DELINEATIONS

THE OX TRIBE.

TI1K SAXGA OK GAI.LA OX OK ABYSSINIA, T p. 120.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS BOS.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF

BULLS, BISONS, AND BUFFALOES.

EXHIBITING

ALL THE KNOWN SPECIES,
AND THE MORE REMARKABLE VARIETIES.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION, CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OP EXPERIMENTS
ON RUMINATION, FROM THE FRENCH OF M. FLOURENS.

BY GEORGE VASEY.

WITH 72 ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD, BY THE AUTHOR.

LONDON:
JOHN HUSSELL SMITH, SOHO SQUARE.

M.DCCC.LVII.

TO

WILLIAM YARRELL, ESQ., F.L .8., F.Z.S.,

WHOSE SCIENTIFIC WORKS ON ZOOLOGY
PLACE HIM IN THE FIRST RANK OF NATURALISTS;

AND, MOREOVER,

WHOSE UNOSTENTATIOUS KINDNESS IN CONSULTING THE FEELINGS

AND ADVANCING THE INTERESTS OF OTHERS

IS- RARELY EQUALLED,

€I)tsi "Folium i$ inscribe*,

BY HIS SINCERE FRIEND AND ADMIRER,

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

THE primary object of the present work, is to give as
correct and comprehensive a view of the animals composing
the Ox Tribe, as the present state of our knowledge will
admit, accompanied by authentic figures of all the known
species and the more remarkable varieties.

Although this genus (comprising all those Ruminants
called Buffaloes, Bisons, and Oxen generally,) is as distinct
and well characterised as any other genus in the animal
kingdom, yet the facts which are at present known
respecting the various species which compose it, are not
sufficiently numerous to enable the naturalist to divide
them into sub-genera. This is abundantly proved by the
unsuccessful result of those attempts which have already
been made to arrange them into minor groups. Nor can
we wonder at this want of success, when we consider that
even many of the species usually regarded as distinct are
by no means clearly defined.

The second object, therefore, of this treatise, is (by
bringing into juxta-position all the most important facts
concerning the various individual specimens which have
been described, and by adding several other facts of im-

X PREFACE.

portance which have not hitherto been noticed,) to enable
the naturalist to define, more correctly than has yet been
done, the peculiarities of each species.

A third object is to direct the attention of travellers
more particularly to this subject ; in order that, by their
exertions, our information upon this class of animals may
be rendered more complete.

A new and important feature in the present Mono-
graph, is the introduction of a Table of the Number of
Vertebrae, carefully constructed from an examination of
the actual skeletons, by which will be seen at a glance
the principal osteological differences of species which have
hitherto been confounded with each other. A Table of
the Periods of Gestation is likewise added, which presents
some equally interesting results.

Several of the descriptions have been verified by a
reference to the living animals, seven specimens of which
are at present (1847) in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society, Regent's Park. The several Museums in the
Metropolis have likewise been consulted with advantage.

I am indebted to Judge FURNAM, of the United States,
for some original information respecting the American
Bison ; and also to the late Mr. COLE, who was forty years
park-keeper at Chillingham, for answers to several ques-
tions which I proposed to him on the subject of the
Chillingham Cattle.

I beg to acknowledge my obligation to Mr. CATLJN for
kindly allowing me, not only to make extracts, but also

PREFACE. xi

to copy some of the outlines from his 'Letters and Notes
on the North American Indians/ a work which I do not
hesitate to pronounce one of the most curious and inter-
esting which the present century has produced, — whether
we regard the graphic merits of its literary or pictorial
department.

To Professor OWEN and the Officers of the Royal
College of Surgeons, to the Officers of the Zoological
Society, and to the Officers of the Zoological Department
of the British Museum, my sincere thanks are due for
the kindness and promptness with which every informa-
tion has been given, and every facility afforded to my
inquiries and investigations.

With respect to the engraved figures, I have striven to
produce correct delineations of form and texture, rather
than to make pretty pictures by sacrificing truth and
nature for the sake of ideal beauty and artistic effect.

I cannot conclude this Preface without expressing my
thanks to Messrs. ADLARD for the first-rate style in
which this volume has been printed ; particularly for the
successful manner in which the impressions of the en-
gravings have been produced, superior, in general, to
India-proof impressions.

King Street, Camden Town ;
y, 1851.

ADDENDUM.

PENNANT BUFFON GOLDSMITH BEWICK BINGLEY.

IN addition to the critical remarks on the writings of
others, on this subject, which the reader will find in the
following pages, I have further to observe that, although
Pennant and Buffon have held a very high character,
for many years, as scientific naturalists, the portion of
their works which treats of the Genus Bos, appears to
have been the result of the most careless and superficial
observation. With the exception of the facts and obser-
vations furnished by such men as Daubenton and Pallas,
Buffon's works are little more than flimsy speculations.
As to Pennant's history of the Ox Tribe, it is calculated
rather to bewilder than to inform ; it is, in fact, an
incoherent mass of dubious statements, huddled together
in a most inextricable confusion : as a piece of Natural
History it is absolutely worse than nothing.

Goldsmith, Bewick, and Bingley, three of our most
popular writers on Natural History, appear to have done
little more than compile from Pennant and Buffon, and
consequently are but little deserving of credit. These
strictures apply exclusively to such portions of their works
as relate to the Ox Tribe.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION .

American Bison

Aurochs

Yak .

Gyall

Gayal

Domestic Gayal .

Jungly Gau

Buffalo

Italian Buffalo .

Manilla Buffalo .

Condore Buffalo .

Cape Buffalo

Pegasse

Gaur ....

Arnee

Zamouse .

Musk Ox .

GallaOx .

Zebu, or Brahmin Bull

Backeley Ox

African Bull

Chillingham Cattle

Kyloe, or Highland Ox

Table of the Number

Vertebrae .
Table of the Periods

Gestation .
Note on the Skeleton of

American Bison .

of

of

the

Page
1

21

40

45

51

57

68

71

75

76

81

84

86

95

97

105

112

115

120

125

133

137

140

150

152
153
154

APPENDIX.

Page

Free Martin . . .155
Short-nosed Ox . . .159
On the utility of the Ox

Tribe to Mankind . 160
Account of Alpine Cowherds
— Notice of Ranz des
Vaches . . .164
Table of Habitat . . 168

Mode of Life . 169

Indefinite Definitions of Col.

H. Smith . . .170
Mr. Swainson's Transcen-
dental Attempt at Clas-
fication . . .176
On Species and Variety . 181
Banteng (Bos Bantiger) . 185
British Domestic Cattle . 186
Influence of Colour in Breed-
ing ib.
Influence of Male in Breeding 187
Generative Precocity . . ib.
Milk . . . .188
Butter . . . .189
Mr. Youatt's Philosophy of

Rabies . . .190
Statistics . 192

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

(The Engravings not otherwise acknowledged are from original Drawings.)

Page

1. FBONTISPIECE. — The Sanga, or Abyssinian Ox . i

2. Stomach of Manilla Bnffalo ..... 4

3. Gastro-duct (CEsophagean Canal), after Flourens . 6

4. Stomach of a young Calf . . . . .12

5. Stomach of a full-grown Cow .... 13

6. Skull of Domestic Ox ..... 17

7. Skeleton of Domestic Ox . , . . . 20

8. American Bison ...... 21

9. Young Female Bison ..... 23

10. Wounded Bison . . . . . .24

11. Indian shooting a Bison .... 29

12. Bison surrounded by Wolves . . . . .32

13. Bison Calf, after Cuvier ..... 33

1 4. Skin Canoes of the Mandan Indians . . . .36

15. Head of young Male Bison . . < . . 39

16. Aurochs, or European Bison . . . . .40

17. Yak, from Asiatic Transactions .... 45

18. Yak, from Oriental Annual . . . . .49

19. Gyall (Bos Frontalii) . -; . .__ . . . 51

20. Head of Gyall . ' .. .' ' . , . .53

21. Gayal, from Asiatic Transactions .... 58

22. Head of Asseel Gayal ...... 67

23. Domestic Gayal ...... 68

24. Skull of Domestic Gayal . . . . .69

25. Occipital View of the same Skull . . . . ib.

26. Head of Domestic Gayal . . . . . ib.

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. XV

Page

27. Jungly Gau, after Cuvier . . . . . 71

28. Syrian Ox, anon. . . . . . .74

29. Italian Buffalo— Brandt and Ratzeburg ... 76

30. Herefordshire Cow, after Howitt . . . .80

31. Manilla Buffalo ...... 81

32. Outlines of Buffaloes Backs . . . . .82

33. Head of Manilla Buffalo 83

34. Pulo Condore Buffalo . . . . .84

35. Short-horned Bull, after Howitt .... 85

36. Cape Buffalo ....... 86

37. Young Cape Buffalo, after Col. Smith ... 90

38. Head of Cape Buffalo . . . . .94

39. Pegasse, from a Drawing in the Berlin Library . . 95

40. Horns of Cape Buffalo . . . . .96

41. Gaur, from Specimen in British Museum ... 97

42. Horns of Gaur, Edin. Phil. Trans. . . . .103

43. Head of Gaur 104

44. Arnee, from Shaw's Zoology ..... 105

45. Horns of Young Arnee, from 'The Bee' . . 107

46. Horns of Arnee, from Mus. Coll. Surg. . . . 108

47. Horns of Arnee, from British Museum ib.

48. Arnee from Indian Painting ..... Ill

49. Zamouse, or Bush Cow . . . . . 112

50. Head of Zamouse ...... 114

51. Musk Ox 115

52. Foot of Musk Ox, Griff., Cnv. . . . .117

53. Head of Musk Ox ..... 119

54. Horns of Galla Ox, Mus. Coll. Surg. , . . 1 23

55. Horns of Hungarian Ox, Brit. Mus. . . . 124

56. Brahmin Boll, Harvey, Zool. Gar. . . . .125
57- Zebu (var. /S), after Cuvier . ... . 128

58. Zebus (var. y) and Car, anon. .... 129

59. Zebu (var. S), anon. . . . . .132

60. African Bull, Harvey ...... 137

61. Eyes of African Bull, Harvey .... 138

62. Lateral Hoofs of African Bull, Harvey . . ib.

63. Dewlap of African Bull, Harvey .... 139

64. Chillingham Bull . . . . . .140

65. Heads of Chillingham Cattle . . . .148

XVI LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

Page

66. Kyloe, or Highland Ox, Howitt . . . .150

67. Free Martin, Hunter's Animal Economy . . . 156
Skull of Domestic Ox, (repetition of fig. 6) . . .158

68. Skull of Short-nosed Ox of the Pampas . . .159

69. Outlines of Manilla Buffalo . . . ... 174

70. Hungarian Ox, from British Museum . . . 175

71. Banteng, from a Specimen in Brit. Mus. . . . 185

72. Alderney Cow, after Howitt .... 189

INTRODUCTION.

RUMINANTIA is the term used by naturalists to de-
signate those mammiferous quadrupeds which chew the
cud; or, in other words, which swallow their food, in
the first instance, with a very slight mastication, and
afterwards regurgitate it, in order that it may undergo
a second and more complete mastication : this second
operation is called ruminating, or chewing the cud.
The order of animals which possess this peculiarity, is
divided into nine groups or genera, namely : —

CAMELS. DEER. GOATS.

LLAMAS. GIKAFFES. SHEEP.

MUSKS. ANTELOPES. OXEN.

The last named forms the subject of the following
pages, and is called, in zoological language, the Genus
Bos, in popular language, the Ox TRIBE.

One of the most interesting occupations which the
wide field of Zoology offers to the naturalist, is the
investigation of those remarkable adaptations of organs
to functions, and of these again to the necessities and
well-being of the entire animal. Nor does it in the
least diminish our interest in the investigation of indi-

1

2 INTRODUCTION.

vidual adaptations, or our admiration on becoming
acquainted with them, that we know, a priori, this
universal truth, that all the constituents of every
organised body, be that organisation what it may, are
invariably adapted, in the most perfect manner, to each
other, and to the whole.

It is by a knowledge of this exact harmony in the
animal economy, that the comparative anatomist can
determine, with almost unerring precision, the genus,
or even species of an animal, by an examination of any
important part of its organisation, as the teeth, stomach,
bones, or extremities. In some cases, a single bone,
or even the fragment of a bone, is sufficient to convey
an idea of the entire animal to which it belonged.

In illustration of this : — if the viscera of an animal
are so organised as only to be fitted for the digestion
of recent flesh, we find that the jaws are so contracted
as to fit them for devouring prey ; the claws for seizing
and tearing it to pieces; the teeth for cutting and
dividing its flesh; the entire system of the limbs, or
organs of motion, for pursuing and overtaking it ; and
the organs of sense for discovering it at a distance.
Moreover, the brain of the animal is also endowed with
instincts sufficient for concealing itself, and for laying
plans to catch its necessary prey.

Again, we are well aware that all hoofed animals
must necessarily be herbivorous, or vegetable feeders,
because they are possessed of no means of seizing prey.
It is also evident, having no other use for their fore-
legs than to support their bodies, that they have no

INTRODUCTION. 3

occasion for a shoulder so vigorously organised as
that of carnivorous animals ; owing to which they have
no clavicles, and their shoulder-blades are proportionally
narrow. Having also no occasion to turn their fore-
arms, their radius is joined by ossification to the ulna, or
is at least articulated by gynglymus with the humerus.
Their food being entirely herbaceous, requires teeth
with flat surfaces, on purpose to bruise the seeds and
plants on which they feed. For this purpose, also,
these surfaces require to be unequal, and are, conse-
quently, composed of alternate perpendicular layers
of enamel and softer bone. Teeth of this structure
necessarily require horizontal motions to enable them to
triturate, or grind down the herbaceous food ; and ac-
cordingly the condyles of the jaw could not be formed
into such confined joints as in the carnivorous animals,
but must have a flattened form, correspondent to sockets
in the temporal bones. The depressions, also, of the
temporal bones, having smaller muscles to contain, are
narrower and not so deep ; and so on, throughout the
whole organisation.

The digestive system of the ruminantia is more
complicated in structure than that of any other class of
animals; and, owing to this complexity, and the con-
sequent difficulty of investigating it, its nature and
functions have been less perfectly understood.

The stomach of the Manilla Buffalo, which will serve
as an example of all the other species, is divided into
four cavities or ventricles, which are usually (but im-
properly) considered as four distinct stomachs.

4

INTRODUCTION.

The following figure represents the form, relative
size, and position of these four cavities when detached
from the animal, and fully inflated.

I

' '• ' •••' \-

d.

a. First cavity, called the paunch.

b. Second ditto, the honeycomb bag.
e. Third ditto, the many-plies.

d. Fourth ditto, the reed, or renuet.

e. A portion of the oesophagus, showing its connection with the stomach.
/. The pylorus, or opening into the intestines.

The interior of those cavities present some remarkable
differences in point of structure, which, in the present
work, can only be alluded to in a very general manner.
For a particular account of the internal anatomy of
these complicated organs, the reader is referred to the
interesting work on ' Cattle/ by W. Youatt.

INTRODUCTION. 5

The paunch is lined with a thick membrane, present-
ing numerous prominent and hard papillae. The inner
surface of the second cavity is very artificially divided
into angular cells, giving it somewhat the appearance
of honeycomb, whence its name "honeycomb-bag."
The lining membrane of the third cavity forms numerous
deep folds, lying upon each other like the leaves of a
book, and beset with small hard tubercles. These
folds vary in breadth in a regular alternate order, a
narrow fold being placed between each of the broader
ones. The fourth cavity is lined with a velvety mucous
membrane disposed in longitudinal folds. It is this
part of the stomach that furnishes the gastric juice,
and, consequently, it is in this cavity that the proper
digestion of the food takes place ; it is here, also, that
the milk taken by the calf is coagulated. The reed
or fourth cavity of the calf's stomach retains its power
of coagulating milk even after it has been taken from
the animal. We have a familiar instance of its opera-
tion in the formation of curds and whey.

The first and second cavities (a and b) are placed
parallel (or on a level) with each other; and the
oesophagus (e) opens, almost equally, into them both.
On each side of the termination of the oesophagus there
is a muscular ridge projecting, so that the two together
form a sort of groove or channel, which opens almost
equally into the second and third cavities (b and c}.

[As there has not been, as far as I am aware, any
appropriate name given to this very remarkable part of
the stomach of ruminants, I here take the liberty of

0

INTRODUCTION.

suggesting the term Gastro-duct, by which epithet this
muscular channel will be designated in the following
pages.]

View of Gastro-duct, after Flourens.

u. A portion of the oesophagus cut opeu, showing the internal folds ot the mucous

membrane.

*. The opening of the oesophagus into the paunch,
r, c. The gastro-duct.
d, <l. Muscular fibres passing completely round the edge of the gastro-duct, and

forming a sort of sphincter.
c. The opening from the gastro-duct into the third cavity.

INTRODUCTION. 7

All these parts, namely, the oesophagus, the gastro-
duct, and the first three cavities, not only communicate
with each other, but they communicate by one com-
mon point, and that point is the gastro-duct. At
the extremity of the third cavity, opposite to that
at which the gastro-duct enters it, is an aperture
which communicates immediately with the fourth
cavity (d).

Such is a very brief description of the complicated
stomach of the Ox Tribe. In what manner the food
passes through this curious arrangement of cavities
is a problem which has engaged the attention of
naturalists from a very early period. A host of great
men might be cited who have failed to solve it. The
French physiologist, M. Flourens, by his recent experi-
ments, has done more than any or all of his pre-
decessors to give clearness and precision to this intricate
subject.

The following is an abstract of the most important
of his experiments : —

A sheep having been fed on fresh trefoil, was killed
and opened immediately, — that is, before the process
of rumination had commenced. He (M. Flourens)
found the greatest part of this herb (easily recognised
by its leaves, which were still almost entire,) in the
paunch ; but he also found a certain portion (une partie
notable) of those leaves (in the same unmasticated
state) in the honeycomb. In the other two cavities,
(the many-plies and the reed,) there was absolutely
none.

8 INTRODUCTION.

M. Flourens repeated this experiment a great many
times, with herbs of various kinds, and the result was
constantly the same : from which it appears, that her-
baceous food, on its first deglutition, enters into the
honeycomb, as well as into the paunch ; the proportion*
however, being considerably greater into the paunch
than into the honeycomb. It appears equally certain
that, in the first swallowing, this kind of food only
enters into the first two cavities, and never passes into
the many -plies or the reed.

Having ascertained this fact with respect to herbs,
he instituted a similar series of experiments, in which
the animals were fed upon various kinds of grain, —
rye, barley, wheat, oats, &c. The animals were killed
and examined, as in the former experiments, imme-
diately after being fed. He found the greater part of
the grain unmasticated (tout entier] in the paunch ;
but, as in the case of the herbs, he also found a
certain portion, in the same unmasticated state, in
the honeycomb. Neither the many-plies nor the
reed contained a single grain. He repeated these
experiments many times, and always with the same
result.

He then tried the effect of carrots cut into pieces,
from half an inch to an inch in length ; and in order
that the animals might not chew them, he passed them
into the pharynx by means of a tube. In one of these
sheep he found all the morsels in the paunch ; but, in
the other two, some of the morsels were in the honey-
comb, and some in the paunch. In all the three cases,

INTRODUCTION. 9

there was none either in the many-plies or in the
reed.

He then proceeded to ascertain the effect of sub-
stances previously comminuted. He caused a certain
quantity of carrots to be reduced to a kind of mash,
with which he fed two sheep, and opened them imme-
diately afterwards. He found the greatest part of this
mash in the paunch and in the honeycomb ; but he
likewise found a certain portion in the many-plies and
iu the reed.

His next experiments were made upon plain fluids.
It is the opinion of the generality of authors on this
subject that fluids pass immediately and entirely, along
the gastro-duct, into the third and fourth cavities. But,
according to the experiments of M. Flourens, this is
not the case. He found, by making artificial openings
(anus artificiel) in the stomachs of various sheep, that,
as the animals drank, the fluid came directly out at
the opening, in whatever cavity it might have been
made.

It is clear, then, that fluids pass, in part, into the
first and second cavities, and, in part, into the third
and fourth ; and they pass as directly into the former
as into the latter.

The following is the result of some experiments
which M. Flourens made respecting the formation of
the pellets.

In the first place, after the animal has swallowed a
certain quantity of food the first time, successive pellets
are formed of this food, which remount singly to the

10 INTRODUCTION.

mouth ; secondly, there is a particular apparatus, which
forms these pellets ; and, thirdly, this apparatus consists
of the two closed apertures (ouvertures fermees) of the
many-plies, and of the oesophagus. Thus, the first two
cavities, in contracting, push the aliments which they
contain between the edges of the gastro-duct ; and the
gastro-duct, contracting in its turn, draws together the
two openings of the many-plies and oesophagus ; and
these two openings, closed at this moment of their
action, seize a portion of the food, detach it, and form
it into a pellet.

The chief utility of rumination, as applicable to all
the animals in which it takes place, and the final pur-
pose of this wonderfully-complicated function in the
animal economy, are still imperfectly known; what
has been already suggested on these points is quite un-
satisfactory. Perrault and others supposed that it con-
tributed to the security of those animals, which are at
once voracious and timid, by showing the necessity of
their remaining long employed in chewing in an open
pasture; but the Indian buffalo ruminates, although
it does not fly even from the lion ; and the wild goat
dwells in Alpine countries, which are inaccessible to
beasts of prey.

Whatever may be our ignorance of the cause or the
object of rumination, it is certain that the nature of
the food has a considerable influence in increasing or
diminishing the necessity for the performance of that
function. Thus, dry food requires to be entirely sub-
jected to a second mastication, before it can pass into

INTRODUCTION. 11

the many-plies and reed ; whilst a great portion of
that which is moist and succulent passes readily into
those cavities, on its first descent into the stomach.

It has already been shown by the illustration, (p. 4,)
that the paunch is the largest of the four cavities ; but
this is not the case with the stomach of the young
calf, which, while it continues to suck, does not rumi-
nate ; in this case the reed, which is the true digestive
cavity, is actually larger than the other three taken
together.

When the calf begins to feed upon solid food, then
it begins to ruminate ; and as the quantity of solid
food is increased, so does the size of the paunch increase,
until it attains its full dimensions. In this latter case,
the paunch has become considerably larger than the
other three cavities taken together.

A curious modification of an organ to adjust itself
to the altered condition of the animal is beautifully
shown in the instance now under consideration, the
nature of which will be easily understood by a reference
to the following diagrams, giving the exact relative
proportions of the different cavities of the stomach to
each other in the young calf and in the full-grown
cow.

[I am informed by Professor Symonds, of the Royal Veterinary
College, that the two following sketches should be placed in the
page so as to be viewed with the oesophagus to the right, and the
pylorus to the left, instead of being, as they now are, at the top and
the bottom ; but as the present object is only to show the relative
sizes of the different cavities, the error is not of much conse-
quence.]

12

INTRODUCTION.

The letters refer to the same parts in each figure
a, the paunch ; b, the honeycomb bag ; c, the many-
plies ; d, the reed.

Outline of the Stomach of a Calf about a fortnight old.

INTRODUCTION.

Outline of the Stomach of a full-grown Cow.

[These engravings, illustrative of the comparative
sizes of the different stomachal cavities, are copied
from original drawings taken from preparations of the
stomachs which I made expressly for this purpose.]

In all herbivorous animals, and especially those of
the ruminating kind, the alimentary canal is of an
enormous length ; measuring in a full grown ox, as
much as sixty yards. The paunch, in such an animal,
will hold from fifteen to eighteen gallons.

14 INTRODUCTION.

Bluraenbach observes, that the process of rumination
supposes a power of voluntary motion in the oesophagus;
and, indeed, the influence of the will throughout the
whole process is incontestible. It is not confined to
any particular time, since the animal can delay it
according to circumstances, even when the paunch is
quite full. It has been expressly stated of some men,
who have had the power of ruminating, that it was
quite voluntary with them. Blumenbach knew four
men who ruminated their food, and they assured him
they had a real enjoyment in doing it : two of them
had the power of doing or abstaining from it at their
pleasure.

A case of human rumination occurred some years
ago at Bristol, the particulars of which are minutely
recorded in the ' Philosophical Transactions.' It seemed,
in this instance, to have been hereditary, as the father
of the individual was subject to the same habit. The
young man usually began to chew his food over again,
within a quarter of an hour after eating. His rumi-
nating after a full meal generally lasted about an
hour and a half; nor could he sleep until this task
was completed. The victuals, upon its return, tasted
even more pleasantly than at first ; and seemed as if
it had been beaten up in a mortar. If he ate a
variety of things, that which he ate first, came up again
first ; and if this return was interrupted for any length
of time, it produced sickness and disorder ; nor was he
ever well till it returned. These singular cases are
caused, no doubt, by some abnormal structure of the

INTRODUCTION. 15

interior of the stomach. No account has yet been
given of the dissection of an individual so constituted.

When cattle are at rest, or not employed in grazing
or chewing the cud, they are observed frequently to
lick themselves. By this means they raise up the hair
of their coats, and often swallow it in considerable
quantities. The hair thus swallowed gradually accu-
mulates in the stomach, where it is formed into smooth
round balls, which, in time, become invested with a
hardish brown crust, composed, apparently, of inspissated
mucilage, that, by continual friction from the coats of
the stomach, becomes hard and glossy. It is generally
in the paunch that these hair-balls are found. They
vary in weight from a few ounces to six or seven
pounds. Mr. Walton, author of an 'Account of the
Peruvian Sheep/ makes mention of one that he had
in his possession which weighed eight pounds and a
quarter. This hair-ball had been taken from a cow
that fed on the Pampas of Buenos Ayres. It was of
a flat circular shape, and measured two feet eleven
inches and a half in circumference; two feet eight
inches round the flat part ; nine inches diameter also in
the flat part; eleven inches diameter in the cross part;
and, on immersing it in water, it displaced upwards of
eight quarts, which made its bulk correspond to 462
cubic inches. The digestive functions are sometimes
seriously impaired by these concretions; a loss of appe-
tite ensues, and general debility.

In the Museum of Daniel Crosthwaite, there is a
very extraordinary ball of hair, taken from a fatted

16 INTRODUCTION.

calf only seven weeks old. The ball of hair, when
taken out of the animal's stomach, and full of moisture,
weighed eleven ounces. The calf was fatted by Daniel
Thwaite,of Dale Head Hall, within six miles of Keswick;
and slaughtered by John Fisher, butcher, Keswick.
The calf was a particularly healthy animal.

Before closing this brief sketch of the digestive
apparatus of the ox, it may not be uninteresting to
quote some of the quaint speculations of Nathaniel
Grew on this subject, from his ' Comparative Anatomy
of Stomachs and Guts.'

He says : " The voluntary motion of the stomach is
that only which accompanies rumination. That it is
truly voluntary, is clear, from the command that rumi-
nating animals have of that action. For this purpose
it is, that the muscules of their venters are so thick and
strong; and have several duplicatures, as the bases of
those muscules, whereupon the stress of their motion
lies. By means whereof they are able with ease to
rowl and tumble any part of the meat from one cell
of the same venter to another ; or from one venter to
another ; or from thence into the gullet, whensoever
they are minded to do it • so that the ejectment of the
meat, in rumination, is a voluntary eructation.

" The pointed knots, like little papillae, in the sto-
machs of ruminating beasts, are also of great use,
namely, for the tasting of the meat. The inner mem-
brane of the first three venters is fibrous (like the
gustatory papillae of the tongue) and not glandulous ;
the fourth only being glandulous, as in a man. Of

INTRODUCTION.

17

the fibres of this membrane, and the nervous, are com-
posed those pointed knots, which are, both in substance
and shape, altogether like to those upon the tongue.
Whence I doubt not, but that the said three ventricles,
as they have a power of voluntary motion, so, likewise,
that they are the seat of taste, and as truly the organs
of that sense, as is the tongue itself."

Skull of Domestic Ox, from a specimen in the Royal College of Surgeons.

The mouth of animals of the Ox Tribe contains, when
full, thirty-two teeth. Six molars in each jaw, above,
below, and on either side; and eight incisors in the

2

18 INTRODUCTION.

lower jaw. In the upper jaw there are no incisors;
but instead thereof a fibrous and elastic pad, or cushion,
which covers the convex extremity of the anterior
maxillary bone, and which is well worthy of observation.

The final cause of this pad (which stands in the place
of upper incisor teeth) and the part it plays in the
procuring of food, is thus described by Youatt. "The
grass is collected and rolled together by means of the
long and moveable tongue ; it is firmly held between
the lower cutting teeth and the pad, the cartilaginous
upper lip assisting in this; and then by a sudden
nodding motion of the head, the little roll of her-
bage is either torn or cut off, or partly both torn
and cut.

The intention of this singular method of gathering
the food, it is somewhat difficult satisfactorily to explain.
It is peculiar to ruminants, who have one large stomach,
in which the food is kept as a kind of reservoir until
it is ready for the action of the other stomachs. While
it is kept there it is in a state of maceration ; it is ex-
posed to the united influence of moisture and warmth,
and the consequence of this is, that a species of de-
composition sometimes commences, and a vast deal of
gas is extricated.

That this should not take place in the natural
process of retention and maceration, nature possibly
established this mechanism for the first gathering of
the food. It is impossible that half of that which is
thus procured can be fairly cut through ; part will be
torn, and no little portion will be torn up by the roots.

INTRODUCTION. 19

If cattle are observed while they are grazing, it will be
seen that many a root mingles with the blades of grass ;
and these roots have sometimes no inconsiderable
quantity of earth about them. The beast, however,
seems not to regard this ; he eats on, dirt and all, until
his paunch is filled.

It was designed that this earth should be gathered
and swallowed ; it was the meaning of this mechanism.
A portion of absorbent earth is found in every soil,
sufficient not only to prevent the evil that would result
from occasional decomposition, by neutralizing the acid
principle as rapidly as it is evolved; but, perhaps, by
its presence, preventing that decomposition from taking
place. Hence the eagerness with which stall-fed cattle,
who have not the opportunity of plucking up the roots
of grass, evince for mould. It is seldom that a cow
will pass a newly- raised mole hill without nuzzling into
it, and devouring a considerable portion of it. This is
particularly the case where there is any degree of in-
digestion."

The general disposition of animals of this class,
when unmolested, is inoffensive and retiring; but
when excited and irritated, they are fierce and cou-
rageous, and extremely dangerous to encounter. It
is a remarkable circumstance in their history, that
they are generally provoked to attack at the sight of
red, or any very bright and glaring colour.

INTRODUCTION.

I^Si^g 24
IT

«

<«^ &5.<> •» •* ~ § a

THE OX TRIBE,

Genus BOS,

Is distinguished from other Genera of Ruminantia by pos-
sessing hollow persistent horns, growing on a bony core ;
the tail long, terminated by a tuft of hair ; and four
inguinal mammae.

THE BISON.

THE AMERICAN BISON.

Bos Americanus.

The head of this animal is enormously large; larger,
in fact, in proportion to the size of its body, than that of

22 THE OX TRIBE.

any other species of the Ox Tribe. This huge head is
supported by very powerful muscles, attached to the pro-
jecting spinous processes of the dorsal vertebrae; and
these muscles, together with a quantity of fat, constitute
the hump on the shoulders. The horns are short, taper-
ing, round, and very distant from each other, as are
also the eyes, which are small and dark. The head,
neck, shoulders, and fore-legs, to the knee-joints, are
covered with long woolly hair, which likewise forms a
beard under the mouth. The rest of the body is clothed
only by short, close hair, which becomes rather woolly in
the depth of winter. The colour is of a deep brown,
nearly black on the head, and lighter about the neck and
shoulders. The legs are firm and muscular ; the tail is
short, with a tuft at the end.

The female is, in every respect, much smaller than
the male ; her horns are more slender, and the hair on
her neck and shoulders is not so thick or long, nor the
colour so dark. She brings forth in the spring, and
rarely more than one. The calves continue to be suckled
nearly twelve months, and follow the cows for a much
longer period. It is said that the cows are not un-
frequently followed by the calves of two, or even three,
breeding seasons.

These animals, both male and female, are timid and
shy, notwithstanding their fierce appearance ; unless they
are wounded, or during the breeding season, when it is
dangerous to approach. Their mode of attack is to throw
down, by pushing, as they run with their head ; then to
crush, by trampling their enemy under their fore-feet,
which, surmounted as they are, by their tremendous head
and shoulder, form most effectual weapons of destruction.

THE AMERICAN BISON. 23

Young female Bison, after Cuvier.

The following account, by Dr. Richardson, affords an
instance of the danger to be apprehended from these
powerful animals, when wounded, and not disabled :
" Mr. Finnan M'Donald, one of the Hudson's Bay
Company's clerks was descending the Saskatchewan in
a boat ; and one evening, having pitched his tent for
the night, he went out in the dusk to look for game.
It had become nearly dark when he fired at a Bison
bull, which was galloping over an eminence; and as he
was hastening forward to see if this shot had taken effect,
the wounded beast made a rush at him. He had the
presence of mind to seize the animal by the long hair
on the forehead, as it struck him on the side with its
horn, and being a remarkably tall and powerful man, a
struggle ensued, which continued until his wrist was
severely sprained, and his arm was rendered powerless;
he then fell, and after receiving two or three blows,
became senseless. Shortly afterwards he was found by

24 THE OX TRIBE.

his companions, lying bathed in his blood, being gored
in several places, and the Bison was couched beside him,
apparently waiting to renew the attack, had he shown
any signs of life. Mr. M'Donald recovered from the
immediate effects of the injuries, but he died a few
months afterwards. Many instances might be mentioned
of the tenaciousness with which this animal pursues its
revenge ; and I have been told of a hunter being detained
for many hours in a tree, by an old bull, which had
taken its post below, to watch him."

The capture of the Bison is effected in various ways,
chiefly with the rifle, and on foot. Their sense of smell-
ing, however, is so acute, that they are extremely difficult
of approach, scenting their enemy from afar, and retiring
with the greatest precipitation. Care, therefore, must
be taken to go against the wind, in which case they
may be approached very near, being almost blinded by
the long hair hanging over their foreheads. The hunters
generally aim at the shoulder, which, if effectually hit,

Wounded Bison, after Catlin.

THE AMERICAN BISON. 25

causes them to drop at once; otherwise they are in-
furiated, and become dangerous antagonists, as was
proved in the result of Mr. M'Donald's adventure.

When flying before their pursuers, it would be in vain
for the foremost to halt, or attempt to obstnict the progress
of the main body, as the throng in the rear, still rushing
onwards, the leaders must advance, although destruction
await the movement. The Indians take advantage of
this circumstance to destroy great quantities of this
favorite game; and certainly no method could be re-
sorted to more effectually destructive, nor could a more
terrible devastation be produced, than that of forcing a
numerous herd of these large animals to leap from the
brink of a dreadful precipice upon a rocky and broken
surface, a hundred feet below.

When the Indians determine to destroy Bisons in this
way, one of their swiftest-footed and most active young
men is selected, who is disguised in a Bison skin, having
the head, ears, and horns adjusted on his own head, so
as to make the deception very complete; and thus
accoutred, he stations himself between the Bison herd
and some of the precipices, which often extend for
several miles along the rivers. The Indians surround
the herd as nearly as possible, when, at a given signal,
they show themselves, and rush forward with loud yells.
The animals being alarmed, and seeing no way open
but in the direction of the disguised Indian, run towards
him, and he, taking to flight, dashes on to the precipice,
where he suddenly secures himself in some previously
ascertained crevice. The foremost of the herd arrives at
the brink, — there is no possibility of retreat, no chance
of escape ; the foremost may, for an instant, shrink with

26 THE OX TRIBE.

terror, but the crowd behind, who are terrified by the
approaching hunters, rush forward with increasing im-
petuosity, and the aggregate force hurls them succes-
sively into the gulf, where certain death awaits them.

Sometimes they are taken by the following method : —
A great number of men divide and form a vast square ;
each band then sets fire to the dry grass of the savannah,
where the herds are feeding ; seeing the fire advance on
all sides, they retire in great consternation to the centre
of the square ; the men then close and kill them without
the least hazard.

Great numbers are also taken in pounds, constructed
with an embankment of such an elevation as to prevent
the return of the Bisons when once they are driven into
it. A general slaughter then takes place with rifles or
arrows.

The following vivid sketch is from the narrative of
John Tanner, who, when about seven or eight years of
age, was stolen from his parents by the Indians, and
remained with them during a period of thirty years.

