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CASE

THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

ILLUSTRATED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS

WITH FULL TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A,

PART XIIL

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

BY

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR

HOLOGY T.TRRAHY

Copyright nineteen hundred and thirteen
BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH

THOMAS J. GRIFFITHS

PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND BINDING

UTICA, N. Y.

TO

DR. JOHN GIFFORD,

FORESTER AND STUDENT OF TREES,

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED

AS AN EXPRESSION

OF ESTEEM

M175596

PREFACE

\Yhile the southern end of the peninsula of Florida and its many
neighboring islands are not strictly within the tropics, in the sense of
extending below the Tropic of Cancer, their flora is distinctly tropical
nevertheless. That is doubtless due to the fact that the warm waters
of the Gulf Stream wash their shores and bring thither the climate
and conditions of the tropics lying not many miles to the southward.
Undoubtedly the same currents, too, lodge upon their shores the fruits
and growing parts of trees and other plants of tropical origin, and
their establishment there becomes a matter of course. Hence it is
that we may consider the flora of southern Florida and keys as dis-
tinctly tropical.

As one enters the region from northern Florida he notices an almost
complete change of vegetation as he passes a line extending across the
peninsula approximately from Tampa Bay to Cape Canaveral. The
species he was familiar with in northern Florida have one after another,
with very few exceptions, been left behind, and the strange species of
the tropics have taken their places. Probably what has impressed him
first of the change is the appearance of the Cocoanut and Royal Palms',
with their enormous plume-like leaves waving in the breezes. On
reaching the "hammocks" of southern Florida he finds the change
quite complete, and he cannot fail to be impressed at the amazing
number of new trees, shrubs and vines which he finds within a given
area. They are mostly evergreen and some are found to be in both
flower and fruit most of the year through, or to produce flowers and
fruit more than once each year, entirely at variance with the habits of
northern species.

Such trees commence growth at germination and apparently con-
tinue it until old age with very little if any periods of rest. As one
might infer, such trees shew very little if any evidence of annual rings,
in the cross-section of their wood, and he finds his old ideas of being
able to determine the age of a tree by counting its annual layers of
growth (rings in cross section) do not apply here. But that is not the
only nor the chief surprise that awaits him, if he look further into

vi PREFACE.

tree-growth. He finds that in the wood of one species at least, the
Black Mangrove, Avicennia nitida, there are no medullary rays that
extend from year to year, such as he was familiar with in woods in
general ; and furthermore that its annual rings, if such they may be,
are not continuous at all but very much broken and sometimes even
with ends overlapping. In another wood, that of the Strong-back,
Bourreria kavanensis, there is a remarkable intermingling of a firm
wood tissue and a very frail pith-like tissue, at variance again with his
ideas of wood-structure as ordinarily understood.

The woods of twenty-five species of these tropical trees have been
collected and are shown in the illustrative specimens of this volume.
After an extended experience in collecting and sectioning woods,
covering now over three hundred species, for use in AMERICAN WOODS
(See announcement at the close of this volume), the writer has not,
in all of them together, found as many surprises in unusual structures,
etc., as he has found in gathering those for this volume. Of a few of
them it was found impossible to make transverse sections suitable for
use, owing to their brittle nature. Of others we were unable to make
sections of the standard thickness adopted in AMERICAN WOODS, but
we could make them thinner. A few of the transverse sections we
have had to reduce in size, and the very thin ones we have had to protect
with celluloid or mica on account of their fragile nature.

In the preparation of this work I wish to gratefully acknowledge
assistance in the field-work by Dr. John Gifford, of Cocoanut Grove,
Florida, to whom it is my pleasure to dedicate the volume. For
information on the colloquial names in foreign languages by which
these trees are known in the tropics I wish to express my gratitude to
Dr. H. Pittier, Mr. C. D. Mell, and Dr. C. F. Millspaugh.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1913.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

OF THE

SPECIES WHOSE WOODS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE ACCOMPANYING

SECTIONS.

CLASS ANGIOSPERNLS:

All trees, excepting the tree ferns of tropical regions, belong to the
division of the vegetable kingdom known as Spermatophyta, i. e., they
produce seeds.

This group is subdivided into Angiosperma-e and Gymnospermae,
both of which are represented in our arborescent flora, and are sub-
divided in turn into orders, genera, etc. The Angiospermae include all
plants producing flowers in which the seed is developed in a closed
ovary. Such of the orders as we have to do with here will be defined
in the following pages.

ORDER MORACE^: MULBERRY FAMILY.

Leaves conduplicatc or involute in the bud, petiolate, alternate, deciduous,
with caducous stipules inclosing the leaf in the bud. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious, small, in ament-like spikes or heads, from the axils of caducous bud-
scales or of the lower leaves of the shoots of the season; calyx 3-5-lobed or
parted; corolla none; stamens I to 4, inserted at the bases of the calyx-lobes;
ovary superior, i-2-celled; styles 1-2; ovules solitary, anatropous and pendulous.
Fruit an aggregation of drupelets, each inclosed in the thick fleshy calyx.

Trees, shrubs and herbs of over nine hundred species, generally with
milky juice and natives of temperate and tropical regions. They are
grouped in fifty-four genera, of which four are represented in North
American trees, three being indigenous and the fourth a naturalized
species.

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

GENUS FICUS LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate, thick and leathery, persistent or deciduous, mostly pinnately
veined; stipules enveloping the young leaves and deciduous; buds naked.
Flowers unisexual, monoecious (or rarely dioecious) and borne on the inside of
hollow receptacles situated in the axils of the leaves or leaf-scars; the staminate
and pistillate flowers borne on the same or different receptacles ; staminate fls.
subsessile ; sepals 2-6 or wanting ; stamen I with short erect filament and 2-celled
innate anther longitudinally dehiscent ; pistillate fls. pedicellate, the pedicels
becoming succulent in the fruit ; calyx-lobes narrower than in the pistillate fls. ;
ovary sessile, I -celled, with lateral elongated style and usually 2-lobed stigma;
ovule solitary, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, with thin, mucilaginous flesh and
hard nutlet, mostly inclosed in the enlarged succulent concave receptacle closed
at the apex.

A very large genus of about 600 species of trees, shrubs and woody
climbers, containing a milky juice, and are of tropical distribution,
mainly in the Orient and on the islands in the Pacific. The name,
Ficus, is the ancient Latin name of the fig.

301. FICUS AUREA NUTT.

GOLDEN FIG. WILD RUBBER-TREE. STRANGLE-TREE.

/

Ger., Wilder Feigenbaum. Fr., Figuier dore. Sp., Metapolo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves thick, leathery and persistent, oblong to oval,
2-5 in. long, acute or abruptly pointed and acute, obtuse or narrowly rounded at
base, entire, smooth and lustrous with broad pale midribs above, paler yellow
green beneath, the lateral veins arcuate and uniting near the margin ; petioles
stout, l/2 to i in. long; stipules reddish, enveloping the young leaves at first and
falling early. Flozvers reddish purple, both sessile and pedicellate in the sub-
globuse receptacles which are subsessile, solitary or in pairs in the axils of
leaves or leaf-scars. Fruit sessile or subsessile, about l/s in. in diameter, yellow
or reddish at maturity and containing light brown nutlets.

The specific name, aurea, alludes to the golden color of the fruit.

A strange tree .which lives, or at least begins life, at the expense of
other trees. It is not parasitic in the sense that the mistletoe is, but is
rather an assassin among trees. Its seed finds lodgment, probably
chiefly through the agency of birds, in a crevice in the bark, a crotch or
decayed spot in some tree and soon germinates. The stem and leaves
of the infant tree spring upward and strong cord-like roots drop down-
ward to the soil beneath. Once established additional roots are sent
out, amalgamating with each other where they cross and eventually
forming a sort of net-work about and more or less enveloping the

3oi. Ficus AUREA — GOLDEN FIG. 3

trunk, while the rampant stem above closely entwines the trunk and
branches. Constantly then With unrelenting grip it strangles the life
out of the victim tree, which then rapidly decays and disintegrates,
through the agency of the many fungi and insects of the tropics, and
the fig-tree, with braided, twisted trunk, stands alone in the place of
the tree it has killed. Such trunks may be 3 or 4 ft. (i m.) or more
in diameter and the top may be 50 or 75 ft. (25 m.) above ground in
high forest growth. When in the open, however, the trees develop
wide-spreading and often irregular tops, and from its branches extend
down aerial roots which finally become secondary trunks and the top
spreads wider until it may cover several square rods in extent. The
bark of the trunk is quite smooth and of a bluish gray color very like
that of the Beech tree.

HABITAT. — The hammocks of the peninsula of Florida, the southern
keys, Bahamas and Cuba.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood one of the very lightest of the
American forests, soft, weak, compact, coarse-grained, with fine
medullary rays, very perishable and of a brownish white color with
sap-wood somewhat lighter. Specific Gravity, 0.2616; Percentage of
Ash, 5.03; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.2484; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 25699; Modulus of Rupture, 239; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 162 ; Resistance to Indentation, 61 ; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in pounds, 16.30.

USES. — The wood is used to a limited extent for interior work, and
aside from the occasional planting of the tree as an ornamental shade
tree it is of little economic value. The fruit though edible is little
eaten. It is eagerly devoured by birds.

ORDER POLYGONACE-flE: BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

Leaves mostly alternate, coriaceous and entire, petiolate and with stipules
united— sheathing the stem. Flowers perfect, regular; calyx 5-lobed, or 5-parted,
persistent; petals ncne; stamens usually 8, with slender filaments and 2-celled
anthers; pistil solitary, superior, with 2-cleft or 3-cleft style and i-celled ovary
containing a single orthotropcus ovule. Fruit an achenium or nutlet enveloped
by an enlarged calyx-tube and lobes.

A family of nearly 1,000 species, grouped in about 30 genera, of
mostly herbaceous plants of the temperate zone. Of these the Buck-

4 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

wheat is perhaps the most important representative species. Within the
tropics the family is represented also by shrubs and trees, those of the
following genus being the only tree representatives in America.

GENUS COCCOLOBIS P. BROWNE.

Leaves simple, evergreen, entire and with pronounced stipular sheaths.
Flowers small, perfect, with short jointed pedicels, in I or few-flowered clusters
in axilary or terminal racemes ; calyx cup-shaped with thin white lobes reflexed
at first but finally thickening and enveloping the nutlet; stamens 8 borne on the
rim of the calyx-tube ; pistil free, with sessile 3-angled ovary, short style and
3-lobed stigma. Fruit subglobose or ovoid usually with thin fleshy acidulous
pulp, though sometimes dry, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes and con-
taining the single 3-5-lobed pit.

A genus of about 120 species confined to the tropics of the N<ew
World and represented in the U. S. by the following two species of
trees. Name is from Greek roots meaning a berry with a husk.

302. COCCOLOBIS UVIFERA JACQ.

SEA GRAPE.

Ger., Coccoloba-holz. Fr., Raisinier de mer.

Sp., Uvero, Uvifero, Uva del mar, Uva (Cuba).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves thick, leathery, suborbicular, 4-6- in. across,
rounded or slightly pointed or notched at apex, deeply heart-shaped at base,
lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, with very short thick flattened petiole
and reddish veins and conspicuous stipular sheath about y\ in. long. Flowers
appearing almost continuously throughout the year in i-6-flowered fascicles
with pubescent pedicels about l/% in. long; in thick-stemmed racemes 6-12 in. long;
calyx bell-shaped, with its white lobes slightly longer than the red stamens ;
pistil with short stigmatic lobes. Fruit resembling a bunch of blue grapes in
compact dropping racemes, each fruit being subglobose or obovoid, about 24 m-
long with thin juicy flesh, and thin-walled nutlet.

A low, rounded or wide-spreading tree rarely over 15 ft. (5 m.) in
height in Florida, with compact beautiful foliage and crooked, gnarled
and more or less prostrate trunk sometimes -3 or 4 ft. (i m.) in diame-
ter. Such trees commonly present the appearance of a dome of their
singular foliage .extending from the ground up and hiding the trunk.
It is often shrubby and attains its greatest dimensions south of the
United States. The bark of trunk is thin, scarcely more than */6 in. in

Fig. 1— GOLDEN FIG. STRANGLE TREE.

The tree victimized by this subject was so
completely consumed that its identification
was impossible.

Fig. 2— SEA GRAPE
Usually very crooked trunks and some-
times showing branching and uniting again,
as in this case.

303. COCCOLOBIS LAURIFOLIA PlGEON PLUM. 5

thickness and smooth, of mottled brown and gray. It exfoliates with
age in conchoidal fractures in thin rounded scales leaving distinct
curved lines of their imprints.

HABITAT. — The immediate vicinity of the sea coast of southern
Florida and the Keys up to a little above Cape Canaveral, on the east
coast, and Tampa Bay on the west ; thence southward generally among
the Antiles to Colombia and Brazil; also the coast of Mexico and
Central America.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong and close-
grained, with very fine medullary rays, indistinct annual rings and
quite uniformly distributed ducts. • It is of a rich brown color, darkest
along the margin of the heart-wood. The sap-wood is lighter in tint,
that nearest the bark being the lightest. Specific Gravity, 0.9635;
Percentage of Ash, 1.37; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.9503;
Resistance Longitudinal Pressure, 258; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 60.05.

USES.— The hard, close-grained wood is used especially in Jamaica
in the manufacture of furniture and its susceptibility of a beautiful
polish would suggest its usefulness in turnery. It also is excellent
for fuel.

The fruit, though not an article of commerce, is edible and very
pleasing to some tastes.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — It is this tree which is believed to yield
the West Indian or Jamaica Kino which is used in medicine on account
of strong astringent properties.*

303. COCCOLOBIS LAURIFOLIA JACQ.

PIGEON PLUM.

Ger., Coccaloba-holz. Fr., Raisinier a feuilles d'aurier.

Sp., Uvillo, Uverillo, Cucubano, Gateado.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves ovate to oblong, 2-4 in. long, rounded or
obtuse at both ends, thick and firm, glabrous, green above and somewhat paler
beneath, with entire revolute margin, pale midrib and remote primary veins,
petioles l/2 in. or less in length, stipular sheaths narrow. Flowers in early spring,
with slender pedicels about *4 m- in length, in i to few-flowered terminal racemes

*r. S. Dispensatory, igth Ed., p. 682.

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

2-3 in. in length ; calyx cup-shaped with 5 rounded lobes ; stamens rather longer
than calyx-lobes ; with slender yellow filaments and orange anthers ; pistil with
long stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the following winter in open racemes,
subglubose, dark red, about Yz in. long, with thin acidulous flesh and hard light
brown pit-like nutlet.

A handsome tree and one of the most abundant of the tropical
trees found in Florida. It attains the height of 60 or 70 ft. (2om.)
and a trunk diameter of i^ or 2 ft. (o.6om.). The bark of trunk is
of a rich brown color, exfoliating in thin papery scales which leave
areas of a light grayish brown beneath. This gives the bark a decid-
edly mottled appearance and sometimes a little roughness due to the
irregular loosening scales.

HABITAT. — Unlike the other representative of this genus in the
United States, which is confined to saline marshes and shores, this
tree is found in the dense hammocks of the coast region of Florida
from Cape Canaveral to the Keys on the east coast and from the
vicinity of Cape Romano to Cape Sable on the west. It is also found
on the Bahama Islands and throughout the West Indies to northern
South America.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard strong, close-
grained, brittle and of a rich brown color with thick sap-wood of gradu-
ally lighter color until it is of a brownish white tint near the bark.
Specific Gravity, 0.9835 ; Percentage of Ash, 5.03 ; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.9340; Coefficient of Elasticity, 113538; Modulus
of Rupture, 918; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 771 ; Resistance
to Indentation, 394; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 61.29.

USES. — Like the wood of the Sea Grape, which is not easily dis-
tinguishable from this with the naked eye, it is used to a limited extent
in the manufacture of furniture and it makes an excellent fuel.

ORDER ANONACE^: CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.

Leaves deciduous, alternate, entire, petiolate, pinnately-veined, conduplicate
in the bud, without stipules. Flowers solitary, perfect and mostly axillary ; sepals
three, valvate in the bud; petals six in two series; stamens numerous on an
elevated rounded receptacle with very short filaments and 2-celled introrse
anthers adnate to the thick fleshy truncate connective ; pistils few on the summit
of the receptacle; ovary I -celled, containing from one to many anatropous ovules.
Fruit fleshy, baccate, formed by the ripening of the single or' several united
pistils ; seed inclosed in an aril, large anatropous, with thin lustrous brown crus-
taceous coat and minute embryo at the base of the ruminate albumen.

Trees and shrubs of about fifty genera and five hundred and fifty
species, with generally aromatic properties and mainly of the tropical

304. ANONA GLABRA — POND APPLE. 7

and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New. Two
genera only are represented in North America, one in southern Florida
and the \Yest Indies and the other in the eastern states.

GENUS AXOXA LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate, coriaceous, entire, often glandular-punctate and persistent
or tardily deciduous. Flowers perfect, nodding; calyx small, green and with
3 valvate lobes, deciduous ; petajs 6 in 2 series of 3 each, thick and fleshy, valvate,
hypogenous, ovate, concave, white or yellow ; stamens numerous, club-shaped,
crowded on the sides of the hemispheric receptacle, with short filaments and con-
fluent anther cells; pistils numerous, on top of the receptacle, each with one-
ovuled ovary and style stigmatic on inner face ; the pistils coalescing after fer-
tilization. Fruit compound, fleshy, subglobose or ovoid, with many i -seeded cells.

A genus of about 50 tropical species of both hemispheres and con-
taining several valuable fruit-bearing species, such as the Soursop
(A. muricata), Sweetsop (A. squamosa), Cherimoya (A. cherimolia),
etc.

The name (sometimes spelled Annona) is said to be of Malayan
derivation.

304. ANONA GLABRA L.

POND APPLE. WILD CUSTARD APPLE.
Ger., Flaschenbautn. Fr., Anone, Corossol.

Sp., Corazon, Cimarron, Baga (Cuba.) , Anona (Mexico.)

