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PAHT XII.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2009 with funding from

NCSU Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/americanwoodsexh12houg

THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

Exhibited by Actual Specimens AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART XII.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR

19II.

Copyright nineteen hundred and eleven

bt eometn b. hough

•WEED-PARSONS PRrNTING CO.

BLECTROTTPERS AND PRINTERS

ALBANY, N. T.

TO

PATRON OF THE SCIENCES AND PROMOTER OF FORESTRY, THIS

RART XII, AMLERICAN WOODS,

IS DEDICATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF ESTEEM.

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in- terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com- panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined to iiave only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find In these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given them

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc- cessful progress in devising a way of making tlie sections for this work, and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused him, could lie have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect. Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods, both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or a combination of them. The difficulty, hov/ever, of cutting a great number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under- stood that the terms, ''transverse," "radial" and " tangential," are, in many cases, only approximately exact in their apjilication.

My endeavor is to show, either in a ])art or all of the sections standing to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

Ti Preface to the Series.

as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is quite impossible. In certain other Avoods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran- sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference in color, and, although botli may be shown in the sections, one can scarcely distinguish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various sptcies is of import- ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each Part being independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter, to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of importance, in connection with tlie wood specimens, to give a fairly good acquaintance with the trees re^oresented. It contains little, if any thing, new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of Forestry, and tlianks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs. Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Oliio — for the use of cuts in repro- ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's Report on the Forest Trees of Xorth America (constituting Vol. IX, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu- setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of the timbers rej^reseuted in this work has been a subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author. The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain- able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol- umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of profiting therefrom in the future.

LowviLLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART XII.

In Part XII American Woods we have a eontiuuation of the trees of the Atlantic and Central States, and several rare and par- ticularly interesting ones are included. We regret that unavoidable circumstances have delayed its appearance considerably more than anticipated, when we closed the work on Part XI, but such has been the course of fate.

We have thought it advisable to include in this Part the same Key based upon Leaves which appeared in Part XI, as it covers also the species of this Part.

The desirability of general indexes, both vernacular and botanical, covering all of the series of Amekicax Woods to date, has become the more apparent as the work has progressed, and we have prepared such indexes for the close of the present volume (pp. 57 to 6-i). Following them (p. 65) we give a brief announcement of our other lines, thinking they may be of interest to those who may desire to form a more intimate knowledge of botanical and other characters or of wood-technology.

For courtesies which have been of material assistance in the field- work, in collecting the woods for Part XII, we wish to mention with gratitude Prof. Wm. Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, whose ever interest in the progress of Amekicax Woods, is a source of pleasure and encouragement to its author. We grate- fullv acknowledge, too, assistance kindlv rendered bv Prof. C. D. Beadle, Mr. T. B. Harbison, Dr. X. M. Glatfelter, :\Ir'. G. W. Letter- man, Mr. A. Lincoln Hough, ^Ir. Francis Kiefer and !Mr. H. A. Brinkerhoff.

It is our purpose now to take up the interesting subtropical trees of Florida. Many of them range extensively through the West Indies, Mexico and even Central and South America. Several of them are of gi-eat commercial importance, though as the chief source of supply is within the tropics few people think of them as trees found native within the United States. While engaged in this work it is our pur- pose, as heretofore, to make photogTaphs of such scenes and objects as we may find particularly illustrative of habits of growth and other characteristic features of the various trees.

LowviLLE, X. Y., Nov. 18, 1911.

A KEY BASED UPON LEAVES,

TO THE TREES OF THE NOETHERN STATES AND CANADA.

Abbreviations. — a. = apex or at apex; ab. = above; b. = base or at base; bn. = beneath; fr. = friiit; 1. = long (usually omitted and implied after dimensions); lf. = Ieaf; Ifts. = leaflets ; Ivs. = leaves.

a SIMr»LE liEAA'ES.

b AVith well iiinrked blade and petiole, or without petiole (sessile) ;

c Main rib single — pi.nnaiei.y vei.ned d Margin entire ;

e Leaves lance-oblong, thick,

f Acuminate at both ends, 3-9 in..

g Rugose-reticulate, deciduous; fr. an elongated dry drupe.

Cork-wood {Leitneria floridana) . g- Smooth and lustrous; fr. a dark blue drupe; veins beneath and petioles

h Rusty tomentose, evergreen Swamp Bay (Persea pubescens) .

li- Glabrous or nearly so, evergreen Red Bay (P. Borhonia) .

(• Acute at both ends, ]y2-4 in.; fr. an acorn.

Willow Oak {Quereus PheUos). e" Leaves lance-ohovate. cuneate, rounded a., mostly

f Clustered on lateral spurs; fr. a black drupe; beneath and petioles

g Densely tomentose Woolly Buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa) .

g2 Glabrous or nearly so Southern Buckthorn (B. lycicides) .

f2 Alternate on the branchlets.

g Thinnish, glabrous above, deciduous; fr. 2-celled capsules.

Leath erwood ( Cyrilla racemifJora ) . g2 ^'ery thick, lustrous above, persistent; fr. acorn.

Live Oak (Qiterciis Virginiana) . e' I, oaves ovate.

Inequilateral, long taper-pointed and narrow: fr. drupe.

JMissis.siPPi Hackkerry {Celfis mississippiensis) . Equilateral, broad, lustrous ab. rounded b., long-acuminate; fr. compound,

orange-like Osage Orange ( Toxylon poniiferum ) .

e* Leaves ovateoiilong. abruptly narrowed b.

Alternate, acuminate, lustrous dark gr. ab., paler pubescent bn.; fr. large

l)erry Per.simmon ( Diospijros Virginiana ) .

'■ Opposite, rough-pubescent above, without stipules; fr. drupe.

Rough -leaved Dogwood {Comus asperifolia) . ' Verticillate (some opposite) glabrous ab., with stipules; fr. in globular

liend IjUMON-busii [Cephalanthus occidenlalis) .

Lea \ PS oblong, mostly cuneate b., Deciduous.

Hough's American Woods. abode*

g Alternate., acute or obtuse both ends, glabrous ab.; fr. acorn.

Shingle Oak (Querciis imbricaria). g2 Opposite, acute or acuminate both ends; fr. drupe.

Fringe-tree (Chionanthtis Virginica). f2 Persistent, thick and coraceous, clustered near tips of branchlets, g Obtuse or acute both ends,

h Broad, lustrous ab., white bn.; fr. aggregation of follicles.

Sweet Bay (Magnolia glaiica). h2 Narrow, glabrous ab., paler bn. ; fr. capsule.

Rose Bay (Rhododendron maximum). S- Acuminate both ends; fr. capsule. .Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia). e6 Leaves obovate-oblong,

f Narrow and sometimes falcate; fr. acorn.

Laurel Oak (Quercus laiirifolia) . f2 Wider, coriaceous, lustrous ab., acute or acuminate; fr. drupe.

Sour Gum (Nyssa sylvatica). e^ Leaves obovate,

f Large (3-20 in.) membranaceous. g Cuneate b.,

h Short acuminate, 8-12 in. narrow; fr. fleshy baccate.

Papaw ( Asimina triloba ) . Ii2 Acute to obtuse a., 12-20 in. ; fr. aggregation follicles.

LTmbrella-tree (Magnolia tripetala). g2 Ear-lobed b. ; fr. aggregation follicles.

h 10-12 in. long Fraser Magnolia ( M. Fraseri) .

h2 15-30 in. long Large-leaf Magnolia (M. macrophylla) .

f2 Small (4-6 in.) cuneate.

g Membranaceous, wide, rounded a., glabrous ab.; fr. drupelet.

American Smoke Tree (Cotiniis Americujins) . g2 Coriaceous, narrow, mostly acute; fr. drupe.

Water Gum (Nyssa bifiora). e^ Leaves oval, membranaceous, deciduous.

f Rounded or svibcordate b., 7-10 in.; fr. aggregation follicles.

Cucumber-tree (Magnolia acuminata). f2 Cuneate b., acuminate a., veins arcuate. g Alternate or clustered; fr. blue drupe.

Blue Dogwood (Cornus alternifoUa) . g2 Opposite or clustered; fr. red drupe.

Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida). d2 Margin both entire and dentate or denticulate ; leaves

e Linear-lanceolate, 2-5 in., entire or remotely denticulate; fr. capsule.

Sandbar Willow (Salix fluviatilis) . e- Oblanceolate, 3-5 in., entire or remotely serrate, fragrant; fr. small drupe.

Wax Myrtle (Myrica cerifera). e3 Lance-obovate, cuneate b., rounded to acute a., entire or appressed-serrate^

evergreen; fr. drupaceous Cassena Holly (Ilex cassine L.).

e* Ovate-oblong, 5-10 in., acuminate with long stems and both entire and with' from 1-5 large pointed teeth ; fr. drupe.

Cotton Gum (Nyssa aquatica).

abcd-e^ Key, UaseD L P(^N Leaves. 3

05 Oblong, acute to acuminate both ends, entire and irregularly serrulate, 3-7 in.,

glaucous bn.; fr. capsule Soerel-tbee {Oxydendrum arboreum) .

e6 Obovate-oblong, cuneate to rounded b., 1-3 in., whitish pubescent bn. ; fr.

capsule Bebb's Willow ( Salix Bebbiana) .

e7 Elliptical, very thick and firm, glabrous, with few remote spine-tipped teeth,

evergreen; fr. drupe Holly (Ilex opaca).

e8 Obovate, i/^-2 in., subsessile, firm thick and lustrous, entire and obscurely

denticulate; fr. berry Spabkleberry (Taccitiium arborem).

ds Mai-gin both entire and lobed. the latter mostly on vigorous shoots, very short- stemmed; the entire leaves are e Lance-obovate to spatulate, cuneate b., wide and rounded or obscurely 3 lobed a. (other leaves sharply pinna tely 3-7-lobed) tardily deciduous;

fr. acorn Water Oak (Quercns nigra).

e- Ovate-oblong. 2-7 in., abruptly narrowed b., acute or obtuse a. (other leaves with large lobe on one or both sides) ; fr. drupe.

Sassafras (Sassafras sassafras) . e3 Broad-ovate, large, long-stemmed, the lowest pair of veins branching; arrange- ment f Ternate (some opposite) subcordate, acute or acuminate, pith of twigs not segmented; fr. pod-like; leaves g Acute or short acuminate; fringe of hairs on seeds pointed.

Catalpa ( Catalpa ca talpa ) , g- Long-acuminate, fringe of hairs of seeds wide.

Hardy Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa). t- Opposite, cordate., acute or bluntly pointed, pith of twigs segmented;

fr. capsule Prixcess Tree (Pauloicnia toynentosa) .

d* Margin serrate or serrulate, e Leaves inequilateral, alternate;

f Petioles short, veins impressed above and g Parallel; mostly doubly serrate, firm h Smooth above; fr. samara; branchlets

i Not corky-winged; leaf-buds smosth and blunt.

White Elm (Ulmus Americana) . i- Some corky-winged; leaf-buds acuminate, puberulous;

j Leaves 2-6 in.; a northern tree Cork Elji (Ulmus Thomasi) .

j2 %-3 in.; a southern tree Winged Elm (Ulmus alata) .

h2 Very rough above.; fr. samara Slippery Elm (Ulmus pubscens) .

g2 Not parallel, arcuate and ramose; simply serrate, thin; fr. drupe.

Hackberry (Celtis occidentnlis). f2 Petioles long; veins little if at all impressed, arcuate, ovate-orbicular, prominently reticulated; fr. nut-like with parachute.

g Leaves smooth and greenish beneath Basswood (Tilia Americana).

g2 Leaves silvery-pubescent beneath, with small if any axillary tufts.

White Basswood (T. heterophylla) . gs Leaves stellate-pubescent beneath, with conspicuous axillary tufts.

MicHAUx's Basswood (T. Micliauxii). g* Leaves rusty-pubescent beneath; a southern tree.

Downy Basswood (T. pubesccns). e- Leaves equilateral or nearly so; fr. a

Hough's American Woods. abcrt^e'f

f Drupe with juicy acidulous flesh; leaves alternate; pit of drupe g Bony, hard and

h Pit more or less flattened and with ventral groove; leaves i Lance-oblong, tapering b., membranaceous,

j Long-acuminate, light green and sharply serrate; pit deeply

wrinkled Peach {Amygdalus Persica).

J- Acute or apiculate, glandular serrate, infolded lengthwise; pit

nearly smooth Chickasaw Plum (Prunus augustifolia) .

i- Lance-ovate, rounded or tapering b., long-acuminate, closely glandular serrate, firm; mid-rib hairy bn.

Wild Goose Plum {Prunus hortulana) . is Ovate oblong,

j 21/^-5 in., veins strongly impressed ab. and prominent bn.; rounded or obtuse b. k Sharply and sometimes doubly serrate; stems mostly glandless.

American Wild Plum (Prunus Americana). k2 Bluntly serrate; stems with glands near blade.

Canada Plum (Prunus nigra). p IVa-S in. long, thick and firm; fr. blue-black or purple witb bloom; leaves with k Rounded or obtuse b. ; fr. l^ in. or less, dark purple.

Alleghany Sloe (Prunus AUcghaniensis) . li.- Cuneate b., wrinkled; fr. %-l in., blue with bloom.

Garden Plum (Prunus domestica) . 1\- Pit turgid (nearly subglobose) marginless; leaves

i Lance-oblong (occasionally wider) rounded or obtuse b. acuminate j Membranaceous; cherries small, translucent, red, in clusters, and

very tart Pigeon Cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica) .

j2 Firm, with glandular incurved teeth; cherries purple-black, in racemes and of pleasant vinous flavor.

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina). 12 OboA'ate-oblong, rounded or obtuse b.

j Bluntly and unevenly serrate; fr. single or few in cluster; k Leaves thin and drooping; fr. sweet.

Sweet Cherry (Prunus Avium). k2 Leaves thickish and little if at all drooping; fr. tart.

Sour Cherry (Prunus Cerasus). j- Sharply and evenly serrate; fr. in racemes, about 14 i^- ^"d

astringent Choke Cherry (Prunus Virginiana) .

g2 Pit horny and yielding, flat; flesh blackish and sweet; Ivs. opposite", finely and sharply serrate. h Acute or obtuse a., tapering b., i Smooth bn.; petioles not winged.

Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium) . 12 Witli riifnus hairs bn. on midrib and principal veins; petioles little

if at all winged Rusty Nannyberry (Viburnum rufidulum) .

h2 Acuminate, rounded b., bli'k-dottpd beneath; petioles slightly winged.

NoRTHER.x Nannyberry (Viburnum Lentago).

abcd^e-f^ Key, Based UroN Leaves. 5

f- Drupe-like, but containing 2-6 one-seeded nutlets; Ivs. laHcoolate to oblong, membranaceous and markedly wrinkled.

Mountain Holly {Ilex monticola). £3 A pome (apple) ; leaves ovate to oblong or oval, firm, mostlj^ rounded b. and leaf stalks g Slender, long and smooth.

li Leaves glabrous ab. and usually bn., sharply and widely serrate; fr. lA in. or less, in loose racemes.

Service-bekry ( a )nela))chier Canadensis) . h2 Leaves lustrous ab,, smooth bn., appressed serrate or subentire; fr. usually tapering to the stem, containing grit cells.

Pear {Pi/rus communis). g2 Short, stout, gray-tomentoSe as is the under surface of Ivs.; fr. hollow- ing at stem and without grit-cells Apple (Pynis Malus).

f* Capsule, which is

g 1-celled, dehiscent by 2 valves, 14 in. or less 1; seeds with silky hairs; h Leaf-buds covered with single scale; leaves

i Linear-lanceolate, very long taper-pointed and drooping.

Weeping Willow (Salix hahylonica). i- Xarrow-lanceolate, green bn. ; petioles not glandular; finely serrate.

Black Willow (Salix nigra). 13 Lancfolate; petioles

j Glandular; glabrous bn., coarsely serrate; branchlets greenish and

^ery brittle BRITTLE WiLLOW' (.S', fragilis).

j- Not glandular; pale bn.: stipules.

k Foliaceous; branchlets hoary-pubescent.

Ward's Willow^ (Salix longipcs). k- Deciduous; leaves

1 Glabrous ab., whitish an<l glaucous bn.; hranchlets yellow.

Yellow Willow (S. vitellina). I- Silky-pubescent both sides; branchlets greenish.

White Willow (S. alba).

i* Broad lanceolate, smooth above, pale and glaucous bn. ; jjetioles long

and not glandular. . . Peach-leaf Willow (Salix amygrlaloides).

i^"' Lance-ovate, very lustrous dark gieen ab., firm; petioles glandular.

SiiixiXG Willow (S. lucida). 1*5 Oblanceolate and lanceolate, pale bn., finely serrate; stipules folia- ceous; branchlets first season and buds hairy.

^IissouRi Willow (.S'. Missouriensis) . i" Ovateohlong, rounded or subcordate b., acute a.

Balsam Willow (Salix basamifera) . h- Bvuls covered by several scales;

i Leaves lanceovate, cuneate or rounded b., bluntly pointed a.

Xarrow-leaf Cottonwood (Populus augusfifolia) , \- Leaves ovate-orbicular, subcordate,

Tweedy's Cottonwood (P. Tweedt/i). g2 5-celled. dehiscent by 5 valves; leaves lance-ohovate to oblong, tapering both waj's, remotely serrate above the middle and

Hough's American Woods. abcd^e^f

h Persistent, thick, coriaceous; seeds winged.

Loblolly Bay (Gordonia Lasianthus) . h- Deciduous, membranaceous; seeds not winged.

Fr.\nklinia (Franklinia Altamaha) . f5 Nutlet,

g Not winged, eacli

h Subtended by a 3-lobed leaf-like bract and arranged in aments; Ivs. unequally and sharply serrate, glabrous bn. except for silky hairg

in the axils of veins- Blue Beech (Carpinus Caroliniana) .

h- Enclosed in a membranous sac and arranged in loose cone-like araents; leaves ovate-oblong, unequally and sharply serrate, pubescent bn.

Ironwood {Osfrya Virginiana) . g- Winged both sides and borne in tlie axils of scales which form a cone; scales h 3-lobed, tliin and falling away at maturity of seed;

i Bark chalky white and peeling in strips around the trunk; Ivs. j Ovate, rounded or obtuse b., acuminate a.; bark peeling readily.

Caxoe Birch (Betula papyrifera).

i- Deltoid, long-acnminate, petioles long and slender; bark peeling

with some difllculty White Birch {Betula populifolia) .

12 Bark smooth, lustrous reddish brown; Ivs. broad ovate.

Western Red Birch (B. fontinalis) .

13 Bark scaly, gray-brown; Ivs. ovate-oblong, narrow and rounded or

subcordate b., aromatic when bruised.

Sweet Birch (Betula lenta).

i* Bark silvery yellow, separating in thin layers and hanging in curls;

Ivs. ovate-oblong, narrow and mostlj- heart shaped b., aromatic.

Yellow Birch {Betula lutea). 15 Bark reddish brown, separating in thin persistent scales; Ivs. rhombic

ovate River Birch ( B. nigra ) .

h- Thickened, woody and persistent; Ivs.

i Ovate-oblong, mostly acute or acuminate a., lustrous dark green ab. ;

fls. in late summer Sea-side Alder {Alnus maritima) .

i- Orbicular-obovate, rounded to notched a., dull green ab. ; fls. in early

spring European Alder {Alnus glutinosa) .

fc Nut.

g Enveloped by a 2-4-valved prickle-covered in\oh!cre. lateral veins of Ivs. straight, parallel, and each terminating in a tooth; nut h Triangular, each involucre inclosing a pair; Ivs. ovate-oblong, acumi- nate, hairy along veins I)n Beech {Fagus Americana] .

Ii2 Globose — top-shaped, single in involucre; Ivs. narrow-oblong with slender teeth and white-tomentose bn.

CnixQUAPTX {Cofitonea pumila). Ii3 Compressed ovoid-globose, 2 or 3 in an involucre; Ivs. lance-oblong with coarse teeth, green and glabrous both sides.

Chestnut (Casstnuea dentata). g2 Subtended by an involucral cup — an acorn; Ivs. lance-oblong, obovate, coarsely and sharply serrate; h Large trees Chinquapin Oak {Quercus acuminata) .

abcti^e^r Key, Based Upon Leaves. 7

h- Shrubs or very small trees. . .Dwabf Chinquapin Oak (Q. prinoides) . d^ ilargin both setrate or serrate-dentate and lobed in the same Ivs., though the lobed Ivs. may be on vigorous shoots only, and the latter Ivs, are not considered in these further descriptions. e Fruit a small pome (apple)

f With 1-5 bony, 1-seeded nutlet-like carpels; small trees and shrubs with thorny branches; Ivs. g Obovate (large ones more elliptical) entire, cuneate b., rounded or acute a.; petioles short, winged above and glandless; h Leaves lustrous dark-green ab., thick ; fr. globose-oblong, I2 in., dull

red; nutlets 1-3 Cock-spur Thorn {Crataegus crus-galli) .

h- Leaves dull gray-green ab., more membranaceous; fr. subglobose, ^2-1 in., dull red or yellow with white dots.

Dotted Thorn (C. punctata).

g- Ohovate-oblong. wider and short cuneate b.. petioles longer and winged ab.

h Irregularly serrate-dentate, acute or blunt-pointed and slightly, if at all,

lobed, dark green and smooth ab. ; fr. scarlet or orange, 14 in. or

less; nutlets usually 5 Southern Thorn (C. viridis).

h- Crenate-serrate or with short crenate toothed lobes, rounded or obtuse a.; fr. oblong-globose. I/2 in., dark red or orange, black dotted, with

2-3 nutlets Margaretta Thorn (C. Margaretta) .

h3 With short acute-toothed lobes or doubly serrate-dentate, obtuse to acute a., pubescent bn. 2-5 in.; petioles glandular; fr. oblong- globose, lo in.; nutlets 2-3 with ventral cavities.

Pe.ar Thorn (C. tomentosa) . g3 Obovate-orbicular, rounded or obtuse a., coriaceous, coarsely and irregu- larly serrat^dentate, or very slightly lobed; thorns 21/2-4 in.; fr. lustrous crimson, i4~M> in-, subglobose, on erect stems; nutlets with deep ventral cavities. . . .Long-spine Thorn {Crataegus macracantha) . g* Leaves broad-ovate;

h Waxy-coated, slightly 5-angled and flattened subglobose, apple-green becoming purplish red; Ivs. subcordate b., acute, with 3 or 4 pairs

short pointed lobes, thickish Waxy Thorn (C. pruinosa).

h- Fruit pubescent at least at the ends,

i Subglobose, ^^-1 in., in small drooping villous clusters; calyx-lobes large and deciduous; nutlets 4 or 5; Ivs. truncate or subcordate b., with appressed pubescence ab., pubescent bn.

Red-fruited Thorn (C. mollis). i2 Obovoid-oblong, in erect compact clusters with prominent and per- sistent cplyx-lobes and tube; Ivs. rounded b., acute or obtuse a.

Champlain Thorn {C. Champlainensis). h3 Smooth and lustrous, about % in. ; Ivs. scabrous ab. ; fr.

i Orange red with pale dots, obovoid. calyx-lobes enlarged and per- sistent; Ivs. thickish Red-fruited Thorn (C submolis).

i- Bright scarlet with dark dots; Ivs. membranaceous.

Scarlet Thorn (C pedicellata) . g5 Triangular-ovate, 1 1/2-3 in., truncate b.. acute or acuminate a., lustrous dark green ab.. coarsely serrate-dentate and incisely 3-o-lobed.

Washington Thorn (C. cordata).

Hough's American Woods. abcd^'ef

g6 Oval to orbicular.

h Membranaceous, hairy on veins bn..

i Rounded or obtuse a. and b., sharply serrate with 2-3 short lobes, glabrous yellow-green ab., paler and concave bn.