" By the end of the second day after we left Pembinah
we had not a mouthful to eat, and were beginning to be
very hungry. When we laid down in our camp (near
Craneberry River) at night, and put our ears close to
the ground, we could hear the tramp of the buffaloes,
but when we sat up we could hear nothing ; and on the
following morning nothing could be seen of them ;
though we could command a very extensive view of the
prairie. As we knew they must not be far off in the
direction of the sounds we had heard, eight men, of whom
I was one, were selected and dispatched to kill some,
and bring the meat to a point where it was agreed the

THE AMERICAN BISON. 27

party should stop next night. The noise we could still
hear next norning, hy applying our ears to the ground ;
and it seemed about as far distant, and in the same
direction, as before. We started early, and rode some
hours before we could begin to see them; and when we
first discovered the margin of the herd, it must have been
at least ten miles distant. It was like a black line
drawn along the edge of the sky, or a low shore seen
across a lake. The distance of the herd from the place
where we first heard them could not have been less than
twenty miles. But it was now the rutting season, and
various parts of the herd were all the time kept in rapid
motion by the severe fights of the bulls. To the noise
produced by the knocking together of the two divisions
of the hoof, when they raised their feet from the ground,
and of their incessant tramping, was added the loud and
furious roar of the bulls, engaged, as they all were, in
their terrific and appalling conflicts. We were conscious
that our approach to the herd would not occasion the
alarm now, that it would at any other time, and we
rode directly towards them. As we came near we killed
a wounded bull, which scarcely made an effort to escape
from us. He had wounds in his flanks, into which I
could put my whole hand. As we knew that the flesh
of the bulls was not now good to eat, we did not wish
to kill them, though we might easily have shot any
number. Dismounting, we put our horses in the care
of some of our number, who were willing to stay back
for that purpose, and then crept into the herd to try
to kill some cows. I had separated from the others,
and advancing, got entangled among the bulls. Before
I found an opportunity to shoot a cow, the bulls began

28 THE OX TRIBE.

to fight very near me. In their fury they were totally
unconscious of my presence, and came rushing towards
me with such violence, that in some alarm for my safety,
I took refuge in one of those holes which are so frequent
where those animals abound, and which they themselves
dig to wallow in. Here I found they were pressing
directly upon me, and I was compelled to fire to disperse
them, in which I did not succeed until I had killed four
of them. By this firing the cows were so frightened,
that I perceived I should not be able to kill any in this
quarter; so regaining my horse, I rode to a distant part
of the herd, where the Indians had succeeded in killing
a fat cow. But from this cow, as is usual in similar cases,
the herd had all moved off, except one bull, who, when I
came up, still kept the Indians at bay. ' You are warriors/
said I, as I rode up, ' going far from your own country,
to seek an enemy, but you cannot take his wife from that
old bull, who has nothing in his hands/ So saying, I
passed them directly towards the bull, then standing some-
thing more than two hundred yards distant. He no
sooner saw me approach, than he came plunging towards
me with such impetuosity, that, knowing the danger to
my horse and myself, I turned and fled. The Indians
laughed heartily at my repulse, but they did not give over
their attempts to get at the cow. By dividing the atten-
tion of the bull, and creeping up to him on different sides,
they at length shot him down. While we were cutting
up the cow, the herd were at no great distance; and an
old cow, which the Indians supposed to be the mother of
the one we had killed, taking the scent of the blood, came
running with great violence towards us. The Indians
were alarmed and fled, many of them not having their

THE AMERICAN BISON. 29

guns in their hands ; but I had carefully reloaded mine,
and had it ready for use. Throwing myself down close
to the body of the cow, and behind it, I waited till the
other came up within a few yards of the carcase, when I
fired upon her; she turned, gave one or two jumps, and
fell dead. We had now the meat of two fat cows, which
was as much as we wanted; accordingly we repaired,
without delay, to the appointed place, where we found our
party, whose hunger was already somewhat allayed by a
deer one of them had killed/'

In hunting the Bison, the spear and the arrow are still
much in use among the Indians. The following sketch
(after Catlin) represents an Indian in the act of shooting
a Bison with the arrow : —

In the 'Letters and Notes on the North- American
Indians/ by Catlin, there are a great many interesting
details of the Bison (or Buffalo, as it is there called).

" Six days of severe travelling have brought us from
the Camanchee village to the north bank of the Canadian,
where we are snugly encamped on a beautiful plain, and in
the midst of countless numbers of buffaloes ; and halting
a few days to recruit our horses and men, and dry meat
to last us the remainder of our journey.

30 THE OX TRIBE.

" The plains around this, for many miles, seem actually
speckled, in distance and in every direction, with herds
of grazing buffaloes ; and for several days, the officers and
men have been indulged in a general license to gratify
their sporting propensities; and a scene of bustle and
cruel slaughter it has been, to be sure ! From morning
till night, the camp has been daily almost deserted. The
men have dispersed in little squads, in all directions, and
are dealing death to these poor creatures to a most cruel
and wanton extent, merely for the pleasure of destroying,
generally without stopping to cut out the meat. During
yesterday and to day, several hundreds have undoubtedly
been killed, and not so much as the flesh of half a dozen
used. Such immense swarms of them are spread over
this tract of country, and so divided and terrified have
they become, finding their enemies in all directions where
they run, that the poor beasts seem completely bewildered,
running here and there, and, as often as otherwise, come
singly advancing to the horsemen, as if to join them for
their company, and are easily shot down. In the turmoil
and confusion, when their assailants have been pushing
them forward, they have galloped through our encamp-
ment, jumping over our fires, upsetting pots and kettles,
driving horses from their fastenings, and throwing the
whole encampment into the greatest consternation and
alarm."

Speaking of the attacks made upon them by the
Wolves, he says, " When the herd is together the Wolves
never attack them, as they instantly gather for combined
resistance, which they effectually make. But when the
herds are travelling, it often happens that an aged or
wounded one lingers at a little distance behind, and when

THE AMERICAN BISON. 31

fairly out of sight of the herd, is set upon by the vora-
cious hunters, which often gather to the number of fifty
or more, and are sure at last to torture him to death, and
use him up at a meal. The Buffalo, however, is a huge
and furious animal, and when his retreat is cut off, makes
desperate and deadly resistance, contending to the last
moment for the right of life, and oftentimes deals death
by wholesale to his canine assailants.

" During my travels in these regions, I have several
times come across such a gang of these animals sur-
rounding an old or wounded bull, where it would seem,
from appearances, that they had been for several days in
attendance, and at intervals desperately engaged in the
effort to take his life. But a short time since, as one
of my hunting companions and myself were returning to
our encampment, with our horses loaded with meat, we
discovered at a distance a huge bull, encircled with a
gang of white wolves. We rode up as near as we could
without driving them away ; and being within pistol-shot,
we had a remarkably good view, where I sat for a few
moments and made a sketch in my note-book. After
which we rode up, and gave the signal for them to dis-
perse, which they instantly did, withdrawing themselves
to the distance of fifty or sixty rods, when we found,
to our great surprise, that the animal had made desperate
resistance, until his eyes were entirely eaten out of his
head; the gristle of his nose was mostly gone; his
tongue was half eaten off, and the skin and flesh of his
legs torn almost literally into strings. In this tattered
and torn condition the poor old veteran stood bracing
up in the midst of his devourers, who had ceased hos-
tilities for a few minutes, to enjoy a sort of parley,

32 THE OX TRIBE.

recovering strength to resume the attack in a few
moments again. In this group, some were reclining
to gain breath, whilst others were sneaking about, and
licking their chaps in anxiety for a renewal of the
attack; and others, less lucky, had been crushed to
death by the feet or the horns of the bull. I rode
nearer to the pitiable object, as he stood bleeding and
trembling before me, and said to him, — "Now is your
time, old fellow, and you had better be off." Though
blind, and nearly destroyed, he straightened up, and,
trembling with excitement, dashed off at full speed upon
the prairie, in a straight line. We turned our horses,
and resumed our march ; and when we had advanced a
mile or more, we looked back, and again saw the ill-fated
animal surrounded by his tormentors, to whose insatiable
voracity he unquestionably soon fell a victim."

Bison surrounded by Wolves, after Catlin.

It has frequently been noticed, that whenever a female
Bison, having a calf, is slain, the young one remains
by its fallen dam, with signs of strong natural affection,

THE AMERICAN BISON. 33

and instinctively follows the inanimate carcase of its
parent to the residence of the hunter. In this way
many calves are secured.

According to Mr. Catlin's account these young animals
are induced to follow any one who merely breathes in
their nostrils. " I have often/' says he, " in concurrence
with a known custom of the country, held my hands
over the eyes of the calf, and breathed a few strong
breaths into its nostrils; after which I have, with my
hunting companions, rode several miles into our encamp-
ment, with the little prisoner busily following the heels
of my horse the whole way, as closely as its instinct
would attach it to the company of its dam.

VASEY

Bison Calf, about three weeks old.

" This is one of the most extraordinary things that I
have met with in the habits of this wild country; and
although I had often heard of it, and felt unable exactly
to believe it, I am now willing to bear testimony to the

fact, from the numerous instances which I have witnessed

3

34 THE OX TRIBE.

since I came into the country. During the time that I
resided at this post (Teton Biver) in the spring of the
year, on my way up the river, I assisted in bringing in,
in the above manner, several of these little prisoners,
which sometimes followed for five or six miles close to
our horse's heels, and even into the Fur Company's
Fort, and into the stable where our horses were led. In
this way, before I left for the head waters of the
Missouri, I think we had collected about a dozen, which
Mr. Laidlaw was successfully raising with the aid of a
good milch cow, and which were to be committed to
the care of Mr. Chouteau, to be transported, by the
return of the steamer, to his extensive plantation in the
vicinity of St. Louis."

The uses which are made of the various parts of the
Bison are numerous. The hide, which is thick and
rather porous, is converted by the Indians into mocassins
for the winter ; they also make their shields of it. When
dressed with the hair on, it is made into clothing by
the natives, and most excellent blankets by the European
settlers; so valuable, indeed, is it esteemed, that three
or four pounds sterling a piece are not unfrequently
given for good ones in Canada, where they are used as
travelling cloaks. The fleece, which sometimes weighs
eight pounds, is spun and wove into cloth. Stockings,
gloves, garters, &c., are likewise knit with it, appearing
and lasting as well as those made of the best sheep's
wool. In England it has been made into remarkably
fine cloth.

" There are/' says Catlin, " by a fair calculation,
more than 300,000 Indians who are now subsisting on
the flesh of the buffaloes, and by these animals supplied

THE AMERICAN BISON. 35

with all the luxuries of life which they desire, as they
know of none others. The great variety of uses to
which they convert the body and other parts of that
animal, are almost incredible to the person who has not
actually dwelt amongst these people, and closely studied
their modes and customs. Every part of their flesh is
converted into food, in one shape or other, and on it
they entirely subsist. The skins of the animals are
worn by the Indians instead of blankets ; their skins,
when tanned, are used as coverings for their lodges
and for their beds ; undressed, they are used for con-
structing canoes, for saddles, for bridles, 1'arrets, lasos,
and thongs. The horns are shaped into ladles and
spoons; the brains are used for dressing the skins; their
bones are used for saddle-trees, for war-clubs, and
scrapers for graining the robes; and others are broken
up for the marrow fat which is contained in them. The
sinews are used for strings and backs to their bows, for
thread to string their beads and sew their dresses. The
feet of the animals are boiled, with their hoofs, for the
glue they contain, for fastening their arrow points, and
many other uses. The hair from the head and shoulders,
which is long, is twisted and braided into halters, and
the tail is used for a fly-brush ."

Again (vol. ii, p. 138), he says, " I have introduced
the skin canoes of the Mandans (of the Upper Missouri),
which are made almost round like a tub, by straining
a buffalo's skin over a frame of wicker-work, made of
willow or other boughs. The woman, in paddling these
awkward tubs, stands in the bow, and makes the stroke
with the paddle, by reaching it forward in the water,
and drawing it to her, by which means she pulls the

36

THE OX TRIBE.

canoe along with considerable speed. These very curious
and rudely-constructed canoes are made in the form of
the Welsh coracle; and, if I mistake not, propelled in
the same manner, which is a very curious circumstance ;
inasmuch as they are found in the heart of the great
wilderness of America, where all the surrounding tribes
construct their canoes in decidedly different forms, and
of different materials."

Skin Canoes of the Mandan Indians.

It is generally agreed by travellers, that the flesh of
the Bison is little inferior to the beef of our domestic
oxen. The tongue is considered a delicacy, and the
hump is much esteemed. A kind of potted-beef, called
pemmican, is made of the flesh of the Bison, in the fol-
lowing manner : — The flesh is spread on a skin, dried in
the sun, and pounded with stones; then all the hair is
carefully sifted out of it, and melted fat kneeded into
it. This, when properly made and kept dry, will keep
good for twelve months. The tallow of the Bison forms
an important article of commerce; one fat bull yielding
sometimes as much as 150 pounds weight.

Mr. Turner, a gentleman long resident in America,
is of opinion, that the Bison is superior even to our
domestic cattle for the purposes of husbandry, and has
expressed a wish to see this animal domesticated on the

THE AMERICAN BISON. 37

English farms. He informs us, that a farmer on the
great Kenhawa broke a young Bison to the plough ; and
having yoked it with a steer, taken from his tame cattle,
it performed its work to admiration. But there is
another property in which the Bison far surpasses the Ox,
and this is his strength. " Judging from the extraordinary
size of his bones, and the depth and formation of the
chest, (continues this gentleman,) I should not think it
unreasonable to assign nearly a double portion of strength
to this powerful inhabitant of the forest. Reclaim him,
and you gain a capital quadruped, both for the draught
and for the plough ; his activity peculiarly fits him for
the latter, in preference to the ox."

As there are no Game Laws in America, (except in a
very few confined instances on the Atlantic border,) the
consequence is that the Bison is fast disappearing before
the approach of the white settlers. At the commence-
ment of the eighteenth century these wild cattle were
found in large numbers all throughout the valley of the
Ohio, of the Mississippi, in Western New York, in
Virginia, &c. In the beginning of the present century
they were still existing in the extreme western or south-
western part of the State of New York. As late as
1812 they were natives of Ohio, and numerous in that
State. And now they are not to be seen in their native
state in any part of the United States, east of the
Mississippi River ; nor are they now to be found in
any considerable numbers west of that great river, until
you have travelled some eighty or a hundred miles into
the interior of the country.

There were no Bisons west of the Rocky Mountains,
when Lewis and Clarke travelled there in 1805. On

38 THE OX TRIBE.

their return from the Columbia, or Oregon River, in
July of that year, the first Bison they saw was on the
day after they commenced their descent of the Rocky
Mountains towards the east. On the second day after
that, they saw immense herds of them on the banks of
the Medicine River. One collection of these animals
which they subsequently saw, on the borders of the
Missouri River, they estimated as being at least 20,000
in number.

In 1823 it was discovered that the Bisons had crossed
the Rocky Mountains, and some were to be seen in
the vallies to the west of that range.

East of that range of mountains, these animals migrate
from the uplands or mountains to the plains, and from
north to south, about the beginning of November; and
return from the south to the north, and from the plains
to the uplands, soon after the disappearance of the snow
in the spring.

The herds of Bisons wander over the country in search
of food, usually led by a bull remarkable for strength and
fierceness. While feeding, they are often scattered over
a great extent of country ; but when they move, they
form a dense and almost impenetrable column, which,
when once in motion, is scarcely to be impeded. Their
line of march is seldom interrupted, even by considerable
rivers, across which they swim, without fear or hesitation,
nearly in the order in which they traverse the plains.
The Bisons which frequent the woody parts of the
country form smaller herds than those which roam over
the plains, but are said to be individually of a greater
size.

The rutting takes place the latter part of July and

THE AMERICAN BISON.

39

the beginning of August, after which the cows separate
from the bulls in distinct herds. They bring forth their
young in April : from which it appears that the term of
gestation is about nine months.

The pair of American Bisons in the Zoological
Gardens produced a calf in 1849 ; from the observations
made in that instance, the period of gestation was cal-
culated at 270 days.

The most important anatomical difference between the
American and the European is, that the American has
fifteen pairs of ribs, whereas the European has but
fourteen.

The following are the dimensions of a large specimen: —

Ft. In.

From the nose to the insertion of the tail . .86
Height at the shoulder ..... 6 0

„ at the croup 50

Length of the head 21

Their weights vary from 1200 to 2000 pounds.

Head of young male Bison.

40

THE OX TRIBE.

THE AUROCHS, OR EUROPEAN BISON.

Bos Bison.

In this, as in the American species, the head is very
broad, and the forehead arched ; but the horns are longer,
more curved, and end in a finer point than those of the
American Bison. The eyes are large and dark ; the hair
on the forehead is long and wavy ; under the chin and
on the breast it forms a sort of beard. In winter, the
whole of the neck, hump, and shoulders are covered with
a long woolly hair of a dusky brown colour, intermingled
with a short soft fur of a fawn colour. The long hair is
gradually cast in the summer, to be again renewed as the
inclemency of winter comes on. The legs, back, and

THE EUROPEAN BISON. " 41

posterior portions are covered with short, dark brown
hair. The tail is of a moderate length, is covered with
hair, and terminates in a large tuft.

The females are not so large as the males, neither are
they characterised by that abundance of hair on the
anterior parts, which is so conspicuous in the bulls.

These animals have never been domesticated, although
calves have sometimes been caught, and confined in an
enclosed pasture. An instance of this kind is recorded by
Mr Gilibert, who, while in Poland, had the opportunity
of observing the character of four young ones thus reared
in captivity. They were suckled by a she-goat, obstinately
refusing to touch a common cow. This antipathy to the
domestic cow, which they manifested so early, maintained
its strength as they advanced in years ; their anger was
sure to be excited at the appearance of any domestic cattle,
which, whenever introduced to them, they vigorously ex-
pelled from their pasture. They were, however, sufficiently
tame to acknowledge the voice of their keeper.

The geographical range of this animal is now com-
paratively very limited, being confined to the forests of
Lithuania, Moldavia, Wallachia, and some of the Cau-
casian mountain forests ; yet there can be no doubt that,
at an early period, they roamed at large over a great
part of both Europe and Asia.

Although they have never been, strictly speaking,
domesticated, yet herds of them are kept in certain
localities in the forest of Bialowieza, under the special
protection of the Emperor of Russia, and under the
immediate superintendence of twelve herdsmen, each
herdsman keeping the number allotted to his charge in
a particular department of the forest, near some river

42 THE OX TRIBE.

or stream. The estimated number of the twelve herds
is about 800.

They feed on grass and brushwood ; also on the leaves
and bark of young trees, particularly the willow, poplar,
ash, and birch. In autumn they likewise browse on
heath, and the lichens which cover the bark of trees. In
winter, when the ground is covered with snow, fodder is
provided for them.

Their cry is quite peculiar, resembling a groan, or a
grunt, more than the lowing of an ox.

They do not attain their full stature until after the
sixth year, and live till between thirty and forty.

"The strength of the Zubr," says Dr. "Weissenborn,
" is enormous ; and trees of five or six inches diameter
cannot withstand the thrusts of old bulls. It is neither
afraid of wolf nor bear, and assails its enemies both with
its horns and hoofs. An old Zubr is a match for four
wolves; packs of the latter animal, however, sometimes
hunt down even old bulls when alone ; but a herd of
Zubrs has nothing to fear from any rapacious animal.

" Notwithstanding the great bulk of its body, the Zubr
can run very swiftly. In galloping, its hoofs are raised
above its head, which it carries very low. The animal
has, however, but little bottom, and seldom runs farther
than one or two English miles. It swims well, and is
very fond of bathing.

"The zubr is generally exceedingly shy, and avoids
the approach of man. They can only be approached
from the leeward, as their smell is extremely acute. But
when accidentally and suddenly fallen in with, they will
passionately assail the intruder. In such fits of passion
the animal thrusts out its tongue repeatedly, lashes its

THE EUROPEAN BISON. 43

sides with its .tail, and the reddened and sparkling eyes
project from their sockets, and roll furiously. Such
is their innate wildness, that none of them have been
completely tamed. When taken young they become,
it is true, accustomed to their keepers, but the approach
of other persons renders them furious; and even their
keepers must be careful always to wear the same
sort of dress when going near them. Their great anti-
pathy to the Bos Taurus, which they either avoid or
kill, would render their domestication, if it were practi-
cable, but little desirable. The experiments made with
a view of obtaining a mixed breed from the Zubr and
Bos Taurus have all failed, and are now strictly prohibited."

The rutting season is in August, and continues for
about a fortnight ; the calves are produced in May ;
thus, the period of gestation is between nine and ten
months. The calves continue to suckle nearly twelve
months, and the cows seldom calve oftener than once in
three years.

The European Bison differs internally from the common
ox in having fourteen pairs of ribs, whereas the common
ox has but thirteen. The external differences between
the two animals are too obvious to require pointing out.

In 1845, the Emperor of Russia presented to the British
Museum a very fine stuffed specimen of this animal, from
which the figure at the head of this chapter was taken.

The following are its dimensions : —

Ft. In.

Length from the nose to the insertion of the tail . 9 10

Height at the withers . . . .., . 56

„ at the rump . . . . . . 4 11

Length of head 18

of tail 3 0

44 THE OX TRIBE.

M. Dimitri de Dolmatoff, Master of the Imperial
Forests in the Government of Grodno, in his note of the
capture of the Aurochs, (written in 1847,) alludes to the
statement (made by every writer who has treated of these
animals), that the calves, although taken young, invariably
refuse to be suckled by the Domestic Cow. This he
contradicts in the most explicit manner, on the testimony
of his own experience, having had several instances come
under his observation, in which the young calves of
the Aurochs were suckled and reared by cows of the
common domestic species.

Caesar, in his account of the " Sylva Hercynia" — the
Black Forest — thus mentions the Urus, amongst other
animals, there found :

" A third kind [of animals] are those called Uri. They
are but little less than Elephants in size, and are of the
species, colour, and form of a bull. Their strength is
very great, and also their speed. They spare neither man
nor beast that they see. They cannot be brought to
endure the sight of men, nor be tamed, even when taken
young. The people who take them in pit-falls, assiduously
destroy them ; and young men harden themselves in this
labour, and exercise themselves in this kind of chase ; and
those who have killed a great number — the horns being
publicly exhibited in evidence of the fact — obtain great
honour. The horns, in amplitude, shape, and species,
differ much from the horns of our oxen. They are much
sought after ; and after having been edged with silver at
their mouths, they are used for drinking vessels at great
feasts." (De Bello Gallico, lib. vi.)

THE YAK. 45

THE YAK, OR SOORA-GOY.

The following interesting and circumstantial account
of this curious species of Ox, is from the pen of Lieut.
Samuel Turner. (Asiatic Researches, vol. iv.)

" The Yak of Tartary, called Soora-Goy in Hindostan,
and which I term the Bushy-tailed Bull of Tibet, is about
the height of an English Bull, which he resembles in the
figure of the body, head, and legs. I could distinguish
between them no essential difference, except only that the
Yak is covered all over with a thick coat of long hair.
The head is rather short, crowned with two smooth round
horns, that, tapering from the setting on, terminate in
sharp points, arch inwardly, and near the extremities are
a little turned back. The ears are small ; the forehead
appears prominent, being adorned with much curling hair ;
the eyes are full and large ; the nose smooth and convex ;

46 THE OX TRIBE.

the nostrils small. The neck is short, describing a curva-
ture nearly equal both above and below ; the withers high
and arched j the rump low. Over the shoulders rises a
bunch, which at first sight would seem to be the same
kind of exuberance peculiar to the cattle of Hindostan;
but in reality it consists in the superior length of the hair
only, which, as well as that along the ridge of the back to
the setting on of the tail, grows long and erect, but not
harsh. The tail is composed of a prodigious quantity of
long flowing glossy hair, descending to the hock ; and is
so extremely well furnished, that not a joint of it is per-
ceptible ; but it has much the appearance of a large bunch
of hair artificially set on. The shoulders, rump, and upper
part of the body are clothed with a sort of thick soft wool,
but the inferior parts with straight pendent hair that
descends below the knee ; and I have seen it so long in
some cattle, which were in high health and condition, as
to trail along the ground. From the chest, between the
fore-legs, issues a large pointed tuft of hair, growing
somewhat larger than the rest. The legs are very short.
In every other respect, hoofs, &c., he resembles the ordi-
nary Bull. There is a great variety of colours among
them, but black and white are the most prevalent. It is
not uncommon to see the long hair upon the ridge of the
back, the tail, the tuft upon the chest, and the legs below
the knee white, when all the rest of the animal is jet
black.

"These cattle, though not large boned, from the pro-
fuse quantity of hair with which they are provided,
appear of great bulk. They have a down heavy look, but
are fierce, and discover much impatience at the near
approach of strangers. They do not low loud (like the

THE YAK. 47

cattle of England) any more than those of Hindostan ;
but make a low grunting noise, scarcely audible, and that
but seldom, when under some impression of uneasiness.
These cattle are pastured in the coldest part of Tibet,
upon short herbage, peculiar to the tops of mountains and
bleak plains. That chain of lofty mountains situated
between lat. 27° and 28°, which divides Tibet from Bootan,
and whose summits are most commonly covered with
snow, is their favourite haunt. In this vicinity the
Southern glens afford them food and shelter during the
severity of the winter; in milder seasons the Northern
aspect is more congenial to their nature, and admits a
wider range. They are a very valuable property to the
tribes of illiterate Tartars, who live in tents, and tend
them from place to place, affording their herdsmen a mode
of conveyance, a good covering, and subsistence. They
are never employed in agriculture, but are extremely
useful as beasts of burden; for they are strong, sure-
footed, and carry a great weight. Tents and ropes are
manufactured of their hair, and I have seen, though
amongst the humblest ranks of herdsmen, caps and jackets
worn of their skins. Their tails are esteemed throughout
the East, as far as luxury or parade have any influence on
the manners of the people ; and on the continent of India
are found, under the denomination of Chowries, in the
hands of the meanest grooms, as well as, occasionally, in
those of the first ministers of state. Yet the best requital
with which the care of their keepers is at length rewarded
for selecting them good pastures, is in the abundant quan-
tity of rich milk they give, yielding most excellent butter,
which they have a custom of depositing in skins or
bladders, and excluding the air; it keeps in this cold

48 THE OX TRIBE.

climate all the year, so that after some time tending their
flocks, when a sufficient stock is accumulated, it remains
only to load their cattle, and drive them to a proper
market with their own produce, which constitutes, to the
utmost verge of Tartary, a most material article of com-
merce."

The soft fur upon the hump and shoulders is manufac-
tured by the natives of Tibet into a fine but strong cloth;
and, if submitted to the test of European skill, might no
doubt be made to produce a very superior fabric.

The herdsmen commonly convert the hides into a loose
outer garment that covers the whole of their bodies,
hanging down to the knees; and it proves a sufficient
protection against the lowest temperature of the cold and
desolate region which they inhabit. It furnishes at once
a cloak by day and a bed by night.

The Yak is not generally fierce, but, if intruded upon
by strangers, it sometimes manifests very formidable
symptoms of impatience, stamping its feet, whisking its
tail aloft, and tossing its head. When excited, it is not
easily appeased, and is exceedingly tenacious of injury,
always showing great fierceness whenever any one ap-
proaches who has chanced to provoke it.

The cow is called Dhe, of which the wandering Tartars
possess great numbers, having no means of subsistence
but those supplied by their flocks and herds.

A fine male specimen of this Ox was brought to
England by Warren Hastings, and several attempts were
made to procure a cross between it and the common
English Cow, but without success. He invariably refused
to associate with ordinary cattle, and exhibited a decided
antipathy to them. His portrait was painted, and is now

THE YAK.

49

in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London. The
following figure (taken from the ' Oriental Annual') is so
much like the portrait of Warren Hastings's Yak, that it
might almost be taken for a copy of it.

There is the skin of a Yak in the Zoological Museum,
which coincides pretty nearly with the foregoing descrip-
tion. There is also a stuffed specimen of a female in the
British Museum.

Like the European Bison, the skeleton of the Yak
has fourteen pairs of ribs. Period of gestation not re-
corded.

50 THE OX TRIBE.

THE GYALL,

(Bos Frontalis of Lambert ;)

THE GAYAL,

(Bos Gavceus of Colebrooke ;)

THE JUNGLY GAU,

(Bos Sylhetanus of F. Cuvier.)

Of the animals named in the foregoing list, we have
had several very interesting accounts ; but none of these
have been sufficiently precise to enable us to determine
the specific character of the animals described.

Are they, as some affirm, merely different names for
the same animal ; or do they designate animals which are
really and truly distinct ?

Nothing short of an appeal to structure can satisfactorily
settle this or any other disputed point of a similar nature ;
but, unfortunately for zoology, the opportunities for such
appeals are rare, and, when they do occur, are seldom
taken advantage of. Let us hope that this hint will not
be lost on some of our intelligent countrymen in the East ;
and that before long we may be favoured with the result
of their researches.

In the meantime, and in order to facilitate as much as,
possible the endeavours of those who may have oppor-
tunities for such inquiries, the following epitome is given
of the various papers which have already appeared on the
subject, but which, in their present scattered form, are of
very little general utility.

THE GYALL.

51

THE GYALL.

The earliest descriptive notice we have of the Gyall
was that given in a paper read before the Linnean Society,
in 1802, by Mr. Lambert, on the occasion of a bull of
this species arriving in London from India.

" Bos Frontalis.

" General colour a blueish-black ; the frontal fascia gray ;
the horns short, thick, and distant at their bases, the tail
nearly naked, slender, and with a tuft at the end. The
Gyall has no mane ; its coat is soft ; the edge of the under
lip is white, and is fringed with bristling hair. The horns
are pale, with their bases included in the frontal fascia."

The Gyall, reduced— 1'roni the Linneaii Transactions.

The animal of which this description is given, appeared
to be between two and three years old, very tame, and in-

52 THE OX TRIBE.

offensive. A drawing was taken of it, which was engraved
and published in the Linnean Transactions.
The following are its dimensions :

Ft. In.

From tip of nose to end of tail . . . .92

„ tip of hoof of fore foot to top of the rising of

back . . . . . . 4 1|

Girth of largest part of abdomen . . .57

From the tip of the hoof of the hind leg to the

highest part of the rump . . . 4 OJ
„ tip of forehead to end of nose . . .19
Girth of head over the angle of the jaws . . 2 11£
Between tips of horns . . . . . 1 8J

Length of horn, externally .... 0 85

Girth of horn at largest part . . . .11

In reply to some inquiries respecting this animal which
he made of a gentleman, (Mr. Harris,) resident in India,
Mr. Lambert received the following :

" DEAR SIR, — I have before me your note, with the
drawing, which undoubtedly appears to me to be the figure
of the animal I mentioned to have in my possession.
Some parts of the drawing seem to be rather too much
enlarged, as in the base of the horns, and the rising
between the fore shoulders.

"The animal I described to you, and which I have
kept and reared these last seven years, and know by the
name of the Gyall, is a native of the hills to the north
east and east of the Company's province of Chittagong, in
Bengal, inhabiting that range of hills which separates it
from the country of Arracan.

" The male Gyall is like our Bull in shape and appear-
ance, but I conceive not quite so tall ; it is of a blackish-
brown colour; the horns short, but thick and strong
towards the base, round which, and across the frons, the

THE GYALL.

53

hair is bushy, and of a dirty white colour ; the chest and
forehead are broad and thick. He is naturally very bold,
and will defend himself against any of the beasts of
prey.

" The female differs a little in appearance ; her horns
are not quite so large, and her make is somewhat more
slender. She is very quiet, and is used for all the
purposes of the dairy ; as also, (I have been informed by
the natives,) for tilling the ground, and is more tractable
than the Buffalo. The milk which these cows give has a
peculiar richness in it, arising, I should conceive, from
their always feeding on the young shoots and branches of
trees in preference to grass.

(Head of Gyall, from Linnean Transactions.)

" I constantly made it a practice to allow them to range
abroad, amongst the hills and jungles at Chittagong,
during the day, to browse ; a keeper attending to prevent
their straying so far as to endanger losing them. They
do not thrive so well in any part of Bengal as in the

54 THE OX TRIBE.

afore-mentioned province, and in the adjoining one, Pip-
perah, where, I believe, the animal is also to be found. I
have heard of a female Gyall breeding with a common
Bull. I wish it were in my power to give you more
particulars, but I am describing entirely from memory."

In February, 1804-, Mr. Lambert again addressed the
Liunean Society on the same subject. He says, " Since
I presented to the Society the last account of the Bos
Frontalis, or Gyall of India, Mr. Fleming, a gentleman
who has just returned from that country, has very obli-
gingly communicated to me the following further par-
ticulars. This account was transmitted to Mr. Fleming
by Mr. Macrae, resident at Chittagong, in a letter, dated
March 22, 1802, and was accompanied with a drawing,
by which it appears that the animal from which my figure
was taken was full grown." (See the figure, p. 51.)

MR. MACRAE'S ACCOUNT.

The Gyall is a species of cow peculiar to the moun-
tains, which form the eastern boundary of the province of
Chittagong, where it is found running wild in the woods ;
and it is also reared as a domestic animal by the Kookies,
or Lunclas, the inhabitants of those hills. It delights to
live in the deepest jungles, feeding on the tender leaves
and shoots of the brushwood ; and is never met with on
the plains below, except when brought there. Such of
them as have been kept by the gentlemen at Chittagong,
have always preferred browsing among the thickets on the
adjacent hills to feeding on the grass of the plains.

It is of a dull heavy appearance, yet of a form that
indicates both strength and activity; and approaches
nearly to that of the wild Buffalo. Its head is set on

THE GYALL. 55

like the Buffalo's, and it carries it much in the same
manner, with the nose projecting forward ; but in the
shape of the head it differs materially from both the
Buffalo and the Cow, the head of the Gyall being much
shorter from the crown to the nose, but much broader
between the horns than that of either. The withers and
shoulders of the Gyall rise higher in proportion than those
of Buffalo or Cow, and its tail is small and short, seldom
falling lower than the bend in the ham. Its colour is in
general brown, varying from a light to a deep shade ; it
has at times a white forehead, and white legs, with a white
belly and brush. The hair of the belly is invariably of
a lighter colour than that of the back and flanks. The
Gyall calf is of a dull red colour, which gradually changes
to a brown as it advances in age.

The female Gyall receives the bull at three years of
age ; her term of gestation is eleven months, when she
brings forth, and does not again admit the male until the
second year thereafter, thus producing a calf once in three
years only. So long an interval between each birth must
tend to make the species rare. In the length of time
she goes with young, as well as in that between each
conception, the Gyall differs from the Buffalo and Cow.
The Gyall does not give much milk, but what she yields
is nearly as rich as the cream of other milk. The calf
sucks its dam for eight or nine months, when it is capable
of supporting itself. The Kookies tie up the calf until
he is sufficiently strong to do so.

The Gyalls live to the age of from fifteen to twenty.
They lose their sight as they grow old, and are subject to
a disease of the hoof, which often proves fatal at an early
age. When the Kookies consider the disease beyond the

56 THE OX TRIBE.

hope of cure, he kills the animal and eats the flesh, which
constitutes his first article of luxury.

The Kookies have a very simple method of catching the
wild Gyalls, which is as follows : — On discovering a herd
of wild Gyalls in the jungles, they prepare a number of
balls, of the size of a man's head, composed of a par-
ticular kind of earth, salt, and cotton. They then drive
their tame Gyalls towards the wild ones, when the two
herds soon meet, and assimilate into one; the males of
the one attaching themselves to the females of the other,
and vice versa. The Kookies now scatter their balls over
such parts of the jungle as they think the herd most
likely to pass, and watch its motions. The Gyalls, on
meeting these balls as they pass along, are attracted by
their appearance and smell, and begin to lick them with
their tongues ; and relishing the taste of the salt, and
the particular earth composing them, they never quit the
place until all the balls are consumed. The Kookies
having observed the Gyalls to have once tasted their
balls, prepare a sufficient supply of them to answer the
intended purpose ; and as the Gyalls lick them up, they
throw down more; and it is to prevent their being so
readily destroyed that the cotton is mixed with the earth
and the salt. This process generally goes on for three
changes of the moon, or for a month and a half, during
which time the tame and the wild Gyalls are always
together, licking the decoy balls ; and the Kookie, after
the first day or two of their being so, makes his appear-
ance, at such a distance as not to alarm the wild ones.
By degrees he approaches nearer and nearer, until at
length the sight of him has become so familiar that he
can advance to stroke his tame Gyalls on the back and

THE GAYAL. 57

neck, without frightening away the wild ones. He next
extends his hand to them, and caresses them also, at the
same time giving them plenty of his decoy balls to lick.
Thus, in the short space of time mentioned, he is able to
drive them, along with the tame ones, to his parrah, or
village, without the least exertion of force ; and so
attached do the Gyalls become to the parrah, that when
the Kookies migrate from one place to another, they
always find it necessary to set fire to the huts they are
about to abandon, lest the Gyalls should return to them
from the new grounds.

It is worthy of remark that the new and full moon are
the periods at which the Kookies in general commence
their operations of catching the wild Gyalls, from having
observed that at these changes the two sexes are most
inclined to associate. The same observation has been
made with respect to Elephants.

THE GAYAL.

About four years after the publication of Mr. Macrae's
account of the Gyall (namely in 1808,) there appeared, in
the Eighth volume of ' Asiatic Kesearches/ a description
of a species of Ox, named Gayal, communicated by
H. T. Colebrooke.

He commences by observing, that " the Gayal was
mentioned in an early volume of the ' Researches of the
Asiatic Society/ (vol. ii, p. 188, 1790,) by its Indian
name, which was explained by the phrase " Cattle of the
mountains." It had been obscurely noticed (if indeed the
same species of Ox be meant) by Knox, in his historical
relation of Ceylon (p. 21); and it has been imperfectly

58

THE OX TRIBE.

described by Captain Turner, in his journey through
Bootan, ('Embassy to Tibet/ p. 160).