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves oblong or ovate, 3-5 in. long, entire, mostly
rounded or subcordate at base, acute at apex, coriaceous, bright green above,
paler beneath and midrib and reticulate veins prominent; petioles about y2 in.
long. Flowers opening in April from 3-angled buds, solitary axillary, calyx-lobes
broad ovate, pointed; petals connivent, yellowish white, those of the outer row
somewhat larger than those of the inner row and bearing on the inner side near
the base a red spot. Fruit compound, fleshy, broad ovoid, 3-5 in. long, flattened
or depressed at the base and rounded at apex, yellow and often blotched with
brown when fully ripe. It contains numerous seeds about l/2 in. long, insipid in
flavor.

A tree 30 or 40 ft. (i2m.) in height, with trunk attaining a diam-
eter sometimes of il/2 ft (o.45m.) and, as is often the case with trees
growing in very wet soil, commonly with wide or buttressed base. The
bark of trunk is of a gray-brown color, with low, rather firm longi-
tudinal and reticulated scaly ridges.

8 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

HABITAT. — The shores of ponds and wet sink holes of southern
Florida south of Cape Canaveral on the east coast and Tampa Bay
on the west. It attains its largest size in the vicinity of Bay Biscayne
It is also found on the Bahama Islands and on some of the West
Indies.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood very light, soft, not strong, with
many rather conspicuous though small medullary rays and quite uni-
formly distributed small open ducts. It is of a light yellow color
streaked and blotched with brown. Specific Gravity, 0.5053; Percen-
tage of Ash, 4.86 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4807 ; Coeffi-
cient of Elasticity, 50113; Modulus of Rupture, 607; Resistance to
Longitudinal Pressure, 302; Resistance to Indentation, 127; Weight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 31.49.

USES. — On account of its great lightness and consequent buoyancy
the wood is valued for floats for fishing-nets, but aside from that is
little used.

The fruit is scarcely edible, though it is sometimes eaten by the
country people, preferably when served with cream.

ORDER ROSEACE^: ROSE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate (opposite in Lyonothamnus) with stipules. Flowers regu-
lar, perfect, calyx 5-lpbed; petals 5 (o in Ccrcocorpus) imbricated in the bud;
stamens numerous, distinct and inserted with the petals, on a disk lining the
calyx-tube; anthers small, 2-celled, introrse (extrorse in Vauqnelcnia] longi-
tudinally dehiscent; pistils i-many; ovary i-celled with generally two anatropous
ovules in each cell; seeds mostly without albumen.

The Rose Family consists of trees, shrubs and a few herbs of wide
distribution throughout temperate regions, and of upwards of fifteen
hundred species grouped in about ninety genera. Most of our succu-
lent fruits are among its products. Ten of the genera are represented
by arborescent species in the United States.

GENUS CHRYSOBALAXUS LINNAEUS.

Leaves persistent, alternate, entire, coriaceous, very short-petiolate, stipules
deciduous. Flowers small, perfect, in axillary and terminal cymes I to 2 in.
in length, .with short stout peduncles and subtended by deciduous bracts ; calyx
bell-shaped, pubescent, with 5 imbricated lobes, deciduous ; petals 5, alternate with
the calyx-lobes, spatulate, creamy white ; stamens about as long as the petals,
indefinite, distinct, inserted in a single row with the petals on the edge of a thin
disk on the margin of the calyx cup, with slender hairy filaments and 2-celled
anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistil solitary, superior; sessile, rising from
the base of the ovary and with small terminal stigma, ovary I -celled with 2
ascending ovules. Fruit a fleshy subglobose or oval drupe about i in. long,

Fig. 3— PIGEON PLUM

Fig. 4— POND APPLE

305. CHRYSOBALANUS ICACO — Coco PLUM. 9

smooth, generally dark purple or pinkish in color, with sweet juicy pulp adherent
to a rather large 5- or 6-angled thin walled reticulated pit.

A genus represented in the United States by one shrubby species
in the coastal region of Georgia and Alabama and by the following
arborescent species. It takes its name from two Greek roots meaning
golden fig.

305. CHRYSOBALANUS ICACO L.

Coco PLUM. COCOA PLUM. GOPHER PLUM.
Ger., Cocos-Pflaume; Fr., Icaquier; Sp., Icaco.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves broad pbovate to oval, i — 3^2 in. long, with
thick petioles Y\ in. or less in length, entire wide cuneate at base, rounded or
emarginate at apex, lustrous dark green above, paler, with broad conspicuous
midrib and rather obscure reticulate veinlets beneath. Flowers, during the spring
and summer, with thick tomentose pedicels ; calyx bell-shaped, hoary-tomentose ;
petals 5, whitish, spatulate, about twice as long as the calyx; stamens with
slender distinct filaments about as long as the petals ; pistil with hoary-pubescent
ovary and slender long hairy style rising from its base. Fruit subglobose or
oblong, about I in. long, smooth and when fully ripe with sweet juicy pulp
adherent to the 5- or 6-angled prominently reticulated pointed pit.

A small tree occasionally attaining the height of 25 or 30 ft. (9m.),
with trunk rarely 10 or 12 in. (0.30111.) in diameter, but it is usually
considerably smaller and still more commonly only a shrub in size
and habit of growth. It is of handsome striking foliage, which quickly
distinguishes it from the trees and shrubs with which it is associated.
The bark of trunk, when it attains the stature of a tree, is about ^ in.
thick and gray or grayish brown in color. It is quite smooth and
exfoliates with age in small friable scales.

HABITAT. — Along the shores of southern Florida south of Capes
Canaveral and Romano and attaining its largest size, in Florida, in the
vicinity of Bay Biscayne and the Miami River. It is also found along
the coasts of the West Indies, southern Mexico and Central America
and South America, as far south as southern Brazil. It is also found
on the west coast of Africa, it is thought by some botanists from
seeds carried thither by ocean currents from this continent.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained
with indistinct annual rings, fine medullary rays and open ducts, and

io HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

of a pinkish brown color, lightest near the bark. Specific Gravity.
0.7709; Percentage of Ash, 0.87; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.7642; Coefficient of Elasticity, 110973; Modulus of Rupture, 961;
Resistance to Indentation, 221; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
48.04.

The wood of the Coco Plum is not of commercial importance,
though of desirable properties for use in turnery, for fuel, etc. The
fruit is juicy and of pleasant flavor and is eaten by country folk to
some extent, as are also its fragrant rich seeds when fresh. Such is
the oily nature of the kernel of these seeds that it readily burns and
they are sometimes used as candles. The seeds are sometimes sent to
England from the African coast under the name of "Varach" seeds.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES of an astringent nature are found in the
bark, leaves and roots and they are used in tropical America for lotions
and applications where such action is indicated.

ORDER LEGUMINOS^: PULSE OR PEA FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, with stipules. Flowers regular or
papilionaceous and usually perfect; stamens io or many, with diadelphous (some-
times distinct) filaments and 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally; pistil
solitary, with one or several-celled superior ovary. Fruit a legume.

A very large and important family of trees, shrubs and herbs of
wide distribution throughout all temperate and tropical regions, gen-
erally free from obnoxious properties and many of its representatives
of the greatest economic importance. There are about 7,000 species
grouped in nearly 450 genera, and of these seventeen have arborescent
representatives in the United States.

GENUS LYSILOMA BENTHAM.

Leaves deciduous, evenly bipinnate with 2-5 pairs of pinnae, the terminal pair
shortest, the slender petiole, bearing a large gland near the first pair ; pinnae
with 10-30 pairs of small leaflets, stipules membranaceous, J/2 in. or less in length.
Flowers usually whitish, perfect, in terminal or axillary clusters of globular
many flowered heads, calyx bell-shaped, with 5 short lobes ; corolla funnel-shaped
with 5 reflexed lobes ; stamens about 20, twice as long as the corolla, with slender
filaments united into a tube at base ; anthers minute, versatile ; pistil with sessile
smooth ovary, slender subulate style and terminal stigma. Fruit maturing in
autumn, a straight, flat, legume, the valves separating from the margins at
maturity ; seeds flattened, oblong, transversely arranged in the pod and each with
a long funicle attached.

A genus of about ten species of tropical American trees and shrubs
with unarmed slender branchlets. The following one species finds its

306. LYSILOMA BAHAMENSIS — WILD TAMARIND. n

northernmost distribution on the Bahamas and in extreme southern
Florida.

The name is from Greek roots referring to the separating of the
sides of the pods from their margins in liberating the seeds.

306. LYSILOMA BAHAMENSIS BENTH.

\YILD TAMARIND.
Ger., 1 Tilde Tamarind e. Fr., Tamarin sauvage.

Sp., Tamarind o silvestre.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves about 4 or 5 in. long, glabrous, with slender
petioles about i in. long and bearing a prominent gland near the first of the 2-5
pairs of pinna?, which are 1/^-3 in. long, the lowermost pair the longest, and
each bearing 8-30 pairs of oblong, sessile, entire smooth leaflets /4~^2 in. long
bluntly pointed at apex and unequally rounded at base. Flowers, appearing in
Florida in April and May, in axillary or terminal solitary or racemose clusters
of globose, tomentose heads with peduncles Y\ to il/2 in. long and acute mem-
branous bracts and bractlets, the flowers themselves about Y$ in. long and the
head when flowers are full open about 2-3 in. in diameter ; calyx bell-shaped
with 5 short lobes ; corolla twice as long, with short lobes reflexed ; stamens
about 20, twice as long as corolla, their slender filaments united into a tube at
base; pistil with smooth ovary and filiform style. Fruit, mature in autumn, the
flat pods 4-5 in. long and i in. broad, with slender stems 1-2 in. long and 2-3
together on peduncles enlarged at apex, the thin papery valves finally separating
from the firm margins at maturity and liberating the lustrous dark brown oblong
seeds, which are about ^2 in. long.

A handsome distinct tree which sometimes attains the height of
50 or 60 ft. (15111.), with lofty wide-spreading flattened top, but with
rather short trunk sometimes 3 ft. (0.90111.) in diameter, wide-
buttressed at base. The bark of branches and young trunks is smooth
and of a grayish white color. On old trunks it becomes fissured into
rather firm grayish brown scales.

HABITAT. — The Hammocks of extreme southern Florida and
adjacent Keys, the Bahamas and Cuba, growing in sandy, well-drained
soil. It is rare on the mainland of Florida and only in the vicinity of
Bay Biscayne, but common on some of the larger keys.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, tough, with very uni-
formly distributed open ducts, rather obscure annual rings and fine
medullary rays. It is of a rich mottled reddish brown color with
nearly white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6418; Percentage of Ash,

12 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

2.12; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6282; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 46064; Modulus of Rupture, 553; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 481 ; Resistance to Indentation, 171 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot
in Pounds, 40.00.

USES. — The wood is used in boat-building, for which it is highly
valued, and its excellent properties and ornamental nature would
suggest its usefulness for interior finishing, furniture, etc., but is not
found in sufficient abundance to be extensively used.

GENUS ICHTHYOMETHIA BROWNE.

Leaves pinnately compound, 4-9 in. long, early deciduous, with 5-11 long
petiolulate oblong to obovate leathery leaflets, which are 2-4 in. long, abruptly
acuminate, rounded at base, entire, glabrous dark green above, paler and with
rufous hairs on veins beneath and on petioles. Flowers, opening in May,
papilionaceous, in thyrsoidal panicles, on branchlets of the previous season, calyx
bell-shaped, persistent, canescent, with 5 short lobes impricated in the bud;
petals pinkish white, clawed, the standard suborbicular, notched, grayish hairy
outside and green blotch inside, wings oblong-spatulate ; keel petals broadly
falcate with claws connected; stamens 10, with filaments united, excepting the
oase of the upper one which is free at base only ; anthers versatile all alike ; pistil
free, sessile, with silky pubescent ovary which narrows into a filiform style bent
inward and capitate stigma ; ovules numerous suspended in two ranks. Fruit
ripening in July and August, an indehiscent linear legume, 3-4 in. long, with stalk
longer than the calyx -tube and 4 membranaceous wings about ^2 in. broad
running longitudinally ; seeds brownish, compressed, oblong, without albumen,
attached laterally by short funicles.

The name is a combination of two Greek words meaning fish
intoxication, alluding to the use made of its bark by the Caribs.

307. ICHTHYOMETHIA PISCIPULA HITCH.

JAMAICA DOGWOOD.
Ger., Jamaikischer Hundshoh. Fr., Boisivrant de la Jamaique.

Sp., Borracho (Venezuela), Guama hediondo (Cuba).
SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — See generic description, this being the only species.

A tree attaining the height of 40 or 50 ft. (i5m.) with commonly
more or less crooked upright and spreading branches, and trunk attain-
ing a thickness of 2 or 3 ft (0.90111.) The bark of trunk is of an ashen
gray color, y% in. or somewhat more in thickness and quite smooth, but
finally exfoliating in irregularly rectangular plate-like scales. It is a

Fig. 5— COCO PLUIW. GOPHER PLUM

Fig. 6— WILD TAMARIND

307. ICHTHYOMETHIA PISCIPULA JAMAICA DOGWOOD. 13

particularly handsome tree when bearing its abundance of flowers,
which considerably resemble those of our common locust though in
more upright clusters.

HABITAT. — The coast region of southern Florida southward from
the vicinity of Bay Biscayne on the east coast and Peace Creek on the
west, the southern Keys, the Bahamas, many of the islands of the \Yest
Indies and the coast of southern Mexico. It is one of the most abun-
dant of the tropical trees of southern Florida.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, with
few scattered open ducts and inconspicuous annual rings and medullary
rays. It is of a yellowish brown color, usually darkest next the sap-
wood, which is light yellow. Specific Gravity, 0.8734; Percentage of
Ash, 3.38; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8439; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 85079; Modulus of Rupture, 752; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 597; Resistance to Indentation, 337; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds, 54.43.

USES. — The wood of the Jamaica Dogwood is very durable and is
a favorite timber for piles, in making wharves, boat-building, etc. Its
flowers yield an abundance of honey and its rapidity of growth as
well as attractive habit give it value for ornamental planting.

The bark of the tree has long been used by the Caribs, and more
recently by the1 negroes, in catching fish on account of its strong nar-
cotic properties. When reduced to a pulp and placed in a bag or basket
beneath the water it has a stupefying effect upon the fish, and as they
come helpless to the surface they can be easily captured. The effect
on large fish is said to be generally only temporary, but that it kills
many of the small fish.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not officinally recognized of this species,
though it possesses strong astringent properties. It is also sedative
and hypnotic, and has been found effective in producing sleep without
injurious effects. A fluid extract of the bark is sometimes used for
alleviating toothache.

ORDER SIMARUBACE^: QUASSIA FAMILY.

LEAVES generally alternate and pinnate, not glandular-punctate, without
stipules. Flowers mostly in axillary racemes or panicles and dioecious or
polygamous, regular; calyx 3-5-lobed or parted, imbricated in the bud; petals
3-5 (rarely wanting), hypogenous ; disk annular or elongated; stamens as many
as the petals or twice as many, with distinct filaments each with a scale or hairs
at base and inserted under the disk; anthers 2-celled introrse; pistils composed
of 2-5 united carpels each of a single cell and containing a single anatropous
ovule; style 1-5. Fruit a drupe or samara.

14 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

Trees, shrubs and a few herbs with generally bitter milky juice and
confined mostly to tropical regions. About one hundred forty-five
species, grouped in twenty-eight genera, are known. Of these one
arborescent genus (Simwuba) is indigenous to the United States in
subtropical Florida. Another (Ailanthus) is extensively naturalized
throughout eastern United States and Canada.

GENUS SIMARUBA AUBLET.

Leaves alternate, odd-pinnately compound, with long petioles and long-
petiolulate alternately arranged entire coriaceous leaflets. Flowers small, numer-
ous, in large axillary and terminal panicles ; calyx with 5 short lobes ; corolla with
5 petals; stamens 10, as long as the petals in the staminate flowers, free, filiform,
each attached to a ciliate scale at its base and bearing an oblong introrse 2-celled
longitudinally dehiscent anther attached on the back below the middle; pistil (in
the pistillate flowers) with deeply 5-lobed ovary and 5 recurved styles. Fruit a
drune, sessile, arranged I to 5 together, with thin flesh and crustaceous pit.

A genus of about a half dozen species of trees with bitter, resinous
juice and tonic properties, confined to tropical America, and the follow-
ing single species in southern Florida.

The name (spelled Simarouba by some authors) is the native Carib
name of one of the species — S1. amara.

308. SIMARUBA GLAUCA DE C.

PARADISE-TREE. BITTER-WOOD.

Ger., Simaruba. Fr., Simarouba.

Sp., Simaruba (Sp. W. I.), Olivo (Panama), Palo bianco (Cuba).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves 6-10 in. long, with petioles 2-3 in. long and
ii to 13 leaflets which are mostly obovate, 2-3 in. long, with entire, revolute
margin, cuneate and more or less oblique at base, with rounded or slightly
pointed apex, very lustrous dark green above, glaucous and with prominent
midrib beneath ; petiolules about % in. long. Flowers appearing in early spring,
about Yz in. across, with very short pedicels and 2 to 6 together along the
glaucous branches .of wide-spreading panicles a foot or two across; calyx
glaucous, petals pale yellow, fleshy, oblong. Fruit a drupe about I in. or less
long, ovoid or oblong, somewhat oblique, slightly ribbed on one side and dark
purple at maturity. This is the fruit known as the Mountain or Bitter Damsons
in Jamaica.

The Paradise-tree is a tree of medium size, occasionally attaining
the height of 50 ft. (15111.), with rounded top and a straight smooth
trunk rarely if ever more than 18 in. (0.45111.) in -diameter. The bark

Fig. 7— JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

Fig. 8— PARADISE TREE

308. SlMARUBA GLAUCA PARADISE-TREE. 15

of trunk is quite smooth and of a mottled brownish gray color, finally
exfoliating in thin scales. It^is considered by many as the handsomest
of the tropical trees found in Florida, with its beautiful glossy foliage
and massive clusters of yellow flowers or bright red and purple fruit.
It is probably due to this fact that it is called the Paradise-tree.

HABITAT. — The Hammocks of southern Florida south of Cape
Canaveral, and the southern Keys; also on the Bahama Islands (where
it is known as "Ash"), and in Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, Guiana
and Brazil.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, soft, not strong, with
scattered open ducts, indistinguishable annual rings and very fine
medullary rays. It is of a quite uniform pale yellow color, with some-
what lighter sapwood and intensely bitter flavor. Specific Gravity,
0.4136; Percentage of Ash, 0.93; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.4098; Coefficient of Elasticity, 93217; Modulus of Rupture, 564;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 426; Resistance to Indentation,
86; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 25.78.

