5¢ : ek ges Sewers i : eae ae res Soe - Loe : SS a ss maton A — Seti: Be eager eS eee j ire oi" 23 bie De oy Min = er ————— === ea ae 4 Copyright, 1882, by A. S. Barnes & Co. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. SILIBRARY an Sahn 8 Gg Gee Oe TuHIs work has grown out of our needs as instructors of students pre- paring for practical work in Human, Veterinary, or Comparative Anatomy. Most of it has been employed in the anatomical laboratory of Cornell Uni- versity for from one to four years, and we have been led to believe that it may prove useful elsewhere. Some of our laboratory students aim to be professional naturalists, agri- culturists, or veterinarians, but most of them mtend to study Medicine or to teach Physiology with other branches in schools and colleges. The latter desire to gain a personal acquaintance with the organs whose functions they are to discuss, and the former require, in addition, a familiarity with anatomical methods and literature; few of them have had any practical training in Biology. The guides to vertebrate dissection by Straus-Durckheim, Morrell, Rol- leston, Krause, Huxley and Martin, Foster and Langley, Bernard, Martin and Moale, and Mojsisovics, present many admirable features, but four of them are in French or German, and none haye fully answered our require- ments. Of the works above named, several imply that either the frog or the’ human body has been previously dissected ; hence, presumably, the brevity of the directions, the lack of descriptions of instruments and methods, and the fewness or absence of illustrations. They are based upon the frog, turtle, dog, rat or rabbit, or on animals in general, and the ordinary anthro- potomical terms of description, wpper, lower, etc., are almost uniformly employed. Some dwell only upon points of physiological importance, and in nearly all the references to other publications are few and general. iv PREFACE. So far as we are aware, this work differs from the manuals above men- tioned in one or more of the following particulars :— It assumes no previous anatomical knowledge or experience, yet is rapidly progressive, introducing in succession bones, muscles, viscera, vessels, nerves, brain and organs of sense. It is based upon the domestic cat (see § 124). The terms of description and designation apply to all vertebrates (§ 38); they are technical (§ 29), and precision and brevity have been especially regarded in their selection. The purely descriptive portions are subordinated to the practical and directive. There is a General List of the instruments and materials required for ordinary anatomical work (§ 130), and directions are given for their care. All directions for dissection and manipulation begin with special lists of the instruments and materials required (§ 235). Explicit instructions are given for coarse injections, for the preparation of bones, and for the use of alcohol as a preservative. Certain regions and organs are quite fully discussed, while others are briefly mentioned or omitted altogether (§ 128). Unusual space is given to the viscera (§ 129). The study of the brain includes a consideration of the typical vertebrate brain, descriptions and dissections of the brains of the frog and the Menobranchus, and an approximately complete Descriptive List of the encephalic parts, with References and Synonyms. There are illustrations, and the methods of making the preparations figured are fully described. The abbreviations are of the technical names only, and they are nearly uniform throughout. As far as possible, the technical names are written in full upon the figures. In the explanations of the figures, the technical names and the abbreviations are alphabetically arranged (§33). There are numerous Alphabetical Lists, Tables of Synonyms and Tabular Arrangements of names according to the relations of parts (p. Xxvi). Attention is called to the incompleteness of our information upon cer- tain points. There are frequent cross references and numerous definite references to other publications (§ 2); the titles of the works and papers cited (three hun- PREFACE. Vv dred and thirty in number) are given in an Alphabetical List of Authors at the end. While, therefore, the book is designed primarily as a guide for beginners, certain features—the references and the suggestions as to lines of inquiry— may prove useful to teachers and others who may undertake to add to existing knowledge. Histological facts and methods do not come within the scope of the work, but at the close of the discussion of most of the organs is given a summary of (A) the obvious or macroscopic structure—that which may be determined with the unaided eye, and (B) the fine or microscopic structure. The latter is in no sense complete. It embraces only the points upon which most standard authors are agreed and which may be demonstrated without a great expenditure of time. Only the structure of the given tissue is con- sidered ; hence the presence of vessels and nerves is not mentioned. If it be desired to carry the histological inquiry farther, the works of Quain, Stricker, Ranvier, Beale, Frey, and the special papers therein referred to, are recommended. Among the many friends who have aided or encouraged us, our thanks are especially due to Professor Oliver Wendell Holmes for helpful criticism of the terminology and for suggesting the preparation of a manual in which it should be incorporated ; to our colleague, Professor J. H. Comstock, and to Professors E. C. Spitzka and T. B. Stowell for valuable suggestions and for the adoption in their writings of the descriptive terms herein employed ; also to the last named for a critical revision of the early manuscript of the muscles, and for the important additions to knowledge contained in his recent paper on the vagus nerve of the cat. To all of our laboratory stu- dents we are indebted for aid, suggestions and criticisms, and especially to those (see end of Bibliography) who have selected parts of the cat as subjects of their graduation theses. Our acknowledgments are here made to the American Philosophical Society for the use of the four lithographic plates, and to the firms named in the List of Ilustrations for the courteous loan of electrotypes of instru- ments manufactured by them. The original figures were drawn by the persons named in the Note pre- ceding the List of Illustrations. The three ladies have also been our stu- vi PREFACE. dents, and have shown more than ordinary interest in their work. Most of the original drawings were made by our colleague, Professor E. C. Cleaves, whose skill, patience, and accuracy only artists and anatomists can fully appreciate. There has been constant codperation throughout, but, it may be proper to state, the senior author holds himself particularly responsible for the Introduction, the Preservation of Soft Parts, the Bones of the Limbs, the Muscles, the Heart, the Central Nervous System and the Cranial Nerves; and the junior author for the Preparation of Bones, Coarse Injections, the Skeleton excepting the limbs, the Viscera, the Peripheral Vascular and Ner- vous Systems and the Organs of Sense. Notwithstanding our efforts for accuracy, there are doubtless errors of observation and interpretation. Corrections or suggestions will be gladly received. Oa Bod. Lacs, PE OP ue LION: References to Publications................ Mie ala Sole aah as Mee Hide wade totaal stage Method of reference. 10) AUGHOTS 5\5c6:5 6) 4)6 05s e.5 6 /<0 5 15: 01a0i0, 31515, +, «215, 05)delowslerste Catalogue of scientific papers published by the Royal Society of London .. PyPetm aS y SEEN Siacs 14 sae coy so See acias o s-scksohels ele. we ials Ce apalsicd ae ele eee elaelaceles Centigrade Thermometer—Fahrenheit’s Thermometer... ....c0cersecececceeee Comparison and reduction of the two thermometric scales.. Table of equivalent temperatures according to the Fahrenheit and ‘Conti TAC OPN CLM OMIC LENS ats fats ya ey hs caxeh ayes ene susjele Ge eis ere oe cree eee Formule for the reduction of the Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales and vice ORS Sabe Paks earl ae ates obrandsS Actonnts Pure « tia wre aadvsigettie macalaceeanee e ee NORA PRIME TIERS. co ort ae Ae 3 Te oc sei Pe eis erases Mc s Sse ae acleetoe & Meter, liter and gram—definitions and common equivalents.............. Comparison of the metric and English systems of weights and measures... DADO Of, LHOMICUTIC THOANGLCN saa cis Juire eon sels Sysens Ea si aatdaaman sata ae eee ew wer ew were mere eens seers eseseeeeseses Table of equivalents of metric and English measures.......... The metric system in medicine mr Ae TNCs AS SINE AL ION +3...) 18 eer) brie eis oils ata sie ewe daoynos BBS Se Table illustrating classification ......... CO ELPEUEIESL. 20a es Meany eg gene ae a ae gn a ie nA ee Character of the terminology here used............5...0+eeeccccecceees General considerations upon anatomical terminology...........2....+0005 Aphorisms upon terminology from various sources ...........0.0-0eseee: Brief statement of the objects and methods of the terminological changes TSE TLE Bc SBR Soe ie aCe ae aie Ue Ppa Re ee Designation of Orguns—Organonomy..... 0... cece nccecccccccce seccecesuces General considerations by various authors. ...........0.-0.eeeceee eee eee RUPE MATCE Chay ERIVADY Ari a ct NS ha oe as St Y natal 4s 2 gh niu deletes ace Comparison of technical and vernacular terms in science ..............-- Ease in acquiring technical terms................. Names indicative of welative: popitiON.. 9. 5:0 < oc de e<'s oes dere dogs csescme: Fiesin roktermminalorical Changes... a. + ores ha ele oni ee ee ee 40 CARDHS INE TAIRURSs cic oee oa eect es coe mala teen skis Weveie wb lamas eens 41 CONTENTS. 1x PAGE Intermembral Homologies.... ..................0:- Pte iaice sttidatavelstetetc oki eletalotar as 42 SyUcra py, ANd BMUMLLODY = aces o\< acl alate eaterr cs alalviale Ano scrala'e arstatesulalaie cies 6 42 Ra ATE CALI ON OPAL cS Ail) ef CTIOS ccrfaley hcccs sctuhns evades okssaratey snevora ons atateie sto ts dtelets veld ee 42 Use of Terms of Relative Position in a Physiological Sense................. 44 Slip System of Notes...........--. 0 cee eee cee teen cece eee e eee eee e nee ceees 45-52 Slips—Size, etc.—Making notes On... .... 0... ees eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 45 Library catalogues and catalogue data for specimens.................... 46 References, extracts, clippings and notes proper.....................0 0s 47 Accumulation and elimination of slips... ..0.. 4... s.2- sce «sln0sces cies 47 Arrangement and storage of notes. ........ 6... 22 eee ee eee eee eee eee 48 Sms Or wash Wat EE SS aopcdboss oo 4sGe0bbcu boob oedcso SE dde 48-49 Distrib utronOlMslijosie eres s'a/ais'e,aralae 52 Rules and Aphorisms of General Application in Biology....... BDC OA G.O DOR Gee 52-53 Anatomical Technology—Introductory...........-. se eee eee e ee eee teen eens 55 Reasons for Selection of the Cat for Anatomical Study. .......eece ee ceeeeeeeee 55 imaportance of mebhods-matr-)4-1c1s filets - ime eicis clears eke in aia = 12) srelel ehelonin-inofale 55 Comparison of the cat as an anatomical subject with adult human beings, still-born children, horse, rabbit, dog, rat, opossuM.....----.-+--+++++ 55-57 Needs of a standard of comparison for comparative anatomists..........-- 56 Reasons for treating of only a Part of the Body. ......-00+ csc cee rete eee eeeees 57 Reusons for giving unusual Prominence to the Viscerd.....+- +s. see cece eeeees 58 CHAPTER, 1. INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIAL FOR ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. Alphabetical list of instruments and materials needed for anatomical technology, SUVA ERM [SILICES aM oMe eves sect tach ontet atatarstaus/utesb aa. 8 crores saie ees ND Meena ree crer au Parecveee evoke 59-62 Dealers’ catalogues of instruments and materials. ........-.--+-+-++ + ceeeeteees 59 General Character of Instruments... 5.2.2 cen 25 sic cece evr scene cs es siete 62 Description of Instrwments and Material... 0.2.2... cece eee ere eee rece eeees 62-73 Arthrotome and beaded bristles. ..........0.cce cc cce eet erect sete oees 62-63 Supporting blocks, flexible blow-pipe... ...........0e0seeeeeeeeer eter 64 Cats— Pricey Cane “RtOTAMG, ClCs - cla dick oaiss dere sek so meidngledele csi eeeps 64-65 Chain-hooks, small compressor and dissecting gown.......+.+++ee7e 222s: 65 Drawing materials, foot lathe and drills, forceps (coarse and ie nippers FOE ACHGIINE:, DOME 213 seve polaine maid co's ous, odessa aes ee Saale Se pisie as usia'so 7 Dropping-bottle oiler, parchment labels, Taubes gloves and tubing, saw. 68 Scales and special weighing pan, scalpels............eeeecereeee ee ereees 69 DIGISSO RSA TOMS POU SEShearse acre orien stiles ye ctale siefstelatveheaecie sterieicieseietersicie 70 Syringotome, tags for labels, tools, towels, tracer (seeker or finder), sharp and blunt 71 CC x CONTENTS. PAGE Wetting bottle for 15 per cent. glycerin, waste paper for particles made AMY GISSSCHUAL Zc yee ieve 3) ay atoleyelororsi sic tay sever etehuceloxePereestNeeae iene Riana hee ERs 4 Gareiof INSERIMENES Ac peice losses olee distercle is is erates @ UR ee ee ee "3-74 Special directions for blow-pipe, tray, forceps, nippers, saw, scissors, scal- pel, and cutting instruments generally............-..-.0.002..- : 74 Cases and Trays for Instruments........++ » avtiad. «ine SOPs Ra beet BEN 74 Packing Instruments Jor Transportation... 0c erie on oalbWiale de vole elec ais oele 75 POlishine: Instruments... ces. 5 4.cSa) xk wes oie Sh ape dae eta eke ere 75-76 Bharpenine AnsStriments 2. /.(.0i00 6d du.nace o's ens arose a ar apete tals Oia atan\ehe ie atiearetele 76-79 HOnINE an trOp PINE «o's «'-.0/0ls viene 6 sate elo ete wt hvlea! aia Mnelm eel talapeniete 76 Determination of sharpness. ...........0.s000e ee Reus Se. okt es 78 Balline Asimals for: Dissection .o5 4.2...) ancien cance eee enue rete 79-81 Drowning, killing with chloroform or ether in a box..................- 80 AMEE HG DOK, one nistelas ave ere oie) steps is vom ke seine revo te Tole e1aWe tetete ate felohe Neiatete tated 81 QUIN G AH ICAS ALLETE SB CNIZTIVG 5 ac. Bias take 24s nis c/o ten aieia w/a Seis seer se eee 128 sisplay of alcoholic specimenss.)7. fb a0..'..0 00a kde. bist des Ba 129 Packing Alcoholic Specimens for Transportation. ....0.cccececcececcceccece 129-130 Pero wed, SEGHONS And DISSOCHIONS ii 6i.iwd ein =,00 0 v3.00» bon See ae 131-132 Preparation of the animal for eeing— Malan and preserving the SENCEIONS, annie ass nw v's wire atale Seki a: OG fe did Usinn ai aoa eee eee ee ee 131 ETOZON MUSSCOUORG Sie aim: 0i< ia oierolcla hela bias (dave bese. tes Slee ee ee 182 Plexible preparation of muscles... ..,.... 2200s s+alesieu adeeb k ep eRe ae 182 Preparation of: Hollow. Viscera <..... acoso dos ssn time otek Meee 132-135 Removal Ol GHG WISCUSs ic oie .o 5 a cic dlsre iia d awn ksie sie eee ee . 132 Cleaning, trimming and inflation with alcohol .......... ........+.05. 133 Poisoning, inflation with air and drying... .22.2....00.00.c0cccccccees 134 Preparation of the viscera after dryimp..o.......00ccebceccsacceencce 135 Measuring the Capacity or Volume of Organs... .. 1... ccc ccc ce cee eceeeeees 135 CE An gd Vos COARSE INJECTIONS. Bape LN SEER SER A OUEES cio'a cs ovaransis in evece w= U6. = eee elem vw inj bin Goh nim ah ete ora meee 137 Syringe—Care of syringe, white metal syringe... ............ eee eee ee ee eens 137 Canule and preparation of glass canulz.............cccececcescsscees 138 Brass anatomical syringes............ sre fevers eiciatevelemuats wiv telsbolsieterettete eras 139 MINE EADS SES. oo. ciate woes <.0 al oie’ apeieiatel Cu cims > isles nw ook eeivialea its ee eee 139-141 PLASET OF PAGS DIGEG So 'dai on wie dec ete binie tee aie One's ies = eine le hale Roe eee 139 Carmine, Berlin blue and various colors for staining plaster............ 139 Preparation of plaster injection mass€S .......-... 0.0 -cecsserceercecses 140 War and Talla Masses... 220 skis cs oe ope aateeeinn es Case eels Ven ss enh eee 141 Practical working of wax and tallow injections. .............e..e0++- 141 Choice of Specimen and Time for Injection. ... ... 2... 002s cece wens owen ve ee 141 Arteries and veins to inject... 0.0.2... ccccceccccne cence ccescesweses 142 ipycction of Femoral Vessela:. so. a cna s cis «sie sees ss on cle ecnuelsieins wehbe eee 142-146 Posture and\exposureter.c cai cee ere rel a aiaiaieke oalevets ale la aietre tet 142 Parting the hair and isolating the vessels ... ........-ee+e0+ -+ seece 143 Incision in the vessel—Ligatures and introduction of the canula........ 