" Herds of this species of cattle have been long kept
by many gentlemen in the eastern districts of Bengal,
and also in other parts of this province ; but no detailed
account of the animal and of its habits has been yet pub-
lished in India. To remedy this deficiency, Dr. Roxburgh
undertook, at my solicitation, to describe the Gayal, from
those seen by him in a herd belonging to the Governor-
General. Dr. Buchanan has also obligingly communi-
cated his observations on the same cattle; with in-
formation obtained from several gentlemen at Tipura,
Sylhet, and Chatgaon, relative to the habits of the
animal. The original drawing from which the plate has
been taken was drawn by a native artist."

Reduced copy of the Plate just referred to.

This representation does not appear to have been
taken from a specimen of the animals here described :

THE GAYAL. 59

it bears a much stronger resemblance to our figure of
the Gaur, which was taken from the stuffed specimen
in the British Museum (see p. 97), than it does to the
Gyall (Bos front alis of Lambert, see p. 51), or to the
Gayal, which died in the Zoological Gardens in 1846,
from which our figure was taken, which is given on
p. 68.

Dr. Roxburgh, who undertook, at the solicitation of
Mr. Colebrooke, to describe the Gayal, appears to have
done so by the very simple method of copying
Mr. Macrae's description of the Gyall, which appeared in
the ' Linnean Transactions/ in 1804, to which he has
added, that the dewlap is deep and pendant; and this,
according to every other account, is not the fact.

With respect to the account given by Dr. Buchanan, I
have thought it best to quote it in full; because
(although it repeats several of the characteristics already
given,) it appears to flow from the pen of one who really
observed what he describes.

He says : " The Gayal generally carries its head with
the mouth projecting forward, like that of a Buffalo. The
head, at the upper part, is very broad and flat, and is
contracted suddenly towards the nose, which is naked,
like that of the common cow. From the upper angle of
the forehead proceed two thick, short, horizontal pro-
cesses of bone, which are covered with hair ; on these are
placed the horns, which are smooth, shorter than the
head, and lie nearly in the plane of the forehead. They
diverge outward, and turn upward with a gentle curve.
At the bases they are very thick, and are slightly com-
pressed, the flat side being toward the front and the tail.
The edge next the ear is rather the thinnest, so that a

60 THE OX TRIBE.

transverse section would be somewhat ovate. Toward
their tips the horns are rounded, and end in a sharp
point. The eyes resemble those of the common Ox ; the
ears are much longer, broader, and blunter than those of
that animal.

" The neck is very slender near the head, at some
distance from which a dewlap commences, but this is not
so deep, nor so much undulated as in the Zebu or Indian
Ox. The dewlap is covered with strong longish hairs, so
as to form a kind of mane on the lower part of the neck ;
but this is not very conspicuous, especially when the
animal is young.

" In place of the hump (which is situated between the
shoulders of the Zebu) the Gayal has a sharp ridge, which
commences on the hinder part of the neck, slopes gra-
dually up till it comes over the shoulder- joint, then runs
horizontally almost a third part of the length of the
back, where it terminates with a very sudden slope. The
height of this ridge makes the neck appear much depressed,
and also adds greatly to the clumsiness of the chest,
which, although narrow, is very deep. The sternum is
covered by a continuation of the dewlap. The rump, or
os sacrum, has a more considerable declivity than that of
the European Ox, but less than that of the Zebu.

"The tail is covered with short hair, except near the end,
where it has a tuft like that of the common Ox ; but in
the Gayal the tail descends no lower than the extremity
of the tibia.

"The legs, especially the fore ones, are thick and
clumsy. The false hoofs are much larger than those of
the Zebu. The hinder parts are weaker in proportion
than the fore ; and, owing to the contraction of the belly,

THE GAYAL. 61

the hinder legs, although in fact the shortest, appear to
be the longest.

" The whole body is covered with a thick coat of short
hair, which is lengthened out into a mane on the dewlap,
and into a pencil-like tuft on the end of the tail. From
the summit of the head there diverges, with a whirl,
a bunch of rather long coarse hair, which lies flat, is
usually lighter-coloured than that which is adjacent, and
extends towards the horns and over the forehead. The
general colour of the animal is brown, in various shades,
which very often approaches to black, but sometimes is
rather light. Some parts, especially about the legs and
belly, are usually white ; but in different individuals these
are very differently disposed."

The following is the measurement of a full-grown
cow: —

Ft. In.

From nose to summit of head . . . .16

Between roots of horns 0 10

From horns to shoulder 33

From shoulder to insertion of tail . . .43

Height at shoulder 49

Height at loins ...... 4 4

Depth of chest 29

Circumference of chest 67

Circumference at loins . > , . . . . 5 10
Length of horns • , . . . . . 12
Length of ears 0 10

" The different species of the Ox kind may be readily
distinguished from the Gayal by the following marks ; the
European and Indian oxen by the length of their tails,
which reach to the false hoofs ; the American Ox, by the
gibbosity on its back; the Bovis moschatus, Gaffer, and
pumilus, by having their horns approximated at their

62 THE OX TRIBE.

bases ; the Bos grunniens by its whole tail being covered
with long silky hairs ; the Bos bubalus, (at least the Indian
buffalo,) by having the whole length of its horns compressed,
and by their being longer than the head, and wrinkled
—also by its thin coat of hair, by its want of a dewlap,
and above all by its manners ; the Bos barbatus, by the
long beard on its chin.

" The cry of the Gayal has no resemblance to the grunt
of the Indian Ox, but a good deal resembles that of the
Buffalo. It is a kind of lowing, but shriller, and not near
so loud as that of the European Ox. To this, however,
the Gayal approaches much nearer than it does to the
Buffalo."

Mr. Macrae, who furnished the account in 1804, is
again consulted ; and from his second account, the follow-
ing additional particulars have been gleaned. [Now, how-
ever, as the reader will observe, the name is Gayal, and
not Gyall; although, according to Mr. Macrae's own
derivation of the word, it would appear to be more correctly
Gyall.]

" The Gayal is found wild in the range of mountains that
form the eastern boundary of the provinces of Aracan,
Chittagong (Chatgaon), Tipura, and Sylhet.

" The Cucis, or Lunclas, a race of people inhabiting the
hills immediately to the eastward of Chatgaon, have herds
of the Gayal in a domesticated state. By them he is
called Shial, from which, most probably, his name of
Gayal [Gyall] is derived ; as he is never seen on the
plains, except when he is brought there. It appears,
however, that he is an animal very little known beyond
the limits of his native mountains, except by the inhabi-
tants of the provinces above mentioned.

THE GAYAL. 63

"His disposition is gentle : even when wild in his native
hills, he is not considered to be a dangerous animal ; never
standing the approach of man, much less bearing his
attack.

" To avoid the noon-day heat, he retires to the deepest
shade of the forest ; preferring the dry acclivity of the
hill to repose on, rather than the low swampy ground
below ; and never, like the Buffalo, wallowing in mud.

"Gayals have been domesticated among the Cucis from
time immemorial; and without any variation in their
appearance from the wild stock. No difference whatever
is observed in the colour of the wild and tame breeds;
brown of different shades being the general colour of
both.

"The wild Gayal is about the size of the wild Buffalo of
India. The tame Gayals among the Cucis, being bred in
nearly the same habits of freedom, and on the same food,
without ever undergoing any labour, grow to the same
size with the wild ones.

" The Cucis makes no use whatever of the milk, but rear
the Gayals entirely for the sake of their flesh and skins ;
they make their shields of the hides of these animals.
The flesh of the Gayal is in the highest estimation among
the Cucis; so much so, that no solemn festival is ever
celebrated without slaughtering one or more Gayals, ac-
cording to the importance of the occasion.

" The domesticated Gayals are allowed by the Cucis to
roam at large during the day, through the forest, in the
neighbourhood of the village ; but as evening approaches,
they all return home of their own accord; the young
Gayal being early taught this habit, by being regularly
fed every night with salt, of which he is very fond ; and

64 THE OX TRIBE.

from the occasional continuance of this practice, as he
grows up, the attachment of the Gayal to his native village
becomes so strong, that when the Cucis migrate from it,
they are obliged to set fire to the huts which they are
about to leave, lest their Gayals should return thither
from their new place of residence, before they become
equally attached to it, as to the former, through the same
means.

" The wild Gayal sometimes steals out from the forest
in the night, and feeds in the rice fields bordering on
the hills. The Cucis give no grain to their cattle. With
us (at Chatgaon) the tame Gayals feed on Calai (pha-
seolus max)', but as our hills abound with shrubs, it has
not been remarked what particular kind of grass they
prefer.

" The Hindus in this province will not kill the Gabay
(or Gayal) which they hold in equal veneration with the
cow. But the As'l Gayal, or Selo'i, they hunt and kill,
as they do the wild Buffalo. The animal here alluded to
is another species of Gayal found wild in the hills of
Chatgaon. He has never been domesticated, and is in
appearance and disposition very different from the common
Gayal which has just been described. The natives call
him the As'l Gayal, in centra-distinction to the Gabay.
The Cucis distinguish him by the name of Seloi ; and the
Mugs and Burmas by that of P'hanj, and they consider
him, next to the tiger, the most dangerous and fiercest
animal of their forests."

Mr. Elliot, in writing from Tipura, says, — " I have
some Gayals at Munnamutty, and from their mode of
feeding I presume that they keep on the skirts of the
vallies, to enable them to feed on the sides of the

THE GAYAL. 65

mountain, where they can browse ; they will not touch
grass, if they can find shrubs.

" While kept at Camerlah, which is situated in a level
country, they used to resort to the banks, and eat on the
sides; frequently betaking themselves to the water, to
avoid the heat of the sun. However, they became sickly
and emaciated, and their eyes suffered much; but, on
being sent to the hills, they soon recovered, and are now
(1808) in a healthy condition. They seem fond of the
shade, and are observed in the hot weather to take the turn
of the hills, so as to be always sheltered from the sun.
They do not wallow in mud, like Buffaloes, but delight in
water, and stand in it during the greatest heat of the
day, with the front of their heads above the surface.

" Each Cow yields from two and a half to about four
sers [from five to eight pounds] of milk, which is rich,
sweet, and almost as thick as cream ; it is of a high
flavour, and makes excellent butter."

We learn from Mr. Dick that the Gayal is called
Gaujangali in the Persian language, Gavaya in Sanscrit,
and Mat'hana by the mountaineers ; but others name the
animal Gobay-goru.

The tame Gayals, however long they may have been
domesticated, do not at all differ from the wild ones,
unless in temper, for the wild ones are fierce and un-
tractable. The colour of both is the same, namely, that
of the Antelope, but some are white and others black,
none are spotted or piebald. They graze and range like
other cattle, and eat rice, mustard, chiches, and any culti-
vated produce, as also chaff and chopped straw.

According to this gentleman the Gayal lives to the age
of twenty or twenty-five years, and reaches its full growth

5

66 J THE OX TRIBE.

at five years. The female is generally higher than the
male. She receives the bull in her fifth year, and bears
after ten months.

In reference to the case of Mr. Bird's Gayal breeding
with the common Zebu, I may observe that this proves
nothing beyond the bare fact stated ; no inference what-
ever of an identity of species can be drawn from a
thousand such cases. It is pretty well known that
animals of perfectly distinct species will, when artificially
brought together, produce hybrids, as in the familiar
examples of the Horse and the Ass, the Canary and the
Goldfinch ; but a hybrid is neither a species nor (zoologi-
cally speaking) a variety.

In a paper on the Gour, by General Hardwicke,
(' Zoological Journal/ Vol. Ill,) he introduces the follow-
ing observations on the Gayal : " Of the Gayal (Bos
Gavaas of Colebrooke) there appears to be more than
one species. The provinces of Chatgong and Sylhet pro-
duce the wild, or, as the Natives term it, the Asseel
Gayal, and the domesticated one. The former is con-
sidered an untameable animal, extremely fierce, and not
to be taken alive. It rarely quits the mountain tract of
the south-east frontier, and never mixes with the Gobbay,
or village Gayal of the plains. I succeeded in obtaining
the skin, with the head, of the Asseel Gayal, which is
deposited in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Com-
pany, in Leadenhall Street." [A drawing was taken of
this head, of which the engraving on the opposite page is
a copy.]

" I may notice another species of Gayal, of which a
male and female were in the Governor General's park, at
Barrackpore. This species differs in some particulars

THE GAYAL.

67

from the domesticated Gayal, and also from the Asseel,
or true Gayal ; first, in size, being a larger animal than
the domestic one ; secondly, in the largeness of the dew-
lap, which is deeper and more undulated than in either
the wild or tame species ; and, thirdly, in the size and
form of the horns."

Thus, according to the opinion of General Hardwicke,
there are three distinct species of the Gayal ; but in this
matter nothing can be decided without further evidence,
which we hope will soon appear in the shape of complete
skeletons, and accurate drawings and descriptions.

68

THE OX TRIBE.

THE TAME OR DOMESTIC GAYAL.

The representation of the Gayal here given was taken
from a living specimen in the Zoological Gardens, 1846.

The scanty information I was able to glean concerning
it, consists in its having been procured at Chitagong, and
shipped, as a commercial speculation, from Calcutta for
London, in January 1844, when about two years and a
half old. It remained in the Zoological Gardens till the
summer of 1846, when it died from inflammation of the
bowels, brought on chiefly by eating too much green
food.

I had the above particulars from Mr. Bartlett, natu-
ralist, &c., who had been commissioned to dispose of it.
He preserved the skeleton, which he kindly allowed me
to examine, and from which I made the sketches of the
skull and horns, which appear on the following page.

The skeleton has fourteen pairs of ribs.

THE TAME OR DOMESTIC GAYAL. 69

a

Skull of Domestic Gayal, viewed in front, with Section of Horn.

Inches.
Distance from tip to tip (a to «) . . . 39

Length of horn (a to b) 16

Circumference of horn at base . . . .17

Distance of bases (b to b) . . . . . 11

Length of skull (c to c) , . 19

Fig. d, section of the horn, at the base.

Occipital view of the same Skull.

Head of Domestic Gayal.

70 THE OX TRIBE.

In concluding these details of the Gayal and Gyall, let
it be remarked that, when we hear one animal called Gayal
and another Gyall, we are not, on that account merely,
to set them down as of the same species. It is hardly
necessary to say, that similarity or even identity of name,
is not the slightest criterion of identity of species. The
name Elephant is popularly applied to that animal, whether
brought from Africa or Asia ; they are, nevertheless, ana-
tomically distinct. The same observation may be made
respecting the Lions of those countries, and various other
animals.

It may further be observed, that the value of external
characters in determining a species is very different when
applied to ascertain the distinctions of domestic races, to
what it is when applied to ascertain the distinctions of
animals living in a natural state. In domestication,
varieties ramify to an indefinite extent, and under such
circumstances external characters are comparatively value-
less. But wild animals retain their external characters
with undeviating exactness ; exceptional cases may indeed
occur, but so very rarely, that they are not worth taking
into the account; consequently, external forms, and in
some cases even colours, become of importance in ascertain-
ing specific distinction.

THE JUNGLY GAU

71

THE JUNGLY GAU.

Bos Sylhetanm. (Cuv.)

Further information is requisite to decide the specific
character of this animal. According to the opinion of
Col. Smith, (see ' Synopsis of the Species of Mammalia '
in Griffith's Translation of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom,) it
is a mere variety of the Gayal (Bos Gaveeus) ; and
Mr. J. E. Gray, in his ' List of the Specimens of Mam-
malia in the Collection of the British Museum/ classes
it as a domestic variety of the same animal, but
Mr. Fred. Cuvier regards it as an entirely new species.

The following account of the Jungly Gau (which is the
only one that has been published), is a translation from
the splendid folio work of Messrs. St. Hilaire and F.
Cuvier.

This species of Ox, which is entirely new, appears to

72 THE OX TRIBE.

be the most nearly allied to our domestic cattle. Those
ruminants which are classed under the generic name of
Ox, may be very naturally divided into two distinct groups.
The first includes the Buffaloes, animals in some measure
aquatic, living in low, swampy localities, or near rivers,
in which they remain half immersed a great part of the
day ; having broad-based horns, partly spreading over
their foreheads, flat on their internal side, and round on
their external; tongue soft, &c. The second is that of
the Ox, properly so called. These are distinguished from
the first by their dwelling on more elevated lands, or in
the vicinity of forests ; having smooth round horns, with-
out enlargement at their base ; tongue covered with horny
papillse, &c.

It is to this second family, consisting of the American
Bison, the Aurox, the Yak, and the domestic Ox, with its
varieties, that the Jungly Gau undoubtedly belongs. It
however differs from the first two in being entirely desti-
tute of the thick shaggy mane ; and, instead of the long
silky hair of the third, it is clothed with close, short hair,
equal in uniformity of texture to the sleekest of our
domestic cattle. To judge from its general appearance,
we might be even tempted to take it for a mere variety
of the domestic species, so close is the resemblance. But
the information furnished by M. Alfred Duvaucel, in the
only description which has been given, leaves no doubt
as to its being a new species.

The following is M. Duvaucel's account : — " The horns
o£ the Jungly Gau rise from the sides of the occiput, first
outward, then forward, with a slight inclination backward
of the upper extremity, forming a double lunation, and
separated by a space which gradually diminishes as the

THE JUNGLY GAU. 73

animal grows older ; standing equally apart in every indi-
vidual of the same age and sex ; are round, except at
their base, which is slightly compressed ; and they become
smoother as the animal advances in age.

" The hump, which is characteristic of the generality
of Indian oxen, is reduced in this to a slight prominence,
extending to the middle of the back, and is covered with
a grayish, woolly hair, rather longer than that on the
other parts of the body, which spreads likewise over the
occiput and the front. The rest of the hair is black
except the legs, which are white from the knees down-
wards. The tail terminates in a large tuft of hair ; and,
in bulls of two or three years old, the under part of the
neck is slightly furnished with long, black, silky hair.

" The female is smaller than the male, with horns of a
still less proportionate size. The front of the head,
instead of being convex, as in the male, appears to be
slightly depressed, in consequence of the superior elevation
of the muzzle. The colour of the female is not so deep
a black ; the gray on the top of the neck and the shoulders
extends to the sides, and the inferior part of the muzzle
is white.

" I have long entertained the opinion," continues M.
Duvaucel, " that these oxen were essentially the same as
the domestic — that they were both varieties of the same
species ; but this opinion was formed on the inspection
only of such specimens as I had seen in the menagerie at
Barracpour. Since that time, I have pursued them
myself near the mountains of Sylhet; and I have like-
wise learned from various sources that they are as nume-
rous and as generally diffused as the common Buffalo;
but they appear to be wilder than the Buffalo, and not so

74

THE OX TRIBE.

bold, never approaching where man has established his
dominion. Nevertheless, when caught, they are easily
subdued, and become quite domesticated in a few months.
The milk of this species is said to be more abundant and
nourishing than that of any other."

From all that is at present known respecting this
animal, it is regarded by M. F. Cuvier as a new species
added to the genus Bos; and, from the circumstance of
its having been first seen in a wild state near the moun-
tains of Sylhet, he has given it the specific name of
Sylhetanus.

The animal represented in the following vignette is
the Syrian Ox, which is considered as a variety of Bos
Taurus.

VAStV

THE BUFFALO. 75

THE BUFFALO.

The animal generally known under the name of the
Common Buffalo is evidently a different species from the
Cape Buffalo. Much confusion, however, prevails in
the accounts, both of travellers and naturalists, on the
subject of these two animals. Descriptions of the one
are mingled with descriptions of the other, and anecdotes
are related of the one which, there is good reason for
believing, ought to be referred to the other. It is highly
probable that future and more accurate observations will
show that more than one species has been confounded
under the general epithets of " the common Buffalo,"
" the domestic Buffalo," " the tame Buffalo," or, more
indeterminate still, " the Buffalo."

The accounts furnished by travellers of the various
animals in Asia and Africa, described by them as Buffa-
loes, are altogether vague and unsatisfactory, and fre-
quently erroneous ; not from any desire on the part of
the authors to deceive, but merely because their obser-
vations have been made in the most careless and indiffe-
rent manner ; and, in many instances, their information
is obtained from the verbal communications of ignorant
natives.

In those descriptions which are confined to the Buffalo,
as it at present exists in Italy and the south of Europe,
tolerable reliance may be placed, as their character and
habits are there well known, being of every day obser-
vation ; yet, even in this case, little or nothing is known

76

THE OX TRIBE.

of the anatomy of the animal, and its period of gestation
has never been precisely stated. The following infor-
mation on this latter point is given in Griffith's ' Cuvier/
(vol. iv, p. 383,) " Gestation is said to last twelve months,
but it appears not to exceed ten."

THE ITALIAN BUFFALO.

Bos Bubalus.

This animal is more bulky than the domestic Ox, and
its limbs are stouter. The head is larger, in proportion
to the size of the body, than that of the domestic Ox,
and is generally carried with the muzzle projecting ; the
forehead is rather convex, and higher than broad; the
horns are large, slightly compressed, and recline towards
the neck, with the points turned up ; dewlap of a
moderate size.

THE ITALIAN BUFFALO. 77

Throughout the whole range of the Italian peninsula
Buffaloes are used as beasts of burden, and their immense
strength renders their services invaluable in the marshy
and swampy districts, where the services of horses, or
ordinary oxen, would be totally unavailing. The roads
through which they are obliged to pass are frequently
covered to a depth of two or three feet, through which
they work their way with wonderful perseverance.

On the great plain of Apulia the Buffalo is the ordi-
nary beast of draught; and at the annual fair held at
Foggia, at the end of May, immense droves of almost
wild Buffaloes are brought to the town for sale. Fearful
accidents occasionally happen ; enraged animals breaking
from the dense mass, in spite of all the exertions of their
drovers, and rushing upon some object of their vengeance,
whom they strike down, and trample to death. It is
dangerous to overwork or irritate the Buffalo, and
instances have been known in which, when released by
the brutal driver from the cart, they have instantly turned
upon the man and killed him on the spot.

The following part of their history is remarkable :
They appear to be most numerous, and to thrive best in
those districts which are most infected with malaria. In
the Pontine marshes they find a favorite retreat, and in
the pestilential Maremma scarcely any other animals
are to be seen. In the northern portions of Italy,
where malaria is much less frequent than in the south,
Buffaloes are to be found in the greatest numbers pre-
cisely in those localities where malaria is the most
prevalent.

They are particularly fond of the long rank herbage,
which springs up in moist and undrained lands. In their

78 THE OX TRIBE.

habits they are almost amphibious, lying for hours half
submerged in water and mud.

When travellers make use of the name "common
Buffalo," they are usually understood to mean an animal
identical with the Italian species ; if this really be the
case, its geographical range must be very extensive. It
is said to inhabit the extensive regions of Hindostan, China,
Cochin-China, Malabar, Coromandel, Persia, and the
Crimea; also Abyssinia, Egypt, and the south of Europe;
to which may be added, most of the large islands in the
Indian Sea.

As an article of food, the flesh of this animal is inferior
to the beef of the domestic Ox, but the milk of the female
is particularly rich and abundant ; the semi-fluid butter,
called ghee in India, is made from it. According to the
testimony of Colonel Sykes, the long-horned variety is
reared in vast numbers in the Mawals, or hilly tracts lying
along the Ghauts : — "In those tracts much rice is planted,
and the male Buffalo, from his superior hardihood, is much
better suited to resist the effects of the heavy rains, and
the splashy cultivation of the rice than the bullock. The
female is also infinitely more valuable than the cow, from
the very much greater quantity of milk she yields." The
hide is also much valued for its strength and durability.

In India they are used as beasts of burden ; but the
nature of the goods they carry must be such as will not
suffer from being wet, as they have an invincible pro-
pensity to lie down in water. The native princes use
them to fight with tigers in their public shows ; and from
their fierce and active nature, when excited, they frequently
prove more than a match for their formidable assailants.
With the native herdsman, however, they arc generally

THE ITALIAN BUFFALO. 79

docile : these men ride on their favorites, and spend the
night with them in the midst of jungles and forests, with-
out fear of wild beasts. When driven along, the herds
keep close together, so that the driver, if necessary, walks
from the back of one to the other, perfectly at his ease.
In the south of Europe they are managed by means of a
ring passed through the cartilage of the nose, but in India
it is a mere rope.

Their fierceness and courage are well exemplified in the
following anecdote, related by Mr. D. Johnson in his
interesting ' Sketches of Indian Field Sports :' " Two
Biparies, or carriers of grain and merchandise on the
backs of bullocks, were driving a loaded string of these
animals from Palamow to Chittrah : when they were come
within a few miles of the latter place, a tiger seized on
the man in the rear, which was seen by a Guallah (herds-
man), as he was watching his Buffaloes grazing. He
boldly ran up to the man's assistance, and cut the tiger
severely with his sword; upon which he dropped the
Biparie, and seized the herdsman. The Buffaloes observing
it, attacked the tiger, and rescued the herdsman ; they
tossed him about from one to the other, and, to the best
of my recollection, killed him. Both the wounded men
were brought to me; the Biparie recovered, and the
herdsman died?'

Speaking of the Buffalo at Malabar, Dillon says, " It
is an ugly animal, almost destitute of hair, goes slowly,
but carries very heavy burdens. Herds may be seen, as
of common cows ; and they afford milk, which serves to
make butter and cheese. Their flesh is good, though less
delicate, than that of the ox : the animal swims perfectly
well, and traverses the broadest rivers. Besides the tame

'

80

THE OX TRIBE.

ones, there are wild Buffaloes, which are extremely dan-
gerous, tearing men to pieces, or crushing them with a
single blow of the head ; they are less to be dreaded in
woods than elsewhere, because their horns often catch in
the branches, and give time for the persons pursued to
escape by flight. The skins of these animals serve for
an infinity of purposes, and even cruses are made of them
for holding water or liquors. The animals on the coast
of Malabar are all wild, and strangers are not prevented
from hunting them for their flesh."

Whether the animals alluded to, in all these cases, con-
stitute only one species, or consist of several, the accounts
which have been given of them (from their vagueness and
want of precision) afford no means of deciding.

The following tail-piece is a representation of the
Herefordshire Cow, Bos Taurus.

THE MANILLA BUFFALO. 81

THE MANILLA BUFFALO.

Bos Bubalis ?

The animal which is represented in the above engraving,
was living in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, in
1846, at which time the sketch was taken.

In size the Manilla Buffalo is about equal to the Kyloe
Ox. The horns are of a similar shape, and take nearly
the same direction, as those of the Italian Buffalo. They
differ, however, from the horns of the Italian Buffalo in
three particulars : first, in not being above half so thick
or bulky ; second, in having a much larger curve ; and
third, in being considerably more compressed, which com-
pression exists throughout their entire length : the colour
of the upper surface of the horn is lightish, on the lower
side nearly black. The head is narrow, and the muzzle
fine ; the ears are long and nearly naked ; the eyes large
and bright, with a peculiarly timid and suspicious expres-
sion. The limbs are slender, and indeed the whole frame
is slight, and seems to betoken greater speed than strength.

We have a notable example of the uncertainty of
framing generic characters, before the peculiar attributes

G

82

THE OX TRIBE.

of each species are known, in Griffiths' work, already re-
ferred to (vol. iv, p. 382). "Buffaloes in general" are there
said to possess strong and solid limbs, large head, broad
muzzle, long and slender tail, back rather straight. Here
we have an animal (a Buffalo by universal consent) whose
limbs are slender, head small, muzzle fine ; whose tail is not
long, and whose back is any thing but straight. The Cape
Buffalo, also, (see p. 86,) has rather a small head, its tail
is absolutely short, and its back has very considerable
curvature.

THE MANILLA BUFFALO. 83

The preceding outline of the backs of four Buffaloes will
show how inappropriate the character of a straight back is,
when applied to " Buffaloes in general." The lowest out-
line (5), inserted by way of contrast, represents the back of
the Domestic Ox, to which the character of straight might
very properly be applied. (1) Italian Buffalo. (2) Manilla
Buffalo. (3) Pulo Condore Buffalo. (4) Cape Buffalo.

Generic characters should be such (and such only) as
will apply to every species included in the genus.

The period of gestation of the Manilla Buffalo is between
forty-eight and forty-nine weeks. In two actual cases
of a female now living in the Zoological Gardens, the
periods were, in the one case, 340 days, in the other, 341
days ; being 70 days longer than the ordinary term of the
domestic Cow.

Head of Manilla Buffalo— female.

84

THE OX TRIBE.

PULO CONDORE BUFFALO.

Bos Bubalus ?

Not much is known of the Buffalo which is found in
the island of Pulo Condore. It is related by those navi-
gators who completed the voyage to the Pacific Ocean,
begun by Captain Cook, that when at Pulo Condore, they
procured eight Buffaloes, which were to be conducted to
the ships by means of ropes put through their nostrils and
round their horns ; but when they were brought within
sight of the sailors, they became so furious that some of
them tore out the cartilage of their nostrils, andjset them-
selves at liberty. All attempts to get them on board
would have proved fruitless, had it not been for some

PULO CONDORE BUFFALO.

85

children, whom the animals would suffer to approach
them, and by whose puerile management their rage was
quickly appeased ; and when the animals were brought to
the beach, it was by their assistance, in twisting ropes
around their legs, that the men were enabled to throw
them down, and by that means get them into the boats.
And what appears to have been no less singular than this
circumstance was, that they had not been a day on board
before they became perfectly gentle.

Whether this be a distinct species, or merely a variety,
we have not, at present, the least means of ascertaining.

Osteology unknown.

Period of gestation unknown.

The tail-piece below represents a short-horned Bull of
the Domestic species, Bos Taurus.

86

THK OX TRIBE.

THE CAPE BUFFALO.

Bos Coffer.

This species of ox is only to be found in Africa, and is
chiefly confined to the wooded districts lying north of the
Cape of Good Hope. What Lavater endeavours to prove
of the human being, namely, that the face is the index
of the mind or disposition, may be applied, with at least
equal truth, to the Cape Buffalo. His broad, projecting
muzzle, lowering eyebrows, shaggy pendulous ears, sur-
mounted by a pair of huge horns, give a look of bold
determination to this animal, which forms a tolerably
correct index of his character; his firm-set limbs and
bulky body convey a no less adequate idea of his enormous
strength.

These animals are gregarious, living in small herds in
the brushwoods or open forests, of Caffraria, occasionally
uniting in large droves. Old bulls are often met with

THE CAPE BUFFALO. 87

alone ; but though they are fiercer than the young ones,
they are less dangerous, because less active, and less
inclined to exertion.

It is worthy of observation, that the males of every
species of the Genus Bos are remarkably bold and
courageous, as are likewise the females when they have
calves. It is not, therefore, surprising that the hunting
of this animal should be attended with danger, and fre-
quently with fatal consequences. The European colonists
generally pursue the sport on horseback ; but the Gaffers
and other natives, who are more active, and accustomed
to the intricacies of the forest, prefer following the game
on foot.

Professor Thunberg, whilst investigating the interior of
Caffraria, in 1772, in company with a sergeant and a
European gardener, who had resided in the colony some
time, and who acted as guide on the occasion, met with
the following perilous adventure : —

" We had not advanced far into the wood," says the
traveller, " before we had the misfortune of meeting with
a large old male Buffalo, which was lying down quite
alone, in a spot that was free from bushes for the space of
a few square yards. He no sooner discovered Auge, the
gardener, who went first, than, roaring horribly, he rushed
upon him. The gardener turning his horse short round,
behind a large tree, by that means got in some measure out
of the Buffalo's sight, which now rushed straight forward
towards the sergeant, who followed next, and gored his
horse in the belly in such a terrible manner, that it fell
on its back that instant, with its feet turned up in the
air, and all its entrails hanging out, in which state it
lived almost half an hour. The gardener and the sergeant,

88 THE OX TRIBE,

in the meantime, had climbed up into trees, where they
thought themselves secure. The Buffalo, after this first
achievement, still appeared to take his course in the same
direction, and, therefore, could not have failed in his way
to pay his compliments to me, who all the while was
coming towards him, and, in the narrow pass formed by
the boughs and branches of the trees, and on account of
the rustling noise these made against my saddle and
baggage, had neither seen nor heard anything of what
had passed; as in my way I frequently stopped to take up
plants, and put them into my handkerchief, I generally
kept behind my companions.

" The sergeant had brought two horses with him for
the journey. One of them had already been despatched,
and the other now stood just in the way of the Buffalo,
who was going out of the wood. As soon as the Buffalo
saw this second horse, he became more outrageous than
before, and he attacked it with such fury, that he not
only drove his horns into the horse's breast, and out
again through the very saddle, but also threw it to the
ground with such violence, that it died that very instant,
and most of its bones were broken. Just at the moment
that he was occupied with this latter horse, I came up to
the opening, where the wood was so thick that I had
neither room to turn my horse, nor to get on one side ; I
was, therefore, obliged to abandon him to his fate, and
take refuge in a tolerably high tree, up which I climbed.

<c The Buffalo, having finished this his second exploit,
suddenly turned round, and shaped his course the same
way which we had intended to take.

" From the height of my situation in the tree, I could
plainly perceive one of the horses quite dead; the other

THE CAPE BUFFALO. 89

sprawling with his feet, and endeavouring to rise, which it
had not strength to do ; the other two horses shivering
with fear, and unable to make their escape; but I could
neither see nor hear anything of my fellow-travellers,
which induced me to fear that they had fallen victims to
the first transports of the Buffalo's fury. I, therefore,
made all possible haste to search for them, to see if I
could, in any way, assist them ; but not discovering any
trace of them in the whole field of battle, I began to call
out after them, when I discovered these magnanimous
heroes sitting fast, like two cats, on the trees, with their
guns on their backs, loaded with fine shot, and unable to
utter a single word.

" I encouraged them as well as I could, and advised
them to come down, and get away as fast as possible from
such a dangerous place, where we ran the risk of being
once more attacked. The sergeant at length burst out
into tears, deploring the loss of his two spirited steeds ;
but the gardener was so strongly affected, that he could
scarcely speak for some days after."

Speaking of a small settlement in the interior, he says:
" Buffaloes were shot here by a Hottentot, who had been
trained to the business by the farmer, and in this manner
found the whole family in meat, without having recourse
to the herd. The balls were counted out to him every
time he went a shooting, and he was obliged to furnish
the same number of dead Buffaloes as he received of balls.
Thus the many Hottentots that lived here were supported
without expense, and without the decrease of the tame
cattle which constitute the whole of the farmer's wealth.
The greatest part of the flesh of the Buffalo falls to the share
of the Hottentots, but the hide to that of the master."

90

THE OX TRIBE.

THE CAPE BUFFALO. 91

The Caffres, who at that time (1772) did not possess
firearms, were, nevertheless, dextrous in the use of their
javelins. When a Caffre has discovered a spot where
several Buffaloes are assembled, he blows a pipe, made of
the thigh-bone of a sheep, which is heard at a great
distance. In consequence of this, several of his comrades
run up to the spot, and surrounding the Buffaloes, at the
same time approaching them by degrees, throw their
javelins at them. In this case, out of ten or twelve
Buffaloes, it is very rare for one to escape. It some-
times happens, however, that while the Buffaloes are
running off, some one of the hunters, who stands in the
way of them, is tossed and killed, which, by the people of
this nation, is not much regarded. When the chase is
over, each one takes his share of the game.

Since the introduction of firearms by the Europeans,
the natives, as well as the colonists, bring down the
Buffalo by means of the gun. Nevertheless, great circum-
spection is required in following the sport, as the animal
is sometimes capable of revenging himself even after being
severely wounded. On one occasion a party of huntsmen
discovered a small herd of Buffaloes grazing on a piece of
marshy ground. As it was impossible to get near enough
without crossing a marsh, which did not afford a safe
footing for their horses, they left them in charge of the
Hottentots, and proceeded on foot, thinking, that if the
Buffaloes should turn upon them, it would be easy to
retreat by crossing the quagmire, which, though firm
enough to support a man, would not bear the weight of a
Buffalo. They advanced accordingly, and, under shelter
of the bushes, approached with such advantage, that the
first volley brought down three of the fattest of the herd,

92 THE OX TRIBE.

and so severely wounded the great bull leader, that he
dropped on his knees, bellowing most furiously. Sup-
posing him mortally wounded, the foremost of the hunts-
men issued from the covert, and began reloading his
musket as he advanced, to give him a finishing shot ; but
no sooner did the enraged animal see his enemy in front
of him than he sprang up, and ran furiously upon him.
The man, throwing down his gun, fled towards the quag-
mire ; but the beast was so close upon him, that, despair-
ing to escape in that direction, he suddenly turned round
a clump of copsewood, and began to ascend a tree. The
raging animal, however, was too quick for him, and
bounding forward with a tremendous roar, he caught the
unfortunate man with his terrible horns, just as he had
nearly escaped his reach, and tossed him into the air with
such force, that the body fell dreadfully mangled into the
cleft of a tree. The Buffalo ran round the tree once or
twice, apparently looking for the man, until weakened
with loss of blood, he again sank on his knees. The rest
of the party, recovering from their confusion, then came
up and despatched him, though too late to save their
comrade, whose body was hanging in the tree quite dead.
The length of a full-grown Buffalo is about eight feet
from horns to root of tail, and the height five feet and
a half. The horns are massive and heavy, measuring
from six to nine feet, following the curve from tip to tip.
They are broad at the base, and very nearly meet on the
centre of the forehead. Hamilton Smith says, they are
" in contact at the base ;" but this is not the case in the
several specimens which I have examined, namely, three
in the College of Surgeons, four in the British Museum,
and two in the Zoological Gardens.