Pringle's Thorn (C. Pringlei). 12 Acute or acuminate a., rounded b., sharply serrate-dentate, and with 3 or 4 pairs short lobes, scabrous ab., pubescent on veins bn.

Holme's Thorn (C. Holmcsiana). h2 Coriaceous, finely doubly serrate-dentate.

Scarlet Thorn {C. coccinea). f2 With 5 papery usually 2-seeded carpels; small flat waxy fragrant apples; Ivs. g Tomentose or pubescent bn., oblong-ovate to oval,

li Crenate-serrate and usually with short crenate lobes; fr. stems slender

and glabrate Prairie Crab (Pyrus loensis).

h2 Crenate and very much wrinkled; fr. stems short.

SouLARD Crab (Pyrus Soidardi) . g- Glabrous throughout, with long slender stems; fr. hard translucent long- stemmed and calyx-lobes. li Deciduous; fr. yellowish, red-cheeked, scarcely waxy and but little hollowed at b. ; Ivs. ovate-oblong serrate or sometimes entire, not

lobed Siberian Crab ( Pyrus baccata ) .

h2 Persistent in fruit; fr. yellow-green, waxy, deeplj' hollowed at b., very sour; Ivs. triangular ovate to trucate or subcordate b., acute a., serrate-dentate and usually with few short lobes.

Fragrant Crab {Pyrus coronaria). e2 Fruit a juicy syncarp (blackberry-like), edible; Ivs. with arcuate lateral veins, the lowermost pair branching; Ivs. f Lustrous ab., glabrous bn., broad ovate, coarsely serrate; fr. pinkish white.

White Mulberry (Morus alba). f2 Dull dark green and roughish ab., pubescent and strongly reticulate bn., orbicular ovate; petioles glabrate; fr. purple-black.

Red Mulberry (Morvs rubra). e3 Fruit a globular head with seeds exserted on red fleshy stipes; Ivs. rough ab., under surface and petioles velvety-pubescent.

Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) . d6 Margin crenate-serrate ; e Leaves opposite, mostly

f Oblong, tapering b., acuminate; small trees and shrubs; Ivs. g Glabrous bn., 2-3 in.; inhabits wet lowlands; fr. drupe.

Swamp Privet {Forestiera acuminata) . g2 Pubescent bn.. 2-5 in., membranaceous and very finely crenate-serrate; an upland tree; fr. flesliy capsule.

Burning Bush (Euonymus atropurpureus) . f2 Broad-ovate to oval, IV^-SVs in., rounded b., obtuse to acute a., the lateral veins very prominent and arcuate; fr. drupe-like.

Buckthorn {Rhamnus cathartica). e2 Leaves alternate,

abcd«e-f Key, Based Upox Leaves. 9

f Lance-ovate, rounded or apiciilate a.; fr. a small fit waxy-coated apple.

Narrow Leaf Crab {Pyrus augustifolia) . f2 Lance-oblong, finely rugose ab., glaucous bn.; fr. a small capsule with

cotton-tufted seeds Glalcoc s Willow (Salix discolor) .

f3 Lance-obovate, 4-6 in., cuneate b., acute or acuminate a., very lustrous ab., thick and with short stems ; fr. dry drupe.

.Sweet Leaf {Symplocos tinctoria).

f* Rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, with long slender stems, cuneate to nearly

rounded b., acuminate a.; a tree of the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky

Mountains; fr. capsule. . .Lance-leaf Cottonwood (Popitlus acuminata i.

f5 Ovate, cuneate to rounded b., acute to acuminate, strongly reticulate,

whitish and often rusty bn.; fr. capsule.

Balsam Poplar {Populus balsamifera) . f6 Heart-shaped. 3-8 in., with long round stems; fr. capsule; Ivs. g Acuminate, whitish and often rusty bn.

Balm-of-Gilead (Populus caudicans) . g- Obtuse to subacute a., hairy bn. and on stems.

SwAJip Poplar {Populus heterophylla) . V Ovate-oblong, 1-3 in., rounded or obtuse and more or less inequilateral b. ;

fr. coriaceous drupe Planer-tree (Planera aquatica i .

fs Oblong. 2—1: in., acute or rounded both ends, lustrous and veins impressed ab., obscurely crenate-serrate; a very small tree or shrub of the southern

states; fr. drupe-like Yellow Buckthorn {Rhamnus Caroliniana) .

fo Obovate, -1-8 in., obtuse or acute b.. acute or acuminate a., regularly

crenate; fr. an acorn Cow Oak (Quercus Michauxii).

fio Deltoid-ovate, truncate or wide cordate b., acute or short-acuminate, stems long and laterally compressed ; fr. capsule.

Cottonwood {Populus deltoides). fii Orbicular-ovate, 1-2 in., "rounded to subcordate b., obtuse to acute or apiculate a., glabrous and fragrant ; fr. drupe.

Perfumed Cherry {Pruiius Mahaleb). d" Margin crenate or crenulate : Ivs.

e Lance-obovate. IV2-3 in., cuneate b.. rounded, obtuse or notched a.; fr. drupe- like Swamp Holly ( Ilex decidua ) .

e2 Oblong. 1-2 in., thick, evergreen; fr. a bright red drupe-like berry; fr.

drupe-like Yaupon ( Ilex vomitoria ) .

e3 Suborbicular, iVa-S in., rounded or obtuse b.. abruptly acute or short acumi- nate, finely crenate; petioles long and compressed laterally; fr. capsule.

Quaking Asp (Populus tremuloides). e* Broad-deltoid or rhombic, blade commonly wider than long, cuneate to truncate b., short acuminate or acute a.; petioles long, laterally com- pressed; fr. capsule; branches

f Spreading Black Poplar ( Populus nigra ) .

f2 Strictly upright Lombardy Poplar (Populus dilatata) .

d^ Margin dentate,

e Finely dentate, mostly oblong, acute or obtuse b.. acuminate a., with prominent arcuate veins; fr. dry winged drupe.

Silver-bei.l Tree (Mohrodendron Carolinum). e- Coarsely dentate, broad-ovate to orbiculer; petioles

10 Hough's American Woods. abcd^e^

f Laterally compressed and long, blades rounded b., acute or short acuminate a., glabrous and firm (white velvety when young) ; fr. capsule.

Large-tooth Poplar (Populus grandidentata) . f2 Terete, slender and short, blades mostly rounded or obtuse both ends, membranaceous; fr. drupe-like.

Western Servioeberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) . d^ Margin sinuate or sinuate-dentate,

e Lance-oblong to ovate, obtuse to subcordate b., bluntly acute a., with 10-16

pairs of straight lateral veins Rock Oak ( Quercus Prinus ) .

e~ Obovate-oblong. cuneate b., rounded or obtuse a., 6-8 pairs of lateral veins,

whitish bn Swamp White Oak (Quercus platanoides) .

e3 Oval-obovate, rounded or subcordate b., rounded to acute or apiculate a., membranaceous; petioles short and thick; fr. woody capsule.

Witch Hazel {Hamamelis Tirginia). e* Suborbicular (on vigerous shoots 3-5-lobed) 2-4 in., dark green ab., white velvety tomentose bn. on stems, etc.; fr. capsule. . . .Abele (Popithis alba). dio Margin lohcd ; fruit a

e Small apple, containing a single 2-seeded bony nutlet; branchlets thorny and Ivs. with 1-3 pairs of wide-spreading lobes.

Hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha) . e- Narrow upright cone, made up of closed carpels; Ivs. with one or two pairg of wide-spreading entire lobes and turcate or with wide sinus at apex.

Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). e3 Acorn; Ivs. pinnately lobed and

f Lobes bristle-tipped; acorns maturing in the autumn of the second year; sinuses g Narrow at bottom; lobes wide at base and narrowing towards apex; Ivs. h Oval to ovate, lobes 4-5 pairs, each lobe with i One to three sharp teeth; fruit

j Scarcely i/4 enveloped by its shallow saucer.

Reb Oak (Quercus rubra). 3- Half enveloped by its deep saucer.

Gray Oak (Q. borealis) . i2 Entire, triangular and wide-spreading.

Swamp Spanish Oak (Quercus pagodaefoUa) . h2 Obovate and lobes generally in

i Four pairs, symmetricallj' arranged, the larger lobes 1-4 toothed.

Yellow Oak (Q. relutina). 12 One to three pairs,

3 Not symmetrically arranged, lobes scarcely dentate and those of

some Ivs. finger like Spanish Oak {Q. digitata).

j2 Symmetrically arranged and generally in k Two pairs; shrubs or very small trees.

Bear Oak (Quercus nana). k2 A single pair of wide-spreading lobes near a., or scarcely lobed and very wide at a.; a medium-size tree.

Black Jack Oak (Q. Marilandica) .

g2 Sinuses wide, rounded and deep; lobes narrow, widening toward the apex,

the larger with 1-4 spreading teeth or sometimes toothed lobes; acorn

Abcd^e^f Key, Based Upon Leaves. 11

li Oblong and with

i Very shallow saucer-like cup.

SocTHER.x Red Oak (Quercus Texana). i- Deep top-shaped cup about half enveloping the acorn.

Hill's Oak (Q. ellipsoidalis ) . h- Subglobose, half enveloped by its deep turbinate cup of closely

appressed scales Scarlet Oak ( Q. coccinea ) .

l\" Flattened-globose to almost hemispheric, with shallow saucer-shaped

or slightly top-shaped cup Pix 0.\K (Q. palustris) .

t- Lobes rounded or bluntly pointed and acorns maturing in the autumn of the first year; Ivs. g Obovate-oblong, under surface

li Glabrous, larger lobes long and narrow, acorn about one-third invested

by the cup White Oak ( Q. alba ) .

h2 White-tomentose, lobes shorter and more triangular; acorn nearly

enveloped by its thin-edged cup Over-cup Oak {Q. lyrata).

g- Broad-obovate with

h 1 or 2 pairs of rounded lobes, the one next the apex much the largest and commonly trucate or with wide sinus at apex.

Post Oak (Q. minor). l\- 3 or 4 pairs — deeply lyrate pinnatified; acorns generally large with

fringed cup Bur Oak ( Q. macrocarpa ) .

c- ^NFaix ribs several PALMATELY VEIXED;

d Leaves alternate icith

e 5-7 deep lobes — star-shaded; fr. globose head of capsules.

Sweet Gum (Liqiiidanbar Styraciflua). e- 3-5 short lobes; b. of leaf-stem enveloping the new leaf-bud; fr. globose head

of akenes Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)

e3 Not lobed, entire, orbicular-cordate; fr. pod.

Redbud {Cercis Canadensis). d- Leaves opposite; fr. samaras in pairs united at base. e Large or medium-size trees with rather firm Ivs. ;

f Sinuses rounded at bottom and lobes entire or nearly so; sinuses g Moderately deep; Ivs. pale and glabrous bn., without stipules.

Sugar Maple {Acer Sacchariim) . g- Shallow; Ivs. green and pubescent bn.. edges drooping; stipules often

present Bl.\ck Maple ( A. nigrum ) .

f- Sinuses pointed at bottom and lobes more or less toothed; Ivs.

g Deeply 5-lobed with narrow sinuses Silver Maple {A. dasycarpum) .

g- ^loderately 3-5-lobed with wide sinuses; under surface pale and

h Glabrate; rather thin, subcordate b Red Maple (A. 7-tibrum).

h- Moderately hairy, especially along the veins, firm, mostly tapering and entire b. obovate-orbicular, small and sometimes without lobes.

f'AROLiXA ^Maple (A. CaroUnum). Ii3 Velvety pubescent, thick, wide-orbieular : a southern tree.

Drummoxd Maple (A. Drummondii). eS Small trees or tall shrubs with membranaceous leaves; lobes h Doublv serrate: Ivs.

12 Hough's American Woods. abc'd*e*

i Acuminate, 3-lobed at a. only, eastern.

Striped Maple (A. Pennsylvanicum) . i- Acute or obtuse, 3-5-lobed, or even 3-parted or 3-foliate, western.

Dwarf Maple {A. glabrum) . \\- Coarsely serrate-dentate, pubescent bn.

Mountain Maple (A. spicatum). h- Without well-marked blade and petiole (latter present, but very small in leaves of Hemlocks ) ; c Leaves linear and in flat 2-ranked sprays, d Sessile,

e Deciduous, soft, light green (those of fruiting-branchlets scale-like) ; fr. sub- globose cones Bald Cypress {Taxodium distichum).

c- Evergreen, more rigid, dark green ab., whitish and keeled bn., leaving a flat or depressed scar when breaking away from branchlet; cones erect, 2 to 314 in. long and falling apart at maturity.

f Bracts of cone shorter than scales Balsam Fir (Ahies balsamea) .

i~ Bracts longer than the scales, exserted and reflexed.

Eraser's Fir (Abies Fraseri). d2 Witli very small oppressed petioles,

e Leaves obtuse or rounded a.; cones less than 1 in. and with suborbicular scales

which expand but little at maturity Hemlock (Tsiiga Canadensis).

e- Leaves notched or rounded a.; cones more than 1 in. and oblong scales

expanding widely at maturity. ..Carolina Hemlock (Tsiiga Caroliniana) .

e- Leaves scale-like imbricated and closely appressed or awl-shaped, in four

ranks and making a conspicuously

d Flat 2-edged branchlet; cones y, in. or less, with few leathery scales, 4 only

being fertile Arbor Vitae ( Thuya occidentalis) .

d- .'rungled branchlet ; fr.

e Sublogobose cones, 14 "i- ^^'ith peltate, ^^alvate scales.

White Cedar (Cha-.naecyparis thyoides). e- Fleshy, dark blue and glaucous berries (really modified cones) ;

f Leaves of two kinds, both scale like and awl-shaped; buds naked; fr.

g Maturing in autumn of first season Red Cedar (J. Virginiana).

g- Maturing in autumn of second .season.

Rocky Mountain Red Cedar {J. scopulorum) .

f2 Leaves all awl-shaped, buds scaly Common Juniper {J. comwnnis).

c"* Leaves needle-shaped; fruit a cone;

d Leaves not in fascicles (scattered), short, stiflf, pointing every way, ridged above and below (4-sided), with woody and persistent bases; e Branchlets pubescent and foliage

f Yellowish-green; cones 1^4-2 in., oblong-cylindrical, on stalks which are slightly if at all incurved; cones with subentire scales.

Red Spruce (Picea mbens). f2 Blue-green; cones %-ly4 in., with incurved stalks; cones with erose mar- gined scales Black Spruce (Picea Marinana).

e- Branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-cylindrical; about

f 2 in. long, with nearly orbicular scales, truncate and entire at apex.

^YnITE Spruce (Picea Canadensis).

ab'cMe- Kev, Based Upon Leaves. 13

t- 21/2-4 in. long, with rliomboidal, fiexuose scales, narrow erose-dentate and

elongated at apex Blue Spruce ( P. Parryana ) .

d- Leaves in fascicles,

e Evergreen, quite stiflf and in fascicles of

f 2 each, a membranaceous sheath inclosing the base of each fascicle, about

g 1 in. long, sheaths very short Jack Pine (P. divaricata).

g2 11/2-21^. in. long; sheaths % in. or less; branchlets smooth and purple.

Jersey Pine {P. Virginiana) . g3 3-5 in. long; branchlets rough.

h Cones lyo-2 in., narrow ovoid, scales armed with weak prickles.

Yellow Pine (P. echinata). Iv- Cones 3-4 in., broad-ovoid, scales armed with very thick stout prickles.

Table-mountain Pine {P. pungens). g* 5-6 in. long, thick and with smooth-bossed cones.

Red Pine (P. resinosa) .

i- 3 each and 3-6 in. long; cones P^-S in Pitch Pine (P. rigida) .

g^' 5-8 in. long; cones

h 2-3 in., globular-ovoid, persisting closed on the branches for some years.

Pond Pine (P. serotina) . Ii2 3-5 in., narrow-ovoid, opening and discharging its seeds the year of maturity; resin-ducts in leaves near surface.

Loblolly Pine (P. Taeda) . g6 8-15 in., resin-ducts not near surface; cones cylindrical-ovoid, 6-10 in. long, breaking away from branch within its b.

Long-leaf Pine (P. palustris). f3 Both 2 and 3 each ; Rocky Mountain trees.

Rock Pine (P. ponderosa scopulorum) . t* 5 each, slender, 3-5 in.; cones 4-6 in., curved-cylindrical, with stems.

White Pine (P. Strobiis). e- Deciduous, soft, short and in fascicles of many each (scattered on shoots of

the season) Tamarack (Larix Americana) .

a2 COMPOUND LEAVKS; b Pinnately compound, c Alternate and d Entire;

e Leaflets 3, subsessile, obovate-oblong, remotely crenate-serrate; fr. samara.

Hoi'-tree (Pfelea trifoHata) . e- Leaflets 7-9, short-stemmed, ovate to suborbicular and alternately arranged;

fr. pod Yellow Wood ( Cladrastis lutea).

e3 Leaflets 9-L3, short-stemmed, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate; fr. shining

white drupelet Poison Sumach {Rhus vernix) .

e* Leaflets 11-21, short-stemmed, oblong, obtuse or rounded b., rounded and notched or bristle-tipped a.; fr. pod.

f Petioles and branchlets glabrous Locust {Robinia Pseudacacia) .

f- Petioles and branchlets viscid Clamy Locust (P. viscosa) .

e5 12-25, short-stemmed, lance-falcate; fr. drupe.

Western Soapberry {Sapindus Drummondii).

d2 Entire, but remotely serrate toward a.; stem winged between the leaflets; fr.

crimson drupelets Dwarf Sumach (Rhus capallina) .

Hough's American Woods. aM^cd*

d3 Entire, but with l-'f glandular teeth at b. ; fr. twisted samara.

Tree-of-Heaven {Ailanthus glandulosa) . d* Serrate;

e Leaflets 3-11, the lateral sessile, and successively larger towards the terminal one; fr. a nut enveloped in a 4-valved woody husk; leaflets f 3-5, lanceolate; nut small, compressed,

g 4-angled; husk rather thick and parting to b.

Southern Shell-bark Hickory (H. Carolinae-Septentrjonalis) . g2 Scarcely angled, husk rough, very thin and splitting with diflSculty if

at all Northern Hickory (H. borealia) .

t- 5, lance-ovate to obovate; fr. with very thick husk splitting freely to b.

Shag-bark Hickory {H. ovata) . f3 Both 5 and 7; fruit

g More or less compressed pyriform; husk thin and tardily dehiscent; nut

quite smooth and thick-shelled Pig-nut Hickory (H. glabra).

g- Subglobose with husk splitting freely; nut small,

h Thin-shelled Small-fruited Hickory {H. microcarpa) .

\\- Thick-shelled Pale-leaf Hickory (H. villosa).

t* 7-9, mostly obovate and large; fr. with thick free-splitting husk and thick- shelled ribbed nuts; petioles and new growths g Densely hirsute; bark with rough firm ridges (not shaggy) ; nut globular

or little compressed Mocker-nut Hickory (H. alba) .

g- Glabrous or pubescent; bark shaggj' with long strips; nut very large,

compressed King-nut Hickory ( H. laciniosa ) .

fs 7-11, lanceolate to narrow obovate, the lower ones somewhat falcate; fr. with elevated sutures; nut with thin shell and generally bitter cornel, g Xut smooth, whitish and little compressed.

Bitter-nut Hickory (H. minima). g2 Very rugose, ridged and compressed, brownish.

Water Hickory (ff. aquatica). f6 9-11 lance-ovate, falcate; fr. cylindrical-oblong, husk thin.

Pecan (E. Pecan). e2 Leaflets 9-15, subsessile (except the terminal one) with reddish stems; fr. very small berry-like apples in loose cymose clusters; leaflets f Acuminate, glabrous and teeth scarcely spreading; leaf -buds glutinous.

American Mountain Ash {Sorbiis Ainericana) . t- Acute or obtuse a.

g Leaf -buds with rusty appressed hairs; Ifts. glabrate ab. ; teeth spreading.

Large- fruited Mountain Ash (S. scopulina) . g2 Leaf-buds whitish tomentose; Ifts. pubescent.

Rowan Tree {Sorbiis Aiicuparia). e3 Leaflets 11-19 and

f Sessile, viscid-pubescent as is all new growth ; fr. nut with indeliiscent

husk Butterunt (Juglaiis cinerea) .

f2 Petiolulate, glabrous and leaf-stems spiny bn. ; fr. capsule.

Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis). e* Leaflets 13-25,

f Lance-ovate and green bn.; twigs glabrate; a large tree; fr. nut with

indehiscent husk Black Walnut {Juglans nigra).

t- Lanceolate, pale pubescent bn.; twigs velvety; a small tree; fr. drupelets with crimson hair Stag-horn Sumach {Rhus hirta).

a^bc^ Key, Based Upon Leaves, 15

c2 Leaves opposite; leaflets

d 3-7, entire at base, seriate or serrate lobed above; fr. samaras obliquely winged

and in pairs jointed together at b Box Elder (Acer Negundo) .

d- 5-11 and fr. a straight samara with terminal wing.

e Samara with seed-bearing portion flattened and wing extending the entire length f Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx in the fertile flowers none.

Black Ash (F. nigra). t- Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present

g Samara obovate to spatulate; twigs terete.

Water Ash (F. CaroUniana). g2 Samara elliptic to spatulate; twigs 4-sided.

Blue Ash {F. quadrangulata) . e- Samara with seed-bearing portion subterete; wing not extending to base; leaflets stalked; calyx present in fertile flower f Wing almost entirely terminal — slightly if at all decurrent on body g Leaves and branchlets glabrous or nearly so.

White Ash {F. Americana). g2 Leaves beneath and branchlets pubescent.

Biltmore Ash {F. Biltmoreana) . t- Wing decurrent somewhat on sides of body but not to base g Wing of samara spatulate

h Branchlets and leaves glabrous or nearly so; leaves green beneath.

Green Ash (F. lanceolata). \i- Branchlets and petioles velvety pubescent i Samara less than 2 in. long; calyx small.

Red Ash (F. Pennsylvanica) . 12 Samara mostly 2 in. long or more; calyx enlarged.

Pumpkin Ash (F. profunda).

g2 Wing of samara long-linear Darlington Ash (F. Darlingtonii) .

h- Palmately compound; fr. large coriaceous capsule; leaflets membranaceous and usually c 7, lance-obovate, cuneate, apiculate a., wrinkled.

Horse Chestnut {Aesculus Hippocastanum) , c- 5 ( sometimes 6 or 7 )

d Oval or oblong, subsessile or acute or short acuminate a.

Ohio Buckeye {Aesculus glabra). d- Obovatc?-oblong. short-stemmed, acuminate.

Sweet Buckeye {Aesculus octandra) . as DECOMPOUND LEA\^S:

b Evenly bipinnate, with 8-12 pairs of pinnae each with many oblong oblique leaflets

about 14 in. long; fr. pod Mimosa Tree {Albizzia Julibrissin) .

b- Irregularly bipinnate or sometimes ternate, single leaflets taking the place of some pinnae; petioles c Armed with prickles; fr. many small dark purple berries.

Hercules Club {Aralia spinosa). c- Unarmed; fr. large broad pods with large seeds and sweet pulp.

Coff£:e-tree (Gymnocladus doicus).

16 Hough's AiMerican Woods. a*

a* BOTH COMPOUND AND DECO»IPOUND LEAVES, the former often in fascicles, tree armed with large branching thorns; fr. a shining c Long contorted and twisted linnear many-seeded pod.

Ho>EY Locust (Gleclitsia triacanthos). c2 Short, oblique-ovate, 1-seeded pod.

Water Locust (Gleditsia aquatica).

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

OF THE

Species whose AVoods are Represented in the Accompantinq

Sections.

