. Turbinate, ^ enveloping the nut 192. Q. AVISLIZENI.

d"^. Inclosed in an indehiscent involucre and with edible kernel (jaghins).
e, Subglobose a7id
f, Glabrate or pubescent; nut

Deeply sulcate 233. J. rupestris.

Obscurely sulcate 190. J. californic.\.

f'K Roughly doited, 1^-2 in. in length and nut deeply sulcate. .35. J. nigra.

e''. Subovoid, 2-2^ in. long; nut deeply sulcate 14. J. CINEREA.

€P. Club-shaped, short, surrounded with stiff hairs, tipped with the persistent,
recurved style and arranged in globular heads, which are

Solitary or in pairs 13. Plat anus occidentalis.

2-4 together in a moniliform raceme, achenia truncate at apex

232. Platanus wrightii.

2-7 together achenia pointed at apex 135. Platanus racemosa.

d*. Achenium-iike, small and borne in short catkins.

Inclosed in a membranous inflated sac, catkin hop-like.

41. OSTKYA YIRGINICA.

Subtended by a large leafy bract 42. Carpinus carolinl\na.

c'. Nut-like, dry, not invested with an involucre,

Smoothish, globose, about i in diameter, in cymes with leaf-like bract

attached 3. Tilia Americana.

Rough, with scale-like points, ovate, coriaceous.

114. PLANERA AQUATICA.

c'. Pod (legume) which is
d. Oblong, flat, about 2 in. broad and curved. .27. Gymnocladus canadensis.
d'\ Linear or nearly so

10-18 in. long, contorted and twisted.. . .28. Gleditschia triacanthos.
4-6 in. long, subterete, compressed between the seeds and thick-

valved 129. Prosopsis juliflora.

3-4 in. long, 2-8-seeded and thin valved.. 128. Cercidium torreyanum.
d^. Obliquely ovate (1-2 in. long), long stalked and mostly 1-seeded.

109. Gleditschia monosperma.

d^. Ovate, compressed and with accrescent calyx 154. Dalea spinosa.

fl\ Closely twisted spiral 205. Prosopis odorata.

c''. Pome ; endocarp and testa
d. Cartilaginous ; fruit
e. Sunken at insertion of pedicel,
f. Globular

Large, 1 in. or more, distinctly o-celled 30. Pyrus malus.

Small, more or less 10-celled 59. Amelanchier Canadensis.

/'. Fattened-globose, waxy, fragrant and very tart.. 83. Pyrus coronaria.

f\ Oblong, i-f in. long. .". .209. Pyrus rivularis.

6'^ Not sunken at insertion of pedicel, pyriform 57. Pyrus communis.

d''. Not cartilaginous. 1-5 bony seeds : color

Black, subglobose, j in. in diameter 210. Crataegus douglasii.

Dull red, thickness

f in. (sometimes yellow) with wdiite dots 58. Crataegus punctata.

i in.; leaves thick, glossy above 85. Crataegus crus galli.

Bright scarlet and somewhat oblong, i in. long . .86. CRATAEGUS COCCINEA.
C*. Berry.
(/. With persistent thickish calyx-lobes, large (about 1 in. or more),

61 DiOSPYROS VIRGINIANA.

(P. Without persistent calyx-lobes and smaller

c. In thyrses 78. ViTis ^stivalis.

c'. In compact-racemes and

Hoary-tomentose 131. Garrya elliptica.

Smooth and flattened-globose 133. Arctostaphylos pungens.

Kev, Based Upon Fkuit. 13

e'. In open panicles, granular-coated

i ill. long; leaves oblong 132. Arbutus menziesii.

I in. long; leaves lanceolate 2M. Arbutus arizonica.

e*. Singly on the jointed flattened stem lbS4. Opuntia tuna.

f'. Fleshy, with custard- like edible pulp 76. AsiMlNA TRILOBA.

c'". Berry-like pome, | in. in diameter and borne in dense clusters.

84. Pyrus SAMBUCIFOLIA.
c". Hesperidum — seeds in juicy pulp and rind leathery.

Subglobose, flattened at the ends 103. Citrus aurantium.

Globose-oblong, niammillate at the extremity 104. Citrus limoxum.

c'^ Achehium.

3-4-angled and with membranous wing-like margins.

108. Cliftoma ligustrina.
Linear oblong, tipped with the pi-olonged tail-like style.

130. Cercocarpus parvifolius.

c'^. Baccate but with dry spongy pericarp 175. Yucca arborescens.

b-. Dehiscent pericarp,
c. iSiibglobose, and
d. Coriaceous or woody, dehiscent by

e. 2-3 valves and containing one or very few large seeds with smooth shining
coat and a large scar {^sculus), fruit

Prickly and leaflets 7 6 ^SCULUS hippocastanum.

Smooth and leaflets 5 127. ^SCULus CALIFORNICA.

e'. 4 more or less distinct valves (Carya).

f. Ejjicarp tliick and separating quite freely to the base ; nut ridged, with
thick shell, globular-ovoid and
g. Flattened,

1 in. or less in length 36. Carya alba.

\\ in. or more in length 64. Carya sulcata.

f/'^. Not so much flattened, usually 4-angled 90. Carya tomentosa.

f'^, Epicai'p only moderately thick and nut of medium size, moderately

ridged and witli shell of medium thickness 65. Carya porcina.

f^, Epicarp thin, nuts small and thin-shelled ; kernel
g. Astringent and bitter ; sutures of epicarp very jjrominent ; nut
Quite smooth, whitish and only slighly compressed.

37. Carya amara.
Rough, reddish, strongly compressed and angled.

115. Cary'a aquatica.
g"^. Slightly if at all bitter, nut whitish and sutures moderately prominent.

91. Carya microcarpa.
c*. 5-20 valves recurving from central axis and liberating numerous fine

seeds 158. Rhododendron californicum.

<?'. Covered with spines ; dehiscent
e. By four valves ; nuts

Sharply 3- angled, 2 together, involucre soft-prickly.

16. "Fagus ferruginea.
Subovoid, flattened, 1-3 together, involucral spines very sharp and

hard 40. Castanea vesca.

e*. Irregularly ; spines many-branched ; nut maturing the second year.

139. Castanopsis CHRY'SOPHYLLA.
e^. Into three cocci, each liberating a single seed . . . .189. RiciNUS communis.
c"^. Small, ovoid-lanceolate capsules arranged in catkins, opening by two valves
and containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down ; capsule
ri. Oblong-conical, small and thin walled ; leaves
e. Orbicular-ovate and

/. Coarsely dentate 18. Populus grandidextata.

/■■'. Serrate, short- pointed 72, Populus tremuloides.

Sinuate, wooly tomentose beneath 96. Populus alba.

Linear lanceolate, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. Salix nigra.
c'. Ovoid-oblong, larger and thicker walled: leaves
/. Broad-ovate, obscurely crenate-serrate obtuse or rounded at apex.

97. Populus heterophylla.

/', Ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, whitish and reticulate-veined

beneath 47. P. balsamifera.

14 Hough's American Woods.

/^. Deltoid-ovate coarsely crenate- serrate usually.

Al)ruptly acuminate 48. Populus monilifera.

Shorter- pointed or acute 194. Populus fremontii,

/*. Broadly deltoid 63, Populus dilatata.

(P. Larger, subglobose and pubescent 218. Populus trichocarpa.

d^. Lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate,
€. Smooth and capsules

/. Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. vitellina.

f'^. With slender pedicels ; leaves pale.
g. Glaucous beneath and jsetioles.

h. Glandular 237. Salix l.\siandra.

W^. Not glandular and leaves.

2-4 in. long finely serrate 71. Salix amygdaloides.

3-7 in. long obscurely serrate 140. Salix laevigata.

g'^. Pubescent beneath, entire or remotely serrate. .165. Salix lasiolepsis.
e'. Pubescent; capsules about.

^ in. long, ovate-lanceolate 193. Salix nuttallii.

I in. long.

Oblong-ovoid glabrous 165. Salix lasiolepsis.

Ovoid, pubescent 238. SalIx sitchensis.

c'. Linear compressed pods opening by two valves; pods

4-5 in. long, i in. broad, quite straight 80. ROBINIA PSEUD ACACIA.

3-5 in. long, variously twisted; leaflets

Rather distant 206, ACACIA DECURRENS.

Crowded 227. Acacia mollissima

2 in. long, ^ in. broad, often curved into a circle.

155. Acacia melanoxylon.
c*. Torulose, straight or curved, pods 2-3 in. long, 1-3-seeded.

204. Parkinsonia microphylla.
c^ Subcylindrical pods, long, opening by two valves.

6-10 in. long, \i in. or less thick. . " 134. Chilopsis saijgna

10-12 in. or more long, ^ in. or more thick. . . .89. Catalpa bignonioides.
c'. Very oblique and containing two winged seeds.. .213. Grevillea robusta.
c'. Ovoid 5-valved capsule.

Glabrous 102. Gordonia lasianthus.

Covered with stinging hairs 226. Fremontodendron californicum.

c'. Subovoid follicles arranged

In pairs, seed not suspended by a funiculus.

182. LY'ONOTHAMNUS floribundus.
Not in pairs; seed suspended by a funiculus.

106. Xanthoxylum claya-herculis.
c'. Three-lobed capsules dividing into three dehiscent cocci; (C'eanothus)
leaves
d. 3-ribbed and length

i-li in., ovate; branchlets terete 202. C. sorediatus.

1-2 in., oblong; branchlets angular 151. C. THYRSIFLORUS.

d'. Single- ribbed,

1 in. long, branchlets terete coriaceous 201. C. spinosus.

2-4 in. long, branchlets slightly angled 177. C. arboreus.

c'". Top-shaped capsule, | in. in diani., cells dehiscent at summits.

183. EucALY'PTUs globulus.
c". Hemispheric capsule, i in. in diam. cells dehiscent at summits.

211. Eucalyptus rostrata.
c'^ Oblong-ovoid 2-valved capsule closely invested by persistent calyx.

188. Nicotiana glauca.

&\ Baccate, dehiscent by 3 or 4 fleshy valves.. 228. Cereus giganteus.

a'. Aggregated Fruit — composed of many carpels, either closed or opened and
cohering or closely massed together, forming a
b. Cone.
c. Scales of the cone open carpels (Coniferce) .
(I. Scales many and spreading at maturity.

€. Imbricated and each subtended by a bract ; ovules 2, inverted, and
/. Maturing the year after flowering {Pinus); cones
g, Subterminal and scales

Key, Baskd Upon Fruit. 15

h. Thin at tip ami unarmed; cones subcylindric and

4-6 in. long 49. P. STROBUS.

5-11 in. long 221 P. monticola.

12-18 in. long 146. P. lambertiana.

h^. Thickened at tip and
i. Armed with a recurved prickle.

j. 1-3 in. long, cylindric ovoid, oblique 148. P, CONTORT A.

j'^, 3-6 in. long, glossy-brown,
h. Elongated conical, separating from tlie tree by a fracture

Witliin the peduncle 125. P. CUBENSIS.

Within the base of cone 147. P. ponderosa.

fe'. Broad-ovoid 197. P. torreyana.

k^. Subcvlindrical, 3^-5 in. long, with very weak prickle.

246. P. balfouriaxa.

,;3. 6-10. in. long 124. P. palustris.

i'^ Unarmed, cones about 2 in. in length, seeds

j. AVinged, about \ in. long 19. P. resinosa.

y^ Wingless; leaves.
k. In fives; cones.

li-3 in. long 244. P. albicaulis.

3-10 in. long 243. P. flexilis.

A;'. In fours 245. P. quadrifolia.

fc^ Smgle 196. P. monophylla.

«/'. Lateral and scales thickened at tip, cones
h. Slightly or not at all oblique
i. Ovoid-oblong; leaves 3-5 in. long; scales armed with a weak prickle
directed
At about right angles from the axis of the closed cone.

75. P. MITIS.

Forward, at about 45° or less from the axis 123. P. glabra.

i'. Ovoid-pyraniidal.
j. Prickles strong; cones 2 in. or

Rather less in length ; leaves l|-3 in. long ; branchlets purple.

89 P. INOPS.

Rather more ; leaves 3-5 in. long 50. P. rigid a.

J"^, Prickles weak; cones 2-3 in. long, and

Wide-pyramidal; leaves in 3's 121. P. serotixa.

Narrow-pyi-amidal; leaves in 2's. , 122. P. clausa.

7i'. Markedly oblique

2-in. or less in length, scales unarmed 99. P. banksiana.

2-3| in. long, scales armed with strong prickles. .170. P. muricata.
3-5 in. long, outer scales very gibbous; oblique.

Ovoid, prickles minute and weak 19*^. P. radiata.

Cyllindrical ovoid, prickles stouter 222 P. attenuata

4-8 in. long; scales very strongly armed 198. P. Sabixiaxa.

10-15 in. long, armed with very large, strong prickles.

169. P. coulteri.
/". Maturing the first season — the autumn after blossoming.
g. Ovoid or oblong, i in. long, pendent ; bracts inconspicuous; scales per-
sistent on the axis, thin and with eroded tip 20. Picea xigra.

fir'. Ovoid, pendent; scales thin and entire at tip.

Pedunculate, |-f in. long; cone scales orbicular oblong bracts

truncate 21. Tsuga caxadexsis.

Sessile, f-1 in. long; cone-scales oblong; bracts cuspidate.

223 Tsuga heterophylla.
gr'. Ovoid, small (8 lines or less), pendent, scales rounded and entire at tip.

21. Tsuga caxadexsis.
g^. Subcylindrical

h. Erect ; scales deciduous from the persistent axis (Abies); bracts
i. Shorter than cone-scales; leaves with resin ducts
J, Witliin the pai-enchyma

Cones 2A-4 in. long, pui-ple 22. A. balsamea.

J*. Close to epidermis of lower side; cones

16 Hough's Ameuican Woods.

Jc, 2-5 in. long; leaves

Dark-green above, flat, flexible and conspicuously emarginate.

224. A. GRANDIS.

Blue-green above, flat, rounded or acuminate at apex.

173. A. CONCOLOR.

k^. di-Q in. long 249. Abies amabilis.

Jv^, 6-9 in. long; leaves blue-green, 4-sided 174. Abies magnifica.

i^. Longer than the cone scales.

Spatulate, rettexed and nearly covering the scales; cones 6-8 in.

long 225. Abies kobii is.

Obcordate with long exserted awl-shaped central lobe; cones 3-4

in. long 248. Abies venusta.

/t^ Nodding, small (about 2 in. long), scales persisting on the axis and

entire at tip 100. Picea alba.

h^. Pendent; scales incisely denticulate.

2|-4 in. long; leaves flattened 149. Picea sitchensis.

1-3 in. long; leaves tetragonal 247. Picea engelmanni.

ff^. Cylindrical oblong ; bracts much exserted {Pseudotsuga) ; cones

2-3 in. long 150. P. taxifol!a.

5-8 in. long 172. P. macrocarpa.

g^. Ovoid or roundish, small, 9 lines or less in length, scales persistent on

the axis at maturity 23. Larix Americana.

g^. Oblong, 1-1| in. long; scales numerous and shorter than bracts.

250. liARIX OCCIDENTALIS.

c^ Valvate, bractless, wedge-shaped, spreading, each with 3-7 inverted
ovules ; cone woody, oval and

2-3 in. long, scales usually 25-30 142. Sequoia gigantea.

1 in. or less, scales short. 20 143. Sequoia sempervirens.

cV. Scales few, persistent, bractless ; cone
e. Oblong and erect, with scales more or less thickened at tip,
/. Loosely imbricated, 8-12, thiunish.

Four scales only fertile 24. Thuja Occident alis.

Six fertile 220. Thuja gigantea.

/. Valvate, 4-6, thick, only two scales fertile.

141. Libocedrus decurrens.
c'. Globose or subglobose, maturing the
/. First season, and in diameter about

I in 74. CnAM-^CYPARIS thyoides.

1- in , . 241. Cham^cyparis lamsoniana.

I in 240. Cham^cyparis nootkatensis.

/'. Second season and
gr. ^-f in. in length; leaves conspicuously glandular; branchlets

Stout 239. Cupressus arizonica.

Slender 219. CuPRESSUS macnabiana.

f/'. 1-1 in.; leaves obscurely glandular 166. Cupressus goveniana.

V/^ 1-1 J in. leaves obscurely glandular 195. CuPRESSUS MACROCARPA.

rf'.' Scales several, breaking apart at maturity; cones subglobose.

119. Taxodium distichum.
c'. Scales.
d. Thin, 3-lobed and deciduous, subtending very small samarae (Betnla).
€. Cones erect,

Sessile, ovoid-oblong. 1 in. in length 17. B. lutea.

With downy peduncle, ovoid, smaller 95. B. nigra.

e". Cones subercct, ovoid-oblong ; scales thicker and with short divergent

lobes ; wing of nutlet not broader than the body 44. B. LENTA.

e^. Cones pendent, cylindrical and about

1 in. in length 70. B. populifolia.

Igin. in length; scales

Glabrous 43. Betula papyracea.

Puberulous, with ciliate margin 236. Betula occidentalis.

<V. Thick, woody and persistent, ovoid-oblong

J-|^ in. long; leaves pale-puberulous beneath.. 163. Alnus rhombifolia.

^i in. long; leaves rusty pubescent beneath 217. Alnus oregona.

c'. Scales closed carpels, growing from an elongated receptacle and consoli-
dated.

Key, Based Upox Fkl'it. 17

d. Dehiscent at maturity along the medium line of the back and letting out
each 1-2 berry-like seeds suspended by extensile threads (Magnolia) ;
cone

Cylindrical, curved, 2-3 in. long 1. Magnolia acuminata.

Obloug, 1-U in. long 51. Magnolia glauca.

Oval, 3-4 in long 101. Magnolia grandiflora.

cP. Indehiscent at maturity and falling away as samaras.

2. LiRIODF.NDRON TULIPIFERA.

h"-. Spherical head, hardened and bristling with 2-beaked capsules.

60. IJQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA,

6'. Sorosis — a spike with bracts and calyx-lobes all thickened and saceulent.

63. MORUS RUBRA.

a'. A Naked Seed, subtended or surrounded by a fleshy disk.
6. Drupe-like, with fleshy covering, sessile, scaly-bracted beneath and about

1 in. in length, oval 120. Torreya taxifolia.

H in- length, obovoid 14o. Torreya californica.

6'. Bony seed, subtended by a fleshy cup 144. Taxus brevifolia.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

Species whose Woods are Represented in the Accom-
panying Sections.

The timbers comprised in the series which this text is designed to
accomjjany belong to what are known, botanicallj speaking, as
Flowering and mostly Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore,
we will, once for all, define these groups; and, as tlie characters
herein given are equally true of all the species enumerated in the
following pages, they need not be repeated in the further definition
of the various sub-grouj)s and species.