THE CAPE BUFFALO. 93

In the living specimen in the Zoological Gardens, from
which the figure at the head of this article was taken, there
is a good deal of hair of a dark brown colour on the neck
and shoulders, and some small tufts on the fore-legs, but
the rest of the body is almost naked. The tail is short,
with a tuft at the end.

The individual here referred to is by no means a large
specimen, being only four feet ten inches high at the
shoulders ; probably he is young, and not yet full-grown.
He is so active, as to be able to clear a four-feet fence,
and he frequently leaps over the half-door (about three
feet high,) which separates his little enclosure from his
dormitory. His intelligence is much [superior to that
of ordinary cattle : the entrance to his apartment is fur-
nished with four doors, two on each door-post ; and when
closed, they of course meet in the middle of the entrance.
When he is outside, (as the doors all open inwardly,) a
mere push with his horns sends them open. But when
he is inside, it requires four distinct operations to shut
them, and these he performs with the greatest adroitness,
going from one to the other, until all are closed. He
opens them also from within with equal skill, by applying
the tip of one of his horns to each separately, and retiring
a step or two to allow them room to open.

The flesh of the Cape Buffalo is reckoned excellent
eating, especially that of the young calf, which is equal
to the veal of the domestic calf. The horns are made
into various articles, having a fine close grain, and taking
a beautiful polish. But the hide is the most valuable
part of this animal, being so thick and tough, that shields,
proof against a musket-shot, are formed of it; and it
affords the strongest jvnd best thongs for harness and

94 THE OX TRIBE.

whips. The skin of the living Buffalo is so dense that
it is impenetrable, in many parts, to an ordinary musket-
ball ; the balls used by the huntsmen are, therefore, mixed
with tin, and even these are often flattened by the
resistance. In examining the skeleton of this Buffalo,
the ribs are found to be remarkably strong and wide —
measuring from three inches to three inches and seven-
tenths in width, and overlapping each other like the
scales of a fish : the difficulty of wounding this animal
may be partly owing to this arrangement of the ribs.

Since the increase of the settlements abont the Cape
of Good Hope, the Buffalo has become rather a rare
animal in the colony; but, on the plains of Caffraria,
they are so common that herds of a hundred and fifty, or
two hundred, may be frequently seen grazing together
towards the evening, but during the day they lie retired
among the woods and thickets. They range along the
eastern side of Africa, to an unknown distance in the
interior.

Sparrman says that the period of gestation is twelve
months.

Ik-ad of Cape Buffalo.

THE PEGASSE.

95

The above figure is copied from an engraving in the
fourth volume of Griffiths' 'Cuvier/ of which the following
account is given : " In the collection of drawings, formerly
the property of Prince John Maurice of Nassau, now in
the Berlin library, there is the figure of a ruminant with
the name Pacasse written under it. Judging from the
general appearance of the painting, it represents a young
animal, although the horns are already about as long as
the head. They are of a darkish colour, with something
like ridges passing transversely, commencing at the sides
of the frontal ridge, turned down and outwards, with the

96 THE OX TRIBE.

points slightly upwards; the head is short, thick, abrupt
at the nose ; the forehead wide ; the eyes large and full,
dark, with a crimson canthus ; the neck maned with a
dense and rough mane ; the tail descending below the
hough, entirely covered with dark, long hair, appearing
woolly ; the carcass short, and the legs high and clumsy ;
but the most remarkable character appears to consist in
pendulous ears, nearly as long as the head. The mane
and tail are dark ; the head, neck, body, and limbs dark
brown, excepting the pastern joints, which are white ;
this figure cannot be referred to a known species, and is
sufficiently curious to merit an engraving/'

Swainson says that this animal only occurs in the
interior of Western Africa ; but he does not mention on
what authority.

As the exploration of the interior of Africa is becoming
an object of increasing importance and interest, we may
expect, before long, to be furnished with some authentic
details of the Pegasse, if such an animal really exist.

Occipital View of Horns of Bos Coffer, from a Specimen in the Zoological Society's Museum.

THE (1AUR.

97

THE GAUR, OR GOUR.

Bos Gaurus.

The above representation of this animal was sketched
from a stuffed specimen in the British Museum, the
dimensions of which are given on p. 102.

The following interesting particulars are taken from
Mr. T. S. TrailPs paper on the Gour, in the ' Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal/ October, 1824.

" The Gaur is considered by the Indians as of a species
totally distinct from either the Arna or the common
Buffalo. The only animal with which it appears to have
affinity is the Gayal, or Bos Gavaeus, described by
Mr. Colebrook, in the ( Asiatic Researches/ vol. viii.
That animal is said to exist, both wild and domestic, in

7

98 THE OX TRIBE.

the hilly countries of Tipper India, and to have a high
dorsal ridge, somewhat similar to what we shall imme-
diately find in the Gaur; but the very different form of
its head, the presence of a distinct dewlap, and the general
habit of the Gayal, appear sufficient to distinguish it from
the Gaur.

The Gaur occurs in several mountainous parts of
central India, but is chiefly found in Myn Pat, or Mine
Paut, (Pat or Paut, in Hindostanee, signifies table-land,) a
high, insulated mountain, with a tabular summit, in the
province of Sergojah, in South Bahar.

This table-land is about 36 miles in length, by 24 or
25 in medial breadth, and rises above the neighbouring
plains probably 2000 feet. The sides of the mountain
slope with considerable steepness, and are furrowed by
streams that water narrow valleys, the verdant banks of
which are the favorite haunts of Gaurs. On being dis-
turbed, they retreat into the thick jungles (of saul-trees),
which cover the sides of the whole range. The south-
east side of the mountain presents an extensive mural
precipice from 20 to 40 feet high. The rugged slopes at
its foot are covered by impenetrable green jungle, and
abound with dens formed of fallen blocks of rock, the
suitable retreats of Tigers, Bears, and Hyaenas. The
western slopes are less rugged, but the soil is parched,
and the forests seem withered by excess of heat. The
summit of the mountain presents a mixture of open lawns
and woods. There were once twenty-five villages on Myn
Pat, but they have long been deserted, on account of the
number and ferocity of the beasts of prey. On this
mountain, however, the Gaur maintains his seat. The
Indians assert that even the Tiger has no chance in combat

THE GAUR. 99

with the full-grown Gaur, though he may occasionally
succeed in carrying off an unprotected calf. The wild
Buffalo abounds in the plains below the mountains; but
he so much dreads the Gaur, according to the natives,
that he rarely attempts to invade his haunts. The forests
which shield the Gaur abound, however, in Hog- deer,
Saumurs, and Porcupines.

The size of the Gaur is its most striking peculiarity.
The following measurement of one not fully grown will
show the enormous bulk of the animal : —

Ft. In.

Height from the hoof to the withers . . 5 llf
Length from nose to end of tail . . . 11 llf

The form of the Gaur is not so lengthened as that of
the Arna. Its back is strongly arched, so as to form a
pretty uniform curve from the nose to the origin of the
tail, when the animal stands still. This appearance is
partly owing to the curved form of the nose and forehead,
and still more to a remarkable ridge, of no great thick-
ness, which rises six or seven inches above the general
line of the back, from the last of the cervical to beyond
the middle of the dorsal vertebrae, from which it gradually
is lost in the outline of the back. This peculiarity pro-
ceeds from an unusual elongation of the spinous processes
of the dorsal column. It is very conspicuous in the
Gaurs of all ages, although loaded with fat ; and has no
resemblance to the hunch which is found on some of the
domestic cattle of India. It bears some resemblance,
certainly, to the ridge described as existing in the Gayal ;
but the Gaur is said to be distinguished from that animal
by the remarkable peculiarity of a total want of a dewlap.
Neither the male nor female Gaur, at any age, has the

100 THE OX TRIBE.

slightest trace of this appendage, which is found on every
other known animal of this genus.

The colour of the Gaur is a very deep brownish black,
almost approaching to blueish black, except a tuft of curling
dirty white hair between the horns, and rings of the same
colour just above the hoof. The hair over the skin is
extremely short and sleek, and has somewhat of the oily
appearance of a fresh seal-skin.

The character of the head differs little from that of the
domestic Bull, excepting that the outline of the face is
more curved — the os-frontis more solid and projecting.
The horns are short, thick at the base, considerably curved
towards the tip, slightly compressed on one side, and in
the natural state are rough. They are, however, capable
of a good polish, when they are of a horn gray colour,
with black solid tips. A pair in my possession measure
one foot eleven inches along their convex sides; one foot
from the centre of the base to the tip, in a straight line ;
and one foot in their widest circumference; but as they
are cut and polished, a portion of their length and thick-
ness has been lost. They are of a very dense substance,
as their weight indicates, for even in their dressed state
the pair weigh 51bs. lloz. avoirdupois.

THK GAUR. 101

The limbs of the Gaur have more of the form of the
deer than any other of the bovine genus. This is particu-
larly observable in the acuteness of the angle formed by
the tibia and tarsus, and in the slenderness of the lower
part of the legs. They give the idea, however, of great
strength combined with fleetness ; and the animal is
observed to canter with great velocity. The form of the
hoof, too, is longer, neater, and stronger than in the ox,
and the whole foot appears to have greater flexibility.

When wounded the Gaur utters a short bellow, which
may be best imitated by the syllable — ugh-ugh.

It is said that the Gaur will not live in a state of
captivity; even when taken very young, the calf soon
droops and dies. The bull-calf of the first year is called,
by the natives, Purorah ; the female, Pareeah ; and when
full-grown the cow is called Gourin.

Gaurs associate in herds consisting usually of from ten
to twenty animals. So numerous are they on Myn Pat,
that, in one day hunting, the party computed that not
less than eighty had passed through the station occupied
by the sportsmen.

The Gaurs browse on the leaves and tender shoots of
trees and shrubs, and also graze on the banks of the
streams. During the cold season they remain concealed
in the saul forests, but in hot weather come out to feed in
the green vallies and lawns, which occur on the mountain
of Myn Pat. They show no disposition to wallow in mire
or swamps, like the Buffalo; a habit, indeed, which the
sleekness of their skins renders not at all probable.

The period of gestation is said to be twelve months,
and they bring forth usually in August."

To the preceding observations of Dr. Traill, I have to

102 THE OX TRIBE.

add the important fact (which of itself will be sufficient
to constitute a specific difference between the Gaur and
the Gayal), namely, that in the skeleton of the Gaur there
are only thirteen pairs of ribs, whilst the skeleton of the
Gayal possesses fourteen pairs. This fact I have ascer-
tained from an examination of both the skeletons ; that
of the Gaur in the museum of the Zoological Society, and
that of the Gayal, in the possession of Mr. Bartlett,
Russell Street, Covent Garden. (See p. 68.)

The skeleton of the Gaur just refered to, strikingly
confirms Dr. Traill's account of the elevated dorsal ridge
of this animal ; several of the dorsal vertebrae measuring,
with their spinous processes, upwards of seventeen inches
each, the longest being twenty inches and a half.

The Gaur, from which this skeleton was taken, was
killed at Nicecond, November 8, 1843.

There is another fine specimen of the skull and horns
of the Gaur, in the Museum of the Zoological Society,
taken from an animal killed by Lieut. Nelson, on the
Neilsburry Hills, Salem district. This animal measured
nineteen hands and half an inch at the shoulder.

Dimensions of the Figure in the British Museum : —

Ft. In.
Length from nose to insertion of tail, measuring

over the forehead and along the back .11 0
Height at the highest part of the dorsal ridge 5 7£
Height at the croup . . . . . .54

Length of the tail 31

In Mr. D. Johnson's Sketches, the Gaur is described
as a kind of wild bullock, of prodigious size, residing in
the Ramghur district, not well known to Europeans.
Mr. Johnson says : " I have never obtained a sight of them,

THE GAUR. 103

but have often seen the print of their feet, the -impression
of one of them covering as large a space as a common
china plate. According to the account I received from a
number of persons they are much larger than the largest
of our oxen; light brown colour, with short horns, and
inhabit the thickest covers. They keep together in herds,
and a herd of them is always near the Luggo-hill; they
are also in the heavy jungles between Hamghur and
Nagpoor. I saw the skin of one that had been killed by
Rajah Futty Narrain; its exact size I do not recollect,
but I well remember that it astonished me, having never
seen the skin of any animal so large. Some gentlemen
at Chittrah have tried all in their power to procure a calf
without success. The Shecarries and villagers are so much
afraid of these animals, that they cannot be prevailed on to
go near them, or to endeavour to catch any of their young.
It is a prevailing opinion in the country, that if they are
in the least molested, they will attack the persons dis-
turbing them, and never quit them until they are
destroyed ; and should they get into a tree, they will remain
near it for many days."

The word Gau, or Ghoo, as it is sometimes spelled by
European writers, appears to be used both as a generic
and specific term, in Persia and Hindostan; and as it has
the same meaning, and nearly the same sound, as the
German word Kuh, and the English Cow, it is highly
probable that its origin is the same. As the word ur, in
Hindostan, appears to have the meaning of wild, or savage,
the name Gaur, or Gau-ur, literally signifies the wild cow.
Should the prefix aur, in the German word Aurochs, be
merely a form, or different mode of spelling the prefix ur,
then the name Aurochs would be precisely synonymous

104

THE OX TRIBE.

with the Hiiidostanee Gau-ur. That aur is, in this in-
stance, merely a different spelling of the prefix ur, would
appear to be corroborated by the circumstance that the
term Urus is the latinized form of the German Aurochs. —
From a MS. Note by Mr. W. A. Chatto.

Head of Gaur, from the staffed Specimen in the British Museum.

THE ARNEE.

105

THE ARNEE, OR ARNA.

It does not appear, that the Arnee had been noticed by
Europeans until the year 1792, when the following de-
tailed account appeared in a weekly Miscellany, called
1 The Bee,' conducted by Dr. J. Anderson.

This animal is hitherto unknown among the naturalists
of Europe. It is a native of the higher parts of Hindostan,
being scarcely ever found lower down than the Plains of
Plassy, above which they are found in considerable num-
bers, and are well known by the natives.

106 THE OX TRIBE.

The figure, which is given at the end of this article, is
copied from a curious Indian painting, in the possession
of Gilbert Innes, of Stow. It forms one of a numerous
group of figures, represented at a grand Eastern festival.
There are two more of them in the same painting. In
this and both the others, the horns bend inwards in a
circular form ; and it would seem, too, that if a transverse
section of the horn was made at any place, that also would
be circular. But this is a defect in the painting, for
although all the horns of the Arnee tribe bend in a cir-
cular form, yet if the horn be cut transversely, the section
is not circular, but rather of a triangular shape. The
horns of the Arnee rise in a curve upwards, nearly in the
same plane with the forehead, neither bending forward
nor backward. That part of the horn which fronts you
when the animal looks you in the face, is nearly flat,
having a ridge projecting a little forward all along, nearer
the outer curvature of the horn ; from that ridge outward
it goes backward, not at right angles, but bending a little
outward ; and near the back part there is another obtuse
rounded ridge, where it turns inward, so as to join another
obtuse, rounded angle, at the inner curvature of the horn.
Along the whole length, especially toward the base of the
horn, there are irregular transverse dimples, or hollows
and rugosities, more nearly resembling those of a ram,
than that of a common ox's horn, but no appearance of
rings, denoting the age of the animal, as in the horns of
our cattle.

This description of the horns is taken from a pair
of real horns of the animal, now in the possession of
Mr. James Haig, merchant in Leith, that were sent home
to him this year (1792) by his brother, Mr. W. Haig, of

THE ARNEE. 107

the ' Hawkesbury* East-Indiaman, and of which the follow-
ing cut represents a front view. The little figure marked a,
represents a section of the horn near its base.

(1). — Horns of young Arnee — Scale of Hall' an loch to a Foot.

In this young specimen (1) the length of the skull is
exactly two feet, and the distance between the tops of
the horns thirty-five inches. In the following sketch (2)
from the Museum of the College of Surgeons, the
length of the skull is likewise two feet, and the distance
between the tips of the horns three feet four inches and
a half.

The young animal just referred to, was found in a
situation near which no other animal of this sort had ever
before been discovered : it was killed by the crew of the
' Hawkesbury/ in the river Ganges, about fifty miles below
Calcutta, at the place where the ships usually lie.

The flesh was eaten by the ship's company, by whom it
was considered very good meat. Although conjectured
to be only two years old, it weighed, when cut up, 360 Ibs.
the quarter, which is 1440 Ibs. the carcase, exclusive of
head, legs, hide, and entrails.

108

THE OX TRIBK.

(2). — Horns of Arnee. — Scale of Half an Inch to a Foot.

(3). — Horns of Arnee. — Scale of Half an Inch to a Foot.

THE ARNEE. 109

This last sketch (3) is from a pair of horns in the
British Museum, of which the following are the
dimensions : —

Ft. In.

The horn a, from tip to base, along the outer curve 6 6
The horn b ditto ditto 6 3

Circumference at the base of horn a . .15

Ditto ditto of horn b . . .16*

The Arnee is by far the largest animal of the Ox tribe
yet known. In its native country it is said to measure
usually twelve, sometimes fourteen, feet from the ground
to the highest part of the back ! The one in the vignette,
p. Ill, comparing it with the man on its back, would
not seem to be quite so tall.

From the appearance of the three Arnees in the painting
before mentioned, it would seem that they are quite
docile, and easily tamed ; for they are all standing quietly,
with a person on their back, who guides them by means
of a rein, formed of a cord fastened to the gristle of the
nose, in the Eastern manner. The colour of the animal,
in all the three figures, is a pure black, except between
the horns, where there is a small tuft of longish hair of a
bright red colour.

From the accounts of more recent travellers, there seem
to be two or three varieties of this animal, which exist,
both in a wild and domestic state, in China as well as
India.

According to Major Smith, the gigantic or Taur-
elephant Arnee, appears to be rare; found only single,
or in small families, in the upper eastern provinces and

* In Shaw's ' Zoology,' it is mentioned that a Mr. Dillon saw some
horns in India which were ten feet long.

110 THE OX TRIBE.

forests at the foot of the Himalaya. A party of officers
of the British Cavalry, stationed in the north of Bengal,
went on a three months' hunting expedition to the east-
ward, and destroyed in that time forty-two Tigers, and
numerous wild Buffaloes, but only one Arnee. When
the head of this specimen rested perpendicularly on the
ground, it required the out-stretched arms of a man to
hold the points of the horns. These are described as
angular, with the broadest side to the rear ; the two
others anterior and inferior ; they are of a brownish colour,
and wrinkled ; standing outwards, and not bent back ;
straight for near two thirds of their length, then curving
inwards, with the tips rather back. The face is nearly
straight, and the breadth of the forehead is carried down
with little diminution to the foremost grinder.

There is a spirited figure of a long-horned Buffalo in
Captain Williamson's ' Oriental Field Sports/ which Major
Smith considers to be a representation of the great Arnee;
and of which Captain Williamson relates the following
anecdote : —

"The late Dr. Baillie, who was a very keen and capable
sportsman, used, in my idea, to run many very foolish
risks among Buffaloes. I often remonstrated with him on
his temerity, but he was so infatuated, that it was all to
no purpose. One morning, as we were riding on the same
elephant to the hunting-ground, to save our horses as much
as possible, we saw a very large Buffalo lying on the grass,
which was rather short and thin; as usual, the doctor
would have a touch at him, and, heedless of my expostu-
lation, dismounted with his gun. The Buffalo, seeing him
approach, rose and shook his head as a prelude to imme-
diate hostilities. My friend fired, and hit him on the side.

THE ARNEE. 11]

The enraged brute came thundering at the doctor, who
lost no time in running round to the opposite side of the
elephant; the mohout, at the same time, pushed forward,
to meet and screen him from the Buffalo, which absolutely
put his horns under the elephant's belly, and endeavoured
to raise him from the ground. We had no other gun,
and might, perhaps, have felt some more severe effects
from the doctor's frolic, had not the Buffalo, from loss of
blood, dropped at our side. The Buffalo was upwards of
six feet high at the shoulder, and measured nearly a yard
in breadth at the chest. His horns were above five feet
and a half in length."

In systems of classification, even of very recent date,
the Arnee is considered merely as a variety of the Buffalo.
It appears to me, however, that our information on the
subject is not yet sufficiently precise to determine this
point.

112

THE OX TRIBE.

THE ZAMOUSE, OR BUSH COW.
Bos Brackyceros.

[The following extract, from the 'Annals of Nat. Hist./
vol. ii, p. 284, is from the pen of Mr. J. E. Gray.]

" Captain Clapperton and Colonel Denham, when they
returned from their expedition in Northern and Central
Africa, brought with them two heads of a species of Ox,
covered with their skins. These heads are the specimens
which are mentioned in Messrs. Children and Vigors'
accounts of the animals collected in the expedition, as

THE ZAMOUSE, OR BUSH COW. 113

belonging to the Buffalo, Bos Bubalus, and they are stated
to be called Zamouse by the natives ; but, as no particular
locality is given for the head, this name is probably the
one applied to the common Buffalo, which is found in most
parts of North Africa.

" Having some years ago compared these heads with the
skull of the common Buffalo, .Bos Bubalus, and satisfied
myself, from the difference in the form and position of the
horns, that they were a distinct species, in the ' Mag. of
Nat. Hist./ for 1837 (new series, vol. i, p. 589), I indicated
them as a new species, under the name of Bos Brachyceros.

" In the course of this summer (1838), Mr. Cross, of the
Surrey Zoological Gardens, received from Sierra Leone,
under the name of the Bush Cow, a specimen which serves
more fully to establish the species. It differs from the
Buffalo and all other oxen in several important characters,
especially in the large size and particular bearding of the
ears, and in being totally deficient in any dewlap. It also
differs from the Buffalo in its forehead, being flatter and
quite destitute of the convex form which is so striking in
all the varieties of that animal.

" Mr. Cross's cow is, like the head in the Museum, of a
nearly uniform pale chesnut colour. The hair is rather
scattered, and nearly perpendicular to the surface of the
body. The legs, about the knees and hocks, are rather
darker. The ears are very large, with two rows of very
long hairs on the inner side, and a tuft of long hairs at the
tips. The body is short and barrel-shaped, and the tail
reaches to the hocks, rather thin and tapering, with a
tuft of long hairs at the tip. The chest is rounded and
rather dependent, but without the least appearance of a
dewlap ; and the horns nearly resemble those of the

114

THE OX TRIBE.

Museum specimen, but are less developed, from the sex
and evidently greater youth of the animal. The Rev.
Mr. Morgan informs me that the animal is not rare in
the bush near Sierra Leone.

"I have added a slight sketch of Mr. Cross's animal,
which I hope will enable any person to distinguish this
very distinct and interesting addition to the species of
this useful genus."

The engraving at the head of this article is a reduced
copy of Mr. Gray's figure just alluded to. The following
representation of the head is from a specimen in the
British Museum.

THE MUSK OX.

115

ir-MSEY

THE MUSK OX.

Bos Moschatits.

The Musk-ox, in its external appearance, more nearly
resembles the Yak of Thibet than any other member of
the Bos genus ; and they both inhabit mountainous
districts near regions of perpetual snow.

The horns of the Musk Bull are remarkably broad at
their bases, which are closely united ; they bend down on
each side of the head, with an outward curve turning
upwards towards their ends, which taper to a sharp point.
They are two feet long measured along the curvature, and
two feet in girth at the base ; the weight of a pair of these

116 THE OX TRIBE.

horns is sometimes sixty pounds. The broad base of the
horn is hollow on the inside, and of a form approaching
to a square ; when this is separated from the head and the
other part of the horn, it forms a convenient dish, which
is very generally used by the native Esquimaux for many
domestic purposes.

The horns of the cow are nine inches distant from each
other at the base, and are placed exactly on the sides of
the head; they are thirteen inches long, and eight or
nine inches round at the base.

The head and the body generally is covered with very
long silky hairs of a dark colour; some of which are
seventeen inches long ; on the middle of the back (which
is broad and flat), the hair is lighter and not so long.
Beneath the long hairs, in all parts, there is a thick coat
of cinereous wool of exquisite fineness. M. Jeramie
brought some to France, of which stockings were made
more beautiful than silk.

The tail is only three inches long, and completely
covered with very long hairs, so as to be undistinguishable
to the sight. Of this tail, the Esquimaux of the north-
west side of Hudson's Bay, make a cap of a most
horrible appearance, for the hairs fall all round their
heads, and cover their faces ; yet it is of singular service
in keeping off the musquitoes, which would otherwise be
intolerable.

The ears are only three inches long, quite erect, and
sharp pointed, but dilate much in the middle ; they are
thickly lined with hair of a dusky colour, marked with a
stripe of white.

The frog in the hoof is soft, partially covered with hair,
and transversely ribbed. The following sketch represents

THE MUSK OX. 117

the under surface of the foot of the Musk-ox, the external
hoof being rounded, the internal pointed.

The foot-marks of the Musk-ox and those of the rein-
deer are so much alike, that it requires the eye of an
experienced hunter to distinguish them. The mark of
the Musk-ox's hoof, however, is a little narrower.

The food of the Musk-ox is the same with that of the
rein-deer — lichens and grass ; and sometimes twigs and
shoots of willow, birch, and pine.

At present this animal is not found in a lower latitude
than 66°; but formerly they came much further to the
south ; and their flesh used to be brought by the natives
to Fort Churchill in latitude 58°. It would appear that
they are retiring northward, probably owing to the alarm
created by the attacks made upon them by firearms. It
is worthy of remark, that the American Bison has also
retreated considerably to the north. According to Dr.
Richardson, the Musk-ox inhabits the North Georgian
Islands in the summer months. They arrive in Melville
Island in the middle of May, crossing the ice from the
southward, and quit it on their return towards the end of
September.

The Musk-oxen, like the Bison, herd together in bands,
and generally frequent barren grounds during the summer

118 THE OX TRIBE.

months, keeping near the rivers ; but retire to the woods
in winter. They seem to be less watchful than most other
wild animals; and when feeding are not difficult of ap-
proach, provided the hunters go against the wind. When
two or three men get so near a herd as to fire at them
from different points, these animals, instead of separating
or running away, huddle closer together, and in this case
they are easily shot down ; but if the wound is not mortal,
they become enraged, and dart in the most furious manner
at the hunters, who must be very dexterous to evade them ;
for, notwithstanding the shortness of their legs, they can
run with great rapidity, and climb hills and rocks, with
great ease. They can defend themselves by their powerful
horns against wolves and bears, which, as the Indians say,
they not unfrequently kill. — (Capt. Franklin's 'Journey to
the Polar Sea/)

They are hunted in their winter retreats by the Esqui-
maux only, the Indian tribes never visiting the barren
grounds at that season.

When the Musk-ox is fat, its flesh is well tasted, and it
is then preferred by the Copper Indians to the rein- deer.
The flesh of bulls is high-flavoured ; but both bulls and
cows smell strongly of musk, their flesh at the same time
being very dark and tough. The contents of the paunch,
and other intestinal parts, are relished as much by the
Indian as the similar parts of the rein- deer. — (Appendix
to Capt. Parry's ' Second Voyage.')

The weight of the bulls killed during Capt. Parry's
Second Voyage was, on an average about 700 Ibs., yielding
about 400 Ibs. of meat. Their height, at the withers, was
about ten hands and a half.

They were observed by Capt. Franklin's party to rut

THE MUSK OX.

119

in the end of August and beginning of September; and
Hearne says, that they bring forth one calf in the latter
end of May, or beginning of June; thus the period of
gestation is about nine months.

The figure at the beginning of this article, as well as
the following cut of the head, are from the beautiful
specimen of the Musk Ox, in the British Museum.

Head of Musk Ox.

120 THE OX TRIBE.

THE SANGA, OR GALLA OX.

tispiece). Bos ?

This singular animal is only found in Abyssinia, and is
famous on account of its horns, which are of an almost
incredible size.

Bruce the traveller, in speaking of these horns, says,
" The animal furnishing these monstrous horns is a cow
or bull which would be considered of a middling size in
England. This extraordinary size of its horns proceeds
from a disease that the cattle have in these countries, of
which they die, and is probably derived from their pasture
and climate. When the animal shows symptoms of this
disorder, he is set apart in the very best and quietest
grazing place, and never driven or molested from that
moment. His value lies then in his horns, for his body
becomes emaciated and lank, in proportion as the horns
grow large; at the last period of his life, the weight of
his head is so great that he is unable to lift it up, or at
least for any space of time. The joints of his neck become
callous at last, so that it is not any longer in his power
to lift his head. In this situation he dies, with scarcely
flesh to cover his bones, and it is then his horns are of the
greatest value. I have seen horns that would contain as
much as a common sized water-pail, such as they make
use of in the houses in England."*1

* Jerom Lobo, in his account of Abyssinia, mentions that some of the
horns of the Buffaloes of that country will hold ten quarts.

THE SANGA, OR GALLA OX. 121

So far Mr. Bruce. Mr. Salt, who visited Abyssinia
some years afterwards, gives a somewhat different account.
He says : " Here [i. e. at Gibba], for the first time, I was
gratified by the sight of the Galla Oxen, or Sanga, cele-
brated throughout Abyssinia for the remarkable size of its
horns. Three of these animals were grazing among the
other cattle in perfect health, which circumstance, together
with the testimony of the natives, ' that the size of the
horns is in no instance occasioned by disease/ completely
refutes the fanciful theory given by Mr. Bruce respecting
this creature. It appears by the papers annexed to the
last edition of Mr. Bruce' s work, that he never met with
the Sanga; but that he made many attempts to procure
specimens of the horns, through Yanni, a Greek, residing
at Adowa. This old man very correctly speaks of them*
in his letters, as being only brought by the Cafilas from
Antalo ; and I have now ascertained that they are sent to
this country as valuable presents, by the chiefs of the
Galla, whose tribes are spread to the southward of Enderta.
So far, then, as to the description of the horns, and the
purposes to which they are applied by the Abyssinians,
Mr. Bruce' s statements may be considered as correct ; but
with respect to 'the disease which occasions their size,
probably derived from their pasture and climate/ ' the care
taken of them to encourage this disease/ ' the emaciation
of the animal/ and ' the extending of the disorder to the
spine of the neck, which at last becomes callous, so that
it is not any longer in the power of the animal to lift its
head/ they all prove to be mere ingenious conjectures,
thrown out by the author solely for the exercise of his
own ingenuity.

" I should not venture to speak so positively upon this

122 THE OX TRIBE.

matter, had I not indisputably ascertained the facts ; for
the Has having subsequently made me a present of three
of these animals alive, I found them not only in excellent
health, but so exceedingly wild, that I was obliged to have
them shot. The horns of one of these are now deposited
in the Museum of the Surgeons' College, and a still larger
pair are placed in the collection of Lord Valentia, at
Arley Hall. The length of the largest horn of this de-
scription was nearly four feet, and its circumference at the
base twenty-one inches.

" It might have been expected that the animal, carrying
horns of so extraordinary a magnitude, would have proved
larger than others belonging to the same genus; but in
every instance which came under my observation, this was
by no means the case. The etching on the following page,
which was copied from an original sketch (taken from the
life), may serve to convince the reader of this fact ; and it
will convey a better idea of the animal than any description
in writing I can pretend to give. I shall only further
observe, that its colour appeared to vary as much as in the
other species of its genus, and that the peculiarity of the
size of the horns was not confined to the male, the female
being very amply provided with this ornamental appendage
to her forehead."

Notwithstanding the bold and confident tone of Mr.
Salt's counter-statement, it must be confessed, that the
figure which he himself gives from the life (and of which
the frontispiece to this volume is an exact copy), seems
rather to coincide with Mr. Bruce's account, being, to all
appearance, both "lank and emaciated."

THE SANGA, OR GALLA OX.

123

Engraving of the horns presented by Mr. Salt to the
Museum of the College of Surgeons.

Horns of Galla Ox.

Length of each round the outer curve
Distance between the tips . . .
Circumference at the base .
Distance between the bases at the forehead

Ft. In.

3 lOJ
3 4
1 3
0 3£

The Sanga is usually considered as a mere variety of
Bos Taurus. This may possibly be the fact ; but we have
no proof whatever that it is so : no information on this
point has been presented beyond mere conjecture. This
being the case, and in the absence of direct anatomical
evidence, we may be pardoned in considering it, at least,
as doubtful; especially as there are so many points of
external dissimilarity. The principal differences are: 1st,
in the shoulder, upon which there is a hump ; 2d, in the

124

THE OX TRIBE.

back, which descends (as in the Buffaloes and Zebus),
-abruptly towards the tail ; 3d, in the greater length of the
legs ; and 4th, in the forehead, which is only three inches
and a half between the bases of the horns, whilst in the
Common Ox it is nine inches.

The horns represented in the following sketch, are
those of the Hungarian Ox (a variety of Bos Taurus),
and are almost as remarkable for their length and ex-
pansion as those of the Abyssinian Sanga. The length
of each horn is three feet four inches and a half, and the
distance between the tips is five feet one inch. The
sketch is from a specimen in the British Museum.

INDIAN DOMESTIC CATTLE.

125

INDIAN DOMESTIC CATTLE.

Bos ?

THE ZEBU, OR BRAHMIN OX. (Far. a.)

The opinions expressed in the following extract from
Mr. Bennett's description of the Indian Ox (Gardens and
Menag. of the Zool. Soc.), may be taken as a correct
exposition of the views of naturalists generally on the
subject : —

" There can be little doubt that the Zebu, or Indian Ox,
is merely a variety of the Common Ox, although it is
difficult to ascertain the causes by which the distinctive
characters of the two races have been in the process of

126 THE OX TRIBE.

time gradually produced. But whatever the causes may
have been, their effects rapidly disappear by the inter-
mixture of the breeds, and are entirely lost at the end of
a few generations. This intermixture and its results
would alone furnish a sufficient proof of identity of origin;
which, consequently, scarcely requires the confirmation to
be derived from the perfect agreement of their internal
structure, and of all the more essential particulars of their
external confirmation. These, however, are not wanting;
not only is their anatomical structure the same, but the
form of their heads, which affords the only certain means
of distinguishing the actual species of this genus from each
other, presents no difference whatever. In both the fore-
head is flat, or more properly slightly depressed; nearly
square in its outline, its height being equal to its breadth ;
and bounded above by a prominent line, forming an
angular protuberance, passing directly across the skull
between the bases of the horns. The only circumstances
in fact in which the two animals differ, consists in the
fatty hump on the shoulders of the Zebu, and in the some-
what more slender and delicate make of its legs."

In a scientific work, it is not sufficient for the author
merely to make an assertion ; it is not even sufficient for
him to say that he has made an experiment or observation,
and merely give the result ; he should, in every case where
it is practicable, describe the nature of his experiment, —
the when, the where, the how ; — and the means and
opportunity he had of making his observations, that the
curious or sceptical inquirer may be enabled to perform
the experiment, or make the observation for himself.

Mr. Bennett tells us, that the differences observable in
the Indian Ox and the Common Ox "rapidly disappear

THE ZEBU. 127

by the intermixture of the breeds, and are entirely lost at
the end of a few generations ;" but he does not refer to a
single instance of this, authentic or otherwise ; nor are we
aware that any such instance ever occurred.

Again, he states that " their anatomical structure is the
same ;" but he does not inform us when, or where, or how,
the comparison was made which enabled him to arrive at
that conclusion.

Wishing to satisfy myself, as far as possible, on this
point, I have examined the skeleton both of the British
Domestic Ox and the Zebu ; and the following is the result
of that examination : —

NUMBER OF VERTEBBJE.

Cerv. Dors. Lumb. Sac. Caud. Total.

In the Zebu . .7 13 6 4 18 = 48
In the Common Ox . 7 13 6 5 21 = 52

The skeletons may still be seen in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons.

Furthermore, the period of gestation of the Brahmin
Cow (according to the MS. records of the Zoological
Society), is 300 days, while that of the Common Cow is
only 270 days.

Whether the differences here pointed out are sufficient
to constitute specific distinction, is left for the umpires to
decide.

128

THE OX TRIBE.

THE ZEBU. (Far. /3.)

These Indian Cattle are extremely gentle, and admirably
adapted to harness. Some of the eastern princes attach
them to their artillery; but generally they employ the
finest to draw their light carriages, which in form are very
similar to those of the ancients. In mountainous countries,
they have them shod. Their pace is a kind of amble, and
they are able to sustain a journey of about twenty leagues
a day. Guided by a cord which passes through the nasal
cartilage, they obey the hand with as much precision as
a horse.

In the same provinces are seen a race of dwarf Bisons,
which are scarcely as tall as our calves of two months old,
generally described under the name of Ttebu. They are
lively, well proportioned, and trained to be mounted by
children, or to draw a light car. In both cases their

THE ZEBU. 129

pace is a sort of amble, the same as that of the larger
species.