The timbers comprised in the series which this text is desicTied to accom- pany belong to what are known, botanicallv speaking, as Flowering and mostly Exogenous Plants. At the ontset. therefore, we will, once for ail, define these groups: and, as the characters herein given are equally true of all the species enumerated in the following pages, they need not be repeated in the further definition of the various sub-groups and species.

FLOWERING or PILEN0GA:M0US PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Plants are tlie Floicerless or Cryptogamotts Plants. roniprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from tlie very simply organized Slime Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-Mosses. But in the study of timbers tliis group is unimportant, as only in a few rare cases do any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which sometimes attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds. Tiiey. however, are of practically no value as timber.

EXOGEXOrS OR DTCOTYLEDOXOrS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central colunm of pith sur- rounded by W(jod in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark; the stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each year to the wood externally and To the bark internally. Leaves mostly netted-vein. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and opposite, or (in the

18 Hough's Amehican Woods.

Coniferae) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in fours or fives, very rarely in threes.

A second class of Floivering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the Endo- genous or Monocotyledonous Plants, characterized by liaving stems in which the wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue so that a trans- verse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two, and then alternate and unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In southern United States and else- where in or near the tropics trees are found, such as the Palms, etc., which belong to this clasSj but none that we have to do with at present.

Exogenous plants are subdivided into two well-marked groups or sub- classes — Aiigiospermoe and Gymnospermoe. The former includes by far the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the species repre- sented in "American Woods " are representatives of it.

ANGIOSPEEM.E.

Flowering, exogenous plants in wliich there is a complete pistil — with stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into seeds at maturity. This sub-class comprises many groups of plants known as Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain the dimensions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we purpose to consider in the follow- ing pages :

Order ILICINEAE: Holly Family.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate, coriaceous, ex-stipulate and mostly evergreen. Flowers small, white or greenish, axillary, 4-8 numerous and sometimes diopcious; calyx minute, free, imbricated in the bud; corolla regular, cleft or almost i)arted, iiypogynous. imbricated in the bud; stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, alternate with them and attached to their base; anthers adnate, opening lengthwise; ovary free from the caly.x, 4-8-celled, witn a single suspended ovule in each cell; stigmas 4-8 or united into one, nearly sessile. Fruit drupaceous, with 4-8 anatropous seeds containing large fleshy albu- men and minute embryo.

Trees and shrubs of over one hundred species, some of considerable economic value.

Genus ILEX, L.

Zeaves alternate. Flowers lateral, single or clustered and usually perfect (but many are abortive), usually 4 (but sometimes .5-8) numerous; calyx persistent; petals distinct or scarcely united at the base, obtuse, oval or obovate, spreading; stigmas separate or united. Fruit a drupe-like berry, and usually red or purple.

Trees and shrubs of about one hundred sixty species of which thirteen inhabit eastern North America (none the western side of the continent^ and five of these are trees. {Ilex is an ancient Latin name, but originally applied to a species of Oak.)

276. Ilex cassine — Cassena Hollv,

1»

276. ILEX CASSINE, L.

Cassena Holly. Dauoon. Henderso^st-Wood.

Ger., Cassena Stechpalmc; Fr., IIoilv dc Cassena; Sp., Aceho de

Cassena.

Specific Characters: — Lea res persistent, oblanceolate or obovate, l%-3 in. long, cuneate at base, obtuse or acute or emarginate (sometimes rounded or retuse) at apex with revolute and entire margins or very remotely and sharply appressed serrate near apex, thick, shining dark green above, paler and pubes- cent on midribs beneath; petioles short, stout and usually pubescent. Flowers white, scarcely V2 in. broad, in hairy pedunculate clusters from the axils mainly of the leaves of the year, the staminate 3-9-flowered and the pistillate usually 3-flowered, common peduncles nearly 1 in. long; calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit red drupes ripening in autumn and persisting until spring, subglobose, 14 in. in diameter; nutlets prominently ribbed.

The Cassena Holly, or simply Cassiiia as it is more often called, is a handsome small tree occasionally attaining the height of 20 or 30 feet (8 m.), with rather broad ronnded top and a trnnk that may be 12 to 18 inches (0.50 m.) in diameter. The bark of trnnk is of a brownish gray color and quite smooth, being but slightly fissured lengthwise with age. In many localities, especially in the northern part of its range, it is known only as a shrub.

Habitat. — The coast region from southeastern Virginia south- ward to southern Florida, and westward to southern Louisiana, grow- ing in swamps and moist localities and reaching its largest dimensions> in Georgia, Alabama and Florida.

Physical Pkoperties. — The wood is rather light but tough, close- grained, easily worked and of a creamy-white color. Specific Gravity, 0.4806 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.91 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4762; Coefficient of Elasticity, 64192; Modulus or Rupture, 572; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 349 ; Resistance to Indentation, 113; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.95.

Uses. — The trunks are not found abundantly of large enough size to give the wood special commercial value, though possessed of quali- ties quite similar to those of the common Holly (/. opaca) and suit- able for the uses to which that is applied. Its shiny evergreen foliage

20 Hough's American Woods.

and bright red berries entitle it to recognition as an ornamental species of value for localities sufficiently moist to meet its require- ments.

Medicinal Properties of an emetic nature are said to exist in the leaves, and on account of this thej were formerly employed by the Indians together with the leaves of the I. vomitoria, in their *' black drink," for medicinal and ceremonial purposes.

Order RHAMNACE-Si: Bickthorn Family.

Leaves simple, niostlj^ alternate and often 3-nerved; stipules small, mostly deciduous. Floicers small, greenisli, mostly perfect; calyx 4-5-lobed valvate; petals 4-5 inserted on the calyx; disk annular and lining the calyx-tube or none; stamens opposite the petals and inserted vvitli them on the edge of the fleshy disk; anthers introrse, versatile; ovary superior, 2-5-celled with 1 anatropous ovule in each cell; style columnar with terminal stigma. Fruit a drupe or drupe-like, tipped with the remnants of the style; seed usually with albumen.

Trees and shrubs with watery bitter juice and of about five hundred seventy-five species, grouped in forty-five genera. They are natives of warm and temperate regions, and six of the genera have aborescent representatives in the United States, Rhamus only being represented in the northeastern states.

Genus RHAMNUS. L.

Leaves mostly alternate and deciduous or persistent, petiolate, conduplicate in the bud. Floicers perfect or ])olygamous in small axillary cymes, racemes or panicles; calyx campanulate, 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5, emarginate and hooded ai'ound the stamen or none; stamens 4-5 with very short filaments; ovary ovoid, free from the disk; style 3-4-cleft or lobed. Fruit a drujie with succulent flesh and 2-4-nutlets each containing a single erect grooved seed witli large foliaceous cotyledons and scant albumen.

Trees and shrubs with bitter bark and often spinescent branches, of about seventy species, inhabiting cliiefly nortliern tenijierate and tropical regions. Five or six species are indigenous to the United States and at least one or two others are naturalized from Europe. (The name is the classical Green name of the European Bucktliorn.)

277. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA, L.

Common or European Buckthorn. Waytiiorn.

Ger., Stcchdorn ; Fr., Nerprun; Sp., Ramno carhartico.

Specific Characters: — Leaves opposite, deciduous, broad ovate or oval, 1^/^-3 in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at base, obtuse or acute, finely crenate serrate, glabrous, with 2-4 pairs of prominent veins running from near the base nearly to the apex; winter buds scaly. Floirers (May-June) about l^ in. wide, in 2-5 axillary clusters, 4 ntimerous; petals very narrow. Fruit subglobose, black, about %, in. across, very bitter and containing 3 or 4 nutlets; seed sulcate on the back.

277. Khamnus cathartica — Buckthorn. -31

A small tree, under most favorable conditions only attaining the height of 25 or 30 feet (9 m.), with bushy rounded or -spreading top of many crooked spiny branches and small stiff branchlets. Its trunk is short, rarely over 1 ft. (0.30 m. ) in diameter and vested in a dark gray bark, rough with firm longitudinal or reticulate ridges. It is much more common as a shrub than a tree of the above dimensions.

Habitat. — The native home of this species is Europe and northern and western Asia, but it has become thoroughly naturalized in localities in this country, as the result of its introduction for hedges and ornamental purposes.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, firm, very durable, of yellowish or pinkish brown color, with thin whitish sap- wood, and of markedly characteristic grain.

Uses. — The qualities of the wood would suggest its usefulness in turnery, for small articles of wooden-ware, tool handles, etc., where hardness and strength are prime requisites, but owing to its scarcity in desirable size it is not of commercial importance. The chief use- fulness of the Buckthorn lies in its value for hedges, its very ramose habit with stiff spiny branches making it an effective barrier. Its attractive foliage, close clusters of small black berries and hardy nature make it popular for shrubberies and ornamental planting.

jMedicixal Properties of a cathartic nature exist in the bark of this species, but it is not now as much used in medicine as it was formerly.

Order HIPPOCASTANACE^: Horse-chestnit Family.

Leaves deciduous, opposite, petiolate, digitately compound, with 3-9 serrate leaflets, and witliout stipules. Flowers appearing after the leaves, conspicuous, polygamous, in showy terminal cymes or panicles, only tlie lowermost flowers generally fertile: pedicel jointed; calyx campanulate with 5 unequal lobes, imbricated in the bud; petals 4-5. unequal, clawed; disk hypogenous, annular; stamens 5-8, usually 7. unequal with elongated filiform filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; ovary sessile, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style slender, elongated, curved, and with terminal stigma. Fruit a coriaceous 3-valved 1-2-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; seeds large, round or irregularly hemispherical with smooth shining brown coat, large pale hilum, large thick unequal cotyledons, 2-leaved plumule and remaining underground in germination.

Trees and a few shrubs with ill-scented bark, large branchlets and buds, and of about eighteen species natives of North America and Asia and grouped in two genera, Aesculus and Billia, the latter a genus of Mexico and Central America.

Genus .^SCULUS, L.

A genus of ten or twelve species of which four native and one naturalized are

represented among the trees of America. The characters are those of the family.

The name is the classical name of a kind of oak and transferred to this genus.

22 Hough's American AYoods.

278. AESCULUS OCTANDRA, Marsh.

Yellow Buckeye. Sweet Buckeye.

Ger., Gelbe Bosskastanie ; Fr., Marronnier jaune; Sp., Castano de

caballo amarillo.

Specific Characters: — Leaves with petioles 4-6 in. long and usually 5 (some- times 6 or 7) obovate-oblong or elliptical leaflets, cuneate at base the lowermost oblique, acuminate, serrate, pubescent at first but finally nearly glabrous and dark green above, duller and hairy tufted in the axils beneath. Flowers (April- May) iy2 in. long, yellow, in loose pubescent panicles 5-7 in. long; petals 4, unequal, longer than the calyx; stamens usually 7, shorter than the petals; ovary pubescent. Fruit about 2 in. long smoothish, with pale brown seed about I14 in. long.

Var. hyhrida (de C.) Sarg. (var. purpiirascens Gray ) has pink or purple flowers and under surface of the leaflets, petioles, etc., pale pubescent.

The Yellow Buckeye is the largest of our native Buckeyes, as it occasionally attains the height of 90 or 100 feet (30 m.), or more, and may have a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 feet (1 m.) hut is usually a tree of more medium size. When growing in the open it develops a rounded or oblong top of rather dense foliage, and the bark of trunk is of a dark gray-brown color exfoliating in large rounded or irregular scales.

Habitat. — The Allegany Mountain region from western Pennsyl- vania to northern Georgia and westward to Iowa, Kansas and eastern Texas, growing in rich, moist soil.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, quite tough and strong, ■close-grained, easily worked and of a yellowish white color with abundant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4274; Percentage of Ash, 1.00; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4231; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 26.64.

Uses. — The qualities of this wood, like that of the allied Fetid Buckeye, make it peculiarly suitable for use in the manufacture of artificial limbs, splints and other articles of wooden-ware where light- ness is an important requisite.

It is said that flour made from the nuts of this tree is excellent for paste which possesses an adhesive power greater than that of ordinary paste.

The tree though occasionally planted for ornamental purposes is not as popular as the introduced Horse-chestnut (Ae. Hippo- castanum).

279. Rhus copallina — Dwarf Sumach. 23

Order ANACARDIACE^: Sumach Family.

Leaves mostly alternate and without stipules; branchlets terete and with large pith. Floucrs small, regular, polygamous, dioecious or perfect; calyx lobes mostly 5; petals of same number and imbricated in the bud or none; stamens as many as the petals or twice as many (rarely fewer) and inserted with them on the edge of an annular hypogenous disk; filaments filiform and anthers oblong, introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary usually 1-celled and containing a solitary anatropous ovule suspended by a slender funiele rising from the base of the ovary; styles 1-3, stigmas terminal. Fruit generally a small drupe; seed with membranous or crustaceous coat ; cotyledons fieshy and containing little or no albumen.

Trees and shrubs with resinous or milky juice, of about fifty genera and four hundred species mainly of warm or tropical regions. Three genera are repre- sented in the trees of the United States.

Genus RHUS, L.

Leaves lostly unequally pinnate and deciduous, a few simple and persistent, alternate. Flowers mostly dioecious in compound axillary or terminal panicles; calyx mostly 5-cleft or parted and persistent; petals spreading and longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them under the margin of the annular disk; pistil solitary, sessile, with three terminal styles. Fruit a subglobose dru])elet mostly in thyrses with thin dry hairy or glabrous outer coat and a single bony or crustaceous stone; cotyledons foliaceous.

Trees, shrubs and climbing vines of about one hundred twenty species, natives mainly of the warmer parts of the north and south temperate regions. Some are of great economic value, as those producing the lacquer and vegetable wax of Japan, tannin, etc., and several possess poisonous properties. Sixteen or seventeen species are natives of the United States of which about a half dozen may be considered as trees. {Rhus is the classical Greek name of the European Sumach.)

279. RHUS COPALLINA, L.

Dwarf Sumach.

Ger., Zioerg-Sumacli; Fr., Sumac nainj Sp., Zumaque enano.

Specific Characters: — Leaves deciduous, pinnate, 6-8 in. long, with pubescent petiole and rachis, the latter winged between the leaflets; leaflets ovate-lanceolate to oblong, subsessile, entire or remotely serrate towards the apex, acute or acu- minate, lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath. Flotcers in midsummer, about Vs in. across, yellow-green, in short dense pubescent terminal panicles, 4-6 in. long; the pistillate considerably smaller. Fruit in compact erect or nodding clusters, often persisting on the branches through the entire winter ; drupe about V^ in. across, compressed, crimson, covered with short acid hairs; stone smooth.

Var. lanceolata. Gray, is a small tree of eastern Texas with narrower and more falcate leaflets and larger bunches of flowers and fruit.

Var. leucantha (Jacq.) de C. is another form found in Texas (near New Braunfels) with white flowers.

The Dwarf Sumach is a small tree, at its best only attaining the height of 25 or 30 ft. (9m.) and 8 or 10 in. (0.20 m.) in diameter

24 Hough s American Woods.

of trunk and is very commonly only a shrub in habit of growth. As a tree its trunk divides into a few large crooked branches and it forms a broad open top. The bark of trunk is of a grayish black color and quite smooth, excepting for the prominent horizontal lenti- cels which break its surface. Its singular foliage and nodding clusters of crimson fruit make it easily recognizable.

Habitat. — It is a species of wide distribution, being found from southern Maine to Iowa and southward to the Gulf Coast, preferring the dry soil of gravelly hillsides and uplands, which it sometimes occupies in considerable abundance, even to the exclusion of nearly everything else.

Physical Properties. — The wood is light, soft, not strong and. unlike the golden-tinted woods of most of the Sumachs, is of a light greenish brown color with thin whitish sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5273; Percentage of Ash, 0.60; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5241; Coefficient of Elasticity, 73647; Modulus of Rupture, 663; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 377; Resistance to Indentation. 109; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.86.

Uses. — The leaves and bark are rich in tannin and largely used^ in regions where abundant, for tanning and dyeing purposes.

Order LEGUMINOS^: Pulse or Pea Family.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, with stipules. Flowers regular or papilion- aceous and usually perfect; stamens 10 or many, with diadelphous (sometimes distinct) filaments and 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally; pistil solitary, with one or several-celled superior ovary. Fruit a legume.

A very large and important family of trees, shrubs and herbs of wide distribu- tion throughout all temperate and tropical regions, generally free from obnoxious properties and many of its representatives of the greatest economic importance. There are about 7.000 species grouped in nearly 450 genera, and of these seven- teen have arborescent representatives in the United States.

Genus CLADRASTTS, Raf.

Leaves deciduous, odd-pinnate, with stout terete petioles enlarged at base and few large entire short-stalked leaflets; buds small, naked superposed and formed within the base of tlie petiole. Flowers white. j)a])ilionaceous. in terminal panicles or racemes; calyx narrow-campanulate. .5-toothed ; petals with suborbicular re- flexed standard and those of the keel incurved and distinct ; stamens 10, distinct, with slender filaments and uniform versatile antliers; ovary subsessile, linear and tipped with slender incurved style with terminal stigma: ovules several, suspended. Fruit a glabrous compressed linear margined tardily dehiscent legume, containing few oblong com.pressed seeds witii slender funicle and no albumen.

Trees of a single species of limited natural distribution in the Atlantic states, but widely planted for ornamental purposes. They have yellowish heart-wood, somewhat watery juice and smooth bark. Another tree { ^faackia Anuiroisis Rupr. ) . of eastern Asia and Japan, is referred by some writers to this genus, but by others is considered to be generically distinct. (Name formed from Greek roots meaning brittle branches.)

280. Cladbastis j.utea — Yellow wood 25

280. CLADRASTIS LUTEA, Koch. Yellow-wood. Gopher-wood. Virgilia.

Ger., Gelb-hoUz ; Fr., Bois jaune ; Sp., Madera amariUa.

Specific Chabactebs: — For botanical characters see generic description, this being the only species.

A tree of medium size, sometimes attaining the height of 50 to 60 ft. (18 m.) and a trunk diameter of 18 in. to 2 ft. (0.60 m.) or rarely somewhat surpassing those dimensions. It is one of the hand- somest of our deciduous trees, with a full rounded top of clean rich green umbrageous foliage, and when festooned with its long stems of white pea-like flowers it is an object of uncommon beauty. Its trunk is vested in a thin bark of the smoothness of Beech bark, but of somewhat darker color.

Habitat. — From Cherokee county, Xorth Carolina, westward through central Tennessee and from southern Kentucky to northern Alabama and Georgia : also in southwestern Missouri. It is a rare and local tree in this limited range, and is found mainly in rich well- drained soil along the courses of streams.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather light, hard, strong, close- grained, compact and of a light-brownish yellow color with paler yellow sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6278; Percentage of Ash, 0.28 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6260; Coefficient of Elasticity, 100226; Modulus of Bupturc, 902 ; Bcsistance to Longitudinal Pres- sure, 53-1; Resistance to Indentation, 183; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 39.12.

Uses. — Little use is made of the wood though the heart-wood is used to some extent for making a yellow dye. The chief claim of the tree to economic value is its use as an ornamental shade tree, and as such is sure to grow in public favor as its qualities become more widely known. It is hardy at least as far north as northern I^ew York, and little effected by insect-pest or blight.

Order HAMAMELIDACE^: Witch Hazel Family.

Lea ITS simple, deciduous, alternate, petiolate. with stipules. Flowers perfect or unisexual: calyx 4-lobed and with tube coherent to the ovary or none; petals 4 and perigynous or none; stamens 4 or 8 or numerous with 2-celled introrse anthers: ovary compound formed by the union below of 2 carpels, 2-celled and with 2 subulate styles; ovules 1 or many, anatropous and suspended from an

26 Hough's American Woods.

axile placenta. Fruit a woody 2-beake(i capsule dehiscent at the summit; seeds 1 or several with large straight embryo and scant albumen.

The Witch-Hazel family consists of trees and shrubs of about eighteen genera and thirty-five species of eastern North America, Asia, Madagascar and South Africa. Three of the genera, two of which are arborescent, are represented in North America.

Genus HAMAMELIS, L.

Leaves obovate to oblong, imdulate-crenate, inequilateral at base, involute in the bud, with veins conspicuous beneath; stipules infolding the bud. Floicers appear in autumn in the American species in 3-liowercd clusters from the axils of the leaves, perfect, eacli sub-tended by 2-3 acute bracts; calyx 4-parted, per- sistent and adnate to base of the ovary; petals 4, strap-shaped, spirally involute in the bud, hypogenous, alternate with the sepals; stamens 8 in 2 rows on margin of receptacle, those opposite the calyx-lobes fertile, the others small and abortive; filaments very short; anthers oblong, opening by valves; ovary 2-celled, each containing a single ovule; styles 2, subulate, spreading, stigmatic at apex. Fruit a woody capsule, 2-4-lobed at apex, loculicidually dehiscent and when ripe forcibly discharging its seeds which are lustrous brown, oblong, pointed, cotyledons foliaceous.

Small trees and shrubs of three species, one of eastern United States, one of central China and one of China and Japan. The name is from two Greek words alluding to the flowering of the tree at the same time as the ripening of the fruit of the previous season.

281. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA, L.

Witcii-Hazel.

Ger., Zauherstrauch ; Fr., Noisctier des sorcieres; Sp., Bruxa-

avellano.

Specific Characters: — Jjeaves oval to obovate, short-petiolate, rounded or snbcordate and very unequal at base, from rounded to acute or acuminate at apex, undulate crenate, membraneaceous, smooth dark green above, lighter and pubescent on veins beneath. Flowers nearly sessile; petals bright yellow, decidu- ous; calyx pubescent, persistent. Fruit capsules dull brown, opening elastically.

The Witch-Hazel is ordinarily only a tall shrnb but on the slopes of the Allegany mountains it becomes a tree 30 to 40 ft. (10 m.) in height, with rather wide top of crooked branches. Its trunk is some- times 8 to 10 in. (0.20 m.) in diameter and is vested in a thin and rather smooth grayish bark.

Habitat. — As a tree the Witch-Hazel is limited in distribution to the Allegany mountains, but as a shrub is of wide distribution, being found throughout eastern North America generally from ISTova Scotia to the Gulf States and westward to the treeless plains of the middle west. It grows in moist, loose loam along the courses of streams and low-lands which are of a more or less sandy nature.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather heavy, hard, compact, with

281. Hamamelis virginiana — Witch Hazel. 27

exceedingly small evenly distributed ducts and inconspicuous medul- lary rays. It is of a mottled yellowish brown color with abundant brownish white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6856 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.37 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6831 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds. 42.73.

Uses. — Very little use is made of the wood of the Witch-Hazel, though possessed of properties that would suggest its usefulness in turnery, as for small articles of wooden ware, etc.

Medicinal Properties. — The bark of the Witch-Hazel has long been used by the Xorth American Indians as a sedative to allay inflammations. An extract is now widely made from the bark and used very extensively in domestic practice on account of the same virtues as recognized by the Indians, and is particularly valuable in allaying inflammations in all mucous surfaces.

Order CORNACE^: Dogwood Family.

Leaves deciduous, simple, variously arranged and without stipules. Flowers regular, in cymes, heads, or golitary; calyx adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5- toothed or none: petals 4-5 or none: disk epigenous; stamens as many as the petals and inserted with them on the margin of the disk: anthers introrse, 2-celled with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule in each cell. Fruit a 1-2- seeded drupe: seed oblong with foliaceovis cotyledons and copious albumen.

The Dogwood Family consists of trees and shrubs of about sixteen genera and eighty-five species mainly of north temperate regions. Two genera have arbores- cent representatives in North America.

Genus NYSSA, L.