FLOWERING or PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and
pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Plants are the Flotverless or Cryi)togamous
Plants, comprising tlie rest of the vegetable kingdom, from tlie very simply
organized Slime Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-
Mosses. But in the study of timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few
rare cases do any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those
exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which some-
times attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree
trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like frouds. They,
however, are of practically no value as timber.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central colunm of pith
surrounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark;
the stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each
year to the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves
mostly netted-vein. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and
opposite, or (in the Coniferse) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower
in fours or fives, very rarely in threes.

-20 Hough's American Woods.

A second class of Floniering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the
Endogenous or Monocotyledonons Plants, characterized by having stems in which
the wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue
so that a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings.
Leaves mostly parallel- vemed. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two,
and then alternate and unequal. Parts of the flower generally in tlirees. In
soutliern United States and elsewliere in or near the tropics trees are found, such
as the Palms, etc., which belong to this class.

Exogenous plants are subdivided into two well-marked groups or
sub-classes — Angiosj^eruifB and Gymnospennve. The former includes
by far the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of tlie
species represented in "American Woods" are representatives of it.

AXGIOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil —
with stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into
seeds at maturity. This sub -class comprises many groups of plants
known as Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain
the dimensions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we
propose to consider in the following pages:

Order CHEIRANTHODENDRE.aB.

Leaves alternate, lobed. stellate-pubescent and vvitli caducous stipules. Flowers
perfect, 5-numerous; calyx subcampanulate, deeply lobed, imbricated in asstiva-
tion, colored and persistent: petals none; stamens alternate with the sepals,
inserted on the receptacle and united into a column: ovary superior with numer-
ous horizontal axial ovules. Fruit a liispid 5-valved. loculicidally dehiscent
capsule with rather lai'ge seeds having fleshy albumen and straight embryo.

A small family consisting of the Mexican Hand-tree, Cheiranthodendron
platanoides, Baill and the following:

Genus FREMONTODENDRON, Coville.

Leaves alternate, palmately-lobed, thick, with prominent veins and rufous
stellate pubescence; stipules minute, caducous. F/otrers pedunculate and each sub-
tended by 8 or 5 minute caducous bracts; calyx deeply 5-cleft with yellow spread-
ing roundish lobes, about 1 in. long, pubescent outside and hairy at base within;
stamens regular, united below to about the middle, the slender filaments then
separating alternately with the sepals and each bearing an adnate oblong-linear
curved extrorse 2-celled anther, longitudinally dehiscent; pistil with elongated
filiform st}-le, acute stigma and 5-celled ovary, each cell containing numerous
horizontal anatropous ovules. Fruit an ovoid, firm coriaceous acuminate capsule
about 1 in. long, densely covei'ed with short stinging hairs, cells villous within
and containing oval seeds about i in. long; cotyledons foliaceous.

A genus of a single species and named after the distinguished explorer. Gen.
John Chas. Fremont, who discovered the species, and the Greek SevBpov, tree.

226. FREMONTODENDRON CALIFORNICUM (Torr.)

Fremontia. California Slippery Elm.

Ger. , Fremontia ; Fr. , Fremontia / Sp. , Fremontia.

Specific Characters: — Leaves usually moderately 3-lobed, but sometimes 5
or 7-lobe, about li in. long and with stout petioles about | in. long; branchlets
stout, light reddish brown, terete and densely rufous-pubescent at first. Floirers
appear in July in abundance from spur-like lateral branchlets. Fruit as described
for the genus.

226. Fremotodxendrox cai.iforniclm — Fremontia. 21

A small tree rarely 30 ft, (Om.) in lieight with wide intricate top of
stout rigid branches and trunk sometimes 12 in. (0.30m.) in thickness,
covered with very dark brown bark, fissured irregularly into firm
ridges and plates which exfoliate in thick scales and fragments. It is
more often an intricately branching shrub than a tree. Its profusion
of brilliant yellow flowers give it a very characteristic and striking
appearance in mid-suunner when it may be seen miles away.

Habitat. — The Fremontia is found on dry gravely soil along the
foot hills of the mountains of California, from the western slope of
Mt. Shasta and Lake Co., to the southern boundary of the state.
attaining its largest size on the western slopes of the Sierra Xevada
mountains, where, however, it is not very abundant. On the eastern
slopes and southward it is more shrubby in habit of growth and
abundant in places, forming every extensive thickets.

Physical Properties. — The wood of this species is haid, heavy,
strong, of close grain and with rather conspicuous medullary rays.
The sap-wood is of a creamy white color, the heart-wood of a light
reddish brown and finally cliocolate brown. Specific Gravity, 0.714:2;
I^e/'c<'?ita(/e of Ash, 1.Q9; Behitive Ajjjyroximate Fuel Value, 0.7021;
Wti(//it of a Cubic Foot in Ponnd'^, 44. .50.

Medicixal Properties. — The inner bark of the species is very
mucilaginous and used in domestic practice for poultices, as is that of
tlie Slippery Elm ( U. fulva) of the eastern states and from this fact
the name SUj^pery Elm came to be applied to it.

Order IiEGUMINOS.ff!: Pulse Family.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, entire and furnished with stipules. Floicers
■with 5 sepals more or less united at the base; petals 5, papilionaceous or regular;
stamens diadelphous. nionadelphous or distinct and with versatile anthers; pis-
tils single, simple and free. Fndt a legume (pod) with mostly albumenless seeds.

One of tiie largest and most widely distributed families of the vegetable king-
dom, represented in all lauds and of great economic importance.

Gexus acacia, Necker.

Leaves variable, in the native American species bipinnate with usually small
leaflets in many pairs, but in many of the exotic species the leaflets fail away
and the petioles expand, becoming phyllodia ; stipules spinescent or inconspicu-
ous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, small, generally yellowish or greenish-white
in pedunculate glol)Ose or cylindrical spikes, each flower in the axil of a minute
linear or spatulate bractlet ; calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed or sometimes divided
into distinct sepals, or reduced to hairs, valvate in aestivation ; petals of the same
number as the lobes of the calyx, generally more or less united below or rarely
wanting; stamens numerous and indefinite, usually more than fifty, exserted,
free or slightly united at base, inserted beneath tlie ovary, filaments filiform,
anthers small, 2celled, versatile, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent : ovary sessile
or Ptipitate, two or many-ovuled, contracted into a long slender style with
minute terminal stigma; ovules anatropous. suspended in two ranks from the
inner angle of the ovarv. Fruit a legume, dehiscent bv two valves or indehiscent.

22 Hough's American Woods.

continuous within or variously divided, very rarely separating into one-seeded
joints, the seeds usually ovate, compressed, without albumen and w^ith thick
crustaceous testa.

Genus composed of over 400 species of trees, shrubs and a few herbs of warmer
climates, and especially of Australia. About a dozen species are found native in
southwestern United States. The name is thought to be derived from the Greek
dKd^w, to sharpen, alluding to the spines with which many of the species are
armed.

227. ACACIA MOLLISSIMA, Willd.

Silver Wattle. Black Wattle.

Ger., Silberige Acacie; Fr., Acacia d^ argent; Sp., Acacia plateada.

Specific Characters: — Leaves bipinnate, of 8-15 pairs of pinnae with numer-
ous narrow crowded leaflets 2-3 lines long ; branchlets with angles decurrent
from the petioles only slightly prominent, pubescent, and the young shoots of a
yellowish tint. Flowers (December-March) fragrant, in terminal axillary
panicled globular heads. Fruit pods flat, mostly less than 4 lines thick, more or
less constricted between the seeds.

' The specific name, vioUissima, is the Latin for "most delicate," aptly descrip-
tive of the foliage of the tree.

A beautiful small or medium size tree with round top and graceful,
delicate feathery foliage. The trunk is sometimes 18 in. (0.45 m.) in
diameter, with quite smooth grayish brown bark abont 1 in. in
thickness.

Habitat. — Tlie native home of tlie Silver Wattle is in Tasmania and
Yictoria; less commonly the northern districts of New South Wales.
It has l)ecome naturalized in at least the central coast region of Cali-
fornia and thrives in almost all kinds of soils.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather heavy and hard, strong, with
quite uniformly distributed ducts, with fine medullary rays, of flexuous
grain and indistinct annual rings. It is of a rather pale reddish brown
color with lighter narrow sap-wood.

Uses. — The points of utility of this tree are practically the same as
those of the closely related Acacia decurrens. The wood makes an
excellent fuel, and is adapted to use in cooperage, for tool handles,
etc. The bark is rich in tannin, and the delightfully fragrant flowers
find ready sale in the city markets. For ornamental purposes in door
yards and parks the tree has few equals, and for reclaiming waste
lands in the arid regions it is of marked value.

Medicinal Properties are found in the tannin, which the bark

yields iu considerable abundance, and . in a gum arable of rather

inferior quality which the tree produces.

Order OACTACE.ffi: Cactus Family.

Leaves generally wanting, sometimes minute and deciduous (rarely perfect,
flat, and petiolate); stems green, flesliy, covered with tubercles, cylindrical, flat,
or variously angled, channelled or winged, elongated, simple or branched or glo-
bose, with thick usually green bark and loose cellular tissue, without stipules,

228, Cereus giganteus — Saguaro. Suwakro, 23

usually furnished with remarkable spines springing in fascicles from ariolae in
the axils of leaves or absent leaves. Flowers perfect, usually solitary, often large
and showy, ephemeral; sepals numerous, the inner petal-like, united below for
consiilerable length into a tube adnate to the ovary; petals delicate, in two or
more rows united below with the sepals; stamens numerous in several rows, with
long filiform filaments and introrse two-celled longitudinally dehiscent anthei's;
ovarj' inferior, one-celled with parietal placenta3 and numerous anatropous
ovules; style simple, elongated and stigmas as many as the placentas. Fruit a
pulpy umbilicate berrj^, smooth or furnislied with spines and containing numer-
ous seeds, with or Mithout albumen, buried in the pulp.

A large order of few genera, but many species, of plants of very peculiar
aspect, confined quite exclusively to the American continent, natives of dry arid
regions and most abundant in or near the tropics.

Genus CEREUS, Haworth.

Leaves absent. Flotcers perfect, as long as wide or longer, large and showy,
sometimes nocturnal and very fragrant; calyx usually elongate with numerous
spirally imbricated lobes and a nectiferous tube; petals numerous, cohering with
the top of the calyx tube, spreading, recurved, white or red, imbricated in aesti-
vation; stamens very numerous and inserted in the calyx tube wuth filiform fila-
ments and minute oblong introrse 2-celled anthers; ovary inferior, 1 -celled, with
elongate filiform style divided into numerous radiating stigmatic branches and
containing many horizontal ovules arranged on parietal placentae. Fruit
baccate, covered with scales or spines, often edible, many seeded.

Genus consists of trees or shrubs of about 200 species, with watery juice, and
ribbed, columnar erect stem, or low, spreading or climbing and 3-7 -angled or
cylindrical or globose stem, spine-bearing from areolae on vertical ribs. The
name Cereus is the Latin for candle in allusion to the erect candle-shaped form of
some of the individuals.

228. CEREUS GIGANTEUS, Engelm.

Saguaro. Suwarro. Giant Cactus.

Gei., Biesencadits; Fr., Cactus gigantesqiie; Si^., Saguaro.

Specific Csahacters.-. — Flowers (May to July) in ample clusters at or near
the top of the plant, not from any preformed areolae but bursting through the
epidermis just above the bunches of spines, 4-4^ in. long and about half as broad
when fully expanded ; calyx tube stout and covered with thick imbricated green
scales, those lowest down (over the ovary) with free acute mucronate tips and
clusters of short hairs on spines in their axils. Farther up the scale tips lengthen,
become thinner, obovate in outline and closely imbricated ; petals numei-ous,
creamy white, thick, about | in. long, rounded or obtuse and entire at apex,
much reflexed after expansion ; stamens very numerous, with long slender fila-
ments : style stout, columnar, with nectiferous glands at its base and dividing at
its summit into 12 or 15 gi-een stigmas. Fruit ripe in August, is oblong, light
red, truncated and depressed at apex, about 2^ in. long, covered with persistent
scales and finally bursting into three or four valves, revealing a juicy mass of
innumerable dark brown seeds about ^ in. long. After the seed-bearing contents
drys and falls awaj', the dry star-shaped pericarp remains for a time longer on
the plant.

These strange columnar trees, seeming at first glance more like dead
stubs tlian trees, are sometimes 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) in height, and
2 ft. (0.60 m.) in diameter, somewhat below the middle, and tapering
gradually both ways. They are branchless or furnished with one or
very few large branches which grow out and then upwards generally
parallel with the main stem. It is prominently ribbed lengthwise

24 Hough's American Woods.

throughout, and set closely along the summits of the ridges are clusters
of very sharp stout radiating spines sometimes 2 in. or more in length,
and effectually protecting the gieen epidermis of the plant behind
them.

Habttat. — The Saguaro is found in western Arizona, south of the
Colorado plateau, southward throughout southern Arizona west of
San Pedro river, and southward into Mexico. Its sentinel-like trunks
are curious objects of interest to travelers crossing southern Arizona,
where it is found in dry gravelly soil and among rocks where few
other plants can maintain existence.

Physical Properties. — The Saguaro trunk consists of a frame
work of fibro -vascular bundles in the form of a circle of poles at a
little distance apart, and enveloped in a soft juicy parenchymatous
tissue which also forms the center of the stem.

The arrangement of the tissues of these stems we have found we are
able to show in our sections much better than anticipated at the outset.
"We expected the soft tissues would not hold together, but found them
amply strong. In decomposition of the stems the soft tissues soon
disintegrate, leaving the frame work cluster of poles, which are strong
but very light, with conspicuous medullary rays radiating from the
innermust side, and with annual layers of growth quite distinctly
marked. The wood of these poles is of a light yellowish brown, and
when perfectly dry have a specific gravity of 0.3188, a cubic foot
weighing 19.87."

Uses. — The woody poles are used for the rafters of adobe houses,
for fencing, and by the Indians for lances and bows. The fruit is an
article of food for the Indians and is also eaten by certain birds.

Order CAPRIFOLIACE^: Honeysuckle Family.

Leaves opposite and mostly without stipules. Floioers perfect, 4-5numerous;
calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; petals united, forming a tubular or rotate
corolla; stamens inserted in the corolla and usually as many as its lobes; pistil
with inferior 2-8-celled ovary containing two to many anatropous ovules. Fruit
a berry drupe or pod; seed with small embryo and fleshy albumen.

Order composed mostly of shrubs, a few trees and a few herbs.

Genus SAMBUCUS, Touknefort.

Leaves unequally pinnate, destitute of stipules, leaflets serrate, pointed; leaf-
buds scaly; branchletsstifl" and containing large pith, ilowers small, regular and
perfect (rarely polygamous), articulated with small pedicels, in broad terminal
compound cymes; calyx-tube adnate to the ovarj-, with 3-5 broadly spreading
lobes; corolla with 3-5 equal lobes broadly spreading, white (or tinted with yellow
or red): stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, alternate with its lobes; stamens with
extrorse versatile 2-celled anthers, attached by the back and opening longitudi-
nally: pistal with mostly inferior 3-5-celled ovary, short thick style and terminal

♦Sargent's Silva, vol. V, p. 54.

2'2d. SaMBLCUS MKXICANA — Mf.XICAN Elder. 25

3-5-lobed stigma, each cell of the ovary containing a single suspended ovule.
Fruit a drupe-like juicy subglobose berry, tipped witli the remnants of the style
and containing 8-5 nutlets, each containing an oblong compressed seed with
membranous testa, fleshy albumen and minute embryo.

Genus composed of trees and shrubs (rarely perennial herbs), having a rank
smell when bruised. The name is the classical name of the Elder tree of Europe,
and is supposeil to be derived from the Greek 6a|iPvKTj. a musical instrument,
probably alluding to a use of the pithy shoots.

229. SAMBUCUS MEXICANA, Presl.*

Mexican Elder.

Ger., 2[exicaniscJier Holunder; Fr., Sureaa de 2£exlco; Sp., Sauco

de Mexico.

Specific Characters: — Leoi'es and young shoots more or less pubescent, with
stout petioles about I in. long and usually five ovate-lanceolate acuminate leaf-
lets, which are sharply serrate except at their bases, 1 1-2 to 6 in. long (the lower-
most the smallest), rather firm, cuneate or rounded and somewhat inequilateral
at base; petioles slender, that of the terminal leaflet much the longest; stipules
occurring on vigorous shoots serrate; branchlets after the first year light reddish
brown with elevated lenticles; pith white. Floicers (March to July) about 1-S in.
across, in large flat or depi'essed pubescent compound cymes, 6 8 in. across; calyx
5-lobed; corolla rotate, creamy white, with five rounded lobes; pistil ovoid, thick
and fleshy. Fruit about 1-4 in. in diameter, nearly black, juic}' and destitute
of bloom.

A tree sometimes 30 ft. (9 m.) in height with characteristic rather
irregular top of spreading branches and often twisted trunk 12 to 18 in.
(0.45 m.) in diameter, but usually a considerably smaller tree, with
yellowish-green cast of foliage, and a rather soft grayish brown fibrous
bark having prominent longitudinal and obliquely connecting ridges.

Habitat. — Tiie Mexican Elder is found along streams and in moist
bottom lands from the valley of the Nueces river in southern Texas
westward, throughout southern New Mexico and Arizona, into
southern California and southward through Mexico to Central America.
Isolated from these regions by a long step it has also been found in
Plumes county, northern California,

Physical Properties. — The wood of the Mexican Elder is soft,
light, not strong, of rather coarse grain with thin medullary rays, and
of a light brown color with light yellowish-white sap-wood. Sjx'eific
Gravity, 0.4f)14; Percentage of Ash, 2.00; lielative Ajyproximate
Fuel Value, 0.4522; Weight of a, Cubic Foot in Pounds, 28.75.

Uses. — The wood of this tree is of little economic importance,
though tlie tree itself deserves attention for ornamental planting, owing
to its large handsome flower-clusters and later bunches of fruit. It is
occasionally planted as a shade tree and for its fruit which is edible
and especially prized for jellies, etc.

♦■S. Canadensis, Var. J/exicaua, Sarg.

26 Hough's American Woods.

Order ERICACEAE: Heath Family.

Leaves commonly alternate, but sometimes opposite and rarely whorled, with-
out stipules. Flowers regular, symmetrical, perfect and 4-5-numerous; corolla
present and lobed or of distinct petals; stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, or twice as many, free from it, but inserted with it on an annular disk-,
antliers usually introrse, commonly appendaged and opening by terminal chinks
or pores, pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in a few herbaceous species,
the Monotropce) ; pistil with single style, superior or inferior ovary, having as
manv cells as the lobes of the corolla, or rarely fewer. Fruit a berry, drupe or
capsule with small anatropous seeds having small embryo in fleshy albumen.

A large faaiily, mainly of shrubs, but a few trees and herbs, and quite various
in characters.

Genus ARBUTUS, Tournefort.

