UC-NRLF B 4 OTt bMS MEID)1€AL ^SCHOOL LUBMAUSY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/anatomicalterminOObarkrich ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY BARKER Anatomical Terminology WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE [BNAl BY LEWELLYS F. j^ARKER, M. D. PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE ; (FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO). Iimttb IDocabularies in Xatin anb Bngltsb anb 1[llU6tration0 PHILADELPHIA: BLAKISTON'S SON & CO I0I2 Walnut Street. 1907 Copyright, 1907, by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. WM. F. FELL COMPANY ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS 1220-24 8ANSOM STREET PHILADELPHIA, PA. ? m I 9 (j'l CONTENTS PAGE Introduction, i What the BNA is, 2 Why this Review of Anatomical Terminology was Undertaken, 2 The Scope of the Work and the Workers, 4 The Way the Work was Done, 5 The Principles Arrived at as the Work Proceeded, 6 The Adoption of the BNA in America and Great Britain, 8 The Future of Anatomical Terminology, 11 Anatomical Names, 14 Terms Indicating the Position and Direction of Parts of the Body, 14 General Terms, 14 Terms Relating to the Extremities, 14 General Anatomical Terms, 15 Parts of the Human Body, 17 Head, 17 Skull, 17 Face, 17 Eye, 17 Nose, 17 Mouth, 17 Neck, 17 Trunk, 17 Thorax, 17 Back, 17 Belly, 18 Pelvis, 18 Upper Extremities, 18 Lower Extremities, 18 Osteology, 19 Vertebral Column, or Spine, 19 Atlas, 19 Epistropheus (O. T. Axis), 20 Sacrum, 20 Coccyx, 20 Thorax, 20 Ribs, 20 Breast Bone, 20 Thoracic Cavity, 20 Bones of the Skull, 20 Basilar Bone, 20 Occipital Bone, 20 Sphenoid Bone, 21 Temporal Bone, 22 Parietal Bone, 23 Frontal Bone, 23 Ethmoid Bone, 23 Inferior Turbinated Bone, 24 Lacrimal Bone, 24 Nasal Bone, 24 Vomer, or Ploughshare, Bone, 24 Bones of the Face, 24 Maxilla (O. T. Superior Maxillary Bone), 24 Palate Bone, 24 iii TJ^d^ iv Contents Osteology (Coniimced) page Ligaments of the Girdle of Lower Extremity (O. T. Pelvic Girdle), 34 Sacro-Iliac Joint, 35 Symphysis of Pubic Bones, 35 Hip Joint, 35 Knee Joint, 35 Tibiofibular Joint (O. T. Superior Tibiofibular Articulation), 35 Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (O. T. Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation), 35 Joints of the Foot, 35 Ankle Joint, 35 Intertarsal Joints, 36 Talocalcaneonavicular Joint, 36 Talocalcanean Joint, 36 Chopart's Transverse Articulation of the Tarsus, 36 Talonavicular Joint, 36 Calcaneocuboid Joint, 36 Cuneonavicular Joint, 36 Interosseous Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 Dorsal Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 Plantar Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 Tarsometatarsal Joints, 36 Intermetatarsal Joints, 36 Metatarsophalangeal Joints, 36 Joints of the Toes, 37 Myology or Musculature, 37 Muscles of the Back, 37 Muscles of the Head, 38 Muscles of the Hyoid Bone, 38 Muscles of the Neck, 38 Muscles of the Thorax, 39 Muscles of the Abdomen, 39 Coccygeal Muscles, 40 Muscles of the Upper Extremity, 40 Muscles of the Lower Extremity,. 41 BuRS^ AND Mucous Sheaths, 43 Splanchnology, 45 Digestive Apparatus, 45 Mouth Cavity, 45 Mucous Membrane of the Mouth, 45 Glands of the Mouth, 45 Teeth, 46 Tongue, 46 Fauces, 46 Muscles of the Palate and Fauces, 47 Pharynx, 47 Digestive Tube, 47 Oesophagus, 47 Stomach, 47 Small or Thin Intestine, 48 Large or Thick Intestine, 48 Rectum or Straight Gut, 49 Pancreas, 49 Liver, 49 Respiratory Apparatus, 50 Nasal Cavity, 50 External Nose, 51 Larynx, 51 Muscles of Larynx, 52 Cavity of Larynx, 52 Trachea and Bronchi, 52 I^ung, - 52 Thoracic Cavity, 53 Thyreoid Gland, 53 Carotid Skein (O. T. Intercarotid Gland), ^^ Contents v Respiratory Apparatus (Contimied) page Thymus, ^3 Urogenital Apparatus, 53 Uropoietic Organs, 53 Kidney, ^3 Renal Arteries, 54 Renal Veins, 54 Ureter, 54 Urinary Bladder, 54 Suprarenal Gland, ^4 Male Genital Organs, 5^ Testicle, 55 Seminal Vesicle • ^^ Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord, 55 Prostate, 55 Bulbo-urethral Gland (O. T. Cowper's Gland), 56 Parts of External Genitals, 56 Penis, 56 Male Urethra, 56 Scrotum, ^6 Female Genital Organs, 56 Ovary, 56 Uterine Tube (O. T. Fallopian Tube), 56 Uterus, ^7 Vagina, 57 Epo-ophoron (O. T. Parovarium or Organ of Rosenmueller), 57 External Genital Parts, 57 Paro-ophoron, 57 Large Vestibular Gland of Bartholin, 57 Clitoris, 57 Female Urethra, 58 Perineum, „ ^8 Peritoneum, 58 Angiology, 60 Heart, 60 Right Atrium (O. T. right auricle), 61 Right Ventricle, 61 Left Atrium (O. T. Left Auricle), 61 Left Ventricle, 61 Arteries, 61 Pulmonary Artery, 61 Aorta, 61 Innominate Artery, 62 Common Carotid Artery, 62 External Carotid Artery, 62 Superior Thyreoid Artery, 62 Ascending Pharyngeal Artery, 62 Lingual Artery, ' 62 External Maxillary Artery (O. T. Facial Artery) , 62 Sternocleidomastoid Artery, 62 Occipital Artery 62 Posterior Auricular Artery, 62 Superficial Temporal Artery, 62 Internal Maxillary Artery, 62 Internal Carotid Artery, 63 Ophthalmic Artery, 63 Cerebral Arteries, 63 Subclavian Artery, 63 Vertebral Artery, 63 Basilar Artery, 63 Internal Mammary Artery, 63 Thyreocervical Trunk (O. T. Thyreoid Axis), 63 Inferior Thyreoid Artery, 63 Ascending Cervical Artery, 64 vi Contents Angiology, Subclavian Artery (Contimied) page Superficial Cervical Artery, 64 Transverse Artery of Scapula (O. T. Suprascapular), 64 Costocervical Trunk (O. T. Superior Intercostal), 64 Transverse Artery of Neck (O. T. Transversalis Coli), 64 Axillary Artery, 64 Highest Thoracic Artery (O. T. Superior Thoracic Artery), 64 Thoraco-Acromial Artery (O. T. Thoracic Axis), 64 Lateral Thoracic Artery (O. T. Long Thoracic), 64 Subscapular Artery, 64 Anterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, 64 Posterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, 64 Brachial Artery, 64 Deep Artery of Upper arm (O. T. Superior Profunda) , 64 Superior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Inferior Profunda), 64 Inferior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Anastomotica Magna), 64 Radial Artery, 64 Ulnar Artery, 65 Thoracic Aorta, 65 Intercofetal Arteries, 65 Abdominal Aorta, 65 Inferior Phrenic Artery, 65 Lumbar Arteries, 65 Middle Sacral Artery, 65 Coeliac Artery, 65 Superior Mesenteric Artery, 66 Inferior Mesenteric Artery, 66 Middle Suprarenal Artery (O. T. Middle Capsular Artery), 66 Renal Artery, 66 Internal Spermatic Artery, 66 Testicular Artery, 66 Ovarian Artery, 66 Common Iliac Artery, 66 Hypogastric Artery (O. T. Internal Iliac), 66 Iliolumbar Artery, 66 Lateral Sacral Artery, 66 Obturator Artery, 66 Superior Gluteal Artery, 66 Inferior Gluteal Artery, 66 Umbilical Artery, 66 Inferior Vesical Artery, 66 Deferential Artery, 66 Uterine Artery, 66 Middle Hemorrhoidal Artery, 66 Internal Pudendal Artery, 66 External Iliac Artery, 66 Inferior Epigastric Artery (O. T. Deep Epigastric), 66 Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery, 67 Femoral Artery, 67 Popliteal Artery, 67 Anterior Tibial Artery, 67 Posterior Tibial Artery, 67 Veins, 68 Pulmonary Veins, 68 Veins of the Heart, 68 Superior Vena Cava, 68 Right and Left Innominate Veins, , 68 Internal Jugular Vein, 68 Sinuses of the Dura Mater, 68 Cerebral Veins, 69 Superior Ophthalmic Vein, 69 Common Facial Vein, 69 Anterior Facial Vein, 69 Posterior Facial Vein, 69 Contents vii AnGIOLOGY, Veins (Coniinued) page External Jugular Vein, 69 Subclavian Vein, 70 Axillary Vein, 70 Azygos Vein (O. T. Vena Azygos Major), 70 Inferior Vena Cava, 70 Portal Vein, 70 Common Iliac Vein, 71 Hypogastric Vein (O. T. Internal Iliac Vein), 71 External Iliac Veins, 71 Lymphatic System, 71 Lymphatic Vessels, 71 Thoracic Duct, 72 Lymph Glands, 72 Lymphatic Plexuses, 72 Neurology, 73 Central Nervous System, 73 Spinal Cord, 73 Sections of the Spinal Cord, 73 Brain, 74 Medullary or After-Brain, j 74 Medulla Oblongata, 74 Sections of Medulla Oblongata, 74 Fourth Ventricle, 75 Hind-Brain, 75 Pons (" Bridge ") Varolii, 75 Sections of the Pons, 75 Cerebellum or Small Brain, 75 Sections of Cerebellum, 76 Isthmus of Rhombencephalon, 76 Sections of Isthmus, 76 Cerebrum (Large Brain), 76 Midbrain, 76 Inferior Surface, 76 Peduncle of Cerebrum (O. T. Crus Cerebri), 77 Sections of Cerebral Peduncle, 77 Quadrigeminal Bodies (O, T. Optic Lobes), 77 Sections of Quadrigeminal Bodies, 77 Forebrain, 77 Interbrain, 77 Hypothalamus (O. T. Subthalamic Region), 77 Sections of the Hypothalamus, 77 Thalamic Brain, 78 Thalamus (O. T. Optic Thalamus), 78 Metathalamus, 78 Epithalamus, 78 Sections of the Thalamic Brain, 78 End-Brain, 78 Hemisphere, 78 Brain Mantle, 78 Medial Surface of Hemisphere, 79 Fornix, 79 Transparent Septum, 80 Lateral Ventricle, 80 Olfactory Brain, 80 Sections of End-Brain, 80 Membranes of Brain, 81 Peripheral Nervous System, 81 Cerebral Nerves, 81 Olfactory Nerves, 81 Optic Nerve, 81 Oculomotor Nerve (O. T. Third Nerve), 81 Trochlear Nerve (O. T. Patheticus or Fourth Nerve), 81 Trigeminal Nerve (O. T. Fifth Nerve), 82 Vlll Contents Neurology, Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Nerves {Continued) page Ophthalmic Nerve, 82 Maxillary Nerve (O. T. Superior Maxillary), 82 Mandibular Nerve (O. T. Inferior Maxillary), 82 Abducent Nerve (O. T. Sixth Nerve), 2>t, Facial Nerve, 83 Acoustic (O. T. Auditory Nerve), 83 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, ^;^ Vagus Nerve (O. T. Pneumogastric Nerve), 84 Accessory Nerve (O. T. Spinal Accessory), 84 Hypoglossal Nerve, , 84 Spinal Nerves, 84 Cervical Nerves, 85 Brachial Plexus, 85 Median Nerve, 85 Ulnar Nerve, 85 Radial Nerve (O. T. Musculospiral), 86 Thoracic Nerves, 86 Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Nerves, 86 Lumbosacral Plexus, 86 Lumbar Plexus, 86 Iliohypogastric Nerve, 86 Ilio-inguinal Nerve, 86 Genitofemoral Nerve (O. T. Genitocrural Nerve), 86 Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (O. T. External Cutaneous), 86 Obturator Nerve, 86 Femoral Nerve (O. T. Anterior Crural), 87 Sacral Plexus, 87 Sciatic Nerve (O. T. Great Sciatic), 87 Pudendal Plexus, 87 Coccygeal Nerve, 87 Sympathetic System of Nerves, 88 Cephalic and Cervical Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88 Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System, 88 Abdominal and Pelvic Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88 Sense Organs and Common Integument, 89 Organ of Vision, 89 Eye, 89 Optic Nerve, 89 Eyeball, 89 Fibrous Tunic of Eve, 89 Sclera (O. T. Sclerotic Coat), 89 Cornea, 89 . Vascular Coat of Eye, 89 Chorioid, 89 Ciliary Body, 90 Iris or Diaphragm of the Eye, 90 Layer of Pigment, 90 Retina, 90 Anterior Chamber of the Eye, 90 Posterior Chamber of the Eye, 90 Vitreous Body, 90 Crystalline Lens, 90 Ciliary Zonule (O. T. Zonule of Zinn), 91 Accessory Organs of the Eye, 91 Eye Muscles, Orbital Fasciae, 91 Eyebrow, 91 Eyelids, 91 Conjunctiva, 91 Lacrimal Apparatus, 91 Organ of Hearing, 92 Internal Ear, 92 Membraneous Labyrinth, 92 Osseous Labyrinth, 92 Contents ix Sense Organs and Common Integument, Organ of Hearing {Continued) pack Vestibule, 92 Cochlea, q2 Internal Acoustic Meatus, g^ Cavity of Tympanum, g^, Membrane of the Tympanum (O. T. Drumhead), 93 Auditory Ossicles, q3 Joints of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 Ligaments of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 Muscles of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 Tympanic Mucous Coat, 94 Auditory or Eustachian Tube, 94 External Acoustic Meatus, 94 External Ear, 94 Organ of Smell, 95 Organ of Taste, 95 Common Integument, 95 Skin, 95 Epidermis or Scarf Skin, 95 Corium or Leather Skin, 95 Subcutaneous Tissue, 95 Terminal Corpuscles of the Nerves, 95 Hair, 95 Nails, 96 Glands of the Skin 96 Coil Glands, 96 Sebaceous Glands, 96 Breast, 96 Regions of the Human Body, 97 of the Head, 98 of the Face, 98 of the Neck, 98 of the Breast, 99 of the Abdomen, 99 of the Back, 99 of the Upper Extremity, 99 of the Lower Extremity, 100 Explanatory Notes to Certain Terms, loi Colored Plates of Regions, 105-107 THE BASLE ANATOMICAL NOMEN- CLATURE [BNA]. Introduction, Now that the BNA is being followed in medical and scientific schools throughout the world, and has been adopted as the language used in several of the newer English and American anatomical text-books and atlases, it has occurred to the publishers of Morris's Anatomy that a concise statement concerning the origin and exact nature of this list of anatomical terms would be interesting and helpful to anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists, and cUnicians. They have asked me to prepare this statement, and I do so gladly, in the hope that it may bring the terminology to the attention of many who do not yet know of it, and make clear, perhaps, certain misunderstandings that have existed in the minds of some who have heard of it, but are not yet really familiar with it. To know its origin, nature, and aims is, I feel sure, in the majority of instances at least, to decide to use it. That the sooner a general decision to adopt it is reached the better it will be for anatomical instruction and research, and the easier it will be for teacher and taught, it is the aim of the following paragraphs to show. They have not been difficult to write, for, aside from the experience I have gained by personally using the BNA in anatomical labora- tories during the past ten years, the material for the account lay ready at hand in the articles of Krause* and Hisf and it has been necessary only to adapt it to the needs of readers in America and Great Britain. The article by Professor His has been followed especially closely, and parts of my account are no other than a free translation of his lucid paragraphs. The actual list of Latin names of the BNA is to be published at once by Messrs. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. and Messrs. J. & A. Churchill. It will be accompanied by a list of literal English equivalents which Dr. Benson A. Cohoe, Assistant Resident Physician in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, has been kind enough to help me to prepare. The English vocabulary is simply explanatory; in many instances it would be unwise to use the English synonyms given, and in many more instances anatomists would differ as to the most suitable English equivalent to be chosen. Each anatomist is of course at liberty to use whatever English equivalent he desires for the official Latin terms. Students are strongly advised, however, to use the original Latin terms as English words. The Latin terms are the only authorized ones. * Krause, W. : Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Internat. Monatsschr. f . Anat. u. PhysioL, 1893. X, 3^3- tHis, W.: "Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina anatomica, Verzeichniss der von der anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel aufgenommenen Namen Eingeleitet und im Einverstandniss mit dem Redactionsausschuss erlautert. Mit dreissig Abbildungen in Text und zwei Tafeln": Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1895. (Reprinted from the Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol, anat. Abth. Leipzig, 1895, Supplement-Band.) 2 Anatomical Nomenclature What the "BNA" is. The expression BNA is a shorthand title for a list of some 4500 anatomical terms {nomina anatomica) accepted at Basle in 1895 by the Anatomical Society as the most suitable designations for the various parts of the human anatomy which are visible to the naked eye. The terms are all in correct Latin and have been selected by a group of the most distinguished anatomists in the world, •working six years at their task, as the shortest and simplest available names for the different structures; the majority of the terms were already in use in the various text-books, but some of them were selected from anatomical monographs not considered in the text-books, and a few of them are brand-new, introduced into the hst, where an examination of the literature and of anatomical prep- arations showed that none of the terms hitherto coined was satisfactory. One name only is given to each structure, and the mass of synonyms which encumbered the text-books can thus be swept away. If one of the larger text- books of gross anatomy be examined, as many as 10,000 terms will be found employed, the half of which are synonyms ; and if the anatomical terms used in the various standard text-books be collected into one list, the total number amounts to more than 30,000. It is no small achievement to have reduced the necessary number of terms in gross anatomy, as it is known to-day, to less than 5000, — an achievement for which both students and teachers of the subject must be thankful. Even more important is the exclusion from the list of all obscure or ambig- uous terms, each name employed having a definite and easily ascertainable meaning. The construction of the list has led, too, to the establishment of cer- tain general principles regarding the formation and use of anatomical terms, and these principles promise to be of great service in simplifying terminology and keeping it uniform- as anatomical science continues to develop. Why this revision of anatomical terminology was imdertaken. Previous to undertaking this revision of the names used in gross anatomy, the burden of terms which had to be carried by text-book, teacher, and pupil had been growing progressively heavier. Anatomical structures had been chris- tened in a most haphazard way. From the beginning of the science each inves- tigator gave names as he would to the parts he studied, and as one investigator was often ignorant of the work done by others the same parts were frequently differently dubbed. The authors of anatomical text-books, especially those who read widely, gradually collected these terms, though each author selected and jerected names from the lists used by his predecessors as he thought fit. It has thus come about that we have inherited from previous centuries an excess of anatomical terms, many single structures carrying double or even mul- tiple designations. Examples come at once to mind: The pneumogastric nerve is also the vagus nerve as well as the tenth cerebral nerve; the trapezius muscle is known to some as the musculus cucullaris ; the laryngeal prominence is also Adam's apple; the aqueduct of the cerebrum is also, in many books, the iter e tertio ad quartum ventriculum; m. levator palati is synonymous with m. petro- salpingostaphyHnus. These double and multiple terms were passed on from lecture to lecture and from text-book to text-book, and as a result of this anarchy in the creation and use of terms the weight became terribly grievous. Teachers and pupils writhed under it. Anatomical research was, to some extent at least, retarded by it. When the valvula coH was known also variously as the valvula ileocecalis, the valvula Bauhini, the valvula Tulpii, and the valvula Falloppii, a certain historical sense may have been aroused and opportunity Why the Revision Was Undertaken 3 given, as His suggests, for the discussion of fossil questions of priority, but the inconveniences of such ballast were sufficiently obvious. As this naming went on by the authors of individual text-books or mono- graphs, a great many terms were proposed which never became current; others were gradually employed in a sense other than that originally intended; some attained to general anatomical parlance. It was the success that a name met with which justified its adoption in the science, although often, as examination has shown, it was fashion which in her imperious way decided, sometimes sud- denly replacing an entirely suitable anatomical term by another, no better. The names arising, as it were, by chance and at totally different periods in the various anatomical systems, it was scarcely possible that anatomical terminol- ogy as a whole could manifest any general plan or have much uniformity of character; it was necessarily chaotic and incoherent, — full of inequalities, con- tradictions, and obscurities. The distinguished German anatomist, J. Henle, when writing his well- known treatise, felt keenly the faults of the inherited terminology and made a great effort at improvement. In his text-book of anatomy he gave only one name to each structure, banishing all synonyms to the footnotes; he waged war against personal names, and replaced them by objective terms, urging that his- torical injustice was frequently done by their retention. It is to Henle, also, that we owe the introduction and consistent use of those excellent terms of orientation, — the words sagittal, frontal, medial, lateral, etc. But even as great an anatomist as Henle could not simpHfy anatomical terminology satisfac- torily without the sympathetic cooperation of other anatomists. Each great medical school had to a certain extent its own anatomical language, and the physician who tried to read articles in which the terms of schools other than that in which he had been brought up were used met with irritating difficulties. A student going from one university to another often found that the anatomical expressions acquired with great difficulty in the one had to be supplanted by another set of terms, equally hard to learn, in the other. This harmful and humiliating state of affairs stirred up in anatomists in various countries a strong feeling for the necessity of remedy. Anatomical so- cieties in America, in Germany, and in Great Britain interested themselves much in the problem. In America it was Professor Burt G. Wilder, of Ithaca, who felt most keenly the need of reform in terminology. He deserves great credit for his efforts to stimulate other American anatomists to a realization of this need, as well as for the time and labor he has given to attempt to improve and simplify anatomical terms.* He writes me that the matter of terminology was definitely brought before the American Association for the Advancement of Science as long ago as 1880, and states that in connection with the revision of terminology in America the names of Messrs. Gage, Gerrish, Gould, Huntington, Leidy, and the Spitzkas, father and son, should be mentioned. The movement for revision of terminology which originated in Germany in the enlarged Anatomical Society at its first meeting in Leipsic, in 1887, is the *C/. Wilder, B. G.: "The Fundamental Principles of Anatomical Nomenclature" (Med. News, Phila., 1891, December 19) ; " Macroscopical Vocabulary of the Brain," presented to the Association of American Anatomists at Boston, Mass., December 20, 1890; "American Reports upon Anatomical Nomenclature," 1889-1890, with notes by B. G. Wilder, Cor- nell University, February 5, 1892; "Anatomical Terminology," by B. G. Wilder and S. H. Gage, in the first edition of Wood's Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences; "Neural Terms, International and National," 1896; "Some Misapprehensions as to the Simplification of^ the Nomenclature of Anatomy," 1898. The Reports of the Committee of the Associ- ation of American Anatomists may also be consulted. 4 Anatomical Nomenclature one which resulted finally in the production of the BNA. The Society in that year voted that its officers undertake at once a revision of anatomical terms, with the hope of remedying the obvious evils existing. No sooner did these officers begin their work, however, than unforeseen difficulties began to appear, and these did not lessen in number or significance as the work progressed. Anatomists may rejoice that the difficulties were not insuperable. How they were overcome and what the results achieved were, I shall try to explain in the paragraphs which succeed. The Scope of the Work and the Workers. It soon became clear that a permanent commission on terminology could deal more effectively with the problem than the officers of the Society. Again, an editor-in-chief, who should devote himself almost entirely to the work for a number of years, must of necessity be appointed. These suggestions, emanating from Professor His, were adopted by the Society in 1889. The Commission on Nomenclature was at once appointed, with Professor von KoUiker as Chairman and Professors O. Hertwig, His, KoUmann, Merkel, Schwalbe, Toldt, Waldeyer, and V. Bardeleben as members, — a list of names as Hkely, surely, as any that could have been chosen to insure success from the start. This Commission began its work most happily by securing the services of Professor W. Krause, of Berlin, as editor-in-chief. Krause's literary ability made the choice especially suitable. During the six years' work which fol- lowed his appointment he set an example, his collaborators tell us, of indefati- gable diligence and inexhaustible patience. The necessary correspondence of such an editor was almost interminable; letters often passed to and fro for weeks in order to set a single term right or to get it into its proper place in the list. The cost of the undertaking was a matter for early consideration. The work, while largely a labor of love, entailed unavoidably certain expenses. The original estimate of the Commission of 10,000 marks ($2500) was exceeded only a little. It seems almost incredible that the work could have been accom- plished with so small an outlay. A large proportion of the cost (some 8090 marks) was defrayed by the scientific academies of Munich, Berlin, Vienna, Leipsic, and Hungary; the rest of the amount (3800 marks) was contributed by the Anatomical Society itself. The exact scope of the work had, of course, to be clearly before the minds of the members of the Commission from the outset. It was decided, therefore, to consider descriptive anatomy solely, and this only in as far as the structures are visible to the naked eye or through a simple hand lens. No attempts were to be made to settle the terminology in domains of lively contemporary investi- gation, nor were the terms of microscopic anatomy to be included. The list was to be constructed in one language — viz.: Latin; those who use the termi- nology were left, therefore, to translate, at will, the terms more or less freely, into their own tongues. The question in how far the terminology should attempt to be international in character was a delicate one for the Commission to determine. The Anatomi- cal Society, while organized in Germany and meeting usually only in cities in which the German language is spoken, has never been exclusively German in membership or character. Indeed, the list of members includes names from America, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland. The majority of members are German, it is true; in 1895 there were 145 German members to 129 members belonging to other countries. A society with such a membership might, perhaps, without criticism, The Way the Work Was Done 5 undertake the establishment of a terminology intended for international use. It was decided, however, not to make the undertaking too wide at the beginning, to try rather to form a list of terms which should, in the first place, be acceptable to German-speaking anatomists and, later on, to attempt to gain the cooperation of anatomists who speak other languages. Though the names of the Commis- sion originally appointed are all those of German or Austrian anatomists, the lists of anatomical terms considered were, from the beginning, taken from French and English as well as from German books. In 1890 several anatomists from Great Britain and other European countries were invited to join the Com- mission, and, later, Professor Thane of London was included. It was partly owing, doubtless, to the relatively undeveloped state of anatomy at the time in American universities, partly to the fact that few, if any, of our anatomists then attended the meetings of the Anatomical Society, that no one from this country was invited to join the Commission, Were another revision to be made by the Society to-day, American anatomists would undoubtedly be requested to act. The terminology which the Commission prepared and which was ac- cepted by the Society in Basle, in 1905, was, in origin and in execution, there- fore, the affair of the Anatomical Society and is to be regarded as international only in as far as that Society and its affiliations may be so regarded. The Way the Work was done. It is interesting to learn the methods followed by the Commission in the accomplishment of its task. The plan adopted at the beginning was greatly modified as the work proceeded. Myology, as it promised to be much the easiest, was the first subject undertaken. The editor took as a basis the names used in the latest large text-book of gross anatomy.* These terms were vnritten down in a vertical column and the synonyms from a number of other much-used text- books placed in parallel columns. The lists were manifolded and a copy sent to each commissioner with the request that he mark the term of his choice, or if he found none suitable to propose a new one for the structure concerned. Each commissioner was to return his list with comments to Professor Krause. When the first vote on myological terms was counted it was found that the names of 85 per cent, of the structures had received a majority vote, — more than 40 per cent, receiving practically unanimous approval. This surprising result was most encouraging. A second list was then made out indicating the accepted names, the terms still not decided upon, and the list of new terms proposed, and it, together with the comments made by the various commissioners, was again distributed. After the second vote any terms left undetermined were discussed and settled in personal sittings of the Commission. By June, 189 1, the myo- logical terminology was complete with a list of some 300 terms. As a result of its early experience the Commission found that a second and third vote made by correspondence gave results but little better than the first vote. Further, it was soon learned that the new terms proposed and the com- ments made by the members, often as a result of hard work and special knowl- edge, were insufficiently considered unless each new term and comment were verbally discussed in personal meetings of the commissioners. On attempting such verbal discussion, however, in 1892, it was found that progress was made too slowly in the full Commission and it became necessary to parcel out the work to special committees. Thus the list of terms in Angiology was assigned to Professors Merkel, Thane, and Toldt; that in Regional Anatomy to Pro- * Tills happened to be C. Gegenbaur's "Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen." 6 Anatomical Nomenclature fessors Merkel, Riidinger, and Toldt, while Professor Toldt was made a com- mittee of one to consider the terminology of joints. Another important step consisted in the appointment of a special editing committee consisting of Professors His, Krause, and Waldeyer. To this com- mittee was delegated the task of giving a uniform character to the terminology as a whole, a matter of no little difhculty. Since the single systems had been voted upon at long intervals, the different terms accepted had received variable majorities. There was a considerable residue of terms still undetermined in the parts already considered and the whole list contained inequalities and even contradictions which had to be corrected. Indeed, this editing committee found itself deeply immersed in the hardest kind of work for no less than three years after it was appointed. The terminology of the nervous system and of the viscera proved to be the most difficult of all. In these chapters the com- pleted list is deeply indebted especially to Professor His and to the support and advice he received from Professors von KoUiker, Toldt, and Waldeyer. During the last three of the six years' work it was found that results were most quickly and satisfactorily reached by adopting the following program: First, the members of the Commission were asked to send in their special sugges- tions and comments for the unfinished lists even before the first vote was taken, so that they could be considered on the primary ballot. The editor-in-chief, after this vote had been made, rearranged the lists and turned them over to the editing committee, the members of which reconsidered each term separately and decided doubtful questions. This committee often found it necessary to refer to the bibhography and even to dissections to help it in its decisions. The lists thus edited were returned to the Commission for final comments. These, when received, were thoroughly studied by the editing committee, and in 1895 the definitive list was presented by the Commission to the Anatomical Society as a whole at its meeting in Basle. The Society voted its adoption. The Principles arrived at as the Work proceeded. As the six years' work of the Commission proceeded certain principles of terminology crystallized out and simplified the further revision. It was found, however, that while these principles were of value as general rules, none of them could be employed absolutely without exception. The more important decisions arrived at were the following: (i) Each part shall have only one name. (2) Each term shall be in Latin and be philologically correct. (3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible. (4) The terms shall be merely memory signs and need lay no claim to description or to speculative interpretation. (5) Related terms shall, as far as possible, be similar — e. g., Femur, Arteria femoralis. Vena femoralis, Nervus femoralis. (6) Adjectives, in general, shall be arranged as opposites — e. g., dexter and sinister, major and minor, anterior and posterior, superficialis and profundus. The Commission was occasionally forced to deviate from these rules. Thus, the first one was violated with the mitral valve, which is named valvula bicus- pidalis and valvula mitralis, neither term being omitted (a concession to clini- cians). The third rule, while usually easily followed (few would care to retain the terms crotaphitico-buccinatorius or petrosalpingostaphylinus) , could not always be obeyed; for instance, it did not seem wise to abolish that popular term, sternocleidomastoideus. The fifth rule was ignored in making the arteria meningea media go through a foramen spinosum (instead of through a Principles Arrived at as Work Proceeded 7 foramen meningeum medium), and other examples might be given. But only when compromise appeared to be unavoidable did the Commission consent to depart from the principles mentioned. There was much difference of opinion regarding the retention of personal names. Some desired to continue their use; others wished to abolish them al- together. Much can be said on each side. The arguments pro and con have been marshalled by His. On the one hand (i) historical injustice is frequently done, the name borne by a part being not that of its real discoverer but of some later worker; (2) the personal names employed may vary in different countries, Lieberkiihn's glands in Germany being Galeati's in Italy, Vater's corpuscles in the one country being those of Pacini in the other; (3) in the literature of the specialties personal names are often used in great excess, names of no importance figuring in the bibliography; and (4) no systematic plan seems to have been followed in adopting personal names; thus, even from among the immortals, the names of Eustachius and Malpighi have in more than one instance been chosen for' anatomical structures, while the names of VesaKus and Harvey do not appear at all. On the other hand it is argued that (i) the per- sonal names are usually good mnemotechnic material, a student easily retaining the names of Poupart's, Gimbernat's and CoUes's ligaments and having the impulse to find out what each signifies; whereas, his interest is much less for a ligamentum inguinale, a ligamentum lacunare, or a ligamentum inguinale reflexum; (2) a certain feeling of piety should restrain us from sacrificing, to a principle arbitrarily established, terms which for cen- turies have been found good and useful; and (3) it is to the student's advantgae in his first session in the medical school to become familiar with the names of Falloppia, Eustachius, Malpighi, etc., for through them his historical sense may be awakened; and it is, perhaps, matter of secondary importance whether or not the names are always rightly used, this being a function of the history of anatomy rather than of anatomical terminology. The Commission compromised by giving each part an objective name and putting widely used personal names in brackets. Though this makes the terms less simple, it has the advantage of leaving to time the final decision. The personal names are all put in the genitive case, following the precedent set by the Zoological Commission on terminology. Thus Poupart's ligament becomes Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]. In time it will be known whether it is to be called ultimately the inguinal ligament or by Pou- part's name. Another matter which the Commission had to decide concerned the anatom- ical terms used in the medical specialties, — e. g., in neurology, ophthalmology, otology, and laryngology. In recent years clinicians have been reworking the anatomy of their special domains quite independently of the anatomical labora- tories. An examination of the literature of the specialties reveals an anatom- ical terminology and description which varies markedly from the language and presentation of the ordinary anatomical text-books. The Commission soon convinced itself that the creation of this special language was due to the insuffi- ciency of the anatomies of the schools ; it was its duty, therefore, to accept the terms introduced by the specialists or to supply better ones. While the average medi- cal student cannot, in his course in anatomy, be expected to master completely the anatomical terms of all the medical specialties, still, as far as his training goes in that direction, he has the right to demand that it shall be correct and modern. For completeness' sake, therefore, the Commission has included a full list of the names of macroscopic structures in the special organs, being led to do so by the repeated assurance of distinguished specialists that they were ready to accept the nomenclature of the anatomists as soon as it covered their needs. 8 Anatomical Nomenclature It is surprising to find how few really new terms were coined by the Com- mission. Indeed, the first plan was so conservative that it expected to make no new terms at all but only to choose the most suitable terms then in use in the text-books. Fortunately this plan was not adhered to. The only terms avail- able in the text-books for some structures wxre antiquated and unworthy of re- tention; but, worse and oftener, among the terms used in the text-books are some that are employed by one author in one sense and by another in another, owing, in certain cases at least, to obscure or inexact views. The Commission was therefore sometimes compelled to search the bibliography, to study dis- sections, and even to make original investigations in connection with a given term. For the sake of clarity and accuracy a certain number of new terms had to be introduced, and in the explanatory notes which accompanied the publication of the BNA Professor His has indicated the exact meaning of these new terms. Now that the new anatomical text-books and atlases are being written in the language of the BNA the student and physician will have no difficulty in understanding the few terms which otherwise might have seemed unfamiliar to him. The fact, however, remains that the list consists chiefly of carefully selected old names; it gives quite a wrong impression, therefore, to speak of the BNA as the "new terminology" or "new nomenclature."