USES. — Little if any use is made of the wood of this tree, though
it possesses in a marked degree the tonic properties which give the
closely related Quassia wood its medicinal value. The highly orna-
mental value of the tree and its rapidity of growth suggest a marked
value for ornamental planting within or n;aar the tropics.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES of a bitter tonic and aromatic nature are
found in both bark and wood, and in Costa Rica an infusion of the
bark is used in the treatment of intermittent fever.

ORDER BURSERACE^: TORCHWOOD FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate and without stipules. Floii'ers small regular,
perfect or polygamous and borne in panicles or racemes; calyx of 3 to 6 imbri-
cated sepals, persistent; petals of same number, sometimes slightly united,
deciduous; stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted with them under a cup-
like or annular disk with subulate filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers opening
lengthwise; pistil with superior 2-5-celled ovary with 2 pendulous ovules in
each cell, short style and 3-5-lobed stigma. Fruit drupe like, rather fleshy and
usually dehiscent epicarp at maturity; seed with membranaceous coat and no
albumen.

A family of about 20 genera and 200 species of trees and shrubs of
the tropics of both hemispheres, with aromatic gummy sap. The fol-
lowing single genus is represented in the trees of the United States.

16 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

GENUS BURSERA JACQUIN.

Leaves alternate and clustered towards the tips of the branchlets, leaflets
opposite, petiolulate, mostly entire. Flowers polygamous in lateral racemes or
panicles ; calyx with minute lobes ; petals ovate to lance-oblong reflexed ;
stamens, etc., as described for the order ; ovary 3-celled. Fruit subglobose or
oblong, indistinctly 3-angled and splitting at the angles into 2 or 3 somewhat
coriaceous valves at maturity and falling away from the seed, which contains a
straight embryo and contorted cotyledons.

The genus consists of about forty species of Mexico, Central and
South America and the Antilles, the following single species being
found in southern Florida. It is named after Joachim Burser, a dis-
tinguished German botanist and physician.

309. BURSERA SIMARUBA SARG.*

GUMBO LIMBO. WEST INDIAN BIRCH.

Ger., Gummitragender Bursere. Fr., Gomart d'Amerique, Gommier.
Sp., Almdcigo, Carano (Sp. W. L, Mex., etc.), Jinocuave (C. R.).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — See generic description. Leaves tardily deciduous,
6-8 in. long, with long petioles and usually 5 to 9 coriaceous, ovate-oblong leaflets
2^2-3 in. long, oblique at base, abruptly acuminate at apex and with petiolules
l/2 in. or less in length. Flowers, appearing with or before the leaves, on pedicels
about Yz in. long, in raceme-like panicles 4-5 in. long of the staminate flowers
and about half as long of the pistillate ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, nearly twice as long
as the sepals ; stamens as long as the petals, or half as long in the pistillate
flower. Fruit about l/z in. long, with 3-valved epicarp and i or 2 triangular
nutlets.

One of the most striking and characteristic of the tropical trees
of Florida and sure to attract attention on account of its singular habit
of growth. It may attain the height of 50 or 60 ft. (2om.), with
irregular sprawling top of limbs "akimbo," as has been aptly said of it,
and round smooth crooked trunk sometimes 2l/2 or 3 ft. in diameter.
This is covered with shining bronze red bark which exfoliates in thin
papery strips transversely, giving a ragged appearance to old trunks
similar to that of some of the birches of the north, and hence its name
— West Indian Birch — though very distinct from the true birches.

HABITAT. — Widely distributed in the coast region of the West
Indies, Central and northern South America, the Bahamas and the

*SYN. — Bursera gummifera L. Terebinthus simaruba Wright.

309. BURSERA SIMARUBA GUMBO LlMBO. 17

keys and mainland of southern Florida, as far north as Cape Canaveral
on the east coast and the Calposahatchie River on the west.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, exceedingly soft, not
strong, easily worked, with quite uniformly distributed open ducts and
small but distinct medullary rays. It is of a light brown color with
abundant lighter sap-wood and of satiny luster. Specific Gravity,
0.3003; Percentage of Ash, 2.04; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.2942; Coefficient of Elasticity, 41684; Modulus of Rupture, 148;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 155; Resistance to Indentation,
57; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 18.71.

USES. — Little us>e has been made thus far of the wood of1 this tree,
but stakes cut from its branches when stuck into the ground, even in
the poorest of rocky soil, readily take root and grow ; hence its value
for "live" fences.

An aromatic resin obtained from the tree has been used as a varnish
of inferior grade and an infusion of the leaves as a native substitute
for tea.

ORDER MELIACE^: MAHOGANY FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, usually pinnately compound, without stipules and not
pellucid-punctate. Flowers in panicles, regular, perfect ; calyx with usually 5
small persistent lobes; petals usually 5, sometimes slightly united; stamens 8-10,
with filaments united into a tube, and introrse 2-celled anthers opening length-
wise ; pistil with superior 3-5-celled ovary, united styles and 5-lobed stigma ;
ovules generally numerous in each cell. Fruit various, a capsule, drupe or berry.

A family of about 700 species of mostly trees and shrubs of tropical
regions, grouped in about 50 genera. Only two specks are represented
in our flora — the Mahogany and the China-berry (Meha azedarach L.),
a naturalized tree from the Orient.

GENUS SWIETENIA JACQUIN.

Leaves evenly pinnate, glabrous, long-petiolate, leaflets opposite petiolulate
and oblique at base. Flowers small, perfect, in axillary panicles ; calyx minute,
cup-shaped, with 5 rounded lobes; petals 5, spreading; stamens united into a
tube with 10 teeth and 10 2-celled anthers inside the tube at the intervals between
the teeth ; pistil superior, with ovoid 5-celled ovary, single slightly exserted style
and terminal 5-lobed stigma. Fruit a 5-celled and 5-valved capsule, the valves
separating septicidally from the base from the persistent 5-winged axis ; seeds
many, imbricated in 2 ranks in each cell, compressed and with long membran-
aceous wrinkled wing, with hilum at the tip, embryo transverse.

The genus consists of three species of large tropical trees, two of
America and one of West Africa. The following species reaches its

i8 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

northern limit of distribution on the keys of southern Florida. The
name of the genus is in honor of Baron Gerard von Swieten, a distin-
guished Dutch physician and botanist of the i8th century.

310. SWIETENIA MAHAGONI JACQ.

MAHOGANY. MADEIRA-WOOD.

Ger., Mqhoganihols. Fr., Acajou, Mahogon (Fr. W. L).

Sp., Caoba, Caobo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves presistent, 6 to 10 in. long, with 3-5 pairs of
lance-ovate leathery leaflets which are 2 to 4 in. long, cuneate and very oblique
at base, acuminate, entire, shining dark green above, paler and somewhat rufous
and with prominent reticulate veins beneath, petiolules about % in. long. Flozvers,
in mid-summer, about y$ in. across, in racemes 3-6 in. long, with slender pedicels
bibracteolate near the middle ; calyx cup-shaped, glabrous ; petals about l/$ in.
long, white, obovate-oblong, rounded or notched at apex. Fruit, ripening in late
autumn, a 5-celled ovoid to oblong capsule, 3 to 5 in. long, with rough brown
surface when ripe and dehiscent by 5 thick valves from the vase; seeds about
i in. long, brown with thin membranous wing ribbed on one side and with hilum
at the tip.

The Mahogany is a noble tree in stature, as well as in the excellence
of its wood. Early writers tell of great wide-spreading trees with
huge wide-buttressed trunks 10 or 12 ft. (3.50111.) in diameter, and 40
or 50 ft. (i5m.) in length, with massive spreading branches, but such
grand specimens are not now found in Florida. It is still a beautiful
and stately tree there, however, with its cl'ean glossy foliage and trunk
seldom now found thicker than 2 or 3 ft. (0.90111. ). This is covered
with a rough dark reddish brown bark, fissured into rather narrow
scaly ridges very much resembling the bark of the Hemlock tree of
the Northern States.

HABITAT. — Extreme southern Florida and the southern keys, the
Bahamas, many of the. West Indies, Mexico and Central and South
America as far south as northern Brazil and Peru. It is hardy (within
the tropics), growing in all kinds of soil, or even the most meagre soil
among rocks, the slow growing trees producing the richer and more
highly valu'ed wood.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, of close grain,
compact, very durable, with many fine medullary rays, susceptible of a

Fig. 9— GUMBO LIMBO

Fig. 10— MAHOGANY

310. SWIETENIA MAHAGONI MAHOGONY. 1 9

high polish and of a rich reddish brown color, darkening with age,
and thin pinkish white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7282 ; Percentage
of Ash, 1.09; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7203; Coefficient
of Elasticity, 106272 ; Modulus of Rupture, 1003 ; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 666; Resistance to Indentation, 309; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 45.38.

USES. — The most highly prized of all woods for cabinet making,
interior finishing, furniture, etc., and formerly -extensively used, espe-
cially the curved trunks and large branches as one of the most valu-
able timbers for the knees of vessels, for boat building, etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The bark is bitter and astringent and
has been used as a remedy in intermittent fevers.*

ORDER EUPHORBIACE^: SPURGE FAMILY.

Leaves various, alternate, opposite, verticillate, reduced to scales, or wanting;
stipules present or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, regular, and some-
times subtended by an involucre of petal-like bracts; calyx 3-6-lobed or parted,
with divisions imbricated in the bud, or wanting; petals of the same number as
the calyx-lobes or wanting; stamens from 2 or 3 to twice as many as the lobes
of. the calyx, with distinct or united filaments ; pistil with usually 3-celled ovary
having I or 2 suspended anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe or 3-lobed
capsule ; seed with fleshy or oily albumen, straight embryo and broad cotyledons.

A family of trees, shrubs and herbs of some 4,000 species, grouped
in about 200 genera and of world-wide1 distribution in temperate and
tropical regions. They are all characterized by more or less
acrid and sometimes poisonous milky juice, and among its representa-
tives are several of great economic value, especially the trees of the
genus Hevea of South America, producing the Para rubber. Several
are of high ornamental or medicinal value. Three of the genera
contain native trees, and on'e genus naturalized trees in southern
Florida.

GENUS DRYPETES Vahl.

Leaves persistent, alternate, petiolate, pinnately veined, leathery and with
small caducous stipules. Floivers dioecious, axillary, short pedicellate or sessile,
the staminate in close clusters and the pistillate solitary or few together ; calyx
deeply 4-5-lobed, imbricated in the bud ; petals none ; stamens as many or twice
as many as the lobes of the calyx and inserted under the edge of a flat disk,
with distinct filiform filaments and ovate 2-celled anthers opening lengthwise ;
pistil sessile, with ovoid usually i-celled ovary, with very short style if any and a
flat or 2-lobed stigma ; ovules 2, pendent. Fruit a subglobose or oblong drupe
with fleshy pulp and hard pit ; seed with erect embryo and thin fleshy albumen.

*U. S. Dispensatory, igth Ed., p. 1665.

2O HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

A genus of 10 or n species of evergreen trees and shrubs of
tropical America having thick milky juice, two of which are found as
trees in southern Florida. The name is a Greek word descriptive of
the resemblance of the fruit to ithat of the olive in appearance.

311. DRYPETES KEYENSIS URB.

FLORIDA WHITEWOOD. FLORIDA PLUM.

Ger., Pflaume von Florida. Fr., Prune de Florida.

Sp., Hue so (Sp. W. I.), Varital (Porto Rico).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves ovate to oblong and usually more or less
falcate, 3-5 in. long, acuminate to rounded at apex, cuneate to rounded at base,
with thickened entire margin, dark green above, paler beneath, lustrous and prom-
inently reticulate veined both sides ; petioles about l/z in. long, stout and grooved
above. Flowers appearing in early spring in the axils of the leaves of the pre-
vious year ; calyx yellowish green with 5 lobes about T"S in. long and finally
deciduous; stamens 8 with filaments of unequal length and somewhat longer
than the calyx-lobes; anthers about as broad as long, extrorse and with broad
connectives ; pistil with hairy ovary and flattened broad stigma somewhat oblique.
Fruit oblong, bright white, about i in. long on steins about l/z in. long, with dry
mealy flesh and obovoid pit pointed at the base and containing a seed rounded
at the ends and covered with light brown coat conspicuously marked with lines
radiating from the hilum.

A tree rarely more than 30 or 40 ft..(i2m.) in height or with trunk
more than i ft. (0.30111.) in diameter. Its upright and spreading
white-barked branches form a rounded top with glossy clean foliage
and conspicuous among this in its season is the singular ivory-white
fruit. The bark of the trunk is about T/2 in. thick, smooth and white,
mottled with distinct irregular gray and yellowish brown patches. lit
is probably the white bark of this tree that has caused it to be called
White-wood.

HABITAT. — Southern Keys of Florida and the Bahamas, .growing
in dry rocky and sandy soil, but nowhere in great abundance.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood rather soft, not strong, brittle, of
very close grain, with indistinct annual rings, very thin medullary rays
and small, quite uniformly distributed open ducts. It is light yellow
but soon assumes a light bluish brown color. Specific Gravity, 0.9346 ;
Percentage of Ash, 8.29 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8571 ;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 83619; Modulus of Rupture, 707; Resistance

3ii. DRYPETES KEYENSIS — FLORIDA WHITEWOOD. 21

to Longitudinal Pressure, 520; Resistance to Indentation, 407; Weight
of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 58.24.

USES. — Little if any use is made of the wood of this tree owing to
its limited abundance and inferior qualities, as compared with many
of the woods with which it grows.

ORDER SAPINDACE^: SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Leaves alternate in the American representatives, petiolate, pinnately or
palmately compound, without stipules. Flowers regular or slightly irregular,
polygamous, dioecious ; calyx 4-5-lobed or divided, imbricated in the bud ; petals
4-5, imbricated; disk annular, fleshy; stamens usually 5-10 inserted on the disk;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; ovary solitary, with 2-4 lobes
and cells or entire ; ovules I or 2 in each cell ; styles terminal. Fruit a drupe or
capsule with small solitary seed and containing no albumen.

Trees, shrubs and a few vines with watery juice and chiefly con-
fined to the tropics of the Old World. Over a thousand species are
known, grouped in about twenty genera. Of (the arborescent genera
five are represented in the United States, all southward.

GENUS EXOTHEA MACFADYEN.

Leaves evergreen, evenly pinnate, alternate, without stipules, with petioles
l/2 to i in. long and usually two pairs of subsessile oblong leaflets, 3-5 in. in
length, but slightly spreading and tending to fold lengthwise, usually acute or
bluntly pointed, cuneate at base, with entire undulate margin, lustrous dark
green above and slightly lighter green beneath. Flowers, opening in March or
April, regular, about J4 in. across, dioecious or polygamous, in terminal or
axillary pubescent panicles ; sepals 5, suborbicular, persistent ; petals 5, white,
alternate with the sepals and of about the same size; stamens 7-8, somewhat
longer than the petals in the staminate flower and shorter in the perfect flower,
inserted with the petals on the somewhat 5-lobed annular disk; filaments fili-
form, anthers oblong ; pistil sessile with conical pubescent 2--celled ovary, short
style and large terminal stigma turning to one side, ovules two in each cell
suspended, anatropous. Fruit, maturing in autumn, a globular I -seeded berry,
about l/2 in. in diameter, tipped with the remnants of the style and subtended
by the reflexed sepals, dark purple and juicy; seed globular with shining yellow
brown coat.

A genus of the- single following species and the name alludes to its
separation from the genus in which it was originally placed.

22 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

312. EXOTHEA PANICULATA RADLK.

INK-WOOD. BUTTER-BOUGH.

Ger., Tinten-holz. Fr., Bois d'encre. Sp., Guacaran, Gaita.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — See generic description, this being the only species.

The Ink-wood tree attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. (15111.), with
dense rounded umbrageous top and reddish-brown branchk-ts thickly
covered with small white lenticels. The trunk is sometimes 15 or 16
in. (o.4om.) in diameter and is vested in a rather thin reddish brown
bark which 'exfoliates with age in broad irregular plate-like scales.

HABITAT. — The hammocks of the coast region of southern Florida
south of about the latitude of 29 N., the southern Keys, Bahamas and
Antilles at least as far south as St. Vincent, and it is also found in
Guatemala.

, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-
grained, with very fine medullary rays and uniformly distributed very
small open apex ducts. It is of a pinkish brown color with lighter sap-
wood and is susceptible of a beautiful polish. Specific Gravity, 0.9533 '>
Percentage of Ash, 1.25; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.9414;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 111144; Modulus of Rupture, 1190; Resist-
ance to Longitudinal Pressure, 666 ; Weight of Cubic Foot in Pounds,

5941.

USES. — The wood is used for piles, and in boat building, the handles
of tools, etc.

Its leaves possess to some degree it he* saponiferous properties found
in other members of the family and are said to be sometimes used as a
substitute for soap.

O::DER RHAMNACE^: BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate and often 3-nerved ; stipules small, mostly
deciduous. Flowers small, greenish, mostly perfect; calyx 4-5-lobed valvate;
petals 4-5 inserted on the calyx; disk annular and lining the calyx-tube or none;
stamens opposite the petals and inserted with them on the edge of the fleshy
disk ; anthers introrse, versatile ; ovary superior, 2-5-celled with i anatropous
ovule in each cell ; style columnar with terminal stigma. Fruit a drupe or
drupe-like, tipped with the remnants of the style ; seed usually with albumen.

Trees and shrubs with watery bitter juice and of about 575 species,
grouped in 45 genera. They are natives of warm and temperate

Fig. 11 — FLORIDA WHITEWOOD Fig. 12— I NK WOOD

The straight line to the left of the Ink-wood trunk is the taut root of a Strangle-tree,
which had begun life on a branch of the Ink-wood and would undoubtedly have strangled
it in time had not the tree been taken for our sections.

313- COLUBRINA RECLINATA NAKED-WOOD. 23

regions, and six of ithe genera- have arborescent representatives in the
United States.

GENUS COLUBRINA BRONGNIART.