143-145 Making the injection—Tying the vessel.............cecceeeeccceeccees 145-146 Cleaning the syringe!and cannula... -icte\s ere) ci. fo n.a.cia0'< oa) -6 5/cin.x Sekar ars Seis teteramna ny = 170 Waaeeuishing the: groups/of vertebree... -. 2. sae care ewe ce cdi ios afslayssetee 170 SSSR PU MMe ahr foyer ae chal heft oh ove rapey cforcy ch ,eu0rs sande ewbsraisterels 174 MURIEL OFaUIEe: EXOIL CS: Ole CURR ova 2 5 niw. 5 «Salela dpa elk Slat elevate sink ete Leja iste ciate aye § 174-176 Table of Articulations of the Bones of the Skull ....... cece cece cree ccseees 176-179 Description of the dorsum ofthe skull) 2. 2. sis wo ce siete es deremmacece 179-182 Weseriptionvor ihe base ofthe Skewes «<1. es + « seieiocielelsisicie sieceiereless 183-185 Deseripiuonohthestympanic) bullalias gasses cise agree @ wale = aki sighefeaddveeteateia a aaeae efeme ean 205 Description of Certain Muscles. .....,...5...0sseseeesens tee et Men 206-271 DESH OGS: (PUPAE a5: icistwaisiale's siolee + se Wenn amanne eon eG hie are ree eee 206 icrors cid FO CLECtSs cereieis te olalslelsipyarettcbeiets ante eiatesieer Bis AAR Oe PG OSE Ra 5 © 206 INaMES} OLMEHEMMUSELES yer --121, <7 jeyeicre. dei s/o) Womepyeboladorsiccucie eck ees olen aerate 206 Table of the muscles treated, with synonyms ...............2+-e0ce00: 207 TP OPC GIG ROUD \. toro tnt niarorevakonv aI a dd osalafe oP AEE Pree Sareer srt 208-217 General SremMarkss ss.) 1. ss ietaee ise s eee eee 439-461 Differences between the brains of cat‘and frog............-.2.2++se000s 439 I ETHSCCMON OL OMOTATTL ca. tecvons craltlenae cise) fea ve/ eleva Pie atetogs Ps cae talaloieacnsieiclere 444 LIPS Decne ee tye ln is 50 ee EOw Ss aaa GU AGOIS 1p sanceoU cleans occ. 446 Segmental arrangement of the names of the brain..................... 446 Bxamination ‘of the*encephialic’ segments... .. 20-2. s000 shoe sone siew wens 450-454 Aulavandsportaor foramen ot Monro 2 2... - - --yelcie esa = lee eis ccleceiete 454 Demonstration of the Procelia, Rhinocelia and Porta (lateral and olfactory Venuricles ang tOramlenyOl MONIC) aijremvee cre ore cler sinia. acs ainys sine v eekemaclyie we vies care 520 xX CONTENTS. PAGE FES BNE PUPIL. Soin u's oie din’s olalaterae nate os vias wine ¢ 4's wa nciel ae ae eee 520 Images'formed! by the'ey.exc/5 ie aeiwisisis Mislele «ic | 22 ote Sloe eee 520 Tunies or coats’ Of the: yess s.c;-1e iso -inaio-o ts ainiwtoierefaletstele toe eee ete 521 Preservation of an eye in alcohol for the coats...................se00- 521 Sclerotica and :COrMeAs..1..0\ - 528 IncusjandOs:lentioul are scars os sehre setele ns wie citer eisicte care) tele olevielole etetenete 528 Stapes and stapedius muscle.............0.eeeceseee ence cers ececeeee 529 LTT RIO AGOR TS TARO AOL AR OORIE AAD OO ODOR DID 266 BOdO> Serco odes Soe ad5 a 529 Westiloulmmatsc ee tcc cc ce po cite eiticis ate oratetatt te tel eie erccern ety fetokeneie ote Tota tenet 529 Fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda......... 0... .s cece eee cece eee 529 Cochleak see seese et ocaeise Gere cies hoe ers io Oh Bae slereteis cisternae 529 Scala vestibuli-and scala tympani... 2. . 2.026.000 gases s ine ce ower euene 529 Modiolus‘and Jamina Spiralis.)<'s 3p:-,0 sisi e'» «slo es ne nacic'e eel cine oie einen 529 @analesisemicircalares:...-: joi: 2% ape e eieioiienis lee oleic ieee ne ieee che oreo 530 PAUSE UBSINIDD IN dha fos bce boa tats CSE Fisvaleiels WG lobemtots ce tater ietletaseretakshaianes bitrate tee Maat ..» 5384-587 TIO GUA tere Oe case emicyetic cS ies eitiedet = cirieisialontcreee «Bo: evap ke gago te eee a 538-553 DUNDEE ee a ers eteiseteicvers/ «ivi Mela: s/aie\ sess s)-%esecosereelereks eieials eaetel steneteyehetetsKars ie asset ee eae 554-575 Met TCr TELUS TRATIONS: In respect to twenty-six figures we are indebted to the persons named in parenthesis, either for the idea of a figure or for the use of an electrotype. Of the original figures, the larger number were drawn by E. C. Cleaves, Professor of Free-hand Drawing in Cornell University. The four plates of the brain were drawn and lithographed by Miss G. D. Clements, who also drew Fig. 81-82. Fig. 11-12, 14-19, were drawn by Miss I. M. Curtis; Fig. 124-127, by Mrs. S. 8. Phelps Gage; and Fig. 92, 110-112, 121-128, by the senior author. In preparing the drawings for the original figures, the specimens—now preserved in the museum of Cornell University—were photographed with a vertical camera, as sug- gested by the junior author (6). The outlines of the drawings were traced directly from these photographs ; hence the relative size and position of paris are accurately represented. Finally the drawings were photo-engraved. FIGURE PAGE 1.—Paper Meter Yard (American Metric Bureau) ................c.cccceccence 6 2-4.—Diagrams of Three Aspects of a Vertebrate, exhibiting the most general ROME L GS e cpe re e eicieinis Sno eietasnnarnr ae shaier ih oe oem oap paired oe ee ae eee 76 PO=z Am aestHeble ORG cies’ Sic s ctsiei-e we ofaiete: lalate a sig, svaele riers eave) eGiare nteleca’et Eretaliaie lotsa matte 81 30.—The Skeleton seen from the Left (Straus. Dikékhein: yo) BU Aas &: A Se RR at 88 a —Cpvered Glass box (Wihitall, “Pacuim @'C0:): (ic 2505's en scores s.c,cem pose Ne Soe ee 126 32.—Wide-mouthed Specimen Jars with Covers (Whitall, Tatum & Co.)...........-. 127 ao. wWwielted Vial tor the Brain orwHeart. os. cc. es cet e pass oceans aan tan Ree ee 128 DAP BO thl emesis layers tie els aleve ieee es tevessratiraversi cl sietioven cea stants Lovee ae -fetelopete pera anc eae eae ene 129 35.—White Metal Syringe with top unscrewed and piston removed.............+.-- 138 BGP Camis aeeyerctae psbaca Sie te lee ecepaig ansioe ava) ao fo islata s(ehens Weber ovahete texe\ quete ee es ota )s eycele to ene 138 377 brass Sy rmpe (Comma andy linc Letty pyepayorers i tele Soe ole oseletal tetra teats feats iad toeee ee 139 38.—Small Brass Syringe with removable Stop-cock and Canule for Fine Injec- tionsi(CodmanvandeShurtilesfhy zy. ft. iys electors «tele sineic-}om ctessivon Sia aiege ete ear meee 139 39!-—Hemoral’ Vesselsexposed for Injection. 2. .):). ts < sje. sven =<) Pie sb" =[rle ie ielal esol 142 ai—Incisions and Preparations for Ligating™.: 0.0.00. sec eee ess wee ann cone ninlaias 144 41.—Double Ligature, Surgeon’s and Square Knot.>........ -.----++- + sees secon 144 a5 —Insersing and Securing Camulars)s. cnc on> lu letey vial wie ielevege miele 180 57.—Ventral Aspect or Base of the Skull (modified from Straus-Durckheim, A)...... 182 58.—Ventro-lateral View of the Left Bulla tympanica and Adjacent Parts........... 185 59 —Hemisection of the’ Skull, Right Sides. sje. «n1- cele «. visi ciste sleie ae ee Seis iokeke 186 60.—Dorso-caudal View of the Lamina Cribrosa and the Sinus Frontalis............. 188 61.—Lateral View of the Left Mandibular Ramus........ .......ceeessccceececece 188 62.—Dorsal View of the Mandible (modified from Straus-Durckheim, A)............. 189 63.—The Scalpel Held as a Pen (Bernard, A). <0... 6.00000 .00 seacinpusw es eel eeisnsls 199 64.—The Scalpel Held as a Carving-knife (Bernard, A).......02....00: seecceeeess 200 65.—The Scalpel Held as a Violin-Bow (Bernard, A).......... 00sec cess ee cence eens 200 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Xxill FIGURE PAGE 66.—The Ectal Skeletal Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder..................... 211 67.—The Second Layer of Skeletal Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder............ 218 63-71.—Views of the Four Aspects of the Humerus with Areas of Muscular Attach- Ment....... cbt Corio. CAOC MUDD GRO COCO: ECE CeCe nero. Fre eo 228 — hherbecroralis, Grouplore Mascles 15.0 2 asics \ce's lors ates eistd Soe 5,5 eel eae paola so 23 73.—Ental Aspect of Left Shoulder Muscles and Ectal Aspect of the Serratus Mag- nus and Levator Anguli Scapule Muscles ............ .. ceececeeeeeeee 246 74.—The Cephalic Aspect of the Left Arm with the Ectal Muscles of the Scapula. 254 75.—The Muscles upon the Ental Aspect of the Scapula and the Caudal Aspect of TRey DTACHLNM ANG. A HLEDTACHIILDY. rig sies eeniese si areyseis seis slow + eieeie apelin eo cle 262 76.—Lines of Incision for exposing the Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera.......... 274 ie CR ETAIMVI CW: Olle VASCELDs 204). sfo-ny'5ieh a cveieiais Hol esis van clomie shael snes galerie 276 78.—Diagram showing the Relations of the Abdominal Organs and the Per'to BIG ELEN cto of sisal chchsy Men resoso el aus eh siehe) atceet slave aleleis at clstay ssotalons otarete le avevigove Road ayeteo = 279 (a—Stomach and Duodentmis, Vemntrale Views, a8 es 448, 449 List of Synonyms and References for the Encephalic parts........ 471-491 List of writers who have figured the Feline Brain.. .. .......... 491-493 Abridged Synonymy of the Cerebral Fissures...... ...---..e+00. 496 List of writers who have mentioned the Cruciate Fissure.......... 499, 500 Table showing four Methods of enumerating the ‘“‘arched gyri”... 501 Table of the Synonyms of the Cranial Nerves.............-se000 505 Provisional Physiological Arrangement of the Cranial Nerves..... 506 Table of the Origin, Distribution, etc., of the Cranial Nerves...... 510 SECTION 494 495 562 604 844 914, 915 916, 917 1058 1061 1069 1827 1128 1138 1180-1333 1334 1342 1361 13638 1374 1377 1392 Nh OP rer ron: 1. There are five matters of general application :— . The reference to other Publications. . The designation of Weights, Measures and Temperatures. . The names of Animals, and of the Groups to which they belong. . The designation of the Parts of animals, and the indication of their Position and Direction. 5. The making and arrangement of Notes. The treatment of these matters in the present work may be characterized briefly as follows :— 1. The citations are numerous and explicit. 2. Only decimal systems are employed,—the Centigrade scale and the Metric system. 3. The classification adopted is in accordance with generally accepted views. 4, The ¢erminology is intended to have the following features: general application to all Vertebrates ; intelligibility to all nations; accuracy ; brevity ; simplicity ; consistency ; uniformity of abbreviation. 5. What may be called the slip-system of notes is recommended. C2 wo eM pe I—REFERENCES TO PUBLICATIONS. § 2. We have thought it best to make somewhat full references to other Manuals and Compendiums, and to the Works and Papers of original observers. Our reasons are :— 1. This work is designed to be used not only by the general student, but also, as an elementary introduction, by those who are themselves to become investigators. In our opinion, these latter cannot too soon become familiar with the sources of original information, and with the views of the present and past leaders in scientific progress. 2 INTRODUCTION. 2. Upon some points, especially that of Terminology, we feel that the acceptance of our ideas will be more ready and complete if it be shown that they are shared by other and more widely known writers. 3. While we are responsible for whatever may prove to be erroneous, we are very loth to run the risk of receiving, even from beginners, credit for having first made an observation or an experiment, or first devised an instrument or a mode of manipulation, the honor of which belongs properly to others. 4, On the other hand, since our statements as to the structure of the cat do not always accord with those of other writers, our own papers are fre- quently referred to in evidence that those statements have already been submitted to competent scientific tribunals. § 3. References.—In the text, the capital letter or Arabre numeral directly following an author’s name indicates the place of the work or paper upon the List. This letter or numeral is in black letter. The second Arabic numeral designates the number of the page. When the introductory portions of a book are separately paged the Roman numeral designating the page is preceded by the letter p. When a work consists of two or more volumes, the number of the volume in question is indicated by a Roman numeral placed between the two Arabic ‘numerals. When two or more works or papers are referred to after the name of the same author, their letters or numbers are separated by a semicolon. The numbers of two or more pages or volumes are separated by commas, or by short dashes when the passages in question extend over several pages. For example: Rolleston, A, 10, refers to the tenth page in the body of the work of the ‘“‘ Forms of Animal Life.” Rolleston, A, p. x, refers to the tenth page of the Introductory portion of the same work. Agassiz, A, iv, 10, refers to the tenth page of the fourth volume of the “Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the U.S.” Wyman, 34, 10, refers to the tenth page of the ‘** Anatomy of the Nervous System of Pana pipiens,” which was published among the ‘Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,” and is hence regarded as a paper. On account of the large number of citations, we have usually omitted the words volume and page and their abbreviations. This is regarded as permissible by Bigelow ; A, 49. The following is the mode of reference :— Near the end of the book is a “ List of Publications referred to.” In that list, the names of Authors occur in alphabetical order. Under each name, the titles are in two groups, including respectively Separate Books, and Papers published in Journals or by Scientific Societies. DESIGNATION OF TEMPERATURES. 3 The works are designated by letters, the papers by Arabic numerals. The former have no definite order, and no significance is to be attached to their sequence. The papers are numbered, so far as possible, as in the “Catalogue of Scientific Papers” published by the Royal Society of London (A), where the order is intended to be chronological. The eight volumes of that Catalogue already published include the papers which have appeared between the years 1800 and 1873. On our list, the papers issued since the latter date are assigned provisional numbers in italics. In the case of papers, as in the Royal Society Catalogue “when possible, both the volume and the year have been given. With Transactions of Societies the year to which the volume belongs, and not the year of publication, has been given. A date enclosed in brackets marks the time when a paper was read, which occasionally precedes by some years the date of the volume in which it is printed.” We shall be thankful for corrections or suggestions which may make the Bibliography more extensive and accurate. I1.—THE DECIMAL SYSTEMS. § 4. The two decimal systems used in scientific work are :— 1, The measurement of Temperature upon the centigrade scale by the thermometer of Celsius. 2. The metric system of Weights and Measures. THE CENTIGRADE THERMOMETER. § 5. Upon this, the Thermometer of Celsius, 0 (zero) represents the temperature of melting ice. The point attained by the column of Mercury at the temperature of boiling water is marked 100 (one hundred). Between these two points, the scale is divided into 100 degrees in groups of 10 each. According to this scale, the average temperature of the human body is between 37 and 38, and that of the comfortable atmosphere of a sitting- room in winter about 20. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer.—Upon this, the melting point of ice is marked 32, and the boiling point of water 212. § 6. Comparison and Reduction of the two Scales.—Since the Fahrenheit thermometer is largely used in English-speaking countries, the following Table and Formule may be useful. The former is taken from Littré et Robin, (A, 1594, Article “‘Thermometre”); the latter from Dunglison, (A, 488, Article ‘‘ Heat ”’). 4 INTRODUCTION. TABLE OF SOME EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES ACCORDING TO THE THERMOMETRIC SCALES OF CELSIUS (CENTIGRADE) AND FAHRENHEIT. C, F. 0 32 10 50 20 68 30 86 35 95 [37.2+] [99] 104 50 122 60 140 70 158 80 176 90 194 100 212 Formule for the reduction of the Fahrenheit to the centigrade scale, and vice versa. To reduce F. to C., subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. To reduce C. to F., multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 382. 1 C. equals 1.8 F. 1 F. equals .555 C. THE METRIC SYSTEM. § 7. Definition.—The Metric System of Weights and Measures is based upon the meter as a standard of length. The Meter.—This, the unit of length, equals, approximately, one ten- millionth part of the quadrant of the meridian circle which passes through Dunkirk and Barcelona ; it is thus about one forty-millionth part of the earth’s circumference as measured upon that line. In common English measure, the meter is 39.37079 inches, or about 3 feet 3 inches and a third, or about three and one third inches more than a yard. The Liter.