THE AMPHIBIA-

OF Adder

ARCHIPELAGO

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LEIDEN 1923~E.]. BRILL Ltp

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INDO- AUSTRALIAN - =

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“FOR THE PEOPLE

|

| FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY
OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF

NATURAL HISTORY

THE AMPHIBIA

OF THE

INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO.

THE AMPHIBIA

OF THE

INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO

with 29 illustrations

Dr. P. N. VAN KAMPEN

Professor at the University, Leiden.

LEIDEN — 1923.
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BREE ACE:

In the preface to the two volumes of this series, describing
the Reptiles of the indo-australian Archipelago, I have given
a short history about the work on the Vertebrates of Dutch
East-India.

It began with the publication of a work on the fishes of
the Archipelago of which four volumes have already appeared.

With the valuable cooperation of Dr. J. C. KONINGSBERGER,
while director of ’s Lands Plantentuin at Buitenzorg, Java,
and later on with that of his successor Dr. W. M. DOCTERS
VAN LEEUWEN, the original plan got successively a wider
scope and the preparation of a series of handbooks of the
vertebrate fauna of the Archipelago was recommended.

In 1912 the aid of the government was gained for the
publication of the two quoted volumes about the Reptiles,
which were issued in 1915 and 1917.

It was then allowed to presume, that the governmental aid
would also be bestowed upon a volume describing the indo-
australian Amphibia, which was under preparation by Prof.
P. N. vAN KAMPEN. However, in 1921, when the manuscript
of his work was finished, the economical situation was so
totally changed, that there was no chance to get the finan-
cial support from the government, necessary for issuing the
volume.

This financial dilemna was solved by the ,Zoologisch Insu-
lindefonds”, by the ,Gresshoff-Rumphius-fonds” and by the
»Leidsch Universiteitsfonds’, who were ready to support the
finances.

All those who are interested in the fauna of this region
are therefore indebted to the councils of these institutions,
and it is a pleasing duty of thanking them for their valuable
help so cordially given.

The Amphibia of the indo-australian Archipelago described
in the present volume enumerate 254 species.

In 1907 Prof. VAN KAMPEN published a list of the Amphibia
of the same region which contained 194 species. The greatest

VI

advance, since the publication of that list, in our knowledge
of indo-australian Amphibia, is due to the intensive scientific
exploration of the western or dutch part of New Guinea by
several dutch (between 1907 and 1921) and two british expe-
ditions (1910, 1912). The greatest part of the collected
Amphibia were described by VAN KAMPEN in different papers.

In no less degree our knowledge about the distribution of
Amphibia through the Archipelago was furthered since 1907
by scientific exploration of various islands by individual
collectors and by scientific expeditions, dutch and otherwise.

Accordingly Prof. VAN KAMPEN had the advantage to pro-
fite of recently published results of other investigators and to
dispose of extensive material collected in Sumatra by L. PH.
DE Bussy, EDW. JACOBSON and Jhr. F. C. vAN HEURN; on
the island Simalur by EDw. JACOBSON; on the island Nias
by J. P. KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN; on Celebes by W. KAUDERN;
on Ceram by L. F. DE BEAUFORT and L. RUTTEN; on Buru
by L. J. Toxopeus; on Waigeu by L. F. DE BEAUFORT.
These collectors deserve our thanks for contributing materially
to the study of indian Amphibia.

We are under particular obligations to Dr. K. W. DAMMERMAN,
Director of the Zoological Museum at Buitenzorg, for sending
for study the Amphibia in the institution under his control;
as also to Prof. E. D. vAN OortT, Director and of Dr. Tu.
W. VAN LIDTH DE JEUDE, Curator of the Museum at Leiden,
for the facilities given for studying the Amphibia under
their charge.

In bringing this volume before the public, those who are
interested in the vertebrate fauna of the Dutch East Indies
are to be congratulated, that Prof. vAN KAMPEN presented
them with an able guide to the study of the Amphibia of
the Archipelago. The discussion, at the end of the volume,
of the distribution of the species on the various islands of the
Archipelago and on the neighbouring continents of Asia and
Australia, will be of much interest to students of zoogeography.

It is also a pleasure to acknowledge the interest of the
publisher, the firma E. J. BRILL, Ltd. of Leiden, while this
volume went through the press.

Prof. MAX WEBER,
Late Director uf the Zoological Museum
of the University of Amsterdam.

INTRODUCTION.

The great increase of the number of species of Amphibians
known from the Dutch East Indies, which has taken place
especially since the beginning of this century, seems to make
a critical compilation of the very dispersed literature on this
subject not superfluous. In the present work I have given
descriptions with synoptic tables of all Amphibians and tadpoles
known from that region.

In confining its boundaries I followed the authors of the
works on Fishes and Reptiles of this same series in extending
them a little beyond the Dutch Archipelago. So I included
the whole of Borneo, Timor and New Guinea and also the
island Pelawan, the fauna of which is closely related to that
of Borneo, and the Bismarck archipelago, Solomon islands and
a few other islands, which show the same affinity to New
Guinea. A ! behind the name of a locality means that I have
seen one or more specimens from that locality.

For each species I cited only the more important literature,
f.i. those papers in which further ones are quoted and those
which contain synonymes or figures. Papers issued before 1882,
the year of publication of the well-known Catalogue of
Boulenger, as a rule are not mentioned, except those which
contain original descriptions.

I must add here a short explication of the manner used
by me in taking the measures. In the description of the adult
animals with /ength I mean, if not otherwise stated, the dis-
tance from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the
body. The measures given are the largest ones which are
known. In measuring the /ength of the head | take the distance
from the tip of the snout to the posterior border of the skull
in the median line; its zzdth is measured at the point, where
the head is broadest, i.e. usually at its posterior end. The
length of the snout is taken from its tip to the anterior border

Vill

of the upper eyelid, its depth is the vertical distance between
canthus rostralis and mouth, measured at the anterior border
of the upper eyelid. The width of the interorbital space is
the smallest distance between the upper eyelids, The szze of
the tympanum is measured along its greatest diameter.

In the tadpoles the wdth of the body is taken in its broadest
part; with /ength of the body is meant the distance from the
tip of the snout to the point of origin of the hind limbs;
the Jength of the tail is measured from this point to its tip,
its depth is taken at its highest point, both crests included.
The number of series of horny teeth is indicated by a for-
mula, f.i. 3'3/!2!' signifies: four series in the upper, three
in the lower lip, the three lower (inner) ones of upper lip
and the upper (inner) one of lower lip each being divided
into two portions by a median interruption.

I wish to direct the attention of collectors on the fact,
that only very few tadpoles of Indo-Australian Anura are
known at present. In collecting tadpoles, however, it is necessary
(when it is impossible to rear them) to collect material of young
and full-grown frogs at the same locality; otherwise the tad-
poles usually cannot be determined. The best preservation
fluid for tadpoles is formol.

I have to express my thanks to Prof. MAX WEBER for his
valuable assistance in many points. Iam much indebted also to:
Mr. TH. BARBOUR, Dr. G. A. BOULENGER, Prof. L.. DOLLO,
Mr. C. BoDEN KLOoss, Prof. L. RoULE, Dr. J. Roux, Mr. MALC.
SMITH, Dr. TH. Vogt, Prof. F. WERNER for useful infor-
mations and the sending of specimens for examination,

Leiden, July 1923. P. N. vAN KAMPEN.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

AMPHIBIA.
Page Page
I. Order Gymnophiona... 1 1. rhacophorus v. Kamp. 28
2. .ambotnensis Horst. . . 29
Family, CAECIEUDAB, .. "sss. rE | 3. papuensis Wern. . . . 30
Le leniApopres. VIZ... |S 2 4. graminea Blgr..... 30
me nolenosus (iss). os 3s 2 3. bermsteint Horst, . . . 31
2. monochrous (Blkr.) .. 3 6. eucnemis V.onnb. . . . 32
7. obsoleta Lonnb.. . . . 32
Mee Order “Antira 3. Ss) 4 8. montana Ptrs. & Dor. 33
=e SWCCai ic ct one =, ae = 134
PAGOCMEEA Gi afa ahs. ao) eh ete ake 5 o. rucppells Biter” .. 2s 3
| tor, fallax? Biers... tik 3
1. Family PELOBATIDAE.... 5 | 11. brachypus (Wern.) . . 37
1. Vesobta-‘nom. nov. ... 6 LO. ORWENSE Dart hc ats 37
iematunae (Gthr.) ss. 6.) 13. atropunctata Nom. NOV. 37
2. Megalophrys Kuhl&v.Hass. 7 | 14. longicrus (Blgr.)... . 38
1. vicayac’ Vaylor:') . . 8 15. albolabris Wand... . 39
2. montana Kuhl&v.Hass. 8 16. arfakiana Ptrs. & Dor. 39
3. nasuta (Schig.).... 10 17. wolterstor ffi (Wern.). 40
4. hasselit (S. Mill.) . . 13 16. prage Dll. pcs. heels 4t
me her azers (Gtiis) eo . 6 s) 1 5?" 19. wollastoni Blgr.. ... 42
6. baluensts (Bigr.) .°. . 16 20. chloronota (Blgr.). .. 42
3. Batrachopsis Blgr. ... 16 Zo gener. Wer. 2 Wiann 43
1. melanopyga (Doria). . 17 Ba: bicolor (Gray). ok. 44
23. zmpura Pirs. & Dor. 45
2. Family CysTIGNATHIDAE. . 18 | 24. macgregori Dgl.-Og. . 46
Boel RAE ONS It. e's =o. 18 25. genimaculdata Horst. . 47
me fleichere BiGhl. df 18 26. macrops Blgr...... 48
ey weanaster Nace sens. « 19 27. thesaurensis Ptrs.. . . 49
1. convexitusculus Macl. . 19 280 /utea™ Plors Versa loys « 50
Bn iCrinie EScHuaL 2's a. « 21) | 29. solomonis Vogt... .. 50
1. stgnifera Girard ... 21 20. \CueTeLe DICT. 2 ats % 51
31. infrafrenata Gthr.. . 51
a Hamtly “HYEIDAR .. 1S)... 22 Be ASPEN PCIE NOT. Pare eke 54
Dae VcCtUnGnise EIST.) 22 33. militaria (Ramsay). . 55
POU NOT res... 4. BZ 34. humerals Bigr..... 56
evovanie Wigtr. 2s LS PY 35: aruensts Horst... . . 56

eeciyle. Waar 2 a”. <6 2) 24 36. sanguinolenta v. Kamp. 57

Page
37. caerulea (White)... 38
38. angiana Blgr..... 59
39. congenita Ptrs. & Dor. 60
40. rubella Gray ..... 62
41. obtusirostris (Meyer). 63
42. vagabunda Ptrs. & Dor.
43. nasuta (Gray)....
44. (?) dorsalis (Macl.) . . 65
4. Family BuUFONIDAE.... . 65
. Nectophryne Buchh.&Ptrs. 66
is MUSA MIOGG, 2.0 < 66
So MASEL NEE ills io, Vs 67
BCU EEL DOT, vg ses OB
4. gucniher? Bigr, ... . 68
5. macrotis Bigr.... . 69
6. szenaia: Bigt..< >... 70
7. borbonica (Boilie)... . 70
8. maculata Mocq. ... 71
9. picturata Smith... . 72
PPI OMAN oo is pecce = & 2
1. deptopus Gthr. 75
2. penangensis (Stol.) . . 75
Be Get Lit, BNET. nd ie 76
4. fuligineus Mocq.. aa
5. cruentatus Tschudi. . 78
6. sumatranus Ptrs.. . . 78
7. valhallae M.-Waldo. . 79
8. spinulifer Mocq. .. . 79
9. melanostictus Schneid. 80
10. gymnauchen Blkr. . . 81
ma esper Glaya... o> j= 82
12. celebensis Schlg.. . . . 82
13. philippinicus Blgr. 86
14. claviger Ptrs. 86
15. guadriporcatus Bigr. 87
16. divergens Ptrs. 88
Ty PATUUG CEs stl. oe> 88
18. cavator Barb... .. 89
19. biforcatus Gravh... 90
20. chlorogaster Daud. . 92
3. Pseudobufo Vschudi.. 92
1. subasper Tschudi. . 92
2. wernert (v. Kamp.). 94

| Firmisternia. ....... 5
| 5. Family BREVICIPITIDAE . .
| «. Dyscophinae year
1. Dyscophina v. Kamp. .

1. Volst v. KAMDps eee
2. Colpoglossus Bigr.... .

97

3. Calliglutus Barb. & Noble 98
1. smithi Barb. & Noble 98

| 1. brooks? Bigh, seems

| 2, Brevicipitinae 98
| 1. Liophryne Bet. «5 oe 100
| t. rhododactyla Blgr. . 100
2. brevipes, BIGT.1. aise IOL

3. kampent Blgr..... IOI

2. Calophrynus Tschudi. . 102

1. pleurostigma(S. Miill.) to2

2. heterochirus Blgr. . .
3. punctatus Ptrs.

ios)

1. cornuta Ptrs. & Dor.
. lassi Bletag ieee
macrorhyncha (v.K.)
. polysticta (v. Méh.) .

. fusca (Mocg) caueee-
. beyert (Taylor). .
eonkn ‘yne Bttgr.
. variabilis (Blgr.) . .
celebensis (F, Mill.).
. monticola (Blgr.)
. verrucosa (Blgr.)
. Ateles (Bigr ae ene
. senckenbergiana Bttgr.
. crucifera (v. Kamp.)
. anthonyt (Blgr.).. .
9. doriag {Blgteeee ee
. birot {y) Wien eas-
. albopunctata (vy. K.).
12. mertont (Roux)...
5. Microbatrachus Roux...
1. pustllus ROURS epes

6. Oxydactyla vy. Kamp.

1. brevicrus v. Kamp..
4. Callulops Blgr >: sees

on Oe See eye ot ee Ne

104

. 104
. Sphenophryne Ptrs.& Dor.

104
105
107
107
108
10g
I1O

- TIO

112
I12

rag
. ras

IT5
115
116
117
117
118
119
120
121
121

» 122

122

123

Io.

ET.

12.

n2:

14.

15.

Lon!
D

Lal
~

1. doriae Blgr.

. Gastrophryne Fitz... .

1. borneénsis (Blgr.) . .

Om Bh WN

Xenorhina Ptrs.

. Phrynella Blgr
1. pulchra Bilgr.
2. pollicaris Blgr. . .
XenobatrachusPtrs&Dor.
. rostratus (Vv.

. ocellatus (Vv.
. macrops (Vv.

CUCOICiOn bam

Méh.) .
Kamp.)
Kamp.)

. bidens (v. Kamp.). .

. giganteus (Vv.

Kamp.)

. ophiodon Ptrs. & Dor.

1. oxycephala (Schlg.) .
Asterophrys Tschudi. .

1. furpicula (S.

Mill.) .

Copimta MER... 9
1. oxyrhina (Blgr.)...
2. (?) rostellifera Wand.
Choerophryne v. Kamp.
1. proboscidea v. Kamp.
Ly lophorbus Macl... .

0oMW On AN BW N

18.

19.

20.

. ber092 |(VevMeéh.) .

. variegatus nova cee

. montanus (Bttgr.) .

. boetigeri (Vv.

Méh.). .

. rufescens Macl... .

. ocellatus (Vv.

Méh.). .

dyhzus ( Btters)). %o.:'.
. vobustus (Blgr.) ...

. microtis (Wern.).

. (?)neuhaussi

Aphantophryne Fry

1. pansa Fry

. Cophixalus Bttgr. .

(Vogt)

1. getslerorum Bttgr. .
Pomatops Barb... . .

valvifera Barb,

Kaloula Gray
1. baleata (S.

Miill.).

2. pulchra Gray. ...

3. (?) sundana

Microhyla Tschudi .

Rtrss2..

Page
123

124
124
124
125

Sars

126
£27
128
128
129
130
131

ESE
Boa
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133 |

134
ra
135
136
136
137

30

138

- 139

140
140
I4I
143
143

- 144

144

. 145

145

. 146

146
147

ee)

147

- 148

150

151

eD52

XI

OV ur & WwW N Ww

7:

. tnornata Blgr... .
. dbungurana (Gthr.).
. achatina Bole ..
. Zeucostigma Blgr.. .
. annectens Blgr..

palmipes Blgr.
berdmorit (Blyth)

ieee dt aaa ae

. Genvophryne
1. ¢homsoni Blgr. .

6. Family RANIDAE

Tk AULA uo heb ars amas tome,

Subg.

10.

Subg.

Il,
E2.
133
14.

Subg.

"5:
16.
Ei
18.

. limnocharis Bole.
. cancrivora Gravh. .

verruculosa Roux .
grunniens Daud..
macrodon Kuhl...
modesta Blgr..
kuhli Schlg.

. microdisca Bttgr.. .
hascheana (Stol.). .

patlavanensis Blgr. .
b. Discodeles Blgr. .
guppyt Bigr.
bufoniformis Blgr..
opisthodon Blgr.
ventricosa Vogt...

c. Platymaniis Gthr.

boulengeri (Bttgr.) .
moszkowskit (Vogt)

beaufort: (v. Kamp).

rugata nomen nov.

18a. rugata var. rubri-

19.

striata (Barb.)
solomonis (Blgr.) . .

Page
e53
154

Pass

156

+ = E56

+= T5i
Pits

159
wee

¥ < 880

160
161
167

LOZ

170
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eae ye

174

4870

178
180
181
182
183
183
184

« « 185

186
187
187
188
189
Igo

+ FOE

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20, punctata (Ptrs.&Dor.) 192
Subg. ¢@. Aylarana Tschudi 193

21.
22.
2:
24.
zine

macrops Bigr.
glandulosa Blgr. . .
baramica Bttgr...
Juctuosa (Ptrs.)...
debussyti v. Kamp..

» 193

194
£05
196
aon

XII

Page | Page

26. laterimaculataB.&N. 198 9. Rhacophorus K, & v. H. ae

27. arfaki Meyer ... 199 1. deprosus (S. Mill.). 244

28. elberti Roux... . . 200 2. otilophus Bigr. . . . 245

29. papua Less. .... 201 | 3. deucomystax (Kuhl). 246
30. celebensis (Schlg.) . 204 | 3a. leucomystax Vat. Sex-

31. daemeli (Steind.). . 205 | virgata (Reinw.) 249

32) kveya Bier... .. 206 | 4. collettt Biot sae ge

33- grisea v. Kamp. . . 207 | 5. macrotis Blow: waaeegn

34. jerboa (Gthr.). . . . 208 6. ‘evercttz2 Bier 25m 251

35. whiteheadi Bigr.. . 210 7. macroscelis Blgr.. . 252

36. cavitympanum Blgr. 211 3, -hostt Bier. ae one

37. kampeni Bigr,... 212 9. feoreit Roux: fo 25a

38. crassiovis Blgr. . . 213 to. javanus Bttgr. . .. 254

gos everett Bier... °. 214°] 11. appendiculatus(Gthr.)255

Konnoste Blots ss 6). 205 12. poccilonotus Blgr.. . 256

41. chalconota (Schlg.). 217 13. difasciatus NOVASpec. 257

42. labialis Blgr.. . . . 220 14. dulitensis Blgr.. . . 258

43. erythraea (Schlg.) . 222 15. modestus Blgr. . . . 259

44. persimilis nova spec. 223 16. edentulus F. Mill.. 259

45. nicobariensis (Stol.) 224 | 17. acutirostris Mocq. . 260

46. segnata (Gthr.).. . 226 18. monticola Blgr.. . . 261%

. Ceratobatrachus Blgr. . 228 19. shelfordt Bigr. : . . 262

1. guenthert Blgr.. . . 228 20. fasciatus Blgr.... 262

. Oreobatrachus Blgr. . . 229 21. pardalis Giht.. 7 e263

1, baluensis Blgr.. . . 229 22. reinwardti (Boie). . 264

. Oxyglossus Tschudi. . . 230 23. nigropalmatus Blgr. 266

me aedes Gtr. ; \\. 7. 230 10. Philautus Gistel.. . . . 268

2. dima (Kuhl). .... 232 1. bimaculatus (Ptrs.). 269

- wtadrors. Cope. . s.ai.. 234 2. pictus (PHS). 2 eon

1. Zarutensis (Blgr.). . 234 3. flavosignatus (Bttg.) 270

2. guttatus (Gthr.) . . 235 4. anodon (v. Kamp.). 271

3. uubilus Mocq.. . . 236 5. longicrus (Blgr.).. . 272

4. tuberilinguts Blgr. . 237 6. jacobsont (v. Kamp.) 272

. Simomantis Blgr.. .. . 237 7. similis nova spec. . 273

1. latopalmata (Blgr.). 238 8. pallidipes (Barb.). . 273

. Cornufer Tschudi ... 238 9. cornutus (Blgr.). . . 274

1. uttiensts (Girard). . 239 10, Viltiger (PIPE) ~ one 27s

2. guppyt Blgr. .... 240 11, peterst (Bler.) te eg

3. untcolor Tschudi. . 240 12. aurtfasctatus(Schlg.) 276

4. baluensis Blgr.. . . 241 11. Vycixalus Blot 277

. Batrachylodes Blgr. . . 241 1. margaritifer Blgr. 277

1. vertebralis Blgr. . . 242 2. robinsont Annand.. 278

AMPHIBIA.
( Batrachia).

Paired limbs originally adapted for terrestrial life, rarely
reduced. Skin glandular. Skull with a large parasphenoid and
two condyli occipitales, formed by the exoccipitalia; palato-
quadratum coossified with the skull. Usually breathing by gills
during the young stages, afterwards by lungs. Heart with one
ventricle and two atria. No amnion or allantois. Development
with, rarely without metamorphosis.

Synepsis“of the Orders,

filo ING Pta SS Wayeio Oks bie eo choy conc Jad er dhqus tec I. Gymnophiona p. tI.
BeeNWelledeyelopedslimbsi;, nos ital, eer-1 0) en )reeloulainente Il. Anura p. 4.

I. Order GYMNOPHIONA.
( Apoda).

Body worm-shaped; no limbs; tail rudimentary or absent.
Usually small osseous scales, hidden in the skin. Eyes rudi-
mentary, sometimes covered by cranial bones. Between eye
and nostril a retractile tentacle. Tympanum absent. Male with
an unpaired copulatory organ (see fig. 1).

Terrestrial, burrowing. Ovi- or viviparous, with or without
an aquatic. larval stage. Embryo usually with external gills.

Fam. CAECILIIDAE.

Characters of the Order.
Distribution: tropical parts of America, Africa and Asia.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. I

bo

1. Ichthyophis Fitz.
(Firzincer, Neue Classif. Rept., Wien, 1826, p. 36).
Epicrium Wagler, Isis, 1828, p. 742.

Scales present. Eyes externally distinguishable. Tentacle
conical, near the lip. Two series of teeth in the upper, and
usually also in the lower jaw. A short, pointed tail present.
Paraquadratum (squamosum) in contact with the parietal bone.

Oviparous.
Distribution: from India to the western part of the

Indo-Australian Archipelago.

Synopsis of the Species.

A, Snout as long as the distance between the eyes. A

yellow, lateral’ band; 2i-5. 2c... > cu-t-) sumer 1. 7. glutinosus p. 2.
&. Snout shorter than the distance between the eyes.
No wWateral’ band: .\s°. 512-3 s.27seme els ee eee ee 2. I. monochrous p. 3.

1. Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.).

Caecilia glutinosa Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 229.

Caecilia hypocyanea (v. Hasselt), Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph.,
Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 119, pl. XXXIX, fig. 1 (larva).

Ichthyophis glutinosus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 89,
pl. 1V, figs. 2, 2 a—e.

Ichthyophis glutinosus Sarasin, Erg. naturw. Forschungen auf Ceylon, II, 1887—90,
pls. I—XXIV.

Ichthyophis glutinosus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 285, fig. 79 (after Sarasin).

Ichthyophis glutinosus Nieden, Gymnophiona, in ,Das Tierreich’’, Berlin, pt. 37,
1913, p. 6, figs. 12 and 13.

Body cylindrical, with 240—,400 circular folds, some of them
bifurcating. Both series of teeth in lower jaw well developed.
Snout rounded, as long as the distance between the eyes,
which are easily distinguishable; tentacle small, in front of
and below the eye, close to the lip, and usually much nearer
the eye than the nostril.

Dark brown or bluish black; along each side of the body
a bright lemon-yellow, sharply defined band, varying much in
width; tentacles white; eyes black, with a very narrow pale
brown ring round them. Length 380 mm.

Lives in moist places, in te mud near the water. The food
consists of earth-worms and small burrowing snakes. The very

5)

large eggs (+ 9 X 6mm.) are provided with yellow yolk and
connected by a gelatinous string. They are deposited by the
female in a burrow, which she digs near the water, and she
protects them by coiling herself round them. The embryo has
three pairs of external gills. The larva, which possesses a pair
of spiracula but no gills, a newt-like head with well-developed

Fig. 1. Lehthyophis glutinosus (L.), XK 5/6.

eyes and a laterally compressed tail with an upper and a
lower dermal fold, lives in the water.

Habitat: Nias!; Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Upper
and Lower Langkat; Batak mts., +300 and +1000m.!; foot
of Mt. Simbolon; Tanang Talu, Ophir distr., 1009 m.!; Fort
de Kock; Indragiri; Rawas riv. in Palembang!); Borneo (Men-
ternan riv., near Bungol, Brit. N.-Borneo; Serawak; Matan);
Java (Sudimanik in Bantam). — Southern India, Ceylon, the
eastern Himalayas to the Malay Peninsula.

2. Ichthyophis monochrous (Blkr.).

Lipicrium monochrous Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XVI, 1858/59, p. 188.

Ichthyophis monochrous Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 91,
pl. IV, figs. 1—1c¢ (larva). :

Ichthyophis monochrous Boulenger, .Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 286.

Ichthyophis monochrous Nieden, Gymnophiona, in ,Das Tierreich’’, Berlin, pt. 37,
TOUS ps7:

?Ichthyophis weberi Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 227.

f The inner series of teeth in the lower jaw composed of a

few teeth only. Snout shorter than the distance between the eyes.

4

Uniform purplish black; tentacles white; anal region and
tip of tail pale pinkish. Length 500 mm.

Other characters as in /. g/utinosus.

Habitat: Sumatra (Indrapura; Palembang); Borneo (Mt.
Dulit; Singkawang); Java. — India to Malay Peninsula (up to
1200 m.) and Singapore; Philippines '), incl. Pelawan? ?).

II. Order ANURA.
(Ecaudata, Salientia).

Four well-developed limbs; no tail. Skin naked. Eyes nor-
mally developed. No tentacles. No copulatory organ.

Terrestrial or aquatic. Oviparous*); the eggs are usually
deposited in the water, rarely on the land, in moist surroundings.
They are enveloped and usually united in clumps or strings
by a gelatinous mass. When they are rich of yolk the young
are sometimes hatched in the perfect lung-breathing stage;
usually however there is an aquatic larval stage. The larvae
(tadpoles) are tailed and breath by external, afterwards internal
gills; they live in fresh, rarely in brackish water.

Synopsis of the Families and Subfamilies.

A. Epicoracoid cartilages overlapping each other
(Arcifera).
I. Upper jaw toothed (in the Indo-Australian

genera).
1. Terminal phalanges of digits not claw-shaped.
a. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra strongly °
Gilafed: soca; ig, sna yale wgcuie etree 1. Pelobatidae p. 5.
6, Diapophyses of sacral vertebra not or é
slightly. dilatéd: 22! ycbtaeh eee 2. Cystignathidae p. 18.

2. Terminal phalanges of digits claw-shaped.
Diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated. . . 3. Hylidae p. 22.
II. Both jaws toothless. Diapophyses of sacral
wertebratdilated: AW... week w-ieo Noone hen ees 4. Bufonidae p. 65.
4. Epicoracoid cartilages firmly united in the median
line (Firmisternia).

1) According to De Elera, Catalogo Sist. de toda la Fauna de Filipinas, I,
1895, p- 457.

2) ,/. weber? sp. nov.”, Taylor.

3) With very few exceptions.

I. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra distinctly dilated. 5. Brevicipitidae p. 95.
I. Upper jaw toothed, lower toothless. .... subf. Dyscophinae p. 95.
Ay WONT MEWS AOOUNESS co ooo ob 55 om be subf. Brevicipitinae p. 98.
3. Lower jaw toothed, upper toothless... . subf. Gexyophryninae p.159.
II. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra not or very
slightly dilated. ....... 5-9-0, Rootes s 6. Ranidae p. 160.

Synopsis of the Tadpoles.

A, Lips with transverse series of horny teeth,
I. No sucking disk behind the mouth.
1. Series of papillae narrowly interrupted in
the middle of the upper lip. Eyes superior.
Meath G/5 OF sO) G3 os) 5) Fim, ao oss ook ahs Megalophrys hasselti p. 13.
2. Series of papillae as in 1, or papillae
absent. Eyes usually lateral. Teeth 2/3. . Hy/a p. 24.
3. Papillae present, but absent along the upper
border of the upper lip.
a. Vent median. Eyes superior ...... Bufo p. 72.
b. Vent dextral, opening at some distance
above the lower edge of the subcaudal
crest. Eyes usually lateral... ..... Rhacophorus p. 242.
c. Vent dextral, close to the lower edge
of the subcaudal crest. Eyes usually
SIGOPS goods 6 Gag 0 gr clei. o-@ Deo cic Rana part. p. 161.
\ Staurois p. 234.

Weal king disk behind th aeey
arge sucking disk behind the mouth | Rana part. p. 161.

B. Lips without horny teeth.
I. Spiraculum sinistral.
ty DLAI Tere oho! 6 NGltemn Joliduioorc ue ona Ss Megalophrys montana p. 8.
De itros SAM, oe a okGrounlens IS nyo Olona I Oxyglossus Pp. 239.

Kaloula p. 147.

1. Spiracul Tea, eC ee
Il. Spiraculum median ar chpie nae

Ave Gre ra.

Epicoracoid cartilages overlapping each other.

1. Fam. PELOBATIDAE.

Upper jaw toothed, lower toothless. Diapophyses of the
sacral vertebra strongly dilated. Terminal phalanges of fingers
and toes simple.

Omosternum usually present, but small and cartilaginous,

6

rarely calcified ; sternum without or with a bony style. Vertebrae
procoelous or opisthocoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis fused with
the sacral vertebra or articulating with it by one or two condyles.

Distribution: America; Europe; southern Asia to western
part of Indo-Australian Archipelago; New Guinea and Aru
islands.

Synopsis of the Genera

a Pypil horizontal. 2s. 2 ge): - ls eles 9 are. mig en 1. WMesobia p. 6.

B. Pupil erect.
I sternumy with) a bony styles el iii nr meine 2. Megalophrys p. 7.
lieesternumy cartilaginous) << ') 1 lo) ule ieee nt ne 3. Batrachopsis p. 16.

1. Nesobia nomen novum.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue oval, free behind. No vomerine
teeth. Tympanum visible. Fingers and toes free, the tips not
dilated.

Omosternum present; sternum with a bony style.

Distribution: Natuna islands.

1. Nesobia natunae (Gthr.).
Leptobrachium natunae, Giinther, Novit. Zool., I, 1895, p. 501.

Tongue long and narrow. Snout rounded, about as long as
the eye; canthus rostralis indistinct; nostril nearly in the middle
between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum indistinct, less than half the
area of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger
very little shorter than second; toes free; subarticular tuber-
cles indistinct; a flat, elongate inner, no outer metatarsal
tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout, or beyond.

Back with very small, flat, indistinct granulations; lower parts
quite smooth.

Brownish olive above, uniform or marbled with brown; upper
lip black, with some white spots; a black band from the eye
over the tympanum to the shoulder; sides of body with larger
or smaller black spots; hind limbs with brownish cross-bars.
Length 19 mm.

Habitat; Natuna islands (Bungurah).

7

2. Megalophrys Kuhl & v. Hass.

(KuHL en v. HassELT, Alg. Konst- en Letter-bode, 1822, p. 102 [, Wogophrys’’]
und Isis, 1822, p. 475 [,MMJegophrys’’]).
Leptobrachium, Megalophrys and Xenophrys Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus.,

1882, p. 440—442.
Megalophrys Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 407. |

Pupil erect. Tongue circular or pyriform, entire or nicked,
free behind. ‘Vomerine teeth in two small groups or absent.
Tympanum more or less distinct, or hidden. Fingers free, toes
free or shortly webbed, the tips without regular disks. Outer
metatarsals united or partly separated by web.

Omosternum cartilaginous, sometimes calcified ; sternum with
a bony style. Os coccygis fused with the sacral vertebra or
articulating with it by one condyle. Vertebrae opisthocoelous
or procoelous.

Tadpoles. — Eyes superior. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent
median or dextral. Upper crest of tail not extending on to
the body. Mouth normal, with numerous series of teeth, and
almost entirely surrounded with papillae, or funnel-shaped,
with scattered papillae and without teeth.

Distribution: S,-E.-Asia, including western part of the
Indo-Australian Archipelago.

SW MOpsis Of tie Spe cies:

A. Snout projecting beyond the lower jaw.

I. End of snout without or with a rudimentary dermal

appendage,

Tee aleewnihieviOcalisacsmaruatess) tests) ou cee) Our seb. « I. M. ligayae p. 8.

Zar Male without. vOGal sSaese cs. tay cs al ot Aes egn eden 2. M. montana yp. 8.
II. End of snout with a distinct dermal appendage . . 3. M@. masufa p. 10.

&. Snout not projecting beyond the lower jaw.

I. No vomerine teeth.

ieeiteclancachings the Shomldenr. msn.) «ns en a: 4. M. hasselti p. 13.
2-pilcelereaching tiphofesnOuL. .memsmt ewer cn aie eek ie 5. &. gracilis p. 15.
INEVOMETINSetecE Ow PLESCH bes mwas erence ees eee 6. M. baluensis p. 16.

Syhopsis of the Padpoles.

AMET p Sm withouteteethiy suse ie che Math Cen ee mE 10,90 2. M. montana p. 8.
&. Lips with teeth in regular series ...,...,,...- 4: M, hasselti p. 13,

8

1. Megalophrys ligayae Taylor.
Megalophrys ligayae Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 350, pl. X, figs. 2,2a. *

Tongue distinctly nicked behind; vomerine teeth in two
rounded groups between the posterior part of the choanae.
Head much broader than long; snout rather distinctly pointed,
longer than the eye, projecting beyond the lower jaw; nostril
in the middle between eye and tip of snout, or slightly nearer
the latter; interorbital space 1'/, times the width of the upper
eyelid (exclusive of spine); tympanum moderately distinct,
about */, the diameter of the eye, from which it is separated
by a distance nearly 1'/, times its greatest length. Tips of
fingers and toes slightly swollen; first finger about as long as
second, extending beyond fourth; third toe extending distinctly
beyond fifth; toes free; no subarticular tubercles; inner meta-
tarsal tubercle large, as long as first toe; the heel reaches
the anterior border of the tympanum. Tibia 0,3 length from
snout to vent.

Skin of head coossified with the skull. Skin with minute
spicules, and with larger tubercles on back; sides and limbs;
a prominent tubercle above the insertion of the arm, on the
shoulder and in the middle of the back; a distinct fold from
the eye to above the arm and another on each side of the
back, from the occipital region to half the length of the body;
upper eyelid and angle of mouth each with a short dermal
spine; belly smooth, with two prominent tubercles on the breast.

Above olive gray (in life), with numerous dark spots; a
backward curved line across the head limits the dark occipital
area, whicli continues backwards between the dorsolateral folds
to the end of the body; a narrow black line along the outer
side of the dorsolateral folds; outer edge of upper eyelid and
spine black; a black stripe on the loreal region and a narrow,
black, yellow-edged line below the eye, ending in a black
spot behind the eye; lips with elongate, yellow-edged spots;
limbs with cross-bars; lower parts yellow, with black and
brownish spots. From snout to vent 60 mm.

Male with vocal sacs.

Habitat: Pelawan.

'2. Megalophrys montana Kuhl & v. Hass.

Mogophrys montana and Megophrys monticola Kuhl en v. Hasselt, Alg. Konst-
en Letter-bode, 1822, p. 102, 104.

9

Megophrys monticola Kuhl und v. Hasselt, Isis, 1822, ~p. 475.

Ceratophrys montana Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diissel-
dorf, 1837— 44, p. 29, pl. X, fig. 3.

Megalophrys montana Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 442.

Megalophrys montana Weber, Ann. Jardin Bot. Buitenzorg, Suppl. II, 1898,

p. 5, figs. 1—5 (tadpole).

Megalophrys montana Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 277 (with tadpole).

Megalophrys montana Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zo6él. Harvard Coll., XLIV,

fe LOE2 saps aii 7auple N Ulsy fe. 30s
Megalophrys montana Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 154,

pl. VI, fig. 1o (tadpole).

Megalophrys montana, Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 271
(tadpole). :
Tongue entire or feebly nicked behind; vomerine teeth

usually present, in two widely separated small groups just
behind the level of the choanae. Head large, once and a half
to once and three fourths as broad as long; snout truncate or
obtusely pointed, projecting beyond the lower jaw, as long
as or a little shorter than the eye; canthus rostralis angular,
straight; loreal region vertical or a little oblique, concave;
nostril equally distant from eye and end of snout; interorbital
space in the adult once and a half to twice the width of the
upper eyelid; tympanum usually feebly distinct, rarely hidden,
its diameter '/, to ?/, that of eye, from which it is separated
by a distance equal to the diameter of the latter. Tips of
fingers and toes obtuse or feebly swollen; first finger as long
as or a little longer than second, which is equal to fourth;
third toe extending distinctly beyond fifth; toes at most '/,
webbed; no subarticular tubercles; a flat, very indistinct inner,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching between shoulder
and temple; tibia */, to '/, length from snout to vent; foot
as long as or shorter than the tibia.

Skin of upper parts smooth, or with scattered conical warts,
in old specimens more or less calcified on the head and the
anterior part of the back; a strong glandular fold from eye to
shoulder, usually another on each side of the back; the head
usually defined behind by a more or less distinct transverse
fold; upper eyelid with a sharp, raised edge, which is produced
into a triangular process, not measuring more than ?/, diameter
of eye; an indication of a similar appendage on the tip of
the snout rarely present; limbs usually with oblique transverse
glandular ridges; belly with small tubercles.

IO

Olive-brown to violet above, uniform or variously marked
with darker or lighter; a more or less distinct large triangular
dark spot between the eyes, the base forwards, and a dark
oblique bar below the eye; limbs with more or less distinct
dark cross-bars; lower parts almost white to black, spotted or
marbled with darker; a white tubercle on each side of the
breast. Length I0oo0 mm.

Male without vocal sac.

According to Barbour ,the specimens vary in color indivi-
dually, and by frequent changing they always show tints which
harmonize wonderfully with dead leaves, in which they lie
hidden during the daytime.”

Tadpole. — Length of body about twice its width; tail
more than twice as long as body, about 5 times as long as
deep, the total depth not much greater than the depth of its
muscular portion at the base. Nostril close to the eye; eye
superior, much nearer tip of snout than spiraculum; spiraculum
sinistral, equally distant from tip of snout and root of tail;
vent median. Tail pointed; crests low, of nearly equal depth,
the upper one extending as a low ridge to the root of the
tail. Mouth subterminal; the lips form a funnel, which is broader
than long, without papillae, but with numerous, scattered,
small tubercles; jaws colourless.

Dark-brown, sometimes lighter below; sides with pale
markings; tail with dark-brown spots in its posterior part.
Length 54 mm.

The tadpoles live in pools or in shallow, swiftly running
water. The funnel-shaped, muscular lips enable it to float on
the surface.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Fort de Kock; Batang Singga-
lang!); Borneo (Serawak); Java (Mt. Salak; Gadok; Mt. Pange-
ranggo, +1400 m.; Mt. Gedeh, g00—2000 m.!; Mt. Puntjak!;
Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Djampang!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!;
Mt. Papandajan, 1500 m.; Mt. Ungaran, 1600 m.!; Nongko-
djadjar, 1200 m.!; Tosari, 1800 m.!). — Siam; Malay Peninsula,
300—600 m.; Philippines?

3. Megalophrys nasuta (Schlg.).

Ceratophryne nasuta Schlegel, Handl. Dierk., Breda, 1858, II, p. 57, pl. IV, fig. 72.
Megalophrys chysii Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned-Indié, XXVII, 1864, p. 265,
with plate,

II

Megalophrys nasuta Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 443.

Pelobatrachus nasutus Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907, p. 909.

Megalophrys nasuta Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 413, pl. XXII.

Megalophrys nasuta Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 279, fig. 77.

Tongue entire or more or less distinctly nicked behind;
vomcrine teeth in two widely separated small groups on a
level with, ora little behind the posterior borders of the choanae.
Head large, once and a half to twice as broad as long; snout
truncate, projecting, as long as or a little shorter than the
upper eyelid, and longer than deep; canthus rostralis strongly
angular, curved; loreal region vertical or feebly oblique, con-
cave; nostril about equidistant from eye and end of snout;
interorbital space in the adult once and a half to twice the
width of the upper eyelid; tympanum often hidden, if distinct
'/, to ?/, the width of the eye, from which it is widely separated.
Fingers and toes obtuse, or with feebly swollen tips; first
finger as long as or longer than second, which extends as far
as or a little beyond fourth; third toe distinctly longer than
fifth; toes feebly, at most '/,, webbed; no subarticular tubercles;
a flat, very indistinct inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; heel
reaching the shoulder or the commissure of the jaws; the
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye; tibia '/, to ?/;
the length from snout to vent; foot a little shorter than
the tibia.

Skin of upper parts smooth or with a few scattered warts;
adult with calcareous deposits on the head and anterior part
of the back, which may completely fuse with the skull, and
form a shield on the praesacral part of the body; a narrow
ridge from eye to shoulder, sometimes continued on the side
of the body; usually a similar ridge along each side of the
back, from behind the head to the sacral region; in young
specimens two ridges, forming a V, on the head, the tips of
the V being placed on the extremities of the upper eyelid;
head usually defined behind by a more or less distinct trans-
verse groove; often one to three subconical tubercles on the
scapular region, one or two other ones in the middle of the
sacral region, and sometimes a few ones on the head and the
sides of the body; upper eyelid produced into a long trian-
gular process, which may be as long as the eye in the adult,
but is often shorter; a similar, but shorter appendage on the

I2
end of the snout and a still smaller one at the angle of the
jaws; limbs with or without oblique transverse ridges; lower

parts smooth, or belly with small tubercles.
Brown or bronze in various shades above, uniform or vari-

Fig. 2. Megalophrys nasuta (Schlg.), X 3/4-

ously marbled with darker and lighter; a more or less distinct
Y-shaped dark marking between the eyes and on the occiput
may be present; a dark oblique bar below the eye, continued
to below the canthus rostralis; lower parts dark brown, or

13

spotted or marbled with dark brown. From snout to vent:
Gi o2,. 9 127. mm:

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Closely related to MW. montana; distinguished by the appen-
dage on the end of the snout and the usually greater length
of the palpebral appendage.

According to Flower the colour is very variable in the same
individual, but always resembling that of dead leaves. In
copula the male embraces the female round the lumbar region.

Habitat: Sumatra (Langkat!; Deli!; Serdang!; Karo High-
land, 1400 m.!; Batak mts., - 300 md 800—I1000 m.!; Mt.
Simbolon; Mt. Ophir, 400 m.!; “Batang Singgalang; Batu Sethe:
kar, Be hacer 450 and goo cate XIII-Koto; Balun! and Mua-
rolabuh! in the Padang Highlands; Rimbo Pengadang in
Lebong!; Hari leko riv.!, Penanggungan and Benakat in Palem-
bang); Necund islands; Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 m.; Koung
Kiou; Serawak; Mt. Dulit; Matan; Kahajan!; Pramassan- Alai
mts.). — Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singapore.

4. Megalophrys hasselti (S. Mill.).

Leptobrachium Hasseltii (Miill.) Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, I,
1839, p. 81.

Rana Flasseltit Schlegel, Handl. Dierk., Breda, 1858, II, p. 56, pl. 1V, fig. 71.

Leptobrachium hasseltii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 441.

Leptobrachium montanum Fischer, Arch. f. Naturgesch., LI, I, 1885, p. 44.

Leptobrachium hasseltii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 37 (with
tadpole).

Leptobrachium hasseltii vy. Kampen, Weber's Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907,
p. 408 (with tadpole).

Megalophrys hasseltii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 425, pl. XXV,
fig. 3.
Megalophrys Hasselti v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr, Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909,
p. 27, pl. Il, fig. 1 (tadpole).

Megalophrys hasseltii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 282.

Megalophrys hasseltii Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 153,
pl. VI, fig. 9 (tadpole).

Megalophrys hasselti Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 355, pl. VIII,
figs. 4, 4a.

Tongue nicked behind; no vomerine teeth. Head large, about
once and a fourth as broad as long; snout rounded, not pro-
jecting, about as long as the upper eyelid, hardly longer than
deep; canthus rostralis distinct, curved; loreal region very

14

oblique; nostril a little nearer the end of the snout than the
eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum hidden or feebly distinct, '/, to */, diameter of the
eye. Fingers and toes obtuse; first and second finger equal or
first the longer, second and fourth of nearly equal length;
third toe slightly longer than fifth; toes webbed at the base
in females, '/, to '/, webbed in males; subarticular tubercles
sometimes distinct; a small, oval, feebly prominent, inner, no
outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the shoulder, the
tarso-metatarsal articulation the posterior border of the eye;
tibia '/, to 7/; the length from snout to vent.

Skin smooth or with small tubercles above, granular on the
belly; a glandular fold above the tympanum.

Brown, grey, or pale olive above, with small or large dark
brown spots or marblings, which may be irregular or form a
symmetrical pattern; a more or less distinct dark canthal and
temporal streak; sides of snout with dark vertical bars; limbs
with dark cross-bars; throat and belly dirty white, or brown,
speckled with white. From snout to vent: ¢' 47, 974 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body once and a half its width;
tail about once and a half to once and three fourths as long
as the body, somewhat more than 3 times as long as deep,
and once and a half as high as its muscular part at the base.
Nostril nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; eyes supe-
rior, as far from tip of snout as from spiraculum; the distance
between them twice that between the nostrils; spiraculum
sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above
and from below, as far from the tip of the snout as from the
base of the tail; anal opening very large, dextral, close to
the lower margin of the crest of the tail. Tip of tail rounded;
upper crest higher than the lower, with convex margin and
not extending to the base of the tail.

Mouth ventral; its entire border, with the exception of a
small portion in the centre of the upper margin, with papillae,
which along the upper margin are arranged in one, along the
sides and the lower margin in two series; jaws almost entirely
black, with serrated borders; series of teeth: 5 '5/4'4 or 515/515;
in the upper lip the uppermost series is very short, the second
the longest, the other ones gradually becoming shorter, in
the lower lip the outer series is short, the next one narrowly

15

interrupted, the other ones distinctly divided, with some sepa-
rated pieces at each side.

Blackish grey, darker above than below; or upper parts
brown, with dark spots and marblings. Length 79 mm.

In pools and clear, swiftly running water.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli; Panjinggahan!; Tandjong Laut
in Palembang); Borneo (Mt. Kappa in Brit, N.-Borneo; Pra-
massan-Alai mts.); Java (Tjibodas; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Tji-
andjur; Djampang Kulon!; Pengalengan; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!;
Mt. Sesuru!; Dirk-de-Vries bay!; Nusa Kambangan!; Tengger
mts., 1200 m.). — Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singapore;
Philippines, incl. Pelawan.

5. Megalophrys gracilis (Gthr.).

Leptobrachium gracile Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 598.

Leptobrachium gracile Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 440.

Megalophrys gracilis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 421, pl.
XXV, fig. 1.

Megalophrys gracilis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 281.

Tongue nicked behind; no vomerine teeth. Head moderate,
as long as broad or slightly broader than long; snout rounded,
not projecting; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region not
very oblique, concave; interorbital space a little narrower than
the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of
the eye. Tips of fingers slightly swollen, of toes slightly swollen
or blunt; first and second finger equal; toes with a very short
web at the base; no subarticular tubercles; a feebly prominent,
elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching the tip of
the snout; tibia a little more than half the length from
snout to vent; foot shorter than the tibia, but longer than
the head.

Skin smooth; a curved fold above the tympanum.

Greyish olive to dark brown above, with mere or less distinct
darker spots or symmetrical markings on the head and body
and cross-bars on the limbs; a whitish spot below the eye
and another on the arm and elbow sometimes present; lower
parts dirty white, with or without irregular brown spots.
Length 44 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Matan).
sula (1600 m.).

Malay Penin-

16

6. Megalophrys baluensis (Blgr.).

Leptobrachium baluense Boulenger, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) IV, 1899, p. 453-
Leptobrachium baluense Hanitsch, Jrn. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc., N°. 34, 1900,

Dp. 745 pL ois tess alan la
Megalophrys baluensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908," p. 429.

Tongue entire; vomerine teeth in two widely separated
small groups just behind the level of the choanae. Head mode-
rately large, much depressed, nearly twice as broad as long;
snout rounded, not projecting, much shorter than the orbit;
canthus rostralis strong; loreal region vertical, concave; nostril
equally distant from eye and end of snout; interorbital space
slightly concave, nearly twice as broad as the upper eyelid;
tympanum feebly distinct, */, the diameter of the eye, about
half its distance from the eye. Fingers and toes blunt; first
finger a little longer than second; toes with a mere rudiment
of web; no subarticular tubercles, but a feeble median ridge
or keel under the toes; a very indistinct oval inner metatarsal
tubercle; heel reaching the shoulder; tibia ?/,; the length from
snout to vent; foot much longer than the head.

Skin adherent to the rugose skull, perfectly smooth; a very
small conical tubercle near the border of the upper eyelid.

Back and upper surface of snout dark grey; posterior half
of upper surface and sides of head blackish brown; a curved
light streak, the concavity turned forwards, across the upper
eyelids and the interorbital region, followed by a Y-shaped
blackish marking; two light spots on the upper lip, below the
eye; large blackish-brown, partly confluent spots on the back;
sides dark brown, light-edged above; limbs dark brown, with
rather indistinct darker cross-bars; throat brown, belly brownish
white. From snout to vent 65 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 1300 m.).

3. Batrachopsis Blgr.

(BOULENGER, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p.439; nec Batrachofsis Fitzinger,
Syst. Rept., Vindobonae, fasc. I, 1843, p. 34: nomen nudum),
Lechriodus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus,, 1882, p. 116.
Pupil erect. Tongue subcircular, slightly nicked and free
behind. Vomerine teeth in two long transverse series behind
the choanae. Tympanum more or less distinct. Fingers free,
blunt, toes webbed at the base, the tips feebly swollen. Outer
metatarsals slightly separated.

17

Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. Two condyles for
articulation with the os coccygis. Vertebrae procoelous.

This genus connects the Pelobatidae with the Cystignathidae.
The strongly dilated sacral diapophyses make it necessary to
unite it with the Pe/obatidae, though in other respects it is
more resembling some of the Cystzgnathidae (Limnodynastes,
Ranaster, Phanerotis).

Distribution: Aru islands; New Guinea.

1, Batrachopsis melanopyga (Doria).

Asterophrys melanopyga Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, VI, 1874, p. 355, pl. XII, fig. k.

Batrachopsis melanopyga Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 439.

Lechriodus melanopyga Fry, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, XXVII, 1915, p. 72,
pl. 1, figs. 1, 1a, and textfig. 2c.

Vomerine teeth in two long, transverse, straight or slightly
arched, narrowly separated series behind the choanae, not
. extending outwards beyond the latter. Head large, much broader
than long; snout rounded, not projecting, as long as the upper.
eyelid, about as long as deep; canthus rostralis angular, straight;
loreal region very oblique, concave; interorbital space as
broad as, or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum
more or less distinct, vertically oval, its vertical diameter */,
to nearly equal to the width of the eye. Tips of fingers blunt,
of toes slightly swollen; first finger as long as second, which
is slightly longer than fourth; fifth toe siightly longer than
third; toes webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles pro-
minent; a small, elliptic inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia 7/, length
of head and body.

Upper parts finely granular; a narrow dermal ridge from
the eye to the side of the body, and a few other longitudinal,
symmetrical ridges along the back; a transverse fold between
the upper eyelids; lower parts smooth.

Brown above, indistinctly spotted with darker; usually a
black streak on the canthus rostralis and below the outer
glandular fold, and another across the interorbital space; limbs
with more or less distinct blackish cross-bars; anal region,
border of lower lip and sometimes a series of spots parallel
with it on the throat, black; beneath yellowish or brownish.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac ; during the breeding-
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 2

18

season the inner side of the first two fingers and of the
strong metacarpal tubercle covered with black spines. In the
female the two inner fingers are lobate. Length 80 mm.

Habitat: Aru islands; New Guinea (Mansiman!; Hatam,
Arfak mts.!; Mamberamo riv.!; near Idenburg riv., + 1800 m.!;
Tor riv.!; Fife bay; Vikaiku, St.-Joseph riv.).

2. Fam. CYSTIGNATHIDAE,

Upper jaw usually toothed, lower nearly always toothless.
Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra not or slightly dilated.
Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes simple or T-shaped,
not claw-shaped. |

Omosternum cartilaginous, sometimes rudimentary; sternum
usually cartilaginous; it may be more or less calcified and
has rarely a bony style. Vertebrae generally procoelous. No
ribs. Os coccygis articulating by two condyles.

Distribution: S.-, Central- and southern N.-America;
southern Africa; Australia; New-Guinea.

Synopsis of the Genera
A. Vomerine teeth in two long transverse series behind
the choanae.
I. Toes slightly webbed. Tympanum perfectly distinct. 1. Phanerotis p. 18.
i Woesmrce-<Tympanum feebly distinct. ps eren mee 2. Ranaster p, 19.
&. Vomerine teeth very slightly developed, or absent. . . 3. Crimia p. 21.

1. Phanerotis Bler.
(BouLENGER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, (2) V, 1891, p. 593).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Upper jaw
toothed, lower toothless; vomerine teeth in two long trans-
verse series behind the choanae. Tympanum perfectly distinct.
Fingers free, toes with a very slight rudiment of web, the
tips slightly swollen. Outer metatarsals united.

Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral
vertebra slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges simple.

Distribution: New Guinea; Australia.

1. Phanerotis fletcheri Bler.
Phanerotis Fletcheri Boulenger, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, (2) V, 1891, p. 593-

19

Phanerotis fletchert Andersson, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., LXVI, 1913, p. 75.
Phanerotis fletcheri Andersson, Svenska Vet. Akad, Handl., LI, N°. 9, 1916,

p- Io, pl. I, figs. 3 a—e.

Habit ranoid. Head as long as broad; snout obtuse; canthus
rostralis sharp; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril
nearer the end of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum ?/, the diameter of
the eye. Tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; first finger
as long as second; subarticular tubercles strong; a small, blunt
inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the
snout or a little beyond; tibia as long as the vertebral column,
foot a little shorter. -

Upper parts finely granulate; upper eyelids warty; a small
/\-shaped glandular fold between the shoulders, and an oblique
fold from the eye to the middle of the side, passing above
the tympanum; lower parts smooth.

Pale brown above, with very small darker spots; hinder
side of thighs blackish-brown; a black band borders the post-
ocular fold inferiorly, its lower border sinuous and involving
the upper part of the tympanum; a cross-bar between the
eyes and the interscapular chevron-fold blackish; limbs with
dark cross-bands; lower parts whitish, with the exception of
the brown tibia. Length 37 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Bogadjim at Stephansort). —
Australia.

2. Ranaster Macl.
(MacLEay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 135).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Upper jaw
toothed, lower toothless; vomerine teeth in two long transverse
series behind the choanae. Tympanum feebly distinct. Fingers
and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

Omosternum cartilaginous; sternum cartilaginous, calcified
in the centre. Clavicles present. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra
slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges simple, obtuse.

Distribution: New Guinea.

_I. Ranaster convexiusculus Macl.

Ranaster convexiusculus Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 136.
Ranaster convexiusculus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 444.

20

Phanerotis novae-guineae vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. I, 1909, p. 26;

pl. Il, figs. 4, 44.

Ranaster convexiusculus Fry, Mem. Queensland Mus., I], 1913, p. 47-

Habit stout. Tongue nearly circular; vomerine teeth in two
slightly separated series. Snout rounded, as long as the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis indistinct, rounded; loreal region very
oblique, concave; nostril as far from the tip of the snout as
from the eye; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, half the
diameter of the eye, or a little larger. Tips of fingers and
toes blunt; first and second finger equal in length, or the first

slightly shorter; subarticular tubercles small, but very promi-
nent; a strong, oblong inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle;
heel reaching the tympanum or the eye; tibia ?/; the length
of head and body.

Back and sides with more or less distinct, smooth, round
and oblong warts of different sizes; smaller warts on the upper
surface of head and limbs; throat and belly smooth; lower
surface of thighs smooth or feebly granular; a longitudinal
ridge below the eye and the tympanum.

Brownish black above, or brown with darker spots on
head, back and limbs; light brown beneath, usually spotted

PA)
or marbled with darker on throat, breast and limbs; lips with
light, vertical streaks. Length 42 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: New Guinea (Katow; Merauke!); Frederik
Hendrik isl.!

2, Crinia: Tschudi.
(TscHup1, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 78).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Upper jaw
toothed, lower toothless; vomerine teeth very slightly developed
or absent. Tympanum slightly distinct or hidden, or absent.
Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals
united.

Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of
sacral vertebra slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges simple.

Distribution: New Guinea; Australia.

1. Crinia signifera Girard.
Crinia (Ranidella) signifera Girard, Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, VI (1852, 1853),

EO54s) P4222.

Crinia signifera Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 265.

Crinia signifera Andersson, Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., LII, N°. 4, 1913, p. 12,
pl. I, figs. 1a—é.

Crinia signifera Werner, Amphibia, in: Fauna Siidwest-Australiens, herausg. v.

Michaelsen und Hartmeyer, IV, Lfg. 10, Jena, 1914, p. 411.

Crinia signifera Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVIII, 1920, p. 116.

No vomerine teeth. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit;
no canthus rostralis; loreal region oblique, a little concave;
nostril as far from the tip of the snout as from the eye;
interorbital space as broad as, or broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum hidden. First finger shorter than second;
toes fringed; subarticular tubercles distinct; a small, elliptic,
inner and a rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; a slight tarsal
fold; the heel reaches the shoulder or the temple.

Upper surfaces more or less warty, the warts often confluent
into longitudinal lines on the back; lower surfaces granulate.

Dark grey above; two blackish, light bordered spots in the
loins; anal region blackish; lips with dark vertical bars; beneath
grey, more or less marbled with brown; throat of male blackish;
limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bars. Length 28 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: New Guinea (Merauke). — Australia.

22

3. Fam. HYLIDAE.

Upper jaw toothed, lower usually toothless. Diapophyses of
the sacral vertebra dilated. Terminal phalanges of fingers and
toes claw-shaped.

Omosternum cartilaginous (rarely ossified); sternum cartila-
ginous. Vertebrae procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis articulating
by two condyles.

Distribution: cosmopolitan, except the Ethiopian and
greatest part of the Indian region. They are abundant in
Australia and tropical America, whereas but a few species
occur in the Palaearctic and Indian regions; in the western
part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago they are absent.

Synopsis of the Genera.

~~A. Pupil vertical. 2.4 oeee ae eeeeene nee oemeins eaeee 1. Myctimantis p. 22.
Be ePupil: horizontal: /x- on Meee ene on aaa ae tae ne 2. Hyla p. 24.

I. Nyctimantis Blegr.

(BouLENGER, Cat. Batr, Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 421).
Nyctimystes, Stejneger, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, p. 85.

Pupil vertical. Tongue subcircular, entire, scarcely free
behind. Lower jaw toothless; vomerine teeth present. Tym-
panum distinct. Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips with large
disks. Outer metatarsals united.

Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral
vertebra moderately dilated.

Distribution: S.-America; New Guinea.

DYHOpsSis Of the Species

A. Tympanum distinct. Fingers webbed at the base. ...1. A’. papua p. 22.
4. Tympanum indistinct. Outer fingers '/, webbed. .... 2. LV. Srantiaay eae

1. Nyctimantis papua Blgr.
Nyctimantis papua Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 12,
ploeleetio: 5.

Tongue circular, nicked and slightly free behind; vomerine
teeth in two short, transverse or slightly oblique series between
the large choanae. Head moderate; snout rounded, shorter

22
=)

than the orbit; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region concave;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, 1/, to ?/,; the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers
larger than the tympanum; fingers webbed at the base; toes
webbed to the disks of the third and fifth and to the penulti-
mate phalanx of the fourth; subarticular tubercles moderate;
a very small inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the
tip of the snout or a little beyond.

Skin free from the skull, smooth, or with small warts above,
granular beneath; a strong curved fold above the tympanum;
heel sometimes with a small conical tubercle.

Grey, olive, or reddish brown above, uniform or marbled
with darker, or with large insuliform spots; a light line may
run along the canthus rostralis and supraciliary edge; dirty
white or brown beneath. From snout to vent 66 mm.

Male with an external subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley RKange;
Moroka, 700 m.). at

2. Nyctimantis granti Bler.

Nyctimantis Granti Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914,
p- 249, pl. XXVII, fig. 2.

Tongue circular, nicked and slightly free behind; vomerine
teeth in two transverse series between the large choanae.
Head moderate, much broader than long; snout rounded, shorter
than the orbit; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region very
oblique, slightly concave; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum very indistinct, about '/, the diameter
of the eye. Disks of fingers ?/, the diameter of the eye;
outer fingers '/, webbed; toes webbed to the disks of the
third and fifth and to the penultimate phalanx of the fourth;
subarticular tubercles moderate; a very small inner metatarsal
tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout.

Skin free from the skull, smooth above, granular on the
belly and under the thighs; a strong curved fold above the
tympanum.

Purplish grey above, vermiculate with black; flanks and
sides of thighs lilac; lower parts whitish. From snout to
vent 100 mm. |

Habitat:.New Guinea (Utakwa riv., 900 m.).

24

2° ¥ la‘ Laur:
(LauRENTI, Synopsis Rept., Viennae, 1768, p. 32).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or slightly nicked, not or
little free behind. Lower jaw toothless; vomerine teeth usually
present. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free or webbed,
toes webbed, with disks. Outer metatarsals united or slightly
separated.

Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous '). Diapophyses of
sacral vertebra dilated.

Tadpoles. — Eyes lateral or superior. Spiraculum sinistral.
Vent median or dextral. Upper crest of tail usually extending
on to the body. Mouth normal, sometimes much enlarged;
series of papillae narrowly interrupted in the middle of the
upper lip, rarely absent; series of teeth 2/3.

Distribution: the same as the family.

Synopsis of the Specres:
A, Fingers webbed.

J. The web reaches the disks of the second and
fourth fingers.
1. The heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.

a. No outer metatarsal tubercle...... . 1. 4. rhacophorus p. 28.

aR

é. Outer metatarsal tubercle present. ... 2. amboinensis p. 29.
2. The heel does not reach beyond the tip

of the snout. Vomerine teeth between the

choanae (or absent).

a. Interorbital space twice the width of the

upper eyelid. Limbs cross-barred... . . H. papuensis Pp. 30.

io)

é, Interorbital space twice the width of the
upper eyelid. Limbs not cross-barred . 4. H. gvamtinea p. 30.

c. Interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid. Limbs not cross-barred ..... 5. Hl. bernsteini p. 31.

3. The heel does not reach the tip of the snout.

Vomerine teeth behind the level of the

CHOANAGL cs Ara cae coucnie os emenicc ste. Serene 6. H. eucnenis p. 32.
II. The web does not reach the disks of the fingers.
ie mINOM ty IPAM tal wameawetme yess dele Ne, siete vie ee 7. H. obsoleta p. 32.

2. Tympanum present, its diameter less than
half that of eye.

1) The omosternum is ossified in the males of H. infrafrenata and militaria,

25

a. Outer fingers at least '/, webbed. Vome-
rine teeth present.
gz. A dermal ridge along the outer side
Of the#iore-anmseee Metre eine eens 8. H. montana p. 33.
@. No dermal ridge along the fore-arm.
Skin smooth above.
{. Outer fingers about !/, to 3/,
WEDD EGeicwe) veo lcms Meth ames ehtewes 9. H. rueppelli p. 35.
+f. Outer fingers nearly half webbed. 10. H. fallax p. 35.
ttt. Outer fingers '/, webbed ..... 38. WH angiana p. 59.
y. No dermal ridge along the fore-arm.
Upper parts with scattered warts. . 34. H. humeralis p. 56.
d, Outer fingers at least !/, webbed. No
vomerine teeth.
a. The heel reaches the tympanum... 11. H. drachypus p. 37.
@. The heel reaches at least the eye.
ft. Tympanum about !/; diameter of
eye. loess) webbedelnar ser) ate 12. H. ouwensi p. 37.
tt. Tympanum !/, to '/, diameter of
eye. Toes about 2/, webbed ... 13. H. atropunctata p. 37.
ttt. Tympanum not quite !/, diameter
_of eye. Toes nearly entirely webbed.
Canthus rostralis distinct ..... 14. H. longicrus p. 38.
tttt. Tympanum '/, to '/, diameter of
eye. Toes nearly entirely webbed.

Canthus rostralis rounded... .. (t0; 47 fallax p. 35).
c. Outer fingers webbed at tne base.
a. Toes narrowly webbed ........ 15. H. albolabris p. 39.
@. Toes?/, webbed. Heel reaching beyond
TiPsOL SHOES us leew hae eines emeiiay 16. TE. arfakiana p. 39.

. Toes 3/, webbed. Heel reaching tip

~

Ole SHO Mars cick tit st eevee Selo eemKarre ps (41
d. Toes extensively webbed (the web
reaching the disks of third and fifth).
Heel reaching beyond tip of snout . 19. H. wollastoni p. 42.
3. Tympanum present, its diameter at least
about half that of eye.
a. No vomerine teeth. Outer fingers '/, to
nearly !/, webbed.
a Coarsely granular above. ...... (13. A. atropunctata p. 37).
@. Smooth above.
+. Canthus rostralis distinct. .... 20. H. chloronota p. 42.
tf. Canthus rostralis rounded. ... . 10. A. fallax p. 35.

26

é. Vomerine teeth between the choanae,
rarely absent. Fingers webbed at the base.
az. A dark cross-bar between the eyes. 21. H. jeudei p. 43.
f. Two white longitudinal streaks pre-
sent, at least on the head. ..... 22. H. bicolor p. 44.
y. Three white streaks along the back. 27. A. thesaurensis p. 49.
d. No such markings. ..... oS. Jin (26. A recog seas
c. Vomerine teeth between the choanae.
Fingers !/3 to !/, webbed.
z. Disks of fingers larger thantympanum. 28. 4. lutea p. 50.
@. Disks of fingers as large as tympanum. 29. H/. solomonis p. 50.
y. Disks of fingers smaller than tym-
PATI.) 8) on. hots sa etioedaat-eit ean ieee 30. H. everetti p. 51.
d. Vomerine teeth between the choanae, or
absent. Fingers more than !/, webbed. (5. H. dernsteini p. 31).
e. Vomerine teeth between the posterior
borders of the choanae.
a. Upper surface in preserved specimens
brown or grey, with or without white
markings.
+. Outer fingers webbed at the base.
Canthus rostralis angular. ... 23. H. impura p. 45.
+f. Outer fingers webbed at the base.
Canthus rostralis rounded. ... 24. H. macgregori p. 46.
tft. Outer fingers nearly half webbed.
Canthus rostralis rounded. ... (10. H. fallax p. 35).
ttf. Outer fingers half webbed. Canthus
MOSbLAS CISHINCE Ns = ii eee 25. H. genimaculata p. 47.
f. Upper surface in preserved specimens
blue or violet (green in life). A white
or yellow, below dark-edged streak
along lower jaw.
{. No projecting rudiment of pollex.
Tympanum 3/; to 4/; the width
OMENE CYS 41ers e: ce She see ates 31. H. infrafrenata p. 51.
tt. No projecting rudiment of pollex.
Tympanum as large as the eye 32. H. spengeli p. 54.
ttt. A strong projecting rudiment of
POllextemrae mans so . vc imel« eee 33. H. militaria p. 55.
y. Upper surface in preserved specimens
blue or violet. No white streak along
lower jaw.
+. The heel reaches beyond the tip

27

of the snout. Outer fingers 2/,

WeDbEdseweny > kanloe eee o-uls F- 35:

J

{{2 The heel reaches the tip of the

snout, or beyond. Fingers '/, to

NEWCO DEM. coh eel snerak ys noe 36.

ttt. The heel reaches the temple or

the eye. Fingers '/, to '/, webbed. 37.

jf. Vomerine teeth behind the level of the

choanae.

a. Fingers !1/, to '/, webbed. ..... 39.

@. Fingers with a slight rudiment of

WED (Or, Tee ye oa at 3 cies Soh auras 40.

B. No web between the fingers.
I, Diameter of tympanum less than half that
of eye.

I. Vomerine teeth present. Heel reaches beyond

Lp OL SROUt) sues tee ts Piles Sublease iG (16.

2, Vomerine teeth absent. Heel reaches the eye. 17.

II. Diameter of tympanum at least about half that
of eye.
I. Snout rounded. Back without longitudinal
ridges.
a. Vomerine teeth behind the level of the

choanae.

a. Toes 2/, or 3/, webbed. ....... (40.

G.yloes: entirely webbed? .., 2.4.4.4 <2 41.

6. Vomerine teeth between the choanae.

Moesphalfiiwebbed en .isus |e Mee, Ae

2. Snout pointed. Back with longitudinal ridges.

DiskSeveryarsinall- scope. wakc amish sersushiehns 43.

Incertae sedis: 44. Hyla(:) dorsalis p. 65.

Tak

EF;

aruensis p. 56.

. Sanguinolenta p. 57-

. caerulea p. 58.

congenita p. 60.

rubella p. 62.

. arfakiana p. 39).

wolterstorffi p. 40.

. rubella p. 62).

. obtusirostris p.~63.

. vagabunda p. 63.
} Pe)

. masuta p. 64.

Synopsis of the Tadpoles.

A. Eyes lateral. Mouth of normal size. Lips with
papillae.
I, Vent distinctly above the free border of the
subcaudal crest.

1. All series of lower labial teeth nearly equal

in length. Tail with dark vertical streaks. 22. ? H. bicolor p. 44.

2. Outer series of lower labial teeth shorter

than the two other ones. Tail without vertical

SELCARS ata te tare cs «eo, ie Ch eae so 31. H. infrafrenata p. 51.

28

II. Vent close to the free border of the subcaudal

CES) Lee Rc ieeet is CG eee aha mene 39. H. congenita p. 60.
ZL. Eyes superior.
[. Moathyerenanaalesize so... 6 een 40. H. rubella p. 62.
II. Mouth very large.
Te Lapse WILHOUEEPADILAG, ."/s*161. - sila open meiee 8. H. montana p. 33.
2: Eapillaeapresent tors |. “= 11% vs oy \eips) io eels fyla spec.? p. 34.

Incompletely known: 33. A. militaria p. 55.

1. Hyla rhacophorus v. Kamp.

Hyla rhacophorus v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 32, pl. II, fig. 1.

Tongue broadly heart-shaped, free behind; vomerine teeth
in two short, oblique series between the posterior borders of
the choanae. Head a little broader than long, its width equal
to '/, the length of head and body; snout rounded, scarcely
projecting, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis angular,
curved; loreal region oblique, strongly concave; nostril nearly
twice nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, */,
the diameter of the eye. Disks large, smaller than the tym-
panum, those of toes a little smaller than those of fingers; first
finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers
strongly webbed, the web reaching the disks at the outer
side of the second and the inner side of the fourth, nearly
reaching the disk at the outer side of the third finger; at the
first finger and the inner side of the second and third the
penultimate phalanges are free from the web; third and fifth
toe of equal length; toes nearly entirely webbed, the web
reaching all disks; subarticular tubercles well-developed, the
distal one of the fourth finger double; a small, oblong inner,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches somewhat beyond
the tip of the snout; tibia nearly ?/, length of head and body.

Upper parts finely granulate, with some scattered small warts;
throat, belly and lower surfaces of thighs coarsely granular;
some larger warts below the vent (partly arranged in a trans-
verse series) and on the heel; a denticulated ridge along the
border of the lower jaw, a more distinct dermal fold along
the outer edge of forearm and outer finger and another one
along that of tarsus and fifth toe; on the arm and tarsus it
is undulated; heel with a triangular dermal appendage; a fold
above the tympanum.

29

Upper surface bluish violet, yellowish beneath; upper arm
and thigh yellowish white, except a small streak along the
upper surface; of the same colour are the three inner fingers,
the tarsus and the foot, the tympanum and the border of the lips.
Length 66 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Etna bay!; Setekwa riv.).

2. Hyla amboinensis Horst.

fy la amboinensis Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 239.

Hyla amboinensis Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. f. Naturk., 1892, p. 156.

Hyla Kampeni Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zod]. Harvard Coll., LI, 1908, p. 324.
Hyla Kampeni Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N°. 1,

LOL2) p70) plo- Vi, tig. 1.