Leaves alternate, petiolate. conduplicate in the bud. Flowers small, greenish, polygamo-dioecious. in capitate clusters (or the fertile ones sometimes solitary) with slender peduncles, from the axils of the lower leaves or of caducous bracts, the staminate flowers numerous: calyx minutely 5-lobed: petals 5, minute and thick or none: stamens 5-15 in the staminate flowers, ex^^erted and inserted with the petals on the edge of the entire or lobed disk: pistillate flowers sessile at the end of the peduncle, few together, bracted ; stamens included; ovary 1-2-celled and style elongated, slender, curved and stigmatic towards the apex on one side. Fruit an oblong or ovoid drupe with thin tart juicy flesh and thick-walled horny com- pressed ridged or winged stone : embryo straight.

Trees of five species of which four are natives of eastern North America and the remaining one of southeastern Asia. They produce very fine grained tough wood, with contorted fibre and annual rings indistinctly indicated. The fruit is very tart and is sometimes used in conserves. {Xyssa is the name of a water nymph and applied to the genus because of its species growing in wet places. )

28 Hough's American Woods,

282. NYSSA AQUATICA, Marsh.

Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum. Large Tupelo.

Ger., Groszer Gummibaum; Fr., Gommier grand; Sp., Tupelo grande.

Specific Characters: — Leaver ovate-oblong to oval, mostly rounded or sub- cordate at base, long-acuminate, irregularly angular-dentate or entire, tomentose at firse but finally glabrous dark green above, pale and dow^ny pubescent beneath, 5-10 in. long; petioles 11/^-2% in. long. Flowers appear in March and April, with long slender peduncles from the axils of bud-scales below the new leaves; the staminate in dense capitate clusters, the pistillate solitary; style revolute into a coil. Fruit on slender drooping stems, 2-4 in. long, obovoid, tipped with the remnants of the style, about 1 in. long, dark purple with pale dots, tough skin and narrow obovoid stone, compressed and with about- 10 sharp wing-like longitudinal ridges.

The Cotton Gum is the largest representative of its genus, as it sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m. ), with straight columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m. ) in diameter above its wide flaring hase. This may be of more than double that diameter at the surface of the ground, and is usually hollow. Unlike the horizontal and drooping habit of branching seen in the allied Sour Gum, the Cotton Gum is of quite upright habit of growth and its branches are less numerous than are those of that tree. The bark of trunk is of an ashen gray color and exfoliates in large irregular scales, showing but little tendency to form prominent ridges such as seen in the other species.

Habitat. — The Atlantic Coast region from the Dismal Swamp in eastern Virginia southward to central Florida and westward into eastern Texas. It also ranges up the Mississippi River valley to southeastern Missouri, and is particularly abundant in the lower Mississippi basin. It inhabits deep swamps and the margins of streams and ponds, where its base is covered with water during a con- siderable portion of the year. In the loose miry soil of these localities the exaggerated width of its base is really necessary to give it the requisite stability.

Physical Properties. — Wood quite soft, light, tough, compact, difficult to split, with very small and quite uniformly distributed open ducts and exceedingly fine medullary rays. It is of a light brown color with very abundant buff-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5104; Percentage of Ash, 0.70; lielative Approximate Fnel Value, 0..51.^8; Coefficient of Elasticity, 516Y8; Modulus or Rupture, 655;

283. OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM SoRREL-TrEE 29

Resistance of Longitudinal Pressure, 365; Resistance of Indentation, 161; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.37.

Uses. — The Cotton Gum is the most valuable timber tree of its genus, its large columnar trunks producing lumber especially useful for boxes, fruit-crates, etc., where toughness and lightness are import- ant requisites. The wood is also used in the manufacture of wooden ware and that of the roots is used for floats, etc., as a substitute for cork, and in the manufacture of surgical tents. For the last men- tioned use few if any other woods equal it in value.

Order ERICACE^: Heath Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, and without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx free from the pistil, 4-5-lobed; corolla regular, hypogenous. 5-lobed or parted (exceptionally 4-lobed or somewhat 2-lipped) imbricated; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla and mostly free; anthers introrge, 2-celled, each cell opening by a terminal pore commonly prolonged and bearing an appendage; ovary superior (inferior in Vaecinium) , 4-10-celled, with numer- ous anatropous ovules; style simple, columnar and with capitate stigma. Fruit a capsule, drupe or berry; seeds with small embryo and albumen.

A large and interesting family of trees and shrubs of world-wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. A few over a thousand species are known, grouped in about sixty genera. Of these twenty-one genera are found within the United States, seven having arborescent representatives.

Genus OXYDENDRUM, D. C.

Leaves deciduous, revolute in bud, petiolate, narrow-oblong, about equally pointed at both ends, subentire or denticulate, lustrous, dark green above, paler and with yellowish veins beneath. Floivcrs (in summer) in terminal unilateral racemes, with bibracteolate pedicels; sepals 5, persistent; corolla ovoid-cylindric, white, puberulous, with 5 minute reflexed lobes; stamens 10, with broad filaments and narrower linear anthers opening by clefts; ovary ovoid, .'i-celled, with numer- ous amphitropous ovules and thick exserted style having terminal stigma. Fruit a 5-angled, .5-celled, ovoid-pyramidal capsule, tipped with the remnants of the style, loculicidally dehiscent, and at maturity liberating numerous elongated seeds pointed at both ends.

The name is from two Greek words referring to a slightly tart flavor of the leaves.

A genus of a single American species o'f the south Atlantic and Gulf states and the lower ^lississippi basin. They are trees with roughly furrowed bark, some- what acidulous juices and twigs with segmented pith.

283. OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM, DC.

Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.

Ger., Snucrarnpfprhaum ; Fr., Arhre d'oseUle ; Sp., Arhol de acedera.

Specific CiiARArTERS: — Leaves alternate, deciduous, revolute in the bud, oblong to lanceolate, cuneate at base, acute or accuminate at apex, irregularly serrulate with slender teeth, lustrous dark srreen above, pale and glaucous beneath. Floirers (. Tuly- August ) numerous, white, about V- in. long, in terminal

30 Hough's American Woods.

panicled racemes, with pubescent bibracteolate pedicels; calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent; corolla cylin-drical, ovoid, hypogenous, with 5 minute rettexed lobes; stamens 10, the filaments wider tlian the antliers; disk thin; ovary 5-celled with columnar style and capitate stigma ; ovules numerous, amphitropous. Fruit a 5-celled ovoid pyramidal capsule, with remnants of persistent style and calyx, loculicidally 5-valved; seeds numerous, the testa pointed at both ends.

The Sorrel-tree is ordinarily of medium or small stature, but under favorable conditions in forest growth attains the height of 75 ft. (22 m.) and 2 ft. (0.60 m. ) in diameter of trunk. It develops a I'ather narrovr top of shortish branches, and interspersed among its dark green foliage are always conspicuously to be seen its ample clusters of tiny white cup-shaped flowers or, later in the season, of small fruit-capsules, which often persist until after the appearance of the crop of the subsequent year. The bark of trunk is of a brown- ish gray color, furrowed longitudinally with narrow rounded ridges.

Habitat. — The Allegany mountain region from southern Penn- sylvania to northern Florida and from near the Atlantic coast to Indiana, Tennessee and Louisiana, occupying mainly well-drained slopes and ridges and reaching its best development on the foot-hills of Tennessee and the Carolinas.

Physical Properties. — Wood moderately heavy and hard, strong, compact, with uniformly distributed small open ducts and very small medullary rays. It is of a reddish brown color with ample brownish white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7458; Percentage of Ash, 0.37; Relative Approxiinate Fuel Value, 0.7430; Coefficient of Elasticity, 88851; Modulus of Rupture, 728; Resistance to Longi- iudinal Pressure, 501; Resistance to Indentation, 201; Weight of Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.48.

Uses. — As logs of this wood are not often found of any consider- able size or abundance, it being usually distributed throughout forests of other growth, no particular commercial value is placed on this wood. It is, however, used to some extent for tool handles and other small articles of wooden-ware. The Sorrel-tree is occasionally planted ioY ornamental purposes, though not as extensively as its merits would seem to justify. It proves hardy as far north as Massa- chusetts.

Medicinal Properties. — The leaves have a pleasant acid taste, and are used 'by hunters to allay thirst, and form in decoction a grateful refrigerant drink in fevers. Aside from that little is claimed for medicinal properties in this species*

*JJ. SI. nirjprnfatorii. Ifith od., p. 1707.

284. Khododendkon maximum — Great Laurel. 31

Genus RHODODENDRON, L.

Leaves clustered at the ends of tlie branchlets, persistent and coriaceous with revolute entire margins; niidrils broad, petioles stout. Flowers in terminal corymbs or umbels from terminal scaly cone-like buds; calyx 5-lobed or parted, persistent; corolla campanulate with 5 nearly regular lobes; disk fleshy, lobed; stamens usually 10 and somewhat unequal, declined and spreading; filaments pilose at base and attached to the backs of the anthers; ovary 5-celled with slender exserted persistent syle and many anatropous ovules in each cell attached to the axile plamenta. Fruit a woody capsule, 5-20-valved, septicidally dehiscent from the summit and containing many seeds with coat laciniated at the ends.

Small trees and shrubs with bitter astringent properties and showy flowers, of some over one hundred and fifty species of eastern and southern Asia and the adjacent islands and North America. They are largely grown for ornamental purposes and many garden varieties have been produced by hybridization and selection. Of the eight species found in the United States one is arborescent on the Atlantic coast region and another rarely on the Pacific slope. The name is from Greek words meaning Rose-tree.

284. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM, L. Rose Bay. Great Laurel.

Ger., Groszer Bosenlorheer; Fr., Rhododendron grand; Sp., Rhodo- dendron grande.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or oblong, 4-12 in. long, acute at both ends, revolute in the bud. ferruginous tomentose at first but at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, thick and stiff". Flowers (June-July) in 16-24-flowered umbels 4-5 in. across, with slender pink viscid- pubescent pedicels springing from the axils of the scales of the inflorescence buds; calyx-lobes oblong, rounded; corolla campanulate, gibbous posteriorly, about 1 in. long, varying from rose-color or purplish to white, cleft to the middle, lobes rounded, the upper one yellow spotted inside. Fruit capsule oblong-ovoid, V2 in- long, glandular-hispid, opening and liberating its seeds in autumn and persisting, during the following winter.

The Rose Bay, or Large Rhododendron, is very widely known as one of our most beautiful flowering shrubs, and in the minds of the majority of people is never thought of as a tree. Not so, however, in the enchanted heart of the Alleghanies of Tennessee and the Caro- linas, where encouragement for tree-growth is extraordinary. There the Rose Bay is found as a tree 30 or 40 ft, (10 m.) in height and has a trunk 10 or 12 in. (0.23 m.) in diameter. The bark of trunk is of an ashen gray color, quite free from ridges and exfoliates in thin irregular scales.

Habitat. — From Nova Scotia and Maine southward throughout the Appalachian system to Georgia. In the northern part of its range it is rare and local, being there confined to swam'ps and is shrubbv in character. To the southward it is more general in dis-

32 Hough's American Woods.

tribution and becomes very abundant on the slopes of the Alleghanies, where it is scattered extensively as an undergrowth in the forests, or in places forms almost impenetrable and exclusive thickets.

Physical Propekties. — The wood is rather heavy, hard, com- pact, of very fine grain, with many very small open ducts and fine medullary rays. It is of a pale brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6303; Percentage of Ash, 0.36; Bela- tive Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6280; Coefficient of Elasticity, 64578; Modulus of Rupture, 663; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres- sure, 439 ; Resistance to Indentation, 191 ; ]y eight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 39.28.

Uses. — Little use is made of the wood of the Rhododendron, excepting occasionally in turnery for tool-handles and as a substitute for box-wood in engraving. The great point of usefulness in the species is its value for ornamental planting, for which it is probably the most popular of American shrubs.

Medicinal Properties. — The bark is sometimes uses as a remedy for rheumatism and gout.

Order SYMPLOCACE^: Sweet-leaf Family.

Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules; buds scaly. Floicers regular, mostly perfect and yellow, in axillary or lateral clusters; calyx .5-lobed. campaiiulate, the tube adnate" to the ovary; corolla deeply 5-lobed. with imbricated lobes; disk none; stamens numerous, more or less united at base into clusters, with long filiform filaments and small 2-celled anthers opening laterally; ovary 2-5-celled with simple style, terminal stigma and usually 2 anatropous ovules suspended in each cell. Fruit usually a dry drupe crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, thin flesh and one bony stone; embryo straight in fleshy albumen.

A family of the following single genus of trees and shrubs.

Genus SYMPLOCOS, LITer.

For characters see description of the family, this being the only genus.

The genus Siimplocos comprises about 180 species, so far as known, chiefly of the tropical regions of America, Asia, and Australia. One inhabits southeastern United States ranging as far north as southern Delaware. The name is from Greek roots referring to the fact that the stamens are united together in clusters.

285. SYMLOCOS TINCTORIA, L'Her.

Sweet-leaf. Horse-sugar,

Ger., Zuckerhlatt Fr,, Feuille sucrce ; Sp., Hoja dulcn.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oblong to obovate. mostly 4-0 in. long, cuneate at base, acute or acuminate, obscurely crenate. serrate or subentire, revolute in the bud, tomentose beneath at first but at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, subcoriaceous and with arcuate veins; petioles short, stout.

285. Stmlocos tinctoria — Horse-Sugar. 33

Floirers in early spring, creamy white and fragrant, subsessile in several-flowered clusters from the axils of the leaves of the previous season; calyx cup-shaped, puberulous, with rounded lobes: corolla 14 in. long, oblong, obtuse, each lobe bearing a cluster of exserted stamens; ovary 3-celled with 5 nectiferous glands opposite the lobes of calyx. Fruit (August-September) an oblong nut-like pubescent drupe about % i". long.

The Sweet-leaf is a small tree, occasionally 35 ft. (10 m. ) in height and 8 or 10 in (0.30 m. ) in thickness of trunk. The bark of trunk i> quite smooth, being only very slightly fissured lengthwise with age. It is not commonly that trees of the above dimensions, or approximating them, are foimd, and it is often only a shrub in stature.

Habitat. — From southern Delaware southward to Florida and westward through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. It is a peculiarly shade-loving tree, rarely ever being found except in the shade of forests of taller growth.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, of very close fine grain, with many very small and quite uniformly distributed ducts and very fine medullary rays. It is of a creamy white color, the heart-wood of very old trees only showing a somewhat redder tint. Specific Gravity, 0.5325; Percentage of Ash, 0.68; Belative Approximaie Fuel Value, 0.5289; Coefficient of Elasticity, 62202; Modulus of Bupture, 619; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 384; Resistance to Indentation, 159; ^Veigl^t of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 33.19.

Uses. — Too uncommon a wood of sufficient size to be of com- mercial importance, though possessed of qualities that would make it excellent for use in turnery, for small articles of wooden-ware, e^c.

Order OLEACE^: Olive Family.

Leai'cs mostly opposite, simple or compound and without stipules. Floirers perfect, dicecious or polygamous, regular and in panicles, cymes or fascicles: calyx inferior. 2-4-lobed or none; corolla of 2-4 petals or none: disk none; stamens 2-4 with short filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers, dehiscent usually by lateral longitudinal slits; ovary superior. 2-celled with 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell; style simple. Fruit in the American arborescent representatives a s'mnra or berry with pendulous seeds containing straight embryo and fleshly albumen.

Tree- and shrubs widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions, particularly of the northern hemisphere, and some of great economic value. There are about 20 genera and .500 species. Five genera are indigenous to the United States and of these four have arborescent representatives.

Gexu.s FRAXIXUS. L.

Leares deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, petiolate; leaflets conduplicate in the bud and usually serrate. Floirer/i in early spring, from the axils of the leaves of the previous season, mostly dioecious or polygamous I occasionally perfect) in fasciculate panicles; calyx small, campanulate or none; corolla 2-4-parted or none; stamens usually 2 with short terate filaments and large oblong anthers

34 Hough's American Woods.

opening by lateral slits ; ovary mostly 2-celled with single style and 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a samara, with terete or somewhat flattened and usually 1 -seeded body and terminal wing; seed elongated, pendulous.

Trees and shrubs of about 40 species with tough wood, stout branchlets having large pith and obtuse or rounded scaly buds, the terminal one the largest. It is of wide distribution in north-temperate regions and within the tropics on the islands of Cuba and Jamaica. About 16 species are found within the United States, all arborescent though one is more commonly a shrub than a tree. (Fraxinus is the ancient Latin name of the Ash-tree.)

286. FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA, Mill.

Water Ash.

Ger., Wasser-Esche; Fr., Frene d'eau; Sp., Fresno de agua.

Specific Characters:— Leaves 7-12 in. long with elongated petioles and 5-7 rather remote long-petiolulate ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaflets, usually cuneate or rounded at base and acute or acuminate at apex, closely serrate or entire, tomentose at first but finally dark green above, paler and glabrous or pubescent beneath; branchlets thick. Flowers (February and March) dioecious, with calyx nearly obsolete and 2 to 3 stamens; corolla none; pistillate fiowers with cup- shaped lasciniate-lobed persistent calyx. Fruit samara winged all around, obovate, spatulate or elliptical, nearly 2 in. long, %-% in. broad, frequently 3-winged with persistent calyx at base, compressed body and wing pinnately veined.

The Water Ash is a small tree seldom over 40 ft. (12 m. ) in height or 1 ft. (0.30 m, ) in thickness of trunk. It has a rather narrow top of slender branches, and the bark of trunk is rather thin, of a dark gray color, slightly if at all ridged and exfoliating in thinnish irregular scales.

Habitat. — The coast region from Virginia southward to southern Florida, and westward to the valley of the Sabine River in Texas, occupying deep swamps and the banks of streams inundated during a considerable portion of the year. It associates in these localities with the Ball Cypress, Cotton Gum, Over-cup, Laurel and Water Oaks, tbe Red Maple, etc. Though generally much shaded by these taller trees it thrives even though not receiving what would seem to be its due allowance of sunlight.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, brittle, not strong, compact and of a pinkish brown color, with abundant sap-wood of lighter tint. Specific Gravity, 0.8541 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.73 ; Relative Approxi- mate Fuel Value, 0.3515; Coefficient of Elasticity, 47637; Modulus of Rupture, 530; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 251; Resist- ance to Indentation, 138; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 22.07.

Uses. — Little if any use is made of this wood, its trunk being too small and the wood too inferior to give it any special commercial value.

287. Fkaxints biltmoriana — Baltimore Ash. 35

287. FRAXINUS BILTMORIANA, Beadle.

BiLTMOKE Ash.

Ger., BiUmore Esche; Fr., Frene de Biltmore; Sp., Fresno de

Bill mo re.

Specific Characters: — Leaves 10-15 in. long, with 7-9 ovate or ovate-oblong to lanceolate somewhat falcate long-petiolulate leaflets, 3-7 in. long, obtuse or rounded at base, acuminate, with entire or obscurely denticulate margins and at maturity firm dark green above, paler and pubescent especially on the veins beneath; branchlets velvety pubescent. Flowers early in May, in rather compact pubescent panicles. Fruit samaras 1%,-1% in. long, linear or linear-spatulate with wing 2 or 3 times as long and very slightly decurrent upon the nearly terete narrowly elliptic seed-bearing portion.

The Biltmore Ash is a tree of medium size, attaining a height of 50 to 60 ft. (15 to 18 m.) and a trunk diameter of 12 to 15 in. (0.30) to 0.35 m. ). The habit of growth of the tree is much like that of the White Ash, to which it is closely related, and like that tree its bark of trunk is of an ashen gray color and characterized by many prominent narrow and more or less reticulated ridges.

Habitat. — From southern Pennsylvania southward throughout the Alleghany region to northern Georgia and Alabama, gi'owing in moist but well-drained soil and is particularly common in the vicinity of Biltmore, !N^orth Carolina. It was there that it was first separated from the White Ash, by Mr. C. D. Beadle, botanist of the Biltmore Forest estate of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt, located there.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, and of a pinkish brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood, very similar in properties to those of the White Ash.

Uses. — The wood of the Biltmore Ash, as such, is not known in commerce, though its properties are so similar to those of the White Ash that it would doubtless be equally applicable to the same uses, viz., in the manufacture , of agricultural implements, wheels, axles, frames for carriages and cutters, etc., where strength and stiffness are required.

Kote. — The wood from which the accompanying sections were made was received from Mr. C. D. Beadle, of Biltmore, I^. C.

Order SCOPHULARIACE.ffi: Figwort Family.

Leaves various, without stipules. Flowers mostly perfect, complete and irregu- lar; calyx inferior, variously cleft or divided, persistent; corolla gamopetalous.

36 Iloudii's American Woods.

irrofi;nIar, with imljricated lobes; stamens 2-5, didynanious or nearly equal and inserted on tlie corolla alternate with its lobes; anthers 2 or 1-ceIled; pistil soli- tary with slender style, entire or 2-lobed stigma and mostly 2-celled ovary con- taining anatropons or amphitropoiis ovules on axile placentae. Fruit a capsule usually containing numerous seeds with small embryo in copious albumen.

This family consists chiefly of herbs, but some shrubs and trees, and is of very wide distribution. About 2,500 species are known, grouped in 1G5 genera.

Genus PAULOWNIA, Sieu. & Zucc.

Leaves opposite, long-petioled, mostly 5-8 in. long larger on vigorous shoots, broad-ovate, cordate, acute or short acuminate, entire or with a single short- pointed lobe on each side, velvety pubescent especially at first; long-petioled, branchlets with segmented pith. Floiccrs before or with the leaves, fragrant, in large erect rusty tomentose terminal panicles from buds formed the previous summer and remaining naked during the winter; calyx with 5 thick lobes; corolla l%-2 in. long, pale violet or blue, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes, puberulent outside; stamens 4, didynanious, included, with divaricate anther-sacs. Fruit broad-ovoid woody abruptly pointed 2-celled capsule, about ly^ in- long, loculicidally dehiscent and containing many small membranous-winged seeds.

This is a genus composed of possibly two or three species of Asiatic trees but is generally known only by the single species P. imperialis S. & Z., now naturalized in America. (The genus is named after Princess Anna Paulowna, daughter of Czar Paul I.)

288. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA, Bailey. Paulownia. Pkincess-tree.

Ger., Prince ssinn-Baum ; Fr., Arhrc de princesse; Sp,, Arhol de

prince sa.

Specific Character.S: — See the ordinal and generic characters above, this being the only well known species.

The intercstiniz; Paulownia is a naturalized species in this country and we can not yet tell how large the trees may grow here, but it is occasionally seen with trunk 2 or 3 ft. (0.75 m.) in diameter. Its habit of growth, however, is to develop a wide-spreading open top of few large branches, and a tree with a trunk of the above dimensions may not have a greater height than 30 or 40 ft. (12 m.). The bark of trunk is very characteristic. It is quite smooth and of a brownish gray color streaked irregularly lengthwise with paler color, where il separates a little on the surface in process of growth, and it becomes slightly roughened.

Habitat. — The native land of the Paulownia is China and Japan whence it has been introduced into this country for ornamental pur- poses and it has been naturalized from about the latitude of New York to Florida and Texas.

2SS. Faulownia tomentosa — Pkincess Tree. 37

Physical Proi'kktiks. — The wood is light, soft, not strong, easily worked, and yields a beautiful satiny surface. Its wide annual rings are marked by many bands of rather small open ducts, and medullary rays are- very iuc(uispicuous. It is of a mottled purple-brown color with v(^ry thin sap-wood of only one or two rings of growth. Specific G rarity, 0.25.

Uses. — As yet no particular use is made of this beautiful wood in this country, but it would seem to be very suitable for handsome interior furnishings and cabinet-ware.

The tree is deservedly popular for ornamental planting, as it pro- duces an annual display of very beautiful and fragrant flowers and attractive umbrageous foliage, in regions south of the latitude of Xew York. Xorth of that latitude the climate seems too severe fov it to ])roduce its flowers and fruit and it generally winter-kills to thv- ground annually. Each spring it then sends up vigorous shoots with very large leaves, giving an eft'ect very different from that of the tree in more congenial climate farther south.