* The adoption of the BNA in America and in Great Britain. Having reviewed the history of the origin and construction of the BNA let us now turn for a moment to the matter of its adoption in this and in other English-speaking countries. It was thought by some, at first, that there would be great difficulties in the way. (i) Thus, though granting the desirabihty of an anatomical terminology which shall be the same in all civihzed countries, some think that the time is not yet ripe for it; the needs of the anatomists of different countries as regards anatomical terms are, they argue, not yet fully identical. When it is remembered, however, that the terms of the BNA deal only with well-established gross anatom- ical structures and do not relate to microscopic parts or to parts concerning which views are still unsettled, it is not difficult to conceive of international cooperation in the use of them for the sake of uniformity. The work of all anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists and clinicians would be made much easier thereby. The speed of progress in these days has compelled every scientific medical man to read articles on his subject appearing in several languages; unless he does so he falls hopelessly behind his colleagues. Even medical students, in the schools with the higher requirements, are now asked to read one or two modern languages other than their own before admission. How obviously the reading of medical articles in the international bibliography would be facilitated if all writers would make it a point to use the same ana- tomical terms in texts and at the sides of illustrative plates and figures! Certainly the vast majority of the terms of the BNA would be understandable of all and agreeable to all. Even if a small residue of names might be found objectionable and remain unused in each country, it would matter but Httle, though most of us, surely, would be willing temporarily, for the sake of uni- formity, to use a few terms not wholly to our liking. (2) There are, it is said, a few anatomists in America and in England who are prejudiced against the BNA because it was prepared by the German Anatomical Society and is largely the result of the work of German anatomists. * Through an oversight in proof-reading, I have myself fallen into this error in my ** Laboratory Manual." The Adoption of the BNA 9 Aside from the facts referred to above — that the Anatomical Society had almost as many non-German as German members and that the Commission on Ter- minology contained English, Belgian and Italian anatomists as well as German, Austrian and Swiss — it would not, it seems to me, have mattered much, or hin- dered its acceptance by us, if the BNA had been wholly German in origin. If anatomists of worthily world-wide fame like His, Toldt, Waldeyer, Krause, and their colleagues are willing and able to give a large part of their time and energies for six years to such a task, to secure the money to defray the expense thereof, and then to present it freely to the rest of us, — if what they have done is really excellent, — are we to be sulky and reject it simply because it was " made in Germany"? I cannot believe that any one who reflects for a moment can be other than extremely grateful for the very valuable gift these men have made us; such a Chauvinistic attitude as I have described can surely not be assumed by more than a minute minority. On the contrary, it is characteristic of the people of this country that they seek out and adopt as their own the "best" wherever it is to be found, even if it chance to be " made in Thibet" or in Timbuctoo. (3) The fact that the list of terms is written entirely in the Latin language has been the ground of objection on the part of a few. But this, I feel sure, is due to a misunderstanding of the intention of the Commission. Its members had no idea that, in actual use, the Latin form would always be employed ; it is matter of indifference whether one says "biceps muscle" or "musculus biceps," "fem- oral nerve" or "nervus femoralis," "temporal bone" or "os temporale," "yellow spot" or " macula lutea." As a matter of fact, a student learning an anatomical term for the first time will usually find that the Latin term goes as trippingly on the tongue, often more so, than its English equivalent. There are marked individual preferences, however, in this regard and I have known some teachers and students who would fly from a Latinized form as though from Satan". Cer- tainly in this country fewer teachers than in Germany use the Latin consistently, though, as the feeling for precision and uniformity grows, it is possible that the custom may increase, in which event all the Latin names would actually become English words, as has already happened with conjunctiva, retina, plexus, fornix, thalamus, ganglion, ependyma, cranium, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and of the like many more. The Commission at first had the idea of placing translations for the various languages in parallel columns with the Latin names, but wisely, I think, refrained therefrom, thus leaving everyone free to supply the equiv- alent in his own tongue as he will. In the German dissecting-rooms, even, the Latin forms are not strictly adhered to; one hears "Rlickenmark" rather than "Medulla spinalis," "Kopfnicker" (not " Brustschliasselzitzenfortsatzmuskel ") rather than "M. sternocleidomastoideus." It is in books, and more particu-- larly in atlases, that it is especially desirable that the BNA be used in its Latin form. Where there is, too, any likelihood of international use of book or altas, or of translation from one tongue into another, it would be helpful if this rule were followed. (4) It has been objected, further, that since English and American text- books have been written without regard to the BNA, students and teachers will only add the burden of a lot of additional names to their already overcrowded memories, — that we shall have a "confusion worse confounded" than before. It has been asserted, tooo, that students passing from anatomical laboratories in which the BNA is employed into the clinics which are manned by professors who learned their anatomy years ago will taken with them a tongue unintelligible to their instructors and will find in use there a form of anatomical language un- known to themselves. lo Anatomical Nomenclature There is a minimum of truth in these objections, but the difficulties to be encountered are far less real than would at first sight appear. For, in the first place, experience has taught that the use of the BNA along with the older text-books is not an impracticable task. The older books contain a majority of the BNA terms and a great many others besides, so that the use of the BNA resolves itself, in these circumstances, largely into an emphasizing of the names of choice and the omission of the unnecessary synonyms; the addition of the few new terms required meets with no difficulty if the instructors be well versed in them. Since Professor Mall called my attention to the BNA in 1895 and recommended it to me I have used it more or less consistently and with satis- faction ever since in my anatomical and clinical teaching in Baltimore and in Chicago. Other American teachers who have done the same tell me that they have found its employment easy and rewarding, and students, often unsolicited, express marked approval of the BNA terms where they differ from those for- merly in use. The BNA is now used regularly in several of the American anatomical laboratories and, in large part though not exclusively, in others. That the student's text-books and atlases should be written in the BNA is, nevertheless, obviously desirable. In 1899, in writing a book on the nervous system, I found it satisfactory to employ it (with minor exceptions), exclusively, for the domains which it covered. Soon after, in the dissecting-room teaching in Chicago, I was impressed with the idea that the student's task could be greatly simplified if a guide to dissection were written in terms of the BNA, each term being brought in at the moment the pupil meets with the structure named in his practical work. To meet this need, I prepared and had published, with the help of Drs. D. D. Lewis and D. G. Revell, in 1904, "A Laboratory Manual of Human Anatomy." Meanwhile, three excellent anatomical atlases, — those of Spalteholz, Sobotta and Toldt, — had appeared in Germany, each with the BNA terms printed at the sides of the figures. In order to make the task of students and teachers still lighter, and again encouraged by Professor Mall, I undertook during the years 1 900-1 904 the translation into English of the text of Professor Spalteholz's work, and since then its beautiful illustrations and brief, precise, anatomical descriptions have been available to American and English readers. The kind way in which these books have been received by American anatomists and clinicians makes it evident that there exists in this country a warm sympathy with the movement to render anatomical terminology more simple, less cumbersome, and more precise. In 1902, Dr. Hardesty used the BNA exclusively in his useful "Neurological Technique," and in the small text of Dr. Whitehead (1900) and the monograph of Dr. Sabin (1901), both on the brain, it had also been adopted. Indications, indeed, now point to its general acceptance by American and British writers. Besides Spalteholz's Atlas that of Sobotta and that of Toldt are now available in English translation. The new edition of that popular text-book, Morris's Anatomy, edited by Mr. Henry Morris, of London, and Professor McMur- rich, of Ann Arbor, just now being published, is couched in the BNA terms It would take too long to cite all the books and important articles in which these names figure. A monograph recently published by Dr. Potter, of St. Louis, entitled " Topographical Anatomy of the Viscera of the Thorax and Abdomen, " should not, however, be omitted, as it is most valuable as a companion to any one studying, for the first time, a series of cross-sections through the trunk of a human being; the BNA names are used throughout in its plates and descrip- tions. That biologists find the BNA satisfactory is indicated by its use in Professor J. B. Johnston's book, "The Anatomy of the Nervous System of The Future of Anatomical Terminology ii Vertebrates." And, now that the newest edition of Gould's Medical Dictionary is also to consider the BNA, there would seem to be no longer reason for delay in general recognition and employment. The assumption that students who have been taught the BNA and their clinical teachers will be reciprocally embarrassed in one another's presence — that a sort of anatomical Babel will prevail — gives scarcely due credit to either student or clinician. For, on the one hand, the student is sure during this tran- sition period to become acquainted quickly with the old synonyms of the few new anatomical terms foreign to the ordinary clinical vocabulary; he can scarcely escape, for instance, learning that clinicians almost invariably speak of the "atria" of the heart as its "auricles," or of the "omental bursa" as the "lesser peritoneum." And, on the other hand, we may be certain that the modern sci- entific clinician, worthy of a clinical chair in a medical school, will not be un- familiar with those more recent studies in the anatomy of his field which are of suflGicient permanent importance to have been reflected in the BNA. The internist who has not brought his anatomy of the lungs, the heart, the liver, the spleen, the kidneys and the peritoneum at least up to the level of precision indicated by the BNA list, handicaps himself in his work. So with the surgeon with regard to the bones, the articulations, the blood-vessels and nerves, the neck, the abdomen and the pelvis. There need be little fear, we may feel toler- ably sure, of delinquency here. Should the nobler motives prove ineffective — they will not — the fierceness of competition among clinicians, the rivalry for prestige among the occupants of clinical chairs, would from now on, if it has not always so done in the past, compel the teachers of the practical branches to keep pace with progress in the fundamentals. We have seen above, as a mat- ter of fact, how clinicians in the medical specialties have not only kept pace with the anatomists but, in part, have outstripped them in the race. Investi- gating the anatomy of their own special domains anew and independently, their inquiries have expanded knowledge and necessitated an enrichment of anatomical vocabulary. This process has begun in America. That it will go on and be- come an engine of great power in furthering the development of our knowl- edge of the human form in regions yet obscure, who can doubt? The Future of Anatomical Terminology. No matter how many revisions of terminology are made, and entirely independently of those who make them, we can be sure that, in the long run, only those names will survive which are wisely selected, which are precise in expression, and which are organically connected with whatever great general plan our ana- tomical nomenclature ultimately assumes. Anatomical terms, to live, must satisfy the needs of, and be adopted by, a majority of anatomists and clinicians. It would be folly to attempt to force the use of the BNA or any other list of anatomical terms upon any man or group of men. A terminology must rely upon its intrinsic merits, not upon the influence of authority. The better it satis- fies the needs of teaching and investigation, the greater its chances of general acceptance and permanence. Those of us who are convinced of the value of the BNA should set an example by using it and may recommend its use to others. More than this we ought not to do. The fact should be emphasized that the BNA makes no attempt to limit the language of research, but only to supply a list of simple terms, free from ambiguity, for common use in the medical schools. Research must, of course, retain absolute freedom of expression. Investigators, to make themselves understood, are compelled to use temporarily many expressions consciously 12 Anatomical Nomenclature wholly provisional in character. Only when time has brought a certain repose to scientific activity in a given region do more permanent terms crystallize out. It should be easy in a country like America, for anatomists to agree with their colleagues in the rest of the world upon the adoption of a common set of terms for school use. It is fair to assume that the tendency to cooperation, so charac- teristic of the energies of this country, notably manifest in industrial combinations no less than in the team-work of athletes, will not be found lacking among anatomists. Even when compromises have to be made, there is a certain special honor and satisfaction to be derived from the sacrifices involved when they contribute to the common weal. That some concessions must necessarily be made in using the BNA cannot be denied; almost every cooperative measure demands some self-denial among participants. This need not, however, be great. Where the list does not supply in full the requirements of the individual teacher, there is no reason why he should not extend it at will. On the other hand, where the list contains terms in excess of the needs of a given instructor or school, it is an easy matter to omit those which seem superfluous. It may seem a little hard for one who has spoken of the ''M. complexus" all his fife to get used to call- ing it the "M. semispinalis capitis," or for another who has been brought up with an ''anterior crural" to abandon it for the "femoral" nerve. But when the good reasons for the change are known and appreciated, good-will will carry one far. It is only when a term is found to be incompatible with one's scien- tific convictions that reasonable difficulty arises. The BNA has, however, been constructed with such great care and has so sedulously avoided affixing labels to structures still in dispute that we need have little fear on that score. Even should there be a few terms, or even a few hundred, which we find hard at this time to digest, the general acceptance of the other 4000 will be a great gain, cutting the labors of students, as it will, in two. That conditions will arise, perhaps soon, when another revision will be desirable and demanded there can be no doubt. Investigation is ever extending; our criteria of values are constantly changing; scientific needs in terminology vary, in spite of us, with the years; at intervals revision becomes unavoidable. But with foundations so well laid as in the BNA, a subsequent review should be facilitated. The development of the BNA has taught us the necessity of observing certain rules in the coining of new anatomical terms. If these rules be good ones, the work of extension will be easy. It would not be difficult, for instance, to merge the names of this list into a nomenclature which considers, more satisfactorily than the BNA does, the needs to which a fusion of Human Anatomy with Comparative Anatomy gives rise. And I, for one, hope that such a "merger" may be promoted in our time. I trust too that, at another revision, the terms in Professor Wilder's lists which differ from those of the BNA may be carefully considered, and that his terms, where they are better than those of the present BNA, may be adopted. Of one thing I am convinced, — cooperation is, from now on, essential for the welfare of a satisfactory anatomical language. Simplicity, accuracy, and serial connection will be favored if anatomists agree to use terms, in common, for the structures studied in the schools. The teacher's work will be simplified and the pupil's task will be lightened; instruction will be unhampered, research will flourish and anatomical science will gain in dignity and in precision. Nomina anatomica' Termini, situm ct dircctioncm partium corporis indicantes Termini generates Verticalis Anterior Horizontalis Medius Medianus Posterior Sagittalis Ventralis Frontalis Dorsalis Transversalis Internus Medialis Externus Intermedius Dexter Lateralis Sinister Termini ad extre Proximalis Distalis Radialis Longitudinalis Transversus Cranialis Rostralis Caudalis Superior Inferior Superficialis [sublimis] Profundus Ulnaris Tibialis Fibularis ^ In the lists the following explanations are necessary: 1. Oval brackets ( ) indicate variations (Varietates anatomicae). 2. Angular brackets [ ] contain explanatory additions, among which are included double names and personal names. 3. Italics are used for ontogenetic expressions (e.g., M. decidua, A. umbilicalis, etc.) 14 Anatomical names' Terms indicating the position and direction of parts of the body General terms Vertical Anterior Longitudinal Horizontal Middle Transverse Median Posterior Cranial Sagittal Ventral Rostral Frontal Dorsal Caudal Transversal Inner Superior Medial Outer Inferior Intermediate Right Superficial Lateral Left Deep Terms relating to the extremities Proximal Ulnar Distal Tibial Radial Fibular * The letters O. T. following a name indicate that it belongs to the older terminology. 14 IS Anatomical Nomenclature Termini ^eneraies Accessorius Corona Glandula Acinus Corpus Glomerulus Aditus Corpusculum Glomus Ala Crista Hilus Crus Humor Alveolus Decussatio Junctura Ampulla Dorsum Impressio Angulus Ductulus Incisura Ansa Ductus Infundibulum Antrum Eminentia Intestinum Apertura Endothelium Isthmus Apex Epithelium Labium Appendix Extremitas Lacuna Arcus Facies Lamina Area Fascia Latus Basis Fasciculus Ligamentum Brachium Fibra Limbus Canaliculus Fibrocartilago Limen Canalis Filum Linea Capsula Fissura Liquor Caput Flexura Lobulus Capitulum Folium Lobus Cartilage Folliculus Macula Caruncula Foramen Margo Cauda Formatio Massa Caverna Fornix Meatus Cavum Fossa Medulla Cellula Fossula Membrana Circulus Fovea Membrum Cisterna Foveola Mucus Collum Frenulum Musculus Columna Fundus Nervus Commissura Funiculus Nodulus Geniculum Nucleus Cornu Genu Organon / General Anatomical Terms 15 General Anatomical Terms Accessory- Berry Entrance Wing (contraction of axilla) Little hollow- Flask Angle Handle or loop Cave Opening Tip Appendage Arch Space Base Arm Small channel Canal Capsule Head Little head Cartilage Small piece of flesh Tail Cavern Hole or cavity Little chamber or cell Circle Cistern Neck Column or pillar Connection or commis- sure Horn Wreath, garland, or crown Body Little body or corpuscle Crest Leg or limb Decussation or crossing Back Little duct Duct Eminence or protuberance Endothelium Epithelium Extremity Face or surface Bandage or band A little bundle or packet Fibre or filament Fibrocartilage Thread Fissure or cleft Bending Leaf Little sac or bag Hole, aperture, or opening Formation Arch or vault Ditch or trench Little fossa Pit Little pit Cord or rein • Bottom Thin rope, cord, or string Little knee or knot Knee Gland Little skein Skein Hilus Liquid or fluid Joint Impression Incision or notch Funnel Intestine or inward Isthmus Lip Gap, defect Plate or layer Broad; flank Ligament Border or fringe Threshold, boundary Line Fluid or liquid A little lobe Lobe Spot , Margin Mass Way or passage Marrow Membrane Limb or member Mucus Muscle Nerve Nodule Nucleus or kernel Organ i6 Anatomical Nomenclature Orificium Septum Tunica Os [oris] Sinus Tunica propria Os [ossis] Spatium Umbo Ostium Spina Uvula Papilla Stratum Parenchyma Stria Vagina Paries Stroma Vallecula Perichondrium Substantia Vallum Periosteum Succus Valvula Plexus Sulcus Vas Plica Taenia Velum Polus Tegmen Processus Tela Vertex Prominentia Tela conjunctiva Vesica Punctum Tela elastica Vesicula Radix Torus Ramulus Vestibulum Ramus Trabecula Raphe Tractus Villus Recessus Trigonum Viscus [viscera] Regio Trochlea Rete Truncus Vortex Rima Tuber Zona Rudimentum Tuberculum Septulum Tubulus General Anatomical Terms i6 Orifice Mouth Bone Entrance Papilla or nipple Parenchyma Wall Perichrondrium Periosteum Plexus Fold Pole Process Prominence or projection Point or small puncture Root Little branch or twig Branch Raphe or seam Recess Region or territory Net or network Slit or fissure Rudiment Little septum Partition Sinus Space Spine or thorn Layer or covering Furrow, stripe, or ridge Stroma, or bed Substance Juice Sulcus or furrow Ribbon; tape-worm A cover Web Connecting web Elastic web Round swelling or protuber- ance Little beam Tract Trigone or triangle Pulley Trunk Swelling or hump Tubercle Tubule or little tube Coat or covering Proper coat Boss or prominence Little cluster or bunch Sheath Crevice Wall or fortification Valve Vessel Sail, covering or cur- tain Crown of head Bladder Vesicle or little blad- der Vestibule or ante- chamber Shaggy hair Organ, internal organ Whirlpool Girdle or zone 17 Anatomical Nomenclature Partes corporis humani Caput Tr u n c u s Collum Caput Cranium Extremitates Vertex Tempora Sinciput Auris Frons Auricula Occiput Fades O cuius Os Palpebra superior Sulcus nasolabialis Palpebra inferior Philtrum Rima palpebrarum Labium superius Bulbus oculi Labium inferius Supercilium Rima oris Sulcus infrapalpebralis Cavum oris Lingua Nasus Fauces Dorsum nasi Bucca [Mala] Apex nasi Sulcus mentolabialis Ala nasi Mentum • Collum Cervix Pharynx Larynx Trachea Prominentia laryngea Truncus Oesophagus Thorax Dorsum Cavum thoracis Columna vertebralis Pectus Canalis spinalis Mamma Papilla mammae Parts of the Human Body 17 Parts of the human body Head Trunk Neck Head Skull Extremities Crown of the head Temples Sinciput; bregma Ear Forehead External ear, or pinna Occiput Face Eye Mouth Upper eyelid Nasolabial furrow Lower eyelid Infranasal depression Lid-slit Upper lip Eyeball Lower lip Eyebrow Mouth slit Infrapalpebral furrow Mouth cavity Tongue Nose Throat Back of the nose Cheek Tip of the nose Mentolabial furrow Wing of the nose Neck Chin Neck (posterior part) Pharynx Larynx Trachea Laryngeal prominence (0. Oesophagus T. Adam's apple) Trunk Thorax Back Thoracic cavity Vertebral column Breast Spinal canal Mammary gland Mammary nipple i8 Anatomical Nomenclature Abdomen Cavum abdominis Latus Scrobiculus cordis Lumbus Umbilicus Inguen Pelvis Cavum pelvis Anus Mons pubis Crena ani Coxa Perineum Nates [Clunes] Extremitas superior Axilla Manus Plica axillaris anterior Carpus Plica axillaris posterior Metacarpus Acromion Dorsum manus Brachium Vola manus [Palma] Facies anterior Thenar Facies posterior Hypothenar Facies lateralis Digiti manus Facies medialis PoUex [Digitus I] Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis Index [ " II] Sulcus bicipitalis medialis Digitus medius [Digitus III] Cubitus Digitus annularis [ " IV] Antibrachium Digitus minimus [ " V] Facies dorsalis Facies dorsales Facies volaris Facies volares Margo radialis Margines radiales Margo ulnaris Margines ulnares Extremitas inferior Femur Facies anterior Facies posterior Facies lateralis Facies medialis Sulcus glutaeus Genu Poples Patella Crus Facies anterior Facies posterior Sura Malleolus lateralis Malleolus medialis Pes Tarsus Metatarsus Parts of the Human Body i8 Belly Abdominal cavity Flank " Heart fossa" ; pit of stomach Loin Navel Groin Pelvis Pelvic cavity Anus Pubic eminence Anal cleft Hip Perineum Buttock Uppe T extremity Axilla; prominence of shoulder Hand Anterior axillary fold Wrist Posterior axillary fold Metacarpus Acromion; tip of shoulder Back of the hand Arm Palm of the hand Anterior surface Thenar or radial palm Posterior surface Hypothenar or ulnar palm Lateral surface Fingers Medial surface Thumb Lateral bicipital groove Index finger Medial bicipital groove Middle finger Elbow Ring finger Forearm Little finger Dorsal surface Dorsal surfaces Volar surface Volar surfaces Radial margin Radial margins Ulnar margin Ulnar margins Lower extremities Thigh Anterior surface Posterior surface Lateral surface Medial surface Gluteal furrow Knee Posterior surface of knee Knee-cap Leg Anterior surface Posterior surface Calf I^ateral malleolus Medial malleolus Foot Root of foot Metatarsus 19 Anatomical Nomenclature Dorsum pedis Planta Margo pedis lateralis Margo pedis medialis Calx Digiti pedis Hallux [Digitus I] Digiti II-IV Digitus minimus [Digitus V] Facies dorsales Facies plantares Margines laterales Margines mediales Osteologia Os longum Os breve Os planum Os pneumaticum Epiphysis Diaphysis Vertebrae cervicales Vertebrae thoracales Vertebrae lumbales Vertebrae sacrales Vertebrae coccygeae Corpus vertebrae Fovea costalis superior Fovea costalis inferior Synchondrosis epiphyseos Cavum meduUare Apophysis Facies articularis Substantia compacta Substantia corticalis Substantia spongiosa Medulla ossium Medulla ossium flava Medulla ossium rubra Foramen nutricium Canalis nutricius Canalis vertebralis Foramen vertebrale Arcus vertebrae Radix arcus vertebrae Incisura vertebralis superior Incisura vertebralis inferior Foramen intervertebrale Sulcus n. spinalis Processus spinosus Vertebra prominens Processus transversus Fovea costalis transversalis Columna vertebralis Tuberculum anterius [vertebrarum cervicalium] Tuberculum caroticum [vertebrae cervicalis VI] Foramen transversarium Tuberculum posterius [vertebrarum cervicalium] Processus articulares superiores Facies articulares superiores Processus articulares inferiores Facies articulares inferiores Processus costarius Processus accessorius [vertebrarum lumbalium] Processus mammillaris Atlas Massa lateralis Arcus anterior Tuberculum anterius Foveae articulares superiores Facies articulares inferiores Fovea dentis Osteology 19 Back of the foot Sole Lateral margin of the foot Medial margin of the foot Heel Toes Great toe II-IV toes Little toe Dorsal surfaces Plantar surfaces Lateral margins Medial margins Osteology Long bone Short bone Flat bone Hollow bone Epiphyseal synchondrosis Apophysis ("excrescence") Articular surface Compact substance Epiphysis (" accretion") Cortical substance Shaft Spongy substance Medullary cavity Bone marrow Yellow bone marrow Red bone marrow Nutrient foramen Nutrient canal Vertebral column or spine Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae Coccygeal vertebrae Body of vertebrae Superior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for head of rib) Inferior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for head of rib) Vertebral canal Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Root of vertebral arch (O. T. pedicle) Superior vertebral notch Inferior vertebral notch Intervertebral foramen Groove for spinal nerve Spinous process Prominent vertebra (seventh cervical) Transverse process Costal pit of transverse process (O. T. facet for tubercle of rib) Anterior tubercle [of cervical verte- brae] Carotid tubercle [of sixth cervical ver- tebra] Foramen of transverse process Posterior tubercle [of cervical vertebrae] Superior articular processes Superior articular surfaces Inferior articular processes Inferior articular surfaces Costal process Accessory process of lumbar vertebrae Mammillary process Atlas Lateral mass Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Superior articular pits Inferior articular surfaces Pit of the tooth 20 Anatomical Nomenclature Arcus posterior Sulcus arteriae vertebralis Tuberculum posterius Epistropheus Dens Facies articularis anterior Facies articularis posterior Os sacrum Facies dorsalis Facies pelvina Basis OSS. sacri Processus articularis superior Promontorium Pars lateralis Facies auricularis Tuberositas sacralis Foramina intervertebralia Foramina sacralia anteriora Lineae transversae Foramina sacralia posteriora Crista sacralis media Cristae sacrales laterales Cristae sacrales articulares Cornua sacralia Canalis sacralis Hiatus sacralis Apex OSS. sacri Os coccygis Cornua coccygea Thorax Costae Costae verae Costae spuriae Os costale Cartilago costalis Capitulum costae Facies articularis capituli costae Crista capituli Corpus costae Tuberculum costae Facies articularis tuberculi costae Collum costae Crista colli costae Angulus costae Tuberculum scaleni [Lisfranci] Sulcus subclaviae Tuberositas costae II Sulcus costae Sternum Manubrium sterni Angulus sterni Synchondrosis sternalis Corpus sterni Planum sternale Processus xiphoideus Incisura clavicularis Incisura jugularis Incisurae costales (Ossa suprasternalia) Thorax Cavum thoracis Apertura thoracis superior Apertura thoracis inferior Arcus costarum Spatia intercostalia Angulus infrasternalis Sulcus pulmonalis Ossa cranii Os basilare Os occipitale Foramen occipitale magnum Pars basilaris Sulcus petrosus inferior Pars lateralis Osteology 20 Posterior arch Groove for vertebral, artery Posterior tubercle Epistropheus ("a turning") (0. T. axis) Tooth Anterior articular surface Posterior articular surface Sacrum Dorsal surface Pelvic surface Base of sacrum Superior articular process Promontory (O. T. sacrovertebral angle) Lateral part Auricular surface Sacral tuberosity Intervertebral foramina Anterior sacral foramina Transverse lines Posterior sacral foramina Middle sacral crest Lateral sacral crests Articular sacral crests Sacral horns Sacral canal Sacral hiatus Apex of sacrum Coccyx Coccygeal horns Thorax Ribs True ribs False ribs Rib bone Rib cartilage Head of the rib Articular surface of the head of the rib Crest of the head Body of the rib Tubercle of the rib Articular surface of the tubercle of the rib Neck of the rib Crest of neck of rib Angle of rib Scalene tubercle of Lisfranc Subclavian groove Tuberosity of the second rib Costal groove Breast Bone Handle of sternum Angle of sternum Sternal synchondrosis Body of sternum (O. T. gladiolus) Sternal plain, or anterior surface Xiphoid process (O. T. ensiform process) Clavicular notch Jugular notch (O. T. presternal notch) Notches for the ribs Suprasternal bones Thorax Thoracic cavity Upper thoracic openmg Lower thoracic opening Arch of the ribs Intercostal spaces Infrasternal angle Pulmonary sulcus Bones of the skull Basilar bone Occipital bone Large occipital foramen Basilar part Inferior petrosal groove Lateral part 21 Anatomical Nomenclature Squama occipitalis Margo mastoideus Margo lambdoideus (Os interparietale) Clivus Tuberculum pharyngeum Condylus occipitalis Canalis condyloideus Canalis hypoglossi Tuberculum jugulare Incisura jugularis Processus jugularis Fossa condyloidea Processus intrajugularis Planum occipitale Planum nuchale Protuberantia occipitalis externa (Torus occipitalis) Crista occipitalis externa Linea nuchae suprema Linea nuchae superior Linea nuchae inferior Eminentia cruciata Protuberantia occipitalis interna Sulcus sagittalis Sulcus transversus (Processus paramastoideus) Os sphenoidale Corpus Sella turcica Fossa hypophyseos Dorsum sellae Tuberculum sellae Processus clinoideus medius Processus clinoideus posterior Sulcus caroticus Lingula sphenoidalis Crista sphenoidalis Rostrum sphenoidale Sinus sphenoidalis Septum sinuum sphenoidalium Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Conchae sphenoidales Clivus Ala p ar V a Sulcus chiasmatis Foramen opticum Processus clinoideus anterior Fissura orbitalis superior Al a m a gn a Facies cerebralis Facies temporalis Facies sphenomaxillaris Facies orbitalis Margo zygomaticus Margo frontalis Angulus parietalis Margo squamosus Crista infratemporalis Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Spina angularis Processus pterygoideus Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Fissura pterygoidea Fossa scaphoidea Processus vaginalis Hamulus pterygoideus Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei Fossa pterygoidea Canalis pterygoideus [Vidii] Osteology 21 Occipital squama ("scale") Mastoid margin Lambdoid margin Interparietal bone Clivus ("slope") Pharyngeal tubercle Occipital condyle Condyloid canal (O. T. posterior con- dyloid foramen) Hypoglossal canal (O. T. anterior condyloid foramen) Jugular tubercle Jugular notch Jugular process Condyloid fossa Intra jugular process Occipital plain Nuchal plain External occipital protuberance Occipital torus ("swelling") External occipital crest Supreme nuchal line Superior nuchal line Inferior nuchal line Cruciate eminence Internal occipital protuberance Sagittal sulcus (O. T. superior longi- tudinal sulcus) Transverse sulcus Paramastoid process Sphenoid bone Body Turkish saddle Hypophyseal fossa (O. T. pituitary fossa) Back of sella Tubercle of sella or pommel Middle clinoid process Posterior clinoid process Carotid sulcus (O. T. cavernous groove) Sphenoidal tongue Sphenoidal crest (O. T. ethmoidal crest) Sphenoidal rostrum Sphenoidal sinus Septum of sphenoidal sinuses Opening of sphenoidal sinus Sphenoidal conchae ("shell") (O. T. sphenoidal turbinated bones) Clivus (" slope") Small wi ng Sulcus of the chiasma (O. T. optic groove) Optic foramen Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Large wing Cerebral surface Temporal surface Sphenomaxillary surface Orbital surface Zygomatic margin Frontal margin Parietal angle Squamosal margin Infratemporal crest (O. T. pterygoid ridge) Round foramen Oval foramen Spinous foramen Angular spine (O. T. spinous process) Pterygoid process Lateral layer of pterygoid process Medial layer of pterygoid process Pterygoid fissure Scaphoid fossa Vaginal process Pterygoid hamulus ("hook") (O. T. hamular process) Sulcus of pterygoid hamulus Pterygoid fossa Pterygoid canal (O. T. Vidian canal) 22 Anatomical Nomenclature Canalis pharyngeus Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli Canalis basipharyngeus Sulcus tubae auditivae Sulcus pterygopalatinus (Processus pterygospinosus [Civinini]) Os temporale Pars mastoidea Margo occipitalis Processus mastoideus Incisura mastoidea Sulcus sigmoideus Sulcus a. occipitalis Foramen mastoideum Pars petrosa [Pyramis] Facies anterior pyramidis Facies posterior pyramidis Facies inferior pyramidis Apex pyramidis Angulus superior pyramidis Angulus anterior pyramidis Angulus posterior pyramidis Sulcus petrosus superior Tegmen tympani Eminentia arcuata Canalis facialis [Falloppii] Hiatus canalis facialis Geniculum canalis facialis Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis majoris Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris Impressio trigemini Porus acusticus internus Meatus acusticus internus Fossa subarcuata Aquaeductus vestibuli Sulcus petrosus inferior Incisura jugularis Processus intra] ugularis Fossa jugularis Canaliculus mastoideus Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei Processus styloideus Vagina processus styloidei Foramen stylomastoideum Fossula petrosa Canaliculus tympanicus Sulcus tympanicus Apertura inferior canaliculi tympanic! Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici Canaliculus cochleae Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae Canalis caroticus Canaliculi caroticotympanic! Canalis musculotubarius Seraicanalis m. tensoris tympan! Semicanalis tubae auditivae Septum canalis musculotubarii Cavum tympani (v. Organon auditus) Canaliculus chordae tympani Fissura petrotympanica [Glaseri] Fissura petrosquamosa Pars tympanica Annulus tympanicus Meatus acusticus externus (Spina supra meatum) Fissura tympanomastoidea Osteology Pharyngeal canal (O. T. pterygo- palatine canal) Basipharyngeal canal Sulcus of auditory tube Pterygopalatine sulcus Pterygospinous process Temporal bone Mastoid part Occipital margin Mastoid process Mastoid notch (O. T. digastric fossa) Sigmoid sulcus (O. T. fossa sig- moidea) Groove for the occipital artery Mastoid foramen Petrous part (pyramid) Anterior surface of pyramid Posterior surface of pyramid Inferior surface of pyramid Apex of pyramid Superior angle of pyramid Anterior angle of pyramid Posterior angle of pyramid Superior petrosal groove Roof of tympanum Arcuate eminence (O. T. eminence for superior semicircular canal) Facial canal (O. T. aqueduct of Fal- lopius) Hiatus of facial canal (O. T. hiatus Fallopii) Little knee of facial canal Groove for the greater superficial petrosal nerve Groove for the lesser superficial petrosal nerve Trigeminal impression (O. T. depres- sion for Gasserian ganglion) Internal acoustic pore Internal acoustic meatus Subarcuate fossa Aqueduct of vestibule External opening of aqueduct of vesti- bule Inferior petrosal groove Jugular notch Intra jugular process Jugular fossa Mastoid canaliculus Sulcus of mastoid canaliculus Styloid process Sheath of styloid process (O. T. vaginal process) Stylomastoid foramen Petrosal fossula Tympanic canaliculus Tympanic sulcus Inferior opening of tympanic canal- iculus Superior opening of tympanic canal- iculus (O. T. opening for smaller petrosal nerve) Canaliculus of the cochlea External opening of the canaliculus of the cochlea Carotid canal Caroticotympanic canaliculus Musculotubal canal Semicanal of the tensor muscle of tym- panum (O. T. canal for tensor tympani muscle) Semicanal of auditory tube (O. T. canal for the Eustachian tube) Septum of the musculotubal canal Cavity of the tympanum (see Organ oj Hearing) Canaliculus of cord of tympanum Petrotympanic fissure (O. T. Glaserian fissure) Petrosquamosal fissure Tympanic part Tympanic ring External acoustic meatus Spine above meatus Tympanomastoid fissure 23 Anatomical Nomenclature Spina tympanica major Spina tympanica minor Porus acusticus externus Squama temporalis Margo parietalis Incisura parietalis Margo sphenoidalis Facies temporalis Processus zygomaticus Fossa mandibularis Pars nasalis Spina frontalis Margo nasalis Margo parietalis Processus zygomaticus Facies temporalis Linea temporalis Tuber frontale Arcus superciliaris Facies articularis Tuberculum articulare Facies cerebralis Sulcus a. temporalis mediae Os parietale Facies cerebralis Facies parietalis Margo occipitalis Margo squamosus Margo frontalis Margo sagittalis Angulus frontalis Angulus occipitalis Angulus sphenoidalis Angulus mastoideus Foramen parietale Tuber parietale Linea temporalis inferior Linea temporalis superior Sulcus sagittalis Sulcus transversus Os frontale Squama frontalis Facies frontalis Margo supraorbitalis Pars orbitalis Incisura ethmoidalis Glabella Foramen sive Incisura supraorbitalis Incisura sive Foramen frontale Facies orbitalis (Spina trochlearis) Fovea trochlearis Foramen ethmoidale anterius Foramen ethmoidale posterius Fossa glandulae lacrimalis Facies cerebralis Crista frontalis Sulcus sagittalis Foramen caecum Sinus frontalis Septum sinuum frontalium Os ethmoidale Lamina cribrosa Crista galli Processus alaris Lamina perpendicularis Labyrinthus ethmoidalis Cellulae ethmoidales Infundibulum ethmoidale Hiatus semilunaris Bulla ethmoidalis Lamina papyracea Foramina ethmoidalia (Concha nasalis suprema) Osteology 23 Larger tympanic spine Smaller tympanic spine External acoustic pore Temporal squama ("scale") Parietal margin Parietal notch Sphenoidal margin Temporal surface Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa (O. T. glenoid cavity) Articular surface Articular tubercle Cerebral surface Groove for middle temporal artery Parietal bone Cerebral surface Parietal surface Occipital margin Squamosal margin Frontal margin Sagittal margin Frontal angle Occipital angle Sphenoidal angle Mastoid angle Parietal foramen Parietal tuber (O. T. parietal emi- nence) Inferior temporal line (O. T. temporal ridge) Superior temporal line Sagittal sulcus Transverse sulcus (O. T. groove for lateral sinus) Frontal bone Frontal squama ("scale") Frontal surface Supraorbital margin Orbital part Ethmoidal notch 3 Nasal part Frontal spine (O. T. nasal spine) Nasal margin Parietal margin Zygomatic process Temporal surface Temporal line Frontal tuber (O. T. frontal emi- nence) Superciliary arch (O. T. superciliary ridge) Glabella ("smooth") Supraorbital foramen or notch Frontal notch or foramen Orbital surface Trochlear spine Trochlear pit Anterior ethmoidal foramen Posterior ethmoidal foramen Fossa of lacrimal gland Cerebral surface (O. T. internal sur- face) Frontal crest Sagittal sulcus Blind foramen Frontal sinus Septum of frontal sinuses Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Cock's comb Alar process Perpendicular plate Ethmoidal labyrinth (O. T, lateral mass of ethmoid) Ethmoidal cells Ethmoidal funnel Semilunar hiatus Ethmoidal bulla ("bubble") Papyrus or paper plate (O. T. os planum) Ethmoidal foramina Supreme turbinated bone 24 Anatomical Nomenclature Concha nasalis superior Concha nasalis media Processus uncinatus Concha nasalis inferior Processus lacrimalis Processus maxillaris Processus ethmoidahs Os lacrimale Crista lacrimahs posterior Sulcus lacrimalis Hamulus lacrimalis Fossa sacci lacrimalis Os nasale Foramina nasalia Sulcus ethmoidalis Ala vomeris Vomer Ossa faciei Maxilla Corpus maxillae Facies anterior Facies nasalis Facies orbitalis Facies infratemporalis Sinus maxillaris (Fossa praenasalis) Incisura nasalis Tuber maxillare Foramina alveolaria Canales alveolares Planum orbitale Margo lacrimalis Sulcus lacrimalis Canalis nasolacrimalis Crista conchalis Processus frontalis Crista lacrimalis anterior Incisura lacrimalis Crista ethmoidalis Processus zygomaticus Processus palatinus Crista nasalis Spina nasalis anterior Os incisivum Canalis incisivus Sutura incisiva Spinae palatinae Sulci palatini Processus alveolaris Limbus alveolaris Alveoli dentales Septa interalveolaria Juga alveolaria Hiatus maxillaris Foramen incisivum Os palatinum Pars p e r p e n d i c u 1 ar is Margo infraorbitalis Canalis infraorbitalis Sulcus infraorbitalis Foramen infraorbitale Sutura infraorbitalis Fossa canina Facies nasalis Facies maxillaris Incisura sphenopalatina Sulcus pterygopalatinus Processus pyramidalis Foramen palatinum majus Osteology 24 Superior turbinated bone Middle turbinated bone Uncinate process (O. T. unciform process) Inferior turbinated bone Lacrimal process Maxillary process Ethmoidal process Lacrimal bone Posterior lacrimal crest (O. T. lacri- mal crest) Lacrimal sulcus Lacrimal hamulus (''booklet") (O. T. hamular process) Fossa of lacrimal sac Nasal bone Nasal foramina Ethmoidal sulcus (O. T. groove for nasal nerve) Vomer, or ploughshare bone Wing of vomer Bones of the face Maxilla, or upper jawbone (0. T. superior maxillary bone) Body of maxilla Anterior surface (O. T. external or facial surface) Nasal surface Orbital surface Infratemporal surface (O. T. zygo- matic surface) Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of Highmore) Infraorbital margin Infraorbital canal Infraorbital groove Infraorbital foramen Infraorbital suture Canine fossa Prenasal fossa Nasal notch Maxillary tuber Alveolar foramina Alveolar canals (O. T. posterior dental canals) Orbital plain Lacrimal margin Lacrimal sulcus Nasolacrimal canal (O. T. lacrimal groove) Turbinated crest Frontal process (O. T. nasal process) Anterior lacrimal crest Lacrimal notch Ethmoidal crest Zygomatic process (O. T. malar proc- ess) Palatine process Nasal crest Anterior nasal spine Incisive hone Incisive canal Incisive suture Palatine spines Palatine grooves Alveolar process Alveolar margin Tooth cavities Interalveolar septa Alveolar yokes Maxillary hiatus Incisive foramen Palate bone Perpendicular part vertical plate) Nasal surface Maxillary surface Sphenopalatine notch Pterygopalatine sulcus Pyramidal process Larger palatine foramen (O. T. 25 Foramina palatina minora Canales palatini Crista conchalis Crista ethmoidalis Anatomical Nomenclature Linea mylohyoidea Sulcus mylohyoideus Juga alveolaria Ramus mandibulae Processus orbitalis Processus sphenoidalis Pars horizontalis Facies nasalis Facies palatina Spina nasalis posterior Crista nasalis Os zygomaticum Facies malaris Facies temporalis Facies orbitalis Processus temporalis Processus frontosphenoidalis (Processus marginalis) Foramen zygomaticoorbital Foramen zygomaticofaciale Foramen zygomaticotemporale Mandibula Corpus mandibulae Basis mandibulae Protuberantia mentalis Tuberculum mentale Spina mentalis Foramen mentale Linea obliqua Fossa digastrica Angulus mandibulae (Tuberositas masseterica) (Tuberositas pterygoidea) (Crista buccinatoria) Incisura mandibulae Processus condyloideus Capitulum [proc. condyl.] mandibulae CoUum [proc. condyloidei] mandibulae Fovea pterygoidea proc. condyloidei Processus coronoideus Foramen mandibulare Lingula mandibulae Canalis mandibulae Fovea sublingualis (Fovea submaxillaris) Pars alveolaris Limbus alveolaris Alveoli dentales Septa interalveolaria Os hyoideum Corpus OSS. hyoidei Cornu minus Cornu ma jus Cranium Calvaria Pericranium Lamina externa Diploe Canales diploid [Brescheti] Lamina interna Facies [ossea] Osteology 25 Smaller palatine foramen Palatine canals Turbinated crest (O. T. inferior tur- binated crest) Ethntoidal crest (O. T. superior turbi nated crest) Orbital process Sphenoidal process Horizontal part (O. T. hori- zontal plate) Nasal surface Palatine surface Posterior nasal spine Nasal crest Zygoma, or yoke bone (0. T. malar bone) Malar surface Temporal surface Orbital surface Temporal process (O. T. zygomatic process) Frontosphenoidal process (O. T. frontal process Marginal process Zygomatico-orbital foramen (O. T. temporo-malar canal) Zygomaticofacial foramen (O. T. malar foramen) Zygomaticotemporal foramen Mandible, or lower jaw bone (0. T. inferior maxillary bone) Body of lower jaw bone Base of lower jaw Mental protuberance (O. T. mental process) Mental tubercle Mental spine (O. T. genial tubercle) Mental foramen Oblique line (O. T. external oblique line) Digastric fossa Mylohyoid line (O. T. internal oblique line) Mylohoid groove Alveolar yokes Ramus of lower Jaw (O. T. perpen- dicular portion) Angle of lower jaw Masseteric tuberosity Pterygoid tuberosity Buccinator crest Mandibular notch (O. T. sigmoid notch) Condyloid process Head of condyloid process of lower jaw Neck of condyloid process of lower jaw Pterygoid pit of condyloid process Coronoid process Mandibular foramen (O. T. inferior dental foramen) Mandibular tongue Mandibular canal (O. T. inferior dental canal) Sublingual pit (O. T. sublingual fossa) Submaxillary pit (O. T. submaxillary fossa) Alveolar part Alveolar margin Tooth cavities Interalveolar septa Hyoid bone Body of hyoid bone Lesser horn Greater horn Skull Skull cap Periosteum of skull Outer plate Cancellous bone Diploic canals or canals of Breschet Inner table Bony portion of face 26 Anatomical Nomenclature Cranium cerebrale Cranium viscerale Vertex Frons Occiput Basis cranii interna Basis cranii externa Fossa cranii anterior Fossa cranii media Fossa cranii posterior Juga cerebralia Impressiones digitatae Sulci venosi Sulci arteriosi (Foveolae granulares [Pacchioni]) (Ossa suturarum) Planum temporale Fossa temporalis Arcus zygomaticus Fossa infratemporalis Fossa pterygopalatina Canalis pterygopalatinus Foramen sphenopalatinum Apertura piriformis Cavum nasi Septum nasi osseum Meatus nasi communis Meatus nasi superior Meatus nasi medius Meatus nasi inferior Meatus nasopharyngeus Choanae Recessus sphenoethmoidalis Foramen jugulare Fissura sphenopetrosa Fissura petrooccipitalis Fissura sphenooccipitalis Foramen lacerum . Fibrocartilago basaiis Palatum durum (Torus palatinus) Orbita Aditus orbitae Margo supraorbitalis Margo infraorbitalis Paries superior Paries inferior Paries lateralis Paries medialis Fissura orbitalis superior Fissura orbitalis inferior Suturae cranii Sutura coronalis Sutura sagittalis Sutura lambdoidea Sutura occipitomastoidea Sutura sphenofrontalis Sutura sphenoorbitalis Sutura sphenoethmoidalis Sutura sphenosquamosa Sutura sphenoparietalis Sutura squamosa (Sutura frontalis) Sutura parietomastoidea (Sutura squamosomastoidea) Sutura nasofrontalis Sutura frontoethmoidalis Sutura frontomaxillaris Sutura frontolacrimalis Sutura zygomaticofrontalis Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris Sutura sphenozygomatica (Sutura sphenomaxillaris) Sutura zygomaticotemporalis Sutura internasalis Sutura nasomaxillaris Osteology 26 Cerebral cranium or calvaria Visceral cranium or face Vertex or crown of head Forehead Back of head Internal base of skull External base of skull Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Cerebral projections ("yokes") Digitate impressions Grooves of the veins Grooves of the arteries Granular foveolae (O. T. Pacchionian depressions) Sutural bones (O. T. Wormian bones) Temporal plain Temporal fossa Zygomatic arch Infratemporal fossa Pterygopalatine fossa (O. T. spheno- maxillary fossa) Pterygopalatine canal (O. T. posterior palatine canal) Sphenopalatine foramen Piriform opening (O. T. anterior nares) Nasal cavity Bony nasal septum Common meatus of nose Superior meatus of nose Middle meatus of nose Inferior meatus of nose Nasopharyngeal meatus Choanae (" funnels") (O. T. posterior nares) Spheno-ethmoidal recess Jugular foramen Sphenopetrosal fissure Petro-occipital fissure Spheno-occipital fissure Lacerated foramen (O. T. foramen lacerum medium) Basal fibrocartilage Hard palate Palatine torus or protuberance Orbital cavity Orbital opening Supraorbital margin Infraorbital margin Superior wall Inferior wall Lateral wall Medial wall Superior orbital fissure (O. T. sphe- noidal fissure or foramen lacerum anterius) Inferior orbital fissure (O. T. spheno- maxillary fissure) • Sutures of the skull Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoidal suture Occipitomastoid suture Sphenofrontal suture Spheno-orbital suture Spheno-ethmoidal suture Sphenosquamosal suture Sphenoparietal suture Squamosal suture Frontal suture Parietomastoid suture Squamosomastoid suture Nasofrontal suture Fronto-ethmoidal suture Frontomaxillary suture Frontolacrimal suture Zygomaticofrontal suture Zygomaticomaxillary suture Ethmoideomaxillary suture Sphenozygomatic suture Sphenomaxillary suture Zygomaticotemporal suture Internasal suture Nasomaxillary suture 27 Anatomical Nomenclature Sutura lacrimomaxillaris Tuberositas supraglenoidalis Sutura lacrimoconchalis Sutura intermaxillaris Incisura scapulae Sutura palatomaxillaris Sutura palatoethmoidalis Processus coracoideus Sutura palatina mediana Sutura palatina transversa Clavicula Synchondroses cranii Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis posterior Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior Synchondrosis inters phenoidalis F%nticidus frontalis [major] Fonticulus occipitalis [minor] Fonticulus mastoideus Fonticulus sphenoidalis Ossa extremitatis superioris Cingulum extremitatis su- perioris Scapula Facies costalis Lineae musculares Fossa subscapularis Facies dorsalis Spina scapulae Fossa supraspinata Fossa infraspinata Acromion Facies articularis acromii Margo vertebralis Margo axillaris Margo superior Angulus inferior Angulus lateralis Angulus medialis Cavitas glenoidalis Collum scapulae Tuberositas infraglenoidalis Extremitas sternalis Facies articularis sternalis Tuberositas costalis Extremitas acromialis Facies articularis acromialis Tuberositas coracoidea Skeleton extremitatis su perioris liberae Humerus Caput humeri Collum anatomicum Collum chirurgicum Tuberculum ma jus Tuberculum minus Sulcus intertubercularis Crista tuberculi majoris Crista tuberculi minoris Corpus humeri Facies anterior medialis Facies anterior lateralis Facies posterior Margo medialis Margo lateralis Tuberositas deltoidea Sulcus n. radialis Osteology 27 Lacrimomaxillary suture Lacrimoconchal suture Intermaxillary suture Palatomaxillary suture Palato-ethmoidal suture Median palatine suture Transverse palatine suture Synchondroses of the skull Spheno-occipital synchondrosis Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis Petro-occipital synchondrosis Posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis Inter sphenoidal synchondrosis Larger jrontal jontanelle Smaller occipital jontanelle Mastoid jontanelle Sphenoidal jontanelle Bones of upper extremity Shoulder girdle Shoulder-blade Costal surface Muscular lines Subscapular fossa Dorsal surface Spine of the scapula Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion, or acromial process Articular surface of acromion Vertebral margin Axillary margin Superior margin Inferior angle Lateral angle (O. T. anterior angle) Medial angle (O. T. superior angle) Glenoid cavity Neck of the scapula Infraglenoidal tuberosity Supraglenoidal tuberosity (O. T. su- praglenoid tubercle) Scapular notch (O. T. suprascapular notch) Coracoid ("crow's beak") process Collar bone or clavicle Sternal extremity Sternal articular surface Costal tuberosity (O. T. impression for rhomboid ligament) Acromial extremity Acromial articular surface Coracoid tuberosity (O. T-. impression for conoid ligament) Skeleton of free upper extremity Humerus, or upper arm bone Head of humerus Anatomical neck Surgical neck Larger tubercle (O. T. greater tuber- osity) Smaller tubercle (O. T. lesser tuber- osity) Intertubercular sulcus (O. T. bicipital groove) Crest of larger tubercle (O. T. posterior bicipital ridge) Crest of smaller tubercle (O. T. an- terior bicipital ridge) Body of humerus, or shaft Medial anterior surface (O. T. internal surface) Lateral anterior surface (O. T. external surface) Posterior surface Medial margin (O. T. internal border) Lateral margin (O. T. external border) Deltoid tuberosity Groove for radial nerve (O. T. muscu- lospiral groove) 28 Anatomical Nomenclature Sulcus n. ulnaris Capitulum humeri Trochlea humeri Epicondylus medialis Epicondylus lateralis Fossa olecrani Fossa coronoidea Fossa radialis (Processus supracondyloideus) Radius Corpus radii Capitulum radii Fovea capituli radii CoUum radii Circumferentia articularis Tuberositas radii Crista interossea Facies dorsalis Facies volaris Facies lateralis Margo dorsalis Margo volaris Processus styloideus Incisura ulnaris Facies articularis carpea Ulna Corpus ulnae Olecranon Processus coronoideus Tuberositas ulnae Incisura semilunaris Incisura radialis Crista interossea Facies dorsalis Facies volaris Facies medialis Margo dorsalis Margo volaris Crista m. supinatoris Capitulum ulnae Circumferentia articularis Processus styloideus Carpus O S.S a c a r p i (Os centrale) Os naviculare manus Tuberculum oss. navicularis Os lunatum Os triquetrum Os pisiforme Os multangulum ma jus Tuberculum oss. multang. majoris Os multangulum minus Os capitatum Os hamatum Hamtilus oss. hamati Eminentia carpi radialis Eminentia carpi ulnaris Sulcus carpi Metacarpus Ossa metacarpalia I — V Basis Corpus Capitulum Os metacarpale III Processus styloideus Phalanges digitorum manus Phalanx prima Phalanx secunda Osteology 28 Groove for ulnar nerve Capitulum or little head of humerus (O. T. capitellum or radial head) Trochlea ("pulley") of humerus Medial epicondyle (O. T. internal con- dyle) Lateral epicondyle (O. T. external condyle) Olecranon fossa Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Supracondyloid process Radius ("spoke") Body of radius, or shaft Head of radius Pit of head of radius Neck of radius Articular circumference Tuberosity of radius (O. T. bicipital tuberosity) Interosseous crest (O. T. internal or interosseous border) Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior surface) Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) Lateral surface (O. T. external surface) Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) Styloid process Ulnar notch (O. T. sigmoid cavity) Carpal articular surface Ulna, or elbow bone Body of ulna, or shaft Olecranon, or point of the elbow Coronoid process Tuberosity of the ulna Semilunar notch (O. T. greater sig- moid cavity) Radial notch (O. T. lesser sigmoid cavity) Interosseous crest (O. T. external or interosseous border) Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior sur- face) Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) Medial surface (O. T. internal surface) Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) Ridge of supinator muscle Head of ulna Articular circumference Styloid process Wrist Bones of the wrist Central bone Navicular bone of the hand (O. T. scaphoid) Tubercle of navicular bone Lunate bone (O. T. semilunar) Three-cornered bone (O, T. cuneiform bone) Pisiform bone Large multangular bone (O. T. tra- pezium) Tubercle of large multangular bone Small multangular bone (O. T. trape- zoid) Capitate bone (O. T. os magnum) Hooked bone (O. T. unciform) Hook of OS hamatum Radial eminence of wrist Ulnar eminence of wrist Carpal sulcus Metacarpus Metacarpal bones I — ^V Base Body, or shaft Head Third metacarpal bone Styloid process Phalanges of the fingers First phalanx Second phalanx 29 Phalanx tertia Basis phalangis Corpus phalangis Trochlea phalangis Tuberositas unguicularis Ossa sesamoidea Ossa extremitatis inferioris Cingulum extremitatis in- ferioris Os coxae Foramen obturatum Acetabulum Fossa acetabuli Incisura acetabuli Facies lunata Sulci paraglenoidales Os ilium Corpus OSS. ilium Ala OSS. ilium Linea arcuata Crista iliaca Labium externum Linea intermedia Labium internum Spina iliaca anterior superior Spina iliaca anterior inferior Spina iliaca posterior superior Spina iliaca posterior inferior Linea glutaea anterior Linea glutaea posterior Linea glutaea inferior Facies auricularis Tuberositas iliaca Fossa iliaca Os ischii Corpus OSS. ischii Ramus superior oss. ischii Anatomical Nomenclature Ramus inferior oss. ischii Tuber ischiadicum Spina ischiadica Incisura ischiadica major Incisura ischiadica minor Os pubis Corpus oss. pubis Pecten oss. pubis Eminentia iliopectinea Tuberculum pubicum Crista obturatoria Sulcus obturatorius Tuberculum obturatorium anterius (Tuberculum obturatorium posterius) Ramus inferior oss. pubis Ramus superior oss. pubis Facies symphyseos Pelvis Symphysis ossium pubis Arcus pubis Angulus pubis Pelvis major Pelvis minor Linea terminalis Pars sacralis Pars iliaca Pars pubica Apertura pelvis [minoris] superior Apertura pelvis [minoris] inferior Axis pelvis Conjugata Osteology 29 Third phalanx Base of phalanx Body of phalanx, or shaft Pulley of phalanx Ungual tuberosity Sesamoid bones Bones of the lower extremity Pelvic girdle Hip bone (0. T. os innominatum) Obturator ("closed") foramen Acetabulum ("cup") Fossa of the acetabulum Acetabular notch Lunate surface Paraglenoid grooves Ilium, or flank bone Body of ilium Wing of ilium Curved lines Iliac crest External lip Intermediate line Internal Hp Superior anterior iliac spine Inferior anterior iliac spine Superior posterior iliac spine Inferior posterior iliac spine Anterior gluteal line (O. T. middle curved line) Posterior gluteal line (O. T. superior curved line) Inferior gluteal line (O. T. inferior curved line) Auricular surface Iliac tuberosity Iliac fossa Ischium, or bone of the hip Body of ischium Superior ramus of ischium Inferior ramus of ischium (O. T. ascending ramus) Sciatic tuber (O. T. tuberosity of the ischium) Sciatic spine (O. T. spine of the is- chium) Greater sciatic notch (O. T. great sacro-sciatic notch) Lesser sciatic notch (O. T. lesser sacro-sciatic notch) Pubic bone Body of pubic bone Pecten ("comb") of pubic bone Iliopectineal eminence Pubic tubercle (O. T. spine of os pubis) Obturator crest Obturator sulcus Anterior obturator tubercle Posterior obturator tubercle Inferior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. descending ramus) Superior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. ascending ramus) Symphyseal surface (O. T. symphysis pubis) Pelvis ("basin") Symphysis of pubic bones Pubic arch Angle of pubis Large pelvis (O. T. false pelvis) Small pelvis (O. T. true pelvis) Terminal line Sacral part Iliac part Pubic part Upper opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. pelvic inlet) Lower opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. pelvic outlet) Axis of pelvis Conjugate diameter 30 Anatomical Nomenclature Diameter transversa Diameter obliqua Inclinatio pelvis Skeleton extremitatis f er ioris liberae Femur Caput femoris Fovea capitis femoris CoUum femoris Corpus femoris Trochanter major Fossa trochanterica Trochanter minor (Trochanter tertius) Linea intertrochanterica Crista intertrochanterica Linea aspera Labium laterale Labium mediale Linea pectinea Tuberositas glutaea Fossa intercondyloidea Linea intercondyloidea Planum popliteum Condylus medialis Condylus lateralis Facies patellaris Epicondylus lateralis Epicondylus medialis Tibia Facies articularis superior Corpus tibiae Condylus medialis Condylus lateralis Fossa intercondyloidea anterior Fossa intercondyloidea posterior in Eminentia intercondyloidea Tuberculum intercondyloideum me- diale Tuberculum intercondyloideum late- rale Margo infraglenoidalis Tuberositas tibiae Facies medialis Facies posterior Facies lateralis Margo medialis Crista anterior Crista interossea Linea poplitea Malleolus medialis Incisura fibularis Sulcus malleolaris Facies articularis inferior Facies articularis malleolaris Fibula Corpus fibulae Crista interossea Crista anterior Crista lateralis Crista medialis Facies medialis Facies lateralis Facies posterior Capitulum fibulae Facies articularis capituli Apex capituli fibulae Malleolus lateralis Facies articularis malleoli Patella Basis patellae Apex patellae Facies articularis Osteology 30 Transverse diameter Oblique diameter Pelvic incline Skeleton of free lower extremity Thigh bone Head of femur Pit of the head of femur Neck of femur Body, or shaft, of femur Great trochanter Trochanteric fossa (O. T. digital fossa) Lesser trochanter Third trochanter Intertrochanteric line (O. T. spiral line) Intertrochanteric crest (O. T. inter- trochanteric line) Rough line Lateral lip Medial lip Pectineal line Gluteal tuberosity Intercondyloid fossa Intercondyloid line Popliteal plain (O. T. popliteal space) Medial condyle (O. T. inner condyle) Lateral condyle (O. T. outer condyle) Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle (O. T. outer tube- osity) Medial epicondyle (O. T. inner tuber- osity) Shin bone Superior articular surface Body or shaft of tibia Medial condyle (O. T. internal tuber- osity) Lateral condyle (O. T. external tuber- osity) Anterior intercondyloid fossa Posterior intercondyloid fossa Intercondyloid eminence (O. T. spinous process) Medial intercondyloid tubercle Lateral intercondyloid tubercle Infraglenoidal margin Tuberosity of the tibia (O. T. tubercle) Medial surface Posterior surface Lateral surface Medial margin Anterior crest Interosseous crest PopKteal Hne Medial malleolus (O. T. internal mal- leolus) Fibular notch Malleolar sulcus Inferior articular surface Malleolar articular surface Calf bone Body or shaft of fibula Interosseous crest Anterior crest Lateral crest Medial crest Medial surface Lateral surface Posterior surface Head of fibula Articular surface of head Apex of head of fibula Lateral malleolus (O. T. e^xternal mal- leolus) Articular surface of malleolus Knee-cap Base of patella Apex of patella Articular surface 31 Anatomical Nomenclature Tarsus Ossa tarsi Talus Caput tali Corpus tali Collum tali Trochlea tali Facies superior Facies malleolaris medialis Facies malleolaris lateralis Sulcus tali Processus lateralis tali Facies articularis calcanea posterior Facies articularis calcanea media Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi Facies articularis navicularis Facies articularis calcanea anterior Processus posterior tali (Os trigonum) Calcaneus Corpus calcanei ' Tuber calcanei Processus medialis tuberis cal- canei Processus lateralis tuberis cal- canei Sustentaculum tali Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi Sulcus calcanei Sinus tarsi Facies articularis anterior Facies articularis media Facies articularis posterior Sulcus m. peronaei (Processus trochlearis) Facies articularis cuboidea Os naviculare pedis Tuberositas oss. navicularis Os cuneiforme primum Os cuneiforme secundum Os cuneiforme tertitun Os cuboideum Sulcus m. peronaei Tuberositas oss. cuboidei Metatarsus Ossa metatarsalia I — V Basis Corpus Capitulum Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis I Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis V Phalanges digitorum pedis Phalanx prima Phalanx secunda Phalanx tertia Tuberositas unguicularis Basis phalangis Corpus phalangis Trochlea phalangis Ossa sesamoidea Osteology 31 Root of the foot Tarsalbones Ankle bone (0. T. astragalus) Head of ankle bone Body of ankle bone Neck of ankle bone Trochlea (" pulley") of ankle bone Superior surface Medial malleolar surface Lateral malleolar surface Sulcus of ankle bone Lateral process of ankle bone Posterior calcanean articular surface Middle calcanean articular surface Groove for the long flexor muscle of the great toe Navicular articular surface Anterior calcanean articular surface Posterior process of ankle bone Triangular bone Heel bone (O. T. os calcis) Body of heel bone Calcanean tuber Medial process of calcanean tuber Lateral process of calcanean tuber Support of ankle bone Groove for the long flexor muscle of great toe Calcanean sulcus Tarsal sinus Anterior articular surface Middle articular surface Posterior articular surface Groove for peroneal muscle Trochlear process Cuboid articular surface Scaphoid bone of foot Tuberosity of scaphoid bone First Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone Second Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone Third Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone Cuboid bone Groove for peroneal muscle Tuberosity of cuboid bone Metatarsus, or "after-root" of foot Metatarsal bones I — V Base Body Head Tuberosity of first metatarsal bone Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone Phalanges of toes First phalanx Second phalanx Third phalanx Ungual tuberosity Base of phalanx Body of phalanx Trochlea ("pulley or block") of pha- lanx Sesamoid bones 32 Anatomical Nomenclature Syndcsmolo^ia Junctura ossium Synarthrosis Sutura Sutura serrata Sutura squamosa Harmonia Gomphosis Synchondrosis Symphysis Diarthrosis Articulatio Articulatio simplex Articulatio composita Arthrodia Articulatio sphaeroidea Enarthrosis Ginglymus Articulatio cochlearis Articulatio ellipsoidea Articulatio trochoidea Articulatio sellaris Amphiarthrosis Syndesmosis Cartilago articularis Cavum articulare Discus articularis Labrum glenoidale Meniscus articularis Capsula articularis Stratum fibrosum Stratum synoviale Plica synovialis Villi synoviales Synovia Ligamenta columnae vertebralis et cranii Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales Annulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Ligg. flava Capsulae articulares Ligg. intertransversaria Ligg. interspinaUa Lig. supraspinal Lig. nuchae Lig. longitudinale anterius Lig. longitudinale posterius Symphysis sacrococcygea Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius super- ficiale Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius pro- fundum Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale Lig. pterygospinosum Lig. stylohyoideum Articulatio atlantoocci pi talis Capsulae articulares Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior Articulatio atlantoepistrophica Capsulae articulares Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 32 Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation Joining of bones Immovable articulation Suture or seam Serrated suture Scaly suture Apposition suture Socket articulation Cartilaginous articulation Bony coalescence or junction Movable articulation Joint Simple joint Compound joint Gliding joint Spherical joint Ball-and-socket joint Hinge-joint Spiral joint Elliptical joint Trochoid or pivot joint Saddle joint Mixed articulation Ligamentous union Articular cartilage Joint cavity Articular disk (O. T. interarticular fibrocartilage) Glenoid lip Articular crescent Joint-capsule Fibrous layer Synovial layer Synovial fold Synovial tufts Joint-oil Ligaments of the spine and skull Intervertebral fibrocartilages Fibrous ring Pulp-like nucleus Yellow ligaments (O. T. ligg. sub- flava) Joint-capsules Intertransverse ligaments Interspinous ligaments Supraspinous ligament Ligament of the nape Anterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. anterior common ligament) Posterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. posterior common ligament) Symphysis of sacrum and coccyx Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Deep posterior sacrococcygeal liga- ment Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament Pterygospinous ligament Stylohyoid ligament Joint between atlas and occipital bone Joint-capsules Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane Joint between atlas and epis= tropheus or axis Joint-capsules 33 Ligg. alaria Lig. apicis dentis Lig. transversum atlantis Lig. cruciatum atlantis Membrana tectoria Articulationes costovertebrales Articulationes capitulorum Capsulae articulares Lig. capituli costae radiatum Lig. capituli costae interarticulare Articulationes costotransversa- riae Capsulae articulares Lig. tuberculi costae Lig. colli costae Lig. costotransversarium anterius Lig. costotransversarium posterius Lig. lumbocostale Foramen costotransversarium Articulationes sternocostales Capsulae articulares Lig. sternocostale interarticulare Ligg. sternocostalia radiata Membrana sterni Ligg. costoxiphoidea Ligg. intercostalia Ligg. intercostalia externa Ligg. intercostalia interna Articulationes interchondrales Anatomical Nomenclature Articulatio mandibularis Capsula articularis Discus articularis Lig. temporomandibulare Lig. sphenomandibulare Lig. stylomandibulare Ligg. cinguli extremitatis su= perioris Lig. coracoacromiale Lig. transversum scapulae superius Lig. transversum scapulae inferius Articulatio acromioclavicularis Capsula articularis Lig. acromioclaviculare (Discus articularis) Lig. coracoclaviculare Lig. trapezoideum Lig. conoideum Articulatio sternoclavicularis Capsula articularis Discus articularis Lig. sternoclaviculare Lig. costoclaviculare Lig. interclaviculare Articulatio humeri Capsula articularis Labrum glenoidale Lig. coracohumerale Articulatio cubiti Articulatio humeroulnaris Articulatio humeroradialis Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 33 Alar ligaments (O. T. odontoid or check ligaments) Ligament of apex of tooth (O. T. sus- pensory ligament) Transverse ligament of atlas Cruciform ligament of atlas Tectorial ("roof") membrane (O. T. posterior occipito-axial ligament) Joints between ribs and vertebrae Capitular joints, or articulations between the heads of the ribs and the vertebrae Joint-capsules Radiate ligament of head of rib (O. T. anterior costovertebral or stellate ligament) Interarticular ligament of head of rib Costotransverse joints Joint-capsules Ligament of tubercle of rib Ligament of neck of rib Anterior costotransverse ligament Posterior costotransverse ligament Lumbocostal ligament Costotransverse foramen Sternocostal joints Joint-capsules Interarticular sternocostal ligament (O. T. interarticular chondrosternal liga- ment) Radiate sternocostal ligaments (O. T. anterior and posterior chondrosternal ligaments) Membrane of sternum Costoxiphoid ligaments (O. T. chon- droxiphoid ligaments) Intercostal ligaments External intercostal ligaments Internal intercostal ligaments Interchondral joints Jaw=joint Joint-capsule (O. T. capsular liga- ment) Joint-disk (O. T. interarticular fibro- cartilage) Temporomandibular ligament (O. T. external lateral ligament) Sphenomandibular ligament (O. T. in- ternal lateral ligament) Stylomandibular ligament (O. T. stylo- maxillary ligament) Ligaments of the girdle of upper extremity Coraco-acromial ligament Superior transverse ligament of scapula Inferior transverse ligament of scapula Acromioclavicular joint Joint-capsule Acromioclavicular ligament Intercalated disk of fibrocartilage Coracoclavicular ligament Trapezoid ligament Conoid ligament Sternoclavicular joint Joint-capsule Articular disk Sternoclavicular ligament Costoclavicular Hgament (O. T. rhom- boid ligament) Interclavicular ligament Shoulder=joint Joint-capsule Glenoid lip (O. T. glenoid ligament) Coracohumeral ligament (O. T. acces- sory ligament) Elbow=joint Humero-ulnar articulation Humeroradial articulation 34 Anatomical Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis Capsula articularis Lig. coUaterale ulnare Lig. coUaterale radiale Lig. annulare radii Recessus sacciformis Membrana interossea antibrachii Chorda obliqua Articulatio radioulnaris distalis Capsula articularis Discus articularis Recessus sacciformis Articulatio manus Articulatio radiocarpea Articulatio intercarpea Capsula articularis Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale Lig. radiocarpeum volare Lig. carpi radiatum Lig. coUaterale carpi ulnare Lig. coUaterale carpi radiale Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia Ligg. intercarpea volaria Ligg. intercarpea interossea Articulatio ossis pisiformis Capsula articularis Nomenclature Lig. pisohamatum Lig. pisometacarpeum Canalis carpi Articulationes carpometacarpeae Capsulae articulares Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia Ligg. carpometacarpea volaria Articulatio carpometacarpea pol= licis Capsula articularis Articulationes intermetacarpeae Capsulae articulares Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] dorsalia Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] volaria Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] interossea Spatia interossea metacarpi Articulationes metacarpopha= langeae Capsulae articulares Ligg. collateralia Ligg. accessoria volaria Ligg. capitulorum [oss. metacarpalium] transversa Articulationes digitorum manus Capsulae articulares Ligg. collateralia Ligg. cinguli extremitatis infe« rioris Membrana obturatoria Canalis obturatorius Lig. iliolumbale Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 34 Proximal radio-ulnar articulation (O. T. superior radio-ulnar) Joint-capsule Ulnar collateral ligament (O. T. in- ternal lateral ligament) Radial collateral ligament (O. T. ex- ternal lateral ligament) Annular ligament of radius (O. T. orbicular) Sacciform recess Interosseous membrane of forearm Oblique cord (O. T. oblique, or round ligament) Distal radio=ulnar articulation (O. T. inferior radio=ulnar) Joint-capsule Articular disk (O. T. triangular fibro- cartilage)^ Sacciform recess Joint of the hand Radiocarpal articulation (O. T. wrist- joint) Intercarpal articulation (O. T. carpal joints) Joint-capsule Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (O. T. posterior ligament) Volar radiocarpal ligament (O. T. an- terior ligament) Radiate ligament of carpus Ulnar collateral ligament of carpus (O. T. internal lateral ligament) Radial collateral ligament of carpus (O. T. external lateral ligament) Dorsal intercarpal ligaments Volar intercarpal ligaments (O. T. palmar intercarpal) Interosseous intercarpal ligaments Joint of the pisiform bone Joint-capsule Ligament between pisiform and hook- shaped bone Ligament between pisiform and meta- carpal bones Carpal canal Carpometacarpal joints Joint-capsules Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments Volar carpometacarpal ligaments Carpometacarpal joint of thumb Joint-capsule the Intermetacarpal joints Joint-capsules Dorsal ligaments of basal extremities of metacarpal bones Volar ligament of basal extremities of metacarpal bones Interosseous ligament of basal ex- tremities of metacarpal bones Interosseous space of metacarpus Metacarpophalangeal joints Joint-capsules Collateral ligaments Volar accessory ligaments (O. T. palmar ligaments) Transverse ligaments of the heads of the metacarpal bones Joints of the fingers Joint-capsules Collateral ligaments (O. T. lateral ligaments) Ligaments of the girdle of lower extremity (O. T. pelvic girdle) Obturator membrane Obturator canal Iliolumbar ligament 35 Anatomical Nomenclature Lig. sacrotuberosum Processus falciformis Lig. sacrospinosum Foramen ischiadicum majus Foramen ischiadicum minus Articulatio sacroiliaca Ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea Lig. sacroiliacum posterius breve Lig. sacroiliacum posterius longum Symphysis ossium pubis Lig. pubicum superius Lig. arcuatum pubis Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica Articulatio coxae Capsula articularis Labrum glenoidale Lig. transversum acetabuli Lig. teres femoris Zona orbicularis Lig. iliofemorale Lig. ischiocapsulare Lig. pubocapsulare Articulatio genu Capsula articularis Meniscus lateralis Meniscus medialis Lig. transversum genu Ligg. cruciata genu Lig. cruciatum anterius Lig. cruciatum posterius Plica synovialis patellaris Plicae alares Lig. coUaterale fibulare Lig. coUaterale tibiale Lig. popliteum obliquum Lig. popliteum arcuatum Retinaculum lig. arcuati Lig. patellae Retinaculum patellae mediale Retinaculum patellae laterale Articulatio tibiofibularis Capsula articularis * Ligg. capituli fibulae Membrana interossea cruris Syndesmosis tibiofibularis Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius Articulationes pedis Articulatio talocruralis Capsula articularis Lig. deltoideum Lig. tibionaviculare Lig. calcaneotibiale Lig. talotibiale anterius Lig. talotibiale posterius Lig. talofibulare anterius Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 35 Sacrotuberous ligament (O. T. poste- rior or great sacrosciatic ligament) Falciform process (O. T. falciform ligament) Sacrospinous ligament (O. T. anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament) Greater sciatic foramen Lesser sciatic foramen Sacro=iliac joint Anterior sacro-iliac ligaments Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament Symphysis of pubic bones Superior pubic ligament Arcuate ligament of pubis Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina Hip= joint Joint-capsule Glenoid lip (O. T. cotyloid ligament) Transverse ligament of acetabulum Round ligament of the femur Orbicular zone (O. T. zonular band or ring ligament) Iliofemoral ligament (O. T. Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow) Ischiocapsular ligament (O. T. ischio- capsular band) Pubocapsular ligament (Q. T. pubo- capsular band, or pubofemoral liga- ment) Knee= joint Joint-capsule Lateral meniscus (O. T. external semilunar fibrocartilage) Medial meniscus (O. T. internal semi- lunar fibrocartilage) Transverse ligament of the knee Crucial ligaments of the knee Anterior crucial ligament Posterior crucial ligament Patellar synovial fold (O. T. ligamen- tum mucosum) Alar folds (O. T. Hgamentum alaria) Fibular collateral ligament (O. T. long external lateral ligament) Tibial collateral ligament (O. T. in- ternal lateral ligament) Oblique popliteal ligament (O. T. posterior ligament) Arcuate popliteal ligament Retaining band of arcuate ligament Ligament of the patella Medial retaining band of patella Lateral retaining band of patella Tibiofibular joint (O. T. superior tibiofibular articulation) Joint-capsule Ligaments of the head of the fibula (O. T. anterior and posterior supe- rior tibiofibular ligaments) Interosseous membrane of leg (O. T. middle tibiofibular ligament) Tibiofibular syndesmosis (O. T. inferior tibiofibular articulation) Anterior ligament of lateral malleolus Posterior ligament of lateral malleolus Joints of the foot Ankle=joint Joint-capsule Deltoid ligament (O. T. internal lat- eral ligament and anterior and posterior tibiotarsal ligaments) Tibionavicular ligament Calcaneotibial ligament Anterior talotibial ligament Posterior talotibial ligament Anterior talofibular ligament (O. T. anterior fasciculus of external lateral ligament) 36 Anatomical Nomenclature Lig. talofibulare posterius Pars calcaneonavicularis Lig. calcaneofibulare Articulatiohes intertarseae Articulatio talocalcaneonavicu= laris Articulatio talocalcanea Capsula articularis I.ig. talocalcaneum laterale Pars calcaneocuboidea Lig. calcaneonaviculare dorsale Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia Ligg. tarsi plantaria Lig. plantare longum Ligg. tarsi profunda Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare Lig. talocalcaneum mediale Lig. talocalcaneum anterius Lig. talocalcaneum posterius Articulatio tarsi transversa [Clioparti] Articulatio talonavicularis Capsula articularis Articulatio calcaneocuboidea Capsula articularis Articulatio cuneonavicularis Ligg. tarsi interossea Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum Ligg. intercuneiformia interossea Ligg. tarsi dorsalia Lig. talonaviculare [dorsale] Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale Lig. bifurcatum Fibrocartilago navicularis Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plan- taria Lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare Ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare Articulationes tarsometatarseae Capsulae articulares Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria Ligg. cuneometatarsea interossea Articulationes intermetatarseae Capsulae articulares Ligg. basiiim [oss. metatars.] interossea Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] dorsalia Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] plantaria Spatia interossea metatarsi Articulationes metatarsophalan= geae Capsulae articulares Ligg. collateralia Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 36 Posterior talofibular ligament (O. T. posterior fasciculus of external lat- eral ligament) Calcaneofibular ligament (O. T. mid- dle fasciculus of external lateral ligament) Intertarsal joints Talocalcaneonavicular joint Talocalcanean joint Joint-capsule Lateral talocalcanean ligament (O. T. external calcaneo-astragaloid liga- ment) Medial talocalcanean ligament (O. T. internal calcaneo-astragaloid liga- ment) Anterior talocalcanean ligament Posterior talocalcanean ligament Chopart's transverse articulation of the tarsus Talonavicular joint Joint-capsule Calcaneocuboid joint Jcint-capsule Cuneonavicular joint Interosseous ligaments of tarsus Interosseous talocalcanean ligament Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments Dorsal ligaments of tarsus Dorsal talonavicular ligament (O. T. superior astragalonavicular liga- ment) Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament Bifurcate ligament Calcaneonavicular part (O. T. su- perior or external calcaneonavicu- lar ligament) Calcaneocuboidal part (O. T. in- ternal calcaneocuboid ligament) Dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament Dorsal navicular cuneiform ligaments Plantar ligaments of tarsus Long plantar ligament (O. T. long calcaneocuboid ligament) Deep ligaments of tarsus Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (O. T. inferior calcaneonavicular ligament) Navicular fibrocartilage Plantar navicular cuneiform liga- ments Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament Plantar intercuneiform ligaments Plantar cuneocuboid ligament Tarsometatarsal joints Joint-capsules Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments Interosseous cuneometatarsal liga- ments Intermetatarsal joints Joint-capsules Interosseous ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones Dorsal ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones Plantar ligaments of the bases of the metatarsal bones Interosseous spaces of metatarsus Metatarsophalangeal joints Joint-capsules Collateral ligaments 37 Anatomical Nomenclature Ligg. accessoria plantaria Ligg. capitulorum [oss. transversa Articulationes digitorum pedis metatars.] Capsulae articulares Ligg. collateralia Myologia Musculus Caput Venter Musculus Musculus Musculus Musculus Musculus Musculus Musculus Musculus Tendo fusiformis unipennatus bipennatus sphincter orbicularis articularis skeleti cutaneus Aponeurosis Perimysium Fascia Fascia superficialis Inscriptio tendinea Arcus tendineus Ligamentum vaginale Vagina fibrosa tendinis Vagina mucosa tendinis Trochlea muscularis Bursa mucosa Musculi dorsi M. trapezius (M. transversus nuchae) M. latissimus dorsi M. rhomboideus major M. rhomboideus minor M. levator scapulae M. serratus posterior inferior M. serratus posterior superior M. splenius cervicis M. splenius capitis M. sacrospinalis M. iliocostalis M. iliocostalis lumborum M. iliocostalis dorsi M. iliocostalis cervicis M. longissimus M. longissimus dorsi M. longissimus cervicis M. longissimus capitis M. spinalis M. spinalis dorsi M. spinalis cervicis M. spinahs capitis M. semispinalis M. semispinalis dorsi M. semispinalis cervicis M. semispinalis capitis Myology, or Musculature 37 Plantar accessory ligaments Transverse ligaments of the heads of the metatarsal bones Joints of the toes Joint-capsules Collateral ligaments Myology, or Musculature Muscle Head Belly Fusiform muscle Unipennate muscle Bipennate muscle Sphincter muscle Orbicular muscle Joint muscle Skeletal muscle Skin muscle Tendon Tendinous expansion Perimysium, or muscle sheath Fascia ("band or swathe"), or fibrous covering Superficial fascia Tendinous inscription Tendinous arch Sheath ligament Fibrous sheath of tendon Mucous sheath of tendon Muscle pulley Mucous bursa or sac Muscles of the back Trapezius muscle Transverse muscle of nape Broadest muscle of back Greater rhomboid muscle Lesser rhomboid muscle Levator muscle of scapula (O. T. levator anguli scapulae) Inferior posterior serratus muscle Superior posterior serratus muscle Splenius ("bandage") muscle of neck (O. T. splenius colli) Splenius muscle of head Sacrospinal muscle (O. T. erector spinae) Iliocostal muscle Iliocostal muscle of loins (O. T. sacrolumbalis) Iliocostal muscle of back (O. T. musculus accessorius) Iliocostal muscle of neck (O. T. cer- vicalis ascendens) Longest muscle Longest muscle of back Longest muscle of neck (O. T. trans- versalis cervicis) Longest muscle of head (O. T, trachelomastoid) Spinal muscle Spinal muscle of back Spinal muscle of neck (O. T. spinaHs colK) Spinal muscle of head Semispinal muscle Semispinal muscle of back Semispinal muscle of neck (O. T. semispinalis colli) Semispinal muscle of head (O. T. complexus) 38 M. multifidus Anatomical Nomenclature M. auricularis posterior Mm. rotatores • M. rotatores longi M. rotatores breves M. interspinales Mm. intertransversarii Mm. intertransversarii laterales Mm. intertransversarii mediales Mm. intertransversarii anteriores Mm. intertransversarii posteriores M. rectus capitis posterior major M. rectus capitis posterior minor M. rectus capitis lateralis M. obliquus capitis superior M. obliquus capitis inferior Fascia lumbodorsalis Fascia nuchae Musculi capitis M. epicranius M. frontalis M. occipitalis M. procerus M. nasalis Pars transversa Pars alaris M. depressor septi M. orbicularis oculi Pars palpebrals Pars orbitalis Pars lacrimalis [Homeri] M. auricularis anterior M. auricularis superior M. orbicularis oris M. triangularis (M. transversus menti) M. risorius M. zygomaticus M. quadratus labii superioris Caput zygomaticum Caput infraorbital Caput angulare M. quadratus labii inferioris M. caninus M. buccinator Mm. incisivi labii superioris Mm. incisivi labii inferioris M. mentalis M. masseter M. temporalis M. pterygoideus externus M. pterygoideus internus Galea aponeurotica Fascia buccopharyngea Fascia parotideomasseterica Fascia temporalis Musculi OSS. hyoidei M. digastricus Venter anterior Venter posterior M. stylohyoideus M. mylohyoideus M. geniohyoideus Musculi colli Platysma Myology, or Musculature 38 Multifidus ("much divided") muscle (O. T. multifidus spinae) Rotator muscles Long rotator muscles Short rotator muscles Interspinal muscles Intertransverse muscles Lateral intertransverse muscles Medial intertransverse muscles Anterior intertransverse muscles Posterior intertransverse muscles Larger posterior straight muscle of the head Lesser posterior straight muscle of the head Lateral straight muscle of the head Superior oblique muscle of the head Inferior oblique muscle of the head Lumbodorsal fascia Fascia of the nape Muscles of the head Epicranius muscle (O. T. occipito- frontalis) Frontal muscle Occipital muscle Procerus ("prolonged") muscle (O. T. pyramidalis nasi) Muscle of the nose Transverse part Alar part Depressor muscle of the septum Orbicular muscle of the eye (O. T. orbicularis palpebrarum) Palpebral part Orbital part Lacrimal part (O. T. tensor tarsi or Horner's muscle) Anterior auricular muscle (O. T. attrahens auriculam) Superior auricular muscle (O. T. atto- lens auriculam) Posterior auricular muscle (O. T. retrahens auriculam) Orbicular muscle of the mouth Triangular muscle (O. T. depressor anguli oris) Transverse muscle of the chin Muscle of laughing Zygomatic muscle Quadrate muscle of upper lip Zygomatic head (O. T. zygomaticus minor) Infraorbital head (O. T. levator labii superioris) Angular head (O. T. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi) Quadrate muscle of lower lip (O. T. depressor labii inferioris) Canine muscle (O. T. levator anguli oris) Cheek muscle Incisive muscles of upper lip Incisive muscles of lower lip Chin muscle Masseter muscle Temporal muscle External pterygoid muscle Internal pterygoid muscle Aponeurotic helmet (O. T. epicranial aponeurosis) Buccopharyngeal fascia Parotideomasseteric fascia Temporal fascia Muscles of the hyoid bone Digastric muscle Anterior belly Posterior belly Stylohyoid muscle Mylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle Muscles of the neck Platysma, or flat muscle (O. T. pla- tysma myoides) 39 Anatomical Nomenclature M. sternocleidomastoideus M. sternohyoideus M. omohyoideus Venter superior Venter inferior M. sternothyreoideus M. thyreohyoideus (M. levator glandulae thyreoideae) M. longus colli M. longus capitis M. rectus capitis anterior M. scalenus anterior M. scalenus medius M. scalenus posterior (M. scalenus minimus) Fascia colli Fascia praevertebralis Musculi Thoracis (M. sternalis) M. pectoralis major Pars clavicularis Pars sternocostalis Pars abdominalis M. pectoralis minor M. subclavius M. serratus anterior Mm. levatores costarum Mm. levatores costarum longi Mm. levatores costarum breves Mm. intercostales externi Mm. intercostales interni Mm. subcostales M. transversus thoracis Diaphragma Pars lumbalis Crus mediale Crus intermedium Crus laterale Pars costalis Pars sternalis Hiatus aorticus Hiatus oesophageus Centrum tendineum Foramen venae cavae Arcus lumbocostalis medialis [Halleri] Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis [Halleri] Fascia pectoralis Fascia coracoclavicularis Musculi abdominis M. rectus abdominis Falx [aponeurotica] inguinalis M. pyramidal is M. obliquus externus abdominis M. obliquus internus abdominis M. cremaster M. transversus abdominis M. quadratus lumborum A nnulus umhilicalis Linea alba Adminiculum lineae albae Inscriptiones tendineae Lig. suspensorium penis s. clitoridis Lig. fundiforme penis Vagina m. recti abdominis Linea semicircularis [Douglasi] Lig. inguinale [Pouparti] Lig. lacunare [Gimbernati] Lig. inguinale reflexum [CoUesi] Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus Crus superius Crus inferius Fibrae intercrurales Myology, or Musculature 39 Sternocleidomastoid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Omohyoid muscle Superior belly Inferior belly Sternothyreoid muscle Thyreohyoid muscle Elevating muscle of the thyreoid gland Long muscle of the neck Long muscle of the head (O. T. rectus capitis anticus major) Anterior straight muscle of the head (O. T. rectus capitis anticus minor) Anterior scalene muscle Middle scalene muscle Posterior scalene muscle Smallest scalene muscle Cervical fascia Prevertebral fascia Muscles of the chest Sternal muscle Greater pectoral muscle Clavicular part Sternocostal part Abdominal part Smaller pectoral muscle Subclavius muscle Anterior serratus muscle (O. T. ser- ratus magnus) Elevators of the ribs Long elevators of the ribs Short elevators of the ribs External intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles Subcostal muscles Transverse muscle of thorax (O. T. triangularis sterni) Diaphragm Lumbar part Medial crus Intermediate crus 5 Lateral crus Costal part Sternal part Aortic opening Oesophageal opening Central tendon Opening of the vena cava Medial lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- mentum arcuatum internum) Lateral lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- mentum arcuatum externum) Pectoral fascia Coracoclavicular fascia Muscles of the abdomen Straight muscle of the abdomen Inguinal aponeurotic falx (O. T. con- joined tendon) Pyramidal muscle External oblique muscle of abdomen Internal oblique muscle of abdomen Cremasteric muscle Transverse muscle of abdomen Quadrate muscle of the loins Umbilical ring White line Stay of the white line Tendinous inscriptions Suspensory ligament of the penis or clitoris SKng-like ligament of penis Sheath of the rectus muscle Semicircular fold of Douglas Inguinal ligament of Poupart Lacunar ligament of Gimbernat Reflex ligament of CoUes (O. T. tri- angular fascia of the abdomen) Subcutaneous inguinal ring (O. T. ex- ternal abdominal ring) Superior pillar Inferior pillar Intercrural fibres (O. T. intercolumnar fibres) 40 Anatomical Nomenclature Trigonum lumbale [Petiti] Linea semilunaris [Spigelii] Fascia transversalis Canalis inguinalis Annulus inguinalis abdominalis Ligo interfoveolare [Hesselbachi] Plica epigastrica Fovea inguinalis lateralis Fovea inguinalis medialis Fovea supravesicalis Musculi coccygei M. coccygeus M. sacrococcygeus anterior M. sacrococcygeus posterior Musculi extremitatis superioris M. deltoideus M. supraspinatus M. infraspinatus M. teres minor M. teres major M. subscapularis M. biceps brachii Caput longum Vagina mucosa intertubercularis Caput breve Lacertus fibrosus M. coracobrachialis M. brachialis M. triceps brachii Caput longum Caput laterale Caput mediale M. anconaeus (M. epitrochleoanconaeus) M. pronator teres . Caput humerale Caput ulnare M. flexor carpi radialis M. palmaris longus M. flexor carpi ulnaris Caput humerale Caput ulnare M. flexor digitorum sublimis Caput humerale Caput radiale M. flexor digitorum profundus M. flexor poUicis longus M. pronator quadratus M. brachioradialis M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. extensor digitorum communis Juncturae tendinum M. extensor digiti quinti proprius M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. supinator M. abductor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis brevis M. extensor pollicis longus M. extensor indicis proprius M. palmaris brevis M. abductor pollicis brevis M. flexor pollicis brevis M. opponens pollicis M. adductor pollicis M. abductor digiti quinti M. flexor digiti quinti brevis M. opponens digiti quinti Mm. lumbricales Myology, or Musculature 40 Lumbar triangle of Petit Semilunar line of Spigelius Transversal fascia (O. T. transverse fascia) Inguinal canal Abdominal inguinal ring (O. T. in- ternal abdominal ring) Interfoveolar ligament (O. T. Hessel- bach's ligament) Epigastric fold Lateral inguinal fovea Medial inguinal fovea Supravesical fovea Coccygeal muscles Coccygeal muscle Anterior sacrococcygeal muscle Posterior sacrococcygeal muscle Muscles of the upper extremity Deltoid muscle Supraspinous muscle Infraspinous muscle Smaller round muscle Larger round muscle Subscapular muscle Biceps muscle of upper arm Long head Intertubercular mucous sheath Short head Fibrous lacertus ("muscle") (O. T. bicipital fascia) Coracobrachial muscle Brachial muscle (O. T. brachialis an- ticus) Triceps muscle of upper arm Long head Lateral head Medial head Elbow muscle Epitrochlear elbow muscle Round pronator muscle (O. T. pro- nator radii teres) Humeral head Ulnar head (O. T. coronoid head) Radial flexor muscle of wrist Long palmar muscle Ulnar flexor muscle of wrist Humeral head Ulnar head Superficial flexor muscle of fingers Humeral head Radial head Deep flexor muscles of fingers Long flexor muscle of thumb Quadrate pronator muscle Brachioradial muscle (O. T. supinator longus) Long radial extensor muscle of carpus Short radial extensor muscle of carpus Common extensor muscle of fingers Junctions of the tendons; aponeu- rotic bridges Proper extensor muscle of fifth finger (O. T. extensor minimi digiti) Ulnar extensor muscle of wrist Supinator muscle (O. T. supinator brevis) Long abductor muscle of thumb (O. T. extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis) Short extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. extensor primi internodii pollicis) Long extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. extensor secundi internodii pollicis) Proper extensor muscle of index-finger (O. T. extensor indicis) Short palmar muscle Short abductor muscle of thumb (O. T. abductor pollicis) Short flexor muscle of thumb Opposing muscle of thumb Adductor muscle of thumb Abductor muscle of fifth finger Short flexor muscle of fifth finger Opposing muscle of fifth finger Lumbrical muscles 41 Anatomical Nomenclature Mm. interossei dorsales Mm. interossei volares Fascia axillaris Fascia subscapularis Fascia supraspinata Fascia infraspinata Fascia brachii Septum intermusculare mediale Septum intermusculare laterale Piumeri] [humeri] M. gemellus superior M. gemellus inferior M. quadratus femoris M. sartorius M. quadriceps femoris M. rectus femoris M. vastus lateralis M. vastus intermedius M. vastus medialis Sulcus bicipitalis medialis Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis Fascia antibrachii Fascia dorsalis manus Lig. carpi dorsale Aponeurosis palmaris Fasciculi transversi M. articularis genu M. pectineus M. adductor longus M. gracilis M. adductor brevis M. adductor magnus M. adductor minimus Lig. carpi transversum Lig. carpi volare Chiasma tendinum Vinculum tendinum Vaginae mucosae Ligg. vaginalia digitorum manus Ligg. annularia digitorum manus Ligg. cruciata digitorum manus Musculi extremitatis inferioris M. iliopsoas M. iliacus M. psoas major M. psoas minor M. glutaeus maximus M. glutaeus medius M. glutaeus minimus M. tensor fasciae latae M. piriformis M. obturator internus M. obturator externus M. biceps femoris -Caput longum Caput breve M. semitendinosus M. semimembranosus M. tibialis anterior M. extensor digitorum longus M. peronaeus tertius M. extensor hallucis longus M. peronaeus longus M. peronaeus brevis M. triceps surae M. gastrocnemius Caput laterale Caput mediale M. soleus Arcus tendineus m. solei Tendo calcaneus [Achillis] Myology, or Musculature 41 Dorsal interosseous muscles Palmar interosseous muscles Axillary fascia Subscapular fascia Supraspinous fascia Infraspinous fascia Brachial fascia Medial intermuscular septum of arm (O. T. internal intermuscular sep- tum) Lateral intermuscular septum of arm (O. T. external intermuscular sep- tum) Medial bicipital furrow Lateral bicipital furrow Antibrachial fascia Fascia of back of hand Dorsal ligament of wrist (O. T. pos- terior annular ligament) Palmar aponeurosis Transverse fibres (O. T. transverse superficial ligament) Transverse carpal ligament (O. T. anterior annular ligament) Palmar carpal ligament Crossing of the tendons Bands of union of the tendons Mucous sheaths Ligaments of the sheaths of the fingers Annular ligaments of the fingers Cruciate ligaments of the fingers Muscles of the lower extremity Iliopsoas muscle Iliac muscle Greater psoas muscle Lesser psoas muscle Greatest gluteal muscle Middle gluteal muscle Least gluteal muscle Tensor muscle of broad fascia Piriform muscle Internal obturator muscle Superior twin muscle Inferior twin muscle Quadrate muscle of thigh Sartorius ("tailor") muscle Quadriceps (" four-headed") muscle of thigh Straight muscle of thigh Lateral great muscle (O. T. vastus externus) Intermediate great muscle (O. T. crureus) Medial great m^uscle (O. T. vastus internus) Articular muscle of knee (O. T. sub- crureus) Pectineus muscle Long adductor muscle Slender muscle Short adductor muscle Great adductor muscle Smallest adductor muscle (O. T. upper portion of adductor magnus) External obturator muscle Biceps ("two-headed") muscle of thigh Long head Short head Semitendinosus muscle Semimembranosus muscle Anterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis anticus) Long extensor of digits Third peroneal muscle Long extensor of great toe Long peroneal muscle Short peroneal muscle Triceps muscle of calf Gastrocnemius muscle Lateral head Medial head Soleus muscle Tendinous arch of soleus muscle Tendon of the heel (of Achilles) (O. T. tendo Achillis) 42 Anatomical Nomenclature M. plantaris M. popliteus M. tibialis posterior M. flexor digitorum longus M. flexor hallucis longus M. extensor hallucis brevis M. extensor digitorum brevis M. abductor hallucis M. flexor hallucis brevis M. adductor hallucis Caput obliquum Caput transversum M. abductor digiti quinti M. flexor digiti quinti brevis M. opponens' digiti quinti M. flexor digitorum brevis M. quadratus plantae Mm. lumbricales Mm. interossei dorsales Mm. interossei plantares Fascia lata Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati] Septum intermusculare [femoris] laterale Fossa iliopectinea Fascia pectinea Canalis femoralis Annulus femoralis Septum femorale [Cloqueti] Fossa ovalis Margo falciformis Cornu superius Cornu infer ius Fascia cribrosa Fascia cruris Septum intermusculare anterius [fibulare] Septum intermusculare posterius [fibulare] Lig. transversum cruris Lig. laciniatum Lig. cruciatum cruris Septum intermusculare [femoris] mediale Canalis adductorius [Hunteri] Hiatus tendineus [adductorius] Fascia ihaca Fascia iliopectinea Lacuna musculorum Lacuna vasorum Trigonum femorale [Fossa Scarpae major] Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum sup. Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum in- ferius Fascia dorsalis pedis Aponeurosis plantaris Fasciculi transversi aponeurosis plantaris Vaginae mucosae Ligg. annularia Ligg. vaginalia Ligg. cruciata Myology, or Musculature 42 Plantaris muscle Popliteus muscle Posterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis posticus) Long flexor of the digits Long flexor of the great toe Short extensor of the great toe Short extensor of the digits Abductor of the great toe Short flexor of the great toe Adductor of the great toe Oblique head Transverse head Abductor of the fifth toe Short flexor muscle of fifth toe Opposing muscle of fifth toe Short flexor muscle of the toes Quadrate muscle of the sole Lumbrical muscles Dorsal interosseous muscles Plantar interosseous muscles Broad fascia Iliotibial band Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh (O. T. external intermuscular sep- tum) Medial intermuscular septum of thigh (O. T. internal intermuscular sep- tum) Adductor canal of Hunter (O. T. Hun- ter's canal) Tendinous adductor gap Iliac fascia Iliopectineal fascia Muscle gap Vessel gap Femoral triangle (greater fossa of Scarpa) (O. T. Scarpa's triangle) Iliopectineal fossa Pectineal fascia (O. T. pubic portion of fascia lata) Femoral canal (O. T. crural canal) Femoral ring (O. T. crural ring) Femoral septum of Cloquet Oval fossa Falciform margin Superior horn Inferior horn Cribriform fascia Fascia of the leg Anterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- tum (O. T. anterior peroneal sep- tum) Posterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- tum (O. T. posterior peroneal sep- tum) Transverse ligament of the leg (O. T. upper or broad part of anterior an- nular ligament) Fringed ligament (O. T. internal annu- lar ligament) Cruciate ligament of the leg (O. T. lower part of anterior annular liga- ment of leg) Upper retaining band of peroneal muscles Lower retaining band of peroneal muscles Dorsal fascia of the foot Plantar aponeurosis Transverse bundles of plantar apo- neurosis Mucous sheaths Annular ligaments Sheath ligaments Cruciate ligaments 43 Anatomical Nomenclature Bursac ct Vaginae mucosae Bursa mucosa subcutanea Bursa mucosa submuscularis Bursa mucosa subfascialis Bursa mucosa subtendinea Vagina mucosa tendinis B. musculi trochlearis B. m. tensoris veli palatini B. subcutanea praementalis B. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae B. m. sternohyoidei B. m. thyreohyoidei B. subcutanea sacralis B. coccygea B. subcutanea acromialis B. subacromialis B. subdeltoidea B. m. coracobrachialis B. m. infraspinati B. m. subscapularis B. m. teretis majoris B. m. latissimi dorsi B. subcutanea olecrani B. intratendinea olecrani B. subtendinea olecrani B. subcutanea epicondyli [humeri] lateralis B. subcutanea epicondyli piumeri] medialis B. bicipitoradialis B. cubitalis interossea Vagina tendinum mm. abductoris longi et extensoris brevis pollicis Vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti minimi Vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi ulnaris B. m. extensoris carpi radialis brevis Bursae subcutaneae metacarpophalan- geae dorsales Bursae subcutaneae digitorum dorsales B. m. flexoris carpi ulnaris B. m. flexoris carpi radialis Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum com- munium Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi Bursae intermetacarpophalangeae Vaginae tendinum digitales B. trochanterica subcutanea B. trochanterica m. glutaei maximi B. troch. m. glutaei medii anterior B. troch. m. glutaei medii posterior Vagina tendinum mm. extensorum B. troch. m. glutaei minimi carpi radialium Vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis longi Vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digi- torum communis et extensoris indicis B. m. piriformis B. m. obturatorii interni Bursae glutaeofemorales Myology, or Musculature 43 Bursac and mucous sheaths Subcutaneous mucous bursa Submuscular mucous bursa Subfascial mucous bursa Subtendinous mucous bursa Mucous sheath of tendon Bursa of the trochlear muscle Bursa of tensor muscle of soft palate Subcutaneous premental bursa Subcutaneous bursa of the prominence of the larynx Bursa of the sternohyoid muscle Bursa of the thyreohyoid muscle Subcutaneous sacral bursa Coccygeal bursa Subcutaneous acromial bursa Subacromial bursa Subdeltoid bursa Bursa of the coracobrachial muscle Bursa of the infraspinatus muscle Bursa of the subscapular muscle Bursa of the greater round muscle Bursa of the broadest muscle of back Subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon Intratendinous bursa of the olecranon Subtendinous bursa of the olecranon Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral epi- condyle of humerus Subcutaneous bursa of the medial epi- condyle of humerus Bicipitoradial bursa Interosseous bursa of the elbow Sheath of the tendons of the long ab- ductor and short extensor muscles of the thumb Sheath of the tendons of the radial extensor muscles of the wrist Sheath of the tendon of the long ex- tensor muscle of the thumb Sheath of the tendons of the common extensor muscle of the digits and of the extensor muscle of the index finger Sheath of the tendon of the extensor muscle of the little finger Sheath of the tendon of the ulnar ex- tensor muscle of the wrist Bursa of the short radial extensor muscle of the wrist Dorsal subcutaneous metacarpopha- langeal bursa Dorsal subcutaneous bursae of the digits Bursa of the ulnar flexor muscle of the wrist Bursa of the radial flexor muscle of the wrist Sheath of the tendons of the common flexor muscles Sheath of the tendon of the long flexor muscle of the thumb Intermetacarpophalangeal bursae Digital sheaths of the tendons Subcutaneous trochanteric bursa Trochanteric bursa of the great glu- teal muscle Anterior trochanteric bursa of the mid- dle gluteal muscle Posterior trochanteric bursa of the middle gluteal muscle Trochanteric bursa of the smallest glu- teal muscle Bursa of the piriform muscle Bursa of the internal obturator muscle Glutaeofemoral bursae 44 Anatomical B. ischiadica m. glutaei maximi B. m. recti femoris B. iliopectinea B. iliaca subtendinea B. m. pectinei B. m. bicipitis femoris superior B. praepatellaris subcutanea B. praepatellaris subfascialis B. praepatellaris subtendinea B. suprapatellaris B. infrapatellaris subcutanea B. infrapatellaris profunda B. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae B. m. sartorii propria B. anserina B. m. bicipitis femoris inferior . B. m. poplitei B. bicipitogastrocnemialis B. m. gastrocnemii lateralis B. m. gastrocnemii medialis B. m. semimembranosi B. subcutanea malleoli lateralis Nomenclature Vag. tendinis m. tibialis anterioris Vag. tendinis m. extensoris hallucis longi Vaginae tendinum m. extensoris digi- torum pedis longi Vaginae tendinum m. flexoris digi- torum pedis longi Vag. tendinis m. tibialis posterioris Vag. tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi Vag. tendinum mm. peronaeorum communis Bursa sinus tarsi B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris B. subtendinea m. tibialis posterioris B. subcutanea calcanea B. tendinis calcanei [Achillis] Vag. tendinis m. peronaei longi plan- taris Bursae intermetatarsophalangeae Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis B. subcutanea malleoli medialis Vaginae tendinum digitales pedis Myology, or Musculature 44 Sciatic bursa of the greatest gluteal muscle Bursa of the straight thigh muscle Iliopectineal bursa Subtendinous iliac bursa Bursa of the pectineus muscle Superior bursa of the biceps muscle of the thigh Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Subfascial prepatellar bursa Subtendinous prepatellar bursa Suprapatellar bursa Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa Deep infrapatellar bursa Subcutaneous bursa of the tuberosity of the tibia Proper bursa of the sartorius muscle Anserine bursa Inferior bursa of the biceps muscle of the thigh Bursa of the popliteus muscle Bicipitogastrocnemial bursa Lateral bursa of the gastrocnemius muscle Medial bursa of the gastrocnemius muscle Bursa of the semimembranosus muscle Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral mal- leolus Subcutaneous bursa of the medial malleolus Sheath of the tendon of the anterior tibial muscle Sheath of the tendon of the long exten- sor muscle of the great toe Sheaths of the tendons of the long extensor muscle of the digits of the foot Sheaths of the tendons of the long flexor muscle of the digits of the foot Sheath of the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle Sheath of the tendon of the long flexor muscle of the great toe Common sheath of the tendons of the peroneal muscles Bursa of the hollow of the ankle Subtendinous bursa of the anterior tibial muscle Subtendinous bursa of the posterior tibial muscle Subcutaneous calcanean bursa Bursa of the calcanean tendon of Achilles Sheath of the plantar tendon of the long peroneal muscle Intermetatarsophalangeal bursae Bursae of the lumbrical muscles of the foot Digital sheaths of the tendons of the foot 45 Anatomical Nomenclature Splanchnologia Tunica albuginea Tunica fibrosa Tunica adventitia Tunica mucosa Lamina propria mucosae Lamina muscularis mucosae Tela submucosa Plica mucosa Mucus Tunica muscularis Tunica serosa Tela subserosa Plica serosa Ligamentum serosum Serum Epithelium Endothelium Organon parenchymatosum Parenchyma Stroma Glandula Lobus Lobulus Glandula mucosa Musculus viscerum Apparatus digestorius Cavum oris Bucca Corpus adiposum buccae Vestibulum oris Cavum oris proprium Rima oris Labia oris Labium superius Labium inferius Commissura labiorum Angulus oris Palatum Palatum durum Palatum moUe Raphe palati Tunica mucosa oris Frenulum labii superioris Frenulum labii inferioris Gingiva Caruncula sublingualis Plica sublingualis Plicae palatinae transversae Papilla incisiva Glandulae oris • Gl. labiales Gl. buccales Gl. molares Gl. palatinae Gl. linguales Gl. lingualis anterior [Blandini, Nuhni] Gl. sublingualis Ductus sublingualis major Ductus sublinguals minores Splanchnology 45 Splanchnology Albugineous coat Fibrous coat Adventitious (external) coat Mucous coat Proper layer of the mucosa Muscular layer of the mucosa Submucous web Mucous fold Mucus Muscular coat Serous coat Subserous web Serous fold Serous ligament Serum Epithelium Endothelium Parenchymatous organ Parenchyma Stroma Gland Lobe Little lobe Mucous gland Muscle of the viscera Digestive apparatus Mouth cavity Cheek Fat body of cheek Entrance to mouth Mouth cavity proper Mouth-slit Lips of mouth Upper lip Lower lip Junction of lips Angle of mouth Palate Hard palate Soft palate Middle ridge of palate Mucous membrane of mouth Check-cord of upper lip Check-cord of lower lip Gum Sublingual caruncle Sublingual fold Transverse palatine folds Incisor papilla Glands of mouth Labial glands Buccal glands Molar glands Palatine glands Lingual glands Anterior lingual gland (O. T. gland of Nuhn) Sublingual gland Larger sublingual duct Smaller sublingual ducts 46 Anatomical Nomenclature Gl. submaxillaris Ductus submaxillaris [Whartoni] Gl. parotis Processus retromandibularis Gl. parotis accessoria Ductus parotideus [Stenonis] Saliva Dentes Corona dentis Tubercula [coronae] dentis Collum dentis Radix [Radices] dentis Apex radicis dentis Facies masticatoria Facies labialis [buccalis] Facies lingualis Facies contactus Facies medialis) dentium incisivo- Facies lateralis) rum et caninorum Facies anterior "j dentium praemola Facies posterior] rium et molarium Cavum dentis Pulpa dentis Papilla dentis Canalis radicis dentis Foramen apicis dentis Substantia eburnea Substantia adamantina Substantia ossea Canaliculi dentales Spatia interglobularia Prismata adamantina Cuticula dentis Periosteum alveolare Arcus dentalis superior Arcus dentalis inferior Dentes incisivi Dentes canini Dentes praemolares Dentes molares Dens serotinus Dentes permanentes Dentes decidui Lingua Dorsum linguae Radix linguae Corpus linguae Facies inferior [linguae] Plica fimbriata Margo lateralis [linguae] Apex linguae Tunica mucosa linguae Frenulum linguae Papillae linguales Papillae filiformes Papillae conicae Papillae fungiformes Papillae lenticulares Papillae vallatae Papillae foliatae Sulcus medianus linguae Sulcus terminalis Foramen caecum linguae (Morgagnii) (Ductus lingualis) Ductus thyreoglossus Tonsilla lingualis FoUiculi linguales Septum linguae Musculi linguae M. genioglossus M. hyoglossus M. chondroglossus M. styloglossus M. longitudinalis superior M. longitudinalis inferior M. transversus linguae M. verticalis linguae Fauces Isthmus faucium Splanchnology 46 Submaxillary gland Submaxillary duct (O. T. Wharton's duct) Parotid gland Retromandibular process Accessory parotid (O. T. socia paro- tidis) Parotid duct (O. T. Steno's duct) Mixed mouth secretions Teeth Crown of tooth Tubercles of crown of tooth Neck of tooth Root of tooth Apex of root of tooth Chewing-surface Labial surface Lingual surface Contact surface Medial surface ^ of incisor Lateral surface 3 and canine teeth Anterior surface ) of premolars Posterior surface J and molars Tooth cavity Tooth pulp Papilla of tooth Root canal of tooth Foramen of apex of tooth Dentine Enamel Cement Smaller dental canals Granular layer Enamel prisms Cuticle of tooth Alveolar periosteum Superior dental arch Inferior dental arch Incisor teeth Canine teeth Premolar teeth (O. T. bicuspids) Molar teeth Late tooth (O. T. wisdom tooth) Permanent teeth Deciduous teeth Tongue Dorsum of tongue Root of tongue Body of tongue Inferior surface Fimbriated fold Lateral margin Tip of the tongue Mucous membrane of tongue Frenulum (check-rein) of tongue Lingual papillae Filiform papillae Conical papillae Fungiform papillae Lenticular papillae Vallate papillae (O. T. circumvallate papillae) Foliate papillae Median sulcus of tongue Terminal sulcus Blind foramen of tongue Lingual duct Thyreoglossal duct Lingual tonsil Lingual folliculi Septum of tongue Muscles of tongue Genioglossus muscle Hyoglossus muscle Chrondroglossus muscle Styologlossus muscle Superior longitudinal muscle (O. T. superficial lingual) Inferior longitudinal muscle (O. T. inferior lingual) Transverse muscle of tongue Vertical muscle of tongue Fauces, or throat Isthmus of fauces 47 Anatomical Nomenclature Velum palatinum Uvula [palatina] Arcus palatini Arcus glossopalatinus Arcus pharyngopalatinus Plica salpingopalatina Tonsilla palatina Fossulae tonsillares Sinus tonsillaris Plica triangularis Fossa supratonsillaris Musculi palati et faucium M. levator veli palatini M. tensor veli palatini M. uvulae M. glossopalatinus M. pharyngopalatinus Pharynx Cavum pharyngis Fornix pharyngis Pars nasalis Pars oralis Pars laryngea Ostium pharyngeum tubae Labium anterius Labium posterius Torus tubarius Plica salpingopharyngea Recessus pharyngeus [Rosenmuelleri] (Bursa pharyngea) Recessus piriformis M. stylopharyngeus Fascia pharyngobasilaris Tunica mucosa Gl. pharyngeae Tonsilla pharyngea Fossulae tonsillares Tela submucosa Tunica muscularis pharyngis Raphe pharyngis Raphe pterygomandibularis M. constrictor pharyngis superior M. pterygopharyrigeus M. buccopharyngeus M. mylopharyngeus M. glossopharyngeus M. salpingopharyngeus M. constrictor pharyngis medius M. chondropharyngeus M. ceratopharyngeus M. constrictor pharyngis inferior M. thyreopharyngeus M. cricopharyngeus Tubus digestorius Oesophagus Pars cervicalis Pars thoracahs Pars abdominalis Tunica adventitia Tunica muscularis M. bronchooesophageus M. pleurooesophageus Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. muscularis mucosae Gl. oesophageae Ventriculus [G aster] Paries anterior Paries posterior Curvatura ventriculi major Curvatura ventriculi minor Cardia Fundus ventriculi Splanchnology 47 Palatine curtain Uvula Palatine arches Glossopalatine arch (O. T. anterior pillar of fauces) Pharyngopalatine arch (O. T. pos- terior pillar of fauces) Tubopalatine fold Palatine tonsil Tonsillar crypts Tonsillar sinus Triangular fold Supratonsillar fossa Muscles of palate and fauces Levator muscle of palatine curtain (O. T. levator palati) Tensor muscle of palatine curtain (O. T. tensor palati) Muscle of uvula (O. T. azygos u\ailae) Glossopalatine muscle (O. T. palato- glossus) Pharyngopalatine muscle (O. T. pal- atopharyngeus) Pharynx Cavity of pharynx Vault of pharynx Nasal part (O. T. nasopharynx) Oral part (O. T. oral pharynx) Laryngeal part (O.T. laryngopharynx) Pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube Anterior lip Posterior lip Tubal projection Salpingopharyngeal fold Pharyngeal recess of Rosenmueller (O T. recessus infundibuliformis) Pharyngeal bursa Piriform recess (O. T. sinus piriformis) Stylopharyngeus muscle Pharyngobasilar fascia Mucous membrane Pharyngeal glands Pharyngeal tonsil Tonsillar crypts Submucous web (O. T. pharyngeal aponeurosis) Muscular coat of pharynx Raphe of pharynx Pterygomandibular raphe Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx Pterygopharyngeal muscle Buccopharyngeal muscle Mylopharyngeal muscle Glossopharyngeal muscle Salpingopharyngeal muscle Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx Chrondropharyngeal muscle Ceratopharyngeal muscle Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx Thyreopharyngeal muscle Cricopharyngeal muscle Digestive tube Oesophagus Cervical part Thoracic part Abdominal part Adventitious coat Muscular coat Broncho-oesophageal muscle Pleuro- oesophageal muscle Submucous layer Mucous membrane Muscular layer of mucosa Oesophageal glands Stomach Anterior wall Posterior wall Greater curvature of stomach Lesser curvature of stomach Cardia Fundus of stomach 48 Anatomical Nomenclature Corpus ventriculi Pylorus Pars cardiaca Pars pylorica (Antrum cardiacum) Antrum pyloricum Tunica serosa Tunica muscularis Stratum longitudinale Ligg. pylori Stratum circulare M. sphincter pylori Fibrae obliquae Valvula pylori Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. muscularis mucosae Areae gastricae Plicae villosae Foveolae gastricae Glandulae gastricae [propriae] Glandulae pyloricae Noduli lymphatici gastrici Succus gastricus Intestinum tenue Tunica serosa Tunica muscularis Stratum longitudinale Stratum circulare Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. muscularis mucosae Plicae circulares [Kerkringi] Villi intestinales Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] Noduli lymphatici solitarii Noduli lymphatici aggregati [Peyeri] Chymus Chylus Succus entericus Duodenum Pars superior Pars descendens Pars inferior Pars horizontal is [inferior] Pars ascendens Flexura duodeni superior Flexura duodeni inferior Flexura duodenojejunalis M. suspensorius duodeni Plica longitudinalis duodeni Papilla duodeni [Santorini] Gl. duodenales [Brunneri] Intestinum tenue mesen t e r i a le Intestinum jejunum Intestinum ileum Intestinum crassum Intestinum caecum Valvula coli Labium superius Labium inferius Frenula valvulae coli Processus vermiformis (Valvula processus vermiformis) Noduli aggregati processus vermifor- mis Colon Colon ascendens Flexura coli dextra Colon transversum Flexura coli sinistra Colon descendens Colon sigmoideum Plicae semilunares coli Haustra coli Tunica serosa Appendices epiploicae Splanchnology 48 Body of stomach Pylorus Cardiac part Pyloric part Cardiac antrum Pyloric antrum Serous coat Muscular coat Longitudinal layer Pyloric ligaments Circular layer Sphincter muscle of pylorus Oblique fibres Pyloric valve Submucous layer Mucous membrane Muscular layer of mucosa Gastric areas Folds of villi Gastric pits Gastric glands proper Pyloric glands Gastric lymph-nodules Gastric juice Small or thin intestine Serous coat Muscular coat Longitudinal layer Circular layer Submucous coat Mucous coat Muscular layer of mucosa Circular folds (O. T. valvulae con- niventes) Intestinal villi Intestinal glands (O. T. crypts of Lieberkuehn) Solitary lymph-nodules Aggregated lymph-nodules of Peyer (O. T. Peyer's patches) Chyme Chyle Intestinal juice Duo denum Superior part Descending part Inferior part Horizontal part Ascending part Superior duodenal flexure Inferior duodenal flexure Duodenojejunal flexure Suspensory muscle of duodenum (O. T. muscle of Treitz) Longitudinal fold of duodenum Duodenal papilla Duodenal glands of Brunner Mesenterial small intestine Empty intestine (O. T. jejunum) Twisted intestine (O. T. ileum) Large or thick intestine B lind intestine Valve of the colon (O. T. ileocaecal valve) Superior lip Inferior lip Frenula of valve of colon Vermiform process, or ap- pendix Valve of the vermiform process Aggregated nodules of the vermiform process Colon, or great gut Ascending colon Right colic flexure Transverse colon Left colic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Semilunar folds of colon Sacculations of colon Serous coat Epiploic (fatty) appendages 49 Anatomical Nomenclature Tunica muscularis Taeniae coli Taenia mesocolica Taenia omentalis Taenia libera Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. muscularis mucosae Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] Noduli lymphatici solitarii Intestinum rectxxm Flexura sacralis Flexura perinealis Ampulla recti Tunica muscularis M. sphincter ani internus M. rectococcygeus Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Lam. m. mucosae Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] Noduli lymphatici Plicae transversales recti Pars analis recti Columnae rectales [Morgagnii] Sinus rectales Annulus haemorrhoidalis Pancreas Caput pancreatis Processus uncinatus [Pancreas Wins- lowi] Incisura pancreatis Corpus pancreatis Facies anterior Facies posterior Facies inferior Margo superior Margo anterior Margo posterior Tuber omentale Cauda pancreatis Ductus pancreaticus [Wirsungi] Ductus pancreaticus accessorius [Santorini] (Pancreas accessorium) Succus pancreaticus Hepar Facies superior Facies posterior Facies inferior Margo anterior Incisura umbilicalis Fossae sagittales dextrae Fossa vesicae felleae Fossa venae cavae Fossa sagittalis sinistra Fossa venae umbilicalis Fossa ductus venosi Tunica serosa Lig. teres hepatis Lig. venosum [Arantii] Porta hepatis Lobus hepatis dexter Lobus quadratus Lobus caudatus [Spigelii] Processus papillaris Processus caudatus Lobus hepatis sinister (Appendix fibrosus hepatis) Impressio cardiaca Tuber omentale Impressio oesophagea Impressio gastrica Impressio duodenalis Impressio colica Impressio renalis Impressio suprarenalis Lobuli hepatis Capsula fibrosa [Glissoni] Rami arteriosi interlobulares Venae interlobulares Venae centrales Splanchnology 49 Muscular coat Bands of the colon Mesocolic band Omental band Free band Submucous coat Mucous coat Muscular layer of mucosa Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn Solitary lymph-nodules Rectum, or straight gut Sacral flexure Perineal flexure Ampulla of rectum Muscular layer Internal sphincter muscle of anus Rectococcygeus muscle Submucous coat Mucous membrane Muscular layer of mucosa Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn Lymphatic nodules Transverse folds of rectum (O. T. valves of Houston) Anal part of rectum Rectal columns of Morgagni Rectal sinuses Hemorrhoidal ring Pancreas Head of pancreas Uncinate process Notch of pancreas Body of pancreas Anterior surface Posterior surface Inferior surface Superior margin Anterior margin Posterior margin Omental tuber Tail of pancreas Pancreatic duct of Wirsung Accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini Accessory pancreas Pancreatic juice Liver Superior surface Posterior surface Inferior surface Anterior margin Umbilical notch Right sagittal fossae Fossa for gall-bladder Fossa for vena cava Left sagittal fossa Fossa for umbilical vein Fossa for venous duct Serous coat Round ligament of liver Venous ligament of Arantius Porta, or door of liver Right lobe of liver Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe of Spigelius Papillary process Caudate process Left lobe of liver Fibrous appendix of liver Cardiac impression Omental tuber Oesophageal impression Gastric impression Duodenal impression Colic impression Renal impression Suprarenal impression Lobules of liver Fibrous capsule of Glisson Interlobular arteries Interlobular veins Central veins 50 Anatomical Nomenclature Ductus biliferi Ductus interlobulares Ductus hepaticus Vasa aberrantia hepatis Fel [Bilis] Vesica fellea Fundus vesicae felleae Corpus vesicae felleae Collum vesicae felleae Ductus cysticus Tunica serosa vesicae felleae Tunica muscularis vesicae felleae Tunica mucosa vesicae felleae Plicae tun. mucosae v. felleae Valvula spiralis [Heisteri] Ductus choledochus Gl. mucosae biliosae Lien Facies diaphragmatica Facies renalis Facies gastrica Extremitas superior Extremitas inferior Margo posterior Margo anterior Hilus lienis Tunica serosa Tunica albuginea Trabeculae lienis Pulpa lienis Rami lienales [arteriae lienalis] Penicilli Noduli lymphatici lienales [Malpighii] (Lien accessorms) Apparatus respiratorius Cavum nasi Nares Choanae Septum nasi Septum cartilagineum Septum membranaceum Vestibulum nasi Limen nasi Sulcus olfactorius (Concha nasalis suprema [Santorini]) Concha nasalis superior Meatus nasi Meatus nasi superior Meatus nasi medius Atrium meatus medii Meatus nasi inferior Meatus nasi communis Meatus nasopharyngeus Regio respiratoria Regio olfactoria Gl. olfactoriae Sinus paranasales Sinus maxillaris [Highmori] Concha nasalis media Concha nasalis inferior Membrana mucosa nasi Plexus cavernosi concharum Agger nasi Recessus sphenoethmoidalis Sinus sphenoidalis Sinus frontalis Cellulae ethmoidales Bulla ethmoidalis Infundibulum ethmoidale Hiatus semilunaris Gl. nasales Splanchnology SO Bile-ducts (O. T. bile canaliculi) Interlobular ducts Hepatic duct Aberrant vessels of liver Bile Gall bladder Fundus of gall bladder Body of gall bladder Neck of gall bladder Cystic duct Serous coat of gall bladder Muscular coat of gall bladder Mucous coat of gall bladder Folds of mucous coat of gall bladder Spiral valve of Heister Common bile duct Glands of biliary mucosa Spleen Diaphragmatic surface Renal surface Gastric surface Superior extremity Inferior extremity Posterior margin Anterior margin Hilus of the spleen Serous coat Albugineous coat Trabeculae ("cords") of spleen Spleen pulp Splenic rami of splenic artery Arterial tufts Splenic lymph-nodules (O. T. Mal- pighian corpuscles) Accessory spleen Respiratory system Nasal cavity Anterior apertures Posterior apertures Nasal septum Cartilaginous septum Membranous septum Vestibule of nose Threshold of nose Olfactory sulcus Highest nasal concha (O. T. upper- most turbinated bone) Superior nasal concha (O. T. superior turbinated bone) Middle nasal concha (O. T. middle turbinated bone) Inferior nasal concha (O. T. inferior turbinated bone) Mucous membrane of nose Cavernous layer of conchae Agger ("elevation") of nose Spheno-ethmoidal recess Meatuses of the nose Superior meatus Middle meatus " Entrance-hall" of middle meatus Inferior meatus Common meatus Nasopharyngeal meatus Respiratory region Olfactory region Olfactory glands Sinuses near nose Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of Highmore) Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal cells Ethmoidal bulla ("bubble") Ethmoidal infundibulum (" funnel") Semilunar opening Nasal glands 51 Anatomical Nomenclature Nasus externus Basis nasi Radix nasi DoKsum nasi Margo nasi Apex nasi Ala nasi Septum mobile nasi Cartilagines nasi Cartilago septi nasi Processus sphenoidalis septi car- tilaginei Cartilago nasi lateralis Cartilago alaris major Crus mediale Crus laterale Cartilagines alares minores Cartilagines sesamoideae nasi Organon vomeronasal [Jacobsoni] Cartilago vomeronasalis [Jacobsoni] (Ductus incisivus) Larynx Prominentia laryngea Cartilagines laryngis Cartilago thyreoidea Lamina [dextra et sinistra] Incisura thyreoidea superior Incisura thyreoidea inferior Tuberculum thyreoideum superius Tuberculum thyreoideum inferius (Linea obliqua) Cornu superius Cornu inferius (Foramen thyreoideum) Lig. hyothyreoideum laterale Cartilago triticea Lig. hyothyreoideum medium Membrana hyothyreoidea Cartilago cricoidea Arcus [cartilaginis cricoideae] Lamina [cartilaginis cricoideae] Facies articularis arytaenoidea Facies articularis thyreoidea Articulatio cricothyreoidea Capsula articularis cricothyreoidea Ligg. ceratocricoidea lateralia Lig. ceratocricoideum anterius Ligg. ceratocricoidea posteriora Lig. cricothyreoideum [medium] Lig. cricotracheale Cartilago arytaenoidea Facies articularis Basis [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] Crista arcuata CoUiculus Fovea oblonga Fovea triangularis Apex [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] Processus vocalis Processus muscularis Cartilago corniculata [Santorini] Synchondrosis arycorniculata Articulatio cricoarytaenoidea Lig. cricopharyngeum Lig. corniculopharyngeum Lig. ventriculare Lig. vocale (Cartilago sesamoidea) Capsula articularis cricoarytaenoidea Lig. cricoarytaenoideum posterius Epiglottis Petiolus epiglottidis Tuberculum epiglotticum Cartilago epiglottica Lig. thyreoepiglotticum S PLANCHNOLOGY 51 External nose Base of nose Root of nose Dorsum of nose Margin of nose Tip of nose Wing of nose Movable septum of nose Nasal cartilages Cartilage of nasal septum Sphenoidal process of cartilaginous septum Lateral nasal cartilage Greater alar cartilage Medial crus Lateral crus Lesser alar cartilages Sesamoid cartilages of nose Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson Vomeronasal cartilage of Jacobson Incisor canaliculus Larynx Laryngeal prominence (O. T. Adam's apple, or pomum Adami) Laryngeal cartilages Thyreoid cartilage Right and left plates Superior thyreoid notch Inferior thyreoid notch Superior thyreoid tubercle Inferior thyreoid tubercle Oblique line Superior horn Inferior horn Thyreoid foramen Lateral hyothyreoid ligament Triticeous ("wheat-like") cartilage Middle hyothyreoid ligament Hyothyreoid membrane (O. T. thyro- hyoid membrane) Cricoid cartilage Arch of cricoid cartilage Lamina of cricoid cartilage Arytaenoid articular surface Thyreoid articular surface Cricothyreoid articulation Capsule of cricothyreoid joint Lateral ceratocricoid ligaments Anterior ceratocricoid ligaments Posterior ceratocricoid ligaments Middle cricothyreoid ligament (O. T. middle portion of cricothyroid mem- brane) Cricotracheal ligament Arytaenoid cartilage Articular surface Base of arytaenoid cartilage Arched ridge Nodule or hillock Oblong depression Triangular depression Tip or apex of arytaenoid cartilage Vocal process Muscular process . Corniculate cartilage (O. T. cartilage of Santorini) Arycorniculate synchondrosis Cricoarytaenoid joint Cricopharyngeal ligament Corniculopharyngeal ligament (O. T. Lig. jugale) Ventricular ligament (O. T. superior thyro-arytenoid ligament) Vocal ligament (O. T. inferior thyro- arytenoid ligament) Sesamoid cartilage Capsule of crico-arytaenoid joint Posterior crico-arytaenoid ligament Epiglottis Stem of epiglottis Epiglottic tubercle (O. T. cushion of epiglottis) Epiglottic cartilage Thyreo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. thyro-epiglottidean ligament) 52 Anatomical Nomenclature Lig. hyoepiglotticum Cartilage cuneiformis [Wrisbergi] Tuberculum cuneiforme [Wrisbergi] Tuberculum corniculatum [Santorini] Musculi laryngis M. aryepiglotticus M. cricothyreoideus Pars recta Pars obliqua M. cricoarytaenoideus posterior (M. ceratocricoideus) M. cricoarytaenoideus lateralis M. ventricularis M. vocalis M. thyreoepiglotticus M. thyreoarytaenoideus [externus] M. arytaenoideus obliquus M. arytaenoideus transversus Cavum larjnigis Vallecula epiglottica Aditus laryngis Vestibulum laryngis Rima vestibuli Labium vocale Glottis Rima glottidis Pars intermembranacea Pars intercartilaginea Ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii] Appendix ventriculi laryngis Tunica mucosa laryngis Membrana elastica laryngis Conus elasticus Plica glossoepiglottica mediana Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis Plica aryepiglottica Plica nervi laryngei Plica ventricularis . Plica vocalis Macula flava Aditus glottidis inferior Aditus glottidis superior Incisura interarytaenoidea Gl. laryngeae Gl. laryngeae anteriores Gl. laryngeae mediae Gl. laryngeae posteriores Noduli lymphatic! laryngei Trachea et bronchi Cartilagines tracheales Ligg. annularia [trachealia] Paries membranacea Gl. tracheales Bifurcatio tracheae Bronchus [dexter et sinister] Rami bronchiales Ramus bronchialis eparterialis Rami bronchiales hyparteriales Tunica muscularis Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Gl. tracheales Gl. bronchiales Pulmo Basis pulmonis Apex pulmonis Sulcus subclavius Splanchnology 52 Hyo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. hyo- epiglottidean ligament) Cuneiform cartilage Cuneiform tubercle Corniculate tubercle of Santorini Muscles of larynx Ary epiglottic muscle (O. T. aryteno- epiglottidean muscle) Cricothyreoid muscle Straight part (O.T. anterior or oblique part) Oblique part (O. T. posterior or horizontal part) Posterior crico-arytaenoid muscle Ceratocricoid muscle Lateral crico-arytaenoid muscle Ventricular muscle Vocal muscle (O. T. internal thyro- arytenoid muscle) Thyreo-epiglottic muscle (O. T. thyro- epiglottidean muscle) Thyreo-arytaenoid muscle (external) Oblique arytaenoid muscle Transverse arytaenoid muscle Cavity of larynx Epiglottic vallecula Laryngeal aperture Vestibule of larynx Slit of vestibule (O. T. false glottis) Vocal lip Glottis (O. T. glottis vera)' Slit of glottis Intermembranous part (O. T. glot- tis vocalis) Intercartilaginous part (O. T. glottis respiratoria) Ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal sinus) Appendage of ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal pouch or sac") Mucous coat of larynx Elastic membrane of larynx Elastic cone (O. T. cricothyroid membrane) Median glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. middle glosso-epiglottidean fold, or fraenum of the epiglottis) Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. lateral glosso-epiglottidean folds) Ary-epiglottic fold Fold of laryngeal nerve Ventricular fold (O. T. false vocal cord) Vocal fold (O. T. true vocal cord) Yellow spot Inferior entrance to glottis Superior entrance to glottis Interarytaenoid notch Laryngeal glands Anterior laryngeal glands Middle laryngeal glands Posterior laryngeal glands Lymph-nodules of larynx Trachea and bronchi Tracheal cartilages Annular ligaments Membranous wall Tracheal glands Bifurcation of trachea Right and left bronchus Bronchial rami Eparterial bronchial ramus Hyparterial bronchial ramus Muscular coat Submucous layer Mucous coat Tracheal glands Bronchial glands Lung Base of lung Apex of lung Subclavian sulcus 53 Anatomical Nomenclature Fades costalis Facies mediastinalis Facies diaphragmatica Margo anterior Margo inferior Hilus pulmonis Radix pulmonis Incisura cardiaca Lingula pulmonis Lobus superior Lobus medius Lobus inferior Incisura interlobaris Lobuli pulmonum Rami bronchiales Bronchioli Bronchioli respiratorii Ductuli alveolares Alveoli pulmonum Lymphoglandulae bronchiales Noduli lymphatic! bronchiales Lymphoglandulae pulmonales Cavum thoracis Fascia endothoracica Cavum pleurae Pleura Cupula pleurae Pleura pulmonalis Pleura parietalis Pleura mediastinalis Laminae mediastinales Pleura pericardiaca Pleura costalis Pleura diaphragmatica Sinus pleurae Sinus phrenicocostalis Sinus costomediastinalis Lig. pulmonale Plicae adiposae Villi pleurales Septum mediastinale Cavum mediastinale anterius Cavum mediastinale posterius Ql. thyreoidea Isthmus gl. thyreoideae (Lobus pyramidalis) Lobus [dexter et sinister] Lobuli gl. thyreoideae Stroma gl. thyreoideae (Gl. thyreoideae accessoriae) (Gl. thyreoidea accessoria supra- hyoidea) Glomus caroticum Thymus Lobus [dexter et sinister] Tractus centralis Lobuli thymi Apparatus urogenitalis Organa uropoetica Ren Margo lateralis Margo medialis Hilus renalis Sinus renalis Facies anterior Facies posterior Extremitas superior Extremitas inferior (Impressio muscularis) (Impressio hepatica) (Impressio gastrica) Capsula adiposa Tunica fibrosa Tunica muscularis Tubuli renales Tubuli renales contorti Splanchnology 53 Costal surface Mediastinal surface Diaphragmatic surface Anterior margin Inferior margin Hilus of lung Root of lung Cardiac notch Lingula, or little tongue, of lung Upper lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe Interlobar incisure Pulmonary lobules Bronchial rami Bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ductules Pulmonary alveoli Bronchial lymph glands Bronchial lymph-nodules Pulmonary lymph glands Thoracic cavity Endothoracic fascia Pleural cavity Pleura Dome or cupola of pleura Pulmonary pleura Parietal pleura Mediastinal pleura Mediastinal layers Pericardiac pleura Costal pleura Diaphragmatic pleura Sinuses of the pleura Phrenicocostal sinus Costomediastinal sinus Pulmonary ligament Adipose folds Pleural villi Mediastinal septum Anterior mediastinal cavity Posterior mediastinal cavity Thyreoid gland . Isthmus of thyreoid Pyramidal lobe Right and left lobes Lobules of gland Stroma of gland Accessory thyreoid glands Suprahyoid accessory thyreoid gland Carotid skein (O. T. intercarotid gland) Thymus Right and left lobe Central tract Lobules of thymus Urogenital system Uropoietic organs Kidney • Lateral margin Medial margin Renal hilus Renal sinus Anterior surface Posterior surface Superior extremity Inferior extremity Muscular impression Hepatic impression Gastric impression Adipose capsule Fibrous coat Muscular coat Renal tubules Convoluted renal tubules 54 Anatomical Nomenclature Tubuli renales recti Substantia corticalis Substantia medullaris Lobi renales Pyramides renales [Malpighii] Basis pyramidis Papillae renales Area cribrosa Foramina papillaria Columnae renales [Bertini] Lobuli corticales Pars radiata [Processus Ferreini] Pars convoluta Corpuscula renis [Malpighii] Glomeruli Capsula glomeruli Pelvis renalis Calyces renales Calyces renales majores Calyces renales minores Gl. pelvis renalis Arteriae renis Aa. interlobares renis Arteriae arciformes Arteriae interlobulares Vas afferens Vas efferens Rami capsulares Arteriolae rectae x\a. nutriciae pelvis renalis Venae renis Vv. interlobares Venae arciformes Venae interlobulares Venulae rectae Venae stellatae Ureter Pars abdominalis Pars pelvina Tunica adventitia Tunica njuscularis Stratum externum Stratum medium Stratum internum Tunica mucosa Gl. mucosae ureteris Vesica urinaria Vertex vesicae Corpus vesicae Fundus vesicae Lig. umbilicale medium Urachus Tunica serosa Tunica muscularis Stratum externum Stratum medium Stratum internum M. pubovesicalis M. rectovesicalis Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Gl. vesicales Noduli lymphatici vesicales Trigonum vesicae [Lieutaudi] Uvula vesicae Plica ureterica Orificium ureteris Orificium urethrae internum Annulus urethralis Glandula suprarenalis Substantia corticalis Substantia mejdullaris Hilus gl. suprarenalis Facies anterior Facies posterior Basis gl. suprarenalis Apex suprarenalis [gl. dextrae] Margo superior Margo medialis Splanchnology 54 Straight renal tubules Cortical substance Medullary substance Renal lobes (O. T. reniculi) Renal pyramids Base of pyramid Renal papillae Cribriform area Papillary foramina Renal columns Cortical lobules Radiate part (O. T. pyramid of Ferrein) Convoluted part (O. T. labyrinth) Renal corpuscles (O. T. Malpighian corpuscles) Glomeruli Capsule of glomerulus Renal pelvis Renal calyces Greater renal calyces Smaller renal calyces Glands of renal pelvis Renal arteries Interlobar arteries of kidney Arciform arteries or renal arches Interlobular arteries Afferent vessel Efferent vessel Capsular branches Straight arterioles Nutrient arteries of renal pelvis Renal veins Interlobar veins Arciform veins Interlobular veins Straight venules Stellate veins Ureter Abdominal part Pelvic part Adventitious coat Muscular coat External layer Middle layer Internal layer Mucous coat Mucous glands of ureter Urinary bladder Apex of bladder Body of bladder Fundus of bladder Middle umbilical ligament Urachus Serous coat Muscular coat External layer Middle layer Internal layer Pubovesical muscle Rectovesical muscle Submucous layer Mucous coat Vesical glands Vesical lymph-nodules Lieutaud's trigone of the bladder Vesical uvula Ureteral fold Orifice of ureter Internal orifice of ureter Urethral ring Suprarenal gland Cortical substance Medullary substance Hilus of suprarenal gland Anterior surface Posterior surface Base of suprarenal gland Apex of right suprarenal Superior margin Medial margin 55 Anatomical Nomenclature Vena centralis (Gl. suprarenales accessoriae) Organa genitalia Organa genitalia virilia Testis Extremitas superior Extremitas inferior Facies lateralis Facies medialis Margo