Tongue slightly nicked and free behind; vomerine teeth in
two small groups in the middle between the choanae. Head
slightly broader than long; snout rounded, as long as, ora little
shorter than the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus
rostralis indistinct; loreal region oblique, hardly concave; nostril
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
as broad as, or broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, about '/, to */,; the diameter of the eye. Disks of
three outer fingers about as large as or a little smaller than
the tympanum, of toes a little smaller; first finger shorter
than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers extensively
webbed, the web reaching the disks at the outer side of the
second and third, and at the inner side of the fourth finger;
first finger included to the disk, or nearly so; third and fifth
toe about equal in length; all toes webbed to the disks; sub-
articular and inner metatarsal tubercles moderate, a small,
circular outer metatarsal tubercle; a distinct tarsal fold; the
heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.

Smooth above, with scattered, small tubercles on the back
and below the vent; belly and lower surfaces of thighs granular ;
a fold across the breast; a strong fold above the tympanum;
a ridge along outer edge of fore-arm and outer finger, and of
tarsus and outer toe; on tarsus and fore-arm it is more or
less distinctly broken up into oblong warts.

Above greyish or brownish, variegated with dark; lower surface
yellowish, the throat dotted with dark brown. Length 57 mm.

Male with a subgular vocai sac.

Type specimens in the Leyden Museum examined. The

30

specimen of Misool has the tympanum larger and the back
more tubercular than those of Ambon.
Habitat: Misoodl!; Ceram!; Ambon!

3. Hyla papuensis Wern.
Hyla papuensis Werner, Zool. Anz., XXIV, 1901, p. 99, IOI.

Tongue elliptical, distinctly nicked and free behind ; vomerine
teeth in two round groups between the choanae. Head a little
broader than long; snout rounded, about once and a half the
length of the eye; canthus rostralis curved, rounded; loreal
region oblique, concave; nostril twice nearer the tip of the —
snout than the eye; interorbital space twice as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, its diameter a little
larger than half that of eye. Disks of fingers nearly as large
as the tympanum; fingers webbed; the web reaches the disks,
except at the third finger and the inner side of the second,
which is half free; toes entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles
well developed; a small inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel
reaches the tip of the snout.

Occiput and back indistinctly granular, with small round
warts, which on the back are arranged in indistinct longitudinal
rows; a denticulated dermal ridge along the outer side of the
fore-arm, and a smooth one along that of the fourth finger;
a less developed ridge along the outer border of tarsus and
fifth toe; a strong fold above the tympanum; throat, belly,
lower surface of thighs and surroundings of vent granulate;
heel with a small dermal appendage.

Light grey, with a darker, irregular design above; sides
whitish, marbled with dark; throat whitish, with small dark
spots; limbs with indistinct, broad transverse bars; webs dark-
coloured. Length 58 mm.

Male with a large subgular vocal sac and a brown nuptial
excrescence on the first finger.

Habitat: New Guinea (Torricelli mts.).

4. Hyla graminea Bler.
fHyla graminea Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVI, 1905, p. 183.

Tongue heart-shaped, free behind; vomerine teeth in two
widely separated, short transverse groups between the very
large choanae. Head rather large, much depressed, a little

ahi

broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the orbit; canthus
rostralis indistinct; loreal region very oblique, slightly concave;
nostril near the end of the snout; interorbital space twice
the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */,
the diameter of the eye. Disks nearly as large as the tympanum;
fingers nearly entirely, toes entirely webbed; subarticular tuber-
cles feeble; heel reaching the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth, finely granulate on the head, coarsely on the
belly and under the thighs; deep wrinkles form an areolation
on each side of the anterior part of the body; an outer tarsal fold.

Bright green above, yellowish white beneath; hand and
arm, tarsus and foot, and upper eyelid with a white edge;
arm and thigh colourless, the latter with a narrow green band
in the middle. From snout to vent 52 mm.

Habitat: Northern British New Guinea, 275 m.

5. Hyla bernsteini Horst.

Hyla bernsteini Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 241.
Hyla mystax v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 173, pl. VI, fig. 6 (head).

Tongue oblong, nicked and little free behind; vomerine
teeth in two short series or circular groups between the choanae,
or absent. Head as long as broad; snout rounded, vertically
truncate, shorter than the upper eyelid, longer than deep;
canthus rostralis distinct, obtuse; loreal region oblique, slightly
concave; nostril close to the tip of the snout; interorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/,
the diameter of the eye. Disks of outer fingers nearly as large,
or as large as the tympanum, of toes smaller; first finger shorter
than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers broadly
webbed, the web usually reaching the second and fourth, and
nearly the outer border of third disk, first finger nearly free;
third and fifth toe of equal length; toes nearly entirely webbed,
the web reaching second, third and fifth disk and nearly
fourth; subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles moderate,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the nostril or
the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth or feebly granulate above; belly and lower surface
of thighs strongly granulate; a feeble ridge along the outer
edge of fore-arm, hand and fourth finger, and another along
that of tarsus and fifth toe; no fold across the chest; an

32

indistinct fold above the tympanum; sometimes a transverse
dermal ridge below the vent.

Colour (in spirit) blue or bluish above, immaculate or dotted
with dark blue; posterior surface of thigh and inner surface
of tibia blackish; a white streak along the upper jaw from
below the eye to the angle of the mouth or the shoulder;
the dermal ridges white; yellowish beneath. Length 37 mm.

Type specimen (from Gebe isl.) in the Leiden Museum
examined.

Habitat: Gebe isl.!; Salawati; New Guinea (Moaif riv.!).

6. Hyla eucnemis Lonnb.
Hyla eucnemis Lonnberg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) VI, 1900, p. 579.

Tongue broadly heart-shaped, nicked and free behind; vome-
rine teeth in two large and confluent groups, behind the level
of the choanae. Head large, about as broad as long; snout
subtriangular, truncate, longer than the orbit; canthus rostralis
very distinct, curved; loreal region concave; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about */,
the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers about as large as
the tympanum; the three outer fingers extensively webbed,
the web reaching the disks of the second and fourth; toes
entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed; the
heel reaches just beyond the eye.

Upper surfaces very minutely, belly and lower surfaces of
thighs coarsely granulate; throat covered with scattered warts;
a series of similar warts along the margin of the lower jaw;
a glandular fold above the tympanum; a well-developed denti-
culated fringe along the outer side of the fore-arm and the
outer finger; a similar fringe along the outer side of the tarsus
and the outer toe; heel with a triangular dermal appendage;
some smaller dermal flaps near the vent.

Colour (in spirit) dark plum above, uniform, with the excep-
tion of some very indistinct cross-bands on the hind legs;
light below. From snout to vent 67 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Sattelberg, +800 m.).

7. Hyla obsoleta Lonnb.
Hyla obsoleca Loénnberg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) VI, 1900, p. 580.

Tongue nicked and free behind; vomerine teeth in two
small groups between the choanae. Snout subtriangular, trun-

33

cate, longer than the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis
distinet; loreal region concave; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid; no tympanum. Disks about half the diameter
of the eye; fingers webbed at the base, toes nearly entirely
webbed; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.

Minutely granulate above; a fold from the eye to the axilla,
another across the throat; belly and lower side of thighs
granulate; a slight dermal fold with a row of tubercles along
the outer side of the fore-arm; a less pronounced series of
tubercles along the outer side of the tarsus; heel with a short
dermal appendage. From snout to vent 34 mm.

Dark brown above, light below.

Perhaps the young of HY. montana.

Habitat: New Guinea (Simbang, 50 m.).

8. Hyla montana Ptrs. & Dor.

Hyla (Litoria) montana Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 423,
jell WILE: saves Mie

Hyla montana Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 385.

Hyla papua vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 33, pl. I, fig. 2.

> Hyla pulchra Wandolleck, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, XIII, N®. 6, 1911, p. 12,

figs. 50—59.
Hyla papua v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 455, pl. XI, fig. 1
(tadpole).

Tongue subcircular, nicked and slightly free behind; vome-
rine teeth in two short transverse series between the large
choanae. Head broader than long; snout rounded, vertically
truncate, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus
rostralis angular, curved; loreal region very oblique, concave;
nostril close to the tip of the snout; interorbital space broader
than the upper eyelid (as broad as the upper eyelid in the
young); tympanum distinct, about ?/,; diameter of eye. Disks
of fingers and toes moderate, of second to fourth finger larger,
of first finger smaller than tympanum, of toes smaller than
those of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is
shorter than fourth; web between the first and second finger
only at) the base; the other fingers, '/, to */, webbed; third
and fifth toes of equal length; toes webbed to the disks, the
two distal phalanges of the fourth toe being included only by
a narrow fold; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well
developed, the distal ones heart-shaped; an oblong inner, and

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 3

34

a very small, roundish outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel
reaches beyond tip of snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body.

Skin smooth above, granular on the head; a fold above
the tympanum; belly and lower surface of thighs granulate;
a dermal ridge along the outer side of the fore-arm and the
fourth finger, and along that of the tarsus and the fifth toe;
some large granules below the vent; a small triangular dermal
appendage at the heel sometimes present.

Olive-brown (in life yellowish green) above; yellow beneath,
sometimes dotted with brown; the inner fingers and the inner
toes orange yellow; the dermal ridges whitish; limbs with
indistinct dark cross-bars. Length 75 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body nearly once and a half its
width; tail but little longer than the body, about twice and
a half as long as deep, and but little deeper than its muscular
portion at the base. Nostril about twice nearer the eye than
the tip of the snout; eyes superior, nearer the spiraculum
than the tip of the snout; distance between them a little
greater than that between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral,
directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from
below, much nearer the vent than the tip of the snout; vent
median. Tail with rounded tip; the crests not extending on
to the body.

Mouth ventral, very large, nearly as broad and almost half
as long as the body; lips without papillae; upper jaw with two
short black streaks, lower with a single one; series of teeth 2/3,
all series about equal in length; in the lower lip they are placed
close to the mouth, the largest part of the lip being toothless.

Brown above, colourless below; tail brown, with three colour-
less, dark-bordered cross-bars, the posterior one including the
tip of the tail. Length 29 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Hatam, Arfak mts.; Pomora riv.,
+760 m.!; Torricelli mts.?; Gerekanumu, Astrolabe Range;
Sattelberg; Lorentz riv.!; Van der Sande riv.!; Went mts.,
1050 m.!; Utakwa riv.; Setekwa riv.).

Hyla spec. ?

Hyla sp., v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 370.

Tadpole. — Differing from that of A. montana in the
following points:

35

Tail somewhat longer. Mouth a little shorter, bordered by
a series of short papillae; an other series of very short and
broad papillae on each lip around the series of teeth; both
jaws with two black streaks. Tail without light cross-bars.

Habitat: New Guinea (Bougainville mts., + 500 m.!).

9. Hyla rueppelli Bttg.

Ayla rueppelii Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 137.
Hyla rueppelli Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges., XXV, 1901, p. 373, pl.

XVI, figs. 12—12¢.

Tongue oval, slightly nicked and little free behind ; vomerine
teeth in two small, roundish groups on a level with the poste-
rior borders of the choanae. Snout rounded, truncate, as long
as the orbit; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique,
slightly concave; nostril close to the tip of the snout; inter-
orbital space much broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, about '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers
and toes as large as or somewhat larger than the tympanum;
three outer fingers about '/, to */, webbed; web between the
two inner fingers only at the base; toes nearly entirely webbed ;
subarticular tubercles feeble; the heel reaches the tip of the
snout or a little beyond.

Skin smooth above; a strong fold from the eye to the
shoulder; belly and lower surface of thighs strongly granulate;
heel often with an indistinct light-coloured roundish tubercle.

Upper parts in life yellow above, sometimes powdered with
blackish; in spirit yellowish, greyish or blackish brown, uniform
or spotted and marbled with lighter, sometimes light grey
with two indistinct, darker, rhombic spots on head and back;
usually an indistinct lighter spot on the upper lip, or the
whole upper lip yellowish, powdered and spotted with blackish ;
greyish white beneath. Length 48 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and during the
breading season a copulatory excrescence on the outer side
of the first finger.

Habitat: Halmahera.

10. Hyla fallax Bler.
> Hyperolius pygmaeus Meyer, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 132.

FTylella boulengeri v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XX, 1897, p. 414, pl. X, fig. 8
(non: Scytopis boulengeri Cope).

36

Hyla fallax Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 482, pl. XXXIX, fig. 4.
Hyla boulengeri v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 175.

Hyla boulengeri v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 367.

Hyla fallax Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914, p. 248.

Tongue subcircular, entire or slightly nicked and little free
behind; vomerine teeth in two small, nearly circular groups
on a level with the posterior borders of the choanae, absent
in the young. Head broader than long; snout rounded, vertically
truncate, as long as the eye, longer than deep; canthus
rostralis rounded; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril
nearer tip of snout than eye;
interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, 1/, to 1/, the diameter
of the eye. Disks of second to
fourth finger about as large as the
tympanum, of first finger and of
toes a little smaller; first finger
shorter than second, which is
shorter than fourth; outer fingers
almost half webbed, the web
reaching the penultimate subarti-

Fig. 4. Hyla fallax Blgr., <1. cular tubercles; third and fifth toe

equal in length; toes nearly enti-
rely webbed, the web reaching the disks of third and fifth
one; subarticular tubercles and inner metatarsal tubercle feeble,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between the
eye and the tip of the snout or to the tip of the snout; tibia
half length of head and body, or a little more.

Skin smooth above and on the throat, granular on the belly.

Yellowish-brown above, whitish beneath, lower surface of
thighs lemon yellow. Young specimens are purplish-brown
above, with large white spots on the head and an often more
or less discontinuous, white band on each side of the back;
lower surfaces white or yeilowish brown; limbs brownish, with
white dots or transverse bars. Length 36 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Perhaps identical with 1. rueppelli.

Habitat: New Guinea (Jamur lake!; Mamberamo riv.!; Van
Rees mts.!; Humboldt bay!; Timena riv.!; Friedrich Wilhelms-
hafen ; Keaton, Digul riv.!; Lorentz riv.!; SetelewA riv.); Jobi isl.?

37

11. Hyla brachypus (Wern.).

fylella brachypus Werner, Zool. Anz., XXI, 1898, p. 554.
flylella brachypus Vogt, Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1911, p. 427.

Tongue oblong, entire; no vomerine teeth. Snout as long
as the orbit; canthus rostralis rounded, but distinct; loreal
region nearly vertical; nostril close to the tip of the snout;
interorbital space once and a half to almost twice the width
of the upper eyelid; tympanum not very distinct, 1/, the
diameter of the eye. Disks larger than the tympanum; fingers
1/,, toes ?/, webbed; the heel reaches the posterior border of
the tympanum.

Smooth, only the belly granulate.

Brown above; grey or white below, the throat sometimes
finely mottled; in life the upper parts are blackish brown or
olive green, the lower parts greenish yellow. Length 22 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Sattelberg); Bismarck arch.

12. Hyla ouwensi Barb.
fTyla ouwensii Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., LI, 1908, p. 325.
Hyla ouwensii Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1912,

Dea ise Dla ev tien 25.

No vomerine teeth. Head short; loreal region rather concave;
tympanum about 7/; the diameter of the eye. Fingers ?/,,
toes */, webbed; the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout.

Skin of back rough; belly with very many small tubercles,
largest and most abundant about the anal region.

Upper parts greyish, vermiculated and blotched with blue
(green in life); throat white, belly and lower surface of hind
limbs yellowish. Length +38 mm.

Probably based on young individuals, and hardly distinguish-
able from H/. atropunctata.

Habitat: Jobi isl.

13. Hyla atropunctata nomen novum !).

HHyperolius nigropunctatus Meyer, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 139.

fylella nigropunctata Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 421.

> Hylella solomonis Sternfeld, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges., XXXVI, 1918, p. 436,
pl. XXXI, fig. Io. :

1) Hyla nigropunctata is preoccupied (Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus.,
1882, p. 366).

38

Tongue slightly notched behind; no vomerine teeth. Head
as long as broad; snout rounded, as long as the upper eye-
lid, not much longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse, but
distinct; loreal region slightly oblique, concave; nostril a little
nearer tip of snout than eye; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ’/, to '/, the diameter
of the eye. Disks of three outer fingers as large as the tym-
panum, those of first finger and of toes smaller; first finger
shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; outer fingers
almost half webbed, first finger nearly free; third and fifth
toe equal in length; toes about °/, webbed, two phalanges of
fourth and one phalanx of third and fifth toe being free;
subarticular tubercles distinct, single; no outer metatarsal tuber-
cle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or beyond; tibia
more than half the length of head and body.

Coarsely granular above; an indistinct fold above the tym-
panum; belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.

Bluish violet, dotted with blackish, above; upper arm and
inner fingers and toes colourless; hind limbs with black cross-
bars or transverse series of blackish dots; colourless beneath,
sides of throat sometimes blackish. Length 27 mm.

The specimens from New Guinea and Jobi may be young
individuals of H. zxfrafrenata, those from the Solomon islands
perhaps of H. militaria.

Habitat: New Guinea (Sattelberg?; Van der Sande riv.!);
Jobi; Solomon islands?

14. Hyla longicrus (Blgr.).

Hylella longicrus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) VIII, 1911, p. 56.

Tongue subcircular, slightly nicked; no vomerine teeth. Head
as broad as long; snout rounded, scarcely prominent, shorter
than the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region oblique,
concave; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid;
tympanum distinct, not quite half the diameter of the eye.
Disks of the fingers as large as the tympanum; outer fingers
half, toes nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles very
feeble; the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia
*/, the length of head and body.

Smooth or finely areolate above; belly and base of lower
surface of thighs granulate; throat smooth; no fold across
the chest.

ao

Green above; sides, upper surface of thighs, and hands and
feet colourless, with green dots or reticulation; a white band
from below the eye to the angle of the mouth; throat and
belly white. From snout to vent 33 mm.

Hardly distinguishable from H/. atropunctata.

Habitat: New Guinea (Wendesi; Fakfak).

15. Hyla albolabris Wand.

fyla albolabris Wandolleck, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, XIII, N°. 6, 1911, p. 12,
figs. 60—82.

Vomerine teeth in two roundish groups between the choanae.
Snout somewhat produced; the distance from the eye to the
nostril a little smaller than the diameter of the eye; canthus
rostralis rounded; loreal region concave; nostril nearer tip of
snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as the diameter
of the eye; tympanum distinct, '/, the width of the eye.
Fingers and toes with disks; fingers webbed at the base, toes
narrowly webbed; limbs very long.

Belly and part of the lower surface of the hind limbs granular;
a fold above the tympanum.

Dark blue above, marbled with lighter; beneath light yel-
lowish, with brownish spots; young individuals uniform dark
blue above, yellowish white below; upper lip and edge of the
mouth yellowish white. Length 4 cm.

Insufficiently described

Habitat: New Guinea (Eitape).

16. Hyla arfakiana Ptrs. & Dor.

{Tyla arfakiana Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 421, pl. VI, fig. 2.
Hyla arfakiana Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 410.
ffyla arfakiana v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 456.

Tongue suboval, nicked and free behind; vomerine teeth in
two short oblique series between the choanae. Head as long
as broad or a little broader; snout rounded, vertically trun-
cate, or scarcely prominent, as long as, or longer than the
upper eyelid and longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular,
straight; loreal region feebly oblique, concave; nostril as far
from tip of snout as from the eye, or nearer the first ; interorbital
.Space as broad as or broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
little distinct, ‘/, to 1/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of

4O

second to fourth finger large, of third finger at least half the
diameter of the eye, of first finger smaller; disks of toes a
little smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than
second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers free, or the two
or three outer ones webbed at the base; third and fifth toe
of equal length; toes ?/, webbed, the first one nearly entirely
free; subarticular tubercles small, single, or the distal ones of
the three outer fingers double; an oblong inner and sometimes
a very feeble outer metatarsal tubercle ; the heel reaches beyond
the tip of the snout; tibia */, length of head and body, or a
little shorter.

Skin smooth, or finely granulate or with a few scattered
warts above; belly and lower surface of thighs, sometimes
throat and breast also, granulate; a few warts below the vent;
heel with or without a short triangular dermal appendage;
usually a dermal ridge or a row of small tubercles along the
outer side of the fore-arm and the fourth finger, and along
that of foot and fifth toe; a fold above the tympanum.

Colour very variable; upper parts blue, reddish brown or
blackish, often with small whitish or rufous dots or a few
dark spots or a large dark hourglass-shaped spot on the back,
commencing between the eyes; upper surface of snout some-
times light-coloured; upper lip sometimes with a white border ;
loreal region, and sometimes the side of the body, dark, or a
blackish streak beneath canthus rostralis and along temporal
region; posterior surface of thighs usually purplish brown; the
ridges along the outer sides of the extremities light-coloured ;
beneath brownish or yellowish, mottled with greyish or dark.
Length 70 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: New Guinea (Hatam, Arfak mts., + 1900 m.!;
near Idenburg riv., +1450m.!; Pomora riv., 1000—1400 m.!;
Torricelli mts.; Fife bay; Moroka, 700 m.; Snow mits.,
TO0OO—2500 m.!).

17. Hyla wolterstorffi (Wern.).
Hylella wolterstorffi Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, LI, 1901, p. 613.

Tongue oblong, feebly nicked behind; no vomerine teeth.
Snout rounded, somewhat longer than the eye; canthus
rostralis distinct, straight; loreal region rather steep, flat ; nostril

AI

near the tip of the snout; interorbital space twice the width
of the upper eyelid; tympanum not very distinct, about '/,
the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers larger than the dia-
meter of the tympanum, of toes a little smaller than those
of fingers; first finger shorter than second; fingers free, toes
about */, webbed; the heel reaches the posterior border ofthe eye.

Skin of upper parts smooth; throat, belly and lower surface
of thighs granulate.

Brownish white above; a dark brown streak from the eye
to above the tympanum; anterior part of head to between
the eyes light-coloured, occiput dark brown; limbs indistinctly
spotted with brown; lower parts white, marbled with light brown.
Length 23 mm.

Perhaps the young of H/. arfakiana.

Habitat: N.E.-New Guinea.

18. Hyla pratti Bler.
Hyla pratti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) VIII, 1911, p. 55.

Tongue subcircular, nicked behind; vomerine teeth in two
small groups or oblique series between the choanae. Head as
long as broad; snout rounded, scarcely prominent, hardly as
long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis
distinct; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril equally distant
from the eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital space as
broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, not quite half
the diameter of the eye. Disks of second to fourth finger as
large as or larger than the tympanum, of first finger and of
toes smaller than those of outer fingers; first finger shorter
than second, which is shorter than fourth; three outer fingers
distinctly webbed at the base, first free; third toe as long as
fifth; toes */, webbed; subarticular tubercles small, single; an
oblong inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold;
the heel reaches the tip of the snout; tibia a little more than
half the length of head and body.

Smooth or with more or less distinct small flat warts above,
belly and lower surface of thighs granulate; a series of small
tubercles along outer border of fore-arm and fifth finger may
be present; a fold above the tympanum.

Bluish grey above in spirit (green in lifer), uniform or with
small irregular black spots, or with a large, dark, hourglass-
shaped spot, commencing between the eyes; whitish beneath,

42

throat sometimes speckled with greyish. From snout to
vent 50 mm.

Male with an external vocal sac and brown nuptial rugosi-
ties on the inner finger.

I doubt if this species may be separated from H/. arfakzana.

Habitat: New Guinea (Hatam!; Arfak mts., 2400 m.;
Wendesi).

19. Hyla wollastoni Blgr.

Hyla Wollastoni Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914

p. 248, pl. XXVII, fig. 1.

Tongue oval, free and feebly notched behind; vomerine
teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae. Head slightly
broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the eye; canthus
rostralis sharp; loreal region not very oblique, concave;
nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital
space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct,
*/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers as large as the
tympanum, of toes a little smaller; fingers with a rudiment
of web; toes extensively webbed, the web reaching the disks
of third and fifth, two phalanges of fourth toe free; no tarsal
fold; heel reaching beyond the tip of the snout; tibia as long
as the distance from occiput to vent.

Smooth above, granular on the sides and beneath; a strong,
straight glandular fold from behind the eye to above the
shoulder; a subconical tubercle on the upper eyelid and others
around the vent; a spur-like tubercle on the heel.

Green above, with black spots forming an hourglass-shaped
marking from between the eyes to the sacrum; a fine whitish
streak, edged with black beneath, from the tip of the snout along
the canthus rostralis to the eye and along the fold behind
the eye; lower parts yellowish white, with scattered small
brown spots. From snout to vent 46 mm.

Male with an external gular vocal sac.

Nearly related to, if not identical with 4. arfakiana.

Habitat: New Guinea (Utakwa riv., 640 m.).

20. Hyla chloronota (Blgr.).
Hylella chloronota Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) VIII, 1911, p. 55.

Tongue oval, slightly nicked; no vomerine teeth. Head as
broad as long; snout rounded, scarcely prominent, as long as

*

43

the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region nearly vertical;
interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers
as large as the tympanum; outer fingers '/, webbed; toes
nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; the
heel reaches the tip of the snout; tibia not quite half the
length of head and body.

Skin smooth above; throat, belly and base of lower surface
of thighs very coarsely granulate; no fold across the chest.

Green above, white beneath, the green colour forming a
narrow stripe along the upper surface of the thighs. From
snout to vent 27 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac and brown nuptial rugosi-
ties on the inner finger.

Habitat: New Guinea (Arfak mts., 2400 m.; Utakwa riv.,
760 m.).

21. Hyla jeudei Wern.
Hyla Feudii Werner, Zool. Anz., XXIV, 1901, p. 99.

Tongue feebly nicked behind; vomerine teeth in two round
groups close to each other between the choanae. Head a little
broader than long; snout rounded, once and a half as long
as the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal
region oblique, concave; nostril nearer the tip of the snout
than the eye; interorbital space twice the width of the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, */, the diameter of the eye. Disks
of fingers half the diameter of the tympanum; first finger
shorter than second; fingers webbed at the base; toes webbed,
the two distal phalanges and part of the preceding phalanx
of the fourth toe are free, of the other toes only the terminal
and part of the penultimate phalanx free from web; subarti-
cular tubercles distinct; a small, elliptic, inner and a still
smaller, indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches
thexcentrée of the eye.

Skin indistinctly warty above; belly granulate; a strong
transverse fold across the breast.

Greyish violet above, indistinctly dark spotted and marbled;
a dark cross-bar between the eyes and a pair of longitudinal
spots in the scapular region; thighs whitish, dark marbled;
dirty white beneath. Length 33 mm.

Habitat: N.E.-New Guinea.

44

22. Hyla bicolor (Gray).

Eucnemis bicolor Gray, Zool. misceil., London, 1831, p. 5.

Hylomantis fallax Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1880, p. 224, fig. 4.
Hylella bicolor Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 421.

Lyla bicolor v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 173, pl. VI, fig 7 (tadpole).

Tongue suboval, slightly nicked; vomerine teeth in two
small groups between the choanae, or absent. Head as long
as broad; snout projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, much
longer than deep; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region nearly
vertical, concave; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the
eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. Disks of
fingers and toes smaller than tympanum; first finger shorter
than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers webbed at
the base, toes nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles
moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptic, the outer circular,
very small or absent; the heel reaches the tip of the snout,
or not quite so far; tibia */; length of head and body.

Skin smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granulate;
a more or less distinct fold across the chest.

Bluish above, immaculate or dotted with blackish; a blackish
streak on canthus rostralis and temporal region; a white streak
from below the eye to the shoulder, sometimes continued
along the side of the body; beneath whitish, immaculate.
Young individuals probably purplish brown, with a white
longitudinal streak at each side from the nostril along the
upper eyelid to the sacral region. Length 33 mm.

Male with an external subgular vocal sac, and in the
breeding season with a triangular, brown copulatory excres-
cence on the first finger. .

Tadpole. — The following tadpoles probably belong to
this species:

Length of body about once and a half its width; tail more
than once and a half as long as body, twice as long as deep.
Nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; eyes lateral,
in the middle between tip of snout and spiraculum, or nearer
the former; the distance between them 2'/, to 3 times that
between the nostrils and twice the width of the mouth; spira-
culum sinistral, not visible from above, nearer the origin of
the hind limbs than the tip of the snout; vent dextral, above
the lower border of the subcaudal crest of the tail. Tail

45

acutely pointed, crests high, convex, equally deep, the upper
one extending to above the spiraculum.

Mouth ventral; lips bordered with papillae, which are absent
in the middle of the upper lip; jaws narrowly edged with
black; series of teeth 1'1/3, those of lower lip about equal
in length.

Greyish white; back, throat and base of tail darkly marbled ;
tail further yellowish, with a few (usually 4 or 5) broad, black
vertical streaks; a dark streak, bordered above and below by
a white one, from eye to tip of snout. Length 34 mm.

It is not certain, if these tadpoles, found in a small swamp
near the lake Sentani, really belong to H/. bzcolor.

Habitat: Aru islands; New Guinea (Idenburg riv.!; Moaif
riv.!; Humboldt bay?!; Sentani lake!; Merauke !). — Australia.

23. Hyla impura Ptrs. & Dor.

Hyla impura Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 426, pl. VI, fig. 2.
Hyla impura Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 409.
Hlyla impura v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXI, 1898, p. 176.
Hyla impura v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 368.
Tongue suboval or subcircular, nicked and free behind ;
vomerine teeth in two transverse or slightly oblique groups
between the posterior borders of the choanae. Head as long
as broad; snout rounded, or somewhat pointed, as long as
the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular;
loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril nearer the end
of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as, or
hardly broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '),
to */, the diameter of the eye. Disks of three outer fingers
half to nearly as large as the tympanum, of first finger much
smaller; disks of toes smaller than or as large as those of
fingers; first finger as long as second, or a little shorter;
second finger shorter than fourth; fingers webbed at the base,
only a slight rudiment of web between first and second ones;
third and fifth toe equal in length; toes nearly entirely webbed,
.the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth one, or
nearly so; two phalanges of fourth toe free; subarticular
tubercles and the oval inner metatarsal tubercle feebly developed,
a very feeble outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches
between eye and tip of snout, or a little beyond; tibia half
the length of head and body, or a little longer.

46

Skin smooth above; a feeble fold above the tympanum;
a series of tubercles along the outer border of the fore-arm,
continued as a feeble ridge along the outer finger, and a feeble
ridge along the outer border of foot and fifth toe; belly and
lower surface of thighs granulate; often a fold across the chest.

Olive-green, grey, brown or yellow (in spirit brown or grey)
above, usually marbled with darker; posterior surface of thighs
often dark brown or dark grey, usually white-punctate; tuber-
cles along fore-arm white; around the vent sometimes a black
spot, edged with a white line above; white or yellowish beneath.
Young specimens with white (in life probably yellow) markings,
viz. three longitudinal bands on the back, a streak from
below the eye to the shoulder; fine dots on the fore-arm, in
addition to the series of white granules along its outer border;
a transverse streak beneath the vent and some fine dots on
the thighs. Length 55 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac and in the breeding season
with a longish black rugosity on the inner side of the first
finger and sometimes some black longitudinal streaks and spots
on the back.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mamberamo riv.!; Idenburg riv.!;
Sermowai riv.!; Tor riv.!; Moaif riv.!; Humboldt bay! ');
Kaiserin Augusta riv.!; Erima, Astrolabe bay; Sattelberg ;
between Sissano and Sera; Nikura; Merauke?!); Yule isl.

24. Hyla macgregori Degl.-Og.

Hyla macgregori Douglas Ogilby, Rec. Australian Mus. Sydney, I, 1890, p. 100.
Hyla thesaurensis v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XX, 1897, p. 414, pl. X, fig. 7.
Hyla thesaurensis (partim), v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XX XVII, 1914, p. 368.
Hyla macgregori Fry, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, XXVII, 1915, p. 76, pl. II

and textfig. 3.

Tongue oval or subcircular, entire or slightly nicked and
little free behind; vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique
groups between the posterior borders of the choanae. Head as
long as broad; snout rounded, about as long as the orbit;
canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct,
about half the diameter of the eye. Disks of three outer

1) Specimen mentioned by me (1914) as H. thesaurensis,

47

fingers as large as the tympanum or smaller, of toes nearly
as large as those of fingers; first finger a little shorter than
second, which is shorter than fourth; outer fingers webbed at
the base, first finger free; third and fifth toe equal in length;
toes broadly webbed, the web reaching the disks of third and
fifth, or nearly so far; two phalanges of fourth toe free; sub-
articular tubercles and an oval inner metatarsal tubercle rather
distinct; no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between
eye and tip of snout; tibia a little more than half length of
head and body.

Skin smooth above; a feeble fold above the tympanum,
and usually another across the chest; belly and lower surfaces
of thighs granular.

Upper surface dark purplish brown, with white (in life yellow)
spots and streaks, or lighter brown, with the spots and streaks
pale brown or dirty white; there are three broad longitu-
dinal streaks on the back, one median, beginning between the
eyes or at the tip of the snout, and two lateral ones, be-
ginning on the canthus rostralis or the upper eyelid; small
spots on the head and sometimes on the sides; a more or
less discontinuous streak at each side of the median one may
be present; sometimes a cross-bar on the rump, or another
between the eyes; upper surface of limbs pale brown with
light dots; yellowish white beneath. Length 27 mm.

In young specimens the vomerine teeth are absent, the lateral
and sometimes the median dorsal streaks are broken up into
large spots and the light spots are sometimes more numerous.

This species is probably based on young specimens of
HT. wmpura.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mamberamo riv.!; Sermowai riv.,
+70 m.!; Tami riv.!; Friedrich Wilhelmshafen; Stephansort;
St. Joseph river district; Lorentz riv.!; Setekwa riv.); Fer-
guson isl. ').

25. Hyla genimaculata Horst.

Hyla genimaculata Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 240.

Tongue oblong, very slightly nicked behind; vomerine teeth
in two oblique series on a level with the posterior borders of

1) Perhaps H. thesaurensis >

48

the choanae. Head nearly as broad as long; snout rounded,
vertically truncate, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than
deep; canthus rostralis distinct, straight; loreal region very
oblique, slightly concave; nostril close to tip of snout; inter-
orbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, */, the width of the eye. Disks of three outer fingers
about as large at the tympanum, of toes a little smaller than
those of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is
shorter than fourth; fingers half webbed, except the first,
which is nearly free; toes extensively webbed, the web reach-
ing the disk at the outer side of the second and third and at
the inner side of the fifth toe; penultimate phalanx of first
and fourth toe free; subarticular tubercles and the oval inner
metatarsal tubercle feebly developed, a very feeble outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.

Smooth, with a few scattered, small warts above; larger
warts below the vent; a series of oblong tubercles along the
outer border of fore-arm and tarsus, continued as a feeble
ridge along fourth finger and fifth toe; belly and lower sur-
face of thighs granular; a feeble fold across the breast; an
indistinct fold above the tympanum.

Colour (in spirit): greyish brown above, yellowish below;
broad transverse bands across the limbs and dark dots along
the borders of the mouth; a light cross-bar between the eyes;
a white triangular spot from the lower margin of the eye to
the angle of the mouth. Length 44 mm.

Type specimen in the Leiden Museum examined ').

Nearly related to //. zmpura, but distinguished by a more
developed web between the fingers.

Habitat: Gebe or Gag isl.!

26. Hyla macrops Blegr.

Hyla macrops Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XII, 1883, p. 164.

Hyla macrops Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, 1890, p. 59. pl. XI, fig. 3.
Tongue oval, slightly nicked and slightly free behind; vome-

rine teeth in two short transverse groups in the middle

between the large choanae. Head large, a little broader than

long; snout rounded, not projecting, as long as the orbit;

1) The colouration of this specimen has obviously much faded since the ori-
ginal description has been written.

49

canthus fostralis distinct, curved; loreal region very oblique,
concave; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the orbit;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; eye very
large; tympanum very distinct, half the diameter of the eye,
or slightly more; disks of fingers smaller than the tympanum,
a little larger than those of toes; first finger shorter than
second, which is as long as fourth; no distinct rudiment of
pollex; fingers webbed at the base; toes.*/, webbed; subarti-
cular tubercles small; a small, elliptic inner, and a still smaller,
sometimes quite indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal
fold; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or nearly so far.

Skin smooth above, belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.

Uniform green above, white beneath; hinder side of thighs
brown. From snout to vent 54 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and brown rugo-
sities on the inner side of the first finger.

The bones of this species are green.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

27. Hyla thesaurensis Ptrs.

Hyla thesaurensis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1877, p. 421.
Hyla thesaurensis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 409.
Hyla thesaurensis Boulenger, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886,

jer Gio}, jollo ROE aves, 21.

Flyla thesaurensis Barbour, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, VII, 1921, p. 93.

Tongue nicked behind; vomerine teeth in two small trans-
verse groups in the middle between the choanae. Snout rounded,
as long as the eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region
concave; tympanum half the diameter of the eye. Fingers
webbed at the base; toes more than half webbed.

Belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.

Blackish brown above, with white (in life yellow?) streaks,
viz. three longitudinal streaks along the back, the median one
from the tip of the snout to the vent, the lateral ones be-
ginning from the upper eyelids; a cross-bar between the eyes
and a streak from the loreal region to the angle of the mouth
or to below the tympanum; lower surfaces white. From snout
to vent 31 mm.

Hi. thesaurensis is strongly resembling H. macgregorz, with
which it has been confounded, and which it seems to represent
on the Solomon islands. Boulenger supposes, that it is a
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 4

50

colour-variety of H. macrops; I suggest, that it is based on
the young of this species.
Habitat: Solomon islands.

28. Hyla lutea Blegr.

Hyla lutea Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 337, pl. XXVIII, fig. 4.
Hyla lutea Vogt, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1912, p. 10.
Hyla thesaurensis part., Barbour, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, VI, 1921, p. 93.

Tongue oval, very slightly nicked and slightly free behind;
vomerine teeth in two strong transverse groups between the
choanae. Head as broad as or slightly broader than long;
snout rounded, longer than the eye; canthus rostralis very
indistinct; loreal region concave; nostril nearer the tip of the
snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, about */, 1) the diameter of
the eye. Disks of fingers larger than, of toes as large as the
tympanum; no projecting rudiment of pollex; fingers half
webbed, the web reaching nearly the disks of the second and
third fingers; toes */, webbed; subarticular tubercles small,
flat; a small, flat, inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the
heel reaches the tip of the snout or a little beyond.

Skin smooth; belly and lower surface of thighs with large,
flat granules.

Uniform lemon-yellow above, white inferiorly; a white line
along the outer side of fore-arm and fourth finger and of tarsus
and fifth toe. From snout to vent 67 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and black nuptial
excrescences on the inner finger.

Perhaps Barbour is right in regarding this species as iden-
tical with Ayla thesaurensis.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

29. Hyla solomonis Vogt.
Hyla solomonis Vogt, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1912, p. Io.

Tongue oval, very feebly nicked behind; vomerine teeth
in two round groups between the choanae. Snout rounded;
canthus rostralis obtuse, but distinct, straight; loreal region:
oblique; nostril close to the tip of the snout; interorbital space
twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum half the.

‘1) According to Vogt !/,,

51

diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers as large as the tympanum,
those of toes smaller; first finger a little shorter than second;
fingers '/,, toes entirely webbed; an oblong, prominent inner
and a small, round outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches
the tip of the snout.

Smooth above, granular on belly and posterior surface of
thighs; a fold above the tympanum; heel with a dermal flap;
a series of tubercles along the outer edge of the fore-arm.

Grey-brown above, white below; a white longitudinal streak
from beneath the eye to the shoulder or to the vent; a pair
of white dots or a white cross-bar above the vent; tubercles
along fore-arm white. Length 48 mm.

Perhaps the young of 1. /utea.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

30. Hyla everetti Blegr.
Hyla everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 509.
Fiyla everetti v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 407.

Tongue circular or shortly oval, free and slightly nicked
behind; vomerine teeth in two small groups in the middle
between the choanae. Head as long as broad; snout rounded,
nearly as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis indistinct ;
loreal region very oblique; nostril nearer the tip of the snout
than the eye; interorbital space as broad as or broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, '/, to */, the dia-
meter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes smaller than the
tympanum; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; fingers '/, to '/, webbed; third and fifth toe equal
in length; toes webbed to the disks, or the penultimate phalanx
of fourth toe free from the web; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches
between the eye and the tip of the snout, or to the latter.

Skin smooth or with very small warts above; throat, belly,
and lower surfaces of thighs granulate.

Grey or brown above, uniform or with darker spots or
marblings; back of thighs bright yellow, with brown or black
spots or marblings; lower parts white. From snout to vent 48 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat: Ombai isl.;*Sumba sSavu!;. Timor,

31. Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.

Hyla cyanea Schlegel (nec Daud.), Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph,,
Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 26, pl. IX, fig. 2.

52

Hyla infrafrenata Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) XX, June 1867, p. 56.

Calamita dolichopsis Cope, Jrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, (2) VI, Sept.
1867, p. 204.

Litoria guttata Macleay, Proc. Linn, Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 137.

Hyla dolichopsis and H. infrafrenata Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882,
p- 384, 385, pl. XXVI, fig. 1.

Hyla dolichopsis var. tenuigranulata Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 136.

Hyla dolichopsis Lénnberg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) VI, 1900, p. 580.

Hyla dolichopsis vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 171 (with tadpole).

Hyla dolichopsis Roux, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXXIII, 1910, p. 229.

Hyla dolichopsis Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zo6l, Harvard Coll., XLIV, N°. 1,

1912, p. 76.

Hyla infrafrenata Boulenger, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1, 1912, p. 211.

Tongue slightly notched and free behind; vomerine teeth
in two transverse or slightly oblique series on a level with
the posterior borders of the choanae. Head nearly as long as
broad; snout rounded, as long as or slightly longer than the
upper eyelid and longer than deep; its front line in vertical
direction strongly convex; canthus rostralis obtuse, but distinct ;
loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril much nearer the
tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than.
the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */,; to */, the dia-
meter of the eye. Disks of 24 to 4th finger smaller to consi-
derably larger than the tympanum, disk of first finger much
smaller than the other ones; disks of toes smaller than those.
of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; fingers about half webbed, the web between the
two outer ones reaching the last subarticular tubercle; third
and fifth toe equal in length; toes nearly entirely webbed,
the web reaching all disks except the fourth; subarticular tuber-
cles strong, single; an elliptic inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle;
a tarsal fold; the heel reaches beyond the eye, often the tip
of the snout or beyond; tibia more than half the length of
head and body.

Skin smooth or granulate on the back, that of head and
scapular region not, or very slightly thickened, without large
pores; a fold above the tympanum; sides areolated; belly
and lower surface of thighs coarsely granulate. .

Bluish violet (in life grass-green), sometimes more or less
distinctly spotted with black, above; inner fingers and toes
colourless; lower lip bordered with a white or yellow, below
dark-edged streak, extending to the shoulders; a white streak
along the outer side of fore-arm and tarsus, and often a white

28)

or yellow, continuous or interrupted streak along the inner
edge of the tibia; white beneath, part of the throat sometimes
of the same colour as the back. From snout to vent 135 mm.

Fig. 5. Hyla infrafrenata Gthr., X 4/5.

Male with an external vocal sac, an ossified omosternum
and during the breeding-season two, often confluent, groups
of black rugosities on the inner side of the first finger.

In young specimens the vomerine teeth are absent.

54

Tadpole. — Length of body twice its width; tail some-
what more than once and a half the length of the body, about
twice and a half as long as deep. Nostril nearer the tip of
the snout than the eye; eyes lateral, as far from the tip of
the snout as from the spiraculum; the distance between them
about twice and a half that between the nostrils, which equals
the width of the mouth; spiraculum without tube; it is a
transverse slit on the left side, near the medioventral line,
equally distant from tip of snout and base of tail, or nearer
the latter; vent dextral, above the lower border of the sub-
caudal crest. Tail acutely pointed, the crests high, with convex
border, the lower distinctly higher than the upper, which
reaches forward to above the spiraculum.

Lips bordered with papillae, which are absent only in the
middle part of the upper lip; jaws, especially the lower one,
broadly edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/1?1 or 171/3,
the outer one of lower lip short.

Grey above, lighter beneath, with a median and a pair of
lateral light longitudinal dorsal streaks. Length 62 mm.

Habitat: Timor!; Talaut islands!; Halmahera; Ternate;
Batjan; Misodl; Buru, up to 750 m.!; Ceram!; Ambon!;
Nusa Laut!; Timorlaut islands; Kei islands!; Aru islands!;
Waigeu!; Salawati; New Guinea (Sorong; Dore; Manokwari!;
Andai!; Mansiman; Arfak mts.; Rubi, Geelvink bay; Mam-
beramo riv.!; Idenburg riv.!; Waipopa riv.!; Humboldt bay!;
Seka!; Sentani lake!; Eitape; Seleo isl.; Kaiserin Augusta riv. !;
Friedrich Wilhelmshafen; Erima; Stephansort; Bongu; Sattel-
berg, +800 m.; Clyde riv.; Dinawa, Owen Stanley range;
Oro bay; Maopa; Hula; Yule; Nikura; St. Joseph river district;
Bara Bara; Haveri; Moroka, 700 m.; Inawi; Kamali; Katow;
Merauke!; Digul riv!; Lorentz riv.!; Van der Sande riv.!;
Utakwa riv.; Setekwa riv.; Mimika riv.); Frederik Hendrik
isl.!; Jobi isl; Meisor isl — Ferguson isl.; d’ Entrecasteaux
islands; Trobriand islands; But; Valise; Duke of York isl.;
islands of Torres strait; Queensland.

32. Hyla spengeli Blegr.
Hyla Spengeli Boulenger, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1, 1912, p. 215.
Head as in H.infrafrenata; snout twice as long as the dia-
meter of the eye; tympanum as large as the eye.
Disk of third finger almost as large as the eye; no pro-

55

jecting rudiment of pollex; outer fingers half webbed; the
heel reaches the eye; tibia not half the length of head and body.

Skin smooth above, strongly corrugated on the sides; gra-
nular on the belly and under the thighs.

Bluish lilac above (in spirit); a white streak, edged with
dark purple, borders the lower jaw, and extends to above
the shoulder; a whitish streak along the outer side of the fore-
arm and outer finger and of the tarsus and outer toe, pro-
longed a short way up the inner side of the tibia. From
snout to vent II5 mm.

Other characters as in H. znfrafrenata.

Habitat: New Guinea (Dinawa, Owen Stanley range).

33. Hyla militaria (Ramsay).

Pelodryas militarius Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 28.

Hyla dolichopsis var. pollicaris Werner, Zool. Anz., XXI, 1898, p. 554.

Hyla dolichopsis var. pollicaris Werner, Mitt. Mus. f. Naturk. Berlin, I, tgoo,
p. I19 (with description of tadpole and figures of hand, sternal apparatus
and tadpole).

Hyla militaria Boulenger, Zvol. Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1, 1912, p. 214.

Tongue notched and free behind; vomerine teeth in two
slightly oblique series between the posterior borders of the
choanae. Head as broad as or broader than long; snout rounded,
twice the length of the eye; canthus rostralis rounded, indis-
tinct; loreal region concave; interorbital space twice the width
of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half to nearly equal
to the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers larger than the
tympanum, those of toes somewhat smaller; a strong pro-
jecting rudiment of pollex; fingers '/, to */,; webbed, toes al-
most entirely webbed, the web reaching all disks, except the
fourth; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small inner
metatarsal tubercle; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches the ante-
rior border of the eye, the tip of the snout or beyond.

Finely granulate above; breast smooth, otherwise granulate
beneath.

Blue or violet (in life green) above; lower lip bordered with
a white streak, which is edged with brown below; a white
streak along the outer edge of fore-arm and tarsus; fingers
and disks often spotted with red; white beneath, only the
throat of the same colour as the back. Length 124 mm.

Male with an external vocal sac, an ossified omosternum
and a group of black rugosities on the first finger.

56

Tadpole. — Length of body nearly twice its width; tail
about once and a half the length of the body; eyes lateral;
spiraculum sinistral, near the medioventral line; vent dextral.

Grey, with a median and a pair of lateral dark longitudinal
dorsal streaks. Length 50 mm.

The projecting rudiment of pollex seems to be the only
character distinguishing this species from H. znfrafrenata.

Habitat: Bismarck arch.

34. Hyla humeralis Blegr.
Hyla humeralis Boulenger, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1, 1912, p. 216.

Head more depressed than in HV. caerulea and H. infra-
frenata; snout but little longer than the eye; tympanum °/,
the diameter of the eye. Disk of third finger nearly as large
as the tympanum; no projecting rudiment of pollex; outer
fingers nearly half webbed; heel reaching a little beyond the
tip of the snout; tibia more than half length of head and body.

Upper parts with scattered, small, granular warts, some of
which are capped with deciduous, conical, black, horny tuber-
cles; sides, belly, and lower surface of thighs granulate.

Colour (in spirit) purple above, more pinkish round the
eyes, on the arms, sides of thighs, and hands and feet; white
beneath; no light border to the lower jaw; upper part of the
lower eyelid veined with purple. From snout to vent 100 mm.

Male with a moderately developed external subgular vocal
sac, a curved, acutely pointed, spine-like process on the front
side of the proximal part of the shaft of the humerus and
two deciduous black horny plates, studded with spines, on
the inner side of the inner finger.

Closely allied with A. znfrafrenata (Boulenger).

Habitat: New Guinea (Madew, St. Joseph riv., between
600 and goo m.).

35. Hyla aruensis Horst.

Hyla aruensis Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 242.
fyla infrafrenata part., Boulenger, Zool, Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1, 1912,-p. 214.

Tongue oval, slightly nicked behind; vomerine teeth in two
short, oblique series between the posterior borders of the
choanae. Head broader than long; snout rounded, verticaily
truncate, as long as or a little shorter than the upper eyelid,

y/,

longer than deep; canthus rostralis strong, straight; loreal
region oblique, feebly concave; nostril much nearer tip of
snout than eye; interorbital space once and a half to twice
the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum rather distinct, '/,
the width of the eye. Disks of three outer fingers as large
as the tympanum, of toes a little smaller than those of fingers;
‘outer fingers ?/, webbed, first finger nearly free; toes nearly
entirely webbed, the web reaching all disks, except fourth;
subarticular tubercles moderate; a feeble inner, no outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.

Smooth above; belly, sides and lower surface of thighs
granulate; a fold above the tympanum.

Upper surfaces blue; upper arm, thigh (except a narrow
longitudinal blue streak, which however may be absent), fingers
and the four inner toes colourless; upper lip very narrowly
edged with white; beneath colourless. Length 43 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Type specimens in the Leiden Museum examined.

Distinguished from H. zxfrafrenata by the absence of the
light border along the lower lip, from the same species and
1. sanguinolenta by the more extensively webbed fingers.

Habitat: Misool!; Aru islands!.

30. Hyla sanguinolenta v. Kamp.

Hyla sanguinolenta v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 33, pl. H, fig. 3.
_Hyla infrafrenata part., Boulenger, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1, 1912, p. 214.
fTyla sanguinolenta vy. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 366.

Tongue nicked and free behind; vomerine teeth in two short
transverse or oblique series between the posterior borders of
the choanae. Head a little broader than long; snout rounded,
vertically truncate, as long as the upper eyelid and longer
than deep; canthus rostralis distinct, obtuse; loreal region very
‘oblique, concave; nostril about twice nearer to the tip of
the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, the diameter of
the eye. Disks of three outer fingers a little, of first finger
much smaller than the tympanum, of toes smaller than those
of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; fingers '/, to '/, webbed; third and fifth toe equal
in length; toes ?/, to nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching
all disks, except fourth; subarticular tubercles strong, the

58

distal one of third and fourth finger bilobate or double; an
elliptic inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; a tarsal fold; the
heel reaches the tip of the snout or beyond; tibia more than
half the length of head and body.

Skin granulate above; a fold above the tympanum; belly
and lower surface of thighs coarsely granulate; sides some-
times areolated; a feeble dermal ridge along the outer side
of fore-arm, tarsus and fifth toe.

Blue above (in spirit); upper arm, thigh (except a narrow
band along the upper surface), inner fingers and toes, the webs
and the tympanum colourless; upper lip and upper eyelid nar-
rowly edged with white; a series of small white spots along
the inner border of the upper surface of the tibia may be
present; white beneath. In life the white parts may be spotted
with red. Length 62 mm.

Male with an external vocal sac.

Closely allied with 1. zxfrafrenata, from which it is disting-
uished by the absence of a white streak along the lower lip
and by the shape of the snout.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mamberamo riv.!; Idenburg riv.!;
Humboldt bay!; Lorentz riv.!; Van der Sande riv.!).

37. Hyla caerulea (White).

Rana caerulea White, Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, London, 1790,

p- 248, with plate '),

Pelodryas caeruleus Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 119, pl. IX, fig. B.
flyla caerulea Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 383.

flyla caerulea v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 34.

flyla caerulea Boulenger, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1, 1912, p. 211.

Tongue circular, slightly notched behind; vomerine teeth in
two slightly oblique series on a level with the posterior bor-
ders of the choanae. Head a little broader than long; snout
rounded, about as long as or a little longer than the orbit
and longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse, but distinct;
loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril nearer tip of
snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as or broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, about */, tne
diameter of the eye. Disks of second to fourth finger very

1) The description of White is very insufficient and the figures are very
bad; it is doubtful, if they really represent a Ay/a, as is supposed by all the
subsequent authors,

59

- variable in size: from smaller than tympanum (especially in
young specimens) to nearly as large as the eye; disks of first
finger much smaller than the other ones; disks of toes usually
a little smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than
second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers '/, to '/, webbed;
third and fifth toe equal in length; toes nearly entirely webbed;
subarticular tubercles well developed, single; an oblong inner,
and a very feeble circular outer metatarsal tubercle; a slight
tarsal fold; the heel reaches the temple or the eye; tibia a
little less than half the length of head and body.

Skin smooth or granulate above, much thickened and studded
with large pores on the hind part of the head and on the
scapular region; this glandular region delimited outwards by
a strong curved fold above the tympanum; throat, belly,
sides of body and lower surface of thighs granulate.

Blue or violet (in life green to brownish olive) above; a
white streak along the outer side of the fore-arm and the
tarsus may be present; inner fingers and toes white; whitish
beneath. From snout to vent 100 mm.

Male with an external subgular vocal sac, and during the
breeding-season brown rugosities on the inner side of the
first finger.

Habitat: New Guinea (Dinawa, Owen Stanley range;
Merauke!). — Islands of Torres strait; Australia.

38. Hyla angiana Blgr.
Hyla angiana Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XVI, 1915, p. 402, pl. XVIII.

Tongue circular, slightly notched behind; vomerine teeth
in two oblique series between the choanae or on a level with
their posterior borders. Head rather strongly depressed, as
broad as long or a little broader; snout rounded, as long as
the eye or a little longer; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal
region feebly concave; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, '/, to */; the diameter
of the eye. Fingers and toes with large disks; no projecting
rudiment of pollex; fingers '/, webbed, toes webbed to the
disks; subarticular tubercles well developed; heel reaching the
eye or the tip of the snout; tibia about half the length from
snout to vent.

Smooth above, granular beneath, areolate on the sides; a
strong fold above the tympanum.

60

Slate blue above (in spirit), the sides of the body and the
outer side of head, foot and tarsus sometimes crimson, with
white spots or marblings; a white streak on the upper lip, at
least from below the eye; a white streak, or white spots, on
the lower lip; a white streak above the vent, another along
the inner side of the leg and the outer side of the tarsus;
throat blue or purple, belly white. From snout to vent 85 mm.

Male without ossified omosternum, with an external gular
vocal sac, and a patch of dark brown rugosities on the inner
side of the basal part of the first finger.

Closely allied with H. caerulea, but differing in the smaller
tympanum.

Habitat: New Guinea (Arfak mts., 1800—2400 m.).

39. Hyla congenita Ptrs. & Dor.

fHyla (Litoria) congenita Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 427,
Ole, Wilk, sees i Ge

Hyla congenita Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 406.

Hyla congenita Roux, Abh. Senckenb, naturf. Ges., XXXIII, 1910, p. 230
(with tadpole).

Tongue rounded and little free behind; vomerine teeth in
two small groups, close together behind the level of the choanae.
Head about as long as broad; snout rounded, about as long
as, or a little longer than the upper eyelid, a little longer
than deep; canthus rostralis indistinct, rounded; loreal region
nearly vertical, concave; nostril nearer tip of snout than eye;
‘interorbital space 1'/, to 1'/, the width of the upper eyelid;
tympanum very distinct, a littlhe more than half the width of
the eye. Disks of fingers smaller than, or as large as tym-
panum, a little larger than those of toes; first finger shorter
than second, which is much shorter than fourth; fingers '/, to
'/,. webbed; third and fifth toe equal in length; toes nearly
entirely webbed, the penultimate phalanx of the fourth being
nearly free; subarticular tubercles distinct; an elliptic inner,
and a very small or indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle; no
tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or between eye and tip
‘of snout; tibia half length of head and body.

Skin smooth above, and on the throat and anterior part
of belly; posterior part of belly and lower surface of thighs
coarsely granulate; a fold above the tympanum and another
across the breast between the shoulders.

61

Colouration variable. Some specimens-dark brown above,
with lighter spots and with a light brown streak above the
tympanum to the side of the body; lower parts greyish white;
throat sometimes mottled with dark; the limbs light brown,
spotted on their posterior surface, Other ones are light grey,
finely brown speckled; thighs and posterior portion of the
sides of the body lemon yellow; sometimes two irregular dark
longitudinal streaks on the back and a black streak on each
side of the body. From snout to vent 36 mm.

Male with a greyish brown outer subgular vocal sac, and
in the breeding season a large, bean-shaped copulatory excres-
cence on the outer side of the first fingers.

Tadpole. — Body once and a half as long as broad; tail
1°/, the length of the body, 3'/, times as long as deep. Nostril
neafer, the tip* of the -snout, than, the eye. eyes.)lateral),
nearer the tip of the snout than the spiraculum, the distance
between them once and a half the distance between the
nostrils and much greater than the width of the mouth; spira-
culum a vertical slit on the left side, near the medioventral
line, equally distant from the mouth and the hind limbs; vent
dextral, near the free border of the subcaudal crest. Tail with
an acutely pointed tip; both crests about equally deep, the
upper one extending on to the back.

Lips with papillae in many series, especially on the lower
lip and the sides; they are absent in the middle part of the
upper lip; jaws bordered with black; series of teeth 2/3, the
inner series of both upper and lower lip sometimes very feebly
interrupted in the middle line; the series of the lower lip
are about equal in length.

Back dark brown, spotted with black and often with a very
fine medio-dorsal white line from the snout to the base of
the tail; belly white, throat and sides dotted with brown;
muscular part of tail brown above, grey, dotted with brown,
beneath, and with a blackish streak along the middle of the
side, reaching to the middle of the tail, and a _ very
distinct clear band above it; crests with numerous black dots.
Length 45 mm.

Habitat: Aru islands!; New Guinea (Friedrich Wilhelms-
hafen; Maopa; Kapa Kapa; Upuli; Yule isl.; Borepata; Inawi;
Kamali; Merauke!).

62

40. Hyla rubella Gray.

Hyla rubella Gray, Zool. miscell., London, 1831, p. 57.

Hyla rubella Keferstein, Arch. f. Naturgesch., XXXIV, I, 1868, p. 283, pl. VIII,
fig. 29.

Zale Ge Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 405.

Ayla rubella Spencer, Amphibia, in: Report Horn Scientific Expedition to
Central Australia, Pt. Il, Zoology, London and Melbourne, p. 170, pl. XV,
figs. 26—28 (tadpole).

Hyla rubella vy. Kampen, Bull. Dép. Agricult. Indes néerl., XXV, 1909, p. 6.
Tongue oval, entire; vomerine teeth in two groups close

together behind the level of the choanae. Head as long as
broad; snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the eye,
longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region nearly
vertical, slightly concave; nostril close to tip of snout; inter-
orbital space as broad as, or a little broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum more or less distinct, '/, to ?/, the diameter
of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes very variable in size,
those of the toes usually smaller than those of the fingers;
first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth;
fingers free or with a slight rudiment of web; third and fifth
toe of equal length; toes ?/, or ?/, webbed; subarticular and
inner metatarsal tubercles well-developed; no outer metatarsal
tubercle; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches between shoulder
and tympanum.

Skin smooth above, granulate beneath; a strong fold across
the chest.

Greyish or reddish brown above, uniform or speckled with
darker; a dark band on the side of head and body; beneath
whitish, immaculate. From snout to vent 39 mm.

Male with a brown external subgular vocal sac and during
the breeding-season brown rugosities on the inner side of the
first finger.

Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its
width and rather more than half the length of the tail. Nostril
considerably nearer to the tip of the snout than to the centre
of the eye; eyes superior; spiraculum sinistral, not visible
from above and not very prominent; vent dextral. Tail pointed ;
lower crest deep, the upper one reaching to the base of the tail.

Lips with papillae, which are especially numerous at the
sides; along the lower border of lower lip they are arranged
in a single row and in the middle of the upper tip they are
absent; jaws not very broadly edged with black; series of

63

teeth 2/3, the inner series of both upper and lower lip nar-
rowly interrupted in the middle line.

Back and sides dark grey, marbled with umber splotches;
ventral surface pearl-coloured, with splotches across the ante-
rior part; muscular part of tail lighter than body, the crests
whitish, with faint spots. Length 45 mm.

Habitat: Timorlaut islands! — Australia.

41. Hyla obtusirostris (Meyer).

Litoria obtusirostris Meyer, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 139.
Hyla obtusirostris Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 412.

Vomerine teeth in two circular groups behind the level of
the choanae. Head broad; snout obtuse; canthus rostralis very
feeble; loreal region slightly concave; tympanum half the
diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes rather large;
fingers free; toes entirely webbed; heel reaching beyond the
tip of the snout.

Skin finely warty.

Bluish grey above, the warts yellowish; light-coloured beneath.
Eenoth 37 mm.

Habitat: Jobi isl.

42. Hyla vagabunda Ptrs. & Dor.
Flyla vagabunda Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 424, pl. VI, fig. 3.
Hyla vagabunda Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 410.

Tongue large, heart-shaped; vomerine teeth in two trans-
verse groups between the choanae. Snout rounded, scarcely
longer than the diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis more
or less rounded; nostril near the tip of the snout; tympanum
half the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes mode-
rate; fingers free; toes half webbed, the three terminal pha-
langes of fourth toe free.
' Skin smooth above; belly and lower surface of thighs
granulate; a very distinct fold across the chest.
Blue above, speckled with blackish; a whitish line from the
tip of the snout, along the canthus rostralis and the border
of the upper eyelid, above the tympanum to the shoulder;
whitish beneath; posterior surface of thighs spotted with brown.
Length 37 mm.

Male with a vocal sac.
Probably based on young specimens.

Habitat: Ceram; New Guinea (Sorong).

64

43. Hyla nasuta (Gray).

Pelodytes nasutus Gray, Zool. miscell., London, 1831, p. 56.

Hyla nasuta Keferstein, Arch. f. Naturgesch., XXXIV, I, 1868, p. 277, pl. VI, fig. 16.
Hyla nasuta Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 415.

Hyla Semoni Boettger, Jen. Denkschr., VIII, 1894, p. 112, pl. V, figs. 1 a—d.
Hyla nasuta v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. I, 1909, p. 35.

Habit very slender. Tongue subcircular or suboval, nicked
behind; vomerine teeth in two transverse or slightly oblique
series between the choanae. Head longer than broad; snout
acutely pointed, prominent, longer than the upper eyelid and
nearly twice the length of the eye, which is equal to the
depth of the snout; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region
oblique, concave; nostril equidistant from the tip of the snout:
and the orbit; interorbital space a little broader than the

co

Fig. 6. Hyla nasuta (Gray), X I.

upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, ?/, to 3/, the diameter
of the eye. Fingers and toes with very small disks; first
finger extending a little beyond second, which is much shorter
than fourth; fingers free; third toe hardly longer than fifth;.
toes half webbed, the terminal phalanx of third and fifth and
the three last phalanges of fourth toe being free; subarticular
tubercles well developed; a small, oval, inner, and a very
small, round, outer metatarsal tubercle; a distinct tarsal fold;
the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia °/, to
9/, the length of head and body.

Skin of back with narrow longitudinal ridges; a fold above
the tympanum; a distinct oblong gland at each side behind

65

the edge of the mouth; belly and posterior surface of thighs
granular; a cross-fold between the shoulders usually present.

Brownish or olive above, uniform or with dark markings
arranged in longitudinal bands, and a light streak along each
side of the middle of the back; loreal and temporal regions
and sides of body black, posterior surface of thighs white,
black spotted, or with black longitudinal bars; beneath whitish,
throat and part of belly sometimes brownish. From snout to
vent 48 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and during the
breeding season an 8-shaped copulatory excrescence on the
first finger.

Habitat: New Guinea (Kamali; Merauke!). — N.- and E.-
Australia!

44. Hyla(:) dorsalis (Macl.).

Litor:a dorsalis Macleay, Proc, Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 138.
Litoria dorsalis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 337.
Litoria dorsalis Fry, Mem. Queensland Mus., II, 1913, p. 49.

Elongate. Tongue not notched behind. Vomerine teeth in
two very oblique, short series between the choanae. Snout
pointed, projecting; nostril in a lateral depression, close to
the tip of the snout. Fingers and toes with well defined
roundish disks; toes webbed at the base.

Skin smooth above, of belly granular.

Dark above, with a broad whitish band from the snout to
the vent; yellowish beneath, much clouded with brown on
throat and chest. Length g ,lines”’.

Habitat: New Guinea (Katow).

4. Fam. BUFONIDAE.

Jaws toothless. Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra dilated.
Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes obtuse or T-shaped,
not claw-shaped.

Omosternum absent, or reduced and cartilaginous; sternum
rarely ossified. Vertebrae procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis
articulating by two (rarely one) condyles.

Distribution: cosmopolitan, except the eastern part of the
Indo-Australian Archipelago, Polynesia and Madagascar.

INDO-AUSTRALIA™ AMPHIBIA. 5

66

Synopsis ‘of the Genera.
A. Nostrils lateral.
1: Rinses uwebbert-pp rete a2 tes! aps & epi fe. SEY: 1. Mectophryne p. 66.
Ila Pincersoireesgcp dae bts exh ies), Sta fe foe (sl, 0) 2a aera pe

&. Nostrils directed upwards, on upper surface of snout. 3. Pseudobufo p. 92.

I. Nectophryne Buchh. & Ptrs.
(BUCHHOLZ und PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin (1875), 1876, p. 202).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue elliptical, entire, free behind. No
vomerine teeth. Nostrils lateral. Fingers and toes webbed,
the tips dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No omosternum; sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral
vertebra strongly dilated. Terminal phalanges T-shaped. .

Distribution: Malay Peninsula; western part of the Indo-
Australian Archipelago; Africa.

Synopsis of thesS pec ea
Als “Winubyll angavererer IneUbe WyRelOloCl Ba Ho 0 oho Goo Ge ood 1. WV. misera p. 66.
Z. Fingers at most !/, webbed.
I. Heel not reaching the tip of the snout.
Th Aw tansalatoldigpresent-m-gh acer og we ane amen 2. NV. hosti p. 67.
2. No tarsal fold.
a. Diameter of tympanum less than that of the
eye. Two metatarsal tubercles.

a. Fingers webbed at the base, first ?/, the

length ottsecondtmau-i et itmtiment ie anaes 3. WV. everetti p. 68.
@. Fingers '/, webbed, first hardly half as
lon pi asmsecond.y\.0-q-meee er een mnie 4. NV. guentheri p. 68.

d. Diameter of tympanum equal to that of the
Gyep Ours unsionensal imbyle, 255 5 5 5 0 5 « 5. WV. macrotis p. 69.
II. Heel reaching at least the tip of the snout.
1. Tympanum very distinct, ?/, the width of the eye. 6. W. signata p. 70.

2. Tympanum more or less distinct, about !/, to !/,

thes wadthwotmune:eveww sg coseue eam ee eens 7. WN. borbonica p. 70
3. Tympanum hidden or absent. cs

@. Canthus, mosthaliss ayo u lan we) aetna seneemenee 8. WV. maculata p. 71.

o. Canthus tostraliswalSenit as titem-i ie) eo itarmtemes g. WV. picturata p. 72.

1. Nectophryne misera Mocq.

Nectophryne misera Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus, d’Hist. nat., (3) 1, 1899, p. 161,
pl. XI, fig. 7, and: Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 182.
Nectophryne misera Roux, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, I, p. 59.

67

‘Habit rather slender. Head small; snout short, as long as
the eye; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region almost vertical ;
nostril near the tip of the snout; interorbital space a little
broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, about
*/, diameter of eye. Fingers much depressed, fingers and toes
with small disks; inner finger rudimentary; fingers entirely
webbed, except the third, which is half webbed; the three inner
toes webbed to the tips; no subarticular tubercles; a rounded,
tather large outer metatarsal tubercle, no inner one; no tarsal
fold; the heel reaches the tympanum, sometimes a little beyond
or not quite so far.

Upper parts with inequal warty tubercles, the largest ones
in the middle of the back and on the sides, the latter arranged
in two series between the eye and the sacrum; lower parts
smooth or granular, the belly with tubercles.

Olive-brown above; beneath lighter, or the belly black,
marbled with greyish white. From snout to vent 23 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Paka Paka, Mt. Kina Balu, 3000 m.).

2. Nectophryne hosii Blegr.

Nectophryne hosii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 508, pl. XXX, fig. 2.

Nectophryne hosii Roux, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, I, p. 59, pl. Il, fig. 1.

Nectophryne hosii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 268.

Habit stout. Head broader than long; snout truncate, short;
canthus rostralis strong; loreal region nearly vertical, concave;
interorbital space twice as broad as the upper eyelid; tym-
panum very distinct, vertically oval, about half the diameter
of the eye. Fore limb long and strong; fingers much depressed,
the tips broad and truncate; disks of toes a little smaller
than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second; fingers
webbed at the base, the web extending as a margin to the
tips; toes extensively webbed, but the three distal phalanges
of the fourth toe free; subarticular tubercles small, feebly
prominent; two flat metatarsal tubercles, the inner one largest; a
tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tympanum or the eye, the
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or
not quite so far.

Above with small scattered warts, beneath finely granulate;
a short and narrow, but very prominent parotoid gland.

Male uniform brown, with indistinct spots: or cross-bands

68

on the limbs, or dark brown with lighter markings, which
may form indistinct, coarse vermiculations; belly brown or
whitish; throat dark brown or blackish. Female black above,
with bright yellow spots or vermiculations, or greenish olive
with bright chrome-yellow round spots on the sides and beneath.
From snout to vent ©’ 65, 9 98 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac.

Eggs laid in long strings.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Dulit; Lawas, Brunei; Akar riv.;
Serawak riv.; Tandjung). — Malay Peninsula.

3. Nectophryne everetti Blgr.

Nectophryne Everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 450.
Nectophryne everetti Roux, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, I, p. 61, pl. II, fig. 2.

Head small, as long as broad; snout obliquely truncate,
prominent, short; canthus rostralis strong ; loreal region vertical ;
interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
moderately distinct, '/, the diameter of the eye. Fore limb
nearly as long as the distance between the eye and the vent;
fingers feebly dilated and truncate at the end, tips of toes
scarcely dilated; first finger 7/, the length of second; fingers
webbed at the base; toes nearly entirely webbed; two very
indistinct metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the eye or
between eye and tympanum.

Upper parts with scattered, small, horny tubercles; lower
parts smooth.

Olive-green above, with large, insuliform, reddish-brown,
black-edged spots; limbs with reddish-brown cross-bars; upper
lip whitish, with reddish-brown vertical bars; dirty white
beneath, throat and breast marbled with grey. From snout
to vent 33 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Mt. Penrissen).

4. Nectophryne guentheri Blgr.

Nectophryne guentheri Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 280,
pl. XVIII, fig. 3.

Pedostibes guentheri Giinther, Novit. Zool., II, 1895, p. 501.

Nectophryne exigua Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, 1901, p. 394.

Nectophryne guentheri Roux, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, I, p. 62.

Nectophryne guentheri Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 268.

69

Habit slender. Snout obliquely truncate; loreal region ver-
tical; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum distinct, '/, to */, the diameter of the eye (in young
specimens smaller). Fore limb as long as the distance between
tympanum and vent; tips of fingers and toes dilated, truncate;
fingers much depressed, the first rudimentary, hardly half as
long as the second; fingers '/, webbed, the web extending
as a margin to the tips; web between the toes extending to
the tips, but deeply emarginate; subarticular tubercles small;
two flat metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches
between the eye and the tip of the snout, or not so far, the
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout,
or beyond.

Skin with small tubercles.

Olive-brown above, spotted with yellow and blackish; lower
parts yellowish, throat and belly spotted with brown and black-
ish. From snout to vent 30 mm.

Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Sandaran
Agung, 745 m., in Kurintji valley); Natuna islands (Serasan);
Borneo (Baram riv.; Matan). — Malay Peninsula; Singapore;
Philippines ').

5. Nectophryne macrotis Blegr.

Nectophryne macrotis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVI, 1895, p. 171.
Nectophryne macrotis Roux, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1906, I, p. 63, pl. II, fig. 3.

Head small, a little longer than broad; snout prominent,
obliquely truncate, short; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region
vertical; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid;
tympanum very distinct, as large as and close to the eye.
Fore limb as long as the distance between the eye and the
vent; fingers dilated and truncate at the end; tips of toes
less strongly dilated; first finger very short, half as long as
second; fingers webbed at the base; toes */, webbed; a flat
inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the posterior border
On thesey-e.

Above with scattered small warts, irregular in size; beneath
granulate.

Olive above, spotted with black; some of the warts red;

1) According to De Elera, Catalogo Sist. de toda la Fauna de Filipinas, I,
1895, Pp. 451.