—This is the unit of capacity. It represents the space occupied by a cube whose edge is one tenth of a meter. The liter corresponds nearly to our quart; more accurately, it is 1.056 common quart; 0.880 imperial quart ; 0.907 dry quart. The Gram —This is the unit of weight. It represents the weight of a cube of distilled water whose edge is one hundredth of a meter, and at a temperature of 4° C. THE METRIC SYSTEM. a) The gram is 15.432 ‘Troy grains; or 0.564 ayoirdupois drams ; or 0.035 avoirdupois ounces. The U.S. nickel five-cent piece weighs five grams, and is, moreover, one fiftieth of a meter (2 cm.) in diameter. The other measures of length, capacity, and weight are decimal divisions or multiples of the meter, the liter, and the gram, and their names are so formed as to indicate their value in each case. § 8. As compared with the English or any other system of weights and measures, the Metric System has the following desirable features :— 1. It has a single basis, and involves fewer separate terms ; hence it is more easily learned. 2. It is decimal ; hence it is more easily used. 3. It is already practically international, and largely, if not chiefly, employed in the best kinds of scientific work. We do not feel called upon for a general discussion of the merits of the Metric System. Its origin, nature, and advantages have been admirably set forth in the works of F, A. P. Barnard, J. Pickering Putnam, Persifor Frazer, etc., and are periodically urged by able writers in various Journals, medical, scientific, and sociological. Philosophical] treatises upon the general subject are published by “ The American Metrological Society,” and ‘‘The American Metric Bureau” prints a “ Bulletin” (A). The final issue of “The Harvard Register” contains a compact and at the same time comprehensive plea ‘‘In favor of the Metric System,” the force of which is rather increased than diminished by the article just following it upon the opposite side. Practically, out of the twenty-three or four names for measures of length, capacity, and weight which may be employed, only about one-third are in common use by scientific men. These are, the meter, liter, and gram; the centimeter and millimeter, being respectively the hundredth and the thousandth of the meter; the milligram, the thou- sandth of the gram; the kilogram or thousand grams; and the cubic centimeter, which is the same as milliliter, the thousandth part of the liter. § 9. The following Table includes all the regular metric denominations. But only the eight or nine whose names are printed in capitals are in general use. TABLE OF THE METRIC MEASURES. LENGTH. WEIGHT. CAPACITY. | MILLIMETER. MILLIGRAM. Milliliter. Thousandths. (CUBIC CENTIMETER.) DIVISIONS. }| CENTIMETER, | Centigram. - Centiliter. Hundredths. [ Decimeter. Decigram. | Deciliter. Tenths. UNITS. METER. GRAM. | LITER. f Dekameter. Dekagram. Dekaliter. Tens. MULTIPLES. J Hek tometer. Hektogram. Hektoliter. Hundreds. KILOMETER. KILOGRAM. Kiloliter. Thousands. Myriometer. Myriogram. Mpyrioliter. Zen thous. 6 INTRODUCTION. § 10. How to Learn the Metric System.—According to our expe- rience, there are three chief requisites :— § 11. 1. Adsolute certainty of the significance of gram, liter and meter, as the units of measure of weight, capacity and length, respectively. With the child or unlearned person, this may be purely an effort of memory. But most persons can save something by connecting gram with gravity, lider with liquid, and meter with measure, or with the word itself as it occurs in thermometer, barometer, ete. § 12. 2. Certainty of the force of the prefixes. With the child, this too is a matter of memory. But the prefixes of the names of the divisions are from the Latin, while those of the multiples are from the Greek. Since Gree increases while Latin diminishes, it has been proposed to combine the initials of the four words in a single mnemonic word gild. We suggest, instead, that the gr. of Greek be asso- ciated with the same letters in greater, and that Latin and less have the same initial. Deci, centi, and mille are familiar to most persons in the words decimate, centipede and millipede, while deka, hekto and kilo, are known to some in decade, decalogue, heka- tomb, and chiliad. Of these six prefixes, however, centi, milli and kilo, are much more often used than the others. § 13. 3. Personal familiarity with some metric measure. The shortest and surest way to a knowledge of the metric system is to carry some metric measure, or have one always at hand. The five-cent nickel piece is 2 centimeters in diameter. and weighs 5 grams. The student is advised to carry a metric rule in the pocket, and to keep another always upon the table. The prices of Rules and Tapes vary from 3 cents to as many dollars. A list of the styles and prices may be obtained from the American Metric Bureau (A), and from dealers in such articles. Fic. 1. ha Le igs HINT sralahepie el ates. 4 5) 1 ‘ Hatebreed Fig. 1. A section, about one tenth, of the paper meter-yard, furnished for 20 cents by the American Metric Bureau (A, No. 26, 410). The face has the meter and the yard side by side, and the back bears a complete Table of metric and English equivalents, embracing 198 separate entries. The whole folds into the length of a decimeter, so as to be easily carried in the pocket, and the Table may be consulted without unfolding the paper, ‘‘ Moisture affects the absolute length, but not the accuracy of comparison.” METRIC EQUIVALENTS. 1 Teachers may aid the introduction of the system by obtaining metric Models and Apparatus, by hanging metric Charts upon the walls, by making their own diagrams on cloth a yard wide but a meter long, and by pointing to them with the graduated Sticks of one or two meters in length. But the best of all agencies is the placing of some metric measure, if only the 5-cent rule, in the hands of each pupil. An efficacious yet inexpensive way of diffusing elementary information and arousing curiosity respecting the system is to employ, in business correspondence, envelopes or postal cards bearing a metric ruling along one edge. This ruling is done free of charge by the Metric Bureau. § 14. Reduction to and from the Present System.—Pending the universal adoption of the metric system, it is often necessary to effect a reduction to and from the older measures. The following Table of Equivalents is selected from the Tables on the back of the ‘‘ meter-yard,” (Am. Met. Bureau, A, 444-448), in Foster and Langley, (A, 263), and in Egleston, (A). Abbreviations. Measures. Accurate. Approximate. em. centimeter. 0.893 in. 4) ins ¢. ¢., or cu. em: cubic centimeter. 0.033 fi. oz. .03 fl. oz fl. oz. fluid ounce. 29.578 c. c. SUN exc ft. foot. 0.304 meter. £ < Py vi) Coy piyadsy Rey, a “R & oe “oO”, oa en Pa, i \ \@wsofiun ‘\ Yuanu bow 1 \gaprozad paq wnizados} —— S#7M9S FUISIP WITH THE LIMBS IN THE E DorsaAL ASPECT OF THE CAT, —DIAGRAM OF TH Fia. 6 NORMAL POSITION. 38 "9 LYVd JO “SId DNIGNOdSSYYOO FHL JOWVIddY OL IW10f]9UNI,0799/ (MuTEM DIyoD) B4U]7474 “erppogtiyy 5 Le | opgSa Camiy \C OA = eure A) Mnipautro7Uur? —-> heen! bo195 Ip shod Wi QmMx0f 1QUITIOSI LUA fw nyo ia @) 4 ™ 3707 7 ’ ° 4, oe ‘aud 40f.9UNIOQUA (aprouyors 's 920772974 DL) av« UII 39 DIVISIONS OF THE BODY. Goof) Sad | (wadoud Boj) snx9 [ ‘(86a) pury—nojays) SOAT | ‘(ybry2) SOIITA | L ‘(uorlod wnjnorpuaddirmmsquey) eIQWII IA (puny) snueyy ‘(usnolof) wnryserqayuy > ‘(8622 quolf—twwy) SINUY .- ‘(ain woddn) woriy erg ‘(fipog) SNAUOD ‘(0}) epned ‘(m) Vanvo “STATOdg | ‘(fqag) uawopqy a * -(unw) SQONNUL *‘Gsoyo) xelOU LL J be 5 5 8 8 8 + (uonsod mre) eUIOS ‘(yoou) wnyod * * * * (you) INNNTIOO “wmnIueIsy fe (pvay) LOAdVD J ‘208 . ‘(4poq) SONdNOD AHL HO SNOISIAIG IVdIONINd AHL HO AIEVL 40 INTRODUCTION. is not, easy, with most Mammals, to replace them in the normal position. It may, however, be readily accomplished with an orang, and without much difficulty with the arms of a cat or a child, The student may exemplify the normal position of the arms approxi- mately by getting upon all-fours, placing the palms upon the floor at either side, with the fingers pointed laterad ; the convexities of the elbows should then be made to look dorsad and laterad, upward and outward. If now the arms be extended laterad to their utmost length, still keeping the palms against the floor, and the elbows away from it, the limbs will have nearly the position shown in figures 6 and 7. § 81. Limb Segments.—With the cat, as with most air-breathing Vertebrates, each limb presents at least three divisions or segmenta, con- nected with each other and with the soma by three arthra (joints or articulations). ‘ These segments and arthra are thus proximal, intermediate, and distal. As shown upon the right of the diagram, the proximal segments are brachium (upper arm) and meros (thigh). The intermediate segments are antebrachium (forearm) and crus (leg proper). The distal segments are the manus (hand) and pes (foot). The entire limbs are joined with the trunk by the shoulder and hip joints, while the elbow and knee intervene between the brachium and ante- brachium, the meros and crus, and the wrist and ankle between the ante- brachium and manus, the crus and pes respectively. The technical names for the arthra placed in parenthesis are those which were pro- posed in 1873 by the senior author (10, 18); but as they have not been generally adopted they are not insisted upon here. Each manus and pes also presents a threefold division, carpus, metacarpus, and digits (thumb and fingers); tarsus, metatarsus, and dactyls (toes). The distinctive names for the digits and dactyls are placed under them. The primus (great toe) is represented by a dotted line, in consideration of its absence from the cat. § 82. Limb Bones.—On the left side of the diagram are shown the bones corresponding to the segments already enumerated. The proximal segments have each a single bone, the humerus and femur, which are represented as subcylindrical, with enlarged extremities. The intermediate segments have each two bones, ulna and radius, tibia and fibula, which, in the normal position of the limbs, lie side by side, the radius and tibia on the cephalic aspect of the limbs, and the ulna and fibula on the caudal. These bones are likewise subcylindrical, but the ulna and tibia are larger at their proximal ends, while the radius and fibula increase more or less distad. The patella (knee-pan) and the olecranon and other special features are not shown. CARPUS AND TARSUS. 4 § 83. Marsh has proposed (7) to apply general names to the corresponding bones of the arm and leg. Thus, the bones of the proximal segments are the Ossa propodialia ; the radius and ulna, the tibia and fibula, constitute the epipodialia ; the bones of the carpus and tarsus are mesopodialia ; the metacarpalia and metatarsalia are—as indeed they have previously been called—the metapodialia, and the old term phalanges is retained for the bones of the digits and dactyls. § 84. Carpus and Tarsus.—The carpalia (bones of the carpus), and the tarsalia (bones of the tarsus), are variously interpreted by different writers; see Balfour, A, II, 508. The following general description, based chiefly upon the researches of Gegenbaur, is given by Huxley, A, 31 :— *‘There is reason to believe that, when least modified, the carpus and the tarsus are composed of skeletal elements which are alike in number and arrangement. “One of these, primitively situated in the centre of the carpus or tarsus, is termed the centrale ; on the distal side of this are five carpalia, or tarsalia, which articulate with the several metacarpal or metatarsal bones ; while, on its proximal side are three bones—one radiale or tibiale, articulating with the radius or tibia ; one wlnare or fibulare, with the ulna or fibula; and one intermedium, situated between the foregoing. “ Carpal and tarsal bones or cartilages, thus disposed, are to be met with in some Amphibia and Chelonia, but, commonly, the typical arrangement is disturbed by the suppression of some of these elements, or their coalescence with one another. «Thus, in the carpus of man, the radiale, intermedium, and ulnare are represented by the scaphoides, lunare, and cuneiforme respectively. The pisiforme is a sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the M. flexor carpi ulnaris, which has nothing to do with the primitive carpus. The centrale is not represented in a distinct shape, haying probably coalesced with one of the other elements of the carpus. The fourth and fifth carpalia have coalesced, and form the single waciforme. See § 421. ‘In the tarsus of man the astragalus represents the coalesced tibiale and intermedium ; the calcaneum the fibulare. The naviculare (scaphoides of Anthropotomy) is the centrale. Like the corresponding bones in the carpus, the fourth and fifth tarsalia have coalesced to form the cuboides.” § 85. In the cat, so far as we can judge from the figures and statements of Flower (36, 138), and Mivart (B, 96, Fig. 60), and from our own observations, the condition of things is as follows :— In the ¢arsus, aside from peculiarities of shape, the tarsalia and their connections are as in man. In the carpus, the same is the case, excepting that the scapho-lunare represents not only the scaphoides and the lunare—the radiale and inter- medium of the primitive carpus—but also the centrale. Flower found 42 INTRODUCTION. this element distinct in a dog; the senior author has observed (19, 301, Fig. 1,) it as a separate center of ossification in a young hon, shown in Figure 47; and it is apparently shown, though not alluded to, by Mivart, (B, Fig. 60.) There are many interesting and important questions connected with the composition of the carpus and tarsus of different Vertebrates, and those interested in the subject may consult Gegenbaur (Lankester), A, 479-481, 487, 488, and the papers of that anato- mist, Morse (18 and Z) Marsh (2), and Wilder (26). § 86. The metapodials are comparatively simple elements. In the diagram, the pollical (first) metacarpal is made shorter than the rest, as is the case in the cat, and the primal (first) metatarsal is represented as a slight rudiment, the remainder of it and the whole dactyl being absent, and hence shown by dotted lines. The ordinary digits and dactyls have each three phalangeal segments, proximal, intermediate, and distal. The pollex has but two, and in those Mammals which have a primus, this usually consists of but two phalanges. $87. 'This peculiarity of the pollex and primus has always constituted a main argu- ment in favor of the prevailing view as to the correspondence of the limbs with each other—intermembral homology. According to this view, the cephalic borders of the arm and leg correspond, morphi- cally as well as telically ; the radius is the homologue of the tibia, and the ulna of the fibula ; and the pollex is both the homologue and the analogue of the primus. This, the syntropical idea of intermembral homologies, has been adopted, in one form or another, by nearly all anatomists. The other idea, that of untitropy, has been advocated or accepted by a much smaller number, including the elder Agassiz, Coues, Dana, Foltz, Wyman, and the senior author. According to this view, the two ends of the soma, and thus the cephalic and caudal aspects of the limbs, are reversed or symmetrical repetitions of one another, as are the cor- responding organs upon the right and left sides. The radius thus becomes the homologue of the fibula, and the tibia of the ulna, while the pollex represents the quintus, and the minimus the primus. Fully recognizing the apparent objections to this view, we nevertheless believe it to be correct, and would refer those interested in the subject to the paper (10) by the senior author, where these objections are discussed and the opinions of other writers stated, with a List of Works and Papers treating of the general question. § 88. Enumeration of Parts in a Series.—As has been stated (§ 30, 79), two or more similar parts which form a series are enumerated in order, beginning with the one nearest the head, or the meson, or the proximal end of the more comprehensive part of which they are subdivisions. On the diagram (Fig. 6) are given some illustrations of this method. The vertebrx have been referred to already. Of the digits and dactyls, the most cephalic in each series may be designated as the first ; but it is evident that this might cause confusion in the case of animals having only four or a less number of fingers or toes. TRANSECTION OF A MAMMAL. 