Leaves alternate, coriaceous, petiolate, entire or toothed (sometimes in the same
plant), obscurely pinnately veined, without stipules and persistent. Floicers
small, white or pinkish, in terminal panicles, with pedicels developed each from
the axils of usually two ovate membranous and persistent bracts; calyx small,
free from the ovary, 5-parted nearly to the base, the lobes acute, membranous
and persistent, corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, subglobose or urn-shaped,
white, pinkish or greenish and with 5, "recurved, obtuse teeth, imbricated in
jestivation. stamens 10, included, inserted on the bottom of the corolla, filaments
dilated and hairy at base and anthers 2-celled, short, laterally compressed, introrse,
furnished near tlie summit behind with two reflexed awns, cells opening each by
a pore near the top anteriorly; pistil with single columnar exserted style with
terminal obscurely 5-lobed stigma and 5-celled ovary sessile upon the hypogynous
glandular disk, the cells containing numerous anatrapous ovules attached to cen-
tral placentae. Fruit a globose berry with smooth or granular surface, 5-celled,
and with several small compressed pointed seeds in each cell, with axil embryo
in copious liard albumen.

A genus of few species of interesting trees and shrubs of the warmer temperate
regions of both hemispheres. {Arbutus is the ancient Latin name of the Euro-
pean species.)

230. ARBUTUS ARIZONICA (Grey) Sarg.

Arizona Madrona.

Ger., ArlzonisGher Enlheerhaum; Fr. , Arhousier cf Arizona; Sp.,

Madrona de Arizona.

Specific Characters : — Leaves lanceolate or occasionally oblong-lanceolate,
2-3 in. long, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base, with thick entire or (particu-
larly on vigorous shoots) serrate-dentate margins, rather thin, puberulous at first
butat maturity glabrous, rigid, light green above, paler beneath, yellowish mid-
ribs and obscure veinlets ; petioles rather slender ^-1 in.; branchlets bright red
with bark separating into thin papery scales. Flowers (May) about i in. long,
with pubescent pedicels, in loose terminal compound racemes 2 or 2^ in. in length
and breadth, the uppermost from the axils of scaly bracts, the lowermost from
the axils of leaves ; calyx lobes scarious ; corolla white, globular-ovoid with
reflexed 5-lobed limb ; pistil with club-shaped style and glabrous porulose ovary.
Fruit ripens in autumn, a subglobose dark red porulose drupe, about ^ in. in
diameter, with thin sweet flesh and a thin walled 5-celled pit.

This interesting tree attains the lieiglit of 40-50 ft. (15 m.) and 2 ft.
(0.00 ni.) or more in diameter of trunk. As we have seen it in the
Chiricahita mountains of southeastern Arizona it usually divides near
the ground into two or three spreading trunk-like branches, forming
an irregular open head of very tortuous branches. Its bark is singu-

230. Arbutus akizonica — Akizoxa Maukoxa. 27

liirly characteristic, tliat of tlie branches beiii<^ very smooth and of a
dark red color, exfoliating in thin papery sheets, and that of the old
t nudes is of a light gray color on the outer surface, fissured into
shallow rounded ridges which exfoliate in thin curved scales. It is a
handsome tree at all seasons of the year, owing to the striking contrast
in color of the branches and foliage, but particular!}^ so when bearing
its numerous clusters of white waxen flowers or later its scarlet fruit.

Habitat. — The Arizona Madrona has usually been considered as
found only on the Santa Catalina and Santa Ana mountains of southern
Arizona and the mountain ranges to the southward in Mexico. The
writer, however, has found it in considerable abundance in extreme
southeastern Arizona, on the Chiricahua mountains above Fort Rucker,
thus extending its known range within the United States considerably
to the eastward. It is found scattered over dry gravelly slopes and
benches at elevations of from six to eight thousand feet altitude.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather soft though heavy, brittle,
close-grained, with very numerous fine medullary rays and quite
evenly distributed fine ducts. It is of a light reddish-brown color
with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7099; Perceiitaqe of Ash^
0.20; JReJative Ai^prox'hnate FuelYalue, 0.70S1; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, Qli>11\ Modulus of Rapture, 618; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure^ 401; Resistance to Indentation, 247; Weight of a Cuhic
Foot in Pounds, 44.24.

Uses. — It is too uncommon or inaccessible a wood to have attracted
attention commercially, but the tree itself would seem to deserve
greater popularity for ornamental planting than has hitherto been
accorded it.

Order OLEACEffi: Olive Family.

Leaves opposite and single or pinnately compound. Flowers monopetalous
(rarely apetalous or polypetalous); calyx 4-cleft, toothed or entire, or sometimes
waTiting, corolla regular, 4-cleft (or sometimes 4-2ietalou3, or even wanting alto-
getlier) ; stamens only 2 (or rarely 4) ; ovary 2-celled with usually two suspended
ovules in each cell. Fruit fleshy or capsular, containing 4 (or fewer) seeds.

Gexts FRAXINUS, Tourxefort.

Leaves petioled, oddly-pinnate, with 3-15 toothed or entire leaflets. FJuicers
small, racemed or panicled, from the axils of the last year's leaves, the American
representatives dioecieus and apetalous ; calyx and corolla, when present, as
described for the order ; anthers large, linear or oblong ; style single, stigma
2-cleft. Fruit a 1-2-celled, flattened samara, winged at tlie apex, 1-2 pendulous
seeds in each cell.

(The ancient Latin name of the Ash ; supposed to be from the Greek «t>pd|i.s, a
separation, alluding to the facility with which the wood splits.)

28 Hough's Amekican Woods.

231. FRAXINUS DIPETALA, Hook. & Arn.

Fringe-flower Ash.

Ger., FranseMuhende Esclie; Fr., Freiie d fleitrs de /range; Sp.,

Fresno de flares defranja.

Specific Characters : — Leaves 3-6 in. long and with 3-9 rather thick oval or
oblong leaflets, which are ^-'i in. long, rounded or acute at apex, wedge-shaped
at base, serrate above the middle, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath and
varying from nearly sessile to long petiolulate ; branchlets terete or slightly
4-angled, dark green at first but finally reddish brown marked with pale lenticels.
Flowers in clusters of narrow panicles. 2-3 in. long, mostly from tlie axils of the
leaves of the previous year, with puberulous pedicels from i to i in. in length ;
calyx puberulous outside, about yV in. long, 4-parted or almost entire ; petals 2,
creamy white, ovate with short claw, about | in. long, thin ; stamens about as
long as the petals, witli slender filaments and ample linear anthers ; pistil with
ovate ovary and sliglitly lobed style. Fruit narrow spatulate-oblong, about 1 in.
in length, the wing rounded and mostly retuse at apex and about as long as the
flat seed bearing portion.

Var. brachi/pfera, Gray, is the name given to a form found in tlie vicinity of
Borax Lake, Cal., having obovate keys only ^-f in. long, the terminal part of the
wing only lialf the length of the body.

Var. trifoliata, Torr. , is a form foiind near the southern boundary of California,
having 1-3 small coriaceous obscurely serrate leaflets, one inch or less in length
and rather small fruit.

The Fringe -flower Ash is a small tree rarely surpassing a, height of
25 or 30 ft, (9 m.) or 10-12 in. (0.30 m.) in thickness of trunk, which
is vested in a grayish-brown bark checking with age into shallow
ridges and exfoliating in irregular friable elongated scales. Only in
favored localities, however, does it become a tree, it being generally a
shrub with many stems from a single base.

Habitat. — The coast region and western foot hills of the Sierra
l^evada mountains of California and southward into lower California.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather hard, strong, heavy, coarse-
grained with small medullary rays and annual layers distincly marked
by large open ducts. It is of a yellowish-brown color with thick
lighter sapwood. We believe the specific gravity, etc., of this wood
have not been determined.

Usf:s. — The representatives of this species only rarely attaining the
dimensions of trees, are of little economic importance.

Order PLATANAOEiE : Plane-tree Family.

Leaves simple, alternate, palmately-veined and lobed. with sheathing scarious
stipules. Flowers monoec;ious, destitute of both calyx and corolla, in separate and
globular heads. Sterile flowers numerous ; stamens intermixed with small, club-
shaped scales; filaments very short; anthers 2-ceUed, linear. Fertile flowers :
pistils intermixed with little scales ; ovaries inversely jjyramidal ; style simple,
awl-shaped, stigraatic on one side. Fruit small, club-shaped, coriaceous nutlets,
with bristly tawny down at base, arranged in globose heads and containing a
single, pendulous, albuminous seed.

Represented by trees.

232. Platanus wkigiitii — Arizona Sycamore. 29

Genus PLATANUS, L.

Characters as given for the order, this beitiK the only genus.
(The name Platanus is from the Greek, irXarvs, broad, probably in reference to
the leaves.)

232. PLATANUS WRIGHTII, Wats.

Arizona Sycamore.

Ger.j Arlzoiiische Platane ', Fr., Platane d? Arizona j Sp., Platano

de Arizona.

Specific Characters: — Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed (usually 5-lobed) with narrow
pointed sinuses and long acute entire or dentate lobes, varying from heart shaped
to cuneate at base, 6-8 in. long and of about the same width, light green and
glabrous above, paler and pubescent beneath; jjctioles stout, 1| 3 in. long.
Fowers in globular heads arranged in racemes of 3-4 each with whitish tomentose
peduncles. Fruit in globular heads about f in. in diameter, with slender glabrous
stems 6-8 in. in lengtli, the aclienia about ^ in. long, glabrous and truncated at
apex.

The specific name, WrigJitii, commemorates the discoverer of the species Mr.
Charles Wright.

Tlie Arizona Sycamore attains the height of YO-80 ft. (24 m.) with
trunk sometimes 4 or 5 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter, dividing into a few
massive hranches and spreading characteristic irregular head with
angular branches. Tlie bark near the bases of large trunks is thick,
of a gra^^sh brown color, fissured into narrow ridges and exfoliating
in rounded or oblong minutely pitted scales. That of young trunks
and branches exfoliates in large irregular plate-like scales and patches,
leaving a clear creamy white or greenish color beneath which is the
color of the smooth upper branches.

Habitat. — The Arizona Sycamore marks the banks of streams in
the mountain canons of southwestern ISTew Mexico, Arizona south of
the Colorado plateau, being in such localities the most conspicuous
and characteristic tree up to an altitude of about 6000 ft.

In these regions of sun-burned rocks and trees of somber foliage the
clean white branches and liglit green foliage of the Sycamores apj^ear
in delightful contrast.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather light and soft but strong, with
quite nniformly distributed open ducts and large conspicuous medullary
rays. The sap-wood is of a pinkish cream color near the bark and
shades gradually into a light brown heart-wood. SpecijiG Gravity^
0.4736; Percentage of Anh^ 1.35; Relative Approximate FuelYalue^
0.4672; Coejjjiclent of Elasticity, .45644; Modulus of Rapture, ^'i,'^\
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 327; Resistance to Indentation,
117; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds, 29.51.

30 Hough's American Woods.

Uses. — The Arizona Sycamore is not a wood of commercial import-
ance though of a highly ornamental nature and possessing the same
useful properties that are found in the eastern species.

Order JUGLANDACEffi: Walnut Family.

Leaves alternate, pinnate and without stipules. Flowers monoecious and
apetalous, except in some cases in the fertile flowers. Sterile floivers in catkins
witli an irregular calyx adnate to the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers solitary
or in small clusters, with calyx regularly 3-5-lobed, adherent to the incompletely
2-4-celled, but 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a sort of dry drupe (a tryma), with a
fibrous and more or less fleshy and coriaceous outer coat very astringent to the
taste, a hard, bony inner coat, and a 2-4-lobed seed, which is orthotropous, with
thick, oily and often corrugated cotyledons and no albumen.

All representatives of the order are trees.

Genus JUGLANS, L.

Leaves odd-pinnate, with numerous serrate leaflets; leaf -buds few-scaled or
nearly naked. Sterile flowers in long, simple, imbricated, axillary catkins from
the wood of the preceding year; calyx unequally 8-6-cleft; stamens 12-40 with
very short and free filaments. Fertile flouiers several in a cluster or solitary at
the" ends of the branches; calyx 4-toothed and bearing in its sinuses 4 small
petals; styles 2, very short; stigmas 2, somewhat club shaped and fringed. Fruit
drupaceous with a fibrous and spongy, somewhat fleshy, indehiscent epicarp and
a rough irregularly fun-owed endocarp; embryo edible and wholesome.

Trees witli strong-scented resinous-aromatic bark and a pith which separates
into thin transverse disks. (Juglans is contracted from Latin Jovis glans, the
nut of Jove.)

233. JUGLANS RUPESTRIS, Engelm.

Mexican Walnut, Arizona Walnut.

Ger., Arizonisoher Wallnuszhaum ; Fr., Noyer cf Arizona j Sj).,

Nogal de Arizona.

Specific Charactehs:— Leaves from 15-17 in. in length, with pubescent
petioles and 9-23 lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate leaflets which are
2 1-2-5 in. long, quite inequalateral, short-petiolate or nearly sessile, thin and
glabrous or somewhat i)ubescent especially beneath. Flowers (April to May) the
staminate in slender puperulous catkins from 2 1-2-4 in. in length, with ovate-
lanceolate acute pale-tomentose scales; perianth 3-5-lobed, light yellovvish green;
stamens about 20 with nearly sessile yellow anthers and slightly lobed connec-
tives; pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes, tomentose and from 1-8-1-4 in. in
length; bractlets puberulous at apex, laciniate; calyx lobes puberulous outside;
stigmas about 1-3 in. long, plumose, spreading, greenish red. Frwit subgloboae,
1-2-1 1-2 in. long, with tiiin glabrate epicarp and globose or laterallj^ compressed
nut, blackisli. deeply sulcate, thick-waUed, without sutural ridges and containing
a sweet edible kernel.

The specific name, rupestris. from the Latin rupes, a rock, is significant of the
nature of the regions in which this tree is found.

A handsome tree occasionally attaining a height of 50 ft. (15 m.)
with a trunk 4 or 6 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter, covered with grayish
brown bark, fissured into longitudinal and obliquely connecting ridges
which exfoliate in thick elong-ated fibrous scales.

233. JuGLAxs EUi'ESTRis — Mexican Walnlt, 31

The trunk is generally short, divided at from G-8 ft. from the ground
into large branches, most of which grow out horizontally, or droop
downwards and all conform into a low symmetrical wide top.

Habitat. — Central Texas, the upper Colorado, Llano and Guada-
loupe Rivers, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona,
where it attains its largest dimensions, and southward into northern
Mexico. It is found along the banks of streams and in mountain
canons up to an altitude of about 0000 ft. It is often shrubby in the
extreme eastern portion of its range.

Physical Properties. — The wood of the Arizona Walnut is heavy,
of moderate hardness and strength, with large open ducts irregularly
distributed, of a rich dark brown color with yellowish white sap-wood,
when freshly cut, but quickly assuming a light brown color on exjDOsure
to the atmosphere. Sjyeclfio Gravity, 0.655-1; Percentage of Ash,
1.01; Relative Approximate Fuel Yalue, 0.64S8; Coefficient of
Elasticity, T2632; Modulus of Rupture^ 600; Resistance to Lomji-
tudinal Pressure, -iZI:, Resistance to Indentation, 182; Weight of a
Cubic Foot ill Pounds, 40.81.

Uses. — The nuts of this tree are prized by the Mexicans and Indians
as an article of food though too small and with too hard shells to have
attained any commercial importance. Little use is made of its wood
owing to the sparseness of the population of the regions in which the
tree is found and its inconvenient dimensions.

Order CUPULIFER2E: Oak Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined; the stipules, forming the bud-scales,
deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile floivers in clustered or racemed
catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech); calyx regular or scale-like; stamens
5-20. Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an invo-
lucre which forms a cup or covering to the nut; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
its teeth minute and crowning tlie summit; ovar}' 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous
ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disappearing before
maturity; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several
together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) invo-
lucral cup or covering; seed albumenless, with an anatrapous, often edible,
embryo; cotyledons thick and fleshy.

Genus is represented by both trees and shrubs.

Genus QUERCUS, L.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds ; calyx 2-8-parted or
cleft ; stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers with ovary nearly 3-celled
and G-ovuled, two of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive ; stigma 3-lobed;
involucre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn,
which is 1-celled, 1-seeded.

{Qnercus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic
quer, fine, and cuez, tree.)

32 Hough's Amekican Woods.

234. QUERCUS EMORYI, Torr.

Emory Oak. Arizona Black Oak.

Ger., Elche von Emonj; Fr., Chene (T Emory; Sp., Rolle de Emory.

Specific Characters :— Leoues oblong-lanceolate, from \-1\ in. in length,
acute, cordate or rounded at base, entire or repand-serrate with 1-5 pairs of
mucronate teeth, pubescent at first but at maturity glabrous or stellate-puberul-
ous, coriaceous, lustrous dark green above, paler and with whitish pubescence at
the base beneath, persistent during the winter and until after the appearance of
new leaves. Flowers appear in April, the staminate in hoary tomentose aments
2-3 in. in length ; calyx light yellow, 5-7-lobed, pubescent outside; stamens with
short filaments and large yellow oblong anthers ; pistillate flowers sessile or nearly
so, hoary-tomentose. Fruit acorns maturing the first season, sessile or nearly so,
with oblong-ovoid nut, |-| in. long, whitish tomentose within and \-\ invested by
the cup, which is nearly hemispherical and with close imbricated thin scarious
light brown pubescent scales ; cotyledons yellow and of sweetish flavor.

The specific name commemorates the name of Col. W. H. Emory who dis-
covered this species in southern New Mexico.

A beautiful and distinct oak attaining the height of 60 or TO ft.
(20 m.) with a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 ft. (1.20 m.) having a very
dark brown bark deeply fissured into small firm square and oblong
plates which exfoliate in fragments and thick scales. Its trunk usually
divides within a few feet of the ground into sturdy arching branches,
the lowermost of which rise obliquely and a rather flattened obconic
head is formed. Along the large trunks many small branches are
given out which form flattened sprays of shining dark green foliage.
These features give this oak an individaality and beauty which at once
distinguish it from all other trees in the region in which it grows.

Habitat. — The Emory Oak is found on the mountains of western
Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, south of the Colorado
plateau, and southward into Mexico. It grows in considerable abund-
ance in the open forests which clothe the mountain slopes, but attains
its best development and beauty in the sheltered canons of the
mountains of southern Arizona.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained,
with annual rings distinctly marked by large open ducts, and of a
mottled dark and light brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.92(33; Percentage of Ash, 2.36; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.904:4; Coepnent of Elasticity, 6382S; Modulus of
Rupture, 703; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, Mili', Resistance
to Indentation, 415; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds, 57.73.

Uses. — The edible acorns of the oak are highly valued by the
Mexicans and Indians as an article of food and are of commercial
importance in the towns of southern Arizona and northern Mexico.

235. QUERCUS HYPOLELCA — WlIITE-LEAF OaK. 33

235. QUERCUS HYPOLEUCA. Engelm.

White- LEAF Oak.

Ger., Weiszbldtterige Etche ; Fr., Cheiie a feuilles blanches; Sp.,

Roble de hojas hlancas.