Leaves alternate, petiolate pinnately veined or with three veins from the
base. F lowers in axillary clusters, small, yellowish ; calyx 5-lobed, with per-
sistent hemispheric tube and deciduous lobes keeled inside; petals 5, alternate
with and shorter than the calyx-lobes, hood-shaped and infolding the stamens
and inserted with them under the margin of the 5- to lo-lobed annular disk;
stamens 5, opposite the petals and with incurved filaments and ovate anthers,
pistil with 3-celled subglobose ovary, with a single erect ovule in each cell,
slender style and capitate 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a small subglobose capsule,
3-lobed at the summit, and splitting at maturity into 3 2-valved sections each
containing a single smooth shining black seed.

The genus consists of 12 or 15 species of shrubs and trees of tropical
regions mainly of the New World, onla being arborescent and another
shrubby in southern Florida, and two shrubby in Mexico. The name
is from the Latin coluber, a serpent, probably from a fancied resem-
blance in the snake-like ridges of the trunk of some species to a serpent.

313. COLUBRINA RECLINATA BRONG.
NAKED- WOOD. NAKED-BARK. SOLDIER- WOOD.

Ger., Xackt-holz. Fr., Bois costiere (Fr. \V. I.). Sp., Mabi, Bijaguara.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves persistent, oblong to ovate, 2l/2 to 4 in. long,
with slender petioles y* to Y^ in. long, membranaceous, entire, tapering at apex
to a usually blunt point, obtuse or rounded at the bas.e near which there is a
marginal gland on each side, dull dark green above and paler beneath. Flowers
on the shoots of the year, in stalked axillary clusters about as long as the
petioles, glabrate. Fruit, capsule ripening in late autumn, reddish brown, about
*4 in. in diameter and with pedicels Y^ to }/2 in. long; seed shining black, about
TG in. long.

The Naked-wood under favorable conditions attains a. height of
50 or 60 ft. and the trunk a diameter of 3 or 4 ft. (im.), but is usually
a considerably smaller tree. The trunk is qui/te commonly ridged,
irregular and burly, and is vested in a thin smooth orange brown bark.

HABITAT. — Some of the southern Keys at the lower end of Florida,
the Bahamas and the West Indies to St. Vincent and Jamaica. It
attains its largest size and greatest abundance on Umbrella Key.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — \Yood heavy, very hard, strong, close-
grained, with very fine medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed

24 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

very small open ducts. It is of a rich brown color with thin light
yellow sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8208; Percentage of Ash, 1.75;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8064; Coefficient of Elasticity,
97656; Modulus of Rupture, 1216; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,

51.15.

USES. — The wood of this species is used in Cuba for building pur-
poses and is considered durable. The bark is used in making the drink
known as "Mabi" or "Mabee."

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The bark of this species, known as
"Mabee bark," is a glucoside and is used in the West Indies as a
stomachic.*

ORDER RHIZOPHORACE^: MANGROVE FAMILY.

Leaves persistent, usually opposite, thick and leathery, smooth, petiolate and
with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers regular, perfect and in axillary clusters;
calyx persistent and with usually 4 lobes valvate in the bud ; petals as many as
the lobes of the calyx, alternate with them and inserted on the calyx tube;
stamens 2 to 4 times as many as the petals, inserted at the base of a disk and
with 2-celled anthers opening lengthwise; pistil with usually 2-5-celled ovary,
with short united styles and stigmas various; ovules usually 2 in each cell, an-
atropous and suspended. Fruit berry-like and leathery, usually indehiscent,
i-celled, i-seeded and subtended by the persistent calyx.

The family consists of some 50 species of trees and shrubs with
iterate branchlets, and largely maritime habitat of the tropics of both
the Old World and the New, but predominating in the former.

GENUS RHIZOPHORA LINNAEUS.

Leaves mostly oblong, glabrous and with large caducous acuminate stipules
infolding the bud. Flowers yellow or cream-colored, each with two short bract-
lets united into an involucral cup, pedicellate, two or three together, each pedicel
subtended by a 2- or 3- lobed involucral cup at the end of the peduncle, calyx
with 4 acute lobes coriaceous, with a central rib inside and 2 or 3 times as long
as the turbinate tube, reflexed ; petals 4, yellowish white, nearly linear, hairy and
reflexed between the calyx-lobes, caducous ; stamens 8 to 12, with very short
filaments and elongated introrse connivent anthers ; pistil with ovary partly
inferior, with 2 awl-shaped spreading styles stigmatic at the tips. Fruit conical,
leathery; seed usually solitary and germinating very early it sends put a strong
radicle which forces its way through the apex of the fruit before it falls from
the tree.

A genus of three species of trees of astringent properties, with
stout, • Iterate, pithy branchlets, and of very general distribution along
the sea coasts of the tropics of both "hemispheres. The following
species only is American.

The name is from Greek words meaning "root bearing," in allusion
to the aierial roots borne by these trees.

*U. S. Dispensatory, igth Ed., p. 1454.

314- RHIZOPHORA MANGLE — MANGROVE. 25

314. RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L.

MANGROVE. RED MANGROVE.
Ger., Mangelbaum. Fr., Paletuvier rouge. Sp., Mangle Colorado.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER : — See ordinal and generic descriptions. Leaves oblong
to oval, 3l/2 to 5 in. long, acute or bluntly pointed, cuneate at base, glabrous dark
green above, paler beneath, with entire revolute margins, rather obscure straight
veinlets and broad flat midrib and petiole, l/2 to I in. long; stipules conspicuous
when the leaf unfolds and some attaining a length of nearly 2 in. Flowers
appearing continuously throughout the year, nearly I in. across when expanded,
on 2-3-branched peduncles from i to 2 in long. Fruit about I in long, with
roughish chocolate-brown surface and firm thick-walled protruding radicle and
finally a woody tube protecting the plumule.

The Mangrove is a low wide-spreading tree usually, but when
crowded together and obliged to grow upright may attain the height
of 75 to 80 ft. (25m.) and its trunk is sometimes 3 or 4 ft. (im.) in
diameter. The bark of trunk is of a reddish gray color, fissured into
low close ridges and these again transversely, giving a very character-
istic appearance. It is red inside.

The Mangrove is a wonderful tree in its adaptation to battling for
life under conditions which few trees could survive. It forms the van
of advancing vegetation upon almost every tropical sea-coast and gives
a foothold to less hardy species. It grows along the tidal marshes and
mud-flats, where the shifting tides do not permit ordinary seeds to find
lodgment, but not so with ithose of this tree. They drop as darts into
the mud already sprouted, and there they stick, right end up, safe
ordinarily against dislodgment.

They rapidly then put out roots and leaves and established existence
commences. As growth advances the tree, as though conscious of the
necessity of the strongest possible foothold, puts out additional roots
from along its trunk, and finally its wonderful aerial roots form the
branches, until, with guys well out on all sides, it is so firmly estab-
lished that the waves of tempests can not dislodge it. Falling leaves
and trash of all sorts floating on the water are ithan caught and held
by its maze of roots and literally the growth of land is effected. In
this new land, in time, the less hardy species become established and
thrive.

HABITAT. — Skirting the sea coasts of the American tropics,
encroaching so far upon the sea that a species of oyster is found in
abundance attached to its exposed roots between tide marks, and

26 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

ascending the rivers many miles. It ranges as far north on the coasts
of Florida as somewhat above Cape Canaveral on the east and the
vicinity of Gedar Keys on the west.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very nearly the heaviest known in
the United States, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, with thin
but broad medullary rays and generally distributed open ducts. It is
of a reddish brown color with lighter sap wood. Specific Gravity,
1.1617; Percentage of Ash, 1.82; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
1.1406; Coefficient of Elasticity, 165567; Modulus of Rupture, 1207;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 860; Resistance to Indentation,
462 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 72.40.

USES. — The wood makes an excellent fuel and is also used for pile's
and wharf-timbers. It is also now being used to some extent for
flooring.

The bark is rich in tannin and useful in tanning leather. It is said
that in 'early days a useful cordage was made by 'the Indians from the
fibrous portion of the bark O'f this tree.

ORDER MYRTACEJE: MYRTLE FAMILY.

Leaves simple, opoosite cr alternate, without stipules, often pellucid-
punctate, coriacious and with marginal vein. Floivers usually perfect; calyx-
lobes valvate or imbricate or consolidated into a lid; petals 4 or 5 (rarely 6 or
wanting), epigynous ; stamens numerous; ovary usually inferior (rarely free),
2- to many-celled (rarely i-celled), styles undivided; ovules i or many, ampylo-
tropous. Fruit a capsule or berry; seeds without albumen.

A large and important order of about 2,700 species, grouped in
about 75 genera, mostly of trees and shrubs of warm climates, gener-
ally pervaded with a fragrant and pungent volatile oil and producing
valuable woods, various spices, edible fruits, etc.

GENUS PSIDIUM LINNAEUS.

Leaves persistent, "Opposite, of firm texture. Flowers white, rather large,
on i-3-flowered peduncles, in the axils of the leaves or lateral; calyx with 4-5
persistent lobes ; . petals of same number and somewhat longer, spreading ;
stamens numerous, white, with small anthers ; pistil with 2-5-celled ovary,
filiform style longer than the stamens and capitate stigma, ovules numerous in
each cell. Fruit a subglobose or pear-shaped berry, often subtended by the calyx
lobes, yellow or pinkish, often with aromatic acidulous flesh and many hard
seeds imbedded in the pulp.

The genus consists of about 130 species of trees and shrubs of
tropical America with 4-angled branchlets, the following one of which

Fig. 13 — NAKED-WOOD Fig. 14— MANGROVE. RED MANGROVE

Observe the bases of large roots of the Mangrove leading off on all sides far above
ground.

315- PSIDIUM GUAJAVA GuAVA. 27

has become naturalized in southern Florida and southern California.
The name is from a Greek word referring to the edible nature of the
fruit.

315. PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.

GUAVA.

Ger., G ua Java. Fr., Goyavier. Sp., Guajaba.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves mostly oblong, 3-5 in. long, with petioles
about ~*/4 in. long, obtuse to acute at apex, obtuse to rounded at base, entire or
very slightly crenate glabrous dark green above, paler puberulent and with
prominent midrib and arcuate veins beneath. Flowers appearing early in the
spring and irregularly during the summer in the axils of the leaves, solitary
or few together; calyx lobes about ^ in. long; petals longer, white. Fruit
subglobose or pyriform, y$ inches in diameter, yellow or pinkish, somewhat
astringent and of pleasant acidulous flavor.

A small tree occasionally attaining the height of 15 or 20 ft. (5m.),
with trunk 8 or 9 in. (o.2om.) in diameter at base, but trees of these
dimensions are rare and it is generally considerably smaller. The bark

Pof trunk is thin and of a rich purple-brown color. It exfoliates in
large thin papery scales which curl up and drop off, leaving a brownish
white inner bark darkening on (exposure to the color of the older bark.

HABITAT. — A tropical American tree which has become naturalized
in southern Florida and' southern California, where it may be found
growing naturally in fields and thickets.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, elastic, of very
close grain, with exceedingly fine medullary rays and uniformly dis-
tributed fine open ducts. It is of a light reddish brown color with
lighter sap-wood.

USES. — The wood is said to be used in the tropics to a limited
extent for tool-handles, agricultural implements, etc., but with us the
almost sole value of the tree is in its fruit. That is highly esteemed

I.nd is growing in popularity. It is more highly prized generally for
he manufacture of a choice jelly and preserves than to be eaten fresh
rom the hand, as it is considered to many tastes rather too tart when
resh, but that quality appeals to some tastes.

28 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

ORDER COMBRETACEJE: WHITE MANGROVE FAMILY.

Leaves simple, persistent, alternate or opposite, leathery, entire, without
stipules and petioles often bearing lateral glands. Flowers regular, perfect or
polygamous, in racemes, spikes or heads ; calyx with mostly 5 lobes valvate in the
bud; petals of the same number and also valvate in the bud, inserted at the
base of the calyx or sometimes wanting; stamens 5 to 10, inserted on the calyx
limb, exserted with distinct filiform filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers
longitudinally dehiscent; pistil with i-celled ovary containing usually 2 suspended
ovules, slender terminal subulate style and terminal stigma. Fruit drupaceous,
indehiscent, often crowned with an enlarged persistent calyx; seed solitary,
without albumen, with straight embryo and convolute cotyledons.

A family of about 250 species of trees, shrubs and vines of tropical
distribution, with astringent juice and naked buds, and grouped in about
15 genera, four of which are represented in the trees of southern
Florida.

GENUS CONOCARPUS LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate, persistent, leathery, 2-4 in. long, with petioles ^2 in. or less
and conspicuously biglandular, narrow obovate-oblong, acute at apex, narrow
cuneate at base, entire, glabrous light green above, paler and with prominent
yellow midribs and obscure reticulate veinlets beneath ; branchlets conspicuously
angled at first. Flowers appearing at all seasons, very small, green, in dense
globular heads about Yz in. in diameter, arranged in terminal leafy hoary-
tomentose panicles; calyx bell-shaped, hairy outside, with acute deciduous lobes
scarcely ^ in. long and tube of about the same length; corolla none; stamens
usually 5 (sometimes 7 or 8) with very small heart-shaped anthers ; pistil with
inferior ovary and slender style hairy at base. Fruit scale-like, laterally winged,
incurved and densely imbricated in an oblong pinkish green cone nearly */> in.
long.

The genus consists of the single following species and takes its
name from Greek roots descriptive of the cone-like nature of the fruit.

316. CONOCARPUS ERECTA L.

FLORIDA BUTTONWOOD. BUTTON MANGROVE.

Ger, Knopfbaum. ' Fr., Conocarpe droit, Paletuvier.

Sp., Mangle boton (Sp. W. L), Mangle1 prieto (Mex.).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — See generic description, this being the only species.

A tree attaining the height of 50 or 60 ft. (i8m.) when massed
together or growing among other trees, but as found close along the
water's edge it does not attain as great a height and is of irregular
wide habit of growth. The trunk sometimes attains a diameter of

Fig. 15— GUAVA

Fjg. 16— BUTTON MANGROVE.
BUTTONWOOD.

3 1 6. CONOCARPUS ERECT A FLORIDA BUTTON-WOOD. 2Q

2 or 2 1/2 ft. (o.75m.) and is vested in a dark gray-brown bark, fissured
into low flat ridges which exfoliate in thin scales and fibrous strips,
peeling off lengthwise. It is often found fruiting as a shrub.

HABITAT. — A tree of wide distribution, being found along muddy
tide- water shores of Florida south of Cedar Keys and Cape Canaveral,
the Antilles generally, Central America and tropical South America
and also on the west coast of Africa.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-
grained and of a dark yellowish brown color with thin lighter sap-
wood. Specific Gravity, 0.9900; Percentage of Ash, 0.32; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.9868; Coefficient of Elasticity, 102411;
Modulus of Rupture, 942; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 599;
Resistance to Indentation, 370; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
61.70.

USES. — The principal use of this tnee is for fuel, for which it is
excellent, as it burns slowly, almost like coal, producing good heat and
very little smoke.

The bark is rich in tannin and is used to some extent as an astrin-
gent and for tanning purposes.

GENUS LAGUNCULARIA GAERTNER.

Leaves opposite, thick, flat, leathery, oblong, 1^-3^2 in. long, emarginate or
rounded at apex, rounded at base, smooth dull green above, paler beneath, marked
with small tubercles towards the margin, with straight brown midrib, obscure
reticulate veinlets and thick biglandular petiole l/2 in. or less in length. Flowers
produced throughout the year, usually perfect, y\ in. long, greenish white, sessile
in few flowered axillary and terminal simple tomentose spikes 1^/2 to 2 in. long
with minute bractlets ; calyx turbinate, prominently ribbed and bracteolate near
the middle and with 5 pointed, persistent lobes ; petals 5, nearly orbicular, not
longer than the calyx lobes, ciliate, caducous ; stamens 10, with awl-shaped fila-
ments and heart-shaped anthers; pistil with i-celled ovary, short style and
somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Fruit drupaceous, leathery, about l/2 in. long, oblong
or obovoid, unequally lo-ribbed, crowned with the calyx lobes and containing a
single dark red stone.

A genus of the following single species and named from Latin
roots alluding to a fancied resemblance in the fruits to little flasks.

3O HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

317. LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA GAERTN. F.

WHITE MANGROVE. WHITE BUTTONWOOD.
Ger., Weisze Knopfbaum. Fr., Manglier. blanc.

Sp., Mangle bianco, Pataban (Cuba).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — See the ordinal and generic descriptions, this being
the only species.

The White Mangrove attains the height of 50 or 60 ft. (i8m.) or
more in crowded hammock growth, but when found close along the
water's edge it develops a low, wide-spreading top of irregular
branches. The trunks attain a thickness of from 12 to 20 inches and
are vested in a dark brownish gray somewhat fibrous bark, fissured
into low flat, more or less reticulated ridges.

, HABITAT. — Low tidal lands along the coasts of Florida south of
Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, of the southern Keys, Bermuda, the
Bahamas, West Indies, southern Mexico, Central America and tropical
South America, also western Africa. Generally a common species,
but confined to the immediate proximity of the sea.

PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close grained, with numer-
ous very fine medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed open
ducts and susceptible of a good polish. It is of a light purple-brown
color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7137; Percentage of
Ash, 1.62; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7021; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 72396; Modulus of Rupture, 518; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 449; Resistance to Indentation, 149; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 44.48.

USES. — The wood, though of excellent qualities, is not of commer-
cial importance, owing to limited size and crooked trunks. It is useful
for fuel.

The bark is rich in tannin and is sometimes used in tanning leather.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The bark is astringent and tonic, but not
recognized in the pharmacopoeia.

ORDER SAPOTACE^E: SAPODILLA FAMILY.

Leaves alternate or sometimes clustered, simple, entire, pinnately-veined,
mostly coriaceous, petiolate, with stipules. Flowers small, regular, perfect, in
axillary clusters; calyx of 5-8 persistent sepals, imbricated; corolla hypogenous,

3 1 8. SAPOTA ACHRAS — SAPODILLA. 31

5-8-cleft with an internal lobe-like appendage (staminodium) at each sinus and a
short tube; disk none; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite
them inserted on the tube ; anthers 2-celled, subextrorse, longitudinally dehiscent ;
pistil with ovary sessile, usually 5-celled, with simple style and terminal stigma,
and containing a solitary anatropous ovule. Fruit a berry with persistent calyx
at base and tipped with remnants of the style, usually i-seeded, the seed con-
taining a large straight embryo with or without albumen.