Zebus ( Far. y) and Car.

The curious Hindoo customs in relation to this animal
have been recorded by almost every traveller.

Neither the horse, the sheep, nor the goat, have any
peculiar sanctity annexed to them by the Braminical
superstition ; it is otherwise with the cow, which in India
is everywhere regarded with veneration, and is an object
of peculiar worship. Representations of objects are made
upon the walls with cow-dung, and these enter deeply into
their routine of daily observances. The same materials
are also dried, and used as fuel for dressing their victuals ;
for this purpose the women collect it, and bake it into
cakes, which are placed in a position where they soon
become dry and fit for use. The sacred character of the
cow probably gives this fuel a preference to every other in
the imagination of a Hindoo, for it is used in Calcutta,
where wood is in abundance.

On certain occasions it is customary for the Hindoos to
consecrate a bull as an offering to their deities ; particular

130 THE OX TRIBE.

ceremonies are then performed, and a mark is impressed
upon the animal, expressive of his future condition to all
the inhabitants. No consideration will induce the pious
Bengalee to hurt or even control one of these consecrated
animals. You may see them every day roaming at large
through the streets of Calcutta, and tasting rice, grain, or
flour in the Bazar, according to their pleasure. The
utmost a native will do, when he observes the animal doing
too much honour to his goods, is to urge him, by the
gentlest hints, to taste of the vegetables or grain of his
neighbour's stall. — (Tennant's 'Indian Recreations.3}

One of the doctrines of the Brahmins is to believe
that kine have in them somewhat of sacred and divine ;
that happy is the man who can be sprinkled over with the
ashes of a cow, burnt by the hand of a Brahmin; but
thrice happy is he who, in dying, lays hold of a cow's tail
and expires with it between his hands ; for thus assisted,
the soul departs out of the body purified, and sometimes
returns into the body of a cow. That such a favour,
notwithstanding, is not conferred but on heroic souls, who
contemn life, and die generously, either by casting them-
selves headlong from a precipice, or leaping into a kindled
pile, or throwing themselves under the holy chariot wheels,
to be crushed to death by the Pagods, when they are
carried in triumph about the town. — (Life of St. Francis
Xavier, translated by Dry den, 1688.)

AFRICAN AND OTHER VARIETIES.

In Shaw's Zoology, the following species or varieties
are noticed : —

LOOSE-HORNED OX.

This is said to be found in Abyssinia and in Madagascar,

VARIETIES. 131

and is distinguished by pendulous ears, and horns attached
only to the skin, so as to hang down on each side !

THE BOURY.

Of the size of a camel, and of a snowy whiteness, with a
protuberance on the back, is a native of Madagascar and
some other islands.

THE TINIAN OX.

Of a white colour, with black ears. Inhabits the island
of Tinian.

Bewick mentions that in Persia there are many oxen
entirely white, with small blunt horns and humps on their
backs. They are very strong, and carry heavy burdens.
When about to be loaded, they drop down on their knees
like the Camel, and rise again when their burdens are
properly fastened.

THE BORNOU OX,

which Col. Smith considers a distinct species, is likewise
white, of a very large size, with hunched back, and
very large horns, which are couched outwards and down-
wards, like those of the African Buffalo, with the tip
forming a small half-spiral revolution. The corneous
external coat is very soft, distinctly fibrous, and at the
base not much thicker than a human nail ; the osseous
core full of vascular grooves, and inside very cellular, the
pair scarcely weighing four pounds. The skin passes
insensibly to the horny state, so that there is no exact
demarcation where the one commences or the other ends.
The dimension of a horn are : — length measured on the

132

THE OX TRIBE.

curve, three feet seven inches ; circumference at base, two
feet ; circumference midway, one foot six inches ; circum-
ference two thirds up the horn, one foot ; length in a
straight line, from base to tip, one foot five inches and a
half. The species has a small neck, and is the common
domestic breed of Bornou, where the Buffalo is said to have
small horns.

Leguat, in his ' Voyages in 1 720, ' states that the oxen
are of three sorts at the Cape of Good Hope, all of a large
size, and very active; some have a hump on the back,
others have the horns long and pendent, while others have
them turned up and well shaped, as in English cattle.

Zebu.

r. «.)

DOMESTIC OXEN OF THE HOTTENTOTS. 133

THE DOMESTIC OXEN OF THE HOTTENTOTS, CALLED
BACKELEYS, BACKELEYERS, OR BAKELY-OSSE.

Bos ?

The following particulars relating to these Oxen are
taken from the highly interesting work ' The Present State
of the Cape of Good Hope,' by Peter Kolben, who visited
that colony in 1705, and remained there during a period
of eight years.

"The Hottentots have a sort of oxen they call Backeleyers,
or fighting oxen ; they use them in their wars, as some
nations do elephants ; of the taming and farming of which
last creatures upon the like discipline the Hottentots as
yet know nothing. They are of great use to them, too, in
the government of their herds at pasture ; for, upon a
signal from their commanders, they will fetch in stragglers,
and bring the herds within compass. They will likewise
run very furiously at strangers, and therefore are of good
defence against the Buschies, or robbers who steal cattle.
They are the stateliest oxen of the herd : every Kraal has
half-a-dozen of these oxen at the least. When one of
them dies, or grows so old, that, being unfit for business,
his owner kills him, a young one is chosen out of the herd
to succeed him, by an ancient Hottentot, who is judged
best able to discern his capacity for instruction. This
young ox is associated with an old Backeleyer, and taught,
by blows and other means, to follow him. At night they
tie them together by the horns ; and for some part of the
day they fasten them together in the same manner, till at
length, by this and I know not what other means, the

134 THE OX TRIBE.

young ox is fully instructed, and becomes a watchful
guardian of the herds, and an able auxiliary in war.

" The Backeleyers (so called from the Hottentot word
Backeley for war) know every inhabitant of the Kraal they
belong to, men, women, and children, and pay them all
just the same respect that is paid by a dog to every
person who dwells in his master's house. Any of the
inhabitants may, therefore, at any time present themselves
very safely on any side of the herds ; the Backeleyers will
in nowise offend them. But if a stranger, especially a
European, shall approach the herds, without the company
of a Hottentot of the Kraal they belong to, he must look
sharp to himself; for these Backeleyers, which generally
feed at the skirts of the herds, quickly discover him, and
make at him upon a full gallop. And if he is not within
hearing of any of the Hottentots who keep the herds, or
has not a fire-arm, or a light pair of heels, or there is not
a tree at hand which he can immediately climb, he is
certainly demolished. The Backeleyers mind not sticks
or the throwing of stones at them. This is one great
reason why the Europeans always travel the Hottentot
countries with fire-arms. But the first thing a European
does, upon the appearance of such an enemy, is to shout
and call to the Hottentots that look to the herds. The
Hottentot that hears him hastens to his assistance, making
all the way a very shrill whistling through his fingers.
The Backeleyers no sooner hear the whistling of their
keepers, which they very well know, than they stop, turn
about, and return leisurely to the herds.

"But if a European, in such a case, does not (upon his
shouting and calling to the keepers), hear the whistle,
before the Backeleyers come up with him, he discharges

DOMESTIC OXEN OF THE HOTTENTOTS. 135

his fire-arm, — frightened with the report of which, the
Backeleyers run away.

" I have been often run at by the Backeleyers myself.
As soon as I saw them sallying out upon me, I shouted
and called to the keepers. But I could not often make
them hear before the Backeleyers came up with me, when
I have been obliged to discharge my fire-arm (for I always
carried one about with me), upon which they always turned
about and left me.

" In the wars of the Hottentots with one another, these
Backeleyers make very terrible impressions. They gore,
and kick, and trample to death, with incredible fury. Each
army has a drove of them, which they take their opportunity
to turn upon the enemy. And if an army, against which
the Backeleyers are sent, is not alert and upon all its
guard, these creatures quickly force their way through it,
tearing, shattering, and confounding all the troops that
oppose them, and paving for their masters an easy way to
victory. The courage of these creatures is amazing ; and
the discipline upon which they are formed does not a
little honour to the Hottentot genius and dexterity.

" The Hottentots have likewise great numbers of oxen
for carriage. These, too, are very strong and stately
creatures, chosen out of the herds, at about the age of
two years, by old men, well skilled in cattle. When
they have destined an ox to carry burdens, they take and
throw him on his back on the ground ; and fastening
his head and feet with strong ropes to stakes firmly fixed
in the ground, they make a hole with a sharp knife
through his upper lip, between his nostrils. Into this
hole they put a stick, about half an inch thick, and a foot
and a half long, with a hook at top to prevent its falling

136 THE OX TRIBE.

through. By this hooked stick they break him to obedi-
ence and good behaviour ; for if he refuses to be governed,
or to carry the burdens they lay upon him, they fix his
nose by this hooked stick to the ground, and there hold
it till he comes to a better temper.

" It is an exquisite torture to an Ox to be fastened to
the ground by the nose in this manner. He is not,
therefore, long exercised this way, before he gets a notion
of his duty, and becomes tractable. After which, the
very sight alone of the stick, when he is wanton or re-
fractory, will humble and reduce him to the will of his
driver. The terror of this stick, likewise makes the
carriage oxen so attentive to the words of command the
Hottentots use to them, that they quickly conceive and,
ever while they live, afterwards retain the intention of
them. I have a thousand times been surprised at the
ready obedience the carriage oxen have paid to a
Hottentot's bare words. They are as quick at appre-
hending, and as exact in performing the orders of their
driver, as is any taught dog in Europe at conceiving
and accomplishing the orders of his master. The stick
— the terrible stick — makes them all attention and
diligence.

AFRICAN BULL.

AFRICAN BULL.

137

The following notice, which will explain itself, appeared
in London's ' Magazine of Natural History/ for July, 1828.

" Some Account of a particular Variety of Bull (Bos
Taurus), now exhibiting in London. By Mrs. Harvey.

" Sir, — Agreeably to your request, Mr. Harvey has
taken a portrait of this animal ; and as he has made the
drawing on the wood himself, the engraving will be a very
perfect resemblance.* I have, on my part, drawn up the
following particulars, from what my husband told me, and
I shall be happy if they prove of any interest to you or
your readers : —

" This animal belongs to a French woman, who says he
was brought from Africa to Bordeaux when a calf; and,
after having been shown in different parts of the Continent,
was taken to London, and exhibited at the Grand Bazaar
in King's Street, Portman Square, last autumn. He is

* The engraving here given, as well as those of the eyes, hoofs, and
dewlap, have been carefully copied from Mr. Harvey's originals.

138

THE OX TKIBE.

at present five years old, four feet high at the shoulder
and seven feet in length, from the horns to the insertion
of the tail. The length of his face is one foot eight inches,
and the girth round the collar seven feet six inches. His
hair is short and silky, and the colour a cream or yellowish
white, except two black tufts which appear on each foot.
On the back of the neck there is a hump or swelling,
which seems confined to this variety. The general aspect
of the animal is mild and docile ; but, when irritated, his
expression is very remarkable, exhibiting itself principally
in the eye. This, in its ordinary state, is very peculiar,
(fig. 1, a,) rising more than one-half above the orbit, and

Fig. 1. Eyes of African Bull.

bearing a resemblance to a cup and ball, thus enabling the
animal to see on all sides with equal ease. The iris is
naturally of a pale blue colour; but, when the animal is
irritated, it varies from a very pale blue or lilac to a deep
crimson. Its form is also very remarkable, being a small
oval, or rather a parallelogram, with the ends cut off, and
lying transversely across the ball, (fig. 1, 6.)

" The black tufts, mentioned above, are the lateral hoofs
(fig. 2), which the animal sheds annually, and which grow

Fis. 2.

AFRICAN BULL. 139

to the length of five or six inches. They are not shed
together, or at stated periods ; for those of the fore-feet,
(a, b,} in this example, are at present of different ages,
and, consequently, of different lengths ; the difference
between them being exactly that represented in the sketch.

" On the hump or collar, the hair grows much longer
than on the other parts of the body, forming a sort of
curled mane, resembling, I should imagine, that of the
Bison. It is perfectly white, growing to the length of one
foot six inches, and adding greatly to the height of the
rising part behind the horns. At present the hair is only
beginning to grow ; but it will be in full beauty at the
approach of the winter months, and will fall off gradually
again in the early part of the succeeding spring.

" The keeper pointed out to Mr. Harvey, as a remarkable
peculiarity, that the dewlap (fig. 3), in passing between

Fig. 3. Dewlap of African Bull.

the forelegs (a), and under the body (b), seemed to divide
itself into three parts, which they called the three stomachs^
(1, 2, 3,) from their being very much acted on in the
progress of digestion.

I remain, Sir, &c.

M, HARVEY.

140

THE OX TRIBE.

"<-"''- ~=i?5>?'J<-'.5- cfe?~??3

CHILLINGHAM WHITE CATTLE.

Bos Taurus. — Restricted Variety.

Considerable interest has always been connected with
the history of those herds of white cattle which have been
kept secluded, apparently from time immemorial, in the
parks of some of our aristocracy.* It has been, and still is,

* Formerly these cattle were much more numerous, both in England
and Scotland, than they are at present. Scanty herds are still pre-
served at the following places : — Chillingham Park, Northumberland ;
Wollaton, Nottinghamshire ; Gisburne, in Craven, Yorkshire ; Lime-hall,
Cheshire; Chartley, Staffordshire; and Cadzow Forest, at Hamilton,
Lanarkshire.

At Gisburne they are perfectly white, except the inside of their ears,
which are brown.

From Garner's ' Natural History of Staffordshire,' we learn that the

CHILLINGHAM WHITE CATTLE. 141

a matter of lordly pride to their noble owners, that these
cattle are held to be of a distinct and untameable race.

Feeling a full share of the interest attached to them,
and anxious to gain the most accurate and circumstantial
information, I was induced to pay a visit, during the
summer of 1845, to the beautifully wooded and undulating
Park of Chillingham, in which a herd of these cattle is
preserved ; and, although I have not been able to gather
material for a perfect history of these animals, I think it
will not be difficult to show that matters respecting them
have been set forth as facts which are fictions ; and that
from some points of their history which have been cor-
rectly detailed, inferences have been drawn, which are by
no means warranted by the facts.

In endeavouring to point out these errors and false
reasonings, it will be necessary to make quotations from
the old history of the white cattle, in Culley 's ( Observa-
tions on Live Stock/ which has been so often repeated in
works on natural history, and is, moreover, so thoroughly
accredited, that it may now appear something like pre-
sumption to call it in question. To what extent it is
called in question on the present occasion, and the reasons
for so doing, will be seen in the running commentary
which accompanies these quotations.

Culley says : " The Wild Breed, from being untameable,

Wild Ox formerly roamed over Needwood Forest, and in the thirteenth
century, William de Farrarus caused the park of Chartley to be separated
from the forest, and the turf of this extensive enclosure still remains
almost in its primitive state. Here a herd of wild cattle has been pre-
served down to the present day, and they retain their wild characteristics
like those at Chillingham. They are cream-coloured, with black muzzles
and ears ; their fine sharp horns arc also tipped with black. They are
not easily approached, but arc harmless, unless molested.

142 THE OX TRIBE.

can only be kept within walls or good fences ; consequently
very few of them are now to be met with, except in the
parks of some gentlemen, who keep them for ornament,
and as a curiosity: those I have seen are at Chillingham
Castle, in Northumberland, a seat belonging to the Earl
of Tankerville."

The statement of their being untameable is a mere
assertion, founded upon no evidence whatever. But so
far is it from being the fact, that, notwithstanding every
means are used to preserve their wildness, such as allow-
ing them to range in an extensive park — seldom intruding
upon them — hunting and shooting them now and then —
notwithstanding these means are taken to preserve their
wildness, they are even now so far domesticated as volun-
tarily to present themselves every winter, at a place pre-
pared for them, for the purpose of being fed. From
which it may reasonably be concluded, that were they re-
stricted in their pasture, gradually familiarised with the
presence of human beings, and in every other respect
treated as ordinary cattle, they would, in the course of
two or three generations, be equally tame and tractable.

Whilst writing the foregoing I was not aware that any
attempt had been made to domesticate these so-called
untameable oxen ; but on reading an account of these
cattle by Mr. Hindmarsh, of Newcastle- upon-Tyne, (bear-
ing date about 1837,) I find the following paragraph.

" By taking the calves at a very early age, and treating
them gently, the present keeper succeeded in domesticating
an ox and a cow. They became as tame as domestic animals,
and the ox fed as rapidly as a shorthorned steer. He lived
eighteen years, and when at his best was computed at
8 cwt. 14 Ibs. The cow only lived five or six years. She

CHILIJNGHAM WHITE CATTLE. 143

gave little milk, but the quality was rich. She was crossed
by a country bull, but her progeny very closely resembled
herself, being entirely white, excepting the ears, which
were brown, and the legs, which were mottled." These
facts speak for themselves.

Culley, in giving their distinguishing characteristics,
says : " Their colour is invariably of a creamy white ;
muzzle black ; the whole of the inside of the ear, and
about one third of the outside, from the tips downwards,
red; horns white, with black tips, very fine, and bent
upwards ; some of the bulls have a thin upright mane,
about an inch and a half, or two inches long."

That their colour is invariably white is simply owing to
the care that is taken to destroy all the calves that are
born of a different description. It is pretty well known
to the farmers about Chillingham (although pains are
taken to conceal the fact,) that the wild cows in the
park not unfrequently drop calves variously spotted.
With respect to the redness of the ears, this is by no
means an invariable character, many young ones having
been produced without that distinctive mark ; and Bewick
records, that about twenty years before he wrote, there
existed a few in the herd with black ears, but they were
destroyed. So far from the character here given of the
horns being confined to those white cattle, it is precisely
the description of the horns of the Kyloe oxen, or black
cattle. The investiture of some of the bulls with a mane
is equally gratuitous ; Cole, who was park-keeper for more
than forty years, and of course had ample means of ob-
servation, distinctly informed me that they had no mane,
but only some curly hair, about the neck, which is like-
wise an attribute of the Kyloe Oxen.

144 THE OX TRIBE.

Culley goes on to say : " From the nature of their
pasture, and the frequent agitation they are put into by
the curiosity of strangers, it is scarce to be expected that
they should get very fat; yet the six years old oxen are
generally very good beef, from whence it may be fairly
supposed, that in proper situations they would feed
well,"

It would naturally be inferred from this, that the park
in which they are kept is visited by strangers every day,
who are allowed to drive them about, and disturb them
in their feeding and ruminating, as boys hunt geese or
donkeys on a common. This, however, is so far from
being the case, that it frequently happens that the park
is not visited for many weeks in succession, and certainly
on an average it is not visited once a week. What is here
meant by " the nature of their pasture," and " in proper
situations they would feed well/' it is difficult to say.
The fact is, their pasture is both good and extensive, and
they feed as well as animals always do who are left to
themselves with plenty of food.

Their behaviour to strangers is thus described : " At
the first appearance of any person, they set off at full
speed, and gallop a considerable distance, when they make
a wheel round, and come boldly up again, tossing their
heads in a menacing manner ; on a sudden, they make
a full stop, at a distance of forty or fifty yards, looking
wildly at the object of their surprise ; but upon the least
motion being made, they turn round again, and gallop
off with equal speed ; but forming a shorter circle, and,
returning with a bolder and more threatening aspect, they
approach much nearer, when they make another stand,
and again gallop off. This they do several times, shorten-

CHILLINGHAM WHITE CATTLE. 145

ing their distance, and approaching nearer, till they come
within a few yards, when most people think it prudent to
leave them."

In the instance in which I had an opportunity of
witnessing their method of receiving visitors, the fashion
was somewhat different. The park-keeper who accom-
panied me described, as we rode through the park in
quest of them, what would be their mode of procedure on
our approach. This he did from observations so repeatedly
made, as to warrant him in saying that it was their in-
variable mode. It was perfectly simple, and I found it
precisely as he had described it. When we came in sight
of them, they were tranquilly ruminating under a clump
of shady trees, some of the herd standing, others lying.
On their first observing us, those that were lying rose up,
and they all then began to move slowly away, not exactly
to a greater distance from us, but in the direction of a
thickly wooded part of the park, which was as distant on
our left as the herd was on our right. To reach this
wooded part they had to pass over some elevated ground.
They continued to walk at a gradually accelerating pace,
till they gained the most elevated part, when they broke
out into a trot, then into a canter, which at last gave way
to a full gallop, a sort of " devil-take-the-hindmost" race,
by which they speedily buried themselves in the thickest
recesses of the wood. What they may have done in Mr.
Culley's time, we must take upon that gentleman's word;
but at present, and for so long as the present park-keeper
can recollect, they have never been in the habit of
describing those curious concentric circles of which Mr.
Culley makes mention in the last quotation.

The late mode of killing them is described as " perhaps

10

146 THE OX TRIBE.

the only modern remains of the grandeur of ancient
hunting. On notice being given, that a wild bull would
be killed on a certain day, the inhabitants of the neigh-
bourhood came mounted and armed with guns, &c.,
sometimes to the amount of a hundred horse, and four
or five hundred foot, who stood upon walls or got into
trees, while the horsemen rode off the bull from the rest
of the herd until he stood at bay, when a marksman dis-
mounted and shot. At some of these huntings twenty
or thirty shots have been fired before he was subdued.
On these occasions the bleeding victim grew desperately
furious, from the smarting of his wounds, and the shouts
of savage joy that were echoing from every aide. But
from the number of accidents that happened, this danger-
ous mode has been little practised of late years, the park-
keeper alone generally shooting them with a rifled gun
at one shot/'

This vivid portraiture of a scene, which the writer is
pleased to consider grand, does not appear to have much
relation to the history of the Genus Bos : it however,
exhibits the brutal and ferocious habits of two varieties of
Genus Homo, namely Nobility and Mobi\ity — two varieties
which, although distinguished by some external marks
of difference, possess in common many questionable
characteristics.

Culley proceeds : — " When the cows calve, they hide
their calves for a week or ten days in some sequestered
situation, and go and suckle them two or three times a
day. If any person come near the calves, they clap
their heads close to the ground, and lie like a hare in
form, to hide themselves ; this is a proof of their native
wildness, and is corroborated by the following circum-

CHILLINGHAM WHITE CATTLE. 147

stance that happened to Mr. Bailey, of Chillingham, who
found a hidden calf, two days old, very lean and very
weak. On stroking its head it got up, pawed two or
three times like an old bull, bellowed very loud, stepped
back a few steps, and bolted at his legs with all its force ;
it then began to paw again, bellowed, stepped back, and
bolted as before ; but knowing its intention, and stepping
aside, it missed him, fell, and was so very weak that it
could not rise, though it made several efforts. But it
had done enough : the whole herd were alarmed, and,
coming to its rescue, obliged him to retire ; for the dams
will allow no person to touch their calves without attack-
ing them with impetuous ferocity."

It seems almost unnecessary to remind the reader that
all animals are naturally wild ; and that even those
animals that have been the longest under the dominion
of man, are born with a strong tendency to the wild
state, to which they would immediately resort, if left to
themselves : it appears, therefore, rather gratuitous to tell
us that the NATURAL actions of young animals (whose
parents have been allowed to run wild), are proofs of
their native wildness !

The concluding paragraph requires no observation : —
" When a calf is intended to be castrated, the park-keeper
marks the place where it is hid, and, when the herd are
at a distance, takes an assistant with him on horseback;
they tie a handkerchief round the calf's mouth, to pre-
vent its bellowing, and then perform the operation in the
usual way. When any one happens to be wounded, or
is grown weak and feeble through age or sickness, the rest
of the herd set upon it, and gore it to death."

148

THE OX TRIBE.

The following engraving exhibits the effects of castra-
tion on the curvature and length of the horns.

1. Head of the perfect animal.

2, 3. Heads of the emasculated animal.

We learn, on the authority of the present Lord
Tankerville, that during the early part of the life-time of
his father, the bulls in the herd had been reduced to three ;
two of them fought and killed each other, and the third
was discovered to be impotent; so that the means of
preserving the breed depended on the accident of some of
the cows producing a bull calf.

In 1844 I wrote to Mr. Cole, the late park-keeper at
Chillingham, requesting information on the following
queries, to which he returned the answers annexed ; and
although they are not so explicit as might be wished, they
embody facts both interesting and important.

CHILLINGHAM WHITE CATTLE. 149

List of the Queries with their Answers.

1. How many pairs of ribs are there in the skeleton of
the Chillingham Ox ? Thirteen pairs.

2. How many vertebrae are there (from the skull to the
end of the tail)? Thirty in the back-bone, twenty in the
tail.

3. Will the wild cattle breed with the domestic cattle ?
/ have had two calves from a wild bull and common cow.

4. What is the precise time the wild cow goes with
young? The same as the domestic cow.

5. At what age does the curly hair appear which con-
stitutes the mane of the wild bull ? They have no mane,
but curly hair on their neck and head ; more so in winter,
when the hair is long.

6. In what month does the rutting take place among
the wild cattle? At all times, — no particular time.

J. COLE.

Here we have precise information on the following
points : — namely, the number of ribs ; the period of gesta-
tion ; their having no mane ; their not being in heat at
any particular period ; in all which points, they perfectly
agree with the ordinary domestic cattle; and it is im-
portant to observe, that in the last point, namely, that of
not being in heat at any particular time, they differ from
every known wild species of cattle, among which the
rutting season invariably occurs at a particular period of
the year.

150

THE OX TRIBE.

THE KYLOE, OR HIGHLAND OX.

Bos Taurus.

The Chillingham Cattle are white, and the Highland
Cattle or Kyloes are generally black ; but with this excep-
tion the same description might almost serve for both
breeds.

In their natural and unimproved state, the Highland
cattle are frequently well formed; their fine eyes, acute
face, and lively countenances, give them an air of fierceness,
which is heightened by their white, tapering, black-tipped,
and sharp horns.

The Kyloe Oxen are very small (another respect in which
they resemble the Chillingham Oxen). They likewise
partake much of the nature of wild animals, which might
be expected from the almost unlimited extent of their
pasture, and their being but little subject to artificial
treatment.

THE KYLOE, OR HIGHLAND OX. 151

Upon a close comparison of these two breeds, there
appears not to be so much difference between the Highland
cattle and the cattle of Chillingham as there is between
any two breeds or varieties of British cattle. Indeed so
great is the similarity, that the Kyloe appears to be only
a black variety of the Chillingham Ox, and the Chillingham
Ox only a white variety of the Kyloe.

Dr. Anderson speaks of having seen a kind of Highland
cattle which had a mane on the top of the head, of con-
siderable length, and a tuft between the horns that nearly
covered the eyes, giving them a fierce and savage aspect.
He likewise mentions another kind which have hair of a
pale lead colour, very beautiful in its appearance, and in
its quality as glossy and soft as silk.

The Kyloe Oxen are natives of the Western Highlands
and Isles, and are commonly called the Argyleshire breed,
or the breed of the Isle of Skie, one of the islands attached
to the county of Argyle. They are generally of a dark
brown colour, or black, though sometimes brindled.

The Cows of the Isle of Skie (as is recorded by Martin,
in his ' Description of the Western Islands of Scotland/)
are exposed to the rigour of the coldest seasons, and
become mere skeletons in the spring, many of them not
being able to rise from the ground without help ; but they
recover as the season becomes more favorable, and the
grass grows up ; then they acquire new beef, which is both
sweet and tender ; the fat and lean is not so much separated
in them as in other cows, but as it were larded, which
renders it very agreeable to the taste. A cow in this isle
may be twelve years old, when at the same time its beef
is not above four, five, or six months old.

152

THE OX TRIBE.

TABLE OF THE NUMBER OF VERTEBRA
IN THE VARIOUS SPECIES OF THE GENUS BOS.

American Bison
European Bison, or Aurochs
Yak .

Gayal (Domestic) .
Gayal (Asseel) .
Gyall . ...
Jungli Gau .

Italian Buffalo . . ; » ,
Indian Buffalo .

•Skeleton of Buffalo in Surg
Coll. (locality unknown)

Gaur

Domestic Ox .

Condore Buffalo

Manilla Buffalo

Pegasse .

Arnee .

Cape Buffalo .

Zamouse (Bo* Brachyceros)

Banteng of Java (Bos Bantinger)

Zebu, or Brahmin Ox

Galla Ox . '. "' . . ' ' . " .

Backeley (Caffraria) . . .

Musk Ox

Cerv.

Dors.

Lumb.

Sacr.

Caud.

Total.

7

14

5

5

12+

7

14

5

5

19

50

7

14

5

5

14

45

7

14

5

5

16

47

7

13

6

5

16

47

7

13

6

5

19

50

7

13

6

5

21

52

7

13

6

7

13

6

4

19

49

7

13

6

4

20

50

7

13

6

4

18

48

7

13

6

4

18

48

The osteological details in the above Table (except those of the Yak,
which are given on the authority of Pallas) are from the Author's own
observations.

TABLE OF THE PERIODS OF GESTATION. 153

TABLE OF THE PERIODS OF GESTATION
OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES OF THE GENUS BOS.

American Bison .
European Bison .

Gayal (Domestic)
Gyall - .

Indian Buffalo

Gaur «. ;•
Domestic Ox

Manilla Buffalo .

Arnee
Cape Buffalo

Zebu, or Brahmin Cow

Musk Ox .

Periods.

270 days.— Zool. Proc., 184-9.
Between 9 and 10 months.

Over 10 months.
11 months.

10 months 10 days.

12 months.
270 days.

340 days.

12 months.
12 months.

300 days.

9 months.

To supply the deficiences in the foregoing Tables, the results of
original observations are respectfully solicited. Address the Author or
Publisher.

154 THE OX TRIBE.

NOTE ON THE AMERICAN BISON.

IT was Cuvier, I believe, who first made the statement,
that the American Bison is furnished with fifteen pairs of
ribs. In this particular he has been implicitly followed
by every subsequent writer on the subject. Not being
able to refer to a skeleton, and, moreover, never suspecting
any inaccuracy in the statement, I followed the received
account. But since this work has gone to press, I have
had the opportunity of examining two skeletons, by which
I find that —

The American Bison has only FOURTEEN pairs of ribs.

I have, therefore, in the " Table of the Number of
Vertebrae," (see p. 152,) set this species down as possessing
only that number.

Of the two skeletons referred to (both of which are now
in the British Museum), one is from a female Bison, some
years a living resident in the Zoological Gardens ; and the
other is from a male, late in the possession of the Earl of
Derby, at Knowsley, in Lancashire.

A corroborative circumstance (amounting, indeed, to a
complete proof of the accuracy of these observations,) is
presented by the fact, that, in both the cases the number
of lumbar vertebrae is precisely FIVE ; thus making the true
vertebras to consist of nineteen, which Professor Owen*
has shown to be the invariable number possessed by all
ruminants.

* See, in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Professor Owen's
' Account of his Dissection of the Aurochs.'

APPENDIX.

THE FREE MARTIN.

Cows usually bring forth but one calf at a birth ;
occasionally, however, they produce twins. John Hunter,
in his ' Observations on the Animal Economy/ says : " It
is a fact known, and I believe almost universally under-
stood, that when a cow brings forth two calves, one of
them a bull-calf, and the other to appearance a cow,
that the cow-calf is unfit for propagation ; but the bull-
calf grows up into a very proper bull. Such a cow-
calf is called, in this country, a FREE MARTIN, and is
commonly as well known among the farmers as either
cow or bull. It has all the external marks of a cow-
calf, namely, the teats, and the external female parts,
called by farmers the bearing. It does not show the
least inclination for the bull, nor does the bull ever
take the least notice of it. In form it very much
resembles the Ox, or spayed heifer, being considerably
larger than either the bull or the cow, having the horns
very similar to the horns of an Ox. The bellow of the
Free Martin is similar to that of an Ox, having more
resemblance to that of the cow than that of the bull."

Free Martins are very much disposed to grow fat with
good food. The flesh, like that of the Ox or spayed heifer,
is generally much finer in the fibre than either the bull or
cow ; is even supposed to exceed that of the Ox and heifer

156

THE OX TRIBE.

in delicacy of flavour, and bears a higher price at market.
However this superiority of the flavour does not appear to
be universal, for Mr. Hunter was informed of a case
which occurred in Berkshire, in which the flesh of a Free
Martin turned out nearly as bad as bull beef. This
circumstance probably arose from the animal having more
the properties of a bull than a cow.

Mr. Hunter, having had many opportunities of dis-
secting Free Martins, has satisfactorily shown that their
incapacity to breed, and all their other peculiarities, result
from their having the generative organs of both sexes com-
bined, in a more or less imperfect state of development,
in some cases the organs of the male preponderating, in
others those of the female.

The above, which is copied from an engraving in
Hunter's work on the ' Animal Economy/ is a represen -
tation of a Free Martin, five years old ; it shows the ex-

THE FREE MARTIN. 157

ternal form of that animal, which is neither like the bull
nor cow, but resembling the Ox or spayed heifer.

Although, as Hunter observes, "it is almost universally
understood, that when a cow brings forth two calves, one
of them a bull-calf, and the other to appearance a cow,
that the cow- calf is unfit for propagation," it is by no
means universally the fact, as instances of such twins
breeding were known even in Hunter's time, and have
been witnessed more recently. The following is recorded
in London's ' Mag. of Nat. History/ and occurred a few
years previous to 1826 : Jos. Holroyd, of Withers, near
Leeds, had a cow which calved twins, a bull-calf and a
cow-calf. As popular opinion was against the cow-calf
breeding, it being considered a Free Martin, Mr. Holroyd
was determined to make an experiment of them, and
reared them together. They copulated, and in due time
the heifer brought forth a bull-calf, and she regularly had
calves for six or seven years afterwards.

" If," says Hunter, " there are such deviations as of
twins being perfect male and female, why should there
not be, on the other hand, an hermaphrodite, produced
singly, as in other animals ? I had the examination of
one which seemed, upon the strictest inquiry, to have been
a single calf; and I am the more inclined to think this
true, from having found a number of hermaphrodites
among black cattle, without the circumstance of their
birth being ascertained."

If Hunter had carried this reasoning a little further,
he might have asked, — Why should there not be a Free
Martin, or hermaphrodite, produced in the case of twins,
when they are both apparently males, or both apparently
females ? Had he done this, he would not, probably,

158

THE OX TRIBE.

have made the following observation : " I need hardly
observe, that if a cow has twins, and they are both bull-
calves, they are in every respect perfect bulls ; or if they
are both cow-calves, they are perfect cows." What is
this but saying that a bull-calf is a bull-calf, and a cow-
calf is a cow-calf ? For a Free Martin, or hermaphrodite,
is not, in any case, either a bull or a cow.

There does not appear to be anything known of the
peculiar circumstances under which, what is termed a
Free Martin is produced.

The most general observation that can be made on the
subject appears to be, that cows sometimes produce calves,
which, by reason of their imperfectly developed generative
system, are incapable of procreating.

Skull of Domestic Ox.

THE SHOET-NOSED OX.

159

THE SHORT-NOSED OX.

Skiill of short-nosed Ox of the Pampas.

The common Ox, originally taken over to America by
the early Spanish settlers, now runs wild in immense
herds on the Pampas, where it is hunted and slain for its
hide. Some idea may be formed of the immensity of
these herds, from the circumstance that nearly a million
of hides are annually exported from Buenos Ayres and
Monte Video to Europe.

Some of the herds in these wild regions have under-
gone a most singular modification of the cranium, con-
sisting in a shortening of the nasal bones, together with
the superior and inferior maxillaries. There is a skull of
this variety in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, of
which the above is a sketch.

160 THE OX TRIBE.

ON THE UTILITY OF THE OX TRIBE TO
MANKIND.

How eminently serviceable to man these animals are,
is shown in the following table, in which are set forth the
most important uses to which their various parts are
applied : —

SKIN. — The skin has been of great use in all ages.
The ancient Britons constructed their boats with osiers,
and covered them with the hides of bulls ; and these boats
were sufficiently strong to serve for short coasting voyages.
Similar vessels are still in use on the Irish lakes, and in
Wales on the rivers Dee and Severn. In Ireland they
are called curach, in England coracles, from the British
cwrwgl, a word signifying a boat of that structure.

Boots, shoes, harness, &c. for horses, and various kinds
of travelling trunks are made from hides when tanned.
The skin of the calf is extensively used in the binding of
books, and the thinnest of the calf skins are manufactured
into vellum. The skin of the Cape Buffalo is made into
shields and targets, and is so hard that a musket ball will
scarcely penetrate it.

HAIR. — The short hair is used to stuff saddles and
other articles; also by bricklayers in the mixing up of
certain kinds of mortar. It is likewise frequently used
in the manuring of land. The long hair from the tail
is used for stuffing chairs and cushions. The hair of the
Bison is spun into gloves, stockings, and garters, which
are very strong, and look as well as those made of the
finest sheep's wool ; very beautiful cloth has likewise been
manufactured from it. The Esquimaux convert the skin

UTILITY OF THE OX TRIBE TO MANKIND. 161

covering the tail into caps, which are so contrived that
the long hair falling over their faces, defends them from
the bites of the mosquitoes.