Specific Characters : — Leaves lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, from 2-4 in.
long, acute at apex, cuneate, rounded or somewhat cordate at base, with entire
revolute or occasionally remotely dentate margin, pubescent at first, at maturity
thick and firm, lustrous dark green above and woolly beneath with white tomen-
tum, persistent until after the appearance of nevv leaves ; petioles |-| in. long,
pubescent. Flowers open in April, the staminate in slender pale-tomentose
aments 3-4 in. long ; calj'x pubescent outside, deeply 4 or 5-lobed : stamens 4,
exserted, with slender filaments and ovate apiculate anthers ; the pistillate flowers
are usually single or in pairs, sessile or short pedunculate ; stigmas dark red.
recurved. Fruit acorns maturing the second season, usually solitary and sessile
or with short peduncles : the nut ovoid from ^-f in. long, acute or rounded at the
hoary-pubescent apex, dark green and striated at first but drymg to a uniform
chestnut brown ; shell light tomentose within ; cup turbinate' about one-third
enveloping the nut and covered witli thin chestnut brown pubescent scales.

The specific name, hypoleuca, is from Greek words, meaning ivhite beneath.

This interesting oak occasionally attains the height of 40 or 50 ft.
(15 m.) with rather narrow rounded top and trunk 12-15 in. (0.35 m.)
in diameter, covered with a dark gray bark deeply fissured into irregu-
lar broken ridges which flake off in thick fragments.

It is one of the most beautiful of our oaks owing to its curious parti-
colored foliage, the silvery white under surfaces of its leaves contrasting
strongly with the lustrous dark green of the upper surfaces as they are
turned up by the wind. In localities where conditions do not favor
its fullest development it is found reduced to a shrub.

Habitat. — The mountains of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona
south of the Colorado plateau and southward into Mexico. It is scattered
over the mountain slopes among the Chiricahua Pines, Madroilas, etc.,
at an altitude of six or seven thousand feet above tide, seeming to be
nowhere very abundant.

Physical Properties. — The wood is very heavy, hard, strong,
with numerous large medullary rays, and of a very dark brown color
with thick brownish white sap-wood. Specific Graviti/, 0. 8009 ; Per-
centdfje of Ash, 1.34; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.T902;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 94409; Modulus of Rupture, \1\^; Resist-
anre to Longitudinal Pressure, 293; Resistance to Indentation^
272; Weight of a CuUc Foot in Pounds, 49.91.

Uses. — The wood, though of valuable properties, is little used
owing to sparseness of population and its limited abundance.

The distinct and beautiful foHage of the tree would seem to insure
its popularity for ornamental planting, and it will no doubt when it
becomes more generally known be propagated for that purpose.

34 Hough's American Woods.

Order BETULACEAE : birch family.

Leaves simple, alternate, straight- veined and furnished with stipules which fall
away early. Flowers mostly naked, monoecious, both kinds in catkins, 2 or 3
togetlier under a 3-lobed bract or scale. Sterile flowers with distinct stamens and
2-celled anthers. Fertile flowers with two thread-like stigmas, and a 2-celled
ovary, each cell containing 2 pendulous ovules, becommg by abortion in Fruit, a
small, 1-celled, 1-seeded nutlet, often with membranous wings ; seed anatropous,
albumenless, with flattish, oblong cotyledons which become foliaceous in germina-
tion.

Trees or shrubs, wuth bark which separates more or less easily into thin layers

Genus BETULA, Tournefort.

Leaves ovate, serrate; these, with the twigs, especially the latter, often spicy
aromatic. Floivers appearing in early spring with or before the leaves. Sterile
floicers in long, drooping, cylindrical, both terminal and lateral, yellow catkins,
appearing in summer and remaining dormant during the following winter to
open and perform their function early the next season; bracts 3-lobed, shield-
shaped, and beneath each are 2 bractlets and 3 flowers with calyx rei^resented by
a mere scale, which bears the 4 short stamens, each with a single-celled anther.
Fertile floivers in cy\indr\cs\ or oblong catkins with 3-lobed scales, and beneath
each scale are 2-3 naked pistils without bractlets or calyx. Fruit a small,
broadly-winged, scale-like nutlet or samara.

Trees and shrubs with outer bark horizontally fibrous and usually separable in
sheets, that of the branchlets dotted, inner bark more or less arouiatic and of
pleasant flavor. (The ancient Latin name, from Celtic Betii, birch.)

236. BETULA OCCIDENTALIS, Hook.

Western Birch. Puget Sound Birch.

Ger., WestUcIte Blrhe j Fr., Bouleau occidental; Sp., Abedul

occidental.

Specific Characters: — Leaves ovate, 3-4 in. long, acute, rounded (rarely
cuneate) at base, irregularly and usually doubly serrate, atfii'st pale green dotted
with resin glands and villous along the midribs, at maturity firm, pitted with tlie
scars of the fallen resin glands, dark green above, paler and puberulous along
the veins beneath; petioles about 3-4 in. long, glandular, grooved, pubescent;
stipules oblong-ovate, glandular-viscid, about i in. long; branchlets pubescent
and glandular at first, the second season glabrous, orange-brown marked with
pale lenticels. Flowers open in May, the staminate catkins 3-4 in. in length, and
the pistillate ^— f in. Fruit oblong-cylindrical pendulous strobiles, 1| to
li in. in length and | in. or less in thickness, borne on stout peduncles about
|"in. long, the scales much longer than broad, puberulous outside witli elongated
terminal lobe and spreading lateral lobes, gradually narrowing to base; nutlet
ovoid, about -jV in. long and wings somewhat wider.

The Western Bircli attains the heiglit of upwards of li»0 ft. (30 m.)
with trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, vested in a thin histrous
orange-brown and pearl-colored bark, marked with large raised
lenticels and peeling off in papery layers, and strips transversely
around the trunk.

Habitat. — Southwestern British Columbia, Yancouver Island and
northwestern Washington, growing in moist alluvial bottom-lands and
along the banks of streams.

237. ISalix lasiandka — Western Black Willow. 35

Physical Properties. — AVood r[iiite lieavy, hard, strong, with fine
medullary rays and ducts uniformly distributed. Specijic Gravity^
0.0030; Percentage of Afih, 0.30; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.0012; Coefficient of Elasticity^ 92424; Modulus of Rupture^ 806;
Resistance to Longitudinal P'ressure, 391; Resistance to Indentation^
127; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 37.58.

Uses. — A valuable wood for all the uses to which the Canoe Birch
is applied, as in the manufacture of wooden ware, furniture, etc.,
though not abundant enough to be available in large quantities.

Order SALICAOEffi: Willow Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, undivided and furnished with stipules, which are
either scale-like and decidvious, or leaf-like and persistent. Floirers dioecious,
both kinds in catkins, one under each bract or scale of the catkin and destitute
of botli calyx and corolla, or the former represented by a gland-like cup; ovary
1 to 2-celled; styles wanting, or 2 and short; stigmas often 3-lobed. Fruit a 1 or
2-celled, 2-valved pod, with numerous seeds springing from two parietal or basal
placentae and furnished with long, silky down; seeds ascending, anatropous,
with albumen; cotyledons flat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

Genus SALIX, Tournefort,

Leaves genei-ally narrow, long and pointed and usually with conspicuous stip-
ules; bud scales single. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves in terminal
and lateral cylindrical, imbricated catkins, the scales or bracts of which are
entire and each subtending a flower, whieli is without calyx, and bears at its
base 1 or 2 small nectiferous glands. Sterile flowers with 2 (but sometimes more)
distinct or united stamens. Fertile flowers: ovary ovoid lanceolate, taper-pointed;
style short; stigmas 2, short and mostly bifid. Fruit a 1-celled pod, dehiscent
at maturity by two valves which roll back to the summit to liberate the numer-
ous minute comose seeds.

Trees and shrubs with lithe round branches and growing mostly along streams
and in moist localities. {Salix is from the Celtic, sal, near, and lis. water, allud-
ing to the favorite locality of the willows.)

237. SALIX LASIANDRA, Benth.

Western Black Willow.

Ger., Westliche Schwarzweide • Fr., Saule noir occidental; Sp.,

Sauce negro occidental.

Specific Characters : — Leaves convolute in the bud, 4.5 in. long, lanceolate,
long taper-pointed, rounded or acute at base, sharply and finely serrate, pubescent
at first but finally lusirous dark green above, paler beneath, with broad yellowish
midribs; petioles from \-\ in. in length, glabrous or pubescent and furnished
with two or more dark glands near the base of blade; stipules semi lunar,
glandular-serrate, falling early except on vigorous shoots where they are larger
and foliaceous. Flowers in pedunculate catkins H-2 in. long, terminating leafy
branchlets: staminate catkins about \ in. in diameter, with obovate yellow
glandular-dentate scales; stamens 5-9 with filaments free and hairy at the base,
pistillate aments nearly ^ in. in diameter; scales hairy, nearly entire: pistil with
short stipe, lanceolate glabrous ovary, short style and spreading stigmatic lobes.
Fruit capsules about | in. long, reddish yellow.

86 Hough's American Woods.

Var. S. Lyalli Sarg. is characterized as follows: Leaves often 7-8 in. long, with
rounded or subcox'date base; petioles moi'e glandular and scales of pistillate
uments less haiiy.

Var. caifdata (Nutt.) Sud worth, is characterized as follows: Leaves thicker,
more coriaceous, usually smaller and often falcate, wedge-sbaped at base, and
green both sides; staminate aments thicker, more densely flowered; scales
dentate only near apex; branchlets yellow; buds larger and often villous below
the middle.

The specific name, lasiandra, is from Greek roots meaning Jiainj stamens.

This willow occasionally attains the height of 60 ft. (18 m.) with
yellowish ascending branches forming a rather irregular wide top with
foliage tufted at the ends of the branclilets, and trunk 2-3 ft. (0.80 m.)
in diameter. The bark of trunk is of a grayish brown color, divided
by shallow fissures into flat longitudinal ridges which exfoliate in
elongated friable scales.

Habitat. — California generally, west of the Sierra Nevada moun-
tains. In western Oregon, Washington and southern British Columbia
it is commonly represented by var. Lyalli, one of the most beautiful
of Anaerican Willows. Tlie var. caudata is found among the Sierra
Nevada mountains and in the interior of the continent from northern
Montana southward to Colorado and northern New Mexico, growing
along the banks of streams, on lake shores and in moist bottom-lands.

Physical Pkopertiks. — The wood of this species is light, soft, not
strong, brittle, with fine obscure medullary rays and quite uniformly
distributed fine ducts. It is of a yellowish brown color with thick
lighter sap-wood. SpecijiG Gravity, 0.4758; Percentage of Ash,
0.60; lielative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4727; Weight of a CuMg
Foot in Pounds, 29.64.

Uses, — The highly ornamental nature of the variety Lyalli would
suggest its usefulness for ornamental planting. Little use is made of
the wood, though suitable for charcoal and other purposes.

238. SALIX SITCHENSIS, Sans.

Silky Willow. Sitka Willow.

Ger., Weide von Sitka; Fr., Saule de Sitka; Sp., Sauce de SitJia.

Specific Characters: — Leaves conduplicate in the bud, oblong-obovate, to
oblanceolate, 2-5 in. long, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point at apex, wedge
shaped at base, entire or obsoletely crenulate, pubescent at first at maturity,
lustrous d:vrk green above, with the exception of a pale pubescence along the
stout midribs, white satiny tomentose beneath; petioles stout, pubescent, grooved,
scarcely I in. in length ; stipules usuall}^ small falling away early, but on vigorous
shoots foliaceous and | in. in length ; branchlets tomentose the first season and
may be pubescent or glabrous and glaucous the second season : winter buds about
^ in. long, puberulous, light brown. Floirers in slender erect densely -flowered
aments l)earing small acute scale-like leaves at their bases; staminate aments
1^-3 in. long, -| in broad, with yellow oblong-obovate scales rounded at apex

238. Salix siTCHExsis — Silky ^A^ii.low. Sitka Willow. 37

and sparsely villous; stamens solitary, with long glabrous filament or sometimes
two united below; pistillate aments 2i-3 in. long and scarcely \ in. broad with
short pointed pubescent scales; pistil with short stalked ovary, pubescent,
elongated style and entire or slightly emarginate stigma. Fruit capsules about
\ in. long, acuteovoid, light reddish brown, pubescent; aments at maturity of
fruit 3 or 4 in. long.

The specitic name Sitchensis alludes to the occurrence of this species in the
vicinity of Sitka, Alaska, which was the place of its discovery.

A beautiful willow, coiiimonly a large shrub but occasionally a low
straggling tree, it is rarely over 30 ft. (9 m.) in height or more than
1 ft. (0.30 m.) in thickness of trunk, which is vested in a reddish
brown bark furrowed lengthwise with low ridges which exfoliate in
thin small scales. It is conspicuous on account of the silvery whiteness
of the under surface of its leaves in strong contrast with the dark green
of the upper surfaces.

Habitat. — - The Silky Willow is confined to the immediate vicinity
of the Pacific coast, and ranges from Cook Inlet and Kadiak Island,
Alaska, southward through Washington, Oregon, and as far in Cali-
fornia as Santa Barbara, overhangiDg the banks of streams and the
borders of lakes, and in other moist situations up to an altitude of at
least fourteen hundred feet above tide.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, with fine
obscure medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed fine ducts. It
is of a light orange-brown color with lighter sap-wood. Sjyecific
Gravity y 0.5072; Percentage of Ashy 0.59; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.50-12; Weight of a Cuhio Foot in Pounds, 31.61.

Uses. — The wood of this willow is said to be prized by the Indians
of southsrn Alaska for frying salmon as the smoke does not impart a
disagreeable flavor, and the pounded bark is used as an application for
bleeding flesh wounds.

GYMNOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-A-eined and cotyledon?
frequently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete ; pistil repre-
sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked,
fertilized by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — with-
out a true pericarp.

Order CONIFER.ffi : Plxe Family.

Leaves mostly awl shaped or needle shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel-
veined. Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in catkins or cones, destitute
of both calyx and corolla ; stamens one or several (usually united) ; ovary, style
and stigma wanting ; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, which serves* as
a carpel, or on an ojien disk. Fruit a cone, woody and witli distinct scales, or
somewhat berry-like, and with fleshy coherent scales, seeds orthotropous, embryo
in the axis of the albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.

38 Hough's American Woods.

Genus CUPRESSUS, Tournefort.

Leaves persistent, small, scale-like, decussately opposite, thick, rounded or
keeled, adnate to and decurrent upon the stem, usually glandular-pitted on the
back, appressed or slightly s^jreading at the pointed or rounded apex, margin
entire or denticulate ; leaves on vigorous young shoots commonly awl-shaped or
linear lanceolate and spreading ; branchlets not forming flat sprays. Flowers
appear in eai'ly spring, monoecious, in small catkins terminating the leafy
branchlets ; the staminate aments oblong or cylindrical, consisting of a few pairs
of decussately opposite, yellowish ovate or orbicular subpeltate scales attached to
the uniier sides of each of whicli are two to six subglobose i)eudulous anther-cells
opening by a longitudinal slit ; i)ollen-grains simple. The pistillate flowers
terminate short branchlets, subglobose ; scales thick, ovate acute and bearing
attached to their bases on the inner surface generally numerous, erect, orthotro-
pous bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a subglobose, short-stalked, rugose, woody cone,
generally maturing the second year, scales closely valvate, peltate, polygonal in
outline at apex, flattened and bearing more or less prominent central bosses, at
maturity opening along their margins and persisting after liberating their
numerous irregularly compressed acutely angled thick-coated seeds, which are
borne in several rows on the base of the scale ; embryo erect in fleshy albumen,
cotyledons usually two.

Genus consists of resinous trees with generally fragrant wood of considerable
economic value, especially in Japan. About a half dozen species are found in the
United States along the Pacific slope.

{Cupressus is the classical Latin name of the Cypress ti'ee.)

239. CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA, Greene.

Arizona Cypress.

Ger., Arhonische Cypresse ; Fr., Cypress cV Arizona ; Sp., Cipres

de Arizona.

Specific CHAR.4.CTERS:— Leaves acute, about \ in. long, thick, acuminate,
witiiout glands or obscurely glandular — pitted on the bark, pale glaucous green
and closely appressed, forming a nearly quadriangular branchlet. Floicers open
in very early spring, the staminate in great profusion on the tips of branchlets,
are oblong, nearly ^ in. in length, and with 6-8 stamens bearing yellow peltate
connectives slightly rugose oji the margins. Fruit a puberulous subglobose pale
brown cone |^-| in. in diameter, thickly covered with a glaucous bloom, raised
on a short peduncle and with generally six (sometimes 4 or 8) thick rugose scales
with prominent incurved bosses, and beneath each are several irregularly com-
pressed seeds from -jV-t? ^^- i" length, with thin light brown lateral margins
which serve as narrow wings.

A tree occasionally attaining the lieiglit of GO or 70 ft. (20 m.) with
rather open wide pyramidal head of horizontal branches, and trunk
sometimes 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, vested in a fibrous grayish
brown bark fissured lengthwise in rather narrow ridges which exfoliate
in strips, and these hanging a long time attached give a decidedly
shaggy appearance to the older trunks.

Habitat. — The Arizona Cypress is locally distributed on the
mountains of central, eastern and southern Arizona and southward on
the mountains of Sonora and Chiricahua, at elevations of from five to
eight thousand feet above sea level. It is generally scattered among
other trees as the Alligator Juniper, Chiricahua Pine, Arizona and

240. Chamaecyparis xootkatensis — Alaska Cedar. 39

Emory Oaks, etc., but occasionally forminor quite exclusive tracts of
forests.

Physical Properties. — "Wood very li^lit, soft, close-grained, easily
worked and of an orange-brown color with lio;liter sap wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.4843; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 30. IS.*

Uses. — "We believe little use has been made of this timber owing
to the sparseness of populations in the regions in which it grows,
though possessed of useful properties. The tree is grown to some
extent for ornamental purposes and proves to be hardy in England.
Genus CHAMAECYPARIS, Spach.

Leaves evergreen, very small, scale-like, imbricated and closely appressed. or on
vigorous shoots awl-shaped and free; leaf-buds not scaly; branchlets distichous
and finely divided. Floicers monoecious, in small, "terminal, few-flowered
catkins. Sterile catkins ovoid, witli filaments in tlie form of shield-shaped scales,
each bearing beneath its lower margin 2-4 anther-cells, opening lengthwise.
Fertile catkins globose with shield-shaped scales decussate, each bearing at its
base several bottle-shaped, orthotropous ovules. Fruit a small, spherical cone,
the thick, shield-siiaped scales of which are furnislied with a point or boss in the
center, and fit closely together along their margins until maturity, when they
open and liberate their angled or somewhat winged seeds; cotyledons 2-3.

(Chamaecyparis is from the Greek X'^H^o-'') on the ground, and Tivirdnio-o-os,
cypress.)

240. CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS (L.-^mb) Spach.

Alaska Cedar, Yellow Cedar, Sitka Cypress.

Ger., Gelhe Zeder ; Fr., Cedre jaune ; Sp., Cedro amarillo.