Order ULMACE^: Elm Family.

Leaves deciduous, simple, petolate. alternate, in two ranks, serrate, pinnately veined, unequal at base, conduplicate in the bud and with usually fugacious stipules: buds with several scales. Flowers small, perfect, monoecious or poly- gamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary: calyx regular, 4-9 parted or lobed ; petals none: stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, with straight exserted filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally: ovary 1-celled with solitary, anatropous or amphitropous ovule suspended from apex of the cell: styles two. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut: seed with little or no albumen, straight or curved embryo, and usually flat cotyledons.

Trees and shrubs with tough wood and of about one hundred and forty species grouped in thirteen genera and widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Five genera are represented in the United States, and three of these by trees of the eastern and southern states.

Genus ULMUS, L.

heaves inquilateral, straight-veined and simply or doubly serrate; stipules scarious caducous: buds with several closely imbricated scales in 2 ranks. Flowers from axillary buds on twigs of the previous season's growth and iisually expanding before the leaves (or in autumn from the axils of the leaves of the season), mostly perfect and in fascicles or racemes, with bibracteolate pedicels; calyx campanulate, membranaceous persistent with 4-9 imbricated lobes: stamens 5-fi. exserted with slender filaments and oblong anthers; ovary sessile or stalked, compressed with 2 divei'gent styles stigmatic or inner faces. 1-celled and contain- ing a single amphitropous ovule. Fruit a flat orbicular or oblong membranaceous 1-seeded samara winged all around (or excepting apex), subtended by the withered calyx and sometimes tipped with the remnants of the styles; seed compressed with straight embryo and no albumen.

rimus is the ancient Latin name of the Elm.

Trees or rarely shrubs with scaly ridged bark, heavy tough wood and somewhat zigzag branchlets. and of about eighteen species, of which six or seven are found in eastern United States and four of these in the northeastern states. None are found in the Pacific states.

38 Hough's American Woods.

289. ULMUS ALATA, Michx.

Winged Elm.

Ger., Beflugelte JJlme ; Fr., Onne aile; Sp., Olmo alado.

Specific Characters: — Leaves ovate-oblong, from abruptly wedge-shaped to subcordate at base and somewhat inequilateral, acute or acuminate, doubly serrate, at maturity firm, smooth, dark green above, pale pubescent beneath. Flowers appearing in early spring before the leaves, in short few-flowered fascicles; calyx glabrous with 5 obovate lobes. Fruit ripening usually before the unfolding of the leaves, samara from V^-Yi i"- in length, long-stipitate. white-hairy especially on the thickened margin; wings narrow and with protruded points incurved at apex.

The Winged Elm is very different in stature from the favorite majestic elms of the northern states, as its extreme height is in the vicinity of only 60 ft. (18 m. ) and the thickness of trnnk is rarely greater than 2 ft. (0.60 m. ). It forms a rather narrow oblong top of shorter and less spreading branches than those of the White Elm, and the bark of trnnk is rather thin and fissured into narrow firm scaly ridges. A striking feature of the tree is its widely winged branchlets. The '' wings " consist of excessive growths of the corky layer of the bark appearing on opposite sides of the branchlets dur- ing the first or second year of its growth, and becoming most pro- nounced in from four to six years, when each wing may be a half- inch or so in width. This peculiar growth is not common to all of the branchlets, but to a large portion of them, especially of the lower branches.

Habitat. — Southern Virginia and westward, throughout Indiana and Illinois to Kansas, and southward to northern Florida and the Gulf Coast region to eastern Texas, seeming to prefer the rather dry gravelly uplands and slopes, though not uncommon in well-drained alluvial bottom-lands.

Physical Propekties. — The wood is heavy, hard, moderately strong, close-grained, compact, and difficult to split. It is of a purplish brown color with abundant buff-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7491; Percentage of Ash, 0.99; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7417; Coefficient of Elasticity, 52323; Modulus of Rupture, 724 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 449 ; Resistance to Indentation, 25.5 ; Weight of a Cnhic Foot in Pounds, 46.68.

Uses. — Like the wood of the White Elm, this is used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, wheel-hubs, tool-handles, etc.

290. MORUS ALBA W KITE MuLBERKY. 39

Obdeb MORACE^: Mulberry Family.

Learcs conduplicate or involute in the bud. petiolate. alternate, deciduous, with caducous stipules inclosing the leaf in the bud. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, small, in ament-like spikes or heads, from the axils of caducous bud-scales or of the lower leaves of the shoots of the season; calyx 3-5-lobed or parted; corolla none; stamens 1 to 4. inserted on the bases of the calyx-lobes; ovary superior. 1-2 celled; styles 1-2; ovules solitary, anatropous and pendulous. Fruit an aggre- oration of drupelets, each inclosed in the thick fleshy calyx.

Trees, shrubs and herbs of over nine hundred species, generally with milky juice and natives of temperate and tropical regions. They are grouped in fifty- four genera of which four are represented in North American trees, three being indigenous and the fourth a naturalized species.

Gen-US MORUS. L.

Lcai'es serrate-dentate and sometimes 3-5-lobed or mitten-shaped, all forms often on the same tree. 3-nerved at base. Flowers small, appearing with the unfoldins: of the leaves or soon after; the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate ament-like spikes: calyx deeply 4-lobed ; stamens 4, opposite the calyx lobes, inflexed in the bud. straightening out elastically (thereby scattering the pollen) and becoming exserted; anthers 2-celled. introrse. longitudinally dehiscent; pistil- late flowers sessile, in shorter compact spikes; calyx 4-parted, with spreading stigmas. Fruit a blackberry-like aggregation of drupelets (sincarp). each tipped with the remnants of the styles and formed by the nutlet enveloped by the succu- lent enlarged and colored calyx ; seed pendulous with curved embryo and scanty albumen.

Trees of eight or ten species, with milky juice and mostly of the tropical and north temperate regions of both hemispheres. Two are indigenous to the United States, one being found along the ^lexican frontier and the other in most of the Atlantic states. A third is a species introduced from Japan and eastern Asia and extensively naturalized in eastern United States. {Morus is the ancient Latin name of the ilulberrytree. )

290. MORUS ALBA, L. White Mulberky.

Ger., ^Yeisze Maulheerbaiun ; Fr., Murier hianc; Sp., Moral bianco.

Specific Char.\cters: — Leaves mostly ovate. 3-7 in. long, serrate, and on vigorous shoots often with from 1-.5 wide lobes, cordate or truncate at base, mostly acute at ape.x, thin, shining dark green above, duller beneath. Fruit maturing in June or July. ^2-1^2 in. long, sweet and succulent, usually white or pinkish tinted. Several varieties have originatel in cultivation, one with nearly black fruit.

The White Miilberrv, as we see it in this country, is seldom more than 30 or 40 ft. (8 m. ) in height. It is of rather wide-spreading habit of growth and its trunk may be 3 or 314 ft. (1 m.) in diameter. The bark of trunk is of a yellowish brown color, rough with tirm thick-scaled ridges.

Habitat. — The native home of the White Mulberry is northern China and Japan ; whence it has been extensively introduced into all countries where climatic conditions are favorable, owing to the value of its foliage as food for the silk worm. In this country it was very extensively planted in early days, commencing as far back as the

40 Hough's American Woods.

seventeenth century and for a long time previous to the war of the Revolution under encouragement by the British government. It is now found naturalized in localities throughout the eastern United States generally.

Physical Properties. — The wood of the White Mulberry is quite hard, heavy and durable, with annual rings of growth marked with many rather small open ducts, and it is of a yellowish brown or markedly yellow color with scant nearly white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.71.

Uses. — Little use is made of the wood of this species in this country, though it is said to be used in India for boat-building, furniture and agricultural implements — uses for which other woods in this country are considered more suitable.

The chief value of the tree lies in its leaves, upon which the silk worm mainly feeds and, hence, upon it the vast silk industry mainly depends. The price of the necessary hand labor in silk production, however, will doubtless always prevent its being an extensive industry in America.

Medicinal Properties. — Mulberries are refreshing and laxative, and serve to prepare a grateful drink well adapted to febrile cases. A syrup is made from their juice and used as an agreeable addition to gargles in inflammation of the throat. The fruit of this species, however, is sweeter and less grateful than the fruit of the M. nigra and our native 71/. ruhraJ'^

Gexvs TOXYLON, Rafinesque.

Leaves involute in the bud, broad-ovate to oblong and oblong-lanceolate, rounded, obtuse or subcordate at base, acuminate, entire, pinnately veined, the veins arcuate and united near the margin, whitish tomentose at first but finally lustrous dark green above, duller and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn; petioles ratlier long, terete; stipules triangular, small, caducous; branchlets armed with sharp axillary spines. Floicers in late spring after the unfolding of the leaves, diffcious. light green; the staminate in long-pedunculate subglobose heads from the axils of crowded leaves on short lateral spurs; pedicels slender; calyx 4-lobed to the middle, stamens 4. opposite the calyx lobes, incurved in the bud and elastically straightening and becoming exserted; anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers in dense globose heads, sessile or with short peduncles in the axils of the leaves on the shoots of the year; calyx divided to the base with thick concave persistent lobes closely investing the ovary, the two outer lobes the largest; ovary ovoid, compressed, tipped with a long filiform style and containing a single anatropous suspended ovule. Fruit a glo- bose yellowish green aggregation of elongated drupelets, each consisting of a nutlet enveloped by the enlarged fleshy calyx, the tips of the lobes of which form the roughened surface of the fruit.

A genus of a single American species. A tree with deeply furrowed orange- brown bark and slightly acrid milky juice.

The name is from Greek words meaning bow and wood.

* TJ. 8. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 986.

2i)l. TOXYLON POMIFERUM — OsAGE OkANGE. 41

291. TOXYLON POMIFERUM, Raf.

Osage Orange. Bow-wood.

Ger., Bogen-Holz; Fr., Bois d'Arc; Sp., Madera de arco.

Specific Characters: — See the above generic description, this being the only species.

The Osage Orange in its native southern forests attains the height of 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) with a trunk perhaps 3 ft. (0.90 m. ) in diameter, but in the open rarely if ever attaifls as great a height. It is there characterized by a short, thick trunk covered with an orange-brown bark, rough with prominent, firm and more or less reticular fibrous ridges. The trunk divides into a few large limbs and these into manj^ curved branches forming a rounded or dome-shaped top with lowermost branches drooping nearly to the ground. Its curved branches, strikingly suggestive of so many drawn bows, and its glossy dark green foliage are prominent features.

Habitat. — The native home of the Osage Orange is limited to the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, Indian territory and eastern Texas, but its popularity for hedges and ornamental planting has caused its quite general distribution over the middle and eastern states and it is now quite common and naturalized in various localities far outside of its native range.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, very hard and strong, flex- ible, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, and of a clear rich yellow color or tinted with brown in places, and with a scanty white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7736; Percentage of Ash, 0.68; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7683 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 94373; Modidus of Rupture, 1131; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 809; Resistance to Indentation, 363; Weiglit of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 48.21.

Uses. — A valuable wood for fence-posts, railway-ties, paving blocks, the hubs of wheels, etc. Formerly it was the favorite wood of the American Indians of the middle west for their bows — a fact which is commemorated in the name, Bow-wood, or the French Bois d'Arc, by which the tree is known in the region in which it grows.

The bark of the roots yields a yellow dye and the tree is of value for ornamental planting.

42 Hough's American Woods.

Order JUGLANDACEffi: Walnut Family.

A family of six genera and about thirty-five species of important trees with aromatic bark and watery juice, mostly of the warmer parts of the north tem- perate zone. Two genera are represented in the United States.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate, with long grooved petioles exstipulate, the leaflets sessile or nearly so excepting the terminal one which is usually long- stalked. Flowers monoecious, opening after the unfolding of the leaves; the staminate in long drooping lateral aments on the growth of the previous season; calyx 3 to G-lobed, each in the axil of and adnate to a bract ; stamens several with short distinct filaments and longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistillate in spikes or solitary terminating the new growth, bracteate and usually two-bracteolate; calyx 3-5-lobed; ovary inferior and 1-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled and con- taining a solitary erect orthotropous ovule; style short with 2 plumose stigmas. Fruit a bony incompletely 2-4-celled nut inclosed in an indehiscent or 4-valved exocarp; seed without albumen, large, solitary, 2-lobed, fleshy and very oily; cotyledons 2-lobed, corrugated or sinuose; radicle minute, superior, at apex of nut.

Genus HICORIA, Raf.

Leaves with thick and firm ovate to obovate leaflets, increasing in size from below upwards, often glandular-dotted, usually unequal at base, and acuminate at apex, serrate, veins commonly foi'king near the margins. Flowers: staminate aments slender, drooping and usually in threes with common peduncle from the axils of leaf-scars at the base of the shoots of the season or in clusters from buds in the axils of leaf-scars near the summit of the growth of the previous season, the lateral branches from the axils of persistent bracts; calyx 2-3-lobed, adnate to the bracts; stamens 3-10 with ovate-oblong hairy anthers; pistillate flowers sessile, in mostly 2-10-flowered terminal spikes; calyx imequally 4-lobed; stigmas short- papillose. Fruit subglobose, oblong, ovoid or pyriform, with husk (epicarp) woody at maturity and separating more or less completely into 4 valves, the sutures alternate with those of the nut and falling away at maturity; nut with bony crustaceous shell (endocarp), 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex; seed lobed and variously grooved, oily and usually edible, sometimes bitter.

The Hickories are confined to the temperate regions of eastern North America ranging from the valley of the St. Lawrence River to the highlands of Mexico. There are about a dozen species, all being found within the United States excepting one. Their wood is very strong, flexible and more valuable than any other woods for certain uses. They have smooth gray bark when young, but with age become fissured into hard plates and scales. The branches are tough and flexible and the pith solid. (The name is from the popular name which is of American Indian origin.)

292. HICORIA VILLOSA, Ashe.

Pale-leaf Hickory.

Ger., Zottige Hickory; Fr., Noyer villeaux; Sp., Nogal velludo.

Specific Characters: — Leaves 6-10 in. long, with slender pubescent petioles and usually 7 (sometimes .'5 or 9) leaflets which vary from lanceolate to lance- obovate, serrate, acuminate, and when young pubescent and covered beneath with silvery peltate scales and resin-globules, but at maturity glabrous dark green above and yellowish beneath; winter buds small with 6-8 imbricated scales, the outer dotted with resin-globules. Flowers staminate in scurfy pubescent catkins, .5-7 in. long; central calyx-lobe much longer than the lateral ones. Fruit sub- globose to pyriform, 1-1% in. long, compressed with thin husk splitting nearly to the base; nut slightly angled, pale brown with thick shell and small sweet seed.

292. HicoRiA viLLosA — Pale-leaf Hickory. 43

The Pale-leaf Hickory is a tree of medium stature, compared with the other hickories. In the forest it does not usually surpass 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) in height or 18 or 20 in. (0.50 ra.) in diameter of trunk. In the open it develops a rather narrow oblong top with upright branches and pendulous lower branches. The bark of trunk is of a grayish brown color very rough with prominent reticulated scaly ridges.

Habitat. — From New Jersey to northern Florida and westward to eastern Texas. In the Mississippi valley it ranges northward into Missouri. It occupies well-drained slopes, sandy plains and rocky ridges, and is particularly abundant in the foot-hill region of the southern Alleghanies.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, with very inconspicuous medullary rays and large open ducts chiefly in the spring growth, but also scattered somewhat through the summer growth. It is of a yellowish brown color with light brownish white sap-wood.

Uses. — The wood of this hickory, like that of most of the hickories is excellent for tool-handles, agricultural implements, etc., where great strength and toughness are required. It also makes an excellent fuel.

Order CUPULIFER^: Oak Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined; the stipules, forming the bud-scales, deciduous. Floicers monoecious, apotalous. Sterile floicers in clustered or recemed catkins (or in simple clusters in tiie Beech) ; cah'X regular or scale-like; stamens 5-20. Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked and furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the nut; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth minute and crowning the summit; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disappearing before maturitj'; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) involucral cup or covering; seed albumenless, with an anatrapous, often edible, embryo ; cotyledons thick and fleshy.

Order is represented by trees and shrubs of wide geographic distribution.

Genus QUERCUS, Linnaeus.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins, which spring singly or several together from axillary buds; calyx 2-8-parted or cleft; stamens 3-12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile floicers with ovary nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled, two of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive; stigma 3-lobed; involucre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is 1-celled, 1-seeded.

(Quereus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak, supposed to be from the Celtic qxier, fltie, and cue;::, tree.)

44 Hough's American Woods.

293. QUERCUS LYRATA, Walt.

Over-cup Oak. Ger., UberJcelch-E iche ; Fr., Chcne lyre; Sp., Rohle de pantano.

Specific Characters: — Leaves obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at base, lyrate- pinnated or lobed to beyond the middle, with 5-9 entire or sparingly-toothed tri- angular oblique lobes the upper pair usually the larger and more divergent, shin- ing dark gieen above, white tomentose beneath. Floicers staminate aments 3-6 in. long; calyx with 5 acute lobes. Fruit sessile or with short peduncles; nut mostly depressed globose and nearly or quite enveloped by the cup which is rather thin, hoary tomentose. with thick rugged united scales at the base but gradually thinner towards the margin, which often splits irregularh'.

The Over-cup Oak occasionally attains the height of nearly 100 ft. (30 m. ) with a trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m. ) in thickness, but usually it is of considerably smaller dimensions. The bark of trunk is of a light brownish gray color rough with narrow scaly ridges.

Habitat. — Swamps and bottom-lands that are more or less inundated during the greater part of the year, from eastern Virginia and southern Missouri to the Gulf Coast. In such localities are also found the Water and Laurel Oaks, Cotton Gum, Water Ash, River Birch, Bald Cypress, etc.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, dur- able in contact with fhe soil, and of .a grayish brown color wuth buif- white sap-wood. Specific Gi-avity. 0.8313; Percentarje of Asli, 0.05; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8259; Coefficient of Elasticity, 133438; Modulus of Rupture, 1025; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 492; Resistance to Indentation, 252; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 51.81.

Uses. — A valuable wood for use in the manufacture of agricul- tural implements, boat-building, cooperage, baskets, railway-ties, cabinet-making, furniture, interior finishing, etc. It is little if any inferior to the wood of the White Oak in the qualities which make that wood superior.

294. QUERCUS TEXANA, Buckl. Southern Red Oak. Schneck's Oak.

Ger., Sudliche Rothe Eiche; Fr., Chene rouge du sud; Sp., Rohle

rojo meridional.

Specific Characters: — Leaves ovate to broad oval. .31/^-8 in. long, truncate or broad wedge-shaped at base, deeply pinnated with broad rounded sinuses and 5-9 spreading lobes narrow below and spreading and dentate at apex with bristle-

295. QuERcus LAUKiFOLiA — Lairkl Oak. 45

pointed teeth, at maturity thin, firm and shining dark green above paler and with tufts of whitish hairs in axils beneath. Flowers staniinate in slender pubescent aments; calyx 4-5 with laciniately cut lobes; pistillate with short tomentose peduncles, stigmas red. Fruit usually solitary, sessile or with short stalks, ovoid, pubertilous light brown acorn, l-y-^Vj in. long, sometimes striated. 2-3 times as high as tlie shallow or somewhat turbinate cup with thin closely appressed light brown tomentose scales.

In the luxuriant primeval forests which clothed the rich bottom- lands of southern Indiana and Illinois this Oak is said to have been found attaining the height of nearly 200 ft. (60 m.) with great hutressed trunks sometimes 6 or 8 ft. (2 m. ) in thickness — dimen- sions which rank this as one of our largest oaks. All of the trees of such size have doubtless long since been felled, but fairly large individuals may still be seen in localities. The habit of growth is similar to that of the Red Oak of the northern states, and like it it has a dark gi'ay bark rough with firm close ridges.

Habitat. — From northeastern Iowa and central Illinois south- ward to the Gulf, eastward to Xorth Carolina and westward to western Texas, thriving best on well-drained bottom-lands and par- ticularly abundant in the Mississippi valley.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse- grained and of a light or reddish brown color with whitish sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.9080 ; Percentarje of Ash. 0.85 ; Relative Approxi- mate Fuel Value, 0.9003 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 103343 ; Modulus of Rupture, 1024; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 582; Re- sistance to Identation. 291; ^Yei•ght of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 56.59.

Uses. — The wood of the Southern Red Oak is used in cooperage, for interior finishing and for furniture, and in quality is similar to that of the northern Red Oak, Q. rubra.

295. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA, Miciix.

Laurel Oak.

Ger., Lorbcer-Eiclie ; Fr., Chene de laurier; Sp., Roble de laurel.

Specific Characters: — Leaves narrow-oblong to oblong-obovate. sometimes falcate. 2-4 in. long, cimeate at base, rounded or acute at apex, entire or on vigorous branches unequally lobed, at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler beneatli : petioles short and stout. Floirers: staniinate in reddish hairy aments 2-.3 in. long; pi-tillate with short stout glabrous peduncles. Fruit sessile or nearly so, usually solitary with short ovoid to hemispherical nut. puberolous at apex about one-fourth inclosed in a thin flat saucer-shaped cup with thin pale-pubescent closelv imbricated scales.

46 Hough's American Woods.

The Laurel Oak attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) in forest growth in favorable localities, and a thickness of trunk of 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.). When isolated from other trees it forms a rather wide rounded top. The bark of trunk is rather thin, of a brownish gray color and quite smooth, as compared with that of other oaks. With age it becomes somewhat fissured into low flat plates and ridges.

Habitat. — The Atlantic coast region from the Dismal Swamp of eastern V.rginia southward to Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano, Florida, and westerward along the Gulf coast region to Louisiana. It is confined mostly to the banks of streams, swamps and moist bottom-lands, for which reason it is often called the Water Oak. It is not a very common oak generally and its region of greatest abundance is along the south Atlantic coast and in Florida.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse- grained and of a reddish brown color with whitish sap-wood. Specvfic Gravity, 0.7673; Percentage of Ash, 0.82; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7610; Coefficient of Elasticity, 125916; Modulus of Rupture, 1181 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 526 ; Resistance to Indentation, 253; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 47.82.

Uses. — Heretofore not extensively used except for fuel, but suit- able for lumber for interior finishing, furniture, etc., and with the growing scarcity of other more popular oaks this will doubtless be more extensively used.

The tree is popular for street-planting in southern villages where it usually goes by the name of Water Oak.

Order SALICACE^: ^YILLow Family.

Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate and with stipules (sometimes minute and caducous). Floivers dioecious, appearing in early spring before the leaves, in aments. from axillary buds, a single small flower appearing in the axil of each scale of the anient, perianth wanting; stamens 2 — many, subtended by a disk and with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistil with short style, 2-4 lobed stigma and 1-celled ovary having 2-4 parietal placentae and numerous anatropous ovules. Fruit a 1-celled 2-4 valved ovoid capsule, bearing numerous minute seeds surrounded by long silky white hairs and containing short radicle, flat cotyledons and no albumen.

Trees and shrubs with soft light wool, brittle twigs, bitter bark and of wide distribution, chiefly of the northern hemisphere. They are grouped in two genera.

Genus SALIX. L.

Leaves commonly lanceolate but ranging from obovate to linear; petioles short, sometimes glandular at apex and more or less covering the bud ; stipules oblique, serrate, large and persistent (especially so on young shoots) or small and decidu- ous; winter buds covered with a sinsrle scale* of two coats, the inner thin and membranous. Floicers in aments with entire or glandular dentate bracts and

296. Salix longipes — Ward Willow. 47

disk fjland-like, minute and nectiferoiis ; stamens 2-12 (mostly 2) inserted at the base of the scale, with slender and mostly free filaments and small oblong anthers; pistillate aments usually erect or spreading; ovary sessile or short stipitate with short style, 2 short more or less recurved 2-cleft stigmas and containing 4-8 ovules on each of the 2 placentas. Fruit an acuminate capsule dehiscent by 2 recurved valves; seeds minute, dark brown.