HORNS. — The horns of cattle consist of an outside
horny case, and an inside conical-shaped substance, some-
what between hardened hair and bone. The horny outside
furnishes the material for the manufacture of a variety of
useful articles. The first process consists in cutting the
horn transversely into three portions.

1 . The lowest of these, next the root of the horn, after
undergoing several operations by which it is rendered flat,
is made into combs.

2. The middle of the horn, after being flattened by heat,
and its transparency improved by oil, is split into thin
layers, and forms a substitute for glass in lanterns of the
commonest kind. [The merit of the invention of these
horn plates, and of their application to lanterns, is ascribed
to King Alfred, who is said to have first used lanterns of
this description to preserve his candle time-measurers from
the wind.]

3. The tips of the horns are generally used to make
knife-handles ; the largest and best are used for crutch-
stick heads, umbrella handles, and ink-horns, and the
smallest and commonest serve for the tops and bottoms of
ink-horns.

Spoons, small boxes, powder flasks, spectacle frames, and
drinking horns are likewise made of the outer horny case.

The interior or core of the horn is boiled down in
water, when a large quantity of fat rises to the surface; this is
sold to the makers of yellow soap. — The liquid itself is
used as a kind of glue, and is purchased by the cloth-
dressers for stiffening. — The bony substance which remains

11

162 THE OX TRIBE.

behind, is ground down, and sold to the farmers for
manure.

Besides these various purposes to which the different
parts of the horn are applied, the chippings which arise in
comb -making are sold to the farmer for manure, at about
one shilling a bushel. In the first year after they are
spread over the soil they have comparatively little effect ;
but during the next four or five their efficiency is con-
siderable. The shavings, which form the refuse of the
lantern-maker, are of a much thinner texture. Some of
them are cut into various figures, and painted and used as
toys ; for they curl up when placed in the palm of a warm
hand. But the greater part of these shavings are sold
also for manure, which from their extremely thin and
divided form, produce their full effect upon the first crop.

FEET. — An oil is extracted from the feet of oxen —
hence called Neat's-foot-oil — of great use in preparing and
softening leather.

SKIN, horns, hoofs, and cartilages are used to make
glue.

BLOOD is used in the formation of mastic ; also in the
refining of sugar, oil, &c.; and is an excellent manure for
fruit trees.

Blood, horns, and hoofs in the formation of Prussian
blue.

GALL is used to cleanse woollen garments, and to oblite-
rate greasy and other stains.

SUET, FAT, TALLOW are chiefly manufactured into
candles; they are also used to precipitate the salt that
is drawn from briny springs.

INTESTINES, when dried, are used as envelopes for
German and Bologna sausages ; in some countries to

UTILITY OF THE OX TRIBE TO MANKIND. 163

carry butter to market. By gold-beaters, in the process
of making gold-leaf. Gold-beater's skin, as it is called,
forms the most innocent sticking plaster for small cuts on
the hands or fingers.

The STOMACHS vulgarly called inwards, after being
washed and boiled, are sold as an article of food under the
name of tripe.

The EXCREMENTITIOUS MATTERS are used to manure the
land.

The BONES are used as a substitute for ivory in the
manufacture of a variety of small articles of a common
kind ; also for manuring land. When calcined they are
used as an absorbent to carry off the baser metals in
refining silver. From the tibia and carpus is procured
an oil much used by coach-makers and others in dressing
and cleaning harness, and all trappings belonging to
carriages.

FLESH, both fresh and salted, is generally esteemed as
an article of food. Pemmican is made of the flesh of the
American Bison : this is dried in the sun by the Indians,
spread on a skin, and pounded with stones. When the
Indians have got it into this state, they sell it to the
different forts, where all the hair is carefully sifted out of
it, and melted fat kneaded into it. If it be well made,
and kept dry, it will not spoil for a year or two.

MILK, a nutritious beverage, per se, is used in the
composition of innumerable articles of diet ; from milk is
obtained cream, butter, and cheese.

164 THE OX TRIBE.

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ALPINE COWHERDS,

WITH A NOTICE OF THE CELEBRATED SWISS AIR

The Ranz des V aches.

In the Alps, fine cattle are the pride of their keeper,
who, not being satisfied with their natural beauty, also
gratifies his vanity by adorning his best cows with large
bells, suspended from broad thongs. Every Senn, or great
cow-keeper, has a harmonious set of bells, of at least two
or three, chiming in accordance with the famous Ranz
des Vaches. The finest black cow is adorned with the
largest bell, and those next in appearance wear the two
smaller ones.

It is only on particular occasions that these ornaments
are worn, namely, in spring, when they are driven to the
Alps, or removed from one pasture to another ; or in their
autumnal descents, when they travel to the different
farmers for the winter. On such days the Senn, even in
the depth of winter, appears dressed in a fine white shirt,
with the sleeves rolled above the elbows ; neatly em-
broidered red braces suspend his yellow linen trowsers,
which reach down to the shoes ; he wears a small leather
cap on his head, and a new and skilfully carved wooden
milk-bowl hangs across his left shoulder. Thus arrayed,
the Senn proceeds, singing the Ranz des Vaches, followed
by three or four fine goats ; next comes the finest cow,
adorned with the great bell ; then the other two with the
smaller bells ; and these are succeeded by the rest of the
cattle, walking one after another, and having in their
rear the bull, with a one-legged milking-stool on his
horns ; the procession is closed by a traineau, or sledge,
bearing the dairy implements.

THE RANZ DES VACHES. 165

When dispersed on the Alps, the cattle are collected
together by the voice of the Senn, who is then said to
allure them. How well these cows distinguish the voice
of their keeper, appears from the circumstance of their
hastening to him, although at a great distance, whenever
he commences singing the Ram des Vaches.

This celebrated air is played on the bagpipes, as well
as sung by the young Swiss cowherds while watch-
ing their cattle on the mountains. The astonishing
effects of this simple melody on the Swiss soldier, when
absent from his native land, are thus described by
Rousseau :

" Get air, se cheri des Suisses qu'il fut defendu sous
peine de mort de le jouer dans leurs troupes, parce qu'il
faisait fondre en larines, deserter, ou mourir, ceux qui 1'en-
tendaient, tant il excitait en eux Tardent desir de revoir
leur pays. On chercherait en vain dans cet air les accens
energetiques capables de produire de si etonnans effets.
Ces effets, qui n'ont aucun lieu sur les etrangers, ne
viennent qui de 1'habitude, des souvenirs de mille cir-
constances qui, retracees par cet air & ceux que Penten-
dent, et leur rappellant leur pays, leurs anciens plaisirs,
leur jeunesse, et toutes leur fa9ons de vivre, excitent en
eux une douleur amere d'avoir perdu tout cela. La
musique alors n'agit point precisement comme musique,
mais comme signe memoratif. Cet air, quoique toujours
le meme, ne produit plus aujourd'hui les m ernes effets qu'il
produisait ci-devant sur les Suisses, parce qu'ayant perdu
le gout de leur premiere simplicite, ils ne la regrettent
plus quand on la leur rappelle. Tant il est vrai que ce
n'est pas dans leur action physique qu'il faut chercher les
plus grand effets des sons sur le coeur humain."

166

THE OX TRIBE.

For the delectation of the musical reader, the notes of
this celebrated air are here introduced, with the words,
and an English imitation :

AIR SUISSE
Appelle le RANZ DES VACHES.

ADA&IOj

CORNiMUSE

T=i-r . . i h-M-f^
FJ-hej I U~jy=zfc=J

BE

ADAGIO

ALL;

j£

ADAGJO

^

THE RANZ DBS VACHES. 167

The words are as follows : —

Quand reverai-je en un jour,

Tous les objets de mon amour,

Nos clairs ruisseaux,

Nos hameaux,

Nos coteaux,

Nos montagnes,

Et 1'ornament de nos montagnes,

La si gentille Isabeau ?

Dans 1'ombre d'un ormeau,

Quand danserai-je au son du Chalameau ?

Quand reverai-je en un jour,

Tous les objets de mon amour,

Mon pere,

Ma mere,

Mon frere,

Ma soeur,

Mes agneaux,

Mes troupeaux,

Ma bergere ?

IMITATED.

When shall I return to the Land of the Mountains —

The lakes and the Rhone that is lost in the earth —
Our sweet little hamlets, our villages, fountains,

The flour-clad rocks of the place of my birth ?
O when shall I see my old garden of flowers,

Dear Emma, the sweetest of blooms in the glade,
And the rich chestnut grove, where we pass'd the long hours

With tabor and pipe, while we danced in the shade ?
When shall I revisit the land of the mountains,

Where all the fond objects of memory meet :
The cows that would follow my voice to the fountains,

The lambs that I call'd to the shady retreat :
My father, my mother, my sister, and brother ;

My all that was dear in this valley of tears ;
My palfrey grown old, but there's ne'er such another ;

My dear dog, still faithful, tho' stricken in years :
The vesper bell tolling, the loud thunder rolling,

The bees that humm'd round the tall vine-mantled tree :
The smooth water's margin whereon we were strolling

When evening painted its mirror for me ?
And shall I return to this scenery never ?

These objects of infantine glory and love, —
O tell me, my dear Guardian Angel, that ever

Floats nigh me, — safe guide to the regions above.

168

THE OX TRIBE.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF HABITAT

Buffalo — Bos Bubalug

Manilla Buffalo .
Condore Buffalo .
Cape Buffalo
Pegasse

Arnee . . .
Gaur .

American Bison .
Aurochs

Yak . . .

Musk Ox .

Zamouse, or Bush Cow

Banteng

Gyall . . . .

Gayal .

Sanga, or Galla Ox
Zebu — Brahmin Ox
Domestic Ox

Habitat.

Asia, North Africa, and South

Europe.

Island of Manilla.
Island of Pulo Condore.
South Africa.

Congo, Angola, Central Africa.
India and China.
India.

North America.
Lithuania.

Tartary and Hindustan.

North America.
Gambia, Sierra Leone.
Island of Java.
India.

India.

Abyssinia.

Southern Asia, Eastern Africa.

Generally diffused.

SYNOPTICAL TABLE. 169

AND MODE OF LIFE.

Mode of Life.
Partial to water and mud, swampy localities.

Semi-aquatic in its habits, — sometimes called the Water Buffalo.
Fond of wallowing in mire, and swims well.

Lives much in the water, and feeds on aquatic plants.

Ranges in mountain forests, and feeds on leaves and buds of trees.

Migratory in its habits — fond of bathing in marshy swamps.

Lives chiefly on the woody banks of rivers — feeds on bark of trees,

lichens, and herbaceous plants.
Feeds on the short herbage peculiar to the tops of mountains and bleak

plains.
Lives chiefly on rocky mountains.

Delights in the deepest jungles — feeds on leaves and shoots of brush-
wood.

Lives entirely on woody-mountains — feeds on shoots and shrubs.

Half domesticated.

Domesticated, and artificially fed.

So completely domesticated, as to be subject to an endless variety of
diseases, and generally requires medical attendance.

170 THE OX TRIBE.

THE INDEFINITE DEFINITIONS OF
COL. HAMILTON SMITH.

On commencing this Monograph of the Genus Bos, I
entertained the confident expectation, that in the volumi-
nous work of Cuvier^s ' Animal Kingdom/ translated and
enlarged by Griffith and others, I should find all that
related to generic and specific distinction so clearly
exhibited, and so systematically arranged, that I should
have no hesitation in adopting the classification there set
forth, and no difficulty in determining the place of any
new species or variety. With this expectation I diligently
studied that portion of Col. H. Smith's volume on the
Ruminantia, which treat of the Genus Bos, and I here
subjoin (verbatim) the generic and subgeneric characters
there given of that Genus, by which it will be seen how
far they fall short of the clearness and precision which are
indispensable to a scientific work.

GENERIC CHARACTERS.

" Genus BOS. — Skull very strong, dense about the
frontals, which are convex, nearly flat, or concave ; horns
invariably occupying the crest, projecting at first laterally ;
osseous nucleus throughout porous, even cellular ; muzzle
invariably broad, naked, moist, black ; ears, in general,
middle sized ; body long ; legs solid ; stature large."

Generic characters should be such as will apply to every
species in the genus ; they should likewise be such as will

INDEFINITE DEFINITIONS OF COL. SMITH. 171

distinguish the genus described from every other genus.
From such observations as I have been enabled to make,
the five last-mentioned characters do not appear to accord
with either of these conditions.

1st. The muzzle is stated to be black ; but in the Yak,
and in domestic cattle (as may be observed by any one),
the muzzle is very frequently white ; and granting that it
was invariably black, other genera of the ruminantia have
the muzzle black : and therefore it cannot be said to be
a distinguishing mark of the Genus Bos.

2d. The ears are stated to be in general middle-sized.
To pass over the extreme vagueness of the terms "in
general" and "middle-sized," I may state that having
measured the ears of several species, I find them to be of
all lengths, varying from 5 inches to nearly 18 inches.
Such a term as "middle-sized" may be applied "in
general" to the ears of a vast variety of animals ; and
therefore it cannot be applied in particular to the Genus
Bos.

3d. The body is said to be long. They are, indeed, of
all lengths, from 4 ft. 6 in. to nearly 11 ft. Can the
term long be equally applicable to animals of such
different lengths ?

4th. The legs are said to be solid. In some species
the legs are very slender, as the Zebu, Manilla Buffalo,
and Domestic Ox.

5th. The stature is said to be large. From actual
measurement I find the stature to vary from 2 ft. 8 in.
to upwards of 6 ft. ; the smaller species weighing not more
than 100 Ibs., the larger weighing as much as 2000 Ibs.
Can the term large be equally applicable to animals of
such different sizes ?

172 THE OX TRIBE.

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS.

" Sub-genus I. — BUBALUS. — Animals low in proportion
to their bulk ; limbs very solid ; head large, forehead
narrow, very strong, convex; chaffron straight; muzzle
square, horns lying flat, or bending laterally with a certain
direction to the rear; eyes large; ears mostly funnel-
shaped ; no hunch ; a small dew-lap ; female udder with
four mammas ; tail long ; slender."

This sub-genus comprises Cape Buffalo, Pegasse, Arnee,
Domestic Buffalo.

"Sub-genus II. — BISON. — Forehead slightly arched,
much broader than high ; horns placed before the salient
line of the frontal crest ; the plane of the occiput forming
an obtuse angle with the forehead and semicircular in
shape; fourteen or fifteen pairs of ribs; the shoulders
rather elevated ; the tail shorter ; the legs more slender ;
the tongue blue; the hair soft and woolly."

This sub-genus comprises Aurochs, Gaur, American
Bison, Yak, Gayal.

" Sub-genus III. — TAURUS. — Forehead square from the
orbits to the occipital crest, somewhat concave, not convex,
or arched as in the former; the horns rising from the
sides of the salient edge or crest of the frontals ; the plane
of the occiput forming an acute angle with the frontal,
and of quadrangular form; the curve of the horns out-
wards, upwards, and forwards; no mane; a deep dew-lap;
thirteen pairs of ribs ; tail long ; udder four teats in a
square."

This sub-genus comprises the Urus and the Domestic Ox.

INDEFINITE DEFINITIONS OF COL. SMITH. 173

Subgeneric characters should be such as will clearly
distinguish the animals of one sub-genus from those of
another. But here we have set down, in the sub- genus
Bubalus, tail long, slender; in the sub-genus Taurus, tail
long ; and although the epithet slender is not added in
the latter case, yet in truth it ought to be, as the tail of
Taurus is quite as slender as that of Bubalus.

The udder of Bubalus is said to have four inammse ;
they are not stated to be in a square, but, on examination,
I find they are so ; the udder of Taurus has likewise four
teats in a square.

Thirteen pairs of ribs are set down as a distinguishing
character of the sub- genus Taurus ; but the Cape Buffalo,
Domestic Buffalo, and the Manilla Buffalo (in the sub-
genus Bubalus), and the Gaur (in the sub-genus Bison),
all possess thirteen pairs of ribs.

In the sub- genus Bison the tail is said to be shorter
than the tail of Bubalus ; but on subjecting them to the
infallible test of feet and inches, I find the tails of the
Aurochs, Gaur, Yak, and Gayal, to be decidedly longer
than those of the Cape or the Manilla Buffalo.

The legs of Bisons are stated to be more slender than
those of Buffaloes, — the reverse of this is the fact in the
instances which I have had an opportunity of observing.

SPECIFIC DETAILS.

The details of a system of scientific classification should
be precise, methodical, and consistent; hut the method
observed by Col. Smith, in describing the lengths of
animals, can scarcely be called either precise or consistent ;
for example, he states : —

174

THE OX TRIBE.

1st. That the Cape Buffalo is nine feet from nose to
ROOT of tail.

2d. That the Gaur is twelve feet long to the END of
tail.

3d. That the Aurochs is ten feet three inches from nose
to tail.

4th. That the Domestic Buffalo is eight feet six inches
long, without mentioning either nose or tail.

In none of these cases can we be even proximately
certain of the length of the animal.

In the first instance we may err to the amount of the
length of the head ; as it is not stated whether the measure
was taken when the head was extended in a line with the
back, or in a position at right angles with the back, or in
any intermediate position.

The following outline will illustrate this : —

It is obvious that the length of a line from the nose to
the tail will vary according to the different positions of
the head of the animal.

In the second instance (taking it for granted that the
measure was taken from the nose), the same difficulty
exists with respect to the head, and another difficulty
presents itself in our being left to guess the length of the
tail, which might be eighteen inches, or it might be four
feet.

INDEFINITE DEFINITIONS OF COL. SMITH.

175

In the third instance, the same difficulty exists with
respect to the head, and the difficulty is further complicated
by our being left to guess whether the ROOT or the END
of the tail is meant.

In the fourth we are completely " at sea."
The true value of these characteristic distinctions,
definitions, or descriptions, are left to the appreciation of
the judicious reader. Colonel Smith may doubtless be,
what he has been styled, "an indefatigable naturalist,"
and "in general" an exact one; but in this special
instance of the Genus Bos, his warmest admirers must
allow that his accuracy and precision have not kept pace
with his industry.

Hungarian Ox, Bos Taunts, from a specimen in the British Museum.

176 THE OX TRIBE.

MR. SWAINSON'S
TRANSCENDENTAL ATTEMPT AT CLASSIFICATION.

The following very laboured attempt to arrange the
various species of Genus Bos into groups, according to
the Quinary or Circular System of M'Leay, is from
the pen of Mr. Swainson — the precise and fastidious
Swainson — who, from the number and boldness of his
hypothetical views in every department of Zoology, may
be truly regarded as the beau-ideal of a speculative
naturalist — one of those, in short, so well described by
Swift, " whose chief art in division hath been to grow
fond of some proper mystical number, which their imagi-
nations have rendered sacred to a degree, that they force
common reason to find room for it in every part of
nature ; reducing, including, and adjusting, every genus
and species within that compass, by coupling some against
their wills, and banishing others at any rate."

After describing the various members of the Bovine
Family according to the Procrustean method of stretch-
ing and chopping, Mr. Swainson continues in his pecu-
liarly dogmatic style — " The types of form of the Genus
Bos, above enumerated, we shall now demonstrate to be a
natural group. We have seen that the first represented
by the .Bos Scoticus, or Scotch Wild Ox, is an untameable
savage race, which preserves, even in the domestication
of a park, all that fierceness which the ancient writers
attributed to the Wild Bulls of Britain and of the
European Continent. Let those who imagine that the

TRANSCENDENTAL ATTEMPT AT CLASSIFICATION. 177

influence of civilization, of care, and of judicious treat-
ment, will alter the natural instincts of animals, look to
this as a palpable refutation of their doctrine. Where is
that boasted power of man over nature ? Where the
fruits of long-continued efforts and fostering protection?
The -Bo* Scoticus is as untameable now as it was
centuries ago, simply for this reason, that it is in accord-
ance with an unalterable law of nature ; a law by which
one type in every circular group is to represent the worst
passions of mankind — fierceness, or cruelty, or horror.
In the Urns we consequently have the type of the wild
and untameable Ferce among quadrupeds, the eagles
among birds, and the innumerable analogies which all
the subordinate groups of these two great divisions
present. Following this is the typical Ox — a god
among the ancients, and that animal above all others,
which, from its vital importance to man, we should
naturally expect such a nation as the ancient Egyptians
would exalt above all others. It is, in short, the typical
perfection of the whole order of Ruminants, and con-
sequently represents the Quadrumana among quadrupeds,
and the Incessores among birds. The third type is no
less beautiful ; but it cannot be illustrated without going
into details which it is not our present intention to make
public : suffice it, however, to say, that in the prominent
hump upon the shoulders we have a perfect representation
of the Camel, one of the most striking types of the order,
while it reminds us at the same time of the Buffalo, the
genus Acronatus among the large Antelopes, and nume-
rous other representations of the same form. The fourth
type is our Bos Pusio : here we find the horns, when
present, remarkably small, but in many cases absent ; and

12

178 THE OX TRIBE.

the size is diminutive to an extreme. These also are dis-
tinguishing marks of the groups it is to represent : the
Tenuirostres among birds, and the Glires, or mice, among
quadrupeds, are the smallest of their respective classes ;
and both are typically distinguished by wanting all appen-
dages to the head, either in the form of crests or horns.
The fifth type is, perhaps, the most extraordinary of all ;
it should represent not only the order Rasores among
birds, but also the Camelopardalis among ruminating
quadrupeds. Hence we find that, in accordance with the
first of these analogies, it is a peaceful domesticated race,
and that it has horns of an unusually large size, even in
its own group ; while, at the same time, those horns have
that peculiar structure which can only be traced in the
Camelopardalis ; they are covered with skin, which passes
so imperceptibly to the horny state, that, as Captain
Clapperton observes, " there is no exact demarcation
where the one commences and the other ends." The
five leading types of quadrupeds and birds being now
represented, and in precisely the same order, we demon-
strate the groups to be natural by the following table : —

GENUS BOS — the Natural Types.

1. Bos Scoticus. Fierce, untameable. FEBJE. RAPTORES.

2. — Taurus. Pre-eminently typical. PRIMATES. INCESSOB.ES.

f Appendages on the head"! Tr

3. — Dermaceros.l ^UNGTJLATA. RASORES.

I greatly developed. J

f Stature remarkably ~\ _.

4. — Pusio. < J-GLIRES. GRALLATORES.

L small. J

5. - Thersites. (Fore-part of the stoul-]C;ETACEA NATATOKES-
I ders elevated. J

In regard to the last type, the analogies can only be

TRANSCENDENTAL ATTEMPT AT CLASSIFICATION. 179

traced through the animals or types of other groups ; but
should the habits of Thersites lead it to frequent the
water (like the Buffaloes) more than any other species of
true oxen — a supposition highly probable — the analogy
to the Cetacea and the Natatores would be direct. When
we find in all the other four types such a surprising
representation of the same peculiarities, we are justified in
believing that want of information alone prevents this
analogy from being so complete as the others. These
analogies, in point of fact, may be traced through the
whole of the principal groups in this order, the most
important, and the most numerous of ungulated animals/'
Our luminous classifier then triumphantly winds up : — :
"Having now demonstrated, in one of the very lowest
groups of quadrupeds, the validity of those principles of
natural classification we have so often illustrated/' &c.

Let us not be confounded with high-sounding terms ;
let us rather endeavour to ascertain the meaning of them, if
indeed they possess a meaning. Here we have, under
the head of " Genus Bos — the Natural Types " — (see
p. 178), certain words arranged in regular columns, Avhich,
at a first glance, appear as though they were intended to
bear some relation to each other. But let us ask the
most ordinary observer, or the most profound observer,
or the observer of any grade or shade between these two
extremes, what resemblance — what relation — what ana-
logy— can be discovered between an ordinary bull (Taurus)
and a man, a monkey, or a bat (Primates) • or between
Taurus and the Incessores (Perching Birds) ? Or between
Buffaloes, whose horns are partially covered with skin
(Dermaceros), and cocks and hens (Rasores) ? Can any
one say wherein consists the similarity between a dwarf

180 THE OX TRIBE.

Zebu and a Mouse, or a Flamingo ? Yet this is the
material of which the columns are composed.

But one of the most unhappy of Mr. Swainson's
speculations is that wherein he represents the Bos Scoticus,
or wild ox, as the type of " an untameuble savage race,
which preserves, even in the domestication of a park,
all that fierceness which the ancient writers attributed to
the wild bulls of Britain and the European continent.
Let those who imagine that the influence of civilization,
of care, and of judicious treatment, will alter the natural
instinct of animals, look to this as a palpable refutation of
their doctrine. [!] Where is that boasted power of man
'over nature ? Where the fruits of long-continued efforts
and fostering protection ? [! !] The Bos Scoticus is as un-
tameable now as it was centuries ago, simply for this
reason, that it is in accordance with an unalterable law
of nature ; a law by which one type in every group is to
represent the worst passions of mankind — fierceness, or
cruelty, or horror." [! ! !}

Who would for a moment imagine that all this grand-
iloquence is bestowed upon an animal, which is so far
from being fierce and untameable, that young ones, taken
and reared with ordinary cattle, become, even in the first
generation, as tame as domestic animals ? [See account
of Chillingham White Cattle, p. 140.]

For a more complete satisfaction of his thought, the
reader is referred to Mr. Swainson's volume " On the
Natural History and Classification of Quadrupeds,"
p. 274, where he has given us an incoherent abstract of
Colonel Smith's article on the Bovirus, without, however,
making the least attempt to verify the statements
there recorded. The descriptions and characteristics are

SPECIES AND VARIETY. 181

avowedly Colonel Smith's ; but, in justice to the latter
gentleman, it must be added, that the disquisitions on
the circular succession of forms, and the analogical rela-
tions, are entirely Mr. Swainson's.

ON SPECIES AND VARIETY.

What constitutes a species ? And how far do the
limits of varieties extend ? Cuvier, who is, perhaps, the
best authority we can have upon this subject, in defining
a species, says : — A species comprehends all the indivi-
duals which descend from each other or from a common
parentage, and those which resemble them as much as they
do each other. Thus, the different races which they have
generated from them are considered as varieties but of
one species. Our observations, therefore, respecting the
differences between the ancestors and the descendants,
are the only rules by which we can judge on this subject;
all other considerations being merely hypothetical, and
destitute of proof. Taking the word variety in this
limited sense, we observe that the differences which con-
stitute this variety depend upon determinate circum-
stances, and that their extent increases in proportion to
the intensity of the circumstances which occasion them.

Upon these principles it is obvious, that the most
superficial characters are the most variable. Thus colour
depends much upon light ; thickness of hair upon heat ;

182 THE OX TRIBE.

size upon abundance of food, &c. In wild animals, how-
ever, these varieties are greatly limited by the natural
habits of the animal, which does not willingly migrate
from the places where it finds, in sufficient quantity, what
is necessary for the support of its species, and does not
even extend its haunts to any great distances, unless it
also finds all these circumstances conjoined. Thus,
although the Wolf and the Fox inhabit all the climates
from the torrid to the frigid zone, we hardly find any
other differences among them, through the whole of that
vast space, than a little more or less beauty in their furs.
The more savage animals, especially the carnivorous,
being confined within narrower limits, vary still less ; and
the only difference between the Hyeena of Persia and that
of Morocco, consists in a thicker or a thinner mane.

Wild animals which subsist upon herbage feel the
influence of climate a little more extensively, because
there is added to it the influence of food, both in regard to
its abundance and its quality. Thus the Elephants of
one forest are larger than those of another ; their tusks
also grow somewhat longer in places where their food
may happen to be more favorable for the production of
the substance of ivory. The same may take place in
regard to the horns of Stags and Rein-deer. Besides,
the species of herbivorous animals, in their wild state,
seem more restrained from migrating and dispersing than
the carnivorous species, being influenced both by climate,
and by the kind of nourishment which they need.

.We never see, in a wild state, intermediate pro-
ductions between the Hare and the Rabbit, between the
Stag and the Doe, or between the Martin and the
Weasel. Human artifice contrives to produce all these

ON SPECIES AND VARIETY. 183

intermixtures of which the various species are susceptible,
but which they would never produce if left to themselves.

The degrees of these variations are proportional to the
intensity of the causes that produce them, namely, the
slavery or subjection under which these animals are to
man. They do not proceed far in half-domesticated
species.

In the domesticated herbivorous quadrupeds, which
man transports into all kinds of climates, and subjects to
various kinds of management, both in regard to labour
and nourishment, he procures certainly more considerable
variations, but still they are all merely superficial : greater
or less size j longer or shorter horns, or even the want of
these entirely ; a hump of fat, larger or smaller, on the
shoulder ; these form the chief differences among parti-
cular races of the Bos Taurus, or domestic Black Cattle ;
and these differences continue long in such breeds as
have been transported to great distances from the
countries in which they were originally produced, when
proper care is taken to prevent crossing.

Nature appears also to have guarded against the
alterations of species which might proceed from mixture
of breeds, by influencing the various species of animals
with mutual aversion. Hence all the cunning and all
the force that man is able to exert is necessary to
accomplish such unions, even between species that have
the nearest resemblance. And when the mule-breeds
that are thus produced by these forced conjunctions
happen to be fruitful, which is seldom the case, this
fecundity never continues beyond a few generations, and
would not probably proceed so far, without a continuance
of the same causes which excited it at first.

184 THE OX TRIBE.

This being the case, it is quite clear that the fact of
two animals producing an intermediate race is no proof
whatever of their specific identity ; for it is well known,
and has been already alluded to, that several animals,
Birds as well as Mammalia, produce offspring, and are
nevertheless distinct, both as it regards anatomical
structure and external form.

Neither does it constitute the species identical if
either or both the hybrids be even capable of fruitful
intercourse with the original or parent species. Hamilton
Smith goes so far as to say, that " if it even were proved
that a prolific intermediate race exist, produced by the
intermixture of both, it would not fully determine that
both form only one original species : what forms a
species, and what a variety, is as yet far from being well
understood."

It is, however, pretty generally agreed, that animals
are of the same species, that is to say, have been derived
from one common stock, when their offspring have the
power, inter se, of indefinitely continuing their kind ;
and conversely, that animals of distinct species, or de-
scendants of stocks originally different, cannot produce
a mixed race which shall possess the capability of
perpetuating itself.

To conclude, it must be obvious, that permanent
anatomical differences are the only true criteria of dis-
tinctions of species.

THE BANTENG OF JAVA.

185

THE BANTENG OF JAVA.

Bos Bantinger, or Bantiger. Bos Sondaicus ?

The above figure was drawn from a stuffed specimen in
the British Museum. In colour, shape, and texture of
horns, and apparent want of dewlap, it bears some re-
semblance to the Gaur ; but in the skeleton of the Gaur
the sacrum consists of five vertebrae, and the tail of nine-
teen ; while in the skeleton of the Banteng, the sacrum
consists of but/owr vertebrae, and the tail of eighteen.

186 THE OX TRIBE.

BRITISH DOMESTIC CATTLE.

IT does not come within the scope of the present work
to give the varieties of Domestic Cattle; for these the
reader is referred to the many excellent works already
published on the subject. It will be sufficient in this
place to notice a few interesting facts — statistical,
anecdotal, &c. — in relation to their domestic history.

INFLUENCE OP COLOUR IN BREEDING.

The following remarkable fact, respecting the colour of
the offspring being influenced by that of the external
objects surrounding the Cow at the time of copulation, is
stated by John Boswell, of Balmuto and Kingcaussie, in
an essay upon the breeding of Live Stock, communicated
to the Highland Society in 1825. He says: — "One of
the most intelligent breeders I have ever met with in
Scotland, Mr. Mustard, an extensive farmer on Sir
James Carnegie's Estate in Angus, told me a singular
fact, with regard to what I have now stated. One of
his cows happened to come into season while pasturing
on a field which was bounded by that of one of his
neighbours, out of which field an Ox jumped, and went
with the Cow, until she was brought home to the Bull.
The Ox was white with black spots, and homed.
Mr. Mustard had not a horned beast in his possession,
nor one with any white on it. Nevertheless, the pro-
duce of the following spring was a black and white calf,

BRITISH DOMESTIC CATTLE. 187

with horns." Another fact, which shows the great care
required in keeping pure this breed — (the Angus doddies)
— is related of the Keillor Stock, where, two different
seasons, a dairy cow of the Ayrshire breed, red and
white, was allowed to pasture with the black doddies.
In the first experiment, from pure black Bulls and Cows,
there appeared three red and white calves ; and on the
second trial, two of the calves were of mixed colours.
Since that time care has been taken to have almost
every animal on the farm, down to the Pigs and Poultry
of a black colour.

INFLUENCE OF THE MALE IN BREEDING.

An ordinary Cow, and a Bull without horns, will pro-
duce a calf resembling the male in appearance and
character, without horns and without that particular
prominence of the transverse apophysis of the frontal
bone. The milk of the female from this cross, also,
proves the influence of the male : it has the peculiar
qualities of the hornless breed — less abundant,, contain-
ing less whey, but more cream and curd.

GENERATIVE PRECOCITY.

A Mr. Gordon relates the following singular instance
of fecundity and early maturity in the Aberdeen Cattle.
" On the 25th of Sept., 1805, a calf of five months old,
of the small Aberdeenshire breed, happening to be put
into an enclosure among other Cattle, admitted a male
that was only one year old. In the month of June
following, at the age of fourteen months, she brought
forth a very fine calf, and in the Summer of 1807,
another equally good. The first calf, after working in

188 THE OX TRIBE.

the Winter, Spring, and Summer of 1809, was killed in
January, 1810, and weighed Qcwt. Sqrs. 16/6. The
second was killed December 16, 1810, aged three years
six months, and weighed exactly 7cwi. ; and on Dec. 30,
1807, the mother, after having brought up these calves,
was killed at the age of two years and eight months,
and weighed 4<cwt. \qr. the four quarters, sinking the
offal."

MILK.

Cows are usually milked three times a day over the
greatest part of Scotland, from the time of calving till
the milk begins to dry up during the Winter season,
when the Cows are for the most part in calf; nor is it
found that they suffer by that practice in any degree :
and it is the general opinion of all who adopt it, that
nearly one third more milk is thus obtained than if they
were milked only twice.

A Cow, mentioned by Dr. Anderson in his ' Recreations/
(vol. v, p. 309,) was milked three times a day for ten
years running, during the space of nine months, at least,
every year ; and was never seen, during all that period,
but in very excellent order, although she had no other
feeding than was given to the rest of the Cows, some of
which were very low every winter, when they gave no
milk at all.

A farmer of the name of Watkinson had a Cow that,
for seventeen years, gave him from ten to twenty quarts
of milk every day ; was in moderate condition when taken
up, six months in fattening, and being then twenty years
old, was sold for more than £18. Mr. John Holt, of
Walton, in Lancashire, had a healthy Cow-calf presented

BRITISH DOMESTIC CATTLE.

189

to him, whose dam was in her thirty-second year, and
could not be said to have been properly out of milk for
the preceding fifteen years.

Yorkshire Cows, which are those chiefly used in the
London Dairies, give a very great quantity of milk. It
is by no means uncommon for them, in the beginning of
the Summer, to yield thirty quarts a day ; there are rare
instances of giving thirty-six quarts ; but the average
measure may be estimated at twenty-two or twenty-four
quarts.

Alderney Cow, after Howitt.

BUTTER.

The Alderney Cow, considering its voracious appetite,
yields very little milk ; that milk, however, is of an ex-
traordinary excellent quality, and gives more butter than
can be obtained from the milk of any other cow. John
Lawrence states that an Alderney Cow that had strayed

190 THE OX TRIBE.

on the premises of a friend of his, and remained there
three weeks, made 19 Ibs. of hutter each week ; and the
fact was held so extraordinary, as to he thought worthy
of a memorandum in the parish books. The milk of the
Alderney Cow fits her for the situation in which she is
usually placed, and where the excellence of the article
is regarded, and not the expense.

Lord Hampden, of Glynde, had a cow which in the
height of the season yielded ten pounds of butter and
twelve pounds of cheese every week, and yet her quan-
tity of milk rarely exceeded five gallons per day. The
next year the same cow gave nine pounds and a half of
butter per week for several weeks, and then for the rest
of the summer between eight and nine pounds per week ;
and until the hard frost set in, seven pounds ; and four
pounds per week during the frost. Yet as a proof of
the quality of the milk, she at no time gave more than
five gallons in the day. To this may be added that,
"four or five years before, the same person had a fine
black Sussex Cow from Lord Gage, which also gave, in
the height of the season, five gallons per day, but no
more than five pounds of butter were ever made from it."
This is accounted for in a singular way; for there is a
common opinion in the east of Sussex, that "the milk of
a black cow never gives so much butter as that of a
red one."

MR. YOUATT'S PHILOSOPHY OF RABIES, OR MADNESS.