7O

limbs barred with black; yellowish beneath, much spotted with
black. From snout to vent 28 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Akar riv., in Serawak).

6. Nectophryne signata Bler.
Nectophryne signata Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1894, p. 645, pl. XL, fig. 1.

Habit slender. Snout prominent, obliquely truncate; loreal
region vertical; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, the diameter of the eye.
Fore limb as long as the distance between eye and vent;
fingers dilated and truncate at the end; disks of the toes
smaller than those of the fingers; first finger very short, half
as long as second; fingers webbed at the base; toes */, webbed ;
two small metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the tip of
the snout.

Above with small scattered warts of unequal size; belly
granular.

Olive above, with black spots surrounding an X-shaped light
marking on the back; limbs yellowish, barred with black;
whitish beneath, spotted with black. From snout to vent 15 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Rabong mt., Kapuas district).

7. Nectophryne borbonica (Boie).
Hylaplesia borbonica (Kuhl et v. Hass.), Schlegel, Isis, XX, 1827, p. 294

(nomen nudum).
Hylaplesia borbonica (Boie), Tschudi, Mém, Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, 11, 1839, p. 70.
Bufo borbonicus part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 286.
Bufo borbonicus Worst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 236.
Nectophryne sumatrana v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1910,
Pa kOn pl. We fie ean:
Nectophryne borbonica v. Kampen, Notes Leyden Mus,, XXXIV, 1911—12, p. 75.
Habit slender. Head as broad as long; snout projecting,
shorter than the upper eyelid, as deep as long; canthus rostralis
angular, straight or feebly curved; loreal region vertical, almost
flat; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; inter-
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum more
or less distinct, about '/, to '/, diameter of eye, close to the
latter. Tips of fingers and toes swollen, those of the toes a
little more than those of the fingers; first finger shorter than
second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers very slightly, toes
narrowly webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed, single;

FM

two distinct metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches
beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body.

Upper parts with warts and tubercles; parotoid narrow,
oblong, sometimes divided into two or three parts and often
followed by a series of large tubercles; granular or smooth beneath.

Blackish or yellowish brown, often variegated with dark,
above; usually a few large dark brown, light-edged spots

present on the back; often a dark cross-bar between the eyes;

S

A - /

BS =

Fig. 7. Mectophryne borbonica (Boie), > I.

yellowish, sometimes variegated with dark brown, below, lower
surface of thighs light red; limbs with dark cross-bars. From
snout to vent 42 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: Sumatra?!) (Batak mts., + 900 m.!; Mt. Ophir,
1200—1300 m.!; Ajer Njuruk, Dempu, 1400 m.!; Pasemah,
Palembang !); Java *) (Nusa Kambangan, + 10 to 30m.!; Tengger
Mtss, £200" M1.).

* 8. Nectophryne maculata Mocq.

Nectophryne maculata Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) MH, 1890,
p- 162, pl. XI, fig. 8, and: Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 182.

1) The specimens mentioned by De Lange (in: Maass, Durch Zentral-Sumatra,
1912) from Sumatra do not belong to this species.

2) Barbour (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1912, p. 74)
mentions a specimen from Buitenzorg, but the specimen figured by him is from
Tjibodas and does not belong to this species, but probably to Bufo asper.

72

Habit slender. Head short; snout obliquely truncate, as long
as the eye; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region vertical;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum
hidden. Limbs slender; tips of fingers dilated, truncate; tips
of toes less dilated than those of fingers; fingers webbed at
the base; toes */, webbed; metatarsal tubercles distinct, the
outer more prominent than the inner; the heel reaches far
beyond the tip of the snout.

Upper and lower parts with large granulations.

Brownish grey above, with small, irregular, isolated or con-
fluent spots, forming more or less distinct transverse bars on
the limbs; lighter beneath. From snout to vent 51 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu).

g. Nectophryne picturata Smith.

Nectophryne picturata Smith, Jrn. Feder. Malay St. Mus., X, 1921, p. 189,
le Wh sites 2e

Habit slender. Head as long as broad; snout rounded, pro-
jecting, as long as the orbit; no canthus rostralis; loreal region
oblique; interorbital space twice the width of the upper eye-
lid; no tympanum. Disks of fingers well developed, truncated,
those of toes a little larger; first finger much shorter than
second; fingers and toes webbed at the base; subarticular
tubercles well developed; two flat metatarsal tubercles; no
tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tip of the snout. '

Skin smooth. No parotoid gland.

Above blackish brown, the limbs paler with dark cross-bars;
below with large round spots of pale yellow. From snout to
vent 22 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Dulit, 1000 m.).

2.. Bute Laur.
(LAURENTI, Synopsis Rept., Viennae, 1768, p. 25).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. No vome-
rine teeth. Nostrils lateral. Fingers free, toes more or less
webbed, the tips simple or dilated into small disks. Outer
metatarsals united.

No omosternum; sternum cartilaginous, sometimes more or
less calcified. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately dilated.
Terminal phalanges obtuse or triangular.

73

Some species of ufo are provided with bony ridges on the
upper surface of the head, viz: a canthal ridge along the
canthus rostralis; a supraorbital ridge along the inner
edge of the upper eyelid, which may be continued into a
praeorbital and a postorbital ridge and, backwards,
into a parietal ridge; and a supratympanic ridge
above the tympanum.

Tadpoles. — Eyes superior. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent
median. Upper crest of tail not extending on to the body.
Mouth normal, sometimes much enlarged; series of papillae
absent along upper border of upper lip; series of teeth 2/3.

Distribution: cosmopolitan, except New Guinea, Poly-
nesia, Australia and Madagascar. In the Indo-Australian Ar-
chipelago occurring only in the western part, including Celebes.

Syhopsisvof thecS pecies.
A. Head without bony ridges.

I. Parotoids not distinct, rarely!) present, but than
very narrow.
I. Tympanum not quite half the width of the
eye. Heel reaching the eye or between eye
aaa (iD) Oi SNCs 0 cuphor6 Bed p10 Geowaed ore 1. B. leptopus p. 75.
2. Tympanum at least half the width of the eye.
a. Heel reaching the eye or between eye and
(Hho Ch AVON 594 Got Satoedebkoksad se wucione 2. B. penangensis p. 75+
6. Heel reaching far beyond the tip of the snout. 3. B. jerdoa p. 76.
c. Heel reaching the tympanum........ 4. B. fuligineus p. 77.
IJ. Parotoids distinct.
I) Hirstetin gen shorter thane seconds. 5). a nar 5. B. cruentatus p. 78.
2. First finger at least as long as second.
a. Tympanum !/, the width of the eye. A
tarcalletoldispamcten sure stel scien ase cen st eee 6. BL. sumatranus p. 78.
6. Tympanum '!/, to 3/, the width of the eye.
INoRtarsale fold.ga sana) ancien irae hte 7. B. valhallae p. 79.
4. Head with bony ridges.
I. No parietal ridge.
1. No parotoids. Only a canthal ridge present . 8 &. spinulifer p. 79.
2. Parotoids and supratympanic ridges present.
a. Supratympanic ridge narrow.

ae Nomtatsalw told. - yup rol imeem et eet ies 9. B. melanostictus p. 80.

1) See 3. B. Jerboa.

@! Marsal faldtpresent.,% pervs, 4. a6 ov &

d. Supratympanic ridge thick.

a. Toes
p. Toes
II. Parietal ridge

nearly entirely webbed... .
nearly half webbed’. ... ...

present.

I, Supra-orbital and parietal ridge not con-

“fluent: se

kaise Kaeo) (ele = aL ie. je wm eater

2. Supra-orbital and parietal ridge continuous.

a. Parietal

6. Parietal

ridge much thickened behind.

ridge narrow.

z. Parotoid long and narrow.

ile

tt.

Tarso-metatarsal articulation
reaching tympanum or eye .
Tarso-metatarsal articulation

reaching at least tip of snout.

@. Parotoid shorter.

+.

tt

tH

Doubtful species:

Tarso-metatarsal articulation -

reaching between eye and tip
of snout. or beyond. First
finger longer than second.
SOUL spKo|eChingy seater
Tarso-metatarsal articulation
reaching the nostril. First
finger as long as second. . .
Tarso-metatarsal articulation
not reaching beyond the eye.
First finger usually not longer
than second. Snout not pro-
fectine’s a... ce Oe

20. L. chlorogaster p. 92.

14.

Hee

16.

7

5 es

gymnauchen p. 81.
» \ ASP Cras oee

. celebensis py 84.

. philippinicus p. 86.

. claviger p, 86.

. guadriporcatus p. 87.

. divergens p. 88.

, parvus p. $8.

. cavator p. 89. _

. bipercatus pp. 9Q.

Synopsis of the Tadpoles.

A. Mouth of normal size

ZB, Mouth large, the lower lip being much’increased

in size.

I. Tail acutely pointed. Lower lip thickly studded

with papillae

If. Tail rounded. Lower lip bordered with one

series of papillae

So iwiis A warenre ee) ye: 6) 'e, “je: te ip chy ee

melanostictus p. 80.

. claviger p. 86.
. parvus p. 88.
. biporcatus p. 9O.

. penangensis p. 75.

. asperm Droes

he)

1. Bufo leptopus Gthr.

Bufo leptopus part., Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 598.
Bufo leptopus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 287, pl. XVIII, fig. 4.
Bufo leptopus Mocquard, Nouv, Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) Il, 1890, p. 159.

Habit slender. Head small, without bony ridges; snout obli-
quely truncate; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region vertical ;
interorbital space slightly broader than the upper eyelid;
tympanum distinct, not quite half the width of the eye. Limbs
slender; length of fore limb equal to the distance between
the eye and the vent; tips of fingers and toes swollen into
very small disks; first finger as long as or a little shorter than
second, toes webbed at the base in the female, the web reaching
the disks of the first and second toe in the male; subarticular
tubercles none, two rather indistinct metatarsal tubercles; no
tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or between eye and tip
of snout, the tarso-mefatarsal articulation far beyond the tip
of the snout; tibia '/, length of head and_ body.

Skin covered with small warts and tubercles; no parotoids.

Brown above, marbled with reddish; throat and chest blackish.
From snout to vent 55. mm.

Hardly distinguishable from 2. penangensts.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 and 1280 m.;
Baram; Matan).

2. Bufo penangensis (Stol.).

Ansonia penangensis Stoliczka, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXXIX, 1870, p. 152
jell IDs Site ZIn

Bufo penangensis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 287.

Bufo penangensis Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 908, pl. LX,
figs. 3, 3a (tadpole).

Bufo penangensis Boulenger, Vert, Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 270. .

’

Habit slefider.. Head without bony ridges; snout obliquely
truncate, strongly projecting; loreal region vertical; interor-
bital space as broad as the upper] eyelid; tympanum very
distinct, */, to,>/, the diameter, of the eye, close) to the latter.
Tips of fingers and-toes feebly swollen; first finger shorter
than second; toes '/, to */, webbed;. subarticular tubercles
none or very indistinct; two flat metatarsal’ tubercles; no
tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or between the eye and
the tip of the snout ; tibia about half the length of head and body.

70

Upper parts with small warts of unequal size; no distinct
parotoids; lower parts granulate.

Dark brown above, with yellowish spots or symmetrical
markings, forming oblique bars across the limbs; brownish
beneath, speckled with yellow, or marbled with brown; posterior
part of belly and inner side of thighs rose-coloured in life.
From snout to vent 50 mm.

Male with a large external gular vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body from rather more than once
and a half to rather less than once and two thirds its width,
nearly half the length of the tail; tail 6 times as long as
deep; nostrils much nearer the eyes than the end of the snout;
eyes on the upper surface, the distance between them rather
more than once and a half that between the nostrils, and
little more than half the width of the mouth; spiraculum
sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, rather nearer the
eye than the vent; anal opening median. Tail acutely pointed,
crests of equal depth or the lower one slightly deeper; lower crest
along whole length of tail, the upper only on posterior two-
thirds of it.

Mouth large; lips forming a sucking-disk, the upper one
without, the lower one thickly studded with very small, short,
rounded papillae; jaws white, lower one edged with black,
the upper one with a black diagonal mark on each side.
Series of teeth 2/3, those of the upper lip of equal length,
those of the lower one of equal length too, but shorter than
the upper series.

Sepia-brown above, mottled darker and lighter, yeHowish
buff beneath; muscular portion of the tail sepia-brown mottled
with yellow; the crests are transparent, finely speckled with
sepia-brown towards their dark-brown edges. Length 34 mm.

The tadpoles live in swift-flowing streams and are able to
fix themselves to stones by means of their mouth.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 and 1280 m.). —
Malay Peninsula, 600—1200 m.

3. Bufo jerboa Bler.

Bufo jerboa Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 328, pl. XXV, fig. 3.
Bufo jerboa Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

Tgiz ap. 275,

Habit very slender. Head without bony ridges; snout obli-

hi

quely truncate, strongly projecting; loreal region vertical;
interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower than the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, '/, to 7/, the width of
the eye, close to the latter. Fingers with feebly swollen tips,
first as long as or a little shorter than second; toes '/, to '/,
webbed; subarticular tubercles very prominent; two small, but
prominent metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches
far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia about °/, the length
of head and body.

Upper parts with granules and very small warts; lower parts
granulate; parotoids, if at all distinct, very narrow.

Brown above, with dark and light spots or symmetrical
markings, often forming an X-shaped figure in front of the
sacral region, a yellowish dorsolateral streak sometimes present;
dark bars on the limbs and on the lips; yellowish or pale
brownish beneath, throat and breast dark-brown or much
mottled with dark brown. From snout to vent 50 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and brown nuptial
asperities on the inner finger.

Habitat: Sumatra (Sandaran Agung, 745 m., Kurintji
valley); Borneo (Mt. Penrissen in Serawak; S. E.-Borneo). —
Malay Peninsula.

4. Bufo fuligineus Mocq.
Bufo fuligineus Mocquard, Nouv, Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) Il, 1890, p. 158,

pl. XI, fig. 5, and: Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 163.

Habit rather stout. Head without bony ridges; snout rounded;
canthus rostralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical; inter-
orbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very
distinct, half the width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes
swollen; first finger shorter than second; toes half, the two
inner ones almost entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles and
inner metatarsal tubercle indistinct, a feebly developed outer
metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border of
the tympanum.

Upper surfaces with unequal warts; no parotoids; granular
beneath.

Sooty black above, light brown beneath, lower surfaces of
the limbs dirty white. From snout to vent 38 mm.

Male with small conical spines on the two inner fingers.

Habitat: N.-Borneo.

78

5. Bufo cruentatus Tschudi.

Bufo cruentatus Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 52.

Bufo borbonicus part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p..286.

Bufo cruentatus Worst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 236.

Bufo montanus Werner, Zool. Anz., XX, 1897, p. 265.

Bufo cruentatus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N® 1,.
1OL2. Pon7 sap Ulleetio 3A. '
Habit slender. Head nearly as long as broad, without bony

ridges; snout obtusely pointed, somewhat projecting, shorter.
than the upper eyelid, as long as deep; canthus rostralis
angular; loreal region vertical, concave; nostril nearer the tip
of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum indistinct, small. Tips of fingers and
toes slightly swollen; first finger shorter than second, which
is shorter than fourth; fifth toe a little extending beyond
third; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed,
single; two distinct metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; the
heel reaches between the posterior border of the eye and the
tip of the snout, the tarso-metatarsal articulation the tip of
the snout or beyond.

Upper surfaces with small granular tubercles; parotoids
distinct, sometimes divided in two parts, situated behind each
other; smooth or granular beneath.

Brown or blackish above, variegated with dark spots and
white (red in life) patches; beneath yellowish. Length 39 mm.

Habitat 1):.Java (Perbawati, Mt. Gedeh!; .ctater of Mt.
Gedeh!; Tjibodas, 1400—2000 m.!).

6. Bufo sumatranus Ptrs.

Bufo sumatranus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 648.
Bufo sumatranus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 295.

Head without bony ridges; snout subacuminate, short; tym-
panum distinct, '/, the width of the eye. First finger not
extending beyond second; toes webbed: at the base; two
metatarsal tubercles, the inner larger than the outer; a tarsal
fold; hind limb short. :

Upper surfaces closely granulate, with large conical warts ©
parotoids oval, twice as long as prod

1) Peters (Ann. Mus. Genova, II], 1872, p-.43) mentions , Wylaplesia cruen-
tata” from Serawak; probably, however, he has confounded it with some species
of Nectophryne.

79

Greyish brown above, with brown, dark-edged spots; beneath
yellow, black-spotted. Length 34 mm.
Habitat: interior of Sumatra.

7. Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo.
Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 786, pl. XLI.

Head broader than long, without bony ridges; snout rounded,
vertically truncate, shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus
rostralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril nearer
the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad
as, or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum
very distinct, '/, to 3/, diameter of eye. Tips of fingers and
toes blunt; first finger extending beyond second, which is
shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes half-
webbed; subarticular tubercles single; an elliptic inner, and a
smaller, rounded, outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold;
the heel reaches. the shoulder, the tarso-metatarsal articulation
tiewcye:

Upper surfaces with pointed tubercles of different sizes; paro-
toids large, prominent or flat, elliptical or oval; lower parts
granular; a conspicuous gland on each calf may be present.

Olive-brown above, with darker markings; sometimes a
distinct black line along the inner margin of the parotoid glands.
From snout to vent 82 mm.

habitat: Pulo Weh!

8. Bufo spinulifer Mocq.

Bufo spinulifer Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus, d’ Hist. nat., (3) I, 1890, p. 160,
pl. XI, fig. 6, and: Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 181. |

Habit slender. Head small; canthus rostralis with a prominent
ridge, no other ridges; snout obliquely truncate, as long as
the eye; loreal region vertical; interorbital space nearly twice’
as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the
width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes very feebly swollen;
first finger a little shorter than second; toes webbed at the
base; subarticular tubercles none; a large, oval, flattened inner,’
and a small outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches
between the eye and the tip of the snout.

Upper parts with large, unequal, for the greatest’ part warty,
spinose tubercles, sometimes rather regularly placed in four

80

longitudinal series; the lateral tubercles confluent into two thick
dorsolateral, warty ridges; no parotoids; lower parts granular.
Almost black above; a greyish brown, irregularly oval spot,
with pink tubercles, on the back; beneath lighter, with some
yellowish white marblings; limbs with some light red spots
or narrow bars. From snout to vent 41 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu).

g. Bufo melanostictus Schneid.

Bufo melanostictus Schneider, Hist. Amph., I, Jena, 1799, p. 216.
Bufo scaber (Daud.), Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diissel-

dorf, 1837—44, p. 64, pl. XX, fig. 2.

Bufo melanostictus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 306.

Bufo melanostictus Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 911, pl. XLIV,
fig. 3 (tadpole).

Bufo melanostictus Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., LVIII, 1907, p. 72, figs. 58—61.

Bufo melanostictus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,

London, 1912, p. 272, with fig.

Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal, a
praeorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, and a short and narrow
supra-tympanic bony ridge; snout shorter than the upper
eyelid, deeper than long; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal region
little oblique, nearly flat; nostril nearer tip of snout than eye;
interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
close to the eye, very distinct, more than half the diameter
of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger usually
extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third
toe longer than fifth; toes about half webbed, the three distal
phalanges of the fourth one free; subarticular tubercles very
small, single; a moderate, elliptic inner and a smaller outer
metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder,
the tarso-metatarsal articulation the tympanum or the eye.

Upper parts with more or less prominent, often spiny warts
of various sizes; upper surface of head nearly smooth; paro-
toids very large, reniform or elliptical, more or less elongate;
granular beneath.

Brown or yellowish brown above, sometimes with carmine-
coloured spots, the tips of the warts and the ridges of the
head usually black; beneath yellowish, immaculate or more
or less spotted with brown. From snout to vent 116 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac, and in the breeding season
with black nuptial excrescences on the two inner fingers.

Sa

In the young the bony ridges of the head are absent.

Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its
width and about */, the length of the tail; tail 3 to 4 times as
long as deep, the depth of the muscular portion about half
the greatest total depth. Nostril much nearer to the eye than
to the end of the snout; eyes superior, the distance between
them about twice that between the nostrils and about equal
to the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed back-
wards, visible from above and from below, nearer to the vent
than to the end of the snout; vent median. Tail with broadly
rounded tip, both crests nearly equal in depth, the upper
slightly convex and not extending to the back.

Mouth ventral; lips with papillae only at the sides; jaws
white, edged with black; series of teeth 1 11/3, the second
series in the upper lip nearly as long as the first one, nar-
rowly interrupted in the middle, those of the lower lip about
equal in length, the innermost being rather the longest, the
outermost the shortest.

Blackish-brown above, grey beneath; muscular portion of
tail blackish-brown, crests colourless or pale grey. Length 23 mm.

From sea-level to high up in the mountains. Very common
in cities; by day it is hiding in holes, in the evening
it may often be seen in and near the houses hunting after
insects. The copulation is axillary. The eggs, which are disposed
in one file in each mucilaginous string, are laid in stagnant,
often muddy water, in which the tadpoles may be found
throughout the year (in Batavia).

Habitat: Pulo Weh!; Nias!; Sumatra. (Langkat; Medan!;
Belawan!; Batak mts., +300 m.!; Radja mts.; Fort de Kock!;
Lembok); Riou islands (Bintang)?; Banka; Natuna islands
(Bunguran); Borneo (Baram riv.; Pontianak; Bandjermasin!);
Java (Serang!; Batavia!; Depok; Buitenzorg!; Sukabumi!;
’ Tjiandjur; Cheribon!; Tyjilatjap!; Pekalongan!; Semarang;
Ambarawa; Gunung Gamping, Djokjakarta!; Djapara!; Djuana!;
Rembang!; Kediri!; Pasuruan!); Madura! — From India and
S.-China to the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines.

10. Bufo gymnauchen Blkr.

Bufo gymnauchen Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XVI, 1859, p. 46.

Docidophryne spinipes (nomen nudum), Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien, XLII,
1861, p. 415.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 6

$2

Bufo spinipes Steindachner, Reise der Novara, Amph., Wien, 1867, p. 43,

pl. V, figs. 6,07.

Bufo melanostictus part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 306.
Bufo longecristatus Werner, Zool. Anz., XXVI, 1903, p. 252 !).

Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal, a
praeorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, and a short and narrow
supratympanic bony ridge; snout shorter than the upper eye-
lid, a little deeper than long; canthus rostralis angular, loreal
region oblique, slightly concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the
snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum close to the eye, distinct, ?/, diameter
of eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger as long as, or
slightly shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth ; third
toe about as long as fifth, toes about ?/, webbed, the two distal
phalanges of fourth one free; subarticular tubercles very small,
single; a moderate inner, and a smaller outer metatarsal tu-
bercle; a serrated tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder,
the tarsometatarsal articulation the eye.

Upper surface of head and body smooth or with two longi-
tudinal series of warts on the posterior half of the back;
parotoids reniform, feebly prominent; granular beneath and
on the sides.

Brown or greyish, the ridges of the head sometimes black;
beneath yellowish, immaculate, or belly spotted with brown.
Length 68 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

I compared a specimen in the Leiden museum from the
collection of Bleeker. The species can be distinguished from
B. melanostictus by the nearly smooth back and by the tarsal fold.

Habitat: Riou islands (Tandjongpinang!); interior of
Borneo! —— Nicobars.

11. Bufo asper Gravh.

Bufo asper Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I, Lipsiae, 1829, p. 58.

Bufo asper Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44,
Ds 1085 sple sees oa

Bufo asper Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 313.

> Nectes obscurus Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, p. 51.

Bufo asper v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1910, p. 26, 30, pl. II,
fig. 2 (tadpole).

1) Type specimen (in the Brussels museum) examined by me; the parietal
ridge, described by Werner, is a dermal ridge; the parotoid is longer than the orbit.

83

Bufo asper Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Mal. Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912,

p. 271, fig. 74 (vertebral column and pectoral arch), fig. 75 (open mouth).

? Bufo obscurus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N°. 1,

1912, p. 75, pl. VI, fig: 20.

Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a broad and
flat supraorbital and a thick supratympanic bony ridge; snout
obliquely truncate, shorter than the upper eyelid, as deep as long;
canthus rostralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical, flat; nostril:
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum more or less distinct,
vertically oval, its longest diameter '/, to */, the width of the
eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first and second finger
equal in length; toes nearly entirely webbed, the two distal
phalanges of fourth toe included only by a narrow fringe;
subarticular tubercles well developed, single; a large elliptic
inner and a. somewhat smaller outer metatarsal tubercle; a
distinct tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye, the tarso-meta-
tarsal articulation the tip of the snout or beyond,

Upper surfaces with very prominent, conical, spinose tuber-
cles of various sizes; parotoids distinct, usually a little shorter
than the diameter of the eye'), subtriangular or roundish;
coarsely granular below.

Uniform brown or blackish above, sometimes spotted with
crimson; the tubercles with a brownish or yellowish tip; yel-
lowish beneath, uniform or spotted with black. From snout
to vent 260 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its
width and about ?/, the length of the tail; tail about 3 times
as long as deep, its muscular part more than half as deep as
the total depth. Nostril much nearer to the eye than to the tip of
the snout; eyes on the upper surface, as far from tip of snout
as from spiraculum, the distance between them a little more
than once and*a half that between the nostrils and half the
width of the mouth; spiraculum lateral, sinistral, directed
backwards, in the middle between the vent and the anterior
border of the eye; vent median. Tail with rounded tip; the
crests low, convex, the upper one a little deeper than the
lower and not reaching the base of the tail.

1) In some specimens of N.-Borneo they are large, as long or almost as long
as their distance from the end of the snout.

84

Mouth ventral; it is very large (its posterior border situated
almost in the middle of the body) and has the shape of a
sucker; lips distinctly separated from each other, bordered
with one series of short papillae, which are absent along the
upper border; jaws narrowly edged with black, the border of
the upper one M-shaped; series of teeth 2/3, those of the
same lip equal in length; lower lip with a large, unarmed
portion behind the teeth.

Brownish black, lower parts and crests of tail colourless.
Length 20 mm.

This toad lives often near human dwellings, as 4. melano-
stictus, but is much less common in low countries.

Habitat: Sumatra (Upper Langkat; Medan!; Bander Baru,
Batak mts., +900 m.!; Toba lake; Airbangis!; Talu; Mt. Ophir,
1500 m.!; Sandaran Agung, 745 m., and Sinlak Deras, 900 m.,
Kurintji valley; Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m., Kurintji peak;
Gunung-Sahilan; Andalas!; Agam; Kalung, Tilatang; Pajakom-
bo!; Ajermantjur!; Alahanpandjang; Batu Sangkar, 450—
g00 m.; Solok!; Sidjundjung; Muarolabu; Kepahiang; upper
current of Hari leko riv.; Palembang!); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu,
460 m.; Baram riv.; Mt. Dulit, 1200 m.; Miri, Serawak; Ka-
puas riv.; Sintang; Seberuang riv.; Martapura); Java (Pasaruan,
Bantam!; Lebak; Batavia!; Buitenzorg!; Mt. Salak; Gadok;
Tjibodas!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Djampang Tengah!; Sema-
rang; Wonosobo!; Gunung Sewu, Djokjakarta!). — Siam;
Malay Peninsula, up to 1500 m.

12. Bufo celebensis Schleg.

Bufo celebensis (Schlegel), Steindachner, Reise der Novara, Amph., Wien, 1867, p. 44.
Bufo celebensis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 313.

Bufo celebensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 236.

Bufo celebensis Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, Igo1, p. 384.

Habit stout. Head broader than long, with a broad supra-
orbital and a thick, elevated (in the young feebly prominent)
supratympanic bony ridge; snout obliquely truncate, shorter
than the upper eyelid, as deep as long; canthus rostralis angular,
with a prominent ridge; loreal region nearly vertical, almost
flat; nostril nearer tip of snout than eye; interorbital space
in the adult broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum more
or less distinct, vertically oval, its longest diameter ?/; to 9/,
that of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first finger

85

extending beyond second; toes nearly half webbed; subarti-
cular tubercles small, single; two well-developed metatarsal
tubercles, the outer one a little smaller than the inner one;
no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder, or beyond (to
beyond tip of snout).

Upper surfaces with more or less prominent conical warts;

Fig. 8. Bufo celebensis Schlg., * 1.

parotoids very prominent, variable in shape, triangular, oval
or elliptical, usually continuous with the orbitotympanic bony
ridge; granular below.

Olive, greyish, blackish or crimson above, uniform or with

86

indistinct darker spots, the warts often with black tips; yel-
lowish, greyish or pale olive beneath, uniform or marbled
with dark brown. Length 107 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac and a black nuptial
excrescence on the outer side of the first and second fingers.

Habitat: Celebes (Makasser!; Loka!; Bonthain peak (Bawa
Kraeng); Ahua riv.; Rumbia; Mengkoka; Luwu!; Kulawi!;
Kantewu!; Sukon!; Bwool; Sumalata; Boliohutu mts.; Goron-
talo; Gurupahi!; Bolaang Mongondou!; Tomohon; Rurukan;
Menado!; Kema).

13. Bufo philippinicus Blegr.

Bufo philippinicus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 348,

pl. X, fig. 5.
Bufo philippinicus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 88.
Bufo philippinicus Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 344, pl. IX, fig. 5.

Cranial ridges rather similar to those of 2. dzporcatus, but the
supraorbital one ending ina very short branch, directed inwards
and distinct from the parietal one, which is more thickened; snout
truncate, short; canthus rostralis prominent; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, verti-
cally oval, smaller than the eye. First finger extending much
beyond second; toes half webbed ; subarticular tubercles simple;
no tarsal fold; the tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye.

Upper parts with small, conical, spiny tubercles; parotoids
oval or elliptical, */, to 3/, the length of the head.

Olive above, with darker, insuliform spots; cranial ridges
reddish brown. From snout to vent 76 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat: Philippines (Pelawan; Balabak).

14. Bufo claviger Ptrs.

Bufo claviger Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1863, p. 405.
Bufo claviger Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 311 (with figure of head).
Bufo claviger v. Kampen, in: Kleiweg de Zwaan, Die Insel Nias bei Sumatra,
III, Haag, 1915, p. 278 (tadpole).
Habit rather stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal,
a narrow supratympanic, a supraorbital and a parietal bony
ridge, the two latter ones forming together a nearly straight line
and very elevated and much thickened behind; snout as long
as the upper eyelid and as long as deep; canthus rostralis

87

angular; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril a little nearer to
the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space much
broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum ?/, to */, the width
of the eye, close to the latter. Tips of fingers and toes blunt;
first finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than
fourth; toes not quite half webbed; subarticular tubercles very
small, single; a moderate inner, and a narrow outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder
or the tympanum, the tarsometatarsal articulation the eye
or to between eye and tip of snout.

Upper parts and sides with conical warts; parotoids small,
oblong or roundish; granulate beneath.

Brownish, usually more or less distinctly black spotted above ;
beneath dark brown, or lighter, spotted with brown. Length
$i mm. ’

Young specimens have the cranial ridges not swollen, but
rather more elevated than in 2B. dzporcatus.

Tadpole. — Probably not different from that of B. mela-
nostictus.

Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra! (Pasir Ganting, W.-Coast Su-
matra, 2° S.; Benkulen).

15. Bufo quadriporcatus Blegr.

Bufo quadriporcatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 347,
Tle 365 safes 7g

Bufo quadriporcatus Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XX, 1887, p. 314,
Bile) DS WAG tates (Ox

Bufo quadriporcatus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.
London, 1912, p. 274.

’

Habit rather stout. Head broader than long, with a narrow
supratympanic and a prominent supraorbital bony ridge, con-
tinued into a short parietal one, the two latter ones forming
together a nearly straight line; snout truncate, projecting, as
long as the upper eyelid and as long as deep; canthus ros-
tralis angular; loreal region nearly vertical, feebly concave;
nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; inter-
orbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close
to the eye, very distinct, nearly as large as or larger than
the eye. Tips of fingers and toes blunt, not dilated; first finger
extending beyond second; toes not quite half webbed; sub-
articular tubercles single; two moderate, rounded metatarsal

$8

tubercles; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder, the
tarsometatarsal articulation the tympanum or the eye.

Upper parts more or less warty; parotoids prominent and
compressed, ridge-like, much elongate, continuous with the
supratympanic bony ridge, and usually followed by a lateral
series of large tubercles; some specimens prickly all over with
horny spines; granulate beneath.

Brownish above, uniform or marbled with olive; the paro-
toids sometimes whitish, edged with black; limbs with dark
cross-bars; lower parts whitish, uniform or marbled with brown.
From snout to vent 65 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Palembang!); Natuna islands
(Bunguran); Borneo (Baram riv.; Mt. Dulit). — Malay Penin-
sula, up to 240 m.

16. Bufo divergens Ptrs.

Bufo divergens Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 579.
Bufo divergens Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 312 (with fig. of head).
Bufo divergens Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

1912, p. 275.

Closely related to B. guadriporcatus, from which it differs
in the following points. Parietal ridye forming an angle with
the supraorbital one; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the
tip of the snout, or beyond; tibia half the length of head and
body. Sometimes a yellow vertebral line. From snout to
vent 50 mm.

Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Labuan;
Serawak; Matan). — Malay Peninsula; Pelawan?

17. Bufo parvus Bler.

Bufo parvus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 346, pl. X, fig. 3.
Bufo claviger Isenschmid, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 80.
Bufo parvus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

VOL p42 74
Bufo parvus Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1916, p. 42, with figs. (tadpole).
Bufo parvus Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 153, fig. 10

and pl. VI, fig. 8 (tadpole).

Head with a supraorbital, a narrow parietal, and a short
supratympanic bony ridge, the two former ones forming together
a straight line or diverging behind; snout truncate, projecting,
shorter than the upper eyelid, deeper than long; canthus
rostralis angular; loreal region vertical; nostril nearer tip of

89

snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, close to the
eye, its vertical diameter */, to °/, the width of the eye.
Fingers and toes with blunt tips; first finger extending dis-
tinctly beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third
toe longer than fifth; toes feebly webbed; subarticular tuber-
cles single; two rather large metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal
fold; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches to between the
eye and the tip of the snout, or a little beyond.

Upper parts rough with very prominent, conical, often spinose
tubercles; parotoids small, prominent, round or subtriangular;
lower parts with round tubercles of unequal size.

Brown above, with a few darker spots, and often with a
few scattered irregular spots of pink colour; limbs with dark
cross-bands; lower parts spotted with brown; throat brown
in the male. From snout to vent 52 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac and black nuptial asperities
on the two inner fingers.

Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 1'/, times its width
and ?/, the length of the tail, which is about 3 times as long
as deep. Nostril nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; eyes
superior, the distance between them twice that between the
nostrils; spiraculum sinistra], directed upwards and backwards,
a little nearer the eye than the vent; vent median, anal tube
short. Tail with rounded tip; crests convex, the upper one as
deep as or a little deeper than the lower one, not extending
on to the back.

Mouth subterminal; lips with short papillae, only at the
sides; jaws broadly edged with black, finely serrated; series
of teeth 1'1/3, the lower series of upper lip may be narrowly
interrupted.

Blackish, the muscular portion of the tail pale brown, the
crests almost colourless. Length 28 mm.

Habitat: Stmatra (Upper Langkat!; Bandarbaru, Batak mts.,
+ 900 m.!; near Balun and Muarolabu, Padang Highlands!;
Benakat and Harileko riv.!, Palembang); Java (Badjulmati in
Besuki ')). — Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula.

18. Bufo cavator Barb.
Bufo cavator Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIV, 1911, p. 21.

1) Communicated by Mr. C. Boden Kloss.

gO

Bufo cavator Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N°. 1,

1912, p. 74, pl. VI, fig. 22.

Head with a supraorbital, a parietal and a short supratym-
panic bony ridge, the two former ones forming together a
straight, or nearly straight line; snout short; canthus rostralis
prominent; interorbital space slightly broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, circular, about */, the width of the
eye. First finger as long as second; toes, except fourth, entirely
webbed; subarticular tubercles single; two moderate metatarsal
tubercles; no tarsal fold; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches
the nostril.

Upper parts with scattered warts, which are not spiny;
parotoids very prominent, small, almost circular.

Brownish above, marbled with light yellowish; beneath yel-
lowish, throat dark brown.

»Lhis species may be distinguished from bufo diporcatus at
once by its much smaller tympanum, which is almost circular
instead of vertical-oval. In &. dzporcatus the upper boundary
of the tympanum is formed by the orbito-tympanic ridge,
which is not the case with this species. The shape of the
tympanum is quite different in the two species; and in this
new one the cephalic crests are not prolonged as far poste-
riorly as they are in dzporcatus.” (Barbour).

Habitat: Lombok.

19. Bufo biporcatus Gravh.

Bufo biporcatus Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus, Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I, Lipsiae,
1829, p- 53.

Bufo biporcatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 311 (with figure
of head).

Bufo biporcatus v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1910, p. 30 (tadpole).

Bufo biporcatus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, N®.1,
1912, p. 74, pl. VI, figs. 21 and 35.

Habit rather stout. Head broader than long, with a canthal,
a postorbital, a narrow supratympanic, a supraorbital and a
parietal bony ridge, the two latter ones forming together a
straight or nearly straight line; snout not projecting, as long
or nearly as long as the upper eyelid, and as long as deep;
canthus rostralis angular; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close to

gt

the eye, very distinct, its diameter equal to the width of the
eye or hardly smaller. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first
finger usually as long as, rarely extending beyond second;
third and fifth toe of equal length; toes not quite '/, to */,
webbed; subarticular tubercles very small, single; two mode-
rate metatarsal tubercles, the outer one a little smailer than the
inner one; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the axil, the tarso-
metatarsal articulation the tympanum or the eye.

Upper parts with very prominent, conical tubercles; paro-

Fig. 9. Bufo biporcatus Gravh., X 1.

toids very prominent, small, subtriangular or oval; strongly
granulate beneath.

Brownish above, marbled with darker; beneath lighter, more
or less spotted with brown. Length 79 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac and in the breeding time a
black copulatory excrescence at the outer side of the first finger.

Tadpole. — The tadpoles agree in every point with those
of B. melanostictus; only the two lower series of teeth of the
lower lip are perhaps somewhat less different in length.

Habitat: Sumatra (Mt. Simbolon; Talu; Gunung-Sahilan ;
Ringat; Palembang!); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Baram riv.;

g2

Mt. Dulit, 300—1200 m.; Kutjing; Tegora; Bandjermasin);
Java (Serang; Lebak; Batavia!; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; Tjibodas!;
Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Bandung; Tjipanas!;
Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Mula, Djokjakarta, + 100 m.!; Teng-
ger mts., 1200 m.; Situbondo!); Madura; Baii; Lombok! (up
to + 580 m.); Celebes (Makasser!; Teteadji!; lake Towuti;

Luwu!). — Tenasserim? !).

20. Bufo chlorogaster Daud.

Bufo chlorogaster Daudin, Hist. nat. des Rainettes, Paris, 1802, p. 74, pl.
XXV, fig. 2.
Snout feebly rounded. Toes half webbed.
Upper surfaces with numerous small warts; parotoids kidney-
shaped; beneath with scattered granules.
Ashy grey above, yellow beneath. Length + 4 cm.
Habitat: Java.

3. Pseudobufo Tschudi.
(TscHup1, Mém. Soc. Sc. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 49, 87; Nieden, Sitzungsber.
Ges. Naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1914, p. 369).
Nectes Cope, Nat. Hist. Review, V, 1865, p. 103.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. No vome-
rine teeth. Nostrils directed upwards, on upper surface of
snout. Fingers free or webbed; toes entirely webbed, the tips
not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No omosternum; sternum cartilaginous, calcified along the
centre. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra rather strongly dilated.
Terminal phalanges simple. ;

Distribution: Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.

Sy oO psis? ofrt he species:

A. Fingers free or with a rudimentary web ....... 1. P. subasper p. 92.
S. Outer fingers nearly half webbed. ...... «2 « «s 2. P. wernevi p. 94.

1. Pseudobufo subasper Tschudi.

Pseudobufo subasper Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, I], 1839, p. 87.
Nectes pleurotaenia (nomen nudum), Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XIII,

1857, P. 475:
Nectes subasper Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 327 (with figs. of head).

1) Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) V, 1887—88, p. 486.

93

Nectes (Pseudobufo) pleurotaenia Fischer, Arch, f. Naturgesch., LI, I, 1885, p. 47.

Nectes sumatranus Werner, Zool, Jahrb., Syst., XII, 1900, p. 497, pl. XXXV, fig. 9.

Nectes subasper and pleurotaenia v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst » XXII, 1905, p. 711.

Nectes subasper Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 275.

Head broader than long; snout pointed, projecting, as long
as the upper eyelid, and as long as deep; canthus rostralis

Fig. 10. Pseudobufo subasper Tschudi, X 4/;.

rounded ; loreal region nearly vertical, flat; nostrils close together
on the upper surface, near the tip of the snout; interorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum close to the

94

eye, more or less distinct, ?/, to */, the width of the eye.
Fingers and toes obtuse or pointed; first finger shorter than
second, which is much shorter than fourth; fingers free or
with a rudimentary web; toes webbed to the tips by a very
broad and thick membrane; no subarticular, two very indistinct,
flat metatarsal tubercles; a rather indistinct tarsal fold; the
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or to between
the shoulder and the eye; tibia '/,; length of head and body.

Upper parts with closely set rounded warts of different
sizes; granulate beneath.

Dark brown or blackish above, with or without a more or
less distinct whitish or yellowish band along the side of the
body and along thigh and metatarsus; a light brown verte-
bral line may be present; brownish white beneath, with
or without minute dark dots. From snout to vent 150 mm.

Male with a large blackish subgular vocal sac.

Aquatic.

Habitat’): Sumatra (Djapura, Indragiri; Djambi!; Palem-
bang!); Borneo (Tumbang Hiang; Bandjermasin). — Malay
Peninsula.

2. Pseudobufo werneri (v. Kamp.).
Nectes subasper Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 497, pl. XXXV, fig. Io.
Nectes wernert vy. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 711.

Habit stout. Head broader than long; snout a little longer
than the upper eyelid; nostrils close together on the upper
surface near the tip of the snout; tympanum oval, close to
the eye, its horizontal diameter '/,, its vertical diameter 7/,
the length of the upper eyelid. Tips of fingers and toes obtuse;
first finger shorter than second; the three inner fingers about
'/,, the two outer ones nearly '/, webbed; toes entirely webbed ;
two metatarsal tubercles, the outer one somewhat ‘shorter
than the inner one; a rather indistinct tarsal fold; the tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder.

Upper parts warty, lower ones granulate.

Blackish brown above, with a somewhat lighter band along
the side; yellowish beneath. From snout to vent 84 mm.

Description completed by means of notes, taken by Dr. J.
Roux from the type specimen.

Habitat: Sumatra (Djapura, Indragiri).

1) The locality Java, mentioned by Boulenger, is probably incorrect.

95

Firmisternia.

Epicoracoid cartilages firmly united in the median line.

5. Fam. BREVICIPITIDAE.
(Engystomatidae).

Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra distinctly dilated. Terminal
phalanges of fingers and toes simple or T-shaped.

Omosternum rudimentary or none; sternum cartilaginous !);
procoracoids and clavicles usually reduced or absent. Verte-
brae procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis usually articulating by
two condyles.

Distribution: America; Africa; S.- and E.-Asia, including
the entire Indo-Australian Archipelago; N.-Queensland.

I. Dyscophinae.

Upper jaw toothed, lower one toothless.
Distribution: Madagascar; India; Sumatra; Borneo.

SyWopsis of-the Gemera,

Aon Clavicless present. Pupil horizontal). . -) suomi 1. Dyscophina p. 95.
&. Clavicles absent.
I. Pupil vertical. Tongue forming a plicate pouch behind. 2. Co/poglossus p. 97.
II. Pupil round (or horizontal?). Tongue not forming

APOCKE then sa ates ike stlsmenacmnmeers. seu nena ee: 3. Calliglutus p. 98.

1. Dyscophina v. Kamp.
(v. KAmpPEN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 708).

Pupil horizontally elliptic, almost circular. Tongue entire
and free behind, not forming a pocket. Palatine teeth in two long,
somewhat oblique series behind the choanae, close to each
other. Two smooth transverse dermal ridges across the palate,
in front of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free,
toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes slightly dilated. Outer
metatarsals united.

No procoracoids; clavicles feeble. Omosternum rudimentary;
sternum large, cartilaginous, partly calcified. Terminal phalanges
club-shaped.

Distribution: Sumatra.

1) After Boettger there should be an osseous sternum in Cophixalus geislerorum.

96

1. Dyscophina volzi v. Kamp.
Dyscophina volzi y. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 708, pl. XXVI.

Habit ‘stout. Tongue oval; posterior dermal ridge of the
palate strong, straight, the anterior one less developed, curved.
Head much broader than long; snout as long as the upper
eyelid or a little shorter, nearly as deep as long; canthus
rostralis obtuse, curved; loreal region very oblique, feebly
concave; nostril in the middle between tne tip of the snout
and the upper eyelid; interorbital space about once and a half
the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum invisible. Tips of
fingers feebly swollen, of toes distinctly dilated; first finger
scarcely shorter than second, which is as long as fourth; third
toe much longer than fifth; toes half webbed, the web reaching
nearly the tip of the fifth
one, and that of the
first and second ones
at their outer side, the
second subarticular tuber-
cle in the third and fourth
toe, the first tubercle at
the inner side of the
second toe; a dermal
ridge. reaches to) ‘the
swollen tips of all toes
and extends along the
Fig. 11. Dyscophina volzi vy. Kamp., X 11/4. outer side of the fifth one;

subarticular tubercles flat;
a strong, compressed inner and a feeble outer metatarsal tuber-
cle--tne, heel “) reaches rhe, cye:

Upper parts smooth or very feebly granular, with a few
small warts, some of them more or less perfectly confluent on
each side of the back into a low and narrow longitudinal
ridge from the posterior border of the eye backwards; another,
feeble ridge from the eye to the shoulder; a feeble cross fold
between the posterior borders of the eyes; smooth below.

Reddish brown, lighter below, with more or less confluent
dark spots, which are most numerous on the sides of the

1) Not the tarso-metatarsal articulation, as is erroneously stated in the original
description.

97
body, the lower surface of the hind limbs, the throat and the
posterior part of the belly; on the back they form a some-

times indistinct ¥-shaped figure; posterior surface of thighs

of uniform dark colour. Length 34 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Type specimen examined.
Habitat: Sumatra (Tandjong Laut, Palembang’).

2. Colpoglossus Blgr.
(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, 1904, p. 42).

Pupil vertically elliptic. Tongue entire and free behind,
forming a plicate pouch at the point of its posterior attach-
ment. Palatine teeth in two transverse series, very close to
each other. Two denticulate transverse dermal ridges in front
of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed,
the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

Procoracoids and clavicles absent, substituted by a ligament.
No omosternum; sternum large, cartilaginous.

Distribution: Borneo. .

1, Colpoglossus brooksi Blgr.

Colpoglossus Brooksit Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XIII, 1904, p. 43, pl. II.

Habit stout. Tongue large, oval. Head strongly depressed,
once and two thirds as broad as long; interorbital space three
times as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum hidden. Fingers
obtusely pointed, toes blunt; first finger shorter than second;
toes with a very short web at the base; subarticular tuber-
cles indistinct; a rather large and very prominent inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye.

Skin of head and body granulate, of belly and limbs smooth.

Yellowish above, marbled with dark brown lines, which
form a network on the sides and limbs; a )-(-shaped dark brown,
light-edged marking on the head and nape, each of the longi-
tudinal branches bifurcating in front and behind; two chains
of small black spots, some with light centra, along the middle
of the back; lower parts white, throat with wrinkle-like trans-
verse brown lines. From snout to vent 50 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Bidi, Serawak).

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 7

98
3. Calliglutus Barb. & Noble.

(BARBOUR and Nose, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, Cambridge, Mass.,
VI, 1916, p. 20).

Pupil round (or horizontally elliptic’). Tongue entire and
free behind, not forming a pocket. Palatine teeth in two
transverse series, very close to each other. Tympanum hidden.
Fingers free, toes webbed; tips of toes slightly dilated.

Procoracoids, clavicles and omosternum absent; sternum
bilobate.

Distribution: Borneo.

I. Calliglutus smithi Barb. & Noble.

Calliglutus smithi Barbour and Noble, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, Cambridge,
Mass., VI, 1916, p. 20, pl. II and figs, I1—2.

Habit stout. Tongue large, oval, slightly recurved in its
posterior margin. Snout rounded, depressed; canthus rostralis
indistinct; nostril close to the tip of the snout; interorbital
space about thrice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum
hidden. Fingers not, toes slightly dilated; first finger shorter
than second; toes with a very short basal web; subarticular
tubercles feeble; a large inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the anterior border of the eye.

Skin smooth.

Dark brownish grey above, with symmetrical black blotches,
edged with pinkish, on the sides and a red X-shaped spot
above the vent; sides and throat washed with light brown
and stippled with white; belly white.

Habitat: Borneo (Limbang river district, Serawak).

2. Brevicipitinae').

Both jaws toothless.
Distribution: the same as the family.

Synopsis of the Genera):

A. Procoracoids or clavicles or both of them present.

Pupil horizontal.

1) To this subfamily probably belongs ,2ufo” minimus Lesson, Voyage
Coquille, Zool., I1, 1, 1830, p. 62, pl. VII, fig. 4 (Ambon).

2) v. Méhely (Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 219) divides the Axgysfo-
matidae (= Brevicipitinae of this book) in two subfamilies: 1. Symphygnathinae:

‘99
I. Vomerine teeth present. Two transverse dermal
ridges in front of the pharynx. Toes free... 1, Liophryne p. 100,
II. Vomerine teeth none.
1. A dermal ridge behind the choanae and
two other ones in front of the pharynx.
ANCES EOI. G 5 Gucble. o oro duane: ceawe 2. Calophrynus p. 102.
2. No dermal ridge behind the choanae, one
or two in front of the pharynx.
a. Tips of fingers and toes dilated. Toes free
or webbed.
a. The clavicle reaches the scapula. .. 3. Sphenophryne p. 104.
B. The clavicle does not reach thescapula, 4. Oveophryne p. ¥10.
6. Tips of fingers not, of toes slightly dilated.
MoestircesmINOmclawiclesms) sas e -..- 5§. Microbatrachus p. 121.

c. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated. Toes
free. Clavicles’ present. . ss. . oe a, el 6. Oapdactyla: p: 122.

&. Procoracoids and clavicles absent.
I. Pupil vertical.
I. Each palatine bone with a series of teeth. 7. Callulops p. 123.
2. Pabate) to@tiless 2 tiv. [lye s wdat.! ayete ene 8. Gastrophryne p. 124,
II. Pupil circular or horizontal.
1. No dermal ridges across the palate. Toes
WEDD ea tiotect rn cis Med ys peroneal 9. Phrynella p. 124.
2, One or two transverse dermal ridges across
the palate, in front of the pharynx.
a. Each palatine bone with one or two large
tooth=like=processesiiay stale) ssea at chet ele 10. Xenobatrachus p. 126.

6, Palate unarmed. Tympanum more or less
distinct.

a. Toes free. One dermal ridge across
the palate.
t. Tongue large, circular, perfectly
attached behind...... 0 6 6g BT AAA as Tie

free behinds. icuenenee steer 12. Asterophrys p. 133.
ttt. Tongue small, oval, extensively
free“ behind! ya) aees nO a, eataten toe Copia. thr Haas

maxillary bones united with each other in front of the prae-maxillaries; 2. Eleuthe=
rognathinae: maxillary bones not united. As, however, this character is only known
for a small part of the genera, it cannot yet be used for a division of the
Brevicipitinae. To the Symphygnathinae belong after v. Méhely : Hylophorbus part.
(Mantophryne, Gnathophryne) and Xenorhina, to the Eleutherognathinae: Hylo-
phorbus part. (Metopostira, Phrynixalus), Copiula, Sphenophryne and Oreophryne.

100

f. Toes free'), Two dermal ridges across

the palate.
}. Tips of fingers and toes dilated.
Monoue Marrow... 5, + te sis) 14. Choerophryne p. 136.
+t. Tips of fingers and toes dilated.
Ton yore IERIE Aen 48s comers s 15. Hylophorbus p. 137.
ttt. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated.
Tongue large... .........- 16. Aphantophryne p. 145.
y. Toes webbed at the base. One dermal
Hid Peyaccoss: they palate nur lem anaes 17. Cophixalus p. 146.

c. Palate unarmed. Tympanum hidden.
a. Upper eyelids involved in a flap of skin. 18, Pomatops p. 147.
f@. Upper eyelid normal.
+. Each palatine bone forming a pro-
minent ridge across the palate,
btabit JS€OUt Pet varien ais, reece ee 19. Auloula p. 147.
+t. No such ridges. Habit slender . . 20. Microhyla p. 152.

1. Liophryne Bler.
BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 11).
’ g ’ ’ 9 P

Pupil horizontal. Tongue nicked and extensively free behind.
Two oblique series of vomerine teeth behind the level of the
choanae. Two transverse dermal ridges across the palate, in
front of the pharynx, the posterior one strongly denticulate.
Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips slightly
swollen or with small disks. Outer metatarsals united.

Clavicles present ?), very slender; no omosternum; sternum
small.

Distribution: New Guinea.

Synopsis oftire Specied

Ape LL eel mieaGoinmmLhemeye ymin me eaten sn siaei vel et rolls Me 1. L. rhododactyla p. 100.
B. Heel reaching the shoulder.

I, Tympanum 2/, or 3/, diameter of eye..... 2. L. brevipes p. 101.

II, Tympanum about !/, diameter of eye...... 3. L. kampeni p. 101.

1. Liophryne rhododactyla Bler.
Liophryne rhododactyla Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 11,
pl. II, fig. 2.

1) Webbed in Hylophorbus (?) neuhaussi,
2) ,Praecoracoid present, ossified’’ (Boulenger).

IOI

Tongue large, oblong. Head much broader than long; snout
rounded, shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse;
loreal region concave; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the
snout than to the eye; interorbital space a little broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum ?/, or 3/, the diameter of the
eye. Fingers and toes rather elongate, depressed, the tips
slightly swollen; first finger shorter than second; subarticular
tubercles feebly prominent; a very indistinct inner metatarsal
tubercle; the heel reaches the eye.

Skin smooth.

Dark purplish brown, finely powdered with crimson above,
spotted with yellowish beneath; a very indistinct, fine, light
vertebral line; a crimson spot above the vent; fingers and
toes crimson above. From snout to vent 60 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley range).

2. Liophryne brevipes Bler.
Liophryne brevipes Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 11.

Closely allied to L. rhododactyla, but differing in the much
shorter limbs with shorter digits, the heel reaching only
the shoulder.

A pair of curved dermal folds from the posterior border of
the head to between the shoulders.

Grey-brown above, pinkish on the sides of the back; sides
of head dark brown; belly creyish, marbled with brown, with
a fine light median line; throat vinaceous red. From snout
to vent 22 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley range).

3. Liophryne kampeni Blgr.
Liophryne kampeni Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, 1914, p. 252,

pl. XXVII, fig. 4.

Tongue large, covering the whole floor of the mouth, grooved;
two long oblique series of vomero-palatine teeth behind the
choanae. Head much broader than long; snout rounded, shorter
than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region
oblique, concave; nostril a little nearer the tip of the snout
than the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid;
tympanum about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and
toes moderately elongate, with small disks; first finger shorter

102

than second; subarticular and metatarsal tubercles feebly pro-
minent; the heel reaches the shoulder.

Uniform dark brown above, pale brown beneath. From
snout to vent 58 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mimika riv.).

2. Calophrynus Tschudi.
(TscHupI, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, IJ, 1839, p. 48, 86).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Palate
toothless. A more or less distinct dermal ridge across the
palate behind the choanae, and two other ones in front of
the pharynx, the posterior one always, the other ones some-
times denticulate. Tympanum usually distinct. Fingers free,
toes webbed, the tips without regular disks. Outer meta-
tarsals united.

Clavicles present; omosternum present; terminal phalanges
club-shaped.

Distribution: from S.-China through Cochinchina, Burma,
Siam to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and the Phi-
lippines; Madagascar.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Third toe longer than fifth; second finger longer
than fourth.
I. Fourth finger normally developed........ 1. C. pleurostigma p. 102.
Il. Fourth finger almost reduced to a knob... . 2. C. heterochirus p, 104.
&. Third toe not extending beyond fifth; second
finger as long as fourth... 2... 2-4 ss os 3. C. punctatus p. 104.

1. Calophrynus pleurostigma S. Mill.

Kalophrynus pleurostigma (S. Miiller), Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel,
II, 1839, p. 86.

Calophrynus pleurostigma Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 158.

Calophrynus pleurostigma Boulenger, Fauna Brit. India, Rept. and Batr., London,
1890, p. 490, with fig. of palate.

Bufo studeri \senschmid, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern., 1903, p. 14, pl. V, fig. 2.

Calophrynus pleurostigma v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 706.

Calophrynus pleurostigma Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 258.

Tongue elliptic. Head broader than long; snout feebly
projecting, as long or nearly as long as the upper eyelid,

103

longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct, straight; loreal
region vertical, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout
than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eye-
lid; tympanum nearly as large as the eye, rarely hidden under
the granulate skin. Tips of fingers and toes blunt or slightly
swollen; first finger a little shorter than second, which is
longer than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes half or
nearly half webbed; subarticular tubercles very prominent; two
more or less distinct rounded metatarsal tubercles; the tarso-

Fig. 12. Calophrynus pleurostigma S. Miill., X 1.

metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or the eye; tibia
*/,; the length of head and body.

Skin of the back smooth or granular, very thick, glandular ;
belly and lower surfaces of thighs coarsely granular; a more
or less distinct lateral fold, commencing from the eye.

Brown, black or reddish, usually with round, black spots
or a large, hour-glass shaped spot above; usually a large dark
spot, sometimes bordered with white, in the loin; at each
side a light stripe, dark edged beneath, from tip of snout to
thigh; limbs with or without dark cross-bars ; yellowish beneath,
throat and breast sometimes marbled with black. From snout
to vent 47 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Agam; Padang!; Palembang!);
Natuna islands; Borneo (Baram riv.; Mt. Dulit; Seberuang riv. ;

104

Meratus mts.; Pagat, distr. Batangalai; Semberrah riv.!). —
S.-China; Burma; Tonkin; Siam; Malay Peninsula, up to
goo m.; Singapore; Philippines ').

2. Calophrynus heterochirus Blgr.

Calophrynus heterochirus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900, p. 186,

pl: XVity fig: a.

Tongue large, pyriform, covering the floor of the mouth,
Snout truncate, slightly prominent, very short ; canthus rostralis
strong; loreal region nearly vertical; interorbital space broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, about */,
the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes bluntly
pointed; first and second fingers very short, not half the length
of third, fourth shorter still, almost reduced to a knob; toes
short, third longer than fifth; toes '/,; webbed; subarticular
tubercles and the two metatarsal tubercles feebly prominent;
the heel reaches the eye.

Skin smooth.

Uniform purplish brown above, yellowish white beneath and
on the sides of the head; a few large round yellowish-white
spots on the lumbar region and on the back of the thighs.
From snout to vent 27 mm.

Eggs large.

Habitat: Borneo.

3. Calophrynus punctatus Ptrs.

Calophrynus punctatus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 579.
Calophrynus punctatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p- 158.
Calophrynus punctatus Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) XIV, 1895, p. 617.

Fingers and toes remarkably short; fourth finger extending
as far as second; third toe not extending beyond fifth.

Dark brown, punctated with black above. Length 27 mm.

Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Borneo (Serawak).

3. Sphenophryne Ptrs. et Dor.

Biscy (PETERS e Dorta, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 430).
Chaperina Mocquard, Mém. Soc, Zool. France, V, 1892, p. 194.
Austrochaperina Fry, Rec. Australian Mus., IX, N°. 1, 1912, p. 87.

a According to Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 579 (perhaps
C. sted/atus Stejn.?).

105

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or feebly nicked, and free
behind. Palate toothless. One or two transverse dermal ridges
across the palate, in front of the pharynx. Tympanum distinct
or hidden. Fingers. free, toes free or webbed at the base,
with disks. Outer metatarsals united.

Procoracoids and clavicles present, the latter reaching the
scapulae; no omosternum. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Distribution: Borneo; Philippines; New Guinea; northern
Queensland.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Disks of fingers larger than those of toes .... 1. S. cornuta p. 105.
4, Disks of toes larger than those of fingers.
I. Snout not longer than the eye.
I. The heel reaches to between eye and tip
OlsSnOUty ee yea see e clye eee on eR cs Ayes 2. S. klosst p. 107.
2. The heel reaches the tympanum or the eye. 3. S. macrorhyncha p. 107.
3. The heel does not reach the tympanum .. 4. S. polysticta p. 108.
II. Snout longer than the eye.
iia Ady manppp yon CIDE SB a Gon 54 ors & Bel a eccemipa LOO:
22 ymipanumea Seng celts) ctasistena en emeilst- 6. S. beyeri p. 110.

1. Sphenophryne cornuta Ptrs. & Dor.

Cornufer unicofor part., Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839,
Pam oun) Te):

Sphenophryne cornuta Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 430,
pl. Vil, fig. 4:

Sphenophryne cornuta Boulenger. Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 157.

Chaperina ceratophthaimus v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 43,
Plo lh, fet, 8.

Sphenophryne cornuta Wandolleck, Abh. Zool. Mus, Dresden, XIII, N°. 6, 1911
p- 4, figs. I—9.

Chaperina ceratophthalmus vy. Kampen, Zool, Jahrb., Syst., XX XVII, 1914, p. 378.

?>Chaperina friedericii Sternfeld, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXXVI, 1918,
P. 435, pl. XXXI, fig. 8.

’

Tongue entire or slightly nicked behind; a denticulated
dermal ridge across the palate, and sometimes a median tubercle
in front of it. Head as long as broad; snout pointed, pro-
jecting, as long as or a little longer than the upper eyelid
and much longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular; loreal
region vertical, nearly flat; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout

I) I examined the specimen in the Leiden Museum, mentioned by Tschudi,

106

tnan to the eye; interorbital space 1'/, to 2 times as broad as
the upper eyelid; tympanum more or less distinct, '/, to 7/,
the diameter of the eye. Second to fourth fingers with large
disks (diameter of that of third finger ?/, of, to equal to that
of the tympanum), first finger only swollen at the tip; disks
of toes smaller than those of fingers; first finger much
shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe
longer than fifth; toes with a very rudimentary web; subarti-
cular and inner metatarsal tubercles flat or very indistinct, no
outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye or to between
the eye and the tip of the snout; tibia about half length of
head and body.

Smooth or finely granulate above; often a small pointed
flap on the margin of the upper eyelid and another one at the

Fig. 13. Sphenophryne cornuta Pts. & Dor., X% I.

heel; a series of small tubercles along the outer side of the
tarsus and the fore-arm; beneath with small, scattered, rounded
tubercles.

Brown above, sometimes spotted and marbled with blackish ;
beneath lighter, sometimes vermiculated with dark, and with
an irregular dark longitudinal streak on the throat; a fine
light mediodorsal and medioventral line may be present. Length
41 mm.

Clavicles strongly curved.

Eggs large (ovarial eggs 3,5 mm. in diameter).

Habitat: New Guinea (Samson riv.; Mt. Kohari, +600 m.!;
Sangke riv.!; Pomora riv., +760 m.!; Torricelli mts.,650—700 m.;
Vikaiku, St. Joseph riv.; Lorentz riv., 40 m.!; Went mts.,
800 m.!; Hellwig mts., g00 to +2500 m.!; Setekwa riv.).

107

2. Sphenophryne klossi Blgr.

Sphenophryne klossi Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914,

p- 251, pl. XXVII, figs. 3—3¢.

Tongue entire. Head broader than long; snout obtusely
pointed, projecting and obliquely truncate, as long as the eye;
canthus rostralis strong; loreal region moderately oblique,
slightly concave; interorbital space broader than the uppcr
eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct, about */, the diameter
of the eye. Disks of fingers very small, of toes a little larger;
first finger shorter than second; toes free; subarticular and
metatarsal tubercles not very prominent; the heel reaches
to between the eye and the tip of the snout.

Smooth, with a few small warts above and two chevron-
shaped fine glandular ridges on the scapular region, pointing
towards each other (5 <);-a narrow glandular fold from behind
the eye to the side of the body; a fine glandular ridge along
the middle of the back.

Yellow above, with an interrupted blackish bar between
the eyes, another, /A-shaped, on the scapular region, and a
third on the sacral region; loreal and temporal regions blackish
brown, this shade sometimes continued to the side of the
body below the glandular lateral fold; limbs with dark brown
cross-bars; hinder side of thighs blackish brown; lower parts
white, throat and lower surface of hind limbs mottled with
brown; a fine white line from the tip of the snout to the
cular region. From snout to vent 42 mm.

Dr. Boulenger informs me, that in this species a slender
clavicle, reaching the scapula, is present.

Habitat: New Guinea (Setekwa riv.).

3. Sphenophryne macrorhyncha (v. Kamp.).

Chaperina macrorhyncha and basipalmata vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1,
1906, p. 168, 169, pl. VI, figs. 3—5.

Chaperina macrorhyncha v. Kampen, ibid., IX, pt. I, 1909, p. 43.

> Sphenophryne schlaginhaufeni Wandolleck, Abh. Zool. Mus, Dresden, XIII, N°. 6,
IQII, p. 5, figs. Io—1I7.

? Chaperina quatuorlobata Wandolleck, ibid., p. 9, figs. 36—46.

Chaperina punctata and basipalmata y. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913,
Pp. 463, 464, pl. XI, fig. 7.

Chaperina basipalmata and punctata vy. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XX XVII,
1914, p. 377, 378.

Tongue entire or feebly nicked behind; a denticulated dermal

108

ridge across the palate, between the tubae, and in front of it
another smooth one, which may be substituted by one or
three tubercles or be entirely absent. Head a little broader
than long; snout more or less pointed, projecting, about as
long as or shorter than the upper eyelid, and longer than
deep; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region nearly vertical,
feebly concave; nostril equally distant from tip of snout and
eye; interorbital space as broad as to twice the width of the
upper eyelid; tympanum hidden or feebly distinct, '/, to */,
the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with distinct disks,
those of toes a little larger than those of fingers, the largest
one at most as large as the tympanum; disk of first finger
smaller than the other ones; first finger shorter than second,
which is shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes
free or slightly webbed at the base; subarticular and inner
metatarsal tubercies very flat; no outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the tympanum or the eye; tibia about half
the length of head and body.

Skin smooth,

Upper parts brownish or grey, uniform or with dark, round
spots or marblings; often a dark streak along loreal and
temporal regions, sometimes continued along the side of the
body; limbs spotted or cross-barred; whitish beneath, throat
and lower surface of limbs usually more or less vermiculated
with grey or brown. Length 35 mm.

Clavicles strongly curved.

Type specimen in the Leiden Museum examined.

The existence of specimens intermediate between the three
species I formerly distinguished make it necessary to unite them.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mamberamo riv.!; near Doorman

riv.. +850 m.!; Manikion region!; Tawarin riv.!; Air Mo
riv.!; Humboldt bay!; Timena riv.!; Pomora riv., +760m.!;
Begowre riv.!; ? Torricelli mts., 650—700 m.; Went mts.,

800—1050 m.!; Hellwig mts., goo—+2500 m.!; Mimika riv.).

4. Sphenophryne polysticta (v. Méh.).

Chaperina polysticta v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 258, pl. X,
fig. 3 (shoulder-girdle), XII, fig. 4.

Tongue large, oblong, entire; a denticulated dermal ridge
across the palate behind the tubae, and a round tubercle in

109

front of it. Snout obtusely rounded, a little shorter than the
eye; canthus rostralis rounded ; interorbital space a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, somewhat more
than ?/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers small, that
of first finger still smaller than those of the other ones, those of
the toes a little larger, but not more than half the diameter
of the tympanum; first finger much shorter than second, which
is shorter than fourth; third toe much longer than fifth; toes
free; subarticular tubercles very indistinct, inner metatarsal
tubercle small; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the
tympanum.

Skin. smooth.

Yellowish red, back more brownish, upper parts with rather
large, irregular, reddish brown spots; eyelids and snout blackish;
a few light spots on the upper lip; a dark lateral band from
the eye to the middle of the body; throat and breast marbled
with reddish brown. Length 16,5 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Sattelberg).

5. Sphenophryne fusca (Mocq.).

Chaperina fusca Mocquard, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, V, 1892, p. 194, pl. VII,

figs. 2—24,

Chaperina fusca vy. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 257, pl. VI,

figs. 4—5 (skull), X, fig. 7 (terminal phalanx), XII, fig. 3.

Tongue large, oval, entire; a denticulated dermal ridge across
the palate behind the tubae, and a round tubercle in front
of it. Head a little broader than long; snout rounded, hardly
longer than the eye; canthus rostralis very obtuse; loreal
region oblique; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the
eye; interorbital space nearly twice the width of the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, somewhat less than half the dia-
meter of the eye. Fingers and toes with small disks, those
of the toes somewhat larger than those of the fingers; first
finger shorter than second; third toe longer than fifth; toes
free; subarticular and the oblong inner metatarsal tubercle
feebly developed; the heel reaches the eye.

Skin smooth; a fold above the tympanum.

Brown above; throat and breast brownish, dotted with white;
belly and lower surface of thighs yellowish, finely speckled
or marbled with brown. Length 24 mm.

The description given above has been taken from v. Méchely,

110

who describes specimens from New Guinea. Probably a com:
parison of specimens of this island and Borneo will show,
that they belong to two different species, if not genera. The
specimens of Borneo, after the description of Mocquard, have
an other colouration: their upper surfaces are very dark brown,
nearly black, their lower parts are covered with a network
of brown lines, including yellow meshes. It is possible that
they belong to quite another family; they may even be
identical with Nectophryne picturata Smith.
Habitat: Borneo (Sintang); New Guinea (Sattelberg).

6. Sphenophryne beyeri (Taylor).
Chaperina beyeri Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 333, pl. III, fig. 3.

Tongue entire; a rather indistinct, small dermal ridge across
the palate. Head broader than long; snout short, truncate, a
little longer than the eye, nostril nearer the tip of the snout
than the eye; interorbital space more than 1?/, times the
width of the upper eyelid; no tympanum. Fingers and toes
with well-developed disks, except that of first finger, which
is small; first finger very short, much shorter than second,
which is shorter than fourth; subarticular tubercles large; third
toe much longer than fifth; toes free; the heel reaches the eye.

Skin smooth; elbows and heels each with a distinct dermal spine.

Above grey-brown to black; sides, posterior part of back
and limbs with or without small yellow dots; limbs with
irregular dark cross-bars; dermal spines on limbs yellow;
lower surface yellow to orange spotted, and reticulated with
brownish, forming rather rounded yellow spots. From snout
to vent 23 mm.

Tadpole. — Nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye; eyes
lateral, the distance between them more than twice their
distance to the end of the snout; spiraculum sinistral. Blackish ;
lighter below. Length 23 mm.

Habitat: Philippines, incl. Pelawan.

4. Oreophryne Bttegr.
(BoETTGER, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 135, and: Abh, Senckenb. naturf. Ges.,
XXV, 1901, p. 371; V. MEHELY, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 254).
Sphenophryne autt., part.
Méhelyia Wandolleck, Abh. Mus. Dresden, XIII, N°. 6, 1911, p. 6.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or slightly nicked, and free

Lin

behind. Palate toothless. One or two transverse dermal ridges
across the palate, in front of the pharynx. Tympanum in-
distinct or hidden. Fingers free, toes free or feebly webbed,

with disks. Outer metatarsals united.

Procoracoids and clavicles present, the latter not reaching
the scapulae; no omosternum '). Terminal phalanges T-shaped.
Distribution: from Celebes to New .Guinea.

Sy opsis ofthe Specres.

A. Toes free.

I, Metatarsal tubercle absent.
1. Tympanum 2/, or 3/, the width of the eye.
2. Tympanum about !/3; the width of the
yey Cig MVOC og Giolla: Geico 6 lotd a oN

II. Metatarsal tubercle present.
1. The heel does not reach the eye. Tym-
joemotinn VGN Gi S16 Gaclels. 5 boo Oo gac
2. The heel reaches the eye or beyond.
Tympanum about !/, the width of the eye,

or hidden,
a. First finger with a disk. .... coe
6, Tip of first finger not dilated.....

B. Toes webbed.
I. The procoracoid reaches the scapula.
1. Interorbital space much broader than the
WOE GWG! oo Soc a vo Gb Giolla os
2. Interorbital space as broad as the upper

II. Procoracoid connected with the scapula by
a ligament only.
1. Tympanum about !/, the width of the eye.
2. Tympanum about !/, the width of the eye.
a. Fifth toe extending beyond third.
a. The heel reaches the shoulder or
thie Cyn pa UM, eat let che tay cede
(@eduhe; heelsreachessthemeyeaameuan:
6. Fifth toe as long as third.
a. Two dermal palatine ridges... .

@.-One dermal palatine ridge . .

170}

9 ©
29

hie OP
5 eae 0}

variabilis p. 112.

. celebensis p. 112.

. monticola p. 113.

. verrucosa p. 113.

. ateles py. 115.

. senchenbergiana p. 115.

. crucifera p. 116.

. anthonyi p. 117.

LOLOL Ta 73

birot p. 118.

albopunctata p. 119.

mertoni p. 120.