Trees, shrubs and vines with milky juice and of wide distribution
throughout the warmer regions of the globe, some species producing
valuable timbers or fruits and one producing the gutta percha of com-
merce. The family consists of about 400 species of 35 genera, of which
6 genera are represented in the trees of the United States, all southern.

GEXUS SAPOTA MILLER.

Leaves evergreen alternate and clustered at the ends of the branchlets, thick,
coriaceous, oblong, mostly obtuse or acute at apex, cuneate at base, with entire
revolute margin, smooth dark green above, duller and with prominent straight
mid-rib and obscure veins beneath ; petioles */2 to ^4 in. long. Flowers small on
rusty pubescent stalks in the axils of the leaves of the season, perfect; calyx
rusty, with 6 bluntly pointed lobes in 2 series, corolla 6-lobed, whitish, scarcely
longer than the lobes of the calyx; stamens 6, with arrow-shaped anthers, pistil
with obovoid brown hairy ovary, exserted style and small terminal stigma.
Fruit, though technically a berry resembling a russet apple, subglobose, 1^2 to 3
in. in diameter, with usually rough brown surface and at first with greenish very
firm flesh of austere flavor and with milky very glutinous juice, but soon
becoming tender, of delicious pear-like flavor, pinkish yellow, with watery juice
and agreeable cdcr. It contains 4 or 5 nearly black shining flattened seeds
radiating edgewise from the central axis and with long white scar on inner edge.

A genus of the following single species taking its name from the
native \Yest Indian name of the tree.

318. SAPOTA ACHRAS MILLER.

SAPODILLA. CHICLE-TREE.

Ger., SappadilL Fr., Sapotillier.

Sp., Nispero (Cen. and So. Amer.), Chico-zapote (Mex.).

SPECIFIC CHARACTER : — See ordinal and generic descriptions, this being the
only species.

A shapely tree attaining in Florida the height of 30 or 40 ft. (i2m.)
with compact rounded top of handsome evergreen foliage and a trunk
sometimes i ft. (0.3001.) or more in diameter. This is covered with a

32 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

grayish brown bark fissured into narrow firm rounded ridges and
exfoliating in small thick scales.

HABITAT. — The native land of the Sapodilla is supposed to be the
West Indies, Central America and northern South America. It is
extensively grown in southern Florida and on the southern keys and
has become naturalized in places. Besides the names mentioned in
our heading it is also known as Nisberry, Naseberry, Chico, Bully-
tree, etc.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close
grained, very durable, with very fine medullary rays and of a rich
reddish brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 1.02.

USES. — The usefulness of the Sapodilla is three-fold. The fruit,
known in common parlance of the regions where grown as "dillies,"
is very highly prized in warm countries-, and is of growing popularity
outside of the tropics as far as it can be shipped. Unfortunately it is
not adapted (to long shipments.

The glutinous milk juice, obtained from the bark and fruit, is known
as gum chicle of commerce. It is an important ingredient of chewing
gum and is also used in England as a substitute and adulterant of
gutta-percha. The wood is used ito some extent for construction pur-
poses. It is said that lintels made of this wood in old ruins in Mexico,
centuries if not thousands of years old, arte found to be still sound.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not omcinally recognized of this species,
though Nuttall mentions the astringent bark as being febrifugal and
the seeds as being powerfully aperient and diuretic. He also mentions
the gum as diffusing the odor of incense when burned.

GENUS SIDEROXYLON LINNAEUS.

Leaves persistent, simple, alternate, long-petiolate, rather thin and leathery,
with prominent midrib impressed above and rather remote arcuate veins. Flowers
small, in crowded many-flowered axillary fascicles ; calyx bell-shaped, 5- or occa-
sionally 6-parted, corolla 5- or 6-lobed and furnished with 5 or 6 lanceolate scale-
like staminodia in the -sinuses ; stamens 5 or 6, with slender elongated filaments
and oblong anthers ; pistil with usually 5-celled ovary contracted into a subulate
style and small terminal stigma. Fruit, usually but one developing from each
flower-cluster, an oblong drupe, shining light brown, with elevated hilum and erect
embryo in fleshy albumen.

A genus of 60 or more species of trees and shrubs, widely dis-
tributed through the warm climates of both hemispheres, and the
following one species in southern Florida. The name is from Greek
words meaning iron and wood, owing to its hardness and weight.

Fig. 17— WHITE MANGROVE

Fig. 18— SAPODILLA. CHICLE-TREE

319- SlDEROXYLON MASTICHODENDRON MASTIC. 33

319. SlDEROXYLON MASTICHODENDRON JACQ.

MASTIC.

Ger., Masti.vbaum. Fr., Acomat (Mar.), Acomat franc (Guad.),

Sp., Tocuma amarillo, Ausubo (P. R.).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, mostly acute to obtuse
at apex, cuneate at base, with cartilaginous entire more or less wavy margin,
lustrous bright green with depressed midrib above, paler and very prominent
midrib beneath, rather remote and obscure arcuate veins and long slender petioles
I to i }/2 in. long. F loiters, appearing at almost any season, from the axils of the
leaves of the season, or from the nodes of the preceding season; calyx yellow-
green, puberulous outside; corolla light yellow with lobes somewhat longer than
those of the calyx, staminodia short, with subulate tips; pistil with glabrous
ovary. Fruit about i in. long, with rather tough yellow skin and of a pleasant
flavor, but leaving in the mouth a rather peppery after-tate; seed about l/2 in.
long, flattened obovoid.

One of the large trees of southern Florida, attaining a height of 75
or 80 ft. (25m.) or more, with stout spreading and ascending branches
and straight trunk sometimes 3 or 4 ft. (1.25111.) in diameter. The
bark cf trunk is about y$ in. in thickness, of a brownish gray color and
exfoliating in thinnish irregular scales.

HABITAT. — A common and important tree of the hammocks of
peninsular Florida south of Cape Canavaral and Charlotte Harbor,
the southern Keys, the Bahamas and many of the West Indian islands.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-
grained, with few small open ducts and many fine medullary rays,
durable and of a brownish orange color, with lighter ample sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 1.0109; Percentage of Ash, 5.14; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.9589 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 109948 ; Modulus of
Rupture, 970; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 650; Resistance to
Indentation, 355; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 63.00.

USES. — The wood is largely used for boat-building, general con-
struction purpose's and for furniture. It is considered in Porto Rico
as one of their most valuable timbers and sells at a high price for sills,
rafters, etc., in house-building.

The fruit is juicy, edible and very pleasing in flavor, in the tastes of
most people, but it leaves for a time a peppery after-flavor and a slowly
soluble gummy coating of the tongue and roof of the mouth, qualities
which prompt one, after the first experience, to partake of it not too
freely.

34 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

GENUS DIPHOLIS A. DECANDOLE.

Leaves persistent, alternate, thinnish, leathery, with midrib prominent beneath
and slender arcuate veins uniting near the margin. Flowers small, in dense
fascicles both from the axils of existing leaves and the leafless nodes of earlier
growth ; calyx bell-shaped with 5 lobes rounded at apex ; corolla white with 5
spreading lobes, each lobe supplied at its base with a linear appendage ; stamens
5, exserted with slender filaments and versatile oblong extrorse anthers ; stamen-
odia 5, petaloid, alternating with the stamens and inserted with them on the
calyx-tube ; pistil with ovoid ovary gradually contracted into a slender short
style stigmatic at the apex. Fruit a subglobose or oblong black drupe with thin
dryish flesh ; seed solitary, oblong, with shining dark brown thick coriaceous
coat, and erect embryo in fleshy albumen.

A genus of few species of trees and shrubs of .the warmer regions
of the New World and named from two Greek words referring to the
two appendages to each lobe of the corolla. The following one species
is the only one found within the United States.

320. DIPHOLIS SALICIFOLIA, A. DE C.

BUSTIC. CASSADA.

Ger., Weidenblattrige Diphole. Fr., Acomat rouge, Acomat bastard.
Sp,, Tocuma, Almendro sylvestre, Tabloncillo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves lanceolate-oblong to narrow obovate, acum-
inate to acute at apex, narrow cuneate at base, with entire, somewhat wavy
cartilaginous margin, thinnish, firm, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath,
3-5 in. long, with slender petioles l/2 to I in. long. Flowers, opening in Florida
in March and April, about l/$ in. long, numerous, in dense fascicles, with rufous
pubescent pedicels about ^4 in- long ; calyx rusty pubescent outside ; corolla about
twice as long as the calyx and with appendages of the lobes about the length of
the irregularly toothed, ovate, staminodia; ovary glabrous. Fruit, ripening in
autumn, solitary or clustered, about Y^ in. long.

The Rustic tree sometimes attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. (15111.),
with rather small upright branches and a straight trunk 18 in. (o.5om.)
or more in diameter. This is vested in a grayish brown bark which
becomes' fissured with age into narrow longitudinal and reticulated
ridges and exfoliates in irregular and elongated scales.

HABITAT. — The rich hammocks of southern Florida in the vicinity
of Bay Biscayne, the southern Keys, the Bahamas (where it is known
as the "sour-wood") and many of the Antilles.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-

Fig. 19— MASTIC

Fin. 20— BUSTIC. CASSADA

32O. DlPHOLIS SALICIFOLIA BuSTIC CASSADA. 35

grained with fine medullary rays and of a rich brownish red color with
lighter sap-wood. It is susceptible of a beautiful polish. The odor of
the fresh wood is strongly suggestive of that of vinegar, and hence,
perhaps, its Bahaman name, Sour-wood, but in flavor it is very bitter.
Specific Gravity, 0.9316; Percentage of Ash, 0.32; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.9286; Coefficient of Elasticity, 133593; Modulus
of Rupture, 1148; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 730; Resistance
to Indentation, 274; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 58.06.

USES. — The wood is occasionally used for knees and timbers in
boat-building, though not abundant enough to have a recognized place
in commerce. Its handsome color and other desirable qualities strongly
commend it for use in furniture, interior finishing, etc.

ORDER BORRAGINACE^: BORAGE FAMILY.

Leaves simple, persistent, both alternate and opposite or sub-verticillate
without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect, in terminal or axillary compound
cymes; calyx usually 5-lobed, persistent; corolla with usually 5 spreading lobes,
hypogenous; stamens, 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted on
its tube, with filiform filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally
dehiscent; pistil with usually 2- or 4- celled ovary and single style dividing into
2 branches with capitate stigmas ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit drupaceous,
tipped with the remnants of the style and subtended by the persistent calyx, and
the pit containing 2-4 ascending seeds.

A family of about 85 genera of mostly herbaceous plants of tem-
perate regions. It is represented in warm climates also by a few trees,
three genera of which are native to extreme southern United States.
The above description applies mainly to the arborescent species.

GENUS BOURRERIA P. BROWNE.

Leaves both alternate and opposite, persistent, obovate-oblong. Flowers
white, with slender bracteolate pedicels in terminal compound cymes ; calyx bell-
shaped, persistent, with 5 valvate lobes ; corolla with 5 broadly spreading rounded
lobes ; stamens with thread-like filaments and oblong slightly wrinkled anthers ;
pistil with sessile incompletely 4-celled ovary, tapering to a 2-parted style with
capitate stigmas ; ovules anatropous and solitary. Fruit a subglobose drupe with
thin flesh and a stone separable into 4 thick-walled bony nutlets, each with a
spongy many-ridged appendage on the back and with flattened inner faces.

A genus of about 18 species of trees and shrubs of the American
tropics, two being found on the Keys of Southern Florida. It is named
after J. A. Bourrer, an apothecary of Nuremberg.

36 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

321. BOURRERIA HAVANENSIS MIERS.

STRONGBACK. STRONGBARK.

Ger., Havanische Bourreria. Fr., Bourrerier de Havana.

Sp., Ateje, Ircuma, Bureria.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves obovate-oblong, 2-3^2 in. long, mostly rounded
at apex, cuneate at base, with entire revolute margin, smooth and lustrous yellow
green above, somewhat paler beneath ; petioles slender l/2 to I in. long. Flowers
appearing at almost all seasons, in glabrous terminal cymes 3-4 in. across ; calyx
bell-shaped, about Y^ in. long; corolla creamy white, with tube about l/2 in. long
and nearly orbicular, spreading lobes, about Y^ in. across when expanded. Fruit
subglobose, about ^ in. in diameter, orange red, with tough skin, tipped with the
remnants of the style and subtended by the somewhat enlarged calyx lobes.

The Strong-back tree occasionally attains the height of 30 or 40 ft.
(i2rn.), with trunk 8 or 10 in. (0.25111.) in diameter, but it is usually
smaller. The bark of trunk is of a brownish gray color, quite smooth
and* exfoliating in small irregular scales.

HABITAT. — Hammocks of .the Florida Keys, the Bahama Islands and
many of the Antilles.

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of this species is quite soft,
light, brittle and of a very different type of structure from that of
ordinary woods. It consists of a system of close fibro-vascular tissue
permeated with spaces, in concentric arrangement, occupied by a very
delicate, pith-like parenchymatous tissue and minute transparent
crystals. There are no distinct annual rings, but many fine medullary
rays are neadily seen with aid of a hand magnifier. In sectioning the
wood we found its behavior to be similar to that of the Yucca and like
that we have to protect the transverse sections with celluloid, owing to
its fragile nature.

The U. S. government tests in connection with the Tenth Census
investigation gives the following data concerning the physical proper-
ties of this wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8073 5 Percentage of Ash, 2.79 ;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0,7848; Coefficient of Elasticity,
99649; Modulus of Rupture, 944; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
575; Resistance to Indentation, 294; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 50.31.

USES. — Little if any use is made of the wood of this tree, but we
are informed that a tea is made from its bark on the Bahama Islands.

322. AVICENNIA NITIDA BLACK MANGROVE. 37

ORDER VERBENACE^: VERVAIN FAMILY.

Leaves usually opposite, sometimes whorled, persistent, entire. Flowers
perfect, sometimes irregular; calyx inferior, 4- or 5-lobed, persistent; corolla
with 4 or 5 lobes imbricated in the bud ; stamens 4 in pairs of different lengths,
inserted on the corolla-tube alternately with its lobes and with 2-celled introrse
anthers opening longitudinally ; pistil sessile with 2- to 4-celled ovary, simple style
and 2-lobed terminal stigma; ovules I or 2 in each cell. Fruit a dry or fleshy
drupe or capsule.

The Vervain Family consists of some 1,200 species, grouped in
about 70 genera of trees, shrubs, vines and herbs of wide distribution
throughout temperate and tropical regions. The herbaceous species
predominate in the temperate regions and the woody in tropical
regions.

The species of greatest commercial importance is perhaps the Teak
(Tecioria grandis, L. f.), of southeastern Asia.

Two of the genera, each of a single species, are represented in the
trees of southern Florida.

GENUS AVICEXXIA LINNAEUS.

Leaves thick and coriaceous. Flowers in terminal cympse pubescent clusters
of pedunculate spikes, each subtended by a bract and pair of bractlets; calyx
lobes 5, concave; corolla campanulate, white, with 4 spreading lobes, the posterior
usually the largest; stamens exserted with short filiform filaments, pistil with
ovate i -celled ovary containing 4 orthotropous ovules suspended from a central
placenta. Fruit a 2-valved capsule oblong, oblique, compressed, i-seeded, apicu-
late, light green, pubescent ; seed without albumen, the embryo germinating and
enlarging somewhat before separating from the branch.

A genus of three species of trees and shrubs inhabiting the low
muddy tidal shores of the tropics of both hemispheres, the following
one only reaching Florida and the Gulf of Mexico coast to Texas. It
is named after Avicenna, a distinguished physician who lived in
Bokhara early in the eleventh century.

322. AVICENNIA NITIDA JACQ.
BLACK MANGROVE. NATIVE OAK (Jamaica).

Ger.. Schivarzer Mangelbaum. Fr., Paletuvier blanc (Fr. W. L).

Sp., Mangle bobo (Sp. W. I.) ; Palo de sal, Culumata (Cent. Amer.).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves oblong to obovate-oblong, 2-3 in. long,
rounded or obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, with entire revolute margin, smooth
dark-green above, very finely hoary tomentose beneath, with rather broad midrib

38 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

and few oblique primary reticulating veins uniting near the margin ; petioles
about l/4 in. long, enlarged at base. Flowers, appearing at all seasons of the
year, with bracts about as long as the lobes of the calyx. Fruit as described for
the genus, i-il/2 in. long.

The Black Mangrove occasionally attains the height of 70 or 80 ft.
(25m.), with wide rounded top and a trunk rarely if ever mo-re than
2 ft. (o.6om.) in diameter. This is vested in a dark brown bark fissured
into very low flat ridges and these by narrow cross fissures, causing a
characteristic chequered appearance. It is often no more than a wide-
branched, bushy shrub or very low tree.

It sends up from its horizontal roots numerous small knees, or
aerating roots as they are sometimes called, which bristle from the
mud beneath the trees somewhat like asparagus shoots. Whatever
may be the chief function of these curious growths they retain much
trash which might otherwise float off with the tides and they really
aid to make new land.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong and tough
arid of a rich dark brown color with ample creamy white sap-wood,
the latter usually soon assuming a pronounced bluish brown tint.

The structure of this wood is very different from that of all the
woods with which we are familiar, indeed even being at variance with
the generally accepted ideas of wood structure and growth. It has no
medullary rays, at least which extend through more than a season's,
growth ; nor does it add its annual increment of new wood in unbroken
layers — rings as seen in cross-sections. The new wood forms in strips,
and these are braided together, as it were, in a sort of basket work of
new growth each year around the older wood and beneath the bark.
This basket-work growth gives to the wood the radial or lateral
strength which is ordinarily given mainly ithe medullary rays. The
result is a wood which is practically non-splitable radially.

\Ve have found it impossible to make transverse sections of this
wood, of the usual thickness adopted in our work, and keep them from
separating between ithe annual layers, though we have succeeded fairly
well with thinner sections. These are so fragile, however, that we are
obliged ,to protect them with celluloid or mica. It. has been impossible,
too, to make as perfect radial and -tangential sections as we would like
and some roughness and checks have to be tolerated.