Trees and shrubs of 160 or 170 species of wide distribution throughout the northern and a few in the southern hemisphere. They grow generally along the banks of streams and in low moist soil from the Arctic regions to the tropics. Numerous natural hybrids also occur. About 70 species are found in North America and of these 21 are recognized as trees of which 9 or 10 species are found in the northeastern states. Besides these we have two or three naturalized arborescent species. The name is the ancient Latin name of the genus.

296. SALIX LONGIPES, Anders. Long-stalk Willow. Ward Willow,

Ger., LangstengelAYeide ; Fr., Saule a tige long; Sp., Sauce de tallo

largo.

Specific Characters: — Leai-es involute in the bud, 4-7 in. long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, cuneate or rounded and the largest leaves sometimes jordate at base, long-pointed, finely and unequally serrate, glabrous bright green above, somewhat pubescent and whitish beneath; the foliaceous stipules reniform. often 1^ in. long; petioles short, without glands; winter buds small, brown, lustrous, branchlets hoary pubescent. Flowers aments terminal on leafy branchlets, 3-4 in. long; scales ovate, yellow, obtuse, villous; stamens 3-7 with filaments hairy at base and yellow anthers; ovary long-stalked with nearly sessile stimatic lobes. Fruit capsules about i/4 in. long, globose conical.

The Long-stalk Willow is a small tree, only occasionally attaining the height of 30 ft. (9 m.) and a trunk diameter of 8 or 10 in. (0.25 m.), and it is often found fruiting as a shrub. The bark of trunk is of an ashen gray color and coarsely ridged with longitudinal and connecting scaly ridges.

Habitat. — The gravelly banks of streams from about the latitude of Washington, D. C, and central Illinois, southward to southern Florida and southern Texas. It is quite abundant in southwestern Missouri and western Arkansas and ranges westward through New Mexico.

Physical Properties. — The wood of the Long Stalk Willow is very light, soft, not strong, with numerous very obscure medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed small open ducts. It is of a rich reddish brown color with creamy white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4456; Percentage of Ash, 0.70.

Uses. — No particular use is made of the wood of this willow save occasionally for fuel, charcoal, etc.

48 Hough's American Woods.

Medicinal Properties are not mentioned in the pliarmaeopoea specifically of this willow, bnt doubtless those common to the willows generally, and mentioned in our account of the 8. 7iigra (Part II, p. 37), are found in this species.

297. SALIX MISSOURIENSIS, Mueiil, Missouri Willow.

Ger., Missouri Weide; Fr., Saule de Missouri; Sp., Sauce de

Missouri.

Specific Characters: — Lenves involute in the bud, lanceolate to oblanceolate and occasionally ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, narrowed and wed^e-shaped or rounded at base, acuminate, finely serrate with small gland-tipped teeth, pubescent at first but finally nearly glabrous, dark green above, paler and often glaucous beneath; petioles pubescent; the persistent stipules semicordate, often i/o in. long; winter buds large and hoary-tomentose: branchlets pubescent the first season. Flowers unfold very early (February-March) on short branchlets bearing small scale-like leaves; staminate about 1 ^/> in. long; scales light green, hairy outside; stamens 2 with long glabrous free filaments; ovary glabrous, beaked, with very short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit a narrow cylindrical ovoid long-pointed capsule with slender stalk about as long as the scale.

The Missouri Willow is a small tree, occasionally attaining- the height of 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) and a thickness of trunk of 12 to 18 in. (0.40 m. ). It develops a rather narrow rounded top of upright slender branches and pubescent branchlets. The bark of trunk is gray in color and quite thin and smooth, only becoming moderately roughened with age with shallow scaly longitudinal ridges. The smoothness of bark is particularly pronounced on the larger branches.

Habitat. — The rich alluvial bottomdands of the lower Missouri river from western Iowa and eastern Nebraska to its mouth, and of the Mississippi river from eastern Iowa to southeastern Missouri. The principal area of distribution is within the state of Missouri, from which fact it receives its name.

Physical Properties. — Wood soft, light, not strong, with numerous obscure medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed fine open ducts. It is of a reddish brown color with thin whitish sap-wood. It is quite durable in contact with the soil. Specific Gravity, 0.6069; Percentage of Ash, 0.59; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6033; ^Yeif|U of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 37.82.

Uses. — The principal use of the Missouri Willow is for fence- posts and stakes, due to its exceptional durability in contact with the soil.

298. PiNUs PUNGENS — Table-Mountain Pine. 4y

GYMNOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons frequently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete; pistil repre- sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertilized by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a true pericarp.

Order CONIFER-ffi: Pixe Family.

Leaves narrow or scale-like, clustered or alternate, parallel-veined and generally ])ersistent; buds scaly. Flowers in catkins or solitary with an involucre of enlarged bud-scales, unsexual and monoecious (dioecious in Juniperus) destitute of calyx and corolla; anthers 2-celled ; pistillate flowers bearing on the inner face of each scale 2 or more ovules and becoming in Fruit a woody cone or rarely a berry or drupe: seeds often winged, with coat of two layers; embryo axile in copious albumen; cotyledons 2 or several.

A family of trees and few shrubs with resinous juice and cell-walls of wood marked with circular discs. It is of greatest economic value and world-wide distribution, but chiefly in north temperate regions. Among its representatives are trees, notably the Sequoias, which are considered to be of the greatest long- evity of all living organisms. It consists of thirty-one genera of which thirteen are represented in the United States.

Gexus PTXUS. L.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-.5 together (solitary in one species), from the axils of scale-like primary leaves each cluster invested" at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base of the shoots of the season: stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells. 2. opening lengthwise; pollen imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted ovules. Fniit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe dry and spreading to liberate the two iiut-like and usually winged seeds; cotyledons .3-12 linear.

The Pines are trees and a few .shrubs of the northern hemisphere and chiefly of temperate regions. Many of its representatives are of greatest economic value. Abouc eighty species are recognized of which thirty-four are natives of the United States. (The name is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

298. PINUS PUNGENS, Michx. Table-mouxtaix Pixe.

Ger., Tafelherg Fichie ; Fr., Pin de plateau; Sp., Pino de mesa.

Specific Character.s : — Leaves in crowded clusters of 2. 2-4 in. long with short persistent sheaths, stout, stiff, more or less twisted, with 2 flbro-vascular bundles and resin-ducts in parenchyma; branchlets short, dark brown and rough. Flowers staminate yellow, in loose clusters; the pistillate long-stalked, lateral and generally in whorls of 2 to .i or more. Cones short-ovoid, 3-4 in. long, lateral and in whorls upon the branchlct, oblique at base, sessile and with scales, especially those of the

60 Hough's American Woods.

outer side near base, much thickened, with prominent transverse ridge and armed with a strong flat curved prickle ; seeds rounded triangular, nearly i/4 in. long, and with wings broadest near the center.

The Table-moimtain Pine in forest growth occasionally attains the height of 60 ft. (18 m.) with a trunk diameter rarely more than 2 or 3 ft. (0.90 m.). When growing in the open it does not often surpass 30 or 40 ft. in height, and it there develops a rather flat or round- topped head. It is found in localities producing its cones when only a few feet in height. The bark of trunk is of a dark reddish brown color with large irregular scaly plates and ridges.

Habitat. — In its natural distribution this pine is confined to the dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Alleghany mountains, with a few out-lying stations, from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. It is uncommon and local northward, but is quite abundant in the southern part of its range, where in places it forms nearly exclusive forests of considerable extent. It thrives well when planted far outside of its natural range.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, compact, with numerous resin-ducts and of a pinkish brown color with abund- ant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4935 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.27; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4922; Coefficient of Elasticity, 80330 ; Modulus of Rupture, 726 ; Resistance to Longi- tudinal Pressure, 354; Resistance to Indentation, 115; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 30.75.

Uses. — The principal use of the Table-mountain Pine is for fuel and charcoal, though it is used to some extent for lumber for general construction purposes.

Genus TSUGA, Carr.

Leaves linear, short-petiolate and articulated to persistent bases, flat in most species, mostly appearing 2-ranked by a twist in the base of the leaf and white stomatose beneath (but not 2-ranked and stomatose both above and below in one species) with a single dorsal resin-duct, evergreen. Floivers in middle spring, monoecious; the sterile subglobose clusters of stamens from the axils of the leaves of the previous year; the stipes surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob and cells opening transversely; pistillate aments terminal on the branchlets of the previous year, erect; bracts somewhat shorter than the scales.

Tall somewhat pyramidal trees of the temperate regions of North America, Japan, China and tlie Himalaya Mountains, with horizontal and drooping branches, slender twigs and graceful flat sprays of foliage. Seven species are known of which four are inhabitants of North America, two of the Atlantic and two of the Pacific states. (Tsttga is the Japanese name of the Hemlock-tree.)

299. TsuGA cAROLiNiANA — Cakolina IIemlock. 51

299. TSUGA CAROLINIANA, Engelm. Carolina Hemlock.

Ger., Carolina Tanne; Fr., Pruche de Caroline; Sp., Ahet9 de

Carolina.

Specific Characters: — Lcafes, flat, linear, Y^-Yi in. long, petiolate, obtuse and often retuse at apex, lustrous dark green and with conspicuous central groove above, marked with white bands of 7 or 8 rows of stomata on each side of the midrib beneath and forming a flattish spray but not as flat as that of the T. canadensis. Flowers staniinate purplish; pistillate purple with broad ovate bracts about as long as the scales. Cones oblong, 1-1 1-^ in. long with short stalks and oblong obtuse fine but scarcely woody puberulous scales widely spreading at maturity and ample bracts about half as long as scales; seeds about one-sixth in. long with large wing broadest near the base.

The Carolina Hemlock is an interesting and rare or local tree which occasionally attains the height of 60 or 70 ft. (20 m.) with an oblong-pvramidal head and a trunk rarely exceeding 2 or 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in thickness. The bark of trunk is of a reddish or purplish brown color and rough with prominent scaly ridges.

Habitat. — The slopes and benches of the Blue Ridge mountains from Virginia to northern Georgia, mostly between the altitudes of 2,000 and 3,500 ft. It is generally found scattered sparingly in forests of the commonly Hemlock, various oaks. Sugar Maple, Silver- bell Tree, Sour-wood, etc., but occasionally forms quite exclusive groves of small extent. It is so often found on rocky crags and ridges that it is called locally the Crag Hemlock.

Physical Properties. — Wood soft, light, not strong, brittle and of a light orange-brown color with little distinction in tint between the heart and sap-woods. Specific Gravity, 0.4275 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.40; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4258; Coefficient of Elasticity, 71282; Modulus of Rupture, 461; Resistance to Longi- tudinal Pressure, 403; Resistance to Indentation, 125; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 26.64.

Uses. — A too local, uncommon and inaccessible tree to figure in commerce, but with properties so similar to those of the common Hemlock that it is suitable for the same uses; that is as a coarse lumber for general construction purposes, joists, rafters, planks and siding in house-building, plank-walks, etc.

Genus ABIES, Link.

Leaves sessile, those of young treesc and sterile branches usually flat (four-sided in Abies magnifica) rounded or emarginate at apex, centrally grooved above.

52 Hough's ^iMEKicAN Woods.

spirally arranged, but generally appearing 2-ranked by a twist in their bases and stomatiferous only below; leaves of leading shoots and fertile branches crowded, incurved and more or less quadrangular, obtuse or acute at apex, and sometimes stomatiferous above, persistent for eight or ten years and when falling away leaving a circular flat scar; resin-ducts 2; branch-buds usually resin coated. Flowers from the axils of the leaves of the previous year and confined to the upper branches; the staniinate in abundance on the lower side of branchlets, oblong with stipe, surrounded at base with bud scales; anther-cells 2, extrorse, opening transversely and connective terminating in a knob; pistillate flowers erect on upper side of branchlet and usually only those of the topmost branches, globose or cylindrical-oblong; scales numerous, imbricated and shorter than their mucronate bracts. Cones erect, ovoid to cylindrical-oblong, maturing the first year, with numerous broad thin imbricated scales, each bearing 2 seeds and spring- ing from the axil of a thin membranous bract which with the scale and seeds falls away at maturity from the straight persistent axis; seed furnished with resin vesicles and a large membranous oblique wing at apex; cotyledons 4-10, shorter than radicle.

Trees of generally strict pyramidal habit of growth with branches in whorls and bark of trunks when young containing numerous resin-vesicles. There are twenty- four known species, all natives of tlie northern hemisphere and chiefiy of northern regions. Ten are found in North America north of Mexico, eight in the Pacific coast and Rocky Mountain regions and two in the Atlantic states. (Ahies is the ancient Latin name of tJie Fir-tree.)

300. ABIES FRASERI, Lindl. Fkaser Fir.

Ger., Fraser Tanne; Fr., Sainn de Fraser; Sp., Aheto de Fraser.

Specific Characters: — Leaves flat, y-y-\ in. long, those of the sterile branches emarginate and those of the fertile acute at apex, dark green and centrally grooved above, silvery white beneath with S-12 rows of stomata. Flowers in May; staniinate reddish yellow; pistillate with scales much broader than long and shorter than the exserted pale yellow-green bracts. Cones mature in September, ovoid-oblong, 2-2VL> in- long, dark purple with scales wider than long and with long exserted pale yellow-green reflexed bracts, aristate at aj)ex ; seeds about l^ in. long with very wide wing oblique at apex.

The Fraser Fir is a tree sometimes TO ft. (21 m. ) in height, though usually not surpassing 50 ft. (15 m. ) and with a trunk some- times 21/2 ft. (0.75 m.) in thickness. It develops a distinct and com- pact pyramidal top, with whorls of long horizontal or drooping lower branches and those above successively shorter to the pointed apex. The bark of the younger trunks is quite copiously supplied with resin-blisters, but that of the older trunks much less, and it becomes with age covered with thin yellowish gray papery scales giving an appearance very different from the bark of the common Balsam Fir of the northern states and Canada.

Habitat. — One of the most restricted trees of the Atlantic states, the Fraser Fir is found only in altitudes of from 4,000 to 6,000 ft.

300. Abies fkaseri — Frasek Fir. 63

on the peaks and ridges of the Alleghany Mountains from Virginia nearly to Georgia. The extreme o])posite of the northern species, whose presence is generally indicative wet swanii)y low-lands, this tree seems to love and thrive on the dry soil of the mountain top.

Physical Pkopekties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, compact, free from resin and of a clear satiny cream-white color with little distinction between heart and sap-woods. Specific Gravity, 0.3565; Percentage of Ash. 0.5-i; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3546; Coefficient of Elasticity, 97170; Modulus of Rupture, 639; Resist- ance to Longitudinal Pressure, 347; Resistance to Indentation, (}d ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 22.22.

Uses. — Such is the remoteness and inaccessibility of the home of these interesting trees that very few of them have been felled by the woodsman's axe, though in quality the wood is similar to that of the northern Balsam and suitable for the same uses.

Its fragrant boughs yield many a balsam pillow to those who climb to its lofty home and would carry away with them a delightful memento of the interesting trip.

INDEX TO PART XII.

No. Page.

Abeto de Carolina 299 51

Abeto de Fraser 300 52

Abies fraseri 300 52

Acebo de Cassena 276 19

Aesciihis octandra 278 22

Arbol de acedera 283 29

Arbol de princessa 288 36

Arbre de princesse 288 36

Arbre d'oseille 283 29

Ash, Biltmore 287 35

Ash, Water 286 34

Biltmore-E-sche 287 35

Bogen-Holz 291 41

BoTs d'Arc 291 41

Bois jaune 280 25

Bnixa avellano 281 26

Buokeve, Sweet 278 22

Buckeye. Yellow 278 22

Buckthorn, Common or Euro- pean 277 20

Buckthorn Family 20

Castafio de caballo amarillo.. 278 22

Chene de laurier 295 45

Chene lyre

Chene rouge du sud 294 44

eiadrastis lutea 280 25

CONIFER.E 49

CORNACE.5: 27

CUPULIFER.^ 43

DogAvood Family 27

Eiche, Lorbeer 295 45

Eiche, Siidliche Rothe 294 44

Eiche. U+ierkelch 293 44

Elm Family 37

Elm, Winged 289 38

Ericace.e 29

Feuille sucre 285 32

Fichte, Tafelberg 298 49

Figwort Family 35

Fir, Fraser . .' 300 52

Fraxinns biltworiana 287 35

Fraxinuft caroUniana 286 34

Frone d'eau 286 34

Frene de Biltmore 287 35

No. Page.

Fresno de agua 286 34

Fresno de Biltmore 287 35

Gelb-holtz 280 25

Gommier grand 282 28

Gopher-wood 280 25

Gum, Cotton, Large or Tupelo 282 28

Gummibaum, Groszer 282 28

Hamamelidace.e 25

Hamamelis Tirginiana 281 26

Heath Family 29

Hemlock, Carolina or Crag. . . 299 51

Henderson-wood 276 19

Hickory, Pale-leaf 292 42

Hickory, Zottige 292 42

Hicoria villosa 292 42

Hippocastanace.^ 21

Hoja dulca 285 32

Holly. Cassena or Dahoon. . . . 276 19

Holly Family 18

Horse-chestnut Family 21

Horse-sugar 285 32

Houx de Cassena 276 19

Ilex cassine 276 19

ilicine.e 18

Juglandace-E 42

Laurel, Great 284 31

Leguminos.e 24

Madera amarilla 280 25

Madera de arco 291 41

Marronier jaune 278 22

]\Liulbeerbaum, Weisze 290 39

^Iorace.e 39

Moral bianco 290 39

Morus alba 290 39

^Mulberry Family 39

Mulberry. White 290 39

Murier blanc 290 39

Xerprun 277 20

Xogal yelludo 292 42

Xoisetier des sorcieres 281 26

Xoyer yilleaux 292 42

-A'i/ssa aquatica Marsh 282 28

56

Index.

No. Page.

Oak, Laurel 295 45

Oak, Over-cup 293 44

Oak, Schneck's 294 44

Oak, Southern Red or Texan. 294 44

Oleace.e , 33

Olive Family 33

Olmo alado 289 38

Orange, Osage 291 41

Orme aile 289 38

Oxydendrum arboieum DC. . . 283 29

Paulownia 288 36

Pauloicnia tomentosa, 288 36

Pin de plateau 298 49

Pine, Table-mountain 298 49

Pino de mesa 298 49

Pinus pungens 298 49

Princessin-Baum 288 36

Prince.ss-tree 288 36

Pruche de Caroline 299 51

Quercus laurifolia 295 45

Quercus lyrata 293 44

Quercus texana 294 44

Ramno cathartico . 277 20

Rhamnace^ 20

Rhamnus cathartica 277 19

Rhododendron grand 284 31

Rhododendron grande 284 31

Rhododendron maximum .... 284 31

R]ins copallina 279 2.1

Roble de laurel 295 45

Roble de pantano 293 44

Roble rojo meridional 294 44

Rose Bay 284 31

Rosenlorbier, Groszer 284 31

Rosskastanie, Gelbe 278 22

Salicac/e 46

Salix longipes 296 47

Salix missouriensis 297 48

Sapin de Fraser 300 52

No. Pjige.

Sauce de Missouri 297 48

Sauce de tallo largo 296 47

Sauerampferbaum 282 29

Saule il tige long 296 47

Saule de Missouri 297 48

SCROFULARIACE^ 35

Sorrel-tree or Sour-wood 283 29

Stechdorn 277 20

Stechpalme, Cassena 276 19

Sumach, Dwarf 279 23

Sumach nain 279 23

Symplocace-E ... J-z

Syniplocos tinctoria 285 32

Sweet-leaf 285 32

Sweet-leaf Family 32

Tanne, Carolina 299 51

Tanne, Fraser 300 52

Toxylon pomiferum 291 41

Tsiiga caroliniana 299 51

Tupelo grande 282 28

Ulmace^e 37

Ulmus alata 289 36

Walnut Family 42

Wasser-Esche ' 280 34

Waythorn 277 20

Weide, Langstengel 296 47

Weidc. Missouri 297 48

Willow Family 46

Willow, Long-stalk or Ward.. 296 47

Willow, Missouri 297 48

Witch-Hazel 281 26

Witch-Hazel Family 25

Yellow- wood 280 25

Zauberstrauch 281 26

Zuckerblatt 285 32

Zumaque enano 279 23

Zwerg-Sumach 279 23

GENERAL INDEX

TO COMMON NAMES.

AMERICAN WOODS, PARTS l-XII.

When two or more names are given together they are synonyms, and are indexed under the name most commonly used. The serial number of each species serves as a guide to the texts as well as the specimen pages.

Part. No.

Ailanthus or Tree-of-Heaven . I i

Alder, Red or Oregon IX 217

Alder. White, Cal. or Moun- tain VII 163

Apple II 30

Arbor-Vitse, Eastern I 24

Arbor-Vitae, Pacific or Giant. IX 220

Ash. Biltmore XII 287

Ash. Black or Hoop Ill 62

Ash, Blue XI 263

Ash, Fringe-flower or Flower- ing X 231

Ash, Grav or Red II 31

Ash, Green XI 262

Ash, Leather-leaf IX 212

Ash, Oregon VIII 187

Ash, Water XII 286

Ash. White I 10

Ash Burl Ill 63a

Aspen, Large-toothed I 18

Aspen, Quaking, or Asp Ill 72

Balsam or Balm of Gilead

Fir I 22

Basswood. Canary-wood. Bee- tree ' I 3

Bav, Bull V 101

Ba'v, Loblollv or Tan V 102

Bav, Red . ." XI 264

Bay, Swamp V 113

Bay. Sweet. Beaver-tree.... Ill 51

Bav-tree. Spice-tree VII 159

Beech I 16

Beech. Blue or Water II 42

Big Tree. Giant Redwood.. VI 142 Birch, Black. Sweet or

Cherry II 44

Birch, Canoe, Paper or White II 43

Birch, River or Red IV 95

Birch, Western or Puget-

Sound X 236

Birch. White, Poplar-leaf or

Oldfield Ill 70

Birch, Yellow I 17

Part. No.

Blackwood VIII 155

Bois d'Arc. Bow-wood XII 291

Box-Elder. Xegundo Ill 54

Buckeye, California VI 127

Buckeye. Ohio or Fetid XI 253

Buckeye, Yellow or Sweet... XII 278 Buckthorn, Conunon or Euro- pean Waythorn XII 277

Buckthorn, 'island VIII 176

Buckthorn. Woollv. Gum

Elastic. Chittim-wood XI 260

Butter-nut, Oil-nut, White

Walnut I 14

Button wood. Button ball- tree 131

Cactus, Giant. Suwarro or

Saguaro X 228

Cactus. Mission. Pricklv

Pear. Indian Fig '. VIII 184

Cascara Sagrada. Bearberry.

Bear-wood, Wild Cherry.. VI 126

Cassena. Dahoon ". . . XII 276

Castor-Bean Tree VIII 189

Catalpa. Bean-tree. Cigar- tree IV 89

Cedar, Alaska or Yellow.... X 240

Cedar. Incense or Cal. White VIII 141

Cedar, Port Orford X 241

Cedar, Red or Pencil I 25

Cedar, Western Red, or Giant IX 220

Cedar, White. Arbor-Vitis. . I 2

Cedar, Coast White Ill 74

Cherrv, Bird, Pin, Pigeon or

Red Ill 55

Cherry, English, Sweet or Ox- heart Ill 56

Cherry, Holly-leaf, or Ever- green VII 156

Cherrv, Sour Garden IV 82

Clierrv. Wild Black II 29

Cherrv, Woollv-leaf Bitter.. IX 208

Chestnut '. II 40

China-berrv. CWna-tree ... V 105

58

Hough's American Woods.