1) The pectoral arch of O. ateles, variabilis and monticola has not been

described; as to variabilis and monticola Dr. Boulenger informs me, that a

cartilaginous procoracoid is present, but that he cannot find a clavicle. The

position of these species in the genus therefore is only provisional.

1i2

1. Oreophryne variabilis (Blgr.).
Sphenophryne variabilis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVIII, 1896, p. 64.
Sphenophryne variabilis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 235, pl. XVI,

fig. 5.

Tongue large, oval, entire. Snout rounded, short; canthus
rostralis feebly marked; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, */, or °/, the diameter
of the eye. Fingers with very large, toes with much smaller
disks; first finger shorter than second; toes free; no subarti-
cular or metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the shoulder
or the tympanum.

Skin smooth above; belly granulate.

Coloration very variable; grey, brown, purple, pink, or crimson
above, uniform or with darker marblings, or with a lighter
yellow or pink lateral streak; a light vertebral line sometimes
present; sides of head usually dark brown; a dark light-edged
ocellus may be present in the lumbar region; beneath uniform
whitish, or greyish with yellow spots, or dark brown with
yellow spots. From snout to vent 28 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Peak of Bonthain, 1500—2000 m.).

2. Oreophryne celebensis (F. Miil.).

> Phrynomantis fusca Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 35.
?>Phrynomantis fusca Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 429.
>Phrynomantis fusca Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 173.
Sphenophryne celebcensis F. Miiller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, X, 1895, p. 841, with fig.
Sphenophryne celebensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 235,

pl. XVI, fig. 4.

Oreophryne celebensis v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 256, pl. X,
fig. 1 (shoulder-girdle).

Tongue large, oval, entire. Snout rounded, short; canthus
rostralis feebly marked; loreal region nearly vertical; inter-
orbital space as broad as or a little broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum hidden or scarcely distinct, about '/, the
diameter of the eye. Fingers with very large, toes with much
smaller disks; first finger shorter than second; toes free; third
toe longer than fifth; no subarticular or metatarsal tubercles;
the heel reaches the eye or a little beyond.

Smooth, or with scattered small warts above; a small tuber-
cle sometimes present on the upper eyelid; belly granulate
or smooth.

it3

Colouration very variable; yellowish, reddish, pink, or brown
above, uniform or with darker spots or marblings; a triangular
dark marking between the eyes, or an X-shaped or hourglass-
shaped marking from between the eyes to the interscapular
_region; upper surface of snout sometimes pink; a dark streak
on the canthus rostralis; sometimes a light vertebral line;
greyish or brownish beneath, uniform or mottled with dark
brown. From snout to vent 30 mm.

Male without vocal sac.

The procoracoid reaches the scapula.

Habitat: Celebes (Indrulaman; Bowonglangi peak, 2000 m. ;
Bua Praeng; Luwu, 100—500 m.; Takalekadjo mts.; Takala
mts., I1200—1600 m.; Topapu, 1400 m.; Mt. Momi; Matinan
mts., 260 m.; Bone mts., 1200 m.; Bulawa mts., + 1200 m.;
Totoyia valley, 800 m.; Mt. Emponglar; Mt. Masarang; summit
of Gunung Sudara); Ambon?; Batanta?

3. Oreophryne monticola (Blgr.).

Sphenophryne monticola Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 508.

Tongue large, oval, entire. Snout rounded, short; canthus
rostralis feebly marked; interorbital space as broad as or broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers with well-
developed disks; disks of toes hardly smaller than those of
fingers; first finger shorter than second; toes free; no subar-
ticular tubercles; a very indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the shoulder or the temple.

Smooth or with small warts above; belly indistinctly granulate.

Colouration very variable; grey, brown, or magenta-red above,
uniform or with darker spots or marblings, with or without
a yellowish-white stripe from the upper eyelid to the groin;
sometimes a fine whitish line along the middle of the back
and along the hind limb; lower parts whitish or pinkish, inner
side of hind limbs usually bright pink; throat speckled with
brown or entirely dark brown. From snout to vent 26 mm.

Habitat: Lombok, 1200 m.

4. Oreophryne verrucosa (Blgr.).
Sphenophryne verrucosa Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) XVIII, 1898, p. 707,
polls WAUQL ties Pe
Oreophryne verrucosa v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 463.
?Sphenophryne wolfi Sternfeld, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges, XXXVI, 1918,
Pb Cas, IAL OOM vite Ce)
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. ; 3

114

Tongue entire or slightly nicked behind; a denticulated
dermal ridge across the palate and usually another, smooth
one, divided into three parts, in front of it. Head a little broader
than long; snout obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long
as the eye, longer than deep; canthus rostralis rather strong;
loreal region vertical or nearly so, concave; nostril nearer to the
tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden or more or less
distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. Disk of first
finger small, of the other ones large, broader than long, about
twice the width of the digit and as large as the tympanum ;
disks of toes smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter
than second, which is as long as fourth; third toe longer
than fifth; toes free; subarticular and inner metatarsal tuber-
cles flat, indistinct ; the heel reaches the eye or to between the
eye and the tip of the snout. .

Skin of upper parts smooth, or uneven, with flat warts and
wavy ridges; a more or less distinct conical tubercle near
the edge of the upper eyelid often present; lower parts smooth,
or belly slightly granulate. |

Colour very variable; greyish to blackish above, usually
with blackish spots or marblings; sometimes a light transverse
bar between the eyes or a light vertebral line; groin and
sides of thighs often black, spotted with white; an ill-defined
ocellus often present on each side of the lumbar region; lower
surface more or less spotted with brown, especially on throat
and breast. From snout to vent 33 mm.

Male without vocai sac.

The procoracoid reaches the scapula.

This species has been found by Mr. W. C. van Heurn:in the
cavities of Hydnophytum (near Idenburg riv., 2400—2900 m.),
which in this locality were not inhabited by ants. Each plant
usually contained two frogs and a clump of about 10 to 20
large eggs (about 5 mm. in diameter), which stuck by a string
of mucilage to the ceiling of one of the largest cavities. The
development is direct.

Habitat: New Guinea (near Idenburgriv., 1400 and
2400—2900 m.!; Moroka, Bartholomew range, 700 m.; Mt.
Victoria; Hellwig mts., +2500 m.!).

+

118

5. Oreophryne ateles (Blgr.).

Sphenophryne ateles Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) XVIII, 1898, p. 708,

pl. VIII, fig. 4.

Tongue entire. Head broader than long; snout rounded,
feebly projecting, a little shorter than the eye; canthus rostralis
strong; loreal region slightly oblique, concave; interorbital
space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct,
half the width of the eye. Tip of first finger not dilated,
three outer ones with very large disks, which are broader
than long, twice the width of the digit, and half the diameter
of the eye; toes with large disks, which are smaller than
those of the fingers; first finger very short, not half as long
as second; toes free; subarticular and metatarsal tubercles
flat, indistinct; the heel reaches the eye.

Upper parts with small warts and longitudinal ridges; lower
parts smooth.

Grey or brown above; sides and upper surface of snout
usually yellowish; a curved blackish dorso-lateral stripe and
a light vertebral line or broad stripe sometimes present; brown
or blackish beneath. From snout to vent 15 mm.

I suggest that this species is based on the young of O. verrucosa.

Habitat: New Guinea (Moroka, Bartholomew range, 700 m.).

6. Oreophryne senckenbergiana Bttg.

? Microhyla achatina var. moluccensis Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII,
1878, p. 428.
> Callula frontifasciata Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 243 !).
Oreophryne senckenbergiana Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 136.
Oreophryne senckenbergiana Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, 1901, p. 371,
pl. XVI, figs. 11—I11c¢.
Oreophryne Senckenbergiana v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 254, 255.
Tongue large, oval, entire; a denticulated dermal ridge
across the palate, between the tubae, and another one in front
of it. Snout obtusely pointed, a little shorter than the eye;
interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum hidden or indistinct, about '/, the diameter of the eye.
Disks of fingers and toes nearly equal in size, large, triangular
and truncated; first finger shorter than second; toes slightly,

1) The type specimens have been lost (after communication of Dr. van Lidth
de Jeude),

116

to almost '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles indistinct; an
inner very feeble, flat metatarsal tubercle, no outer one; the
heel reaches the tympanum or the posterior border of the eye.

Upper surfaces smooth; belly and lower surface of thighs
coarsely granulate.

White, marbled with grey; a white cross-bar between the
eyes; a black temporal streak, bordered above and below
with white; sides of body black and white spotted; a large
black spot, broadly bordered with white, in the loin; brownish-
yellow, spotted and marbled with white, below; sometimes
entirely brownish-yellow, without markings. Length 26 mm.

Male with a subgular inner vocal sac.

The procoracoid reaches the scapula.

Habitat: Morotai?; Halmahera; Ternate?; Batjan ?; Salawati ?

7. Oreophryne crucifera (v. Kamp.).
Cophixalus crucifer v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p- 462, pl. XI, fig. 6.
Oreophryne crucifera vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, XIII, pt. 1, 1915, p. 41.

Tongue oblong, very feebly nicked behind, free in its poste-
tior half; a denticulated dermal ridge across the palate and
in front of it sometimes a feebly developed smooth one. Head
broader than long; snout vertically truncate, shorter than the
upper eyelid; canthus rostralis sharp, curved; loreal region
very oblique, a little concave; interorbital space as broad as
the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden or distinct, about '/,
the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with large disks,
those of the three outer fingers somewhat more than half the
diameter of the eye, of first finger smaller, of toes a little
smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second,
which is longer than fourth; third and fifth toe about equal
in length; toes webbed at the base; subarticular and inner
metatarsal tubercles feeble, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the
heel reaches the eye, the tarsometatarsal articulation beyond
the tip of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body.

Lower surfaces of head and body entirely granulate, of
thighs smooth.

Reddish brown above; an hourglass-shaped figure on the
back and a roundish spot in the lumbar region yellowish; a
yellow cross-bar between the eyes; upper arm and thigh for
the greater part, and belly entirely colourless, or the belly
finely powdered with brown. Length 24 mm.

117

The procoracoid reaches the scapula.

Type specimen examined in the Amsterdam Museum.

Habitat: New Guinea (Went mts., 800—1050 m.!; Setek-
wa riv.).

8. Oreophryne anthonyi (Blgr.).

Sphenophryne anthonyi Boulenger, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 10,
ple Mice ttose ke
Oreophryne anthonyi vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, XIII, pt. 1, 1915, p. 40.
Tongue large, oval, entire; a denticulated dermal ridge
across the palate and another, smooth one, divided into three
parts, in front of it. Head nearly as long as broad; snout
rounded, vertically truncate, nearly as long as the eye, as deep
as long; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region nearly vertical,
concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;
interorbital space as broad as or a little broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, about half the diameter of the eye.
Fingers with very large, subtriangular disks, which are broader
than long; disks of toes much smaller; first finger shorter than
second, which is as long as fourth; third and fifth toe about
equal in length; toes with a rudiment of web; subarticular
and inner metatarsal tubercles absent or feebly developed;
the heel reaches the shoulder or the tympanum.
Upper parts smooth; throat and belly areolate.
Colouration very variable; grey, brown, or reddish above,
speckled or spotted with black, or with large light blotches ;
a fine light vertebral line sometimes present; thighs and lower
parts brown, uniform or spotted with yellow, or yellowish,
marbled and reticulated with dark brown; male with a light
line along the chin and throat. From snout to vent 45 mm.
Male without vocal sacs.
Procoracoid connected with the scapula by a ligament only.
Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley range;
orentz,riv.,. 40 m.!):

g. Oreophryne loriae (Blgr.).

Sphenophryne loriae Boulenger, Ann. Mus, Genova, (2) XVIII, 1898, p. 707,
pl. VIII, fig. 3.

Sphenophryne loriae vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 41.

Sphenophryne biroi v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, XIII, pt. 1, 1915, p. 40 (nec
Sph. biroi v. Méh.).

118

Tongue oblong or oval, entire or very slightly nicked behind;
a denticulated dermal ridge across the palate, and another
smooth one, very little developed, in front of it. Head broader
than long; snout rounded, feebly projecting, shorter than the
eye and as long as deep; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region
nearly vertical, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than
to the eye; interorbital space as broad as or broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct or indistinct,
about '/, the diameter of the eye. Fingers with very large
subtriangular disks, which are broader than long, that of third
finger about half the diameter of the eye, that of first one
smaller, but well-developed; disks of toes large, scarcely smaller
than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which
is about as long as fourth; fifth toe hardly longer than third;
toes webbed at the base; subarticular and inner metatarsal
tubercles flat, indistinct; no outer metatarsal tubercle; the
heel reaches the shoulder or the tympanum.

Skin smooth.

Colouration very variable; grey, brown, or reddish above,
uniform or with dark spots or marblings, with or without a
yellow vertebral line; often a dark brown triangular blotch
on the back of the head, the base between the eyes; some-
times a semilunar light spot in the lumbar region; lower parts
whitish, uniform or powdered with brown. From snout to
vent 28 mm.

Procoracoid connected with the scapula by a ligament only.

Habitat: New Guinea (Moroka, Bartholomew range, 700 m.;
Lorentz riv.!).

10. Oreophryne biroi (v. Meh.).

Sphenophryne biroi v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XX, 1897, p. 411, pl. X, figs. 3—6.

Sphenophryne birot v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 252, pl. X,
fig. 2 (shoulder-girdle); pl. XI, fig. 6 (skull).

> Mehelyia lineata Wandolleck, Abh. Zool. Mus, Dresden, XIII, 1911, N®% 6,
p- 7, figs. 18—26.

?Méhelyia affinis Wandolleck, ibid., p. 8, figs. 27—35.

Sphenophryne biroi v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 462.

Tongue oblong, entire, about half free behind; a denticu-
lated dermal ridge across the palate, in front of the pharynx,
and three dermal tubercles, sometimes nearly united into a
continuous ridge, in front of it. Head nearly as long as broad;

119

snout vertically truncate, shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus
rostralis obtuse; loreal region slightly oblique, concave; nostril
much nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct,
about 4/, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers ard toes rather
large, about as large as the tympanum, those of toes a little
smaller than those of fingers; first finger much shorter than
second, which is as long as fourth; toes webbed at the base;
fifth toe slightly longer than third; subarticular and inner
metatarsal tubercles very feeble, no outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the eye; tibia half length of head and body.

Skin smooth, granulate on the belly and the lower and
posterior surfaces of the thighs.

Upper parts yellowish red, with blackish dots and larger
spots or longitudinal streaks; limbs with indistinct dark cross-
bars; beneath light reddish brown, sometimes powdered or
marbled with dark brown. Length 25 mm.

Procoracoid connected with the scapula by a ligament only.

Habitat: New Guinea (Yorricellr mtst?jy%near Friedrich
Wilhelmshafen ; Sattelberg; Moroka, Bartholomew range, 700 m.;
Van der Sande riv.!).

11. Oreophryne albopunctata (v. Kamp.).

Sphenophryne albopunctata v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. I, 1909, p. 42,
Plow Ui tiee 77.

Tongue oval, entire, about '/, free behind; two dermal ridges
across the palate, the posterior one denticulated. Head a
little broader than long; snout rounded, feebly projecting,
shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal
region nearly vertical, slightly concave; interorbital space much
broader than the upper eyelid ; nostril much nearer to the tip of
the snout than to the eye; tympanum very indistinct, about '/,
the diameter of the eye. Fingers with large disks, that of third
finger larger than half the width of the eye, that of first finger
and those of toes a little smaller than those of outer fingers;
first finger shorter than second, which is nearly as long as
fourth; toes webbed at the base, third and fifth of equal
length; subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles flat, no
outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tympanum or
the posterior border of the eye.

120

Skin smooth, or with a few scattered flat warts above;
belly granular.

Upper surfaces brownish; a dark cross-bar between the eyes;
a dark W-shaped spot behind the head and two semilunar
light, dark bordered spots in the lumbar region; all these
markings sometimes indistinct; a small white dot in the middle

Fig. 14. Oreophryne albopunctata (v. Kamp.), X 13/4.

of the upper surface of the tibia; anal region blackish; lower
surfaces lighter, more or less clouded with dark, especially
on throat and breast. Length 25 mm.

Procoracoid connected with the scapula by a ligament only.

Type specimen examined.

Habitat: New Guinea (Lorentz riv. !).

12. Oreophryne mertoni (Roux).

Sphenophryne mertont Roux, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges, XXXIII, 1910, p. 227,

pl. XIV, figs. 5—5 4.

Tongue rather large, entire; a denticulated dermal ridge
across the palate in front of the pharynx. Head as long as
broad; snout rounded, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis
not angular; interorbital space 17/, times as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum very indistinct, hardly '/, the diameter of
the eye. Fingers rather short, with large disks, the largest
one half the diameter of the eye; disks of toes smaller than
those of fingers; second finger as long as fourth; toes webbed

I2]

at the base; third and fifth toe of equal length; no subarti-
cular or metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the posterior
border of the eye.

Upper parts smooth; a very fine, curved, glandular fold
above the tympanum; a few feebly prominent granules behind
the corner of the mouth; lower surface of body and thighs areolate.

Middle of the back light greyish brown (dark orange-red
in life); a /A\-shaped spot in the lumbar region; a white spot
upon, and behind the tympanum; snout grey; loreal region
brown; a brown, triangular marking between the eyes; thighs
and sides of body greyish brown, speckled with brown; beneath
greyish, speckled with brown. Length 26,5 mm.

Procoracoid connected with the scapula by a ligament only.

Habitat: Aru islands.

5. Microbatrachus Roux.
(Roux, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXXIII, 1910, p. 228).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire, extensively free behind.
Palate toothless. A smooth dermal ridge across the palate, in
front of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers and toes
free; tips of fingers obtuse, of toes slightly dilated.

Procoracoids present; clavicles and omosternum absent;
sternum narrow.

Distribution: Aru islands.

1. Microbatrachus pusillus Roux.

Microbatrachus pusillus Roux, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXXIII, 1910,

p- 228, pl. XIV, figs. 6--6 4,

Tongue large, subtriangular, about half free behind. Head
nearly as long as broad; snout broadly truncated, as long as
the eye; no canthus rostralis; nostril in the middle between
the orbit and the tip of the snout; interorbital space 17/, times
the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers
obtuse; second to fifth toe with very feebly dilated tips;
fingers very short, first shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; toes short, first shorter than second, third longer
than fifth; no subarticular or metatarsal tubercles; the heel
reaches the posterior border of the eye.

Skin smooth.

Upper parts brown, darker on the head and the anterior

part of the back; fore limbs greyish white, hind limbs yellowish
brown; lower parts yellowish white, the throat a little darker,
with small lighter dots. Length 7 mm.
Perhaps a young Sphenophryne or Oreophryne sp.
Habitat: Aru islands.

6. Oxydactyla v. Kamp.
(v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 464).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire, free behind. Palate tooth-
less. Two dermal transverse ridges across the palate, in front
of the pharynx, the posterior one denticulated. Tympanum
hidden. Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer
metatarsals united.

Procoracoids and clavicles present, the latter reaching the
scapulae; no omosternum; sternum small. Terminal phalanges
club-shaped.

Distribution: New Guinea.

1. Oxydactyla brevicrus v. Kamp.
Oxydactyla brevicrus vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 465, pl. XI, fig. 8.

Tongue broad, oblong, half free behind. Head broader than
long, its width */, the length of head and body; snout rounded,

Fig, 15. Oxydactyla brevicrus v. Kamp., X 13/4.

feebly projecting, shorter than the eye, about as deep as

long; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region slightly oblique,

SD?

123

almost flat; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to
the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid;
tympanum scarcely or not visible in the adult, more distinct
and a little more than half the width of the eye in young speci-
mens. First finger shorter than second, which is shorter than
fourth; third toe a little longer than fifth; subarticular tuber-
cles very feeble; a feebly developed inner, no outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the axilla or the shoulder,
the tarso-metatarsal articulation the tympanum or the posterior
border of the eye; tibia '/, length of head and body.

Skin smooth.

Violet above, marbled or spotted with dark, sometimes with
a dark band along the sides of head and body; yellowish
beneath, usually marbled with brown, especially on throat
and limbs. Length 30 mm.

Type specimen examined.

In most points resembling the Australian Bufonid genus
Pseudophryne, which seems to be more nearly related to the
Lrevicipitinae than to Bufo.

Habitat: New Guinea (near Idenburg riv., + 1450 and
2400—2900 m.!; Hellwig mts., + 2500 m.!; Wichmann mts.,
==" 3000" m1./!))

7. Callulops Bier.
(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) I, 1888, p. 345).

Pupil vertical. Tongue entire, slightly free behind and on
the sides. Palatine bones forming an acute ridge across the
palate, armed with a series of small teeth. A denticulated
transverse dermal ridge across the palate, in front of the pharynx.
Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips with small
disks. Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids or clavicles. Terminal phalanges simple.

Distributron: New Guinea.

I. Callulops doriae Blgr.
Callulops Doriae Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) I, 1888, p. 345.

Tongue oblong. Head rather small, much broader than long,
convex on the frontal and occipital region; no canthus rostralis;
interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid; eye
small; tympanum much larger than the eye. First and second

124

fingers equal; toes moderately elongate; inner metatarsal
tubercle indistinct; the heel reaches the shoulder; tibia ?/, the
length of head and body.

Skin smooth, thick and leathery on the back.

Brown; groin and sides of hind limbs yellowish, with a
wide-meshed blackish network. From snout to vent 75 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Haveri, in Moroka; Milne gulf).

8. Gastrophryne Fitz.
(FITZINGER, Syst. Rept., Vindobonae, fasc. I, 1843, p. 33; STEJNEGER, Proc.
biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII (1910), 1911, p. 165).
Engystoma Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal., 1882, p. 160, nec Fitzinger, Neue Classif.

Rept., Wien, 1826, p. 39.

Pupil vertical. Tongue entire and free behind. Palate tooth-
less. A transverse dermal ridge across the palate between the
choanae, and another in front of the pharynx. Tympanum
hidden. Fingers and toes free, blunt or with dilated tips. Outer
metatarsals united.

No procoracoids or clavicles. Terminal phalanges simple.

Distribution: America; Borneo.

1. Gastrophryne borneénsis (Blgr.).
Engystoma borneense Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 108.

Snout pointed, strongly projecting, very long (twice and a
half the diameter of the eye); interorbital space thrice the
width of the upper eyelid; eye small. Fingers swollen at the
end; toes with small disks; fingers short, first shorter than
second ; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches
the posterior border of the eye, the tarso-metatarsal articu-
lation the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth.

Blackish brown above, with scattered minute white dots;
brown beneath. From snout to vent 39 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Baram district, Serawak).

9. Phrynella Bigr.
(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 346).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue nicked and free behind. Palate
toothless. No dermal ridges across the palate. Tympanum
hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips dilated. Outer
metatarsals united.

128

No procoracoids or clavicles. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.
Distribution: Malacca; Mentawei isl.; Sumatra; Borneo.

Sy mopsis of the:Spe cies.

A. Toes at least 3/, webbed. Subarticular tubercles flat. 1. P. pulchra p. 125.
B. Toes hardly half webbed. Subarticular tubercles very

prominent. .... a eras oy hts ste ahs ee teen ee 2. P. pollicaris p. 125.
P P

1. Phrynella pulchra Blgr.
Phrynella pulchra Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIX, 1887, p. 346.

pleXe hie. 2:

Phrynella pulchra \senschmid, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 75, pl. V, figs. 1, 1a.
Phrynella pulchra Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

1912, p. 265.

Habit stout. Head small; snout truncate, projecting, a little
longer than the eye; interorbital space much broader than
the upper eyelid. Fingers depressed, with large subtriangular
disks; toes with feebly dilated tips; first finger shorter than
second; toes */, to nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tuber-
cles very large and flat; a small, oval, flat inner metatarsal
tubercle; the heel reaches the temple or nearly the posterior
border of the eye.

Skin smooth, or with small flat warts on the sides and the
posterior part of the back.

Brown above, with symmetrical darker spots, some of which
are edged with a pink line; throat and lower surface of foot
brown; belly, groin and hinder side of thighs yellowish (in
spirit); vent in a large dark brown spot, separated from the
dark colour of the back and the upper surface of the thighs
by a band of the yellowish colour of the lower surface. From
snout to vent 42 mm.

Male with an internal subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Belu Telang,
Lower Langkat; Deli; Batak mts., 800 m.; Benakat, Palem-
bang!). — Malay Peninsula.

2. Phrynella pollicaris Bler.

Prynella pulchra Gitnther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XX, 1887, p. 313,
pl. XVI, fig. B.

Phrynella pollicaris Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 37.

Prrynella pollicaris Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 266.

126

Distinguished from Ph. pulchra by a stouter habit, a shorter
head, shorter and thicker digits with much stronger and very
prominent subarticular tubercles, hardly half webbed toes, and
by the presence, in the male, of a strong, tubercle-like rudi-
ment of pollex.

Colour in life dark olive-brown above; an oblique yellow
line from the eye to the angle of the mouth; a pale olive-
yellow mark across fore-head, through the eyes, and down
the sides of the body to the thighs, this band minutely spotted
with dark brown, principally along the centre; a triangular
dark-centred pale mark on the anal region; limbs with pale
cross-bands; throat of male dark brown, passing into yellow
on the breast; belly brown, spotted with whitish. The colour
is very changeable, passing to blackish or yellowish. From
snout to vent 34 mm.

Lives in holes in trees, containing rain-water. The voice is
loud, flute-like.

Habitat: Sumatra; Borneo. — Perak, from goo m. upwards.

10. Xenobatrachus Ptrs. & Dor.

(PeTERS e Dorta, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 432).
Choanacantha vy. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXI, 1898, p. 175.
Xenorhina v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 231 (partim).

Pupil circular or feebly horizontally elliptic. Tongue large,
entire or nicked, perfectly attached or free behind. One or
two large tooth-like processes behind each choane, A denti-
culated transverse dermal ridge across the palate, in front of
the pharynx, and sometimes a tubercle in front of it. Tym-
panum more or less distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips
usually dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal pha-
langes T-shaped.

The eggs are large and few, the development is thus pro-
bably direct.

Distribution: New Guinea.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. One tooth-like process behind each choane.
I. Snout nearly twice the diameter of the eye.... 1. X. rvostratus p. 127.
Il. Snout as long as the upper eyelid.

1. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye. 2. X. oced/atus p. 128,

127

2. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches beyond
thestip) off tlensnoutp se aetence reer) ale alle, > 3. X. macrops p. 128.
&. Two tooth-like processes behind each choane.
I. Tympanum as large as the eye.

1. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches beyond

NOMS S Gb S ose G08, Glmea 0 Mar OMore Beh eee Tia 4. X. bidens p. 129.
2. The tarso-metatarsal articulation does not reach
beyondgtheseyerner use seeuicnccsule a wives <jacere ete 5. X. giganteus p. 130.
Il. Tympanum half the diameter of the eye...... 6. X. ophiodon p. 131.

I. Xenobatrachus rostratus (v. Méh.).

Choanacantha rostrata v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXI, 1898, p. 175, pl. XII.
Choanacantha mehelyi Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) XVIII, 1898, p. 709,
pl. VII, fig. 5.
NXenorhina rostrata v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 233, pl. IX,
fig. 10 (situs viscerum); pl. XI, figs. 1—2 (skull).
AXenorhina rostrata v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVIJ, 1914, p. 373.
Habit stout. Tongue perfectly attached behind; one tooth-
like process behind each choane. Head broader than long;
the side of the head, from tip of snout to shoulder, forms a
strongly curved line; snout pointed, strongly projecting, nearly
twice the diameter of the eye (in the adult); canthus rostralis
indistinct; loreal region very oblique, feebly concave; nostril
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space
thrice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum more or less
distinct, its diameter equal to the length of the upper eyelid.
Tips of fingers not or feebly dilated, toes with very small
disks; fingers short, first a little shorter than second, which
is about as long as fourth; length of the fourth toe contained
3'/,—4 times in the distance between the vent and the poste-
rior border of the eye; third toe much longer than fifth;
subarticular tubercles and the small inner metatarsal tubercle
indistinct; no outer metatarsal tubercle; hind limb of various
length: the, heel does not reach the axil, or reaches farther,
to the tip of the snout.
Skin smooth, with a few scattered small tubercles on the
upper surface; the snout may be covered with small warts.
Brown or slate-coloured above, sometimes with some dark
spots, each with a light centre, arranged in two or four longi-
tudinal series; a dark spot behind the tympanum; a fine white
or red line along the middle of the back and usually along
the hind limbs; posterior surface of thighs with a dark blackish

128

band; yellowish white (in life fiery red) beneath, dotted or
marbled with grey or brown. Length 46 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (near Idenburg riv., + 800—1000 m.!;
Sermowai riv., +70 m.!; Humboldt bay!; mouth of Tami
riv.; Erima; Sattelberg; Vikaiku).

2. Xenobatrachus ocellatus (v. Kamp.).

Xenorhina ocellata vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 461, pl. XI,

figs. 4—5.

Habit more or less stout. Tongue a little free behind; one
tooth-like process behind each choane. Head broader than
long; snout pointed, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid,
about as long as deep; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region
oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the
eye; interorbital space one and a half to twice the width. of
the upper eyelid; tympanum rather distinct, as large as the
eye or hardly smaller. Tips of fingers blunt, of toes hardly
swollen; fingers short, first shorter than second, which is as
long as fourth; length of the fourth toe contained 3—3'/, times
in the distance between vent and posterior border of the eye;
third toe longer than fifth; subarticular and inner metatarsal
tubercles very feeble; the heel reaches the shoulder, the
tarso-metatarsal articulation the eye.

Skin smooth, the tip of the snout covered with small warts;
a strong fold above the tympanum.

Brownish (in spirit) above; a white spot, bordered with
bluish black, around the vent; a large, light spot, bordered
with dark, in the loin; a similar spot, sometimes divided into
smaller spots, on the posterior surface of the thighs; uniform
brownish beneath. Length 42 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Hellwig mts., +2500 m.!).

3. Xenobatrachus macrops (v. Kamp.).

Xenorhina rostrata v, Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 39, pl. II, fig. 6.
Xenorhina macrops v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 460.

Habit stout. Tongue nearly perfectly attached behind; one
tooth-like process behind each choane. Head broader than long;
snout pointed, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus
rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer
to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space twice

129

the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum nearly invisible,
not distinctly defined. Fingers slender, with swollen tips; toes
with small disks; first finger shorter than second, which is a
little shorter than fourth; length of the fourth toe contained
about 3 times in the distance between the posterior border
of the eye and the vent; third toe extending beyond fifth;
subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles feeble, no outer
metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye, the tarso-meta-
tarsal articulation far beyond the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth, with small warts on the tip of the snout; a
strong fold above the tympanum and sometimes a fold between
the posterior borders of the upper eyelids.

Brownish violet (in spirit); lips and lower surface, except
the throat, marbled with lighter; vent bordered with black.
Length 53 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (near Idenburg riv., 2400 m.!; summit
of the Hellwig mts., +2500 m.!).

4. Xenobatrachus bidens (v. Kamp.).
Xenorhina bidens v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. I, 1909, p. 39.
Xenorhina bidens vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 460.

Habit stout. Tongue perfectly attached behind; two tooth-
like processes behind each choane. Head broader than long;
snout pointed, projecting, longer than the upper eyelid; canthus
rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique; nostril close to the
tip of the snout; interorbital space twice the width of the
upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, as large as the eye.
Fingers with slightly swollen tips, toes with small disks; first
finger shorter than second, which is a little shorter than fourth;
length of the fourth toe contained about 3 times in the
distance between the posterior border of the eye and the
vent; third toe longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles in-
distinct; inner metatarsal tubercle none or feeble, no outer
one; the heel reaches the shoulder or the eye, the tarso-meta-
tarsal articulation to between eye and tip of snout or beyond.

Skin smooth; tip of the snout sometimes with small warts.

Light brown above, uniform or with a few small black dots;
a dark band along the canthus rostralis and some dark spots
on the lips and the limbs sometimes present; white beneath,
finely marbled with brown. Length 29 mm.

The food consists of ants.

Habitat: New Guinea (Digul riv.!; Lorentz riv.!).
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 9

130

s. Xenobatrachus giganteus (v. Kamp.).
Xenorhina gigantea v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, XIII, pt. I, 1915, p. 40.

Habit stout. Tongue perfectly attached behind; in front of
the denticulated dermal ridge of the palate a transverse tubercle;
two tooth-like processes behind each choane. Head much

Fig. 16. Xenobatrachus giganteus (v. Kamp.), type specimen, X I.

broader than long, its width twice the distance between the
tip of the snout and the angle of the mouth; snout truncate,
not projecting, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis
rounded; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril close to the

i3i

tip of the snout; interorbital space twice to twice and a half
the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct,
as large as the eye. Fingers and toes with slightly swollen
tips; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than
fourth; length of the fourth toe contained about 3'/, times
in the distance between the posterior border of the eye and
the vent; third toe longer than fifth; subarticular and inner
metatarsal tubercles feeble, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the
heel reaches at most the shoulder, the tarso-metatarsal arti-
culation the axil or to between tympanum and eye.

Skin very finely granular; tip of snout with small warts.

Brownish violet (in spirit); yellowish beneath, marbled with
dark brown. Length 86 mm.

Type specimen examined.

Habitat: New Guinea (Snow mts., 1700 m.!).

6. Xenobatrachus ophiodon Ptrs. & Dor.
Xenobatrachus ophiodon Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 432,

pl. VII, fig. 5.

NXenobatrachus ophiodon Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 172.

Tongue nicked, free behind and on the sides; two large,
curved teeth behind each choane. Head small; snout prominent,
a little longer than the eye; canthus rostralis not distinctly
developed; nostril lateral, close to the tip of the snout; tym-
panum half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with
small disks; first finger shorter than second, which is about
as long as fourth; third toe longer than fifth; no metatarsal
tubercles; the heel reaches the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth.

Dark brown above, irregularly spotted and marbled with
blackish; whitish beneath, throat and chest reticulated with
brown. Length 30 mm.

Habitat: New. Guinea (Hatam, Arfak mts.).

11. Xenorhina Ptrs.
(PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1863, p. 82).

Pupil horizontal, nearly circular. Tongue large, circular,
entire, free only at the sides, perfectly attached behind. Palate
toothless. A denticulated transverse dermal ridge across the
palate, in front of the pharynx. Tympanum more or less distinct.

{32

Fingers and toes free, the tips dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
No procoracoids, clavicles, or omosternum. Terminal pha-

langes T-shaped.
Distribution: New Guinea.

I. Xenorhina oxycephala (Schlg.).
Bombinator oxycephalus Schlegel, Handl. Dierk., Breda, 1858, II, p. 58, pl. 1V, fig. 74.
Xenorhina oxycephala Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 179.
Xenorhina atra Giinther, Novit. Zool., III, 1896, p. 184, pl. VIII, fig. 1.
Xenorhina oxycephala v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 236.
Xenorhina oxycephala ¥. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 374.

Habit stout. Head broader than long, the side of the head,
from tip of snout to shoulder, forms a feebly curved line;
snout pointed, strongly projecting, twice the length of the
eye; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region very oblique, feebly
concave; nostril nearer to
the tip of the snout than to
the eye; interorbital space
about thrice the width of the
upper eyelid; tympanum
hidden ‘or more er less
distinct, about as large as
the eye. Fingers with slight-
ly swollen tips, toes with
small disks; fingers short,
first shorter than second,
which is about as long as
fourth; length of the fourth
toe contained about 3 to 3'/,
times in the distance be-
Fig. 17. Xenorhina oxycephala (Schlg.), X1. tween vent and posterior

border of the eye; third toe
much longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles and the small
nner metatarsal tubercle indistinct, no outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the axil or the eye, the tarso-metatarsal
articulation the tip of the snout or beyond.

Skin smooth; snout with or without small warts.

Black, brown, greyish violet or red above (in life), with or
without a light vertebral line; grey, brick-red, or orange,
more or less marbled with brownish, beneath; a dark spot
around the vent and on a part of the posterior surface of
the thighs; the sides sometimes white. Length 47 mm.

133

Type specimens in the Leiden Museum examined.
Habitat: New Guinea (Lobo; Idenburg riv.!; Sermowai
riv.. +70 and 400 m.!; Humboldt bay!; Mosso riv.!; Clyde riv.).

12, Asterophrys Tschudi.
(TscHuprI, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 45, 82).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue large, circular, entire, free at the
sides and slightly behind. Palate toothless. A denticulated
transverse dermal ridge across the palate, in front of the pharynx.
Tympanum feebly distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips
feebly dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal phalanges
obtuse.

Distribution: New Guinea.

Asterophrys turpicula (S. Mill.).
Ceratophrys turpicola (S. Miill.), Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek.
Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 30, pl. X, fig. 4.
Asterophrys turpicola Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 444.
Habit stout. Dermal ridge of the palate with about ten strong,
triangular denticles. Head large, triangular, with convex crown,
its length */, of its width, which is half the length of head

Fig. 18. Asterophrys turpicula (S. Miill.), type specimen, X I.

and body; snout vertically truncated, feebly projecting, as
long as the eye; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region high,
vertical, concave; nostril lateral, close to the tip of the snout;
interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid; tym-

134

panum feebly distinct, vertically oval, its vertical diameter */,
the diameter of the orbit and as large as the distance from
eye to tympanum. Fingers and toes with very smal! disks;
first finger a little shorter than second; third toe much longer
than fifth; subarticular tubercles distinct; an indistinct oval
inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tympanum or
the eye, the tarso-metatarsal articulation the eye or the tip
of the snout.

Smooth above, with some scattered small tubercles on back
and limbs; some pointed dermal appendages on the upper
eyelid, one of which, situated close to the middle of the outer
border, being more prominent than the other ones; a bony
ridge from the eye to the anterior border of the tympanum
and a stronger one from the eye to above and behind the
tympanum; a median low bony ridge on the head; almost
smooth beneath; sides with rather large tubercles.

Brown above (in life brownish green, with a few dark dots);
sides and lower surface lighter, with dark marblings; sides
of head dark brown. From snout to vent 48 mm.

Type specimens in the Leiden Museum examined. This
examination has shown that this species belongs to the Lrevz-
cipitidae and the genus is closely allied with Xenorhina. The
sacral diapophyses are moderately dilated.

Habitat: New Guinea! (Lobo; Torricelli mts.:')).

13. Copiula v. Méh:
(v. MEHELY, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 242).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue small, oval, entire and extensively
free behind. Palate toothless. A denticulated transverse dermal
ridge across the palate, in front of the pharynx. Tympanum
distinct. Fingers and toes free, with disks. Outer metatarsals
united.

No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal pha-
langes T-shaped.

Distribution: New Guinea.

Synopsis of the Species:

A, Snout not or hardly longer than the upper eyelid. 1. C. oxyrhina p. 135.
B. Snout 2!1/, times the length of the eye..... 2. C. (2) rostellifera p. 135.

1) After Wandolleck, Abh. Mus, Dresden, XIII, N°. 6, 1910, p. 14,

135

1. Copiula oxyrhina (Blgr.).
Phrynixalus oxyrhinus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 476, 480,
pl. XXXVIII, fig. 3.
Copintla oxyr ike v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 243, pls. VIII,

(mouth, skull &c.); X, fig. 6 (terminal phalanx).
Copiula oxyrhina v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. I, 1906, p. 168.

Habit slender. Tongue oval, narrow, free in its posterior
third or half. Head small, as long as broad; .snout rather
pointed, projecting, as long as or hardly longer than the
upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct,
obtuse; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril about equally
distant from end of snout and eye; interorbital space much
broader than the upper eyelid; eye small; tympanum distinct,
'!, to °/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers small, of
toes larger, but smaller than
the tympanum; first finger
shorter than second, which
is shorter than fourth; third
toe longer than fifth; sub-
articular tubercles and the
elliptic inner metatarsal
tubercle feebly prominent,
no outer metatarsal tubercle;
EewMeer meaches the veye
or the tip of the snout; tibia ee
a little more than half the Fig. 109. epee oxyrhina (Blgr.), X 11/5.
length of head and body.

Back smooth or finely granulate; lower parts smooth.

Grey to brown above, with or without dark brown spots
and marblings, which are largest on the sides; a brown or
_blackish streak along each side of the head and some distance
along the side of the body; groin and posterior surface of
thighs whitish, with black spots or marblings; whitish beneath,
the throat often dark marbled. Length 37 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Cycloop mts.?!; Humboldt bay!;
Timena riv.!; Njao!; Begowre riv.!; Screlberes Went mts.,
1050 m.!; Hellwig mts.!). — St. Ajenan isl.

2. Copiula (?) rostellifera Wand.

Copiula (?) rostellifer Wandolleck, Abh. Zool. Mus, Dresden, AIT, N°s ORG T es
p- I1, figs. 47—49 and text- eiges A—B,

136

Habit very stout. Dermal ridge of palate divided into four
parts. Snout very prominent, long, 2'/, times the length of
the eye; the distance from eye to nostril twice the diameter
of the eye and equal to the width of the interorbital space;
tympanum feebly distinct. Fingers and toes with disks, except
the first finger and the first and second toe, which have the
tips not dilated.

Bluish grey; an hour-glass shaped brownish marking on
the back; a small yellow spot at each side in the lumbar
region and a yellowish streak between the eyes; beneath yellow,
finely mottled with grey. Length 19!/, mm.

Perhaps identical with Chocrophryne proboscidea, which has,
nowever, two dermal ridges across the palate.

Habitat: New Guinea (Torricelli mts.).

14. Choerophryne v. Kamp.
(v. KAMPEN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 376).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue narrow, oblong, slightly nicked,
and free behind. Palate toothless. Two denticulated transverse
dermal ridges across the palate, in front of the pharynx.
Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, with large disks.
Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids or clavicles. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Distribution: New Guinea.

1. Choerophryne proboscidea v. Kamp.
Choerophryne proboscidea v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 376.

Habit slender. Head small, its width '/, the length of head
and body; snout acutely pointed, strongly projecting, once
and a half the length of the upper eyelid, twice as long as
deep; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region nearly vertical,
flat; nostril close to tip of snout; interorbital space twice and
a half the width of the upper eyelid; eye small; tympanum
*/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes equal in
size and about as large as the tympanum, that of first finger
a little smaller than the other ones; first finger shorter than
second; fifth toe a little longer than third; subarticular and
inner metatarsal tubercles feeble; the heel reaches the tym-
panum ; tibia a little less than half the length of head and body.

Warty above, belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.

137

Brownish above; back with ill-defined dark spots; limbs
with dark cross-bars; a light spot, bordered with black, in the
loin; beneath speckled with white. Length 19 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Tor riv.!; Njao!).

15. Hylophorbus Macl.

(MacLEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 136; Fry, Mem. Queens-
land Mus., II, 1913, p. 48).'

Phrynixalus Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 133.

Mantophryne Boulenger, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 12.
Gnathophryne v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 225.

Metopostira v. Méhely, ibid., p. 238.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue large, oval, more or less free behind.
Palate toothless. Two transverse dermal ridges across the palate,
in front of the pharynx, the posterior one denticulated, the
anterior one smooth. Tympanum more or less distinct. Fingers
and toes free '), the tips dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids or clavicles. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Distribution: Philippines; Halmahera;

Australia.

Synopsis Ofthe Species:

A. Disks of fingers large.
I. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the
anterior border olstheveye- sls) pens) isin
lJ. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches beyond
the eye.
1. Interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid.
a. Tympanum 2/, the width of the eye. . .
6. Tympanum less than !/, the width of
WYER AS Ba 6 to ac ‘eric BMS Geol ouolorena be ore
2. Interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid.
&. Disks of fingers small.
I. Loreal region nearly vertical.
1. Tympanum as large as the eye.......
2. Tympanum about !/, to3/, the width of the eye.
II. Loreal region oblique.
1. Interorbital space once to 1'/, times the

width of the upper eyelid.

I) See however #. (?) zewhaussi p. 144.

NS

ass

Le

New Guinea;

. birot p. 138.

. variegatus p. 138.

- montanus p. 139.

boettgert p. 140.

rufescens Pp. 140.
ocellatus p. 141.

138

a. Tympanum about !/, the width of theeye. 7. H. dubius p. 143.
6. Tympanum about 2/; the width ofthe eye. 8. 4. robustus p. 143.
2. Interorbital space twice the width of the
upper eyelid.
a. Tympanum about !/, the width of theeye. 9. H. microtis p. 144.
4, Tympanum 5/, the width of the eye... 10. A. (?) mewhaussi p. 144.

1. Hylophorbus birdi (v. Méh.).
Phrynixalus Birodi v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 247, pl. IX, figs.

I—4 (eggs); XI, figs. 3—5 (palate, skull); XII, fig. 2.

Tongue very feebly nicked and half free behind. Head about
as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, about as long as
the upper eyelid, much longer than deep; canthus rostralis
strong; loreal region almost vertical, concave; nostril twice
as far from the eye as from the tip of the snout; interorbital
space twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum not
very distinct, about 1/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of
fingers rather large, of toes smaller; first finger much shorter
than second; third toe longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles
indistinct; a large and oblong, rather indistinct inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tympanum, the tarso-
metatarsal articulation the anterior border of the eye.

Skin smooth; lower surface granulated, at least on posterior
part of belly.

Upper parts dirty pink-coloured, finely and rather densely
dotted or marbled with reddish brown; a dark streak along
the side of the head, which may be continued along the
anterior part of the body, and sometimes another along each
side of the back; whitish or reddish yellow below, throat and
anterior part of breast sometimes blackish brown. Length 33 mm.

As is stated by v. Méhely the egg-strings are deposited in
the water, though the development is direct; the embryo has
no gills, but breathes by the aid of the large tail.

Habitat: New Guinea (Tor riv.!; Sattelberg, 750 m.).

2. Hylophorbus variegatus nova spec.

Tongue feebly nicked and nearly half free behind. Head as
long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, projecting, as long as
the eye, longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal
region nearly vertical, almost flat; nostril nearer the tip of
the snout than the eye; interorbital space a little broader

139

than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, the width of
the eye. Disks of fingers and toes large, triangular, those of
second to fourth finger about as large as the tympanum, of
first finger and of toes smaller; first finger much shorter than
second, which is about as long as fourth; fifth toe longer
than third; subarticular tubercles very feebly developed, no
metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the eye, the tarso-
metatarsal articulation beyond the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth.

Rufous brown with white markings, viz. a streak along the
canthus rostralis; a cross-bar between the eyes; a longitudinal
streak along each side of the back, each of them confluent
with a spot at the side of the middle of the back; a large
spot on the posterior part of the back; cross-bars on the limbs;
whitish beneath. Length 18 mm.

Distinguished from /7. monfanus by a larger tympanum and
the characteristic design.

Type specimen in the Amsterdam Museum.

Habitat: New Guinea (Digul riv.!).

3. Hylophorbus montanus (Bttgr.).

Phrynixalus montanus Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 133.
Phrynixalus montanus (part.) Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV,

I901, p. 368.

Phrynixalus montanus v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 251.

Habit stout. Head broader than long; snout obtusely pointed,
shorter than the eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region
distinctly concave; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum rather distinct, '/, to */, the diameter of
the eye. Fingers with very large, triangular disks, the largest
of which is about as large as the tympanum; disks of toes
large, triangular, much smaller than those of fingers; first
finger much shorter than second; subarticular tubercles very
feebly developed; a feeble, oblong, compressed inner meta-
tarsal tubercle, outer metatarsal tubercle indistinct or none;
the heel reaches to between eye and nostril.

Skin slightly wrinkled and warty, the sides with more
distinct warts; smooth below, or posterior part of the belly
feebly granulate.

Reddish brown (green in life), spotted and marbled with
blackish; a blackish triangular spot between the eyes, and a

140

broad, W-shaped figure of the same colour on the anterior
part of the back; sometimes a broad, white vertebral line;
limbs dark spotted, without distinct transverse bars; fingers
and toes yellow, with blackish rings; brownish yellow below,
throat, breast and thighs powdered or spotted with blackish,
Length 26 mm.

Habitat: Halmahera, 670—760 m.

4. Hylophorbus boettgeri (v. Méh.).

Phrynixalus montanus (part.) Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV,
Igol, p. 368, pl. XVI, figs. g—9d.
Gnathophryne Boettzeri v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 229.

Habit stout. Tongue large, broadly oval, with a longitudinal
furrow, hardly free behind. Snout rounded, a little shorter
than the eye, high; canthus rostralis rounded; nostril much
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid; eye large; tympanum rather
distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes
with large triangular disks, those of toes smaller than those
of fingers; first finger much shorter than second, which is
shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; subarticular
and inner metatarsal tubercles feebly developed; the heel nearly
reaches the nostril.

Skin smooth, with smaller and larger tubercles on the
posterior part of the head, the upper eyelids, the shoulders
and the sides of the body.

Brown above, with a yellowish white vertebral line and
some dark markings, among which a W-shaped spot on the
head, two white spots on the chin and one such spot in the
middle of the lower jaw; limbs with transverse series of black
spots; lower parts light brown; chin, throat, breast and lower
surface of limbs with large, chestbrown spots. Length 39 mm.

Probably Boettger is right in not separating this species
from A. montanus.

Habitat: Halmahera, 670 m.

5. Hylophorbus rufescens Macl.

Hylophorbus rufescens Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, I], 1878, p. 136.
Mantophryne lateralis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 12,
pl. II, fig. 3.

t4t

Mantophryne lateralis v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 220,

pls. IV; V; X, fig. 4.

Hylophorbus rufescens Fry, Mem. Queensland Mus., II, 1913, p. 48.

Tongue broadly oval, entire, with a longitudinal furrow,
slightly free behind. Head subtriangular, a little broader than
long; snout obtusely pointed, shorter than the orbit; canthus
rostralis distinct; loreal region nearly vertical, concave; nostril
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum as large as the eye.
Fingers and toes with small disks; first finger shorter than
second; subarticular tubercles strong; a feeble oval inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye. .

Skin smooth; sometimes several fine folds along the back;
chin with a pair of more or less distinct small warts.

Grey or brown above, with small blackish spots and a broad
black streak on each side of the back from the eye to the
groin; a dark blotch below the eye; the warts of the chin
white; a black streak on the posterior surface of the thighs;
brownish or white beneath, dotted and spotted with blackish.
Length 55 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

The ovary contains but few, large eggs (diameter 4,3—-5 mm.);
the development is therefore probably direct (v. Méhely).

Habitat: New Guinea (Sattelberg; Mt. Victoria, Owen
Stanley range; Rigo, near Kapa Kapa; Moroka, Bartholomew
range, 700 m.; Katow).

6. Hylophorbus ocellatus (v. Méh.).

Metopostira ocellata v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901,"p. 239, pl. VII
(skull, shoulder girdle, vocal sac); X, fig. 5 (terminal phalanx); XII, fig. 1.
Metopostira macra v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. I, 1906, p. 167, pl. VI,

iS ly Be
Metopostiia ccellata v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 40; IX, pt. 3,

1913, p-.461; Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXVII, 1914, p. 375-

Tongue free in its posterior fourth or fifth part. Head broader
than long; snout obtusely pointed, prominent, shorter than
the eye and about as deep as long; canthus rostralis distinct,
obtuse; loreal region nearly vertical, concave; nostril lateral,
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid; eye large; tympanum distinct,
about '/, to °/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes slender,

|
disks of fingers small, of toes somewhat larger, but much

142

smaller than the tympanum; first finger shorter than second,
which may be shorter to longer than fourth; third toe longer
than fifth; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small inner,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye or
farther, to beyond the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth or finely granulate above; back and sides of
the body sometimes with small warts, usually arranged in
more or less distinct longitudinal series; two small warts behind
the chin may be present; smooth beneath, sometimes with
small warts in the loin.

Greenish brown in life; a black spot, bordered by a red
one in front and a larger, yellow one behind, in the lumbar

Fig. 20. Hy/lophorbus ocellatus (v. Méh.), X 1'/4.

region; often some ill-defined light spots on the back, behind
the tympanum, at the insertion of the fore limbs and near
the vent; posterior surface of thighs and lower parts of body
marbled with reddish brown or blackish, helly usually imma-
culate. From snout to vent 42 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

The eggs in the ovary are few and large.

Habitat: New Guinea (Humboldt bay!; Mosso riv.!; Mt.
Kohari, + 600 m.!; Bewani riv.!; Begowre riv.!; Sattelberg ;
Digul riv.!; Lorentz riv.!; Went mts., 800—1360 m.!).

143

7. Hylophorbus dubius (Bttgr.).

Xenorhina dubia Boettger, Zool, Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 134.
Xenorhina dubia Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, 1901, p. 369,
pl. XVI, fig. ro.
Gnathophryne dubia vy. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 231.
Habit stout. Tongue large and broad. Head broader than
long, its width about 3'/, times in the length of head and
body; snout triangular, somewhat pointed, as long as the
diameter of the eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region
oblique; nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the
eye; interorbital space about once and a half the width of
the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, about half the
diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with very small disks;
first finger shorter than second, which is as long as fourth;
third toe much longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles feebly
developed ; a feeble, compressed inner, no outer metatarsal
tubercle; the heel reaches to about the middle of the eye.
Skin smooth, somewhat warty on the sides of the body; a
fold above the tympanum.
Greyish black above, uniform or indistinctly spotted and
marbled with lighter; limbs with a few indistinct, whitish grey
bars, transverse spots and rings; lower parts brownish yellow,
reticulated with brown, or brown, marbied and spotted with
brownish yellow. Length 24 mm.
Habitat: Halmahera (up to 670 m.).

8. Hylophorbus robustus (Blgr.).
Mantophryne robusta Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 476, 480,

pl. XXXVIII, fig. 4.

Gnathophryne robusta v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XXIV, 1901, p. 225, pl. VI,
figs. 1—3 (skull); pl. IX, figs. 6—9 (eggs and embryos).

Habit stout. Tongue with a median furrow, little free behind,
more so on the sides. Head subtriangular, much broader than
long; snout obtusely pointed, prominent, shorter than the upper
eyelid, as deep as long; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal
region oblique, nearly flat; nostril lateral, nearer the tip of
the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as to once
and a half the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum rather
distinct, about ?/, the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes
with small disks, which are much smaller than the tympanum;
first finger a little shorter than second, which is about as long

144

as fourth; third toe longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles
and the oval inner metatarsal tubercle feebly prominent; no
outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the shoulder or
the tympanum.

Skin smooth; a strong fold above the tympanum and some-
times a cross fold between the eyes.

Reddish or purplish brown above, uniform or with small,
roundish, black spots; loin, thigh and lower side of tibia some-
times with large, circular, white spots; pale brown or yellowish
beneath. Length 100 mm.

The eggs are large (7 X 5,5 mm.) and united sae a gelati-
nous string; they are deposited on the land and watched by
the male; the embryo has no gills: respiration takes place
by the tail; the development is direct (v. Méhely).

Habitat: New Guinea! (Sattelberg, +800 m.; Simbang). —
St. Aignan isl.

9g. Hylophorbus microtis (Wern.).
Mantophryne microtis Werner, Zool. Anz., XX1V, 1901, p. 102.

Habit stout. Head triangular, broader than long, its width
*/, the length of head and body; occiput somewhat swollen;
snout truncated, a little shorter than the eye; canthus rostralis
distinct ; loreal region oblique, feebly concave; nostril much
nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space
twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct,
about '/, the width of the eye. Fingers with hardly distinct,
toes with distinct small disks; first finger shorter than second;
subarticular tubercles feeble; a small, elliptic, flat inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border of the
tympanum.

Skin smooth, with small tubercles on the sides and on the
back; a strong fold above the tympanum.

Upper parts rather dark olive green; snout and upper eye-
lids blackish; sides and hind limbs with scattered white dots;
greenish yellow beneath. Length 56 mm.

Habitat: N.-E.-New Guinea.

10. Hylophorbus (?) neuhaussi (Vogt) ').
Manthophryne neuhaussi Vogt, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1911, p. 425.

1) Description completed by informations from Mr. Vogt.

145

Habit stout. Both dermal ridges behind the level of the
tubae. Snout short, obliquely truncate; loreal region oblique,
feebly concave; interorbital space twice the width of the upper
eyelid; eye small; tympanum distinct, °/, the width of the
eye. Fingers and toes with smail, but distinct disks; first and
second finger about equal in length. Toes distinctly webbed;
the heel reaches the tympanum.

Skin rough, with several longitudinal rows of large warts;
smooth beneath; a fold above the tympanum.

Back light brown, its posterior part and upper parts of the
limbs blackish brown; large, light yellow spots in the lumbar
region and on the posterior surtace of the thighs and the
outer side of the tibiae; faded brown beneath. Length 65 mm.

For this species the establishment of a new genus should
perhaps be justified, the webbed toes distinguishing it from
the other species of Hylophordbus.

Habitat: New Guinea (Sattelberg).

16. Aphantophryne Fry.
(Fry, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales (1916), 1917, p- 770).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue large, oval, entire and free behind
and slightly free on the sides. Two transverse dermal ridges
across the palate in front of the pharynx, the posterior one
always, the anterior one usually denticulated and sometimes
represented by a median dermal lobe only. Tympanum slightly
visible. Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer
metatarsals united.

No clavicles; procoracoid replaced by a ligament. Omosternum
and sternum absent. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Distribution: New Guinea.

I. Aphantophryne pansa Fry.

Aphantophryne pansa Fry, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales (1916), 1917, p. 772,

pie LEV; LV, fig. 2).

Tongue free for about one-half its length posteriorly. Head
triangular, much broader than long; snout rounded, slightly
prominent, as long as or slightly shorter than the orbit; canthus
rostralis feeble, rounded; loreal region oblique, slightly con-
cave; nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the eye;

interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA, 10

146

about '/, the width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes not
dilated; first finger a little shorter than second; no subarticular
tubercles; a very feeble inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel
reaches the axilla.

Skin smooth.

Uniform dark brown above. Beneath also uniform dark brown,
or creamy-white, variously clouded and speckled with dark brown.

From snout to vent 27 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Mt. Scratchley, Owen Stanley
range, + 3700 m.).

17. Cophixalus Bttgr.

(BorTTcER, Kat. Batr.-Samml. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., Frankf. a/M., 1892, p. 24).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue long, entire and free behind. Palate
toothless. A denticulated dermal ridge across the palate, in
front of the pharynx. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free, toes
webbed at the base, with large disks.

No procoracoids or clavicles. Sternum ossified (?).

Distribution: New Guinea.

1. Cophixalus geislerorum Bttgr.
Cophixalus geislerorum Boettger, Kat. Batr.-Samml. Senckenb. naturf. Ges.,

Frankf. a/M., 1892, p. 24.

Snout truncated, shorter than the diameter of the eye;
canthus rostralis feeble; loreal region feebly concave; inter-
orbital space broader than the upper eyelid; eye strongly pro-
jecting; tympanum distinct. Disks of fingers and toes large;
first finger shorter than second; toes distinctly webbed; sub-
articular tubercles feebly distinct; a feeble, compressed inner
metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches hardly beyond the shoulder,
the metatarsal tubercle hardly the anterior border of the eye.

Upper surfaces smooth, belly and thighs granular.

Blackish brown above, on the sides and the limbs with
many smaller and some larger yellowish. dots and spots; a
distinct light marking in the lumbar region; a white curved
streak from the posterior border of the eye to the shoulder;
beneath yellowish white, the throat and posterior surface of
the thighs finely powdered with brown. Length 26 mm.

Probably a renewed examination will show that this species
belongs to Oreophryne or Sphenophryne and the genus Cophixalus
has to be cancelled.

Habitat: N.-E.-New Guinea.

147

18. Pomatops Barb.
(BarzBour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, 1910, p. 89).

Pupil circular. Tongue large, entire, extensively free on the
sides and behind. Palate toothless. Two feebly developed
papillose ridges across the palate in front of the pharynx.
Upper eyelids involved in a flap of skin, extending for some
distance anterior and posterior to the position of the eye.
Tympanum hidden. Fingers and toes free, the tips slightly dilated.

No _ procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal pha-
langes T-shaped.

The only known specimen of the only species of this genus
was taken from the stomach of a snake. It seems possible,
that the genus is identical with Hylophorbus, the curious flaps
of skin above the eyes and other peculiarities then being
caused by compression.

Distribution: New Guinea.

I. Pomatops valvifera Barb.
Pomatops valvifera Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, 1910, p. 89, pl. I.

Habit rather slender. Head short; snout not prominent; the
flaps of skin above the eyes may be laid down and thus
completely cover the eyes. First finger shorter than second;
third toe longer than fifth; subarticular tubercles very indistinct;
no metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the posterior border
of the eye.

Skin smooth.

Slaty grey above, with lighter marblings; a semilunar white
spot below each eye; lower surface ochraceous buff.

Habitat: New Guinea (Fakfak).

19. Kaloula Gray.

(GRAY, The zdological miscellany, N°. 1, London, 1831, p. 38).
Hyladactylus Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 85.
Callula (Gthr.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 167.

Habit stout. Pupil circular. Tongue oblong, entire or feebly
nicked, free behind and on the sides. Palate toothless '). Each
palatine bone forms a prominent ridge across the palate; two
dermal ridges across the palate, in front of the pharynx, the

1) See however K.(?) sundana p. 151.

148

anterior one smooth, the posterior one denticulated. Tympanum
hidden. Fingers free '), toes free or webbed, the tips usually
more or less dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal phalanges
triangular or T-shaped.

Tadpoles. — Eyes lateral. Spiraculum and vent median.
Tip of tail simply pointed. Mouth terminal, the upper lip
feebly developed; papillae and teeth absent.

Distribution: eastern Asia, to western part of the Malay
Archipelago.

Synopsis of the Species:
A, Metatarsal tubercles present.
I. Inner metatarsal tubercle blunt-edged. Diameter
of disk of third finger more than half that ofeye. 1. KX. baleata p. 148.
II. Inner metatarsal tubercle sharp-edged. Diameter
of disk of third finger less than half that ofeye. 2. A. pulchra p. 150.
B Metatarsal’ tubercles tabsentiews cy) eu ane eosin 3. K.(?) sundana p. 151.

I. Kaloula baleata (S. Miill.).

Bombinator baleatus S, Miiller, Verh. Batav. Gen., XVI, 1836, p. 96.
> Hylacdactylus lividus (nomen nudum) Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XIV,

1857, Pp. 239.
Calohyla celebensis (Gthr.) Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1872, p. 585.

Callula baleata Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 169 (with figs.
of hand and foot).

Callula baleata v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr, Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 47 (tadpole).

Kaloula baleata Barbour, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1909, pl. XVIII, fig. 6
(terminal phalanx).

Kaloula baleata Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1,

TOL2, p. 72.

Head much broader than long; snout short, rounded, as
long as or a little shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus
rostralis rounded; loreal region oblique; nostril nearer the tip
of the snout than the eye; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid. Tips of fingers with large, triangular disks;
diameter of the disk of the third finger more than half the
diameter of the eye, of second and fourth finger nearly as
large, of first finger a little smaller; tips of toes feebly dilated,
first finger shorter than second, which is a little shorter than
fourth; third toe distinctly longer than fifth; toes webbed at
the base, the web not extending beyond the first phalanx;

1) See K.(?) sundana p. 151.

149

subarticular tubercles distinct; two metatarsal tubercles, the
inner one large, compressed, with blunt edge, the outer one
smaller; the tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the shoulder
(in the adult) or the eye (in the young).

Upper parts smooth, or with small, flat warts; a fold from
the eye to the shoulder, and sometimes another one, more or
less indistinct, between the posterior borders of the eyelids;
beneath smooth or wrinkled, except the throat, which may
be finely granulate.

Brown, olive or blackish above, uniform or variegated with
darker; a few large, whitish (in the living animal red) spots

on the arm pits, on the loins, and on the limbs; beneath
darker or lighter brown, variegated with whitish. Length 76 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Agreeing in the position of the eyes, vent
and spiracle, and in the characters of the mouth with the
tadpole of K. pulchra.

In Batavia, when the weather is rainy, this toad in the
evening and night makes a terrible noise in the ditches. By
day it probably lives in holes. The eggs are laid in clumps,
in the rainy season. The tadpole generally lives at the surface
of the water.

Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Agam; Matur!; Batu Sangkar,

150

460—915 m.!; Kalung, Tilatang!); Borneo (Mt. Dulit; Ponti-
anak); Java (Batavia!; Krawang; Buitenzorg; Sukabumi!;
Leuwih Gadjah; Tjilatjap!; E.-Java); Sumba; Celebes (Indrulaman;
near Borau, coast of Luwu; Kulawi!; Lindu lake, 1000 m.;
Bwool; Gorontalo; Minahasa ; Tomohon ; Kema). — Philippines ;
Malay Peninsula.

2. Kaloula pulchra Gray.

Kaloula pulchra Gray, The zoological miscellany, N°. 1, London, 1831, p. 38.

Callula pulchra Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 170 (with figs.
of hand and foot).

Callula pulchra F\ower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 908.

Callula pulchra Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 906.

Callula pulchra Butler, Jrn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XV, 1904, p. 390.
Caloula pulchra Barbour, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1909, pl. XVIII,
fig. 7 (terminal phalanx).

Callula pulchra Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

EOU2. 9204). fi97 73°
Kaloula pulchra Barbour, Mem, Mus. Comp, Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1,

LOIZp. 71, pl. VIN fis. 202
Callula pulchra Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 40, figs. B1—B3

(tadpole).

Kaloula pulchra Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 152, fig. 9,
pl. VI, figs. 7—74 (tadpole).

Head much broader than long; snout short, rounded, as
long as or shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis
rounded; loreal region oblique; nostril a little nearer tip of
snout than eye; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid. Tips of fingers with well-developed triangular disks, the
diameter of which is less than half that of eye; tips of toes
feebly dilated; first finger shorter than second, which is a
little shorter than fourth; third toe much longer than fifth;
toes slightly webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles well
developed; two metatarsal tubercles, the inner one large, com-
pressed, with rather sharp edge, the outer one smaller; the tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaches the axil, the shoulder, or a
little beyond.

Upper parts smooth or with flat, smooth tubercles; a fold from
the eye to the shoulder, and another one, more or less distinct,
between the posterior borders of the eyelids; lower parts smooth.

Yellow or pink above, usually with a large dark-brown
spot covering nearly the whole of the back, and a dark lateral
band; sometimes with irregular yellowish spots; a narrow dark

IS

vertebral line may be present; beneath dirty buff, chin and
throat black in the male. From snout to vent 76 mm.

Male with an external subgular vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width;
tail twice the length of the body. Nostril much nearer the
eye than the tip of the snout; eyes lateral, the distance between
them 6 times that between the nostrils; spiraculum median,
large, its transparent sheath opening below the posterior end
of the body; anal tube long, median, projecting below the
edge of the subcaudal crest. Tail obtusely pointed; crests
convex, about equal in depth.

Mouth terminal, very small, with a straight upper, and a
contractile lower lip; jaws and teeth absent.

Dark, olive-brown to black, with or without fine golden
speckles; sometimes a pale curved bar across the snout, and
light markings on the sides; caudal crests colourless, or with
small dark patches; below often speckled with white. Length
40 mm.

The eggs are united into strings.

Nocturnal. The croak is very loud. ,The males croak while
floating on the surface of the water, the mouth, head and
inflated sides of the body just above the surface, the single
vocal sac under the mouth inflated like a globe and the arms
and legs extended. They can hop well on land, and are good
swimmers” (Flower). , The embrace is axillary: the eggs are
expelled in masses of the size of a cherry; the development
is very rapid.” (Butler). The tadpole, after Smith, is unable
to remain below the surface of the water; it lives upon
animal and vegetable matter.

Habitat: Sumatra (Atjeh; Indragiri); Borneo (Serawak) ');
Flores; Celebes (Makasser!). — From India and S.-China to
the Malay Peninsula.

-

3. Kaloula (?) sundana Ptrs.

Calohyla sundana Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 35.
Nectophryne? sundana Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 281.
Callula sundana Roux, Zool. Anz., XXXV, 1910, p. 716.

Each palatine ridge with 4 or 5 curved teeth. Snout sub-
triangular, prominent, a little longer than the eye; nostril

1) According to Peters (Ann. Mus, Genova, II, 1872, p. 44).

ig

close to the tip of the snout; interorbital space twice the width
of the upper eyelid. Fingers with large, truncated disks; disks
of toes small; first finger shorter than second ; fingers webbed
at the base; toes nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching
the disks, except that of the fourth toe; subarticular tubercles
present; no metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the tympanum.

Upper parts with a few small, flat warts or almost entirely
smooth; a curved fold from the eye to the tympanum; lower
surfaces wrinkled and with some tubercles or granules.

Brown; upper parts indistinctly spotted with black; beneath
spotted with white. Length 23 mm.

Two vocal sacs.

Very different from the other species of Cal/ula by the
toothed palatine ridges, the webbed fingers, and the absence
of metatarsal tubercles. Probably a new genus ought to be
created for it.

Habitat: Borneo (Pontianak).

20. Microhyla Tschudi.
(TscuHup1, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, I], 1839, p. 28, 71).
Hylaplesia (Boie) Schlegel, Isis, XX, 1827, p. 294 (part.).
Diplopelma Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 50.

Habit slender. Pupil circular. Tongue elliptic, entire and
free behind. Palate toothless. Palatine bones not forming ridges
across the palate; one or two dermal ridges across the palate,
in front of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free,
toes free or more or less webbed, the tips usually more or
less dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal pha-
langes T-shaped.

Tadpoles. — Eyes lateral. Spiraculum and vent median.
Tip of tail ending in a flagellum. Mouth terminal; upper lip
absént or feebly developed; papillae and teeth absent.

Distribution: south eastern Asia, including western part
of the Malay Archipelago.

SyMopsis ofthe.specues.

Ae Gesmince. wine tipsmiee bly malate men mamemmeie meme 1. WM. inornata p. 153.
4. Toes webbed at the base.
Ie dingersmand stoesswathoutudisks.su)m.scmmrmeliom 2, M. bungurana p. 154.

II. Fingers and toes with disks,

hr

153

1. The heel reaches at least the tip of the snout. 3. MW. achatina p. 154.

2. The heel reaches the eye or to between eye and

py OH GAMES 5 ob o Bio onto oO 6io 6 BS olelo 4. M. leucostigma p. 156.
C. Toes !/, webbed. The heel reaches beyond the tip
Ofpthegsnouty une seawee ment tm cie) ohm hoee ainsi tenses 5. M. annectens p. 156.
D. Toes at least ?/; webbed.
i the yheelexeachesptheutipnos themsnout sio9.. 6. M. palmipes p. 157.

II. The heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout. 7. M. derdmorii p. 158.

Synopsis of the Tadpoles.

A. Distance between the eyes about 4 times that

eieON We WOFMMIS so Gol oboe coe bo Bo 3. M. achatina p. 154.
4. Distance between the eyes about 6 times that

HetweensthemmOosthllSs atmo -meawerehe cake one) lemen 7. M. berdmorii? p. 158.

1. Microhyla inornata Bler.

Microhyla inornata Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 37.
Microhyla inornata Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,

1912, p. 259.

Head as broad as long; snout obtuse, projecting, shorter
than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded, straight;
loreal region vertical; nostril in the middle between eye and
tip of snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid.
Tips of fingers and toes feebly dilated; first finger much shorter
than second, which is a little shorter than fourth; third toe
longer than fifth; toes free; subarticular tubercles distinct; a
very small, round, inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the
heel reaches the temple or the eye; tibia ?/, to '/, length of
head and body.

Back smooth or with small smooth warts.

Grey above, spotted or marbled all over with dark brown,
the spots sometimes forming longitudinal streaks; sides of
head black, with a series of white spots on the upper lip,
sometimes confluent into a streak; lower parts brown, some-
times spotted with whitish. Length 27 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat!'): Sumatra (Deli!). -- Burma; Siam; Cochinchina;
Malay Peninsula.

1) Boulenger (1912) must have made a mistake in mentioning Borneo among
the localities of this species.

154

2. Microhyla bungurana (Gthr.).

Diplopelma bunguranum Giinther, Novit. Zool., I], 1895, p. 501.
Diplopelma bunguranum Giinther, Novit. Zool., 1II, 1896, pl. VIII, figs. 2, 3.

Snout somewhat projecting, rather longer than the eye;
canthus rostralis angular; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid. Fingers and toes without disks; first toe very
short, third one a little longer than fifth; toes very slightly
webbed; metatarsal tubercles very indistinct; the heel does
not reach the eye.

Skin of the back minutely granular, nearly smooth; sides
and lower parts of the body with larger tubercles.

Back dark purplish brown; a reddish-rose-coloured band
along the upper outline of the snout and above eye and tym-
panum to the sides of the body; on the loins it encloses an
oval black spot; sides of the head black; throat and part of
the belly black, the remainder of the belly being of a yellowish-
rose-colour; small pointed tubercles of an intense yellow scattered
on the sides and lower parts, sometimes two on the chest
particularly conspicuous and symmetrically placed; hind limbs
rose-coloured; thighs with round yellow spots, calves with
one brownish band across the middle, and sometimes a second
one nearer to the knee. Length 24 mm.

Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran).

3. Microhyla achatina Boie.

Hylaplesia achatina (Kuhl et v. Hass.) Schlegel, Isis, XX, 1827, p. 294 (nomen
nudum).

Microhyla achatina (Boie) Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 28.

Microhyla achatina Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 166.

Microhyla achatina v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 45
(tadpole). :

Microhyla achatina Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
IOI2Z, p- 201.

Microhyla achatina Smith, Jr. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 37, figs. AI—A4
(tadpole).