Specific Characters: — Leaves about | in. long, with rather long rounded
points, entire, eglandular or glandular-pitted on the back, dark blue-green,
closely appressed and forming a slightly flattened branclilet. the leaves of a igorous
shoots sometimes \ in. long, with sliarp points, and on small seedling are from
\-\ in. long, acicular, spreading and lighter green. Flowers, very earlv spring,
terminating lateral branchlets of the previous season, the staminate on those
lower down and the pistillate on the more terminal branchlets; staminate flowers
nearly oblong, ^ in. in length, with four or five pairs of stamens; connectives
yellow with dark blotch, each bearing two or three pollen sacs; pistillate flowers
about jV in- long; purplish brown witii acute spreading scales, eacli bearing at its
base 2-4 ovules. Fruit (Sept. and Oct.) a subglobose dark reddish brown cone,
maturing the first year, nearly ^ in. in diameter, glaucous, with 4-6 scales each
with a prominent pointed boss and frequently resin glands; seeds slightly flat-
tened ovoid, acute, about \ in. long, dark brown and with wings of lighter shade
nearly twice as broad as the seed.

The specific name is from Xootka, the name of the sound on the shores of
which tliis tree was discovered by the Scotch naturalist, Archibald Menzies, a
little over a century ago.

The Alaska Cedar sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) or
more, with narrow pyramidal head of horizontal and geotropic
branches and crowded distichous sprays, with a trunk 5 or 6 ft.
(1.80 m.) in diameter. It is vested in a grayish or purplish brown
bark fissured into wide longitudinal ridges which exfoliate in long thin

• Sargent's Silva of North America, X, p. 105.

40 Hough's American Woods.

librous strips hanging loosely in abundance about the bases of the
trunks.

Habitat. — From the vicinity of Sitka, Alaska, southward on the
islands, and in the coast region of British Columbia and along the
Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, as far as Mt. Jefferson.
On the islands of Alaska and in British Columbia where it attains its
largest dimensions it is found from the sea-level to an altitude of from
two to three thousand feet, but in Washington and Oregon it is found
only on certain mountains which it ascends to an altitude of four or
five thousand feet.

Physical Properties. — Wood light l^ut moderately hard and
brittle, of exceedingly fine close grain, with a pleasant resinous odor,
easily worked and very durable in contact with the soil. It is of a
clear light yellowish color with thin lighter colored sap-wood. SpeciJiG
Gravity^ 0.4782; Percentage of Ash, 0.34; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.4706; Coefficient of Elasticity, 102881; Modulus of
Rupture, 801; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 455; Resistance
to Indentation, 101 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.80.

Uses. — One of the most valuable of the American timbers, owing
to its peculiar qualities as above noted, its great durability, etc.

For cabinet making it has few, if any, equals among our woods,
and is likewise most useful for boat buiding, for furniture, interior
finishing of houses, etc. It has been exported to China in considerable
quantities where it is used as a substitute for Satin-wood.

The tree is occasionally grown, in both Europe and America, for
ornamental purposes, under the name of Thujopsis horealis, and many
nursery varieties due to abnormal form, color of foliage, etc., have
originated.

Note. — Upon examining our specimen sections of this wood one is
impressed with its wonderfully slow growth. This tree grew on the
slopes of Mt. Hood, and was 18^ in. in diameter inside the bark. A
careful count of its annual rings, which could only be made with the
aid of a magnifier, revealed the astonishing fact that it was four hun-
dred and twenty-seven years in growing, and yet was perfectly sound
to the pith of the center.

241. Chamaecypakis lawsoniana — Pokt Okfokd Cedar. 41

241. CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA (Murr.) Parl.

Port Orford Cedar. Lawson Cypress. Match-wood.

Ger., Cijpresse von Lawson; Fr., Cypres de Lawson ; Sp., Cipres

de Lawson.

Specific Characters: — Leaves about yV in. long, acute, briglit green, con-
spicuously glandular on the back, closely appressed and forming a flattened
branchlet, on leading shoots they are often from i to ^J- in. long, with points
more spreading at apex, and on seedlings they are } to ^ in. long, linear-
lanceolate and spreading. Flowers in very early spring, at the ends of lateral
branchlets, the staminate with bright red connectives, bearing usually each 2 or
3 pollen sacs; pistillate flowers darker colored and with more acute and spread-
ing scales. Fniit (Sept. to Oct.) globose cones about ^ in. in diameter, usually
borne in profusion, reddish brown and often glaucous at maturity, with usually
8-10 rugose scales, with a weak central boss and bearing 2-4 shining brown seeds
tV to yV in. long, slightly compressed and with thick lateral wings each about
as broad as the seed.

The specific name commemorates Sir Chas. Lawson, a distinguished Scottish
authority on the coniferous trees, and Lord Provost of Edinborough.

The Port Orford Cedar occasionally attains the height of 200 ft.
(60 m.) with narrow pyramidal head of small horizontal and drooping
branches and straight massive trunk sometimes 12 ft. (3.50 m.) in
diameter, rested in a very thick dark reddish brown bark divided into
wide ridges which exfoliate in thin fibrous strips. It is one of the
most beautiful of our cone-bearing trees.

Habitat. — Few trees of the United States are of as limited distribu-
tion it being found growing naturally only in southwestern Oregon,
in the vicinity of Coos Bay, and southward to the Klamath river in
California, ranging inland a distance of only thirty or forty miles.
It flourishes on sandy ridges and the sand dunes of the sea shore, and
was early reported to have been found on the southern slopes of
Mt. Shasta where, however, it has not been found in recent years.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, rather hard and strong, very
close grained, easily worked and durable in contact with the soil. It
is of a light yellow color with lighter sap-wood, and with a pleasant
resinous fragrance. Specijic Gramty, 0.4621; Percentage of Ash,
0.10; Relative Approximate Fuel Value^ 0.4616; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 121772; Modulus of Rupture, 888; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 466; Resistance to Lndentation, 82; Weight of a
Cuhic Foot ill Pounds, 28.80.

Uses. — One of the most valuable timber trees of Xorth America
in the excellence of its lumber for interior finishing, flooring, boat-
building, railway ties, fence posts, etc., and is used extensively in the
manufacture of matches. In the last mentioned use its identity is at
once asserted by the characteristic fragrance of the smoke of the burn -
ing match.

42 Hough's American Woods.

As an ornamental tree it has long been popular in both Europe and
America, though generally thriving better in Europe than in the
Atlantic states.

Medicinal Properties. — The resin of this wood is a powerful
diuretic. This property is so active that workmen in the saw-mills
wliere this lumber is being sawn are so affected, through inhalation,
that it becomes necessary to change occasionally to other wood.
Genus JUNIPERUS, Linnaeus.

Leaves evergreen, opposite or in whorls of three, rigid and of two forms, one
awl-shaped and the other scale like, often both found on the same bush or tree.
F lowers dioicxoiis, rarely monoecious, in very small catkins. Sterile catkins ovate,
with siiield-shaped scales, each bearing at its base 3-7 anther cells. Fertile catkins
ovoid or globose, with few (3-5) fleshy, concave, united scales, each bearing one
ovule, and these togetlier becoming in Fruit a sort of berry, but in reality an
altered cone, scalybracted underneath, blackish or bluish in color, furnished
with a lighter-colored bloom, and containing from 1-3 bony, wingless seeds;
cotyledons two.

(^Juniperus is the classical Latin name of the Juniper.)

242. JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLOEA, Torr.

Alligator Juniper. Thick-bark Juniper. Checker-bark Juniper.

Ger., BlcJthorke Wachholder ; Fr., Genenrier a ecorse ejyais ; Sp.,

JEnehw de corteza esjpesa.

Specific Characters: — I/eayes opposite, scarcely I in. long, closely appressed
apiculate, slightly denticulate, bluish green and conspicuou.sly white-glandular
on the back; leaves on vigorous slioots linear-lanceolate and with longer points-
branclilets slender. Flowers open in February or March at the tips of branclilets'
the stammate in great abundance, oblong, yellow, about i in long, with 10 or
12 anther scales; pistillate flowers with more pointed and spreading scales.
Fruit matures in the autumn of the second season, subglobose, about h in iii
diameter, often tuberculate, marked witli tips of flower scales, bluish the first
season and finally brownish, covered with glaucous bloom; seeds four in number
flattened ovoid, pointed, gibbous and ridged on back, thick-walled with laroe
hilunis and embryo with two cotyledons. "

The specific name, pachyphlocea, is from Greek roots meaning thick bark.

This curious and largest representative of the junipers attains the
height of 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) with trunk 5 or 6 ft. (1.80 m.) in
diameter, vested in a strikingly characteristic grayish bark. This is
especially curious for a juniper, being more like the barks of certain
oaks than of any of the junipers. It is fissured into thick rectangular
plates which give an appearance so similar to that of the skin of an
alligator, that the name " Alligator " Juniper is aptly applied to it.

The trunk divides usually within 5 or 10 ft. from the ground into a
few large branches and a broad rounded top is formed with foliao-e of
a strikingly grayish green color owing to the conspicuous white gland
which dots the center of each leaf.

Habitat, — The mountains of southwestern Texas and westward on

243. PiNUS FLEXILIS Ll.MBKR PiXE. 43

the desert ranges of New Mexico and Arizona south of the Colorado
phiteaii, the lower slopes of mountains of northern Arizona and soutli-
ward into Mexico It inhabits dry arid slopes at elevations of from
four to six thousand feet within the United States, but attainin<r its
best development in the moist soil of the canon bottoms to which its
sturdy checkered trunks and graj-greeu foliage impart a peculiar
aspect.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, brittle, not strong, of
very fine grain and susceptible of a very smooth and beautiful polish.
It is of an orange-brown color with lighter sap-wood, Sj)eciJiG
Gravity, 0.5829; Percentage of Ash, 0.11; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.5823; Coefficient of Elasticity, 61275; Modulus of
Rupture, 761; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds^ 36.32.

Uses. — The wood of this species, though possessed of useful prop-
erties, is practically unknown in commerce. The fruit is an article of
food with the Indians of the regions in which it grows.

Genus PINUS, Tournefort.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Floicers
appearing in spring, moncecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base
of the shoots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a
scale-like connective; anther cells, 2, opening lengthwise: pollen grains triple.
Fertile floivers in conical or cylindrical sjjikes — cones — consisting of imbricated,
carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base
within a pair of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second
year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often
thickened or awned at the apex, jiersistent, when ripe dry and spreading each to
liberate two nut-like and usually winged seeds; cotyledons o-12, linear.

{Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin ov pen, a crag.)

243. PINUS FLEXILIS, James.

Limber Pixe, Rocky Mountain "White Pine.

Ger., Biegsame Fichte ; Fr., Pin souple ; Sp., Pino flexihle.

Specific Characters: — Leaves in clusters of 5 each, from ^3 in., usually
about 2 in., long, with investing sheath of scales very early decidous, rigid,
sharp pointed, entire or nearly so, containing a single fibro-vascular bundle and
two dorsal resin ducts; branchlets smooth, slightly pubescent at first, soon becom-
ing of a silvery gray color, flexible and tough. Floivers open in June and July,
the staminate oval, about i in. long, surrounded by 8 or 9 involucral scales and
with reddish anthers tipped with short crests; the pistillate flowers generally in
clusters close to the ends of the branchlets, about ^ in. long, reddish purple, and
with short thick peduncles covered with persistent bracts. Cones oval or sub-
cylindrical, subsessile or with short peduncles, horizontal or slightly declined,
3-5 in. long (except in the xariety maerocarjya, Engelm., where they are some-
times 10 in. long), light green until mature, with scales thickened toward the
apex, those of the lowermost scales strongly reflexed and terminating in a dark
rounded umbo. In early autunin the seeds are liberated and the exposed portion
of the scales turn to a light brown, the rest dark chocolate; seeds oval, com-
pressed, ^ in. or less in length, their inconspicuous wings being scarcely I in. wide
and remaining attached to the scales when the seed falls away; cotjledons 6-9.

The specific name, flexilis, is the Latin for pliable, and refers to the pliable
nature of the branchlets.

44 Hough's American Woods.

This pine, thongli usually a tree of niGcliiim stature, 40 or 50 ft.
(14 m.) in height, is occasionally nearly twice as tall, and on wind-
swept summits is much depressed and contorted. Trees growing in
the open occasionally measure 4 or 5 ft. (1.40 m.) in thickness of trunk,
and this is covered with a dark brown bark deeply fissured into broad
scaly ridges and plates.

Habitat. — From Alberta southward along the Eocky mountain
slopes of western Montana and Idaho and among the mountains gener-
ally, at from five to ten thousand feet altitude, to those of western
Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona and southeastern California,
and westward to the high western slopes of the Sierra I^evada
Mountains in Fresno and Tulare Counties, California. It forms
extensive forests on the northern ranges of central ]N"evada and attains
its largest size on the mountains of northern New Mexico and Arizona.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, with numer-
ous small lesin passages, easily worked and of an orange-brown color,
turning reddish, and nearly white sap-wood. Specijic Gravity,
0.4358; Percentage of Ash, 0.28; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.4346; Coefficient of Elasticity, 67531; Modulus of Rupture, 624;
Resistance to Longituclinal Pressure, 349; Resistance to Indentation,
108; Weight of a CuUc Foot in Pounds, 27.16.

Uses. — The Rocky Mountain White Pine is manufactured into
lumber for general construction purposes, house finishing, etc., in
regions where abundant. It is of fair quality and an important timber
in regions where few other timber trees abound, especially in central
Nevada, northern Arizona and New Mexico.

244. PINUS ALBICAULIS, Engelm.

White-bark Pine.

Ger., Weisshorhe Fichfe ; Fr., Pin d'^ecorce hlanc ; Sp., Pino

de corteza hlanca.

Specific Characters: — Leaves in clusters of 5 each, tufted at the ends of the
branchlets, l^-'^ in- long, the sheatli (made by the inner bud scales) deciduous,
rather thick and rigid, slightly incurved, acute at apex, with entire margin, a
single central fibro-vascular bundle, and 2 dorsal and sometimes also a ventral
resin duct located near the thick epidermis; branchlets stout, flexible, puberulous,
rough and of a rich brown color. Floioerfs open in early summer, tiie staminate
in short spikes, oval, surrounded vvitli an involucre of 8 or 9 bracts; stamens
witli scarlet crested anthers; pistillate flowers oblong, sessile, erect, in clusters of
a few each, briglit red and surrounded with chestnut brown bracts. Cones stand
at about right angles to the branchlet and are mature by the end of August of
the second year, from ^ to 3i in. long, oval or subglobose, sessile, of a purple-
brown color, and with scales much tliickened towards the tips where both sides
are exposed and contracted to a sharp edge, and stout more or less incurved dark
tip. The cones mostly fall in the autumn after having liberated their seeds,

215. Pl.NUS QIADRIFOLIA FaRRV Pi.\E. 45

wliich are acute, ovoid, somewhat flattened one side, nearly ^ in. in length with
hard thick dark bi'own coat, and thin wing only about g*, in. wide which remains
attached to tlie scale when the seed falls, cotyledons 7-9."

The specific name, albicaulis, is from two Latin words, albus, xchite, and
caulis, stem, alluding to the white bark.

The White-bark Pine, growing as it does only high up on the
mountains, rarely attains a greater height than 50 or 60 ft. (15 m.),
though its trunk may attain a diameter of 3 or 4 ft (1 m.). When on
exposed ridges it becomes very much depressed and distorted by the
winds, and at timber line it may be found as a shrub closely matting
to the ground. The bark of trunk is thin, generally from i to ^ in.
in thickness, of a light brown color or even almost white. Becomino-
fissured irregularly with age it exfoliates in irregular thin scales and
reveals a purplish brown color beneath.

Habitat. — The high Rocky Mountain slopes of British Columbia
from as far north as 53° latitude, southward to northwestern Wyoming,
at from live to twelve thousand feet altitude, and genei-ally at the
timber line. It is also found on the high mountains of Washington,
Oregon, and northern California, the Sierra ^Nevada and San Bernardino
mountains, where it forms the timber line at an altitude of nearly
twelve thousand feet.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, brittle, easily worked,
with many small resin passages, and of a jjale brown color with lighter
sap-wood. Specific Gravitij, 0.4165; Percentage of Ash, 0.27;
lieJative Aj^jyroximate Fuel Value, 0.4154; Coefficient of Elasticity,
3S14T; 21oilulus of Rupture, 581; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
sure, 331; Resistance to Indentation, 107; Weight of a Cubic Foot
i}i Pounds, 25.96.

Uses. — Owing to inaccessibility and inconvenient dimensions of trunk
these trees are not often manufactured into lumber or jjut to other
uses. The seeds are said to serve as an article of food for the Indians,
and are eagerly eaten by the Clark crow and jays, which make their
homes in the high mountains where this tree abounds.

245. PINUS QUADRIFOLIA, Parl.*

Parry Pine. Mkxican Xut Pine or Pinon.

Ger., YierUatterige Fichte ; Fr., Pi7i quadrifeuillier ; Sp., Pino

de qnatro hojas.

Specific Characters: — Lea res 1-U in. long, usually in fascicles of four each
(sometimes 3 or .">), with short sheath of retlexed scales at tlie bases the first sea-
son, incurved, with sharp callous tips, entire, pale glaucous green, containing
two large dorsal resin ducts, and bearing on the ventral sides 8-10 rows of

* Pinus Parri/fuia. Engelra.

46 Hough's American "Woods.

6tomata. Stamiaate flowers oval, about \ in. long, and each surrounded hy an
involucre of four conspicuous pointed bracts; anthers terminating in a lacini-
ated crest; pistillate floicers subtermiual, solitary or clustered, subglobose, \-\ in.
in length, nearly sessile and with obovate short-pointed scales. Fruit subglobose
cones, from \V-i in. broad, with scales rounded at apex, the expo.sed portion
bright lustrous chestnut brown, conspicuously keeled transversely and with a
prominent truncated central knob furnished with a minute recurved tip. The
few central scales only bear fertilized seeds and tliese only develope, tiiose at the
base remaining small with recurved bosses and forming a flattened base of the
cone; seeds about | in. long, ell iptical-obo void, somewhat flattened, dark reddish
brown somewhat mottled, with brittle shell and sweet edible kernel; the wings
scarcely J in. in width and remaining attached to the scale; cotyledons usually
eight.

The specific name, quadrifoUa, Latin for four-leaved, alludes to the number of
leaves in a fascicle. It is called Parry Pine after the name of its discoverer, Dr.
C. C. Parry.

A tree sometimes attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. (12 m.) with
pyramidal top while young, but finally an irregular rounded top. The
trunk is short and seldom over 18 in. (0.50 m.) in diameter, clotlied
in a grapsh brown bark which is fissured into j)romin'ent longitudinal
ridges and exfoliates in small thin scales.

Habitat. — The center of distribution of the Parry Pine is in lower
California, where it forms open forests on the arid slopes and mesas,
between three thousand five hundred and seven thousand feet altitude,
from near the United States boundary line southward to the foot hills
of Mt. San Pedro Martir. It has been found sparingly north of the
boundary line, in San Diego Co., California, not far from Campo, and
has also been reported from near Julian, and on the desert elopes of
the Santa Rosa mountains farther north, in Riverside county.