43 It is often desirable to describe the place of origin or insertion of muscles as from or upon a given fraction of the entire length of a long bone. When the area extends over a third of the whole length the thirds would be designated usually as proximal, middle or distal; but when fourths or smaller subdivisions are employed, they may be designated as jirst, second, etc., as shown upon the femur in Fig. 6. Dorsal aspect \ ane gor VA eZ... -Fediasinale , \ Beet eet TRE Oe CD ae ‘phalanges Ventral aspect 48 INTRODUCTION. disproved to-morrow, or superseded by more accurate descriptions, more perfect drawings, and more logical discussions. With the ordinary note-book, or Index Rerum, all these untruths, half-truths, or truisms must forever remain where they were placed. From being merely superfluous, they soon become burdensome, then confusing, and finally a source of loss and exasperation. Not so the slip; the instant its usefulness is at an end, into the waste- basket it goes, making room for more desirable successors. § 105. Arrangement and Storage of Notes.—After trying many different plans, we make the following practical suggestions :— § 106. Slip-Portfolios.*—The slip-portfolio is for holding the notes upon a given subject. It is made from a piece of stiff Manilla paper, 16 x 13 cm., and folded over a pencil so that the folded edge is left rounded. The slips are introduced, the title of the subject is written along the top, and the whole is bound together by a rubber band 7 cm. long by 1 mm. thick, like No. 372 of the Price-list of the R. and W. He. Co. Such a portfolio will hold 50 slips, but usually when there are more than 25 they should be subdivided. § 107. Subdivision of Notes.—Let us suppose that the student is collecting information respecting the heart of the cat. While his notes are few, all may be contained in a single portfolio. As they multiply, they naturally fall into four categories relating respectively to the structure of the organ, its functions, its development, and the titles of works and papers treating of it. As the notes increase under each of these heads, anatomical notes may be divided naturally into sets relating respectively to the appear- ances which are visible to the eye, those which require the aid of the micro- scope, and those which involve special kinds of manipulation, as boiling, etc., in order to display the arrangement of the fibers. The macroscopic anatomy may refer to the auricles, the ventricles or the valves, and each of these headings may be still further subdivided. We see, therefore, that without the subdivision of the notes upon five quite extensive topics, the heart might require the use of a dozen separate portfolios. Since all of these concern the heart, they may all be bound together by a stronger band, say No. 385, 8 cm. long and 3 mm. wide ; or, they might be bound in two sets, the one including all the divisions of the gross anatomy, and the other the rest. Such a plan of subdivision is not only convenient for reference, but furnishes an exercise in Natural Classification ; see p. 49, § 108. § 109. Distribution.—Since it is not always convenient to assign the * The employment of the portfolios was suggested to us by Wm. Nichols, M.D., of Boston, Mass. 49 SUBDIVISION OF NOTES. ‘(g) Areuoupng } (9) prdsnorg *(01N01.19U90-0)NILUN ‘(y) prdsnowy, ‘ “SHATVA Lounvuiagy (6) O40y "O1) any WoT } i ‘SH'IOINAY (IT) anny ayboy (BT) 9aequad oT > "‘SH'IOIMLNG A (G1) 9702guad ay Brer ‘($) ADOTOLSIH | (1D) AHdVUDOITAIA (@) LNA NdOTAAAG ‘(g) ADOIOISAHd LVS. 30 - Lavan (¢) SNOUdIA * “ANOLVNV ' ‘Ssoayo ‘SHLON JO NOISIAIGSNS AHL PNILVULSATIT ATV I, 201 § 50 INTRODUCTION. notes to their proper places at the time they are made, it is well to have an extra portfolio, which, in this case, would be marked, ‘‘ Heart of Cat; Distribution.” When its contents are to be distributed, the other portfolios are arranged upon the table in some natural order; the removal of their bands will permit the upspringing of the side so as to expose the heading, and facilitate the introduction of slips. § 110. Slip-box.—This should be of stout tin, preferably Japanned. The inside measures of length and width should be 22 cm. x 14 cm. (about 9x 5.5 in.), which is nearly the size of the ordinary sheet of note paper. The depth is less simply stated. If the box has a folding lid, like the ‘* Japanned tray, postal size,” here figured (Fig. 8), a depth of 8 cm. will be needed. But the scientific student has such abundant need for shallow trays, that he will usually find it more convenient to have, in place of the folding lid, a single cover, 2 cm. deep. This should overlap the edge of the box for 1 cm., resting on a welt. The depth of the box itself will then be only 7 cm. If the slips are kept in envelopes instead of portfolios, the box and cover together should have a depth of 9cm. The Japanned tray, “standard size,” is only 5 cm. deep, and if the “ postal size” is ordered, care should be taken that it is of the actual width required for the postal card, since some the of so-called ‘‘ postal slips” are only 12.5 cm. long. The free edges of the box and cover should be turned, and the latter should be ‘‘ wired.” $111. Cost of Materials.—The tin box may be had for from 50 cents to $1.00. A tin cash-box, with lock, costs $1.50. The Japanned tray, postal size, with slips, blocks and guides, is $2.65. “Roll Manilla,” 40 inches wide, is 8 cts. per yard; including the cutting, the slip- folios cost at the rate of 10 cts. for 25-35. The bands are rated at $2.20 per M. for No. 372, and $5.85 for No. 385. By the hun- dred they cost proportionally a little more. The slips may be cut by hand, but it is usually cheaper to have the cutting done by the stationer. They cost from 50 cts. to $1.00 per M. $112. Other Methods.—The slips may be placed in envelopes, sealed at the side, and with the right end cut off. If this plan is adopted, it is true economy to use stout envelopes which will not readily fray and tear, Cloth-lined envelopes of thé proper width, 9 cm. (three and one-half inches), may be had for about $2.50 per hundred, and are practically indestructible. Another way is to write the heading upon a card the size of the slips, and put If. Fig. 8.—THE JAPANNED TRAY, FOR CATA- LOGUE SLips. READERS AND WRITERS Economy COMPANY. PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPT. 51 the band over all. Finally, there is the method exemplified by the accompanying figure (Fig. 8), which seems, however, better adapted for museum and library catalogues. § 113. Using the Slips.—For ordinary reference, the portfolio is held in the left hand, the band removed, and the slips turned until the desired one is found. As a basis for manuscript or lecture-notes, they may be arranged in the proper order by spreading them out upon the table; more or less condensa- tion and elimination will then occur. The selected or condensed notes may be used as lecture-notes, or their substance transcribed to sheets. § 114. For carefully prepared manuscript, the following stages of com- position are recommended :— 1. Slips, hand-written. 2. Slips, selected, condensed, and, if possible, type-written. 3. Sheets, hand or type-written, into which the type-written slips may sometimes be incorporated by pasting. 4. Sheets, carefully type- written, a corrected copy of the first set. Manuscript so prepared, especially if in addition an interval of at least one week elapses between the first and the second copies, will usually need few changes in proof. § 115. Sheet-Portfolios.—The sheets referred to are of the standard note size, about 21x 12.5 cm. Such sheets and drawings of similar size may be conveniently kept in sheet-portfolios of the Manilla paper, double the size of the sheet, say about 21 x 27 cm. Portfolios of sheets, or the sheets themselves, may be conveniently kept in the “Pigeon Hole Case,” “ pamphlet size,” supplied at $1.50 by the R. & W. Ke. Co. The case shown in the figure Leen eGuaw Hete Cadel Barnet is known as the “Billet size.” For ee ee ee UW nna Fcee “note sheets,” there are only two tiers of nomy Co., (A.) holes. Fic. 9.—UNIFORM, INTERCHANGE- § 116. Miscellaneous Suggestions.—A. By writing the portfolio headings with pencil, they may be changed as desired, and to any extent. Even if written with ink or printed, however, each portfolio presents four surfaces which may be used in turn. $117. B. The type-writer or calligraph can be adjusted to any width of paper. Of course, the longer the line the fewer the shiftings ; but the narrower sheet is more easily manipulated, especially when changes or divisions are required, and it is often a real ad- vantage to be able, without delay, to write alternately upon the sheets and the slips. § 118. C. While assorting a large number of slips for which portfolios have not been prepared, it is sometimes desirable to remove them all without mixing the separated piles. This may be accomplished, either by interposing a blank slip between the successive piles, or by placing them crosswise, and carrying a band over them diagonally. 52 INTRODUCTION. § 119. Origin of the Slip-system.—It is probable that the slip-system has been devised independently by many individuals, and we are informed that Mr. Folsom, the Librarian of the Boston Athenzum, proposed the use of slips in Card Catalogues at the Librarian’s Convention in New York in 1852. Asa means of recording and arranging scientific information, how- ever, the first published notice known to us is the following by the senior author (17), communicated to the Boston Society of Natural History, May 15, 1867 :— § 120. “It consists in the brief statement of facts, ideas, or references to books, written upon one side of a slip of paper equal to the sixth part of a sheet of note paper. “A few of these blanks are carried in the pocket, and advantage is thus taken of op- portunities for recording and preserving information which the time, place, or state of mind would not permit to be written out in full, or which might be forgotten before a fitting opportunity should occur. “ These slips are distributed at leisure into envelopes bearing the title of the subject. “ By keeping the slips separate, it is evident that an indefinite subdivision of each general subject can be made by simply increasing the number of envelopes and redistri- buting the slips. “The slips may be used either for simple reference, or, if in preparation of a lecture or communication, by arranging them on the table in any desired order, and transcribing parts of them in the form of notes; while for a written paper they serve to indicate the general order of discussing a subject. “The method proposed makes sure of the essential fact or idea in a brief form, and the slips, being kept separate and of uniform size, may easily be arranged, carried and arranged, or rearranged in any order at any time.” This plan was presented in a lecture at the session of the Anderson School of Natural History on Penikese Island, in July 1873, and, according to a report in the N. Y. Tribune, “was almost universally and immediately adopted.” § 121. Rules and Aphorisms of General Application. “In the order of Nature, doing comes before thinking; Art before Science ”—Joseph Henry (Mayer, 1, 95). ‘** Personal familiarity alone makes knowledge alive.”—Philip Gilbert Hamerton. ‘“* Practice the utmost rigidity and thoroughness in research, without regard to time consumed, or value of results.”— Henry James Clark (Pack- ard, 1). “ Lenteur dans la marche; aridité dans Vétude; solidité dans les prin- cipes; sireté dans les résultats; ce sont la les attributs des sciences d’ob- servation.” —Bichat, A, i, p. v. Correct methods are the keys of knowledge. Whoever has learned how to work has taken a long step toward indepen- dence of teachers and books. APHORISMS OF GENERAL APPLICATION. 53 ‘*The method may determine the result.” —Lowis Agassiz. ‘Tf researches take at the first step a wrong direction they diverge the farther from the truth the farther they are followed.” —Gadoriau. “Tt is often as if the truth were rather whispered than spoken by Nature.”— Owen. Accuracy is more to be desired than speed. Books may be consulted in haste, but Nature demands deliberation. Non-discrimination is no proof of identity Ignorance of a specimen’s locality may cause delay ; an error respecting it may create confusion. , As is the locality to an individual, so is the individual to any of its parts. “There is so close a solidarity between ourselves and the animal world that our inaccessible inward parts may be supplemented by theirs. * * * A sheep’s heart or lungs or eye must not be confounded with those of man ; but so far as the comprehension of the elementary facts of the physiology of circulation and of respiration and of vision goes, the one furnishes the needed anatomical data as well as the other.” —Huzley, 3. ** Carpenters and tailors do not learn their trades upon rosewood and cloth of gold.”— Wilder, 2, 8- “ Felitomy should be the stepping-stone to anthropotomy.”—Jdem, 2, 6. “No medical student should be allowed to dissect the human cadaver until he has familiarized himself with the anatomy of the cat.”—Cleven- ger, 1, 1. He who can skillfully dissect a cat will find little difficulty in dissecting a man. “ Fiat experimentum in corpore vili.” The softer the parts, the harder their study. Soft parts are perishable. Hurried dissection is rarely trustworthy. The thorough examination of soft parts can be made only under one or more of the following conditions: A. Limitation of the inquiry; B. Abun- dance of material; C. Continuity of dissection; D. Co-operation of several dissectors ; E. Preservation of the parts. Filth and bad odors cannot always be avoided, but their continuance is rarely necessary. Accurate knowledge of a few things is better than vague ideas concern- ing many. First expressions are rarely correct or perfect. A description is perfect only when it enables one who has never seen the object to form a correct image of it. Penn : ; j ‘ a yy Atte G9 Ps ti? de oe eu aig anh ead poernnity boa ‘i “ ay wae oe tee Oe Gy Qty Renit wit * ry eae Te Hen: uit Me ioe Motte i) fi fin ik : ae eae { ¢ rr “a ; Mos te | | . % a t's tT ym ae i = Ae ”. ye y , . ae ste ATS, 4) fala ae} ie oy Oh SST ree pay fst! ANTRAL S Hath, nd RE Wat yc 3 a . f Saray Le lOve Gc ae Gaeeanernye cergt wat? PRE eH udny alae OF FPO VRP Y tab aif i elie $ a 40 ig Ce rae de aetna: Os ie ord 7. ie < hie tie Oh ite) Pecan) fl ey p Gant etaek ot ol tr tenet Ale BER OAS / (h Ate ole Bak date cove uk SOO a FREY: Onn A go Peet Me et Pal Pek alt wee) chee eho © ERO ee a SECIS EL Lee. fy he (hicthy 38 iu Ae Hee Coney aie Me SG nse oS i | ccc mae ae 7m ty A Ler tay 7 sf. Lok et one Camedia Sy ati Bz ne ara ora iee are * TS ¥ eit ; ae ae . rep OTe CMe St } iv ft %, . . wif m d ry op ss bet ft ~e oe rod f a TE tr cottage Be *, x i rd , M tx Lal - 4 . ° F Ka, . - ‘ oe ea 2 he ‘ 2 H * a Beart vs A) Mae ate 4 brits iPOA SS PAP Rs AO GE 3) pears: Petes. saint Bik hues ae dere abhi tiena » gp Noten Rareny 3) | ; Fey tl oh ; highs) eee th ane Gs “Mh Pa, ‘ ‘a ‘ . ‘ \ ea) Me a ei ‘ } ; a: ‘ 4 y 440: ’ ‘ , “— pate: } ; ae ONG thee # abode © OF deh eas Al ALE OSS 2? it | | ee Se ; 3 ' a | ‘ ; ay) ; ¥.'t f hey 3 t 4 4 bet ‘> : { et GLU ae & xo 5 f : F bay ae ot 5 ° ‘ ; * t ? ‘ \ i f ' v ] | wien fs arniet Por nt ale Cncw. AF . Bn ots. Ct (helio sles ones E 4) if “ie i uReRa TIES. Sy ‘eit r Ce ae ; 7 : ZOTGUR TS. tt ie eae ryt BsE. eh Wiis ye 2 Lint yy LYE 3 High one j e " cle abe ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. INFRODUCTORY. § 123. This work treats mainly of the Gross Anatomy of certain portions of the Domestic Cat, and of the Methods of their Examina- tion and Preservation. Reasons for Selection and Preference.—There shall be given here a condensed statement of the reasons for selecting the Cat, for giving almost exclusive attention to the Cephalic region of the body, and for devoting to the Brain and other Viscera a relatively large amount of space. § 124. For Selecting the Cat.