Microhyla achatina Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 150,
text-fig. 8 and pl. VI, fig. 6 (tadpole).

Head about as broad as long; snout obtusely pointed, pro-
jecting, as long as or a little longer than the upper eyelid;
canthus rostralis obtuse, straight; loreal region vertical; nostril

equidistant from eye and tip of snout; interorbital space much
broader than the upper eyelid. Disks of fingers very small,

155

of toes a little larger; first finger much shorter than second,
which is about as long as fourth; third toe longer than fifth;
toes feebly webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles distinct ;
two small metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the tip of
the snout or a little beyond; tibia '/, to °/, length of head
and body.

Skin smooth.

Brownish, reddish or greyish above, usually with dark brown
spots or symmetrical markings, or with chevron-shaped darker
and lighter lines; a light vertebral line sometimes present;
sides of head and body dark brown
or black; limbs usually with more
or less distinct dark cross-bars; anal
region blackish; lower parts pur-
plish buff, the throat sometimes
powdered with brownish or blackish.
Length 28 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body
17/, times to twice its width; tail
twice the length of the body, vary-
ing in depth (about 2'/, to 4 times
as long as deep). Nostril in the Fig. 22.
middle between eye and upper lip; Microhyla achatina Boie, 1.
eyes lateral, the distance between
them about 4 times that between the nostrils; spiraculum
median, its transparent sheath opening below the belly; anal
tube median, long, opening at the lower edge of the sub-
caudal crest. Tail ending in a fine flagellum; crests moderate,
the upper one convex, about '/, to nearly equal to the depth
of the lower one, extending on to the base of the tail.

Mouth terminal, without upper lip; lower lip large, with
undulated border; jaws colourless; papillae and teeth absent.

Body colourless, with the back and lip brown, a brown
streak between eye and mouth and a small brown spot at the
base of the spiracular sheath; muscular part of tail, except
the tip, brownish, the crests colourless. Length 25 mm.

Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Sumatra (Takengan, Gajo
countries!; Medan!; Brastagi, Karo highland, 1400 m.!; Laut
tador; Agam; Singkarah!); Java (Posata, Bantam ; Buitenzorg!;
Tjibodas, +1200 m.!; Sukabumi, +900 m.!; Tjiandjur; Mt.

156

Papandajan, +1500 m.; Wonosobo!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.). —
Tenasserim; Tonkin; Siam; Cochinchina; Malay Peninsula;
Philippines.

4. Microhyla leucostigma Blgr.

Microhyla leucostigma Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) III, 1899, p. 275,
Pla Xs fies.

Microhyla leucostigma Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 905.

Microhyla leucostigna Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 260.

Snout rounded, shorter than the orbit; interorbital space
broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers and toes with small,
but very distinct disks; first finger much shorter than second;
toes with a slight rudiment of web; subarticular and inner
metatarsal tubercles flat, very feebly prominent; the heel reaches
the eye or to between the eye and the tip of the snout; tibia
half the length of head and body.

Skin smooth.

Colour in life black above, with very small scattered bluish-
white spots, which increase in size towards the sides and in
the anal region; upper surface of limbs reddish brown, with
black cross-bands, and thickly studded with very small white
spots; hands and feet with bright yellow spots; below dark
brown, blacker on the throat, redder on the belly and thighs,
nearly covered with large, very distinctly defined spots of
intense yellow, the ground colour appearing as a dark network
between them. From snout to vent 27 mm.

Flower describes the copulation as being axillary, the fingers
of the male not meeting on the breast of the female.

Habitat: Borneo (Baram riv.). — Malay Peninsula, 1070 m.

5. Microhyla annectens Blgr.

Microhyla annectens Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) VI, 1900, p. 188.

Microhyla annectens vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 404.

Microhyla annectens Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 262.

Microhyla niasensis v. Kampen, in: Kleiweg de Zwaan, Die Insel Nias bei
Sumatra, III, Haag, 1915, p. 279.

Head broader than long; snout rounded, projecting, as long
as the upper eyelid, as long as deep; canthus rostralis obtuse;
loreal region nearly vertical; nostril in the middle between
eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader than the

157

upper eyelid. Fingers with small, toes with rather large disks;
first finger much shorter than second, which is about as long
as fourth; third toe extending beyond fifth; toes half webbed;
subarticular tubercles feebly prominent; metatarsal tubercles
small, the outer one may be absent; the heel reaches beyond the
tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body.

Skin smooth, or with small warts above.

Brown or pinkish above, with more or less distinct symme-
trical, blackish, light-edged markings, among which usually
a large one on the back and a transverse bar between the
eyes, both sometimes confluent; side of body, from the shoulder
to the lumbar region, usually black, with sharply defined
upper outline; an oblique whitish streak from the eye to the
base of the fore limb; a narrow, pale, vertebral line may be
present; limbs with black cross-bars; lower parts whitish, or
marbled with dark brown. Length 22 mm.

Perhaps not different from J/. palmipes.

Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Deli! ; Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m.,
Kurintji peak; Kurintji!); Borneo (Kidi district in Serawak) ;
Java (near Tjibodas, + 1400—2000 m.!). — Siam; Malay

Peninsula, up to +1200 m.

6. Microhyla palmipes Bler.
Microhyla palmipes Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 108.

Head broader than long; snout rounded, feebly projecting,
as long as or shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis
rounded; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril in the middle
between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid. Disks of fingers and toes very small; first
finger much shorter than second, which is about as long as
fourth; third toe extending beyond fifth; toes °/, or */, webbed ;
subarticular tubercles distinct; two small metatarsal tubercles;
the heel reaches the tip of the snout; tibia nearly */, length
of head and body.

Skin smooth, or with small warts above.

Grey-brown above, with or without symmetrical, darker,
light-edged markings, viz. a triangle between the eyes, a large
/\-shaped figure on the back, and a dark oblique figure from
the eye to the middle of the side; a dark oblique bar on
the thigh and another one on the tibia; anal region black; a black

158

spot on the inner side of the tibia, a little above the heel;
lower parts whitish, throat and belly with a few brown specks;
lower lip dark brown with white dots. From snout to vent 18 mm.

Habitat: Java (Pengalengan, 1200 m.; Diéng, 2000 m.!);
Madura!

7. Microhyla berdmorii (Blyth).

Engystoma (?) Berdmorei Blyth, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXIV, 1855, p. 720.

Microhyla berdmorii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 166.

Microhyla berdmorii Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 496.

Microhyla berdmorii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 263.

Snout subacuminate, as long as or a little longer than the
orbit; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers
with very small, toes with rather large disks; first finger much
shorter than second; toes webbed to the tips; subarticular
tubercles very distinct; two very small metatarsal tubercles;
the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length
of head and body.

Skin smooth, or with a few scattered tubercles on back
and sides.

Brownish, olive or pinkish above; a darker, light-edged,
hourglass-shaped, large spot on the head and anterior part of
the back, beginning between the eyes, sometimes continued
on the hind part of the back; black spots on the sides of
the limbs and occasionally on the flanks; a chevron-shaped
black marking on the anal region; lower surface whitish, throat
and breast clouded with brown. From snout to vent 45 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Flower (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 903,
pl. LX, figs. 2, 2a—c) has described tadpoles of a Microhyla sp.
from Penang, which Annandale (Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI,
I1QI7, p. 151) suggests to belong to M. berdmori. Their de-
scription runs as follows:

Length of body about 1'/, times its width; tail 1*/, to 1°),
the length of the body. Nostril nearer the tip of the snout
than the eye; eyes lateral, visible from above and from below, the
distance between them about 6 times that between the nostrils;
spiraculum median, the opening of its transparent sheath in
a vertical line drawn behind the body; anal tube median.
Tail ending in a very fine pointed filament; the upper crest

159

convex, not extending on to the back, lower than the lower »
one, the edge of which forms a double curve.

Mouth terminal; the lower lip projects beyond the upper
one and has a deep notch in the centre; papillae, jaws and
teeth absent.

Very transparent in life; upper surfaces generally yellowish
brown, mottled along the vertebral line with dark brown;
lower surfaces colourless or pale dirty buff; muscular part of
tail pale yellowish brown, getting darker towards the point;
the crests buff, mottled with yellowish brown and with irre-
gular dark brown markings along the edges; the brown mottling
gets more continuous and darker towards the point of the
tail and ends abruptly in front of the tip; iris yellow. Length
37'/. mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Laut tador). — Burma; Siam;
Malay Peninsula.

3. Genyophryninae.

Lower jaw toothed, upper one toothless.
Distribution: Sud-Est isl. (east of New Guinea).

I. Genyophryne Bler.
(BouULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 326).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire, free at the sides. Teeth on
the palatine bones and eight or nine small teeth on the
anterior extremity of each mandible. A denticulated transverse
dermal ridge across the palate in front of the pharynx. Tym-
panum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed at the base, the
tips slightly dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

No procoracoids or clavicles.

Distribution: Sud-Est isl.

1. Genyophryne thomsoni Blgr.

Genyophryne Thomson: Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 327, pl. XXV,

figs. I, Ia, 10.

Tongue oblong. Head large, much depressed; eyes wide
apart, small. First finger shortest, third much longer than
second or fourth; inner metatarsal tubercle indistinct.

Skin smooth; heel with a triangular dermal process.

Pinkish brown above, variegated with blackish; temples

160

whitish; a light line on each side from the eye along the back;
hinder side of thighs and lower surface of tarsus black. From
snout to vent 32 mm.

Habitat: Sud-Est isl.

6. Fam. RANIDAE.

Upper jaw toothed, lower one nearly always toothless. Diapo-
physes of the sacral vertebra not or very slightly dilated.
Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes of various shape.

Omosternum and sternum with or without bony style.
Vertebrae procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis articulating by
two condyles.

Distribution: cosmopolitan, except the southern part of
S.-America, the southern part of Australia, New Zealand and
eastern Polynesia.

Synopsis of the Genera

A. Pupil horizontal. No intercalary ossicle between
the two distal phalanges of the digits.
I. Digital disks, if present, devoid of transverse
groove. When the toes are free, as is rarely
the case, vomerine teeth are always present.
1. Sternum with bony style.
a. No dermal fold across the palate. No teeth
in the lower jaw. Vomerine teeth rarely
ASEH em uasin ve ola ate se ee ee Meee 1. Rana p. 161.
b. No dermal fold across the palate. Lower
jaw toothed. Vomerine teeth present .. 2. Ceratobatrachus p. 228.
c. A dermal fold between the choanae. No
WOVE WANING B15 6 one Roy SoU oon xc 3. Oreobatrachus p. 229.
2. Sternum cartilaginous. No vomerine teeth. 4. Oxyglossus p. 230.
II. Digital disks with a transverse groove along
the lower surface. Toes webbed,

1. Outer metatarsals entirely separated by web.

a) Fingers frees -memeiemor ci: «co ee ae cepts 5. Staurois p. 234.
PD VATE A KAOUNT 5 eA oS Clool6 6, ovcoe 6. Simomantis p. 237.
2 Outers metataksal SmuMite Game. acts cue wees 7. Cornufer p. 238.

III. Digital disks? Toes free. No vomerine teeth. 8. Batrachylodes p. 241.
&. Pupil horizontal. An intercalary ossicle between

the two distal phalanges of the digits,

is Wreovmevercdiinves Westin jE 6 5 5 oo on oo Oe 9. Rhacophorus p. 242.
ee Nom vomenine tect hn am smen sation enn >: +--+. 10. Philautus p., 268.
C. Pupil vertical. No intercalary ossicle between the

two distal phalanges. No vomerine teeth..... 11. Myctixalus p. 277.

Tome ke ain ay 14.7)
LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 210).
9 SY ’ ’ oP

Pupil horizontal. Tongue notched and free behind. Vomerine
teeth present (rarely absent). Tympanum distinct or hidden.
Fingers free; toes usually webbed; tips of fingers and toes
simple or dilated, the disks without transverse groove. Outer
metatarsals usually separated by web.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary
ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges; the
latter obtuse or T-shaped.

Tadpoles. — Eyes superior, rarely lateral. Spiraculum
sinistral. Vent dextral, near the lower edge of the subcaudal
crest, rarely median. Upper crest of tail not extending beyond
the base of the tail. Mouth normal; sometimes a large sucking
disk behind it; papillae absent along the upper border of
the upper lip, rarely entirely absent; number of series of
teeth variable.

Distribution: that of the family.

Synopsis of the Subsenera.

A. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated, or with dilatations

devoid of horizontals groovey. sia"s,'2> gale abatete els a, Rana p. 167.
B. Tips of toes, and usually also of fingers, with disks,

which have a crescentic or horseshoe-shaped horizontal

groove between upper and lower surface.

I. Omosternum with forked base.

We) hoesy StEOn Gilive wie GCir yj aiol chr oimemei me tt -Nicy tone n= b. Discodeles p. 183.
wy, Words vite! Cie Sieltdby WuGbeels o ae G4 oo 8c c. Platymantis p. 187.
Il, Onion Gola 6 5 cu go boas CO om ODO} ad. Hylarana p. 193.

1) Rana mackloti Schig. (Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 72)
has been omitted: the specimens of this species, preserved in the Museum at
Leiden and according to the label collected by S. Miiller in Java, evidently
are males of Rhacophorus birgeri Schlg. from Japan; probably there has been
made some error with the label, the species never being found again in Java.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. IT

162

Synopesrs"of the Species):
A.No continuous glandular dorsolateral fold.
I. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated.
1. Two metatarsal tubercles ...... I. R. limnocharis p. 167.
2. No outer metatarsal tubercle.
a. Back with longitudinal ridges. . 2. R. cancrivora p. 170.
6. Back with oblong warts ..... 3. R. verruculosa p. 172.
II. Tips of toes, and nearly always of
fingers also, more or less dilated.
1. Outer metatarsals united.
a. First finger extending beyond se-
cond. Interorbital space in the adult
broader than the upper eyelid.
gz. Subarticular tubercles much
developed sea -mrieentee 15. Rk. boulengeri p. 187.
@. Subarticular tubercles small . . 16. R. moszkowshii p. 188.
6. First finger extending beyond se-
cond. Interorbital space not broader
than the upper eyelid.

a, Tongue with a conical papilla.

-_

7. R. beauforti p. 189.
f@. Tongue without papilla.
+. The heel reaches beyond
LREMEVE wena et acy ces Neeetel c 18. R. rugata p. 190.
tt. The heel reaches the eye.
No fold above the tympanum 18. 2. rugatavar. rubristriata p. 191.
ttt. The heel reaches the eye.
A strong fold above the

Cyt AEeyee reer coones 19. &. solomonis p. 101.
c. First and second finger equal . . 20. &. punctata p. 192.
2. Outer metatarsals separated in their
distal third or less. Tongue with an
obtuse papilla.
a. Vomerine teeth extending outwards
beyond the borders of the choanae. 11. R. guppyi p. 183.
6, Vomerine teeth not so.
a. Toes 2/, webbed. Heel reaching
themtenipleeeememe memes ch site ot 12. R. bufoniformis p. 184.

- 1) For practical reasons the division in subgenera has not been taken in
consideration in this synopsis. It differs in this point from the synoptic tables
of the South Asian, Papuan, Melanesian and Australian species of Xana, which
Boulenger (Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920) has given and which may be compared
with my synopsis.

163

@. Toes 2/3 to 3/, webbed. Heel reach-

Ing thee yer te, seston eee Src
y- Toes webbed to the disks. Heel
reaching. the eye” ssaktea tise GRA,

3. Outer metatarsals separated at least in their
distal half. Tongue without papilla. Toes
entirely or nearly entirely webbed. Usually
no outer metatarsal tubercle.

a, Dilatations of fingers and toes without
groove between upper and lower surface.
a. Tympanum distinct.

{. Heels not overlapping. Male without

MOGHM SACS 250). 5 coc SR 92

tf. Heels overlapping. Male without

VOeal (SACS. ss 5. -o-ce nb A See:

Tit. Heels overlapping or meeting. Male

with internal vocal sacs ......

f. Tympanum hidden. Heels not over-
lapping. Male without vocal sacs.. .

6, Dilatations of fingers and toes with a
groove between upper and lower surface.
a. First finger shorter than second.

t. Dorsolateral fold present ......
it-No dorsolateral foldt-q Sire.
f. First finger as long as second. Nostril
slightly nearer to the eye than to the
tip, of thesnout. 96) 2) Aen oe
y. First fingers as long as second. Nostril
nearer to the tip of the snout thar to
the eye. Disks of toes smaller than those

of fingers.

{. Heel reaching far beyond tip ofsnout. 38.

tt. Heel reaching between eye and

TIOSETEL: ss smut sae EO ee yes

d. First finger as long as or longer than

second. Nostril in the middle between

tip of snout and eye, or nearer to the

first. Disks of toes not smaller than those
of fingers. ;

{. Heel reaching far beyond tip of snout. 35.

TT. Heel reaching slightly beyond tip of
snout. or not. Sotfarses Gallet ee.

4. Outer metatarsals separated at least in their

Aire,

14.

R. opisthodon p. 185.

R. ventricosa p. 186.

R. grunniens p. 172.

. R. macrodon p. 174.

R. modesta p. 176.

. R. kuhti p. 178.

. R. labialis p. 220).
. R. kampent p. 212.

. R. cavitympanum p, 211.

R. crassiovis p. 213.

. R. everetti p. 214.

R. whiteheadi p. 210.

. Rk. arfaki p. 199).

164

distal half. Tongue without papilla. Toes

not more than 3/, webbed.

a. Dilatations of fingers and toes without
groove between upper and lower surface.
a. Toes 2/, to 3/, webbed..... ge nies
2 Toes eto) 5. webbed .. 6iiainitnes &

4. Dilatations of fingers and toes with a
groove between upper and lower surface.

a. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent, Toes

f@. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent or
indistinct. Toes 3/, (to entirely) webbed.
Disks of outer fingers large. .....

y. Outer metatarsal tubercle present. Toes
1/, to 3/, webbed. Disks small.
+. A light line along canthus rostralis

and upper eyelid. Male with internal
vocal SAGs -.°s S25 0-ths kari eee eerie
tt. No such line. Male with external
Vocal SACS. 5. ajeedp ee Heel anew B

d. Outer metatarsal tubercle present. Toes
less than !/, webbed.

{. Interorbital space not broader than
the upper eyelid. Nostril nearer to
tip of snout than to eye. Head longer
than broad) + ae) a4 siete sea aes

tt. Interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid. Nostril in the middle
between eye and tip of snout. Head
as long, "as -broadwait- iti bene ae

ttf. Interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid. Nostril a little nearer
to tip of snout than to eye. Head
longer than broad. Outer metatarsal
tubercle smaller than inner one. .
+ttt. Interorbital space slightly broader
than the upper eyelid. Nostril much
nearer to tip of snout than to eye.
Outer metatarsal tubercle as long

as ithe 1nnenionesnsiia ts. «ish. pice tet

&.A continuous glandular dorsolateral fold.

I, Dilatations of fingers and toes, when present,

without groove.

w2i.

24.

25.

26.

dite
Size

R.

microdisca p. 180.
hascheana p. 181.

- macrops p. 193.

. labialis p. 220).

. signata p. 226),

- glandulosa p. 194.

. baramica p. 195.

. luctuosa p. 196.

. debussyi p. 197.

laterimaculata p. 198.

Fevlcdes' 2/, webbed ets-2 aie.2 See eee
2. Toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed. .
II. Dilatations of fingers and toes with a groove
between upper and lower surface. Toes !/, to

3/, webbed.

1.A light line along canthus rostralis and
border of upper eyelid. Disks small. Toes
2) gr OT sa WED DCE $4 55 foaice ave) «bat BG

2. No such line.

a. Disks small. Toes '!/, to 2/, webbed.
a. Interorbital space narrower than the
PPE MEYCLIA: (Fee. +e 6+ 5), cnue be Rare
@. Interorbital space at least as broad as

Hetappen Eyelids..... 2 cao ~ wks oo

¢c. Disks of outer fingers large. Toes 3/, (to
entirely webbed 2X inst nate ate tare
III. Dilatations of toes, and usually also of fingers,
with a groove between upper and lower sur-
face. Toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed.
1. First finger extending beyond second.
a, Dorsolateral fold narrow.
a. Sides of head not darker than the upper
SUPIACE-s V irra tetera pagan are nae
f. Loreal and temporal region entirely or
partly black or brown.
t. Tips of fingers feebly dilated, devoid
Of /PTOOVE?) <1 2 5 POLRE reat area
Tf. Tips of fingers with small disks,
bearing. a! grooves! 5:2 20 ren
6, Dorsolateral fold broader. Heel not reach-
ing beyond the nostril.
a. Tibia more than !/, length of head

. Tibia !/, length of head and body or less.

f. Vocal sacs of male internal... .

tft. Vocal sacs of male external... .

¢. Dorsolateral fold broader. Heel reaching
beyond tip of snout.

z.Interorbital space narrower than the

upper eyelid. Male with large external

Vocal" Sdesi acs, 3* i To ee

f. Interorbital space about as broad as

Io.

(5.

45.
6. Disks small, Toes 3/, (or entirely) webbed. (43.

27.

28.

29.

33:

R. palavanensis p. 182.
R. macrodon p. 174).

. R. signata p. 226.

. Rk. persimilis p. 223.

R. nicobariensis p. 224.

R. erythraca p. 222).

. R. labialis p. 220).

R. arfaki p. 199.

R. elberti p. 200.

R. papua p. 201.

. R. celebensis p. 204.

. R. daemeli p. 205.
. Rk. kreffti p. 206.

R. grisea p. 207.

166

the

external vocal sacs

upper eyelid. Male with small
d. Dorsolateral fold broader. Heel reaching
Lip WOfESNOUUMe semen a) Gi eke anes
2. First finger not extending beyond second.
a. Disks less than !/, diameter of tympanum.
a. Heel reaching tip of snout......
@. Heel reaching far beyond tip of snout.
. Disks of third finger at least about !/,
diameter of tympanum, of second finger
much smaller.
a. Toes webbed to the disks
of fourth
PROM ED Ste -oMinmtonlouieyesiemcn er urententont
. Disk of third finger !/, to 2/3 diameter

of tympanum, of second finger not much

6. Two phalanges toe free

smaller

43:
(34-

re

oie

. Jerboa p. 208.

. erythraea p. 222).

. erythraea p. 222.
R.

Jerboa p. 208).

. hosit p. 215.

. chalconota p. 217.

labialis p. 220.

Synopsis, of, the Dad poles.

A.No sucking disk.

I. Eyes lateral. Series of teeth 1/2 or 2/2... 43.
IJ. Eyes more or less superior.
Te Series, Of teeth oi/2 au. eer cee ees) Cees 45

2. Series of teeth 2—5/3, rarely 2/2.
a. Series of papillae interrupted in the middle

of the lower lip. Series of teeth 2/3. .

b. Series of papillae of lower lip not inter-
rupted.

a. Body without granular patches, imma-
culate (tail sometimes dark spotted).

+. Spiraculum nearer to the posterior

end of the body than to the tip

of the snout. Series of teeth 2—4/3.

+f. Spiraculum equally distant from tip

of snout and base of hind limbs.

Series of teeth 2/2—3.......

' @. Body without granular patches, with
dark markings. Series of teeth 2/3.

i» Lailsacutely pointedtieirs tient ser

tt. Tail obtusely pointed

y. Body with granular patches. Series of

teeth 3—5/3.

Iie

ofp JAE

es)

erythraca p. 222.

nicobariensis>?

p. 224.

. limnocharis p. 167.
. cancrivora p. 170.

. papua p. 201.

. modesta p. 176.

. macrodon p. 174.

. kuhli p. 178.

167

+. Nostril nearly in the middle between
eyeanditipeom Snoutiemm-ans) «1 41. R. chalconota p. 217.
tft. Nostril nearer tip of snout than eye. 42. 2. labialis p. 220.
3. Series of teeth 4—6/4.
Hagtaileacntelyspointedeua-usuel i -ieam i. 24. R. luctuosa p. 196.
G Meni iqauimelesl a po Gp a Oe M2 yap en CEUs SIZ De LOiza
&. A, large sucking disk behind the mouth.
I. Lips with papillae.

1.Both jaws undivided. Series of teeth

Oe LO ath Se a. aus x hpi Te sane sahy ofa hcs hes Roca 34. RX. ferboa p. 208.
2. Both jaws divided into two pieces. Series
DIE tCeUMmh, Dight. acs, seo Calta a serene hier eee 35. R. whitehead p. 210,
II. Lips devoid of papillae.
Eseries: Of teeth, 10/5. 05 10. eae ss 36. R. cavitympanum p. 211.
Zyeries, Of teeth: AVA. i.) -kaem eeu, 37s 40. R&R. hosti? p. 215.

Subp. ai Kanal.

Fingers and toes not dilated at the tip, or with dilatations
devoid of horizontal groove. Outer metatarsals separated by
web, at least in their distal half. Dorsolateral fold present or absent.

Distribution: that of the genus.

1. Rana limnocharis Boie.

Rana limnocharis (Boie) Wiegmann, N. Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., XVII, I,
1835, Pp. 255.

Rana gracilis (Wiegm.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 28.

Rana limnocharis Boulenger, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool., pt. I, 1903, p. 134.

Rana limnocharis Stejneger, Bull. US. Nat. Mus., LVIII, 1907, p. 127, figs.
107—I10 (head, hand and foot).

Rana limnocharis vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 35
(tadpole).

Rana limnocharis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 236.

Rana (Fejérvarya) limnocharis Bolkay, Anat. Anz., XLVIII, t915—16, p. 181.

Rana limnocharis Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 165 (tadpole).

Rana wast Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 131, pl. V, fig. 5
(head) and text-fig. 3 A (foot).

Rana limnocharis Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 132, pl. V,
fig. 6 (head), pl. VI, fig. 2 (tadpole) '), text-fig. 24 (mouth of tadpole!) and
34 (foot).

Rana limnocharis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 28.

1) After a specimen from Madras, which in some respects differs from those
of the Indian Archipelago.

168

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae
or extending a little beyond their posterior level. Head as
long as broad; snout pointed or rounded, at least as long as
the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse, but distinct; loreal
region very oblique, concave; nostril equidistant from eye
and tip of snout or nearer the latter; interorbita! space narrower
than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the width
of the eye. Fingers and toes obtusely pointed; first finger
extending beyond second; toes about half webbed; terminal
phalanx of third and fifth, two or three phalanges of fourth
toe free from web; outer metatarsals '/, or '/, united; a narrow

Fig. 23. Rana limnocharis Boie, X I.

fringe along the outer side of metatarsus and fifth toe; sub-
articular tubercles well developed; a prominent, oblong inner
and a very small, round, rarely very indistinct outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tympanum, the eye, or
between eye and tip of snout; tibia about half length of head
and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to
the body, the heels are more or less overlapping.

Skin of back with narrow longitudinal ridges; a fold above
the tympanum; a more or less distinct transverse fold behind
the eyes; posterior surface of thighs granular; smooth below.

Upper surface grey, brown or olive green, with darker spots,
among which a V-shaped one between the eyes; sometimes
a broader or narrower yellow, white, pink or green vertebral

169

line; hinder surface of thighs yellow, marbled with dark brown ;
hind limbs with irregular dark cross-bars; lips with dark
vertical bars; white below; the o with a M-shaped black spot
on the throat. From snout to vent 65 mm.

Male with two external vocal sacs,

Omosternum forked at the base. Terminal phalanges obtu-
sely pointed.

Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its
width; tail less than twice the length of the body, about 4
times as long as deep. Nostril about equally distant from eye
and tip of snout; eyes superior, in the middle between tip
of snout and spiraculum, the distance between them about
2'/, times that between the nostrils and larger than the width
of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and back-
wards, visible from above and from below, as far from tip of
snout as from base of tail; vent dextral, anal tube long, pro-
jecting beyond lower border of crest of tail. Tail pointed,
the inferior crest low, the upper one about twice as high and
reaching to the base of the tail.

Mouth ventral, small; sides of upper lip bordered with one,
lower lip (except a small portion in the middle, along the
lower series of teeth) with two rows of papillae; jaws narrowly
edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/3, the inner series of
the upper lip broadly interrupted, the outer series of the lower
lip much shorter than the two other ones, which are nearly
equal in length.

Back and sides dark grey; tail brown, with colourless crests ;
the back, sides and tail may be spotted or finely mottled with
dark brown; posterior half of tail often dark grey ; white beneath.
Length 42 mm.

Habitat: Pulo Weh!; Sumatra (Atjeh!; Gajo countries!;
Upper and Lower Langkat; Medan!; Paneh!; Brastagi, Karo
Highland, 1400 m.!; Batak mts., 300—1000 m.!; Lauttador;
Mt. Simbolon; Tebing Tinggi!; Talu; Gunung Sahilan; Matur!;
Cleft of Arau!; Pajakombo!; Baso!; Ajer Teganang!;
Telago apabilo!; Lembok; Kalung!; Indragiri; Kepahiang;
Rawas riv.; Hari leko riv.!); Banka!; Natuna islands (Bun-
curan); Borneo (N.-Borneo; Kutjing ; Singkawang; Bengkajang ;
Mandor); Java (Batavia!; Krawang!; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; near
Tjibodas!, 1400—2000 m.; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!;
Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Tjilatjap!; Babakan!; Wonosobo!;

170

Djokjakarta!; Mula!; Pasuruan!; Nongkodjadjar, 1200 m.!;
Situbondo!); Bali!; Lombok!; Sumbawa, 140 m. — From
India, the Himalayas (up to 2100 m.) and Ceylon, S.-China
and Japan to the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines.

2. Rana cancrivora Gravenh.
Rana cancrivora Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I, Lipsiae,

1829, p. 41.
Rana tigrina part. Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 26.

Rana Schlitert Werner, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1894, p. 84.

Rana tigrina and R. ¢. var. angustopalmata vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn.,
Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 388, pl. XVI, figs. 34, ¢ (feet) (with tadpole).

Rana tigrina v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 33 (tadpole).

Rana tigrina part. Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 234 (not the figure, nor the tadpole).

Rana cancrivora Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 128, pl. V,
figs. 4, 4a, 42 (head), textfig. Ic (foot).

Rana tigrina var. cancrivora Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XV, pt. Il, 1918,

Pp. 55, 58.
Rana cancrivora Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., XV, pt. II, 1918, p. 63, figs.

3, 3@ (tadpole).
Rana cancrivora Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 23.

Vomerine teeth in two shorter or longer oblique series
beginning close to, or at a short distance from the anterior
borders of the choanae, usually extending beyond the level of |
their posterior borders; lower jaw with two feeble prominences
in front. Head broader than long or as long as broad, rarely
slightly longer; snout rounded, or pointed, projecting, as long
as or a little longer than the upper eyelid, longer than deep;
canthus rostralis obtuse, straight; loreal region very oblique,
concave; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout, or
nearer the latter; interorbital space much narrower than the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about '/, to ‘/, the width
of the eye. Fingers and toes obtusely pointed; first finger
extending beyond second; toes */, to nearly entirely webbed,
one or two phalanges of fourth toe being free, the web distinctly
emarginate; subarticular tubercles moderate; a blunt inner, no
outer metatarsal tubercle; a dermal fringe along the outer
side of fifth toe; the heel reaches the eye or to between eye
and nostril; tibia 1°/, to 2'/, times in the length from snout
to vent; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to
the body, the heels strongly overlap.

Back with small warts and with longitudinal ridges; a strong
fold above the tympanum; smooth beneath.

ya

Brown or olive above, usually with dark spots and often a
broader or narrower light (in life yellowish, greenish or red)
vertebral line; rarely a light streak along the side of the body;
lips with black vertical bars; limbs with dark cross-bars;
posterior surface of thighs yellow, marbled with black; throat
often, and sometimes the entire lower surface marbled with
brown. From snout to vent 92 mm.

Male with two gular vocal sacs, forming folds on the sides
of the throat.

Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its
width and more than half the length of the tail, which is
about four times as long as deep. Nostril about equally distant
from tip of snout and eye; eyes superior, as far from tip of
snout as from spiraculum, the distance between them about
2'/, times that between the nostrils, and larger than the width
of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and
backwards, visible from above and from below, nearly equally
distant from tip of snout and base of tail; vent dextral, close
to the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tail pointed ; lower
crest low, the upper one about twice as deep, reaching to
the base of the tail.

Mouth ventral, small; sides of upper lip bordered with one,
lower lip (with the exception of its central part) with two
series of papillae; jaws narrowly edged with black; series of
teeth 1'1/3, the outer series of the lower lip shorter than the
two inner ones, which are not interrupted.

Back and sides dark grey, spotted with brown; white below;
tail brown, spotted with darker; old specimens often with a
light vertebral line and a dark transverse streak between the
eyes. Length 42 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Belawan!; Airbangis!; Gunung Sahilan;
Agam; Alahan Pandjang; Batu Sangkar, between 460 and goo m.;
Solok; Muarolabu; Padang; Trusan; Palembang); Riou arch.
(Bintang); Banka; Borneo (Padas, N.-Borneo; Baram riv.; Kutjing;
Singkawang; Sintang; Seberuang riv.; Bandjermasin; Balik-
papan!); Pulo Laut!; Java (Serang; Lebak; Batavia!; coast of
Krawang!; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; Tjisarua, near Sindanglaja!;
Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Situ Bagendit!;
Indramaju!; Cheribon!; Semarang; Ambarawa; Wonosobo;
Djokjakarta; Djapara; Kediri!; Pasuruan!); Madura!; Bali!;
Lombok!, up to 680 m.; Sumbawa; Flores!; Ombai; Sumba!;

172

Roti!; Timor; Saleier!; Buton; Celebes (Makasser!; Maros!;
Boni; Pampanua!; Pare Pare!; Tempe!; Kandari; Luwu!;
Katjang!; Rumbi Mengkoka; Lake Poso; Toli Toli; Lake
Limboto; Gorontalo; Menado; Kema). — S.-China; Siam;
Malay Peninsula; Philippines.

3. Rana verruculosa Roux.
Rana tigrina var, verruculosa Roux, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXX, 1911, p. 504.
Rana verruculosa Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 16.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series extending a
little behind the level of the choanae. Head a little broader
than long; snout more or less pointed, feebly projecting, as
long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis
obtuse, straight; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril equi-
distant from eye and tip of snout or a little nearer the first;
interorbital space much narrower than the upper eyelid;
tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, width of eye. Tips of fingers
and toes obtuse; first finger extending beyond second, which
is as long as fourth; toes nearly entirely webbed; outer meta-
tarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles
moderate; a blunt, oblong inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle ;
a very feeble dermal ridge along the outer side of fifth toe;
a tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or the tip of the snout;
tibia about '/, length of head and body; when the hind limbs
are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are overlapping.

Upper surfaces with oblong warts; a transverse fold between
the posterior edges of the eyelids may be present; a fold
above the tympanum; smooth beneath.

Olive, indistinctly marbled with dark, above; lips with dark
vertical bars; limbs with dark cross bars; posterior surface of
thighs yellow, marbled with black; white or brownish beneath,
with or without small grey spots on the throat. Length 66 mm.

Male with external vocal sacs, forming blackish folds on
the throat.

Distinguished from &. cancrivora, with which it 1s closely
allied, by the presence of oblong warts instead of longitudinal
ridges on the back, and the rudimentary ridge along the outer toe.

Habitat: , Wetar.tamor!.

4. Rana grunniens Daud.

Rana grunniens part. Daudin, Hist. Nat. des Rainettes ..... , Paris, 1802,
p- 65, pl. XXI.

173

Rana grunniens Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 23.

Rana macrodon (non Kuhl) v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 458.
Rana grunniens Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 240.

Rana grunniens Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 39.

Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series extending much
behind the level of the choanae; lower jaw without or with
two more or less developed bony processes in front. Head
nearly as long as broad, occiput more or less swollen on the
sides; snout rather pointed, feebly projecting, as long as or
hardly longer than the upper eyelid and longer than deep;
canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region oblique, concave;
nostril a little nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital
space as broad as or a little broader or narrower than the
upper eyelid; tympanum rather distinct, '/, to ?/, the diameter
of the eye. Tips of fingers obtuse or slightly swollen, of toes
with small disks; first finger extending beyond second, which
is a little shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth;
toes entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed;
inner metatarsal tubercle oblong, about '/, to */, the length
of first toe (measured from the tubercle); no outer metatarsal
tubercle; a well-developed dermal fringe along outer side of
5th toe; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye; tibia less than
half the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are
folded at right angles to the body, the heels do not overlap.

Skin of upper surface smooth or with small tubercles, inter-
mixed with larger ones, especially on the posterior part of
the back and on the hind limbs; upper eyelid tubercular; a
fold above the tympanum, and some short longitudinal folds
along the sides of the back; smooth beneath.

Brownish or greyish above; sometimes a rufous spot on the
loin; limbs with or without dark cross-bars; thighs marbled
with dark brown; white below, the throat sometimes spotted
or marbled with brown. From snout to vent 146 mm.

Male without vocal sacs.

Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with
feebly expanded tip.

Distinguished from 2. macrodon by the shorter hind limbs.

Habitat: Celebes (Lojnang Pinapuan, in eastern Celebes!) ;
Ambon!; Nusa Laut! '); New Guinea (Lorentz riv.!; Mimika riv.).

1) Mentioned as &. modesta by me in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V,
1907, p. 386.

174

5. Rana macrodon Kuhl.

Rana macrodon (Kuhl) Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841, p. 382.

Rana macrodon Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, p. 225, pl. XXI,
fig. 4 (head).

Rana macrodon part. Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 24, pl. I,
fig. 4 (inside of mouth),

Rana macrodon Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 898, pl. XLV, fig. 1.

Rana macrodon Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 888, pl. LIX, figs.

I, I@ (tadpole).

Rana macrodon Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

1012, Pp. 233.

Rana macrodon Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 40.

Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series between the
choanae and extending beyond the level of their hinder borders ;
lower jaw with two bony prominences in front, feebly deve-
loped in the female, large and acutely pointed in the adult
male. Head as long as or broader than long, rarely slightly
longer than broad; occiput much swollen in the male; snout
obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long as or longer than
the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse,
straight; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer to end of
snout than to eye; interorbital space narrower than, to 1'/, the
width of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, to °/, the
diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers obtuse or feebly swollen,
those of toes with very small disks; first finger extending
beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe longer
than fifth; toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed; subarticular
tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle oblong,
blunt, about °/, to */, the length of the first toe ; no outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; a dermal fold along outer side of fifth toe;
tarsal fold present or absent; the heel reaches the eye or the
tip of the snout; tibia about half the length of head and body;
when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body,
the heels are more or less overlapping.

Skin smooth, or with small rounded warts above; upper
eyelid tubercular, a fold above the tympanum; young with a
narrow glandular fold on each side of the back, beginning
behind the upper eyelid. Smooth below.

Olive-brown, bronze, green or yellowish- to chocolate-red
above, with or without small darker spots and sometimes with
a broader or narrower yellow or orange vertebral line; loreal
and temporal regions, and a cross-bar between the eyes some-

175

times dark brown; lips usually with dark spots or vertical
bars; limbs with more or less distinct dark brown cross-bars;
hinder side of thighs spotted or marbled with black; lower
surfaces yellow or pale orange, uniform or spotted with brown.
Length 230 mm.

Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with
slightly expanded tip.

Male without vocal sacs.

The food consists of snails, crabs, scorpions and insects
(Flower).

Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width;
tail about twice the length of the body, about 4 times as long
as deep, the depth of the muscular portion at its base about
0,7 the greatest total depth. Nostril about halfway between
eyes and end of snout; eyes superior, nearer to the end of
the snout than to the spiraculum, the distance between them
once and a half to twice that between the nostrils, and slightly
greater than the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral,
directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from
below, nearer to the vent than to the end of the snout; vent
dextral, close to the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tail
acutely pointed; upper crest convex, slightly deeper than the
lower one, not extending to base of tail.

Lower lip and sides of upper lip bordered with papillae;
jaws broadly edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/1,1, the
outer row of lower lip very short, the inner one the longest
and narrowly interrupted.

In life light reddish brown above, mottled with darker brown;
a dark brown line through the eye, sometimes other dark
lines radiating from the eye; crests of tail colourless, with
irregular dark brown vertical bars; belly buff, transparent.
Length 37 mm.

Blanford, Flower and Boulenger distinguish two forms of Rana
macrodon, the ,forma typica” and var. d/ythzz Blgr. (1920), which
are, however, not sharply separated. In the var. d/ythiz, after
Boulenger, the head is narrower than usually in the typical form ;
the eye is usually larger, the canthus rostralis more distinct, the
loreal region less oblique; the tympanum is often smaller (7/,; to
3/, the width of the eye, in the typical form 3/, to 3/,), the toes
are often less broadly webbed, the heel is sometimes reaching
the tip of the snout (in the forma typica the eye or between

176

eye and tip of snout). The typical form inhabits: Singapore,
Engano, the Natuna islands, Borneo, Java'), the var. dlythii:
the Continent, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines.

Habitat): Simalur!; Pulo Babi!; Nias!; Mentawei islands
(Sipora); Engano; Sumatra (Lho Sukon, Atjeh!; Gajo countries!;
Sukaranda, Upper Langkat; Deli!; Batak mts.; Lauttador;
Sibolga!; Talu!; Matua!; near Solok and Singkarah!; Sungai
Kumbang, 1600 m.! and Sandaran Agung, 745 m., Kurintji!;
Muarasako, Kurintji!; Indragiri; Ajer Njuruk, Dempu, 1400 m.!;
Pasemah!; Rawas riv.); Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo
(Baram riv.; Mt. Dulit; Seberuang riv.; Balikpapan!); Java
(Buitenzorg!; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!; Babakan!). —
Burma; Annam; Siam; Malay Peninsula, up to 1200 m.;
Singapore; Philippines.

6. Rana modesta Bler.

Rana modesta Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 25, pl. I, fig. 3.

Rana modesta F. Miiller, Verh. naturf. Ges, Basel, X, 1895, p. 867.

Rana modesta Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 228.

Rana microtympanum vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907,
p- 386 (with tadpole), pl. XVI, fig. 2 (head).

Rana magna Stejneger, Smithson. Misc. Coll., LII, 1910, p. 437.

Rana modesta v. Kampen, Bijdr. t. d. Dierk., pt. 19, 1913, p. 89 (tadpole).

Rana modesta Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 4II.

Rana magna, R. modesta and R. microtympanum Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX,

1920, p- 45, 46.

Vomerine teeth in two moderately long oblique series between
the choanae and extending beyond the level of their posterior
borders, or entirely behind them; lower jaw with two bony
processes in front, which are feebly developed in the female,
larger and acutely pointed in the male. Head larger in the
male than in the female, as broad as or broader than long;
snout rounded or obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long
as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular,
straight; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril in the middle
between the tip of the snout and the eye, or nearer the first;
interorbital space about as broad as the upper eyelid in the
adult, usually narrower in the young; tympanum distinct, 1/,

1) After Boulenger also Lombok, Flores, Halmahera en Batjan; see, however,
the next note.

2) The specimens described by various authors from Lombok, Flores, Celebes,
the Moluccas and the Philippines probably belong to &. modesta and grunniens,

177

9

to */, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers swollen or with
very small disks, of toes with very small to rather large disks
(up to 7/, the width of the tympanum); first finger as long
or nearly as long as, or extending beyond second, which is a
little shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes
entirely or nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles well
developed; an oblong inner metatarsal tubercle, measuring ”/,
to '/, the length of the inner toe; no outer metatarsal tubercle ;
a dermal fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe; a tarsal fold,
sometimes absent; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or
between the eye and the tip of the snout; tibia about half
as long as the distance between tip of snout and vent; when
the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the
heels are overlapping or just meeting.

Back with small granules and larger warts or short longi-
tudinal folds, sometimes nearly smooth; a fold above the
tympanum; upper eyelids tubercular; a more or less distinct
ridge between the latter usually present; smooth beneath.

Brown, grey-brown, or blackish olive above, with or without
rather indistinct darker spots; sometimes two lighter stripes
on the back and the canthi rostrales, meeting on the tip of
the snout; sometimes a light vertebral stripe; often a dark
cross-bar between the eyes; sometimes a black spot on the
tympanum; upper lip with dark vertical bars; limbs with
dark cross-bars; posterior surface of thighs dark brown, with
light spots or marblings; lower parts white, uniform or speckled
or spotted with brown. From snout to vent 102 mm.

Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with
slightly expanded tip.

Male with two small internal vocal sacs.

Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width
or somewhat less; tail not quite twice the length of the body
and 4 to 5 times as long as deep. Nostril nearer to the eye
than to the tip of the snout; eyes superior, as far from tip of
snout as from spiraculum, the distance between them hardly
greater than that between the nostrils, which equals the width
of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and back-
wards, equally distant from tip of snout and hind limbs; vent
dextral, close to the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tip
of tail rounded; crests low, the upper one a little deeper than
the lower one and reaching to base of tail.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 12

178

Mouth ventral; lower lip and sides of upper one with pa-
pillae, which are small in number; jaws narrowly black-edged;
series of teeth 1'1/1,_,1.

Upper surface, muscular part of tail and sometimes part of
the crests brown; other parts white. Length 38 mm.

Closely related to R. grunniens, from which it is distinguished
by the generally shorter series of vomerine teeth and the
presence of vocal sacs in the male.

BOULENGER (1920) distinguishes 3 species, but the differences
are slight:

First finger much longer than second. Tympanum !/, to */;
diameter of eye. Heels not overlapping. Disks of toes rather
large: R. magna Stejn. (Celebes ; Philippines).

First finger much longer than second. Tympanum ?/, to */;
diameter of eye. Heels overlapping. Disks of toes very small:
R. modesta Blgr. (Saleyer; Celebes; Talaut islands; Nusa Laut).

First finger as long as or a little shorter than second.
Tympanum '/, diameter of eye: R. microtympanum v. Kamp.
(Celebes) (based on young specimens).

Habitat: Lombok (+680 m.); Flores!; Saleyer!; Celebes
(Loka!; Bontorio; Bwoél; Matinan mts.; Pinapuan!; Kwandang!;
Gorontalo; Gurupahi!; Tomohon; Menado!); Talaut islands! ;
Halmahera!; Batjan; Buru, up to 1200 m.!; Ceram!; Ambon!;
Uliaser!). — Philippines.

7. Rana kuhli Schlg.

Rana Kuhlii (Schlegel), Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841,
p. 384; IX, 1854, [p. 394.

Rana conspicillata Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 597, pl. XL, fig. A.

Rana kuhlii part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 20.

Rana paradoxa Mocquard, Nouv. Arch, Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 148,
pl. X, figs. 3—3¢.

Rana Kuhlii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VII, 1891, p. 344.

Rana Kuhli Mocquard, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, V, 1892, p. 198.

Rana Kuhlii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 229.

Rana kuhlii Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 262, figs. 1—1 4 (tadpole).

Rana kuhlii Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 62.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series just behind the level
of the choanae; lower jaw with two tooth-like processes, feebly
developed in the female, large, obtuse and fitting into deep
pits of the upper jaw in the adult male. Head broader than long,

179

larger in the male than in the female; snout rounded or obtusely
pointed, feebly projecting, as long as or shorter than the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis indistinct or none; loreal region oblique,
slightly concave; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout
than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as or broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden (in preserved speci-
mens it can sometimes be distinguished below the skin), '/,
to ?/, the width of the eye. Fingers obtuse or with slightly
swollen tips, toes with small, but distinct disks; first finger as
long as, or extending a little beyond second, which is a little
shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes entirely
webbed or terminal phalanx of fourth toe free; subarticular tuber-
cles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle narrow, °/, to
2/, the length of the inner toe; no outer metatarsal tubercle;
a dermal ridge along outer side of fifth toe; a tarsal fold;
themheel, reaches (the temple or the eye; tibia, 7]. tor4/, the
length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded
at right angles to the body, the heels do not overlap.

Above with short longitudinal folds or roundish tubercles,
sometimes nearly smooth, except upon the tibia, which is
coarsely granulate; a fold above the tympanum; smooth beneath.

Brown or olive-green above, with or without irregular small
black “spots; often a black transverse bar, preceded by a
yellowish one, between the eyes; sometimes a yellow vertebral
stripe; lips and limbs mottled or spotted with dark olive-
brown; lower parts buff, the throat often marbled or reticu-
lated with brown. From snout to vent 105 mm.

Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with
transversely expanded tips.

Male without vocal sacs.

Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, times its width; tail 4
times as long as deep. Nostril halfway between eye and tip
of snout; eyes superior, the distance between them 1'/, times
that between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral, nearer to the
eye than to the vent, which is dextral. Tail obtusely pointed,
the crests rather low, the upper one a little deeper than the
lower one, not extending on to the back.

Mouth with short papillae at the sides and below; jaws
broadly edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/3, the outer
row of lower lip about '/, the length of the two inner ones,
which are subequal, the first one sometimes narrowly interrupted.

180

In life olive above, speckled with blackish, nearly colour-
less below. Length 45 mm.

Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Sukaranda,
Upper Langkat; Deli!; Brastagi, Karo highland, 1400 m.!;
Bandarbaru, Batak mts., + 900 m.!; Mt. Simbolon; Korintji
valley, 900 m.; Korintji peak, 1400 m.; Muarolabu; Barisan
mts., 1200 m.); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Mt. Kalawat and Mt.
Kappa, Brit. N.-Borneo; Baram riv.; Matang; S.-E.-Borneo);
Java (near Tjibodas!, 1400—2000 m.; Pasirdatar, 900 m. !;
Sukabumi!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!); Celebes (Bua Praeng;
Minahasa). — S.-China, Loo Choo islands and Formosa to
Malay Peninsula.

8. Rana microdisca Bttgr.

Rana microdisca Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. f. Naturk. (1887—91), 1892, p. 137.
Rana microdisca Boettger, Jen. Denkschr., VIII, 1894, p. 113, pl. V, figs. 2a—d.
Rana leytensis Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1894, p. 365.

Rana microdisca Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1897, p. 230.

Rana microdisca v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 702.

Rana microdisca Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 57.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, beginning between
the choanae, and extending beyond their hinder level, or
entirely behind them; lower jaw with two acute, tooth-like
processes in the male, with feeble prominences in the female.
Head as long as broad or somewhat broader than long; snout
rounded, vertically truncate or feebly projecting, as long as
the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct,
obtuse; loreal region oblique, feebly concave; nostril as far
from the tip of the snout as from the eye or a little nearer
the first; interorbital space about as broad as the upper eye-
lid; tympanum more or less distinct, ?/, to °/, the diameter
of the eye. Tips of fingers feebly swollen or with very small
disks, toes with very small disks; first finger extending as far
as or beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe
longer than fifth; toes ?/, to */, webbed, two or three phalanges
of fourth one free; subarticular tubercles moderate; inner meta-
tarsal tubercle small, oblong, no outer metatarsal tubercle; a
feeble dermal fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe may be
present; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the nostril, the tip
of the snout, or beyond; tibia a little more than '/,, to ?/,
the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded
at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

181

Back and sides smooth or with some rounded warts or
longitudinal ridges; dorsolateral fold, if present, beginning
behind the upper eyelid, not extending beyond the scapular
region; a curved fold above the tympanum; smooth below,
or posterior part of vent and lower surface of thighs feebly
granulate.

Brown or olive above, marbled or spotted with hlack; a broad,
black cross-bar, sometimes light-bordered in front, between
the eyes; a broad, light vertebral line or two broad dorso-
lateral stripes may be present; lips with dark vertical bars;
limbs with numerous, narrow, black cross-bands; posterior sur-
face of thighs dark marbled; white beneath, throat and breast
often powdered or marbled with blackish. From snout to
vent 56 mm.

Omosternum with forked base.

Male without vocal sacs.

Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Palem-
bang!); Borneo (Sandakan; Semberrah!); Java (Tjibodas!;
Tengger mts., 1200 m.); Flores; Celebes (Loka!; above Kolaka,
500 m.; Rumbi-Mengkoka; Luwu; Takalekadjo mts., towards
Lake Poso, g00 m.; Koro valley, 500—700 m.; Bone mts.;
Bulawa mts., +1200 m.; Tomohon). — Sulu islands; Philippines.

g. Rana hascheana (Stol.).
Polypedates Hascheanus Stoliczka, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXXIX, 1870, p. 147,

pl IX, fig. 3.

Rana hascheana Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

FQL2.. p: 232.

Rana hascheana Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 54.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups just behind the
level of the choanae; lower jaw without bony prominences.
Head as long as broad or a little broader than long; snout
rounded, scarcely projecting, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis
obtuse; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril equi-
distant from eye and tip of snout; interorbital space as broad
as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the diameter
of the eye. Tips of fingers scarcely dilated, toes with small,
but very distinct disks; first and second finger equal or first
slightly the longer; toes '/, to '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles
moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle feebly prominent, ?/, to
%/; length of inner toe; no outer one; a feeble tarsal fold; the

182

heel reaches the tip of the snout, or between the eye and
the tip of the snout; tibia '/, to °/, the length of head and
body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the
body, the heels are overlapping.

Skin smooth or with small flat warts or feeble corrugations ;
a strong fold above the tympanum.

Rich yellow to orange brown above, in life, with dark brown
spots, with or without a light vertebral streak; a dark brown
cross-band between the eyes, edged with pale yellow in front,
followed by a faint W-shaped marking, the ends of which
extend behind the eyes; sides of body finely spotted with
very dark brown and white; ips with dark vertical bars; limbs
with dark cross-bands; lower parts white, with pale purple and
golden shades, with or without dark brown spots on the throat.
From snout to vent 38 mm.

Male without vocal sacs. ,

Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran); Java? (Tjibodas,
1400—2000 m.?) '). — Andamans; Malay Peninsula (up to 1600 m.).

10. Rana palavanensis Bler.

Rana palavanensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 85.
Rana palavanensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 230.
Rana palavanensis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 59.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series just behind the
level of the choanae; lower jaw without bony prominences.
Head as broad as long, or slightly broader; snout rounded,
scarcely projecting, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis distinct ;
loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril equidistant from
the eye and the end of the snout; interorbital space as broad
as or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, 1/, to ?/, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers
swollen or with very small disks, those of toes with small, but
very distinct disks; first finger as long as or extending slightly
beyond second; toes ?/, webbed, 2 or 3 phalanges of fourth
free; subarticular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle

t

elliptical, flat, ?/; or '/, the length of the inner toe; no outer

1) Mr. Malc. Smith, who has examined the specimens from Tjibodas, identified
by Annandale (Jrn. Feder. Malay States Mus., VII, 1917, p. 108) as R. grun-
niens, is of opinion that they are R. hascheana (after a cummunication by Mr.
C. Boden Kloss).

183

metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tip
of the snout or beyond; tibia 1%/; to nearly 2 times in length
from snout to vent; when the hind limbs are folded at right
angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

Skin nearly smooth; posterior half of upper eyelid warty;
a fold above the tympanum, and a narrow glandular dorso-
lateral fold, beginning behind the upper eyelid.

Brown or greyish brown above; sides of snout blackish or
dark grey, with dark vertical bars on the lips; supratemporal
and dorsolateral folds edged with dark brown or black on
the outer side; a dark cross-bar between the eyes and a dark
/\-shaped marking between the shoulders usually present ; limbs
with regular dark cross-bands; lower parts whitish, uniform,
or throat and breast spotted with brown. From snout to
vent 43 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Matang and Mt. Pen-
rissen, Serawak); Celebes (Loka; Tasosso, 1200 m.; Takala
mts., 1200—1600 m.; Poso; Matinan mts.; Tomohon; Rurukan ;
Mt. Masarang). — Pelawan.

Subg. 6. Discodeles Blegr.

(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 238; Rec. Ind. Mus.,
XX, 1920, p. 109).

Tongue with a large, obtuse papilla in the middle. Toes,
and usually fingers also, with disks, the upper surface of which is
separated from the lower one by a groove. Toes strongly webbed.
Outer metatarsals bound together or only separated in their
distal third. Dorsolateral fold, if present, not confluent with
the temporal one.

Omosternal style forked at the base.

Distribution: India; Solomon islands.

11. Rana guppyi Blegr.

Rana guppyi Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1884, p. 211.
Rana guppyi Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. Londun, XII, pt. 2, 1886, p. 48, pl. IX.
Rana guppyi Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 240.
Rana guppyi Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 113.

Vomerine teeth in two short, straight or curved, transverse
or slightly oblique series behind the level of the choanae and
extending outwards beyond the vertical of their inner edges,

184

the space between the two series greater than the length of
one of them; no tooth-like processes in the lower jaw. Head
very large, broader than long; snout obtusely pointed, a little
projecting, much longer aa the eye; canthus rostralis angular,
very slightly curved; loreal region very oblique, not or feebly
concave; nostril much nearer to the tip of the snout than to the
eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tym-
panum distinct, '/, to '/, the diameter of the eye. Fingers
and toes with small disks, with a groove in front, between
upper and lower surface, those of toes a little larger than
those of fingers; first finger longer than second, slightly longer
than fourth, a little shorter than third; toes */, to entirely
webbed, the web penetrating between the outer metatarsals;
subarticular tubercles large; an elliptical, flattened, inner, and
a smaller, roundish, less distinct outer metatarsal tubercle; no
tarsal fold; heel reaching the eye or the tip of the snout;
tibia 1*/, to 2'/, times in the length from snout to vent; when
the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the
heels are meeting or feebly overlapping.

Upper surfaces smooth or feebly warty; sometimes an inter-
rupted dorso-lateral fold on the anterior part of the back; a
strong fold above the tympanum; posterior half of upper eye-
lids warty; smooth beneath.

Dark olive or brown above, uniform or with rather indistinct
darker spots; upper lip sometimes with vertical bars; limbs
sometimes with cross-bars; white or brownish below, uniform
or spotted with dark brown. From snout to vent 220 mm.

Terminal phalanges with a feeble transverse expansion at
the tip.

Male with two large external vocal sacs.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

12. Rana bufoniformis Bler.

Rana bufoniformis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 210.
Rana bufoniformis Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886,

op ye MAUDE
Rana bufoniformis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 110

Habit very stout, toad-like. Vomerine teeth in two short
oblique series behind the choanae and not extending outwards
beyond the vertical of their inner edges; the space between
the two series equal to the length of one of them; lower jaw

185

without tooth-like processes. Head very large, much. broader
than long; snout rounded, slightly projecting, as long as or
slightly longer than the eye; canthus rostralis distinct, obtuse,
straight; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril nearer to
end of snout than to eye; interorbital space flat, as broad as
the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about '/, the diameter
of the eye. Fingers with slightly swollen tips, toes with small
disks; first finger extending beyond second, nearly as long
as third; second one a little shorter than fourth; toes ?/, webbed,
the web reaches the disks, except that of fourth toe, two
phalanges of which are free; the web penetrating between
the outer metatarsals; subarticular tubercles large; an oval,
flattenedsinner, and a rather indistinct, roundish outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the temple;
tibia about 2'/, times in the distance from snout to vent;
when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body,
the heels do not overlap.

Upper surfaces covered with prominent porous warts of
different size; on each side of the back they are more elongate
and confluent, so as to form an interrupted dorsolateral fold,
which, however, does not extend beyond the sacrum; a strong
fold above the tympanum; belly and lower surface of thighs
feebly granulate, otherwise smovth below. From _ snout to
vent 150 mm.

Uniform brown above, yellowish beneath.

Terminal phalanges with a feeble transverse expansion at
the tip.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

13. Rana opisthodon Bler.
Rana opisthodon Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 211.
Rana opisthodon Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886,

p. 50, pl. X.

Rana opisthodon Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. III.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series behind the level
of the choanae and not extending outwards beyond the vertical
of their inner edges; the space between the two series equal
to or less than the length of one of them; lower jaw without
tooth-like processes. Head large, a little broader than long;
snout rounded, hardly projecting, as long as or slightly longer
than the eye; canthus rostralis obtuse, slightly curved; loreal

186

region oblique, concave; nostril much nearer to tip of snout than
to eye; interorbital space as broad as or narrower than the
upper eyelid, convex in the female, plane in the male; tympanum
distinct, ?/; to '/, the diameter of the eye. Fingers blunt or
with slightly swollen tips, toes with small disks; first finger
not or slightly extending beyond second; toes */, to °/, webbed,
the web reaching the disks, except that of fourth toe, two
phalanges of which are free; the web penetrating between the
outer metatarsals; subarticular tubercles large, oval; inner
metatarsal tubercle elliptic, flat, outer tubercle, if distinguish-
able, small and rounded; no tarsal fold; heel reaching the
eye; tibia 2'/, to 2°/, times in length from snout to vent;
when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body,
the heels do not overlap.

Upper surfaces smooth or with numerous small, flat, porous
warts, which may be elongate on the anterior part of the
back; a strong fold above the tympanum; no dorsolateral
fold; belly and lower surface of thighs slightly granulate, other-
wise smooth below.

Olive or dark brown above, the warts blackish, or with a
few dark spots and cross-bars on the limbs, vertical bars on
the upper lip, and a cross-bar between the eyes; hinder side
of thighs with small whitish dots; lower parts brownish white,
the throat light brown. From snout to vent 125 mm.

Male with two internal vocal sacs.

Terminal phalanges with a feeble transverse expansion at
the tip.

Development without free larva. Eggs large (6 to 10 mm.
in diameter).

Perhaps identical with &. dufoniformis, as Barbour (Proc.
New England Zodél. Club, VII, 1921, p. 98) states.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

14. Rana ventricosa Vogt.
Rana ventricosus (sic!), Vogt, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1912, p. 8.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, beginning at the inner
edge and extending a little behind the level of the choanae.
Head broad; snout blunt; canthus rostralis rather indistinct;
loreal region oblique; nostril near the tip of the snout; inter-
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum ?/, the

187

width of the eye. Fingers and toes with small disks; first
and second finger equal in length; toes webbed to the disks;
subarticular tubercles large; a rather large, elliptic, blunt inner
and a smaller, round outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel
reaches the eye.

Back coarsely granulate; flat warts on the upper eyelids,
the temporal region, the sides, near the vent and on the hind
limbs; no dorsolateral fold; a strong fold above the tympanum;
smooth beneath.

Dark olive green above; posterior surface of thighs rusty
brown, with numerous white dots; white below, throat and
belly marbled with light brown. From snout to vent 158 mm.

Description completed by means of informations from Mr. VoGT.
Differing from R. opfisthodon in the entirely webbed toes; it
may be, however, that both species are identical.

Habitat: Bismarck archipelago.

Subg. c. Platymantis Gthr.
(GUNTHER, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 93; BOULENGER, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 372).

Fingers and toes with disks, the upper surface of which is
separated from the lower one by a groove. Toes free or slightly
webbed. Outer metatarsals united. Dorsolateral fold absent.

Omosternal style forked at the base.

Distribution: Philippines; Halmahera; Kei islands; New
Guinea and neighbouring islands ; New Britain; Solomon islands;
Fiji islands.

15. Rana boulengeri (Bttgr.).

Cornufer boulengert Boettger, Kat. Batr.-Samml, Senckenb. naturf. Ges., Frankf,
a/M., 1892, p. 18.

Cornufer boulengeri Werner, Mitt. Mus. f. Naturk. Berlin, I, 1900, p. 114,
fig. 115 (sternal apparatus).

Platymantis boulenger? Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373.

Vomerine teeth in two very long, curved series behind the
level of the choanae. Head large, strongly depressed, broader
than long; snout 11/, to 1'/, times the length of the eye; canthus
rostralis more or less indistinct (in the young sharp ard distinct,
straight); loreal region concave; nostril equidistant from tip
of snout and eye, or nearer the latter; interorbital space twice,
in the young equal to the width of the upper eyelid; crown

188

flat; tympanum vertically oval, ?/, to °/, the diameter of the eye.
Tips of fingers and toes hardly dilated; first finger extending
beyond second; toes slightly webbed; subarticular tubercles
much developed; an oblong inner and a very indistinct, rounded
outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border
of the eye (the tip of the snout in the young).

Posterior part of back granulate, otherwise smooth, or with
rather sharp longitudinal folds, above; a narrow dorsolateral
fold, extending backwards to the sacral region; a fold above
the tympanum; sides, belly and lower and posterior surfaces
of thighs granulate.

Yellowish, greyish, brown or greyish violet above, marbled
with brown; a brown cross-bar between the eyes; loreal and
temporal regions black, with a light border above; upper lip
red; limbs and sides of body reddish, the limbs with dark
cross-bars; throat, breast and lower surface of limbs powdered
and spotted with brown. Length 75 mm.

Habitat: Bismarck archipelago.

16. Rana moszkowskii (Vogt).
Cornufer moszkowskii Vogt, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1912, p. 358.

Vomerine teeth in two widely separated transverse groups
behind the choanae; snout rather pointed; canthus rostralis
strong; loreal region concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the
snout than to the eye; interorbital space somewhat broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum vertically elliptic, ?/, the width
of the eye. Fingers and toes with dilated tips; first finger
longer than second; toes free; subarticular tubercles small; a
cylindrical inner, and a small, round outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches a little beyond the eye.

Granulate above, with sharp, short, longitudinal ridges; a sharp
fold above the tympanum; upper eyelid warty ; smooth beneath.

Dark above; upper surface of snout light coloured; two
reddish white dorsolateral streaks; lips spotted; limbs with
indistinct bars; yellowish beneath, chin and throat dark spotted.
Length 56 mm.

Probably identical with R. rugata or boulengerz. It can perhaps
be distinguished from vrugata by the broader interorbital space,
from Jdoulengerit, as Mr. Vogt informs me, by less developed
subarticular tubercles.

Habitat: interior of Dutch New Guinea,

189

17. Rana beauforti (v. Kamp.).

Cornufer beauforti v. Kampen, Bijdr. t. d. Dierk., pt. 19, 1913, p. 91.
Platymantis beauforti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373.

Tongue with a conical papilla; vomerine teeth in two oblique

Fig. 24. Rana beauforti (v. Kamp.), type specimen, + X I.

series behind the level of the choanae. Head as long as or
hardly longer than broad; snout a little longer than the upper

190

eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region
oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to
the eye; interorbital space as broad as or somewhat narrower
than the upper eyelid; crown flat; tympanum '/, to ?/, the
width of the eye. Fingers and toes with small disks; first
finger extending beyond second, which is much shorter than
fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes webbed at the base;
subarticular tubercles strong; an oblong inner, and a small,
round outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between the
eye and the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth or finely granulate; the posterior half of the
upper eyelid somewhat warty; a fold above the tympanum.

Upper parts reddish violet, more or less spotted or marbled
with bluish violet; a dark cross-bar between the eyes; some-
times a light vertebral line; a part of the tympanum and the
posterior part of the temporal region, sometimes the loreal
region also, darker; lips with dark spots; limbs with dark
cross-bars; sides of the body and posterior and superior sur-
faces of the thighs marbled with blackish; yellowish beneath,
sometimes dark marbled. Length 78 mm.

Type specimens examined.

Habitat: Waigeu!

18. Rana rugata nomen novum ').

Hylodes corrugatus A, Duméril, Ann. Sc. nat., (3) XIX, 1853, p. 176.
Platymantis plicifera Gtinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 95, pl. VIII, fig. B.
Platymantis plicifera var. Pelewensis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 33.
Platymantis corrugata var. papuensis, Meyer, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 139.
Cornufer corrugatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. IIo.
Cornufer corrugatus v. Méhely, Termész. Fiizetek, XX, 1897, p. 411, pl. X, figs. 1, 2
(sternal apparatus and terminal phalanx).
Platymantis corrugata Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373-

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series behind the level of
the choanae. Head about as long as broad; snout pointed, as
long as, to 1'/, the length of the upper eyelid, longer than
deep; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region oblique,
concave ; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid (narrower in
the young); crown flat; tympanum circular or vertically oval,
*/, the width of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes feebly dilated ;

1) Rana corrugata and R. plicifera are preoceupied,

tol

first finger extending beyond second, which is as long as
fourth; third toe much longer than fifth; toes with a very
rudimentary web; subarticular tubercles much developed; an
inner, oblong and a distinct, round, outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches between eye and tip of snout, rarely beyond.

Granulate above, with symmetrical longitudinal ridges on
the back; a strong fold above the tympanum; a tarsal fold;
smooth below.

Brownish, olive or greyish above, with indistinct darker
markings; loreal and temporal region blackish or with blackish
vertical streaks; sometimes a light vertebral streak or two
light dorso-lateral ones; white beneath, immaculate or the throat
speckled with brown; limbs with dark cross-bars. Length 66 mm.

Male with two internal vocal sacs.

Habitat: Halmahera, up to 700 m. Ke islands; Batanta
isl.; New Guinea (Dore; Andai; eee re Arfak mts.; Mani-
kion region!; Geelvink bay; Bing bay!; Nambersino Riots
near Idenburg riv., 400 m.!; Doorman riv.!; Tawarin riv.!;
Sermowai riv., +70 and +400m.!; SA plese: bay !; ie ei
merah bay!; Tor riv.!; Jaona!; Humboldt bay!; Yami riv.!;
Sentani lake!; Cianihe t. upper current of Kaiserin eet
riv.!; Erima; Stephansort; Sattelberg, +800 m.; Bara Bara;
Bukana; Mimika riv.; Setekwa riv.); Jobi ere Meisor ie
Schouten islands; Ferguson isl.; St. Aignan isl.; Duke of York
isl.;°Goram isli;; Faor-isl.;. Bertrand isf.; Bismarck arch.:
Solomon islands. — Philippines; Pelew islands.

Rana rugata, var. rubristriata (Barb.).
Cornufer corrugatus rubristriatus Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI
1908, p. 190.
Cornufer corrugatus rubristriatus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard
Coll OLIV 1) LOZ ep. 70. pl We fis. V4.
Distinguished from the type by shorter legs, the heel reaching
the eye, and by the absence of the fold above the tympanum.
Brownish olive above, with a brick red vertebral stripe;
inner sides of thighs yellow.
Perhaps identical with P. solomonts.
Habitat: Rooén island, Geelvink bay.

19. Rana solomonis (Blgr.).

Cornufer solomonis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p, 212.

192

Cornufer solomonis Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886,
. .'p-)545, Pid, ug. 2.

Platymantis solomonis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373.
Platymantis solomonis Barbour, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, VII, 1921,

p- 96, pls. II—IV.

Tongue without papilla; vomerine teeth in two rather long,
transverse or slightly oblique, feebly arched series behind the
level of the choanae. Head very large, moderately depressed,
as long as broad, its length contained 2'/, to 2°/, times in the
distance from snout to vent; snout rounded, not projecting,
as long as, or slightly longer than the upper eyelid; canthus
rostralis distinct, obtuse, straight; loreal region oblique, concave ;
nostril much nearer to tip of snout than to orbit; interorbital
space about */, the width of the upper eyelid, with a median
ridge; tympanum very distinct, about half the width of the
upper eyelid. Tips of fingers and toes swollen; first finger
extending beyond second, and as long as third; second and
fourth ones equal in length; toes with a very slight rudiment of
web; subarticular tubercles very strong and prominent; an
oval inner and a smaller, rounded outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the centre or the anterior border of the eye.

Upper surfaces more or less corrugated, with irregularly
scattered, short, longitudinal folds, or smooth; a strong fold
above the tympanum; belly and lower surface of thighs feebly
granulate, otherwise smooth below.

Grey-brown or purplish brown above, with more or less
distinct darker markings; sometimes a white vertebral line,
extending along the hind limbs; loreal and temporal regions
dark brown; lips with more or less marked dark vertical bars;
tympanum chestnut-brown; limbs with dark cross-bars; whitish
below, throat more or less mottled with brown. Length 78 mm.

Male with two internal vocal sacs.

Eggs large (ripe egg 5 mm. in diameter).

Habitat: Bismarck arch.; Solomon islands.

20. Rana punctata (Ptrs. & Dor.).

Platymantis punctata Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 420,
pl Vil, fig, 3.

Cornufer punctatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 110.

Platymantis punctata Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373.
Distinguished from R. corrugata by the equal length of the

two inner. fingers.

193

Dark brown above, lighter on the snout and beneath; sides
of head and body, the throat and the outer surfaces of the
limbs dotted with orange; posterior surfaces of thighs vermi-
culated with the same colour. Length 50 mm.

Habitat: New Guinea (Hatam, Arfak mts.). — Bismarck
arch. ').

Subg. d. Hylarana Tschudi.

(TscHupI, Mém. Soc. Sc. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 37).
fTylorana Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 123.

Toes, and usually fingers also, with disks, the upper surface
of which is separated from the lower one by a groove. Outer
metatarsals separated nearly to the base, or, rarely, only in
their distal half. Dorsolateral fold present or absent.

Omosternal style not forked at the base, sometimes with a
very small notch. :

Distribution: Africa; southern Asia, including the Indo-
australian Archipelago to the Solomon islands; northern
Australia.

21. Rana macrops Bler.

Rana macrops Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 233, pl. XVI, fig. 1.
Rana macrops Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 203.

Vomerine teeth in two very small oblique groups between
the choanae, or close together just behind them. Head as
long as broad; snout rounded, projecting, shorter than the
eye; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region nearly vertical,
concave; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the
eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; eye very
large; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Disks
of fingers rather large, ?/, to */, the diameter of the tympanum,
of toes a little smaller; first finger as long as second; toes
2/, webbed; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the basc;
subarticular tubercles moderate; a small oval inner, no outer
metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold ; the heel reaches the nostril
or the tip of the snout; tibia */, to 3/; length of head and
body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the
body, the heels are overlapping.

1) According to Sternfeld, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges.,; XXXVI, 1918, p. 434.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 13

194

Skin smooth or finely granulate above, sometimes with a
few small flat warts on the back; a very feebly developed
and only anteriorly distinct dorsolateral fold; lower partssmooth.