Physical Properties. — Wood lighl, rather hard, brittle, of very
close grain, with numerous conspicuous resin passages, and of a light
yellow-brown color with thin lighter sap-wood. Specijio Gravitf/,
0.5675; Percentage of Ash ^ 0.54; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.5644; Coefficient of Elasticity, Z'l^^Z; Modulus of liujyture, 4^2^};
Mesistance to Loncfitudinal Pressure, 339; Resistance to Indentation,
195; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds, 35,37.

Uses, — The seeds of this species constitute an important article of
food with the Indians of lower California, who gather them in large
quantities and eat them both raw and roasted.

The trunks are of too small dimensions to be of commercial im-
portance.

216. PiXLS UALFOURIAXA FoXTATL PiXE. BaLFOUR PiXE. -17

246. PINUS BALFOURIANA, Mupr.

Foxtail Pixe. Balfour Pixe.

Ger., JFuchsschwanzige Fichte ; Fr. , Pin dequeue de renard ; Sp.,

Pino de cola de zorra.

Specific Characters: — Leaves 1-1.^ in. long, in clusters of five each, sur-
rounded at base with a short cup like sheath, crowded and pressed against the
branehlet and persisting for ten or twelve years, stout, rigid, incurved, acute,
entire, dark green ou dorsal and paler «ith rows of stouiata on tlie ventral sur-
faces and bearing single fibrovascular bundle and two dorsal resin ducts; branch-
lets at first puberulous and of an orange-brown color become darker with age
and long reuaaining rough with the thick persistent bases of the btid-scales.
Staminate Jioicers oval, scarcely i in. in length, closely crowded near the
extremity of the branehlet and stirrotinded each by four involucral bracts;
anthers reddish orange with irregularly denticulate crest; pistillate flowers sub-
terminal, erect, oblong-ovoid, dark purple, with acutely-jwinted scales and borne
on stout peduncles from |-| in. in length and covered with light brown ovate
acute bracts. Cones at maturity pendulous, from 34-5 in. long and from li-l|
in. wide, subcylindrical, dark purple with long and narrow scales much thick-
ened towards the rounded apex, the exposed portion transversely keeled and
furnished with a dark umbro bearing a very small and slender deciduous
spine. The seeds are liberated in the autumn of tlie second year and are about
^ in. in length, somewhat compressed, pointed at base, cream-color dotted with
purple, and furnished with a pale membranous wing, about |-1 in. in length,
oblique at apex and -widest at about the center; cotyledons 5.

The specific name, Balfouriana, is given in compliment to the Scotch botanist,
John Hutton Balfour.

Generally a small or medium-size alpine tree of 3'"> or 40 ft. (10 m.)
or less in heiglit, but in localities most favorable to growth it has
been found 90 ft. (27 m.) in height, with trunk 5 ft. (1.50 m.) in
diameter. The bark of trunk is rather thick, of a dark red-brown
color, deeply fissured into broad ridges and broken into irregular
scaly plates. It forms a pyramidal top, symmetrical at first, but finally
the lower branches become dependent and the top more or less dis-
torted, but its appearance is always striking on account of its closely
appressed, short dark -green needles which persist for ten or fifteen
years, and clothe the long, stout branchlets an unusual distance from
their tips, giving the tree its descriptive vernacular name.

Habitat. — A tree of very local distribution, being found only in
California, and there only on the high slopes of certain mountains in
the northern part of the state, as Mt. Eddy, Scott Mountain (near
Mt. Shasta, though strangely it has not been found on Mt. Shasta), on
Yolo Bally of the coast range, and then on the southern Sierra Xevada
range in the vicinity of ^It. Whitney. It forms belts of open forests,
distinguishable at a distance by its dark green foliage, between five
and eight thousand feet altitude, in the north immediately below the
White-bark Pine and near the timber line. On Mt. Whitnev, where
it attains its greatest development, it ranges to fifteen thousand feet

48 Hough's American AYoods.

altitude, the trees liigliest up on the mountain being depressed and
often shrubby.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, brittle, of very close
grain, with small resin ducts and of an orange-brown color with
lighter sap-wood, /Speciflo Graviti/, 0. 54^34: ; Percentage of Ash, OAO;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5412; Coefficient of Elasticity,
59386; Modulus of Rupture, 424; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
sure, 337; Resistance to Indentation, 147; Weight of a Cubic Foot
in Pounds, 33.86.

Uses. — Like most other trees of high mountains no particular use
is made of this timber, nor does it take well to transplanting for orna-
mental purposes from its chosen alpine home.

Genus PICEA, Link.

Leaves evergreen, scattered (not clustered at the base), sessile, joined upon a
persistent base, short (4 to f in.) needle-shaped, 4-angled, pointing every way and
all of one kind. Flowers appear in spring, monoecious; the sterile in the axils of
the leaves of the preceding year; anthers tipped with a recurved appendage, ceils
opening lengthwise: fertile flowers in terminal catkins. Fruit, cones maturuig
the first year, pendulous with scales thin (neither thickened nor furnished with a
spur at the apex) persistent on the axis. Otherwise quite as described for the
genus Pinus.

{Picea is the ancient Latin name.)

247. PICEA ENGELMANNI, Engelm.

Engelmann Spruce. Rocky Mountain Spruce.

Ger., Tanne von Engelmann ; Yw, Sapin d"* Engelmann ; ^-^., Aheto

de Engelmann.

Specific Characters: — Leaves from 1-1| in. in length, tetragonal with acute
callous tips, rather flexible, pointing out and forward on all sides of the branch-
lets, bearing 3-5 rows of stomata on each face but more conspicuously on the
upper, glaucous green the first season, but afterwards dark bluish green. Stam-
nate Floioers oblong-cylindrical, about | in. long, with pedumcle al)Out ^ in. long
and with dark purple anthers; pistillate floioers oblong-cylindrical, red, about
•^ to f in. in length, with erose or entire scales and small rounded or pointed den-
ticulate bracts. Cones usually sessile or nearly so, in abundance on the upper
branches, oblong-cylindi-ical to oval, from 1-3 in. but usually about 2 in. long with
very thin lustrous light brown, slightly concave striated scales, wliich are more
or less erose-dentate and generally narrowing to a truncate or pointed ai^ex;
seeds about ^^ in. long, nearly black with light broad wings about twice their
length.

The specific name commemorates the name of the distinguished physician and
botanist, Dr. Geo. Engelmann.

This beautiful spruce attains the height of 150 ft. (45 m.) with
rather compact and regular symmetrical head and trunk 4 or 5 ft.
(1.50 m.) in diameter, vested in a thin bark of purplish brown color
which checks irregularly and exfoliates in thin friable scales.

Habitat. — The Engelmann Spruce is pre-eminently a mountain
tree, being found along the slopes of the Rocky Mountains generally

24:7. PlCEA ENGELMANNI — EnGELMANN SpKUCE. 49

from British Columbia southward to central New Mexico and Arizona
and also the Blue and Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon
nearly to the Californian line. It ranges between the altitudes of two
thousand three hundred and five thousand feet in the north to from
nine thousand to eleven thousand five hundred feet in the south
forming extensive tracts of beautiful and valuable forests on manj
mountains and said to attain its most stately development north of the
United States boundary.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, close grained
and yielding a beautiful satiny surface when polished. It is of a pale
yellow-brown color, darkest near the center of the log and with slightly
lighter colored sap-wood. Specific Gravity , 0.3449; Percentage of
Ash, 0.32; Relative Approximate J^iiel Value, 0.d4:SS; Coejficient of
Elasticity, 80791; Modulus of Rupture, 574; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 267; Resistance to Indentation, 76; Weight of a
Cidjic Foot in Pounds, 21.49.

Uses. — A valuable timber for general construction purposes, the
building of houses, etc. It is also used largely for fuel and charcoal.
No doubt when the supply of eastern woods becomes more reduced
this species may largely contribute material for sounding boards for
musical instruments and pulp for paper-making. The bark is suffici-
ently rich in tannin to cause its employment in localities for tanning
purposes.

Genus ABIES, Link.

Leaves sessile, short, solitary, usually more or less flattened and entire, with
circular and not prominent bases, often emarginate, more or less two-ranked
especially on the horizontal branches and young trees by a twist near the base,
bearing stomata usually only belovs% with two resin ducts; brarclilets smooth,
bearing the more or less circular not prominent leaf scars i^/o?<'f)'s from the
axils of last year's leaves ; the staminate borne in abundance along the under
side of the bi'anchlets, oblong or cylindrical, with short stipes surrounded by
numerous bud scales ; anther-cells two, extrorse, oj^ening transversly, tiie con-
nective terminating in a knob ; pollen grains large with two air sacs ; pistillate
flowers erect, with bracts larger than the scales ; ovules two, adnate to the inner
side of each scale near the base. Cones erect upon the upper branches and matur-
ing tlie tirst year, sessile, nearly cylindrical, with numerous spirally arranged,
imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a thin membranous bract vvhich
with the scale falls away at maturity from the persistent axis ; seed covered with
resin-vesicles and each bearing a membranous wing, the base of which covers
the outer and laj^s over upon the inner surface ; cotyledons 4 to 10.

Trees of about sixteen or eighteen species, generally of remarkable pyramidal
growth, confined to the northern hemisphere of both continents and represented
in the United States by nine species mostly on the Pacific Slope. {Abies is the
ancient Latin name of the Fir.)

50 IIouoh's Amekican Woods.

248. ABIES VENUSTA (Dougl.) Koch.*

Bbistle-cone Fir. Santa Lucia Silver Fir.

Ger., Tanne von Santa Lucia; Fr., Sapln de Santa Lucia; Sp.,

Aheio de Santa Lucia.

Specific Characters : — Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, from 1^ to nearly
2| in. long and about \ in. wide, acuminate, with stiff prickly ti^js, quite flat,
rigid, dark lustrous green and sliglitly rounded above, silvery white with 8-10
rows of stomata beneath, rather remote, spreading, and two-ranked on the
sterile branchlets by a twisting near the bases of the leaves, which when break-
ing awav leave oval scars; resin ducts close to epidermis; buds large, ^-1 in. long,
acute, w'ith thin imbricated scales. Flowers open early in May surrounded at
the bases with conspicuous involucres formed by the scarious silvery white bud
scales; tlie staminate flowers produced in abundance near the bases of branchlets
on the upper half of the tree, cylindrical, averaging about 1 in. in length, with
pale yellow but later reddish brown anthei's and with slender pedicels; pistillate
flowei-s near the tips of the branchlets of tlie upper branches only, oblong,
about 1| in. long, with rounded scales nearly as long as the bracts which are
yellow-green, obcordate and with long slender awns. Cones ovoid-cylindrical,
purple-brown, f in. long, rounded at apex, having thin scales with incurved
denticulate margins and about one-third longer than the bracts which are pale
yellowish brown, linear, obcordate, with rigid long foliaceous midribs exserted,
from 1 to nearly 2 in. in length; seeds dark brown, about | in. long, with oblong-
obovate lustrous wing about \ in. long.

This singular fir rarely attains a greater height than 100 ft. (33 m.)
or greater diameter of trunk than 3 ft. (0.90 m.) This is covered with
a reddish-brown bark broken into irregular closely ajDpressed scales on
wliicli persist for a time the resin- blisters of the younger bark. Its
habit of growth easily distinguishes it from other firs, as its top is of
slender spire-shape above and swells out abruptly below into a wide
base of longer horizontal and drooping branches. Its lateral branch-
lets are remote, and being sparsely clothed with long leaves, dark
green above and silvery white beneath, the tree is readily distinguished
from all its neighbors, and pronounced one of singular habit of growth.

Habitat. — Few known trees have as limited an area of distribution,
being found only among the rugged fastnesses of the Santa Lucia
mountains, in the western part of Monterey Co , California, and there
was long supposed to be confined to the moist soil of the bottoms of only
a few canons. The recent explorations of Prof. W. R, Dudley, how-
ever, have added much to our knowledge on this point. He has found
the tree in considerable abundance to the northward of the previously
known range, and now designates its region of distribution as being
an area of about fifty miles in north and south direction, and from
near the coast inland at least eighteen miles, and that its vertical range
is between the altitudes of fifteen hundred and five thousand feet,

* A hracteata, Nutt.

249. Abies amabilis — Amabilis Fik. Red Silver Fir. 51

lie has found that its favorite home proves to be ''on crag, rocky
ridge and slope, although it is also found in canons and along
streams," and that it is not on the fog-bathed ridge of the coast moun-
tains nearest the sea, but the ridges next within, which have abundant
precipitation, but are semi-arid in summer.

Physical Pkoperties. — The wood of this species is rather light
and hard, coarse grained, with numerous very fine medullary rays,
and of a pale yellow-brown color with little distinction in tint between
heart and sap-wood. /Specific Gravlti/, O.GISS; J^ercentage of As/i,
2.04; Belative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6645; Weight of a CubiG
Foot in Pounds, 42.27.

Uses. — Although a wood of valuable properties it has never been
considered of commercial importance, owing to its inaccessibility and
the sparseness of the population in the regions in which it grows. It
is worthy of recognition for ornamental planting, and is successfully
grown in the milder parts of Great Britain and Europe, though appar-
ently not adapted to the climate of eastern United States.

249. ABIES AMABILIS, Fore.

Amabilis Fie. Red Silver Fir.

Ger., Holdselige Tanne ; Fr., Sapin almahle ; '&])., Aheto amahle.

Specific Characters : — Leaves flat, deeply grooved and lustrous dark green
above, silvery white with broad bands of stomata and midrib prominent beneath,
on sterile branches, from %-\\ in. long, generally obtuse or rounded and notched
at apex, erect and very crowded, those on the upper side of the branchlet much
shorter than those of the sides; on fertile branchlets |-| in. long, acute, with
callous tips; winter buds nearly globose with closely imbricated scales and thickly
coated with resin; branchlets stout, finely pubescent and of a reddisii brown
color. Staminate flou'ers oblong, ^-f in. long, with slender pedicel nearly \ in.
long, anthers red; pistillate floicers oblong-cylindrical, nearly or quite 1 in. long
and J in. thick, purple and with lustrous pointed exserted bracts. Cones oblong,
from 3| to nearly 6 in. in length and from 2-2|^ in. thick, rounded or refuse at
apex, purple, i)uberulous. scales 1 in. or slightly more wide at their rounded apex
and nearly as long; bracts wholly included, reddish, about lialf as long as scales,
obovate with slender pointed tip; seeds yellowish brown, ^ in. long with oblique,
cuneate pale brown wings | in. long and nearly as broad.

The specific name, amabilis, is the Latin tor lovely, and alludes to the impressive
beauty of the tree.

This liandsome fir sometimes attains the height of 250 ft. (75 m.)
under most favorable circumstances, with a trunk 5 or 6 ft. (1.75 m.) in
diameter. The bark when young is thin, smooth, grayish white, beset
with copious resin blisters, and when older becomes checked irregularly
into broad scaly ridges. It developes a rather open pyramidal top with
gracefully curving lower branches and wide sprays of drooping branch-
lets. It is one of the most beautiful of our evergreen trees and is
especially so when bearing its hirge erect purple cones.

52 Hough's Americax Woods.

Habitat. — From the mountains of southern British Colmnbia
southward along both slopes of the Cascade Mountains and the coast
ranges of Washington and Oregon at elevations of from about twelve
hundred to six thousand feet, probably attaining its greatest size on the
Olympic Mountains, and reaching its southern most limit of distribution
about a hundred miles north of the southern boundary of Oregon.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, of medium hardness and
strength, close grained and of a pale brownish red color with Httle
difference in tint between sap and heart-woods. Specific Gravity,
0.4228; Percentage of AsK 0.23; Relative Approximate FuelYahie,
0.4218; Coefficient of Elasticity, 126013; Modulus of Rupture, 1^'t\
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 467: Resistance to Indentation,
64; Weight of a Cuhle Foot in Pounds, 26.35.

Uses. — Though not extensively employed, probably from the
abundance of other woods, this wood is used occasionally for interior
finishing and general construction purposes.

Genus LARIX, Tourn.

Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, in clusters of many each, from lateral
scaly buds excepting along the shoots of tlie season, wliere they are scattered.
Sterile flowers terminating lateral seal}' buds or spurs on shoots of preceding
year, with 2-celIed anthers opening longitudinally; ]iollen grains, simple and
globular. Fertile floivers in catkins — cones — red while in flower, consisting of
several or many carpellary scales springing from tiie axils of bracts, and bearing
each 2 ovules with orifices turned downward. Fruit an erect, oval or roundish
cone, with colored persistent scales, and maturing the season of blossoming.

{Larix is the Latin classical name of the Larch.)

A genus of eight species of trees (three of which are American), confined to the
boreal and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere and of great
economic importance. {Larix is the ancient Latin name of the Larch.)

250. LARIX OCCIDENTALIS, Nutt.

Western Tamarack, Larch or Hackmatack.

Ger., Westliche Ldrche ; Fr., Meleze occidentale ; Sp., Larice

occidental.

Specific Ch.\racters -. — Leaves from 1-lf in. long, triangular, rigid, rounded
above, keeled beneath, with sharp point and of a pale green color: branchlets
pubescent at first but soon glabrous; winter buds subglobose. Staminafe floivers
oblong, on stalks finally about i in. ]ong; anthers pale yellow; j^istillate flowers
oblong, subsessile with nearly orbicular scales and bracts with midrib prolonged
in a long slender tip. Tories "from I-l^ in. in length, nearly sessile witii numer-
ous thin stiff scales which are entire or'nearly so, lioary-tomentose beneath below
tiie middle and widely separating or becoiniug reflexed at maturity to liberate
the seeds, which are pale brown, nearly | in. long, and furnished with a thin
pale wing two or three times their length, broadest at about the middle and
obliquely rounded at apex.

This beautiful Larch is the most stately of its genus, attaining under
favorable circumstances a height of 250 ft. (75 m.) with columnar

250. Laris occidentalis — "Western Tamarack. 53

trunk sometimes 6 or 8 ft. (2 m.) in diameter. It developes an open
pyramidal top of light green airy foliage, wliicli in old forest grown
trees seems remarkably scant for the size of the trunk. The bark of
the voimu-er trunks is thin, of a reddish brown color, and exfoliatino-
in thin irregular scales, while that of the older trunks is thick and
fissured into large scaly plates.

Habitat. — The Western Tamarack is confined entirely to the basin
of the upper Columbia River^ being most abundant and attaining its
greatest dimensions on the bottom lands of northern Montana and
Idaho. It ranges between the altitudes of two thousand and seven
thousand feet, from the western slopes of the continental divide in
northern Montana to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains of
"Washington and Oreo;on, as far south as Mt. Jefferson in Oregon, and
northward into southern British Columbia, to the head waters of the
Thompson River in al)Out latitude 57° north. It is not entirely contined
to bottom lands, being found in abundance on dry slopes and benches,
though less developed than in the moist soil of the bottom lands.