—Three things are to be learned by the student of Anatomy and Physiology, whether Human, Veteri- nary or Comparative : methods of manipulation ; fundamental facts of structure and function ; and ¢erms of expression. _ Most of the methods might be learned upon any mammal, but convenience and economy are consulted by the use of one which is at the same time widely distributed, common, easily kept in con- finement, and of moderate size so as to be readily manipulated and cheaply preserved. Methods cannot be practised without some Knowledge of the nature, location, and uses of the parts concerned ; and the record or communication of results involves the use of terms; hence there is effected a substantial saving of time, mental effort and expense by employing, in the acquisition of methods, a form anatomically and physiologically comparable with those which the student is pre- paring himself to investigate. The adult human subject is inconveniently large, not always easy to obtain, and often expensive when all things are considered. The immature individuals (still-births) which 56 INTRODUCTORY. may sometimes be had, lack the firmness of texture which is desirable for the examination of certain parts. The veterinarian is especially interested in the horse and the cow; but these are too large and costly for elementary work ; in less degree, the sheep and the pig are open to the same objection. The needs of the comparative anatomist were well expressed in the course of a ‘“‘ Labora- tory talk,” by the late Prof. Jeffries Wyman, as recorded by the senior author (2, 5):— “Tn commenting upon the unsatisfactory nature of some published notes of dissec- tions, he said : ‘Much of this is due to the lack of suitable standards for comparison. The human body is not a suitable standard for the lower vertebrates. The best thing any anatomist can do is to prepare complete accounts of the structure of a few forms, each typical of some large group. The fowl could represent the birds, and the cat the mammals. The cat’s anatomy should be done first, because it would also serve as an introduction to Human Anatomy, and thus become an important aid to Medical Education.’ ” Theoretically, among known forms, the wants of the comparative anatomist might be more fully met by the more generalized opossum or raccoon. The tiny musk-deer of Java could be more easily dissected and preserved than most of our hoofed quadrupeds ; while a medium sized monkey, especially after some confinement, is the best possible substitute for the human subject. Unfortunately, however, none of these animals is sufficiently abundant in all parts of the civilized world, and we must select such as are to be had. The rat is certainly too small for most purposes, and not easy to obtain unmutilated. The rabbit, like the rat, belongs to a group of peculiar mammals, the Rodents, with no special advantages in respect to either human or veterinary anatomy. Dogs vary greatly in size and mode of life, so that no one of the many breeds can be fairly spoken of as the dog, and although, as stated by the senior author (21, 308), the pectoral muscles present less variation than might be expected, few comparisons have been made of the other soft parts except- ing the brain, where, as regards the disposition of the cerebral fissures, the variation is considerable and perplexing (Wilder, 12, 242). So far as we can judge from published records and our own observations, cats are much less subject to variation than dogs. They are both walkers and climbers, and therefore comparable with the domestic quadrupeds on the one hand, and with the monkeys, and through them with man, on the other. They are common in most civilized lands, fertile, easily reared, and may be kept in confinement, even in considerable numbers, without difficulty. They quickly succumb to anesthetics, and their size is such as to facilitate both dissection and preservation in alcohol. They are quiet, while dogs are noisy. § 125. Of aless practical nature, yet well worth mention, is the remarkable combination in the cat’s organization, of delicacy, agility and strength ; a combination which seems almost perfectly adapted to the prolongation of individual life and the perpetuation of the species. Indeed, as well remarked by Mivart (B, 493,) ‘‘Something may be said in favor of cats being the highest of mammals, if man is considered merely in his animal capacity, in which alone he can be brought into comparison with other organisms.” See also Minot, Z, and Dana, 123, 160. This idea will be acceptable to those who prefer the purely teleological aspect of Nature. Others, however, may find ample ground for discussion respecting the universal operation of the doctrine of Final Causes, at least in the present state of our knowledge. Teleology has not yet explained the existence of the insignificant clavicle, the rudimentary primal metacarpal, the little pocket at the border of the ear, or the cusps on the deciduous man- dibular canine teeth. § 126. In short, while freely conceding the advantages which might be presented by INTRODUCTORY. 57 other forms, especially if it were practicable to supply a separate standard for the anthro- potomist, the zoologist and the veterinarian, we nevertheless believe that even then these three might be advantageously compared with the cat as a fourth and intermediate form, and that, when all points are considered—size, habit, distribution, physical endow- ment and zoological position—the cat should be chosen over all others, both as a single standard for comparison, and as a subject of elementary and preliminary anatomical and physiological work. § 127. Nor is this choice wholly without precedent. It is true that descriptive and practical works upon Mammals have been more often based upon others than the cat. For obvious reasons, the horse has been the subject of many publications ; the rabbit is selected by Krause (A), the rabbit and the dog by Foster and Langley (A), the rat by Rolleston (A) and Morrell (A), while Coues has described (47) the skeleton and muscles of the opossum. Yet Straus-Durckheim devoted a magnificent monograph to the bones, ligaments and muscles of the cat ; and reduced copies of his outline plates, with a translation of the “ Explanations,” have been published by our colleague, Prof. Henry 8S. Williams. The skeleton is delineated and named, in connection with those of the Duck and the Codfish, by E. Tulley Newton (A), and as the work was “prepared under the supervision of Prof. Huxley,” the usefulness of the cat has probably been appreciated by that zoologist. Finally, the recent volume by Mivart (B) purports to describe the entire structure of the cat, although no practical directions are given, and, according to notices in The Nation for June 2, 1881, and in Science, and The Athenewm for June 4, the author seems to have made somewhat frequent and wholly unspecified substitutions of human anatomy for that of the cat. The junior author has published two papers (7, 3) upon the anatomy of the cat ; and the desire for a complete account of its brain, expressed by the senior author in 1873 (11, 229), has been recently, in part, fulfilled in the papers numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 12, 13 and 14. § 128. Reasons for Treating of only Part of the Body.—This work is primarily an explanation of methods, and the descriptions of organs are mainly in illustration thereof. The account of only forty muscles covers an equal number of pages. To devote a pro- portionate space to the 150 or more other muscles, and to all the arteries, veins and nerves would swell the volume to undesirable dimensions. Some selection was therefore neces- sary. Of the two general regions of the body, the cephalic is certainly more familiar to most persons, more interesting, more employed in art, more often used in experiment, and more subject to injury and disease. To obtain and prepare the heart and the brain involves some manipulation of the thorax and head. The arm of the cat is more complete than the leg, since it has all five of the digits, and presents the interesting and important provision for the rotation of one of the epipodial bones about the other. Notwithstanding our doubts respecting the homologies of the M. clavo-trapezius and some of the antebrachial muscles, the myology of the arm is in a more satisfactory state than that of the leg, where the great ‘‘adductors” are likely to puzzle anatomists for some time to come. In short, the same practical considerations which have led most anatomists to describe the muscles of the antebrachium with more fullness than those of the back, have induced us to select the arm rather than the leg for the more detailed descriptions. 58 INTRODUCTORY. § 129. Reasons for Giving Unusual Prominence to the Vis- cera.—It is stated by Macalister (British Association Report, 1877, p. 94), that ‘‘at least 600 bodies are annually examined in the dis- secting rooms of Great Britain and Ireland;’’ yet how few are the published observations respecting the characters, constant or variable, of any parts other than the bones and the muscles. In this country the case is still worse, and we have no journal espe- cially devoted to Anatomy and Physiology. This comparative neglect of the internal organs is probably due, in great part, to the fact that, as remarked by the senior author, (2, 9), the average “ human subject is rarely available for the study of viscera. Usually some of them are diseased. The heart is apt to be full of injection-mass. The brain and abdominal viscera decay so rapidly that some of their important features are soon obliterated ; and when, as is customary, their removal is postponed until after the examination of the overlying muscles, their condition is often such as to render them unfit for preservation. How many students have gained a good view of the thoracic duct, or the sympathetic ganglia? How often has it been ascertained whether a subject has two pancreatic ducis or only one? Is a satisfactory examination of the brain made by the majority of dissectors?” In short, do not the larger number of medical students regard the viscera, even the heart, as simply a mass of ill smelling material, difficult to examine, not very instructive, and worthy only of the waste pail? Whatever be the cause of this inattention to the viscera, the fact leads us to give ample space and illustration to these organs as they exist in an animal peculiarly adapted for their study and preservation. Moreover, although a predilection for surgery prevails among medical students, most of the diseases they will have to treat affect the viscera rather than the skeleton and its muscles; physiology, too, is largely splanchnological, and a correct knowledge of the brain is yearly more desirable in connection with the pro- gress of rational Psychology. Lastly, notwithstanding the general preference of systematic zoologists for skeletal characters—a preference certainly based upon convenience, and, in respect to fossil forms, upon absolute necessity—we are disposed to think, as suggested by Gill (J, p. xxvii) and the senior author (22, 189), that the more comprehensive vertebrate divisions should be founded upon cerebral and cardiac characters. CH Ae Tih. k. LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIAL FOR ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY—DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS—CARE, POLISHING AND SHARPENING OF INSTRU- MENTS—METHODS OF KILLING ANIMALS—PRECAUTIONS FOR CLEANLINESS—DEO- DORIZERS. § 180. Anatomical Instruments and Material—The follow- ing is a General List of the Supplies required for anatomical work. A Special List will be given in connection with each kind of manipu- lation. The names are arranged in alphabetical order. Common letters are-used for the names of instruments and materials which are desirable, especially in a large laboratory. The names in black letter are of articles which are regarded by us as indispensable to the performance of the best kind of work. Several articles are not marked indispensable because for them may be substituted others which, although less perfect and satisfactory, may be cheaper or more easily obtained. For example, ordinary cotton may be used instead of the absorbent, a pail or box in place of the anesthetic-box, crockery instead of glass, etc. Of the two syringes, the cheaper is marked indispensable, but the more expensive will answer the purpose more conveniently. In the first column are given the numbers of the jigwres of the instruments and appa- ratus in this work. In the second column, the sections are named when possible. Usually these sections occur within the present chapter, but in some cases, as with Alcohol, Jars, etc., the articles are treated of elsewhere, as may be ascertained from the Index. In the last column are given the marimum prices of the less familiar articles. They are usually taken from dealers’ lists, and aré therefore based upon the ordinary weights and measures. It will be understood that prices vary according to the quality of the goods, the state of the market, and the distance of the dealer from the place of manufacture. Illustrated Catalogues of Anatomical and Surgical Instruments, of Tools, of Glass-ware, and of Chemical Apparatus and Supplies, may be obtained of dealers, as, for instance, Codman & Shurtleff, of Boston, Shepard & Dudley, of New York, and Snowden, of Philadelphia ; A. J. Wilkinson, and Goodnow & Wightman, of Boston ; Whitall, Tatum & Co., of New York ; J. & H. Berge, of New York, and others. ARTICLE. Fie. SzEc. PER PRICE AlDSOnpent, COCHOME cr css on Sloe epeielac. ne satan Ht 134 lb. $1.00 PMicohol wethiy ls teryyaeai.) -.streroeinrs seis tilde acl ss ch. II gall. 2.50 Alcoémeter (alcoholometer), or hydrometer.... ae gs as 2.00 ATAPERTNETI COOKE Ge ote Shas tee aidee ia he cctea ele 29 194 ae 1.50 PAMURTITAL eC HAnCOn leaps elt.tss sace-cia. cote Stn alshelae Ae: 198 lb. 10 FATHEMEALC Ole SOG Memes or tae shesehe ain ol cla eres chaste ae ch. III Tb. 20 NEP HROLOMET stv eae eee ul whole ees 16 135 Ae 1.25 60 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. ARTICLE. Fie. SEo. PER PRICE Atomizer or spraying apparatus....... ....... ‘ of ¥e 1.25 Bags, coarse, for cats Basins, graniteware Ce ee ry B, OU6KG 0.6 |p 6.0 ee ie ese ne/e 6 eos @ ise. Beaded bristles nya. see eee neces cee af 136 IS EZANIC 122 2F sy sha sae rs amis eeee Nene OR hers eine See An 8 8 ae Bistoury, concave, blunt point................ ot Me er 1.25 3G small, straight, blunt point.......... 14 as - 1.25 + a ro Sharp point. . sec... sis 3 1.25 Blocks sl Hix 1% O/C -.cramisit: cei Cokie a 8 ree ae 137 f Re Blom, pine, flexible... hj. ve sic< = (aeis kicetae es skGhe 19 138 Sts 25 IBOMESCMISE | oictoie wistess iaksqniehe te Gioke eit ety et oa Tor choke Xe Ay oe 1.00 BO tile LUSH eS ie pe tere ier yes a sleleiee eevee ciae.s weiss 34 > Eis doz. 2.00 Buticheriknitesemingl| ieee mete visie cee he eaten che Oe Sie ee 50 Cansiand (boxes! pmetallcacyrestee) stove een obicele aie 5 ch. III Wamiulee sol ASS te arse te nie siecle, iis cudenstodd aide ebacarchs 36 Canbolic Acid, Strong fs ween. eit chs a ee oe ae ele Cai She iaste Ae atic ec eaten ie Sie iee nests 8: 139 we at SCI OOK St. a... oor s ees clown wis ea rca ae 140 fe 50 Chamoissleat here yen s acumen tore sieeve es iit or by: Ey ae Chilorotorm:..”, #2. ...,<- Letts} Nedels seve ieettes fe a Ib. 2.00 ClOvelOlg ern. Menem cee Eie yk. ic Gteatins hay oe fs Ve ard Re Compressor wemalll par eemin: (ini. sinc csetenseh meats 13 141 pair 8 ACOEKS ASSORTED 3 spyors nore eect iokn ence ee cle CONKADLESSEN : a... tact natepanss seine Caeee ek Rink ae Cosmoline, or vaseline sae. eet dus bes scab cher Cotton Common kei. mttaer ein cere MSOC OTIZEUS Fie Aajays (ers hessd Mae MT TL RE ahs ac +. -: Wishes) -olass {Covered sci eels eine is ae'sisier sais 33 ch. III doz. 3.80 MISSECHING OWN arenas dott blows oes. o Aes 33 142 Draming materials . 2ijeciiek ae eed oot dale si 148 Bis Ame SHOCK 1615 ays telah cvs aisiebsles cients ae sisi 3% 144 BAnery, MNCs. teuus, date thebeats atc cele pkhiye a eo HN TETOLOMIC: fie ahs [seeds NE else tartare Ca ee iN 159 ea .- thenanulp hire tire syehereraee em ate cro eee * ee fe ES 2.00 GET y: Pf take hep Clo Ritts ate eRe Os 6, ES in Ss ie 5.00 A GeOTALD 6 weviewes ne cers tach BASRA wes 6th on; bg Be 25.00 TAVEECDS) COATSEs.!. oy. sistem acme es wais\s wig nts 18 145 a2 1.00 cs ne. Cusved. 2c pekuutkhey ais seis > 20 146 ss, 1.25 SivcenineCOMMOD : 4k. teste Su a calhate ee. va e Ib. 50 Gra dicta POLAE? .-./7)huout taecmaretems Mamta she's mele 5.5 Stu Hone, finest Arkansas oil-stone............... Fe 184 lone, meditim.........c.« Fe ele ee eee EOE Fe 184 Hydrometer jar, jie x S\INGhes. ... csc acie ee nieces aus ch. HI Injecting materials, colors, etc............. si ch. IV Instrument cases.............- SW haaiis Sate a ily/il Jars, glass, wide-moutheds .0..5...6.@ess ewes « 3¢ ch. III Knitting needle, smallest hamip, BUnsemiorsspirit wets. cfs tei. ioiee's' sii ceieces 6 =f Metric rule, weights and measures......... ts 13 Ce ee ed INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIAL. ARTICLE. Fig. Muslin, cheap .... 2.0.10. ccc es cece cece ers cee injcyll byquelijecesecoce en Go gaonumc conor cGudon Needles, post morteM..........ss:see esse eee be Nippers, large and medium...........+..+--- iu! Nippers, small, Stubs’s..............-. +++. 10 ERIC ACIC Meee reieie: eicke ceils octelaler! sve: cloar isle Oil, olive or sewing-machine................ Oiler, glass or metal. ..........0-++ see eee acc himent) LOLs LAWeLs = «rsp aferatel eke! a) «fel-ie)~\oln\=) =i Parcliment MUMDErS. .. 