In treating of Rabies, Youatt says : — "When a rabid or
mad dog is wandering about, labouring under an irre-
pressible disposition to bite, he seeks out first of all his
own species ; but if his road lies by a herd of cattle, he

BRITISH DOMESTIC CATTLE. 191

will attack the nearest to him ; and if he meet with much
resistance, he will set upon the whole herd, and bite as

many as he can If the disease is to appear at

all, it will be about the expiration of the fifth week,
although there will be no absolute security in less than
the double number of months." After making these re-
marks, our author reasons himself into the sapient con-
clusion, that the poison in all rabid animals resides in the
saliva, and does not affect any other secretion. " The
knowledge that the virus is confined to the saliva," he
opines, " will settle a matter that has been the cause of
considerable uneasiness. A cow has been observed to be
ailing for a day or two, but she has been milked as
usual ; her milk has been mingled with the rest, and has
been used for domestic purposes, as heretofore. She is
at length discovered to be rabid. Is the family safe ?
Can the milk of a rabid cow be drunk with impunity?
Yes, perfectly so, for the poison is confined to the saliva.
The livers of hundreds of rabid dogs have been eaten in
days of ignorance, dressed in all manners of ways, but
usually fried as nicely as possible, as a preventive against
madness. Some miscreants have sent the flesh of rabid
cattle to the market, and it has been eaten without harm ;
and so, although not very pleasant to think about, the
milk of the rabid cow may be drunk without the slightest
danger."

Is it, indeed, possible for any of the secretions of an
animal to be in a healthy state, and fit for human food,
after it has had the virus of a rabid dog circulating
in its system for at least five weeks ? Furthermore, is it
consistent in Mr. Youatt to call those miscreants who
send the flesh of rabid cattle to market, when he acknow-

192 THE OX TRIBE.

ledges, in the same breath, that it can be eaten without
harm?

According to Mr. Youatt's philosophy, a cow in a rabid
state is actually as good as a cow in a healthy state ; for
its milk may be drunk with impunity — the family is per-
fectly safe who uses it for domestic purposes ; and, more-
over, the flesh of rabid cattle may be eaten without harm.
What more can be predicated of cattle in the purest
state of health?

STATISTICS.

The number of cattle in Great Britain was estimated
by Youatt (1838) at upwards of eight millions. 160,000
head of cattle are annually sold in Smithfield alone,
without including calves, or the dead market, i. e., the
carcases sent up from various parts of the country.
1,200,000 sheep, 36,000 pigs, and 18,000 calves, are also
sent to Smithfield in the course of a year.

A tenth part of the sheep and lambs die annually of
disease (more than 4,000,000 perished by the rot alone in
the winter of 1829-30), and at least a fifteenth part of
the neat cattle are destroyed by inflammatory fever and
milk fever, red water, hoose, and diarrhoea.

If a tithe of the sheep and lambs, and a fifteenth of
the neat cattle die of disease, what proportion are slaugh-
tered and sent to market in the earlier stages of disease ;
and, in fact, in all the stages antecedent to those which
are the immediate cause of death ?

THE END.

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and copious Biographical Notices, by GEORGE ROBERTS, 2 vols. post 8vo, plates and cuts',
new, extra cloth. 9s. (original price £ I. 4s.)

Two very interesting volumes, particularly so to those connected with the West of England.

C HAKESPERIANA, a Catalogue of the Early Editions of Shakespeare's Plays,
^ and of the Commentaries and other Publications illustrative of his Works. By
J. O. HALIIWEIX. 8vo, cloth. 3s

" Indispensable to everybody who wishes to carry on any inquiries connected with Shakespeare («• who may
have a fancy for ^Juikesperian Bibliography "—FpecMw.

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by

ANEW LIFE OF SHAKESPEARE, including many particulars respect-
ing the Poet and his Family, never before published. By J. O. HALLIWELL, F.E.S.,
&c. In one handsome volume, 8vo, illmtf rated with 76 engravings on wood, of objects, most
of which are new, from drawings by FAIEHOLT, cloth. 15s.

This work contains upwards of forty documents personal history, by papers exhibiting him as selling

respecting Shakespeare and his Family, never before Malt and Stone, &c. Of the seventy-six engravings

published, besides numerous others indirectly itlus- which illustrate the volume, more HUM fifty have never

trating the Poet's Biography. All the anecdotes and before been engraved.

traditions concerning Shakespeare arc here, for the first It is the only Life of Shakespeare to be bought

time collected, and much new light is thrown on his separately from his Works.

Other Publications illustrative of Shakespeare's Life and Writings.

MALONE'S Letter to Dr. Farmer (in Reply to Hitson), relative to his Edition ol

Shakespeare, published in 1790. 8vo, sewed. Is.
IRELAND'S (W. H.) Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments, from the original

MSS. (the Shakespeare Forgeries). 8vo, plate. 2s. Gd.
lEELAND'S (Sam.) Vindication of his Conduct, respecting the Publication of the sup-

posed Shakespeare MSS., in reply to the Critical Labours of Mr- Malone. 8vo. Is. Gd.
lEELAND'S Investigation of Mr. Malone's Claim to the Character of Scholar or Critic,

being an Examination of his " Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Shakespeare

Manuscripts." 8vo. Is. Gd.
lEELAND'S (W. Henry) Authentic Account of the Shakesperian Manuscripts, &c.

(respecting his fabrication of them). 8vo. Is. Gd.
COMPARATIVE EEVIEW of the Opinions of JAS. BOADEN, in 1795 and in 1796,

relative to the Shakespeare MSS. 8vo. 2s.
GEAVES'S (H. M.) Essay on the Genius of Shakespeare, with Critical Eemarks on tho

Characters of Eomeo, Hamlet, Juliet, and Ophelia. Post 8vo, cloth. 2s. Gd.

(original price 5s. Gd.)
WIVELL'S Historical Account of the Monumental Bust of Shakespeare, in the Chancel

of Stratford-on-Avon Church. 8vo, 2 plates. Is. Gd.
lEELAND'S (W. H.) Vortigern, an Historical Play, represented at Drury Lane, April 2,

1796, as a supposed newly discovered Drama of Shakespeare. New Edition, with an

original Preface, 8vo, facsimile. Is. Gd. (Original price 3s. Gd.)

The preface is both interesting and curious, from the additional information it gives respecting the
Shakespeare Forgeries, containing also the substance of his "Confessions."

BOADEN (Jas.) on the Sonnets of Shakespeare, identifying the person to whom they are
addressed, and elucidating several points in the Poet's History. 8vo. Is. 6d.

TEADITIONAEY ANECDOTES OF SHAKESPEAEE, collected in Warwickshire in
1693. 8vo. sewed. Is.

\

MADDEN'S (Sir F.) Observations on an Autograph of Shakespeare, and the Ortho-
graphy of his Name. 8vo, sewed. Is.

HALLIWELL'S Introduction to " Midsummer Night's Dream." 8vo, cloth. 3$.

HALLIWELL on the Character of Falstaff. 12mo, cloth. 2s 6d.

COLLIEE'S (J. P.) Eeasons for a New Edition of Shakespeare's Works. 8ro. Is.

SHAKESPEAEE'S LIBEAEY.— A Collection of the Eomances, Novels, Poems, and
Histories used by Shakespeare as the foundation of his Dramas, now first collected
and accurately reprinted from the original Editions, with Notes, &c. By J. P. COLLIES.
2 vols. 8vo, cloth. 10s. Gd. ( Original price £1. Is.)

ACCOUNT of the only known Manuscript of Shakespeare's Plays, comprising some
important variations and corrections in the " Merry Wives of Windsor," obtained
from a Playhouse Copy of that Play recently discovered. By J. O. HALLIWELL. 8vo. 1*.

RIMBAULT'S "Who was ' Jack Wilson,' the Singer of Shakespeare's Stage?" An
Attempt to prove the identity of this person with John Wilson, Doctor of Music in
the University of Oxford, A.D. 1644. 8vo. Is.

SHAKESPEAEE'S WILL, copied from the Original in the Prerogative Court, preserv-
ing the Interlineations and Facsimilies of the three Autographs of the Poet, with a
few preliminary Observations. By J. O. HALLIWELL. 4to. Is.

DYCE'S Eemarks on Collier's and Knight's Editions of Shakespeare. 8vo, cloth. 4s. Gd.

A FEW EEMAEKS on the Emendation " Who smothers her with Painting," in the
Play of Cymbeline, discovered by Mr. COLLIEE, in a Corrected Copy of the Second
Edition of Shakespeare. By J. O. HALLIWELL, F.E.S., &c. 8vo. Is.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

IFE OF Mr. THOMAS GENT, Printer of York, written by himself. 8vo,

fine portrait, engraved by Aug. Fox, cloth. 2s. 6d. (Original price 9s.)
Die Author of this curious, and hitherto unpublished a printer necessarily introduced him to the acquaint-
liece of Autobiography, is well known by the several ance of many literary men, and his book abounds
orks of which lie was" the author as w:ll as printer. with notices of Authors, Printers, &c., of Ihe times in
de narrative is full, written in an easy and unaffected which he lived ; among others occur the names of
vie interspersed with several pieces of Poetry ; and Bishop Atterbury, with whom he relates a singular
Dm'the number of adventures he went through in interview, Browne Willis, and Dr. Drake, the historian
, ~«rly life, and the characters and stories incidentally of York, &c. The Book rcqiiires no encomium to those
i introduced, is extremely amusing. His occupation as who have read Southey's "Doctor."

"C'NGLAND'S WORTHIES, under whom all the Civil and Bloody Warres,
since Anno 1642 to Anno 1647, are related. By John VICABS, Author of "England's
j Parliamentary Chronicle," &c., &c. Royal 12mo, reprinted in the old style (similar to

Lady Willoughly's Diary), with copies of the 18 rare portraits after Hollar, Sfc., half
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Copies of the original edition sold £16 to £20. Fairfax, Sir Thomas Fairfax, 0. Cromwell, Skippon,
The portraits comprise, Kobert, Earl of Essex; Colonel Massey, Sir W. Brereton, Sir W. \Valler,
Robert, Earl of Warwick ; Lord Montagu, Earl of Colonel Langhorne, General Poyntz, Sir Thos. Middle-
Denbigh, Earl of Stamford, David Lesley, General ton, General Brown, and General Mitton.

A ROT AMONGST THE BISHOPS ; or a Terrible Tempest in the Sea
of Canterbury, set forth in lively emblems, to please the judicious Reader. By
THOMAS STIBBY, 1641. 18mo (A satire on Abp. Laud), four very curious woodcut
emblems, cloth. 3s

A facsimile of the very rare original edition, which sold at Bindley's sale for £13.

f^ ARTWRIGHT. — Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Mechanical Inventions of
^ Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., inventor of the Power Loom, Sfc. Post 8vo,
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It contains some interesting literary history, Dr. his Legendary Tale of "Armine and Elvira" (given

O-irtwrio'ht numbering among his correspondents, Sir in the Appendix) testifies; Sir W. Scott says it con-

W Jones Crabbe, Sir H. Davy, Fulton, Sir S. Raffles tains some excellent poetry, expressed with unusual

Langhorne, and others; he was no mean Poet, as felicity.

T7ORMAN. — The Autobiography and Personal Diary of Dr. Simon Forman, the
•*- Celebrated Astrologer, 1552-1602, from unpublished MSS. in the Ashmolean Mu-
seum, Oxford. Edited by J. O. HALLIWEH. Small 4to, sewed. 5s.

Onlv ISO copies privately printed. It will form a companion to Dr. Dee's Diat/, printed by the Camden
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T> 1C HARD SON. — Extracts from the Literary and Scientific Correspondence of
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LIFE, POETRY, AND LETTERS of EBENEZER ELLIOTT,
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\ LCUIN OF BRITAIN The Life of Alcuin, the Learned Anglo-Saxon, and

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of the Methodists. It is entirely unknown to all Wesley's biographers.

rpHE CONNECTION OF WALES with the Early Science of England,
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Geometry, Astronomy, &c., in the English Language. By J. O. HALLTWEIL. 8vo,
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COLLECTION OF LETTERS on Scientific Subjects, illustrative of the
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J. O. HAUJWEIL. 8vo, cloth. 3s.

Comprising letters of Digges, Dee, Tycho Brahe, Sir Samuel Morland, from a MS. in Lambeth Palace
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ST. DUNSTAN.— The Life and Miracles of St. Dunstan. By W. EOBINSON,
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CIDNEY.— Brief Memoir of the Life of the Hon. Algernon Sidney (the Patriot) ;
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LOVE LETTERS OP MRS. PIOZZI, (formerly Mrs. TArale, the friend of
Dr. Johnson,) written when she was Eighty, to the handsome actor, William
Augustus Conway, aged Twenty-seven. 8vo, sewed. 2s.

*< written at three, four, and five o'clock (in the celebrity — considerably enhances their interest. The

morning) by an Octogenary pen, a heart (as Mrs. Lee letters themselves it is not easy to characterise; nor

ary collections case they pr

of love epistles we have ever chanced to meet with, aspect, ana furnish one of those riddles which no-

and the well known literary reputation of the lady — thing yet dreamt of in our philosophy can sutisl'uc-

the Mrs. Thrale, of Dr. Johnson and Miss Burney torily solve." — Polytechnic Review.

anti

nOMPENDIOUS ANGLO-SAXON AND ENGLISH DIC-

^ TIONAEY. By the Eev. JOSEPH BOSWOETH, D.D., F.K.S., &c. 8vo, closely printed,

vn treble Columns. 12*.

--- LABGE PAPEE. Eoyal 8vo. (to match the next article), cloth, £1.

"This is not a mere abridgment of the large Die- price, all that is most practical and valuable in th,
tionary, but almost an entirely new work. In this former expensive edition, with a great accession of new
compendious one will be found, at a very moderate words and matter." — Author's Preface.

QN THE ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH, Germanic, and Scandinavian
^-' Languages and Nations, with Chronological Specimens of their Languages. J5y
J. BOSWOETH, D.D. Koyal 8vo, Ids. £1.

A new and enlarged edition of what was formerly the Preface to the First Edition of the Anglo-Saxon Dic-
tionary, and now published separately.

A NGLO-SAXON DELECTUS ; serving as a first Class-Book to the Lan-
**• guage. By the Eev. W.BAENES, B.D., of St. John's Coll. Camb. 12nio, cloth,
2s. 6d.

" To those who wish to possess a critical knowledge stated, and illustrated by references to Greek, the Latin,

of their own Native English, some acquaintance with French, and other languages. A philosophical spirit

Anglo-Saxon is indispensable ; and we have never pervades every part. The Delectus consists of short

seen an introduction better calculated than the pre- pieces on various subjects, with extracts from Anglo-

sent to supply the wants of a beginner in a short space Saxon History and the Saxon Chronicle. There is a

of time. The declensions and conjugations are well good Glossary at the end." — Athenceum, Oct. 20, 1819.

n UIDE TO THE ANGLO-SAXON TONGUE : on the Basis of Pro-

^* fessor Eask's Grammar ; to which are added, Eeading Lessons in Verse and Prose,
with Notes for the use of Learners. By E. J. VEKNON, B.A., Oxon. 12mo, cloth, 5*. 6d.

" The author of this Guide seems to have made one care and skill ; and the latter half of the volume con-

step in the right direction, by compiling what may be sists of a well-chosen selection of extracts from Anglo-

pronounced the best work on the subject hitherto Saxon writers, in prose and verse, for the practice of

published in England." — Athenaeum. the student, who will find great assistance in rending

" Mr. Vernon has, we think, acted wisely in taking them from the grammatical notes with wliieli they are

Bask for his Model ; but let no one suppose from the accompanied,and from the glossary which follows them.

title that the book is merely a compilation from the This volume, well studied, will enable any one to rend

work of that philologist. The accidence is abridged with ease the generality of Anglo-Saxon writers ; and

from llask, with constant revision, correction, and its cheapness places it within the reach of every

modification; but the syntax, a most important por- class. It has our kearty recommendation." — Literary

tiou of *'»e book, is original, and ii compiled with great Gazette.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA.— Selection, In Prose and Verse, from
-^*- Anglo-Saxon Literature, with an Introductory Ethnological Essay, and Notes,
Critical and Explanatory. By Louis F. KLIPSTEIN, of the University of Giessen. 2 thick
vols, post 8vo, cloth. 12s. (original price 18*.)

Containing an immense body of information on a have a thorough knowledge of his own mother-tongue;

language which is now becoming more fully appre- while the language itself, to say nothing of the many

dated, and which contains fifteen-twentieths of what valuable and interesting works preserved in it, may,

we daily think, and speak, and write. No Englishman, in copiousness of words, strength of expression, and

therefore, altogether ignorant of Anglo-Saxon, can grammatical precision, vie with the modern German.

INTRODUCTION TO ANGLO-SAXON READING; comprising

-*- Jilfric's Homily on the Birthday of St. Gregory, with a copious Glossary, &o. By
L. LANGLEY, F.L.S. 12mo, cloth, 2s. 6d.

^Elfric's Homily is remarkable for beauty of composition, and interesting as setting forth Augustine's mission
to the " Land of the Angles."

A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE LIFE OF ST. GUTHLAC,

•*"*- Hermit of Croyland. Printed, for J;he first time, from a MS. in the Cottonian
Library, with a Translation and Notes. By'CHABLES WTOLIFPE GOODWIN, M.A., Fellow
of Catharine Hall, Cambridge. 12mo, cloth, 5*.

ANGLO-SAXON LEGENDS OF ST. ANDREW AND ST.

-^*- VERONICA, now first printed, with English translations oil the opposite page. By
C. W. GOODWIN, M.A. 8vo, sewed. 2s. 6d.

A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HEXAMERON OF ST.

•^*- BASIL, and the Anglo-Saxon Remains of St. Basil's Admonitio ad Filium
Spiritualem 5 now first printed from MSS. in the Bodleian Library, with a Translation and
Notes. By the Rev. H. W. NORMAN. 8vo, SECOND EDITION, enlarged, sewed. 4s.

ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HOLY GOSPELS.

a *- Edited from the original MSS. By BENJAMIN THOSPE, F.S.A. Post 8vo, cloth.
8*. (original price 12s.)

A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE STORY OF APOLLO-

•f* NIUS OF TYRE ;— upon which is founded the Play of Pericles, attributed to
Shakespeare ; — from a MS., with a Translation and Glossary. By BENJAMIN THOBPE.
12mo, cloth. 4s. Gd. (original price 6s.)

A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA.— A Selection in Prose and Verse, from
•**? Anglo-Saxon Authors of various ages, with a Glossary. By BENJAMIN THOBPE,
F.S.A. A new edition,, wiih corrections and improvements. Post 8vo, cloth. Ss. (original
price 12s.)

POPULAR TREATISES ON SCIENCE, written during the Middle Ages,
•"- in Anglr-Saxon, Ajiglo-Norman, and English. Edited by THOS. WEIGHT, M.A.
8vo, cloth, 3*.

Contents:— An Angtu-Saxon Treatise on Astronomy maining, aitJ explanatory of all He symbolical s\qn»

of the TEXTII CENTURY, now frst published from a in early sculpture and painting) • the Bestiary of PJiil-

MS. in the British M useum, with a Translation; Livre lippe de Thaun, with a translation; Fragments on Po-

des Creatures, by Pliillippe de Thaun, now frst printed pular Science from the Early English Metrical Lives

with a translation, (extremely talitable to Philologists, of the Saints, (the earliest piece of the land to tfu

as being the earliest specimens of Anglo-Norman re- English Language.)

FRAGMENT OF ^ELFRIC'S ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR,

-*- ^EKric's Glossary, and a Poem on the Soul and Body of the Xllth Century, dis-
covered among the Archives of Worcester Cathedral, By Sir THOMAS PiilLLirs, Bart.
Fol., PBIVATELY PEINTED, sewed. 1*. 6d.

OKELTON'S (John, Poet Laureat to Henry VIII) Poetical Works : theBowgeof
Court, Colin Clout, Why come ye not to Court ? (his celebrated Satire on Wolsey),
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2 vols, 8vo, cloth. 14s. (original price £1. 12s.)

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guage, the audacity of his satire, and the perfect origin- and ornament of Britain.' He indulged very freely

ality oi las manner, made Skelton one of the most extra- in his writings in censures on monks and Dominicans 5

ordinary writers of any age or country."— Snuthey. and, moreover, had the hardihood to reflect, in no very

" Skelton is a curious, able, and remarkable writer, mild terms, on the manners and life of Cardinal

with strong sense, a vein of humour, and some ima- Wolsey. We cannot help considering Skelton as an

cination ; he had a wonderful command of the English ornament of his own time, aud a benefactor to those

language, and one who was »tyled, in bii turn, by a* who COPJU after him."

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by

SEMI-SAXON.— The Departing Soul's Address to the Body, a Fragment of a
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THOMAS PHILLIPPS, Bart., with an English Translation by S. W. SINGEB. 8vo, only

100 PRIVATELY PBINTED. 28.

DICTIONARY OF ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS,
Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs, from the Reign of Edward I.
By JAMES OBCHABC HAXXIWEIL, F.B.S., F.S.A., &c. 2 vols, 8vo, containing upwards
of 1000 pages, closely printed in double columns, cloth, a new and cheaper edition. £1. Is.
It contains above 50,000 words (embodying all the are not to be found in ordinary Dictionaries and books
known scattered glossaries of the English language), of reference. Most of the principal Archaisms are il-
forming a complete key for the reader of our old Poets, lustrated by examples selected from early inedited
Dramatists, Theologians, and other authors, whose MSS. and rare books, and by far the greater portion
works abound with allusions, of which explanations will be found to be original authorities.

ESSAYS ON THE LITERATURE, POPULAR SUPERSTI-
TIONS, and History of England in the Middle Ages. By THOMAS WEIGHT, M.A.,
F.B.S. 2 vols. post 8vo, elegantly printed, cloth. 16$.

Contents. — Essay I. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. II. Anglo- Rush, and the Frolicsome Elves. XI. On Dunlop'a
Norman Poetry. III. Chansons de Geste, or Historical History of Fiction. XII. On the History and trans-
Romances of the Middle Ages. IV. On Proverbs and mission of Popular Stories. XIII. On the Poetry of
Popular Sayings. V. On the Anglo-Latin Poets of History. XIV. Adventures of Hereward the Saxon.
the Twelfth Century. VI. Abelard and the Scholastic XV. The Story of Eustace the Monk. XVI. The His-
Philosophy. VII. On Dr. Grimm's German Mythology. toryof Fulke Fitzwarine. XVII. On the Popular Cycle

VIII. On the National Fairy Mythology of England. of Robin-Hood Ballads. XVIII. On the Conquest of

IX. On the Popular Superstitions of Modern Greece, Ireland by the Anglo-Normans. XIX. On Old English
and their Connexion with the English. X. On Friar Political Songs. XX. On the Scottish Poet, Doubar.

EARLY HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY IN ENGLAND.
Illustrated by an English Poem of the XTVth Century, with Notes. By J. O.
HALLIWELI,, Post 8vo, SECOND EDITION, with a facsimile of the original MS. in the
British Museum, cloth. 2s. 6d.

" The interest which the curious poem, of which which is not common with such publications. Mr.
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proved by the fact of its having been translated into increased its utility by the addition of a complete and
German, and of its having reached a second edition, correct glossary." — Literary Gazette.

^TORRENT OF PORTUGAL; an English Metrical Romance, now first pub-
-*- lished, from an unique MS. of the XVth Century, preserved in the Chetham Library
at Manchester. Edited by J. O. HAXUWELL, &c. Post 8vo, cloth, uniform with Eitson,
Weber, and Mills' s publications. 5*.

"This is a valuable and interesting addition to our bling to a modern reader, yet the class to which it
list of early English metrical romances, and an in- rightly belongs will value it accordingly ; both because
dispensable companion to the collections of Ritson, it is curious in its details, and possesses philological
Weber, and Ellis." — Literary Gazette. importance. To the general reader it presents one

" A literary curiosity, and one both welcome and ieature, viz., the reference to Wayland Smith, whom
serviceable to the lover of black-lettered lore. Though Sir W. Scott has invested with so much interest."—
the obsoleteness of the style may occasion sad stum- Metropolitan Magazine.

TT ARROWING OF HELL; a Miracle Play, written in the Beign of Edward
-*-•'- II, now first published from the Original in the British Museum, with a Modem
Beading, Introduction, and Notes. By JAMES OBCHABD HAILIWEBI, Esq., F.B.S., F.S. A.,
&c. 8vo, sewed. 2s.

This curious piece is supposed to be the earliest glish Poetry ; Sharon Turner's England ; Co/Jier's
specimen of dramatic composition in the English Ian- History of English Dramatic Poetry, Vol. II, p. 213.
guage; tide Hallam's Literature of Europe, Vol. I; All these writers refer to the Manuscript.
Strutt's Manners and Customs, Vol. II ; Warton's En-

POETIC A; Select Pieces of Old English Popular Poetry, illustrating the
••• ' Manners and Arts of the XVth Century. Edited by J. O. HALUWELX. Post 8vo,
only 100 copies printed, cloth. 5s.

Contents : — Colyn Blowbol's Testament ; the De- Lobe, Henry VHIth's Fool ; Romance of Robert of
bate of the Carpenter's Tools; the Merchant and Sicily; and fine other curious pieces of the same
his Son ; the Maid and the Magpie ; Elegy on kind

A NECDOTA LITERARIA : a Collection of Short Poems in English, Latin,
-^- and French, illustrative of the Literature and History of England in the Xlllth
Century ; and more especially of the Condition and Manners of the different Classes of
Society. By T. WEIGHT, M.A., F.S. A., &c. 8vo, cloth, only 250 printed. 7*. 6d.

POPULAR ERRORS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, particularly in

•*• Pronunciation, familiarly pointed out. By G-EOBGE JACKSON. 12mo, THIBD
EDITION, with a coloured frontispiece of the " Sedes Busbeiana" 6d.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

~P ARLY MYSTERIES, and other Latin Poems of theXIIth and XHIth centuries.
-*-^ Edited, from original MSS. in the British Museum, and the Libraries of Oxford,
Cambridge, Paris, and Vienna, by THOS. WEIGHT, M.A., F.S.A. 8vo, Ids. 4s. 6d.

" Besides the curious specimens of the dramatic on the people of Norfolk, written by a Monk of Peter-
style of Middle-Age Latimty, Mr. Wright has given borough, and answered in the same style by John of
two compositions in the Narrative Elegiac Verse (a St. Omer ; and, lastly, some sprightly aud often grace-
favourite measure at that period), in the Comoedia ful songs from a MS. in the Arundel Collection, which
Babioiiis and the Geta of Vitalis Blesensis, which form afford a very favourable idea of the lyric poetry of
a link of connection between the Classical and Middle- our clerical forefathers." — Gentleman's Magazine.
age Literature: some remarkable Satyrical Rhymes

T> ARA MATHEMATIC A ; or a Collection of Treatises on the Mathematics and
-*-*' Subjects connected with them, from ancient inedited MSS. By J. O. HALLIWELL.
8vo, SECOND EDITION, cloth. 3s.

Contents : — Johannis de Sacro-Bosco Tractacus de Duration of Moonlieht, from a MS. of the Thirteenth
Arte Numerandi ; Method used in England in the Century ; on the Mensuration of Heights and Dis-
Fifteenth Century for taking the Altitude of a Steeple; tances ; Alexandri de Villa Dei Carmen de Algorismq ;
Treatise on the Numeration of Algorism; Treatise on Preface tpaCalendar or Almanack for 1430} Johannis
Glasses for Optical Purposes, by W. Bourne; Johannis Norfolk in Artem progressionis summula; Notes on
Robyns de Cometis Commentaria; Two Tables showing Early Almanacks, by the Editor, &c. &c.
the time of High Water at London Bridge, and the

PHILOLOGICAL PROOFS of the Original Unity and Recent Origrn of the
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al 3©ialecte of

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royal 12mo, cloth. 10s.

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fore as a valuable contribution to the history of Ian- Times.

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lingual localisms peculiar to Essex ; with a Glossary. By CHABLES CLARK, Esq., of
Great Totham Hall, Essex. Post 8vo, cloth. 2s.

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Dublin, by a young Borrowdale Shepherd, by Isaac All the poetical quotations in " Mr. and Mrs. Sand-

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A RCH GEOLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-
•^*- British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods, by JOHN YONGE AKEBMAN, Fellow and Secretary
of the Society of Antiquaries. 8vo, illustrated with numerous engravings, comprising
upwards of Jive hundred objects, cloth. 15s.

This work, though intended as an introduction and rows — Urns — Swords — Spears — Knives — Umbones of

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hoped, also prove of service as a book of reference to Beads, &c. &c. &c. &c.

the practise*! Archaeologist. The contents are as fol- The ITINERARY of ANTONINUS (as far as relates to

lows : Britain). The Geographical Tables of PTOLEMY, the

PART I. CELTIC PERIOD. — Tumuli, or Barrows NOTITIA, and the ITINERARY of RICHARD of CIREN-

and Cairns — Cronielechs — Sepulchral Caves — Hocking CESTER, together with a classified Index of the con-

Stones — Stone Circles. &c. &c. — Objects discovered in tents of the ARCH^OLOGIA (Vols. i to xxxi) are given

Celtic Sepulchres — Urns — Beads — Weapons — Imple- in an Appendix.
mcnts, Sec.

PART n. ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD. — Tumuli of "One of the first wants of an incipient Antiquary,

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mans — Pavements — Camps — Villas — Sepulchral him at one glance. The plates, indeed, form the most

Monuments — Sepulchral Inscriptions — Dedicatory In- valuable part of the book, both by their number and

scriptions — Commemorative Inscriptions — Altars — the judicious selection of types and examples which

Urns — Glass Vessels — Fibulae — Annillse — Coins — they contain. It is a book which we can, on this ac-

Coin-moulds, &c. &c. count, safely and warmly recommend to all who are

PART III. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD. — Tumuli — De- interested in the antiquities of their native laud." —

tailed List of Objects discovered in Anglo-Saxon Bar- Literary Gazette.

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"DIVER TYNE.— Plea and Defence of the Mayor and Burgesses of Newcastle
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PAUCONBERGE MEMORIAL.— An Account of Henry Fauconberge, LL.D.,
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SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS, illustrating the Hia-
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SUSSEX GARLAND; a Collection of Ballads, Sonnets, Tales, Elegies, Songs,
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C US SEX MARTYRS t their Examinations and Cruel Burnings in the time of

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(CHURCHES OF SUSSEX, drawn by R. H. NiBBS, with Descriptions.

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CHRONICLES OF PEVENSEY, in Sussex. ByM. A. LOWEB, 12mo,
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~|VTONT SAINT-MICHEL.— Histoire et Description de Mont St. Michel en

— •-•• Normandie, terte, par Hericher, dessins par Bouet publics par Bourdon. Folio,

150 pp., and 13 beautiful plates ; executed in tinted lithography, leather back, uncut. £2. 2*.

A handsome volume, interesting to the Architect and Archaeologist.

GENOA ; with Remarks on the Climate, and its Influence upon Invalids. B/
HENEY JONES BUNNETT, M.D. 12mo, cloth. 4».

anS

pURIOSITIES OF HERALDRY, with Illustrations from Old English

^ Writers. By MAKE ANTONY LOWEB, M.A., Author of "Essays on English Sur-
names;" with illuminated Title-page, and numerous engravings from designs by the Author.
8vo, cloth. 14s.

"The present volume is truly a worthy sequel (to than an ample exposition of an extraordinary and nni-

the'SuBN AMES') in the same curious and antiquarian versal custom, which produced the most important

line, blending with remarkable facts and intelligence, effect upon the minds and habits of mankind." —

such a fund of amusing anecdote and illustration, that Literary Gazette.

the reader is almost surprised to find that he has " Mr. Lower's work is both curioiis and instructive,

learned so much, whilst he appeared to be pursuing while the mr.oner of its treatment is so inviting and

mere entertainment. The text is so pleasing that we popular, that the subject to which it refers, which

scarcely dream of its sterling value ; audit seems as if, many have hitherto had too good reason to consider

in unison with the woodcuts, which so cleverly explain meagre and unprofitable, assumes, under the hands of

its points and adorn its various topics, the whole de- the writer, the novelty of fiction with the importance

sign were intended for a relaxation from study, rather of historical truth." — Atheiueum.

PEDIGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY OF HERT-
FORDSHIRE. By WILLIAM BEHBY, late, and for fifteen years, Registering Clerk
in the College of Arms, author of the "Encyclopaedia Heraldica," &c. &c. Folio, (only
125 printed.) £1. 5*. (original price £3. 10*.)

pENEALOGICAL AND HERALDIC HISTORY OF THE

^ EXTINCT AND DORMANT BARONETCIES of England, Ireland, and Scot-
land. By J. BURKE, Esq. Medium 8vo, SECOND EDITION, 638 closely printed pages, in
double columns, with about 1000 arms engraved on wood, fine portrait of JAMES I, and
illuminated title-page, cloth. 10*, (original price £1. 8*.)

This work engaged the attention of the author for ative or representatives still existing, with elaborate
several years, comprises nearly a thousand families, and minute details of the alliances, achievements, and
many oAhem amongst the most ancient and eminent fortunes; generation after generation, from the earliest
in the kingdom, each carried down to its represent- to the latest period.

T^NGLISH SURNAMES. An Essay on Family Nomenclature, Historical,
•^ Etymological, and Humorous ; with several illustrative Appendices. By MASK
ANTONY LOWED, M.A. 2 vols., post 8vo, THIED EDITION, ENLAEGED, woodcuts, cloth.
12s.

This new and much improved Edition, besides a and in his chapters on the different ways in which

great enlargement of the Chapters, contained in the particular classes of names have originated from

previous editions, comprises several that .are entirely names of places, occupations, dignities, offices, personal

new, together with Notes on Scottish, Irish, and and mental qualities, &c." — Spectator.

Norman Surnames. The " Additional Prolusions," „ , , T , „ v. - ^ . i_- _:_H „*

besides the articles on Rebuses, Allusive Arms, and ".Mr *"*" has Sone '? work ™ the ^ Si

the Roll of Battel Abbey, contain dissertations on Inn ««t«n™ *•*"**• and,a ""»* a™nsJnS a"d '"-

signs, and Remark! on Christian Names } with a structlve book he nas produced.''-.^*/™ Herald.

copious INDEX of many thousand Names. These fea- "A curious work, and got up, moreover, with that

lures render " English Surnames " rather a new work commendable attention to paper and typography wluch

than a new edition. is certain to make a boot 'tak the eye.' ......

"A curious, ingenious, and amusing book, Mr. Lower Mr. Lower has been ' at a great feast of languages,

brings considerable knowledge to bear, both in his and has stolen more than the ' scraps.' He both in-

general history of the use of Surnames in England, structs and entertains."— John Bull.

TNDEX TO THE PEDIGREES AND ARMS contained in the Heralds'
-*• Visitations and other Genealogical Manuscripts in the British Museum. By
R. SlMS, of the Manuscript Department. 8vo, closely printed in double columns, cloth. 15*.

An indispensable work to those engaged in Genea- study, amusement, or professionally; those who have
logical and Topographical pursuits, affording a ready experienced the toilsome labour of searching, with
clue to the Pedigrees and Arms of nearly 40,000 of the the help only of the existing very imperfect Catalogues,
Gentry of England, their Residences, &c. (distinguish- can appreciate the perseverance and accurate exa-
ing the different families of the same name in any mination necessary to produce such an Index as that
county), as recorded by the Heralds in their Visita- just published by Mr. Sims ; it will be an indispen-
tions between the years 1528 to 1666. sable companion to the Library table of all students

in genealogical pursuits, and those engaged in the

" This work wfll be very acceptable to all who have History of landed Property." — Journal tf Archteo-
oceasion to examine the MSS. alluded to, whether for logical Institute for September, }fH9.

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by

ROLL OF ARMS O* THE REIGN OF KING EDWARD II.
Edited by Sir HAEBIS NICOLAS ; to which is added, an " Ordinary" of the Arms
mentioned by Jos. Gwilt, Esq. 8vo, cloth. 4s. 6d. (original price 10s. 6d.) On LABGE
PAPEB, 4to, cloth, 10s. (original price 21s.)

CALENDAR OF KNIGHTS; containing Lists of Knights Bachelors, British
^ Knights of the Garter, Thistle, Bath, St. Patrick, the Guelphic and Ionian Orders,
from 1760 to 1828. By F. TOWNSEND, Windsor Herald. Post 8vo, cloth. 3s. (original
price 9s.)

A very useful volume for Genealogical and Biographical purposes.

HE SLOGANS OR WAR-CRIES OF THE NORTH OF

ENGLAND, by M. AISLABIE DENHAM ; with an Introduction on their Supposed
Origin, by JOHN FENWICK ; and Observations on Martial Mottoes, by W. HYLTON
LONGSTAFFE. Post 8vo, elegantly printed, with Coats of Arms, Seals, $c., sewed. 6s. 6d.

GENEALOGISTS' MANUAL ; or Guide to the various Public Eecords,
Registers, Wills, Printed Books, and other Documents necessary to be consulted in
tracing a Pedigree. With particulars of the days and hours each Office or Eegistry is
available, the charges made, the objects and dates of their Records, &c. &c. ; the whole
carefully compiled from Returns made expressly for this work ; together with other Tables
and Calendars useful to the Antiquary, Topographer, and Conveyancer. By MATTHEW
COOKB. Thick 12mo, cloth. 6s. (nearly ready.)

T

T)LAYING CARDS. — Facts and Speculations on the History of Playing Cards in
••- Europe. By W. A. CHATTO, author of the " History of Wood Engraving," with
Illustrations by J. JACKSON. 8vo, profusely illustrated, with engravings, loth plain and
coloured, cloth. £1. Is.