Physical Properties. — "Wood heavy, hard, strong, close grained,
■svith few resin passages, very durable in contact ^vitll the soil, and
susceptible of a very smooth polish. It is of a rich orange-brown
color with thin brownish-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity^ 0. 7407;
Percentage of Ash, 0.09; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7400;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 165810; Modulus of Rup)ture, 1227; Re-
sistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 689; Resistance to Indentation,
139; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds, 46.16.

Uses. — One of the most valuable of the coniferous trees of the
continent. The Western Larch produces hard and durable lumber of
excellent quality for the manufacture of furniture, doors, interior
finishing, etc. It is also highly valued for railway ties, fence pests,
etc. A sweetish substance, resembling dextrin in properties, exudes
in abundance from wounds in the trunk of this tree, and is gathered
and eaten by the Indians.

i

INDEX.

No. Page.

Abedul occidental 236 34

Abeto aniable 249 51

de Engelmann 247 48

de Santa Lucia 248 50

Abies amabilis 249 51

bracteata 248 50

vennsta 248 50

Acaeia inoUissima 237 22

Acacia d'argent 227 22

plateada 227 22

Acacie, Silberige 227 22

Angiosperm.e 20

Arboiisier d" Arizona 230 26

Arbutus Arizoniea 230 26

Ash, Fringe-flower 231 28

Bettlace-E 34

Betula occideutalis 236 84

Birch, Puget Sound 236 34

Western 236 34

Birch Family 34

Birke, Westliche 236 34

Bouleau occidental 236 34

Cact.\ce^ 23

Catcus Giant 228 23

gigautesqud 228 28

Catcus Family 23

Caprifoliace^ 24

Cedar, Alaska 240 39

Port Orford 241 41

Yellow 240 89

Cedre jaune 240 89

Cedro anarillo 240 39

Cereus giganteus 228 23

Chitmcecyparis Lairsoniana . . . 241 41

Nootkatensis... 240 39

Cheiraxthodendre-E 20

Chene a feuilles blanches. . . . 235 33

d'Emory 234 33

Cipres de Arizona 239 38

de Lawson 241 41

CONIFERiE 37

Cujjrei^sHS Arizoniea 239 38

CUPULIFER-E 31

Cypresse, Arizonische 239 38

von Lawson 241 41

Cypres d'Arizona 289 38

de Lawson 241 41

No. Page.

Cypress, Arizona 239 38

Lawson 241 41

Sitka 240 39

Eiche von Emory 234 33

Weiszbljitterige 285 88

Elder. Mexican 229 25

Elm, California Slippery 226 20

Enebro de corteza espesa 242 43

Erdbeerbaum, Arizonischer. . . 230 26

Ericaceae 26

Esche, Fransenbliihende 231 28

Fichte, Biegsame . 243 43

Fuclisschwanzige 246 47

Vierblatterige 245 45

Weissborke 244 44

Fir. Amabilis 249 51

Bristle-cone 248 50

Red Silver 249 51

Santa Lucia Silver 248 50

Fraxinus dipetala 281 28

Fremontia 236 20

Fremont odeiidron Calif orni-

cum 226 20

Frene a fleurs de fi-ange 281 28

Fresno de flores de franja 231 28

Genevrier a ecorse epais 242 43

Gymxosperm^e 37

Hackmatack 250 53

Heath Family 26

Holunder, Mexicanischer. ... 229 25

Honeysuckle Family 24

JUGLANDACE^ 30

Juglans rupestris 233 30

Juniper, Alligator 243 42

Checker-bark 242 42

Thick-bark 243 43

Juniperus pachyphloea 343 43

Key based upon Fruit 9

Leaves 1

Larch 250 53

Liirche, WestHche 250 52

Larice occidental 250 52

56

Index.

No. Page.

Larix occidentalis 250 52

Leguminos^ 21

Madrona, Arizona 230 26

de Arizona 230 26

Match-wood 241 41

Meleze occidentale 250 52

Nogal de Arizona 233 30

Noyer d' Arizona 233 30

Oak, Arizona Black 234 32

Emory 234 32

White-leaf 235 33

Oak Family 31

Oleace^ 27

Olive Family 27

Picea Engelmanni 247 48

Pin d'ecorce blanc 244 44

de queue de renard 246 47

quadrifeuillier 245 45

souple 243 43

Pine, Balfour 246 47

Foxtail 246 47

Limber 243 43

Mexican Nut 245 45

Parry 245 45

Rockv Mountain White, 243 43

White-bark 244 44

Pine Family 37

Pino de cola de zorra 246 47

de corteza blanca 244 44

de quotro hojas 245 45

flexible 243 43

Pinon, Mexican 245 45

Piniis albicaulis 244 44

Balfoiiviana 246 47

flexilis 243 43

Parrynna 245 45

quadrifolia 245 45

Plane-tree Family 28

Platanace^ 28

Platane, Arizonische 232 29

d'Arizona 232 29

Platano de Arizona 232 29

Platamis Wrightii 232 29

Pulse Family 21

No. Page.

Quercus Emoryi 234 32

hypoleuca 235 33

Riesencactus 228 23

Roble de Emory 234 32

de hojas blancas 235 33

Saguaro 228 23

Salicace^ ' 35

Salix lasiandra 237 35

Sitchensis 238 36

Sanibuciis Canadensis, var.

Mexicana 229 25

Samhucus Mexicana 229 25

Sapin aimable 249 51

d'Engelmann 247 48

de Santa Lucia 248 50

Sauco de Mexico . . 229 25

Sauce de Sitka 238 36

negro occidental 237 35

Saule de Sitka 238 36

noir occidental 237 35

Schwarzweide, Westliche .... 237 35

Spruce, Engelmann 247 48

Rocky Mountain 247 48

Sureau de Mexico 229 25

Suwarro 228 23

Sycamore, Arizona 232 29

Tamarack, Westei-ii 250 52

Tanne, Holdselige 249 51

von Engelmann 247 48

von Santa Lucia ..... 248 50

Wachholder, Dickborke 242 42

Wallnuszbaum, Arizonischer. . 233 30

Walnut, Arizona 233 30

Mexican 233 30

Walnut Family 30

Wattle, Black 227 22

Silver 227 23

Weide von Sitka 238 36

Willow, Silky 238 36

Sitka 238 36

Western Black 237 35

Willow Family 35

Zeder, Gelbe 240 39

GENERAL INDEX

TO TECHNICAL AND ENGLISH NAMES.

AMERICAN WOODS, PARTS l-X.

Teelinieal names are in italics and important synonyms in parentheses.

Part.

Abies amabilis. X

halsa mea I

concolor VII

grandis IX

magnifica VII

nobilis IX

venusta (bracfe ita) X

Acacia, Green-bark VI

Acacia decurrens IX

melanoxylon VII

moUissima X

Acer circinatiun IX

dasycarp um (s acch a r i-

niun, L) II

macrophyllnm VII

Negnndo Ill

Pennsylvanicuni IV

rubnim Ill

saccharinum Wang {sac-

charum Marsh) I

^sculus Californica VI

Hippocastanum I

Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven... I

Ailanthus glandidosus I

Alder, California or White. . . VII

Oregon or Red IX

Alniis Oregona IX

rhombifolia VII

AmeJancliier Canadensis . ... Ill

Angelica-tree I

Apple II

Custard IV

Aralia sj)inosa I

Arbor-Vitaj, Eastern I

Pacific IX

Arbutus Arizonica X

Menziesii VI

Arctostaphylos pungens VI

Ash, Black or Hoop Ill

Fring?-flo\ver X

Leatlier-leaf IX

Oregon Vllt

Red II

White I

Ash Burl Ill

Asimina triloba . IV

Asp or Aspen. Quaking Ill

Lai'ge-tooth I

Balsam Fir I

Basswood I

No.
249
22
173
224
174
225
248
128
206
155
227
203

26
152
54
79
53

7

127

6

4

4

163

217

217

163

59

8

30

24

220

230

132

133

62

231

212

187

31

10

62a

7H

72

18

22
~3

Part. No

Bay, Bull V 101

California Rose VII 158

Loblolly or Tan V 102

Swamp Red V 113

Sweet Ill 51

Bayberrv VII 164

Bay Tree VII 159

Bearberry VI 126

Beech I 16

Blue II 42

Betida lenta II 44

lutea I 17

nigra IV 95

occidentalis X 236

prtpyracea (p ap yri-

fera) II 43

populifolia Ill 70

Big or Giant-tree, California. . VI 143

Birch, Black, Cherry or Sweet II 44

Pai:)er or Canoe II 43

Pojjlar-leaf or Gray III 70

Red or River ". IV 95

Western X 236

White II 43 III 70

Yellow., I 17

Black-wood VII 155

Blue Beech, Hornbeam II 42

Blue-blossom, Northern VII 151

Southern IX 202

Box-elder Ill 54

Boxwood IV 88

Buckeye, California VI 127

Buckthorn, Island VIII 176

Sacred-bark. , VI 126

Butternut or Oilnut I 14

Button-ball Tree, Button wood I 13

Cactus, Mission, Indian Fig. . VIII 184

Giant X 228

Carpinus Carolineana II 42

Cascara Sagrada VI 126

Castanea vesca (dentata) II 40

('astanopsis chrysophylla VI 139

Castor-bean Tree VIII 189

Carya alba (Hicoria ovata). . . II 36

aquatica (H. aquatica). V 115

microcarpa(H.odorata) IV 91

porcina (H. glabra) III 65

sulcata (H.laciniosa).. . Ill 64

tomentosa (H. alba) ... IV 90

Catalpa bignonioides{cafalpa) IV 89

58

Hough's American Woods.

Part. No.

Ceanotlms arboreus Ill 177

sorediatus IX 202

spinosus IX 201

thyrsoflorus VII 151

Cedar, Alaska X 240

Giant or Northwestern

Red IX 220

Incense or Cal. White. . VI 141

Port Orf ord X 241

Red or Pencil... I 25

White 1,24 III 74

Yellow VII, 168 X 240

Celt is occidentalis . . . I 12

Cercidium Torreyanum VI 128

Cercocarjnis parvif alius , VI 130

Cereus giganteus X 228

Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . X 241

Nootkatensis. . X 240

thyoides . . . . Ill 74

Cherry, Bird, Pigeon or Pin. . Ill 55

Black II 29

Holly-leaf VII 156

Ox-heart or Sweet. . . Ill 55

Sour IV 82

Woolly-leaf Bitter ... IX 208

Chestnut II 40

Evergreen VI 139

Chilopsis saligna {linearis). ... VI 134

China-berry. V 105

Chinquapin, California VI 139

Christmas-berry VIII 181

Citrus Aurantium V 103

Limonum V 104

Cliftonia ligustrina (mono-

phylla) V 108

Coffee-tree II 27

Cornus alternifolia IV 87

florida IV 88

Nuttallii VIII 185

Cottonwood, Black IX 218

Common II 48

River IV 97

White, or Fre-
mont VIII 194

Crab or Crab-apple, Oregon.. . IX 209

Sweet scented IV 83

Crataegus coccinea IV 86

Crus-galli IV 85

Douglasii IX 210

punctata Ill 58

Cucumber-tree I 1

Cupressus Arizonica X 239

Goveniana VII 166

Macnabiana IX 219

macrocarpa ....... VIII 195

Cypress, Arizona X 239

Bald V 119

Gowen VII 166

Lawson X 241

MacNab IX 219

Monterey VIII 195

Sitka X 240

Cyrilla racemiflora V 107

Part.

Dalea VII

Dalea spinosa VII

Devil- wood V

Diospyros Virginiana Ill

Dogwood, Alternate-leaf IV

Flowering IV

Western Flowering VIII

Elder, Pale VII

Mexican X

Elm, American or White. ... II

Cork or Cork-bark II

Slippery or Red I

" Elm," California Slippery . . X

Eucalyptus globulus VIII

rosirata IX

Fagus ferruginea {American,

or atropunicea) I

Fir, Amabilis or Red Silver. . . X

Balsam I

Bristle-cone (or Sta. Lucia) X

California Red VII

Great Silver IX

Noble IX

Oregon .... VI

White Silver VII

Forestiera acuminata V

Fraxinus Americana 1

dipetala X

Oregona VIII

jnibescens (Pennsyl-

vanica) II

sambucifolia {nigra). Ill

velutina IX

Fremontia X

Fremontodendron C a I iforni-

cum X

Garrya elliptica VI

Gleditschia {Gleditsia) monos-

perma {aquatica) V

triacanthos II

Grape, Summer IV

Grease-wood VII

Grevillea, Silky " Oak " IX

Grevillea robusta IX

Gordonia lasianthus V

Gum, Blue VIII

Red 111,60 IX

Sour I

Sweet Ill

Gymn ocladus Can a dens i s

{dioicus) II

Hackberry, Sugarberry I

Hemlock, Alpine VII

Eastern I

Western IX

Hercules' Club I

Heieromeles arbutifolia VIII

No.

154

154

112

61

87

88

185

157

229

33

34

11

226

183

211

16
249

22
248
174
224
225
150
173
111

10
231
187

31

62

212

226

226

131

109

28

78

164

213

213

102

183

211

9

60

27

12

171

21

223

8
181

General Index to Pakts I-X.

59

Part. No.

Hickory, Big Shell-bark Ill 64

Bitternut II 557

Mokernut IV 90

Pig-nut Ill 65

Shag-bark II 36

Small-fruited IV 91

Water V 115

Holly, American Ill 53

California VIII 131

Honey Locust II 28

Honev-pod VI 129

Hop-tree, Wafer "Ash " IV 77

Hornbeam, Hop II 42

Horse Bean, Small-leaf IX 2C4

Horse Chestnut I 6

Ilex opaca Ill 52

Indigo Bush VII 154

Iron-wood, Eastern II 41

Santa Catalina. .. . VIII 182

Southern V 107

Islay VII 156

Joshua Tree VII 175

Juglans Calif orniea VIII 190

cinerea I 14

nigra II 35

rupestris X 233

June-berry HI 59

Juniper, Alligator, Thick-bark X 243

California VII 167

Western VII 168

Juniperus Californica VII 167

occidentalis VII 168

pachyphloea X 242

Virginiana I 35

King-nut Hickory Ill 64

Larch, Eastern I 33

Western X 250

" Larch," Or gon IX, 225 X 249

Larix Anuricana (laricina) . . I 23

occidentalis X 250

Laurel, Big V 101

California VII 159

Swamp HI 51

Lemon . . . . V 104

Lemonade Tree VII 153

Libocedvus decurrens VI 141

Lilac, California Wild VII 151

Lime, Ogechee, Gopher Plum. V 110

Lin or Linden, American I 3

Liriodeiidi'oa Tulipifera ... I 2

Liquidamber, Bilsted Ill 60

Liquidainbar Styraciflua Ill 60

Locust IV 80

Honey II 28

Water V 109

Lijonothamnus Jloribundus. . . VIII 182

:\Iadrona, California VI 132

Arizona X 230

Part, No.

Magnolia acuminata , I 1

glauca Ill 51

grandiflora (foetida) V 101

Magnolia, Evergreen V 101

Small Ill 51

Mahogany, Mountain VI 130

Manzanita, Common VI 133

Maple, Ash-leaf HI 54

Big-leaf VII 153

Birds-eye I 7b

Blister.' I 7a

Curly II 26a

Red Ill 53

Silver or White II 26

Soft II 26 III 53

Striped, Moosewood . . IV 19

Sugar or Hard I 7

Vine IX 203

Melia Azedarach V 105

Mesquite VI 129

Screw-pod IX 205

Morus rubra Ill 63

Mountain Ash, Elder-leaf IV 84

Mulberry, Red HI 63

Myrica Californica VII 1G4

Myrtle, California Wax VII 164

Dark-leaf IX 303

Redwood IX 201

Tree VIII 177

Nettle-tree. I 13

Nicotiana glauca VIII 188

Nyssa mxdtiilora {sylvatiea) . . . I 9

Ogeciie V 110

Oak, Arizona Black X 234

Basket or Cow V 116

Blue IX 214

Burr or Mossy-cup II 39

Cal. Black or Kellogg. . . VII 163

California Coast Live VI 137

California White, Valley

or Weeping VII 160

Canon or Thick-cup Live VII 161

Chestnut or Rock Ill 67

Chinquapin HI 68

Eastern Live V 117

Emory X 334

Engelmann IX 215

Higliland Live VIII 192

Island Live VIII 191

MacDonald IX 216

Mountain White or Ore-
gon VI 136

Pin IV 94

Post IV 93

Red I 15

Santa Catalina White. . . VIII 191

Scarlet HI 69

Swamp White HI 66

Tan-bark VI 138

Water V 118

60

Hough's American Woods.

Part. No.

Oak, White II 38

White-leaf X 235

Yellow or Black IV 93

Olea Europea VIII 186

OUve VIII 18(5

Wild V 112

Opuntia Tuna VIII 184

Orange V 103

Osmantlius Americanus V 112

Ostrya Virginica II 41

Palm, California Fan VIII 200

Palo Verde VI 128

Mountain IX 204

Papaw IV 70

Parkinsonia microphylla IX 204

Pear HI 57

Prickly VIII 184

Pepperidge I 9

Pepper-wood V, 106 VII 159

Persea jxilustris {pubescens). . V 113

Persimmon ... Ill 61

Picea alba (Canadensis) IV 100

Engelmanni X 247

nigra (mariana) I 20

Si'tchensis VI 149

Pine, Bastard V 125

Bull. Western Yellow.. VI 147

California Scrub VI 148

California Swamp, Obis-
po or Prickle- cone. . . . VII 170

Coulter, Big-cone VII 169

Digger, Gray-leaf VIII 198

Fox^tail X 246

Georgia, Long-leaf V 124

Gray, Northern Scrub.. IV 99

Jersey, Scrub IV 98

Knob-cone IX 222

Limber X 243

Lowland Spruce V 123

Monterey VIII 199

Mountain White IX 221

Parry, Mexican Nut X 245

Pitch 11 50

Pond V 121

Red, "Norway" I 19

Sand : V 122

Short-leaf. Yellow Ill 75

Single-leaf Pinon VIII 196

Slash V 125

Sugar VI 146

Torrey , Del Mar VIII 1 97

White-bark X 244

White II 49

Oregon VI 1.50

Pinus albicauUa X 244

attennata IX 222

Bolfouriana X 246

Banksiana(divaricata). IV 99

clausa V 122

eontorta VI 148

Coulteri VII 169

Cubensis {heterophylla) V 125

Part.