62. <2 26sec vases vice Permanganate of potassa..... ... 0 --.see+ eee Pins, assorted, and ribbon........ Ria chrssiaemncies Plaster; adhesives . 2. ..00). hoe ce sacle ee oe ee vies Plaster of Paris, finest dental .. .......... Pliers, round nose, d-inch...................- Probe, silver, with eyelet....... ...........- Rouge, jeweller’s...........2. sees es ceeeee Rubber bands; assorted.....:..... ......<-.- Rubber gloves. .........-sceeeeeeeceeee ee ees Rubber sheeting®........ 2. .:e0se se ecceceee Malaga milo: —eedoonnoccc concmeoede duc COne a ining, ODO. Ging oon ecco conenoreco domdc ocr 21 Scales, large and small..............-4.----- Scalpels, large, medium and Charriere...... 22-24 Scissors, coarse, curved flatwise........... 25 Scissors, 5 edgewise........ : % medium, curved flatwise............ SHUGHig OF Gis op as do eto. aaa obico oo doen ce ade Sodium chloride (common salt)............. STOR CS SEM cat win 15 oy ots hel ore S nseie nicl) [a= eine =i SURDT a2 720 ee BODE aac ICONS Seo CORE ee ene F Syringe, brass, with canula..............-... 38 2 MUP PersOullbes etarters leterssrstar chs ts) rectal ere a Seer hite;imlecalenspresce ss ariae oc tek de 35 5 Parte GN ene coc Don G ne roa ap eee ee 15 Mites tte ADEIS fa, oeie cterare oa aiein oov'oie <2 2 5101 s\n: -t TEMaAGuilviin, ooesenduccocuondocdeo udos ebobncT MOolscATPeULeN si \cicr lets. Helsicye cielekaleloacio/s) Waren Towels, fine crash, 45x '70cm.............. at slaracersy Sharpe me) iil geveteteso peioiclel« ois) eto -ters iL) PErAVS) (LH COPPEL, OF WOE 6. oii -0 csfoe as, «5:22 78 Inston) Teaeilitigirs.; ocwaapgaao ocoUbpOeonoonoC 26 abino so lassrs small re. os HES ie Le ey « E ry} rs LL 7) i = a o- Pes S = a 2 = 3 2 ills S 8 = 2 |iI1§ aie © oad Se ~ Q) = c= - Re» om an < 1S 3 ; hes a _ Figures 14-20.—Various instruments; x 1: “ Blunt-pointed scalpel, § 155 ; syringotome, £161; arthrotome, § 185; tracer, § 166; coarse forceps, § 145 ; flexible blow-pipe, § 188 ; fine curved forceps, § 145. DRAWING MATERIALS. 67 § 143. Drawing Materials ——These are required in all kinds of Natural History work, and may be conveniently mentioned here. In addition to the writing pencil, there should be at least two for drawing, the one of medium, and the other of considerable hard- ness. All pencils snould be ‘“‘hexagonal”’ to prevent rolling, or else provided with a hexagonal rubber eraser. For the neatest work, however, it is well to use a separate eraser with a brush for removing the crumbs from the paper. (See Readers and Writers Kconomy Co., A.) It is so often desirable to double the size of objects that the ‘‘duplicating dividers”? are more useful in place of or in addition to the ordinary dividers. India-ink is used for some drawings and for writing upon parchment (see § 149). § 144. Drills.—A laboratory should have a foot lathe like, for example, the one figured by Goodnow & Wightman, A, 73. But most of the holes required in bone, wood or metal, may be made by a small *‘ Hand drill,” like, for example, that figured on p. 14 of the same Catalogue. §$ 145. Forceps, Coarse and Fine—Figs. 18, 20.—Both pairs are absolutely necessary, and the fine ones should be curved. With nearly all forceps, the spring is too strong; it should be only suffi- cient to separate the blades when the pressure of the fingers is relaxed. If the dealers will not supply forceps with the proper spring, the desired change may be effected with a file or grindstone. The ‘“‘Coxeter’’ style of coarse forceps is to be preferred. Those represented in Fig. 18, have the blades excavated so as to be lighter than those formerly made. § 146. Nippers— Fig. 10, 11.—These are the ‘diagonal side cutting nippers or pliers”? of the dealers in hardware. The obli- quity of the blades to the handles gives them great advantages over either the ‘‘ side cutting”’ pliers, or the ‘“‘ cross cutting,’ which are shown in Fig. 10, left figure. Seven sizes are made, ranging from 10-20 cm. (4-8 in.) in length. Those of 10 and 15 em. are best adapted to anatomical work upon small animals. The larger of these will cut any of the bones of cats less than two years old, but the larger bones of older individuals may require the saw. For some purposes the points should be quite sharp, and may be made so with a file or upon a grindstone. A. “Pointed nippers with oblique jaws” are mentioned by Newton (B, 22, 174), but they do not appear to be in general use by anatomists. The nippers have been used in anatomical work, especially for the removal of the brain, by the senior author since i871, and are mentioned in his paper, 77, 158. 68° ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. B. The German instruments answer very well for most purpcses, and are much less expensive than the others. They are imported by Messrs. H. Boker & Co., of New York, and may be had of A. J. Wilkinson in Boston, and of Messrs. Treman, King & Co. in Ithaca, and of larger dealers generally. The “ Stubs’s” nippers are more finely tempered, and better finished. The smallest size (Fig. 10) are sold by Messrs. Codman & Shurtleff for $1. The “bone forceps” of the surgical price lists are still more expensive. C. The ‘cross cutting” nippers are employed chiefly for cutting wire and for other mechanical purposes. § 147. Oiler.—A neat substitute for the ordinary metal oiler may be made by suspending a dropping-tube in the mouth of a vial of oil. One may then graduate the amount more exactly, and apply it more accurately ; see Appendix. § 148. Parchment Numbers.—Sheets of numbers of any size may be had at a reasonable rate from ‘Collins’ Printing House,” Philadelphia. If they are to be used with alcoholic specimens, that fact should be mentioned so that proper drying ink may be em- ployed. The numbers may be pasted upon dry specimens, or placed in the alcohol with wet ones, or attached to muscles during dissection by means of the small “ribbon pins.” § 149. Parchment for Labels.—Numbers and memoranda to be . attached to alcoholic specimens should be written upon parchment with a saturated solution of India ink in either glacial acetic acid, or acetic acid No. 8. The writing should be allowed to dry before exposure to the alcohol. Parchment is written upon more easily if the surface is first rubbed with a rubber eraser. . § 150. Rubber Gloves.—These are an efficient protection against contact with poisonous or malodorous substances. Of course, fine dissection cannot be done in gloves, but it is sometimes desirable to protect the hands, especially in the manipulation of the intestines, and while macerating bones. Like other rubber articles, the gloves should be wiped dry after using, and laid in a cool, dark place. § 151. Rubber Tubing.—For the blow pipe, and for canule, the lumen should be 3 mm. (1-8th inch); the size next most use- ful in the laboratory is 6 mm. § 152. Saw—Fig. 21.—This should have a thin blade, and the teeth should be but slightly ‘‘set.”’ | nth OR : It is used chiefly for bisecting the — head for the removal of the brain, ey and should not be employed for i i Gh mechanical purposes. —_— § 153. Scales.—Very few cats ee iE Ki weigh as much as 5 kilos., and heavier ones can be weighed entire WEIGHING PAN. 69 upon ordinary scales. For most anatomical purposes, therefore, the scales need not be arranged for more than 4-5 kilos., or about 10 lbs. avoir. Weights of less than 1 gram should be determined by the smaller or ‘‘ prescription’’ scales. Of the larger scales there are two styles, the ‘‘ open” and the “box.” An example of the former is the ‘‘ Druggist’s trip scales,” figured by J. & H. Berge, A, 63; of the latter, is the ‘‘ Ebony box scale,” figured by Whitall, Tatum & Co., A, 74. With a capacity of 10 lbs., the former costs $7, and the latter $14. In selecting scales, it would be well to obtain the advice of some chemist or physicist. § 154. Weighing Pan.—The scale pans accompanying the scales above mentioned are about 20 cm. in diameter, and will contain any separate organ of the cat, or the head or limbs. For weighing an adult cat entire, a larger pan is needed. For this purpose, one of the ordinary trays, 30x40 cm. may be used, but it is better to pro- vide a special pan. It should be oval or oblong, about 25 x35 cm., made of stout tin, and with a rim about 3 em. high. Its weight may be diminished by punching out disks not more than 1 em. in diameter, until it exactly balances some weight, as 500 grams, or a piece of lead, which, of course, must be used always with the pan. Ifthe cat to be weighed is stiff, it may sometimes be made to rest upon the ordinary scale pan without touching anything ; other- wise this special pan should be used, the arms and legs and tail being kept within it. § 155. Scalpels—Figs. 22, 23, 24.—These are single edged, and thin bladed knives, with ebony or ivory handles. The medium size Hire. 22: Fie. 23. Wie. £4. CODMANASHURTLEFF CODMANASHURTLEFK osTrow BOSTON Fie. 22 —LARGE SCALPEL, for sections of brain, etc.; § 155; x.5. Fic. 23.—Mzp1um- SIZED SCALPEL, for ordinary dissecting; x .6; § 155. Fic. 24.—CHARRIERE ScALPEL, for finer dissecting ; x .5; § 155. (Fig. 23) answers for most purposes, and will last a long time if care- fully used. The ‘‘Charriere”? is employed for finer—but not the finest—dissecting, and the large scalpel should be kept perfectly smooth and keen for making macroscopic sections of the brain, heart, ete. 470 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. we IA) $ 156. Scissors—Figures 12, 25.—All dissecting scissors should be curved. The curvature gives three advantages: better adap- tation to the surfaces of : § animals and their parts, = ~ which are rarely plane; eel 7 “y the power to change the direction of the cut with- out corresponding move- ment of the hand or of the subject ; the effect of the cutting is more easily observed. For most purposes, the blades should be curved flatwise, as in Fig. 25, but those curved edgewise, as in Fig. 12, are sometimes very con- venient. All coarse scissors should have lock joints, so that the blades may be separated for cleaning and sharpening. Fine scissors should have sharp and well matched points. The medium coarse scissors are well adapted to work upon the brain and heart, and other organs for which the coarse scissors are too large, and the fine ones unnecessarily delicate. § 157. The bone scissors are simply a strong, blunt-pointed pair of coarse scissors, with which the cartilages, ribs, and other hard or tough parts may be cut, so as to save the edges of the proper dissecting scissors. A straight pair will answer the purpose quite well, and usually cost somewhat less. $ 158. The hair may be removed with a pair of common cheap scissors; but it is better, especially in a large laboratory, to provide a special pair of coarse scissors, curved flatwise, and with the points quite blunt. CODMAN & SHURTLEFF, BOSTON. x.5; § 156. § 159. The enterotome supplied in post-mortem cases is a pair of long scissors, one blade of which is enlarged and rounded, and projects beyond the other so as to precede it in opening an intestine. Similar instruments might be made for the cat, but the same end may be accomplished by guarding one of the blades of a pair of coarse scissors, especially such as are curved edgewise. Cleland suggests (A, 155) sticking a bit of costicartilage upon one blade, but a small rubber stopper will serve the purpose. § 160. Sponges.—Sponges may be conveniently classed as car- riage, bathing, anatomical and surgical. The last are fine grained, and specially prepared, so as to be somewhat expensive. A few such, of conical shape, are desirable, especially for experimentation. For ordinary anatomical purposes, sponges should be small enough THE SYRINGOTOME. a to be easily grasped, and should be freed from sand and grit before using. The larger and coarser kinds are useful in various ways. Ail sponges should be washed after using, and boiled occasion- ally fora few moments. It is said that they may be freshened by soaking in brine to which a little iodine has been added. § 161. Syringotome—Fig. 15.—This is sometimes called ‘ can- aliculus knife.” It is a small, concave, blunt pointed bistoury, which is very convenient for delicate work upon the brain and heart, and for following and slitting up narrow canals. The syringotome was found very serviceable by the senior author in tracing out the tortuous canals upon the heads of sharks and skates at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1866-7. At his suggestion it was included in the set of dissecting instruments supplied to the students of ‘The Anderson School of Natural History at Penikese Island ” in 1873. Excepting with the brain, however, most of the uses of the syringotome may be subserved by the less expensive tracer. § 162. Tags.—Two sizes of tags are needed: the smaller are for numbers or brief memoranda sufficient to identify the specimen ; they are used by stationers and dry goods dealers. The larger are the smaHest size of ‘‘ Dennison’s Shipping tag,’’ and are 3.5 cm. wide by 7.2 long; they should be provided with strings, and the eyelet should be guarded by a metal ring. § 163. Tenaculum—See Codman & Shurtleff, A, 42, Fig. 8.— This is seldom needed in felitomy. § 164. Tools, Carpenter’s.—A laboratory should contain the ordinary tools, as saw, hammer, screw drivers, awls, bits and stock, rat tail and three cornered files, screw hooks and eyes, etc. § 165. Towels.—Excepting the roller towels, these should be short. The finer crash is more expensive, but wears longer than the cheaper stuffs, and there is less lint; it may be had in rolls, which may be cut into the desired lengths. § 166. Tracer—Tig. 17.—This is prepared from a piece of hex- agonal or octagonal steel rod, about 15 cm. long, and 4 mm. in diameter. The middle third is left as a handle; one of the terminal thirds tapers to a blunt point, and serves as a probe for some purposes ; the other end tapers in like manner, and is bent at the tip so as to form about the fourth of the periphery of a circle 1 em. in diameter ; the concavity is then sharpened. The value of the tracer in isolating vessels and nerves can hardly be overestimated. A dull tracer may be used aiso in lifting vessels and nerves that have been isolated already, as in experiments. 72 : ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. A. A tracer may be made by any one from a piece of steel rod, or from a dental ‘‘ exca- vator,” but the saving so effected is hardly worth the trouble. The instrument is made by Codman & Shurtleff, and perhaps by others. B. The tracer is apparently similar to the “seeker” of the English anatomists, and the “finder” of the Germans. The instrument was introduced into the laboratory of Cornell University with a microscope presented by the late Hon. John Stanton Gould. The con. version of the opposite end into a tapering probe was suggested by Mr. Willis N. Rudd, a student, and the sharpening of the concavity was first proposed by the junior author. § 167. Trays—Fig. 78.—These are usually made of stout tin, but copper is more durable. If wood is used, it should be thoroughly oiled. A wire loop should be soldered at the middle of each end, and on each side at about one-sixth of the distance from each end. Four sizes of trays are convenient in the dissection of cats: 15 x20, 20x30, 30x40, and 40x60 cm. The depth of the two smaller sizes should be about 1 cm., and that of the two larger about 2cm. The largest size should be stiffened by diagonals upon the bottom. § 168. Tripod Magnifier—Fig. 26.—This is a simple magnifier with a large field, and mounted upon a tripod which may be placed C Fie. 26.—TRIPOD MAGNIFIER; x 1; § 168. Fie. 27.—WettinG BorriE; § 170. in liquid. While examining delicate objects out of liquid, it is safer to turn the legs toward the eye, or remove them altogether. The object should be held so as to receive the best light. § 169. Tunnels.—Several sizes are desirable, of both glass and tin. The latter should have the slender part fluted. When the larger part of a tin tunnel, or either part of a glass one, is set into a bottle or jar, a thick string should be interposed between it and the mouth of the vessel to permit the escape of air as the liquid enters. WASTE PAPERS. 73 § 170. Wetting Bottle—Fig. 27.—The bottle is about 16 x5 cm., so as not to be easily overturned. The mouth is closed by a cork through which are passed two slender glass tubes. One, the ai7- tube, is straight, and reaches nearly to the bottom of the bottle ; the other, the spout, extends but little below the cork, and is curved so as to permit the ready application of the contents. -§ 171. Wetting Mizxture.