Part.

Chinquapin or Chinkapin ... XI

Chinquapin, W'n or Evergreen VI

Christmas-berry. Cal. Holly VIII

Coffee-tree II

Cottonwood II

Cottonwood, Black IX

Cottonwood, Fremont or

White VIII

Cottonwood, Swamp or River IV Crab or Crab-apple. Frag- rant or Wild IV

Crab or Crab-apple, Oregon. IX Cucumber-tree, Mt'n Magnolia I Cucumber-tree, Ear- or Long- leaf XI

Cypress, Arizona X

Cypress, Bald V

Cypress, Gowen or N. W.

Coast VII

Cypress, Lawson X

Cypress, Macnab IX

Cypress, Monterey VIII

Cypress, Sitka X

Devil-wood. Wild Olive. ... V

DogAvood or Cornel, Alter- nate-leaf or Blue-fruited.. IV

Dog\vood, Flowering. Box- wood IV

Dogwood, Western Flowering VIII

Elder, Mexican X

Elder, Pale VII

Elm, American, White or

Water II

Elm, Cork, Rock or Cliff II

Elm, Slippery, Red or Moose I

Elm, Winged. Wahoo XII

Fir, Amabilis or Red Silver. X

Fir, Balsam I

Fir, Bristle-cone or Santa

Lucia X

Fir, Cal. Red or Red-bark . . VII

Fir, Douglas, Red or Yellow. VI Fir, Eraser or (locally) She

Balsam XII

Fir, White or Silver. Cal.

Balsam VII

Fir, Great Silver IX

Fir, Noble. Oregon " Larch " IX

Fremontia, Cal. Slippery Elm X

Grape, .Summer IV

Grease-wood VIT

Gum, Blue. Gum-tree VIII

Gum, Red. Rial IX

Gum or Tupelo, Cotton or

Large XII

No. 272 139

181 27

48 218

194 97

83

209

1

251 239 119

166 241 219 195 240

112

87

185

229 157

33 34 11

289

249 22

248 174 150

300

173 224 225 226

78 164 183 211

282

Gum, Sour or Black. Gum, Sweet or Red.

Bilsted

Part

I

III

Haekberry. Sugarberry .... I Hackberry or Sugarberry,

Mississippi XI

Hemlock I

Hemlock, Alpine, Mountain,

Black or Patton's VII

Hemlock, Carolina or Crag. . XII

Hemlock, Western IX

Henderson-wood XII

Hercules Club. Angelica-tree I Hickory, Big Shell-bark or

Kingnut Ill

Hickory, Bitternut II

Hickory, Mocker-nut IV

Hickory, Pale-leaf XII

Hickory, Pig-nut or Brown. . Ill Hickory, Shell-bark. Shag- bark II

Hickory, Small-fruited IV

Hickory, Water or Swamp.. V

Holly, American or White. . . Ill

Holfy, California VIII

Holly, Dahoon or Cassina... XII Hollv, Mountain or Large- leaf XI

Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. . II

Hop-tree. Wafer Ash IV

Hornbeam, Iron-wood II

Horse-bean, Small-leaf IX

Honse-Chestnut I

Huckleberry, Tree. Sparkle- berry IX

Indigo-Bush or Thorn VII

Iron-wood, Sta. Catalina or

Sta Cruz VIII

Islay VII

Joshua-tree VII

Juniper, Alligator, Thick- bark or Checker-bark X

Juniper, Cal. or Sweet- fruited VII

Juniper, Western. Yellow

Cedar VII

Larch, Eastern I

Larch. Western X

" Larch," Oregon IX

Laurel, Big V

Laurel,, California VII

Laurel, Mountain XI

Lemon V

Lemonade Tree VII

Lilac, Wild. Blue-blossom.. VII

Lime or Linden, American.. I

No.

9 60

12

265 21

171

299

22

276

64 37 90 292 65

36

91

115

52

181

276

252 41

77

42

204

6

258

154

182 156

175

242

167

168

23 250 225 101 159 259 104 1.53 151 3

General Index to Parts I-XII.

59

Part. No.

Lime, Ogechee. Gtopher Plum V 110 Locust, Honey, Sweet or

Black II 28

Locust, Water V 109

Locust, Yellow or Black IV 80

Madrona, Madrone-tree VI 132

Madrona, Arizona X 230

Mahogany, Mtn. or Birch-leaf VI 130

Manzanita, Common VI 133

Magnolia, Evergreen V 101

Magnolia, Fraser XI 251

M&gnolia, Mountain I 1

Magnolia. Small, White or

Swamp Ill 51

Maple, Ash-leaved. Negundo. Ill 54

Maple, Birds-eye or Pin I 7b

Maple, Blister or Landscape. I 7a

Maple, Broad- or Big-leaved. VII 152

Maple, Curlv II 26a

Maple, Red,' Soft or Swamp . Ill 53

Maple, Silver, Soft or White. II 26

Maple, Striped, Whistle-wood IV 79

Maple, Sugar, Hard or Rock. I 7

Maple, Vine IX 203

Match-wood X 241

Mesquite. Honey-pod VI 129

Mesquite, Screw-pod. Screw- bean IX 205

Moosewood IV 79

Mountain Ash, Elder-leaved. IV 84

Mulberrv, Paper XI 266

Mulberry, Red Ill 63

Mulberry, White XII 290

Myrtle, Blue VII 151

Myrtle, Cal. Wax, Bayberry. VII 164 Myrtle, Dark-leaf. Southern

Blue-blossom. Green Thorn IX 202

Myrtle, Oregon VII 159

Myrtle, Red-wood or Spiny. . IX 201

Myrtle, Tree VIII 177

Mvrtle. Wax, Bayberry.

Candleberry XI 268

Nettle-tree. False Elm I 12

Oak, Ariz. Black, or Emory. . X 234

Oak, Blue or Cal. Rock IX 214

Oak, Burr or Mossv-cup. . . . II 39

Oak, Cal. Black or Kellogg's. VII 162 Oak, Canvon Live, Thick-cup

or Maul VII 161

Oak, Chestnut or Rock ITT 67

Oak, Chinquapin or Chestnut III 68

Oak, Coast Live or Hollv-leaf VI 137

Oak, Cow or Basket. . .'. V 116

Oak, Engelman IX 215

Oak, Highland Live or Wis-

lizenus VIII 192

Part. No. Oak, Island Live or Santa

Catalina White VIII 191

Oak, Laurel XII 295

Oak, Live V 117

Oak, MacDonald IX 216

Oak, Mt'n White, or Oregon.. VI 136

Oak, Over-cup XII 293

Oak, Pin or Swamp Spanish. IV 94

Oak, Post or Iron IV 92

Oak, Red I lu

Oak, Scarlet Ill 69

Oak, Shingle XI 270

Oak, Spanish or Finger XI -269

Oak, Southern Red or

Schneck's XII 294

Oak, Swamp White Ill 66

Oak, Tanbark or Cal. Chest- nut Oak VI 138

Oak, Valley, Cal. White or

Weeping VII 160

Oak, Water, Duck or Pos- sum V 118

Oak, White II 38

Oak, White-leaf X 235

Oak, Willow XI 271

Oak. Yellow, Black or Quer- citron VII 93

Olive VIII 186

Orange V 103

Osage Orange XII 291

Palm, Cal. Fan or Desert... VIII 200

Palo Verde VI 128

Palo Verde, Mountain IX 204

Papaw. Custard Apple IV 76

Paulownia. Princess-tree . . XII 288

Pear Ill 57

Pecan XI 267

Pepper, Chili or False Pep- per-tree VIII 178

Pepper- wood VII 159

Pepperidge I 9

Persimmon Ill 61

Pine, Big-cone or Coulter... VII 169 Pine, Cal. Scrub or Lodge- pole VI 148

Pine, Fox-tail or Balfour... X 246 Pine, Gray-leaf or Digger... VIII 19 Pine, Gray, Jack or North- ern Scrub IV 99

Pine, Jersey or Scrub IV 98

Pine, Knob-cone IX 222

Pine, Limber X 243

Pine, Loblolly, Old-field or

Rosemary XI 274

Pine, Long-leaf, Georgia or

Hard V 124

Pine. Lowland Spruce or

Cedar V 123

60

Hough's American Woods.

Part. No. I'ine, Mexican Pinon, Parry

or Four-leaf X 245

Pine, Monterey VIII 199

Pine, Mountain White VII 221

Pine, Nut or Pinon, Single-lf. VIII 196

Pine, Oregon VI 150

Pine, Pitch II 50

Pine, Pond V 121

Pine, Prickle-cone, Cal.

Swamp, Bishops or Obispo VII 170

Pine, Red or "Norway".... I 19

Pine, Sand or Fla. Scrub V 122

Pine, Slash, Cuban or Bas- tard V 125

Pine, Sugar VI 146

Pine. Tablo-mountain XII 298

Pine, Torrey, Soledad or Del

Mar . . . .". VIII 197

Pine. White or Weymouth. . . II 49

Pine, White-bark X 244

Pine, W'n Yellow or Bull VI 147

Pine. Yellow, Short-lf. or Spruce III 75

Planer-tree V 114

Plum. American or Wild .... XI 257

Plum, Pacific or W'n Wild. . IX 207

Plum, Canada or Wild IV 81

Poplar, Balsam II 47

Poplar Large-toothed I 18

Po])lar, I^mbardy Ill 73

Poplar, Necklace" II 48

Poplar, Swamp or Downy ... IV 97

Poplar, Trembling. Popple. . . Ill 72

Poplar, White. Abele IV 96

Poplar, Yellow. Whitewood. I 2 Prickly or Sea Ash. Tooth- ache-tree, Pepper-wood.... V 106 Pride of India. Bead-tree... V 105 Privet, Swamp V 111

Redwood, Coast VI 143

Redwood, Mountain VI 142

Rhododendron. Rose Bay, Cal. VII 158 Rhododendron. Rose Bay,

Great Laurel, Eastern . .'. . XII 284

Sassafras II 32

Shad-blow. Shad-bush. Ser- vice-tree. June-berry .... Ill 59

Shingle-wood " IX 220

Silk-oak. Grevillea IX 213

Silk-tassel-trce. Quinine-tree VI 131

Silver-bell-tree. Snowdrop-tree XI 261 Smoke-tree, American. Chit-

timwood XI 256

Soapberry, Wild China-tree.. XI 254

Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood .... XII 283

Sour-berry. Sour- wood .... VIII 179

Sparkleberry or Farkleberry IX 258

Spruce, Big-cone VII 172

Part.

Spruce, Blue or Silver XI

Spruce, Douglas, Oregon Pine VI

Spruce, Engelmann or ^Nltn . , X

Spruce, Red or Double I

Spruce, Tide-land VI

Spruce, White IV^

Sumach, Dwarf XII

Sumach, Laurel VIII

Sumach, Mahogany VIII

Sumach, Poison XI

Sumach, Stag-horn I

Sweet-leaf. Horse Sugar. . . . XII

Sycamore, Amer. Plane-tree.. I

Sycamore, Arizona X

Sycamore, California VI

Tamarack or Hackmatack,

Eastern I

Tamarack or Hackmatack,

Western X

Thorn, Thorn-apple or Haw,

Dotted Ill

Thorn, Western IX

Thorn, Cock-spur or Newcastle IV

Thorn, Scarlet or Red IV

Titi. Buckwheat-tree V

Titi. Red. Leatherwood V

Tobacco, Tree or Wild VIII

Torreya or Stinking Cedar,

Florida or Yew-leaf V

Torreya or Wild Nutmeg,

California ; VI

Toyon or Tollon VIII

Tulip-tree. White-wood .... I

Walnut. Arizona or Mexican X

Walnut, Black II

Walnut, Cal VIII

Walnut, White I

Wattle, Green or Black IX

Wattle, Silver or Black X

Willow, Black II

Willow, California Black.... VI Willow, Cal. White or Bige-

low VII

Willowy Desert or Flowering. VI

Willow, Long-stalk or Ward. XII

Willow, Missouri XII

Willow, Nuttall VIII

Willow, Peach or Almond-lf. Ill

Willow, Sandbar XI

Willow, Silkv Sitka X

Willow, Western Black X

Willow, Yellow II

Witch-Hazel XII

Yellow- wood. Gopher- wood.

Virgilia XII

Yew, Pacific VI

No. 275 150 247

20 149 100 279 180 179 255 5 285

13 2.32 135

23 250

210

85

86

108

107

1S8

120

145 181

233 35

190 14

206

227 45

140

165 134 296 297 193 71

238

237

46

281

280 144

GENERAL INDEX

TO BOTANICAL NAMES.

AMERICAN WOODS, PARTS l-XII.

That this list may serve a double purpose we are indicating with an asterisk (*) the species of which we are prepared to furnish views (both as photographs and as stereopticon slides) of isolated individual trees, showing habits of growth and natural environment, the deciduous species generally both in leaf and leafless. We are also prepared to furnish, photographed to a scale, similar views of the character- istic barks and fresh leaves, flowers, fruits and leafless branchlets of most of the species. Our views also -comprise a considerable number of species not yet listed in American Woods. Our mounts of woods for the stereopticon and for the microscope comprise practically all of the list and several additional.

Part. No.

Abies auiabilis X 249

* Abies balsamea I 22

Abies concolor VII 173

Abies f laser i XII 300

* Abies grand is IX 224

Abies )iiaf/nifica VII 174

Abies nobilis IX 22.)

Abies venusta X 248

Aeacia decurrens IX 206

Aeacia melanoxylon VII 155

Acacia mollissima X 227

Acer circinatum IX 203

*Acer macro phyll urn VII 152

*Acer negundo Ill 54

*Acer pennsylvanicum IV 79

^Acer riibrum Ill 53

*Acer saccharinum L. (A.

dasgcarpu))i Ehrh.i II 26

*Acer saechannn Marcli. (.1.

saccharinum Wang.) .... VII 7

*Aesculus californica VI 127

Aesculus glabra XI 253

*Aesculus hippocastanum ... I 6

Aesculus octandra XII 278

*Ailanthus glandulosus .... I 4

^Alnus Oregona X 217

Alnus rhombofolia VII 163

*Amelanchier canadensis T.

& G Ill 59

*AraUa spinosa I 8

^Arbutus arizonica X 230

Arbutus menziesii VI 132

* Arctostaphiflos manzanita

Parry (A. pungens HBK ) VI 133

*Asimina triloba IV 76

Part No.

""Betula lenta II 44

'Betula lutea I 17

^Betula nigra IV 95

Betula occidenfalis X 236

'Betula papyrifera [Marsh.

(B. papyracea Ait.) II 43

""Betula populifolia Ill 70

Broussonetia papyrifera ... XI 266

'Bumelia lanuginosa XI 260

*'Carpinus carolineano II 42

*Castanea dcntata Borkh. {('. resca var. Americana

Michx.) II 40

^'('astanea pumila XI 272

Castanopsis chrysophylla . . VI 139 *Catalpa catalpa Kark. (C.

big-nonioides Walt.) .... IV S9

^Ceanothus arboreus VIII 177

*Ceanothus sorcdiatus IX 202

*Ceanothus spinusus IX 201

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus .... VII 151

*Celtis mississippiensis .... XI 265

*Celtis occidentalis I 12

*Cercidium Torreyanum .... VI 128

Cercocarpus parrifolius ... VI 130

Cereus giganteus X 228

Chamaecyparis laicsoniana. . X 241

Chamaecyparis nootkatensi.<i X 240

*Chamaecyparis thyoides ... Ill 74 *Chilopsis linearis Sweet (('.

saligna Don) VI 134

Citrus aurantium \' 103

Citrus limonum \' 104

Cladrastris lutea XII 280

G2

Hough's American Woods.

Part No. Cliftonia monophylla Sarg.

(C. ligustrina Banks)... V 108

*Cornus alternifolia IV 87

Cornus flordia IV 88

Cornus nuttallii VIII 185

Cotinus americanus XI 256

^Crataegus coccinea L IV 86

^Crataegus crus-galli L IV 85

Crataegus douglasii IX 210

*Crataegus punctata Jacq. . . Ill 58

*Cupressiis arizonica X 239

Cupressus goveniana VII 166

Cupressus macnabiana .... IX 219

*Cupressus maoocarpa .... VIII 195

Cyrilla racemiflora V 107

*Dalea spinosa Gray VII 154

*Diospyros virginiana Ill 61

Eucalyptus globulus VIII 183

Eucalyptus rostrata IX 211

'"Fagus americana Sweet. (F.

ferrtiginea Ait.) I 16

Forestiera acuminata V 111

*Fraxinus americana I 10

Fraxinus biltmoreana XII 287

Fraainiis caroliniana XII 286

Fraxinus dipetala X 231

Fraxinus lanceolata XI 262

* Fraxinus nigra Marsh. {F.

sambucifolia Lam.) Ill 62

*Fraxinus oregona VIII 187

* Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Marsh. (F. pubescens

Lam.) II 31

Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . XI 263

Fraxinus velutitia IX 212

Frcmontodendron calif orni-

cum X 226

Garrya ellipfica VI 131

Grevillca robusta. IX 213

*Gleditschia aquatica Marsh.

(G. monosperma Walt.). V 109 *Gleditschia (or Gleditsia)

triacanthos II 28

Gordonia lasianthus V 102

*Gymnocladus dioicus Koch.

(G. Canadensis Lam.)... II 27

Hamamelis virginiana- XII 281

IJeteromeles arbutifolia . . . VIII 181 *Hicoria alba Britt. (Carya

tomentosa Nutt. ) IV 90

*Hicoria aquatica Britt.

(Carya aquatica Nutt.). V 115 *Hicoria glabra Britt.

( Carya porcina Nutt. ) . . . Ill 65

Part No. *Hicoria laciniosa. (Carya

sulcata) Ill 64

^Hicoria microcarpa Britt.

(Carya microcarpa Nutt.) IV 91 ^'Hicoria niininia Britt.

(Carya aniara Nutt.) .... II 37 *Hicoria ovata Britt. (Carya

alba Nutt.) II 36

*Hicoria pecan XI 267

Hicoria villosa XII 292

Ilex cassine XII 276

Ilex monticola XI 252

*llex opaca Ill 52

*Juglans californica VIII 190

*Juglans cinerea I 14

*Juglans nigra II 35

^Juglans rupestris X 233

*Juniperus californica VII 167

Junipcrus occidentalis VII 168

*Juniperus pachyphloea .... X 242

*Juniperus virginiana I 25

Kahnia latifolia XI 259

* Larix americana I 23

*Larix occidentalis X 250

*Lihocedrus decurrens VI 141

*Liquidambar styraciflua . . . Ill 60

*Liriodendron tulipifera .... I 2

* Lyonothamnus floribundus . VIII 182

^Magnolia acuminata I 1

Magnolia fraseri XI 251

Magnolia glauca Ill 51

Magnolia grandiflora V 101

Melia azedarach V 105

Mohrodendron Carolinum... XI 261

*Morus alba XII 290

*Morus rubra Ill 63

Myrica californica VII 164

Myrica cerifera XI 268

*Xicotiana glauca VIII 188

\yssa aquatica XII 282

Xyssa ogeche V 110

*Xyssa sijlrafica (V. multi-

'flora) ^ I 9

*Olca europca VIII 186

*()pun1ia tuna VIII 184

Osmanthus americanus B.

& H. V 112

*Ostrya virginica II 41

*Oxydendrum arboreum .... XII 283

*Parkinsonia mirrophylla . . IX 204

*Paulou-nia tomentosa XII 288

General Index to Botanical Names.

63

Part No.

Persea borbonea XI 264

Persea pubcscens Sarg. (P. carolinensis var. palustris

Chap.) V 113

*Picea canadensis B. S. P.

(P. alba Link) IV 100

Picea engelmanni X 247

*Picea parryana (P.pungens) XI 275 *Picea rubens Sarg. {Abies

nigra Poir. in part) I 20

*Picea sitchensis VI 149

Pinus albicaulis X 244

* Pin us attenitata IX 222

Pinus balfouriana X 246

Pinus clausa V 122

Pinus contorta VI 148

Pinus coulteri VII 169

*Pinus divaricata Gord. (P.

Banksiana Lamb.) IV 99

* Pinus echinata Mill. (P.

mitis Michx. ) Ill 75

Pinus fiexiUs X 243

Pinus glabra V 123

Pinus heterophi/Ua Sudw.

(/*. cubensis Griseb.) .... V 125

*Pinus lambertiana VI 146

*Pinus monophi/lla VIII 196

Pinus monticola IX 221

Pinus muricata VII 170

*Pinus pnlustris V 124

* Pin us lyondvrosa VI 147

Pinus pungens XII 298

Pinus quadrifoUa X 245

* Pinus rudinta VIII 190

*Pinus resinosa I 19

* Pinus rigida II 50

Pinus sabiniana VIII 198

Pinus serotina V 121

* Pinus strobus II 49

Pinus taeda XI 274

*Pinus torrei/ana VIII 197

Pinus Virginiana Mill. {P.

inops Ait.) IV 98

Plnncra aquntica V 114

*Platanus occidenlalis I 13

*PInianus raceniosa VI 135

*PIatanus irrightii X 232

*Populus alba^ IV 96

*Populus balsamifera II 47

*Populus deltoides Marsh.

(P. monilifera Ait.) II 48

*Populus dilatata Ill 73

Populus frcmontii VIII 194

*Pnpuliis grandidrnfa I IS

* Populus hefrrophi/lla IV 97

*Populus trrmuloides Ill 72

Populus trirhocarpa IX 218

*Prosopis juliflora VI 129

Prosopis odorata IX 205

Part

Prunus aniericana XI

*Prunus avium Ill

* Prunus cerasus IV

Prunus ilicifolia VII

Prunus mollis Walp. {P.

cmarginata cillosa Sudw.) IX

* Prunus nigra IV

* Prunus pennsylvanica Ill

*Prunus serotina II

Prunus subcordata IX

Pseudotsuga macrorarpa . . VII

*Pseudotsuga taxifolia VI

*Ptelea trifoliata IV

*Pi/rus comtnunis Ill

*Pyrus coronaria IV

*Pyrus malus II

*Pyrus rivularis IX

*Quercus acutninata Houba. (Q. Muhlenbergii En-

gelm. ) Ill

*Quercus agrifolia VI

*Qucrcus alba II

Qucrcus calif or nica VII

Qucrcus chrysolepis VII

*Quercus coccinea Ill

Qucrcus densiflora VI

*Quercus digitata XI

*Quercus douglasii IX

*Quercus emoryi X

'^Quercus engelmanni IX

Qucrcus garryana VI

'^Quercus hypoleuca X

^Qucrcus imbricaria XI

Quercus laurifolia XII

Qucrcus lobata VII

Quercus lyrata XII

^Qucrcus macdonaldi IX

'^Quercus macrocarpa II

Quercus Michauxii V

*Quercus minor Sarg. (Q.

obtusiloba Michx.) IV

* Quercus nigra {Q. aquatica

Walt.) V

Quercus palustris Muench.. IV

*Quercus phellos XI

*Quercus platonoides Sudw.

{Q. bicolor \Yilld.) Ill

Quercus prinus Ill

*Quercus rubra I

*QuercU'S texana XII

Quercus tomentella VII

*Quercus velutina Lam. iQ.

tinctoria Bartr. ) IV

*Quercus virginiana Mill.

(Q. virens Ait.) V

Quercus irislizeni VIII

*Rhamnus caihartica XII

No.

257 56 82

156

208

81

55

29

207

172

150

77

57

83

30

209

68 137

38 162 161

69 138 269 214 234 215 136 235 270 295 160 293 216

39 116

92

118

94

271

66

67

15

294

191

93

117 192 277

C4

Hough's American Woods.