Piniisflexilis X

glabra . V

inops ( Virginiana) IV

Lambertiana . VI

mitis {echinata) Ill

iiionophylla VIII

vionticola IX

muricuta VII

palustris V

quadrifolia (Parryana). X

ponderosa VI

radiata VIII

resinosa I

rigida . II

Sabiniana VIII

serotina V

sti^obus II

Torrey ana • VIII

Planer-tree V

Plnnera aquatica V

Platanus occidentalis I

7'acemosa .... VI

Wrightii X

Plum, Canada IV

Pacific IX

Poplar, Balsam, Tacamahac. II

Large-tooth I

Lombardy Ill

Necklace II

Swamp or Downy IV

Trembling ". Ill

White IV

Popidus alba IV

balsamifera II

dilatata HI

Fremontii VIII

grandidentata I

heteroi^hylla. IV

monilifera {deltoides) II

trenuitoidcs Ill

trichocarpa IX

Prickly Ash, Sea Ash V

Pride of India V

Privet, Swamp V

Prosopis jnlijlora. VI

odorata {pnbescens).. IX

Prunns Ai'imn HI

Cerasiis TV

ilicifvlia VII

mollis IX

nigra IV

Pennsylvanica Ill

serotina II

snbcordata IX

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa VII

taxifolia VI

Ptelea trifoliata IV

Pyrus coniniunis HI

coronaria IV

Mains II

rivularis IX

sambucifolia IV

No.
243
123
98
146
75
196
221
170
124
245
147
1£9
19
50
198
121
49
197
114
114
13
135
232
81
207
47
18
73
48
97
72
96
96
47
73
194
18
97
48
72
218
106
105
111
129
205
55
82
156
208
81
55
29
207
172
150
77
57
83
30
209
84

General Index to Parts I-X.

61

Part. No.

Quercus agrifolia VI 137

alba II 38

aquatica (nigra) V 118

bicolor ijihttunoides).. Ill 66

Cnliforuica YII 162

chrysolejiis VII 161

coccinea Ill 69

deitsillora VI 138

Douglasii IX 214

Einoryi X 234

Engelmanni IX 215

Garryana VI 136

hypoleuca . X 235

lobata VII 160

Maedonaldi , IX 216

macrocarpa II 39

Jilicliau.vii. . . V 116

Mnhlenbevgii (acumi-
nata) Ill 68

obtdsiloba (minor)... IV 92

jjalustris IV 94

Frinns Ill 67

rubra 1 15

tinctoria(velutina). . . IV 93

tomentella VIII 191

virens(Virginiana).. V 117

WisUzeni VIII 192

Redwood, Coast VI 143

Giant or Mountain. VI 142

Rhamnus insularis VIII 176

Purshiana VI 126

Rhododendron Calif ornicum.. VII 158

Rlius integrifolia VIII 179

laiirina VIII 180

ovata VII 153

typhina (hirta) I 5

Ricinus cotnmunis VIII 189

Robinia Pseudacacia IV 80

Saguaro, Suwarro X 228

SalLv alba. var. vitellina II 46

laevigata VI 140

lasiandra X 237

hisiolepis VII 165

nigra II 45

NuttaUii VIII 193

Sitchensis X 238

Sambiicns glauca VII 157

Mexicana X 229

Sassafras II 32

S t.'isafras officinale (sassafras). II 32

Echinus Molle VIII 1 78

Screwljean, Screw-pod IX 205

Sequoia gigantea VI 142

sempervirens VI 143

Sliad-bush, Service-tree Ill 59

Shinglewood. . IX 220

Silk-tassel Tree, Quinine-tree.. VI 131

Sour-berry. Sour-wood VIII 179

Spruce, Big-cone VII 1 72

Black I 20

Douglas VI 1 50

Engelmann X 247

Part. No.

Spruce, Tide-land VI 1 49

^Vhite IV luu

Sumacb, Laiuel VIII ]80

Stag-born I 5

Western VIII 179

Sycamore, Arizona X 232

California ...... VI 135

Eastern, Plane-tree I 13

Tamarack (Hackmatack) East-
ern I 23

"Western X 250

Taxodium distichum V 119

Taxus brevi folia VI 144

ThoruorHaw, Black IX 210

Cock-spur.... IV 85

Dotted Ill 58

Green IX 203

Scarlet IV 86

Thuja gigantea (plicata) IX 220

occidentalis I 24

Tilia Americana I 3

Titi, Buckwheat-tree. V 108

Red, Leatber- wood V 107

Tobacco-tree, Wild Tobacco. . VIII 188

Toothache Tree 18 V 106

Torreva, Cal., False Nutmeg. VI 145

Fla.. Stinking Cedar V 120

Torreya (Turn ion) Calif omica VI 145

taxifoUa V 120

Tsuga Canadensis I 21

heterophylla IX 223

Pattoniana VII 171

Tupelo I 9

Sour V 110

Ulmus Americana II 33

fidva I 11

racemosa II 34

Umbellularia Calif ornica VII 159

Vitis aestivalis IV 78

Walnut, Arizona X 233

Black II 35

California VIII 190

Mexican X 233

W^attle, Green or Black IX 206

Silver or Black X 227

Washingtouia filamentosa. . . . VIII 200

Wax-Myrtle. California VII 164

White-wood, Tulip-tree I 2

Willow, Black II 45

California Black VI 1^0

California White VII 165

Nuttall A'llI 193

Peach-leaf Ill 71

Silkv or Sitka X 238

Western Black X 237

Yellow II 46

"Willow "Desert or Flowering VI 134

Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis. V 106

Yew, Pacific VI 144

Y'ncca, Tree VII 175

Yucca arborescen.i VII 175

226. FREMONTODENDRON CALIFaRNIOUM (Torr.) Cov.
Fremontia, Cal. "Slippery Elm".

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

i

RADIAL SECTION.

Oer. Fremontia.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^P' Fremontia.

/^. Fremontia.

226. FREMONTODENDRON CALIFOMIOUM (Torr,) Gov,
Fremontia, Gal. "Slippery Elm".

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

Ger. Fremontia.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

5>' Fremontia.

Fr, Fremontia.

227. ACACIA MOtLISSIMA Willd

Silver Wattle, Black Wattle.

TMANSVCIISe SCCTiON.

RASIAL SCCTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oer. Silberige Acacie. /v. Acacia d'argent

^P' Acacia plateada.

227. ACACIA MOLLISSIMA Wiltd.

Silver Wattle, Black Wattle.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RASIAL SCCTIOa.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

^''- Silberige Acacie. Fr, Acacia d'argent.

Sp. Acacia plateada.

228. CEREUS GIGANTEUS Engelm.

Saguaro, Suwarro, Giant Cactus.

B

v>^^v:>:v'->-^:v

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

\

i.~

vv

m

m

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGEKT-AL SECTION

^^- Riesencactus.

^. Cactus gigantesque,
^p- Saguaro,

228. CEREUS GIGANTEUS Engelm.

Saguaro, Suwarro, Giant Cactus.

^■•^•/^ ' '■^•"'>':^^'-^. ;.'■';''/■'',:

TBAH«VC««C SCCr(««.

n<k'A

MASIAI. SCCTt**.

-• ' ' . ' V, ' ',' •

m^p^^mmm

^ ^:, ^^

y^^-.^''' ' :

V 7 .■J-:.i^V" ' /f !»' --\ .- .; '"-i^^iM;.;:'::!

■ ~'''^Ss:^

-'><«C-; >■■■

--^>^iR< -^i

TAIMMEHTIAV SCCTION

Ger, liesencactus.

fr. Cactus gigantesque.
Sp. Saguaro.

229 SAMBUCUS MEXICANA PresL

Mexican Elder.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Mexicanischer Holunder. Fr- Sureau de Mexico.
Sp. Sauco de Mexico,

229 SAMBUCUS MEXICANA Presl.

Mexican Elder.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Mexicanischer Holunder. ^ Sureau de Mexico.
Sp. Sauco de Mexico,

230. ARBUTUS ARIZONICA <Gray) Sarg.

Arizona Madrona.

TRANSVERSE SCCTtON.

RADIAL SECTION.

5

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ogr. Arizonischer Erdbeerbaum. fr, Arbousier d' Arizona.
^p- Madrona de Arizona.

230. ARBUTUS ARIZONICA (Gray) Sarg.

Arizona Madrofia.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

^

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Osr. Arizonisclier Erdbeerbanm, /^. Arbousier d^Arizona.
Sp. Madroga de Arizona,

231. FRAXINUS DIPETALA Hook.&Arn.

Fringe-flower Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

I;<*

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^^''- Fransenbliihende Esche. Fr, Frene a fleurs de trange.
-^- Fresno de f lores de franja.

tai. FRAXINUS DIPETALA Hook.&Arn,

Fringe-flower Ash.

hi'Sg

tllANSVERSE SeCTION.

RAOIAt. SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oer. Fransenbluhende Esche. fr, Frene a fleurs de frange.
^p- Fresno de f lores de franja.

232. PLATANUS WRIGHTII Wats.

Arizona Sycamore.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^^'^r- Arizon'schcr Platino.

^. Platane d'Arizona.

t:i:o de Arizona.

232. PLATANUS WRiGHTl! Wats.

Arizona Sycamore.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

--- . 1..- -, i_=«-«^.Sl~'r„«

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGEWriAL SCCTIOM

Ger, Arlzon'solier Platane.

Pr^ Platane d' Arizona.

'P- Platano de Arizona.

233. JUGLANS RUPESTRIS Engelm,

Mexican Walnut, Arizona Walnut.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^ff-- Arizonische Wtilnussbaum. /r. Noyer d* Arizona.
^p- Nogal de Arizona.

233. JUGLANS RUPESTRIS Engelm.

Mexican Walnut, Arizona Walnut.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Arizonische Walnussbaum. ^. Noyer d' Arizona.
Sp. Nogal de Arizona.

234. QUERCUS EMORYI Torr.

Emory Oak, Arizona Black Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

.-]

RADIAL SECTIO

^m^-tr

ETsnezS^B^iiikjB^niR^iiJIIdlWM

-yywqiwai

i

rm'

iNGitNTIAl SECTION

Oer Eiche von Emory. /v. Chene d'Emory,

-^^ Roble de Emory.

234. QUERCUS EMORYI Torr.

Emory Oak, Arizona Black Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

ss:^3fe£l!i^^&;5v:i: J^:^^t: 1

RAOIAU SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oer. Eiche von Emory. f^, Chene d'Emory,

Sp. Roble de Emory.

235. QUERCUS HYPOLEUCA Engelm. ♦

White-leaf Oak. 4.,

^Qbk.

thamsveusc section.

KABIAL SCCnOM.

TAMGCMTIAL SECTION

Ofr. Weiszblatterige Eiche. Fr, Ghene a feuilles blanches.
^p Roble de hojas blancas.

235. QUERCUS «YPOLEUCA Engelm

White-leaf Oak.

r

TRAHSVCIISE SCCTI«H,

TANGeNTIAL SECTtON.

Ger. Weiszblatterige Eiche, Pr. Ohene a feuilles blanches.
Sp^ Eoble de hqjas blancas.

236. BETULA 0CCIDENTAL1S Hook.

Western Birch, Puget Somid Birch,

THANSVEIISE SECTION.

MABiAi. scensM.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Westliche Birke.

fr, Bouleau occidental

^P- Abedul occidental.

236. BETULA OCCIDENTALIS Hook.

Western Birch, Puget Sound Birch.

TBAHSVKME SCCTI«II.

MAtotAk accTi^a.

:^ r.'W^'

'^\.

TANGCWTIAL SCCTION.

Ger. Westliche Birke.

Pr, Bouleau occidental.

Sp. Ahedul occidental.

237. SALiX LASiANDRA Benth.

Western Black Willow,

rmunmwumx. •««»••.

■AVIAL •sen**.

TAII6CHT|Ai> SCCTtOa.

Ger Westliche Schwarzweide. fr, Saule noir occidental,
Sp. Sauce negro occidental*

237. SALIX

VLIX LASIANORA Benth.

Western Black Willow.

TnAHSVKBSc sceTg^ra.

MABIAk UKCTfm,

TANGCNTIAL SECTION

Cer Westliche Schwarzweide. /v, Saule noir occidental.
Sp> Sauce negro occidental.

238. SALIX SITCHENSIS Sans.

Silky Willow, Sitka Willow.

^#^

nA»IAL SCCTt*«.

TANGCNTIAL SCCTION

G^'- Weide von Sitka.

Fr, Saule de Sitka.

Sp. Sauce de Sitka.

238. SALIX SITCHENSIS Sans,

Silky Willow, Sitka Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Weide von Sitka.

Pr, Saule de Sitka.

^P- Sauce de Sitka,

239. CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA Greene.

Arizona Cypress.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

O.

w^m^

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Arizonische Cyprsse. Fr, Cyperess d* Arizona.
^P- Cipres de Arizona,

239. CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA Greene.

Arizona Cypress.

TRANSVERSE SECTIOH.

RADIAW SECTION.

TANGENTrAL SECTION

Ger. Arizonische Cyprsse. Fr, Cyperess d* Arizona,
Sp> Cipres de Arizona.

240. CHAMtECYPAEIS NOOTKATENSIS (Lamb) Spach.
Alaska Cedar, Yellow Cedar, Sitka Cypress.

TRAMSVKME SCCTI*H.

RAsiAL scen«ii.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

O^r. Gelbe Zeder.

Zeder. /r. Cedre jaune.

^p- Cedro aramillo.

240. CHAMJIOYPAEIS NOOTKATENSIS (Lamb) Spach.
Alaska Cedar, Yellow Cedar, Sitka Cypress.

TRAMSVCaSC SCCTittM,

IIASIAL SCeTI«M.

TANGENTIAL SCCTION.

O^r. Gelbe Zeder. /r. Cedre jaune.

^P' Cedro aramillo.

241. OHAM^OYPARIS LAWSONIANA (Murr.) Pari
Port Orford Cedar, Lawson Cypress, Match-wood.

TRANSVCIISE SCCTI*N.

RADIAL SCCTIOM.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Cypresse von Lawson. f^. Cypres de LawS
•S>. Cipres de Lawson.

241. OHAMiEGTPARIS LAWSONIANA (Murr.) Pari
Port Orford Cedar, Lawson Cypress, Matcb-wood.

TKAHWCIISE SCCTI«n.

RAKiAL scenva.

TANaCNTIAt SCCTiON

Oer. Oypresse von Lawson. fr. Cypres de Lawson.
Sp. Cipres de Lawson.

242. JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLOEA Torr.

Alligator Juniper, Thick-bark Juniper.

T1IAMSVC»SE SCeTI«H.

-'jyitv: Jtft*yiJg<^M,U' ■tJ -r,.-;

RADIAL SECTION.

TANQCNTIAL SECTION

^^'••Dickborke Wachholder. /V. Genevrier a ecorce 6pais
^p- Enebro de corteza espesa.

242. JUNIPERUS PACHYPHLOEA Torn.

Alligator Juniper, Thick-bark Juniper.

TRAHSVEttSE SECTION.

RADIAL SCCTIOM.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

«^<?''.Dickborke Wachholder. ^. Genevrier a ecorce epais
Sp. Enebro de corteza espesa.

243. PIN US FLEXILIS James.

Limber Pine, Eocky Mountain White Pine.

\

\

TMAMSTCilSE SECTION.

RABIAL SCCTtttM.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

<^^^- Biegsame Fichte.

i Fichte. /v. Pin soupW.

Sp. Pino flexible.

243. PINUS FLEXILIS James.

Limber Pine, Kocky Mountain White Pine.

TRANWCI»SE SECTION

:^ri--*T:rr^'V.2Sf!?*«i

&.isiA«,t--;iv''^

RABIAL. SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oer. Biegsame Fichte.

Sp. Pino flexible.

244. PINUS ALBICAULIS Engelm.

White-bark Pine.

THAMSVERSE SECTION.

C--

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^P- Pino de corteza blanca.

244, PINUS ALBICAUUS Engelm

i White-bark Pine.

THARVVKIIKC SCCTIWM.

l|A»iAL SCeTI*^.

TANGENTI

Ger, Weissborke Fichte. IBl Pin d'ecorce blanc.
Sp^ Pino de corteza blanca.

245. PINUS QUADRIFOLIA Pari

Parry Pine, Mexican Pinon or Nut Pine.

mAMrVCIISE SCCTIOM.

RABIAL SCCnOM.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Oer. Vierblattrige Fichte. Fr, Ym quadrifeuill.
Sp. Pino de quatro hqjas.

245. PiNUS QUADRIFOLIA Pari

Parry Pine, Mexican Pinon or Nut Pine.

TnANWEnSE SECTION.

NAViAL scenoH.

TANaENTIAL SECTION

Ger Vierblattrige Fichte. /r. Pin quadrifeuillier,
Sp. Pino de quatro hojas.

PINUS BALFOURIANA Murr,

Foxtail Pine, Balfour Pine.

likfeMikviilimiifeMatfilili

RVmuiTnVil

■■P- Pino de cola de zorra.

246. PINUS BALFOURIANA Murr

Foxtail Pine, Balfour Pine.

TmA«««ca«E: seen*<^.

RADIAL SeCTION.

:i

1

iiiMH;Miiimn;»Hi^MaiHiMii

•5>. Pino de cola de zona.

247. PICEA ENGELMANNI Engelm.

Engelmann Spruce, Eocky Mountain Spruce.

\

TRAMSVERSE SECTION.

RABIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

G<?^- Tanne von Engelmann.

L Engelmann. Fr, Sapin d'Engelmann. J

Sp. Abeto de Engelmann. "^

247. PICEA ENGELMANNI Engelm.

Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountain Spruce.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RABIAL SECTION.

-^V..

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Tanue von Engelmann. /r. Sapin d'Engelmann

\ ; ^P- Abeto de Engelmann.

248. ABIES VENUSTA (DougD Koch. |

Bristle-cone Fir, Santa Lucia Silver Fir.

TRAMSVCMSC SCeTI*H.

«A»iAL scen«H.

TANaENTIAL SCCTION.

Oer Tanne von Santa Lucia. ^. Sapin de Santa Lucia.
^p- Abeto de Santa Lucia.

248. JlBtES VENUSTA (Dougl.) Koch

Bristle-cone Fi^, Santa Lucia Silver Fir.

TIIAM«VC««C SCCTI*«.

•ASIAL. SKCTt**,

^

',1-^.^iiiSffiBBnn

mm

TANQENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. Tanne von Santa Lucia, fr, Sapin de Santa Lucia,
SP' Abeto de Santa Lucia.

249. ABIES AMABIL1S Forb.

Amabilis Fir, Ked Silver Fir.

TBAMSTCaSE SCCTI*H.

R*»iAL scen«ii.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Holdselige Tanne. ^. Sapin aimable.
Sp. Abeto amable.

249. ABIES AMABILIS Forb.

Amabilis Fir, Bed Silver Fir.

TRAMSVCBSE SCCTI9M.

■AVIAL SCeT1«H.

TANGENTIAL SCCTIOKJ

Oer Holdselige Tanne. /v. Sapin aimable.
Sp. Abeto amable.

250 LARIX OCCIDENTALIS, Nutt

Western Tamarack- Larch or Hackmatack.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL. SECTION.

T A N O E N T ' A. L SECTION.

Q-er. Westliche Larche; Fr. Meleze Occidentale;
Sp. Larice Occidental.

250 LARIX OCCIDENTALIS, Nuti

Western Tamarack. Larch or Hackmatack,

TRANSVERSE SECTION^

RADIAL. SECT! ON

T A N Q E N T I ll^V SECTION.

Ger. Westliche Liarche; Ft. Meleze Occideotale;
Sp. Larice Occidental

''t^.^