—Yhe cheaper commercial glycerin is to be mixed with water in the proportion of 15 per cent. by measure, or 12 per cent. by weight, and about 25 drops of clove oil is to be added to each liter of the mixture. § 172. Waste Papers.—These are pieces of paper of several sizes, corresponding respectively to the slips, the sheets, and the trays, The quality of paper is not material, so long as it is firm enough to hold together when slightly wet. The ‘‘roll Manilla” paper of medium thickness is strong and cheap, but the ordinary slips and sheets which have been used by writing on one or both sides may be kept for this purpose. With fine dissections, or when only connective tissue or small muscles are to be removed, the waste slip may be placed in a corner of the tray. With coarser work, and when skin, fat, and the larger muscles or viscera are to be removed, use the waste sheet. When the cat is to be transected or eviscerated, or when some larger animal is under dissection, have at hand extra trays contain- ing the corresponding waste papers. The waste should be disposed of as soon as possible, but in case the opportunity for re-examination is desired, the tray containing it may be set aside, and the paper will obviate the objectionable adhesion of the waste to the tray itself which might otherwise occur. CARE OF INSTRUMENTS. §$ 173. In general, all instruments should be washed, thoroughly dried, and slightly oiled as soon as possible after using. The washing may be done with a cloth or sponge, but the nail brush should be used for the joints of nippers, and the teeth of the saw. The wiping may be done with a towel, and then with a bit of clot or chamois slightly oiled. All joints should be kept well oiled. 74 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. The oiling should be especially thorough when instruments are to be packed away or disused for some time, and particularly at the sea shore. Scalpels and other instruments with wooden or ivory handles should not be allowed to soak in water, lest the rivets become loose after drying. Wooden handles should be occasionally oiled. § 174. Blow Pipe.—Usually this needs only to be wiped, first with a moist, and then with a dry cloth. After using, be sure that the lumen is free; if clogged, open it with the fine knitting needle, or a wire. § 175. Forceps.—Clean the serrated parts with the nail brush, draw a cloth or towel between the blades, and then wipe. § 176. Nippers.—Clean the joint and blades well with the nail brush, wipe dry, and oil the joint. § 177. Saw.—Use the nail brush, moving it from the back to- ward the teeth. Wipe, carrying the towel in the same direction. Then wipe dry, and oil. § 178. Scalpels and Cutting Instruments Generally. —These instruments, and especially such as have keen edges and delicate points, should be protected from contact with each other and with other objects. If not kept in a case, they may be laid in a small tray, like the cover of a note box lined with chamois or velveteen. When several are to be carried at once, each handle should be held between two fingers so that the blades may not touch. In wiping a scalpel, hold it firmly in the left hand, and let the cloth cover the right thumb and index, as in wiping a table knife ; do not let the cloth come upon the edge. The scalpel should be wiped four times: first with a moist cloth to remove all blood and fragments ; then with a dry cloth; then with an oiled cloth or chamois, and finally with a clean dry cloth or chamois. The fingers should not touch the blade after the final wiping. § 179. Scissors.—If the blades are lock jointed, they should be separated. The blades are to be treated like the scalpels. Clean the joint thoroughly, and keep it oiled. §$ 180. Trays.—If waste papers are used, the trays will usually require only rinsing, after which they should be set up on edge to dry. Where many trays are used, there should be a suitable rack for them. § 181. Instrument Cases.—The experienced anatomist rarely uses the ‘‘case’? in which, probably, his first instruments were PACKING INSTRUMENTS FOR TRANSPORTATION. 7d purchased. The ordinary case never has room for all the neces- sary instruments, and is a less convenient receptacle for them while in use than a shallow tray like the cover of a note box; see § 110. If the student is unable to resist the temptation to possess a regular dissecting case, he is advised to obtain one of the more costly, as likely to contain better instruments. The case commonly selected by the special students at Cornell University is sold by Messrs. Codman & Shurtleff at $9, and contains the following instruments: three assorted scalpels, coarse and fine forceps, coarse and fine curved scissors ; arthrotome, and blow pipe. Similar cases may probably be had elsewhere. The additional instruments must be purchased separately. § 182. Packing Instruments for Transportation.— All scalpels and delicate pointed instruments generally should be packed as follows: thrust the point into a bit of cork, then wrap well in a piece of thin paper, such as is supplied in packages under the name of ‘‘ star mills,” “diamond,”’ ete. The paper should project well beyond the blade, and be twisted or bent over so as to keep the cork in place. Thus wrapped, the most delicate instruments may be sent by mail in pasteboard or light wooden boxes, or otherwise transported. Since no written communication is permitted upon such a package without payment of letter rates, the consignee should be notified at the same time. Whether for mailing or any other kind of transportation, the heavier instruments, or such as need no special protection, should be packed separately from the more delicate. Small cigar boxes answer a good purpose, but the most suitable boxes for instruments are made by the Swift Manu- facturing Co. of New York, and others; they are long and narrow, and provided with lids. POLISHING INSTRUMENTS. § 183. A. Instruments that have become tarnished may be re- polished by rubbing with a piece of chamois or cloth on which has been put oil and rouge. Perhaps the best way to apply the polish- ing material is to wrap the cloth around the end of the index for small instruments, or roll the cloth or chamois into a bundle for large instruments. In both cases the surface to be polished is rubbed as in scouring household knives, taking care to avoid con- tact with the edge of the instrument. 76 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. B. Rust should be removed with a dull knife and then the polishing may be done as above. When an instrument is badly tarnished, the polishing with rouge is a tedious process. In that case, fine emery may be used to remove the tarnish, and then rouge for the final polish. The emery should be applied as directed for rouge. C. If one has access to a polishing wheel the process is shortened greatly. The same materials are used as in polishing by hand and in the same order. D. Emery of exceeding fineness may be easily prepared as follows: Fill a high narrow vessel like a preserving jar, nearly full of water, and put into it about 200 grammes of ordinary flour of emery. Agitate thoroughly, and after the vessel has stood half a minute pour off the liquid into another dish. Add more water to the first vessel and agitate again, and pour off the liquid as before. The larger particles sink first, and hence the emery in the water poured off is much finer than that left. Allow the emery to settle from the first and second washings and pour off the water and dry the emery. Several grades may be obtained in this simple way. E. Instruments may be very nicely polished by using, in place of rouge, the fine whitish ashes that may be found in the upper parts of stoves in which anthracite coal is burned. F. If rouge is added to the oiled leather used for wiping the instruments after they are washed (§ 178), the polish may be retained indefinitely. SHARPENING INSTRUMENTS. § 184. Honing.—For honing, it is desirable to have two oil stones, one very fine for finishing, and one somewhat coarser for Turning knife. LT aoe. l/r Honing. i Oil stone. Fie 28.—HoONING AND SrroprPrne Knives. The upper figure shows how the knife is to be turned upon its back in reversing the movement. The left figure shows the edgeward movement of the blade in honing; the right, the backward movement in stropping. §§ 184, 185. HONING. ra commencing the sharpening, and for sharpening the coarser instru- ments. A. Place several drops of fine olive or sewing-machine oil on the stone and, with a cloth devoted to the purpose, rub the surface to remove all dirt and expose the cutting particles of the stone. After the stone is well wiped, put two or three more drops of oil upon it, and spread it around with a scalpel blade. B. Look at the edge of the instrument to be sharpened with the tripod magnifier, holding the edge of the blade up and between the eye and the light. This is to see if there are any nicks in the edge. If there are nicks, they should be removed by rubbing the edge on the fine stone. After making two or three sweeps across the stone, look at the edge again to see if all the nicks are removed. If they are not, continue to grind the edge on the stone till they are. If the nicks are slight the edge need be ground off only in their immediate vicinity. If they are deep, however, the entire edge should be re- moved or it will become wavy. When the edge is smooth and free from nicks it should be honed ; if quite dull, first on the coarse and then on the fine stone. C. In case the instrument is a scalpel, (1) grasp the handle in such a way that the index and medius shall oppose the pollex, and the end of the handle shall touch the palm. (2) Place the blade flat on the stone as shown in Fig. 28, and then lift the back very slightly. (3) Move the knife with a curving sweep toward the left, as shown by the arrow, so that the point of the blade shall be at the lower left corner at the end of the sweep. (4) Then turn the blade over, always turning the edge away from the stone. Do this by rolling the handle in the fingers. (5) After the knife is turned, it should be moved across the stone from left to right exactly as described for the motion from right to left. The handle, of course, points in the opposite direction. In this method of honing, which is that employed by the best cutlers, the edge precedes the back; the blade is so placed on the stone that it follows the handle, and the sharpening is from heel to point. If the blade were pushed across the stone instead of being drawn as above, the sharpening would be from point to heel. D. In the beginning of the honing, one may press quite firmly and draw the same side of the blade over the stone three or four times without turning it; but when the edge becomes thin, the blade should be turned at every sweep. 48 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. E. In case the edge should turn over, producing the so-called wire edge, it must be removed by drawing the edge along some fine- erained substance like horn or ebony. One should be careful not to get any of the detached wire edge on the stone, as it would be liable to produce nicks in the edge of the knife. F. (1) Use the coarse stone until the knife will cut a thin shaving from the convex surface of smooth writing paper. (2) Wrap the paper around a lead pencil, remove the pencil and rest the blade flat wpon the paper. Press down slightly, and push the blade, edge forward, along the top of the curve. If the knife is sharp, it will cut a thin shaving from the paper. (8) Another very excellent way to judge of moderate sharpness is to rest the tang of the blade on the end of the medius, and to feel of the edge by moving the ball of the index along it in such a way that if a cut were made it would be a mere shaving from the cuticle like that from the paper. If the knife is sharp, it will take hold, as it is called, that is, one can feel that it is cutting. The bail of the index is very sensitive, and one can judge quite correctly of the smoothness and sharpness of the edge. Those who object to trying the edge on the skin can employ a bit of smooth grained cork. G. (1) When the edge is sufficiently sharp throughout its entire extent to cut a shaving from the cylindrical paper, or to take hold of the finger or the edge of the cork, the fine stone may be used. (2) In using the fine stone the blade should be turned at every sweep. Use the fine stone until the knife will cut a hair near its base or near the point where it is held. (3) It often happens that some parts of an edge are sharp and others not. In sucha case the dull parts alone can be applied to the stone by using the edge of the stone. When the scalpel will cut a hair close to a fixed point, it is sufficiently sharp for ordinary dissecting. § 185. Stropping.—A good razor strop is required, as, ¢. @., “ Kmersons’.”’ The strop is to give the final keenness and smoothness to the edge of a cutting instrument. It is a waste of time to employ it before the degree of sharpness indicated for the fine stone is attained, as the strop sharpens very slowly. A. (1) Grasp the knife exactly as for honing. (2) The blade is curried across the strop with a long curving sweep just as de- scribed for honing except that the back of the blade precedes the KILLING ANIMALS FOR DISSECTION. ra) edge. (Fig. 28.) (3) The blade should be turned at the end of every sweep across the strop, thus drawing it from right to left as often as it is drawn from left to right. B. (1) Use first the red and then the black side of the strop. (2) Press only moderately. The nearer a perfect edge is attained the more lightly should cne press. (3) Continue the stropping on the red side until the knife will cut a hair of the head 1 cm. from the point where it is grasped by the fingers ; then employ the black side. (4) Continue to use this side until the knife will cut a hair from the head 2-3 em. from the point where it is held, or, what is a better test, until it will cut the fine hairs on the dorsum of the hand and wrist half a centimeter from their base when the knife is moved distad—toward the ends of the fingers. If the knife has a perfect edge it will cut these fine hairs so easily that one can hardly tell by the feeling when a hair is divided. § 186. Scissors——These are much more difficult to sharpen than scalpels, and the fine ones should be sent to the makers unless one is very skillful. Place the blade so that the oblique face formed by grinding shall rest flat on the stone. Draw the blade, edge foremost, across the stone with a curving sweep as for scalpels (§$ 184, C [8] ). Test for sharpness with the finger or by attempting to cut moistened tissue paper (§ 184, F [8] ). § 187. Tracer, Syringotome and Concave Edges Generally.— In sharpening instruments of this kind one should use the edge of the stone instead of ifs face. The edge of the stone should be some- what rounded. In sharpening, draw the blade along the stone so that the edge precedes the back as for scalpels (§ 184, C [3] ). Test the sharpness with the finger (§ 184, F [8] ). § 188. The care and sharpening of instruments are considered by Mojsisovies, A, 13 ; Holtzapfiel, A, IIT, 1026-1156; Hyrtl, A, 23-27; Straus-Durckheim, B, 1, 158-169. KILLING ANIMALS FOR DISSECTION. § 189. There is usually no difficulty in taking a cat when it is wanted. Such as will not come when called may be secured by means of a strong net, or by using a bag attached like a net toa hoop and pole. The bag referred to is of strong coarse material, and commonly used for oats. In such a bag the cat may be left for several hours; 890 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. but the closer-woven bags which are used for flour do not admit sufficient air. § 160. Methods of Killing —(Bernard, A, 149-182).