The government tests of physical properties are as follows :
Specific Gravity, 0.9138; Percentage of Ash, 2.51; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.8909; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 56.95.

Fig. 21— STRONG-BACK Fig. 22— BLACK MANGROVE

Observe the numerous little knees, or aerating roots as they are sometimes called,
which cover the ground beneath the Black Mangrove tree.

322. AVICENNIA NITIDA BLACK MANGROVE. 39

USES. — Little use is made of the wood of this tree, though it is
occasionally used for fancy-work, flooring, etc. It is very durable in
contact with the soil and is valued in the West Indies for sills, posts,
etc. The bark is used for tanning purposes.

The chief point of value in the tree is its usefulness in consoli-
dating the muddy shores, for which, like the Red Mangrove with which
it is associated, it is peculiarly adapted by the precocious germination
of the seed, before leaving the parent tree. When this falls into the
mud it quickly becomes established, undoubtedly assisted at first by the
retroflexed hairs of its growing radicle. Later, when grown, the
numerous little corky shoots from its roots hold or really make the
land about it.

ORDER BIGNONIACE^: TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY.

Leaves simple in the arborescent representatives in the United States mostly
opposite and without stipules. Flowers perfect, large, showy and more or less
irregular ; calyx hypogenous, bilabiate ; corolla hypogenous, somewhat bilabiate,
5-lobed, imbricated in the bud; stamens 2 or 4 inserted on the base of the corolla
with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; staminodia I or 3; ovary
i or 2-celled, with simple slender 2-lobed style, stigmatic at the apex ; ovules
numerous, anatropous and horizontal. Fruit a podlike 2-valved capsule or berry
and seeds without albumen.

Trees, shrubs, climbing vines and a few exotic herbs, mostly with
large showy flowers, and widely distributed in tropics with a few repre-
sentatives in temperate regions. About 1,500 species are known,
grouped in nearly 100 genera. Of the 6 genera represented in the
United States 3 are arborescent, one of the southwestern states,
another of Florida and the third of the Atlantic states.

GENUS CRESCENTIA LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate or clustered, persistent, short-petiolate and without stipules.
Floii'crs perfect, solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves, or from the
sides of the branchlets, with short bractiolate pedicels ; calyx 2-parted or 5-lobed,
leathery, deciduous ; corolla hypogenous, narrow, bell-shaped and swollen and
with transverse fold on the lower side, purplish or yellow streaked with purple,
with limb slightly oblique and 2-lipped with five irregularly toothed short lobes ;
stamens 4 and usually a staminodium inserted on the corolla-tube, with filiform
filaments and oblong spreading anther-cells; pistil with sessile i-celled ovoid-conic
ovary tapering into an elongated exserted style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes
stigmatic on the inner faces; ovules numerous on 2 lateral placentas. Fruit
baccate, indehiscent, with thick firm rind and spongy placental mass containing,
irregularly imbedded within its substance, numerous flattened suborbicular deeply
grooved seeds.

A genus of 5 or 6 species of tropical American trees distributed
from southern Florida and southern Mexico through the West Indies

40 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

to Brazil. It is named after a distinguished Italian writer on agricul-
ture, Pietro de Crescenzi.

323. CRESCENTIA CUCURBITINA L.

BLACK CALABASH.

Ger., Schwarze Calabasse. Fr., Colebasse (Fr. W. L),

Sp., Higuero, Colabazo de playa, Guautec ornate.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves clustered at the ends of the branchlets, thick
and leathery, 5-8 in. long, with very short wrinkled petioles, obovate-oblong,
rounding to an abrupt point at apex, narrow cuneate at base, with entire revolute
margin, lustrous dark green with deeply impressed midrib above, paler beneath
and with prominent veins which are arcuate and unite a little distance from
the margin. Floivers appearing in early spring, on peduncles iT/2 to 2 in. long,
furnished with two acute bractlets near the base and enlarged at apex; calyx
with 2 large concave lobes nearly as long as the corolla tube; corolla thickish,
dingy purple or creamy white streaked with purple bands on the lower side,
about 2 in. long, stamens in 2 pairs and a staminodium on posterior side inserted
about midway on the wall of the corolla tube; ovary obliquely conical. Fruit
oblong, or subglobose, 2T/2 to 4 in. long, unbonate, suspended on a thick stem
\y-2 to 2 in. long, and enlarged at apex, obscurely 4-ridged, dark green, its shell
about iV in. thick, finally hard and brittle; seed about ^ in. long, somewhat
broader than long, 2-lobed and y^ in. thick.

The Black Calabash is a low spreading tree seldom more than 20
or 25 ft. (8m.) in height, with few long branches and usually leaning
or recumbent trunk which may be 8 to 10 in. (0.25111.) in maximum
diameter. The bark of trunk is of a brownish gray color and quite
smooth, exfoliating with age in thin irregular scales.

HABITAT. — The borders of swamps and low rich hammocks in the
vicinity of Bay Biscayne and the Florida Keys, many of the West
Indies, southern Mexico, Central America and Venezuela, often grow-
ing in the shade of forests of taller growth.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, not strong, with many
small, quite regularly distributed open ducts and of a mottled dark and
light brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6319;
Percentage of Ash, 1.35; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6234;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 39.38.

USES. — We are not aware of any particular use to which this tree
is applied, though its large glossy leaves and interesting flowers and
fruit suggest an appropriateness for ornamental planting in low moist
localities.

324. EXOSTEMA CARIB^UM PRINCE-WOOD. 4!

ORDER RUBIACE^: MADDER FAMILY.

Leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, entire, mostly with stipules and turn-
ing black in drying. Flowers regular, perfect; calyx 4-5-toothed or lobed and
with tube adnate to the ovary; corolla 4-5-lobed, stamens as many as the lobes
of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted on the tube with filaments free
or united at base and introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally; disk
epigynous; ovary i-io-celled with slender style and ovules I to many in each
cell. Fruit a capsule, drupe or achene; seeds with membranaceous coat and
without albumen.

Trees, shrubs and a few herbs of about 5,550 species grouped in
some 350 genera. They are chiefly natives of tropical regions and
comprise several species which yield products of great economic
importance, such as coffee, quinine, ipecac, madder, -etc.

GENUS EXOSTEMA RICHARD.

Leaves persistent, sessile or petiolate, with pointed interpetiolar stipules.
Flowers axillary, fragrant, erect, with peduncles bibracteolate above the middle;
calyx with 5 very short triangular persistent lobes; corolla white, with long
narrow tube and 5 elongated linear spreading lobes; stamens with filiform fila-
ments united into a tube at base adnate to the base of the corolla and linear-
oblong anthers; pistil with 2-celled ovary, a long slender exserted style and
capitate stigma; ovules numerous. Fruit a many seeded firm 2-celled capsule,
septicidally dehiscent, each cell 2-parted; seeds oblong compressed lustrous dark
brown with lighter winged margin and minute embryo in fleshy albumen.

A genus of about 20 species of tropical American trees and shrubs,
the following one species being found on the Keys of southern Florida.

324. EXOSTEMA CARIB^UM R. & S.

PRINCE-WOOD.

Ger., Prinz-holz. Fr., Quinquina Caraibe.

Sp., Cuero de sapo, Macagua de costa, Falsa quina (Mex.).

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves persistent, oblong-lanceolate, i*/2 to 3 in.
long, with slender petioles */2 in. or less in length, entire, acummate or acute
and apiculate at apex, cuneate at base, coriaceous, smooth dark green above and
yellow green with orange-colored midrib and few arcuate veins beneath; inter-
petiolar stipules triangular, apiculate. Flowers, appearing in middle or late
spring, about 3 in. long, solitary in the axils of the leaves, with peduncles some-
what shorter than the leaf-stalks; calyx narrow bell-shaped, corolla with tube
nearly il/2 in. long. Fruit capsules about H in. long, blackish when dry with
seeds about A in. long.

A small tree occasionally attaining the height of about 25 ft. (8m.),

42 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

with narrow top of upright branches and slender gray branchlets
enlarged at the nodes and a trunk rarely over 10 or 12 in. (0.30111.) in
diameter. The bark of trunk is quite smooth and of light gray color
mottled with orange brown. It becomes fissured with age into narrow
ridges and these checking crosswise finally exfoliate in thick rectan-
gular scales.

HABITAT. — The Princewood inhabits the hammocks of the Keys of
southern Florida, many o>f the Antilles, southern Mexico and Central
America.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-
grained, with exceedingly fine uniformly distributed open ducts and
medullary rays. It is of a rich yellow color streaked with purple-
brown and yellowish-white sap-wood, the latter, however, sometimes
assuming a bluish brown color after being cut. Specific Gravity,
0.9310; Percentage of Ash, 0.23; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.9289; Coefficient of Elasticity, 119357; Modulus of Rupture, 1005;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 751; Resistance to Indentation,
481 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 58.02.

USES. — The wood of this species is not of sufficient size or abun-
dance to be applied to any particular use. As it is possessed of excel-
lent properties, however, and rare color, it might well be valued for
turned articles. of wooden ware, fancy wood-work, etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The bark is used in domestic practice as
a tonic and febrifuge, in regions in which the tree grows, and was more
extensively used, under the name of Caribaean bark, before the general
introduction of the more valuable Cinchona barks.

Fig. 23— BLACK CALABASH Fig. 24— PRINCE-WOOD

Observe on the Calabash trunk a fine specimen of the land snail, Ligmis crenatus,
which abounds in the hammock where this tree was found.

CLASS GYMNOSPERM^E

This division of the vegetable kingdom includes the seed-bearing
plants which bear their ovules (ripening into seeds) not in a closed
ovary, like the Angiospermae, but on open scales; hence they are called
naked-seeded. Their leaves are chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons
are frequently more than two. The flowrers are unisexual and incom-
plete and the ovule is fertilized by direct contact with the pollen. The
fruit is usually a cone, but sometimes considerably modified so as to
more resemble a drupe or berry. The representatives are all woody
plants, being mostly trees. A few are shrubs.

ORDER CONIFERS: PINE FAMILY.

Leaves narrow orscale-like, clustered or alternate, parallel-veined and gen-
erally persistent: buds scaly. Flowers in catkins or solitary with an involucre
of enlarged bud-scales, unisexual and monoecious (dioecious in Juniperus),
destitute of calyx and corolla; anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers bearing on the
inner face of each scale 2 or more ovules and becoming in Fruit a woody cone
or rarely a berry or drupe; seeds often winged, with coat of two layers; embryo
axial in copious albumen ; cotyledons 2 or several.

A family of trees and few shrubs with resinous juice and cell-walls
of wood marked with circular disks. It is of greatest economic value
and world-wide distribution, but chiefly in north temperate regions.
Among its representatives are trees, notably the Sequoias, which are
considered to be of the greatest longevity of all living organisms. It
consists of 31 genera, of which 13 are represented in the United States.

GENUI JUXIPERUS LINNAEUS.

Leaves of two sorts, viz., opposite, scale-like, with gland-like disk and
appressed in four ranks, or subulate and free in whorls of three, sessile, sharp-
pointed, without gland, convex below, concave and stomatiferous above — both
forms sometimes on the same plant. Flowers small, dioecious or sometimes
monoecious, oblong, terminal or axillary, the staminate yellow, with peltate scales
each bearing 2-6 globose anther-cells attached to its base ; the pistillate consisting
of 2-6 opposite or ternate fleshy pointed scales each bearing one or two erect
ovules. Fruit berry-like by a coalescence of the fleshy scales of the flower, blue-
black or red with white bloom, smooth or marked with points of the flower-
scales, closed or open, containing usually one to six bony wingless seeds and
requiring one to three years to attain maturity; cotyledons 2-6.

Evergreen trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere having
pungent aromatic juice, generally fibrous bark and very durable light
odorous wood. About 35 species are known. In the New World they
are distributed from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of Mexico,
Lower California and the \Yest Indies in twelve arborescent species and

44 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

one or two shrubby. Two only of the arborescent and one of the
shrubby species are found in northeastern United States. The name is
the ancient Latin name of the Juniper.

325. JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS L.

SOUTHERN RED CEDAR. PENCIL-WOOD.

Ger., Sudlicher Wachholder. Fr., Genevrier meridional.

Sp., Sabina meridional.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves in pairs, opposite, closely appressed, entire,
sharply pointed, light green with conspicuous oblong gland on back Flowers,
opening in very early spring, dioecious, the staminate oblong, l/% to % in. long,
,with 10-12 stamens having rounded entire connectives and each bearing 3 pollen-
sacs ; pistillate flowers about ^ in. long with narrow pointed scales. Fruit
subglobose, about % in. in diameter, dark blue with glaucous bloom when ripe,
with sweet resinous flesh and usually 2 ovoid pointed ridged seeds.

The Southern Red Cedar is a tree occasionally attaining the height
of 50 ft. (15111.), with wide-spreading rounded top of long lateral
branches and slender more or less pendulous branchlets. The maxi-
mum thickness of trunk is about 2 ft. (o.6om.) and this is vested in a
thin brown bark which exfoliates in thin narrow fiibrous strips peeling
off lengthwise and giving a more or less ragged appearance to old
trunks.

HABITAT. — The native range of the Southern Red Cedar is from
the coast region of southern Georgia to the banks of the Indian River
on the eastern coast of Florida, and from the Appalachicola River to
Charlotte Harbor on the western coast, growing in inundated river
swamps and moist low-lands. It has become naturalized along the
Gulf coast to western Louisiana. It is also found on the Bahama
Islands, Antigua, Santo Domingo, and Jamaica, in the last mentioned
locality inhabiting the slopes of mountains.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, brittle, close-grained,
•easily worked, fragrant and very durable in contact with the soil. It is
of a rich red color mottled with light yellowish brown and has a
creamy white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4814 ; Percentage of Ash,
o.i i ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 8.40; Modulus of Rupture, 780.

Fig. 25— SOUTHERN RED CEDAR

325. JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS SOUTHERN RED CEDAR. 45

USES. — This wood is used almost exclusively in the manufacture of
lead pencils, for which it is peculiarly adapted, but the natural supply
is now so reduced that it has become expensive, and other woods are
being substituted. It is also valued for chests for clothes, the odor of
the wood being considered obnoxious to moths.

The tree is extensively planted as an ornamental shade tree in the
cities and towns of the Gulf States, and hence its naturalization in
localities outside of its natural range.

INDEX

Xo. Page.

Acajou 310 18

Acomat (Mar.) 319 33

Acomat bastard 320 34

Acomat franc (Guad.) 319 33

Acomat rouge 320 34

Almacigo 309 16

Almendro sylvestre 320 34

AXGIOSPERMAE I

Anona (Mexico) 304 7

Anona 7

Anona glabra L 304 7

AXOXACEAE 6

Anone 304 7

Apple, Pond 304 7

Apple, Wild Custard 304 7

Ateje 321 36

Ausubo (P. R.) 319 33

Az'icennia Linnaeus 37

Avicennia nitida Jacq 322 37

Baga (Cuba) 304 7

BlGNONIACEAE 39

Bijaguara 313 23

Birch, West Indian 309 16

Bitter-wood 308 14

Bois costiere (Fr. W. I.).. 313 23

Bois d'encre 312 22

Boisivrant de la Jamaique. .307 12

Borage Family 35

BORRAGIXACEAE 35

Borracho (Venezuela) 307 12

Bourrcria P. Browne 35

Bourrcria kavanensis Miers32i 36

Bourreria, Havanische 321 36

Bourrerier de Havana 321 36

Buckthorn Family 22

Buckwheat Family 3

Bully-tree 32

Bureria 321 36

Bursera Jacquin 16

Burscra simaruba Sarg 309 16

BURSERACEAE 15

Bursere, Gummitragender . . 309 16

Bustic 320 34

Butter-bough 312 22

Button wood, Florida 316 28

Buttonwood, White 317 30

Calabash, Black 323 40

Calabasse, Schwarze 323 40

Caoba or Caobo 310 18

Carano (Sp. W. L, Mex.,

etc.) 309 16

Cassada 320 34

Cedar, Southern Red 325 44

Cherimoya 7

No. Page.

Chicle-tree 318 31

Chico 32

Chico-zapote (Mex.) 318 31

Chrysobalanus Linnaeus 8

Chrysobalanus icaco L 305 9

Cimarron 304 7

Coccoloba-holz 302 4

Coccaloba-holz 303 5

Coccolobis P. Browne 4

Coccolobis laurifolia Jacq.. 303 5

Coccolobis uvifera Jacq.... 302 4

Cocos-Pflaume 305 9

Colabazo de playa 323 40

Colebasse (Fr. W. I.) 323 40

Colubrina Brongniart 23

Colubrina reclinata Brong..3i3 23

COXIFERAE 43

Corazon 304

Combretaceae 28

Conocarpe droit 316 28

Conocarpus Linnaeus 28

Conocarpus erecta L 316 28

Corossol 304 7

Crescentia Linnaeus 39

Crescentia cucurbitina L...323 40

Cucubano 303 5

Cuero de sapo 324 41

Culumata (Cent. Amer.)...322 37

Custard-Apple Family 6

Diphole, Weidenblattrige. . .320 34

Dipholis A. deCandole 34

Dipholis sal id folia A. deC.32O 34

Dogwood, Jamaica 307 12

Drypetes Vahl 19

Drypetes keyensis Urb 311 20

EUPHORBIACEAE 19

Exostema Richard 40

Exostcma caribaeum R. & 8.324 41

Exothea Macfadyen 21

Exothca paniculata Radlk..3i2 22

Falsa quina (Mex.) 324 41

Feigenbaum, Wilder. ..... .301 2

Ficus Linnaeus 2

Ficus aurea Nutt 301 2

Fig, Golden 301 2

Figuier dore 301 2

Flaschenbaum 304 7

Gaita 312 22

Gateado 303 5

Genevrier meridional 325 ^4

Gomart d'Amerique 309 16

Gommier 309 16

Goyavier 315 27

Grape, Sea 302 4

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

No. Page.