Olive-green above; a blackish streak below the canthus
rostralis; a blackish band on the temporal region and above
the shoulder, broken up into spots posteriorly; sides greyish,
marbled with dark brown; a whitish streak from below the
eye to above the arm; limbs with more or less distinct dark
cross-bands; hinder side of thighs marbled with dark brown;
brownish beneath, throat dark brown, with or without small
white spots. From snout to vent 45 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs and an oval flat gland at the
base of the arm.

Habitat: Celebes (Takalekadjo mts., towards Lake Poso,
goo m.; Matinan mts., 1000 m.; Mt. Masarang).

22. Rana glandulosa Blgr.
Rana glandulosa Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 73, pl. VII.
Rana glandulosa Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
LOE2 Eps) 230:
Rana glandulosa Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 181.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series between the
choanae or extending a little behind the level of their posterior
borders. Head as long as broad or a little broader; snout
rounded or obtusely pointed, hardly projecting, as long as or
slightly longer than the eye; canthus rostralis distinct, straight ;
loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer tothe tip of the
snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as or slightly
narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */,
to */, the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with very
small .disks; first finger extending much beyond second, which
is shorter than fourth; third toe extending beyond fifth; toes
1/, to ?/, webbed; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the
base; subarticular tubercles very prominent; an oval inner,
and a smaller, round, outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold;
the heel reaches the eye or the tip of the snout; tibia about
half the length from snout to vent; when the hind limbs are
folded at right angles to the body, the heels are overlapping.

Upper parts smooth or more or less distinctly granulate,
with large flat warts, at least on the sides.

Olive-brown or reddish brown, often spotted and speckled

195

with blackish; lips dark, with large whitish spots or bars;
limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bars; beneath whitish
or buff, uniform or spotted with brown; eye fiery red. From
snout to vent 95 mm.

Male with two external vocal sacs, forming folds, and a
large oval gland on the inner surface of the arm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Serbadjadi, Serdang!); Borneo
(Bongon; Baram riv., Mt. Mubu, Spitang, Mt. Batu Song and
Miri in Serawak). — Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singa-
pore; Pelawan.

23. Rana baramica Bttgr.

Rana baramica Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges.. XXV, 1901, p. 391.
Rana baramica vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 399.
Rana baramica Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 182.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series between the
posterior borders of the choanae, or extending a little behind
them. Head a little longer than broad ; snout somewhat pointed,
feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis
angular; loreal region slightly oblique, concave; nostril nearer to
the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad
as or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very
distinct, 7/, to °/, the width of the eye; fingers and toes
with very small disks, those of toes a little larger; first finger
much longer than second, which is shorter than fourth; third
toe extending beyond fifth; toes webbed at the base; sub-
articular tubercles very strong; two strong metatarsal tubercles,
the inner one elliptic, the outer one round; no tarsal fold; the
heel reaches between eye and nostril; tibia half the length of
head and body.

Strongly granulate above; sides with granules and longitu-
dinal warts; fold above the tympanum indistinct or absent;
smooth beneath.

Light brown or dark greenish grey above; back and sides
spotted and marbled with dark brown or black; sometimes a
few lighter spots on the lips and around the brown tympanum;
hind limbs with dark cross-bars; throat and breast, sometimes
the belly also, densely powdered or spotted with dark grey
or blackish; a very distinct light median stripe from the chin
to the middle of the. breast may be present. Length 62 mm.

Male with a flat giand on the inner side of the upper arm
and with two outer vocal sacs.

196

Distinguished from R. glandulosa by the shorter web between
the toes.
Habitat: Banka!; Borneo (Baram riv.).

24. Rana luctuosa (Ptrs.).

Limnodytes luctuosus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 579.
Limnodytes luctuosus Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p. 43, pl. VI, fig. 1.
Rana luctuosa Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 68.

Rana decorata Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) 11, 1890, p.. 145, ~

pl. X, figs. 1—14.

Rana luctuosa Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 904, pl. XLVI (tadpole).
Rana luctuosa Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 896.
Rana luctuosa Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

1912, p. 238.

Rana luctuosa Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 183.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups or short series
between the choanae. Head as long as broad; snout rounded,
as long as or a little shorter than the eye, feebly projecting;
canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region scarcely oblique,
feebly concave; nostril in the middle between the eye and
the tip of the snout; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, */; to */, the diameter of the eye.
Fingers with very small, toes with a little larger disks; first
finger extending beyond second; toes '/, webbed; outer meta-
tarsals 7/, separated; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small,
oval inner, and a very small outer metatarsal tubercle; no
tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or between
eye and tip of snout; tibia '/, the length from snout to vent
or a little longer; when the hind limbs are folded at right
angles to the body, the heels are overlapping.

Skin smooth.

Upper surfaces of head and back bright red or rich dark choco-
late-brown, bordered on each side, from the end of the snout to
the base of the hind limbs, by a very distinct white or yellow
line; sides of head and body very dark brown or black;
tympanum dark reddish brown to nearly black; sides of body
with a few white or yellow spots, sometimes forming an irre-
gular line from angle of mouth to thigh; limbs very dark
brown or bluish black with light marblings or transverse lines;
beneath dirty buff, darker on the limbs, sometimes with small
light spots; throat brown or black. From snout to vent 60 mm.

Male without vocal sacs.

197

Tadpole. — Length of body once and a half its width and
more than half the length of the tail, which is 3 to 4 times as
long as deep. Nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the
eye; eyes superior, nearer to the end of the snout than to the
spiraculum, the distance between them at least twice that between
the nostrils, and much larger than the width of the snout;
spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible
from above and from below, nearer to the vent than to the tip of
the snout; vent dextral, close to the lower edge of the sub-
caudal crest. Tail acutely pointed, the upper crest convex,
about equal in depth to the lower one, not extending on the back.

Sides and lower border of lips bordered with papillae; jaws
broadly edged with black; series of teeth 4'4/1,1 or 515/1,1,
inner series of lower lip very narrowly interrupted.

Younger larvae blackish brown above, white beneath, tail
mottled with grey; the older ones have the upper parts brown,
mottled with darker, the sides and lower parts yellow, mottled
with brown, the tail mottled brown and yellow. Length 77 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu!; Koung, Br. N.-Borneo;
Akar riv. and Matang, Serawak). — Malay Peninsulz, up to
1200 m.; Philippines ').

25. Rana debussyi v. Kamp.
Rana debussyi v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 23, pl. I, fig. 3.
Rana debussyt vy, Kampen, ibid., p. 40 (tadpole).
Rana debussyi Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 184.

Vomerine teeth in two short, oblique series between the
choanae. Head longer than broad; snout rounded, projecting, once
and a half. as long as the eye; canthus rostralis rather sharp;
loreal region somewhat oblique; nostril a little nearer to the tip
of snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, °/, the diameter of the eye.
Disks of fingers and toes small, but distinct, those of toes a
little larger; first finger extending beyond second; toes webbed
at the base, the web reaching only the proximal subarticular
tubercles; only between fourth and fifth toe it reaches a little
farther, at the fifth toe almost to the second tubercle; sub-
articular tubercles well developed; a small, oblong inner, and

1) According to; De Elera, Catalogo Sist, de toda la Fauna de Filippinas, I,
1895, p. 448.

198

a still smaller, round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold;
heel reaching the tip of the snout.

Skin very finely granulate.

Brown above; sides, from tip of snout to vent, black, with
a white streak from the tip of the snout along the upper lip,
below the tympanum, to the thighs; limbs pale brown, with
dark cross-bars; yellowish white beneath. Length 50 mm.

Tadpole. — The tadpoles, here described, probably belong
to this species.

Length of body 1°/, times its width; tail nearly twice the
length of the body and almost 4 times as long as deep. Nostril
in the middle between the tip of the snout and the eye;
eyes superior, equally distant from tip of snout and spiraculum,
the distance between them once and a half that between the
nostrils, which equals the width of the mouth; spiraculum
sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above
and from below, nearer to the hind limbs than to the tip of the
snout; vent dextral, close to the lower border of the tail. Tail
with rounded tip; the upper crest a little higher than the
lower one, not reaching the base of the tail.

Lips with papillae, which are arranged in two or three
series along the sides and the lower border, not interrupted
in the median line; jaws edged with black; series of teeth
4'4/'3! (in younger specimens 3'3/'3!), the four rows of
the lower lip nearly equal in length, the inner one hardly
interrupted.

Grey, lower surface of body a little lighter, and finely mottled
with white; tail yellowish brown, darker marbled. Length 65 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Bandarbaru, Batak mts., + 900 m.!).

26. Rana laterimaculata Barb. & Noble.

Rana laterimaculata Barbour and Noble, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, Cambridge,
Mass., VI, 1916, p. 21, text-fig. 3 (foot).

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups, not extending
behind the level of the choanae, the distance between them
slightly greater than the diameter of each of the choanae.
Canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostril much
nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space slightly
broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum more than half the dia-
meter of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes dilated, of toes a little

199

more than those of fingers; first finger extending much beyond
second; toes slender, nearly free; two metatarsal tubercles,
the outer one oblong, as long as the inner one; heel reaching
tip of snout.

Skin shagreened above, with numerous scattered tubercles;
smooth below; posterior surface of thighs finely granular.

Light umber above, indistinctly darker marbled; tympanum
almost black; sides with dark brown spots; anterior surface
of thighs spotted; a narrow light line from beneath the eye
along the upper lip to the posterior border of the tympanum;
lower lip dark brown with a few light spots; uniform dirty
yellowish brown beneath. Length +50 mm.').

Perhaps indentical with R. dedussyz.

Habitat: Borneo (Sadong, Serawak).

27. Rana arfaki Meyer.

Rana Arfaki Meyer, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 138.

Limnodytes arfaki (part.) Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 418.
Rana arfaki Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 66.

Rana macroscelis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) I, 1888, p. 345.

Rana arfaki vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 165.

Rana wargeénsis vy. Kampen, Bijdr. t. d. Dierk., pt. 19, 1913, p. 90.

Rana waigeénsis v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 459, pl. XJ, fig. 2.
Rana macroscelis Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914, p. 249.
Rana arfaki Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 241.

Rana arfaki Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 173.

Vomerine teeth in two straight or feebly curved oblique
series, on a level with or extending behind the posterior borders
of the choanae; lower jaw without bony processes. Head
large, as long as broad, or, in the adult, broader than long,
nearly half as broad as the distance from snout to vent; snout
rounded or obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long as the
upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct,
straight or nearly so; loreal region a little oblique, concave;
nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout or nearer to
the latter; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower
than the upper cyelid, with a longitudinal groove extending
along the occiput; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the width of
the eye. Disks of fingers small, of toes a little larger; first
finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth,

1) After notes taken from the type specimen by Mr, Dunn,

200

the two terminal phalanges of the third one extending beyond
the second one, only one of them beyond the fourth; the web
between the toes reaches all disks or the last phalanx of
fourth toe remains free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to
the base; subarticular tubercles large, prominent; inner meta-
tarsal tubercle oblong, outer one absent or feeble; a dermal
fold along the inner border of the first, and another one along
the outer border of the fifth toe; the latter one extending in
the male along a part of the metatarsus; no tarsal fold; heel
reaching between eye and tip of snout, or to the tip of the
snout or slightly beyond; tibia '/, to */, length of head and
body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the
body, the heels are overlapping.

Smooth, or with large, flat warts and small granules, above;
posterior part of the upper eyelid rugose; in young speci-
mens a very narrow dorsolateral fold may be present; a feeble
fold above the tympanum; smooth beneath.

Upper surface (in spirit) greenish blue, or more or less
reddish or lilac brown, marbled with darker; hind limbs some-
times with indistinct dark cross-bars; back, sides and limbs
usually with a few roundish, yellowish-white spots or vermi-
culations; whitish below, throat and breast usually marbled with
brown; border of lower lip yellowish-white, bordered with blue.
Length 162 mm.

Male in the breeding time with two external vocal sacs
and a large oval gland on inner side of arm.

Habitat: Aru islands; Waigeu!; New Guinea (Andai; Hatam,
Arfak mts.; Mamberamo riv.!; Idenburg riv.!; Sermowai riv.,
+ 300 m.!; Tor riv.!; Moaif-riv.!; Moso riv.!; Air Mo riv.!;
Sekanto region!; Albert Edward range; Madew; Astrolabe mts. ;
Haveri; Soghere;. 530°m.;. Lorentz “tiv:}. 307 inet) Wentemmaies

?

+ 1300 m.!; Setekwa riv., 150 m.; Mimika riv.).

28. Rana elberti Roux.
Rana elberti Roux, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXX, 1911, p. 504.
Rana elberti Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 142.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae,
extending somewhat behind their posterior borders. Head
about as long as broad; snout truncate, projecting, as long as
the eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region vertical, feebly
concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;

201

interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum
very distinct, °/, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers
feebly dilated, without distinct disks; disks of toes small, but
distinct; first finger extending beyond second; toes nearly
entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles prominent; a well-
developed, oval, blunt inner, and a small, oval outer metatarsal
tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches beyond the tip of
the snout; tibia ?/, the length from snout to vent.

Smooth or rather rough above; a very narrow dorsolateral
fold; sides with a few folds; smooth beneath.

Uniform olive above; a rather broad brown streak below
the canthus rostralis and a large brown temporal spot; limbs
with brown cross-bars; posterior surfaces of thighs with large
and long black spots in a white network; lower parts uniform
yellowish white. From snout to vent 48 mm.

The absence of real disks on the fingers is the only character
separating this species from &. papua, with which it probably
must be united.

Habitat: Wetar.

29. Rana papua Less.

Rana papua Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zool., Il, 1, 1830, p. 59, pl. VII, fig. 1.

Lymnodytes arfaki (part.) Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 418,
Plo Viley figs aie

Rana papua (part.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 64.

Rana varians Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 86.

Rana moluccana Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 132.

Rana florensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 508.

Rana varians Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, I901, p. 336,
pl. XV, fig. 8.

Rana papua v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 164 (with tadpole).

Rana papua and Rana spec. (tadpole) Roux, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges.,
XXXII, 1910, p. 224, 225, pl. XIV, figs. 7, 7@ (tadpole).

Rana papua, moluccana and varians Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard
Coll., XLIV, 1, 1912, p. 65, pl. V, figs. 12, 15 and text-figs.

Rana fallax v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 458.

Rana papua v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XX XVII, 1914, p. 371 (with tadpole).

Rana florensis, varians and papua Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 160,
165, 188.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series or groups, between
or extending behind the level of the choanae. Head as long
as or longer than broad; snout more or less pointed, projecting,
as long as or longer than the eye, longer than deep; canthus

202

rostralis angular, straight; loreal region nearly vertical, concave;
nostril equidistant from eye and tip of the snout, or nearer to
the latter; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower or
a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, to
equal to the width of the eye. Disks of fingers small, of toes as
large or slightly larger; first finger extending beyond second,
which is a little shorter than fourth; toes entirely or nearly
entirely webbed, the web reaching all disks or the two distal
phalanges and sometimes part of the next phalanx of fourth toe
are free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; sub-
articular tubercles well developed; a distinct, oblong inner, and
a smaller, round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel
reaches to between the anterior border of the eye and the
tip of the snout or beyond; tibia about '/, to °/, the length
of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right
angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

Smooth or finely granulate above; a narrow dorsolateral
fold and a glandular fold from below the eye to the shoulder,
sometimes followed by one or two glandules; sometimes a
few scattered warts on back and sides; smooth below.

Greyish, brownish, pink, or blackish above, sometimes marbled
with darker, the warts usually dark; loreal region or a streak
below the canthus rostralis often dark brown or black; a
more or less distinct dark temporal spot, sometimes (especially
in the young) continued into a black streak along the side
of the body, bordered above by the often light-coloured dorso-
lateral fold; sides rarely reticulated with blackish; tympanum
usually reddish brown; a narrow light vertebral line, and another
light line along the tibia may be present; often a white streak
along the upper lip, continued to the shoulder; limbs with
dark cross-bars; beneath white, often powdered or reticulated
with brown or blackish, especially on throat and breast; often
a pair of dark spots on the breast and an oblique dark bar
on the shoulders. From snout to vent 110 mm.

Male with two vocal sacs, which are usually internal, rarely
external, but feebly developed, and sometimes (in the breeding
season?) with humeral glands.

Tadpole').—Length of body about 1'/, to 2 times its width;

1) Known only from specimens from New Guinea and the Aru _ islands
(Rana sp., Roux).

203

tail 1'/, to 2 times the length of the body, 3 to 4 times as
long as deep. Nostril about equally distant from the eye and
the tip of the snout; eyes superior, in the middle between
tip of snout and spiraculum, or a little nearer to the first; the
distance between them equal to that between the nostrils and
a little smaller than the width of the mouth (including the
lips); spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards,
visible from above and from below, nearer to the posterior end
of the body than to the tip of the snout; vent dextral, close to
the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tip of tail rounded;
the upper crest higher than the lower one, and extending
on to base of tail.

Mouth ventral, with papillae along the entire lower border
and the sides of the lips; jaws edged with black; series of
teeth, iE /42)) tong aii 2!,thesrows of the lower lip. nearly
equal in length (the outer one but little shorter), the inner
one very slightly, sometimes not interrupted.

Dark brown or grey above; lower surfaces and tail lighter;
muscular part of tail and the upper crest sometimes more or
less dark spotted. Length 65 mm.

BOULENGER (I. c., 1920) considers KR. varians and florensis as
distinct species. The differences, however, are very slight:

Rk. florensis: Disks of fingers and toes equal, not twice as
broad as the narrowest part of the corresponding penultimate
phalanx. Heel reaching the tip of the snout. Male with a flat
gland on the inner side of the arm and internal vocal
sacs. — Hab.: Flores.

R. varians (= moluccana): Disks as in R. florensis. Heel
reaching beyond the tip of the snout. Male without humeral
glands ') and with internal vocal sacs. — Hab.: Celebes;
Halmahera; Ternate; Batjan; Philippines; Pelawan.

R. papua: Disks of toes a little larger than those of fingers,
at least twice as broad as the narrowest part of the penulti-
mate phalanx. Heel reaching the nostril, the tip of the snout,
or beyond. Male without humeral glands '), with internal, rarely
feebly developed external vocal sacs. — Hab.: Timorlaut
islands; Kei islands; Aru islands; New Guinea; Ferguson isl.;
Murray isl., etc.

1) Boettger (l.c., 1901), however, mentions a humeral gland in specimens of
R varians, and I myself (l.c,, 1906) and Barbour (lc., 1912) in A. papua from
New Guinea and Jobi.

204

Perhaps further researches will show, that still other species
(elberti, celebensis, grisea, daemeli, kreffti) belong to the same
variable species. On the other hand R. fallax, described by
me after a specimen from Waigeu and distinguished by a small
tympanum (half the width of the eye) and slate blue colour
(in spirit) and which BoULENGER (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I,
1918, p. 242, and l.c., 1920) unites with papua, may be an
proper species; it is even possible, that this is the real Xk. papua
(described by Lesson, after specimens from Waigeu, as bluish
green), and that the specimens usually described as Kk. papua
are another species, which then must be named A. wazgeensis
Dum. et Bibr. (Erpétologie générale, VIII, 1841, p. 514).

Habitat: Flores, above 900 m.; Celebes (Lake Poso; Lindu!;
Bwool; Uangkahulu valley ; Gorontalo?!; Tomohon; Rurukan;
Menado!; Mt. Masarang); Morotai!; Halmahera, up to 250 m.;
Ternate; Batjan; Buru, up to 750 m.!; Ceram!; Timorlaut
islands; Kei islands; Aru islands; Waigeu!; Batanta; New
Guinea (Sorong; Dore Hum; Manokwari; Andai; Mansiman!;
Hatam, Arfak mts.; Wendesi!; Etna bay!; Jamur lake!; Rubi,
Geelvink bay ; Mamberamo riv.!; near Idenburg riv., +1450 m.!;
Doorman riv.!; Sermowai riv.!; Tor riv.!; Tanahmerah bay!;
Waipopa riv.!; Jaona!; Humboldt bay!; Sekanto region!;
Tami riv.!; Sentani lake!; Ibaiso!; Jaga!; Timena riv.!; Rien-
jamur riv. and Garup riv., Torricelli mts.!; Eitape; Berlinhafen ;
Kaiserin Augusta riv.!; westward from Finschhafen, in the
interior; Astrolabe bay; Stephansort; Sattelberg, + 800 m.;
Moroka, 700 m.; Bara Bara; Rigo; Vikaiku; Pt. Moresby;
Merauke!; Digul riv.!; Lorentz riv.!; Van der Sande riv.!;
Went mts., 1050 m.!; Hellwig mts., 2000 m.!; Utakwa riv.,
640—760 m.; Setekwa riv.; Mimika riv.); Frederik Hendrik isl. !;
Jobi isl.; Ferguson isl.; Murray isl. — Philippines; Pelawan.

30. Rana celebensis (Schlg.).

Limnodytes celebensis (Schlegel), Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1872, p. 585.
? Rana celebensis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 70.

Rana celebensis v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 395.
Rana celebensis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 169.

Vomerine teeth in two short series extending a little behind
the level of the choanae. Head longer than broad; snout
rounded or somewhat pointed, projecting, aslong as the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region nearly vertical,

205

concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;
interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers and toes with
small, but distinct disks; first finger extending beyond second,
which is shorter than fourth; toes nearly entirely webbed, the
web reaching all disks, except that of fourth toe, two phalanges
of which are free; subarticular tubercles well developed; an
oval inner, and a not much smaller round outer metatarsal
tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the nostril; tibia
more than '/, length of head and body.

Finely granulate above, with or without large warts on the
back; a broad dorsolateral fold; lower parts smooth.

Brown above; the warts, dorsolateral folds, loreal and
temporal regions darker; a white streak along the upper lip;
limbs with dark cross-bands. Length 51 mm.

BoULENGER (Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 70, and Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 232) describes as R. celebensis a
specimen of unknown origin, which has the first finger not
extending beyond the second one and shows some other diffe-
rences with the above description. It is thus uncertain, if it
belongs to the same species. It is a male, with internal vocal
sacs and an oval flat gland on the inner side of the arm.

Habitat: Celebes (Menado!; Gorontalo?!; Gurupahi)).

31. Rana daemeli (Steind.).

Hylorana Daemeli Steindachner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien, LVII, 1868, p. 532,
figs. I—4.

Rana papua (yart.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 64.

Rana novae-guineae v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 37, pl. IJ, fig. 5.

Rana daemeli Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914, p. 250.

? Rana papua Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 201.

Rana daemeli Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 190.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups or short series between
the choanae or extending a little behind them. Head a little
longer than broad; snout obtusely pointed, projecting, at least
as long as the eye, about once and a half as long as high;
canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region feebly oblique, concave;
nostril equally distant from eye and tip of snout or a little
nearer to the latter; interorbital space as broad as or a little
narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, */, to */,
the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with small, but

206

distinct disks; first finger extending slightly beyond second,
which is shorter than fourth; toes almost entirely webbed,
the web reaching all the disks except fourth, the second and
third ones however only at their outer borders; two phalanges
of fourth toe free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the
base; subarticular tubercles strong; an inner, oblong, and an
outer, smaller, round metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the
heel reaches the eye or between eye and nostril; tibia half
the length of head and body or a little shorter; when the
hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels
are feebly overlapping.

Finely granulate above; a moderately broad dorsolateral
fold; back, sides of the body and hind limbs with or without
scattered small warts; a fold from below the eye to the shoulder,
sometimes followed by one or two glandules; smooth below.

Upper parts greyish or reddish brown; sides of head and
sometimes of body also blackish, darker in young specimens
than in older ones; the dorsolateral folds may be a little
lighter than the back; warts of back and cross-bars on the
hind limbs black; border of the upper lip unspotted, usually
white; the glandular fold behind it white; beneath white,
sometimes powdered with brownish, especially on throat and
breast; usually a pair of dark spots between the shoulders
and an oblique bar on the upper arm. From snout to vent 80 mm.

Male with humeral glands and internal vocal sacs.

Very closely allied and perhaps identical with Rk. papua,
from which, however, it seems to be distinct by broader
dorsolateral folds.

Habitat: New Guinea (Humboldt bay!; Pt. Moresby;
Lorentz riv.!; Mimika riv.).§ — ? Thursday isl. '); northern
Queensland.

32. Rana kreffti Blgr.

Rana krefftii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 64, pl. III, fig. 2.

Rana krefftii Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886, p. 52.

Rana novae-britanniae Werner, Zool. Anz., XVII, 1894, p. 155.

Rana novae-britanniae (part.) Werner, Mitt. Mus. f. Naturk. Berlin, I, 1900,
p- I11, fig. 42.

Rana kreffti Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 411.

Rana krefftii Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 186.

\
1) ,Rana papua (Hylorana Ddmelii Steind.)”, F. Miller, Verh. naturf. Ges.
Basel, VII, 1885, p. 670.

207

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups or short series
in the middle between the choanae. Head slightly longer than
broad; snout obtusely pointed, somewhat projecting, as long
as the eye or a little longer; canthus rostralis angular, straight ;
loreal region a little oblique, concave; nostril somewhat nearer to
tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space as broad as or a
little narrower than to the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct,
about ?/, the width of the eye. Fingers with small, toes
with a little larger oval disks; first finger longer than second
and fourth ones; toes nearly entirely webbed, two phalanges of
fourth one free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base;
subarticular tubercles prominent, oval; a small, oval inner and
a small, round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the
heel reaches the eye or between eye and nostril; tibia half
the length of head and body or a little shorter; when the
hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels
are overlapping.

Skin smooth or finely granulated, sometimes with small
warts, above; posterior surface of thighs granulate; a mode-
rately broad dorsolateral fold, a less distinct fold above the
tympanum and a fold from below the eye to the shoulder,
followed by a small glandule. Lower parts smooth.

Olive or chestnut-brown above, the glandular fold not lighter ;
sides of head and body dark brown to blackish; a white
streak along the upper lip, extending backwards to the shoulder;
limbs with dark cross-bars; posterior surfaces of thighs yellow,
marbled with dark brown or black; white beneath, uniform
or spotted or marbled with blackish brown. Length 77 mm.

Male with two large external vocal sacs and a large flat
gland on the arm.

Habitat: N.E.-New Guinea? '). — Bismarck arch.; Solomon
islands.

33. Rana grisea v. Kamp.

? Rana novae-britanniae (part.) Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, LI, 1901, p: 614.
Rana grisea v, Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 460, pl. XI, fig. 3.
Rana grisea Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914, p. 250.
Rana grisea Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 185.

Rana grisea var, ceramensis Smith and Procter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) VII,

1921, p. 353-

1) According to Werner (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, LI, tgo1, p. 614); these
specimens, however, perhaps belong to &. papua or grisea.

208

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups or series between
the choanae or extending behind the level of their posterior
borders. Head as long as broad or a little longer than broad;
snout obtusely pointed, a little projecting, as long as the eye or
the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis strong;
loreal region oblique, concave; nostril equally distant from
eye and tip of snout or nearer to tip of snout; interorbital space
narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the
diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers small, of toes a little larger;
first finger hardly extending beyond second, which is much
shorter than fourth; fifth toe longer than third; toes entirely
webbed or two phalanges of fourth one free; outer metatarsals
separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles well
developed; a distinct, elliptic inner and a feebly prominent
round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches
beyond the tip of the snout; tibia */, length of head and
body; when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body,
the heels are strongly overlapping.

Smooth or finely granulate above, with a few scattered small
warts; a rather broad dorsolateral fold and a fold from the
mouth to the shoulder; smooth below.

Light grey or brown above, uniform or with some small
ill-defined dark spots on the back ; upper half of loreal region,
tympanum and temporal region dark brown; hind limbs with
narrow dark cross-bars; yellowish or brown beneath, more or
less spotted or marbled with dark; a dark streak on each
shoulder. Length 85 mm.

Male with large external vocal sacs and humeral glands.

Habitat: Ceram (900 m.); New Guinea (Went mts., +1300
m.!; Utakwa riv., 750—900 m.).

34. Rana jerboa (Gthr.).

Hylorana jerboa Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 599, pl. XL,
fig. B.

Rana jerboa Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 67.

Rana Masonii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XIII, 1884, p. 397.

Rana jerboa Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) XII, 1893, p- 335.

»Unbestimmbare Froschlarve’, Weber, Ann. Jardin Bot. Buitenzorg, Suppl. II,
1898, p. 10, fig. 6 (tadpole).

Rana jerbca y. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 397 (tadpole).

Rana jerboa v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 39, pl. H,
figs. 3—-6 (tadpole).

209

Rana jerboa Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Mal. Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 244 (not the tadpole).
Rana jerboa Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 196.

Vomerine teeth in two short, transverse or oblique series
between the choanae or extending behind the level of their
posterior borders. Head as long as broad or slightly longer;
snout rounded or obtusely pointed, scarcely projecting, as long
as or a little longer than the upper eyelid, longer than deep;
canthus rostralis angular; loreal region slightly oblique, con-
cave; nostril about equally distant from the eye and the tip
of the snout; interorbital space about as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, '/, to */, the diameter of the
eye. Disks of fingers and toes moderate, less than half the
diameter of the tympanum, those of toes as large as ora
little larger than those of fingers; first finger equal to, or slightly
longer than second; fifth toe longer than third; toes entirely
or nearly entirely webbed; outer metatarsals separated nearly
to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small,
elliptic inner metatarsal tubercle, outer metatarsal tubercle
more or less distinct, or absent; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches
far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, to +/,; length of
head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles
to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

Upper parts smooth or finely granulate, with or without
scattered warts; a moderately broad, continuous, glandular
dorsolateral fold, extending to the hip; lower parts smooth.

Brown or greyish above, uniform or marbled with darker;
darker on the sides, especially of the head; sometimes a black
streak on canthus rostralis and along the outer side of the dorso-
lateral fold, with a downward process in front of, and another one
behind the tympanum; a more or less distinct light streak
along the upper lip; limbs with dark cross-bars, which may
be very indistinct; lower parts white, uniform, or throat and
breast spotted or speckled with brown. From snout to vent
Oo 50, 9 102 mm.

Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Male with small external vocal sacs.

Tadpole. — Length of body nearly 1'/, times its width;
tail about 1°/, times as long as body, 3'/, times as long as
deep. Nostril nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout; eyes
superior, in the middle between the spiraculum and the tip

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 14

210

of the snout, or a little nearer to the first, the distance between
them larger than that between the nostrils and half the width
of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, lateral, directed upwards
and backwards, much nearer to the posterior than to the
anterior extremity of the body; vent median. Tip of tail rounded;
the crests low, not reaching the base of the tail.

A large sucking disk behind the mouth, extending to below
the spiracular tube; lower lip bordered with one, sides of
upper lip with three series of papillae; jaws feebly denticu-
lated, composed of one piece each, bordered with black; series
of téeth' 47-44 /1,—-,1/;. the outer “series in botliiipenyer:
feeble and sometimes incomplete.

Blackish brown above, colourless below; tail brown, more
or less variegated with lighter; crests colourless. Length 56 mm.

In swift running brooks.

Habitat: Sumatra (Karo countries, +400 m.!; Tandjong-
beringin, Batak mts., +300m.!; Panjinggahan!; Barisan range,
1200 m.; Sandaran Agung, 745 m., and Sinlak Daras, 900 m.,
in Kurintji valley; Muarasako, Kurintji!); Borneo (Brunet;
Mt. Dulit; Kidi distr. and Matang in Serawak); Java (Batavia?;
Buitenzorg; Tjibodas!, 1400—2000 m.; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!;
Djampang!; Tjitalahab!; Mt. Ungaran, 1000—1300 m.!; Tengger
mts., 1200 m.). — Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Philippines ’).

35. Rana whiteheadi Blgr.

Rana Whiteheadi Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XX, 1887, p. 96.

Rana Whiteheadi Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus, d’Hist. Nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 146,
Oe Ry eas

Rana Whiteheadi Boulenger, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VII, 1891, p. 344.

Rana Whiteheadi Mocquard, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, V, 1892, p. 205.

? Rana masoni Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. f. Naturk. (1887—91), 1892, p. 138.

Rana Whiteheadi Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. 526 (tadpole).

Rana whiteheadi Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 195.

Vomerine teeth in two short transverse or oblique series
between the posterior borders of the choanae, or just behind
them. Head as long as broad or slightly longer than broad;
snout rounded or obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, about
as long as the eye; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region
feebly oblique, deeply concave; nostril nearer to tip of snout

1) According to: De Elera, Catdlogo Sist. de toda la Fauna de Filippinas.
I. 1895, p. 448.

211

than to eye; interorbital space ?/, to equal to the width of the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, °/; to °/, the diameter
of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes well developed, '/, to */;
the diameter of the tympanum; first finger as long as or
extending slightly beyond second; toes entirely or nearly
entirely webbed, two phalanges of fourth one sometimes being
free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular
tubercles rather large; a small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle,
outer tubercle very small and indistinct, or absent; no tarsal
fold; the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia
?/, to 3/, length from snout to vent; when the hind limbs
are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly
overlapping.

Finely granulate or shagreened above; sides sometimes warty;
a fold above the tympanum; dorsolateral fold, if present, short,
not extending to the sacrum, or represented by a series of warts.

Grey or brown above, sometimes with darker spots or
marblings or with scattered small light spots; tympanum
yellowish or pale brown; a blackish streak below canthus rostralis
and on supratemporal fold; temporal region blackish or with
blackish spots; upper lip whitish or brown; limbs with or
without more or less distinct dark cross-bands; hinder side of
thighs purplish brown, uniform or speckled with lighter; lower
surface white, throat and breast sometimes spotted or marbled
with brown. From snout to vent 93 mm.

Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Male with small external vocal sacs; no humeral glands.

Tadpole. — Tail obtusely pointed, the upper crest not
extending to base of tail.

A large sucking disk behind the mouth, free on its borders,
truncate in front; lower lip bordered by papillae; both jaws
composed of two black pieces, which are ribbed and strongly
EOOLMeds Series Of teetm 33) 14.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu!, 640 and 280 m.; Bongon;
Baram riv.; Pata riv., Serawak; Serawak riv.); Java (Tjibodas!).

306. Rana cavitympanum Bler.

Rana cavitympanum Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. 525, pl. XLIII,
fig. 1 (with tadpole).
Rana cavitympanum Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 193.

Vomerine teeth in two short, slightly oblique series between

212

the choanae. Head as long as broad; snout rounded, scarcely
projecting, a little shorter than the eye; canthus rostralis strong;
loreal region feebly oblique, deeply concave; nostril slightly
nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout; interorbital space
*/, the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, deeply
sunk, '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes
'/, the diameter of the tympanum; first finger as iong as
second; toes entirely webbed; outer metatarsals separated
nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles of fingers rather
large, of toes rather small; a very small oval inner metatarsal
tubercle, no outer one; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches far
beyond the tip of the snout; tibia */, the length of head and
body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the
body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

Skin smooth; no dorsolateral fold.

Pale grey-brown above; a broad dorsal area blackish brown,
sharply defined on the sides; a dark bar between the eyes;
a black streak from the lip to the shoulder, passing through
nostril and eye and above the tympanum; lips with black
spots; limbs with narrow dark brown cross-bars; lower parts
white. From snout to vent 44 mm.

Male with two external vocal sacs; no humeral gland.

Tadpole. — A large ventral sucking disk, free on its
borders, truncate in front; lips much developed, without pa-
pillae; jaws black, angular, smooth, very finely denticulated
at the edge; series of tecth) 62 8yGe"

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Inuman riv., Brit. N.-Bor-
neo; Bongon, N.-Borneo).

37. Rana kampeni Bler.

Rana pantherina (non Fitz.), v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909,

Pee 2s epleed, tigsees
Rana kampeni Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 213.

Vomerine teeth in two short, oblique series, extending a
little behind the level of the choanae. Head as long as broad;
snout rounded, feebly projecting, as long as the upper eye-
lid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis strong, curved; loreal
region oblique, deeply concave; nostril equidistant from eye
and tip of snout; interorbital space somewhat narrower than
the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about '/, to ?/, the
diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers (except first) large, dia-

213

meter of largest about ?/, to 3/, that of tympanum; disks of
toes smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than
second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe shorter than
fifth; toes nearly entirely webbed, only the extreme tip of
fourth toe free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base;
subarticular tubercles well-developed; a distinct, oblong inner,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the knee reaches
the axil, the heel far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/,
to */, length of head and body; when the hind limbs are
folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly
overlapping.

Smooth, or finely granulate, or with a few tubercles on the
back; no dorsolateral fold; belly granulate or smooth, the
proximal part of the posterior surface of the thighs granulate.

Upper parts bluish grey or purplish; back and sides some-
times covered with roundish and oblong, dark spots, most of
which have a light centre; dark spots along the borders of
the lips; limbs with dark cross bars; whitish beneath, imma-
culate or vermiculated with brown. Length 73 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Bandarbaru, Batak mts., +900 m.!;
Serepai and Sungai Kring in Kurintji!).

38. Rana crassiovis Blgr.
Rana crassiovis Boulenger, Jrn. Fed. Malay St. Mus., VII, 1920, p. 292.
Rana crassiovis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 212.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series between the
choanae. Head as long as broad; snout rounded, feebly pro-
jecting, as long as or slightly longer than the eye; canthus
rostralis distinct; loreal region feebly oblique, very concave;
nostril a little nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space
as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, about
*/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers moderately large,
as long as broad, ?/, the diameter of the tympanum; disks
of toes similar to, but smaller than those of fingers; first
finger as long as second; toes webbed to the disks of third
and fifth, two phalanges of fourth one free; outer metatarsals
separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles of fingers
rather large, of toes rather small, prominent; an oval, feebly
prominent inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold;
the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia °/,

to */, the length from snout to vent; when the hind limbs

214

are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly
overlapping.

Smooth or finely granulate above, coarsely granulate on
the sides; ashort fold above the tympanum; lower parts smooth.

Dark purplish brown above, with large darker spots or
marblings, yellowish on the sides, with round black spots;
hind limbs with numerous, very regular dark cross-bands; hinder
side of thighs blackish brown, with white vertical. bars. White
beneath, throat and breast speckled or spotted with brown.
From snout to vent 63 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Barisan range in Kurintji, 1200 m.).

Eggs very large (3 mm. in diam.), unpigmented.

39. Rana everetti Blgr.

Rana Everetti Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 72, pl. VI.
Rana everetti Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 210.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series, on a level with
and extending behind the posterior borders of the choanae.
Head as long as broad; snout rounded, scarcely projecting,
a little longer than the eye; canthus rostralis angular; loreal
region slightly oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the
snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, the diameter of the eye. Disks
of fingers large, of third and fourth ones ?/, the width of the
tympanum, those of toes smaller than those of fingers; first and
second fingers equal; toes entirely webbed; outer metatarsals
separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles well deve-
loped; a small oval inner, and a very indistinct outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches between eye
and nostril; tibia hardly more than half the length of head
and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to
the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

Skin smooth above; a rather indistinct fold above the tym-
panum and a fold from below the eye to the shoulder, followed
by a glandule; belly and posterior half of lower surface of
thighs granulate.

Light greyish brown above, with round dark spots; a dark
band on the side of head and body; limbs with indistinct
dark cross-bars; white beneath, the hind limbs speckled with
greyish brown. From snout to vent 87 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Baram riv.). — Philippines.

215

40. Rana hosii Blegr.

Hyla chalconotus (part.) Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph.,
Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 23, pl. IX, fig. 1.

Rana Hosii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VIII, 1891, p. 290.

Rana Hosii vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 398.

Rana hosit Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

1912, p. 243.
Rana durheimi Baumann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXIV, 1913, p. 275, textfigs. D, E.
Rana hosii Boulenger, Rec. Ind, Mus., XX, 1920, p. 199.

Vomerine teeth in two strong, oblique series between the
choanae and extending behind the level of their posterior
borders. Head as long as broad or slightly longer; snout obtu-
sely pointed, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, much
longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region
nearly vertical, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout
than to the eye; interorbital space about as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, ?/, to °/, the diameter of the
eye. Disks of the two outer fingers from slightly more than half
to as large as the tympanum, of first and second fingers and
of toes much smaller; disks of second finger elliptic (longer
than broad); first finger as long as or a little shorter than
second, which is shorter than fourth; fifth toe longer than
third; toes webbed to the disks; outer metatarsals separated
nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles strong; an elliptic,
feebly prominent inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal
fold; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia */,
length of head and body, or nearly so long; when the hind
limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are
strongly overlapping.

Upper parts granulate; a feebly developed glandular dorso-
lateral fold; a fold from below the eye to the shoulder, often
followed by one or two glandules; smooth beneath.

Uniform purplish brown (green in life?) above, usually darker
on the sides, especially of the head; a white or whitish streak
along the upper lip, extending to the shoulder and followed
by a spot of the same colour; limbs usually with dark cross-
bars, which however may be very indistinct; white (in life
yellow?) beneath, uniform, or spotted or marbled with brown.
From snout to vent 97 mm. (the o much smaller than the 9).

Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

216

Tadpole. — The tadpoles from Posata in Bantam (Java),
described and figured by Boulenger (Cat. Batr. Sal., 1882, p. 89)

Fig. 25. Rana hosii Blgr., X 1.

and considered by him to belong to Rhacophorus reinwardti,
afterwards (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. §26) to Rana jerboa,
probably belong to RA. hoszz:

217

Length of body twice its width; tail 17/, to 1°/, the length
of the body, its depth (without crests) about '/, its length.
Spiraculum sinistral, lateral, nearer to the base of the tail than to
the end of the snout. Tail pointed; the crests beginning at
a considerable distance from the base of the tail.

Behind the mouth a ventral sucking disk, which is free on
its borders, truncate in front, and the posterior border of which
is situated below the spiraculum; lips much developed, without
papillae; jaws black, the edge feebly denticulated, formed of
one piece each; rows of teeth 3'3/'3'.

Greyish brown above, whitish beneath; tail light-spotted.
Length 46 mm.

Habitat: Simalur!; Sumatra (Brastagi, Karo highland,
1400 m.!; Tandjongberingin, Batak mts., 300 m.!; Batak mts.,
800 m.; Andalas!; Fort de Kock!; Singkarah!; Danau diatas!;
Sandaran Agung, 745 m.!, and Sinlak Daras, g00 m., in
Kurintji valley; Sungai Kring! and Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m.!,
Kurintji); Borneo! (Mt. Dulit and Mt. Batu Song, Serawak);
Java (?Posata, Bantam; Perbawati, Mt. Gedeh!; Djampang
Kulon!). — Malay Peninsula.

41. Rana chalconota (Schlg.).

Hyla chalconotus (part.) Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph.,
Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 23, pl. L, fig. 3? (mot pl. IX, fig. 1).

Polypedates Funghuhnii Bleecker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XI, 1856, p. 469 ').

Rana chalconota Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 66 (with fig. of hand).

Rana chalconota Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. f. Naturk. (1887—91), 1892, p. 141.

Rana Everetti (part.) Boylenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 232 (tadpole).

Rana Mocquardi Werner, Zool. Anz., XXIV, I901, p. 98.

Rana tytleri (part.) Isenschmid (nec Theob.), Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 72.

Rana chalconota and Everetti, v. Kampen, Weber's Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV,
1907, p. 392, 394 (with tadpole).

Rana chalconota v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p 37 (tadpole).

Rana Everetti Roux, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXX, 1911, p. 506 (tadpole).

Rana chalconota (part.) Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 201.

?>Rana sanchezi Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 256.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae,
often extending beyond their posterior borders. Head longer
than broad; snout pointed, projecting, as long as the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region slightly
oblique, concave; nostril much nearer to end of snout than to eye;

1) Specimen in the Leiden Museum, collected by Bleeker, examined by me.

218

interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum
very distinct, */, to nearly equal to the width of the eye.
Disks of third and fourth finger large, '/, to */, diameter of
tympanum, of first and second finger and of toes smaller;
disks of second finger elliptic (longer than broad); second finger
as long as or extending hardly beyond first, shorter than fourth ;
fifth toe longer than third; toes nearly entirely webbed, two
phalanges of fourth one free; outer metatarsals separated nearly
to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small
oval inner and a still smaller, sometimes indistinct, round
outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between eye and
tip of snout, to the tip of the snout or a little beyond; tibia
more than half length of head and body; when the hind limbs
are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly
overlapping.

Finely granulate above; a dorsolateral fold of variable width,
but usually rather broad; a fold from below the eye to the
shoulder, followed by a glandule; back and sides often with
some large warts; belly and lower surface of thighs often granular.

Brown above, the warts and glandular folds often somewhat
darker; white beneath, throat sometimes marbled with brown;
tympanum brown; upper lip and the glandule behind each
mouth-edge white; hind limbs sometimes indistinctly cross-
barred. Length 68 mm.

Distinguished from the nearly allied R. abialis, with which
it probably has been often confounded, by shape and size of
the disk of the second finger and usually by a broader and
more distinct dorsolateral fold; from FR. hoszz it is distinguished
by the less extensively webbed toes, shorter legs and also the
more developed dorsolateral folds. The specimens in the Museum
at Leiden, on which Schlegel has founded his species, partly
belong to R. hosiz, and it is a specimen of this species, which
has been figured by him on his pl. IX.

Lives on the leaves of shrubs. The eggs are laid in a mass
of mucilage, forming a sort of nest out of the water (Sarasin).

Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 1?/, times its width,
tail 1'/, to nearly 2 times as long as the body, about 3 to 5
times as long as. deep. Nostril about equally distant from eye
and tip of snout; eyes superior, in the middle between tip
of snout and spiraculum, the distance between them greater
than that between the nostrils, about 1 to 1'/, times the width

219

of the mouth and about half the width of the body. Spira-
culum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from
above and from below, equally distant from the vent and the
tip of the snout, or a little nearer to the vent; vent dextral,
close to the lower border of the tail. Tail more or less pointed ;
lower crest low, the upper one higher, extending to the root
of the tail.

Lower lip and sides of upper one bordered with papillae,
which are arranged in two or three rows, not interrupted in
the median line; jaws edged with black; series of teeth
2—4!2—4/3, the inner rows of upper lip broadly interrupted,
decreasing in size inwards, the innermost one usually very short;
rows of lower lip almost equal in length (the outermost a
little shorter), the inner one sometimes very narrowly interrupted.

Skin very transparent; there are some more or less distinct
granular patches, viz. on the back a round one behind each
eye and an oblong one at each side of the base of the tail,
on the ventral surface two round ones (in older specimens
sometimes confluent) beside each other behind the mouth and
an oblong one at each side on the belly.

Back darker or lighter grey or brown, sometimes spotted
or marbled with darker brown; muscular part of tail colour-
less or light brown; belly and crests colourless. Length 64 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Bandarbaru, Batak mts., +900 m.!;
Lauttador; Toba lake; Mt. Simbolon; Agam; Kajutanam?!;
Batu Sangkar, betw. 460 and goo m.; Sandaran Agung, 730 m.,
in Kurintji valley '); Sungei Kumbang, 1430 m., Kurintji
peak!; Muarolabu; Palembang!; Lampong distr.!); Borneo
(Danau Sriang; Matang); Java (Buitenzorg!; Mt. Pangeranggo;
Perbawati, Mt. Gedeh!; Tjibodas!, 1400—2000 m.; Pasirdatar,
goo m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Djampang Tengah!; Mt.
Malabar, 1500 m.!; Gunung Sesuru!; Tjitalahab!; lake Pateng-
an; Babakan! and Idjen!, Bageien; Wonosobo!; Tengger
mts., 1200 m.); Celebes (Indrulaman; Loka!; Bua Praeng;
Pundidaha; Kandari; Rumbi Mengkoka; Luwu; Pinapuan!;
Uangkahulu valley; Bone valley; Tomohon; Mt. Masarang;
Menado). — Philippines.

1) The specimens from Kurintji, identified by Boulenger (Jrn. Fed. Malay
St. Mus., VIII, pt. II, 1920, p. 292) as &. wicobariensis, according to Mr. Male.
Smith are certainly 2. chalconota (communicated to me by Mr. C. Boden Kloss).

220

42. Rana labialis Bler.
> Polypedates raniceps Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 580.
? Polypedates raniceps, Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p. 44, pl. VI, figs. 3, 3a.
Rana labialis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,(5) XIX, 1887, p. 345, pl. X, fig. 1.
Rana labialis Flower, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1896, p. 903, pl. XLV,

fig. 3 (tadpole).
Rana labialis Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 896.
Rana labialis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

TO12. p. 242:
Rana labialis Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 148, pl. VJ,

fig. 5 (tadpole).

Rana chalconota (part.) Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 201.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the posterior
borders of the choanae. Head longer than broad; snout pointed,
projecting, as long as or somewhat longer than the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region slightly
oblique, concave; nostril much nearer to the end of the
snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as or broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, from */, to
equal to the width of the eye. Disks of three outer fingers
large, nearly circular,.of third finger '/, to ?/, the diameter
of the tympanum, of first finger and of toes smaller; second
finger extending distinctly beyond first, but shorter than fourth ;
fifth toe longer than third; toes */, to entirely webbed; outer
metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles
well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle small, the outer
one rather indistinct, rarely absent; the heel reaches tip of
snout or a little beyond; tibia a little more than half the
length of head and body.

Finely granulate above; a dorsolateral fold, sometimes distinct
only anteriorly; a fold from below the eye to the shoulder,
followed by one or two glandules; back sometimes with some
large warts; smooth beneath, or posterior part of belly and
lower surface of thighs granular; when the hind limbs are
folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly
overlapping.

Bright green or bronze brown, with or without some darker
spots above, the colour in life being rapidly changeable (brown
or purple in spirit), sides dark green or dark brown, with
rather indistinct darker spots; tympanum chestnut-brown; a
white or light golden streak on the upper lip, extending to
the shoulder and followed by a spot of the same colour;

NO
NO
—

limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bars ; whitish beneath,
throat and breast usually spotted or marbled with brown,
hinder side of thighs and lower surface of hind limbs with
brown reticulation. Length 71 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width;
tail about 1'/, times the length of the body and 3 to 4 times
as long as deep, its total depth at most about twice the depth
of the muscular portion at its base. Nostril nearer to the tip of
the snout than to the eye; eyes superior, rather nearer to the end
of the snout than to the spiraculum; distance between them twice
that between the nostrils, and greater than the width of the
mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards,
visible from above and from below, nearer to the vent than to the
end of the snout; vent dextral, close to the lower edge of
the subcaudal crest. Tail ending in a rounded point; upper
crest convex, slightly deeper than the lower one, not extending
on to the back.

Sides and lower edge of lips bordered with papillae, those
of the lower border being long and prominent; jaws edged
with black; series of teeth 3'3/'21, the three inner rows of
the upper lip broadly interrupted and very short, decreasing
in size towards the mouth, the innermost series sometimes
very small and inconspicuous; the three rows of lower lip
slightly different in length (the outermost the shortest, the
innermost the longest), the inner one narrowly interrupted.

Skin very transparent; on each side of the back behind
the eyes a patch of granular skin, sometimes a similar strip
on each side of hinder part of back and a large patch on
each side of the belly.

Colour (in life) bright yellow or brick-red above, pale yellow
beneath. Length 37 mm.

BOULENGER recently (l.c., 1920) considers R. /abialts as a
variety of R. chalconota; I think, however, that it is well
distinguished from this species by the characters mentioned
under R. chalconota.

Habitat: Nias!; Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Deli;
Balun!; Fort de Kock, 900 m.!; Muarolabu!; Muara Sako!
and. Sungai Kumbang!, Kurintji); Borneo? (Pulo Matjan?;
Serawak?). — Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singapore.

222

43. Rana erythraea (Schlg.).

Hyla erythraea Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf,

1837—44, p. 27, pl. IX, fig. 3.

Limnodytes erythraeus Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841, p. 511,

pl. LXXXVIII, figs. 1, 12.

Rana erythraea Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 65 (with fig. of hand).
Rana erythraea Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 992, pl. XLV, fig. 2.
Rana erythraea v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 390

(tadpole).

Rana erythraea v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, LXIX, 1909, p. 35 (tadpole).

Rana erythraea Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 241.

Rana erythraea Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 152.

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series between the
choanae. Head as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, pro-
jecting, as long as or a little longer than the upper eyelid;
canthus rostralis strong; loreal region feebly oblique, concave;
nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital
space as broad as or a little broader than the upper eyelid;
tympanum very distinct, ?/, to nearly once the diameter of
the eye. Fingers and toes with small disks, first finger not or
slightly extending beyond second; toes rarely °/,, usually
entirely webbed, the web reaching all disks, but deeply emar-
ginate between the toes; outer metatarsals separated nearly
to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small,
oval inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; heel
reaching the tip of the snout; tibia half the length from snout
to vent, or a little more; when the hind limbs are folded at
right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

Skin smooth; a rather broad glandular dorsolateral fold; an
other fold from beneath the eye to the shoulder, followed by
a strong gland; posterior surface of thighs granular. .

Bright or dull green or yellowish brown above (rufous brown
or greyish blue in spirit); a dark brown stripe along each
side of head and body may be present; dorsolateral fold and
border of lips white or yellowish white; tympanum reddish
brown; limbs marbled with brown, without cross-bars; white ~
beneath. From snout to vent 738 mm.

Terminal phalanges with feebly expanded tips.

Male with internal vocal sacs, without humeral glands.

Essentially a water frog, living nearly always at low elevations.

Tadpole. — Length of body about 1%/, times its width;

223

length of tail about twice that of body and 3'/, to 4 times
its depth. Nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye,
which is lateral and equally distant from the tip of the snout
and the spiraculum; distance between the eyes about ?/, the
width of the body and more than twice the distance between
the nostrils, which.is a little less than the width of the mouth;
spiraculum sinistral, lateral, directed upwards and backwards,
nearer to the vent than to the tip of the snout; vent dextral, close
to the lower border of the tail. Tail pointed; upper crest
extending to the base of the tail, somewhat higher than the
lower one, which is about half as deep as the muscular part
of the tail at its base.

Sides and lower border of lips with papillae; jaws narrowly
edccd ‘with. black: rows of teeth, 1/* sr" sorcn' 1 [a 1} couter
series of lower lip short, inner one hardly interrupted.

Back and tail (including the crests) metallic green, marbled
with dark; belly white or yellowish, with small rusty red spots,
throat dark grey; body with a few scattered silvery dots.
More developed tadpoles have three white longitudinal stripes
on the back. Length 58 mm.

Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Sumatra (Takengan, Gajo coun-
tries!; Lower Langkat; Medan!; Brastagi, Karo highland,
1400 m.!; Bandarbaru, + 900 m.!, and Tandjungberingin,
+300 m.!, Batak mts.; Airbangis!; Talu!; Gunung Sahilan!;
Andalas!; Agam; Matur!; Baso!; Ajer Teganang!; near Padang-
pandjang and Kajutanam!; Batu Sangkar, betw. 460 and goo m.;
near Solok and Singkarah!; Kalung, Tilatang!; Padang; Pai-
nan!; Indragiri; Ringat; Benakat, Palembang); Banka; Natuna
islands (Laut isl.; Bunguran); Borneo (Panjut, Br. N.-Borneo;
Baram; Kutjing; Bengkajang; Kapuas riv.; Bandjermasin!);
Java (Lebak; Daru; Batavia!; Depok; Buitenzorg!; Tjitajam!;
Sukabumi!; Tjitalahab !); Celebes (Makasser). — Bengal; Assam;
Yunnan; Burma; Siam; Cochin-China; Malay Peninsula; Sin-
gapore; Philippines.

44. Rana persimilis nova spec.

Rana novae-britanniae (part.) Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 493,
pl. XXXII, fig. 3.

Rana lateralis’ (part.) Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 409.
Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between, and close

to the choanae, not extending behind the level of their poste-

224

rior borders. Head as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed,
feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, much deeper
than long; canthus rostralis very distinct; loreal region dis-
tinctly oblique, concave; nostril a little nearer to tip of snout
than to eye; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid;
tympanum very distinct, */, the width of the eye. Disks of
fingers and toes very small, not more than about '/; the dia-
meter of the tympanum; first finger much longer than second,
which is longer than fourth; third toe as long as fifth; toes
2/, webbed, two phalanges of fourth, and one phalanx of the
other ones being free; subarticular tubercles very prominent;
a distinct, oval inner and a very small, round outer metatarsal
tubercle; the heel reaches the nostril; tibia about 1/, the length
of head and body.

Skin finely granulate above; a very narrow, but prominent
glandular dorsolateral fold; some narrow oblique folds on the
back; lower parts smooth; posterior surfaces of thighs granular.
From snout to vent 63 mm.

Dark brown above; temporal region and cross-bands on
the limbs black. Lower parts lighter, uniform.

Male with internal vocal sacs and humeral glands.

I examined the specimen described by Werner and Roux
and now preserved in the Basle museum. The species is nearly
related to &. zemporalis from Malabar, but distinguished by
the position of the vomerine teeth, and the shorter web
between the toes. From R. nicobariensis it may be distinguished
by the broader head and the narrower interorbital space.

Habitat: Sumatra (Laut tador!).

45. Rana nicobariensis (Stol.).

>Hyla bilineata Daudin, Hist. Nat. des Rainettes..... ; Paris, 1802p. uz ple

Hylorana Nicobariensis Stoliczka, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXXIX, pt. 2, 1870,
Oo wacko jal IK, wives, 25

Rana macularia var. javanica Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 243.

Rana erythraca var. elongata Werner, Jahresber. Ver. Magdeburg (1892), 1893,
Pp. 253:

Rana lemniscata Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1893, p. 337:

Rana tytleri (part.), Isenschmid (nec Theob.), Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 72.

Rana javanica vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 392.

Rana javanica v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 36
(tadpole).

Rana nicobariensis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 240.

438

Rana javanica Annandale, Jrn. Feder. Malay States Mus., VII, 1917, p. 108.
Rana nicobaricnsis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 162.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups or short series between
the choanae or extending a little beyond their hinder borders.
Head longer than broad; snout more or less pointed, pro-
jecting, as long as to nearly twice the length of the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region nearly vertical,
concave; nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital
space as broad as to about 1'/, times the width of the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, */, to */, the diameter of the eye.
Fingers and toes slender, with small, but distinct disks, first
finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth;
toes '/, to ?/, webbed; first and second toe nearly free or
webbed to the tip of the first phalanx; of the third and fifth
toe two phalanges may be free or the web may reach to the
disks; of the fourth toe 2 or 3 phalanges are free; outer
metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles
distinct; a small, oval inner, and a round outer metatarsal
tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the nostril or the
tip of the snout; tibia '/, to °/, the length from snout to
vent; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the
body, the heels are strongly overlapping.

Smooth or finely granular above, back and sides sometimes
with a few small warts; a narrow or moderately broad dorso-
lateral fold; another fold from the upper lip to below the
tympanum, followed by a wart; posterior part of thighs gra-
nulate; smooth beneath.

Greyish or reddish brown above, uniform or with dark spots,
which in the middle of the back may be united into a more or
less distinct longitudinal streak, bifurcating in the sacral region;
sides of head and usually of body also dark brown or black;
a white streak along the upper lip; dorsolateral folds whitish;
a light vertebral line may be present; hind limbs with dark
cross-bars, posterior surface of thighs spotted with dark ; whitish
beneath, uniform or spotted with brown; an oblique brown
streak on the shoulder. From snout to vent 55 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs and a flat, oval gland on the
upper arm.

The Javanese specimens (2X. javanica Horst) are generally
distinguished especially by a narrow web between the toes,
great length of the snout and broad interorbital space; after

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 15

226

Boulenger, however, the extremes are connected by inter-
mediate forms.

At Batavia I found this species in brackish water near the
sea, where it seems to depose its spawn in the small cisterns
of rain water, contained in the axils of the leaves of the
Nipa-palm (Wzpa fruticans).

Tadpole. — The following tadpoles of Java(Djampang tengah
in the Preanger Regencies) seem to belong to this species '):

Length of body once and a half its width; tail twice the
length of the body, about 3'/, times as long as deep. Nostril
as far from the tip of the snout as from the eye; eyes superior,
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the spiraculum, the distance
between them greater than that between the nostrils and than
the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards
and backwards, visible from above and from below, much
nearer to the vent than to the tip of the snout; vent dextral,
near to the lower border of the tail. Tail pointed; upper crest
twice as deep as the lower one, extending to the base of the tail.

Mouth ventral; lower lip and sides of upper one with pa-
pillae; along the lower lip they are arranged in three not
interrupted series; jaws narrowly edged with black; series of
teeth 1/'1', the inner series of the lower lip hardly interrupted.

Body and tail, including the crests, grey, darker marbled;
belly colourless.

Habitat: Simalur isl.!; Pulo Babi!; Nias!; Mentawei islands
(Sipora); Engano isl.; Sumatra (Deli; Gunung Sahilan!; Fort de
Kock!; Sandaran Agung, 730 m., in Kurintji valley; Sungei
Kumbang, 1430 m., Kurintji peak; Tandjung Laut, Palem-
bang!); Borneo (Bongon); Java (Batavia!; Mt. Salak ; Tjibodas!;
Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Tjisurupan). — Nicobars; Tenasserim;
Malay Peninsula.

46. Rana signata (Gthr.).

Polypedates signatus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 600, pl. XL, fig. C.
Rana signata Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 71.

Rana obsoleta Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 147.
Rana moellendor fi Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1893, p. 363.

1) Boulenger (l.c., 1920) describes tadpoles from Tenasserim, not certainly
belonging to this species, which are entirely different from those described by
me from Java.

337

Rana signata Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
NOL2.e ps 23i7<

Rana signata and picturata Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 177, 179.

Rana moellendor ffi Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 270, pl. I, fig. 4.

Vomerine teeth in two short, oblique series or groups between
the choanae, or just behind them. Head as long as broad or
a little longer; snout rounded or rather pointed, feebly pro-
jecting, as long as or a little shorter than the upper eyelid;
canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region feebly oblique, concave;
nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital
space a little narrower to a little broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, °/, to 3/, the width of the
eye. Fingers and toes with small disks; first finger extending
beyond second; toes ?/, or */, webbed, the web reaching or
not quite reaching the disks of third and fifth toe, two pha-
langes of fourth toe free; outer metatarsals separated nearly
to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small,
oblong inner and a small, round outer metatarsal tubercle;
no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or between
eye and tip of snout; tibia a little more than half the length
from snout to vent; when the hinds limbs are folded at right
angles to the body, the heels are overlapping.

Skin smooth or granular above; a flat dorsolateral glandular
fold, which may be little distinct or absent, or represented
by a chain of large warts; smooth beneath.

Back and sides dark olive to black, sometimes with scattered
sma!l light spots or large yellow or pale brown spots or marblings,
or olive, largely spotted or marbled with black; a light line
from the tip of the snout along the canthus rostralis and the
border of the upper eyelid, usually continued, uninterrupted
or as a series of oblong spots, along each side of the back;
a light streak or small yellowish spots on the upper lip may
be present; hind limbs with light cross-bars, or orange spotted
or barred with black; brownish beneath, uniform, or spotted
with white, or with dark marblings. In life the light lines
and spots are emerald green and red. From snout to vent 70 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs and a more or less distinct
oval humeral gland.

With R. stgnata I have united R. ptcturata Blgr. from Bor-
neo: the description of Boulenger gives only very slight diffe-
rences with R. signata, the principal one being the shape of

228

the head, which in R. ficturata is as long as broad (a little
longer than broad in R. signata).

Habitat: Sumatra (Mt. Simbolon; Airbangis!); Borneo
(Mt. Kina Balu; Lawas, Brunei; Akar riv. and Bidi caves,
Serawak; Matang; Barabai). — Malay Peninsula; Philippines.

2. Ceratobatrachus Bler.
(BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 212).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and extensively
free behind. Vomerine teeth present; lower jaw with teeth.
Tympanum distinct. Fingers free, toes nearly so, the tips not
dilated. Outer metatarsals united.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style, the first bifur-
cated at the base. Terminal phalanges simple.

Distribution: Solomon islands.

Ceratobatrachus guentheri Bler.

Ceratobatrachus Guentheri Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 212.
Ceratobatrachus Guentheri Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886,
p- 56, pls. XII and XIII.

Tongue large, free in its posterior half; vomerine teeth in
two short, transverse, sometimes crescentic series behind the
level of the choanae; teeth of upper jaw minute, of lower jaw
larger, conical, acute, slightly directed backwards, inserted on
the edge of the mandible. Head very large, strongly depressed,
broader than long, its length contained 17/, to 1°/, in the
length of the body; snout not projecting, 1'/, to 1'/, the
diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct, straight; loreal
region very oblique, concave; nostril twice as far from eye
as from tip of snout; interorbital space much broader than
the upper eyelid, deeply concave; tympanum distinct, verti-
cally elliptic, nearly as large as the eye. Tips of fingers and
toes slightly swollen; first finger much longer than second,
which is slightly shorter than fourth; fifth toe much shorter
than third; toes with a very slight rudiment of web; subar-
ticular tubercles very strong, of toes smaller than of fingers;
an inner large, oval, a little compressed and very prominent
metatarsal tubercle, and an outer small, rather indistinct one;
the heel reaches the posterior border of the eye, or between
the latter and the tympanum; tibia nearly as long as the head,

229

The skin may be adherent to the skull on the cheeks and
the fronto-parietal region; it has some prominent ridges, and
a smail spine, curved forwards, at the angle of the mouth;
back with more or less numerous short glandular folds and
generally a pair of very prominent narrow curved ridges from
the upper eyelid along the middle of the back; a triangular
dermal flap on the tip of the snout, another one on the edge of
the upper eyelid, and a smaller one above the vent and at the
heel; a curved dermal ridge between the eyes; a fold above the
tympanum; a small, frequently denticulated fringe along the
outer side of tarsus and fore-arm; throat and belly granular.

Colouration very variable. Upper parts yellowish, pinkish,
brown, black, grey or olive, variously marked with darker
and lighter; a black temporal band, two short black longitu-
dinal bands on the middle of the back, and a black cross-
band between the eyes may be present ; sometimes with a broad
light band along each side of the back and between the eyes,
or with whitish dots; limbs with dark cross-bars; hinder side
of thighs, and lower surface of foot and tarsus dark; lower
surfaces brownish, dotted or clouded with dark brown; throat
generally dark brown, sometimes with white dots; a pair of
round white spots on the breast; axilla and groin bright
yellow. From snout to vent 6175, 986mm.

Male with two internal vocal sacs.

Eggs very large, development probably without tadpole.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

3. Oreobatrachus Blgr.
(BoULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 401).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue small, oval, very slightly notched
and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. A strong transverse
dermal fold between the choanae. Tympanum hidden. Fingers
free, toes webbed, the tips dilated into small disks. Outer
metatarsals separated by web.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary
ossicle between the penultimate and distal phalanges; the
latter T-shaped.

Distribution: Borneo.

Oreobatrachus baluensis Blgr.

Oreobatrachus baluensis Boulenger, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 401,
pl. XVII, figs. 1, Ia.

230

Head small; snout obtusely pointed, shorter than the orbit;
no canthus rostralis; nostril equally distant from the eye and
the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid. Fingers short, first and second equal; hind limb stout;
toes moderate, */, webbed; subarticular tubercles very feebly
developed; a feebly prominent elliptical inner metatarsal
tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth.

Dark brown above; limbs with darker cross-bars; a yellowish
vertical streak on the tip of the snout and an oblique one
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; white beneath,
largely marbled with black. From snout to vent 33 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 640 m.).

4. Oxyglossus Tschudi.
(Tscuup1, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 48, 85).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue narrow, entire and free behind.
Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum indistinct. Fingers free, toes
webbed, the tips not or feebly dilated. Outer metatarsals
separated by web.

Omosternum with a bony style; sternum cartilaginous. No
intercalary ossicle between the penultimate and distal phalanges;
the latter simple.

Tadpoles. — Eyes superior. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent
median. Lip small; papillae and teeth absent.

Distribution: Bengal and southern China to the western
part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago.

Synopsis of the-S pecs:

Al iips ef toes ‘dilated. Belly ‘smooth? 777... 0s.) sete I. O. Jaevis p. 230.
5; Foes pomted belly qwarty i. sae setts Oe ate 2. O. lima p. 232.

Synopsis of the: Padpolhes

A. Distance between the eyes twice that between the nostrils. 1. O. laevis p. 230,
B. Distance between the eyes 3 to 4 times that between

Hi aeaitesiag YS Seis oo AS. 8 Gua amr eomaka oom ons fo 2. O. lima p. 232.

1. Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.
Oxyglossus laevis Gimther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 7, pl. I, fig. A.
Microdiscopus sumatranus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1877, p. 422, figs.4—44,
Oxyglossus laevis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 6.

231

Oxyglossus laevis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 228 (with tadpole).
Oxyglossus laevis Bouienger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 225.
Oxyglossus laevis Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc.. XVI, 1920, p. 230, pl. I, fig. 1.
Tongue oval, rounded behind. Head broader than long;
snout rounded, feebly projecting, shorter than the upper eye-
lid, longer than deep; no canthus rostralis ; loreal region oblique,
flat; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout; interorbital
space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden.
Fingers blunt, toes with very small disks; first finger not or

Fig. 26. Oxyglossus laevis Gthr., X I.

but slightly extending beyond second, which is as long as
fourth; third toe a little longer than fifth; toes entirely or
nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles small; inner
metatarsal tubercle elliptic, compressed, outer one absent or
very indistinct; a short tarsal fold; the heel reaches the temple
or the posterior border of the eye, the tarso-metatarsal articu-
lation the tip of the snout or a little beyond; tibia about ?/,
length of head and body.

Skin smooth or with small warts on back and hind limbs.

Brownish above, with or without rather indistinct darker
spots; sometimes a light vertebral line, or a light spot on the
snout; a light streak from the eye to the commissure of the
mouth often conspicuous; hind limbs with dark cross-bands,
which may be indistinct; lower parts whitish, throat often
speckled with brown. From snout to vent 42 mm,

232

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 1°/, times its width;
tai] 2'/, times as long as body, 4 to 5 times as long as deep.
Nostril nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout; eyes supe-
rior, nearer to the end of the snout than to the spiraculum, the
distance between them twice that between the nostrils; spira-
culum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, equally distant
from the eye and the posterior extremity of the body; vent
median. Tail acutely pointed, the crests low.

Mouth small, with a horseshoe-shaped lip without horny
teeth, the closed mouth appearing as a vertical slit ; jaws black.

Olive above, white beneath; tail speckled with dark brown.
Length 51 mm.

Habitat'): Simalur!; Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra
(Laut tador; Gunung Sahilan!; Lahat); Borneo (Mt. Dulit; Ba-
ram riv.; Seberuang riv.); Flores; Celebes (S.-Celebes, 600 m.;
Luwu; Takalekadjo mts., 1100 m.; Lembongpangi, 520 m.;
Matinang mts., + 250 m.; Mongondou!; Minahasa; Kakas,
Tondano lake; Mt. Masarang). — Burma; Siam; Malay Penin-
sula; Philippines.

2. Oxyglossus lima (Kuhl).

Rana lima (Kuhl), Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislay., Fasc. I, Lipsiae,
1829, p. 4I.

Oxyglossus lima Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 5.

Oxyglossus lima Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 886.

Oxyglossus lima vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 384,
pl. XVI, fig. 1 (tadpole).

Oxyglossus lima vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 44, _

pl. I, fig. 9 (tadpole).
Oxyglossus lina Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,
1912, p. 225, with figs.
Oxyglossus lima Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc, Siam, II, 1917, p. 173 (tadpole; with figs.).
Tongue oblong, pointed behind. Head broader than long;
snout rounded or obtusely pointed, shorter than the upper
eyelid, as deep as long; no canthus rostralis; loreal region
oblique, nearly flat; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of
snout; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum hidden. Fingers and toes acutely pointed; first finger

1) The Museum of Leiden possesses two specimens labelled ,Java (Boie and
Macklot leg.)”. As, however, the species since never has been found in Java,
this locality is probably erroneous,

233

not extending beyond second, which is as long as fourth;
fifth toe extending beyond third and nearly as long as fourth;
toes entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles very small; an
oval, compressed inner, a smaller, subconical outer metatarsal
tubercle, and a small tarsal tubercle near the heel; a short
tarsal: fold; the heel reaches the eye, the tarso-metatarsal
articulation the tip of the snout; tibia °/; length of head
and body.

Back, lower surfaces and legs with numerous small, conical
tubercles of unequal size, the largest ones forming a few longitu-
dinal rows on throat and belly.

Greenish brown above, with small darker markings; some-
times a light (yellow or green) vertebral line; yellow beneath,
with a dark brown band on the arm and along the hinder
side of the thigh, and sometimes a brown L-shaped mark on
each side at the base of the thighs; sometimes a brown band
on each side from the chin to the breast. Length 35 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 12/, times its width;
tail about 2!'/, times as long as body, about 4 times as long
as deep. Snout pointed; nostril equally distant from eye and
tip of snout; eyes superior, nearer to the end of the snout than to
the spiraculum, the distance between them 3 to 4 times that
between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral, lateral, nearer to the
posterior extremity of the body than to the eye; vent median.
Tail pointed, the lower crest low, the\upper one high, reaching
the base of the tail.

Mouth small, terminal, with a horseshoe-shaped lower, and
a small upper lip; horny teeth and papillae absent; jaws
edged with black.

Whitish, with brown markings; throat with four brown
longitudinal bands, the outer ones connected with the eye by
a vertical bar; crests of tail with dark spots, which are con-
tinued on the upper and lower parts of the muscular portion,
which has also a brown lateral streak at its base; belly imma-
culate. Length 39 mm.