anterior Margo posterior Tunica albuginea Mediastinum testis [Corpus Highmori] Septula testis Lobuli testis Parenchyma testis Tubuli seminiferi contort! Tubuli seminiferi recti Tunica propria Rete testis [Halleri] Ductuli efferentes testis Sperma [Semen] Epididymis Caput epididymidis Corpus epididymidis Cauda epididymidis Lobuli epididymidis Ductus epididymidis Ductuli aberrantes (Ductulus aberrans superior) Appendices testis Appendix testis [Morgagnii] (Appendix epididymis) Paradidymis Ductus deferens Ampulla ductus deferentis Diverticula ampullae Tunica adventitia Tunica muscularis Stratum externum Stratum medium Stratum internum Tunica mucosa Ductus ejaculatorius Vesicula seminalis Corpus vesiculae seminalis Tunica adventitia Tunica muscularis Tunica mucosa Ductus excretorius Funiculus spermaticus et tiinicae testis et funiculi spermatid (Rudimentum processus vaginalis) Tunica vaginalis propria testis Lamina parietalis Lamina visceralis Lig. epididymidis superius Lig. epididymidis inferius Sinus epididymidis Tunica vaginalis communis [testis et funiculi spermatici] M. cremaster Fascia cremasterica [Cooperi] Descensus testis Guhernaculum testis [Hunteri] Prostata Basis prostatae Apex prostatae Facies anterior Facies posterior Lobus [dexter et sinister] Isthmus prostatae (Lobus medius) Corpus glandulare Ductus prostatic! Succus prostaticus M. prostaticus Splanchnology 55 Central vein Accessory suprarenal glands Genital organs Male genital organs Testicle Superior extremity Inferior extremity Lateral surface Medial surface Anterior margin Posterior margin Albugineous coat Mediastinum of testicle Septules of testicle Lobules of testicle Parenchyma Convoluted seminiferous tubules Straight seminiferous tubules Proper coat Network Efferent ductules Sperm or semen Epididymis Head of epididymis Body of epididymis Tail of epididymis Lobules of epididymis Ducts of epididymis Aberrant ductules Superior aberrant ductule Appendages of the testicle Morgagni's appendage of testicle (O. T. hydatid of Morgagni) Appendage of epididymis Paradidymis (O. T. organ of Giraldes) Deferent duct (O. T. vas def- , erens) Ampulla of deferent duct Diverticula of ampulla Adventitious coat Muscular coat External layer Middle layer Internal layer Mucous coat Ejaculatory duct Seminal vesicles Body of seminal vesicles Adventitious coat Muscular coat Mucous coat Excretory duct Spermatic cord and coats of the testicle and cord Rudiment of vaginal process Proper sheath of testicle Parietal layer Visceral layer Superior ligament of epididymis Inferior ligament of epididymis Sinus of epididymis Common sheath of testicle and sper- matic cord Cremasteric muscle Cremasteric fascia Descent of the testicle GuherncLculum {^'pilot^^) of testicle Prostate Base of prostate Apex of prostate Anterior surface Posterior surface Right and left lobe Isthmus of prostate Middle lobe Glandular body Prostatic ducts Prostatic fluid Prostatic muscle f6 Anatomical Nomenclature Glandula bulbourethralis [Cowperi] Corpus gl. bulbourethralis Ductus excretorius Partes genitales externae Penis Radix penis Corpus penis Crus penis Dorsum penis Facies urethralis Glans penis Corona glandis Septum glandis Collum glandis Praeputium Frenulum praeputii Raphe penis Corpus cavernosum penis Corpus cavernosum urethrae Bulbus urethrae Hemisphaeria bulbi urethrae Septum bulbi urethrae Tunica albuginea corporum caverno- sorum Septum penis Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum Cavernae corporum cavernosorum Arteriae heHcinae Venae cavernosae Lig. suspensorium penis Fascia penis Gl. praeputiales Smegma praeputii Urethra virilis Pars prostatica Crista urethralis Colliculus seminahs Utriculus prostaticus Pars membranacea Pars cavernosa Fossa navicularis urethrae [Morgagnii] (Valvula fossae navicularis) Orificium urethrae externum Lacunae urethrales [Morgagnii] GL urethrales [Littrei] Scrotum Raphe scroti Septum scroti Tunica dartos Organa genitalia muliebria Ovarium Hilus ovarii Facies medialis Facies lateraUs Margo Hber Margo mesovaricus Extremitas tubaria Extremitas uterina Stroma ovarii FoUicuH oophori primarii • Folliculi oophori vesiculosi [Graafi] Theca folliculi Tunica externa Tunica interna Liquor folliculi Stratum granulosum Cumulus oophorus Ovulum Corpus luteum Corpus albicans Lig. ovarii proprium Tuba uterina [Falloppii] Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae Infundibulum tubae uterinae Fimbriae tubae Fimbria ovarica Ampulla tubae uterinae Isthmus tubae uterinae Splanchnology S6 Bulbo-urethral gland (O. T. Cow- per's gland) Body of gland Excretory duct Parts of external genitals Penis Root of penis Body of penis Crus of penis Dorsum of penis Urethral surface Glans ("acorn") of penis Corona of glans Septum of glans Neck of glans Prepuce Frenulum of prepuce Raphe of penis Cavernous body of penis Cavernous body of urethra Bulb of urethra Hemispheres of bulb of urethra Septum of bulb of urethra Albugineous coat of cavernous bodies Septum of penis Trabeculae of cavernous bodies Caverns of cavernous bodies Spiral arteries Cavernous veins Suspensory ligament of penis Fascia of penis Preputial glands Smegma of prepuce Male urethra Prostatic part Urethral crest Seminal hillock Prostatic utricle Membranous part C avernous part Navicular fossa of urethra Valve of navicular fossa External urethral orifice Urethral lacunae of Morgagni Urethral glands of Littre Scrotum Raphe of scrotum Septum of scrotum Dartos ("flayed") coat Female genital organs Ovary Hilus of ovary Medial surface Lateral surface Free margin Mesovarian margin Tubal extremity Uterine extremity Stroma of ovary Primary ovarian follicles Vesicular ovarian follicles (O. T. Graafian follicles) Theca of follicle External coat Internal coat Liquor of follicle Granular layer Ovarian mound (O. T. discus pro- ligerus) Ovule Corpus luteum: "yellow body" Corpus albicans: "white body" Proper ligament of ovary Uterine tube (0. T. Fallopian tube) Abdominal mouth of uterine tube Infundibulum of uterine tube Fimbriae of tube Ovarian fimb"ria Ampulla of uterine tube Isthmus of uterine tube 57 Pars uterina Ostium uterinum tubae Tunica serosa Tunica adventitia Tunica muscularis Stratum longitudinale Stratum circulare Tela submucosa Tunica mucosa Plicae tubariae Plicae ampullares Plicae isthmicae Uterus Corpus uteri Fundus uteri Margo lateralis Facies vesicalis Facies intestinalis Cavum uteri Orificium internum uteri Cervix [uteri] Portio supravaginalis [cervicis] Portio vaginalis [cervicis] Orificium externum uteri Labium anterius Labium posterius Canalis cervicis uteri Plicae palmatae Gl. cervicales [uteri] Parametrium Tunica serosa [Perimetrium] Tunica muscularis Tunica muscularis cervicis Tunica mucosa Gl. uterinae M. rectouterinus Lig. teres uteri (Processus vaginalis peritonaei) Anatomical Nomenclature Vagina Fornix vaginae Paries anterior Paries posterior Hymen [femininus] Carunculae hymenales Tunica muscularis Tunica mucosa Noduli lymphatic! vaginales Rugae vaginales Columnae rugarum Columna rugarum posterior Columna rugarum anterior Carina urethralis [vaginae] Epoophoron Ductus epoophori longitudinalis [Gart- neri] Ductuli transversi Appendices vesiculosi [Morgagnii] Paroophoron Partes genitales externae Pudendum muliebre Labium majus pudendi Commissura labiorum anterior Commissura labiorum posterior Frenulum labiorum pudendi Rima pudendi Fossa navicularis [vestibuli vaginae] Labium minus pudendi Vestibulum vaginae Bulbus vestibuli Gl. sebaceae Gl. vestibulares minores Orificium vaginae GL vestibularis major [Bartholini] Clitoris Crus clitoridis Corpus clitoridis Splanchnology 57 TJteriite part Uterine mouth of tube Serous coat Adventitious coat Muscular coat Longitudinal layer Circular layer Submucous tela Mucous coat Tubal folds Ampullar folds Isthmian folds Uterus Eody of uterus Fundus of uterus Lateral margin Vesical surface Intestinal surface Cavity of uterus Internal orifice of uterus (O. T. in- ternal os) Neck of uterus Supravaginal portion of cervix Vaginal portion of cervix External orifice of uterus (O. T. external os) Anterior lip Posterior lip Canal of neck of uterus Palmate folds Cervical glands of uterus Parametrium Serous coat Muscular coat Muscular coat of neck Mucous coat Uterine glands Rectouterine muscle Round ligament of uterus' Vaginal process of peritoneum (O. T. canal of Nuck) Vagina ("sheath") Fornix of vagina Anterior wall Posterior wall Hymen Hymeneal caruncles Muscular coat Mucous coat Vaginal lymph-nodules Rugae ("wrinkles") of vaginal wall Columns of the rugae Posterior column Anterior column Urethral carina ("keel") of vagina Epo-ophoron (0. T. parovarium or organ of Rosenmueller) Longitudinal duct of epo-ophoron (O. T. Gartner's duct) Transverse ductules Vesicular appendages of Morgagni (O. T. hydatids of Morgagni) Paro-ophoron External genital parts Vulva ("wrapper") Greater lip of vulva Anterior labial commissure Posterior labial commissure Frenulum of pudendal labia Pudendal slit Navicular fossa of vestibule of vagina Lesser lip of vulva Vestibule of vagina Vestibular bulb Sebaceous glands Lesser vestibular glands Orifice of vagina Larger vestibular gland of Bartholin Clitoris Cms of clitoris Body of clitoris S8 Anatomical Nomenclature Glans clitoridis Frenulum clitoridis Praeputium clitoridis Smegma clitoridis Corpus cavernosum clitoridis Septum corporum cavernosorum Fascia clitoridis Lig. suspensorium clitoridis Urethra muliebris Orificium urethrae externum Corpus spongiosum urethrae Tunica muscularis Stratum circulare Stratum longitudinale Tunica submucosa Tunica mucosa Gl. urethrales Crista urethralis (Ductus paraurethrales) Termini ontogenetici Membranae deciduae Decidua vera Decidua capsularis Decidua basalts Placenta Placenta uterina Placenta joetalis Funiculus umbilicalis $ Corpus Wolffi Ductus Wolffi Ductus Muelleri Sinus urogenitalis Perineum Raphe perinei Musculi perinei Diaphragma pelvis M. levator ani Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani M. coccygeus [vide p. 40] M. sphincter ani externus Lig. anococcygeum Fascia pelvis Fascia endopelvina Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesical] medium Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] laterale Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior Diaphragma urogenitale M. transversus perinei profundus M. sphincter urethrae membranaceae Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis su- perior Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis in- ferior Lig. transversum pelvis Fascia prostatae Fascia obturatoria Fossa ischiorectahs M. transversus perinei superficialis M. ischiocavernosus M. bulbocavernosus Fascia superficialis perinei Peritonaeum Tunica serosa Tela subserosa Peritonaeum parietale Peritonaeum viscerale Splanchnology 58 Glans of clitoris Frenulum of clitoris Prepuce of clitoris Smegma of clitoris Cavernous body of clitoris Septum of cavernous bodies Fascia of clitoris Suspensory ligament of clitoris Female urethra External orifice of urethra Spongy body of urethra Muscular coat Circular layer Longitudinal layer Submucous coat Mucous coat Urethral glands Urethral crest Para-urethral ducts Ontogenetic terms Deciduous membranes True decidiia Capsular decidua Basal decidua Placenta ("c^z^e") Uterine placenta Foetal placenta Umbilical cord Wolffian body Wolffian duct Muellerian duct Urogenital sinus Perineum Perineal raphe Perineal muscles Pelvic diaphragm Levator muscle of anus Tendinous arch of levator ani mus- cle (O. T. white line of the pelvis) Coccygeus muscle External sphincter muscle of anus Anococcygeal ligament Pelvic fascia Endopelvic fascia Superior fascia of the pelvic dia- phragm Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia Middle puboprostatic or puboves- ical ligament (O. T. anterior true ligament of bladder) Lateral puboprostatic or puboves- ical ligament (O. T. lateral true ligament of bladder) Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm Urogenital diaphragm (O. T. triangular hgament) Deep transverse muscle of perineum Sphincter muscle of the membranous urethra (O. T. compressor urethrae) Superior fascia of urogenital dia- phragm (O. T. deep layer of trian- gular ligament) Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (O. T. superficial layer of triangular ligament) Transverse ligament of pelvis (O. T. median puboprostatic ligament of Krause) Prostatic fascia Obturator fascia Ischiorectal fossa Superficial transverse perineal muscle Ischiocavernous muscle (O. T. erector penis [vel clitoridis] muscle) Bulbocavernous muscle (O. T. ejac- ulator seminis or accelerator urinae; sphincter vaginae) Superficial perineal fascia Peritoneum Serous coat Subserous tela Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum 59 Anatomical Nomenclature Cavum peritonaei Mesenterium commune Mesenterium Radix mesenterii Lamina mesenterii propria Mesocolon Mesocolon transversum Mesocolon ascendens Mesocolon descendens Mesocolon sigmoideum Mesorectum Mesenteriolum processus vermiformis Mesogastrium Omentum minus Lig. hepatogastricum Lig. hepatoduodenale (Lig. hepatocolicum) Lig. gastrolienale Lig. gastrocolicum Omentum majus Bursa omentalis Vestibulum bursae omentalis Recessus superior omentalis Recessus inferior omentalis Recessus lienalis Plica gastropancreatica Foramen epiploicum [Winslowi] Lig. phrenicocolicum Lig. phrenicolienale Lig. falciforme hepatis Lig. coronarium hepatis Lig. triangulare dextrum Lig. triangulare sinistrum Lig. hepatorenale (Lig. duodenorenale) Recessus duodenojejunalis Plica duodenojejunalis (Plica duodenomesocolica) Recessus intersigmoideus Recessus ilioc|ecalis superior Recessus iliocaecalis inferior Plica iliocaecalis Fossa caecalis Recessus retrocaecalis Plica caecalis Recessus paracolici (Fossa iliacosubfascialis) (Recessus phrenicohepatici) Plica umbilicalis media Plica umbilicalis lateralis Plica epigastrica Plica pubovesicalis Plica vesicalis transversa Mesorchiiim Processus vaginalis peritonaei Lig. latum uteri Mesometrium Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Bursa ovarica Lig. suspensorium ovarii Plica rectouterina [Douglasi] Excavatio rectouterina [Cavum Dou- glasi] Excavatio vesicouterina Excavatio rectovesicalis Spatium retroperitonaeale Splanchnology 59 Peritoneal cavity Common mesentery Mesentery Root of the mesentery Proper layer of the mesentery Mesocolon Transverse mesocolon Ascending mesocolon Descending mesocolon Sigmoid mesocolon Mesorectum Meso-appendix Mesogastrium Lesser omentum Hepatogastric ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatocolic ligament Gastrolienal ligament (O. T. gas- trosplenic omentum) Gastrocolic ligament Greater omentum Omental bursa (O. T. lesser perito- neal sac) Vestibule of omental bursa Superior omental recess Inferior omental recess Splenic recess Gastropancreatic fold Epiploic foramen (O. T. foramen of Winslow) Phrenicocolic ligament (O. T. cos- tocolic ligament) Phrenicosplenic ligament Falciform ligament of liver Coronary ligament of liver Right triangular ligament Left triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament Duodenorenal ligament Duodenojejunal recess Duodenojejunal fold Duodenomesocolic fold Intersigmoid recess Superior ileocaecal recess Inferior ileocaecal recess Ileocaecal fold Caecal fossa Retrocaecal recess Caecal fold Paracolic recess Iliaco-subfascial fossa Phrenicohepatic recess Middle umbilical fold Lateral umbilical fold Epigastric fold Pubovesical fold Transverse vesical fold Mesorchium Sheath process of peritoneum Broad ligament of uterus Mesometrium Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Ovarian bursa Suspensory ligament of ovary Recto-uterine fold Recto-uterine excavation, or cul-de- sac of Douglas Vesico-uterine excavation Rectovesical excavation Retroperitoneal space 6o Anatomical Nomenclature An^iolo^ia Vas collaterale Vas anastomoticum Ramus communicans Plexus vasculosus Rete vasculosum Rete mirabile Arteria Arteriola Vena Vena cutanea Vena comitans Venula Plexus venosus Rete venosum Sinus [venosus] Emissarium Corpus cavernosum Vas capillare Vas lymphaticum Plexus lymphaticus Lymphoglandula Nodulus lymphaticus Cisterna Tunica externa [adventitia] Tunica media Tunica intima Vasa vasorum Vagina vasorum Sanguis Lympha Cor Basis cordis Facies sternocostalis Facies diaphragmatica Apex cordis Incisura [apicis] cordis Sulcus longitudinalis anterior Sulcus longitudinalis posterior Sulcus coronarius Pericardium Liquor pericardii Ligg. sternopericardiaca Sinus transversus pericardii Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Ventriculus cordis Septum ventriculorum Septum musculare ventriculorum Septum membranaceum ventricu- lorum Atrium cordis Auricula cordis Septum atriorum Pars membranacea septi atriorum Ostium venosum Ostium arteriosum Angiology 60 Angiology Collateral vessel Anastomotic vessel Communicating branch Vascular plexus Vascular rete Rete mirabile ("wonderful network") Artery Arteriole Vein Cutaneous vein Accompanying vein Venule Venous plexus Venous rete Venous sinus Emissary (vessel) Cavernous body Capillary vessel Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic plexus Lymph gland Lymph nodule Cistern External coat Middle coat Inner coat Vessels of the vessels Sheath of the vessels Blood Lymph Heart Base of heart Sternocostal surface Diaphragmatic surface Apex of heart Notch at apex of heart Anterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. anterior interventricular groove) Posterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. posterior interventricular groove) Coronary sulcus (O. T. auriculoven- tricular groove) Pericardium Pericardial fluid Sternopericardiac ligaments Transverse sinus of pericardium Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Ventricle of heart Septum of ventricles Muscular septum of ventricles Membranous septum of ventricles Forechamber (O. T. auricle) Auricle (O. T. auricular appendix) Septum of atria Membranous part of septum of atria Venous orifice Arterial orifice 6i Anatomical Nomenclature Trabeculae carneae Vortex cordis Mm. papillares Chordae tendineae Trigona fibrosa Annuli fibrosi Atrium dextrum Mm. pectinati Sulcus terminalis atrii dextri Crista terminalis Sinus venarum [cavarum] Limbus fossae ovalis [Vieussenii] Auricula dextra Tuberculum intervenosum [Loweri] Valvula venae cavae [inferioris, Eu- stachii] Fossa ovalis Valvula sinus coronarii [Thebesii] Foramina venarum minimarum [The- besii] Ventriculus dexter Valvula tricuspidalis Cuspis anterior Cuspis posterior Cuspis medialis Crista supraventricularis Conus arteriosus Valvulae semilunares a. puknpnalis Valvula semilunaris anterior Valvula semilunaris dextra Valvula semilunaris sinistra Noduli valvularum semilunarium Lunulae valvularum semilunarium Atrium sinistrum Auricula sinistra Valvula foraminis ovalis Ventriculus sinister Valvula bicuspidalis [mitralis] Cuspis anterior Cuspis posterior Valvulae semilunares aortae Valvula semilunaris posterior Valvula semilunaris dextra Valvula semilunaris sinistra Noduli valvularum semilunarium [Arantii] Lunulae valvularum semilunarium Arteriae A. pulmonalis Ramus dexter Ramus sinister Ductus arteriosus [BotaUi\ Ligamentum arteriosum Aorta Aorta ascendens Bulbus aortae Sinus aortae [Valsalvae] Arcus aortae Isthmus aortae Aorta descendens A. coronaria [cordis] dextra Ramus descendens posterior A. coronaria [cordis] sinistra Angiology 6i Fleshy cords (O. T. columnae carnae) Vortex of heart Papillary muscles Tendinous cords Fibrous trigones Fibrous rings Right atrium Pectinate ("comb-like") muscles Terminal sulcus of the right atrium Terminal crest Venous sinus Edge of oval fossa (O. T. annulus ovalis) Right auricle (O. T. right auricular ap- pendix) Intervenous tubercle of Lower Valve of inferior vena cava (O. T. Eustachian valve) Oval fossa Valve of coronary sinus (O. T. coronary valve, or valve of Thebesius) Foramina of the smallest veins (O. T. foramina Thebesii) Right ventricle Tricuspid valve (O. T. right auriculo- ventricular valve) Anterior cusp (O. T. infundibular cusp) Posterior cusp (O. T. marginal cusp) Medial cusp (O. T. septal cusp) Supraventricular crest Arterial cone Semilunar valves of pulmonary artery Anterior semilunar valve Right semilunar valve Left semilunar valve Nodules of the semilunar valves Crescents of the semilunar valves Left atrium (0. T. left auricle) Left auricle (O. T. left auricular appendix) Valve of the foramen Left ventricle Bicuspid or mitral valve (O. T. left auriculoventricular valve) Anterior cusp Posterior cusp Semilunar valves of aorta Posterior semilunar valve Right semilunar valve Left semilunar valve Nodules of the semilunar valves (O. T. corpora Arantii) Crescents, or "sails" of semilunar valves Arteries Pulmonary artery Right ramus Left ramus Arterial duct Arterial ligament Aorta Ascending aorta Bulb of aorta Sinuses of aorta (O. T. sinus Val- salvae) Arch of aorta Isthmus of aorta Descending aorta Right coronary artery of heart Posterior descending ramus Left coronary artery of heart 62 Anatomical Nomenclature Ramus circumflexus Ramus descendens anterior A. anonyma (A. thyreoidea ima) A. carotis communis A. carotis externa A. thyreoidea superior Ramus hyoideus Ramus sternocleidomastoideus A. laryngea superior Ramus cricothyreoideus Ramus anterior Ramus posterior Rami glandulares A. pharjmgea ascendens A. meningea posterior Rami pharyngei A. tympanica inferior A. lingualis Ramus hyoideus A. subHnguaKs Rami dorsales hnguae A. profunda Hnguae A. maxillaris externa A. palatina ascendens Ramus tonsillaris A. submentalis Rami glandulares A. labialis inferior A. labialis superior A. angularis A. stemocleidomastoidea A. occipitalis . Ramus mastoideus Ramus auricularis Rami musculares Ramus descendens (Ramus meningeus) Rami occipitales A. auricularis posterior A. stylomastoidea A. tympanica posterior Rami mastoidei Ramus stapedius Ramus auricularis Ramus occipitalis , A. temporalis superficialis Rami parotidei A. transversa faciei Rami auriculares anteriores A. zygomaticoorbitalis A. temporalis media Ramus frontalis Ramus parietalis A. maxillaris interna A. auricularis profunda A. tympanica anterior A. alveolaris inferior R. mylohyoideus A. mentalis A. meningea media (Ramus meningeus accessorius) Ramus petrosus superficialis A. tympanica superior A. masseterica A. temporalis profunda posterior A. temporalis profunda anterior Rami pterygoidei A. buccinatoria A. alveolaris superior posterior A. infraorbitalis Aa. alveol. superiores anteriores Angiology 62 Circumflex ramus Anterior descending ramus Innominate artery Lowest thyreoid artery Common carotid artery External carotid artery Superior thyreoid artery Hyoid ramus Sternocleidomastoid ramus Superior laryngeal artery Cricothyreoid ramus Anterior ramus Posterior ramus Glandular rami Ascending pharyngeal artery Posterior meningeal artery Pharyngeal rami Inferior tympanic artery Lingual artery Hyoid ramus Sublingual artery Dorsal rami of tongue Deep artery of tongue (O. T. ranine artery) External maxillary artery (O. T. facial artery) Ascending palatine artery Tonsillar rami Submental artery Glandular rami Inferior labial artery Superior labial artery Angular artery Stemocleido mastoid artery Occipital artery Mastoid ramus Auricular ramus Muscular rami Descending ramus Meningeal ramus Occipital rami Posterior auricular artery Stylomastoid artery Posterior tympanic artery Mastoid rami Stapedial ramus Auricular ramus Occipital ramus Superficial temporal artery Parotid rami Transverse artery of face Anterior auricular rami Zygomatico-orbital artery Middle temporal artery Frontal ramus Parietal ramus Internal maxillary artery Deep auricular artery Anterior tympanic artery Inferior alveolar artery (O. T. in- ferior dental) Mylohyoid ramus Mental artery Middle meningeal artery Accessory meningeal ramus (O. T. small meningeal) Superficial petrosal ramus Superior tympanic artery Masseteric artery Posterior deep temporal artery Anterior deep temporal artery Pterygoid rami Buccinator artery (O. T. buccal) Posterior superior alveolar artery (O. T. posterior dental) Infraorbital artery Anterior superior alveolar arteries (O. T. anterior superior dental) 63 Anatomical Nomenclature A. palatina descendens A. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] A. palatina major Aa. palatinae minores A. sphenopalatina Aa. nasales posteriores laterales et septi A. carotis interna Ramus caroticotympanicus A. ophthalmica A. centralis retinae A. lacrimalis Aa. palpebrales laterales Rami musculares Aa. ciliares posteriores breves Aa. ciliares posteriores longae Aa. ciliares anteriores Aa. conjunctrvales anteriores Aa. conjunctivales posteriores Aa. episclerales A. supraorbitalis A. ethmoidalis posterior A. ethmoidalis anterior A. meningea anterior Aa. palpebrales mediales Arcus tarseus superior Arcus tarseus inferior A. frontalis A. dorsalis nasi Aa. cerebri A. communicans posterior A. chorioidea A. cerebri anterior A. communicans anterior A. cerebri media A. subclavia A. vertebralis Rami spinales A. spinalis posterior A. spinalis anterior Ramus meningeus A. cerebelli inferior posterior A. basilaris A. cerebelli inferior anterior A. auditiva interna Rami ad pontem A. cerebelli superior A. cerebri posterior Circulus arteriosus [Willisi] A. mammaria interna Aa. mediastinales anteriores Aa. thymicae Rami bronchiales A. pericardiacophrenica Rami sternales Rami perforantes Rami mammarii Rami musculares Rami cutanei (Ramus costalis lateralis) Rami intercostales A. musculophrenica A. epigastrica superior Truncus thyreocervicalis A. thyreoidea inferior A. laryngea inferior Rami pharyngei Rami oesophagei Angiology 63 Descending palatine artery Artery of pterygoid canal Greater palatine artery Lesser palatine arteries Sphenopalatine artery Posterior lateral arteries of the nose and of septum Internal carotid artery Caroticotympanic ramus (O. T. tym- panic branch) Ophthalmic artery Central artery of retina Lacrimal artery Lateral palpebral arteries Muscular rami ■ • Short posterior ciliary arteries Long posterior ciliary arteries Anterior ciliary arteries Anterior conjunctival arteries Posterior conjunctival arteries Episcleral arteries Supraorbital artery Posterior ethmoidal artery Anterior ethmoidal artery Anterior meningeal artery Middle palpebral arteries Superior tarsal arch Inferior tarsal arch Frontal artery Dorsal artery of nose Cerebral arteries Posterior communicating artery Chorioid artery (O. T. anterior cho- roidal) Anterior cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery (O. T. arteria fossae Sylvii) Subclavian artery Vertebral artery Spinal rami Posterior spinal artery Anterior spinal artery Meningeal ramus (O. T. posterior meningeal branch) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Basilar artery Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Internal auditory artery (O. T. audi- tory artery) Rami to pons (O. T. transverse arter- ies) Superior cerebellar arteries Posterior cerebral artery Arterial circle of Willis Internal mammary artery- Anterior mediastinal arteries Thymic arteries Bronchial rami Pericardiacophrenic artery (O. T. arteria comes nervi phrenici) Sternal rami Perforating rami Mammary rami Muscular rami Cutaneous rami Lateral costal ramus Intercostal rami (O. T. anterior inter- costals) Musculophrenic artery Superior epigastric artery Thyreocervical trunk (0. T. thy- roid axis) Inferior thyreoid artery Inferior laryngeal artery Pharyngeal rami Oesophageal rami 64 Rami tracheales Rami glandulares Anatomical Nomenclature A. circumflexa scapulae A. cervicalis ascendens Rami spinales Rami musculares Ramus profundus A. cervicalis superficialis A. transversa scapulae Ramus acromialis Truncus costocervicalis A. intercostalis suprema Rami dorsales Rami spinales A. cervicalis profunda A. transversa colli Ramus ascendens Ramus descendens A. axillaris Rami subscapulares A. thoracalis suprema A. thoracoacromialis Ramus acromialis Rete acromiale Ramus deltoideus Rami pectorales A. thoracalis lateralis Rami mammarii externi A. subscapularis A. thoracodorsalis A. circumflexa humeri anterior A. circumflexa humeri posterior A. brachialis A. profunda brachii Aa. nutritiae humeri R. deltoideus A. collateralis media A. collateralis radialis A. collateralis ulnaris superior A. collateralis ulnaris inferior A. radialis A. recurrens radialis Rami musculares Ramus carpeus volaris Ramus volaris superficialis Ramus carpeus dorsalis Rete carpi dorsale Aa. metacarpeae dorsales Aa. digitales dorsales A. princeps pollicis A. volaris indicis radialis Arcus volaris profundus Aa. metacarpeae volares Rami perforantes Angiology 64 Tracheal rami Glandular rami Ascending cervical artery- Spinal rami Muscular rami Deep ramus Superficial cervical artery Transverse artery of scapula (O. T. suprascapular) Acromial ramus Costocervical trunk (0. T. superior intercostal) Highest intercostal artery (O. T. superior intercostal proper) Dorsal rami Spinal rami Deep cervical artery Transverse artery of neck (O. T. transversalis colli) Ascending ramus Descending ramus Axillary artery Subscapular rami Highest thoracic artery (0. T. supe- rior thoracic artery) Thoraco-acromial artery (0. T. acromiothoracic or thoracic axis) Acromial ramus Acromial rete Deltoid ramus Pectoral rami Lateral thoracic artery (0. T. thoracic) External mammary rami Subscapular artery Thoracodorsal artery long Circumflex artery of scapula (O. T. dorsalis scapulae) Anterior circumflex artery of hu- merus Posterior circumflex artery of hu- merus Brachial artery Deep artery of upper arm (0. T. superior profunda) Nutrient arteries of the humerus Deltoid ramus Middle collateral artery Radial collateral artery (O. T. articu- lar branch of superior profunda) Superior ulnar collateral artery (O. T. inferior profunda) Inferior ulnar collateral artery (O. T. anastomotica magna) Radial artery Radial recurrent artery Muscular rami Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior radial carpal) Superficial volar ramus Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior radial carpal) Dorsal carpal rete (O. T. posterior carpal rete) Dorsal metacarpal arteries (O. T. dorsal interosseous arteries) Dorsal digital arteries Principal artery of thumb Radial volar artery of index-finger (O. T. arteria radiahs indicis) Deep volar arch (O. T. deep palmar arch) Volar metacarpal arteries Perforating rami 65 Anatomical Nomenclature A. ulnaris Aa. recurrentes ulnares Rete articulare cubiti A. interossea communis A. interossea dorsalis A. interossea recurrens A. interossea volaris A. mediana Rami musculares Ramus carpeus dorsalis Ramus carpeus volaris Ramus volaris profundus Arcus volaris superficialis .Aa. digitales volares communes Aa. digitales volares propriae Aorta thoracalis Rami viscerales Aa. bronchiales Aa. oesophageae Rami pericardiaci Rami parietales Rami mediastinals Aa. phrenicae superiores Aa. intercostales Rami posteriores Ramus spinalis Rami musculares Ramus cutaneus medialis Ramus cutaneus lateralis Rami anteriores Rami musculares Rami cutanei laterales [pectorales et abdominales] Ramus posterior Ramus anterior Rami mammarii laterales Rami cutanei anteriores [pecto- rales et abdominales] Rami mammarii mediales Aorta abdominalis Rami parietales A. phrenica inferior Rami suprarenales superiores Aa. lumbales Ramus dorsalis Ramus spinalis A. sacralis media A. lumbalis ima Glomus coccygeum Rami viscerales A. coeliaca A. gastrica sinistra Rami oesophagei A. hepatica A. gastrica dextra A. hepatica propria Ramus dexter A. cystica Ramus sinister A. gastroduodenalis A. pancreaticoduoden. superior Rami pancreatici Rami duodenales A. gastroepiploica dextra Rami epiploici A. 1 i e n a 1 i s Rami pancreatici A. gastroepiploica sinistra Aa. gastricae breves Rami lienales Angiology 6s Ulnar artery Hecurrent ulnar arteries Articular rete of elbow Common interosseous artery Dorsal interosseous artery (O. T. posterior interosseous) Recurrent interosseous artery (O. T. posterior interosseous recurrent) Volar interosseous artery (O. T. anterior interosseous) Median artery Muscular rami Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior ulnar carpal) Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior ulnar carpal) Deep volar ramus Superficial volar arch (O. T. super- ficial palmar arch) Common volar digital arteries (O. T. palmar digital arteries) Volar digital arteries proper (O. T. collateral digital arteries) Thoracic aorta Visceral rami Bronchial arteries Oesophageal arteries Pericardial rami Parietal rami Mediastinal rami Superior phrenic arteries Intercostal arteries Posterior rami Spinal rami Muscular rami Medial cutaneous ramus Lateral cutaneous ramus Anterior rami Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous rami of breast and abdomen Posterior ramus Anterior ramus Lateral mammary rami Anterior cutaneous rami of breast and abdomen Medial mammary rami Abdominal aorta Parietal rami Inferior phrenic artery Superior suprarenal rami Lumbar arteries Dorsal ramus Spinal ramus Middle sacral artery Lowest lumbar artery Coccygeal skein Visceral rami Coeliac artery Left gastric artery Oesophageal rami Hepatic artery Right gastric artery Proper hepatic artery Right ramus Cystic artery Left ramus Gastroduodenal artery Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery Pancreatic rami Duodenal rami Right gastro-epiploic artery Epiploic rami Splenic artery Pancreatic rami Left gastro-epiploic artery Short gastric arteries Splenic rami 66 Anatomical Nomenclature A. mesenterica superior Aa. intestinales A. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior Aa, jejunales Aa. ileae A. ileocolica A. appendicularis A. colica dextra A. colica media A. mesenterica inferior A. colica sinistra Aa. sigmoideae A. haemorrhoidalis superior A. suprarenalis media A. renalis A. suprarenalis inferior A. spermatica interna A. testicularis A. ovarica A. iliaca communis A. hypogastrica Rami parietales A. iliolumbalis Ramus lumbalis Ramus spinalis Ramus iliacus A. sacralis lateralis Rami spinales A. obturatoria Ramus pubicus Ramus anterior ^ Ramus posterior A. acetabuli A. glutaea superior amus superior Ramus inferior A. glutaea inferior A. comitans n. ischiadici Rami viscerales A. umbilicalis Aa. vesicales superiores [Ligamentum umbilicale laterale] A. vesicalis inferior A. deferentialis A. uterina A. vaginalis Ramus ovarii Ramus tubarius A. haemorrhoidalis media A. pudenda interna A. haemorrhoidalis inferior A. perinei Aa. scrotales posteriores Aa. labiales posteriores A. penis A. urethralis A. bulbi urethrae A. bulbi vestibuli [vaginae] A. profunda penis A. dorsalis penis A. clitoridis A. profunda clitoridis A. dorsalis clitoridis A. iliaca externa A. epigastrica inferior Ramus pubicus Ramus obturatorius A. spermatica externa Angiology 66 Superior mesenteric artery- Intestinal arteries Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Jejunal arteries Ileal arteries (O. T. rami intestini tenuis) Ileocolic artery Appendicular artery Right colic artery Middle colic artery Inferior mesenteric artery Left colic artery Sigmoid arteries Superior hemorrhoidal artery Middle suprarenal artery (0. T middle capsular artery) Renal artery- Inferior suprarenal artery Internal spermatic artery Testicular artery Ovarian artery Common iliac artery Hypogastric artery (O. T. inter= nal iliac) Parietal rami Iliolumbar artery Lumbar ramus Spinal ramus Iliac ramus Lateral sacral artery Spinal rami Obturator artery Pubic ramus Anterior ramus Posterior ramus Artery of acetabulum Superior gluteal artery Superior ramus Inferior ramus Inferior gluteal artery Companion artery of sciatic nerve Visceral rami Umbilical artery Superior vesical arteries [Lateral umbilical ligament] Inferior vesical artery Deferential artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery Ovarian ramus Tubal ramus Middle hemorrhoidal artery Internal pudendal artery Inferior hemorrhoidal artery Artery of perineum Posterior scrotal arteries Posterior labial arteries Artery of penis Urethral artery Artery of the bulb of urethra Artery of the vestibular bulb of vagina Deep artery of penis Dorsal artery of penis Artery of clitoris Deep artery of clitoris Dorsal artery of clitoris External iliac artery Inferior epigastric artery (0. T. deep epigastric) Pubic ramus Obturator ramus External spermatic artery (O. T. cremasteric) 67 Anatomical Nomenclature A. lig. teretis uteri A. circumflexa ilium profunda A. femoralis A. epigastrica superficialis A. circumflexa ilium superficialis Aa. pudendae externae Aa. scrotales anteriores Aa. labiales anteriores Rami inguinales A. profunda femoris A. circumflexa femoris medialis Ramus superficialis Ramus profundus Ramus acetabuli A. circumflexa femoris lateralis Ramus ascendens Ramus descendens A. perforans prima A. nutritia femoris superior A. perforans secunda A. perforans tertia A. nutritia femoris inferior Rami musculares A. genu suprema Rami musculares Ramus saphenus Rami articulares A. poplitea A. genu superior lateralis A. genu superior medialis A. genu media Aa. surales A. genu inferior lateralis A. genu inferior medialis Rete articulare genu Rete patellae A. tibialis anterior (A. recurrens tibialis posterior) A. recurrens tibialis anterior A. malleolaris anterior lateralis A. malleolaris anterior medialis Rete malleolare mediale Rete malleolare laterale A. dorsalis pedis A. tarsea lateralis Aa. tarseae mediales A. arcuata Rete dorsale pedis Aa. metatarseae dorsales Aa. digitales dorsales Ramus plantaris profundus A. tibialis posterior Ramus fibularis A. peronaea A. nutritia fibulae Ramus perforans Ramus communicans A. malleolaris posterior lateralis Rami calcanei laterales A. nutritia tibiae A. malleolaris posterior medialis Rami calcanei mediales Rete calcaneum A. plantaris medialis Ramus profundus Angiology 67 Artery of round ligament of uterus Deep circumflex iliac artery Femoral artery Superficial epigastric artery Superficial circumflex iliac artery External pudendal arteries (O. T. superficial and deep external pudic arteries) Anterior scrotal arteries Anterior labial arteries Inguinal rami Deep artery of thigh Medial circumflex artery of thigh (O. T. internal circumflex) Superficial ramus Deep ramus Ramus to acetabulum Lateral circumflex artery of thigh (O. T. external circumflex) Ascending ramus Descending ramus First perforating artery Superior nutrient artery of femur Second perforating artery Third perforating artery Inferior nutrient artery of femur Muscular rami Highest artery of knee Muscular rami Saphenous ramus Articular rami Popliteal artery Lateral superior artery of knee (O. T. superior external articular artery) Medial superior artery of knee (O. T. superior internal articular artery) Middle artery of knee (O. T. azygos articular artery) Sural arteries, or arteries of calf Lateral inferior artery of knee (O. T. inferior external articular artery) Medial inferior artery of knee (O. T. inferior internal articular artery) Arterial network about knee-joint Patellar network Anterior tibial artery Posterior recurrent tibial artery Anterior recurrent tibial artery Lateral anterior malleolar artery (O. T. external malleolar) Medial anterior malleolar artery (O. T. internal malleolar) Medial malleolar network Lateral malleolar network Dorsal artery of foot Lateral tarsal artery Medial tarsal arteries Arcuate artery Dorsal network of foot Dorsal metatarsal arteries Dorsal digital arteries Deep plantar ramus Posterior tibial artery Fibular ramus Peroneal artery Nutrient artery of fibula Perforating ramus (O. T. anterior peroneal) Communicating ramus Lateral posterior malleolar artery (O. T. posterior peroneal) Lateral calcanean rami (O. T. exter- nal calcanean) Nutrient artery of tibia Medial posterior malleolar artery (O. T. internal malleolar) Medial calcanean rami (O. T. internal calcanean) Network of heel Medial plantar artery (O. T. internal plantar) Deep ramus 68 Anatomical Nomenclature Ramus superficialis A. plantaris lateralis Arcus plantaris Aa. metatarseae plantares Rami perforantes Aa. digitales plantares Venae Venae pulmonales Vv. pulmonales dextrae Vv. pulmonales sinistrae Vv. cordis Sinus coronarius V. cordis magna V. posterior ventriculi sinistri V. obliqua atrii sinistri [Marshalli] Lig. V. cavae sinistrae V. cordis media V. cordis parva Vv. cordis anteriores Vv. cordis minimae Vena cava superior Vv. anonymae dextra et sinistra Vv. thyreoideae inferiores V. thyreoidea ima Plexus thyreoideus impar V. laryngea inferior Vv. thymicae Vv. pericardiacae Vv. phrenicae superiores Vv. mediastinals anteriores Vv. bronchiales anteriores Vv. tracheales Vv. oesophageae V. vertebralis V. cervicalis profunda V. mammaria interna Vv. subcutaneae abdominis V. epigastrica superior V. intercostalis suprema V. jugularis interna Bulbus venae jugularis superior V. canaliculi cochleae Bulbus V. jugularis inferior Plexus pharyngeus Vv. pharyngeae Vv. meningeae Vv. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] V. lingualis Vv. dorsales linguae V. sublingualis V. comitans n. hypoglossi (Vv. thyreoideae superiores) V. sternocleidomastoidea V. laryngea superior Sinus durae matris Sinus transversus Confiuens sinuum Vv. auditivae intemae Sinus occipitalis Plexus basilaris Sinus sagittalis superior Sinus sagittalis inferior Angiology 68 Superficial ramus Lateral plantar artery (O: T. external plantar) Plantar arch Plantar metatarsal arteries (O. T. digital branches) Perforating rami Plantar digital arteries (O. T. collat- eral digital branches) Veins Pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Veins of heart Coronary sinus Large vein of heart (O. T. great cardiac vein) Posterior vein of left ventricle Oblique vein of left atrium (O. T. oblique vein of Marshall) Ligament of left vena cava (O. T. vestigial fold of Marshall) Middle vein of heart Small vein of heart Anterior veins of heart Smallest veins of heart (O. T. Vv. Thebesii) Superior vena cava Right and left innominate veins Inferior thyreoid veins Lowest thyreoid vein Unpaired thyreoid plexus Inferior laryngeal vein Thymic veins Pericardiac veins Superior phrenic veins Anterior mediastinal veins Anterior bronchial veins Tracheal veins Oesophageal veins Vertebral vein Deep cervical vein Internal mammary vein Subcutaneous veins of abdomen Superior epigastric vein Highest intercostal vein (O. T. superior intercostal vein) left Internal jugular vein Upper bulb of jugular vein Vein of canaliculus of cochlea Inferior bulb of jugular vein Pharyngeal plexus Pharyngeal veins Meningeal veins Veins of the pterygoid canal Lingual vein Dorsal" veins of tongue Sublingual vein Companion vein to hypoglossal nerve Superior thyreoid veins Sternocleidomastoid vein Superior laryngeal vein Sinuses of the dura mater Transverse sinus (O. T. lateral sinus) Confluence of the sinuses (O. T. torcular Herophili) Internal auditor]^ veins Occipital sinus Basilar plexus (O. T. basilar sinus) Superior sagittal sinus (O. T. superior longitudinal sinus) Inferior sagittal sinus (O. T. inferior longitudinal sinus) 69 Anatomical Nomenclature Sinus rectus Sinus petrosus inferior Sinus petrosus superior Sinus cavernosus Sinus intercavernosus anterior Sinus intercavernosus posterior Sinus circularis Sinus sphenoparietalis Venae diploicae V. diploica frontalis V. diploica temporalis anterior V. diploica temporalis posterior V. diploica occipitalis Emissarium parietale Emissarium mastoideum Emissarium condyloideum Emissarium occipitale Rete canalis hypoglossi Rete foraminis ovalis Plexus venosus caroticus internus Venae cerebri Vv. cerebri superiores V. cerebri media Vv. cerebri inferiores Vv. cerebelli superiores Vv. cerebelli inferiores Vv. cerebri internae V. cerebri magna [Galeni] V. septi pellucidi V. terminalis V. basalis [Rosenthali] V. chorioidea V. ophthalmomeningea V. ophthalmica superior V. nasofrontalis V. ethmoidalis anterior V. ethmoidalis posterior V. lacrimalis Vv. musculares Vv. vorticosae Vv. ciliares posteriores Vv. ciliares anteriores V. centralis retinae Vv. episclerales Vv. palpebrales Vv. conjunctivales anteriores Vv. conjunctivales posteriores V. ophthalmica inferior V. facialis communis' V. facialis anterior V. angularis Vv. frontales V. supraorbitalis V. palpebrales superiores V. nasales externae V. palpebrales inferiores V. labialis superior V. labialis inferior Vv. massetericae Vv. parotideae anteriores V. palatina V. submentalis V. facialis posterior Vv. temporales superficiales Vv. auriculares anteriores Vv. parotideae posteriores Vv. articulares mandibulae Vv. tympanicae V. stylomastoidea V. transversa faciei V. temporalis media Plexus pterygoideus Vv. meningeae mediae Vv. temporales profundae V. thyreoidea superior V. jugularis externa V. occipitalis Angiology 69 Straight sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Superior petrosal sinus Cavernous sinus Anterior intercavernous sinus Posterior intercavernous sinus Circular sinus Sphenoparietal sinus (O. T. sinus alae parvae) Diploic veins Frontal diploic vein Anterior temporal diploic vein Posterior temporal diploic vein Occipital diploic vein Parietal emissary Mastoid emissary Condyloid emissary Occipital emissary Network of hypoglossal canal Network of oval foramen Venous plexus of internal carotid Cerebral veins Superior cerebral veins Middle cerebral vein Inferior cerebral veins Superior cerebellar veins Inferior cerebellar veins Internal cerebral veins (O. T. veins of Galen) Large vein of cerebrum (O. T. vena magna Galeni) Vein of septum pellucidum Terminal vein (O. T. vein of the cor- pus striatum) Basal vein (O. T. basilar vein) Chorioid vein Ophthalmomeningeal vein Superior ophthalmic vein Nasofrontal vein Anterior ethmoidal vein Posterior ethmoidal vein Lacrimal vein Muscular veins Vortex veins Posterior ciliary veins Anterior ciliary veins Central vein of retina Episcleral veins Palpebral veins Anterior conjunctival veins Posterior conjunctival veins Inferior ophthalmic vein Common facial vein Anterior facial vein Angular vein Frontal veins Supraorbital vein Superior palpebral veins External nasal veins Inferior palpebral veins Vein of upper lip Vein of lower lip Masseteric veins Anterior parotid veins Palatine vein Submental vein Posterior facial vein Superficial temporal veins Anterior auricular veins Posterior parotid veins Articular mandibular veins Tympanic veins Stylomastoid vein Transverse vein of face Middle temporal vein Pterygoid plexus Middle meningeal veins Deep temporal veins Superior thyreoid vein External jugular vein Occipital vein 70 Anatomical Nomenclature V. auricularis posterior V. jugularis anterior Arcus venosus juguli (V. mediana colli) V. transversa scapulae V. subclavia V. thoracoacromialis Vv. transversae colli V. axillaris V. thoracalis lateralis Vv. costoaxillares Vv. thoracoepigastricae Plexus venosus mamillae Vv. brachiales Vv. radiales Vv. ulnares V. cephalica V. cephalica accessoria V. basilica V. mediana cubiti (V. mediana antibrachii) (V. mediana basilica) (V. mediana cephalica) Rete venosum dorsale manus Vv. intercapitulares Arcus volaris venosus superficialis Arcus volaris venosus profundus Vv. digitales volares communes Vv. metacarpeae dorsales Vv. metacarpeae volares Vv. digitales volares propriae Arcus venosi digitales V. azygos V. hemiazygos V. hemiazygos accessoria Vv. intercostales Ramus dorsalis Ramus spinalis Vv. oesophageae Vv. bronchiales posteriores V. lumbalis ascendens Vv. basivertebrales Plexus venosi vertebrales extern! Plexus venosi vertebrales anteriores Plexus venosi vertebrales posteriores Plexus venosi vertebrales interni Retia venosa vertebrarum Sinus vertebrales longitudinales Vv. intervertebrals Vv. spinales externae anteriores Vv. spinales externae posteriores Vv. spinales internae V. cava inferior Radices parietales V. phrenica inferior Vv. lumbales Radices viscerales Vv. hepaticae Vv. renales Vv. suprarenales V. spermatica: V. testicularis V. ovarica Plexus pampiniformis Vena portae V. coronaria ventriculi V. mesenterica superior Vv. intestinales V. gastroepiploica dextra Vv. pancreaticae V. ileocolica Vv. colicae dextrae V. colica media Vv. pancreaticoduodenales Angiology 70 Posterior auricular vein Anterior jugular vein Venous jugular arch Median vein of neck Transverse vein of scapula (O. T. suprascapular vein) Subclavian vein Thoraco-acromial vein (O. T. acro- miothoracic, or thoracic axis) Transverse veins of neck (O. T. transversalis colli) Axillary vein Lateral thoracic vein (O. T. long thoracic) Costo-axillary veins Thoraco-epigastric veins Venous plexus of mammary gland Brachial veins Radial veins Ulnar veins Cephalic vein Accessory cephalic vein Basilic vein Median vein of elbow Median vein of forearm Median basilic vein Median cephalic vein Dorsal venous network of hand Intercapitular veins Superficial venous volar arch Deep venous volar arch Common volar digital veins Dorsal metacarpal veins Volar metacarpal veins Volar digital veins proper Venous arches of digits Azygos vein (O. T. vena azygos major) Hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. azygos minor inferior) Accessory hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. azygos minor superior) Intercostal veins Dorsal ramus Spinal ramus Oesophageal veins Posterior bronchial veins Ascending lumbar vein Basivertebral veins External vertebral venous plexuses Anterior vertebral venous plexuses Posterior vertebral venous plexuses Internal vertebral venous plexuses Venous networks of the vertebrae Longitudinal vertebral sinuses Intervertebral veins Anterior external spinal veins Posterior external spinal veins Internal spinal veins Inferior vena cava Parietal radicals Inferior phrenic vein Lumbar veins Visceral radicals Hepatic veins Renal veins Suprarenal veins Spermatic vein Testicular vpin Ovarian vein Pampiniform plexus Portal vein Coronary vein of stomach Superior mesenteric vein Intestinal veins Right gastro-epiploic vein Pancreatic veins Ileocolic vein Right colic veins Middle colic vein . Pancreaticoduodenal veins 71 Anatomical Nomenclature Vv. duodenales V. mesenterica inferior V. colica sinistra Vv. sigmoideae V. haemorrhoidalis superior V. lienalis Vv. gastricae breves V. gastroepiploica sinistra V. cystica Vena umhilicalis Ductus venosus [Arantii] Vv. parumbilicales [Sappeyi] Vena iliaca communis V. sacralis media V. hypogastrica Vv. glutaeae superiores Vv. glutaeae inferiores Vv. obturatoriae Vv. sacrales laterales V. iliolumbalis Plexus sacralis anterior Plexus haemorrhoidalis Plexus vesicalis Plexus pudendalis V. dorsalis penis Vv. profundae penis V. dorsalis clitoridis Vv. profundae clitoridis Vv. uterinae Plexus uterovaginalis V. haemorrhoidalis media Vv. haemorrhoidales inferiores Vv. scrotales posteriores V. iliaca externa V. epigastrica inferior • V. circumflexa ilium profunda V. femoralis Vv. dorsales penis subcutaneae Vv. scrotales anteriores Vv. pudendae externae V. epigastrica superficialis V. saphena magna V. saphena accessoria V. circumflexa ilium superficialis Vv. circumflexae femoris mediales Vv. circumflexae femoris laterales Vv. comitantes Vv. profundae femoris Vv. perforantes V. saphena parva V. femoropoplitea Vv. peronaeae Vv. popliteae Vv. tibiales posteriores Vv. tibiales anteriores Rete venosum dorsale pedis Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis Vv. digitales communes pedis Vv. metatarseae dorsales pedis Vv. intercapitulares Rete venosum plantare Arcus venosus plantaris Vv. metatarseae plantares Vv. digitales pedis dorsales Vv. digitales plantares Systema lymphaticum Vasa lymphatica Vasa lymphatick superficialia Vasa lymphatica profunda Truncus jugularis Angiology 71 Duodenal veins Inferior mesenteric vein Left colic vein Sigmoid veins Superior hemorrhoidal vein Splenic vein Short gastric veins Left gastro-epiploic vein Cystic vein Umbilical vein Venous duct of Arantius Paraumbilical veins Common iliac vein Middle sacral vein Hypogastric vein (0. T. internal iliac vein) Superior gluteal veins' Inferior gluteal veins Obturator veins Lateral sacral veins IHolumbar vein Anterior sacral plexus Hemorrhoidal plexus Vesical plexus Pundendal plexus Dorsal vein of penis Deep veins of penis Dorsal veins of clitoris Deep veins of clitoris Uterine veins Uterovaginal plexus Middle hemorrhoidal vein Inferior hemorrhoidal veins Posterior scrotal veins External iliac veins Inferior epigastric vein (O. T. deep epigastric) Deep circumflex iliac vein Femoral vein Subcutaneous dorsal veins of penis Anterior scrotal veins External pundenal veins Superficial epigastric veins Large saphenous vein (O. T. internal saphenous) Accessory saphenous vein Superficial circumflex iliac vein Medial circumflex veins of thigh Lateral circumflex veins of thigh Accompanying veins Deep veins of thigh Perforating veins Small saphenous vein (O. T. external saphenous vein) Femoropopliteal vein Peroneal veins Popliteal veins Posterior tibial veins Anterior tibial veins Dorsal venous network of foot Dorsal venous arch of foot Common digital veins of foot Dorsal metatarsal veins of foot Intercapitular veins Plantar venous network Plantar venous arch Plantar metatarsal veins Dorsal digital veins of foot Plantar digital veins Lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Superficial lymphatic vessel Deep lymphatic vessel Jugular trunk 72 Anatomical Nomenclature Tnincus subclavius Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter Ductus lymphaticus dexter Ductus thoracicus Trunci lumbales Truncus intestinalis Cisterna chyli Lymphoglandulae Vasa afferentia Vasa efferentia Substantia corticalis Substantia meduUaris Hilus Lymphoglandulae occipitales " auriculares posteriores '' auriculares anteriores " submaxillares " faciales pr'ofundae *' parotideae " cervicales superficiales " cervicales profundae superiores " cervicales profundae inferiores " linguales " axillares " subscapularee " pectorales " epigastricae " cubitales superficiales " cubitales profundae " tracheales Lymphoglandulae bronchiales " intercostales " mediastinales posteriores " mediastinales anteriores " sternales " iliacae " lumbales " coeliacae *' gastricae superiores " gastricae inferiores " hepaticae *' pancreaticolienales " mesentericae " mesocolicae " hypogastricae " sacrales " inguinales " subinguinales superficiales " subinguinales profundae " popliteae (Lymphoglandula tibialis anterior) Plexus lymphatici Plexus jugularis Plexus axillaris Plexus mammarius Plexus lumbalis Plexus aorticus Plexus sacralis medius Plexus hypogastricus Plexus coeUacus Plexus iliacus externus Plexus inguinalis Angiology 72 Subclavian trunk Right bronchomediastinal trunk Right lymphatic trunk Thoracic duct Lumbar trunks Intestinal trunk Chyle-cistern (O. T. receptaculum chyli) Lymph glands Afferent vessels Efferent vessels Cortical substance Medullary substance Hilus Occipital lymph glands Posterior auricular lymph glands Anterior auricular lymph glands Submaxillary lymph glands Deep facial lymph glands Parotid lymph glands Superficial cervical lymph glands Upper deep cervical lymph glands Lower deep cervical lymph glands Lingual lymph glands Axillary lymph glands Subscapular lymph glands Pectoral lymph glands Epigastric lymph glands Superficial lymph glands of elbow Deep lymph glands of elbow Tracheal lymph glands Bronchial lymph glands Intercostal lymph glands Posterior mediastinal lymph glands Anterior mediastinal lymph glands Sternal lymph glands Iliac lymph glands Lumbar lymph glands Coeliac lymph glands Superior gastric lymph glands Inferior gastric lymph glands Hepatic lymph glands Pancreaticolienal lymph glands Mesenteric lymph glands Mesocolic lymph glands Hypogastric lymph glands Sacral lymph glands Inguinal lymph glands Superficial subinguinal lymph glands Deep subinguinal lymph glands Popliteal lymph glands Anterior tibial lymph glands Lymphatic plexuses Jugular plexus Axillary plexus Mammary plexus Lumbar plexus Aortic plexus Middle sacral plexus Hypogastric plexus Coeliac plexus External iliac plexus Inguinal plexus 73 Anatomical Nomenclature Ncurologia Nervus Ganglion Substantia alba Substantia grisea Substantia gelatinosa Taenia telarum Ependyma ventriculorum Sulcus limitans ventriculorum Nuclei nervorum cerebralium Nuclei originis Nuclei terminales . Ramus communicans Ramus anastomoticus Ramus muscularis Nervus cutaneus Nervus articularis Plexus nervorum spinalium Systema nervorum centrale Medulla spinalis Pars cervicalis Intumescentia cervicalis Pars thoracalis Pars lumbalis Intumescentia lumbalis Conus meduUaris Filum terminale Ventriculus terminalis Fissura mediana anterior Sulcus medianus posterior Sulcus lateralis anterior Sulcus lateralis posterior Sulcus intermedins posterior Sectiones meduUae spinalis Canalis centralis Substantia grisea centralis Commissura anterior alba Commissura anterior grisea Commissura posterior Columnae griseae: Columna anterior Columna lateralis Columna posterior Cervix columnae posterioris Apex columnae posterioris Substantia gelatinosa [Rolandi] Nucleus dorsalis [Stillingi, Clarkii] (Sulcus intermedins anterior) Funiculi medullae spinalis Funiculus anterior Funiculus lateralis Funiculus posterior Formatio reticularis Funiculus anterior Fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior [pyramidalis anterior] Neurology 73 Neurology Nerve Ganglion White matter Gray matter Gelatinous substance Band of the telae ("web") Ependyma (" cover") of ventricles JLimiting sulcus of the ventricules Nuclei of the cerebral nerves Nuclei of origin End-nuclei Communicating ramus Anastomotic ramus Muscular ramus Cutaneous nerve Articular nerve Plexus of spinal nerves Central nervous system Spinal cord Cervical portion Cervical enlargement Thoracic portion (O. T. dorsal part) Lumbar portion Lumbar enlargement Medullary cone Terminal thread (Swelling due to) terminal ventricle Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus Anterior lateral sulcus Posterior lateral sulcus Posterior intermediate sulcus (O. T. paramedian furrow) Anterior intermediate sulcus Funiculi of spinal cord Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Posterior funiculus Transverse sections of the spinal cord Central canal Central gray matter Anterior white commissure Anterior gray commissure Posterior commissure Gray columns Anterior column (O. T. anterior horn) Lateral column (O. T. lateral horn) Posterior column (O. T. posterior horn) Neck of posterior column Apex of posterior column Gelatinous substance of Rolando Dorsal nucleus (O. T. Clark's col- umn) Reticular formation Anterior funiculus Anterior cerebrospinal or pyrami- dal fasciculus (O. T. direct pyr- amidal tract) 74 Anatomical Nomenclature Fasciculus anterior proprius [Flech- sigi] Funiculus lateralis Fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis [pyramidalis lateralis] Fasciculus cerebellospinalis Fasciculus anterolateralis super- ficialis [Gowersi] Fasciculus lateralis proprius [Flech- sigi] Funiculus posterior Fasciculus gracilis [Golli] Fasciculus cuneatus [Burdachi] Encephalon Rhombencephalon Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata Fissura mediana posterior Fissura mediana anterior Foramen caecum Pyramis [medullae oblongatae] Decussatio pyramidum Sulcus lateralis anterior Sulcus lateralis posterior Oliva Corpus restiforme Funiculus lateralis Funiculus cuneatus Tuberculum cinereum Funiculus gracilis Clava Fibrae arcuatae externae Sectiones medullae oblongatae Raphe Stratum nucleare Nucleus n. hypoglossi Nucleus ambiguus Nucleus alae cinereae Tractus solitarius Nucleus tractus solitarii Tractus spinalis n. trigemini Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini Nucleus funiculi gracilis Nucleus funiculi cuneati Nuclei laterales Nucleus olivaris inferior Hilus nuclei olivaris Nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis Nucleus olivaris accessorius dorsalis Nuclei arcuati Fibrae arcuatae internae Substantia reticularis grisea Substantia reticularis alba Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis Stratum interolivare lemnisci Decussatio lemniscorum Corpus restiforme Neurology 74 Proper anterior fasciculus (O. T. anterior ground bundle) Lateral funiculus Lateral cerebrospinal or pyramidal fasciculus (O. T. crossed pyrami- dal tract) Cerebellospinal fasciculus (O. T. direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig) Superficial anterolateral fasciculus (O. T. Gowers' tract) Proper lateral fasciculus (O. T. lateral ground bundle) Posterior funiculus Slender fasciculus (O. T. column or tract of Goll) Wedge-shaped fasciculus (O. T. column or tract of Burdach) Brain Lozenge-shaped brain Medullary or after-brain Oblong medulla Posterior median fissure Anterior median fissure Blind foramen Pyramid of medulla oblongata Decussation of pyramids Anterior lateral sulcus Posterior lateral sulcus Olive (O. T. olivary eminence) Restiform body (O. T. inferior cere- bellar peduncle) Lateral funiculus Cuneate funiculus (O. T. column of Burdach) Gray or ashen tubercle Slender funiculus (O. T. column of Goll) Club External arcuate fibres (O. T. super- ficial arcuate fibres Transverse sections of medulla oblongata Median raphe Nuclear layer Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve Ambiguous nucleus Nucleus of ala cinerea respiratory Solitary tract (O. ' bundle) Nucleus of solitary tract Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (O. T. ascending root of trigeminal nerve) Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve Nucleus of slender funiculus (O. T. nucleus of Goll's column) Nucleus of wedge-shaped funiculus (O. T. nucleus of Burdach's column) Lateral nuclei Inferior olivary nucleus Hilus of olivary nucleus Medial accessory olivary nucleus Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus Arcuate nuclei Internal arcuate fibres Gray reticular substance White reticular substance Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. posterior longitudinal bundle) Interolivary layer of lemniscus Decussation of lemniscus or fillet (O. T. sensory decussation of medulla oblongata) Restiform body (O. T. inferior cerebellar peduncle) 75 Anatomical Nomenclature Fasciculi corporis restiformis Fibrae cerebelloolivares Fasciculi pyramidales Fibrae arcuatae externae Ventriculus quartus Fossa rhomboidea Pars inferior fossae rhomboideae [Calamus scriptorius] Pars intermedia fossae rhomboideae Recessus lateralis fossae rhom- boideae Pars superior fossae rhomboideae Sulcus limitans [fossae rhomboideae] Fovea inferior Fovea superior Trigonum n. hypoglossi Striae medullares Eminentia medialis Colliculus facialis Ala cinerea Area acustica Locus caeruleus Tegmen ventriculi quarti Velum medullare posterius Taenia ventriculi quarti Obex Lamina chorioidea epithelialis (Apertura medialis ventriculi quarti [Foramen Magendii]) (Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti) Fastigium Metencephalon Pons [Varolii] Sulcus basilaris Fasciculus obliquus [pontis] (Fila lateralia pontis) Brachium pontis Sectiones pontis Pars dorsalis pontis Raphe Nucleus n. abducentis Nuclei motorii n. trigemini Radix descendens [mesencephalica] n. trigemini Tractus spinalis n. trigemini Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini Nucleus n. facialis Radix n. facialis Pars prima Genu [internum] Pars secunda Nuclei n. acustici Nuclei n. cochlearis Nuclei n. vestibularis Nucleus olivaris superior Nucleus lemnisci lateralis Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis Formatio reticularis Corpus trapezoideum Lemniscus Lemniscus medialis [sensitivus] Lemniscus lateralis [acusticus] Pars basilaris pontis Fibrae pontis profundae Fasciculi longitudinales [pyramidales] Nuclei pontis Fibrae pontis superficiales Cerebellum Gyri cerebelli Sulci cerebelli Vallecula cerebelli Incisura cerebelli anterior Incisura cerebelli posterior Neurology 75 Fasciculi of restiform body Cerebello-olivary fibres Pyramidal fasciculi External arcuate fibres Fourth ventricle Rhomboid fossa Inferior part of rhomboid fossa Writing pen Intermediate part of rhomboid fossa Lateral recess of rhomboid fossa Superior part of rhomboid fossa Limiting groove of rhomboid fossa Inferior pit Superior pit Trigone of hypoglossal nerve Medullary striae Medial eminence (O. T. eminentia teres) Facial hillock Ash-like wing (O. T. trigonum vagi) Acoustic area (O. T. trigonum acustici) Blue place Roof of fourth ventricle Posterior medullary velum Taenia of fourth ventricle: junction of epithelial part of roof with compact nerve substance Bar Epithelial chorioid layer Median aperture of fourth ventricle (foramen of Magendie) Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle Fastigium: "summit of roof" Hind-brain Pons ("bridge") Varolii Basilar groove Oblique bundle of pons Lateral fibres of pons Brachium ("arm") of pons Sections of the pons Dorsal part of pons Median raphe Nucleus of the abducent nerve (O. T. nucleus of sixth nerve) Motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve Descending or mesencephalic root of trigeminal nerve Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve Nucleus of facial nerve Root of facial nerve First part Internal knee Second part Nuclei of acoustic nerve (O. T. auditory nucleus) Nuclei of cochlear nerve Nuclei of vestibular nerve Superior olivary nucleus Nucleus of lateral lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. posterior longitudinal bundle) Reticular formation Trapezoid body Fillet or lemniscus Medial (sensory) fillet Lateral (acoustic) fillet Basilar part of pons Deep fibres of pons Longitudinal pyramidal fasciculi Nuclei of pons Superficial fibres of pons Cerebellum, or small brain Convolutions of cerebellum Sulci of cerebellum Cerebellar vallecula Anterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. semilunar notch) Posterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. marsupial notch) 76 Anatomical Nomenclature Sulcus horizontalis cerebelli Fissura transversa cerebelli Vermis Lingula cerebelli Vincula lingulae cerebelli Lobulus centralis Monticulus Culmen Declive Folium vermis Tuber vermis Pyramis [vermis] Uvula [vermis] Nodulus Hemisphaerium cerebelli Facies superior Ala lobuli centralis Lobulus quadrangularis Pars anterior Pars posterior Lobulus semilunaris superior Facies inferior Lobulus semilunaris inferior Lobulus gracilis Lobulus biventer Tonsilla cerebelli Flocculus (Flocculi secondarii) Pedunculus flocculi Nidus avis Sectiones cerebelli Corpus meduUare Laminae meduUares Arbor vitae Substantia corticalis [Lamina basalis] [Stratum cinereum]. [Stratum gangliosum] [Stratum granulosum] Nucleus dentatus Hilus nuclei dentati Nucleus fastigii Nucleus globosus Nucleus emboliformis Capsula nuclei dentati Isthmus rhombencephali Brachium conjunctivum [cerebelli] Lemniscus Lemniscus lateralis Lemniscus medialis Trigonum lemnisci Velum medullare anterius Frenulum veli medullaris anterioris Sectiones isthmi [vide Pedunculus cerebri] Ganglion interpedunculare Nucleus n. trochlearis Facies convexa cerebri Facies medialis cerebri Basis cerebri Cerebrum Mesencephalon [Facies inferior] Fossa interpeduncularis [Tarini] Neurology 76 Horizontal sulcus of cerebellum (O. T. great horizontal fissure) Transverse fissure of cerebellum Vermis ("worm") Lingua ("tongue") of cerebellum Vincula of the lingua Central lobule (O. T. lobus centralis) Monticulus ("little mountain") Culmen ("summit") Declive ("slope or descent") Folium of vermis ("leaflet of worm") (O. T. folium cacuminis) Tuber of vermis (O. T. tuber valvulus) Pyramid of vermis Uvula of vermis Nodule Hemisphere of cerebellum Superior surface Wing of central lobule Quadrangular lobule (O. T. quad- rate lobule) Anterior part Posterior part Superior semilunar lobule (O. T. posterior crescentic lobule) Inferior surface Inferior semilunar lobule (O. T. pos- tero-inferior lobule) Slender lobule Biventral lobule Tonsil of cerebellum Flocculus (" w^ool-tuf t-like body") Secondary flocculi Peduncle of flocculus Nidus avis (" bird's nest ") Sections of cerebellum Medullary body Medullary laminae Arbor vitae (" tree of life ") Cortical substance Basal lamina Gray layer Ganglion-cell layer Granular layer Dentate nucleus Hilus of dentate nucleus Nucleus of fastigium ("roof") Spherical nucleus Emboliform nucleus (O. T. cork or plug) Capsule of dentate nucleus Isthmus of rhombencephalon Brachium conjunctivum {" connecting arm") of cerebellum (O. T. superior cerebellar peduncle) Fillet or ribbon Lateral fillet Medial fillet (O. T. ribbon of Reil) Trigone of fillet Anterior meduHary velum (O. T. valve of Vieussens) Frenulum (" check-rein ") of anterior medullary velum) Sections of isthmus [See Cerebral peduncle] Interpeduncular ganglion Nucleus of trochlear nerve Cerebrum (large brain) Convex surface of cerebrum Medial surface of cerebrum Base of cerebrum Midbrain Inferior surface Interpeduncular fossa 77 Anatomical Nomenclature Recessus anterior Recessus posterior Substantia perforata posterior Pedunculus cerebri Aquaeductus cerebri [Sylvii] Sulcus lateralis Sulcus n. oculomotorii Sectiones pedunculi cerebri Tegmentum Stratum griseum centrale Formatio reticularis Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis Radix descendens n. trigemini Nucleus radicis descendentis n. tri- gemini Nucleus n. oculomotorii Nuclei tegmenti Nucleus ruber Decussationes tegmentorum Decussatio brachii conjunctivi Lemniscus lateralis Lemniscus medialis Substantia nigra Basis pedunculi Corpora quadrigemina Lamina quadrigemina Colliculus superior Colliculus inferior Brachium quadrigeminum superius Brachium quadrigeminum inferius Sectiones corporum quadrigeminorum Stratum zonale Stratum griseum coUiculi superioris Nucleus coUiculi inferioris Stratum album profundum Prosencephalon Diencephalon Ventriculus tertius Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri Commissura posterior [cerebri] Foramen interventriculare [Monroi] Sulcus hypothalamicus [Monroi] Massa intermedia Recessus opticus Recessus infundibuli Commissura anterior [cerebri] Recessus triangularis Hypothalamus Pars mamillaris hypothalami Corpus mamillare Pars optica hypothalami Tuber cinereum Infundibulum Hypophysis Lobus anterior Lobus posterior Tractus opticus Radix medialis Radix lateralis Chiasma opticum Lamina terminalis Sectiones hypothalami Nucleus hypothalamicus [Corpus Luysi] Pars grisea hypothalami Commissura superior [Meynerti] Commissura inferior [Guddeni] Nuclei corporis mamillaris Neurology 77 Anterior recess Posterior recess Posterior perforated substance Peduncle of cerebrum (O. T. crus cerebri) Aqueduct of cerebrum (O. T. iter e tertio ad quartum ventriculum) Lateral sulcus Sulcus of oculomotor nerve Sections of cerebral peduncle Tegmentum ("cover") Central gray layer Reticular formation Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T posterior longitudinal bundle) Descending root of trigeminal nerve Nucleus of descending root of trigemi- nal nerve Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (O. T. nu- cleus of III. nerve) Nuclei of tegmentum Red nucleus Decussations of tegmenta Decussation of brachium conjunc- tivum Lateral fillet Medial fillet Black substance Base of peduncle Quadrigeminal bodies (O. T. optic lobes) Quadrigeminal layer Superior hillock (O. T. anterior body or nates) Inferior hillock (O. T. posterior body or testis) Superior quadrigeminal braChium Inferior quadrigeminal brachium Sections of quadrigeminal bodies Zonal layer Gray layer of superior coUiculus Nucleus of inferior coUiculus Deep white layer Forebrain Interbrain Third ventricle Entrance to the aqueduct of the cere- brum Posterior commissure of the cerebrum Interventricular foramen of Monroe Hypothalamic sulcus of Monroe Intermediate mass (O. T. middle, or soft, or gray, commissure) Optic recess Recess of infundibulum Anterior commissure of cerebrum Triangular recess H)rpothalamus (0. T. subthalamic region) Mammillary part of hy- pothalamus Mammillary body Optic part of hypothala- mus Tuber cinereum (" ash-like tuber ") Infundibulum (" funnel ") Hypophysis (O. T. pituitary body) Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Optic tract Medial root Lateral root Optic chiasm Terminal lamina Sections of hypothalamus Hypothalamic nucleus, or Luy's body (O. T. subthalamic nucleus) Gray part of hypothalamus Superior commissure of Meynert Inferior commissure of v. Gudden Nuclei of mammillary body 78 Anatomical Nomenclature Fasciculus thalamomamillaris [Vicq' d'Azyri] Fasciculi pedunculomamillares Pars tegmentalis Pars basilaris Ansa peduncularis Ansa lenticularis Pedunculus thalami inferior Thalamencephalon Thalamus Pulvinar Tuberculum anterius thalami Taenia thalami Stria meduUaris Lamina chorioidea epithelialis Metathalamus Corpus geniculatum mediale Corpus geniculatum laterale Epithalamus Corpus pineale Recessus pinealis Recessus suprapinealis Habenula Commissura habenularum Trigonum habenulae Sectiones thalamencephali Stratum zonale Nucleus anterior thalami Nucleus medialis thalami Nucleus lateralis thalami Laminae meduUares thalami Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis Nucleus habenulae Fasciculus retroflexus [Meynerti] Telencephalon Hemisphaerium Pallium Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Fissura transversa cerebri Gyri cerebri Gyri profundi Gyri transitivi Sulci cerebri Impressio petrosa Fossa cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] Fissura cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] Ramus posterior Ramus anterior ascendens Ramus anterior horizontalis Lobi cerebri Insula Gyri insulae Gyrus longus insulae Gyri breves insulae Sulcus circularis [Reili] Operculum Pars frontalis Pars parietalis Pars temporalis Sulcus centralis [Rolandi] Gyrus centralis anterior Gyrus centralis posterior Lobus frontalis Polus frontalis Sulcus praecentralis Gyrus frontalis superior Sulcus frontalis superior Gyrus frontalis medius Pars superior Pars inferior Sulcus frontalis inferior Neurology 78 Thalamomammillary fasciculus (O. T. bundle of Vicq d'Azyr) Pedunculomammillary fasciculi Tegmental part Basilar part Peduncular loop Lenticular loop Inferior peduncle of thalamus Thalamic brain Thalamus C b e d ") (O. T. op- tic thalamus) Pulvinar (''cushion") Anterior tubercle of thalamus Thalamic taenia Medullary stria (O. T. stria fornicis or stria pinealis) Epithelial chorioid layer Metathalamus Medial geniculate body (O. T. internal geniculate body) Lateral geniculate body (O. T. exter- nal geniculate body) Epithalamus Pineal body (O. T. conarium, or epiphysis cerebri) Pineal recess Suprapineal recess Habenula C'strap") (O. T. peduncle of the pineal body) Commissure of the habenula Trigone of the habenula ' Sections of the thalamic brain Zonal layer Anterior nucleus of thalamus Medial nucleus of thalamus Lateral nucleus of thalamus Medullary layers of thalamus Nucleus of medial geniculate body Nucleus of lateral geniculate body Nucleus of habenula Retroflex fasciculus End-brain Hemisphere Brain mantle Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum Transverse fissure of cerebrum Convolutions of cerebrum Deep convolutions Transitional convolutions (O. T. an- nectant gyri) Grooves of cerebrum Petrosal impression Lateral fossa of cerebrum Lateral fissure of cerebrum (O. T. fissure of Sylvius) Posterior ramus Ascending anterior ramus Horizontal anterior ramus Lobes of cerebrum Island (O. T. island of Reil, or central lobe) Convolutions of island Long convolution of island Short convolutions of island Circular sulcus of Reil (O. T. limiting sulcus of Reil) Operculum ("cover") Frontal part Parietal part Temporal part Central sulcus of Rolando (O. T. fis- sure of Rolando) Anterior central convolution Posterior central convolution Frontal lobe Frontal pole Precentral sulcus Superior frontal convolution Superior frontal sulcus Middle frontal convolution Superior part Inferior part Inferior frontal sulcus 79 Anatomical Nomenclature Gyrus frontalis inferior Pars opercularis Pars triangularis Pars orbitalis Gyrus rectus Sulcus olfactorius Gyri orbitales Sulci orbitales Lobus temporalis Polus temporalis Sulci temporales transversi Gyri temporales transversi Gyrus temporalis superior Sulcus temporalis superior Gyrus temporalis medius Sulcus temporalis medius Gyrus temporalis inferior Sulcus temporalis inferior Fissura collateralis Gyrus fusiformis Gyrus lingualis Lobus occipitalis Polus occipitalis Sulcus occipitalis transversus Gyri occipitales superiores Sulci occipitales superiores Gyri occipitales laterales Sulci occipitales laterales Lobus parietalis Lobulus parietalis superior Sulcus interparietalis Lobulus parietalis inferior Gyrus supramarginalis Gyrus angularis Facies medialis hemisphaerii Sulcus corporis callosi Sulcus cinguli Pars subfrontalis Pars marginalis Sulcus subparietalis Fissura hippocampi Gyrus fornicatus Gyrus cinguli Isthmus gyri fornicati Gyrus hippocampi Uncus [gyri hippocampi] Substantia reticularis alba [Arnoldi] Lobulus paracentralis Praecuneus Fissura parietooccipitalis Fissura calcarina Cuneus Corpus callosum Splenium corporis callosi Truncus corporis callosi Genu corporis callosi Rostrum corporis callosi Lamina rostralis Striae transversae Stria longitudinalis medialis Stria longitudinalis lateralis Fasciola cinerea Fornix Cms fornicis Neurology 79 Inferior frontal convolution Opercular part Triangular part Orbital part Straight convolution Olfactory sulcus Orbital convolutions Orbital sulci Temporal lobe Temporal pole Transverse temporal sulci Transverse temporal convolutions Superior temporal convolution (O. T. first temporal gyrus) Superior temporal sulcus (O. T. paral- lel sulcus, or first temporal sulcus) Middle temporal convolutiqn (O. T. second temporal gyrus) Middle temporal sulcus (O. T. second temporal sulcus) Inferior temporal convolution (O. T. third temporal gyrus) Inferior temporal sulcus (O. T. oc- cipitotemporal sulcus) Collateral fissure Fusiform convolution (O. T. occipito- temporal convolution) Lingual convolution Occipital lobe Occipital pole Transverse occipital sulcus Superior occipital convolutions Superior occipital sulci Lateral occipital convolutions Lateral occipital sulci Parietal lobe Superior parietal lobule Interparietal sulcus (O. T. intraparietal sulcus of Turner) Inferior parietal lobule Supramarginal convolution Angular convolution Medial surface of hemisphere Sulcus of corpus callosum (O. T. cal- losal sulcus) Sulcus of cingulum (O. T. callosol- marginal fissure) Subfrontal part Marginal part Subparietal sulcus Fissure of hippocampus (O. T. dentate fissure, or fissura dentata) Fornicate convolution (O. T. limbic or falciform lobe) Convolution of cingulum (O. T. cal- losal convolution, or gyrus forni- catus) Isthmus of fornicate gyrus Convolution of hippocampus (O. T. hippocampal convolution) Hook of gyrus hippocampi White reticular substance of Arnold Paracentral lobule Precuneus Parieto-occipital fissure Calcarine fissure C uncus (" wedge ") Corpus callosum (great transverse commissure of cerebrum) Splenium (" bandage ") of corpus cal- losum Trunk of corpus callosum (O. T. body) Knee of corpus callosum Beak of corpus callosum Rostral lamina Transverse striae Medial longitudinal stria Lateral longitudinal stria Fasciola cinerea ('' ash-like little ban- dage ") Fornix Crus of fornix (O. T. posterior pillar of fornix) So Anatomical Nomenclature Corpus fornicis Taenia fornicis Columna fornicis Pars libera columnae fornicis Pars tecta columnae fornicis Septum pellucidum Lamina septi pellucidi Cavum septi pellucidi Ventriculus lateralis Pars centralis Cornu anterius Cornu posterius Cornu inferius Corpus striatum Nucleus caudatus Caput nuclei caudati Cauda nuclei caudati Stria terminalis Lamina affixa Taenia chorioidea Lamina chorioidea epithelialis Calcar avis (Bulbus cornu posterioris) Eminentia collateralis Trigonum coUaterale Hippocampus Fimbria hippocampi Taenia fimbriae Digitationes hippocampi Fascia dentata hippocampi Commissura hippocampi Rhinencephalon Sulcus parolfactorius anterior Pars anterior [rhinenc6phali] Lobus olfactorius Bulbus olfactorius Tractus olfactorius Trigonum olfactorium Stria medialis Stria intermedia Area parolfactoria [Brocae] Sulcus parolfactorius posterior Pars posterior [rhinencaphali] Gyrus subcallosus [Pedunculus cor- poris callosi] Substantia perforata anterior Stria olfactoria lateralis Limen insulae Sectiones telencephali Substantia corticalis Centrum semiovale Decursus fibrarum cerebralium Fibrae arcuatae cerebri Cingulum Fasciculus longitudinalis superior Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior Fasciculus uncinatus Radiatio corporis callosi Pars frontalis Pars parietalis Pars temporalis Pars occipitalis . Tapetum Nucleus lentiformis Putamen Globus pallidus Claustrum Capsula externa Capsula interna Genu capsulae internae Neurology 80 Body of fornix Taenia (''ribbon") of fornix Column of fornix (O. T. anterior pil- lar of fornix) Free part of column of fornix Covered part of column of fornix Transparent septum Layer of septum pellucidum Cavity of septum pellucidum (O. T. fifth ventricle) Lateral ventricle Central part Anterior horn Posterior horn Inferior horn (O. T. descending horn) Striate body Caudate nucleus Head of caudate nucleus Tail of caudate nucleus Terminal stria (O. T. taenia semicir- cularis) Lamina affixa {" fastened layer ") Chorioid taenia Epithelial chorioid layer Calcar avis ('' cock's spur ") (O. T. hippocampus minor) Bulb of posterior horn Collateral eminence Collateral trigone (O. T. trigonum ventriculi) Hippocampus ('' sea-horse ") (O. T. hippocampus major, cornu Am- monis, or Ammon's horn) Fimbria (" fringe ") of hippocampus Taenia of fimbria Digitations of the hippocampus (O. T. pes hippocampi) Dentate fascia of hippocampus (O. T. gyrus dentatus) Commissure of the hippocampus (O. T. lyra, or lyre of David) Olfactory brain Anterior parolfactory sulcus Anterior part of rhinen- c e p h a 1 o n Olfactory lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone Medial stria Intermediate stria Parolfactory area of Broca Posterior parolfactory sulcus Posterior part of rhinen- c e p h a 1 o n Subcallosal convolution (peduncle of corpus callosum) Anterior perforated substance Lateral olfactory stria Threshold of island Sections of endbrain Cortical substance Semioval centre Decursus (''running down") of cerebral fibres Arcuate fibres of cerebrum Cingulum (" girdle ") Superior longitudinal fasciculus Inferior longitudinal fasciculus Uncinate ("hooked") fasciculus Radiation of corpus callosum Frontal part (forceps minor) Parietal part Temporal part Occipital part (O. T. forceps major) Tapetum ("carpet," or "tapestry") Lentiform nucleus (O. T. lenticular nu- cleus) Putamen (" shell," or " paring ") Globus pallidus (" pale sphere ") Claustrum ("bulwark," or "barrier") External capsule Internal capsule Knee of internal capsule 8i Anatomical Nomenclature Pars frontalis capsulae internae Pars occipitalis capsulae internae Nucleus amygdalae Corona radiata Pars frontalis Pars parietalis Pars temporalis Pars occipitalis Radiatio corporis striati Radiatio occipitothalamica [Gratioleti] Commissura anterior [cerebri] Pars anterior Pars posterior Meninges Dura mater encephali Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Foramen diaphragmatis [sellae] Incisura tentorii Dura mater spinalis Filum durae matris spinalis Cavum epidurale Cavum subdurale Arachnoidea spinalis Arachnoidea encephali Cavum subarachnoideale Cisternae subarachnoidales Cisterna cerebellomedullaris Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri [Sylvii] Cisterna chiasmatis Cisterna interpeduncularis Cisterna venae magnae cerebri -Granulationes arachnoidjeales [Pac- chioni] Pia mater spinalis Lig. denticulatum Septum cervicale intermedium Pia mater encephali Tela chorioidea ventriculi quarti Plexus chorioideus ventriculi quarti Tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii Plexus chorioideus ventriculi tertii Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis Glomus chorioideum Acervulus Systema nervorum periphericum Nervi cerebrales Nn. olfactorii N. opticus N. oculomotorius Ramus superior Ramus inferior Radix brevis ganglii ciliaris N. trochlearis Decussatio nervorum trochlearium Neurology 8£ Frontal part of internal capsule (O. T. anterior limb) Occipital part of internal capsule (O. T. posterior limb) Amygdaloid ("almond") nucleus Corona radiata (''radiate crown") Frontal part Parietal part Temporal part Occipital part Radiation of corpus striatum Occipitothalamic radiation (O. T. op- tic radiation) Anterior commissure of cerebrum Anterior part Posterior part Membranes Dura mater of brain Falx ("sickle") of cerebrum Tentorium of cerebellum (cerebellar tent) Falx of cerebellum (cerebellar sickle) Diaphragm of saddle Foramen of diaphragm of saddle Notch of tentorium Hard membrane of spine Thread of spinal dura mater Epidural cavity Subdural cavity Arachnoid ("spider-web") of spine Arachnoid (" spider-web") of brain Subarachnoid space Subarachnoid cisterns CerebellomeduUary cistern (O. T. cisterna magna) Cistern of the lateral fossa of the cerebrum Cistern of the chiasm Interpeduncular cistern (O. T. cis- terna basalis) Cistern of the great vein of cerebrum Arachnoideal granulations (O. T. Pac- chionian bodies) Pia mater of spine (soft membrane of cord) Denticulate ligament Intermediate cervical septum Pia mater of brain (soft membrane of brain) Chorioid tela of fourth ventricle (O. T. tela chorioidea inferior) Chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle Chorioid tela of third ventricle (O. T. velum interpositum, or tela chorioidea superior) Chorioid plexus of third ventricle Chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle Chorioid skein Brain sand System of peripheral nerves Cerebral nerves Olfactory nerves Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve (O. T. third nerve) Superior ramus Inferior ramus Short root of ciliary ganglion (O. T. motor root of lenticular ganglion) Trochlear nerve (O. T. patheticus or fourth nerve) Decussation of trochlear nerves 82 Anatomical Nomenclature N. trigeminus Portio major Ganglion semilunare [Gasseri] Portio minor N. ophthalmicus N. tentorii N. lacrimalis Ramus anastomoticus cum n. zygo matico N. frontalis N. supraorbitalis Ramus frontalis N. supratrochlearis N. nasociliaris Radix longa ganglii ciliaris Nn. ciliares longi N. ethmoidalis posterior N. ethmoidalis anterior Rami nasales anteriores Rami nasales interni Rami nasales laterales Rami nasales mediales Ramus nasalis externus N. infratrochlearis Ramus palpebralis superior R. palpebralis inferior G. c i 1 i a r e Nn. ciliares breves N. maxillaris N. meningeus [medius] N. zygomaticus Ramus zygomaticotemporalis Ramus zygomaticofacialis Nn. sphenopalatini Nn. alveolares superiores Rami alveolares superiores poste- riores N. infraorbitalis R. alveolaris superior medius Rami alveolares superiores ante- riores Plexus dentalis superior Rami dentales superiores Rami gingivales superiores Rami palpebrales inferiores Rami nasales externi Rami nasales interni Rami labiales superiores Ganglion s p h e n o p a 1 a t i - n u m Rami orbitales N. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] N. petrosus superficialis major •N. petrosus profundus Rami nasales posteriores superiores laterales Rami nasales posteriores superiores mediales N. nasopalatinus [Scarpae] Rami nasales posteriores inferiores [laterales] Nn. palatini N. palatinus anterior N. palatinus medius N. palatinus posterior N. mandibularis N. spinosus N. masticatorius N. massetericus Nn. temporales profundi N. temporalis profundus posterior Neurology 82 Trigeminal nerve (O. T. fifth nerve) Larger (sensory) root Semilunar ganglion (O. T. Gasserian ganglion) Smaller (motor) root Ophthalmic nerve Nerve to the tentorium Lacrimal nerve Ramus anastomosing with zygomatic nerve Frontal nerve Supraorbital nerve Frontal ramus Supratrochlear nerve Nasociliary nerve (O. T. nasal nerve) Long root of the ciliary ganglion Long ciliary nerves Posterior ethmoidal nerve Anterior ethmoidal nerve Anterior nasal rami Internal nasal rami Lateral nasal rami Medial nasal rami External nasal ramus Infratrochlear nerve Superior palpebral ramus Inferior palpebral ramus Ciliary ganglion (O. T. len- ticular or ophthalmic ganglion Short ciliary nerves Maxillary nerve (0, T. superior maxillary) Middle meningeal nerve (O. T. recur- rent) Zygomatic nerve (O. T. orbital or temporomalar) Zygomaticotemporal ramus Zygomaticofacial ramus Sphenopalatine nerves Superior alveolar nerves Posterior superior alveolar rami (O. T. posterior superior dental) Infraorbital nerve Middle superior alveolar ramus (O. T. middle superior dental) Anterior superior alveolar rami (O. T. anterior superior dental) Superior dental plexus Superior dental rami Superior gingival rami Inferior palpebral rami External nasal rami Internal nasal rami Superior labial rami Sphenopalatine ganglion (O. T. Meckel's ganglion) Orbital rami Nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian nerve Larger superficial petrosal nerve Deep petrosal nerve (O. T. great deep peti'osal branch of carotid plexus) Lateral superior posterior nasal rami Medial superior posterior nasal rami Nasopalatine nerve of Scarpa Lateral inferior posterior nasal rami Palatine nerves Anterior palatine nerve Middle palatine nerve (O. T. exter- nal palatine) Posterior palatine nerve Mandibular nerve (0. T. inferior maxillary) Spinosus nerve (O. T. recurrent nerve) Masticator nerve Masseteric nerve Deep temporal nerves Posterior deep temporal nerve 83 Anatomical Nomenclature N. temporalis profundus anterior N. buccinatorius N. pterygoideus externus N. pterygoideus internus N. auriculotemporalis N. meatus auditorii externi R. membranae tympani Rami parotidei Rami anastomotici cum n. faciali Nn. auriculares anteriores Rami temporales superficiales N. lingualis Rami isthmi faucium Rami anastomotici cum n. hypo- glosso N. sublingualis Rami linguales N. alveolaris inferior Plexus dentalis inferior Rami dentales inferiores Rami gingivales inferiores N. mylohyoideus N. mentalis Rami mentales Rami labiales inferiores Ganglion oticum N. petrosus superficialis minor N. tensoris veli palatini N. tensoris tympani Ramus anastomoticus cum n. spinoso R. anastomoticus cum n. auriculo- temporali Ramus anastomoticus cum chorda tympani Gan glion submaxillare Rami communicantes cum n. linguali Rami submaxillares N. abducens N. facialis Geniculum n. facialis Ganglion geniculi N. stapedius Ramus anastomoticus cum plexu tympanico N. auricularis posterior Ramus occipitalis Ramus digastricus Ramus stylohyoideus Ramus anastomoticus cum n. glosso- pharyngeo Plexus parotideus Rami temporales Rami zygomatici Rami buccales Ramus marginalis mandibulae Ramus colli N. intermedins Chorda tympani N. acusticus Radix vestibularis Radix cochlearis Fila anastomotica N. V e s t i b u 1 i Ganglion vestibulare N. utricularis N. ampullaris superior N. ampullaris lateralis N. ampullaris inferior N. cochleae Ganglion spirale N. saccularis N. glossopharyngeus Ganglion superius Neurology 83 Anterior deep temporal nerve Buccinator nerve External pterygoid nerve Internal pterygoid nerve Auriculotemporal nerve Nerve of external auditory meatus Ramus to tympanic membrane Parotid rami Anastomotic rami to the facial nerve Anterior auricular nerves Superficial temporal rami Lingual nerve Rami to the isthmus of the fauces Anastomotic rami to the hypoglossal nerve Sublingual nerve Lingual rami Inferior alveolar nerve (O. T. inferior dental) Inferior dental plexus Inferior dental rami Inferior gingival rami Mylohyoid nerve Mental nerve Rami to chin Rami to lower lip Otic ganglion (O. T. ganglion of Arnold) Lesser superficial petrosal nerve Nerve of tensor muscle of palatine curtain Nerve of tensor muscle of tympanum Anastomotic ramus with spinosus nerve Anastomotic ramus with auriculo- temporal nerve Anastomotic ramus with chorda tym- pani Submaxillary ganglion Rami communicating with lingual nerve Submaxillary rami Abducent nerve (O. T. sixth nerve) Facial nerve (O. T. seventh nerve) Knee of the facial nerve Ganglion of the knee (official nerve) Nerve to the stapedius muscle Ramus anastomosing with tympanic plexus (O. T. tympanic branch) Posterior auricular nerve Occipital ramus Digastric ramus Stylohyoid ramus Ramus anastomosing with glossopha- ryngeal nerve Parotid plexus Temporal rami Zygomatic rami Buccal rami Ramus of margin of jaw Ramus to neck Intermediate nerve (O. T. pars intermedia of Wrisberg, or sensory part of facial nerve) Cord of tympanum Acoustic nerve (O. T. auditory nerve) Vestibular root Cochlear root Anastomotic fibres Vestibular nerve Vestibular ganglion Utricular nerve Superior ampullar nerve Lateral ampullar nerve Inferior ampullar nerve Nerve of the cochlea Spiral ganglion Saccular nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Upper ganglion (O. T. jugular gang- lion) 84 Anatomical Nomenclature Ganglion petrosum N. tympanicus Intumescentia tympanica Plexus tympanicus [Jacobsoni] N. caroticotympanicus superior N. caroticotympanicus inferior Ramus tubae R. anastomoticus cum ramo auriculari n. vagi Rami pharyngei Ramus stylopharyngeus Rami tonsi Hares Rami linguales N. vagus Ganglion jugulare Ganglion nodosum Ramus meningeus Ramus auricularis R. anastomoticus cum n. glossopha- ryngeo Rami pharyngei Plexus pharyngeus N. laryngeus superior Ramus externus Ramus internus Ramus anastomoticus cum n. laryn- geo inferiore Rami cardiaci superiores (N. depressor) N. recurrens Rami cardiaci inferiores Rami tracheales Rami oesophagei N. laryngeus inferior Ramus anterior Ramus posterior Rami bronchiales anteriores Rami bronchiales posteriores Plexus pulmonalis anterior Plexus pulmonalis posterior Rami oesophagei Plexus oesophageus anterior Plexus oesophageus posterior Rami gastrici Plexus gastricus anterior Plexus gastricus posterior Rami hepatici Rami coeliaci Rami lienales Rami renales N. accessorius Ramus internus Ramus externus N. hypoglossus Ramus descendens Ansa hypoglossi Ramus thyreohyoideus Rami linguafes N. spinales Fila radicularia Radix anterior Radix posterior Ganglion spinale Ramus anterior Ramus posterior Ramus communicans Ramus meningeus Cauda equina Ansae Neurology 84 Petrous ganglion (O. T. ganglion of Andersch) Tympanic nerve (O. T. Jacobson's nerve) Tympanic swelling Tympanic plexus Superior caroticotympanic nerve Inferior caroticotympanic nerve Tubal ramus Ramus anastomosing with the auricu- lar branch of the vagus Pharyngeal rami Stylopharyngeal ramus Tonsillar rami (O. T. tonsillitic branches) Lingual rami (O. T. terminal rami) Vagus nerve (O. T. pneuniogas= trie nerve) Jugular ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the root) Knotty ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the trunk) Meningeal ramus (O. T. recurrent branch) Auricular ramus (O. T. Arnold's nerve) Ramus anastomosing with glosso- pharyngeal nerve Pharyngeal rami Pharyngeal plexus Superior laryngeal nerve External ramus Internal ramus Ramus anastomosing with inferior laryngeal nerve Superior cardiac rami Depressor nerve Recurrent nerve (O. T. recurrent laryngeal) Inferior cardiac rami (O. T. cardiac branches of recurrent laryngeal) Tracheal rami Oesophageal rami Inferior laryngeal nerve Anterior ramus Posterior ramus Anterior bronchial rami Posterior bronchial rami Anterior pulmonary plexus Posterior pulmonary plexus Oesophageal rami Anterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. plexus gulae) Posterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. plexus gulae) Gastric rami Anterior gastric plexus Posterior gastric plexus Hepatic rami Coeliac rami Splenic rami Renal rami Accessory nerve (O. T. spinal accessory) Internal ramus (O, T. accessory por- tion) External ramus (O. T. spinal portion) Hypoglossal nerve Descending ramus Loop of the hypoglossus Thyreohyoid ramus Lingual rami Spinal nerves Radicular fibres Anterior root Posterior root Spinal ganglion Anterior ramus Posterior ramus Communicating ramus Meningeal ramus Cauda equina (" horse's tail ") Loops 8s Anatomical Nomenclature Nn. cervicales Rami posteriores Ramus medialis Ramus lateralis N. suboccipitalis N. occipitalis major (N. occipitalis tertius) Rami anteriores Plexus cervicalis N. occipitalis minor N. auricularis magnus Ramus posterior Ramus anterior N. cutaneus colli Rami superiores Rami inferiores Nn. supraclaviculares Nn. supraclaviculares anteriores Nn. supraclaviculares medii Nn. supraclaviculares posteriores N. phrenicus Ramus pericardiacus Rami phrenicoabdominales Plexus brachialis Pars s u p r a c 1 a V i c u 1 a r i s Nn. thoracales posteriores N. dorsalis scapulae N. thoracalis longus Nn. thoracales anteriores N. subclavius N. suprascapularis Nn. subscapulares N. thoracodorsalis N. axillaris Rami musculares N. cutaneus brachii lateralis Pars i n f r a c 1 a V i c u la r is Fasciculus lateralis Fasciculus medialis Fasciculus posterior N. musculocutaneus Rami musculares N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis N. cutaneus brachii medialis N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis Ramus volaris Ramus ulnaris N. medianus Rami musculares N. interosseus [antibrachii] volaris Ramus palmaris n. mediani Ramus anastomoticus cum n. ulnari Nn. digitales volares communes Nn. digitales volares proprii N. ulnaris Ramus cutaneus palmaris Ramus dorsalis manus Neurology 8s Cervical nerves Posterior rami (O. T. posterior pri- mary divisions) Medial ramus Lateral ramus Suboccipital nerve (O. T. posterior primary division of first cervical nerve) Larger occipital nerve (O. T. great occipital, or medial branch of pos- terior primary division of second cer- vical nerve) Third occipital nerve (O. T. third oc- cipital, or medial branch of the pos- terior primary division of the third cervical nerve) Anterior rami (O. T. anterior primary divisions) Cervical plexus Lesser occipital nerve Great auricular nerve Posterior ramus Anterior ramus Cutaneous nerve of the front, of the neck (O. T. superficial cervical) Upper rami Lower rami Supraclavicular nerves Anterior supraclavicular nerves (O. T. suprasternal) Middle supraclavicular nerves (O. T. supraclavicular) Posterior supraclavicular nerves (O T. supra-acromial) Phrenic nerve Pericardiac ramus Phrenicoabdominal rami Brachial plexus Supraclavicular part Posterior thoracic nerves Dorsal nerve of scapula (O. T. nerve to the rhomboids) Long thoracic nerve (O. T. external respiratory nerve of Bell, or pos- terior thoracic) Anterior thoracic nerves Subclavius nerve Suprascapular nerve Subscapular nerves Thoracodorsal nerve (O. T. long sub- scapular nerve) Axillary nerve (O. T. circumflex) Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm Infraclavicular part Lateral fasciculus (O. T. outer cord) Medial fasciculus (O. T. inner cord) Posterior fasciculus (O. T. posterior cord) Musculocutaneous nerve Muscular branches Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (O. T. terminal cutaneous branch) Medial nerve of upper arm (O. T. les- ser internal cutaneous, or nerve of Wrisberg) Medial nerve of forearm (O. T. inter- nal cutaneous) Volar ramus (O. T. anterior branch) Ulnar ramus (O. T. posterior branch Median nerve Muscular rami Volar interosseous nerve of forearm (O.'T. anterior interosseous) Palmar ramus of median nerve (O.T. median palmar cutaneous) Ramus anastomosing with ulnar nerve Common volar digital nerves Proper volar digital nerves (O. T. col- lateral palmar digital nerves) Ulnar nerve Palmar cutaneous ramus Dorsal ramus of hand (O. T. dorsal cutaneous) S6 Anatomical Nomenclature Nn. digitales dorsales Ramus volaris manus Ramus superficialis Nn. digitales volares communes Nn. digitales volares proprii Ramus profundus Rami musculares N. radialis N. cutaneus brachii posterior Rami musculares N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis Ramus profundus N. interosseus [antibrachii] dorsalis Ramus superficialis Ramus anastomoticus ulnaris Nn. lumbales, sacrales, coccygeus Nn. lumbales Rami posteriores Ramus medialis Ramus lateralis Nn. clunium superiores Rami anteriores Nn. sacrales et coccygeus: Rami posteriores Ramus medialis Ramus lateralis Nn. clunium medii .Plexus lumbosacralis Plexus lumbalis Rami musculares , N. iliohypogastricus Rami musculares Ramus cutaneus lateralis Ramus cutaneus anterior Nn. digitales dorsales Nn. thoracales Rami posteriores Ramus cutaneus lateralis Ramus cutaneus medialis Rami anteriores [Nn. intercostales] Rami musculares Ramus cutaneus lateralis [pecto- ralis et abdominalis] Ramus posterior Ramus anterior Rami mammarii laterales Nn. intercostobrachiales Ramus cutaneus anterior [pecto- ralis et abdominalis] Rami mammarii mediales N. ilioinguinalis Rami musculares Nn. scrotales anteriores Nn. labiales anteriores N. genitofemoralis N. lumboinguinalis N. spermaticus externus N. cutaneus femoris lateralis N. obturatorius Ramus anterior Ramus cutaneus Ramus posterior Neurology 86 Dorsal digital nerves Volar ramus of hand Superficial ramus Common volar digital nerves Proper volar digital nerves (O. T collateral palmar digital) Deep ramus Muscular rami Radial nerve (0. T. musculospiral) Posterior cutaneous nerve of upper arm (O. T. upper external cuta- neous branch of musculospiral) Muscular rami Dorsal cutaneous nerve of forearm (O. T. lower external cutaneous branch of musculospiral) Deep ramus Dorsal interosseous nerve of forearm (O. T. posterior interosseous) Superficial ramus (O. T. radial branch of musculospiral) Ramus anastomosing with ulnar nerve Dorsal digital nerves Thoracic nerves Posterior rami Lateral cutaneous ramus Medial cutaneous ramus Anterior rami [intercostal nerves] Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous ramus (of breast and abdomen) Posterior ramus Anterior ramus Lateral mammary rami Intercostobrachial nerves (O. T. in- tercosto-humeral nerves) Anterior cutaneous ramus (of breast and abdomen) Medial mammary rami Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves Lumbar nerves Posterior rami Medial ramus Lateral ramus Superior clunial nerves Anterior rami Sacral and coccygeal nerves Posterior rami Medial ramus Lateral ramus Middle clunial nerves Ltunbosacral plexus Lumbar plexus Muscular rami Iliohypogastric nerve Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous ramus (O. T. iliac branch of hypogastric) Anterior cutaneous ramus (O. T. hy- pogastric branch) Ilio-inguinal nerve Muscular rami Anterior scrotal nerves Anterior labial nerves Genitofemoral nerve (0. T. genito- crural nerve) Lumbo-inguinal nerve (O. T. crural branch of genitocrural) External spermatic nerve (O. T. geni- tal branch of genitocrural) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (0. T. external cutaneous) Obturator nerve Anterior ramus Cutaneous ramus Posterior ramus 87 Anatomical Nomenclature N. femoralis N. tibialis Rami cutanei anteriores Rami musculares N. saphenus Ramus infrapatellaris Rami cutanei cruris mediales Plexus sacralis Truncus lumbosacralis N. glutaeus superior N. glutaeus inferior N. cutaneus femoris posterior Nn. clunium inferiores Rami perineales N. ischiadicus Rami musculares N. peronaeus communis Rami musculares N. cutaneus surae lateralis Ramus anastomoticus peronaeus N. peronaeus superficialis Rami musculares N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedins Nn. digitales dorsales pedis N. peronaeus profundus Rami musculares Nn. digitales dorsales hallucis late- ralis et digiti secundi medialis Rami musculares N. interosseus cruris N. cutaneus surae medialis [N. suralis] Rami calcanei laterales N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis Rami calcanei mediales N. plantaris medialis Nn. digitales plantares communes Nn. digitales plantares proprii N. plantaris lateralis Ramus superficialis Nn. digitales plantares com- munes Nn. digitales plantares proprii Ramus profundus Plexus pudendus Nn. haemorrhoidales medii Nn. vesicales inferiores Nn. vaginales N. pudendus Nn. haemorrhoidales inferiores N. perinei Nn. scrotales posteriores Nn. labiales posteriores N. dorsalis penis N. dorsalis clitoridis N. coccygeus Plexus coccygeus Nn. anococcygei Neurology 87 Femoral nerve (0. T. anterior crural) Anterior cutaneous rami Muscular rami Saphenous nerve (O. T. long saphe- nous) Infrapatellar ramus (O. T. patellar branch or long saphenous) Medial cutaneous rami of leg . Sacral plexus Lumbosacral trunk (O. T. lumbosa- cral cord) Superior gluteal nerve Inferior gluteal nerve Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh Inferior nerves of buttock Perineal rami Sciatic nerve (0. T. great sciatic) Muscular rami Common peroneal nerve (O. T. exter- nal popliteal) Muscular rami Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf Peroneal anastomotic ramus (O. T. nervus communicans fibularis) Superficial peroneal nerve (O. T. mus- culocutaneous) Muscular rami Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve Dorsal digital nerves of foot Deep peroneal nerve (O. T. anterior tibial) Muscular rami Dorsal digital nerves to lateral sur- face of hallux and to medial sur- face of second digit Tibial nerve (O. T. internal popliteal nerve) Muscular rami Interosseous nerve of the leg Medial cutaneous nerve of the calf (O. T. nervus communicans tib- ialis) Nerve of the calf (O. T. short saphe- nous nerve) Lateral calcanean rami Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve Medial calcanean rami Medial plantar nerve (O. T. internal .plantar) Common digital plantar nerves Proper digital plantar nerves Lateral plantar nerve (O. T. external plantar) Superficial ramus Common digital plantar nerves Proper digital plantar nerves Deep ramus Pudendal plexus Middle hemorrhoidal nerves Inferior vesical nerves Vaginal nerves Pudendal nerve (O. T. pudic nerve) Inferior hemorrhoidal nerves Nerve of perineum Posterior scrotal nerves Posterior labial nerves Dorsal nerve of penis Dorsal nerve of clitoris • Coccygeal nerve Coccygeal plexus Anococcygeal nerves II 88 Anatomical Nomenclature Systema nervorum sympathicum Truncus sympathicus Ganglia trunci sympathici Plexus sympathici Ganglia plexuum sympathicorum Pars cephalica et cervicalis s. sympathici Ganglion cervicale superius N. jugularis N. caroticus internus Plexus caroticus internus Plexus cavernosus Plexus arteriae cerebri anterioris Plexus arteriae cerebri mediae Plexus arteriae chorioideae Plexus ophthalmicus Radices sympathicae ganglii ciliaris Nn. carotici externi Plexus caroticus externus. Plexus thyreoideus superior Plexus lingualis Plexus maxillaris externus Radix sympathica ganglii submaxil- laris Plexus occipitalis Plexus auricularis posterior Plexus temporalis superficialis Plexus maxillaris internus Plexus meningeus Plexus caroticus communis Rami laryngopharyngei Plexus pharyngeus ascendens N. cardiacus superior Ganglion cervicale medium N. cardiacus medius Ganglion cervicale inferius Ansa subclavia [Vieussenii] N. cardiacus inferior Plexus subclavius Plexus mammarius internus Plexus thyreoideus inferior Plexus vertebralis Pars thoracalis s. sympathici Ganglia thoracalia N. splanchnicus major Ganglion splanchnicum N. splanchnicus minor Ramus renalis (N. splanchnicus imus) Plexus aorticus thoracalis Plexus cardiacus Plexus coronarius cordis anterior Ganglion cardiacum [Wrisbergi] Plexus coronarius posterior Rami pulmonales Plexus pulmonalis Pars abdominalis et pelvina s. sympathici Ganglia lumbalia Ganglia sacralia Plexus aorticus abdominalis Plexus coeliacus Ganglia coeliaca Ganglion mesentericum superius Plexus phrenicus Ganglia phrenica Plexus hepaticus Plexus lienalis Plexus gastricus superioT Plexus gastricus inferior Plexus suprarenalis Plexus renalis Plexus spermaticus Plexus arteriae ovaricae Plexus mesentericus superior Plexus myentericus Neurology Sympathetic system of nerves Sympathetic trunk Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk Sympathetic plexuses Ganglia of the sympathetic plexuses Cephalic and cervical portions of the sympathetic system Superior cervical ganglion Jugular nerve Internal carotid nerve Internal carotid plexus Cavernous plexus Plexus of anterior cerebral artery Plexus of middle cerebral artery Plexus of chorioid artery Ophthalmic plexus Sympathetic roots of ciliary ganglion External carotid nerves External carotid plexus Superior thyreoid plexus Lingual plexus External maxillary plexus Sympathetic root of the submaxillary ganglion Occipital plexus Posterior auricular plexus Superficial temporal plexus Internal maxillary plexus Meningeal plexus Common carotid plexus Laryngopharyngeal rami Ascending pharyngeal plexus Superior cardiac nerve Middle cervical ganglion Middle cardiac nerve Inferior cervical ganglion Subclavian loop Inferior cardiac nerve Subclavian plexus Internal mammary plexus Inferior thyreoid plexus Vertebral plexus Thoracic portion of the sympa- thetic system Thoracic ganglia Greater splanchnic nerve Splanchnic ganglion Lesser splanchnic nerve Renal ramus Lowermost splanchnic nerve (O. T. smallest splanchnic) Thoracic aortic plexus Cardiac plexus Anterior coronary plexus of heart Cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg Posterior coronary plexus Pulmonary rami Pulmonary plexus Abdominal and pelvic portions of the sympathetic system Lumbar ganglia Sacral ganglia Abdominal aortic plexus Coeliac plexus Coeliac ganglia Superior mesenteric ganglion Phrenic plexus Phrenic ganglia Hepatic plexus Splenic plexus Superior gastric plexus Inferior gastric plexus Suprarenal plexus Renal plexus Spermatic plexus Plexus of the ovarian artery Superior mesenteric plexus Myenteric plexus (O. T. plexus of Auerbach) 89 Anatomical Nomenclature Plexus submucosus Plexus mesentericus inferior Nn. haemorrhoidales superiores Plexus haemorrhoidalis superior Plexus iliacus Plexus hypogastricus Plexus haemorrhoidalis medius Plexus prostaticus Plexus deferentialis Plexus uterovaginalis Plexus vesicalis Nn. vesicales superiores Nn. vesicales inferiores Plexus cavernosus penis N. cavernosus penis major Nn. cavernosi penis minores Plexus cavernosus clitoridis N. cavernosus clitoridis major Nn. cavernosi clitoridis minores Plexus femoralis Plexus popliteus Or^ana sensuum ct Integumentum commune Organon visus Oculus N. opticus Vaginae n. optici Spatia intervaginalia Bulbus oculi Polus anterior Polus posterior Aequator Meridian! Axis oculi externa Axis oculi interna Axis optica [Linea visus] Vesicula ophthalmica Caliculus ophthalmicus Tunica fibrosa oculi Sclera Sulcus sclerae Rima cornealis Sinus venosus sclerae [Canalis Schlemmi, Lauthi] Lamina fusca Lamina cribrosa sclerae (Raphe sclerae) (Funiculus sclerae) Cornea Annulus conjunctivae Vertex corneae Limbus corneae Facies anterior Facies posterior Epithelium corneae Lamina elastica anterior [Bowmani] Substantia propria Lamina elastica posterior [Demoursi, Descemeti] Endothelium camerae anterioris Tunica vasculosa oculi Chorioidea Lamina suprachorioidea Spatium perichorioideale Lamina vasculosa Lamina choriocapillaris Lamina basahs (Raphe chorioideae) Sense Organs and Common Integument 89 Plexus of submucosa (O. T. plexus of Meissner) Inferior mesenteric plexus Superior hemorrhoidal nerves Superior hemorrhoidal plexus Iliac plexus Hypogastric plexus Middle hemorrhoidal plexus Prostatic plexus Deferential plexus Uterovaginal plexus Vesical plexus Superior vesical nerves Inferior vesical nerves Cavernous plexus of penis Larger cavernous nerve of penis Lesser cavernous nerves of penis Cavernous plexus of clitoris Larger cavernous nerve of clitoris Lesser cavernous nerves of clitoris Femoral plexus Popliteal plexus Sense organs and common integument Organ of vision Eye Optic nerve Sheaths of the optic nerve Intervaginal spaces Eyeball Anterior pole Posterior pole Equator Meridian External axis of eye Internal axis of eye Optic axis Line of vision Ophthalmic vesicle Ophthalmic cup Fibrous tunic of eye Sclera (0. T. sclerotic coat) Sulcus of the sclera Cleft for the cornea Venous sinus of the sclera, or canal of Schlemm Brown layer Perforated layer of the sclera Ridge of the sclera Funiculus of the sclera Cornea Ring of conjunctiva Vertex of cornea Border of cornea Anterior surface Posterior surface Epithelium of cornea Anterior elastic layer (O. T. Bow- man's membrane) Proper substance Posterior elastic layer (O. T. Desce- met's membrane) Endothelium of anterior chamber Vascular coat of eye Chorioid Suprachorioid layer Perichorioideal space Vascular layer Choriocapillary layer (O. T. tunica Ruyschiana) Basal layer Raphe of chorioid 90 Anatomical Nomenclature Corpus ciliare Corona ciliaris Processus ciliares Plicae ciliares Orbiculus ciliaris M. ciliaris Fibrae meridionales [Brueckei] Fibrae circulares [Muelleri] Plexus gangliosus ciliaris Iris Margo pupillaris Margo ciliaris Facies anterior Facies posterior Annulus iridis major Annulus iridis minor Plicae iridis Pupilla M. sphincter pupillae Stroma iridis M. dilatator pupillae Lig. pectinatum iridis Spatia anguli iridis [Fontanae] Circulus arteriosus major Circulus arteriosus minor Memhrana pupillaris Stratum pigmenti Stratum pigmenti retinae Stratum pigmenti corporis ciliaris Stratum pigmenti iridis Retina Pars optica retinae Ora serrata Pars ciliaris retinae Papilla n. optici Excavatio papillae n. optici Macula lutea Fovea centralis Vasa sanguinea retinae Circulus vasculosus n. optici [Halleri] Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae superior Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae inferior Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae superior Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae inferior Arteriola [Venula] macularis su- perior Arteriola [Venula] macularis in- ferior Arteriola [Venula] retinae medialis Camera oculi anterior Angulus iridis Camera oculi posterior Corpus vitreum A. hyaloidea Canalis hyaloideus Fossa hyaloidea Membrana hyaloidea Stroma vitreum Humor vitreus Lens crystallina Substantia lentis Substantia corticalis Nucleus lentis Fibrae lentis Epithelium lentis Capsula lentis Polus anterior lentis Polus posterior lentis Facies anterior lentis Facies posterior lentis Axis lentis Aequator lentis Radii lentis Sense Organs and Common Integument 90 Ciliary body Ciliary wreath Ciliary processes Ciliary folds Ciliary disk Ciliary muscle Meridional fibres Circular fibres Ciliary ganglionic plexus Iris, or diaphragm of the eye Pupillary margin Ciliary margin Anterior surface Posterior surface Greater ring of iris Lesser ring of iris Folds of iris Pupil Sphincter muscle of pupil Stroma of iris Dilator muscle of pupil Pectinate ("comb-like") ligament of iris (O. T. pillars of the iris) Spaces of the angle of the iris (O. T. spaces of Fontana) Greater arterial circle Lesser arterial circle Pupillary membrane Layer of pigment Pigment layer of the retina Pigment layer of ciliary body Pigment layer of iris Retina Optic part of retina Serrated edge Ciliary part of retina Papilla of optic nerve Ej^cavation of papilla of optic nerve Yellow spot Central fovea Blood vessels of the retina Vascular circle of the optic nerve Superior arteriole (venule) of temporal retina Inferior arteriole (venule) of temporal retina Superior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- ina Inferior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- ina Superior macular arteriole (venule) Inferior macular arteriole (venule) Medial arteriole (venule) of retina Anterior chamber of the eye Angle of the iris (O. T. iridocorneal angle) Posterior chamber of the eye Vitreous body Hyaloid artery Hyaloid canal (O. T. canal of Stilling) Hyaloid fossa (O. T. fossa patellaris) Hyaloid membrane Vitreous stroma Vitreous humor Crystalline lens Substance of the lens Cortical substance Nucleus of the lens Fibres of the lens Epithelium of the lens Capsule of the lens Anterior pole of lens Posterior pole of lens Anterior surface of lens Posterior surface of lens Axis of the lens Equator of the lens Radii of the lens 91 Zonula ciliaris [Zinni] Fibrae zonulares Spatia zonularia Anatomical Nomenclature Tarsus superior Tarsus inferior Organa oculi accessoria Musculi oculi, Fasciae orbitales M. orbitalis M. rectus superior M. rectus inferior M. rectus medialis M. rectus lateralis Lacertus musculi recti lateralis Annulus tendineus communis [Zinni] M. obliquus superior Trochlea M. obliquus inferior M. levator palpebrae superioris Periorbita Septum orbitale Fasciae musculares Fascia bulbi [Tenoni] Spatium interfasciale [Tenoni] Corpus adiposum orbitae Supercilium Palpebrae Palpebra superior Palpebra inferior Facies anterior palpebrarum Facies posterior palpebrarum Rima palpebrarum Commissura palpebrarum lateralis Commissura palpebrarum medialis Angulus oculi lateralis Angulus oculi medialis Limbi palpebrales anteriores Limbi palpebrales posteriores Lig. palpebrale mediale Raphe palpebralis lateralis Glandulae tarsales [Meibomi] Sebum palpebrale M. tarsalis superior M. tarsalis inferior Conjunctiva Plica semilunaris conjunctivae Caruncula lacrimalis Tunica conjunctiva bulbi Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum Fornix conjunctivae superior Fornix conjunctivae inferior Gl. mucosae [Krausei] Noduli lymphatici conjunctivales (Pinguecula) Apparatus lacrimalis Glandula lacrimalis superior Glandula lacrimalis inferior (Gl. lacrimales accessoriae) DuctuK excretorii [gl. lacrimalis] Rivus lacrimalis Lacus lacrimalis Puncta lacrimalia Ductus lacrimales Papillae lacrimales Ampulla ductus lacrimalis Saccus lacrimalis Fornix sacci lacrimalis Ductus nasolacrimalis Plica lacrimahs [Hasneri] Lacrimae Sense Organs and Common Integument 91 Ciliary zonule (0. T. zonule of Zinn) Zonular fibres Zonular spaces (O. T. canal of Petit) Accessory organs of eye Eye muscles, orbital fasciae Orbital muscle Superior straight muscle Inferior straight muscle Medial straight muscle (O. T. internal rectus) Lateral straight muscle (O. T. external rectus) Lacertus of lateral straight muscle Common tendinous ring of Zinn Superior oblique muscle Pulley Inferior oblique muscle Levator muscle of superior lid Periorbit Orbital septum (O. T. palpebral liga- ments) Muscular fasciae Fascia of ball (O. T. capsule of Tenon) Interfascial space Fat body of orbit Eyebrow Eyelids Upper eyelid Lower eyelid Anterior surface of eyelids Posterior surface of eyelids Palpebral fissure Lateral palpebral commissure (O. T. external canthus) Medial palpebral commissure (O. T. internal canthus) Lateral angle of the eye Medial angle of the eye Anterior palpebral margins Posterior palpebral margins Superior tarsus (O. T. superior tarsal plate) Inferior tarsus (O. T. inferior tarsal plate) Medial palpebral ligament (O. T, in- ternal tarsal ligament) Lateral palpebral raphe (O. T. exter- nal tarsal ligament) Tarsal glands (O. T. Meibomian glands) Palpebral sebum Superior tarsal muscle Inferior tarsal muscle (O. T. tensor tarsi) Conjunctiva or connecting membrane Semilunar fold of conjunctiva Lacrimal caruncle Conjunctival coat of eyeball Conjunctival coat of eyelids Superior fornix of conjunctiva Inferior fornix of conjunctiva Mucous glands of Krause Conjunctival lymphatic nodules Conjunctival fat Lacrimal apparatus Superior lacrimal gland Inferior lacrimal gland Accessory lacrimal glands Excretory ductules of lacrimal gland Lacrimal stream Lacrimal lake Lacrimal (punctate) openings Lacrimal ducts Lacrimal papillae Ampulla of lacrimal duct Lacrimal sac Fornix, or summit of lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct Lacrimal fold of Hasner Tears 92 Anatomical Nomenclature Organon auditus Auris interna Labyrinthus membranaceus Ductus endolymphaticus Saccus endolymphaticus Ductus utriculosaccularis Utriculus Ductus semicirculares Ductus semicircularis superior Ductus semicircularis posterior Ductus semicircularis lateralis Ampullae membranaceae Sulcus ampullaris Crista ampullaris Ampulla membranacea superior Ampulla membranacea posterior Ampulla membranacea lateralis Sacculus Ductus reuniens [Henseni] Maculae acusticae Macula acustica utriculi Macula acustica sacculi Otoconia Endolympha Perilympha Spatium perilymphaticum Ductus perilymphatic! Ductus cochlearis Caecum cupulare Caecum vestibulare Lamina basilaris Membrana vestibularis [Reissneri] Lig. spirale cochleae Prominentia spiralis Stria vascularis Sulcus spiralis Labium tympanicum Foramina nervosa Labium vestibulare Ganglion spirale cochleae Organon spirale [Cortii] Vasa auris internae A. auditiva interna Rami vestibulares Ramus cochleae Glomeruli arteriosi cochleae Vv. auditivae internae V. spiralis modioli Vas prominens Vv. vestibulares V. aquaeductus vestibuli V. canaliculi cochleae Labyrinthus osseus Vestibulum Recessus sphaericus Recessus ellipticus Crista vestibuli Pyramis vestibuli Recessus cochlearis Maculae cribrosae Macula cribrosa superior Macula cribrosa media Macula cribrosa inferior Canales semicirculares ossei Canalis semicircularis superior Canalis semicircularis posterior Canalis semicircularis lateralis Ampullae osseae Ampulla ossea superior Ampulla ossea posterior Ampulla ossea lateralis Crura ampullaria Crus commune Crus simplex Cochlea Cupula Basis cochleae Sense Organs and Common Integument 92 Organ of hearing Internal ear Membranous labyrinth Endolymphatic duct Endolymphatic sac Utriculosaccular duct Utricle Semicircular ducts Superior semicircular duct Posterior semicircular duct Lateral semicircular duct (O. T. ex- ternal) Membranous ampullae AmpuUary sulcus AmpuUary crest Superior membranous ampulla Posterior membranous ampulla Lateral membranous ampulla Saccule Uniting duct (O. T. canalis reuniens) Acoustic spots Acoustic spot of utricle Acoustic spot of saccule Ear-stones Endolymph Perilymph Perilymphatic space Perilymphatic ducts Cochlear duct (O. T. mem- branous cochlea, or scala media) Cupular blind sac Vestibular blind sac Basilar layer Vestibular membrane of Reissner Spiral ligament of cochlea Spiral prominence Vascular stripe Spiral sulcus Tympanic lip Openings for nerves Vestibular lip Spiral ganglion of cochlea Spiral organ of Corti Vessels of internal ear Internal auditory artery Vestibular rami Cochlear ramus Arterial glomeruli of cochlea Internal auditory veins Spiral vein of modiolus Prominent vessel Vestibular veins Vein of aqueduct of vestibule Vein of canaliculus of cochlea Osseous labyrinth Vestibule Spherical recess (O. T. fovea hemi- sphaerica) ElHptical recess (O. T. fovea hemiel- liptica) Crest of vestibule « Pyramid of vestibule Cochlear recess Perforated spots Superior perforated spot Middle perforated spot Inferior perforated spot Osseous semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Lateral semicircular canal (O. T. ex- ternal) Osseous ampullae Superior osseous ampulla Posterior osseous ampulla Lateral osseous ampulla AmpuUary limbs Common limb Simple limb Cochlea (" snail shell ") Cupola Base of cochlea 93 Anatomical Nomenclature Canalis spiralis cochleae Modiolus Basis modioli Lamina modioli Lamina spiralis ossea Hamulus laminae spiralis Scala vestibuli Scala tympani Helicotrema Lamina spiralis secundaria Canalis spiralis modioli Canales longitudinales modioli Meatus acusticus intemus Porus acusticus internus Fundus meatus acustici interni Crista transversa Area n. facialis Area cochleae ' Tractus spiralis foraminosus Area vestibularis superior Area vestibularis inferior Foramen singulare Cavum tympani Paries tegmentalis Recessus epitympanicus Pars cupularis Paries jugularis Prominentia styloidea Paries labyrinthica Fenestra vestibuli Fossula fenestrae vestibuli Promontorium Sulcus promontorii Subiculum promontorii Sinus tympani Fenestra cochleae Fossula fenestrae cochleae Crista fenestrae cochleae Processus cochleariformis Paries mastoidea Antrum tympanicum Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis Prominentia canalis facialis Eminentia pyramidalis Fossa incudis Sinus posterior Apertura tympanica canaliculi chordae Cellulae mastoideae Cellulae tympanicae Paries carotica Paries membranacea Membrana tympani Pars flaccida Pars tensa Limbus membranae tympani Plica malleolaris anterior Plica malleolaris posterior Prominentia malleolaris Stria malleolaris Umbo membranae tympani Stratum cutaneum Annulus fibrocartilagineus Stratum radiatum Stratum circulare Stratum mucosum Ossicula auditus Stapes Capitulum stapedis Crus anterius Crus posterius Sense Organs and Common Integument 93 Spiral canal of cochlea Modiolus (" screw ") Base of modiolus Shelf of modiolus Osseous spiral shelf Hooklet of spiral shelf "Staircase" of vestibule "Staircase" of tympanum Helicotrema (" pore of the helix ") Secondary spiral shelf Spiral canal of modiolus Longitudinal canals of modiolus Internal acoustic meatus Internal acoustic opening Bottom of internal acoustic meatus Transverse crest Area of facial nerve Area of cochlea Foraminous spiral tract Superior vestibular area Inferior vestibular area Isolated foramen Cavity of tympanum Tegmental wall Epitympanic recess Cupular portion Jugular wall (O. T. floor) Styloid prominence Labyrinthic wall (O. T. in- ner wall) Fenestra ("window") of vestibule (O. T. fenestra ovalis) Little fossa of fenestra of vestibule Promontory Sulcus of promontory Subiculum (" support ") of promon- tory Sinus of tympanum Fenestra of cochlea (O. T. fenestra rotunda) Little fossa of fenestra of cochlea Crest of fenestra of cochlea Cochleariform process Mastoid wall (O. T. pos- terior wall) Tympanic antrum (O. T. mastoidal antrum) Prominence of lateral semicircular canal Prominence of facial canal Pyramidal eminence Fossa of incus Posterior sinus Tympanic aperture of canaliculus of chorda Mastoid cells Tympanic cells Carotid wall (O. T. ante- rior wa 1 1 ) Membranous wall (O. T. outer wall) Membrane of the tympanum (0. T. drumhead) Flaccid part Tense part Border of membrane of tympanum Anterior malleolar fold Posterior malleolar fold Malleolar prominence Malleolar stripe Umbo ("prominent part") of tympanic membrane Cutaneous layer Fibrocartilaginous ring Radiate layer Circular layer Mucous layer Auditory ossicles Stirrup Head of stirrup Anterior limb Posterior limb 94 Anatomical Nomenclature Basis stapedis Incus Corpus incudis Cms longum Processus lenticularis Crus breve Malleus Manubrium mallei Capitulum mallei Collum mallei Processus lateralis Processus anterior [Folii] Articulationes ossiculorum auditus Articulatio incudomalleolaris Articulatio incudostapedia Syndesmosis tympanostapedia Ligg. ossiculorum auditus Lig. mallei anterius Lig. mallei superius Lig. mallei laterale Lig. incudis superius Lig. incudis posterius Membrana obturatoria (stapedis) Lig. annulare baseos stapedis [M. fixator baseos stapedis] Musculi ossiculorum auditus M. tensor tympani M. stapedius Tunica mucosa tympanica (Gl. tympanicae) Plica malleolaris posterior Plica malleolaris anterior Recessus membranae tympani anterior Recessus tympani membranae superior Recessus membranae tympani posterior Plica incudis Plica stapedis Membrana tympani secundaria Tuba auditiva [Eustachii] Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae Pars ossea tubae auditivae Isthmus tubae auditivae Cellulae pneumaticae tubariae Pars cartilaginae tubae auditivae Cartilago tubae auditivae Lamina [cartilaginis] medialis Lamina [cartilaginis] lateralis Lamina membranacea Tunica mucosa Gl. mucosae Noduli lymphatici tubarii Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae Meatus acusticus externus Poms acusticus externus Incisura tympanica [Rivini] Meatus acusticus externus cartilagi- neus Cartilago meatus acustici* Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acus- tici externi [Santorini] Lamina tragi Auriculae Lobulus auriculae Cartilago auriculae Helix Crus helicis Spina helicis Cauda helicis Anthelix Fossa triangularis [auriculae] Crura anthelicis Scapha Concha auriculae Cymba conchae Cavum conchae Antitragus Sense Organs and Common Integument 94 Base of stirrup (O. T. foot-piece) Anvil Body of anvil Long limb Lenticular process Short limb Hammer Handle of hammer Head of hammer Neck of hammer Lateral process (O. T. processus brevis) Anterior process (O. T. processus gracilis) Joints of the auditory ossicles Joint between anvil and hammer Joint between anvil and stirrup Junction of stirrup and tympanum Ligaments of the auditory ossicles Anterior ligament of hammer Superior ligament of hammer Lateral ligament of hammer (O. T. external ligament) Superior ligament of anvil Posterior ligament of anvil Obturator membrane of stirrup Annular ligament of base of stirrup Fixing muscle of the base of stirrup Muscles of the auditory ossicles Tensor muscle of the tympanum Stapedius muscle Tympanic mucous coat Tympanic glands Posterior maleolar fold Anterior malleolar fold Anterior recess of tympanic membrane Superior recess of tympanic membrane Posterior recess of tympanic membrane Fold of anvil Fold of stirrup Secondary tympanic membrane Auditory or Eustachian tube Tympanic opening of auditory tube Bony part of auditory tube Isthmus of auditory tube Tubal air cells Cartilaginous part of auditory tube Cartilage of auditory tube Medial layer of cartilage Lateral layer of cartilage Membranous layer Mucous membrane Mucous glands Tubal lymphatic nodules Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube External acoustic meatus External acoustic opening Tympanic incisure Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus Cartilage of acoustic meatus Notches in cartilage of external acoustic meatus Layer of tragus External ear, or auricle (O. T. pinna) Lobule of auricle Cartilage of auricle Coil Limb of coil Spine of coil Tail of coil Anthelix Triangular fossa of auricle Limbs of anthelix Scapha ("skiff") Concha ("shell") of auricle Cymba (" boat ") of auricle ■ Cavity of concha Antitragus 95 Anatomical Nomenclature Tragus Incisura anterior [auris] Incisura intertragica (Tuberculum auriculae [Darwini]) (Apex auriculae [Darwini]) Sulcus auriculae posterior (Tuberculum supratragicum) Isthmus cartilaginis auris Incisura terminalis auris Fissura antitragohelicina Sulcus anthelicis transversus Sulcus cruris helicis Fossa anthelicis Eminentia conchae Eminentia scaphae Eminentia fossae triangularis Ligg. auricularia [Valsalvae] Lig. auriculare anterius Lig. auriculare superius Lig. auriculare posterius M. helicis major M. helicis minor M. tragicus (M. pyramidalis auriculae [Jungi]) M. antitragicus M. transversus auriculae M. obliquus auriculae (M. incisurae heHcis [Santorini]) Organon olfactus Organon gustus Calyculi gustatorii Integumentum commune Cutis Sulci cutis Cristas cutis Retinacula cutis Toruh tactiles Foveola coccygea Lig. caudale Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum germinativum [Malpighii] Corium Tunica propria Corpus papillare Papillae Tela subcutanea Panniculus adiposus Corpuscula nervorum terminalia Corpuscula bulboidea [Krausii] Corpuscula lamellosa [Vateri, Pacini] Corpuscula tactus [Meissneri] Corpuscula nervorum genitalia Corpuscula nervorum articularia Pill Lanugo Capilli Supercilia Cilia Barba Tragi Vibrissae Hirci Pubes Folliculus pili Fundus folliculi pili Collum follicuh pili Papilla pili Scapus pili Radix pili Bulbus pili Mm. arrectores pilorum Flumina pilorum Vortices pilorum (Vortex coccygeus) Sense Organs and Common Integument 95 Tragus ("goat") Anterior notch of ear Intertragic notch Darwinian tubercle of auricle Tip of ear Posterior sulcus of auricle Supratragic tubercle Cartilaginous isthmus of ear Terminal notch of ear Antitragohelicine fissure Transverse groove of anthelix Groove of crus of helix Fossa of anthelix Eminence of concha Eminence of scapha Eminence of triangular fossa Auricular ligaments of Valsalva Anterior auricular ligament Superior auricular ligament Posterior auricular ligament Larger muscle of helix Smaller muscle of helix Muscle of tragus Pyramidal muscle of ear Muscle of antitragus Transverse muscle of auricle Oblique muscle of auricle Muscle of notch of helix Organ of smell Organ of taste Taste buds Common integument Skin Grooves of skin Ridges of skin Retaining bands or folds of skin Tactile elevations Coccygeal depression Caudal ligament Epidermis, or scarf skin Horny layer Germinative, or Malpighian layer Corium, or leather skin Proper tunic Papillary body Papillae Subcutaneous tissue Adipose panniculus ("garment") (O. T. subcutaneous areolar tissue) Terminal corpuscles of the nerves Bulb-like corpuscles of Krause Lamellated corpuscles of Vater or Pacini Touch corpuscle of Meissner Genital corpuscles of the nerves Articular corpuscles of the nerves Hairs Woolly hair Hairs of the head Hairs of the eyebrows Eyelashes Hairs of the beard Hairs of the ear Hairs of the nose Axillary hairs Pubic hairs Hair follicle Fundus of hair follicle Neck of hair follicle Papilla of hair Shaft of hair Root of hair Bulb oi hair Arrector muscles of the hairs Hair streams Hair whirlpools Coccygeal whirlpool 96 Anatomical Nomenclature Ungues Matrix unguis Cristae matricis unguis Sulcus matricis unguis Vallum unguis Corpus unguis Radix unguis Lunula Margo occultus Margo liber Margo lateralis Stratum corneum unguis Stratum germinativum unguis Qlandulae cutis Gl. glomiformes Gl. sudoriferae Corpus gl. sudoriferae Ductus sudoriferus Poms sudoriferus Sudor Gl. ciliares [Molli] Gl. circumanales Gl. ceruminosae Cerumen Glandulae sebaceae Sebum cutaneum Mamma Papilla mammae Corpus mammae Lobi mammae Lobuli mammae Ductus lactiferi Sinus lactiferi Lac femininum Colostrum Areola mammae Gl. sebaceae Gl. areolares [Montgomerii] Mamma virilis (Mammae accessoriae [muliebres et viriles]) Sense Organs and Common Integument 96 Nails Bed of the nail Crest of ungual matrix Sulcus of ungual matrix Wall of nail Body of nail Root of nail Lunule Hidden margin Free margin Lateral margin Horny layer of nail Germinative layer of nail Glands of the skin Coil glands Sweat glands Body of sweat gland Sweat duct Sweat pore Sweat Glands of the eyelashes of Moll Circumanal glands Wax glands Wax Sebaceous glands Cutaneous sebum Breast Nipple of the breast Body of the breast Lobes of the breast Lobules of breast Lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Female milk Colostrum Areola of breast Sebaceous glands Areolar glands of Montgomery Male breast Accessory breasts, female and male 97 Anatomical Nomenclature Regiones corporis humani auctoribus Merkel, Rudinger, Toldt. Linea mediana anterior Linea mediana posterior Linea sternalis Linea parasternalis Linea mamillaris Linea axillaris Linea scapularis it palpebraHs stqter^ • " irtferwr Regions of the Human Body 97 Regions of the human body After the authors Merkel, Riidinger, Toldt., Anterior median line Mammillary line Posterior median line Axillary line Sternal line Scapular line Parasternal line 98 Anatomical Nomenclature Regiones capitis Regio frontalis Regio supraorbitalis Regio parietalis Regio occipitalis Regio temporalis Regio auricularis Regio mastoidea Regiones faciei Regio nasalis Regio parotideomasseterica Fossa retromandibularis Regiones colli Regio colli anterior Regio submentalis Regio hyoidea Regio subhyoidea Regio laryngea Regio thyreoidea Regio suprasternalis Regio oralis Fossa jugularis Regio labialis superior Regio submaxillaris Regio labialis inferior Fossa carotica Regio mentalis Regio sternocleidomastoidea Regio orbitalis Fossa supraclavicularis minor Regio palpebralis superior Regio colli lateralis Regio palpebralis inferior Fossa supraclavicularis major Regio infraorbitalis Trigonum omoclaviculaire Regio buccalis Regio colli posterior Regio zygomatica Regio nuchae Regions of the Human Body 98 Regions of the head Region of the forehead Supraorbital region Parietal region Region of the occiput Region of the temple Region of the ear Region of the mastoid Regions of the face Region of the nose Parotideomasseteric region Retromandibular fossa Regions of the neck Anterior region of neck Region under the chin Region of the hyoid Region below hyoid Region of the larynx Region of the thyreoid Region above sternum Region of the mouth Region of the upper lip Region of the lower lip Region of the chin Region of the eye Region of upper eyelid Region of lower eyelid Infraorbital region Region of the cheek Region of the zygoma Jugular fossa Region below lower jaw Carotid fossa Region of the sternocleidomastoid Lesser supraclavicular fossa Regfon of the side of the neck Larger supraclavicular fossa Omoclavicular triangle Region of the back of the neck Region of the nape 99 Anatomical Nomenclature Fovea nuchae Regiones pectoris Regio pectoris anterior Regio sternalis Regio clavicularis Regio infraclavicularis Trigonum deltoideopectorale Regio mammalis Regio inframammalis Regio pectoris lateralis Regio axillaris Fossa axillaris Regio mediana dorsi Regio interscapularis Regio scapularis Regio suprascapularis Regio infrascapularis Regio lumbalis Regio coxae Regio sacralis Regio glutaea Regio perinealis Regio analis Regio urogenitalis Regio costalis lateralis Regiones abdominis Regio epigastrica Regio hypochondriaca Regio mesogastrica Regio umbilicalis Regio abdominalis lateralis Regio hypogastrica Regio pubica Regio inguinalis Regiones dorsi Regio pudendalis Regiones extremitatis su p e r i o r i s Regio acromialis Regio deltoidea Regio brachii lateralis Regio brachii medialis Regio brachii anterior Regio brachii posterior Regio cubiti anterior Fossa cubitalis Regions of the Human Body 99 Nuchal depression Regions of the breast Anterior region of breast Region of the sternum Region of the clavicle Region below clavicle Deltoideopectoral triangle Region of the mammary gland Region below mammary gland Lateral region of the breast Region of the axilla Axillary pit Median region of the back Interscapular region Region of the scapula Region above scapula Region below scapula Lumbar region Region of the hip Region of the sacrum Region of the buttocks Region of the perineum Anal region Urogenital region Lateral region of ribs Regions of abdomen Epigastric region Hypochondriac region Mesogastric region Region of umbilicus Lateral region of abdomen Hypogastric region Region of