Guacaran 312 22

Guajaba 315 27

Guajava 315 27

Guama hediondo (Cuba) . . .307 12

Guautecomate 323 40

Guava 315 27

Gumbo Limbo 309 16

GYMNOSPERMAE 43

Higuero 323 40

Hueso (Sp. W. I.) 311 20

Hundsholz, Jamaikischer... .307 12

Icaco 305 9

Icaquier 305 9

Ichthyomethia Browne 12

Ichthyomethia piscipula

Hitch .307 12

Ink-wood 312 22

Ircuma 321 36

Jinocuave (C. R.) 309 16

Juniperus Linnaeus 43

Junipcrus barbadensis L...325 44

Kino 5

Knopfbaum 316 28

Knopfbaum, Weisze 317 30

Laguncularia Gaertner 29

Laguncularia racemosa

Gaertn. F 317 30

LEGUMINOSAE 10

Lysilonta Bentham 10

Lysiloma bahamensis Benth.3o6 n

Mabi 313 23

Mabee bark 24

Macagua de costa... 324 41

Madder Family 41

Madeira-wood 310 18

Mahogany Family 17

Mahogany 310 18

Mahoganiholz 310 18

Mahogon (Fr. W. I.) 310 18

Mangelbaum 314 25

Mangelbaum, Schwarzer. . .322 37

Mangle bianco 317 30

Mangle bobo (Sp. .W. I.).. 322 37

Mangle boton (Sp. W. I.) . .316 28

Mangle Colorado 314 25

Mangle prieto (Mex.) 316 28

Manglier blanc 317 30

Mangrove Family : . 24

Mangrove 314 25

Mangrove, . Black 322 37

Mangrove, Button 316 28

Mangrove, Red 314 25

Mangrove, White 317 30

Mastic 319 33

Mastixbaum 319 33

MELIACEAE 17

Metapok* 301 2

MORACEAE I

Mulberry Family i

No. Page.

MYRTACEAE 26

Myrtle Family 26

Naseberry 32

Naked-wood 313 23

Nisberry 32

Nispero (Cant, and S.A.).3i8 31

Olivo (Panama) 308 14

Paletuvier 316 28

Paletuvier blanc (Fr.W.I.) 322 37

Paletuvier rouge 314 25

Palo bianco (Cuba) 308 14

Palo de sal 322 37

Paradise-tree 308 14

Pataban (Cuba) 317 30

Pencil-wood 325 44

Pflaume von Florida 311 20

Pine Family 43

Plum, Coco or Cacoa 305 9

Plum, Florida 311 20

Plum, Gopher 305 9

Plum, Pigeon 303 5

POLYGONACEAE 3

Pulse or Pea Family 10

Prinz-holz 324 41

Prince-wood 324 41

Psidium Linnaeus 26

Psidium guajava L 315 27

Prune de Florida 311 20

Oak, Native (Jamaica) 322 37

Quassia Family 13

Quinquina Caraibe 324 41

Raisinier a feuilles d'aurier.3O3 5

Raisinier de mer 302 4

RHAMNACEAE 22

RHIZOPHORACEAE 24

Rhisophora Linnaeus 24

Rhisophora mangle L 314 25

ROSEACEAE 8

Rose Family 8

RUBIACEAE 41

Rubber, Para 19

Rubber-tree, Wild 301 2

Sabina meridonal 325 44

SAPINDACEAE 21

SAPOTACEAE 30

Sapota Miller 30

Sapota ac/iras Miller 318 31

Sapodilla 318 31

Sapodilla Family 30

Sapotillier 318 31

Sappadill 318 31

Sideroxylon Linnaeus 318 32

Sidcrc'.rylon inastichodeu-

dron Jacq 319 33

Simarouba 308 14

SlMARUBACEAE 13

Simaruba Aublet 14

Simaruba glauca deC 308 14

Simaruba (Sp, W. I.) 308 14

INDEX

49

No. Page.

Soapberry Family 21

Soursop 7

Sour-wood 320 34

Sweetsop 7

S:>.'ictc)iia Jacquin 17

Sicictenia mahagoni Jacq. . .310 18

Spurge Family 19

Strangle-tree 301 2

Strongback 321 36

Strongbark 321 36

Tabloncillo 320 34

Tamarin sauvage 306 1 1

Tamarind, Wild 306 n

Tamarinde, \Vilde 306 1 1

Tamarindo silvestre 306 n

Tinten-holz , 312 22

Tocuma 3~o "4

No. Page.

Tocuma amarillo 319 33

Torchwood Family 15

Trumpet-Creeper Family... ^9

Uva (Cuba) 302 4

Uva del mar 302 4

Uverillo 303 5

Uvero 302 4

Uvifero 302 4

Uvillo 303 5

Varach seeds 10

Varital (Porto Rico) 311 20

VERBENACEAE 37

Vervain Family 37

Wachholder, Sudlicher 325 44

Whitewood, Florida 311 20

White Mangrove Family... 28

ANNOUNCEMENT

In the following pages will be found announcements of our various
lines, to which attention is invited. They are unique in their nature
and of quite unusual interest to all who are interested in our American
trees and timbers.

This volume is Part XIII of the series AMERICAN WOODS, and is
issued in styles of binding and at prices uniform with the previous
parts of the series. (See announcements following). It differs from
them, however, in containing, bound with the text, a series of photo-
graphic pictures of characteristic barks, as shown on typical trunks
with natural environments, and a few sprays of foliage. These trunk
pictures are uniform in style with those of the northern trees in our
HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA, PHOTO-
DESCRIPTIVE. Doubtless most if not all of them are the first photographs
that have been taken of these uncommon subjects, and we trust their
appearance here will be an added feature of considerable interest to
our patrons.

This volume is also issued with special binding and title page as
Tropical Woods of Florida, the Bahamas, West Indies and Central
America, designed for the trade in those regions. Its price in this form
is ten dollars. Should parties purchasing it in its distinct form after-
wards decide to acquire the complete series of AMERICAN WOODS, they
may have full credit for this on returning it to us with instructions as
to the style of binding desired in the series.

Address communications to

ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY,
LOWVILLE, N. Y.

HANDBOOK OF THE TREES

OFTHE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA, BY ROMEYN BECK HOUGH

PHOTO-DESCRIPTIVE

Observe that two pages fad" g eaeli other are devoted to a speiies Jn thi* way all of (he
native and naturalized trees are treated. Size of page is 63-4 by q 1-4 in.

THIS work is "photo-descriptive," in that the distinctive characteristics of
the various species are shown in carefully made photographic illustra-
tions. So completely has this plan been carried out, after a vast amount of
experiment and field work, that the book enables one who has never studied
botany to easily identify the trees by comparison with its illustrations. It
appeals alike to the amateur observer of trees, the lumberman and the technical
botanist.

Its illustrations cover the field in the following five exclusive particulars:

(1) Leaves and Fruits in fresh condition, against a background ruled
into square inches (a unique plan, original with the author) whereby natural
sizes are at once apparent, and so perfect are the pictures that even minute
details, as nature of surface, etc., are distinctly shown.

(2) Leafless Twigs, generally a full season's growth, showing the char-
acters by which the trees may be identified in winter — a revelation to those who
have thought it possible to identify trees only in summer.

(,3) Typical Barks of Trees as found in field and forest with natural
environment, a 1-foot rule being affixed to indicate size. They show the
characters by which the woodman knows the trees.

(4) Wood Structures (transverse) of at least one species of each genus,
magnified fifteen diameters, to aid in the identifying of woods. This feature is
of special Value to dealers and workers in woods.

(5) Maps Indicating Distributions of the various trees.

•The illustrations represent 690 negatives, all made on account of scientific
value, and the maps 191 line engravings. The text gives important information
as to botanical characters, habitats, uses, etc., and carefully prepared Keys and
Glossary. Royal octavo, X -f 470 pages.

Price $6 in buckram binding ; $8 in half morocco. Expressage prepaid.

Sample pages sent on request.

WHAT CRITICS SAY OF THE HANDBOOK OF THE TREES

" The most ideal handbook I have ever
seen. The plan was a happy conception. A
model in treatment and execution and is by
far the most convenient book I have' ever
seen for the ready identification of natural
history objects. C. Hart Merriam,

Former Chief U. S. Biological Survey.

" Xo other book that has been made, —
and it is safe to say no other that will be
made, — can take the place of this masterly
production. Xo library, public or private,
is complete without it, and no school should
be without it. The price may seem large
before you have seen what it buys, but
when you have seen you will wonder that
the book is so inexpensive." A. E. Winship,
in Journal of Education.

" By far the most useful book I have ever

seen for libraries to give to most readers.

^One wholly unfamiliar with botany can

'easily identify the trees." Melvil Dewey,

Pres. Amer. Library Inst.

" Many attempts have been made to bring
into popular form such descriptions of our
trees as would enable the amateur to recog-
nize the various species at different seasons.
It has remained for Mr. Romeyn B. Hough
to produce a book that adequately accom- !
plishes this laudable purpose. But it does
much more ; it brings to the forester, lum-
berman, cultivator and botanist alike such a
compact and comprehensive portrayal of the
trees as has never before been at his service.
The book may be commended as indispensa-
ble for all students of trees."

Botanical Gazette.

" It is impossible to convey in a few "words
an adequate impression of the value and
beauty of the ' HANDBOOK.' It is a mine of
valuable information, and with it the study
of trees becomes a delightful diversion."

W. T. Hornaday,
Director N. Y. Zoological Park.

" The most satisfactory volume I possess
on the subject, out of a total of some 250
books on this and kindred subjects."

Dean Alvord, New York.

" It is doubtful if any book placed before
the public in recent years possesses the
peculiar charm of this HANDBOOK OF THE
TREES. A veritable encyclopedia of hard-
won knowledge, and the manner of presenta-
tion is as beautiful and facinating as it is
scientifically accurate and generally instruc-
tive. Xo observer of the trees that we can
recall has performed suc-h a valuable service
as Mr. Hough in this book. Xever was a
camera used to Yietter purpose than in the
preparation ci Una work. A unique featuie,

which shouiu commend the worK to lumber-
men, timber holders, cruisers and those
identified with the lumber and timber inter-
ests, is the series of magnified wood struc-
tures, designed as an aid in identifying
timbers." St. Louis Lumberman.

"Altogether the most interesting and most
valuable book on trees that I have ever seen,
and worth fully double the amount charged
for it. Send me six more copies for pres-
entation to friends in England."
W. H. Boardman,

Editor Railroad Gazette.

" The best book of its kind on the market
at present. For every lover of trees and
for the man who ' wants to know ' there is
no other book so helpful. I cannot speak
too highly of the book."

Gustave Straubenmueller,
Associate Supt. Schools, New ^ork.

" Of greatest value to foresters, lumber-
men, botanists, nature students and sports-
men. We cannot recommend the book too
highly." Forest and Stream.

" Should be upon the shelves of every
library for the use of the lovers of trees,
botanists, lumbermen, etc. Mr. Hough comes
of his love of trees by inheritance, as his
father was the late Dr. Franklin B. Hough,
the first U. S. Commissioner of Forestry."
Bangor Weekly Commercial.

" The most interesting work on trees that
I have ever seen, and I own nearly all that
have been published in the United States."
John Alden, Lawrence, Mass.

"A perfectly delightful book. The illus-
trations of the leaves, fruits, etc., are very
fine indeed, while the illustrations of the
trunks are works of art. To every lover of
trees this book will be a source of inspira-
tion." Dr. J. N. Rose, Botanist,

U. S. National Herbarium.

"Unique and beautiful, as well as ex-
tremely useful, it deserves a place in the
library of every tree lover in the world."

The Dial.

" There is nothing but praise for the work
as a whole." The Nation.

" Of the utmost value. Should be in the
hands of everybody who has a patriotic
pride in the forests of our country."

Collier's Weekly.

"An extraordinarily thorough an'd attrac-
tive handbook of the trees, furnished with
realistic illustrations that almost carry the
scent and touch of the original."
New York Times,

Saturday Book Reviev/.

AMERICAN WOODS

ILLUSTRATED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS
BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

This work is unique in that it is illustrated by actual specimens, and
being in this way an exhibition of nature itself it possesses a peculiar and
great interest never found in a press-printed book. The specimens are in
the form of transverse, radial and tangential sections about 2 x 5 in. in size,
and sufficiently thin to admit of examination in transmitted light. Thereby
characteristic structures, tints, etc., are shown in a way that is a revelation.
Looked at in reflected light they appear as in the board or log. Both heart-
wood and sap-wood are shown. These specimens are mounted in durable
frame-like bristol-board pages, with black waterproofed surfaces so as not to
show soil, and each bears printed in gold-bronze the technical name of the
species and its English, German, French and Spanish names.

The pages are separable, to facilitate examination and comparison, and
are accompanied with a full text, bound in leatherette, giving information as
to the uses and physical properties of the woods, and distributions, habits of
growth, botanical characters, habitats, medicinal properties, etc., of the trees.

The specimens of 25 species with corresponding text constitute one
volume or Part, and this is encased in a neat clasped book-like cover giving
tiae appearance of an ordinary volume. Thirteen Parts have been ibsued aad.
are ready for delivery on receipt of ord^r Two more are piopos.d. Each is
complete in itself as far as it goes. This work is fascinatingly interesting,
of unequaled practical scientific value and indispensable to one who wants
to know the woods. The woods used for the specimens are personally collected
by the author — hence he can vouch for authenticities — and are sectioned
and prepared by a process of his own device.

Price: $5 per Part in cloth imitation-morocco binding, green or brown
and $7.50 in half-morocco, green or brown. Sample specimen-pages sent rn
request. See p. 17 for list of species.

A VOLUME OF "AMERICAN WOODS" DISPLAYED

WHAT CRITICS SAY OF AMERICAN WOODS

" However much you may have observed
and admired the familiar trees, you have
much to learn of their beauty aW char-
acter if you have not studied them in the
light of this remarkable publication."

N. Y. Observer.

"A many-sided treat is in store for
everybody who has not seen the arrange-
ment of American Woods. Every teacher
should see these to bring a fresh interest
and stimulant to children. You will feel a
new thrill of pride in your native trees."

Primary Education.

"Very valuable to engineers and others
who have to do with woods."

Prof. F. G. Swain, C. E.,

Mass. Insti. of Technology.

"Each fresh issue of your wonderful sec-
tions of American woods seems more perfect
and exquisite than the last, and we would
not do without them for twice their cost.
My teacher of Botany makes constant use of
them, to the great delight and advantage of
her two hundred pupils. The perfection of
the individual sections is only equaled by
the ingenuity of their mounting, and we find
less injury by such handling than occurs to

most illustrative specimens in any depart-
ment of science." E. H. Russell, Prin.,

Normal School, Worcester, Mass.
" One of the most marvelous and instruc-
tive books ever made. Every school in the
county, from the primary to the college,
should own this work." Art Education.0

" You must be working more in the inter-
est of mankind generally than for yourself,
to furnish so much for so small a compensa-
tion." C. H. Baker, C. E.,

Seattle, Wash.

"Impossible to commend it too highly.
About it there is nothing to criticise."

Wm. T. Hornaday, in Recreation. '
" Send me four copies of every Part you
issue." Dr. Chas. Schaeffer, Phila., Pa.

"A valuable accession to any library or
parlor." The Express, Buffalo, N. Y.

" First class in its line. It will be of ser-
vice to me in my profession as architect."
F. E. Field, Architect,

Providence, R. I.

" The teacher could scarcely have a more
useful work of reference." W. S. Jackman,
Pres., Committee of Sixty, Chicago.
"A most fascinating publication of excep-
tional excellence." Springfield Republican.

ELLIOTT CRESSON MEDAL.

Many other strong testimonials relating to AMERICAN WOODS might
be cited, but there could scarcely be a stronger one than the fact that its author
has recently been awarded the Elliott Cresson gold medal on account of its
production. The medal was awarded by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia
from a fund (bearing the name of the founder) which the Institute holds in
trust for sti iking and awarding medals in recognition of particularly meritori-
ous work in the lines of invention, discovery, ingenuity, etc. The consider-
ation of AMERICAN WOODS was taken up entirely on the initiative of the
Institute, and it was unanimously decided, through its committee of scientists
and experts, that the author of the work was entitled to the Elliott Cresson
gold medal.

MOUNTS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON.

These are transverse sections from 1-400 to 1-600 in. thick, mounted
between glass of standard steropticon-slide size, 3^ x 4 in., and enable the
display of characteristic wood-structures, projected from nature itself, in a
most satisfactory manner. The wood-section covers a circular field gen-
erally 2^4 in. in diameter on the slide. It is surprising, to one who has not
seen, how much of interest there is in these large and very thin transverse
sections of the woods. With them the annual rings (indicating age and rapidity
of growth) or their absence, the medullary rays, the arrangement of ducts,
the cells of the wood, etc., can be shown on the screen with striking vividness —
projected from nature itself. One can scarcely forget the first impression of
such a display. They are invaluable for the lecture room. For illustrating talks
on particular trees with lantern these mounts and our views of trees, etc. (See
p. 15) together furnish ideal and very complete material.

But it is not for the lantern alone that these mounts of woods are in-
valuable. As hand specimens, to examine with unaided eye or with simple
magnifier, they are equally useful and interesting. Many a revelation is
found in them, and one is the fact that the transverse sections of the woods
of all of the cone-bearing trees (Coniferae), when looked through towards
a bright light while the observer is in the darkness, show a brilliant display
of the colors of the rainbow — the " fine grating spectrum," Very few other
woods show them, and those but dimly.

Price 50 cts. each. 20% discount on quantities of 25 or more

The actual size of these slides
is 3 ]/4 x 4 in., the standard size
of lantern slide commonly em-
ployed in this country. We can,
however, make up the mounts in
any size or shape of slide desired,
and at the same prices.

STEREOPTICON MOUNT
OF WHITE OAK WOOD, REDUCED

VIEWS OF TYPICAL TREES, ETC. Having rather unusual oppor-
tunity of studying trees in the field, on account of personally gathering
the woods used in AMERICAN WOODS, the author is in thfe habit of making
photographs that are of especial interest in the study of trees.
The subjects selected are mainly as follows :

(a ) Isolated individual or small groups of trees, which show characteristic
habits of growth, natural environment, etc. Deciduous species are photo-
graphed generally both in summer and winter, to show both leafy and leafless
condition.*

(b) Characteristic barks of trees, a one-foot rule being displayed to show
size of trunk.