Habitat: Java (Tambun, Bantam; Batavia!; Krawang!;
Buitenzorg!; Gadok; Sukabumi!; Djampang!; Gunung Sesuru!;
Tjitalahab!; Situ. Bagendit!;) Kediri!; Pasuruan). — From
Bengal and S,-China to Malay Peninsula (and Philippines ®).

234

5. Staurois Cope.

(Cope, Nat. Hist. Review, V, 1865, p. 114; BoULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat.
ELSE. 49) 1, 1915. p: +37 2):

Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and free behind.
Vomerine teeth absent or feebly developed. Tympanum more
or less distinct. Fingers free, toes. extensively webbed (the
web involving the base of the disks); fingers and toes with
large disks, which are broader than long and have a trans-
verse groove across the lower surface, continuous with the
groove between the upper and lower surfaces. Outer meta-
tarsals entirely separated by web.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary
ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges; the
latter T-shaped.

Tadpoles. — A large sucking disk behind the mouth.

Distribution: Malay Peninsula; Philippines; Borneo.

Synopsis of the Species:

A. Tongue without papilla. Vomerine teeth present.
I. Head as long as broad, much depressed ... 1. S. lavutensis p. 234.
II. Head longer than broad, moderately depressed. 2. S. guttatus p. 235.
#. Tongue with papilla. No vomerine teeth.
I. Heel reaching tip of snout or beyond..... 3. S. nudilus p. 236.

II. Heel reaching between eye and nostril... . 4. S. tuberilinguis p. 237.

Synopsis of the Ladpolles,

Zell VeXay late perce shee hh ALES Ge 5. Glos Bea owe Soadeo esd. 6 1. S. larutensis p. 234.
Br Upper jaw. divided invtwo gpieces .” se. fhe a jat ue. e he 2. S. guttatus p. 235.

1. Staurois larutensis (Bler.).
Rana larutensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) III, 1899, p. 273, pl. XI, fig. 1.

Rana larutensis Laidlaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900, p. 886, pl. LVII,

figs. 3, 4 (tadpole).
Rana larutensis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

I9I2, p. 245.
Staurois larutensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 374.
Tongue without papilla; vomerine teeth in two very small
groups just behind the level of the choanae. Head as long as
broad, much depressed; snout rounded or subacuminate, shorter
than the orbit; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region concave;

235

nostril equally distant from eye and end of snout; interor-
bital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct,
'], the diameter of the very large eye. Fingers with large
disks, which are larger than the tympanum; disks of toes
smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second;
toes very broadly webbed; subarticular tubercles feeble; a
small, feebly prominent inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the tip of the snout or beyond; tibia */; to
2/, length of head and body.

Skin smooth or faintly granular; a feeble, interrupted dorso-
lateral fold sometimes present.

Pale yellowish green above, head and body more or less
blotched with black; limbs with black transverse bars; white
below, the limbs pale green and grey, throat and under sur-
faces of thighs sometimes marked with black, hands and feet
very dark, web between the toes black. From snout to vent
oS 45,9 75 mm.

Male with external vocal sacs.

The eggs are unpigmented.

Tadpole. — A ventral sucking disk extending from the
lip to beyond the middle of the abdomen. Jaws minutely
Serrated, undivided. Series, of teeth 575/141: Length 65 nim.

Greenish white, mottled with dark green, above; white below.

Habitat: Borneo. — Malay Peninsula, up to 1600 m.

2. Staurois guttatus (Gthr.).

Ixalus guttatus Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 76, pl. IV, fig. D.

Rana natatrix (part.), Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 71.

Ixalus sp. Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 154,
pl. XI, figs. 4—4é (tadpole).

Rana guttata Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 87.

Staurois guttatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 374.

Tongue without papilla; vomerine teeth in two small oblique
groups between the choanae. Head longer than broad, mode-
rately depressed; snout rounded, prominent, long; canthus
rostralis angular; loreal region deeply concave; nostril near to
the tip of the snout; interorbital space narrower than the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about '/, to ’/, the width
of the eye. Disks of fingers very large, of toes moderate; first
finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth ; fifth
toe longer than third; toes very broadly webbed; subarticular

230

tubercles rather small; two small metatarsal tubercles; the
heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.

Skin coarsely granulate above; sometimes a distinct glan-
dular dorsolateral fold; belly finely granular, otherwise smooth
below.

Above brown, with large, rounded, sometimes confluent
dark-brown spots; legs with dark cross-bars; hinder side ot
thighs blackish-brown, with a few small lighter spots; web
between the toes black. Length 47 mm.

Male with two internal vocal sacs.

Tadpole. — A large sucking disk behind the mouth. Jaws
with denticulated borders, the upper one consisting of two pieces.

This tadpole has been referred to Staurots guttatus by
Boulenger (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 87). It
may belong as well to S. xudzlus or tuberilinguis or to some
species of Rana, allied with R. whitehead.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 900 and 1300 m.; Baram
riv.; Mt. Dulit; Seberuang riv.; Matang),.

3. Staurois nubilus Mocq.
Ixalus nubilus Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 153,
plex, fig. 93:
Ixalus natutor var. nubilus Mocquard, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, V, 1892, p. 195.
Staurois nubilus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 374.

A rounded papilla in the middle of the anterior part of
the tongue; vomerine teeth absent. Snout obtuse, projecting,
as long as the eye; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region
vertical; nostril twice nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interor-
bital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum
distinct, somewhat more than '/, the width of the eye. Fingers
and toes with large disks, those of fingers larger than the
tympanum; first finger as long as second; toes fully webbed;
subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle
narrow, rather prominent, no outer one; the heel reaches the
tip of the snout or beyond.

Upper surfaces coarsely granulate; no fold above the tym-
panum; smooth beneath.

Dark brown above, uniform or with a few light veins; more
or less distinct cross-bars may be present on the hind limbs;
lower parts yellowish grey. From snout to vent 45 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Seberuang riv.). — Pelawan.

4. Staurois tuberilinguis Blgr.
Staurois tuberilinguis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 374.

A large conical papilla in the middle of the anterior third
of the tongue; vomerine teeth absent. Head longer than broad,
moderately depressed; snout obtusely pointed, strongly pro-
jecting, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal
region feebly oblique, deeply concave; nostril a little nearer to
the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad
as or a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum mode-
rately distinct, not quite '/, the diameter of the eye. Fingers
with very large, toes with smaller disks; first finger longer
than second; fourth toe not much longer than fifth; toes fully
webbed, the web feebly notched; subarticular tubercles small,
feebly prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, flat, '/, the
length of the inner toe, no outer tubercle; no tarsal fold;
heel reaching between eye and nostril; tibia '/, length of head
and body (from snout to vent), or slightly longer.

Feebly granulate above, with flat glandules on the sides;
belly smooth or feebly granulate.

Dark brown above and on the sides, including the upper
lip, with a few very indistinct lighter vermicular markings
on head and back; limbs with or without rather ill-defined
dark cross-bands; hinder side of thighs dark brown, with small
yellow spots or vermicular markings; web between toes blackish;
lower parts white, throat brown or spotted with brown. From
snout to vent 42 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 1300m.; Mt. Batu Song,
Serawak, 300 m.).

6. Simomantis Bler.
(BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and free behind.
Vomerine teeth absent. Tympanum not very distinct, small.
Fingers and toes webbed (web of toes involving part of the
disks), with very large disks, which are broader than long
and have a transverse groove across the lower surface, conti-
nuous with the groove between the upper and lower surfaces.
Outer metatarsals entirely separated by web.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary

238

ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges; the
latter T-shaped.
Distribution: Borneo.

Simomantis latopalmata (Bler.).

Txalus latopalmatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XX, 1887, p. 97.
Ixalus latopalmatus Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890,

Dal 52 ple elie. 2s
Simomantis latopalmata Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373.

Snout broadly rounded, obliquely truncate, very short; loreal
region nearly vertical, concave; interorbital space as broad as
the upper eyelid; tympanum not very distinct, very small.
Fingers dilated into enormous disks, the width of which equals
3/, the width of the eye; disks of toes about half the size of
those of fingers; a broad web, extending nearly to the disks,
between the outer fingers, and a short one between the second
and third; toes very broadly webbed, the web enclosing '/,
of the disks; subarticular tubercles oval, flat; no distinct meta-
tarsal tubercles. Hind limb very long and strong; the knee
reaches the shoulder; tibia as long as the distance between
tympanum and vent.

Skin finely granulate above, smooth beneath.

Blackish above, with pale brown variegations on the back
and whitish dots on the sides; limbs with lighter cross bands;
hinder side of thighs blackish, speckled with whitish; lower
surfaces whitish. From snout to vent 67 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Lawas).

7. Cornuter isch:

(TscHupI, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 28; BouLENGER, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 372).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue notched and free behind. Vomerine
teeth present. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free, toes slightly
webbed; tips of fingers, and usually of toes also, with large
disks, which have a transverse groove across the lower surface,
continuous with the groove between the “epee and lower
surfaces. Outer metatarsals united.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style, which in the
omosternum is forked at the base. No intercalary ossicle between
the penultimate and terminal phalanges; the latter T-shaped.

239

Distribution: Burma; Philippines; Borneo; Solomon
Islands; Fiji islands.

Synopsis of the Species.

A, Two metatarsal tubercles.

Pe Disks iofetocsmsmallayecte treme x 2) arene! fatieh es! c I. C. vitiensis p. 239.

Li Diskaeolstoesp larger. v.tap.fejuci eck = -aiseee itl op ee 2. C. guppyi p. 240.
&. One metatarsal tubercle.

l-pileelirezching, beyond tip of snouts.) =). 82 utlars = 3. C. wnicolor p. 240.

Me@blcelireachineathemnostrily eis = sa latars ei cmapo 4. C. baluensis p. 241.

I. Cornufer vitiensis (Girard).

Halophila vitiensis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (1852/53), 1854,

AZ
ans dorsalis Boulenger (nec Duméril), Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882,

p- 108, with figs.

Cornufer dorsalis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 337.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups behind the level of
the choanae. Snout 1'/, the length of the orbit; canthus
rostralis angular; interorbital space as broad as the upper eye-
lid; tympanum very distinct, half the width of the eye. Disks
of fingers large, of toes small; first finger shorter than second;
third toe longer than fifth; toes webbed at the base; subar-
ticular tubercles well developed, two metatarsal tubercles; the
heel reaches beyond the eye.

Skin smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granular; a
small tubercle on the upper eyelid.

Greyish or reddish brown above, with more or less distinct
blackish markings on the back; sometimes a light line along
the middle of the head and along the hind limbs; hind limbs
with black cross-bars; lower surfaces more or less marbled
with brown.

Boulenger identifies Halophila vitiensts. Girard with Cor-
nufer dorsalis, described by A. Duméril (Ann. Sc. Nat., (3)
XIX, 1853, p. 174) from Java. The type specimen of the latter,
however, preserved in the Paris museum, and examined by
me, does not agree with the species of the Fiji islands, after the
description of Boulenger, having small digital disks, first finger
longer than second, the heel reaching beyond the tip of the
snout and longitudinal folds on the back; the tongue bears
a papilla. It is a species of Rana (Platymantis), the nearest

240

ally of which seems to be Rana (Platymantis) meyeri Gthr.
from the Philippines. The locality Java certainly is incorrect;
probably it is a Philippine species (see Peters, Monatsber.
Akad. Berlin, 1873;.p: 611).

Barbour (Proc. New England Zodl. Club, VII, 1921, p. 97)
suggests that the specimens, mentioned from the Solomon
islands by Boulenger, belong to C. guppyt; C. vitiensis then
should be an inhabitant of the Fiji islands only.

Habitat: Solomon islands. — Fiji islands.

2. Cornufer guppyi Bler.

Cornufer guppyi Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 211.
Cornufer Guppyi Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, 1886, p. 53,

Plows ison Ke

Tongue without papilla; vomerine teeth in two short trans-
verse or slightly oblique series behind the level of the choanae.
Head large, much depressed, a little broader than long, its
length a little more than '/, the length of head and body;
snout rounded, not projecting, a little longer than the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly curved; loreal region
very oblique, concave; nostril much nearer to tip of snout than to
eye; interorbital space plane, as broad as the upper eyelid;
tympanum very distinct, */, the diameter of the eye. Disks
of fingers very large, of outer fingers nearly as large as the
tympanum; disks of toes large, but a little smaller than those
of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is as long
as fourth; toes '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate;
two rather indistinct, much flattened metatarsal tubercles; the
heel reaches the anterior corner of the eye.

Smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granular; a fold
above the tympanum.

Greyish brown or pinkish above, spotted or dotted with
brown; limbs cross-barred; lower surface whitish. Length more
than 100 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

3. Cornufer unicolor Tschudi.

Cornufer unicolor (part.) Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 28.
Cornufer unicolor Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 107.

Tongue feebly notched; vomerine teeth behind the level of

d4t

the choanae. Head much depressed, as long as broad; occiput
longitudinally concave, with a median crest; canthus rostralis
angular; loreal region high, oblique; eye large, prominent;
tympanum ?/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes slender,
with rather large disks; first and second finger equal; third
toe a little shorter than fifth; toes webbed at the base; a
feeble inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond the
tip of the snout.

Upper eyelid with a conical tubercle; a fold above the
tympanum; breast and belly granular.

Dark brown above, lighter beneath.

I suggest that this species is based on specimens of Rana rugata.

Habitat: New Guinea.

4. Cornufer baluensis Blgr.

Cornufer baluensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 449.
Rana sariba Shelford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XV, 1905, p. 209.
Cornufer baluensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups behind the level of
the choanae. Snout rounded, as long as the upper eyelid;
canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region concave; interorbital
space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid; crown flat; tym-
panum °/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with well-
developed disks, which are much smaller than the tympanum;
first finger a little shorter than second; toes '/, webbed; sub-
articular tubercles moderate, feebly prominent; a feebly pro-
minent oval inner metatarsal tubercle, as long as the inner
toe without the disk; no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel
reaches the nostril.

Upper parts and throat granulate, some of the granules
confluent into wavy, longitudinal, short ridges; belly and lower
surface of limbs smooth.

Greyish brown above, marbled with darker; limbs with rather
irregular dark cross-bars; whitish beneath, throat and lower
surface of limbs marbled with brown. From snout to vent 35 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Mt. Saribau, Serawak).

8. Batrachylodes Blgr.
(BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 337).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue oval, feebly nicked and free behind.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 16

242

No vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes
free, the tips dilated into large disks. Outer metatarsals united ').
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary
ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges ');
the latter T-shaped.
Distribution: Solomon islands.

1. Batrachylodes vertebralis Blegr.
Batrachylodes vertebralis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 337,

pl. XXVIII, fig. 3.

Batrachylodes vertebralis Barbour, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, VII, 1921, p. 95.

Snout obtuse, short; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril nearer
to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum ?/, the width of the eye. Disk
of third finger as large as the tympanum, disks of toes smaller
than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second; sub-
articular tubercles feeble; a rather indistinct oval inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the posterior border of the eye.

Skin smooth.

Brown or yellowish above; a fine whitish vertebral line,
continued along the upper surface of the thigh and the outer
side of tibia and tarsus, and a whitish line on the canthus
rostralis and continued behind the eye to the groin, may be
present; side of head and anterior half of body sometimes
dark brown; indistinct brown bands across the limbs; lower
parts white or yellow. From snout to vent 30 mm.

Habitat: Solomon islands.

9g. Rhacophorus Kuhl & v. Hass.

(KuHL en v. HAssELT, Alg. Konst- en Letter-bode, 1822, p. 104).
Polypedates Tschudi, Mém. Soc, Sc. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 75.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and free behind.
Vomerine teeth present 7). Tympanum usually distinct. Fingers
free or webbed, toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes with
disks. Outer metatarsals separated by web.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. An intercalary
ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges; the
latter generally bifurcate.

1) After a communication by Dr. Boulenger.
2) Except sometimes in RA. edentulus.

243

Tadpoles. — Eyes lateral or superior. Spiraculum sinistral.
Vent dextral, at some distance above the lower edge of the
subcaudal crest. Upper crest of tail not extending beyond
base of tail. Mouth normal; papillae absent along the upper
border of the upper lip; series of teeth 4 to 7/3.

Distribution: Madagascar; E.- and S.E.-Asia; western
part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, including Celebes.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Fingers free. Back with rough warts...... I. Kh. leprosus p. 244.
ZL. Fingers webbed at the base.
I.Tympanum more than half the width of
the eye.
1. A bony crest above the tympanum. ... 2. Rh. otilophus p. 245.
2. Head without crests.
a. Tympanum smaller than the eye.
a. Skin of the head coossified with the

Skt lleeaeees Ota, aihsc taita te, seg ashslai naa 3. RA. leucomystax p.246, 249.
@. Skin of the head not ossified .... 4. Rk. colletti p. 250.
é. Tympanum as large as the eye..... 5. Rh. macrotis p. 251.
II. Tympanum not more than half the width
of the eye.
1. The heel reaches a little beyond the tip
of the snout, with a tubercle...,... 6. Rh. everetti p. 251.
2. The heel reaches far beyond the tip of
they snout, “with, av tubercles 2, 3. 2 os - 7. Rh. macroscelis p. 252.
3. The heel reaches far beyond the tip of
the snout, without. tubercle... 3... . 2 <. 8. Rh. hosii p. 253.
C, Fingers (at least the outer ones) !/, webbed, or
more, the web not reaching disk of third finger.
I, Head with four spine-like processes... . . 9g. Kh. georgit p. 253.
II. Head smooth.
1. Heel with dermal appendage.
a. The heel reaches beyond the tip of the
SMOG os 6 Oyo Meco 1a d As ooo oY oe 10. Rh, javanus p. 254.
6.The heel does not reach beyond the
tip of the snout.
@. Outer fingers 1/2 webbed: . 2.5.0 « 11. Rh. appendiculatus p. 255.
Outer fingers '/awebioed:s tag sere: 12. Rh. poecilonotus p. 256.
y- Outer fingers about 2/, webbed ... 13. RA. difasciatus p. 257.

0. Fingers nearly entirely webbed .. . 14. Rk. dulitensis p. 258,
2. Heel without dermal appendage,

244

a. Outer fingers !/3 webbed. Vomerine teeth
nonmallyadeveloped wasememal is tlie _. + 15. Rh. modestus p. 259.
d, Outer fingers half webbed. Vomerine
teeth very reduced or absent...... 16. Rh. edentulus p. 259.
c. Outer fingers 2/, webbed. Vomerine teeth
normally developed.
a. Interorbital space broader than the
WO PEE MEV EM ere er nik vince Naver on a's 17. Rh. acutirostris p. 260,
@.Interorbital space as broad as the
WP PErmeyelGun.! . 7% 6 TRA ks 18. Rh. monticola p. 261.
D. The web between the fingers reaches at least
the disks of the three outer ones.
I, Hind limbs with dark cross-bars.
I. Snout pointed.

a. Disks of fingers much smaller than

(SPENCE BiG Sih oe Holds oo 9g 5 - 19. Rh. shelfordi p. 262.

6, Disks of fingers nearly as large as
EY Mpa num www wily ieee ae eae 20. Rh. fasciatus p. 262.
Avsynonnre woayslasel 55 bio eos 5 9-0 Sain © 21. Rh. pardalis p. 263.

II]. Hind limbs without dark cross-bars.
1. The web does not reach the disk of the
hes en Va Neh See erPrce 3 clin aaa od fa do 22. Rh reinwardti p. 264.
2. The web reaches the disk of the first finger. 23. Rh. nigropalmatus p. 266.

Synopsis of the Tadpoles.
A. Eyes lateral. Series of teeth 4 to 5/3.

I. Spiraculum in the middle between end of snout

ahaa WACO ye brah hed WO. 9, Po ch Baa, De Or ote vapiae oo 2. Rh. otilophus p. 245.
II. Spiraculum nearer to the vent than to the tip of

thexsnouts pci y a6 cose ees he re eR es 3. Rh. leucomystax p. 246.

B. Eyes superior. Series of teeth 6 to 7/3.

; ; 10. Rh. javanus? p. 254.

I. Tail HELGE gaia Na. so tee rea eMes ee :
eam 18. RA. monticola? p. 261.

Ui wialeroundedi Wea h et...) a neues Paleo neers 22. Rh. reinwardti p. 264.

1. Rhacophorus leprosus (S. Miill.).

Theloderma leporosa (S. Miiller), Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 73.

Hyla leprosa Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf,
1837—44, p. 105.

Hyla leprosa Schlegel, Handl. Dierk., Breda, 1858, IJ, p. 55, pl. IV, fig. 68.

Theloderma leprosa Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 237.

Polypedates leprosus Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XX, 1887, p. 315, pl.
XVA, digs: Ajsa, ale :

245

Rhacophorus leprosus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr.,
London, 1912, p. 247.

Vomerine teeth in two short, nearly transverse series close
to the inner front edges of the choanae. Head broader than
long; snout rounded, vertically truncate, as long as the upper
eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal
region very oblique, feebly concave; nostril close to the end
of the snout; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */; diameter
of eye. Diameter of disks of outer fingers half to nearly as
large as the width of the tympanum, those of first finger and
toes smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; fingers free; third toe as long as fifth; toes
nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching the disks of third
and fifth, third phalanx of fourth toe included by a narrow
fringe; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small inner
metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between eye and tip of
snout; tibia half length of head and body.

Upper parts entirely covered with very prominent, rough
warts of different sizes; lower parts of head and body, arms
and thighs granular.

Colour in life chocolate-brown above, the top of the warts
paler, some of those on the back yellow; jet-black beneath,
marbled with pale bluish grey; lower surface of fingers and
toes, interdigital web, and disks bright rose-red. From snout
to vent 65 mm.

Male without vocal sac.

Type specimen examined in the Leiden Museum ').

Habitat: Sumatra (near Padang!). — Malay Peninsula,
800—1370 m.

2. Rhacophorus otilophus Blgr.

Rhacophorus otilophus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. 527, pl.
XLIV (with tadpole).
Rhacophorus otilophus y. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 705.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series close to the
inner anterior edge of the large choanae. Head much depressed,

1) The type specimen has the tongue pointed and not notched behind, as
already stated by Tschudi and Horst. It is however clearly visible, that this
‘condition has been caused by lesion,

246

large, a little broader than long; snout pointed, a little longer
than the orbit; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region deeply
concave; nostril close to the tip of the snout; interorbital
space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum nearly
as large as the eye. Disks of fingers rather large, of toes
smaller; fingers with a rudimentary web; toes */, webbed; the
heel reaches between the eye and the nostril.

Skin adherent to the rugose frontoparietals; a strong spinose
bony crest above the tympanum; a spine at the angles of
the jaws; back finely, belly and lower surface of thighs coarsely
granulate; heel, and sometimes the elbow, with a small triang-
ular dermal appendage.

Pale olive above, with dark grey spots and longitudinal
streaks; hind limbs with dark cross-bars. Length 80 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 12/, times its width,
9/, to */, the length of the tail, which is 2'/, to 3 times as
long as deep, the depth of the muscular portion being about
9/, of the total depth. Nostril nearer to the end of the snout than
to the eye; eyes lateral, equally distant from the spiraculum and
the end of the snout ora little nearer to the former, the distance
between them 2'/, to 3 times that between the nostrils, and
2'/, to 2'/, times the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral,
directed upwards and backwards, equidistant from the end of
the snout and the vent; vent dextral, above the lower edge
of the tail. Tail acutely pointed.

Lower border of lips with papillae; jaws black; series of
teeth 3 13/3. Length 80° mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (district Palembang!); Borneo (Bongon,
N.-Borneo; Baram; Serawak).

3. Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Ffyla leucomystax (Kuhl), Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I,
Lipsiae, 1829, p. 26.

Hyla leucomystax Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf,
1837—44, p. 140, pl. L, figs. 1, 2, 4.

Rhacophorus maculatus (part.), Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 83.

Hylorana longipes Fischer, Arch. f. Naturgesch., LI, J, 1885, p. 47.

Rhacophorus leucomystax Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 29, with
fig. of skull.

Rhacophorus leucomystax Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 474, pl.
XLIV, fig. 2 (with tadpole),

247

Rhacophorus leucomystax Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 898, pl.

LIX, figs. 3, 3@ (with tadpole).

Rhacophorus leucomystax v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907,

p- 399 (with tadpole).

Rhacophorus leucomystax Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and

Batr., London, 1912, p. 248.

Rhacophorus maculatus leucomystax Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 14.

Vomerine teeth in two more or less oblique series between
the choanae, beginning close to the inner front edge of the
latter. Head as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, pro-
jecting, about as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis
angular, straight; loreal region nearly vertical, concave; nostril
much nearer to end of snout than to eye; interorbital space in
adult specimens 1'/, to 2 times the width of the upper eye-
lid, narrower in the young; tympanum very distinct, °/, to */,
the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers rather large, smaller
than the tympanum; disks of toes smaller than those of fingers ;
first finger shorter than second, which is much shorter than
fourth; fingers with a slight rudiment of web, toes */, webbed,
the web reaching the disks of 34 and 5th toe or nearly so
far; last two phalanges of 4th toe only included by a narrow
fringe; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small inner
metatarsal tubercle; a rudimentary outer metatarsal tubercle
rarely present '); the heel reaches at least the eye, sometimes
beyond the tip of the snout; tibia '/, to */, the length of
head and body.

Skin co-ossified with the frontoparietalia, and, in older spe-
cimens, usually with the nasalia and paraquadrata (squamosa)
too (in very young specimens, up to about 35 mm. in length,
the skin is free from the skull); finely granulate above; a fold
above the tympanum; belly and lower surface of thighs coar-
sely granulate.

Coloration very variable, even in the same individual. Upper
parts grey, yellow, bronze, brown, reddish, or greenish, usually
spotted or mottled with brown or black; sometimes a black
streak from the temporal region backwards and a few dark
spots on the sides; edges of jaws white; limbs with dark
cross-bars; hinder side of thighs uniform or light-spotted; lower
parts white or buff, throat and breast sometimes with dark
vermiculation. From snout to vent 81 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

1) In specimens from Saleyer and Timor.

248

Tadpole. — Length of the body 1'/, to 2 times its width;
tail 1'/, to 2 times the length of the body, or more, 2'/, to
rather more than 3 times as long as deep; the depth of the
muscular portion at its base rather more than half the largest
total depth. Nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the
eye; eyes lateral, nearer to the spiraculum than to the tip
of the snout, the distance between them more than twice
that between the nostrils, and much larger than the width of
the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, visible from above and from
below, directed upwards and backwards, nearer to the vent
than to the tip of the snout; vent dextral. Tail acutely pointed,
the upper crest of about the same depth as the lower one or
shallower, not extending on the back.

Lips with papillae along the sides and the lower border,
except along a small notch in the centre of the lower lip;
jaws edged with black; series of teeth 3'3/3 or 4'4/3, the
inner one of lower lip sometimes narrowly interrupted.

Brown or dirty buff above, irregularly mottled with darker;
beneath white or buff; sides and tail buff, mottled with brown;
crests colourless. Length 46 mm.

From the sea-level to high up in the mountains.

The eggs are 1'/, mm. in diam., unpigmented (Siedlecki).
The spawn is deposited on the edge of small pools or on
leaves or other objects above them; the tadpoles fall into the
water, where the further development takes place.

Habitat: Simalur isl.!; Babi isl.!; Ulau Lekon!; Nias!; Su-
matra (Atjeh; Langkat!; Medan!; RdastGen Karo highland,
1400 m.!; Laut tador; Teen lake; Andalas!; Kalung!; Fort de
Kock; Panjinipoahanl: Siuiuadiune: Musralabie Sandaran
Agung, 715 m., Kurintji valley; Indragiri); Natuna islands
(Bunguran) ; Bred (Tuaran riv., N.-Borneo; Mt. Kina Balu;
Singkawang; Pagat, distr. Batangalai; Barabai); Java (Serang;
Lebak; Batavia!; Buitenzorg!; Mt. Salak; Gadok; Tjibodas!;
Perbawati!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Djampang Tengah!; Gunung
Sesuru!; Tjitalahab!; Babakan!; Tjandi, 60 m.!; Ambarawa;
Wonosobo!; Djokjakarta, 113 m.!; Tengger ential 1200 aye
Lombok, 1185 m.; Sumba; Timor; Saleyer!; bei ouke Celebes
(Makasser; Bantimurung!; Loka, 1100 m.; Tjamba; Boni;
Kandari; Tinondo; Kantewu!; between take Towuti and Lake
Matana; Lake Post Mongondon!; Bolaang!; Toli Toli; Koro .
valley, 500—700 m.; Bwool; Tuwa; Tomcohon; Buraiee

Y bonon

249

Menado; Kema). — E.-Himalayas and S.-China to Malay Penin-
sula (up to 1500 m.); Singapore; Philippines; Pelawan.

3a. Rhacophorus leucomystax var. sexvirgata (Reinw.).

Hyla sexvirgata (Reinw.), Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I,
Lipsiae, 1829, p. 28.

Hyla quadrilineata (Boie), Wiegmann, N. Acta Acad, Leop.-Carol., XVII, I,
1835, p- 260, pl. XXII, fig. 1.

Fig. 27. Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl) var. sexvirgata (Reinw.), X I.

Polypedates quadrilineatus Steindachner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XIV, 1864,
Pee hsy ple. hes. 2-26.

Rhacophorus maculatus, var, guadrilineata Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus.,
1882, p. 84.

Rhacophorus leucomystax (part.) Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept.
and Batr., London, 1912, p. 248.

250

Distinguished from the type by the presence of four more
or less distinct dark longitudinal bands on the upper surface
of head and body, which, however, may appear conspicuously
and disappear in the same individual; the black lateral streaks
always present.

Perhaps a distinct species.

Habitat: Sumatra (Takengan, Gajo countries!; Upper and
Lower Langkat; Medan!; Brastagi, Karo highland, 1400 m.!;
Bandarbaru, Batak mts., + goo m.!; Lauttador; Toba lake;
Matur!; Matua!; Padangtarab!; Fort de Kock!; Lembok;
Bunga Mas; Hari leko riv.!); Banka; Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu;
Serawak; Barabai); Java (Krawang!; Batavia!; Buitenzorg!;
Gadok; Perbawati, Mt. Gedeh!; Sukabumi!; Wonosobo!; Nong-
kodjadjar, 1200 m.!); Madura; Timor!; Celebes; Ternate? '!). —
From India to the Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Formosa;
Philippines; Pelawan.

4. Rhacophorus colletti Blgr.
Rhacophorus Colletti Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1840, p. 36.

> Rhacophorus cruciger Mocquard (nec Blyth), Nouv. Arch, Mus. d’ Hist. nat.,

(3) lly 2890; piso.
Rhacophorus colletti Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 494, pl. XXXII,

fig. 4.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the very large
choanae and beginning at their inner front edges. Head as
long as broad; snout triangular, a little longer than the dia-
meter of the orbit; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region
oblique, slightly concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout
than to the eye; interorbital space a little broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, or 3/, the width of the
eye. Disks of fingers about half the size of the tympanum,
of toes smaller; fingers with a slight rudiment of web, toes
nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; a
very small inner metatarsal tubercle; the knee reaches the fore
limb, the heel far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length
of head and body.

Skin of head free; upper parts smooth, belly and lower
surface of thighs granular; a fold above the tympanum.

1) Locality mentioned by Meyer (Abh. Zool. Mus, Dresden, 1887, p. 15), but
probably incorrect.

251

Grey or greyish brown above, loreal region and sides of body
lighter; back usually with an hourglass-shaped dark figure; lips
with a fine blackish edge; sides dark marbled; limbs with dark
cross-bands; anal region blackish, with a white edge above;
lower parts whitish, the throat sometimes with brown vermi-
culations. From snout to vent 75 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Langkat); Natuna islands (Bunguran);
Borneo (Baram).

5. Rhacophorus macrotis Blgr.
Rhacophorus macrotis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VII, 1891, p. 282.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups on a level with the
front borders of the very large choanae. Head nearly as long
as broad; snout triangular, a little longer than the orbit;
canthus rostralis angular; loreal region concave; nostril near to
the tip of the snout; interorbital space not broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, as large as the eye. Disks
of fingers about half the diameter of the eye, of toes smaller;
fingers with a distinct rudiment of web, toes nearly entirely
webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; a very small inner
metatatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout;
tibia half the length of head and body.

Skin of head co-ossified with the rugose frontoparietals, of
back smooth or finely granulate; belly and lower side of
thighs granular.

Grey-brown above, with a few small dark brown spots or
two indistinct black longitudinal bands; loreal region greyish
white; a dark brown band from the end of the snout through
the nostril, the eye and the tympanum to the side of the
body, expanding on the tympanum to a large temporal blotch;
limbs with ill-defined dark cross bands; hinder side of thighs
brown, dotted with white; lower parts whitish, speckled with
brown. From snout to vent 78 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Siolak Daras, 900 m., Kurintji valley) ;
Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Baram; Baram riv.). —
Pelawan; Balabak.

6. Rhacophorus everetti Bler.
Rhacophorus Everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 87.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae,

252

which are moderately large. Head slightly broader than long;
snout rounded, shorter than the orbit; canthus rostralis obtuse,
curved; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril near to the
end of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, the width of the eye; disks of
fingers nearly as large as the tympanum; fingers with a slight
rudiment of web, toes */, webbed; a very small inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches a little beyond
the tip of the snout.

Skin not adherent to the skull. Finely granulate above,
coarsely beneath; small conical tubercles below the vent, at
the heel, and along the outer edge of fore-arm and tarsus.

Pale yellowish or reddish brown above, with dark brown
markings, among which a cross-band between the eyes; limbs
with dark cross-bands; lower parts uniform white. From snout
to vent 32 mm.

Habitat: Pelawan.

7. Rhacophorus macroscelis Blegr.
Rhacophorus macroscelis Boulenger, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 403.

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups close to the
inner borders of the choanae. Head large, as long as broad;
snout rounded, shorter than the orbit; canthus rostralis strong ;
loreal region deeply concave; nostril near to the end of the
snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tym-
panum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers webbed
at the base; toes webbed to the disks of the third and fifth,
penultimate phalanx of fourth free; a very small inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the knee reaches the shoulder, the heel far
beyond the tip of the snout.

Above with small scattered warts; heel with a conical tubercle;
throat and belly granulate. c

Olive above, marbled with darker; a yellow cross-line between
the eyes and a large W-shaped yellow marking on the occi-
put; upper lip white, with vertical blackish blotches; flanks
white, with large black spots; limbs with dark cross-bars;
dirty white beneath, belly and hind limbs dotted with brown.
From snout to vent 31 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu).

253

8. Rhacophorus hosii Bler.
Rhacophorus Hosii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVI, 1895, p. 169.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the rather
large choanae, beginning from their inner front edges. Snout
truncate, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis angular; loreal
region concave; nostril close to the tip of the snout; inter-
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct,
half the diameter of the eye. Disks smaller than tympanum;
fingers with a slight rudiment of web; toes nearly entirely
webbed, the penultimate phalanx of fourth toe free; subarti-
cular tubercles moderate; a small inner metatarsal tubercle;
the knee reaches the shoulder, the heel far beyond the tip
of the snout.

Finely granulate above, coarsely granulate on the belly.

Dark grey-brown above; lips with darker vertical bars; one
or two small black spots above the axil; limbs with dark
cross-bands; anal region black; posterior surface of thighs
dark-brown; whitish beneath, throat marbled with brown, belly
dotted with brown. From snout to vent 48 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Pata riv., Serawak).

g. Rhacophorus georgii Roux.
Rhacophorus Georgii Roux, Verh, naturf. Ges. Basel, XV, 1904, p. 430, pl. VIII.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series beginning from the
inner front edges of the choanae. Head as long as broad;
snout rounded; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region feebly
concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;
interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid; tym-
panum very distinct, oval, its diameter equal to the distance
between the nostril and the tip of the snout. Disks of fingers
large, of third finger almost as broad as the smaller diameter
of the tympanum; first finger shorter than second; fingers
2/, webbed; toes, with exception of the fourth, webbed to the
disks; subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles feebly pro-
minent; no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond
tip of snout.

Occiput with four stiff spine-like processes: a laterally com-
pressed one above each tympanum, and two between the tym-
pana; skin of upper surfaces with small warts or tubercles; a
narrow fold along the outer edge of the fourth finger, and

254

another one along the outer edge of the fifth toe, extending
a little along fore-arm and tarsus; heel with a small, bilobate
dermal flap; belly, throat and posterior surface of thighs
granulate; some large tubercles near the vent.

Colour in life: back light green (greyish blue in spirit),
speckled with lighter; sides of body and limbs marbled with dark
green and yellow (in spirit violet and white); throat and belly
with red vermiculation. Length 70 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Tuwa, Palu valley).

10. Rhacophorus javanus Bttgr.

?Rhacophorus moschata (nomen nudum), Kuhl en v. Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en
Letter-bode, 1822, p. 104.
? Hyla margaritifera Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diissel-

dorf, 1837—44, p. 107.

Rhacophorus javanus Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1893, p. 338.

Rhacophorus javanus vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 402.

Polypedates javanus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zo6l, Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1,
1912, p. 68, pl. VIII, fig. 31.

Rhacophorus javanus vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, .yo9, p. 42,
pl. Il, figs. 7, 8 (tadpole). ‘<.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series beginning from the
inner front edges of the choanae. Head broader than long;
snout feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, longer
than deep; canthus rostralis rather distinct ; loreal region oblique,
concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;
interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum °/, to '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of three outer
fingers about half the diameter of the eye, of inner finger
and of toes smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is
shorter than fourth; the three outer fingers '/, to ?/, webbed,
the first one only at the base; fifth toe a little longer than
third; the web between the toes reaches all the disks, except
that of fourth toe, the penultimate phalanx of which is only in-
cluded by a narrow fringe; subarticular tubercles small, single;
a small inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold;
the heel reaches a little beyond the tip of the snout; tibia a
little more than half the length of head and body.

Smooth above; a transverse ridge above the vent, a trian-
cular dermal flap at the heel and ridges along the outer edges
of fore-arm, outer finger, tarsus and fifth toe; a fold above

255

the tympanum; belly and proximal part of lower surface of
thighs granulate.

Upper parts greyish white, finely dotted with blackish; a
narrow dark cross-bar between the eyes and another, indistinct
one behind it; limbs without cross-bars; the dermal ridges
and the flap of the heel whitish; yellowish red beneath, throat
and belly whitish. Length 59 mm.

Tadpole. — The following tadpoles from Pasir Datar,
W.-Java, probably belong to this species.

Length of body 1'/, to nearly 2 times its width; tail 1'/,
(in young specimens) to 2'/, (in older ones) times as long as
body and 3'/, (in the young ones) to 4'/, {in older ones) times
_as long as deep. Nostril about as far from eye as from tip of
snout; eyes superior, in the middle between spiraculum and
tip of snout; distance between them 1'/, to 2 times that between
the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and back-
wards, visible from above and from below, equally distant
from tip of snout and vent; vent dextral. Tail pointed; the
upper crest a little deeper than the lower one and reaching
the base of the tail.

Mouth ventral; sides and lower border of lips with a con-
tinuous series of papillae, which along the sides are placed in
2 to 3, along the lower border in 3 to 4 rows; jaws edged
with black; series of teeth 5'5/3, second and third series of
upper lip very narrowly interrupted (the second one some-
times continuous); the series of lower lip nearly equal in length,
the inner one sometimes hardly interrupted.

Body grey above, white below; tail yellowish with light
grey, transparant crests; posterior part of tail with large
blackish-grey spots. Length 58 mm.

Habitat: Java (Buitenzorg; Tjibodas!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!;
Tjisurupan).

11. Rhacophorus appendiculatus (Gthr.).

Polypedates appendiculatus Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 79.

Rhacophorus appendiculatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 86,
pl. VIII, fig. 4.

Rhacophorus appendiculatus Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’ Hist. nat., (3) I,
1890, p. 150.

Rhacophorus phyllopygus Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 494, pl.
XXXII, fig. 5.

Rhacophorus appendiculatus Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 414.

256

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae.
Head as long as broad; snout rather pointed, nearly as long
as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis more
or less rounded, curved; loreal region oblique, slightly con-
cave ; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;
interorbital space as broad to 1'/, times as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the
eye. Disks of fingers and toes well developed, that of third
finger about as large as the tympanum, those of toes some-
what smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; outer fingers 1/,, toes nearly entirely webbed;
subarticular tubercles very prominent, those of third and fourth
fingers, or that of fourth finger only, sometimes double; a small
inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye or
the tip of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body.

Smooth above, or with small warts; small dermal promi-
nences near the vent and on the heel; a more or less deve-
loped cutaneous fringe along the outer edge of tarsus and
fore-arm; sometimes a feeble dermal fold along the edge of
the lower jaw; belly granular or smooth, lower surface of
thighs granular.

Greyish above; a rufous or blackish cross-bar between the
eyelids, another one on the snout and a third one on the nape,
and some large spots of the same colour on the back may be
present; limbs more or less distinctly cross-barred. Length 46 mm.

Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Sungai Kum-
bang, 1600 m.!, Kurintji peak; Indragiri); Borneo (Baram;
Mt. Dulit). — Philippines.

12. Rhacophorus poecilonotus Blgr.

Rhacophorus poecilonotus Boulenger, Jrn. Fed. Malay St. Mus., VIII, 1920, p. 294.

Vomerine teeth in two long transverse or slightly oblique
series between the choanae. Head very strongly depressed ;
snout rounded or more or less pointed; canthus rostralis curved ;
loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril equally distant
from end of snout and eye; interorbital space a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, diameter of eye.
Disks of fingers as large as the tympanum, of toes smaller;
fingers half webbed, toes webbed to the disks; subarticular
and inner metatarsal tubercles feeble; the heel reaches the
eye or between eye and tip of snout.

257

Smooth above; heel with a more or less distinct conical
tubercle; belly and lower surface of thighs granular.

Coloration very variable. Grey or pale brown above, with
brown or blackish marblings or symmetrical markings, or
blackish brown with pale grey or whitish markings forming
two cross-bands on the snout and two bands along the back;
limbs orange, with dark brown transverse lines, which may be
very numerous; lower parts white. From snout to vent 48 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: Sumatra (Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m., Kurintji
peak).

13. Rhacophorus bifasciatus nova spec.

Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series between the
choanae. Head as long or nearly as long as broad; snout
more or less pointed, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than
deep; canthus rostralis angular, curved; loreal region oblique,
concave; nostril usually a little nearer to the tip of snout than
to the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid;
tympanum distinct, '/, to */, the width of the eye. Disks of three
outer fingers about as large as the tympanum, of first finger and
of toes smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is
shorter than fourth; outer fingers about 7/, webbed, the web
not reaching the disks; first finger only webbed at the base;
fifth toe a little longer than third; toes nearly entirely webbed,
the web reaching all the disks, except that of fourth toe; subarti-
cular tubercles well developed, single; a feeble inner, no outer
metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or
between eye and tip of snout; tibia half length of head and
body, or hardly longer.

Smocth above; feeble dermal ridges above the vent and
along outer edges of fore-arm and outer finger, and of tarsus
and outer toe; heel with a triangular dermal appendage; a
feeble fold above the tympanum; belly and lower surface of
thighs granulate.

Purplish above, with two irregular, white dorsolateral bands,
which are confluent in the coccygeal region; in young speci-
mens they are broken up into blotches. Fore head, including
the anterior part of the upper eyelids, white, with purplish
streaks; web between fingers and toes partly dark; usually

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. Dy

258

a few narrow dark cross-streaks on the limbs; white beneath.
Length 60 mm.

Closely allied with Rx. gavanus, from which it is distinguished
by the shorter hind limbs and the coloration; from Kh. poe-
cilonotus it can be distinguished by the more extensively
webbed fingers.

Habitat: Sumatra (Sungai Kring!, Sungai Kumbang,
1600 m.!, and Sinlak Deras! in Kurintji, E. Jacobson leg.).

14. Rhacophorus dulitensis Blgr.
Rhacophorus dulitensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 507, pl.

xX KH. ot
Rhacophorus chiropterus Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XLVI, 1896, p. 22,

DL Wy ite, B-

Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series between the
choanae. Head broader than long; snout rounded, as long as
the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region nearly
vertical, concave; nostril in the middle between eye and tip
of snout or a little nearer to the latter; interorbital space much
broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, to */,
the width of the eye. Disks of toes smaJler than those of
fingers, which are smaller than the tympanum; first finger
shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers
nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching the disk of the fourth
one; toes nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles and
inner metatarsal tubercle feeble; no outer metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the tip of the snout; tibia about half length
of head and body.

Smooth above; a slight dermal ridge along the outer edge
of fore-arm and tarsus, and a dermal flap above the vent and
at the heel; belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.

Yellowish (in life grass-green or greyish green) above; head
and back with purplish dots; a purplish line round the snout,
from eye to eye, passing through the nostrils and sometimes
extending above the tympanum to the sides of the body;
ridges of fore-arm and tarsus and border of the dermal flap
above the vent yellowish; web between the outer toes red;
yellow beneath, belly in the living animal with green spots;
chin yellowish green in life, the lower lip with a yellow border.
From snout to vent 43 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Sungai Kring! and Sungai Kumbang,
1600. m.!, in Kurintji); Borneo (Baram; Mt. Dulit).

259

15. Rhacophorus modestus Bler.

Rhacophorus modestus Boulenger, Jrn. Fed. Malay St. Mus., VIII, 1920, p. 293.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae.
Head as long as broad; snout rounded, as long as the upper
eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct, straight or slightly curved;
loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril a little nearer to the
end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as
or alittle broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/,
or ?/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with large disks,
those of outer fingers as large as the tympanum, those of
first finger and of toes smaller; first finger shorter than second,
which is shorter than fourth; outer fingers '/,, toes ?/, webbed;
subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles feeble, no outer
metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye or between eye
and tip of snout; tibia about half the length of head and body.

Smooth above, belly and lower surface of thighs granular.

Grey or brown above, sometimes darker on the sides, usu-
ally with a white streak or a series of white spots along the
flanks; a dark canthal and temporal streak; limbs with dark
cross-bands; lower parts white, uniform or spotted with brown.
From snout to vent 41 mm.

Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Habitat: Sumatra (Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m., Kurintji;
Kurintji peak, 2200 m.!).

16. Rhacophorus edentulus F. Mill.
Rhacophorus edentulus F. Miiller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, X, 1895, p. $40, 869.
Rhacophorus edentulus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 234, pl.

XV figs 2:

Vomerine teeth absent, or reduced to two very small, in-
distinct groups near the inner edges of the rather large choanae.
Snout rounded, a little shorter than the orbit; canthus rostralis
distinct ; loreal region slightly concave; nostril nearer to the tip
of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct, ?/,; to '/, the
diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers as large as or a little
larger than the tympanum; outer fingers haif webbed; toes
webbed to the disks of the third and fifth, penultimate phalanx
of fourth free; subarticular tubercles feeble; a very small
inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the
tip of the snout or beyond.

260

Smooth or finely shagreened above; a fold from the eye
to the shoulder; belly and lower side of thighs granulate.

Green above (bluish grey or lilac in spirit), uniform or with
dark dots; a large rust-red blotch on the head and another
on the body may be present; upper arm yellowish white;
thigh yellowish white with a narrow green stripe; white beneath.
From snout to vent 40 mm.

Male without vocal sacs.

Habitat: Celebes (Loka; Bone mts., + 500 m.; Bulawa
mts., +1200 m.; Totoyia valley, +500 m.; Tomohon; Ruru-
kan; Bua Praeng).

‘

17. Rhacophorus acutirostris Mocq.

Rhacophorus acutirostris Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’ Hist. nat., (3) I, 1890,
PLS. spl. xi hige wT.
Rhacophorus acutirostris Mocquard, Le Naturaliste, (2) XII, 1890, p. 163.

Vomerine teeth in two widely separated small groups between
the choanae. Snout angular, hardly longer than the eye;
canthus rostralis distinct; nostril equidistant from eye and
tip of snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eye-
lid; tympanum a little more than '/, the width of the eye.
Disks of toes as large as the tympanum, of fingers larger;
outer fingers .*/, webbed, the inner one nearly free; toes */,
webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small inner,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the eye or a
little beyond.

Smooth above; a series of 6 or 7 small, rounded tubercles
along the outer edge of the fore-arm; a strong fold above
the tympanum; belly and lower side of thighs strongly granulate.

Slate brown above; a narrow dark cross-bar between the
eyes often present; sides of body and thighs with large,
nearly black spots; tubercles along fore-arm white; sometimes
a small white spot below the eye; lower surfaces yellowish
white, mottled with brown. In young specimens the upper
surfaces are rufous, with a few brown spots or cross-bars; the
hind limbs also may have such cross-bars and the lower sur-
faces are uniform grey or yellowish white. From snout to
vent 47 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 1200 m.),

261

18. Rhacophorus monticola Bler.

Rhacophorus monticola Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVIII, 1896, p. 395.
Rhacophorus monticola Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 234, pl.

XVI, fig. 3.

Chacophorus monticola v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907,

p- 403 (tadpole).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae.
Snout more or less pointed, as long as the orbit; canthus
rostralis distinct; loreal region slightly concave; nostril equally
distant from the eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum moderately
distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers as
large as or a little larger than the tympanum; outer fingers
2/, webbed; toes webbed to the disks of the third and fifth,
penultimate phalanx of fourth free; subarticular tubercles feeble;
a very small inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the
heel reaches the eye or the anterior border of the orbit.

Finely shagreened above, granulate on the belly and under
the thighs; a fold above the tympanum.

Coloration very variable. Greyish or green (bluish or purplish
in spirit) above, uniform or with scattered small yellow spots,
or dotted, spotted or vermiculate with darker, or with large
symmetrical markings, viz. a cross-band between the eyes, an
hourglass- or X-shaped blotch on the anterior part of the
back, and a cross-band on the sacrum; limbs with dark cross-
bands; flanks white, or purple with large white spots; lower
parts white. From snout to vent 48 mm.

Male without vocal sacs.

Description of tadpoles from Loka, probably belonging to
this species:

Length of body nearly 1'/, times its width; tail 1'/, to 2
times the length of the body. Nostril equally distant from
the tip of the snout and the eye; eyes superior, about as far
from the end of the snout as from the spiraculum, the distance
between them much larger than that between the nostrils,
about equal to the width of the mouth, and about half the
width of the body; spiraculum sinistral, lateral, directed upwards
and backwards, in the middle between end of snout and vent;
vent dextral, above the lower border of the crest of the tail.
Tail pointed, the upper crest reaches the base of the tail.

The whole lower and lateral borders of lips with papillae;

262

series of teeth 515/124) or 616/'2', the. second )temmer
upper, and the third one of lower lip very narrowly inter-
rupted, the three series of lower lip about equal in length.

Body brown above, yellowish white below; tail yellowish
white; in old specimens a bright cross-bar between the eyes.
Length 44 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Loka, 1070 m.; Bonthain peak, 790 m.;
Indrulaman, S.-Celebes, 600 m.).

19. Rhacophorus shelfordi Blgr.

Rhacophorus Shelfordi Boulenger, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1900, p. 185,

pl? EVAL. Sfis:? 2.

Vomerine teeth in two long, nearly straight, transverse
series in the middle between the choanae. Snout pointed, as
long as the orbit; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region slightly
concave; nostril equally distant from the orbit and the end
of the snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eye-
lid; tympanum distinct, */, the diameter of the eye. Disks of
fingers much smaller than the tympanum, of toes smaller
than those of fingers; fingers and toes webbed to the disks;
subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles very small; no
tarsal fold; the heel reaches between the eye and the nostril.

Smooth above, belly granulate.

Purplish brown above; a dark band across the snout, another
one between the eyes, and three across the back; an X-shaped
dark marking in the scapular region; loreal and temporal
regions blackish; a fine yellow line on each side of the
head from the tip of the snout along canthus rostralis and
superciliary edge to above the tympanum; sides of body
yellowish, with a blackish network; limbs with dark cross-
bands; sides of thighs blackish, closely speckled with white;
web between toes marbled with blackish; lower parts colourless.
From snout to vent 45 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Penrissen, Serawak).

20. Rhacophorus fasciatus Bler.
Rhacophorus fasciatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (6) XVI, 1895, p. 169.

Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series between the
choanae, beginning from their inner front edges. Snout pointed,

263

as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region
slightly concave; nostril equally distant from the orbit and
the end of the snout; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, or °/; the diameter of
the eye. Disks of fingers nearly as large as the tympanum,
of toes smaller; fingers and toes entirely webbed; subarticular
and inner metatarsal tubercles very small; no tarsal fold; the
heel reaches the tip of the snout.

Smooth above, belly granulate.

Pale reddish brown above, minutely speckled with brown
and with six brown cross-bands, the first across the snout,
the second between the eyes, the third, broadest, between
the tympana; a fine yellow, brown-edged line borders the head
above, from the tip of the snout along the canthus rostralis
and supraciliary border to above the tympanum; limbs with
dark cross-bands; lower parts and hinder side of thighs colour-
less. From snout to vent 54 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat: Borneo (mountains of the Akar riv., Serawak).

21. Rhacophorus pardalis Gthr.

Rhacophorus Reinwardtii Eydoux et Souleyet, Voyage Bonite, Zool., I, 1841,
p. 150, pl. X, figs. 1, 1 A—B.
Rhacophorus pardalis Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 83, pl. VI, fig. D.
Rhacophorus pardal’s Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 91.
Rhacophorus pulchellus Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 495, pl.
XXXIIL, fig. 7.
Rhacophorus pardalis Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XX VI, 1918, p. 415.
Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series beginning
at the inner front edges of the choanae. Head nearly as long
as broad; snout rounded, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus
rostralis distinct; loreal region oblique, slightly concave;
nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; inter-
orbital space as broad as, or broader than the upper eyelid;
tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the width of the eye. Fingers
and toes with large disks, those of outer fingers as large as
or a little smaller than the tympanum, those of first finger
and of toes a little smaller; first finger shorter than second,
which is shorter than fourth; fingers webbed to the disks,
except the first, which is free; third and fifth toe equal in
length; toes webbed to the disks; subarticular tubercles

264

moderate; a small inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the
heel reaches the tip of the snout; tibia about half the length
of head and body.

Smooth above; a dermal fold along outer border of fore-
arm and hand, tarsus and foot, and a cutaneous flap on the
heel; a fold above the tympanum; belly and lower surface
of thighs granular.

Coloration very variable. Brown, grey or purplish above,
usually darker marbled or spotted; hind limbs with dark cross-
bars; dark spots on the sides of the body and a round white
spot above the heel may be present; webs between fingers
and toes without black spots. Length 55 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Djapura,
Indragiri); Borneo (Pagat, S.E.-Borneo; Samarinda!; Sem-
berrah riv.!). — Philippines; Pelawan.

22. Rhacophorus reinwardti (Boie).

Rhacophorus Reinwardti (nomen nudum), Kuhl en v. Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en
Letterbode, 1822, p. 104.

Hypsiboas Reinwardtii (Boie), Wagler, Natiirl. Syst. Amph., Miinchen, 1830, p. 200.

Hyla Reinwardtii (part.) Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph.,
Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 105, pl. XXX, figs. 1, 2, 4 (not 3).

Rhacophorus Reinwardtii Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., VIII, 1841, p. 532;
IX, 1854, p. 403, pl. LXXXIX, figs. 1, 1a.

Rhacophorus reinwardtii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 88 (excl.
the tadpole).

Rhacophorus Reinwardti var, lateralis Werner, Zool, Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900,
p- 495, pl. XXXIII, fig. 6.

Polypedates reinwardtii Siedlecki, Biol. Centr., XXIX, 1909, p. 704, pls. VIT—X.

Rhacophorus reinwardti v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr, Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909,
p- 43 (tadpole).

Vomerine teeth in two hardly oblique series between the
choanae. Head broader than long; snout rounded, as long as
the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region oblique,
slightly. concave; nostril equally distant from the eye and the
tip of the snout; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/,; to °/, the width of the eye.
Fingers and toes with large disks, those of outer fingers as
large as or larger than the tympanum; first finger shorter
than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers webbed to

the disks, except the first, which is nearly entirely free; third

265

and fifth toe equal in length; the web between the toes reaches
all the disks; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small inner,
no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between the
eye and the tip of the snout; tibia half the length of head
and body.
Smooth above; belly, sides of body and lower surface of
thighs coarsely granulate; a fold above the tympanum; a
cutaneous fringe along the outer edge of fore-arm and fourth

Fig. 28. Rhacophorus reinwardti (Boie), X 1.

finger, and along that of tarsus and fifth toe; a transverse
flap of skin above the vent and another on the heel.
Coloration very variable, even in the same individual. Olive
or lilac above (green to olive in life); a black spot on the
axilla usually present; web between the two or three outer
fingers and the three or four outer toes with a large black
spot; sides, belly and lower surface of thighs may be reticu-

266

lated with black. In the var. dateralis Wern. this dark colour
is more extensive. From snout to vent o 52, 9 76mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Tadpole.,— Length of body 1?/, its width; tail more
than 1'/, times as long as the body, more than 3 times as
long as deep. Nostril equally distant from the eye and the
end of the snout; eyes superior, hardly nearer to the spiraculum
than to the tip of the snout, the distance between them greater
than that between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral], lateral,
directed backwards and upwards, equally distant from tip of
snout and vent; vent dextral, in the middle between the
muscular portion and the lower border of the tail. Tail rounded,
the upper crest a little deeper than the lower one, reaching
the base of the tail.

Sides of lips with one or two, lower border with two un-
interrupted series of papillae; jaws denticulated, narrowly
edged with black; series of teeth 5'5/3, the second and
third series of upper lip narrowly interrupted, the three rows
of lower lip about equal in length.

Grey above, yellowish white beneath, immaculate; crests and
tip of tail colourless. Length 26 mm.

The embracement in copulation in axillary. The eggs are
rather large (+ 3mm. in diam.), unpigmented. The spawn is
usually deposited between leaves of bushes in a mass of muci-
lage, above or not far from water, the young tadpoles being
washed away by the rain (Siedlecki).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lauttador); Banka!; Borneo? (Sera-
wak ')); Java (Batavia; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; Mt. Pangeranggo;
Tjibodas!; Pasirdatar, g00 m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiseureuh, near
Sindanglaja!; Tjiandjur; Ambarawa; Wonosobo; Nongko-
djadjar, Tengger mts., 1200 m.!).

23. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Bler.

?,,.Flying frog” Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, London, 1869, I, p. 38, with fig.

Rhacophorus Reinwardti Hubrecht, Midden-Sumatra, IV, 1, 1887, p. 9 ”).

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVI, 1895, p. 170.

Rhaecophorus nigropalmatus Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 496,
pl. XXXIV, fig. 8.

1) According to Peters, Ann. Mus, Genova, III, 1872, p. 44.
2) Specimen in the Leyden Museum examined by me.

267

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool., pt. I, 1903,
Pe Le Sioep ls Valet ete

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Isenschmid, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 73, 85,
pl. Il (skeleton), VI (embryons).

Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and
Batr., London, 1912, p. 251, fig. 71.

Vomerine teeth in two long, straight or slightly curved
transverse series between the front edges of the choanae.
Head a little broader than long ; snout rounded, as long as
the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse,
curved; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the tip
of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the diameter
of the eye. Fingers and toes with large disks, those of the
three outer fingers as large as or smaller than the tympanum,
disks of toes and first finger a little smaller than those of
outer fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; all the fingers webbed to the disks; third and
fifth toe equal in length; toes webbed to the disks; subarti-
cular tubercles distinct; a small, pointed inner, no outer meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the nostril, the tip of the
snout, or beyond; tibia about half length of head and body.

Smooth or finely granulate above; belly, sides of body and
lower surface of thighs coarsely granulate; a strong dermal
fold along the outer edge of the fore-arm and another at the
heel; less developed folds along outer edges of fourth finger,
tarsus and fifth toe; a triangular fold along the inner side of
the arm and a small flap above the vent.

In life green above, usually powdered with white, or with
lichen-like white markings; one or two conspicuous white
spots on the upper surface of the thigh; flanks yellow or
orange, veined with black; interdigital membranes black at
the base, towards the border yellow or orange, veined with
black; throat and chest cream-colour, belly and lower surface
of limbs salmon-pink, sometimes dotted with yellow. Length
105 mm.

The spawn is deposited on the earth in masses of mucilage,
each containing about 20 to 30 eggs, which are rich of yolk.

Habitat: Sumatra (Laut Tador; Tandjungkasau; Muaro-
labu!; Benakat, Palembang!); Borneo (Akar riv.; Bidi). —
Siam; Malay Peninsula.

268

10. Philautus Gistel.
(GisTEL, Naturg. Thierr., 1848, p. X; STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
XXVIII, 1905, p. 346).
Ixalus (nom, preocc.), Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841, p. 523.
Leptomantis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 32; Poche, Zool. Anz.,
XXVI, 1903, p. 700.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and free behind.
Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers
free or webbed, toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes with
disks. Outer metatarsals separated by a groove or narrow web.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. An inter-
calary ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges;
the latter obtuse or bifurcate.

This genus is hardly distinguishable from Ahacophorus, as
in Rh. edentulus the vomerine teeth may be absent; perhaps
both genera should be united, as Aylella with Hyla.

Distribution: S.E.-Asia, including the western part of
the Indo-Australian Archipelago.

Synopsis ofithe Spe cies:

A. Toes nearly entirely, two outer fingers half :

We otelors G peal doicks| a. uloldia bd 6 dle oie 1. Ph. bimaculatus p. 269.
&. Toes not more than 2/5, fingers not or feebly

webbed.

I. Tympanum at least 2/, the width of the eye.

Fingers free.

oe phos ehalfswebbeds 27-0:\<0/0 ac sas eae ne 2. Ph. pictus p. 269.

2. Toes webbed at the base.
a. Skin of upper parts tubercular..... 3. Ph. flavosignatus p. 270.
PWOKINSSMOOL DA cheyeiwds vette tle’ cectie meneetn Re 4. Ph. anodon p. 271.

II. Tympanum not more than half the width of
the eye.
1. Heel reaching beyond the tip of the snout.
a. Toes half webbed. Tympanum !/3 or
2/; the width of the eye,
a. Interorbital space broader than upper
eyelid. Disks of fingers smaller than
KAPPA. 5 go oD AOE OG tec 5. Ph. longicrus p. 272.
@. Interorbital space broader than upper
eyelid. Disks of outer fingers larger
thanweympantinae ween eter ttiel etal i 6. Ph. jacobsoni p. 272.

269

y. Interorbital space as broad as the

upper eyelid. Disks of outer fingers

=

larger than tympanum........ No Lille SHPLES (5 Pe
b. Toes not quite half webbed. Tympanum
ieathe width Of, the, C¥e) sc wae 06. 8. Ph. pallidipes p. 273.

c. Toes with a rudiment of web. Tympanum

4j- the width of the eye... 2... « g. Ph. cornutus p. 274.
2. Heel not reaching beyond the tip of the
snout.
Ge bOeSes) a WeDDEd s ') sca. cules aie ve 10. Ph. vittiger p. 275.

b. Toes 1/3 to '1/, webbed.
a. Nostril a little nearer to end of snout
WENA) ESOS Sia! bvo oh tse deo 8 ola = 11. Ph. petersi p. 275.
@. Nostril equally distant from end of
SNOWE And eye! (tS «i ahiame? a atts lobe 12. Ph. aurifasciatus p, 276,

I. Philautus bimaculatus (Ptrs.).

Leptomantis bimaculata Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 32.
Ixalus? bimaculatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 106.
Ixalus bimaculatus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, p. 475.

Snout truncate, hardly longer than the eye; canthus rostralis
distinct; nostrils lateral, close to tip of snout, the distance
between them equal to their distance from the eye; tympanum
hidden, '/, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers larger than
those of toes; fingers between second and third '/,, between
third and fourth '/, webbed; toes nearly entirely webbed,
the distal and part of the penultimate phalanx of fourth toe
free; a small inner metatarsal tubercle.

Skin smooth; a few tubercles on the chin; belly granulate.

Violet-brown above, with irregular spots and cross-bands,
one of which connects the eyes; some yellowish white dots
on the lips; limbs with dark cross-bars; yellowish white beneath.
Length 34 mm.

'Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat: Borneo. — Philippines.

2. Philautus pictus (Ptrs.).

Ixalus pictus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 580.

Ixalus pictus Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p. 44, pl. VI, fig. 2.

Ixalus pictus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 99.

Ixalus pictus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London,

1912, p. 255.

270

Snout pointed, longer than the orbit; canthus rostralis strong ;
loreal region nearly vertical, slightly concave; nostril nearer
to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, 7/, to */, the diameter
of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes large, but smaller than
tympanum; fingers free, toes half webbed; subarticular tuber-
cles moderate; a small, very feebly prominent inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the end of the snout or a
little beyond.

Upper parts rough with small granular tubercles; throat
smooth, belly coarsely granulate.

Light brown or bright reddish, orange above; head, body
and limbs with cream-coloured, dark-edged spots; belly white,
with or without greenish black blotches. From snout to
vent 35 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Serawak; Barabai). — Malay Peninsula
(up to 1200 m.); Singapore; Philippines ').

3. Philautus flavosignatus (Bttg.).
Txalus flavosignatus Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1893, p. 339.

Tongue without papilla. Head broader than long; snout
pointed, a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ; canthus
rostralis distinct; loreal region somewhat concave; nostril much
nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space
twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum %/, the dia-
meter of the eye. Disks of fingers large, of toes somewhat
smaller; first finger much shorter than second; fingers free,
toes webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles strong, a very
feeble inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of
the snout.

Skin of upper parts covered with granules and pointed
tubercles, which are more crowded in the parotoid region ; throat
finely, belly and lower side of thighs more coarsely granulate.

Ashy grey above; a line along the border of the upper eyelid
and along the canthus rostralis sulphur-yellow, a sulphur-yellow
spot in the parotoid region and smaller spots of the same
colour on the fore-arm and the hind limbs; the two inner

1) According to De Elera, Catalogo Sist. de toda la Fauna de Filipinas, I,
1895, p. 450.

271

fingers and the three inner toes colourless; beneath ivory white.
From snout to vent 45 mm.
Habitat: Java (Tjisurupan).

4. Philautus anodon (v. Kamp.).

Rhacophorus anodon v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 400,

pl. XVI, fig. 4.

Tongue without papilla. Width of head equal to its length,
and '/, the length of head and body; snout strongly projecting,
transversely truncate; canthus rostralis angular, straight, as
long as the upper eyelid; loreal region almost vertical, con-
cave; nostril quite near the tip of the snout; interorbital
space twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct,
nearly as large as and close to the eye. Fingers with large
disks, diameter of disk of third finger more than half that of

Fig. 29. Philautus anodon (vy. Kamp.)., + X 2.

tympanum; disks of toes a little smaller than those of fingers;
first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth;
fingers free, toes with a rudiment of web, which between the
three outer toes only includes about one-half of the first
phalanx; subarticular tubercles distinct, no metatarsal tuber-
cles; no tarsal fold; terminal phalanges T-shaped; the heel
reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia nearly */, the
length of head and body.

Skin adherent to the skull, entirely smooth.

Brownish violet, lighter beneath; several small white dots,

272

viz. several ones scattered on back and belly, a series along
the canthus rostralis and the outer border of the upper eye-
lid, other ones along the lips, on fingers and toes, and in
transverse series on the limbs, a larger one, bordered with
dark, behind each tympanum. Length 24 mm.

Type specimen examined.

Habitat: Sumatra (near Ajer mantjur, Kaju tanam!).

5. Philautus longicrus (Blgr.).
Txalus longicrus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 88.

Snout pointed, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis angular ;
loreal region concave; nostril nearer to the end of the snout
than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eye-
lid; tympanum distinct, about */; the diameter of the eye.
Disks of fingers a little smaller than the tympanum; fingers
free; toes half webbed; the heel reaches far beyond the tip
of the snout, the knee reaches the shoulder.

Above rough with small warts; two oblique glandular ridges,
converging behind, between the shoulders; throat smooth,
belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.

Grey above, with a large X-shaped dark marking or a pair
of )(-shaped bands on the back; a dark cross band or trian-
cular blotch between the eyes, and regular cross bands on
the limbs; a black, light edged spot on the knee; a streak
below the canthus rostralis, a bar below the eye, and the
whole temporal region blackish; dirty white beneath, throat
finely speckled with brown, a series of small round spots on
the lower lip. From snout to vent 21 mm.

Male with internal vocal sacs.

Habitat: Pelawan.

6. Philautus jacobsoni (v. Kamp.).
Ixalus jacobsoni v. Kampen, Notes Leyden Mus., XXXIV, 1911—12, p. 78.

Tongue without papilla. Head as long as broad; snout
pointed, projecting, a little shorter than the upper eyelid,
longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region
oblique, concave; nostril in the middle between tip of snout
and eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid;
tympanum rather distinct, '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks
of fingers large, those of the two outer fingers a little larger

273

than the tympanum; disks of toes a little smaller; first finger
shorter than second, which is much shorter than fourth; fingers
with a feeble rudiment of web; third and fifth toe of equal
length; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed ;
an oblong inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer one; no tarsal
fold; terminal phalanges club-shaped; the heel reaches beyond
the tip of the snout; tibia a little more than half length of
head and body.

Skin of upper parts smooth, with a few small tubercles on
the occiput; throat, belly and lower surface of thighs granular.

Upper parts dark violet-brown, lower surfaces shaded with
dark; groin and anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs
light-coloured. Length 24 mm.

Type specimen examined.

Habitat: Java (Mt. Ungaran!).

7. Philautus similis nova spec.

Tongue without papilla. Head slightly broader than long;
snout pointed, projecting, hardly shorter than the upper eye-
lid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region
oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the
eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tym-
panum nearly invisible, about ';, the width of the eye. Disks
of fingers large, those of the two outer fingers a little larger
than the tympanum; disks of toes a little smaller; first finger
shorter than second, which is much shorter than fourth; fingers
with a feeble rudiment of web; third and fifth toe of equal
length; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles well-developed;
an oblong inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold;
the heel reaches hardly beyond the tip of the snout; tibia a
little more than half length of head and body.

Upper surfaces smooth; throat, belly and lower surface of
thighs granular.

Blackish, variegated with light brown above; limbs with
dark cross-bars; lower parts yellowish brown. Length 29 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Mt. Talamau, 1200 m.!, E. Jacobson leg.).

8. Philautus pallidipes (Barb.).

Ixalus pallidipes Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, p. 190.

Philautus pallidipes Barbour, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zoél, Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1,
1912, p. 69.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 18

274

Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit; canthus
rostralis moderately distinct; loreal region slightly concave;
nostril slightly nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum rather indistinct,
round, '/, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes
distinct, larger than tympanum; fingers free, toes not quite
half webbed; subarticular tubercles small; a small, elongate,
inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond the tip
of the snout.

Skin minutely granular above; throat and belly more coar-
sely granular. |

Upper surfaces uniform brown, varying from dark reddish
to greyish; palms of hands and ends of toes yellow; beneath
yellow, speckled with dark brown, most intensely on the
throat; thighs barred with dark brown. Length 25 mm.

Habitat: Java (near the summit of Mt. Pangeranggo).

g. Philautus cornutus (Bler.).

Ixalus cornutus Boulenger, Jrn. Fed. Malay St. Mus., VIII, 1920, p. 295, pl.
VIII, figs. 2, 2a—c. .

Head as long as broad; snout pointed, projecting, as long
as the orbit; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region concave;
nostril nearer to end of snout than to eye; interorbital space a
little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ”/,
diameter of eye. Disks larger than the tympanum; fingers
free, toes with a mere rudiment of web; subarticular tubercles
feeble; a small inner metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching beyond
tip of snout; tibia */; to ?/, length of head and body.

Upper parts with small granular asperities and symmetrical
glandular ridges, the most constant of which extends from
the eye to the sacral region, converging towards its fellow;
another ridge may extend across the interocular region; a
strong fold from the eye to the shoulder; a more or less
developed conical tubercle on the upper eyelid; lower parts
granulate, the granules larger in the males, especially on
the throat.

Brown, grey or yellowish-green above, with very variable
darker markings; the larger tubercles sometimes whitish; a
black streak from the tip of the snout to the shoulder, passing
through the eye, and another between the eyes; a yellowish

275

spot sometimes present on the upper surface of the snout,
followed or not by a yellowish cross-band between the eyes;
limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bands; lower parts
yellowish brown, spotted with dark brown; throat of male
sometimes blackish. From snout to vent 28 mm.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

Habitat: Sumatra (Sungai Kring, 2200 m., Kurintji peak).

10. Philautus vittiger (Blgr.).
Ixalus vittiger Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 106.

Snout truncate, not projecting, as long as the orbit; canthus
rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostril nearer to the
tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of
the eye. Disks of fingers and toes smaller than the tympanum;
fingers with a rudiment of web, toes ?/, webbed; a small
inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout.

Skin smooth above; throat smooth, belly granulate.

Pale grey above, spotted all over with black; a white, black-
edged streak on each side from eye to groin, another on the
arm, and a third one on the thigh; fore-arm and tibia spotted
with black; lower parts white. From snout to vent 22 mm.

Habitat: Java (Pengalengan, 1200 m.).

11. Philautus petersi (Blegr.).

Ixalus aurifasciatus Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p. 44.
Ixalus Petersi Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900, p. 185, pl. XVII, fig. 3.

Snout rounded or obtusely pointed, as long as the orbit;
canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostril a
little nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital
space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/,
or '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers a little smaller
than the tympanum; fingers free; toes half webbed; subarti-
cular tubercles moderate; a small inner metatarsal tubercle;
the heel reaches the tip of the snout.