"The inquiry into the origin and signification of the it is exceedingly amusing; and the most critical rea-
suits and their marks, and the heraldic, theological, der cannot fail to be entertained by the variety of
and political emblems pictured from time to time, in curious outlying learning Mr. Chatto lias somehow
their changes, opens a new field of antiquarian interest; contrived to draw into the investigations." — Atlas.
and the perseverance with which Mr. Chatto has ex- " Indeed the entire production deserves our warmest

plored it leaves little to be gleaned by his successors. approbation." — Lit. Gaz.

The plates with which the volume is enriched add con- " A perfect fund of antiquarian research, and most

siderably to its value in this point of view. It is not interesting even to persons who never play at cards."
to be denied that, take it altogether, it contains more — Tail's Mag.

matter than has ever before been collected in one " A curious, entertaining and really learned book."

view upon the same subject. In spite of its faults, — Rambler.

TTOLBEIN'S DANCE OF DEATH, with an Historical and Literary
-*--'• Introduction, by an Antiquary. Square post 8vo, with 53 Engravings, BEING THE
MOST ACCUEATE COPIES ETEE EXECUTED OF THESE GEMS OF AET, and a frontispiece of an
ancient bedstead at Aix-la- Chapelle, with a Dance of Death carved on it, engraved by
Fairholt, cloth. 9s.

"The designs are executed with a spirit and fidelity "Ces 53 Planches de Schlotthauer sont d'une ex-

quite extraordinary. — They are indeed most truthful. quise perfection — Langlois, Essai sur les Dances des
— Athenceum. Marts, 1852.

pATALOGUE OF THE PRINTS which have been Engraved after
^ Martin Heemskerck. By T. KEEEICH, Librarian to the University of Cambridge.
8vo, portrait, bds. 3s. 6d.

nATALOGUE OF PICTURES, composed chiefly by the most admired
^ Masters of the Roman, Florentine, Parman, Bolognese, Venetian, Flemish, and
French Schools ; with Descriptions and Critical Remarks. By ROBEET For/us. 3 vols.
12mo, cloth. 5s.

MEMOIRS OF PAINTING, with a Chronological History of the Importation
of Pictures by the Great Masters into England since the French Revolution. By
W. BTJCHANAN. 2 vols. 8vo, bds^ Is. 6d. (original price £1. 6s.)

HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, and an Inquiry into the mode of Painting upon and
Staining Glass, as practised in the Ecclesiastical Structures of the Middle Ages. By
J. 3. HAWKINS, F.S.A. Royal 8vo, 11 plate$f bds. 4s. (original price 12s.)

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

popular $oettg, Caies, an*

THE NURSERY RHYMES OF ENGLAND, collected chiefly from
Oral Tradition. Edited by J. O. HALMWELL. The FOTJBTH EDITION, enlarged,
with 38 Designs, by W. B. SCOTT, Director of the School of Design, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
12mo, illuminated cloth, gilt leaves. 4s. 6d.

"Illustrations! and here thev are; clever pictures, hood a sprinkling of ancient nursery lore is worth
which the three-year olds understand before their whole cartloads of the wise saws and modern instances
ABC and which the fiftv-three-year olds like almost which are now as duly and carefully concocted by ex-
as well 'as the threes."— Literary Gazette. perienced litterateurs, into instructive tales for the

"We are pursuaded that the very rudest of these spilling public, as are works of entertammment lor the
jineles tales and rhvmes. possess a strong imaginatiou reading public. The work is worthy of the attention
nourishing power ; and that in infancy and early child- of the popular antiquary. —Tails Mag.

POPULAR RHYMES AND NURSERY TALES, with Historical
Elucidations. By J. O. HALLIWELL. 12mo, cloth. 4s. 6d.

This very interesting volume on the Traditional Proverb Rhymes, Places, and Families, Superstition
Literature of England, is divided into Nursery Anti- Rhymes, Custom Rhymes and Nursery Songs; a large
quities Fireside Nursery Stories, Game Rhymes, number are here printed for the first time. It may be
Alphabet Rhymes, Riddle Rhymes, Nature Songs, considered a sequel to the preceding article.

OLD SONGS AND BALLADS.— A Little Book of Songs and Ballads,
gathered from Ancient Music Books, MS. and Printed, by E. F. RlMBATJLT,
LL.D., F.S.A., &c., elegantly printed in post 8vo, pp. 240, half morocco. 6s.

"Dr. Rimbault has been at some jjains to collect the words of the Songs which used to delight the
Rustics of former times."— Atlas.

ROBIN HOOD.— The Robin Hood Garlands and Ballads, with the Tale of "The
Little Geste," a Collection of all the Poems, Songs, and Ballads relating to this
celebrated Yeoman ; to which is prefixed his History, from Documents hitherto unrevised.
By J. M. GTJTCH, F.S.A. 2 vols. 8vo, with numerous fine woodcuts, Sfc.t by Fairholt,
extra cloth. £1. 1*. (original price £1. 10*.)

Two very handsome volumes, fit for the drawing-room table.

BALLAD ROMANCES. ByR. H. HOBNE, Esq., Author of "Orion," Ac.
12mo, pp. 248, cloth. 3s. (original price 6s. 6d.)

Containing the Noble Heart, a Bohemian Legend; description. Mr. Home should write us more Fairy

the Monk of Swineshead Abbey, a ballad Chronicle Tales ; we know apne to equal him since the days of

of the death of King John ; the three Knights of Drayton and Herrick." — Examiner.
Camelott a Fairy Tale; The Ballad of Delora. or the BTh { in thig volume is a fine {t

Passionof AndreaComo: BeddGelertaWelshUgend; to entitUdthe < Aoble Heart,' and not only in title

Of ?he Oands * Cn" ua^orv ' but in treatment WeU imitateS the Style °f BeaUm°nt

01 me wooeuanas, a muDri >iory. ^ Fletcher "—Atheiuettm

"Pure fancy of the most abundant and picturesque

IR HUGH OF LINCOLN: or an Examination of a curious Tradition
respecting the JEWS, with a Notice of the Popular Poetry connected with it. By
the Rev. A. HTJME, LL.D. 8vo. 2*.

ESSAY ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF OUR POPULAR
PHRASES AND NURSERY RHYMES. By J. B. KEB. 2 vols. 12mo, new
cloth. 4s. (original price 12s.)

A work which has met with much abuse among the gossiping matter. The author's attempt is to explain
reviewers, but those who are fond of philological pur- every thing from the Dutch, which he believes was the
suits will read it now it is to be had at so very mo- same language as the Anglo-Saxon,
derate a price, and it really contains a good deal of

lyTERRY TALES OF THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM.

•*•-*- Edited by JAMES OBCHABD HAILIWELI., Esq, F.S.A. Post 8vo. Is.

These tales are supposed to have been composed in " In the time of Henry the Eighth, and after," says
the early part of the sixteenth century, by Dr. Andrew Ant.-a-Wood, " it was accounted a book full of wit and
Borde, the well-known progenitor of Merry Andrews. mirth by scholars and gentlemen."

OAINT PATRICK'S PURGATORY; an Essay on the Legends of Hell,
^ Purgatory, and Paradise, current during the Middle Ages. By THOMAS WBIGHT,
M.A., F.S.A., &c. Post 8vo, cloth. 6s.

" It must be observed that this is not a mere ac- the best introduction to Dante that has yet been pub-
count of St. Patrick's Purgatory, but a complete lished." — Literary Gazttte.

history of the legends and superstitions relating; to the "This appears to be a curious and even amusing

subject, from the earliest times, rescued from old MSS. book on the singular subject of Purgatory, in which
as well as from old printed books. Moreover, \t em- the idle and fearful dreams of supersfition are shown
braces a singular chapter of literary history titled to be first narrated as tales, and then applied as means
by Warton and all former writers with whom we are of deducing the moral character of ths age in wliiot
acquainted; and we think we may »dd, that it forms they prevailed."— Spectator.

O
^

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by
TVTOBLE AND RENOWNED HISTORY OF GUY, EARL OF

•^ WARWICK, containing a Full and True Account of his many Famous and
Valiant Actions. Royal 12mo, woodcuts, cloth,. 4s. 6d.

PHILOSOPHY OF WITCHCRAFT, (Chiefly with respect to Cases in Scot-
•*- land). By J. MITCHELL, and J. DICKIE. 12mo, cloth. 3s. (original price 6s.)
A curious volume, and a fit companion to Sir W. Scott's " Deraonology and Witchcraft."

ACCOUNT OF THE TRIAL, CONFESSION, AND CON-

** DEMNATION of Six Witches at Maidstone, 1652; also the Trial and Execution
of three others at Faversham, 1645. 8vo. Is.

These Transactions are unnoticed by all Kentish historians.

TyONDERFUL DISCOVERY OF THE WITCHCRAFTS OF

MARGARET and PHILIP FLOWER, Daughters of Joan Flower, near Bever
(Belvoir), executed at Lincoln, for confessing themselves Actors in the Destruction of
Lord Rosse, Son of the Earl of Rutland, 1618. 8vo. Is.

One of the most extraordinary cases of Witchcraft on record.

"OIBLIOTHECA MADRIGALIANA. — A Bibliographical Account of the
•*-* Musical and Poetical Works published in England during the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth Centuries, under the Titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets, &c., &c. By
EDWABD F. RIMBAULT, LL.D., F.S.A. 8vo, cloth. 5s.

It records a class of books left undescribed by Ames, Catalogue of lyrical Poetry of the age to which
Herbert, and Dibdin, and furnishes a most valuable it refers.

THE MANUSCRIPT RARITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, F.R.S. 8vo, Ids. 3s (original price
10s. Gd.) A companion to Hartshorne's "Book Rarities" of the same University.

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE POPULAR TRACTS, formerly in the
Library of Captain Cox, of Coventry, A.D. 1575. By J. O. HALHWELL. 8vo, only
60 printed, sewed. 1*.

CATALOGUE OF THE CONTENTS OF THE CODEX HOL-

^ BROOKIANUS. (A Scientific MS.) By Dr. John Holbrook, Master of St. Peter's
College, Cambridge, 1418-1431). By J. O. HALLIWELL. 8vo. Is.

A CCOUNT OF THE VERNON MANUSCRIPT. A Volume of

•**• Early English Poetry, preserved in the Bodleian Library. By J. O. HALLIWELL.
8vo, only 50 printed. Is.

T> IBLIOTHEC A CANTIANA. A Bibliographical Account of what has been
•*-* published on the History, Topography, Antiquities, Customs, and Family Genealoffv
of the COUNTY of KENT, with Biographical Notes. By JOHN RUSSELL SMITH in a
handsome 8vo volume, pp. 370, with two plates of facsimiles of Autographs of 33 eminent
Kentish Writers. 5<s. (original price 14*.) — LAEGE PAPEE 10s. Gd.

JHiscellantes,

TVTEW FACTS AND VERIFICATIONS OF ANCIENT BRI

•^ TISH HISTORY. By the Rev. BEALE POSTE. 8vo, with engravings, cloth.

'THOMAS SPROTTS (a monk of Canterbury, circa 1280) Chronicle of Profane
A and Sacred History. Translated from the original MS., on 12 parchment skins in
the possession of Joseph Mayer, Esq., of Liverpool. By Dr. W. BELL. 4to, half bound
in morocco, accompanied with an exact Facsimile of the entire Codex, 37 feet long in a
round morocco case, PBlvATELY FEINTED, very curious. £2. 2s.

'•TON STALL (Cuthbert, Sishop of Durham), Sermon preached on Palm Sunday,

, son 15-,3o9' bei"ore Henry VIII, reprinted VERBATIM from the rare edition by Berthelet in
loJ'J. 12mo, Is. Gd.

made f^Stenfrom k? Sem0n' "* the commcncement of ^ Reformation, Strype in his Memorial has

John Russell Smith, 36, Sofio Square, London.

T APPENBERG'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, under the Anglo-Saxon
-*-^ Kings. Translated by BENJ. THOEPE, with Additions and Corrections, by the Author
and Translator. 2 vols. 8vo, cloth. 12s. (original price £1, Is.)

" Of modern works I am most indebted to the History the best and surest guide in penetrating the labyrinth
of England by l^ppeuberg, the use of which, more of early English History." — "Konig 4 elf red und seine
particularly in conjunction with the translation given Stelte in der Geschichte England*, von Dr. Seiiiold
by Thorpe, and enriched by both those scholars, affords fauli." — Berlin, 1851.

T ETTERS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND, now first collected from

-*-^ the originals hi Royal Arcliives, and from other authentic sources, private as well as
public. Edited with Historical Introduction and Notes, by J. O. HALLIWELL. Two
HANDSOME VOLUMES, post 8vo, with portraits of Henry VIII and Charles I, cloth. 8s.
(original price £1 Is.)

These volumes form a good companion to Ellis's his letters to the Duke of Buckingham are of the most
Original Letters. singular nature ; only imagine a letter from a so

The collection comprises for the first time the love vereignto his prime minister commencing thus • "MV
letters of Henry the VIII. to Anne Boleyn in a com- own sweet and dear child, blessing, blessing blessin*
plete form, which may be regarded perhaps as the on thy heart-roots and all thine." Prince Charles an 3
most singular documents of the kind that have de- the Duke of Buckingham's Journey into Spain ha?
scended to our times ; the series of letters of Ed- never been before so fnlly illustrated as it is by tu
ward VI will be found very interesting specimens of documents given in this work, which also includes tbr
composition; some of the letters of James I, hitherto very curious letters from the Duke and Duchess d«
unpublished, throw lighten the murder of Overbury, Buckingham to James I. Forming unessential com
and prove beyond a doubt the King was implicated panion to ttery History of England.
in it in some extraordinary and unpleasant way : but

TyALES. — ROYAL VISITS AND PEOGEESSES TO WALES, and the Border Counties
of CHESHIBE, SALOP, HEEEFOED, and MONMOUTH, from Julius Caesar, to Queen
Victoria, including a succinct History of the Country and People, particularly of the lead-
ing Families who Fought during the Civil Wars of Charles I., the latter from MSS. never
before published. By EDWAED PAEEY. A handsome 4to volume, with many wood
engravings, and fine portrait of the Queen, cloth. £1. Is.

HUNTER'S (Rev. Joseph) HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL
TRACTS. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. each.

I. Agincourt ; a contribution, towards an authentic HI. Milton ; a sheaf of Gleanings after his Bio-
List of the Commanders of the English Host in King graphers and Annotators.

Henry the Fifth's Expedition. IV. The Ballad Hero, "Robin Hood" his period

II. Collections concerning the Founders of New real character, &c., investigated and nerhans ascer*
Plymouth, the first Colonists of New England. tained.

A RCHERY. — The Science of Archery, shewing its affinity to Heraldry, and capa-
•**• bilities of Attainment. By A. P. HAEEISON. 8vo, sewed. Is.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF EATING, displaying the Omnivorous Character of
Man, and exhibiting the Natives of various Countries at feeding-time. By a BEEE-
EATEB. Fcap. 8vo, with woodcuts. 2s.

T7LEMENTS OF NAVAL 'ARCHITECTURE; being a Translation of
•*-* the Tliird Part of Clairbois's " Traite Elementaire de la Construction des Vaisseaux."
By J. N. STBANGE, Commander, R.N. 8vo, with five large folding plates cloth 5s

T ECTURES ON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE; being the Substan<* of

-"-* those delivered at the United Service Institution. By E. GABDINEB FISHBOHENB
Commander, R.N. 8vo, plates, cloth. 5s. 6d.

Both these works are published in illustration of the " Wave System."

EW YORK IN THE YEAR 1695, with Plans of the City and Forts as
they then existed. By the Rev. JOHN MILLEE. Now first printed. 8vo bds
2s. 6d. (original price 4s. Qd.)

rpHOUGHTS IN VERSE FOR THE AFFLICTED.

-*- CUEATE. Square 12mo, sewed. Is.

TDOEMS, partly of Rural Life, hi National English. By the Rev. WILLIAM BABUES
•*- author of " Poems in the Dorset Dialect." 12mo, cloth. 5s.
T^AIFS AND STRAYS. A Collection of Poetry. 12mo, only 250 printed,
chiefiy for presents, seioed. Is. 6d.

]y/JIRROUR OF JUSTICES, written originally in the old French, long bef<
curious, interesting, and authentic treatise on ancient English Law.

TVT
-^

fore

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by
CONTRIBUTIONS TO LITERATURE HISTORICAL, AN-

>-* TIQUARIAN, and METRICAL. By MARK ANTONY LOWER, M.A., F.S.A.,
Author of " Essays on English Surnames," " Curiosities of Heraldry," &c. Post 8vo,
woodcuts, cloth. 7* 6d

CONTENTS.

1 On Local Nomenclature.

2 On the Battle of Hastings, an Historical Essay.

3 The Lord Dacre, his mournfid end ; a Ballad.

4 Historical and Archseological Memoir on the Iron Works of the South

of England, with numerous illustrations.

5 Winchelsea's Deliverance, or the Stout Abbot of Battayle ; in Three Fyttes.

6 The South Downs, a Sketch ; Historical, Anecdotical, and Descriptive.

7 On Yew Trees in Church-yards.

8 A Lyttel Geste of a G-reate Eele j a pleasaunt Ballade.

9 A Discourse of Genealogy.

10 An Antiquarian Pilgrimage in Normandy, with woodcuts.

11 Miscellanea, &c. &c. &c.

of the oldest — as befits the pleasantries of an an- account of the Battle of Hastings

tiquary, — font, on the whole, we seldom meet with on the Southern Iron Works contain matter of his-

more readable antiquarian essays than these. Most torical value, in addition to their local interest in

of them have been printed elsewhere. One, on the connexion with the topography and archaeology of

South Downs, contains the best of the new matter. Sussex. Among the papers now printed for the first

The author is at home on the wide expanse of these time that on the South Downs is the most important,

chalk ranges. He speaks with knowledge of the and will be read with much interest, both for the

picturesque Tillages enclosed in their secluded information it contains and the pleasing style in

nooks, — of the folk-lore and legends of old daya which it is written. There are some efc*rmiac de-

wliich still abound amongst the sequestered inhabi- scriptions of scenery, and acceptable notices of the

tants, and of the historical associations which render history, traditions, and customs of the district.

celebrated m^ny spots otherwise of little interest.— Among the minor contributions in the volume, the

Mhentsum. paper on Local Nomenclature is full of valuable

Most of the papers in this volume have already suggestions. Altogether it is a volume of very

appeared in periodicals, and in the Collections of agreeable and instructive reading. — Lit. Gat.

TTANDBOOK to the LIBRARY of the BRITISH MUSEUM,

•"• *- containing a brief History of its Formation, and of the various Collections of
which it is composed; Descriptions of the Catalogues in present use ; Classed Lists of
the Manuscripts, &c. ; and a variety of Information indispensable for the " Headers"
at that Institution ; with Borne Account of the principal Public Libraries in London.
By RICHABD SIMS, of the Department of Manuscripts, Compiler of the " Index to
the Heralds' Visitations." Small 8vo, pp. 438, with map and plan, cloth. 5*

It will be found a very useful work to every Library of the British Museum is a very compre-

literary person or public institution in all parts of tensive and instructive volume. I have the sixtieth

the world. edition of " Synopsis of the Contents of the British

Museum" before me— I cannot expect to see a six-

What Mr. Antonio Panizzi, the keeper of the tieth edition of the Hand-book, but it deserves to be

department of printed books, says might be done. placed by the side of the Synopsis, and I venture to

Mr. Richard Sims, of the department of the manu- predict for it a wide circulation. — Mr- Holloa

scripts, says shall be done. His Hand-book to the Carney, in Notes and Queries, No. 213.

A GRAMMAR of BRITISH HERALDRY, consisting of "Blazon"

•**• and " Marshalling," with an Introduction on the Rise and Progress of Symbols
and Ensigns. By the Rev. W. SLOANE EVANS, B.A> 8vo, with 26 plattst comprising
upwards of 400 figures, cloth. 5s.

One of the best introductions ever published.

A PLEA FOR THE ANTIQUITY OF HERALDRY, with an

•**• Attempt to Expound its Theory and Elucidate its History. By W. SMITH ELLIS
Esq., of the Middle Temple. 8vo, sewed. Is 6d

A FEW NOTES ON SHAKESPEARE, with Occasional Remarks on
the .Emendations of the Manuscript -Corrector in Mr. Collier's copy of the folio,
1632. By the Rev. ALEXANDER DTCE. 8vo, cloth. 5s

Mr. Dyce's Notes are peculiarly delightful, from has enabled him to enrich them. All that he has

the stores of illustration with which his extensive recorded is valuable. We read his little volume

• reading not only among our writers, but among those with pleasure and close It with regret.— Literary

of other countries, especially of the Italian poets, Gazette.

John Rtissell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.
A FEW WORDS IN REPLY TO MR. DYCE'S " FEW NOTES

•**• ON SHAKESPEAEE." By the Rev. JOSEPH HTOTBB. 8vo, sewed. 1*

'THE GR1MALDI SHAKESPEARE.— Notes and Emendations on the
-*• Plays of Shakespeare from a recently-discovered annotated copy by the late
JOSEPH GBIMAXDI, Esq., Comedian. 8vo, cuts. Is

A humourous Squib on the late Shakespeare Emendations.

SHAKESPEARE'S VERSIFICATION and its apparent Irregularitiea
^ explained by Examples from early and late English Writers. By the late
WILLIAM SIDNEY WALKER, formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge j edited
by W. N ANSON LETTSOM, Esq. Fcp. 8vo, cloth. Ga.

A PHILOLOGICAL GRAMMAR, grounded upon English, and formed
-^*- from a comparison of more than Sixty Languages. Being an Introduction
to the Science of Grammars of all Languages, especially English, Latin, and Greek.
By the Rev. W. BABNES, B.D., of St. John's College, Cambridge. Author of " Poems
in the Dorset Dialect," " Anglo Saxon Delectus," &o. 8vo, pp. 322, cloth. Qs

rPIM BOBBIN'S LANCASHIRE DIALECT, with his Rhymes and

-*- an enlarged Glossary of Words and Phrases, used by the Rural Population of
South Lancashire. By SAMUEL BAMFOBD. 12mo, the second edition, cloth, 3s 6d

"DRITANNIC RESEARCHES : or, New Facts and Rectifications of
•*-* Ancient British History. By the Rev. BEALE POSTE, M.A. 8vo, (pp. 448)
with engravings, cloth. 1 5*

The author of this volume may justly claim tient study. The ohjccts which will occupy the

credit for considerable learning, great industry, attention of the reader are — 1. The political position

and, above all, strong faith in the interest and im- of the principal British powers befort the Koinan

portance of his subject ...... On various conquest — under the Roman dominion, and Strug-

points he has given us additional information and gling unsuccessfully against the Anglo-Saxon race;

afforded us new views, for which we are bound to 2. The geography of Ancient Britain; 3. An inves-

thank him. The body of the book is followed by a tigatLn of the Ancient British Historians, Gildas

very complete index, so as to render reference to and Kennius, and the more obscure B; !tish chroni-

any part of it easy : this was the more necessary on clers ; 4. The ancient stone monuments of the Celtia

account of the muHifariousness of the topics period ; and, lastly, some curious and interesting

treated, the variety of persons mentioned, and the notices of the early British church. Mr. Poste haa

many works quoted. — Athenaeum, Oct. 8, 1853. not touched on subjects which have received much

The Rev. Beale Poste has long been known to attention from others, save in cases where he had

antiquaries as one of the best read of all those who something new to offer, and the volume must be

have elucidated the earliest anuals of this country. regarded, therefore, as an entirely new collection of

He is a practical man, has investigated for himself discoveries and deductions tending to throw light

monuments and manuscripts, and we have in the on the darkest as well as the earliest portion of our

above-named volume the fruits of many years' pa- national history. — Allot.

OF CUNOBELINE and of the ANCIENT BRITONS.

By the Rev. BEALE POSTE, B.C.L. 8vo, plates, and many woodcuts, cloth (only
40 printed). £1. 8s

"DARONIA ANGLIA CONCENTRATA ; or a Concentration of all
•*-* the Baronies called Baronies in Fee, deriving their Origin from Writ of Sum-
mons, and not from any specific Limited Creation, showing the Descent and Line of
Heirship, as well as those Families mentioned by Sir William Dudgale, as of those
whom that celebrated author has omitted to notice ; interspersed with Interesting Notices
and Explanatory Remarks. Whereto is added the Proofs of Parliamentary Sitting
from the Reign of Edward I to Queen Anne; also a Glossary of Dormant English,
Scotch, and Irish Peerage Titles, with references to presumed existing Heirs. By Sir
T. C. BAKES. 2 vols. 4to, cloth. £3. 3* sow OPFEEED POE 15*

A book of great research by the well-known au- to his former works. Vol.ii, pp, 210-300, contains

thor of the " Dormant and Extinct Peerage," and an Historical Account of the first settlement of

other heraldic and historical works. Those fond of I>> ova Scotia, and the foundation of the Order of

genealogical pursuits ought to secure a copy while Nova Scotia Baronets, distinguishing those who

it is so cheap. It may be considered a Supplement had seisin of lauds there.

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by

•pETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series) ; consisting of Criticisms
-•-*' upon, Analysis of, and Extracts from curious, useful, valuable, and scarce Old
Books. Vol. 1, 8vo, pp. 436, cloth. 10s 6d

\* Publislied Quarterly at 2s. 6d. each Number. — No. VII is published this day.

CONTENTS OP No. V.

1 Sir William Davenant, Poet Laureate and Dramatist, 1673.

2 Cooke's " Poor Man's Case," 1648.

3 Old English Letter-writing ; Angel Day's English Secretary, 1592 ;

W. Fulwood's Enemy of Idlenesse.

4 The Old Practice of Gardening ; Thos. Hyll's Briefe and Pleasaunt

Treatise, 1563.

5 English Political Songs and Satires, from King John to George I.

6 Medieval Travellers in the Holy Land.

7 The Athenian Letters, by Lord Hardwicke and others.

8 The Writings of Wace the Trouvere.

ANECDOTA LITEBAEIA. — Pepy's Directions for the Disposition of
his Library ; A Legendary Poem of the 15th Century, the Story
laid at Falmouth, in Cornwall : both now first printed. •

CONTENTS OF No. VL

1 Drayton's Polyolbion.

2 Penn's No Cross No Crown.

3 Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent.

4 Philosophy of the Table in the Time of Charles !•
6 Russia under Peter the Great.

6 Life and Works of Leland, the Antiquary.

7 The Decay of Good Manners.

8 Stephen's Essayes and Characters, 1615.

ANECDOTA LITEBABIA. — The Child of Bristow, a Metrical Legend.
Now first printed.

The title of this Review explains its objects. It to interest modem readers; we shall lay before them

is intended to supply a place unfilled in our periodi- from time to time, essays on various branches of

cal literature, and this first number is very satis- the literature of former dayB, English or foreign ;

factory. The papers are varied and interesting, not we shall give accounts of rare and curious books ;

overlaid l)y the display of too much learning for the point out and bring forwardbeauties from forgotten

general reader, but showing sufficient research and authors ; and tell the knowledge and opinions of

industry on the part of the writers to distinguish other days." The design is well carried out in this

the articles from mere ephemeral reviews of passing number, and will, no doubt, be further developed as

publications. In the prospectus the editor says the work advances. It is to be published quarterly,

" It is our design to select, from the vast field of the at a very moderate price, and will, we have no doubt,

literature of the past, subjects which are most likely prove a successful undertaking — Atlas.

TJEMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in
-*-•' England. Drawn from the Originals. Described and Illustrated by JOHN
YONGE AKEBMAN, Fellow and Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. 4to, parts
1 to 9. 2s 6d each (ft. 10 in the press).

The plates are admirably executed by Mr. Basire, and coloured under the direction of the Author.
It is a work well worthy the notice of the Archaeologist.

^ITILTSHIRE TALES, illustrative of the Manners, Customs, and Dialect
* " of that and Adjoining Counties. By JOHN YONGE AKEEMAN. 12mo, cloth. 2s 6d

We will conclude with a simple, but hearty re- mendation of preserving the old songs (and the airs

commendation of a little book whieh is as humour- to which they are sung), which are still to be heard

ous, for the drolleries of the stories, as it is in- at most harvest homes and other merry makings, —

teresting as a picture of rustic manners. — Tall'u's the well-known " Here's a health to our meester,"

Weekly Paper. and a "A pie upon the pear tree top" among the

Mr. Akerman's WILTSHIBE TALUS embody rest. Both to the philologist, therefore, and to the

most of the provincialisms peculiar to this county general reader, the book is an interesting one. —

and the districts of other counties lying on its Salisbury and Winchester Journal.
northern borders, and possess the additional recom-

HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE TOWN OF
MAELBOBOTJGH, and more generally of the entire Hundred of Selkley in
Wiltshire. By JAMES WAYIEN, Esq. Thick 8vo, woodcuts, cloth. 14*

This volume describes a portion of Wilts not occupied by Sir R. C. Hoare and other topographers.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.
QIGILLA ECCLESLE HIBERNICJ3 ILLUSTRATA. The

^ Episcopal and Capitular Seals of the Irish Cathedral Churches illustrated. By
EICHAED CAULIIELD, A.B. 8vo. Part I — CASHEL and EMIT, with 12 engravings,
sewed. Is Gd

TTLSTER JOURNAL OF ARCHEOLOGY: conducted under the

*~' superintendence of a Committee of Archseologists at Belfast. Handsomely
printed in 4to, with engravings. Published quarterly. Annual Subscription, 12s.
(Not sold in single Nos.) Nos. 1 to 6 are ready.

"DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF

•M ANTIQUITIES, and other Objects Illustrative of Irish History, exhibited in
the Belfast Museum, at the Meeting of the British Association, Sep. 1852, with
Antiquarian Notes. 8vo, sewed. Is 6d

ANTIQUITIES OF SHROPSHIRE. By the Eev. E. W. EYTON,
•*"*- Eector of Eyton. Eoyal 8vo, with plates. Parts I to III. 5s each. Pub-
lished Quarterly.

The Work will extend at least to five volumes or withdraw his name after the publication of any
twenty parts. Any subscriber will be at liberty to fourth part or completed volume.

ANTIQUITIES OF THE BOROUGH OF LEEDS, described

•**- and illustrated. By JAMES WABDELL, Esq. 8vo, 16 plates, mostly coloured.
7s Gd — LAEGE PAPER. 12s

TTISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY

of SALLEY, in Craven, Yorkshire, its Foundation and Benefactors, Abbots,
Possessions, Compotus, and Dissolution, and its existing Eemains. Edited by
J. HAELAND. Eoyal 8vo, 12 plates, cloth. 4s Gd

A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF LIVERPOOL, as it was during

•**• the last Quarter of the Eighteenth Century, 1775 — 1800. By EICHARD
BBOOKE, Esq., F.S.A. A handsome vol. Eoyal 8vo, with illustrations, cloth. £1. 5s

In addition to information relative to the Public lislied, respecting the Pursuits, Habits, and Amuse-

Buildings, Statistics, and Commerce of the Town, meats of the Inhabitants of Liverpool during that

the Work contains some curious and interesting period, with Views of its Public Edifices,
particulars, which have never been previously pub-

A GUIDE TO LYNTON AND PLACES ADJACENT, IN

** NOETH DEVON, including Ilfracombe. ByT. H. COOPEB. 12mo, 5 plates,
and Map of North Devon, cloth. 3s Gd

TTISTORY OF GREAT YARMOUTH, containing the Origin, Foun-
dation, and History of that Ancient Borough ; and an Account of its Govern-
ment, Incorporation, Liberties, and Franchises ; with a Description of the Public
Buildings, Churches, Convents, and other Eeligious Houses of the Middle Ages, &c.
Compiled by HENBT MANSHIP, Town Clerk temp. Queen Elizabeth. Edited by
CHABLES JOHN PALMES, F.S.A. Thick vol., post 4to, pp. 45G, with 11 illustrations,
half bound. £1. Is

A RCH^EOLOGICAL MINE, a Magazine in which will be comprised
•**• the History of Kent, founded on the basis of Hasted. By A. J. DUNKIN. 8vo,
Parts 1 to 12. Published Monthly. 8d each.

T)UNCUMB'S (Rev. John) HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES

-^ of the County of Hereford. 2 vols. 4to, portraits and plates, new, in boards.
£1. 4* Hereford, 1804-12

This is the only History of the County published. Volume, which are wanting in all the Subscribers'
This copy contains five additional sheets (the Hun- copies,
dred of Greytree) and the Index to the Second

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.
JJISTORY OF OREGON AND CALIFORNIA and the other

Territories on the North West Coast of America, accompanied bj a Geogra-
phical View and Map and a number of Proofs and Illustrations of the History. By
KOBEBT GBEENHOW, Librarian of the Department of State of the United States.
Thick 8vo, IABGB MAP, cloth. 6s (pub. at 16s)

TTISTORY OF ANGLING LITERATURE, and on Matters con-

•*"*• nected with Fish and Fishers from the earliest period, to which is added a
General Bibliography of Books on Angling. By an ANGLES. Fcp. 8vo, cloth. 6*
(nearly ready).

pHRISTMASTIDE, its History, Festivities, and Carols. By WILLIAM
V SANDYS, Esq., F.S.A., in one handsome vol. 8vo, ILLUSTRATED WITH 20

ENGBAVINGS AFTER THE DESIGNS OP J. SlEPHANOFP, cloth. 14s

Its title vouches that Chtistnuuttidt is germane to Provencal, are selected from numerous sources, and
the time. Mr. Sandys has brought together, in an comprise many of the less known, and more worth
octavo of some 300 pages, a great deal of often knowing. His materials are presented with good
interesting information, beyond the stale gossip feeling and mastery of his theme, and for excellent
about "Christmas in the olden time," and the taste and appropriateness in binding, without ex-
threadbare make-believes of jollity and geniality treme costliness, the book is a model. On the
which furnish forth most books on the subject. His whole, the volume deserves, and should anticipate,
carols too, which include some in old French and A -welcome.— Spectator.

JVST IMPORTED.
TTISTOIRE DE L' ARCHITECTURE SACREE du quatrieme au

dixieme siecle dans les anciens eVeches do GENEVE, LAUSANNE et SION. Par
J. D. BLAVIGNAC, Architecte. One vol. 8vo, pp. 450, and 37 plates, and a 4to Atlas
of 82 plates of Architecture^ Sculpture, Frescoes, Reliquaries, §c. fyc. £2. 10s

A VEEY BEMABEABLE BOOK, AND WOBTH THE NOTICE OB THE ABCHITECT,
THE AECH2EOLOGIST, AND THE ABTISI.

nOPENHAGEN— THE TRAVELLER'S HANDBOOK TO

^ COPENHAGEN and its Environs. By ANGLICANTJS. 12mo, with large Map
of Sealand, Plan of Copenhagen, and Views. 12mo, cloth. 8s

A NTIGUEDADES PERUANAS, por MABIANO EDTTAEDO DE EIYEBO,
•"• Director del Museo Nacional de Lima, y Dr. JUAN DIEGO DB TSCHUDJ:
(author of Travel* in Peru). 4to, pp. 342, with woodcuts, and folio volume of

OOLOUBED PLATES, Ids. £5. 5«

A description of remains discovered In the sites tesque form and characteristic idols in terra cotta and
of ancient cities and temples in Peru, those object* the precious metals, textile fabrics, weapons of *
which arrested the attention and excited the won- very remote period, and view of temples and build-
der of the philosophic Humboldt, when investi- ings, which, for symmetry and beauty, may vie with
gating the jphysical features of that remarkable those of Greece and Asia Minor m the dawn of
country. The illustrative plates, executed at civilisation, all executed with a spirit and truthful-
Vienna, from the drawings of the Artist, are among ness unsurpassed by any work ot the kind that lias
the marvels of lithography. They comprise repre- come under our notice.— Literary Gazette, Jan. 8,
sentations of mummified bodies, prepared in the 1853.
manner peculiar to the Peruvians, vases of gro-

ESSAI HISTORIQUE PHILOSOPHIQUE et Pittoresque sur
les Danses des Morts. Par E. H. LANGLOIS ; suivi d'une Lettre de Leber, et
une note de Depping sur le meme sujet, public par Pettier et Baudry, 2 vols, royal 8vo,
with 54 plates of Death's Dance of various ages, also many vignettes, sewed, £1. Is

T A ROMAINE, ou HISTOIRE, LANGUE, LITTERATURE,

•H OEOGEAPHIE, statistique des Peuples de la Langue d'Or, Adrialiens, Val-
laques, et Moldaves, resumes sous le nom ds Komans. Par J. A. VAILLANT, 3 vols, 8vo
sewed, 18s.

J\7OYAGES, Eelations, et Memoires originaux pour servir a 1'Histoire de
* la Decouverte de PAinerique, publics pour la premiere fois en Francais. Par

H. TEENAUX-COMPANS. 20 vols. 8vo, both Series, and complete. Sewed, £3. 10*
A valuable collection of early voyages and relations on South America; also tnnslations of unpublished

Spanish M6S., principally relating to Old and New Mexico.

University of California

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