—Two things are to be considered in killing animals for dissection :— (1.) The death should be as nearly painless as possible. (2.) None of the organs or tissues to be examined should be injured by the method employed. § 191. Drowning fulfils the above requirements fairly well. Judging from the experience of human beings, death by drowning is attended with very brief physical discomfort. Place the cat in a wire cage, or loose meshed bag, and immerse it completely in water for four or five minutes. Usually a cat can- not be resuscitated after it has been completely immersed for ninety seconds; after four or five minutes, spontaneous resuscitation is altogether improbable. § 192. Chloroforming is preferable to drowning, since no liquid is drawn into the lungs, and the hair is not filled with water. The death, too, with cats, seems to be quietly going to sleep. There is usually no struggling, showing that the period of intoxication by the chloroform is very short. Place the cat in the anesthetic box (see Fig. 29). This is easily accomplished if the cat is in a bag by placing the mouth of the bag in the box, whereupon the cat will usually walk in of its own accord. After the cat is in the box and the door closed and fastened, remove the cork from the hole in the edge and pour 5-10 ce. of chloroform upon the furled curtain. Then unfurl the curtain by means of the string ; this will expose a greater surface from’which the chloroform can evaporate. Usually the cat will be asleep in three minutes, and dead in twenty minutes. Do not remove it from the box till all signs of respiration have ceased. If ether is used, 15-20 cc. is required for a cat. A. If one does not possess the anesthetic box, cats may be chloroformed as follows: Place a newspaper on the floor, and invert over it a large wash-bowl or a small tight box or pail. Put the cat under the receptacle, and pour 10 cc. of chloroform on a sponge or a bit of cotton, and put it under the receptacle with the cat. The box, or whatever is used, must be held down, ora weight must be placed upon it, while the animal is coming under the influence of the anesthetic. B. Dogs moan while becoming anesthetized, but presumably they and all other ani- mals may be killed painlessly with chloroform or ether. The amount required to kill an animal varies with its size, and with the size and closeness of the box. § 193. Killing Fleas.—If the cat has fleas, as is usually the case, PRECAUTIONS FOR CLEANLINESS, ETC. 81 open the box after fifteen minutes, and throw over it 20 cc. of ben- zine. Reclose the door of the box and leave it for ten or fifteen minutes longer. Fleas revive from the chloroform used in killing the cat, but they do not revive if benzine is used. Do not use the benzine until the cat is completely anzesthetized, for it causes great discomfort. § 194. The Anesthetic Box—TFig. 29.—This is a close box, the base, frame and door being of wood, and the rest of ‘‘ double-thick”’ Fig. 29.—THE ANASTHETIC-BOX; x .1. glass. The dimensions are given in the figure. The base and frame should be grooved for the reception of the glass, and the whole should be put together with screws to permit the renewal of the glass in case of breakage. Along one side, near the top, runs a thick brass wire, on which slides a curtain, moved by a string. Just above the curtain, when furled, is a hole, which is closed by a cork secured from loss by a string. The leather handle is convenient in lifting and moving the box. The cost of the cat-box, including the glass, is about $1.50. Almost any close vessel or box will answer for the administra- tion of a fatal dose of chloroform, but for experimental purposes the progress of anesthesia must be observed. PRECAUTIONS FOR CLEANLINESS, COMFORT AND HEALTH. § 195. Waste Papers.—These have been referred to in § 172, and are mentioned here again because of the tendency of beginners to neglect a very essential element of neatness in anatomical work. § 196. Waste Pail—This should be of galvanized iron, copper 6 82 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. or zinc, never of wood or tin ware. The cover should be of the same material, and fit closely. The pail should be emptied at night, rinsed, and a few cc. of permanganate of potash solution poured into it. Once a week it should be thoroughly scoured and dried. § 196. Waste Pit.—The single student may readily dispose of the refuse of his work, but some special provision must be made for a laboratory. In cities, communication may sometimes be had with the sewer. The opening into the sewer should have at least two lids, closely fitting, and should be within a closet or cupboard provided with a special flue so that the sewer gas may not be drawn into the labo- ratory. In smaller towns, and at many universities, the readiest mode of disposal of refuse is to have a pit dug in dry soil at a convenient distance. The mouth of the pit should be kept from falling in by a cask or box, and should be closely covered. The earth removed in digging the pit should be kept at hand under cover, and some of it sprinkled over the offal at night. When filled within half a meter of the surface, the pit should be filled up compactly with earth. § 197. Sink.—This should be of iron, galvanized iron, zine or copper, or lined with one of these materials. It should be slightly inclined, the outlet should be at the lower end, and guarded with a movable grating. The escape-pipe should be of ample size, and trapped at some point which can be reached. Excepting just over the escape, the sink should be covered by one or more wooden lids on hinges which may be raised from the front and rested against the wall behind the sink. These lids should be of hard wood, and well oiled or painted. In each lid should be cut an oval or elliptical hole for a basin. The longer diameter of the hole should correspond with that of the sink, so that the basin may be emptied without lifting it from its place. If there is no general water supply, a water cask or lead lined box may be placed above the sink. In any case, the faucets should be nearly on a level with the face of one standing at the sink, and the water should be conducted therefrom through flexible rubber tubes ending a little above the basin. The tube must be firmly secured to the faucet, and must not be sharply bent if the pressure of water is considerable. DEODORIZERS. 83 Hair, plaster of Paris, sand, and fine particles generally must not be thrown in the sink. The sink should be thoroughly emptied and washed at night. A convenient instrument for scraping out the sink, or cleaning a table or tray, is a piece of heavy rubber moulding, provided with a handle. § 198. Deodorizers.—Most of the unpleasant smells which would otherwise attend work in practical anatomy may be avoided by preserving the material in alcohol, by removing the intestines within twenty-four hours after death, and by the observance of other due precautions for cleanliness. But maceration is necessarily offensive, and sometimes valuable specimens are more or less de- composed before their reception; it is therefore necessary in some cases to employ deodorizers. Animal Charcoal.—This effective deodorizer may be sprinkled over the surface of offensive specimens, and is especially service- able when such have to be transported. Its use in the improve- ment of old alcohol is described in Ch. III. Alcohol.—If the specimen is of moderate size, and is to be pre- served as a whole or in great part, the putrefaction may be checked by immersion in strong alcohol, from 75 to 95 per cent. The alcohol may be poured over the specimen, or the latter may be immersed in it, or covered by cloths saturated with it. In either case, the alcohol will become offensive, and must be deodorized by filtration before mixing with other alcohol or use upon other specimens. The stronger the alcohol, the more decided is its action, but its clearness is unessential. Potassium Permanganas.—This is an excellent deodorizer. A saturated solution should be kept at hand, and a few cc. poured into the waste pail at night, and into any other malodorous jar or vessel. It stains the skin temporarily. Sulphate of [ron—Copperas.—This cheap deodorizer may be used in place of the more efficacious but more expensive perman- ganate of potash. The coarsely powdered crystals, or a saturated solution, may be placed in the sink, pail, or pit. A solution of Chloride of Lead is recommended in The Medical Record, August 20, 1881, p. 222. § 199. Discharges from the Cat.—The following precautions are always desirable, and should never be neglected in demonstra- tions or experiments upon cats before a class :— 84 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. When the cat is dead, or, in experiment, quite asleep, place it upon a tray. Roll some common cotton between the fingers into a somewhat firm conical plug or swppository about 5 x1 em. Dorsiduct the tail of the cat so as to expose the anus and open it slightly. With the large forceps grasp the plug obliquely near the tip and force it into the rectum. Then push it completely beyond the constricted orifice with the forceps or a smooth, rounded stick. Ifthe cat has been affected by diarrhea, it may be necessary to insert a second plug. : Let the buttocks of the cat project slightly beyond the edge of the tray, over the sink or some other receptacle ; then press firmly and steadily upon the abdomen just cephalad of the pubes. If the cat is a female, the urine will usually flow out readily ; if it does not appear, as is often the case with males, it is not likely to be forced out during the subsequent operations. The urine of cats has a very offensive odor, and should not be allowed to flow into the tray, or to reach the hair of the animal. Remove any escaped urine or feces with a bit of cotton, followed by washing if necessary. If the left hypochondrium is prominent, or if there is other evidence that the stomach is distended with food, let the mouth pro- ject beyond the tray over a receptacle, and compress the whole abdomen. If any matters escape from the stomach, the mouth should be washed afterward with a stream of water. § 200. Malodorous Parts.—On account of their contents, the stomach and intestine become offensive very soon after death, espe- cially if exposed to the air. In some cases it may not be necessary to open the abdomen during the dissection of a fresh specimen ; decomposition will then proceed less rapidly, and the effects will be less obvious. If the abdomen is opened, these hollow viscera should be either removed soon, or so treated as to lessen or prevent the production of offensive odors. The large intestine especially may usually be examined during the first or second day, so as to be removed. When any part of the alimentary canal is divided, the site of the intended incision should be freed from its contents for at least 2cm.; then two ligatures should be applied at least 1 cm. apart, and the cut made between them ; see Fig. 41.. When it is undesirable to remove the intestine, most of the offensiveness may be avoided by expelling the contents. The con- DISSECTION WOUNDS. 85 tents of the large intestine are readily forced out by manipulation, the cotton plug of course having been removed. Those of the small intestine may be made to flow out with a stream of water injected into it near the stomach by means of a syringe, or from a faucet. The water should be pressed out of the intestine, and alcohol then thrown into it. The alcohol may be retained if the plug is returned to the anus; ora ligature may be placed about the rectum. § 201. Dissection Wounds.—Slight dissection wounds have oc- casionally been received in the anatomical laboratory of Cornell University, but the results have been nowise different from similar cuts inflicted under ordinary circumstances. So far as our experience goes, it is probable that no danger need be apprehended from a wound received during the dissection of any well preserved alcoholic specimen, or of any healthy cat, whether fresh or otherwise. In proportion to the number of human bodies annually dissected or examined in necropsies, serious dissection wounds are very few. Indeed, the actual number of such cases is so small that statistics are wanting to enable us to determine with accuracy the conditions under which the consequences are likely to be injurious. A few writers believe these results to be due to “the absorption and irritation of a putrescent fluid ; but this explanation will hardly account for the frequency of the disease after contact with recent bodies before putrefaction has set in, and especially of persons who have died of acute disease, such as puerperal fever, peritonitis, etc., and for the affection of several per- sons at the same time, from the same body and with the same symptoms.” In view of the insufficiency of our knowledge, and of the fact that dissection wounds are most apt to occur with beginners, one of the advantages of the cat as a subject of pre- liminary anatomical work is, that the subject may be obtained healthy and fresh, and be preserved in alcohol at slight expense. § 202. Precautions.—Dissection wounds should be avoided by care in the use of cutting and pointed instruments, and by guard- ing against contact with the sharp points and edges of bones which have been broken or cut. Before commencing work upon a suspected animal, or upon decomposing flesh, or upon macerated bones, the hands may be anointed with some kind of fat, as cosmoline, vaseline, olive oil or ‘‘cold cream.”’ If the skin is already broken, rubber gloves may be worn, as in) macerating or in handling offensive viscera, etc., where no delicacy of manipulation is required. In ordinary dissection upon a suspected subject, the cuts or abrasions may be cauterized with strong carbolic or nitric acid, or covered by several thicknesses of adhesive plaster. 86 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. If the hands can be kept dry, the common court plaster or isin- class plaster will suffice; but if they are to be wet, it is safer to use the diachylon or lead-plaster, which does not easily wash off, but must be warmed before application or removal. In cauterizing, use a slender, pointed stick ; dip it first into the acid, and then into the open place of the skin. § 203. Treatment.—“ Local applications, if used at all, must be employed immediately, decisively, and effectually. Should a per- son be in bad health at the time of receiving a prick or wound during dissection, no matter what condition the subject may be in, it behoves him to pay immediate attention to the injury, and anti- cipate any further consequences.” “Should the wound be received while engaged on a recent sub- ject, and one which had died from acute disease, much more caution and attention are required, even if he be in the best of health. The part should be well cleansed, and a temporary liga- ture applied immediately above (centrad of) the wound; then the ‘ bleeding, if any, should be encouraged to flow freely ; where there is no bleeding, suction must be employed; [this may be by the mouth if the skin and mucous membrane are intact, otherwise by means of a tube, or, better, a cupping glass the exhaustion of which is produced by means of a rubber bulb].’? Then cauterize as directed above. The foregoing directions for immediate treatment are taken from Holmes (T.) A, 621, and Clarke, A, 54. Whenever ill effects are anticipated, proper medical advice should be sought without delay, CHAP Tbk Elk GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SKELETON—ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS—ABDOMINAL TRANSECTION. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SKELETON. § 204. The softer parts of the body are protected, supported, or enabled to exert themselves to greater mechanical advantage by a framework—the skeleton. The skeleton consists of bones (Ossa), and cartilages (Cartila- gines), which are more or less closely united at sutures (Suture), or movable upon each other at Ar¢hra (joints or articulations). At the arthra and at some of the sutures the undesirable displacement of the parts is checked by bands of inelastic fibrous tissue—the liga- ments (Ligamenta). Firmer in texture, more definite in outline, and more constant in form, number and position than most of the soft parts, the bones and cartilages serve as convenient guides to the identification and description of the latter, and therefore naturally precede them as subjects of anatomical study. The following general account of the skeleton as a whole is given in advance of the detailed description of the individual bones in order that the directions for certain preliminary operations may be more easily understood and followed. § 205. Fig. 30.—The skeleton seen from the left. This figure has been reduced by photography from that of Straus-Durckheim (A, PI. 11), and has been further modified as follows: the dextral costz (ribs) have been omitted for the sake of clearness ; the last costicartilage has been shortened so as to show its actual condition ; the principal bones have been named, and the coste and vertebrz have been numbered ; the shading is likewise altered somewhat. § 206. Like the body as a whole, the skeleton comprises a somatic (“axial”) portion including the bones of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and tail, and a membral (‘‘appendicular’’) portion, including the bones of the arms and legs. ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. 88 Ih) ‘gus ofrerd; Age | QUA OP OGLEQ iY) spinel semi nradarg [92373042977 ~\ anrpPUodod ray || Tumenzgrydin . Ge py as le xnhavy LD PK @ jn7VP)D ‘3 wl sap TOD