Upper parts smooth or with small flat warts; belly and lower
surface of thighs granulate.

Grey-brown above, with dark brown symmetrical markings,
a cross-band between the eyes being constant; usually a ) (
or )-(-shaped marking on the anterior part of the body; a

276

dark streak on the canthus rostralis; limbs with dark cross-
bars; lower parts white, with or without brown spots on the
throat. From snout to vent 40 mm.

Ph. petersi is distinguished from Ph. aurifasciatus, after
Boulenger, by a larger, more distinct tympanum, longer digits
and a duller colouration. The size of the tympanum and the
colouration, however, are very variable in Ph. aurifasciatus,
and therefore the differences between the two species are
very slight, if at all present. Perhaps the shape of the snout
and the position of the nostrils are more valuable characters
in distinguishing both species. :

Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Mt. Kina
Balu; Mt. Penrissen; Mt. Dulit).

12. Philautus aurifasciatus (Schlg.).

Hyla aurifasciata (nomen nudum), Kuhl en v. Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letter-
bode, 1822, p. 104.

Hyla aurifasciata Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf,
1837—44, Pp. 27, pl. IX, fig. 4.

Ixalus aurifasciatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 100.

Ixalus aurifasciatus Boettger, Ber. Offenb, Ver. f. Naturk. (1887—91), 1892, p. 142.

Ixalus aurifasciatus vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 404.

Tongue without papilla. Head as long as broad; snout
pointed, projecting, about as long as the upper eyelid, longer
than deep; canthus rostralis distinct, curved; loreal region
oblique, slightly concave; nostril as far from the tip of the
snout as from the eye; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, '/, to nearly '/, the
diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes rather large,
those of third finger and fourth toe about as large as the
tympanum; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter
than fourth; fingers free or very slightly webbed, toes '/, to
'/, webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small, rounded,
inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel
reaches the nostril or the tip of the snout; tibia half the length
of head and body or a little longer.

Skin with a few small tubercles above, granular on throat,
belly and lower side of thighs.

Coloration very variable. Brown, black, or green above,
darker marbled or with irregular yellow streaks; sometimes
a narrow light vertebral line; upper parts of snout often light,

27

usually bordered behind by a dark cross-band between the
eyes; the light colour of the snout is sometimes extending
along the middle of the back; sometimes one to three large
yellow or white spots in the loin; limbs with dark cross-bars;
lower parts yellowish, greyish or brownish, sometimes with a
narrow white median line. From snout to vent 31 m.

Habitat: Sumatra (Karo countries, + 400 m.!; Petani,
Deli, 1000 m.!); Java (Buitenzorg?; Mt. Pangeranggo; Mt. Gedeh,
+ 1200 and 1600 m.!; near Tjibodas, 1400—2000 m.; Mt.
Ungaran?!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.).

11. Nyetixalus Blgr.

(BouULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) X, 1882, p. 35).

Pupil vertical. Tongue deeply notched and free behind.
Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or indistinct. Fingers
free, toes more or less webbed; tips of fingers and toes with
disks. Outer metatarsals united.

Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary
ossicle between the two distal phalanges '); terminal phalanges
obtuse.

But for the shape of the pupil WV. rodznsonz closely resem-
bles Philautus aurifasciatus, as Annandale remarks, and the
same seems to be true for WV. margaritifer and Ph. anodon
or flavosignatus. It is therefore not impossible, that Wyctzralus
is based on species of P/z/autus, in which the shape of the
pupil is variable; it should be desirable to examine this character
in living specimens.

Distribution: Java.

Synopsis of the Species.
A. Tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. . 1. WV. margaritifer p. 277.
B. Tympanum indistinct, very small.......... 2. N. robinsoni p. 278.

1. Nyctixalus margaritifer Bler.
Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) X, 1882, p. 35.

Head rather large, broader than the body; snout prominent,
obliquely truncate; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region

1) After a communication of Mr. Malc. Smith, who kindly examined a specimen
of NV. margaritifer for me.

278

concave; nostril close to tip of snout; interorbital space con-
cave, broader than the upper eyelid; eye large; tympanum
very distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers rather long,
first shorter than second; toes short, with a slight web at the
base, extending as a narrow fringe along the sides; subarti-
cular tubercles moderately developed; a very indistinct inner
metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout.

Upper surface with very small pearl-like scattered tubercles;
upper eyelid strongly tubercular; belly and lower surface of
thighs granulate.

Dark brown; a yellow spot on each shoulder; other, smaller,
yellow spots on the limbs, fingers and toes; belly marbled
with yellow. From snout to vent 35 mm.

Male without vocal sacs.

Habitat: Java (Mt. Willis).

2. Nyctixalus robinsoni Annand.
Nyctixalus margaritifer Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zo6l. Harvard Coll., XLIV,

Me OUe2 01s) 7 Os plen WAL tion ag ze
Nyctixalus robinsoni Annandale, Jrn. Feder. Malay States Mus., VII, 1917, p. 110.

Head large, triangular; snout pointed, a little longer than
the orbit; nostril about in the middle between eye and tip
of snout; interorbital space flat, broader than the upper eye-
lid; tympanum indistinct, very small. Disks of fingers and
toes at least as large as the tympanum; fingers short, first
not extending as far as second; toes about '/, webbed; sub-
articular tubercles feebly developed; an indistinct inner meta-
tarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border of the
eye or the tip of the snout. ,

Upper surface with scattered rounded tubercles; upper eye-
lid tubercular; throat and belly coarsely tubercular; a strong
fold above the tympanum.

Upper surface dark grey or brown, obscurely mottled;
sometimes a silvery cross-bar between the eyes; sides mottled
with black and white; hind limbs with irregular brown cross-
bars; lower surface speckled with grey or entirely infuscated.
Length 20 mm.

Male without vocal sacs.

Habitat: Java (mear Tjibodas, 1400—2000 m.).

DISTRIBUTION

OP SPECIES ON: THE ISBANDS OF ‘THE
INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO,

WITH REMARKS ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Pulo Weh.

Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo.
» melanostictus Schneid.
Rana limnocharis Bole.

Simalur.

Microhyla achatina Boie.
Rana macrodon Kuhl.

i. HOSIN Blot

» erythraea (Schlg.).

» hicobariensis (Stol.).
Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.

Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Pulo Babi.

Rana macrodon Kuhl.
» hicobariensis (Stol.).

Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Nias.

Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.).
Bufo melanostictus Schneid.

» Claviger Ptrs.
Kaloula baleata (S. Miill.).
Microhyla achatina Boie.

F annectens Bler.

Rana macrodon Kuhl.

» labialis Blgr.

» erythraea (Schlg.).

| Rana nicobariensis (Stol.).
| Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Mentawei islands.

Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.).

Nectophryne guentheri Blgr.

| Calophrynus punctatus Ptrs.
| Phrynella pulchra Blgr.

Rana macrodon Kuhl.

» kuhh Schlg.

» microdisca Bttgr.
labialis Blgr.
» nicobariensis (Stol.).
Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.

| Rhacophorusappendiculatus (Gthr.)

pardalis Gthr.

”

Engano.

Rana macrodon Kuhl.
nicobariensis (Stol.).

”

Sumatra.
Caeciliidae 2 species.
Pelobatidae 3 S
Bufonidae 12
Dyscophinae_ I =
Brevicipitinae 9 ,,
Ranidae Vib Pes
61 species.
Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.).
- monochrous (Blkr.).

Megalophrys montana K. &y. H.

3 nasuta (Schlg.).
rs hasselti (S. Miill.).
Nectophryne guentheri Blgr.
= borbonica (Boie).

Bufo jerboa Blgr.
» sumatranus Ptrs.
» melanostictus Schneid.
» asper Gravh.
» Claviger Ptrs.
» quadriporcatus Blgr.
» parvus Bler.
biporcatus Gravh.
yan diene subasper Tschudi.
z werneri (v. Kamp.).
Dyscophina volzi v. Kamp.

Calophrynus pleurostigma(S.Miill.).

Phrynella pulchra Blgr.
5, pollicaris Blgr.
Kaloula baleata (S. Miill.).
re pulchra Gray.
Microhyla inornata Blgr.
53 achatina Boie.
Es annectens Blgr.
% berdmorii (Blyth).
Rana limnocharis Boie.
» cancrivora Gravh.
» macrodon Kuhl.
» kuhli Schlg.
» microdisca Bttgr.
» glandulosa Blegr.
» debussyi v. Kamp.
4. Jerboa "(Gthr:):
» kampeni Bler.
» crassiovis Blgr.
) hosu Bler:
» Chalconota (Schlg.).
» labialis Blgr.
» erythraea (Schlg.).
» persimilis v. Kamp.
» nicobariensis (Stol.).
» signata (Gthr.).
Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.
Rhacophorus leprosus (S. Miill.).
“3 otilophus Blgr.

280

Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

i, m var, S€x-
virgata (Reinw.).
‘5 colletti Blgr.
* appendiculatus(Gthr.),
59 poecilonotus Blgr.
Z bifasciatus v. Kamp.
My dulitensis Blgr.
- modestus Blgr.
A, pardalis Gthr.
£ reinwardti (Boie).
‘ nigropalmatus Blegr.
Philautus anodon (v. Kamp.).
:, similis v. Kamp.
= cornutus (Blgr.).
i aurifasciatus (Schlg.).
Riou arch.

? Bufo melanostictus Schneid.
» gymnauchen Bikr.
Rana cancrivora Gravh.

Banka.

Bufo melanostictus Schneid.

| Rana limnocharis Boie.

» cancrivora Gravh.
, baramica Bttgr.
» erythraea (Schlg.).
Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl)
var. sexvirgata (Reinw.).
i reinwardti (Boie).

Natuna islands. ~

Nesobia natunae (Gthr.).

_ Megalophrys nasuta (Schlg.).

Nectophryne guentheri Blgr.
Bufo melanostictus Schneid.
» quadriporcatus Blgr.

, divergens Ptrs.

_ Calophrynus pleurostigma(S.Miill.).

Microhyla bungurana (Gthr.),
Rana limnocharis Boie.

2a

Rana macrodon Kuhl.
» hascheana (Stol.).
» erythraea (Schlg.).

Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Philautus petersi (Blgr.).

Borneo.
Caeciliidae 2 species.
Pelobatidae rt
Bufonidae 20au aE
Dyscophinae 2 ,
Brevicipitinae Ir,
Ranidae ANS amet

85 species.

Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.).

p monochrous (Blkr.).
Megalophrys montana K. & v. H.
3 nasuta (Schlg.).

3 hasselti (S. Mill.).
‘5 gracilis (Gthr.).
Bs baluensis (Blgr.).

Nectophryne misera Mocq.
hosii Blgr.

:; everetti Blgr.

FS guentheri Blgr.
45 macrotis Blgr.
5 signata Blgr.

7 maculata Mocq.
ie picturata Smith.

Bufo leptopus Gthr.
» penangensis (Stol.).
» Jerboa Blgr.
» fuligineus Mocq.
» spinulifer Mocq.
» melanostictus Schneid.
» gymnauchen Blkr.
» asper Gravh.
» quadriporcatus Blgr.

» divergens Ptrs.
biporcatus Gravh.
EReMaO biG subasper Tschudi.

Colpoglossus brooksi Blgr.

Calliglutus smithi Barb. & Noble.
Calophrynus pleurostigma(S.Miill.). |

5 heterochirus Blgr.

Calophrynus punctatus Ptrs.
Sphenophryne fusca (Mocq.).
Gastrophryne borneénsis (Blgr.).
Phrynella pollicaris Blgr.
Kaloula baleata (S. Miill.).

- pulchra Gray.

» (?) sundana Ptrs.
Microhyla leucostigma Blgr.

: annectens Blgr.
Rana limnocharis Boie.

» cancrivora Gravh.

» macrodon Kuhl.

» kuhli Schlg.

» microdisca Bttgr.

» palavanensis Blgr.
glandulosa Bigr.
baramica Bttgr.

, luctuosa (Ptrs.).
laterimaculata Barb.& Noble.
5 jerboa (Gthr.). :
» whiteheadi Blgr.

» cavitympanum Bier.

» everett Blor,

» hosi Blgr.

» chalconota (Schlg.).

|? ,, labialis Blgr.

» erythraea (Schlg.).

» nicobariensis (Stol.).

» signata (Gthr.).
Oreobatrachus baluensis Blgr.

| Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.

Staurois larutensis (Blgr.).

“ guttatus (Gthr.).

“ nubilus Mocq.

» tuberilinguis Blgr.
Simomantis latopalmata (Bigr.).
Cornufer baluensis Blgr.
Rhacophorus otilophus Blgr.

A leucomystax (Kuhl).

s) i var. Sex-
virgata (Reinw.).

- colletti Blgr.

55 macrotis Blgr.

; macroscelis Blgr.

. hosu Blgr.

Rhacophorusappendiculatus(Gthr.) |

dulitensis Blgr.

i acutirostris Mocq.
- shelfordi Blgr.
55 fasciatus Bler.
‘5 pardalis Gthr.

? 5 reinwardti (Boie).
s nigropalmatus Blgr.

Philautus bimaculatus (Ptrs.).
3, pictus (Ptrs.).
i petersi (Blgr.).

Pelawan.

?Ichthyophis monochrous (Blkr.).
Megalophrys ligayae Taylor.
49 hasselti (S. Miill.).

Bufo philippinicus Blgr.
? , divergens Ptrs.
Sphenophryne beyeri (Taylor).
Rana palavanensis Bigr.

» glandulosa Bler.

» papua Less.
Staurois nubilus Mocq.

Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl). |
var. sex- |

” 9?

virgata (Reinw.).
i macrotis Bler.
BS everetti Blgr.

Fs pardalis Gthr.
Philautus longicrus (Blgr.).

Pulo Laut.

Rana cancrivora Gravh.

Java.

Caeciliidae 2 species.
Pelobatidae Be.
Bufonidae are
Brevicipitinae 4 4
Ranidae AB Nes

38 species.

Ichthyophis glutinosus (L.).
- monochrous (Blkr.).

Megalophrys montana K. & vy. H.
hasselti (S. Miill.).

oP

| Nectophryne borbonica (Boie).
| Bufo cruentatus Tschudi.

melanostictus Schneid.
» asper Gravh.

» parvus Bier.

» biporcatus Gravh.
chlorogaster Daud.

Kalouls baleata (S. Miill.).

Microhyla achatina Boie.
- annectens Blgr.
‘ palmipes Blgr.
Rana limnocharis Bote.
cancrivora Gravh.
» macrodon Kuhl.
kuhli Schlg.
microdisca Bttgr.
: hascheana (Stol.).
jerboa (Gthr.).
whiteheadi Blgr.
» hosii Blgr.
» Chalconota (Schlg.).
» erythraea (Schlg.).
nicobariensis (Stol.).
Orn lima (Kuhl).
Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).
i z var. SeX-
virgata (Reinw.).
javanus Bttgr.
bs reinwardti (Boie).
Philautus flavosignatus (Bttgr.).
_ jacobsoni (v. Kamp.).
" pallidipes (Barb.).
x vittiger (Blgr.).

”

3 aurifasciatus (Schlg.).
| Nyctixalus margaritifer Blgr,
- robinsoni Annand.
Madura.

| Bufo melanostictus Schneid.

» biporcatus Gravh.
Microhyla palmipes Blgr.
Rana cancrivora Gravh.

283

Bali.

Bufo biporcatus Gravh.
Rana limnocharis Boie,
yy cancrivora Gravh.

Lombok.

Bufo cavator Barb.

» biporcatus Gravh.
Oreophryne monticola (Blgr.).
Rana limnocharis Boie.

» cancrivora Gravh,

» modesta Blgr.

Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl). |

Sumbawa.,

Rana limnocharis Boie.
» cancrivora Gravh.

Flores.

Kaloula pulchra Gray.
Rana cancrivora Gravh.
» modesta Blgr.

» microdisca Bttgr.

» papua Less.
Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.

Ombai.

Hyla everetti Blgr.
Rana cancrivora Gravh.

Wetar.
Rana verruculosa Roux.
» elberti Roux.
Sumba.

Hyla everetti Blgr.

Kaloula baleata (S. Miill.).

Rana cancrivora Gravh.
Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Savu.

Hyla everetti Blgr.

Roti.

Rana cancrivora Gravh.

Timor.

Hyla everetti Blgr.
» infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana cancrivora Gravh,
» verruculosa Roux.
Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).
% ns var. Sex-
virgata (Reinw.).

Saleyer.

Rana cancrivora Gravh.
» modesta Blgr.
Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Kabaéna.

Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

Buton.

_ Rana cancrivora Gravh.

Celebes.

Bufonidae 2 species.
Brevicipitinae 4 ,
Ranidae LO? 4

22 species.

| Bufo celebensis Schlg.

» biporcatus Gravh.
Oreophryne variabilis (Blgr.).
fy celebensis (F. Miill.).
Kaloula baleata (S. Mill.).
: pulchra Gray.
Rana cancrivora Gravh.

» grunniens Daud.

» modesta Blgr.

» kubh Schlg-
microdisca Bttgr.
palavanensis Blgr.
macrops Blgr.

» papua Less.
» celebensis (Schlg.).
» Chalconota (Schlg.).

284

Rana erythraea (Schlg.).
Oxyglossus laevis Gthr.
Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).

% x var. Sex- |

virgata (Reinw.).
3 georgiul Roux.
is edentulus F. Mill.
* monticola Blegr.

Talaut islands.
Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana modesta Bler.
Morotai.

?Oreophryne senckenbergiana
Bttgr.
Rana papua Less,

Halmahera.

Hyla rueppelli Bttgr.
» infrafrenata Gthr.

Oreophryne senckenbergiana Btter. |

Hylophorbus montanus (Bttgr.).
is boettgeri (v. Méh.).
s dubius (Bttgr.).
Rana modesta Blgr.
» Tugata v. Kamp.
» papua Less.

Ternate.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
?Oreophryne senckenbergiana
Bttgr.
Rana papua Less.
? Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl)
var. sexvirgata (Reinw.).

Batjan.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
? Oreophryne senckenbergiana
Bttgr.
Rana modesta Blgr.
» papua Less.

Gebe.

Hyla bernsteini Horst.

? ,, genimaculata Horst.
Gag.

?Hyla genimaculata Horst.

Misool.

Hyla amboinensis Horst.
» infrafrenata Gthr.
aruensis Horst.

9

Buru.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana modesta Blgr.
» papua Less.

Ceram.

| Hyla amboinensis Horst.

, Infrafrenata Gthr.

» vagabunda Ptrs. & Dor.
Rana modesta Blgr.

» papua Less.

» grisea v. Kamp.

Ambon.

Hyla amboinensis Horst.

» infrafrenata Gthr.,
? Oreophryne celebensis (F. Mill.).
Rana grunniens Daud.

» modesta Blgr.

Uliaser islands.
Rana modesta Blgr.
Nusa Laut.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana grunniens Daud.

Goram island.

Rana rugata vy. Kamp.

Timorlaut islands.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
» rubella Gray.
Rana papua Less.

Kei islands.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana rugata v. Kamp.
» papua Less.

Aru islands.

Batrachopsis melanopyga (Doria).

Hyla bicolor (Gray).

» infrafrenata Gthr.

» aruensis Horst.

» congenita Ptrs & Dor.
Oreophryne mertoni (Roux).
Microbatrachus pusillus Roux.
Rana arfaki Meyer.

» papua Less.

Waigeu.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana beauforti (v. Kamp.).
» arfaki Meyer.
» papua Less.

Batanta.

? Oreophryne celebensis (F. Mill.).

Rana rugata v. Kamp.
» papua’ Less.

Salawati.

Hyla bernsteini Horst.
» infrafrenata Gthr.
?Oreophryne senckenbergiana
Bttgr.

New Guinea.

Pelobatidae 1 species.
Cystignathidae 3,
Hylidae 225 cee
Brevicipitinae 38 ,
Ranidae TOR ins

85 species.

285

| Batrachopsis melanopyga

(Doria).
Phanerotis fletcheri Blgr.
Ranaster convexiusculus Macl.
Crinia signifera Girard.
Nyctimantis papua Blgr.
5 granti Bler.
Hyla rhacophorus v. Kamp.
» papuensis Wern.
» graminea Bler.
» bernsteini Horst.
» eucnemis Lénnb.
» oObsoleta Lonnb.
» montana Ptrs & Dor.
» fallax Blgr.
» brachypus (Wern.).
» atropunctata v. Kamp.
» longicrus (Blgr.).
» albolabris Wand.
» arfakiana Ptrs. & Dor.
» wolterstorfi (Wern.).
» pratti Blgr.
» wollastoni Blgr.
, chloronota (Blgr.).
» jeudei Wern.
, bicolor (Gray).
» impura Ptrs, & Dor.
» Macgregori Degl.-Og.
, infrafrenata Gthr.
» spengeli Bler.
» humeralis Blgr.
» sanguinolenta v. Kamp.
» cacrulea (White).
» angiana Bler.
» congenita Ptrs. & Dor.
» vagabunda Ptrs. & Dor.
» nasuta (Gray).
(?) dorsalis (Macl.).
Lis haven rhododactyla Blgr.
i brevipes Blgr.

x kampeni Blgr.
| Sphenophryne cornuta Pts. & Dor.
ij klossi Blgr.
. macrorhyncha

(v. Kamp.).
5 polysticta (v. Méh.).

286

Sphenophryne fusca (Mocq.).
Oreophryne verrucosa (Blgr.).
ateles (Blgr.).
crucifera (v. Kamp.).
a anthonyi (Blgr.).

ees loriae (Blgr.).
Pa biroi (v. Méh.).
= albopunctata
(v. Kamp.).

Oxydactyla brevicrus v. Kamp.
Callulops doriae Blgr.

Xenobatrachus rostratus (v. Méh.).
f ocellatus(v.Kamp.).
“S macrops(v. Kamp.).
EF bidens (v. Kamp.).
5 giganteus(v.Kamp.).
=: ophiodon Ptrs.&Dor.

Xenorhina oxycephala (Schlg.).
Asterophrys turpicula (S. Miill.).
Copiula oxyrhina (Blgr.).

2 (?) rostellifera Wand.
Choerophryne proboscidea v.Kamp.
Hylophorbus biroi (v. Méh.).

a variegatus v. Kamp.
- rufescens Macl.

ss ocellatus (v. Méh.).
e robustus (Blgr.).

4 microtis (Wern.).

(?) neuhaussi (Vogt).

Aphantophryne pansa Fry.
Cophixalus geislerorum Bttgr.
Pomatops valvifera Barb.
Rana grunniens Daud.

» moszkowskii (Vogt).

» rugata v. Kamp.

» punctata (Ptrs. & Dor.).

» arfaki Meyer.

» paperless:

» daemeli (Steind.).
? ,, kreffti Blgr.

» grisea v. Kamp.
Cornufer unicolor Tschudi.

Frederik Hendrik island.

Ranaster convexiusculus Macl.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana papua Less.

Jobi.

? Hyla fallax Blgr.
ouwensi Barb.
atropunctata v. Kamp.
infrafrenata Gthr.
, obtusirostris (Meyer).
Rana rugata v. Kamp.
» papua Less.

”
”

”

Meisor.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana rugata v. Kamp.

Roon island.

Rana rugata v. Kamp. var. rubri-
striata (Barb.).

Schouten islands.

Rana rugata v. Kamp.

Yule island.

Hyla impura Ptrs. & Dor.
congenita Ptrs & Dor.

”

Ferguson island.

? Hyla macgregori Dgl.-Og.
» infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana rugata v. Kamp.
» papua Less.

d’Entrecastaux islands.

''Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.

Murray island.
Rana papua Less.
Trobriand island.
Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
St. Aignan island.
Copiula oxyrhina (Blgr.).

287

Hylophorbus robustus (Blgr.). Rana rugata v. Kamp.
Rana rugata v. Kamp. » solomonis (Blgr.).
» _ punctata (Ptrs. & Dor.).
Sudest island. |, kreffti Blgr.

Genyophryne thomsoni Blgr. | Solomon islands.

Duke of York island. ?Hyla atropunctata v. Kamp.
» macrops Blgr.
» thesaurensis Ptrs.
ty euutea, Bler,
. Faor. » solomonis Vogt.
| Rana guppyi Blgr.
; , bufoniformis Blgr.
Bertrand island. opisthodon Bler.

Rana rugata v. Kamp. » Tugata v. Kamp.
solomonis (Blgr.).

kreffti Blgr.

Hyla infrafrenata Gthr. |
Rana rugata v, Kamp.

Rana rugata v. Kamp.

Bismarck arch.

Hyla brachypus (Wern.). Ceratobatrachus guentheri Blgr.
» militaria (Ramsay). | Cornufer vitiensis (Girard).
Rana ventricosa Vogt. | » guppyi Blgr.
» boulengeri (Bttgr.). Batrachylodes vertebralis Blgr.

Among the seven families of Amphibia, which inhabit the
Indo-Australian Archipelago two (Caeczlitdae, Pelobatidae) are
indian, two (Cyst¢gnathidae, Hylidae) australian. The three
other ones (Bufonidae, Brevicipitidae, Rantdae) contain both
indian and australian species; they are, however, essentially
indian, only a few species of them inhabiting Australia; more-
over, in the case of the A#xufonidae, the australian species
belong to genera entirely different from those of the Archi-
pelago. Hence we may assume that 5 families (Caeczlizdae,
Pelobatidae, Bufonidae, PBrevicipitidae, Ranidae) have reached
the Archipelago from the west, the 2 other ones (Cystigna-
thidae, HHylidae\ from the east.

As to the distribution in the. Archipelago itself the sub-
family Dyscophinae of the Brevicipitzdae is only known in a
few species from Sumatra and Borneo, the Caeczlizdae in only
two species from Sumatra, Borneo, Java and a few smaller
surrounding islands, the Aufonzdae reach eastward to Celebes
and Lombok. The Pe/odatidae have a discontinuous distri-
bution, inhabiting Sumatra, Borneo and Java in the west, New
Guinea and the Aru islands in the east; the only eastern
species, however, belongs to an endemic genus, which perhaps

288

is more nearly related to the australian Cystignathidae than
to the Pelobatidae.

The Ranidae are distributed in the entire Archipelage, though
generally decreasing in number of species eastward. So they
are less numerous in New Guinea than in the much smaller
island Celebes, and in this island, again, their number of
species is smaller than in Java. It is, however, remarkable that
a comparatively large number of endemic species and even
two endemic genera inhabit the Bismarck and Solomon islands
in the extreme eastern part of the area of distribution of
this family.

A similar phenomenon is shown by the Arevigipztidae in
still higher degree. This indian family has its largest number
of genera and species in New Guinea, and the small Sudest
island, east of New Guinea, possesses even an endemic sub-
family, the Genyophryninae.

The distribution of the Amphibia does not show a sharp
boundary between the Indian and the Australian regions.
Whereas the western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago,
including Celebes and the Lesser Sunda islands, has a purely
indian character concerning its fauna of Amphibians, the eastern
part, including the Moluccos and the Timor archipelago, is
a region of transition, in which the indian and the australian
fauna are mixed. Moreover, this region shows an own character
by the high development of the 4revicipitidae among the
indian, and the A/y/zdae among the australian families.

The characteristics of the distribution of the Amphibia in
the Archipelago may be explained in the most simple manner
by assuming the former existence of narrow and inconstant
land connections (Sarasin) between the Sunda islands and New
Guinea, as has been explained by me'). Such narrow bridges
must be an obstacle for the distribution of Amphibians, which
generally are rare on small islands. This fact may be shown
by comparing the numbers of species of Amphibia inhabiting
various islands of the Indo-Australian Archipelago with those
of the Lacertilia of the same islands ”), f. 1.:

1) Nova Guinea, IX, 1, 1909, p. 47.
2) Taken from: N. de Rooy, The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago,
I, Leiden, 1915.

289

| Amphibia. Lacertilia, poe
of Amphibia,
|
NaS ee! he | i 23 0,48
Engano™ 7.2 3: 2 | 9 0,22
SUMAtC as tage os 61 | 62 0,98
BOMmeOa s .—.'.- 85 gl 0,93
Vavar esas i. | 38 43 0,88
feomboles. sc. 5: | 7 II 0,64
SPL ON 8 cies seuss ap vs 5 15 0,33
ele DeSing rahe os | 22 4! 0,54
Halmahera | 9 29 0,31
ihernmateratA | 4 24 0,17
Geninmies i, 2s | 6 20 0, 30
MMMHDOMS (55, 4). 5 22 0:23
Kei islands . 3 26 bn! Onn T
Arm islandsic..: 9 29 ke Op out
New Guinea. . . 85 113 | 75

It results from this table, that the number of species of
Amphibia is relatively the largest in the larger islands, the
smallest in smaller islands and especially in the islands between
Celebes and New Guinea, agreeing with the supposition that
these islands have had only narrow land connections, which
were hardly to transgress by Amphibians,

INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA, 19

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

GENERA AND. SPECIES:

achatina, Hylaplesia 154.
achatina, Microhyla 153, 154.

achatina var. moluccensis, Micro-

hyla 115.
acutirostris, Rhacophorus 244, 260.
affinis, Méhelyia 118.
albolabris, Hyla 25, 39.
albopunctata, Oreophryne
+ 1LQ;
albopunctata, Sphenophryne 11g.
amboinensis, Hyla 24, 29.
angiana, Hyla 25, 59.
angustopalmata, var. of Rana tigrina
170.
annectens, Microhyla 153, 156.

Diy

|

|

| asper, Bufo 71, 74, 82.

Asterophrys 99, 133.
Asterophrys melanopyga 17.
Asterophrys turpicula 133.
ateles, Oreophryne 111, 115.

_ ateles, Sphenophryne 115.

atra, Xenorhina 132.
atropunctata, Hyla 25, 37, 39.
aurifasciata, Hyla 276.
aurifasciatus, Ixalus 275, 276.
aurifasciatus, Philautus 269, 276,

277.

_ Austrochaperina ro4.

| baleata, Callula 148. .

anodon, Philautus 268, 271, 277. |
| baleatus, Bombinator 148.

anodon, Rhacophorus 271.
Ansonia penangensis 75.
anthonyi, Oreophryne 111, 117.
anthonyi, Sphenophryne 117.
Anura I, 4.

Aphantophryne 100, 145.
Aphantophryne pansa 145.
Apoda 1.

appendiculatus, Polypedates 255.

baleata, Kaloula 148.

baluense, Leptobrachium 16.

| baluensis, Cornufer 239, 241.

| baluensis,
| baramica,

appendiculatus, Rhacophorus 243, |

255-
Arcifera 4, 5.
arfaki, Limnodytes 199, 201.
arfaki, Rana 163, 165, 199.
arfakiana, Hyla 25, 27, 39, 41, 42.
aruensis, Hyla 27, 56.

baluensis, Megalophrys 7, 16.
Oreobatrachus 229.
Rana 164, 195.
basipalmata, Chaperina 107.
Batrachia ¢.

Batrachopsis 6, 16.
Batrachopsis melanopyga 17.
Batrachylodes 160, 241.
Batrachylodes vertebralis 242.
beauforti, Cornufer 189.
beauforti, Platymantis 189.
beauforti, Rana 162, 189.

_ Berdmorei, Engystoma 158.

sot

berdmorii, Microhyla 153, 158.
bernsteini, Hyla 24, 26, 31.
beyeri, Chaperina r1o.

beyeri, Sphenophryne 105, 110.
bicolor, Eucnemis 44.

bicolor, Hyla 26, 27, 44.
bicolor, Hylella 44.

bidens, Xenobatrachus 127, 129.
bidens, Xenorhina 129.
bifasciatus, Rhacophorus 243, 257.
bilineata, Hyla 224.

bimaculata, Leptomantis 269.
bimaculatus, Ixalus 269.
bimaculatus, Philautus 268, 269.
biporcatus, Bufo 74, 86, 87, go.
biré1, Hylophorbus 137, 138.
biroi, Oreophryne 111, 118.
Biréi, Phrynixalus 138.

biroi, Sphenophryne 117, 118.
blythii, var. of Rana macrodon 175. |
Boettgeri, Gnathophryne r4o. |
boettgeri, Hylophorbus 137, r4o.
Bombinator baleatus 148.
Bombinator oxycephalus 132.
borbonica, Hylaplesia 7o. ‘
borbonica, Nectophryne 66, 7o.
borbonicus, Bufo 70, 78.
borneense, Engystoma 124.
borneénsis, Gastrophryne 124.
boulengeri, Cornufer 187.
boulengeri, Hyla 36.

boulengeri, Hylella 35.
boulengeri, Platymantis 187.
boulengeri, Rana 162, 187, 188.
boulengeri, Scytopis 35.
brachypus, Hyla 25, 37.
brachypus, Hylella 37.
Brevicipitidae 5, 95.
Brevicipitinae 5, 98, 123, 134.
brevicrus, Oxydactyla 122.
brevipes, Liophryne 100, rot.
brooksi, Colpoglossus 97.
birgeri, Rhacophorus 16r.
Butons). 6674/1023.

Bufo asper 71, 74, 82.

Bufo
| Bufo
| Bufo

| Bufo
| Bufo

| Bufo

| Bufo

_ Bufo
| Bufo

Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo

biporcatus 74, 86, 87, 90.
borbonicus 70, 78.
cavator 74, 89.

celebensis 74, 84.
chlorogaster 74, 92.
claviger 74, 86, 88.
cruentatus 73, 78.
divergens 74, 88.
fuligineus 73, 77.
gymnauchen 74, 81.
jerboa 73, 76.

leptopus 73, 75.
longecristatus 82.
melanostictus 73, 74, 80, 82,
gt.

minimus 98.

montanus 78.

obscurus 83.

parvus 74, 88.
penangensis 73, 74, 75-
philippinicus 74, 86.
quadriporcatus 74, 87.
scaber 80.

spinipes 82.

spinulifer 73, 79.

studeri 102.

sumatranus 73, 78.
valhallae 73, 79.
Bufonidae 4, 65.

bufoniformis, Rana 162, 184, 186.
bungurana, Microhyla 152, 154.

Bufo
87,

Bufo

Bufo
Bufo
Bufo
Bufo

Bufo

| bunguranum, Diplopelma 154.

Caecilia glutinosa 2.

| Caecilia hypocyanea 2.

Caeciliidae 1.

caerulea, Hyla 27, 56, 58, 60.
caerulea, Rana 58.

caeruleus, Pelodryas 58.
Calamita dolichopsis 52.
Calliglutus 95, 98.

Calliglutus smithi 98.

Callula 147.

Callula baleata 148.

Callula frontifasciata 115.

Callula pulchra 150.
Callula sundana 151.
Callulops 99, 123.
Callulops doriae 123.
Calohyla celebensis 148.
Calohyla sundana 151.
Calophrynus gg, 102.

392

Calophrynus heterochirus 102, 104.

Calophrynus pleurostigma to2.

Calophrynus punctatus 102, 104.

Calophrynus stellatus 1o4.

cancrivora, Rana 162, 166,170,172.
cancrivora, var. of Rana tigrina 170.

cavator, Bufo 74, 89.

cavitympanum, Rana 163, 167, 211.

Bufo 74, 34.
Calohyla 148.
Limnodytes 204.
Oreophryne 111,
Rana 165, 204.
Sphenophryne 112.

celebensis,
celebensis,
celebensis,
celebensis,
celebensis,
celebensis,

ceramensis, var. of Rana grisea 207.

Ceratobatrachus 160, 228.
Ceratobatrachus guentheri 228.

Ceratophryne nasuta tro, A

Ceratophrys montana 9.
Ceratophrys turpicola 133.
ceratophthalmus, Chaperina 105.

chalconota, Rana 166, 167,217,220.

chalconotus, Hyla 215, 217.
Chaperina 104.

Chaperina basipalmata 107.
Chaperina beyeri r1o.
Chaperina ceratophthalmus 105.
Chaperina friedericii 105.
Chaperina fusca 109.
Chaperina macrorhyncha 107.
Chaperina polysticta 108.
Chaperina punctata 107.
Chaperina quatuorlobata 107.
chiropterus, Rhacophorus 258.
chlorogaster, Bufo 74, 92.
chloronota, Hyla 25, 42.
chloronota, Hylella 42.
Choanacantha 126.

Ii2.

| Cornufer

| Cornufer

Choanacantha mehelyi 127.

| Choanacantha rostrata 127.
Choerophryne 100, 136.
Choerophryne proboscidea 136.
chysii, Megalophrys to.
claviger, Bufo 74, 86, 88.
colletti, Rhacophorus 243, 250.
Colpoglessus 95, 97.
Colpoglossus brooksi 97.

| congenita, Hyla 27, 28, 60.

congenita, Litoria 60.
conspicillata, Rana 178.
convexiusculus, Ranaster 19.
Cophixalus too, 146.
Cophixalus crucifer 116.
Cophixalus geislerorum 95,
Copiula 99, 134.

Copiula oxyrhina 134, 135.
Copiula rostellifer 135.
Copiula rostellifera 134, 135.
Cornufer 160, 238.

baluensis 239, 241.
beauforti 189.
boulengeri 187.
corrugatus Igo.
corrugatus rubristriatus

146.

Cornufer
Cornufer

Cornufer
Igt.
Cornufer
Cornufer
Cornufer
Cornufer
Cornufer

dorsalis 239.

guppy 239, 240.

moszkowskii 188.

punctatus 192.

solomonis 191.

Cornufer unicolor 105, 239, 240.

Cornufer vitiensis 239.

cornuta, Sphenophryne 105.

cornutus, Ixalus 274.

cornutus, Philautus 269, 274.

corrugata, Platymantis 190.

corrugata, Rana 190, 192.

corrugata var. papuensis, Platy-
mantis 190.

corrugatus, Cornufer 1go.

_ corrugatus, Hylodes 190.

corrugatus rubristriatus, Cornufer

gl.

293

crassiovis, Rana 163, 213.
Crinia 18, 21.

Crinia signifera 21.

crucifer, Cophixalus 116.
crucifera, Oreophryne 111, 116.
cruciger, Rhacophorus 250,
cruentata, Hylaplesia 78.
cruentatus, Bufo 73, 78.
cyanea, Hyla 51.
Cystignathidae 4, 17, 18.

Daemeli, Hylorana 205.
daemeli, Rana 165, 204, 205.

debussyi, Rana 164, 167, 197, i99. |

decorata, Rana 1096.
Diplopelma 152.

Diplopelma bunguranum 154.
Discodeles 161, 183.
divergens, Bufo 74, 88.
Docidophryne spinipes 81.
dolichopsis, Calamita 52.
dolichopsis, Hyla 52.

dolichopsis var. pollicaris, Hyla 55. |

dolichopsis
Hyla 52.

doriae, Callulops 123.

dorsalis, Cornufer 239.

dorsalis, Hyla 27, 65,

dorsalis, Litoria 65.

dubia, Gnathophryne 143.

dubia, Xenorhina 143.

dubius, Hylophorbus 138, 143.

dulitensis, Rhacophorus 243, 258.

durheimi, Rana 215.

Dyscophina volzi 96.

Dyscophinae 5, 95.

var.

Ecaudata 4.

edentulus, Rhacophorus 242, 244,
259, 268.

elberti, Rana 165, 200, 204.

Eleutherognathinae 99.

elongata,var. of Rana erythraea 224.

Engystoma 124.

Engystoma Berdmorei 158.

tenuigranulata, |

Engystoma borneense 124,
Engystomatidae 95, 98.
Epicrium 2,

Epicrium monochrous 3.
erythraea, Hyla 222.

erythraea, Rana 165, 166, 222.
erythraea var. elongata, Rana 224.
erythraeus, Limnodytes 222.
Eucnemis bicolor 44.

eucnemis, Hyla 24, 32.

| everetti, Hyla 26, 51.

everetti, Nectophryne 66, 68.
everetti, Rana 163, 214, 217.
everetti, Rhacophorus 243, 251.
exigua, Nectophryne 68.

fallax, Hyla 25, 26, 35.

fallax, Hylomantis 44.

fallax, Rana 201.

fasciatus, Rhacophorus 244, 262.

Fejérvarya limnocharis 167.

Firmisternia 4, 95.

flavosignatus, Ixalus 270.

flavosignatus, Philautus 268, 270,
Dy lah:

fletcheri, Phanerotis 18.

florensis, Rana 2or.

friedericil, Chaperina 105.

frontifasciata, Callula 115.

| fuligineus, Bufo 73, 77.
| fusca, Chaperina 109.
| fusca, Phrynomantis 112.

fusca, Sphenophryne 105, 109.

| Gastrophryne gg, 124.
_ Gastrophryne borneénsis 124.

geislerorum, Cophixalus 95, 146.

| genimaculata, Hyla 26, 47.

Genyophryne 1509.

Genyophryne thomsoni 159.
Genyophryninae 5, 159.

georgil, Rhacophorus 243, 253.
gigantea, Xenorhina 130.
giganteus, Xenobatrachus 127, 130.
glandulosa, Rana 164, 194, 196.

204

glutinosa, Caecilia 2.
glutinosus, Ichthyophis 2.
Gnathophryne 99, 137.
Gnathophryne Boettgeri 140.
Gnathophryne dubia 143.
Gnathophryne robusta 143.
gracile, Leptobrachium 15.
gracilis, Megalophrys 7, 15.
gracilis, Rana 167.
graminea, Hyla 24, 30.
granti, Nyctimantis 22, 23.
grisea, Rana 165, 204, 207.
grisea var. ceramensis, Rana 207.
grunniens, Rana 163, 172, 176,
178, 182.
guentheri, Ceratobatrachus 228.
guentheri, Nectophryne 66, 68.
guentheri, Pedostibes 68.
guppyi, Cornufer 239, 240.
guppyi, Rana 162, 183.
guttata, Litoria 52.
guttata, Rana 235.
guttatus, Ixalus 235.
guttatus, Staurois 234, 235.
gymnauchen, Bufo 74, 81.
Gymnophiona 1.

Halophila vitiensis 239.
hascheana, Rana 164, 181.
Hascheanus, Polypedates 18r.
hasselti, Megalophrys 5, 7, 13.
Hasseltii, Leptobrachium 13.
Hasseltii, Rana 13.

heterochirus, Calophrynus to2, 104.
hosii, Nectophryne 66, 67.

hosii, Rana 166, 167, 215, 218.
hosii, Rhacophorus 243, 253.
humeralis, Hyla 25, 56.

Hyla 5, 22, 24, 268.

Hyla spec. 28, 34.

Hyla albolabris 25, 39.

Hyla amboinensis 24, 209.

Hyla angiana 25, 59.

Hyla arfakiana 25, 27, 39, 41, 42.
Hyla aruensis 27, 56.

Hyla atropunctata 25, 37, 39.

| Hyla aurifasciata 276.
_ Hyla bernsteini 24, 26, 31.

Hyla bicolor, 26, 27, 44.

| Hyla bilineata 224.
| Hyla boulengeri 36.

Hyla brachypus 25, 37.

| Hyla caerulea 27, 56, 58, 60.
_ Hyla chalconotus 215, 217.

Hyla chloronota 25, 42.

Hyla congenita 27, 28, 60.

Hyla cyanea 51.

Hyla dolichopsis 52.

Hyla dolichopsis var. pollicaris 55.

Hyla dolichopsis var. tenuigranu-
lata 52.

Hyla dorsalis 27, 65.

| Hyla erythraea 222.

Hyla eucnemis 24, 32.
Hyla everetti 26, 51.
Hyla fallax 25, 26, 35.
Hyla genimaculata 26, 47.

| Hyla graminea 24, 30.

Hyla humeralis 25, 56.

Hyla impura 26, 45, 47, 48.

Hyla infrafrenata 24, 26, 27, 38,
51, 54, 56, 57-

Hyla jeudei 26, 43.

Hyla Kampeni 29.

Hyla leprosa 244.

_ Hyla leucomystax 246.

Hyla longicrus 25, 38.

Hyla lutea 26, 50, 51.

Hyla macgregori 26, 46, 49.
Hyla macrops 26, 48, 50.

Hyla margaritifera 254.

Hyla militaria 24, 26, 28, 38, 55.

| Hyla montana 25, 28, 33, 34.
_ Hyla mystax 31.
| Hyla nasuta 27, 64.

Hyla nigropunctata 37.
Hyla obsoleta 24, 32.
Hyla obtusirostris 27, 63.
Hyla ouwensi 25, 37.
Hyla papua 33.

295

Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla
Hyla

pratt. 25, 41.

pulchra 33.

quadrilineata 2409.

Reinwardtii 264.

rhacophorus 24, 28.

rubella 27, .28, 62.

rueppelli 25, 35, 36.

sanguinolenta 27, 57.

Semoni 64.

sexvirgata 249.

Hyla solomonis 26, 50.

Hyla spengeli 26, 54. |

Hyla thesaurensis 26, 46, 47, 49,50. |

Hyla vagabunda 27, 63.

Hyla wollastoni 25, 42.

Hyla wolterstorffi 27, 40.

Hyladactylus 147.

Hylaedactylus lividus 148.

Hylaplesia 152.

Hylaplesia achatina 154.

Hylaplesia borbonica 7o.

Hylaplesia cruentata 78.

Hylarana 161, 193.

Hylella 268.

Hylella bicolor 44.

Hylella boulengeri 35.

Hylella brachypus 37.

Hylella chloronota 42.

Hylella longicrus 38:

Hylella nigropunctata 37.

Hylella solomonis 37.

Hylella wolterstorffi 4o.

Hylidae 4, 22.

Hylodes corrugatus 190.

Hylomantis fallax 44.

Hylophorbus 99, 100, 137, 147.

Hylophorbus biréi 137, 138.

Hylophorbus boettgeri 137, 140.

Hylophorbus dubius 138, 143.

Hylophorbus microtis 138, 144.

Hylophorbus montanus 137, 139.

Hylophorbus neuhaussi 100, 137, |
138, 144. |

Hylophorbus

papuensis 24, 30. |
|
|
|

ocellatus 137, 141.

| Ixalus

| Ixalus
| Ixalus

Hylophorbus robustus 138, 143.
Hylophorbus rufescens 137, 140.

| Hylophorbus variegatus 137, 138.

Hylorana 193.
Hylorana Daemeli 205.
Hylorana jerboa 208.
Hylorana longipes 246.

| Hylorana Nicobariensis 224.

Hyperolius nigropunctatus 37.
Hyperolius pygmaeus 35.
hypocyanea, Caecilia 2.

| Hypsiboas Reinwardtii 264.

Ichthyophis 2.
Ichthyophis glutinosus 2.

| Ichthyophis monochrous 2, 3.

Ichthyophis weberi 3, 4.
impura, Hyla 26, 45, 47, 48.

| infrafrenata, Hyla 24, 26, 27, 38,

51, 54, 50, 57:
inornata, Microhyla 152, 153.
Ixalus 268.
Ixalus aurifasciatus 275, 276.
Ixalus bimaculatus 269.
Ixalus cornutus 274.
flavosignatus 270.
Ixalus guttatus 235.
Ixalus jacobsoni 272.
Ixalus latopalmatus 238.
Ixalus longicrus 272.
Ixalus natator var. nubilus 236.
Ixalus nubilus 236.
pallidipes 273.
Petersi 275.
pictus 269.
vittiger 275.

Ixalus
Ixalus

jacobsoni, Ixalus 272.

| jacobsoni, Philautus 268, 272.
| javanica, Rana 224.

javanica,var.of Ranamacularia 224.

_ javanus, Polypedates 254.

javanus, Rhacophorus 243, 244,

254, 258.
jerboa, Bufo 73, 76.

296

jerboa, Hylorana 208.

jerboa, Rana_ 166,
216.

jeudei, Hyla 26, 43.

Junghuhnii, Polypedates 217.

167, 208,

Kalophrynus pleurostigma 102.
Kaloula 5, 100, 147.

Kaloula baleata 148,

Kaloula pulchra 148, 150.
Kaloula sundana 148, I51.
Kampeni, Hyla 29.

kampeni, Liophryne 100, ror.
kampeni, Rana 163, 212.
klossi, Sphenophryne 105, 107.
kreffti, Rana 165, 204, 206.
kuhli, Rana 163, 166, 178.

labialis, Rana 163, 164, 165, 166,
167, 219, 220.

laevis, Oxyglossus 230.

larutensis, Rana 234.

larutensis, Staurois 234.

lateralis, Mantophryne 140.

lateralis, Rana 223. |

lateralis, var. of Rhacophorus rein-
wardti 264.

laterimaculata, Rana 164, 198.

latopalmata, Simomantis 238.

latopalmatus, Ixalus 238.

Lechriodus 16.

Lechriodus melanopyga 17.

lemniscata, Rana 224,

leporosa, Theloderma 244.

leprosa, Hyla 244.

leprosa, Theloderma 244.

leprosus, Polypedates 244.

leprosus, Rhacophorus 243, 244.

Leptobrachium 7.

Leptobrachium baluense 16.

Leptobrachium gracile 15.

Leptobrachium Hasseltii 13.

Leptobrachium montanum 13.

Leptobrachium natunae 6.

Leptomantis 268.

| Leptomantis bimaculata 269.
| leptopus, Bufo 73, 75-
| leucomystax, Hyla 246.
_ leucomystax, Rhacophorus
244, 240.
leucomystax var. sexvirgata, Rha-
cophorus 249.
- leucostigma, Microhyla 153, 156.
_ leytensis, Rana 180.
ligayae, Megalophrys 7, 8.
lima, Oxyglossus 230, 232.
| lima, Rana 232.
_ lininocharis, Fejérvarya 167.
limnocharis, Rana 162, 166, 167.
Limnodynastes 17.
Limnodytes arfaki 199, 201.
Limnodytes celebensis 204.
Limnodytes erythraeus 222.
Limnodytes luctuosus 196.

243,

lineata, Méhelyia 118.

Liophryne 99, 100.
Liophryne brevipes 100, 101.
Liophryne kampeni 100, 1ot.
Liophryne rhododactyla 100.
Litoria congenita 60.

Litoria dorsalis 65.

Litoria guttata 52.

Litoria montana 33.

Litoria obtusirostris 63.
lividus, Hylaedactylus 148.

_ longecristatus, Bufo 82.

longicrus,
longicrus,

Hyla 25, 38.
Hylella 38.
longicrus, Ixalus 272.
longicrus, Philautus 268, 272.
longipes, Hylorana 246.
loriae, Oreophryne 111, 117.
loriae, Sphenophryne 117.

_ luctuosa, Rana 164, 167, 196.
_ luctuosus, Limnodytes 196.
| lutea, Hyla 26, 5e;05a8

macgregori, Hyla 26, 46, 49.
mackloti, Rana 161.

' macra, Metopostira 141.

297

macrodon, Rana 163, 165, 166, |

173, 174.
macrodon var. blythi, Rana 175.
macrops, Hyla 26, 48, 50.
macrops, Rana 164, 193.
macrops, Xenobatrachus 127, 128.
macrops, Xenorhina 128.
macrorhyncha, Chaperina 107.
macrorhyncha, Sphenophryne 105,
107.
macroscelis, Rana 199.
macroscelis, Rhacophorus 243, 252.
macrotis, Nectophryne 66, 69.
macrotis, Rhacophorus 243, 251.
macularia var. javanica, Rana 224.
maculata, Nectophryne 66, 71.
maculatus, Rhacophorus 246.
maculatus var. quadrilineata, Rha-
cophorus 249.
magna, Rana 176.
Mantophryne 99, £37.
Mantophryne lateralis 140.
Mantophryne microtis 144.
Mantophryne neuhaussi 144.
Mantophryne robusta 143.
margaritifer, Nyctixalus 277, 278.
margaritifera, Hyla 254.
Masonii, Rana 208, 210.
Megalophrys 6, 7.
Megalophrys baluensis 7, 16.
Megalophrys chysii to.
Megalophrys gracilis 7, 15.

Megalophrys hasselti 5, 7, 13.
Megalophrys ligayae 7, 8.
Megalophrys montana 5, 7, 8, 13.
Megalophrys nasuta 7, to.

Megophrys 7.

Megophrys monticola 8.
mehelyi, Choanacantha 127.
Méhelyia rro.

Méhelyia affinis 118.
Méhelyia lineata 118.
melanopyga, Asterophrys 17.
melanopyga, Batrachopsis 17.
melanopyga, Lechriodus 17.

melanostictus, Bufo 73, 74, 80, 82,
87, 9I.

mertoni, Oreophryne 111, 120.

mertoni, Sphenophryne 120.

Metopostira 99, 137.

Metopostira macra 141.

Metopostira ocellata 141.

meyeri, Platymantis 240.

meyerl, Rana 240.

| Microbatrachus gg, 121.

Microbatrachus pusillus 121.
microdisca, Rana 164, 180.

_ Microdiscopus sumatranus 230.
Microhyla 5, 100, 152.

Microhyla achatina 153, 154.
Microhyla. achatina var. moluc-
censis II5.

Microhyla annectens 153, 156.
Microhyla berdmorii 153, 158.
Microhyla bungurana 152, 154.

| Microhyla inornata 152, 153.

Microhyla leucostigma 153, 156.

_ Microhyla niasensis 156.

Microhyla palmipes 153, 157.

_ microtis, Hylophorbus 138, 144.

microtis, Mantophryne 144.
microtympanum, Rana 176.

| militaria, Hyla 24, 26, 28, 38, 55.
_ militarius, Pelodryas 55.
_ minimus, Bufo 98.

misera, Nectophryne 66.
Mocquardi, Rana 217.

modesta, Rana 163, 166,173, 176.
modestus, Rhacophorus 244, 259.
moellendorffil, Rana 226.

| Mogophrys 7.

Mogophrys montana 8.

| moluccana, Rana 201.

moluccensis, var.
achatina 115.
monochrous, Epicrium 3.

of Microhyla

_ monochrous, Ichthyophis 2, 3.

montana, Ceratophrys 9.
montana, Hyla 25, 28, 33, 34.
montana, Litoria 33.

298

montana, Megalophrys 5, 7, 8, 13.
montana, Mogophrys 8.
montanum, Leptobrachium 13.
montanus, Bufo 78,

montanus, Hylophorbus 137, 139.
montanus, Phrynixalus 139, 140.
monticola, Megophrys 8.
monticola, Oreophryne 111, 113.
monticola, Rhacophorus 244, 261.
monticola, Sphenophryne 113.
moschata, Rhacophorus 254.
moszkowsku, Cornufer 188.
moszkowski, Rana 162, 188.
mystax, Hyla 31.

nasuta, Ceratophryne ro.
nasuta, Hyla 27, 64.

nasuta, Megalophrys 7, ro.
nasutus, Pelobatrachus rr.
nasutus, Pelodytes 64.

natator var. nubilus, Ixalus 236.
natatrix, Rana 235.

natunae, Leptobrachium 6.
natunae, Nesobia 6.

Nectes 92.

Nectes obscurus 82.

Nectes pleurotaenia gz.

Nectes subasper 92, 94.
Nectes sumatranus 93.

Nectes werneri 94.
Nectophryne 66.

Nectophryne borbonica 66, 70.
Nectophryne everetti 66, 68.
Nectophryne exigua 68.
Nectophryne guentheri 66, 68.
Nectophryne hosii 66, 67.
Nectophryne macrotis 66, 69.
Nectophryne maculata 66, 71.
Nectophryne misera 66.
Nectophryne picturata 66, 72, r10.
Nectophryne signata 66, 70.
Nectophryne sumatrana 7o,
Nectophryne sundana 151.
Nesobia 6.

Nesobia natunae 6,

_ neuhaussi, Hylophorbus 100, 137,

138, 144. Ng
neuhaussi, Mantophryne 144.
niasensis, Microhyla 156.
Nicobariensis, Hylorana 224.
nicobariensis, Rana 165, 166, 219,

224.
nigropalmatus, Rhacophorus 244,

266.

| nigropunctata, Hyla 37.

nigropunctata, Hylella 37.

nigropunctatus, Hyperolius 37.

novae-britanniae, Rana 206, 207,
ZG

novae-guineae, Phanerotis 20.

novae-guineae, Rana 205.

nubilus, Ixalus 236.

nubilus, Staurois 234, 236.

' nubilus, var. of Ixalus natator 236.
| Nyctimantis 22.

Nyctimantis granti 22, 23.

| Nyctimantis papua 22.

Nyctimystes 22.

| Nyctixalus 161, 277.
_ Nyctixalus margaritifer 277, 278.

Nyctixalus robinsoni 277, 278.

_ obscurus, Bufo 83.

obscurus, Nectes 82.
obsoleta, Hyla 24, 32.
obsoleta, Rana 226,

_ obtusirostris, Hyla 27, 63.

obtusirostris, Litoria 63.

ocellata, Metopostira 141.
ocellata, Xenorhina 128.
ocellatus, Hylophorbus 137, 141.
ocellatus, Xenobatrachus 126, 128.

_ ophiodon, Xenobatrachus 127, 131.

opisthodon, Rana 163, 185, 187.
Oreobatrachus 160, 229.
Oreobatrachus baluensis 229.
Oreophryne 99, 110, 122, 146.
Oreophryne albopunctata 111, 19.

| Oreophryne anthonyi 111, 117.

Oreophryne ateles 111, 115.

D,

“

Dirot;; 110) res:
celebensis 111, I12.
crucifera 111, 116.
loriae 111, 157.
mertoni III, 120.
monticola 111, 113.
senckenbergiana 111,

Oreophryne
Oreophryne
Oreophryne
Oreophryne
Oreophryne
Oreophryne
Oreophryne
HES
Oreophryne variabilis 111, 112.
Oreophryne verrucosa 111,113,115.

otilophus, Rhacophorus 243, 244, |

245.
ouwensi, Hyla 25, 37.
oxycephala, Xenorhina 132.
oxycephalus, Bombinator 132.
Oxydactyla 99, 122.
Oxydactyla brevicrus 122.
Oxyglossus 5, 160, 230.
Oxyglossus laevis 230.
Oxyglossus lima 230, 232.
oxyrhina, Copiula 134, 135.
oxyrhinus, Phrynixalus 135.

palavanensis, Rana 165, 182.

pallidipes, Ixalus 273.

pallidipes, Philautus 269, 273.

palmipes, Microhyla 153, 157.

pansa, Aphantophryne 145.

pantherina, Rana 212.

papua, Hyla 33.

papua, Nyctimantis 22.

papua, Rana 165, 166, 201, 205,207.

papuensis, Hyla 24, 30.

papuensis, var. of Platymantis
corrugata 190.

paradoxa, Rana 178.

pardalis, Rhacophorus 244, 263.

parvus, Bufo 74, 88.

Pedostibes guentheri 68.

Pelewensis, var.
plicifera 190.

Pelobatidae 4, 5, 17.

Pelobatrachus nasutus 11.

Pelodryas caeruleus 58.

Pelodryas militarius 55.

of Platymantis |

| Platymantis boulengeri 187.

_ Platymantis corrugata 190.
Platymantis corrugata var. papu-

oy)

|
|

| Philautus

| Philautus

Pelodytes nasutus 64.
penangensis, Ansonia 75.
penangensis, Bufo 73, 74, 75.
persimilis, Rana 165, 223.
Petersi, Ixalus 275.
petersi, Philautus 269, 275.
Phanerotis 17, 18.
Phanerotis fletcheri 18.
Phanerotis novae-guineae 20.
Philautus 161, 268, 277.
Philautus anodon 268, 271, 277.
Philautus aurifasciatus 269, 276,
277s
Philautus. bimaculatus 268, 269.
cornutus 269, 274.
Philautus flavosignatus 268, 270,
277.
Philautus
Philautus
Philautus
Philautus

jacobsoni
longicrus 268, 272.
pallidipes 269, 273.
petersi 269, 275.
pictus 268, 269.
Philautus similis 269, 273.
Philautus vittiger 269, 275.

268. 27.2%

| philippinicus, Bufo 74, 86.
| Phrynella 99, 124.
| Phrynella pollicaris 125.

Phrynella pulchra 125.
Phrynixalus 99, 137.

Phrynixalus Birdi 138.
Phrynixalus montanus 139, 140.
Phrynixalus oxyrhinus 135.
Phrynomantis fusca 112.
phyllopygus, Rhacophorus 255.
picturata, Nectophryne 66, 72, 110.
picturata, Rana 227.

pictus, Ixalus 269.

pictus, Philautus 268, 269.
Platymantis 161, 187.
Platymantis beauforti 189.

ensis Igo.
Platymantis meyeri 240.

~

Pe)

Platymantis plicifera 1go.
Platymantis
wensis 190.
Platymantis punctata 192.
Platymantis solomonis 192.
pleurostigma, Calophrynus 102
pleurostigma, Kalophrynus 102.
pleurotaenia, Nectes g2.
pleurotaenia, Pseudobufo 93.
plicifera, Platymantis 190.
plicifera var. Pelewensis, Platy-
mantis Igo.
plicifera, Rana rgo.
poecilonotus, Rhacophorus
256, 258.
pollicaris, Phrynella 125.

243;

0O

| punctata, Platymantis 192.

plicifera var. Pele- |

punctata, Rana 162, 192.
punctatus, Calophrynus 102, 104.
pusillus, Microbatrachus 121.
pygmaeus, Hyperolius 35.

quadrilineata, Hyla 249.

pollicaris, var. of Hyla dolichopsis |

eg
Polypedates 242.
Polypedates appendiculatus 255.
Polypedates Hascheanus 181.
Polypedates javanus 254.
Polypedates Junghuhnu 217.
Polypedates leprosus 244.
Polypedates quadrilineatus 249.
Polypedates raniceps 220.
Polypedates reinwardti 264.
Polypedates signatus 226,
polysticta, Chaperina 108.
polysticta, Sphenophryne 105, 108.
Pomatops 100, 147.
Pomatops valvifera 147.
pratti, Hyla 25, 41.
proboscidea, Choerophryne 136.
Pseudobufo 66, 92.
Pseudobufo pleurotaenia 93.
Pseudobufo subasper 92.
Pseudobufo werneri 92, 94.
Pseudophryne 123.
pulchellus, Rhacophorus 263.
pulchra, Callula 150.
pulchra, Hyla 33.
pulchra, Kaloula 148, 150.
pulchra, Phrynella 125.
punctata, Chaperina 107.

quadrilineata, var. of Rhacophorus
maculatus 249.

quadrilineatus, Polypedates 249.

quadriporcatus, Bufo 74, 87.

quatuorlobata, Chaperina 107.

Rana, 5, 160, 161, 167.

Rana arfaki 163, 165, 199.
Rana baramica 164, 195.

Rana beauforti 162, 189.

Rana boulengeri 162, 187, 188.
Rana bufoniformis 162, 184, 186.

Rana caerulea 58.

Rana cancrivora 162, 166,170,172.

| Rana cavitympanum 163, 167, 211.

Rana celebensis 165, 204.

Rana chalconota 166, 167, 217, 220.
Rana conspicillata 178.

Rana corrugata 190, 192.

Rana crassiovis 163, 213.

, Rana daemeli 165, 204, 205.

| Rana

| Rana
| Rana

Rana debussyi 164, 167,197, 199.

Rana decorata 196.

Rana durheimi 215.

Rana elberti 165, 200, 204.

Rana erythraea 165, 166, 222.

erythraea var. elongata 224.

everettl 163; 21454277.

fallax 201.

florensis 201.

glandulosa 164, 194, 196.

gracilis 167.

grisea 165, 204, 207.

Rana grisea var. ceramensis 207.

Rana grunniens 163, 172, 176,
176, Oe.

Rana guppyi 162, 183.

Rana guttata 235.

Rana
Rana

Rana
Rana

Zot

Rana hascheana 164, 18r.

Rana Hasseltii 13.

Rana hosii 166, 167, 215, 218.
Rana javanica 224.

Rana jerboa 166, 167, 208, 216.
Rana kampeni 163, 212.

Rana kreffti 165, 204, 206.
Rana kuhlhi 163, 166, £78.

| Rana

Rana labialis 163, 164, 165, 166, |

167,, 208,,1220,
Rana larutensis 234.
Rana lateralis 223.
Rana laterimaculata 164, 198.
Rana lemniscata 224.
Rana leytensis 180.
Rana lima 232.
Rana limnocharis 162, 166, 167.
Rana luctuosa 164, 167, 196.
Rana mackloti 161.
Rana macrodon 163, 165, 166,

173, 174.

Rana macrodon var. biythii 175.

Rana macrops 164, 193.

Rana macroscelis 199.

Rana macularia var. javanica 224.
Rana magna 176.

Rana Masonii 208, 210.

Rana meyeri 240.

Rana microdisca 164, 180.

Rana microtympanum 176.
Rana Mocquardi 217.

Rana modesta 163, 166, 173, 176.
Rana moellendorffii 226.

Rana moluccana 201.

Kana moszkowskii 162, 188.
Rana natatrix 235.

Rana nicobariensis 165, 166, 219, |
| Reinwardtii, Hypsiboas 264.

224.

Rana novae-britanniae 206, 207,
223.

Rana novae-guineae 205.

Rana obsoleta 226.

Rana opisthodon 163, 185, 187.

Rana palavanensis 165, 182.

Rana pantherina 212.

| Rana

Rana papua 165, 166, 201, 205, 207.
Rana paradoxa 178.

Rana persimilis 165, 223.
picturata 227.

plicifera 190.

punctata 162, 192.

rugata 162, 188, Ig0, 241.
rugata var. rubristriata 162,

Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Igt.
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
170.
tigrina var. cancrivora 170.
tigrina var. verruculosa 172.
tytleri 217, 224.
varlans 201.

sanchezi 217.

sariba 241.

Schliiteri 170.

signata 164, 165, 226.
solomonis 162, Igt.
temporalis 224.
tigrina 170.

tigrina var. angustopalmata

Rana
Rana
Rana

Rana ventricosa 163, 186.
Rana verruculosa 162, 172.
Rana waigeénsis 199, 204.

Rana wasl 167.

Rana whiteheadi 163, 167, 210, 236.

Ranaster 17, 18, 19.

Ranaster convexiusculus 19.

raniceps, Polypedates 220.

Ranidae 5, 160.

Ranidella signifera 21.

reinwardti, Rhacophorus 216, 244,
263, 264, 266.

Reinwardti, var. lateralis, Rhaco-
phorus 264.

Reinwardti, Hyla 264.

reinwardtii, Polypedates 264.
Rhacophorus 5, 161, 242, 268.

| Rhacophorus acutirostris 244, 260.

Rhacophorus anodon 271.

| Rhacophorus appendiculatus 243,

oleh
Rhacophorus bifasciatus 243, 257.

302

biirgeri 161.
chiropterus 258.
colletti 243, 250.
cruciger 250.
dulitensis 243, 258.
edentulus 242, 244,

Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
259, 268.
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus

everettl 243, 251.
fasciatus 244, 262.
Rhacophorus georgil 243, 253.
Rhacophorus hosii 243, 253.
rhacophorus, Hyla 24, 28.
Rhacophorus javanus 243, 244,

254, 258.
Rhacophorus leprosus 243, 244.
Rhacophorus leucomystax 243,
244, 246.
Rhacophorus leucomystax. var.

sexvirgata 249.
Rhacophorus macroscelis 243, 252.
Rhacophorus macrotis 243, 251.
Rhacophorus maculatus 246.
Rhacophorus maculatus var. qua-
drilineata 249.
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
266.
Rhacophorus
245.
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
Rhacophorus
256, 258.
Rhacophorus pulchellus 263.
Rhacophorus reinwardti 216, 244,
263, 264, 266.
Rhacophorus Reinwardti var. late-
ralis 264.
Rhacophorus shelfordi 244, 262.
rhododactyla, Liophryne roo,
robinsoni, Nyctixalus 277, 278.
robusta, Gnathophryne 143.
robusta, Mantophryne 143.

monticola 244, 261.
moschata 254.
nigropalmatus 244,

otilophus 243, 244,
pardalis 244, 263.

phyllopygus 255.
poecilonotus 243,

robustus, Hylophorbus 138, 143.
rostellifer, Copiula 135.
rostellifera, Copiula 134, 135.
rostrata, Choanacantha 127.
rostrata, Xenorhina 127, 128.
rostratus, Xenobatrachus 126, 127.
rubella, Hyla 27, 28, 62.
rubristriata, var. of Rana rugata
162, 191,
rueppelli, Hyla 25, 35, 36.
rufescens, Hylophorbus 137, 140.
rugata, Rana 162, 188, 190, 241.
rugata var. rubristriata, Rana 162,
Lor.

Salientia 4.
sanchezi, Rana 217.

| sanguinolenta, Hyla 27, 57.
| sariba, Rana 241.

scaber, Bufo 8o.

_ schlaginhaufeni, Sphenophryne 107.
| Schliiteri, Rana 170.

Scytopis boulengeri 35.

_Semoni, Hyla 64.

modestus 244, 259. |

senckenbergiana, Oreophryne 111,
115.

_ sexvirgata, Hyla 240.

sexvirgata, var. of Rhacophorus
leucomystax 249.

_ shelfordi, Rhacophorus 244, 262.

| solomonis,

signata, Nectophryne 66, 70.
signata, Rana 164, 165, 226.
signatus, Polypedates 226.
signifera, Crinia 21.
signifera, Ranidella 2t.
similis, Philautus 269, 273.
Simomantis 160, 237.
Simomantis latopalmata 238.
smithi, Calliglutus 98.
solomonis, Cornufer 191.
solomonis, Hyla 26, 50.
solomonis, Hylella 37.
Platymantis 192.
solomonis, Rana 162, 191.
spengeli, Hyla 26, 54.

303

‘Sphenophryne 99, 104, 110, 122,
146.

Sphenophryne albopunctata 119.

Sphenophryne anthonyi 117.

Sphenophryne ateles 115.

Sphenophryne beyeri 105, 110.

Sphenophryne, biroi 117, 118.
Sphenophryne celebensis 112.
Sphenophryne cornuta 105.
Sphenophryne fusca 105, 109.
Sphenophryne klossi- 105, 107.
Sphenophryne loriae 117.
Sphenophryne
TO7.
Sphenophryne
Sphenophryne monticola 113.
Sphenophryne polysticta 105, 108.
Sphenophryne schlaginhaufeni 107.
Sphenophryne variabilis 112.
Sphenophryne verrucosa 113.
Sphenophryne wolfi 113.
spinipes, Bufo 82.
spinipes, Docidophryne 81.
spinulifer, Bufo 73, 79.
Staurois 5, 160, 234.
Staurois guttatus 234, 235.
Staurois larutensis 234.
Staurois nubilus 234. 236.
Staurois tuberilinguis 234,
Baa
stellatus, Calophrynus 104.
studeri, Bufo 102.
subasper, Nectes 92, 94.
subasper, Pseudobufo g2.
sumatrana, Nectophryne 7o.
sumatranus, Bufo 73, 78.
sumatranus, Microdiscopus 230.
sumatranus, Nectes 93.
sundana, Callula 151.
sundana, Calohyla 151.
sundana, Kaloula 148, 151.
sundana, Nectophryne 151.
Symphygnathinae 08.

mertoni 120.

236,

temporalis, Rana 224.

| tenuigranulata, var. of Hyla doli-

chopsis 52.
Theloderma leporosa 244.
Theloderma leprosa 244.

| thesaurensis, Hyla 26, 46, 47, 49,

50.
thomsoni, Genyophryne 159.
tigrina, Rana 170.

_ tigrina var. angustopalmata, Rana

macrorhyncha 105,

170.
tigrina var. cancrivora, Rana 170.
tigrina var. verruculosa, Rana 172.
tuberilinguis, Staurois 234, 236,
2307.
turpicola, Ceratophrys 133.
turpicula, Asterophrys 133.
tytleri, Rana 217, 224.

unicolor, Cornufer 105, 239, 240.

| vagabunda, Hyla 27, 63.

valhallae, Bufo 73, 79.
valvifera, Pomatops 147.
variabilis, Oreophryne 111, 112.

| variabilis, Sphenophryne 112.

varians, Rana 2o1.
variegatus, Hylophorbus 137, 138.

| ventricosa, Rana 163, 186.

verrucosa, Oreophryne 111, 113,
ELS:

verrucosa, Sphenophryne 113.

verruculosa, Rana 162, 172.

verruculosa,var. of Rana tigrina 172.

vertebralis, Batrachylodes 242.

vitiensis, Cornufer 239.

| vitiensis, Halophila 239.
| vittiger, Ixalus 275.

vittiger, Philautus 269, 275.
volzi, Dyscophina 96.

| waigeénsis, Rana 199, 204.

wasl, Rana 167.
weberi, Ichthyophis 3, 4.

| werneri, Nectes 94.
' wernerl, Pseudobufo g2, 94.

304

whiteheadi, Rana 163, 167, 210, |

Xenobatrachus ophiodon 127, 13t.

236. Xenobatrachus rostratus 126, 127.

wolfi, Sphenophryne 113.
wollastoni, Hyla 25, 42. Xenorhina
wolterstorfi, Hyla 27, 40. Xenorhina
wolterstorffi, Hylella 4o. | Xenorhina
Xenorhina
Xenobatrachus 99, 126. Xenorhina
Xenobatrachus bidens 127, 129. Xenorhina
Xenobatrachus giganteus 127,130. | Xenorhina
Xenobatrachus macrops 127, 128. | Xenorhina
Xenobatrachus ocellatus 126, 128. | Xenorhina

Xenophrys 7.

99, 126, 131, 134.
atra 132.

bidens 129.

dubia 143.
gigantea 130.
macrops 128.
ocellata 128.
oxycephala 132.
rostrata 127, 128.

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