the pubes Region of the groin Regions of the back Pundendal region Regions of upper extrem- ity Region of the acromion Region of the deltoid Lateral region of upper arm Medial region of upper arm Anterior region of upper arm Posterior region of upper arm Anterior region of elbow Fossa of elbow lOO Anatomical Nomenclature Regio cubiti posterior , Regio olecrani Regio cubiti lateralis Regio cubiti medialis Regio antibrachii volaris Regio antibrachii dorsalis Regio antibrachii radialis Regio antibrachii ulnaris Regio dorsalis manus Regio volaris manus Regiones digitales [manus] Regiones dorsales digitorum Regiones unguiculares Regiones volares digitorum Regiones e x t r e m i t a t i s i n f e r i o r i s Regio femoris anterior Fossa subinguinalis Regio femoris lateralis Regio trochanterica Regio femoris posterior Regio femoris medialis Regio genu anterior Regio patellaris Regio genu posterior Fossa poplitea Regio cruris anterior Regio cruris posterior Regio suralis Regio cruris lateralis Regio cruris medialis Regio malleolaris lateralis Regio malleolaris medialis Regio retromalleolaris lateralis Regio retromalleolaris medialis Regio calcanea Regio dorsalis pedis Regio plantaris pedis Regiones digitales pedis Regiones dorsales digitorum pedis Regiones unguiculares Regiones plantares digitorum pedis Regions of the Human Body ICX) Posterior region of elbow Region of olecranon Lateral region of elbow Medial region of elbow Volar region of forearm Dorsal region of forearm Radial region of forearm . Ulnar region of forearm Dorsal region of the hand Volar region of the hand Regions of the digits of the hand Dorsal regions of digits Regions of the nails Volar regions of digits Regions of lower extrem- ity Anterior region of the thigh Fossa below the groin Lateral region of thigh Region of the trochanter Posterior region of thigh Medial region of thigh Anterior region of the knee Region of the patella Posterior region of knee Popliteal fossa Anterior region of the leg Posterior region of leg Region of the calf Lateral region of leg Medial region of leg Region of lateral malleolus Region of medial malleolus Lateral retromalleolar region Medial retromalleolar region Region of the heel Region of the dorsum of foot Region of the sole of the foot Regions of the digits of the foot Dorsal regions of the digits of the foot Regions of the nails Plantar regions of the digits of the foot loi Explanatory Notes to Certain or the Terms Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms. While there can be no doubt as to the exact meaning of the majority of the names in the list, there are some names included which hitherto have been used with different meanings in different text-books, and here and there a new term, not to be found in any of the text-books, is included. To indicate the exact meaning of these. Professor His, with the approval of the editing committee, wrote a series of brief explanatory notes. Thus, for example, the designations regarding the position and direction of parts of the body are explained, transversalis meaning across the axis of the body, transversus across the axis of the organ concerned. The word intermedins is used for the position midway between media lis and lateralis in order to avoid the juxta- position of words sounding so much alike as medius and medialis; between anterior and posterior or between externus and internus the adjective medius is retained. The notes contain a long discussion on the nomenclature of " glands" and "lymphglands." In connection with general terms it is noted that discus means " disc," while meniscus means " crescent." In the osteological notes the terms glabella, infundihulum ethmoidale, and sidci paraglenoidales are, among others, clearly defined. Comments on the Pars lacrimalis m. orbicidaris or Horner's muscle, the M. quadratus lahii superioris (the old " Mm. levator labii superioris proprius, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and zygomaticus minor" combined), the Raphe pterygomandibularis, the Fasciculi transver si of the palmar aponeurosis, the Scalenus minimus, the Ligamentum fundi} or me penis, the Falx inguinalis (the old "conjoined" tendon or Henle's ligament), and the Ligamen- Pum inter foveolare (Hesselbach's ligament) are made in connection with myology. Some rather important notes accompany the splanchnological terms. Cer- tain new terms have been adopted in the tonsillar region, partly on embryological grounds. The Recessus pharyngeus of Rosenmueller is exactly defined, as is also the Bursa pharyngeus (p. 128). In connection with the Pars analis recti attention is called to the excellent description given by the French anato- mists, Sappey and Testut. A number of the names for parts of the nose and larynx have been drawn from the special literature. The less familiar of these in the nose — Limen nasi, atrium meatus medii, agger nasi. Sulcus oljactorius, Recessus sphenoethmoidalis, meatus nasopharyngeus, Meatus nasi communis. Processus sphenoidalis septi cartilaginei — are explained. In the larynx marked precision has been arrived at and a great advance in nomenclature has been made. The old terms Glottis vera and Glottis spuria have been done away Anatomical Nomenclature 102 with; the terms adopted throughout are exceedingly satisfactory. The names for the genitourinary organs are nearly all easily understood; the terms Annidus urethralis vesicce, Crista urethralis, Corpus glandulare prostatce, Isthmus prostatcdj Colliculus seminalis (the old Caput gallinaginis) are especially dealt with. As might have been expected, there are numerous notes upon the pelvic floor and the pelvic fascia. After the notes were written the Commission changed Trigonum urogenitale to Diaphragma urogenitale. The floor of the pelvic cavity is formed by the M. levator ani and the M. coccygeus, and to this mus- cular funnel the name Diaphragma pelvis , suggested by H. Meyer, is given; the fascia above it is called the Pars diaphragmatica fasciae pelvis, that below it the Fascia inferior diaphragmatis pelvis. The two parts of the Fascia pelvis are designated Pars diaphragmatica and Pars endopelvina, instead of, as of yore, Pars parietalis and Pars visceralis, the reason being that the latter terms are used only for serous membranes. The distinction between the Arcus tendineus musculi levatoris ani (the tendinous arch helping to give origin to the M. levator ani interwoven with the obturator fascia, whose two extremities reach to the upper margin of the pelvis) and the Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis is sharply drawn; the latter crosses the former and the two are easily separable from one another. The Diaphragma urogenitale, the triangular mass of tissue stretching across between the pubic rami leaving a space at its upper end (beneath the Lig. arcua- tum) open for the passage of the Vena dorsalis penis (s. clitoridis), is described as having a framework made up of two powerful fascial layers, the Fascia dia- phragmatis urogenitalis superior (the old "deep layer of the triangular liga- ment"), and the Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior (the old "superficial layer of the triangular ligament"). These two fasciae are fused at their upper and lower margins, enclosing a flat slit-like space. The union of the upper margins gives rise to the Lig. transversum pelvis. The compartment between the two layers (middle perineal compartment) is traversed by the membranous urethra with its M. sphincter urethrae membranacece. In the compartment lie the M. transversus profundus, Cowper's glands, and numerous venous plexuses. The term "Fascia perinei propria" has been dropped; it was used in so many different ways that students were confused by it. The revision of the names for the peritonaeum seems satisfactory. By Membrana mesenterii propria is meant the layer of connective tissue remaining after removal of the two peritoneal layers; it carries the blood and lymph-vessels, lymph glands, and fat. The division of the Bursa omentalis (lesser peritoneal cavity) into a Vestibulum, Recessus superior, Recessus inferior, and Recessus lienalis, is important. The Plica gastropancreatica is explained. The old name of suspensory ligament of the liver has been changed to Lig. falci forme hepatis for obvious reasons. On the following terms of gynaecological anatomy comments are made: Lig. suspensorium ovarii, Bursa ovarica, and Parametrium. I03 Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms The angiological notes are meagre, it being assumed that the names are in general wholly intelligible; a few names of parts of the heart are commented on and the question of the veins about the navel is thoroughly ventilated. The neurological notes are in accord with the well-known nomenclature based on the embryological studies of His, and those- familiar with his work will find but little new in them. These notes are not more fully incorporated into this volume for two reasons : (i) They are easily accessible to those who desire to refer to them in the Arch, f. Anat. u. Entwicklungs geschichte (1895), and (2) they would have incon- veniently enlarged the size and increased the price of the present publication. Regiones digitales .,--- Tolaxes RAontaQis H.nasalis-"" R. oralis-' R.cubiti anterior / R.cubdtimedialis ^V^ ■Ribrachii anteTior ;R.iatoiie^ R. ^coDi a-te- iar, R.ofbitaQis — R. laerrtalis R.acroinialis / R.olecreiid R.cub.post. Hegio ingiiinalis- J-.trochanterica.. R.digitorum pedis dorsaJis 1 R.parietalis IL temporalis- Reg. occipitalis Reg. nuchae R. temp oralis ...R.mastoidea L R. aiiricularis ...Fovea nuchae R. digitales dorsales " Il.acroxnialis R,. fdeltoidej Reg. suprasca- "larl -R. scapulaxis H.cubiti lateralis • inteT- sdapuLai is R.ixifca- (4 ^y^ g ?3 s Imabalia ^ Reg. sxrprascai R.acroinialis R.deltoidea .bracim R. scapxdaris ^' R.olecrani R.infra-i Vm scapxdarl R.^Sk^/ 1 R. trochanterica 3l.digitsQ.es vol igita alarc Tessa retromalledlaris lateralis R, . retromalleolacis lateralis . Fossa retromalleclciris lateralis R.malleolaris lateralis A LIST OF BOOKS ON Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, Biology, Embryology, Zoology Published by P. Blakiston's Son S, Co. Philadelphia^ Illustrated Circulars sent to any Address upon Application Arranged -upon an Embryolo^ical Basis Jvist Ready StoKr^s Histology SixtK American, from tKe XwelftH German Edition. Revised and Arranged by FRBDEIRIC T. LEWIS Assistant Professor of Emtryology at the Harvard Medical School. With 450 Illustrations, 45 in Colors. Octavo; ix + 434 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. THE need of a text-book of histology arranged upon an embryological basis has long been felt, and the opportunity to accomplish this arrangement was promptly embraced when Professor Stohr's generous permission was given to adapt a new edition of his book to American needs. As a leading Professor of Histology says, " the book is now in its arrangement and treatment something adequate as a statement of the present knowledge of the subject. The illustrations illustrate; the text instructs.^' The Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (BNA) is used throughout. Vib '/f/////K^pv v.V C.6 D E F Fig. 159 (Reduced). — Embryonic Hearts. A and B, from Rabbits 9 days after coitus, C, from a human embryo of 7, (?) weeks; D and E, from a 12 mm. pig (D sectioned on the left of the median septum, and E on the right of it); *F, from a 13.6 mm. human embryo, sectiojied like E. Synopsis of Contents. — Microscopic Anatomy. Cytology: The Cell; Form and Size of Cells; Vital Phenomena; Formation and Reproduction of Cells; Cytomorphosis. General Histology: Histogenesis; Epithelia; Mes- enchymal, Muscle, Nerve, and Vascular Tissues; Blood Forming and Blood Destroying Organs; Entodermal Tract; Urinary and Male and Female Genital Organs; Skin; Supra-renal Glands; Brain and Sense Organs. The Prepara- tion AND Examination of Microscopical Specimens: Fresh Tissues; Isola- tion; Sectioning; Fixation; Decalcification; Imbedding; Staining and Mount- ing; General Stains; Special Stains; the Microscope; Drawings; Reconstruction. An Americanized Fourth Edition Rewritten and Revised NEARLY READY Morris' Human Anatomy A Complete, Systematic Treatise by American and English Authors EDITED BY HENRY MORRIS and J. PLAYFAIR McMURRICH F.R.C.S. A.M., Ph.D. Consulting Surgeon to, and formerly Lecturer Professor of Anatomy y University of Michi' on Surgery and Anatomy at Middlesex gan; Member Association of American Hospital, London, and Examiner in Anat- Anatomists; Member of Advisory Board, omy, University of Durham, etc. Wistar Institute of Anatomy, etc. For the first time in the history of this famous work, American anatomists have been asked to contribute original articles and to rewrite and revise sections, the object in this being the desire to incorporate the very important results of recent investigations in the anatomical laboratories of the United States. The book has become internat- ional in scope, and with its widening of view, of even greater usefulness rediiced'^ .^^^t^^ " *^^ ^^ ^^^ English-speaking students. one-half in size. -'^^^^^H^^' ' ^fe, \ Among the American contributors .' will be noted J. Playfair McMur- rich, R. J. Terry, Irving Hardesty, G. Cari Huber, Abram T. Kerr, Charles R. Bardeen and Florence R. Sabin. Henry Morris, R. Marcus Gunn and W. H. A. Jacobson head the English contributors. THE Ventricles Unrolled. {After MacCallum.) ^j^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ completely {Note:~Itis not possible in this space to give a . ^ ^ additional feature thoroughly representative tllustration. That shown ts ' _ cvva-^tx^xio-x^ x^auui^ one of a series depicting — according to Professor Mac- of merit will be found in its COn- CaUum, of Johns Hopkins University — the fact that formity with the new Anatom- the heart may be considered as three flat bands.) .^^^ Nomenclature (BNA).* Very especial attention, in this new edition, has been paid to the illustra- tions, with the result that the teaching value of the book has been very materially increased. Containing about 1024 Illustrations, of which many are in Colors. One Handsome Octavo Volume. Cloth, $6.00. Sheep or Half Morocco, $7.00, net. Or in Five Parts, as follows, each part sold separately. PART I. Morphogenesis. Osteology. Articulation. Index. PART II. Muscles. Organs of Circulation. Index. PART III. Nervous System. • Organs of Special Sense. Index. PART IV. Organsof Digestion; of Voice and Respiration. Urinary and Reproductive Organs. Ductless Glands. Skin and Mammary Glands. Index. PART V. Surgical and Topographical Anatomy. Index. E. n t om o 1 o g'y WitH Special Reference to Its Biological and Eco- nomic Aspects By Justus Watson Folsom, Sc. D. (Harv,) Instructor in Entomology at the University of Illinois. Five Plates, i Colored, and 300 other Illustrations. 8vo; 485 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. " * Entomology,' by Dr. Justus W. Folsom, is an advance over all other American works of its kind. It should be in the hands of every entomologist or entomological student, and in every public library. A most careful work, containing much information that only an expert has heretofore known where to find."— MR. F. M. WEBSTER, in charge of the Cereal and Forage Crops Insect Investigations, Department of Agriculture at Washington. A comprehensive and concise account of insects, written to meet the growing demand for a biological treatment of entomology. The aim has been to introduce much material that, hitherto, has not appeared in the text -books; and though adapted for students and teachers of entomology and zoology (being the only book that fills the actual teaching requirements) it will also be valuable to the profess- ional and amateur entomologists and to the general reader, especially on account of its consideration of economic subjects. The book contains, in small compass, authenticated facts that have had to be sought in many foreign languages. The new illustrations, which are many, have been prepared by the author; the others have been copied, by permission from various authoritative sources. Synopsis of Contents: Classification. — Anatomy and Physiology. — De- velopment.— Adaptations of Aquatic Insects. — Color and Coloration. — Adap- tive Coloration. — Origin of Adaptations and of Species. — Insects in Relation to Plants; to other Animals. — Interrelations of Insects. — Insect Behavior. — Distribution. — Insects in Relation to Man. — Literature. — Index. "This is an eminently satisfactory work on insects, both from the standpoint of the school and of the general reader. It is the first adequate treatment of this subject as adapted to the science of entomology, and at the same time to agriculture, horticulture and forestry. It teaches every fact about insects that it is desirable to know from the point of view of popular science, and literally all that need be known from the economic. This is an admirable real- ization of the dream of the schoolmaster and of the general reader for a book at once comprehensive, concise and attractive." — Journal of Education, Boston. "Of high, practical importance" (Outlook), "it is a complete and concise account of insect life, planned to meet the growing interest in biology " (School). " The book is a noteworthy one " (Psyche), " and is a very valuable addition to the general work on the subject. It covers much ground not touched by the other books on insects" (Entomological News). "It is a book to lean upon and draw upon" (School Bulletin). " Will be most useful to the general student" (Science). Embryology The Development of the Human Body By J. Playfair McMurrich. A. M., Ph. D. Professor of Anatomy in the University of Michigan. Second Edition, Revised, Enlarged. With 272 Illustrations. i2mo; 539 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. A CONCISE statement of the develop- ment of the human body and a foun- dation for the proper understanding of the facts of anatomy. The comparative anatomy and development of the lower ani- mals, too, is constantly referred to, a diflFerent style type being used for these references. The assimilation of the enormous mass of facts which constitute what is usually known as descriptive anatomy has always been a difficult task for the student. Part of the difficulty has been due to a lack of informa- tion regarding the causes which have de- termined the structure and relations of the parts of the body, for without some knowl- edge of the '' why" things are so, the facts of anatomy stand as so many isolated items, while with such knowledge they become bound together to a continuous whole and their study assumes the dignity of a science. The great key to the significance of the structure and relations of organs is their de- velopment, recognizing by that term the his- torical as well as the individual development^ Synopsis of Contents: Part I. — Gen- eral Development : The Spermatozoon and Spermatogenesis; the Ovum and Its Matura- tion and Fertilization; the Segmentation of the Ovum and the Formation of the Germ Layers; The Development of the External Form of the Human Embryo; The Medullary Groove, Notochord, and Mesodermic Somites; The Yolk-stalk, Belly-stalk, and the Fetal Mem- branes. Part II. — Organogeny: The De- velopment of the Integumentary System; Con- nective Tissues and Skeleton; Muscular Sys- tem; Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems; Digestive Tract and Glands; Pericardium and Pleuro-peritoneum, the Diaphragm and the Spleen; Organs of Respiration; Urino- genital System and the Suprarenal Bodies; Nervous System; Organs of Special Sense; Post-Natal Development; Index. " Right up to date."— Lflwce/, London. A Laboratory Text-Book of Embryology By Charles S. Minot, S. D., LL. D. Professor of Histology and Human Em- bryology, Harvard University Medical School. With 218 Illustrations, mainly original. Quarto; 380 pages. Cloth, $4.50 net. This work is intended primarily for the use of students taking a practical laboratory course in Embryology. The author's experi- ence has led him to believe that the study of carefully selected sections of embryos, accom- panied by directions and explanations of the significant structures in each section, offers many advantages. This conviction has de- termined the arrangement of the book. At- tention is given chiefly to such points as serve to explain adult anatomical relations, to illus- trate general biological principles, and to afford insight into pathological processes. Synopsis of Contents : General Concep- tions.— The Early Development of Mam- mals.— The Human Embryo. — Study of Pig Embryos. — Study of Young Chick Embryos. — Study of the Blastodermic Vesicle and the Segmentation of the Ovum. — Study of the Uterus and the Foetal Appendages in Man. — Methods. — Index. " This new laboratory text-book of Embryology is worthy of particular attention. It is a practical guide of a novel and original type, which is to be recommended as a valuable aid in laboratory teaching of a difficult na- ture. It is a valuable addition to the list of available text-books of Embry- ology. In fact, the book stands by itself and is an original departure in a very desirable direction, introduc- ing the student to the subject by a practical method which promises ex- cellent results. After a year's experi- ence with it, we feel much confidence in its success." — Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. First Course In Zoology A NEW TEXT-BOOK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES By T. W. Galloway, PK. D. Professor of Biology, James Millikin Universityy Decatury Illinois. With 240 Illustrations. Octavo; 460 pages. Cloth, $2.50 net. THE AUTHOR has endeavored in this book to present a balanced course in Zoology which will be suitable to beginning classes in the last years of the High School or the first year of College. It provides specifically for class-room work, reference work in the library, laboratory work, and field work. It includes a brief treatment of the fundamental principles of the science in the first part of the book; the second part, which contains a discus- sion of the great branches of the animal kingdom, is treated as a concrete illus- tration of these general principles. Among many other distinctive excellences are seven features which give the work especial merit: (i) It follows no fads; (2) Because of the wealth of practical exercises suggested, it provides more work than any one class can cover in the time allotted ; (3) Much collateral work in the library, field and laboratory is outlined ; (4) The practical work is placed upon the broader problems of physiology, of the relations of animals to the environment, and of the adaptations of organic form to needs, rather than upon dissection and minute anatomy; (5) The practical (i. e. the laboratory, field and library) work is interspersed through the text in such a way as to illustrate and enforce the more abstract definitions ; (6) Especial emphasis is put upon the illustrations; (7) There are numerous analytical reviews and summaries. Synopsis of Contents: — Introduction. — Protoplasm: Its Morphology and Physiology. — ^The Animal Cell: Its Morphology and Physiology. — From the Simple Cell to the Complex Animal. — Cellular Differentiation. — Tissues. — Gen- eral Animal Functions and Their Appropriate Organs. — Promorphology. — In- dividual Differentiation and Adaptation. — A General Preview of the Animal Kingdom. — Protozoa. — Porifera. — Coelenterata. — Unsegmented " Worms." — Echinodermata. — Annulata: Segmented " Worms." — Mollusca. — Arthropoda. — Chordata: Proto-vertebrata. — Chordata : Vertebrata. — Pisces. — Amphibia. — Rep- tilia. — Aves. — Mammalia. — General Summary. — A Review Outline. — Appen- dix.— Suggestions to Teachers. — Index. " Galloway's * First Course in Zoology ' is one of the authoritative text-books. The teacher may refer to it with confidence, and cannot fail to do so with profit." — School Bulletin. TKe Nervous System of Vertebrates By J. B. Johnston, F»ti. D. Professor of Zoology in West Virginia University. With 1 80 Illustrations, the majority from original drawings. Octavo; xx+370 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. THE attempt has been made in this book to give an account of the nervous system as a v^^hole, to trace its phylogenetic history and to show the fac- tors which have determined the course of evolution. The functional point of view, which is the chief characteristic of the present book, brings the treat- ment of the nervous system into close relation with the work of recent years on the behavior of animals. The study of behavior aims to give an account of the actions of animals in relation to the environment. The study of the nervous system aims to describe the mechanism by which actions are directed and adapted to the conditions of life. A text-book of comparative neurology at the present time must meet the needs of workers of all grades, students, investi- gators and instructors. Its descriptions should be intelligible to students who have had one year of work in zoology or medicine, including the anatomy and embryology of some vertebrate. On the other hand, there should be included all facts which are important for the functional and phylogenetic mode of treat- ment. Every effort has been made to bring out clearly the functional significance and relationships of the structures described, and to interest and train the student in the interpretation of structure in terms of function, adaptation and evolution. The (BNA) terms, which are now the most generally familiar, have been employed so far as possible. Much material has been collected which is published here for the first time. Tavo prominent instr-uctors sayt " It is an exceedingly useful piece of work,— well done." " Profes- sor Johnston's text-book makes a valuable addition to our researches and represents the newer developments of neurological science in a way which, so far as I know, no other book has even attempted." Synopsis of Contents : — Study of the Nervous System. — General Morphol- ogy of the Nervous System. — Development of the Nervous System. — Nerve Ele- ments and their Functions. — The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System. — Somatic Afferent Division; General Cutaneous Subdivision; Special Cutaneous Subdivision ; Visual Apparatus. — ^Visceral Afferent Division. — Olfactory Appar- atus.— Somatic Motor Division. — ^Visceral Efferent Division. — Sympathetic System. — Centers of Correlation. — Cerebellum. — Centers of Correlation; Mesen- cephalon and Diencephalon. — Evolution of the Cerebral Hemisphere. — Neopal- lium. Bibliography and Laboratory Work Suggestions at end of each Chapter. Surgical Anatomy A Treatise on Human Anatomy in its Application to the Practice of Medicine and Surgery By John B. Deaver, M.D. Surgeon-in- Chief to the German Hospital ^ Philadelphia^ etc.y etc. " The reader is not only taken by easy and natural stages from the more superficial to the deeper regions, but the various important regional landmarks are also indicated by schematic tracing. . . In summing up the general excellences of this remarkable work, we can accord our unqualified praise for the accurate, exhaustive, and system- atic manner in which the author has carried out his plan, and we can commend it as a model of its kind, which must be possessed to be appreciated." — Medical Record, New York. Three Royal Octavo Volumes, of 2157 pages, containing 499 Full -page Plates engraved from original drawings made by special artists from dissec- tions prepared for the purpose in the dissection -rooms of the University of Pennsylvania. Sold by Subscription, in Complete Sets Only. Leather or Half-Morocco, Marbled Edges, ;^3o. 00; Half-Russia, Gilt, Marbled Edges, ;^33.oo net. Synopsis of Contents : (^Number of Illustrations in Parentheses. ) Vol. I. — Upper Extremity (95); Back of Neck, Shoulder, and Trunk (24); Cranium, Scalp, Face (32). 632 pages; 151 Plates. Vol. II. — Neck (47); Mouth (3); Pharynx (6); Larynx (10); Nose (9); Orbit (8); Eye (14); Ear (12); Brain. (32); Joints of Head and Neck (4); Male Perineum (17); Female Perineum (8). 709 pages; 170 Plates. Vol. III. — Abdomen (74); Pelvis (16); Chest (32); Lower Extremity (56). 816 pages; 178 Plates. " In order to show its thoroughness, it is only necessary to mention that no less than twelve full-page plates are reproduced in order to accurately portray the surgical anatomy of the hand, and it is doubt- ful whether any better description exists in any work in the English language." — Journal oj the American Medical Association. "The illustrations are lavishly supplied and are both helpful and informing. ... No better text-book of surgical anatomy is in existence, and we can confidently predict that Dr. Deaver has satisfied the needs of the profession for at least a generation." — The British Medical Journal, London. 8 THE LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM OF LABORATORY NOTES FOR GUIDANCE IN THE DISSECTION AND "ELEMENTARY STUDY OF ANIMAL TYPES Prepared by THEO. H. SCHEFFER, A.M. Assistant Professor of Zoology^ Kansas State Agricultural College. Octavo ; vi + 112 pages. Strong Adjustable Cloth Covers, Cloth, $1.00 net. Excerpts From the Preface: Instructors in biology very generally direct the laboratory work by means of written or printed guides placed in the hands of the student. These are sometimes hastily prepared for the occasion, or, if more elaborated, the sheets furnished the student at various times are not uniform in size and will not fit in with any system of notes which he may be keeping. The Loose Leap guides are the results of several years' experience in directing zoological work in high school and college laboratories. The sheets outlining the work on each type of animal are separate, so that they may be incorporated with the student's drawings and notes on that particular type. The recorded information on the subject is thus collected together, not only simpUfying at the time the work of studying the specimen, taking notes, and indexing the drawings, but making future reference to the records an easy matter. Then, too, the laboratory guides being thus bound in with the student's notes, do not become scattered or lost. The twenty-one types of animal life herein treated give the student a brief general survey of the field from Protozoan to Vertebrate. Similar treatment is accorded each type. It will be noted that the zoological position of each animal is given {Parker and Haswell's classification), that its habitat receives attention, and that there are hints on collecting the material for class study. Details of structure that are very obscure are either omitted, or, if essential, attention is called to them without demonstration. Synopsis of Contents: PROTOZOA. Amozba; Paramcecium; Vorticella. POR- IFERA. Marine Sponge. COELENTERATA. Fresh-Water Hydra; Hydroid; Hydroid Medusa. PLATYHELMINTHES. Flat-Worm. ECHINODER- MATA. Starfish. ANNULATA. Earthworm. ARTHROPODA. Water-flea; Lobster or Crayfish; Centiped; Grasshopper; Spider. MOLLUSC A. Fresh-water Mtissel; Snail; Squid. CHORDATA. Catfish; Frog or Toad; English Sparrow. "The book will prove useful in high school and elementary college courses."— r/ie Nation. "It is a most capital idea."{School Bulletin), "and is a most excellent sys- tem of keeping notes." — Country Life in America. g^°"Scheffer's "Loose Leaf System" is not bound in the usual manner. Each leaf is separate and the whole tied into strong adjustable cloth covers, so that leaves may be removed or notes and drawings may be inserted at any place. 9 Blakiston*s Manikins A Series of Twelve Manikins of the Head, Nose, Throat, Eye. Ear. Lungs. Heart. Stomach. Kidney. Liver. Foot, and Hand, with Descriptions of each. •y* ^ ^ ^ One Volume. Octavo. Cloth, ^1.50 net. The manikin of the HEAD shows 88 different structures; that of the ORAL CAVITY, with the PHARYNX, LARYNX, and TEETH, shows 61; the EYE, 44; the FOOT, 68; the HAND, 55; the LIVER, 47; the KIDNEY, 20; the STOMACH, 23; the NOSE, 32; the EAR, 24; the LUNGS, 18; and the HEART, 33 —A TOTAL OF 513 STRUCTURES. The work is issued in book form, octavo in size, and embraces twelve manikins, some containing as many as ten flaps, lithographed in colors on heavy serviceable cardboard, the whole arranged to fold flat and compact when the volume is closed. Each manikin is cut to the exact shape of the organ illustrated, and the various flaps are intended to fold one upon the other in the order shown in nature, the deeper details becoming visible only when all the outer layers have been in their proper turn exposed. Every flap is printed on two sides, each side representing a different anatomical feature. A Manual and Atlas of DlsSectiOtl By Simon Menno Yutzy, M.D. Instructor in Osteology and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University of Michigan. With an Introduction by J. Playfair McMurrich, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan ; author of ^'A Manual of Human Embryology.^ ^ This work is a topographical index, providing the reader with a list of the structures to be found during dissection, together with concise directions for procedure. With 314 Illustrations, many in Colors. Large Octavo; 256 pages. Cloth, $2.50 net. "The author's experience as a teacher has effected an arrange- ment Ukely to be very useful to the student." — New York Medical Journal. 10 Mammalian Anatomy W^itK Special Reference to tKe Cat By Alvin Davison, PH. D. Professor of Biology in Lafayette College. With over loo Illustrations made by W. H. Reese, A. M., from the author's dissections. i2nio; 250 pages. Cloth, $1.50 tiet. T 'HIS work is intended to acquaint the student with the general structure of the cat, and at the same time introduce him to some of the most important morphologic fea- tures of the Mammalian. All eminent zoologists agree on the desirability of beginning zoological work by studying one of the higher animals. Again, since the majority of college students have not time for the acquisition of a fruitful knowledge of both vertebrates and invertebrates, the study of the former is a matter of vital importance, as it enables the student to become familiar with the anatomy and physi- ology of his own body. It also has the advantage of throwing light on the significant problem of organic evolu- tion, such as is not to be derived from the study of invertebrate forms. Pro- fessor Davison's work has a distinct place in biological study. Synopsis of Contents : — The Bio- logical Sciences — Classification of the Animal Kingdom — Preparation and Preservation of Material — General Structure of a Vertebrate — The Skel- eton— The Joints — The Muscles — Or- gans of Digestion — The Vascular System — Respiratory System — Excre- tory and Reproductive Systems — Nervous System — Index. " It is designed to fill the gap between the more detailed works and those which are merely laboratory guides, and to afford the student who cannot pursue a lengthy course of zoological study, a general idea of the structure of a mammal and of the principles of mammalian anatomy. The book furnishes an excellent idea of the structure of the cat, free from a superfluity of detail. Throughout the book are frequent remarks of a comparative nature, and at the close of each chapter is a list of questions or suggestions, for the most part of a general nature, which will serve as excellent topics for comment by the teacher or for collateral investigation under his direction by the student. An introductory chapter is devoted to an account of useful methods by which the dissection may be facilitated, and the text is illustrated by numerous figures and diagrams." — Science. Ventral Aspect of the Brain. A Text-Book of Anatomy for Nurses Just Ready By Elizabeth R. Bundy, M.D. Member of the Medical Staff of the Woman^ s Hospital of Philadelphia, etc., etc.; late Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Woman^ s Medical College of Pennsylvania ; formerly Superintendent of Connecticut Training School for Nurses, New Haven. ' I 'HE pupil-nurse in a training school has little time at command for the study of text-books, and conciseness, clearness and accuracy are essential requisites of any work written for her use. In this ** Anatomy for Nurses' ' these requisites are observed, and nurses — pupil or graduate — will find in it a satisfactory aid to the acquirement of that knowledge of the human body which is necessary to the full understanding of their important duties. Dr. Bundy, by reason of her positions, training and experience, is particularly well qualified to write such a book. It does not unnecessarily burden the mind of the student by endeavoring to reach into the domains of the physician, nor does it concern itself with useless abstract or theoretical matters. On the contrary, it fills a void for a work that is simple, terse, didactic, — one that, confining itself strictly to its own chosen field, is yet complete in all details of moment therein. With a Glossary and 191 Illustrations, 34 of which are Colored. i2mo; viii + 252 pages. Cloth, ^1.75 net, postage prepaid. Miscellaneous Books Holden. Holden's Anatomy A Manual of the Dissections of the Human Body By John Langton* F.R.C.S. Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew' s Hospital . Seventh Edition. Carefully Revised by A, He^VSOn, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc. 320 Illustrations. Two small compact volumes. i2mo. Vol. I. Scalp, Face, Orbit, Neck, Throat, Thorax, Upper Extremity. 435 pages. 153 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, ^1.50 net. Vol. II. Abdomen, Perineum, Lower Extremity, Brain, Eye, Ear, Mammary Gland, Scrotum, Testes. 445 pages. 167 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, ^1.50 net. "The last edition of this standard work comes in two volumes instead of one as formerly. A few alterations have been made in the text, but the general character of the book is still maintained throughout, which is saying all of good that can be said of an anatomical classic." — Medical Record, New York. Human Osteology Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Colored Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles. The General and Microscopical Structure of Bone and Its Development Eighth Edition. Carefully Revised. Edited by Charles Stewart, F.R.S. a.nd R. W. Reid, M.D.. F.R.C.S. With Colored Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illustrations. Cloth, ^5.25 net. L/andmarkS-Medical and Surglcal Fourth Edition. 8vo. Cloth, $ ."j^ net 13 Miscellaneous Books (Continued) Gordinier. The Gross and Minute Ane^tomy of the Central Nervous System With a Chapter on the Embryology of the Central Nervous System By H. C. Gordinier. A.M., M.D. Professor of Physiology and of the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the Albany Medical College; Member American Neurological Association. With 48 Full -page Plates and 213 other Illustrations, a number of which are printed in Colors and many of which are original. Large 8vo. Cloth, $6.00 j Sheep or Half-Morocco, $7.00, net, "It represents much painstaking research and bears also the stamp of original investigation. It is unusually well written, and the illustra- tions, many of which are original, are well chosen. It is destined to take its place among the standard books of its class. "~iY. Y . Medical Journal. Broomell. Anatomy and Histology of the Mouth and Teeth By Dr. I. N. Broomell Professor of Dental Anatomy, Denial Histology, and Prosthetic Technics in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by 72 pages. 337 Handsome Illustrations, the majority of which are original. Large Octavo. Cloth, ^^4.50; Leather or Half- Morocco, $5.50, net. "A most excellent manual and one of the most up-to-date text- books upon the subject of the anatomy of the mouth which has appeared in recent years." — The American Journal of Medical Sciences. Box and £ccles. Clinical Applied Ana.tomy or, the Anatomy of Medicine and Surgery By Charles R.. Box. M.D.. F.R.C.S. Lecturer on Applied Anatomy, St. Thomas' s Hospital, atnd W. McAdam Eccles. F.R.C.S. Demonstrator of Operative Surgery, St. Bartholomew' s Hospital. With 45 Plates, 12 Colored; 6 figures. 8vo ; 471 pages. Cloth, ^4.00 net. "This excellent work is one of the most practical and applicable to the needs of the medical practitioner or senior student which has yet appeared on the subject of applied anatomy. The plan pursued by the authors in this book has been to treat the subject entirely from a clinical point of view rather than that of the anatomist, with the result of making the work delightfully readable. Any author who can accomplish this with an anatomical subject, and without detracting from the technical value of his work, deserves and is bound to receive great credit." — Medical Record, New York. 14 Miscellaneous Books (Continued) To^es Dental Anatomy A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative By C. S. Tomes, D.D.S. 263 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised. i2mo. Cloth, ^4.00 net. " This standard work on Dental Anatomy has been brought thor- oughly up to date and is a distinct advance on any of the previous editions. At first written with a view of providing the dental student with the requisite knowledge for his qualifying examination it has since become a text-book for the student of biology in general. This fact, combined with the rapidly increasing literature on the subject, has, as the author points out, greatly enhanced the difficulty of bringing the book up to date. It is, however, needless to say that the work of editing has been carried out in an admirable way." — Lancet^ London. Ballou. E^quine Anatomy and Physiology By Wm. R. Ballou. M.D. Late Pj'ofessor of Equine Anatomy^ New York College of Veterinary Surgeons. With 29 Graphic Illustrations. i2mo. Blakiston' s ? Quiz- Compend? Series. Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for the Addition of Notes, $1.25, net. "One of Blakiston*s series of Quiz-Compends. These Compends are based on popular text-books and the lectures of prominent professors, and are kept constantly revised, so that they represent the present state of the subjects upon which they treat. The one now before us supplies for students of veterinary anatomy and physiology a work which will answer their needs not only as a text-book, but also for work in the dissecting room." — Science. Compend of Anaton\y Including Visceral Anatonny By Sam\jel O. L. Potter. M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P. {Liondon) Formerly Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine^ Cooper Medical College, San Francisco ; Major and Brigade Surgeon, U. S. Vol. Seventh Edition, Revised and greatly enlarged. With numerous Tables, 1 6 Plates and 138 other Illustrations. Blakiston' s ? Quiz- Competid ? Series. Cloth, ^i.oo ; Interleaved for Taking Notes, $1.25, net. " Through the opportunity afforded a revision by the frequent editions of this manual, the author has given a concise and accurate work of anatomy. It makes an excellent text-book, permitting the teacher to enlarge upon the information given as the exigencies of the class-room demand." — Bulletin of the American Academy of Medicine. 15 A Text-Book of Human Physiology By A. P. Brubaker, M.D. Professor of Physiology and Hygiene at Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of Physiology, Pen7isylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia, Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With Colored Plates and 356 other Illustrations. Octavo; 715 pages. Cloth, ^3.00; Leather or Half-Morocco, ^4.00, net, "An admirable exposition of the facts of physiology brought down to the latest date. . . . The author *s style is lucid, concise, and pleasing. The work is one which may be warmly commended in every respect." — New York Medical Journal. Landois' Huinan Physiology Including Histology and Microscopical Anatomy, with Special Reference to the Require- ments of Practical Medicine By Dr. L. Landois Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Institute in the University of Greifswald. Tenth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Edited a^nd Translated by A. P. Brubaker, M.D. Professor of Physiology at Jeffersoft Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., and Augustus A. Eshner, M.D. Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia Polyclinic, etc. With 394 Illustrations. Octavo; 1027 pages. Cloth, ^7.00 ; Leather or Half-Morocco, ^8.00, net. " There is no other work of its kind in the English language which deals with the normal physiological processes so as to show where the physiological merges into the pathological, and how the facts of pathology are to be explained by, and how they are in reality of the same essence as, those of physiology. . . . The book will be useful to practitioners of medicine and to clinicians, while students reading for the higher ex- aminations will find it a trustworthy guide to the fundamental facts of physiology and histology, and an encyclopaedia of reference as well as an exposition of the latest discoveries and theories of physiology." — The Lan- cet, London. " The author, editor, translator and publisher have unitedly produced a most valuable and attractive book which can in every way be depended upon as authoritative." — American Medicine. 16 DATE DUE SLIP UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL SCHOOL LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW "^^JUU QM81 Barl 325 riatomical 190T rxn er, L.F. 8503 terminology reference A) With special the (3 N vocabularies in Latin ar d English. library of the University of California Medical School and Hospitals