Part

*Rhamnus insidaris VIII

*Rhamnus purshiana VI

Rfiododendron californicum . VII

Rhododendron maximum . . XII

*Rhus copalUna XII

*Rhus hiria Sudw. (R.

ti/phina L. ) I

Rhus integrifoUa VIII

Rhus laurina VIII

Rhus ovata VII

*Rhu.s vernix XI

*Ricinus communis VIII

*Robinia pseudacacia IV

*8alix alba, var. inteUina . . . II

*Salix ami/gdaloides Ill

i^alix fluriatilis XI

Salix laevigata VI

Salix lasiandra X

Salix lasiolepis VII

Salix longipes XII

Salix missouriensis XII

*tSalix nigra II

Salix nuttallii VIII

Salix sitchensis X

*Sanibucus glauca VII

Sambucus mexicana X

*8apindus drummondi II

*Sassafras. sassafras Karst.

(.S*. Officinale N. & E.) .. . II

Schinus molle VIII

*Sorbus scopulina Greene (Pyrus sambucifolia C. &

S.) .. IV

* Sequoia washin gtoniana

Sudw. {S. gigantea

Descn. ) VI

*Sequoia sempervirens Endl.. VI

Symplocos tinctoria XII

No. 176 126 158

284 279

5 179 180 153 255 189 80

46 71 27.> 140 237 165 296 297 45 193 238 157 229 254

32

178

84

142 143

285

Part

^Taxodium distichum V

^Taxus brevifolia VI

*Thuja occidentalis I

"Thuja plicata (T. gigantea) IX

*Tilia americana HI

"'Toxylon pomiferum XII

*2^suga canadensis Carr.

{Abies Canadensis Michx. ) I

Tsuga curoliniana XII

Tsuga heterophylln IX

Tsuga. mertensiana Carr.

(T. Pattoniana Engel.) . . Vll '■'Tui}iio)i californicum Greene ( Torrei/a Calif or nica

Torr.)' VI

Tumion taxifolium Greene

( Torreya taxifoUa Arn. ) . V

Ulmus alata XII

*Uhnus americana II

^Utmus thomasi (U. race-

mosa) II

*Ulmus pubescens Walt. {U.

fulva Mich.x. ) I

Umbellularia calif ornica.. . . VII

No. 119 144 24 220 3 291

21 29t> 223

171

145 120

289 33

34

11 159

*Vaccinium arboreum XI 25S

*Vitis aestivalis IV 78

^Washingto)iia filifera ro- bust ei Parish (IV. fila-

mentosa 0. K.) VII 200

Xanthoxylum clava-herculis. V 106

^'Yucca arborescens "\'II 175

HANDBOOK OF THE TREES

OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

PHOTO- DESCRIPTIVE.

ROMEYN BECK HOUGH, AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER

HANDBOOK OPENED AT RED OA:

Observe that ttco pages facing each oilier are decoted to a species.

are treated.

In this way all of the trees

SHIS work is "photo-descriptive," in that the distinctive characteristics of the various species are shown in carefully made photo^jraphic illustrations. So completely has this plan been carried out. after a vast amount of experiment and field work, that the book enables one who lias never studied botany to easily identify the trees by com- parison with its illustrations. It appeals alike to the amateui- observer of trees, the lum- bermen ami the technical botanist.

Its illustrations cover the tield in the following five exclusive particulars :

(1) Leaves and Fruits in fresh condition, a<,^ainst a backoround ruled into square inches (a unique plan, origuial with tlie author) whereby natural sizes are at once ap- parent, and so perfect are the pictures that even minute details, as nature of surface, etc.. are distinctly shown.

(2) Leafless Twigs, generallv a full season's growth, showing the characters by which the trees may be identified in winter — a revelation to those who have thought it possible to identify trees only in summer.

(3) Typical Barks of Trees as found in field and forest with natural enviromnent, a 1-foot rule being affixed to indicate size. They show the characters by which the wood- man knows the trees.

(4) Wood Structures (transverse) of at least one species of each genus, magnified fifteen diameters, to aid in the identifying of woods. This feature is of special value to dealers and workers in woods.

(0) Maps Indicating Distributions of the various trees.

The illustrations represent 690 negatives, all made on account of scientific value, and the maps 191 line engravings. The text gives important information as to botanical char- acters, habitats, uses, etc., and carefully prepared keys and a glo.'ssary. Royal octavo, X + 470 pages. Size of page, 6| x 9j inches.

Price $6 in buckram binding; |8 in half morocco. Expressage prepaid. Sample pages sent on request.

What Critics and Patrons say of tine "Handbook of the Trees.

"Am greatly impressed with the \iery thorough man- ner in which eacn trfee is illustrated. The half tones of trunks and foliage are exceedingly attractive. I am glad to have a co;)y."

Gitt'ord Pincliot, Forester, "Washington, D. C.

"Your Handbook of Trees is the most ideal handbook I have ever seen. The plan of illustrating each species by photographic pictures of the trunk, branchlets, leaves and fruit, accompanied by a concise description of the species, and a map showing its geographic distribution, was a haopy conception, and the mechanical advantage of bringing these together on facing pages, so as to fall under the eye at once, is an additional help to all who use the book. It appeals to me as a model in treatment and execution and is by far the most convenient book I have ever seen for the ready identification of natural history objects. The time, labor and expense necessary in secur- ing fresh specimens of upwards of 200 species of trees from various parts of the country for illustration must have been very great : your success is a lastin? tribute to your patience, perseverance and photographic skill." C. Hart Merriam, Chief C. S. Biological Survey.

"Just the sort of thing we want, and in every way more valuable than anvthing we have."

Alfred Gaskill, State Forester of N. J.

" It is doubtful if any book placed before the public in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this Handbook of the Trees. A veritable encyclopedia of hard-won knowledge, and the manner of presentation is as beautiful and fascinating as it is scientifically accurate and generally instructive. No observer of the trees that we can recall has performed such a valuable service as Mr. Hough in his book. Never was a camera used to better purpose than in the preparation of this work. Full information is given in the text, which also contains an analytical key, glossary and index, which are the best of their kind we have ever seen. A unique feature, which should commend the work to lumbermen, timber holders, cruisers and those identified with the lumber and timber interests, is the series of mag^nified wood structures, designed as an aid in identifying timbers."

St. Liouis liumberinan.

"Altogether the most interesting and most valuable book on trees that I have ever seen. It is a fine example of an excellent plan thoroughly carried out, and is worth fully double the amount you charge for it. Send me six more copies for presentation to friends in England." W. H. Boardman, Editor Railroad Gazette.

" It is impossible to convey in a few words an adequate impression of the value and beauty of the 'Handbook.' It is a mine of valuable information, and with it the study of trees becomes a delightful diversion "

W. T. Hornaday, Director N.V. Zoological Park.

"The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject, out of a total "of some 250 books on this and kindred subjects." Dean^ Alvord, New York.

" The most valuable guide to its subject ever published. Mr. Hough is the author of a most facinating publica- tion called American Woods, which embodying the results of many years of close pursuit of knowledge in the field, is of the most exceptional excellence. * * * He has made a wholly novel entrance in the chronicle of nature and has given to the world an unexampled work. The illustrations are all presented with an invaluable guide to proportions in the method of a ruled background, giving square inches as a measure This device of Mr. Hough's is most welcome The photographs are de- lightful to any wanderer of the woods. We shall ever be grateful to Mr. Hough for his sincere and generous help." Springfield Republican.

"While prepared to see a fine work, I confess my deals are far surpassed. It is most choice. No man who loves trees should be without it. The whole ex- ecution of the work, subject-matter and illustrations are beautiful, aad my family and myself are highly delighted." Dr. Jas. H. Jackson, Da'nsville, N. Y.

"Many attempts have been made to bring into popular form such descriptions of our trees as would enable the amateur to recognize the various species at different seasons. It has remained for Mr. Romeyn B. He ugh to produce a book that adequately accomplishes tt.is laud- able purpose. F5ut it does much more, it brings to the forester, lumberman, cultivator and botanist alike such a compact and comprehensive portrayal of the trees as has never before been at his service. The book may be com- mended as indispensable for all students of trees."

Botanical Gazette.

"Admirably adapted to the average person who wants to be able to tell the trees apart with the least possible study." The Outlook.

" There is nothing but praise for the work as a whole."

The Nation.

"A book of the utmost value. Should be in the hands of everybody who hasa patriotic pride in the forests of our country." Collier's Weekly.

"An extraordinarily thorough and attractive hand-book of the trees, furnished with realistic illustrations that al- most carry the scent and touch of the original."

New York Times, Saturday Book Review.

"Of greatest value to foresters, lumbermen, bofani'^ts, nature students and sportsmen. We cannot recommend the book too highly to those fond of nature study and the forest." Forest and Stream.

" Without question the best book of its kind on the^ar- ket at present. Kor every lover of trees and for the man who ' wants to know ' there is no other book so helpful. I cannot speak too highly of the book."

Oustav Straubenniueller, Associate Supt. Schools, New York.

"The most interesting work on trees ihat I have ever seen, and I own nearly all that have been published in the United States."' John Alden, Lawrence, Mass.

" A perfectly delightful book. The illustrations of the leaves, fruits, etc., are very fine indeed, while the illustra- tions of the trunks, are works of art. To every lover of trees this book will be a source of inspiration."

Dr. J. N. Rose, U. S. National Herbarium.

"Unique and beautiful, as well as extremely useful, it deserves a place in the library of every tree lover in the world." The Dial.

"The deep and widespread interest in nature study has brought out many books, but none more thoroughly nelp- ful than Mr Hough's Handbook of the Trees. It is the work of a practical forester, scientifically accurate in his observations and record, a master of descriptive pho- tography, and withal a true lover of the tree."

The Christian Advocate.

"No other book that has been made — and it is safe to say no other that will be made— can take the place of this masterly production. * * * No library, public or private, is complete without it, and no school should be without it. Eight dollars may seem a large price before you have seen what it buys, but when you have seen you will wonder that it is so inexpensive."

* Dr. A. E. Winship, in Journal of Education.

"By far the most useful book I have ever seen for libraries to give to most readers. One wholly unfamiliar with botanv can easily identify the trees." _

Melvil Dewey, Pres. Amer. Library Inst., in address before the Vermont State Library .Asso- ciation.

"Surely the' book should be upon the shelves of every library for the use of the lovers of trees, botanists, lum- bermen, etc. Mr. Hough comes of his love of trees by inheritance, as his father was the late Dr. Franklin B. Hough, the first U. S. Commissioner of Forestry."

Bangor Weekly Commercial.

PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON

These are transverse sections from 1-400 to 1-600 in. thick, mounted be- tween glass of standard stereopticon-slide size. 3^ x4 in., and enable the dis- play of cbaractei istic wood structures, projected from nature itself, in a most satisfactory manner. The wood section covers a circular field generally 2$ in in diameter on the slide.

Price, 50 cents each ; $10 per twenty-five, the purchaser's selection.

Views of T.vpieal Trees, Etc. Having rather unusual opportun- ity of studying trees in the field, on account of personally gathering the woods used in AMERI- CAN W00D?5, the author is in the habit of making photographs that are of special interest in the study of trees.

The suiijects selected are mainly as follows :

(a) Isolated indindiinl trees showing habit of growth, natural environ- ment, etc. (b) L/tiirartfr- isfic barks, (c) Hotrei's and , „ . leaves at flowering season.

(d) I nuts and mature leaves, (e) Leafless brancMefs showing winter character. Natural sizes

are always indicated and specimens shown in fresli condition.

Prices : Photographs unmounted, 20 cents ; mounted, 25 cents ; stereopticon slides 50 cents ; 25 for $10.00. ^

MOUNTS OF WOODS FOR MICROSCOPE.

_ These are transverse, radial and tangential sections, mostlv 1-1300 in. thick, stained with methyl green and mounted in Canada balsam. These are indispensable in the stndv of wood technology. Prices, 50 cents each; f 10.00 per twentv-five, the purchaser's selei'- tion. ' ^

B^It may interest our patrons of AMERICAN WOODS to know that we carrv in stock a supply of wood sections, such as are mounted in that work, and that we are "pre- pared to replace any that mav become damaged or soiled. Our charge is 10 cents per specimen. The price of AMERICAN WOODS is |5.00 per part in cloth binding; $7.50 m half morocco: single specimen-pages, 25 cents: five for $1.00: twentv-five for $4.00; texts, 50 cents each

ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY.

LOWVILLE, N. Y.

276. ILEX CASSINE L.

Cassena Holly. Dahoon, Henderson-wood.

'/

TRANSVERSC SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

■?r!«

TANOCNTIAL acCTION.

Ger. Cassena Stechpalme. Fr. Houx de Cassena.

«p. Acebo de Cassena. /

276. ILEX CASSINE L.

^6assena Holly. Dahoon. Henderson-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

..V,'::.'*^;ti>Xt^->^.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

oer, Cassena Stechpalme.

Fr. Houx dc dssena.

Sp, Acebo de Cassena.

277. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA L.

Common or European Buckthorn. Way thorn.

TRAN8VCRSE SCCTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANQCHTJAL SKCTIOH.

<;«■. Stcchdorn. Fr. Nerprun.

up' Ramno cathartico. •■>

;<,--r:

277. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA L

Common or European Buckthorn. Waythorn.

TRANSVERSC SECTION

RADIAL atCTION.

IJ^

M^:

TAN«CNTtAL SCCTIOM.

f^t^r. Stechdorn.

techdorn. P'r- Nerprun.

Sp. Ramno cathartxco.

278. AESCULUS OCTANDRA Marsh.

Yellow Buckeye* Sweet Buckeye*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANOENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Gclbc Rosskastanie.

Rosskastanie. f^. Marronnier taunc*

Sp. Castano de caballo amarillo.

278. AESCULUS OCTANDRA Marsh.

YcUow Buckeye. Sweet Buckeye.

K.

V

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RAOiAU SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

<?er. Gelbe Rosskastanle, Fr, Marronnier faune.

sp. Gistano dc caballo amarillo.

279. RHUS COPALLINA L.

Dwarf Sumach.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. Zwerg-Sumach. Fr. Sumac nain. !*P' Zumaque enano.

279. RHUS COPALLINA L.

■». Dwarf Sumach.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

?ADIAL SECTION.

TANQKNTIAL SECTION.

Ser. Zwerg-Sumach, Fr. t

i Sp. Zumaquc enano.

Fr. Sumac nain.

280. CLADRASTIS LUTEA Koch.

Yellow-wood. Gopher-wood. Virgilia.

TRANSVERSE. SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

					■ —
						II
			^	f'		^
■■^^k'.:	"^T"	-..V.^iUHHk--	'■iAKL,"	^i^/-^	.*	,

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Gelb-holtz.

Fr. Bois faune.

5p. Madera amarilla*

280. CLADRASTIS LUTEA Koch.

YclIow-W(X)d. Gopher-wood. Virgilia.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SCCTrON.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

oer. Gelb-holtz.

b-holtz. Pr. Bois jaunc.

, ''Sp. Madera amarilla.

281. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L,

Wttch-hazel.

mmr)

TMANSVCnSC BCCTION.

RADIAL SCCTJON.

TANOCMTIAL SCCTION.

Ger. Zauberstrauch. Fr. Noiseticr dcs sorcieres sp. Bruxa-avellano.

281. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L

Witch-hazel.

KAOIAL SKCTtON.

TANttCNTIAt SCCTION.

©«-. Zaubcrstrauch, Fr. Noiscticr des sorcicrcs, 3p. Bruxa-avdlana

282. NYSSA AQUATICA Marsh.

G)tton Gum. Tupelo Gum. Large Tupela

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL 8CCTION.

TANGENTIAL SCCTIOM.

G^r. Groszer Gummibaum.

nmibaum. Fr. Gommkr grand.

Sp. Tupelo grande*

282: NYSSA AQUATICA Marsh

Cotton Cjuin. Tupelo Gum* Lafgc Tupelo.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

'iimfji'i

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

jser. Groszer Gummibaum* Fr. Gommier grand,

^ Sp. Tupelo grande.

283, OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM DC.

Sorrel-Tree. Sour-Wood.

-ii^ifliBrfr'M'

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

fi*^'. Sauerampfcrbaum. Fr. Arbre d'oseille.

sp. Arbol de accdcra.

283. OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM DC

Sorrel-Tree. Sour-Wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANOCNTIAL StCTIOM.

Ger. Sauerampferbaum. Fr. /

Sp, Arbol de accdera.

Fr, Arbre d'oscille.

284. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM L.

Rose Bay. Great Laurel.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RACIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. Groszer Rosenlorbeer. f^r. Rhododendron grand. .NjL». Rhododendron grande.

284. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM L.

Rose Bay. Great Laurel,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Groszer Rosenlorbecr. Fr. Rhododendron g:rand. Sp. Rhododendron grandc.

285, SYMPLOCOS TINCTORIA L'Her

Sweet-lea t. Horse-Sugar. '^

SANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANOCNTIAL SECTION.

tier. Zuckerblatt

Fr» Feuille sucrcc

sp. Hofa dulca.

285. SYMPLOCOS.TINCTORIA LHer.

Sweet-leaf. Horse-Sugar,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

-VJ

TANCeNTIAL SECTION.

<i^r. Zuckerblatt.

Fr, Feuille sucrec.

Sp. Hoja dulca.

286, FRAXINUS CAROLIINIANA Mill

Water Ash.

TRANSVKRSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

i-ANGCNTIAL SECTION.

«*r. Wasser-Eschc

Ft, Frcnc d'eau.

iip, Fresno de agua.

286, f^fiAXINUS CAROLINIANA Mill

Water Ash.

TRAN8VCR8C SECTION

RADIAL SCCTION.

TANOKNTlAi, SBCTION.

Ger. Wasscr-Esche. ^**-

Sp. Fresno de agua.

Fr. Frenc d*cau.

287. FRAXINUS BILTIVIORIANA. Beadle.

Biltmore Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SCCTION.

TANOENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Biltmore Esche*

fy* Frenc dc Biltmore

/sp. Fresno dc Biltmore.

287, FRAXINUS BILTMORIANA Beadle.

Biltmore Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

O0r. Biltmore Esche,

Fr. Frene de Biltmore.

>»V»- Fresno de Biltmore.

288. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA Baile

Paulownia. Princcss-trce.

M

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Princessinn-Baum. Fr. Arbrc de princesse, s^. Arbol de princesa.

288. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA Bailey,

PauIowniJe?' gijinccss-tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Princessinn-Baum* Fr. Arbrc dc princcssc.

sp. Arbol dc princcsa*

289. ULMUS ALATA Michx.

Winged Elm.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANQKNTIAL SECTION.

««r. Bcflugelte Ulme. i

Sp. Olmo alado.

Fr. Ormc aile.

280. ULMUS ALATA Michx.

Winged Elm.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

,*^?*^

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAt SECTION.

Ge^'. Beflugelte Ulmc. Fr

sp. Olmo alado.

290. MORUS ALBA L

White Mulberry.

TRANSVERSE StCTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Weisze Maulbeerbaum. Fr. Muricr blanc« sp. Moral bianco.

290. MORUS ALBA L

White Mulberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

^BM	^	.^icl4\l		--^■'^■^*«^*i^«ij|||
HH|	ff			41
wrap!*'*'	tl/>--. .. ;. _
JBn|^^r
'|:f*"
I^Ml	i
/P?^	1'
tt4

RADIAL SECTION.

TANQCNTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Weisze Maulbeerbaum. Fr. Murier blanc, Sp. Moral bianco.

291. TOXYLON POMIFERUM Raf.

Osage Orange.

.*! <5

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ge7'. Bogen-Holz. Fr. ]

Sp. Madera de arco.

Fr. Bois d*Ai€.

291. TOXYLON POMIFERUM Raf.

Osage Orange.

/•

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Bogcn-Holz. Fr. ]

sp, Madera de arco.

Fr. Bois d^Arc.

292. HICORIA VILLOSA Ashe.

Pale-leat Hickory,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

"m-at.

i ~

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

oer. Zottigc Hickory. f'r. Noycr villcaux.

sp. Nogal vclluda

292. HICORIA VILLOSA Ashe.

Pale-leaf Hickory.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANOKNTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Zottigc Hickory. Pr, Noyer villeaux.

8p. Nogal velludo.

293. QUERCUS LYRATA Walt

Ov:r-cup Oak* •

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TAN6CNTIAL SECTION.

oer. Ubcrkelch-Eiche, FrV Chenc lyre ap. Roble de pantiano.

293. QUERCUS LYRATA Walt

-,.,,.„ w Over-cup Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Uberkclch-Eiche. ^r. Chene lyre. Sp. Roble de pantano.

294. QUERCUS TEXANA Buckl

Southern Red Oak. Schncck's Oak.

M

TRANSVEHSK SECTION.

>IAL SeCTION

TANGEMTIAL SECTION.

Grr. Sudliche Rothe Eiche. Fr. Chene rouge du sud. .^/>. Roble rofo meridional.

294. QUERCUS TEXANA Buckl.

Southern Red Oak. Schneck's Oak.

■ff mu wiwHBQfc*^

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SecriON.

TANCtHTfAL »rCTIOI».

Ger. Sudliche Rothe Eiche. Fn Chene rouge du sud. Sp. Roble roio meridional.

295. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA Michx Laurel Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

-■'0'JfiZiJ'Miie:i^f^.^MiJ

RAOIAL SECTION

TANGENTiAL SECTION.

Lorbeer-Eiche,

^r. Chene de laurier.

sp. Roble de laurel.

295. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA Michx

Laurel Oak.

I. twfui^— awHi«

TRANSVERSE SECTION

iMm

RADIAL SECTION.

Ger. Lorbeer-Eichc. fr. Ch(

Sp, Roble dc laurel.

Fr. Qiene dc lauricr.

296. SALIX LONGIPES Anders

Long-stalk Willow. Ward Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Langstcngel-Wcide. Fr. Saulc a tige long.

^sp. Sauce de tallo largo.

296. SALIX LONGIPES Anders.

Long-stalk Willow. Ward Willow,

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Langstcngel-Wcide. Fr. Saule a tige lonjg;.

sp. Sauce dc tallo largo.

«?.«

297. SALIX MISSOURIENSIS Muehl.

Missouri Willow,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

-■^^^i*i*yiSftgg6s^.

TANQCNTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Missouri Weide.

Fr, Saule de Missouri.

8p. Sauce de Missouri.

297. SALIX MISSOURIENSIS Mueml,

Missouri Waiow.

i£msL^^:2mi,'

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Missouri Weidc.

Fr, Saulc dc Missouri.

Sp. Sauce de Missouri.

298. PINUS PUNGENS Michx.

Table-mountain Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RAOtAL SeCTION.

TANaKNTtAL SECTION.

Ger. Tafclberg-Fichtc, f^' Pin dc j^teau.

Sp. Pino de Mesa.

298. PINUS PUNGENS Michx.

Table-mountain Pine

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANOENTIAL SECTION.

Ge»-. Tafelberg-Fichte. Fr. Pin de plateau.

sp. Pino de Mesa.

299. TSUGA CAROLINIANA Engelm.

Carolina Hamldck.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. Carolina Tanne.

Fr, Pruche dc Caroline*

Sp. Abcto dc Carolina,

299. TSUGA CAROLINIANA Engelm.

Girolina Hamlock.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL aCCTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

oer. Girolina Tannc. Fr. Pruche de Caroline. sp. Abeto de Carolina.

300. ABIES FRASERI Lindl.

Eraser Fir.

I

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Gei'. Frascr Tannc. Fr, Sapin dc Eraser. Sp, Abeto de Eraser,

300. ABIES FRASERI Lindl.

Fra^er Fir.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. Frascr Tannc. Fr. Sapin de Frascr,

Sp. Abeto dc Frascr.

p. ^'m^^'

',>-

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rv^

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:U: i^. j;: J

(? :: I

ft, iK ■^-... ..

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