(c) Flowers of trees, and such conditions of leaves as exist at the corre-
sponding season of the year.

(d} Fruits and nature leaves.

(e) Leafless branchleis, showing the interesting characters by which the
trees may be known in winter.

The subjects of classes c, d and e are photographed while fresh, even before
their wilting, against a background ruled into square inches, by means of
which natural sizes are at once apparent. The pictures of classes b, d and e, as
pertains to the trees of the Northern States and Canada appear in our HAND-
BOOK OF THE TREES.

Prices: Contact-print photographs (mostly 5x7 or 5x8 in., excepting of
classes b and e} unmounted, each 20 cents ; mounted, 25 cents. Stereopticon
views, 50 cents ; $10 per twenty-five. Enlargements and transparencies quoted
on request.

*In ordering pictures of trees, please state whether leafy or leafless condition of trees is
desired, or both.

MOUNTS OF WOODS FOR MICROSCOPE.

These are transverse,
radial and tangential
sections, mostly 1-1200
in. thick, stained with
methyl green and
mounted in Canada bal-
sam. They are of great
value for study with
the microscope, and
for projection with the
projecting microscope when considerable magnification is desired. It is in
this way only that radial and tangential sections can be projected with entirely
satisfactory results. The identification of many woods is possible by simply
examining the end view of the grain — transverse section — with the unaided
eye or with hand-glass, if we have authentic specimens to compare with, as is
afforded in our AMERICAN WOODS.

Some species, however, are so closely alike that greater magnification
is required, and then the compound microscope must be used. For such cases of
comparison our Mounts of Woods for the Microscope are indispensable.

They are suitable for examination with high power magnifier, owing
to their extreme thinness and the thoroughness of the staining1, which gives
emphasis to structural features, markings of cell-walls, etc. These mounts,
while beautiful to contemplate under the microscope, as objects of curiosity
to the novice, are also of much practical scientific value to the technical student,
and are indispensable in the study of wood histology. To the student and
wood expert, to whom the knowledge they impart becomes an important asset,
they are invaluable.

Price SOcts. each, 20% discount in quantities of 25 or more.

h. ^ White Sprue

Whitej Cedar,

A FEW OF THE PICTURES OF TREES AND BARKS
MUCH REDUCED

FICUS AUREA Nutt

Golden Fig. Wild Kubber-tree. Strangle-tree-

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

SECTION.

Ger, Wilder Feigenbaum,

Fr, Figuier dore.

Sp. Metapoio,

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y,

SOt FICUS AUREA Nutt.

Golden Fig. WL -tree, Strangle-tree^

SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger, Wilder Feigenbaum, Fr, Figuier don

/

Sp. Metapolo.

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A.. Lowvllte, N. Y.

COCCOLOBIS UVIFERA Jacq

SEA GRAPE.

SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

SECTION

Ger, Coccaloba-holz,

Fr, Raisinier de men

Sp, Uvero, Uvifero, Uva del mar, Uva (Cuba),

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. V,

302. COCCOLOBIS UVIFERA Jacq-

SEA GRAPE.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

'

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Coccaioba-hoiz,

Fr, Raisinie

Sp< Uvero, Uvifero, Uva del man Uva (Cuba),

Published and Sections Made by Roraeyn B. Hough, a. A., Lowviile, N

303 COCCOLOBIS LAD R I FOLIA Jacq.

PIGEON PLUM.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Coccaloba-holz, Fr, Raisinier a feuilles de laurier,
Sp. Uvillo. Uverillo, Cucubaoo, Gateado,

Publlth.d and Section. Mad* by Remcyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvlllc, N. Y,

303 COCCOLOBIS LAURIFOLIA Jacq

PIGEON PLUM.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL. SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Coccaloba-holz* f Fr. Raisinier a feuilles de laurier,
Sp, Uvilloi Uverilloi Cucubano, Gateado

»»ublt*h«d antf Section* Mad* by Rtmtyn B. HougH, B. A.. Lowvltle, N. V.

304. ANONA GLABRA L

POND APPLE-

WILD CUSTARD APPLE.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Flaschenbaum,

Fr. Anone. Corossol.

Sp. Corazon. Cimarron. Baga (Cuba). Anona (Mexico).

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A.. Lowvllle, N. Y.

304, ANONA GLABRA L

POND APPLE.

WILD CUSTARD APPLE

.

Ger, Flaschenbaum,

Fr» Anone, CorossoL

Sp. Corazon, Cimarron. Baga (Cuba), Anona (Mexieojh

Published and Sections Made by Rtmeyn B. Hough. B. A.. Lowvltl*. N. Y,

305. CHRYSOBALANUS ICACO L

COCO PLUM. COCOA PLUM, GROPHER PLUM-

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

Ger, COCOS-PFLAUME,

Fr, ICAQUIER,

Sp, ICACO,

Published »ne S*ctl»m Mafe by Ronwyn B. Hough, B. A., Lewvllta, N. V.

305. CHRYSOBALANUS ICACO L.
0000 PLUM. COCOA PLUM. GEOPHEE PLUM

{•
I

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL. SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, COCOS-P£LAUME.

Fr, ICAQUIER,

Sp. ICACO,

Ptibttehtd *n4 ft«etto«M MM!« by Romtyn B. Hough, 8. A., Lo*rvi88e, IN. V.

306 LYSILOMA BAHAMENSIS Benth>

WILD TAMAEIND.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Wilde Tamarinds*

Fr. Tamarin sauvage.

Sp. Juama hediondo (Cuba).

PuDUfthrt end Section* Mad* by Rom«yn B. Hough, •. A., Lowviri*. N. Y,

306* LYSILOMA BAHAMENSIS Benth

WILD TAMARIND-

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Wilde Tamarinds, Fr, Tamarin sauvage

X

Sp, Juama todiondo. (Cuba).

Pubit«h«d and ieetlons Mad* by Ramtyn B. Heu0h, B. A,. Lowvlll*. H. Y.

307. ICHTHYOMETHIA PISCIPULA Hitch.

JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

•

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL. SECTION.

Ger. jamaikiseher Hundsholz, Fr, Bo'sivrant de la Jamaique,
Sp. Borracho (Venezuela). Guama hediondo (Cuba),

A.. L.ewvlli«.

307. ICHTHYOMETHIA PISCIPULA Hitch
JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

\

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL. SECTION

TANGENTIAL

G.er. Jamaikischer Hunjjsholz, Fr. Boisivrant \

Sp, Borracho (Venezuela), Guama hediondo (Cuba).

Hom*yn m.

308 SIMARUBA GLAUCA deC.

.ADISE-TEEE,

BITTER-WOOD.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

SECTION

Ger< Simaruba,

Fr, Simarouba.

Sp,. Simaruba (Sp.W.I,), Olivo (Panama), Palo bianco (Cuba),

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y.

308. SiMARUBA GLAUCA deC.

PARADISE-TREE- BITTER-WOOD.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Simaruba.

Fr, Simarouba,

Sp. Simaruba (Sp.W.I,), Olivo (Panama), Palo bianco (Cuba)

Published and Sections Made by Remeyn B. Hough, B. A.. Lowvllie, N. V.

309- BURSERA SIMARUBA Sarg.

GUMBO LIMBO. WEST INDIAN BIECH.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Gummitragender Bursere, Fr.Gomart d'Amerique. Gommier (Fr.W.I,),
Sp, Almacigo. Carano (Sp.W.I,, Mex,, etc,). Jinocuave[;(Costa Rica).

Publish** and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A^ LowvlM«, N. Y.

309. BURSERA SIMARUEA Sarg.

GUMBO LIMBO. WEST INDIAN BIRCH-

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Gef. Gummitragender Burserer Fr, Gomart cTAmerique, Gommier (Fr.W.I-
Sp, Almacigo, Carano (Sp.W.1., Mex,, etc,), Jjnocuave (Costa Rica),

Published and Seetlona Made by Romeyn B. Hough. B. A.. Lowvllie, N. V.

310. SWIETENIA MAHAGONI Jacq,

OGANY. MADEIEA-WOOD.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Mahoganiholz, :ajou, Mahogon (Fr.W.I.)

Sp, Caoba, Caobo,

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y,

310 SWIt. !A MAHAGONI Jacq

MAHl

MADEIRA-WOOD.

T.RAN8VERSE SECT

RADIAL SECTI ON,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger Mahoganiholz.^ Fr, Acajou, Mahogo'n

Sp. Caoba. Caobo,

Published and Sections Made by Remeyn B. Hough, B. A.. Low

311. DRYPETES KEYENS1S Urb,

FLORIDA WHITEWOOD. FLOBIDA PLUM

TRANSVERSE SECTION

MADIA!. SECTION.

SECTION.

Ger. PFLAUME VO Fr, PRUNE DE FLORIDA,

S}». HUESO (Sp, W. I.) VARITAL (Porto Rico)

PvWMwd ««d twtlon. M*dt toy Rom»yn B. Hough, B. A^ Low»HI«, N. V.

311. DRYPETES KEYENSIS Urb,

FLORIDA WHITEWOOD. FLORIDA PLUM

TRANSVERSE SECTION

-:•• .- = ••

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, PFUUME VON FLORIDA, Fn PRUNE DE FLORIDA,

/

Sp, HUESO (Sp, W. I.) VAR1TAL (Pcrto Rico)

Published and Section! Mad* by Remeyn B. Hough, a A., Lowvlllt, N. V,

EXOTHEA PANICULATA Radlk.

BTJTTER-BOTJGH.

TRAN»VER»E SECTION,

AADtAl SECTION.

Ger, Tinten-hol&

SECTION.

Fr< Boit djencre,

Sp. Guacaran. Gaita.

PubHthed and 8«ct»on« Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. V,

312. EXOTHEA PANICULATA Radik

INK-WOOD. BUTTER-BOUGH.

RADIAL SECTION,

YANOtWTIAL • ECTIOH.

Fr, Bois d>e

Ger* Tintea-tydz* Fr, Bois

Sp* Guacarin* Gaita,

Pubilahttf and tootlon* Mi4« i>y flom«yn 8, Hough, @ A.

BRINA RECLINATA Brong

Naked-bark. Soldier-wood.

'

TRANSVERSE SECTION

SECTION

Ger, Nackt-holz,

costiere (Fr.W.I,),

Sp. Mar uara,

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. V

313. COLUBRINA RECLINATA Brong

Naked-wood, Nake Soldier-wood,

SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

SECTION

Ger, Nackt-holz,

Fr, Bois costien

Sp,' Mabi, Bijaguara,

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B

meyn B. Houg

RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L

RED MANGROVE.

SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL

Ger, Mangelbaum

Fr, Paletuvier

rouge,

Sp, Mangle Colorado,

Publl«h»d and Section* Mad« t» Romeyn B. Hough. B. A., uowvllle. N. V.

314. RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L

MANGRO RED MANGROVE.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

Ger, Mangelbaum,

Fr, Pafeti

Sp, Mangle Colorado

Pubtl»h*a and Section* Mad* by Romeyn B

315. PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L

aUAVA.

TRANtVERtE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

SECTION.

Ger, GUAJAVA.

Fr< GOYAVIER,

Sp, GUAJABA.

Pui»fth«d »«d SectJoflt M*d« by «om«yn B, Hough, B. A., Lowvflfe, N. Y.

315. PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L

GUAVA.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Get, GUAJAVA.

Fr» GOYAVIER

Sp» GUAJABA,

PuMltJitd tnd Strtloftt <M«d« by ftomeyn B, Hough, B. A*, Lowvlllt, N. V,

316. CONOCARPUS ERECTA L

FLORIDA BUTTONWOOD. BUTTON MANGROVE,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL. SECTION.

SECTION

Ger, Knopfbaum* , Conocarpe droit Paletuvier

Sp, Mangle boton (Sp.W.I,), Mangle priettr (Mex.)

Published and Sectlont Mad* by Romtyn B, Houffh, B. A., Lowvllf«t N. V,

316. CONOCARPUS ERECTA L

FLOSIDA BUTTONWOOD, BUTTON MANGKOVE,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

HADIA4, SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION,

6er, Knopfbaum, ' Ff. Conocarpe droit, Paletuvier.
Sp, Mangle boton (Sp.W.I,). Mangle prieto (Maxo)

Publlah«d and Section* Mad* by Romeyn 3, Hough, 3, A., LewvlHt, N. ¥,

317* LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA Gaertn. f

White Mangrove.

White Buttonwood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

R A DIAL SECTI ON

SECTION

Ger, Weisze Knopfbaum

Fr, Manglier blanc.

Sp, Mangle bianco, Pataban (Cuba).

Published and Section* Made by Homey n B. Hough, B. A., LowvWe, N. Y.

317, LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA Gaertn. f,

White Mangrove, White Buttonwood-

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION,

Ger, Weisze Knopfb^t

Fr, Manglier blane*

Sp. Mangle bianco, Pataban (Cuba).

Published and Sections Made by Remeyn B. Hough, B, A.. Lowvllle, N. V.

318. SAPOTA ACHRAS Miller.

SAPODILLA. CHICLE-IEEE.

SECTION

§ ACTION.

Ger, Sappadili

Fr, Sappotiilier,

Sp. Nispero (Cent & So. Amer,), Chico-zapote, (Mex,),

Publtahed snd 8«ctton« M«d0 by Romeyn Be Hough, B< A., Lowvllte, N. V,

318. SAPOTA ACHRAS Miller.

SAPODILLA.

OHICLE-TREE.

RADIAL SEGTION.

TANQENTIA4. SECTION.

Ger. Sappadill,

Fr, Sapotilliei

Sp, Nispero (Cent & So* Amer,)s Chico-zapote (;•

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn 9. Hough, ®, A., L®wvH§®,

319. SIDEROXYLON MASTICHODENDRON

MASTia

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

6efr Hastrxbaum, Fr» Acomat (Martinique). Acomat franc (Guadeloupe^
Sp» Toeuma amariilo* Caya.

Pubttefi«tf and Stctlona Madt by Romayn 6. Hough, B. A.. Lowvllla, N. V.

319. S1DEROXYLON MASTiCHODENDRON

MASTIC.

• •• . • - -

RADIAL 8S6TION,

TANGENTIAL SCCTION.

Mastixbauro, Fr* Aconfat (Martinique). Acomaf franc (Guadeloupe)
Sp, Tecuma tmari1lo« Caya,

PyW*«h«tf and Motions Matft by Hom«y«i *, Hough, ft. A.« Lowvili*. N. V.

320- DIPHOLIS SALICIFOLIA A.deC.

BUSTIC,

CASSADA.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

SECTION

Ger, Weidenblattrige Diphole. Fr, Acpmat rouge (Haiti), Acomat
bastard (Fr.W.I,), Sp, Tocuma, Almendro sylvestre. Tabloncillo,

Publlih«d and Sections Madt by Romeyn B. Hough, B, A.. LowvllU, N, V.

320. DIPHOLIS SALICIFOLIA A.deC.

CASSADA,

I

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Weidenblattrige Diphole, Fr, Acomat rouge (Haiti),
bastard (Fr.W.I,;, Sp, Tocuma, Almendro sylvestre, Tabloncillo.

Published and Sections Mad* by Rom.yn B. Hough, B, A., Lowvlllt, N, V.

BOURRERIA HAVANENSIS Miers

STRONGBARK.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

SECTION.

Ger, Havanische Bourreria, Fr, Bourrerier de Havana
Sp, Ateje, Ircuma. Bureria*

Pubtlrtrt and SMtlenc M«d« by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lewvlllft, N, V.

321. BOURRERIA HAVANENSIS Miers

ST STRONGBARK.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL. SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Havanische Boyrreria, Fr, Bourrerier $0
Sp» Atejet Ircumai Bureria*

Pubtl«h«d and Section* Mad* by Romeyn Be Hough, B. A., LowvlH*, N. Yt

AViCENN.IA NATIDA Jacq.

NATIVE OAK (JAMAICA),

SECTI ON

\

Ger, Schwarzer Mangelbaum, ivier blanc (Fr.WJ,).

Sp, Mangle bobo (Sp.W.I,). Pa) il, Guiumata (Cent.Amer.)

published and Sections Made &y Romeyn 3, Houa

322, AVICENNIA NATiDA Jacc

BLACK MAN K (JAMA

SECTION

.rzer Mangelbaum, Fr, Paletuvier b!
Sp, Mangle bobo (Sp.W.L), Palo de sal, Cuh

Published and Sections Madt by Romeyn S. Hough,

323. CRESENTIA CUCURBITINA L

BLACK CALABASH.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Schwarze Calabasse

Fr, Colebasse (Fr.W.I.)

Sp, Higuero (Sp.W.I,), Colabazo de playa (Panama), Guautecomate (Mex,^

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B, A.. Lowvllle, N. Y.

323. CRESENTIA CUCURBITINA L

BLACK CALABASH.

'

RADIAL, SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Schwarze Caiabasse,

Fr, Colebasse (Fr.W.I.)

Sp, Higuero (Sp.W,!,)* Colabazo de playa (Panama), Guautecomate (Mex,),

Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. Y.

324. EXOSTEMA CARIBAEUM R &S

PEINGE-WOOD-

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTI ON

SECTION

Ger, Prinz-hoiz*

Frt Quinquina Caraibe,

Sp. Cuero de sapo. Macagua de costa. Falsa quina (M-

Published and Section* Made by Romeyn B< Houflh. B. A., i-owvHIe, N. V.

324. EXOSTEMA CARIBAEUM R.&S

PRINCE-WOOD

SECTION

Ger, Prinz-holz,

Fr, Quino

Sp, Cuero de sapo; Macagua de costa, Falsa

jing Sections Mad* by Romeyn e. Houo

325- JUNiPERUS BARBADENSIS L

1ED CEDAR. PENCIL-WOOD-

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

T A NG E

Ger, Sudlicher Wachholc Fr, Genevrier meridional,

Sj Sabina meridional.

l»ub!lih«d «nd §4Ctlon« Mad* by Romeyn B. Hough, 6, A., Lowvlll*. N. V.

325- JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS

SOUTHERN RED

PENCIL-WO

SECTION,

1

R A DIAL SECTI ON

Ger, Sudlicher Wachholder. Fr, Genevrier me
/

Sp. Sabina meridional,

Published and Sections Made by Remeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. V.

Rough, R.B.
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PLATES 301-325

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